davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Orleans County monitor. [volume] (Barton, Vt.) 1872-1953, 1917-05-30
ORLEANS COUNTY'S
SHARE S750.O0O.
Vermont's Share of Government "Lib-
erty Loan S1O,OOO,0OO. What
Some of Our Towns Will Pay.

What every section of the country
is expected to do in unloosing it's
purse strings for the Liberty loan,
which is to finance the war, has been
officially announced by the treasury
department The figures made pub
lie are the minimum; the maximum,
it is hoped will be such an over-sub-
scription as has never before been rec
orded in the history of any nation.
These figures are not aliOtmentS IN
the sense of the word that each sec
ton will be held to account for the
estimate, but is based on population
and money in the banks and if the
So, 900 100000 bond issue is equitably
taken by the people of the nation
these figures approximate correct
ness. When brought down to local
estimates the size of the loan is most
forcibly brought home for Orleans
county'S share of the $10,000,000 al
lotted to Vermont is about $3.50, 900,
three-quarter of a million dollars.
Dividing the county's share still
further we find that the new city of
Newport would take S15O,000 worth
of the bonds, Barton and Orleans VIII
lagos about $4,000 each and the town
of Barton more than 100000. West
more's share would be almost $4,000
on a population basis but the larger
towns will undoubtedly take more
bonds on a population basis than the
smaller ones and the same will hold
true of the large cities as compared
with Vermont cities and towns.
1t is interesting to note what some
of the larger states are expected to
raise as follows: New York $685.
100000, New Jersey $53,000,000, and
TOo.a77rxvIxzo1aio Q200 00N N00
An interesting talk was given at
the Barton Improvement club Friday
night by Mr.. Hill of the Boston Fed
eral Reserve bank on some phases of
the war and more particularly on the
$4,000, 100000 Liberty Loan bond
issue which the government expects
to be fully subscribed by June 18th.
During his talk it was brought out
that large as this loan is, back in
Civil war time with bank resources
twentieth of what they now are
we raised 100000 so that while
we are not facing a task by any
means financially impossible, we are
confronted by a proposition which is
so very serious that we are confront
ed by the necessity of doing it. That
the people as whole are not alto
gether awake to the seriousness of
this war and that we are III war
that may be brought to our own
shores is an undisputed fact. Atten-
tion was called to the fact that in the
event of separate peace between
the Central Powers and Russia, some
100000 soldiers would be released
to fight against the Entente Powers
and that our failure in our duty to
subscribe to these bonds and thereby
curtail funds which are so vitality
needed now in making loans to our
Allies and for use at home in all of
the various preparations in the war
might result later in our being
obliged to raise a loan to pay indem-
nifty compared with which the pres
ent issue would seem very small in
deed.
Orleans County monitor. [volume] (Barton, Vt.) 1872-1953, 1917-05-30
10000 vERMoNTERs TO JOIN.
Red Cross Speaker Tells Barton Of
Great Organization.

At a Red Cross meeting held Sun
day evening, r. +. Joyce of the state
headquarters at Burlington gave a
talk on the work and organization of
the Red Cross. The meeting was in
connection with a statewide cam
paign which is being conducted from
Burlington to raise the membership
in Vermont to 10000. The Wash
ington headquarters are assisting
Vermont in the campaign which is the
first of its kind held under the direc-
tion of the national headquarters,
The speaker summed up the vari-
Gus phases of the work throughout
the world and in the United States in
particular He said that the organiz-
alton reached to every corner of the
globe, was supported by every civil
lized nation, and was everywhere rec
ognized as an official relief agency.
There is no consideration whatever
for race, creed. or class, and all peo-
pies benefit alike from it's work The
work of the Red Cross on the battle
fields of Europe has been the one
bright spot in the dark and bloody
events of the past three years. It's
sign is everywhere known and re-
spected and it represents the one in
stitution that has not been violated
by the warning nations. The reason
that the Red Cross has the respect
and support of all peoples is because
its one ideal is the love of one man
for another and its one purpose is
the good of humanity.
The American Red Cross is headed
by President Woodrow Wilson and
the chairman of its central committe
is ex-President William Howard Taft.
Its treasurer is the comptroller of the
United States treasury and all its ac-
Continued on Page Six)
Orleans County monitor. [volume] (Barton, Vt.) 1872-1953, 1917-05-30

Charles Niles has been painting
the interior of his house.
Archie Davis of Derby visited at
Eugene Clark's Sunday.
Mrs. S. w. Jenkins and daughter
Goldie, have new piano.
C. G. Tilton of Island Pond visited
his family here last week.
Mr.. and Mrs. Hermon Gagnon Wis
tied his parents in Morgan Sunday.
Mrs. G. W.D. Reedi is in Lyndonville
visiting her sister, Mrs Fred Spencer.
Miss Ella Alton is again gaining
and her friends hope it may be last
ing.
Miss Jessie Wilson was home from
her work at VIII Hinton's over Sun
day.
E. H. Buck is having his buildings
painted, G. w. D. Reed doing the
work.
Mrs. Robinson of Island Pond is
the guest of her sister, Mrs. Frances
Lyon.
John Shedd and Miss Helen Wing
visited at Bert Shedd's in Island Pond
Sunday.
Mr.. and Mrs. Frank Carr and chill
dren visited his sister, Mrs. Garland,
Sunday.
Mrs. Miller has come to stay for
time at the home Of her brother, E.
J. Bruce.
Mr.. and Mrs. Theron Adams of
Derby visited at George Cummings
last week.
Will Gardner and sister of Holland
visited at Charles Griggs' one day
last week.
Clarence Wilson is doing carpen-
ter work with Mr. Mudgett on Mr..
Nelson's barn.
Mrs. John Aldrich has SO far re-
covered as to be moved to her home
in Island Pond.
Fred Parlin and Miss Lizzie ParIin
visited at Chas. Josiyn's in Brown
ington Sunday.
Little Alice Carpenter of Derby
visited her grandmother, Mrs. Carrie
Temple, last week.
Gerald Horn and VIII Locke have
finished work at Merrimac, n. H.,
and returned home
Mrs. Ethel Duval and daughter,
Grace, visited at John Duval's IN Sa-
lem-Derby Saturday.
Orleans County monitor. [volume] (Barton, Vt.) 1872-1953, 1917-05-30
DeRue Bros. MinstreIs.

Billy and Bobby DeRue and their
Ideal Minstrels comes to the Barton
opera house with their celebrated
company Of entertainers, Friday, June
1, for a one nights engagement. New
er before in the history Of local theat-
ricals has such a stupendous combi-
nation of talent, wardrobes and eff
fects been offered at the ridiculously
low prices which prevail for this en-
gagement. A minstrel show Of this
calibre, produced under ordinary cir
cumstances, but to be given more
elaborately than ever and at such
prices as 25, 35 and so cents, a capac-
ity house is the outlook The popu-
lar comedians, Billy and Bobby De-
Rue, will be prominently cast in the
production, making next Friday eve
ming the gala one of the current sea-
son. Remember the date. Al sure
cure for the blues
Orleans County monitor. [volume] (Barton, Vt.) 1872-1953, 1917-05-30
Any Male, Whether Citizen or Alien,
Between 21 and 81 years of Age,
Liable to Imprisonment for
Registration Tues
day. Sickness or
Absence No Ex-
cuSe.

| Local arrangements are complete
for Registration day in Barton, Tues
i day. Seaver's hall will be the place
of registration for the entire town.
lW. w. Reirden, moderator of the
town, NJ f. Prime, health officer, and
Fannie May, town clerk, are the of
| fetal board as named IN Governor
| Graham's proclamation, to have
charge. H. j. Stannard, F. Jay Bates
and G. E. jenkins are the registrars
named.
The hours of registration are from
| o'clock a M to 9 o'clock p. m.
The law calling for military regis
tration Tuesday is very strict and
the penalty very severe. The Moni-
tor published the full text of Cover
nor Graham's proclamation last week
out is glad to give a summary of 1t
again.
WHO MUST REGISTER JUNE 5.
All men are required to register:
Who are now 21 years old.
Whose 21st birthday comes before
June 5.
Whose 21st birthday comes on June
5;
Excepting,
Men now 81 years old,
Men whose 31st birthday comes be-
fore June 5.
Men whose 31st birthday comes on
June 5.
Men in the navy or regular army of
the United States, the marine corps,
the officers reserve corps.
Members of the national guard and
naval militia actually in the service
of the United States on june 5.
Men in the enlisted reserve corps
actively in the service of the United
States on June 5:
Sickness, physical disability of any
kind or absence from home does not
excuse failure to register. National
guardsmen not mustered into the ser
vice of the United States before June
5 must register.
A years imprisonment and enforc-
ed registration are the penalty for
failure to register. A years impris-
onment is the penalty for making
false statements at fegistration
whether about oneself or another per-
son. Where the person registering
is subject to military law he will be
court-martialed.
DRAFT IN 1862.
The penalty for non-registration
now is practically the same as that in
the Civil war draft. The following
case is a striking example of what
happened then and may happen now
if registration is not made. The
following letter was handed the Mon
itor by a citizen of Barton and is
self-explanatory, the writer being a
friend of Mrs. Lincoln.
Dec. 18th, 1862.
Dear Mrs. Lincoln
Presuming upon the kind feelings,
Orleans County monitor. [volume] (Barton, Vt.) 1872-1953, 1917-05-30

Mr.. and Mrs. f. d. Pierce and Mr..
and Mrs. o. w. Caron and son, Bruce,
were in Boston the first of the week,
returning in Mr.. Pierce's new car.
Fred Campbell of Haverhill, Mass,
John T. Campbell of Chester, Pa, and
Gordon w. Campbell of Amesbury,
Mass, are. visiting their mother at
the home of Mrs. F. A. Hunt.
Carl Tute, who has been in Miss
Austin's sanitarium the past week,
has so far recovered from his recent
illness, that he was able to return to
his home in Boston Monday.
There will be a piano recital given
by the pupils of Mrs. Florence c.
Pillsbury Saturday afternoon at the
Gem theatre at 2.30 o'clock. Every
one interested is cordially invited.
Crystal Lake has been giving up
some good-sized fish in the past few
days. Frank Gilman seems to be
the luckiest man, having secured a
972-pounder, as well as smaller ones.
G. r. Prescott will sell quantity
of personal property at public auc-
tion Saturday afternoon at 1 o'clock
at his residence on Park street. See
81 ~ 0Ao~AA AOA CAAOAiA~AaS4OA VI al
ticles.
The following letters remain un-
called for at the postoffice. Please
say advertised when calling for these
letters. Mrs. E. B. Williamson, Miss
Alice Fay, Elmer Watson Mr.. Jemi-
son.
The house which G. c. Lang re-
Gently purchased of the Mrs. Clara
Colby estate, has been moved on to
the lot facing School street. This
tenement was formerly known as the
DR.. r. B. Skinner Office.
Mrs. E. w Barron, Mrs. w. w.
Reirden, Mrs. Abbie Nye, Mrs. John
Miller, Mrs. George Gorham, Mrs.
Fred Nelson, and Miss Alice Emer-
son were in Irasburg last week to at
tend the county W. c. T. U. meeting.
Decoration Day has come to North
ern Vermont this year without the
trees being fully leaved, without fruit
tree blossoms and other flowers which
are usually in bloom at this time The
weather continues usually wet and
cold with an occasional warm day.
Mrs. Ella Dana, who has been
spending several months with her
daughter, Mrs Charles Sheaff, in
SkoWhegan, Me-, has been visiting
friends in town before leaving for
LyndonviIle, where she viii remain
with her son. Lyn Dana for time.
Orleans County monitor. [volume] (Barton, Vt.) 1872-1953, 1917-05-30
Writes About BOyhoOd Days in Bar.
fOu

Another copy of the little journal,
"The Annals of Hotel st. Francis"
Guy Rowell, editor, has come into the
possession of the Monitor. Mr.. Row
ell was a Barton boy and his spicy
references to things Vermont are en-
tertaining.
Speaking of the glories of the farm
Mr.. Rowel says in this publication:
"We were raised upon a farm. Tt was
great life. We MIXED COWS before
and after daylight. We rode a wheel
harrow until we had boils in a loca-
tion that made it impossible to sit
down at ALL and we had to lie on our
tummy when we slept. We hoed and
MOVED and split until we had call
louses like wrinkles on a rhinoceros,
and when it rained we transferred
the pig pen"
In an editorial squiblet he says,
And now comes along the febrile-
Drained ad writer with the announce
ment that the automobile is a neces-
sary adjunct to a fishing trip. No
wonder old III c L gets us. In our
verdant youth we used to barefooted-
ly tramp up across Ben Piper's COW
pasture with a tin pepper box full of
mud worms, One-cent fish hook,
piece of twine for a line, and an alder
pole; and the Dolly Warden trout we
caught in Hogstrough brook have
never been equaled. Those undomes-
ticated fish would refuse to bite at all
unless we spat upon the hook, and we
are sure they will not fall for the
smell of gasoline"
Finally we quote from an article
in which reference is made t. one
well known here today.
"Away back in the days of our
ruralistic kidhood, up in Vermont.
we consorted in school with George
Jenness. George was a virile type
of youth and as an earnest of his
manhood, used to chew tobacco with
much gusto and a torrential flow of
saliva. The school master declared
that tobacco chewing was prohibited,
and so George, who had reputation
to sustain, was placed upon his met
tie. At the end of the term his die
tionary weighed twenty pounds, it
could not be pried open with jimmy,
and finally it was secured by an en-
terprising florist who boiled it out
and used the nicotine solution with
great success to spray his rose bushes
with"
Orleans County monitor. [volume] (Barton, Vt.) 1872-1953, 1917-05-30
Barton Academy and
Graded School
B. A. NOTES

Following is the program for com
mencement week:
Sunday-C commencement sermon,
by Rev. /. A. Ranney, NJ. f. church,
at 7.30.
Monday evening-Reception to the
seniors at Alumni hall at 8 o'clock.
Wednesday - Class day exercises,
at Alumni hall at o'clock
Thursday evening-High school
graduation at Seaver's hall at 8
o'clock.
Friday evening-Alumni night at
Alumni hall.
TRAINING CLASS NOTES
Miss Simon is substituting for one
of the rural teachers, Miss Hughes
of Albany.
Mr.. Hill, superintendent of the ju-
nior high schools of Vermont, visited
school Thursday.
Miss Ruby Calkins, member of
last years training class, visited the
room Friday afternoon, and gave a
little informal talk about her school.
Each and every member of the
training class came to school Monday
morning with the most enthusiastic
reports of their week spent in the
rural school. 1t was declared a
profitable and pleasurable week.
Orleans County monitor. [volume] (Barton, Vt.) 1872-1953, 1917-05-30

Mrs Ritchie and children Of Derby
Line visited her cousin, Mrs. Viii
Hildreth, over Sunday.
Mrs. Curtis Allbee of New Jersey
is visiting her sister, Mrs. n. G. East
man, and other relatives.
Mr.. and Mrs. Elmer Griggs and
daughter, Bessie, visited his brother,
Charles Griggs, recently
Mr.. and Mrs. Clifton Barrup and
daughter, ARLENE, visited Mrs. Hattie
Jenness in Holland Sunday.
Mrs. Adaline Cook celebrated her
seth birthday May 18th by spending
the afternoon at John Dudleys.
Mrs. Merton Wilson Of Montreal
visited her father, G. P. Church, and
other relatives here last week.
Mrs. John Shedd has been called to
Island Pond TO help care for her
granddaughter, who is very i'll
Mrs. VIII Davis Of Derby visited
her mother, Mrs Harvey, Sunday.
Mrs. Harvey was very Ill last week
but Is gaining.
Mr.. and Mrs. jenkins and daugh-
ters Of Orleans, and Mrs. Friday and
son, Durant, of Amsterdam, N. Y,
visited at G. G. Eastman's Sunday.
Mr.. Bean, who was lately taken to
the insane asylum at Waterbury, died
Continued On Page Eight
Orleans County monitor. [volume] (Barton, Vt.) 1872-1953, 1917-05-30
Sundays Service.

The Congregational church was
packed Sunday morning to partici-
pate in the memorial service. Sew
en- veterans, the Boy Scouts and the
associate members of the G. A. r. at
tended in a body. The church was
tastefully decorated by the C. E. So
ciety and the choir rendered special
patriotic music. Mr.. Warner preach
ed a strong sermon in which he spoke
of the dominating spirit of fair play
in America, the great need of Anglo
Saxon unity today and the power of
sentiment, which has played such a
prominent part in American life.
Orleans County monitor. [volume] (Barton, Vt.) 1872-1953, 1917-05-30
BARTON LOCAL NOTES

BARTON LOCAL NOTES
John Keating is i'll.
Rev. A. b. Blake is i'll.
shirl Hutchins was home over
Sunday.
Mrs. c. L. Erwin has been quite i'll
the past week.
E. E. Flanders was in Boston the
first Of the week.
Mrs. w. M. Wright visited trends
in Newport Friday.
Henry Gay is making extensive re-.
pairs on the club house.
Mrs. Kate Forte has taken rooms
at Miss Sophia Drew's.
Mrs. I. A. Ranney is spending a
few days at Waits River.
Miss Cora Rowen visited friends in
Orleans Friday and Saturday.
Mrs. Abbie Humphrey of West
Burke is visiting Mrs. S. A. Hunt.
Mrs. Moore of Evansville is caring
for Mrs. j. N. Webster, who is i'll.
Harland Paige and Ralph King are
home from U. v. NJ. for the summer.
Judge w. w. Miles has been sick
at his home on Park street but is bet
ter.
Mrs. George Goodro and son Fran
els are visiting friends in North
Troy.
er to the Williams house on High
street.
The library will be open only one
hour this evening, from $50 to 7.30
o'clock.
Mr.. and Mrs. H. E. Lee were
guests of friends in Coventry over
Sunday.
H. R. Cutler and F. w. Baldwin
were business visitors in Island Pond
Saturday.
Mr.. Orcutt of St. Johnsbury was in
town last week to see his aunt, Mrs.
]. N. Webster.
Mrs. H. J. Hubbard of Lyndonville
was a business visitor at the Brown
farm recently.
Mr.. and Mrs. Alphonse Rousseau
of Fall River, Mass, are guests at
Judan brOokS.
Amos w. Scott Of st. Johnsbury
was the guest of his father, N. NJ.
Scott, last week
Mrs. Malvina Wright is spending
few days with her son, C. F. Wright,
in West Glover.
Miss Ethel Elliott is unable to be
in the E. w. Barron store this week
on account of illness.
Miss Doris Whitcher has been
spending a few days home from the
Johnson normal school.
Mrs. Maria Wright, who is teach
ing IN Kirby, spent Sunday with her
father, Gardner Gorham.
Miss Ethel Uric, who has been
spending a short vacation with her
parents, returns to Boston today.
Mrs. Daisy Baldwin and children
were guests of Miss Clemma Seaver
at Pisgah Lodge Saturday and Sun
day.
Mrs. Blanche Chase of McIndoes
was the guest of her parents, Mr.
and Mrs. Charles Hammond, over
Mrs Margaret Berry Power of
Bellville, Ont, is visiting her sister,
Mrs. L. NJ. Hubbard at the Crystal
Lake House.
Notice the Hutchins jewelry store
window for graduation gift sugges-
tions. Regular space is given to the
Liberty Loan advertisement adv
Mrs. O. B. Willard visited her sis
ter, Mrs. Nellie Humphrey, and her
mother, Mrs. Mary Danforth, IN Lyn-
donviIle, the LAST Of the week.
Orleans County monitor. [volume] (Barton, Vt.) 1872-1953, 1917-05-30
IN sEAvER's HALL TONIGHT.
Rev. OzOra Davis of Chicago DecOra-
ton Day Orator.

Decoration Day exercises will be
held in Seaver's hall tonight at which
time Rev. Ozora s. Davis of Chicago
will deliver the address. The Schu-
bert club will play and a chorus of
voices viii sing several patriotic
songs. All who will help sing are
invited to be seated at the front of
the hall.
A parade~of school children, Scouts,
Knights Templar and others will Wis
it the cemetery this afternoon.
Orleans County monitor. [volume] (Barton, Vt.) 1872-1953, 1917-05-30
Methodist Episcopal Church Notes

Methodist Episcopal Church Notes.
Rev. I. A. Ranney, Pastor.
Morning worship at 1O.45.
Sunday school at 1900 a. m.
Junior League at 4 o'clock.
Epworth League, 6 o'clock.
Leader, Miss Alice Wakeman Sub
ject, "What Are Ny Bible Habits, .
Jer. 36:21-25; Acts 17:11; Ps. 119:
97-105
Remember the prayer meeting on
Thursday evening at 730.
Those of us who availed ourselves
Of the opportunity heard most ex-
cellent Memorial service at the Con-
gregational church by Rev. w. A.
Warner.
Orleans County monitor. [volume] (Barton, Vt.) 1872-1953, 1917-05-30
STATE to Raise second Regiment

Gov. Horace F. Graham has issued
an order directing that an additional
regiment be raised for service within
the state. Only men above the con-
scription age or those who have been
rejected for the National guard, reg
ular army or navy will be eligible.
The purpose of the regiment is for
home guard duty after the national
guard troops have been ordered from
the state. The men are to be equip
ped by the state and viii be paid by
the state if called to active duty. The
age limit is 81 to so for enlisted men
and not more than 65 for commits
stoned officers.
Orleans County monitor. [volume] (Barton, Vt.) 1872-1953, 1917-05-30
NOTICE.

This issue goes to press sew
eral hours earlier than usual out
of respect for Decoration day,
which is our publication day this
year, and in order that employees
of the Office may enjoy a half
holiday.
Because of this earlier press
hour some matter intended for
this issue is necessarily omitted.
Orleans County monitor. [volume] (Barton, Vt.) 1872-1953, 1917-05-30
PRISON FOR NON-RECIsTRATION.
Details of Requirements for Military
Registration.

which, I believe you have always en-
tertained for me and mine, / have
taken the liberty of addressing you
in behalf of my brother, who has
been in prison here for three months,
and not even his mother allowed to
see.
Willie was quietly attending to his
business, not taking any part in our
troubles, and was arrested for not en-
rolling his name in the state militia,
he had no wish to take up arms, as he
was the only child left at home, and
my mothers health quite feeble. If
you can consistently with your ideas
of duty, represent his case to Mr..
Lincoln, and do anything in his behalf
we will ever be grateful to you.
Affectionately,
Your friend,
EHIi-., Dana
Orleans County monitor. [volume] (Barton, Vt.) 1872-1953, 1917-05-30
Sunday School District Institute Pro-
gram

Sunday School District Institute Pro-
gram.
The Missisquoi District Sunday
School Institute program to be held
at Westfeld, June 5, and West
Charleston Wednesday, June 6, is as
follows:
AFTERNOON SESSION-2.30
Service of worship (hymns, scripture,
season Of prayer)
Led by Local Pastor
What Do Our Sunday Schools Need
Mogt2
Equipment,
Miss Marion +. Stickney Of Barre,
State Elementary Supt.
Consecrated S. S. Workers,
Fred 3. Root,
County President
Five Great Essentials to S. s. Sue
cess, Gen. State Sec. G. A. Boyd,
of Burlington
Conference with Teachers and Little
Folks, Miss Stickney
EVENING SESSION
Service Of Worship
Address-''The Glory Of the Times
G. A. Boyd
SOCIAL HOUR
The Westfeld district includes the
schools in Lowell, Westfield, Troy and
Jay, while the institute at West
Charleston is held for the schools of
Charleston, Morgan Holland, Derby
and Island Pond.
Orleans County monitor. [volume] (Barton, Vt.) 1872-1953, 1917-05-30

FOR SALE or TO RENT-Shop on
Water street, Barton village, former
ly known as the George Nye wheel
wright shop" with water power.
This shop contains a fully-equipped
wheelwright and woodworking shop
planers, bench saws, turning lathe,
and other machinery for wood work
ing. Also, a fully-equipped black
smith shop, also a complete tene-
ment Call upon or address E. c..
Kimbau or F. w. Baldwin, Barton,
Vt. 22-24
Orleans County monitor. [volume] (Barton, Vt.) 1872-1953, 1917-05-30
Buy a Liberty Loan Bond.

Buy a Liberty Loan Bond.
Join the Red Cross this week.
Buy Liberty Loan Bond.
Join the Red Cross this week.
Buy a Liberty Loan Bond.
Join the Red Cross this week.
Buy a Liberty Loan Bond.
Join the Red Cross this week.
Buy 3 Liberty Loan Bond.
Join the Red Cross this week.
Orleans County monitor. [volume] (Barton, Vt.) 1872-1953, 1917-05-30

WANTED Skilled and unskilled
men to work in factory manufacture
ing Taps, Dies and Reamers. Will
soon begin manufacturing Twist Drills
and Milling Cutters. Good pay and
permanent employment. Call or ad-
dress Butterfeld & Co. Inc, Derby
Line. 22-23