davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-01-31
move CLOCKS UP
Want Congress to Back Up
More Daylight Plan.
Taft and Wilson on Program at
Commerce Banquet.

Washington, Jan Congression-
al action to authorize the setting of all
clocks in the country one hour ahead
of the present standard time was rec
commended to the chamber of COM
merce of the United States today at
the opening of it's fifth annual meet
ing, which will conclude Friday night
by committee on daylight saving
AS an alternative, the committee
suggested the plan at least for the
months between April l and Decem-
Der /. Eight hundred national ana
local commercial organizations were
said to be represented at the meeting
The railroad situation was the topic
for today's session and the result OF
a referendum of members on railroad
strike prevention and other labor
problems was to be announced. Ma
tionaI defense, foreign relations ana
preparation for business conditions az
Ter the war will be considered later
This week and President Wilson ana
former President Taft are speakers on
the program for a concluding dinner
Friday night.
Baseball Fans Urge It.
New York, Jan. 31.-Baseball rams
should get behind the proposition TO
turn the clocks of the country ahead
an hour for five months. said Presl-
dent John X. Tener of the NauohaI
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-01-31
WILLIAMS WINS BOUT
Ex-Bantam Champion Defeats Nc
Neill in Kansas City Fight.

Kansas City, Mo, Jan. Skid
Williams, who lost the bantamweight
championship to Pete Herman in New
Orleans a month ago, was on his way
back to the top today. Fighting in
true championship form, outboxing.
outslugging and outgeneraling, but not
outgaming his foe, the Baltimore boy
defeated Bonnie Mcneil of Bristol.
England, in a fifteen-round no-deci-
sion bout here Tuesday night.
Altho it was a no-decision contest
there was not a semblance of doubt
after the tenth round as to who was
to be the victor. Billy Hack of
Memphis refereed the bout
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-01-31
BIGGER RIFLE CLUB
Topeka Organization Will Take
in Auxiliary Associations.
Four Smaller Clubs Now Being
FOrmed-Expect Big Season.

The Topeka Rifle club has made
plans to enlarge its organization to
take in practically every town in the
surrounding territory that wishes
to become affiliated with it, the plan
being to organize auxiliary clubs in
the smaller places.
H. B. Howard, secretary of the
club, announces that arrangements
have already been made to establish
Watson and in a district southwest of
the city. c. F. Newton will have
charge of the club to be organized at
Meriden, Theodore Thomas will look
after the Silver Lake club, Elmer
Hendricks will be in charge at Wat
son and E. 3. Ingham is the promoter
of the organization southwest of the
city.
Range for Each Auxiliary.
Each of these organizations will
have a range all to itself and will hold
individual practices but will be per-
mitted to use the Topeka range when
ever desiring to do so. All scores will
go thru the officers of the Topeka
club which will issue ANN unition and
arrange all important matches in
which the parent club and the auXi1-
larry organizations will take part.
The National Rifle association is Of
fering an attractive list of medals for
small arms matches this year and with
all SlSnC RESTRICTIONS removed mucn
more interest is expected in range
shooting than has ever before been
known.
The Topeka club has recently taken
in ten new members and H. B. How
ard announces that he expects great
season when the weather becomes
warm enough to permit the members
to use the outdoor range. A formal
opening of the range will probably
be arranged providing special matches.
Practice on the indoor range is held
every Tuesday and Saturday evening
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-01-31
COLLEGE ATHLETES QUIT
SCHOOL To GO TO FRONT

Washington, Pa, jan 81
Three of the leading athletes of
Washington and jefferson college
have announced that next week
they will leave their studies to go
to France, where they have volun-
teered for service with the Ameri-
can ambulance corps. They are
Volney Wilson of Sisterville, w
Va, captain of the varsity track
team; C. H. Guy of Boston, CEN
ter of the football eleven, and
Philip Fisher of Sharon, Pa, CEN
ter of the basketball five.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-01-31
Lingering Coughs Are Dangerous.

Lingering Coughs Are Dangerous.
Get rid of that tickling cough that keeps
you awake at night and drains your vital
ity and energy. DR.. Kings New Discovery
is a pleasant balsam remedy. antlsepuc'
laxative and promptly effective. 1t soothes
the irritated membrane and kills the cold
germs; your cough is soon relieved. Delay
is dangerous-get DIR. Kings New DIS
covery at once. For nearly fifty years 1t
has been the favorite remedy for grippe,
croup. coughs and colds. Get a bottle to-
day at your Druggist. 5Oc.-Adv-
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-01-31
TODANS AMUSEMENTS

GRAND-San Carlo Grand Opera
company of 100 in Verdi's Aida"
AUDITORIUM - Midwinter EXPOSE
ton, with exhibits and program
of vaudeville
IRIS-Virginia Pearson in Bitter
Truth
.NOVELTY-Five acts of vaudeville
and Shielding Shadow motion
picture serial.
COZY-Ethel Clayton and Holbrook
Blinn in The Hidden Scar"
ORPHEUM-Dorot Gish in The
Little Yank.''
For details. prices, etc. see adver-
tisements on another page OF the
State Journal.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-01-31

Hugh Fullerton has made a national rep
utation for himself predicting the outcome
Of big league games. But he is flirting
with fate when he predicts Joplin will be-
come one of the best cities in the Western
league. When the price of zinc drops Jop-
lin won't be able to furnish peanut vendors
much less fans unless the Missouri town
has changed a great deal in a very short
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-01-31
Fairweather Gets Izzies.

Des Moines, Ia. Jan. 31-Tom
Fairweather, local councilman and for
many years prominent in professional
baseball, has purchased Frank IsbelFs
share of the Des Moines Western
league ball club. Thru the deal Fair
weather becomes sole owner of the
club. IsbeH recently purchased the
Wichita club.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-01-31
Kilduff to Join the Giants.

Pittsburg, Kan, Jan. 31.-Peter XII
duff. shortstop, who was with the
Omaha team of the Western least last
season and has been purchased by the
New York Nationals, is not holding
out for more money, he declared here
today, in denying a report published
in Omaha that he had refused to
sign up with the Giants.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-01-31
$40 CT. STORE IN 9Th AVE.
PIebian Mart to Invade Bon-Ton New
York District.

New York, Jan. 31.-Haughty, ex-
elusive Fifth avenue is to be invaded
by a and 10-cent store. A syndicate
has arranged for a de luxe location
and a de luxe store there
1t will be opposite the New York
public library, not far from the Grand
Central station. A forty year lease
has been obtained at a total rental of
$4,50O,000.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-01-31

New York, Jan. 91=Benny Leon
ard of New York, defeated Phil
Bloom of Brooklyn. in a ten round
bout in Brooklyn. Leonard weighed
1884, pounds and Bloom 1861
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-01-31
Carl Mays Now a Hold Out.

Portland, Ore, Jan. 31.-Carl Mays.
Boston American pitcher. has sent
back unsigned his 1917 playing con-
tract with a request for an increase of
$1,000 for the season. He received that
much increase last season and asks
it again. Mays is a mem Der of the
Baseball Players fraternity.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-01-31
WAGNER Must Play for Less.

Pittsburg, Pa, Jan. 31.-The sal
airy of Honus Wagner will feel the
blue pencil of retrenchment this sea-
son, President Barney Dreyfus has adj
mitted. Wagner is understood to re-
ceiYe $4,000 a wear.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-01-31
Oklahoma Sets New Pin Record.

Shawnee, Okla, Jan. 31-What is
believed to be a worlds record for
bowling was made here when Guy
Taylor, of Shawnee, scored fifteen
consecutive strikes.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-01-31

An observing sport scribe has discovered
that the ball player who spends his money
lavishly is usually a reckless batter and
that the golfer who uses too much butter
on his bread nearly always uses too much
energy in making his approaches. Some
little observer, thus guy!
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-01-31

Minnesota has enjoyed legalized boxing
for a number of years and this winter a
few 'Purists" attempted to have the law
repealed. But the Minnesota lawmakers
had the courage of their convictions and
told the "Purists' to go jump in the Great
Lakes.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-01-31

boxing bill has been introduced In the
| Iowa legislature which provides for the
! staging of 1O-round fights under the con-
/ troll of a state boxing commission. Almost
every state except Kansas is taking steps
to return the old mitt game to its own.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-01-31
Sport Wheezes
by CIUG-

MAN of Nine by the late Jack Londor
in February Hearst's is a good athleti,
angle it is as mythical as the valley o
the Moon"
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-01-31

But golfers have a more serious thing
to worry about than bunkers and u inch
holes. If they are not careful all of them
will have to become gentlemen of leisure,
without occupation or means of livelihood,
IN order to hold their amateur standing.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-01-31

Grantland Rice suggests that if the base
ball strike succeed golfers should next call
a strike demanding II inch holes and the
adjustment Of all bunkers, pitfalls and
higR grass.
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1917-07-24
BIG RUBBER SHOW.
Rubber Show Tonight at Ringers Drug
Store, Showing the Raw Materials
That 60 Into the Manufacture
ing of the "BeSaW Tire"

Upon display there win be a large
piece OF the long staple Sea Island cot.
ton fabric; there will also be a piece OF
the same kind OF fabric coated with pure
gum rubber, which is one OF the pro.
cesses through which the fabric goes
before II is made into tire. There is
also on display piece OF cushion stock.
and breaker strip combined. these 10
into the tire between the carcass anc
the outside tread; they are in their un.
vulcanized state.
There is on display large piece OF
fine ribbed smoked sheet. Ceylon rubber
In the exact condition or form in which
II is packed and shipped to the Besaw
Tire 4 Rubber Co., direct from the na.
tives Of Ceylon. With II large piece
of what is called fine pale crepe rubber.
IN the form for which Il is prepared
for shipment, Together with all OF this
is a piece of the tread as Il is built I'M
ready for the tire builder to place on
tires.
There are a number Of other interest.
ing rubber demonstrations IN this dis.
play.
You are welcome TO visit the show
and learn something about the big in.
dustry that is rapidly growing IN Ard.
more
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1917-07-24
VIII Locate in Kansas City.

Gainesville Register: Frank Cotting-
ham, for the past two years assistant
secretary and treasurer of the Produc'
ers Refining company in this city, has
severed his connection with thai con-
cern to accept a more lucrative posi-
tion with the Evans.Thwing Refining
company at Kansas City. He viii leave
August l with his family for the Mis-
souri, city to take chareg Of his new
position.
Mr. Cottingham will be succeeded here
by Oscar ], Tuttle who went with the
local refinery about January /, this
year, as clerk in the traffic depart
ment OF that company. This i a well
merlted promotion for Mr. Tuttle and
his many friends win congratulate him
on being elevated TO his new position
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1917-07-24
New York Market

New York. July 24.-After OPENING
steady and l2 points higher to fom
points lower on little covering based
on a renewal Of trade buying the cotton
market today eased off sharply under
selling pressure due to rumors that q
private crop reporting bureau made
condition 70 or 81 points above last
month. October dropped to 1855. ant
December to 2S.45, representing IS Il
20 points net loss.
Liverpool and Wall street selling ac
companied the decline. but at the lower
levels a good class Of buying was EN-
countered.
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1917-07-24
GRAIN AND PROVISIONS.
Chicago Market.

Chicago, July "a. - General selling
OF corn resulted today, chiefly from
news of the breaking of two months
drouth in north central Kansas. II
was said also that there had been sorc
Increase in rural offerings. of corn hy
farmers who had been tempted by high
prices to dispose of their livestock
Renewal of peace gossip from Wash
ington tended further in some degree
to aid the bears
Opening quotations, which ranged
from the same as yesterdays finish
to lc lower with September at $1.G3 Ia
to 1.63 1-2 were followed by a moderate
setback all around.
Wheat Gives Way.
Wheat gave way with corn. Diff.
culties hndering the progress Of food
control legislation seemed to act some.
what as a weight on the market.
II was gossip that there would be de-
liveries on July contracts here before
the end weeehtfk JDJrorrsEJtfiJeta
the end of the week, and that larger
receipts We're probable. The market
closed steady, 5 to 615 net lower, at
2.54 July. and 225 Sept.
Oats Are Lower.
Oats were depressed by.. unloading
on the part of a big house which had
recently been a conspicuous purchaser.
Favorable harvest returns counted
against the bulls.
Pork Takes Drop.
Weakness Of grain pulled down pork.
Higher quotations on hogs appeared
to be ignored
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1917-07-24
LIVESTOCK.
Kansas CITY Market

Kansas City, July 24.-IfOCs: Re
ceipts 5000; five to ten higher; bull, #
"a 1853; light 14.7O@15.SO; pigs 1880
'gl4.oo. CATTLE: Receipts q, 900, in
Guiding 1000 southerns, steady to ter
lower; prime fed steers 12.75@13.8O
dressed beef steers 1O.OO@12.5O; south
ern steers 7.OO@11.76; cows 6.OO@9. so
heifers 7.5O@1S.OO; stockers 625@115O
calves 7OO@12.5O. SHEEP: Receipts
S,ooOi strong to ten higher; lambs 14.5C
@lo.5O; yearlings 10.0O@11.5O wether,
S.5O@lO.OO; ewes S,OO@925; stockers 500
@15.OO.
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1917-07-24
SPOT COTTON.
IiVprnnoI NIarl.ai

Liverpool, July 24.-Cotton spot In
fair request; prices Is points lower
American middling fair 1853; good mid
ding 1915; middling 1885; low middlin-
1910; good ordinary 17.45 ordinary 1895
Sales 2OOO bales, including 1900 Amer
lean. Receipts 100 bales, all American
Futures Is points lower; July 1875
July August 1850: Sept Oct. 1857; Oct
Nov. l6.i5; Dec. Jan. 1890; Jan Feb
1880; Mar. April 1852; May and Jun,
1916. The above are all fixed prices
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1917-07-24
COTTON.
New Orleans Market.

New Orleans, July 24-Rumors Of a
private condition report of 73 per cent
Of the normal caused moderate selling
of cotton in the first half hour OF bus.
mess here today under which prices
fell 10 to % points below the level of
Yesterdays close. On the opening call
there was a momentary advance Of 2
to 3 points. but support was quickly
withdrawn.
At level of % to 2S points down
shorts turned profit takers and the ring
found difficulty in supplying the de.
mand with the result that toward noon
prices were 20 points up from the bot.
{, IN.
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1917-07-24

Massachusetts" is compounded from
indian words meaning great hills
place" alluding probably to the heights
OF land near the coast in the vicinity OF
Boston.
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1917-07-24
MAY OPEN NEW POOI.

MAY OPEN NEW POOL.
The report that the Gray on com
pany had a sand in section Has at
a depth below 1900 feet TOOK 4 number
of oil investors TO the field this morning.
This well Is almost a half nile south
of the town of Healdton. Il is interest
ing because the wells drilled 10 the
west of this well, toward the producing
area. did not have the same sand. and
1t may mean the development, of an
entirely new sand for the field that
would extend production 70 the east
of the proven area. a
Some Of those who have been sue.
cessful with their investments at Eieald-
ton are of the opinion that there viii
be an east lead that will take the pro-
duction into the northern portion Of
13, the east portion Of sections II and
and IL and out east through the north
ern half of section IS and the south
part Of section z in As and 2w. II this
theory should be true It would be like
opening new pool and would result
in bringing an immense amoun: OF
activity TO that portion Of the field.
Investments have been made in that
vicinity by some who have hit K rich
in the field and other investments are
being sought in that vicinity now.
A bunch of scouts were gathered last
night. and in their remarks it was as
serted that Healdton is the wonder
pool of the world in staying qualities
Sands in no other field have ever held
up so long and this leads oil men TO
believe that a larger pool somewhere
Is Feeding the field and that eventually
the mother pool will be found, and then
the southern portion Of the state will
come into its own as a remarkable oil
district
Healdton is now larger than any 9th.
er two pools in the state. The field Is
still In its infancy. New sands and
new extensions and new pools remain
20 be opened and there are as many
opportunities TO make money at Heald-
ton now as there was when the first
has watched development and made his
Investments has won out.
Gray on company on the Dave West
farm, in the southwest corner OF the
northeas' quarter OF section 1l-4-3. one
half mile south OF Healdton has an
OH sand at 1858 feet Tho sand was
entered while the hole was carrying
100 feet Of water and what the pro.
duction Is cannot be ascertained until
the we'll is dried. The sand had
thickness OF nine feet and the company
is OF the opinion that II has been drill.
ed through. II this should develop into
n pay we'll II will result In extending
the field one.half mile to the east. The
same company on the Sidmore farm, on
the south line OF the same section,
has recovered an underreamer lug and
has resumed drilling at 920 feet.
]. l.. Hamon has returned from an
extended business trip In the east. He
spent most Of the time he was gone in
New York
W. r. Hassett. general manager OF
the Ardmore rethery' mas re'urhel 10
MS nome IN iu'sa ai'er WISH mere
with D. W. dohhsoh'
-,
east OF healutoh' nave oeeh 'esese'
by prospective buyers touaN anu "''iN
ity resembles that in the early days OF
the field The sand found half mile
se,,sa - a. ovo,,ar,on,
V""So VI ''o
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1917-07-24
AROUND THE WORLD.

ontario in 1916 mined 4s9,679 ounces
of gold.
Iceland was settled by the Norsemen
IN the year S74.
Canada has 4,li1 miles of government
owned railways In operation.
Greece last year sent 69,SS7 tons OF
magnesite ore to the United states.
Canada sold goods to Great Britain TO
the value OF sS2l ESQ, ,iOS in 1916.
Japan produced 29S l66,7 zoe bushels Of
rice in 1916. which is 6.630,270 bushels
more than the record crop OF 1914
Panama has wonderful agricultural
possibilities. American methods are be
ing introduced.
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1917-07-24
PRODUCE.
Kansas City Market.

Kansas City, Mo. July 24.-BUTTER
eggs, poultry: Unchanged. POTATOES
Firm l25d135.
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1917-07-24

slnclair.Gypsy on companies No. !
Morris. In 1929. Is cleaning out. This
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1917-07-24

Gypsy OH company, on the Pierce
farm In SS.2,9. Is drilling in sand a;
2O50. The hole Is fun OF mud but
whether the sand is making gas is not
known
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1917-07-24

Salvador is building national high
ways.
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1917-07-24

Greece last year sent 69,SS7 tons OF
magnesite ore to the United States.
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1917-07-24

Gypsy OIL company has abandoned its
No. l well on the Moncrlef farm in Sec
tion S2.2.3. In the Fox district The
total depth was 1896 feet
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1917-07-24

Canada has 41ll miles of government
owned railways In operation.
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1917-07-24

The report published recently that
the Gypsy oil company, on the Bowers
farm in section 1924, northwest Of Fox,
had n ffty.barrel well. was an error.
The company has sand at 1850 feet,
but what Il will make is not known,
as the well has not been put on the
pump.
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1917-07-24

Picked Up-Bay mase. about ten
years old is held at the city pound.
Split In left ear, wire cut on left should
er' about IL hands high. II not claim
ed and charges paid for the animals
feed and quarters, II win be sold at 10
a. m, Saturday, July 2s, az the city
pound. Bin Ford, pound keeper. 1s-1Ot
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1917-07-24

Canada sold goods to Great Britain TO
the value OF SS2l csc, ,l0S in 1916.
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1917-07-24

Iceland was settled by the Norsemen
In the year S74.
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1917-07-24
TOO LATE TO CLASSIFY.

FOR RENT-Fourroom house furnish
ed, 113 Fifth Ave N w. 24a
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1917-07-24

Owners OF property In section l4'S,
east OF Healdton, have been 5esleged
by prospective buyers today and actiy-
ity resembles that in the early days Of
the field. The sand found a half mile
south OF the town OF Healdton Is the
cause OF the excitement.
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1917-07-24

FoUND-Bunch of eight keys ON ring.
Owner call at Ardmoreite sffice. 243
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1917-07-24

well came in at 900 barrels and was
the cause of some spirited buying in
that vicinity, but the production has
gone down until its present production
is not important.
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1917-03-09
GOMEZ AND PARTY
BROUGHT TO, HAVANA

Havana, March Sex President
Jose Miguel Gomez, head of the lib
eral revolutionary movement in Cube,
is prisoner tonight in the Preside,
while the members of his staff, among
them Colonel Quinones, his chief lieu
tenant in the field, are behind the
walls at Fort Cabanas.
Reaching Havana in military
train this morning which was under
the command of Secretary of the In
terror Heva, the party presented a
pathetic appearance, as they alighted
from the train at Quinta de los Mo-
limos station, instead of going, as had
where thousands of spectators had
gathered to witness their arrival.
Caught between two fires in battle
which resulted in Gomez downfall
the rebels suffered heavy losses. Their
dead and wounded are estimated at
upward of 800, while 2S0 were made
prisoner. The rebels, being without
machine guns, inflicted comparatively
insignificant casualties on the loyal
forces of Collaz and Consuegra.
President Menocal this afternoon
issued a proclamation in which he
praises the army and it's officers for
energy, valor and intelligence" and
declares that while he will be inflex-
ible with those who persist in wound
ing and affronting the country with
their criminal attempts" he will have
"all possible indulgence for those who
In good faith and with sincere repent
ance" submit themselves to the con-
stitution and laws.