davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1917-06-26

This letter should interest every reed
err: Last winter | had a very bad
cough. l used medicines. but they did
me no good. | took one bottle of Foley's
Honey and Tar and IL cured me. (Sign-
ed V. DeKeuster. Amberg. Wis" Nc
substitute is as good as Foley's Honey
and Tar for coughs. colds. Group and
whooping cough. Sold
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1917-06-26

Washington, cleared up the mystery.
She received a letter from her son in
which he stated that he went to OF
tumwa, instead OF going to Messing
ton, and was enjoying a visit with
relatives In the Iowa city.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1917-06-26

encampment and the estimated num-
Der on the grounds was 5000.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1917-06-26

Quality-Service is The Daily Lead
er's watchword In news. printing ano
advertising. Try us.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1917-06-26
FIRST NATIONAL BANK.

Report OF the condition of the First National Bank. at
South Dakota, at the close of business on June 20. 1877.
RESOIfRCES
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1917-06-26

ID. ID. Holdridge, Esq. who, with
others from Sioux Falls, spoke at
the veterans encampment at Egan
yesterday, says there was an i'm
mense crowd Of people present.
There were $50 tents erected. all
occupied by families for a four days
The Washington times., 1917-11-17
BUSINESS BRIEFS
Set Forth as the Thought Strikes U.s.
By e c. Rogers Business Manager of The TIMES.
There Is Business Beyond
The White House

D. j. Kaufman opened his first branch last Thursday on
Seventeenth street northwest opposIe te STATE war and
Navy Building.
Many years ago William Hahn Company realized the i'm
of quality and at prices that they felt attractive
nouph to warrant advertising That Hahn's Pennsylvania
Avenue store still advertising ana oong business at their old
stand sneas volumes as to the business possibilities of the
neghborhood,
very big portion of Washington extends beyond the
that extend their service Merchants ALREADY located in this
territory have the opportunity for that volume of business
their nre The merchants who have the goods but
not the business will sell the former ba and improve the latter
they place the story of their stol & T i; T
Live merchants never take business from community
The attraction of their offerings D more business into the
everything eIss that a civilized people purchase,
The Washington times., 1917-11-17
COST Of DRAFT
IND. c. PLACED
AT S5A HEAD

]. r. Lusby. disbursing officer of
the District, by direction OF d. ].
Donovan, secretary to the Board of
Commissioners and adjutant general,
began today to estimate the cost Of
the draft in the District Roughly
figured, It is 5000. a per capita cost
OF approximately So.
In a letter received by Secretary
Donovan, a copy OF which was sent
to the adJutant generals OF all the
States, Provost Marshal General
Crowder says there is necessity for
closing up the expense accounts per
taInIng to the first draft with abso-
Lutte precision by December 1.
"The preliminary estimates OF costs
from the various States discloses re-
markable discrepancies" says General
Crowder. 'The State of Nevada ab-
sorbed all expenses incident to the
draft, which cost the Federal Govern
ment nothing in that State. Okla
homa, Connecticut, and North Dakota
kept the per capita cost OF delivering
a selected man to a railroad station
under SO.
"Ransas, Idaho, Kentucky. Louis
lana, Mississippi, Montana, and Ne
braska were under 81; Missouri and
New Jersey under So; Ohio, Florida.
and Colorado under so; Illinois, Utah,
West Virginia, and Wyoming under
81; Arizona and Massachusetts under
IS; Arkansas. California, Georgia,
Michigan, and Washington under 80;
Maryland and Texas under $40; New
Mexico, Oregon. and Tennessee under
SII; Vermont under S14. while the
cost in Wisconsin and Maine runs to
something over ST."
The Washington times., 1917-11-17
WOULD MAKE CAPITAL
INDUSTRIAL CENTER

To continue the wartime prosperity
of Washington after peace is de-
clared is the aim today OF the indus
trial interests committee OF the
Board OF Trade.
The report OF the committee. Of
which Isaac Cans is chairman, says,
in part:
THE commercial strength OF any
city is measured by its density OF
population. its financial position, and
its distributing facilities, and these
three combined. when rightly EN-
plOyed. make for its industrial de-
velOpment. The population of our
city has now reached beyond the
100000 mark, number certainly
large enough for a foundation upon
which to build an Industrial growth.
The resources OF our banks are suf-
fciet for any reasonable demands to
be made upon them, and our trans
portation facilities. both by water
and railroad, can be made second to
none in the country. Situated as the
gateway between the North and
South. Washington enjoys a location
The Washington times., 1917-11-17
WOMEN CARRIERS
ENTIRE SUCCESS;
WAY OPEN FOR SEX

The experiment Of using women
letter carriers in Washington comes
to an end today.
According to the statement of
Postmaster NJ. o. Chance the expert
ment has been an unqualified sue
cess.
The two women carriers who have
been serving mail routes in Wash
ington will be relieved OF this duty
with the last delivery today. They
are to 20 "in on the floor" sorting and
handling mail as postal clerks.
Postmaster Chance is sending a let
ter to. the Civil Service Commission
today recommending that the exam
ination Of carriers for the Washing
ton office to be held November "a be
opened to women as well as men.
Would Fayor Some Women.
He will recommend that the COM
mission approve the employment of
women, widows OF letter carriers or
other postal employees without exam
ination, as we'll as the wives or daugh-
ters Of men disabled in the service.
and the daughters of men who have
grown old in the service and lost their
usefulness so that they can no longer
support the family.
Appointment OF probably a large
number of women carriers will be
made by Mr.. Chance the first OF the
year as soon as an eligible list from
the examination Is received by the
Postoffce Department.
Waits On Civil Service.
Women dependents OF men who
died or lost their usefulness in the
service will be made just as soon as
the civil service takes action through
executive order or otherwise to make
such appointments legal.
Postmaster Chance Is greatly
pleased over the success OF the ex.
pertinent with women carriers.
at has been most satisfactory" he
said in explaining his recommends
tIons and the recall OF the two women
carriers today.
The Washington times., 1917-11-17
FRIEND OF GOOD
ROADS Retired
FROM THE BENCH

Judge Harry b. Cation, OF the Alex
AndriA police court and arbiter OF
the destinies Of 10000 malsfactors
against the Commonwealth, stepped
down from the bench today after
thirteen years Of continuous service
Judge Cation as police Judge vas
an institution IN AlsxRndria- He was
4 good road enthuSiass and maIntain-
ed c maximum OF labor on the public
works at minimum cost. OF the
5000 offenders who faced him their
aggregate sentences would approxi-
mate 1883 years. II each malefactor
during his sentence worked 100 yards
of public road. as the court figured
each must have, LOST miles OF road
way was maintained.
But the judge was not regarded as
severe man unless occasion de- .
msnded- Then he went the limit. He
possessed a keen insight into human !
nature, and had n fine sense OF jus :
tice.
Judge Cation resigned to take q ;
position in the legal department OF :
the commission recently created to :
take the custody OF enemy alien prop
erty in this country. His successor :,
Is Luther H. Thompson.
The Washington times., 1917-11-17

and no country publishes the numbers
OF its troops down from sickness.
The normal epidemics OF war have
been less serious during this present
conflict, but one scourge has been null
tiplied and ntensined-venereal dis
ease; and Of venereal disease II may
be said with peculiar emphasis. ''the
fathers ate sour grapes and the teeth
OF the children were set on edge" The
effects will be felt not for one but for
many generations.
These estimates are necessarily specu-
lative, nd they are doubtless inaccur-
ate in detail. but In their totality they
are authentic. 1t should be noted that
they do not embrace the United States,
although the Intervention of that coun-
try will be OF the higher Significance In
the partnership OF suffering and sacri-
flee. One other point should be observed.
The destruction Of life and wealth in
the fourth year will be disproportion-
ately higher than the average for the
first three years. Dreadful as the rec
ord is. the worst is yet to be.
The Washington times., 1917-11-17
ADVERTISEMENT
kCLEAR COMPLEXION
Ruddy Cheeks Sparkling Eyes
Most Women Can Have
SAYS DR.. Edwards, a Well-Known
Ohio Physician

DrE.M. Edwards for 17years treated
Scores Of women for liver and bowel all.
ments. During these years he gave to
his patients a prescription made Of a
few weIl-known vegetable Ingredients
mixed with olive oil, naming them
DR.. Edwards Olive Tablets. You will
know them by their olive color.
These tablets are wonder-vorkers on
the liver and bowels, which cause a
normal acton, carrying off the waste
and poisonous matter in ones system.
If you have pale face sallow look,
dali eyes pimples, coated tongue, head
aches, a Hstiess, no-good feeling, all out
of sortA, inactive bowels, you take one Of
DR.. Edwards Olive Tablets nightly for
Q time and note the pleasing results
Thousands Of women aswell as men
take DR.. Edwards Olive Tablets-the
successful substitute for calomel-now
snd then just tokeepin thepink ofcondi.
- JOG and 25epeE5ox AdpsgistA
The Washington times., 1917-11-17
64,168 SEEK WAR RISK
INSURANCE IN 40 DAYS

In the frst forty days OF It's opera
ton the military and naval division OF
the War Risk Insurance bureau has
received 64.l6S applications for life
insurance, Secretary OF the Treasury
McAdoo announced this afternoon,
Applications for more than $3.50, ,00o.-
900 had been received at the close Of
business today. The average amount
OF insurance applied for is Ss,60S.
The Washington times., 1917-11-17
A FRENCH FIELD TELEPHONE PUST.
What the Men Who Know
Say of Y. M. c. A.

'When you are all fed up after dreary dirty,
exhaustng hours in the trenches you out and your
first thought matter how old you that you would
like to go home to mother but you can't So you go to
a Y. NJ c. A. hut
-Signaler P c. House, London Regiment, British Army
'The Y NJ G. A. is of the most helpful and stimu
atng forces making for the of the for the
great cause in which we are now fighting" ..
j. Allen Baker, member of the British Parliament.
'The British soldier has to regard the Y. NJ @.
A. as necessity of life That is why glad to
it taken up in America in business like way. When you
climb out of trench, covered with slime the first place
you think of is home and the next place Y. NJ G. A.
hut"
-Sergt: W. NJ Bristow, Royal Army Medical Corps.
The Washington times., 1917-11-17
9, 10000 KILLED,
23,5OO,OOO HURT,
WAR ESTIMATE

LONDON, Nov. 17.-All the belliger-
ent governments, with varying de-
grees of reticence. forbear to make
public the wastage OF men and wealth
which the war involves. Any private
attempt at an estimate is highly
speculative and Is certain to have
serious gaps. But IL is worth while,
after three years OF destruction. to
take stock, and in what follows IL is
believed that the errors are, in the
bulk. on the side Of underestimate
rather than of exaggeration, says a
writer in the Manchester Guardian,
First to be considered is the direct
destruction of life. No country pub
fishes totals, and some belligerent
countries publish no casualty lists at
all. The number Of British and CO.
lonial troops killed and died during
the first eighteen months OF war has
been estimated at 12s,0O0. To this
must be added colored troops and a
large proportion OF the missing, which
would bring the total to not less than
10000.
As in the last eighteen months the
average strength OF the British army
directly engaged In fEhting has been
greater than during the first eight
cen months, the total or three years
is probably 100000. we add naval
losses and losses at sea generally
400 900 will certainly not be an exces-
sive estimate.
French Killed. 1,soO. 900.
Tho French mortality in three years
has been estimated by the Copen-
hagen Society at 100000. The Rus
sian mortality is probably not less
than 100000.
Tho German mortality Is hardly less
than 2,26o, 900, the Austrian than l.
$50. 900, the Turkish than 100000, the
Italian than 100000. the Bulgarian.
Belgian, Serbian, Roumanlan, and
Portuguese together 100000. Thas
gives e total OF all the belligerents
of e,750.000 deaths. II We make an al
lowance for the reduction OF births
arising directly out OF the war, we
may put the total los sof population
to the world as the result OF three
years OF war at 14.25O.oOo.
The number OF wounded may be put
at two and a half times the number
of killed, or about 23.50O.OOO. All
these represent human suffering, and
not less than one-half, or 12,OOO,OOO
represent permanent disablement for
military service, and to large ex-
tent for effective civil life and labor.
100000 Prisoners.
A very moderate estimate of the
military prisoners OF war in the va
rious countries is 100000, and an
other 25O. 900 may be added for civil
ian prisoners. TheTo are, therefore.
about 1850, 900 of men who Tor longer
and shorter periods have been Ian
gushing in captivity in foreign
lands, as a result OF the war. But.
of course, in any calculation OF hu-
man suffering, account must be
taken not only OF the dead, the
wounded, and the captives, but Ilso
OF all who have been taken from
civil life to the arduOus, psrilous and
irksome life of the army, We can
emily guess at the numbers called to
the colors by the various belligersnts.
but the following estimates for both
army and navy are not improbable!
The Washington times., 1917-11-17
GIFT
CHEERS Y. NJ c. A.
: WAR FUND Orders

The drive OF team workers OF the
7. NJ C. A. to bring the war service
fund up to the high water mark
$3.50, O,OOO-reached the height OF ac-
tivity today, following speeches Of
encouragement last night at the Y.
II. c. A, where President Wilson
sent his check for 500 as his contri-
button to the fund.
With but a little more than a third
of the desired amount raised, the ten
teams went at the Job today with the
realization that for the first time
since the war started Washington is
about to drop behind in its quota Of
war service funds. In the sale of
Liberty loan bonds the District over
subscribed its quota and leaders IN
were hopeful today that this high
record would be upheld.
Total subscriptions yesterday
amounted to S12.e41, bringing the
Washington total to date to S65 800 Of
the Capitals $4,000 allotment.
PresiSenf's Gift Cheers.
The team workers received with
enthusiasm the announcement that
President Wilson had made a contri-
button of 800. Announcement Of the
Presidents donation followed .contri-
buttons Of S2,500 by the Washington
Steel and ordnance Company and $50
collected by the English nurse maid
Of Mrs. John Maynard Harlan.
The team Of Charles Henry Butler
was still in the lead for the largest
total subscriptions, the amount col
Iected yesterday by this team being
B2,5sT. Other team records yester-
day were as follows: John Poole. 81,
o06; Julius l. Psyscr. S615; Mrs. Rich
ard whitney, SS54' William A. Rawl-
inKs, S30s; Mr.. Light, S1.454: a new
IL organized Y. N. c. A. team, $212;
c. V. Wheeler, 1856; Mrs. Huidekoper,
$3.50; Board Of Trade, S220; boys de-
partment, $40.
Enthusiasm was injected into the
rally and dinner last night by re-
marks Of foreign service officers who
have been in the trenches. In addi-
tfon to a group OF British officers, j.
Allen Baker, a member OF the Brit
ish House OF Commons, was present.
ST believe this Y. NJ. c. A. work to
be among the most important OF war
activities" said Mr.. Baker. The
fellowship and good feeling enEen-
dered by the Y. NJ c. A. workers are
among the most delightful things re-
ported from the front.
EVERY dollar subscribed Is one OF
the best investments that can be
made, and will do much toward win
ming the war"
Depicts Trench Life.
Setgt. W. N. Bristow. royal army
medical corps. painted a word picture
of the horrors OF emerging from a
The Washington times., 1917-11-17

trench covered with mud and slime.
A Y. NJ c. A. hut Is a welcome sight
then, he declared.
"If the Y. NJ. c. A. did not perform
this work our Government would
have to, and ours, l know, and dare
say yours, could not perform 1t SO
Well" said Sergeant Bristow.
Tomorrow afternoon the campaign
will formally close with a mass meet
ing in the Belasco Theater at which
eX-President william Howard Taft
will be the principal speaker. Tho
United States Marine Band will fur
nish music.
The Washington times., 1917-11-17
CANADIAN FARMER KNEW
NOTHING OF WORLD WAR

BR1DGEBURG, Ont, Nov. 1.-THE
local draft tribunal has ordered into
the army a BERTHE township farmer
who declared he didn't know there
was a war on.
He said he had never read q news
paper.
The Washington times., 1917-11-17

which of itself should open possibili-
ties of development, denied to many
other cities. Tho wabr power of
the Great Falls OF the Potomac, II
properly developed. will furnish cleo
tricity for light and power at a price
which will make 1t cheaper than coal.
and will abate forever the smoke
nuisance, the fear OF which has been
the cause OF the greatest opposition
to the promotion OF Industry in
Washington"
The Washington times., 1917-11-17
NEGROES MAIN SELVES
WHEN ORDERED TO CAMP

SENATOBIA, Misa., Nov. 17.-Soon
after being ords7xktf9 Camp Pike,
Ark, as drafted soldiers, Caleb sauls'
bury and Charley House, negroes
each shot OF a right hand.
The Washington times., 1917-11-17


ssniusI II. Montgomery, 20, and Gertrude n
QuiEisy, II. both Of Washington, D. o. The
Eugene T. Connolly, q, and Marion Z. Clark
q. both OF philadelphia, Pa The Rev
wIIbur TS q p dGessford, "a, U. 8. A., Of HsFsrr
town, Nd, and Minnie j. Shockey, u. .<oi
Blue Ridge Summit, Pa. The Rev, JOhrfH
Jefries.
Perry O. Ritter, %, and franors Ruth Henry
20 both Of Winchester, We. The Rev
John Weidley.
Francis W, Stone. jE;. Is U, s 4, and
Frances p PTownI :, PS'h % Of pN Washington
Allen c. Dawson, 70, u. S. A, OF Los An,
geIes. Cal, and Gertrude Uphsm, a. Of
boston, Mass. The Rev. Harry ID
Mitchell
2i. OF Washington, ID. c. The Rev. Howard
F. Downs.
Ralph H. AronEOni Zs, U. &, A., Of Brook
Iins. Mass, and Edward Gertrude de Gould
., os Dorchester. Mass. The Rev. Ulyssei
G. B. Pierce.
J. w AAnokey.
The Washington times., 1917-11-17

Virginia O. Reid, n yrs, els 18th ss.
John j, Bladen, a yrs, ISIS N. Capitol St.
sarah J. Garland, q yrs, Homeopathic Hos.
John W. Foster, s. yrs, lsZs 18Th st. NV.
Mar r Hartford, g yrs, l029 Euclid St nv,
samuel w Strong. g yrs.r Providence Hos
Mary Il v Chase, ~ yrs, 6eS St. ss
Julia A. Hubbard, 20 yrs, St. Elizabethi 4
Hos.
Eienor Sargent. 50 yrs, llls 18th 81. NV
johnson H Smith, is yrs. Walter Reed Gen
Hos.
Marian BOYD IS yrs, Tuberculosis Hos
Mosss ID Null g. yrs St. EliEabeth's Hos
Elbertz Il. Small, 45 yrs.' Georgetown Univ.
Hos
Shirley v. E6elblutt, Wks, ils st. ne.
EstsIIs Iacksol Is yrs, Freedmen's Hos
Charles II. johnson. IS yrs, tI Prathers Ct
NV.
Ada Carter. q yrs, 3li Dixon Ct. sw.
Charles A. Williams. Ss yrs, 2el Mass. ave.
Mari Scott, mo-, 30 q Gt. NV:
lana BuEts1EhA = -. ETssdrasAS EaA
The Washington times., 1917-11-17
Vital Records.
Births.

HIFth1.
Ernest L. and Nina A. Thurstsn, boy.
Ernest A. and Alice II. sWinEie, girl.
Hugh II. and Betty Saum, boy.
John W. and Anna Stepp, boy.
Richard 1. and Bernics BchRffer, girl
Perley and Aida Reed, girl.
Harry q. and Alice +. Matthews boy.
Harry N and Margaret 7, InBlshart, girl.
George p. G=d Goldie l.. Henry, girl.
Frank b. and Harriet K. Hanssn, girl
Caleb and Margaret Hughes, boy.
Wells and Elizabeth Harrell, girl.
Harlan and Adelaide G. Frey, boy.
Clarence and Althea Whitby, boy.
Percival and Beauty Wheelsr, girl.
Ivan and Bessie Tucker, boy.
Arthur and Sarah Thomas, Elri.
William and Irene Moore. boy,
Jasper and Derather Irving. girl
Clarence and EGtelie Allen, boy.
The Washington times., 1917-11-17
NEW SCHOOL DESTROYED.

SALISBURY, ". c.. Nov. 1.-THE
Main street city school, just complet-
ed at a cost of $4,000, was destroyed
by an incendiary fire early today.
The Washington times., 1917-11-17
DI.es.. RayaEes Not Ia E.tImnre.

In other words. the war, apart from
otber things. has taken i9.5OO.0O0 men
from their ordinary course Of peaceful
ritizens and completely deranged their
lives. To this total there might be add
ed the great hosts Of men, women and
children at home who have been sub
iectsd TO extra strain in order to main
tain the armies in the field, strain
which, here in England as well as in
other bellissrent couhtriesr mas express
ed itself in serious Industrial unrest
Tbese estimates take little account Of
the r,vaEss OF disease. Some countries
Include and others exclude from their
war mortality list deaths from disease
no eeuntry SistinEuishs. thAR N details
The Washington times., 1917-11-17

setgt. W. NJ BristOw. royal army
medical CORPS, painted a word picture
~ the horrors OF emerging from a
TaÌˆgliches Cincinnatier volksblatt. [volume] (Cincinnati [Ohio]) 1885-1919, 1917-02-17
eitunsea
Sur Giniiibrnng BON ljunbert aanoi
baten traf Sas Gentrulfpmmittre
Der aatboliiden Sitter pOn
4merifa.

Tas SdlniIton goimtp GcrrtraLfenl.
mittee Der aatbolii9en Sitter BON
.Imerifa ipir6 fpdbreno 6ieies SSabres
unter Der 2eitung ieines neuen SRA.
iioerten Serrn sSoiepb 9eruins eine
enereiife Sbdtigfeit i'm SS,ttereiie bes
Sroens e1tipideIn. Sieies erbellte ge.
Ieaeutlif Der eriten geriamnllung.
peld)c bas &ouurittee inter Serrn
@erninas 2eitung dbbieIt unS Sie ge.
tern glbeno in eer ct. Wdrien SdlIi.
baIle Itattfat6.
Inter al0ercnt fpitrben Borberei.
tuHgen fir bic ginfiihrung bon 5uns
bert aanbibaten getroffen. aua i'm
liebrigen tuurben OerIdiebene intcreTs
iante unb pidtige syragen er6rtert.
sluf bic erIe6igllng Ger porIieaen.
ben Seifldfta ioIgte ein geicIliges gei.
iammenietn, geIagentli1 6eiien ra.
mentli6 Der Srpreme 9ieprdientatiOc
Serr Bcter Stmeioer 6urd) icinen
toitliden Sunor 5ur unterbaltung
Der alnpeienoer 6eituug.
TaÌˆgliches Cincinnatier volksblatt. [volume] (Cincinnati [Ohio]) 1885-1919, 1917-02-17

Hegieritng beganqcn; 10 tDuroen or
irr Die Scl5inouitrie fuertbloien Wal
Der Lrs glngIt Dor riidii6tsloicr sIb'
bol5nng 8untzQfaticnalparf erfldrt,
ro1breno NIT ben rDertbpoQen Sol5.
6eitanoeil mangels jeecr aontroae
Taa6bal getrieben iperoen fanil. I'm
ier ben Snoltitrien finb Die Sal3-
fii6bereitung, bic WalbinbuIfrien u.
Die &onieruenfabrifen on erlter Stelle
81 nennen, nobel 5u 6enerfen lit,
oaf lie ausllabrnslos Dem @robfapi.
tai ge6oren uno Die grtr1qniiie 0a.
her aidlt am Orte bleiben, ionoern
oen amerifatii6en 2ltiiondren 5it
ilieBen. Die @ol6gepinnung lit
e6cniaGs fir bas 2an6 nod niht
genilgeno ausGeriist uno miro eriI
altf Ger rid)tigen &obe itebcn fDnnet
uen1l Die einheilnilde aoble i'm Gro.
len qef0rbert miro. gluf alien Sc.
bieten beg NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS. 9llaSfas
npe. maft iih bic llii6erbeit Der
Bettebrapege un6 bic lli13uldngli6.
felt ser EranSportnlittel if)doigeno
/ en'erf6ar. 9ie amerifariide 9fe.
gierung bat au6 otter Die Ibiidt &c.
daberi, ertipredente TRANSFORMER.
baltiliiie at iGaffen; bisher lit a6er
nod feina einidnei6enbe 9eueriiitg nj
oieict ge3iebung @irfIidfeit gelpor.
Sp1r