The Mount Holly news. [volume] (Mount Holly, Burlington Co., N.J.) 1891-1942, 1917-02-13

II was FtFS1 OO1lSFFc0 ny FuutP fAo-
sustus In 1871, at the Time of the
Third crusads-The Baton Is lite Dis-
tinctive Badge of offics.
1t is only in France that the military
dignity Of marshal is very ancient
one. 1t was King Philip Augustus
who first instituted it as military
office in 1901, at the time Of the third
crusade. st. Louis invested two Of his
commanders with the rank on the eve
Of his i'll fated expedition to northern
Africa. Francis l. created. three, and
by the time that Louis XIV. had COM
pleted his long reign there were no less
than twenty of them.
The Office was abolished by the first
republic, but restored by Napoleon
1. when he proclaimed himself en-
peror. He limited the number to six
teen. They were known as marshals
Of the empire. The Bourbon monarchy !,
on it's restoration in 1916 maintained
them in Office, but changed their title
back to that Of marshals Of France.
BY the law Of 1889, bearing the sign
manual of King Louis Philippe, their
number was limited to six in time Of
peace and twelve in time Of war.
The baton, as provided for by exist
| ing military regulations in France, con-
sists Of staff about two feet long,
an inch and half In diameter, cover
ed with dark blue velvet, fecked with
| gold stars and tipped at either end
with silver gilt, on the borders Of
which are engraved the Latin words,
Terror beIli, decus pacis" It is car
ried In the right hand at all great milf
tary or state functions and is used in
lieu OF the saber for sAluting The
baton of the field marshal Of Great
Britain is tipped at either end with
crowns and lions; those Of Germany,
Austria and Russia with single headed
or double headed eagles.
In England the dignity of field mar
/ shall was unknown until the reign of
George II, who in 17S5 bestowed it
upon the second Duke of Argyll one
Of the greatest commanders and states
men Of his day and Of whom Pope
wrote:
Argyll, the states whole thunder born to
WELD
And shake alike the senate and the field.
The first Duke of Marlborough, the
victor OF Blenheim. OF Families and
Of MalpIaquet, bore the title Of captain
general to Indicate his rank as gener-
alissimo, a title undoubtedly originat-
ing In Spain, where it is still retained.
1t is regarded there as the equivalent
Of the grade of field marshal in other
countries.
There are no field marshals at pres
emit in Russia. The last two command
ers to hold that rank were the late
Field Marshal Gourko, governor gen
ieral Of Poland, and the late Grand
Duke Michael Nieholaivitch, who
when he died was the patriarch OF the
imperial house of Romanoff-
In Austria Hungary there is but one
field marshal namely, Arehduke Fred
erick. He is brother Of the queen
mother Of Spain and heir to all the
colossal fortune Of his uncle, the late
| Archdnke Albert, who had won his
marshal's baton on the battlefield Of
| Custoz1a.
The full generals In Austria bear the
title of "feldzeugmeister' master Of
the ordnanee) when they belong to the
artillery, while all lieutenant generals
are known as sfeldmarshal leuten-
ant, . title which is being continually
mistranslated abroad as that Of field
marshal.
In italy, Scandinavia Belgium and
Holland and in the armies Of the Bal
| kan states the rank of field marshal Is
unknown. although the late King
Charles Of Roufnania had received
batons from Car Nicholas II. and
from the kaiser. Portugal, toos has
dispensed with field marshals
It Is in Germany, however, that field
marshals flourish. but only since the
present kaiser has been on the throne.
Just prior to the death Of old Emperor
William In 1888 there were. but two
field marshals in the entire German
army-namely, the then Crown Prince
(afterward Frederick III) and Count
Moltke, both Of whom had received
their batons at the close Of the Franco
German war of 1870, AS soon as the
present emperor came to the throne he
began to confer the dignity with such
| Iiberality that there are now fully
score of them, including Duke Bern
hard Of SAKE Meiningen, the Grand
Duke of Baden, Prince Henry OF Prus-
-. n Z - 49,