davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1917-09-27
7. R. DECLARES
LA Toilette IS
DEMOCRACY FOE

Ivy united frrs- leased wire
CHICAGO. Sept. Robert La
Toilette is the most sinister foe OF
democracy In this country"
This was Cot Theodore Roose.
velt's seathing announcement OF
the senator from Wisconsin. In a
speech delivered here last night
The colonel's Subject was The Chill
dren OF the Melting Pot"
we have heard great deal from
demagogues about this being a rich
mans war" he said 'it's lie. and
they know Il. II ls a decent mans
war and an Americans war. We
are here TO stand against the Hun
inside and outside our gates. against
the men who are the worst foes OF
the nation al this time. men OF the
stamp OF Senator la Toilette"
Col. Roosevelt was greeted with
ovations OF applause
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1917-09-27

Canada. three years ~ war
can teach her ally, the Unltea
States. ak months at war,
valuable lesson In restaurant
prices.
Charges In American eating
houses, based on oena-
parlson Of Seattle and Vareeo.
YER, q. c.. are from 20 20 so per
cent higher,
a pcrterhouse steak sells Tor
so cents In Vancouver eates:
In Seattle, Tor 81. Practically
every food item on the Nancou-
yer menus is cheaper than IN
places jus, below the boundary
line.
Canada. facing the war as life
and death struggle, has learned we'll
the necessity OF conservation OF
food and price.
In Vancouver. no beef. bacon or
ham Is served on Tuesday and
Fri ,ay-set aside as mestiess day 5
to help win the war On those days
the public takes It's choice OF other
palatahle foods. Tho rest Of the
week bacon and ham arc served un-
I'll IL a. m. Beef q served from
$3.50 10 p. m.
Portions Liberal
When these meat foods are serv.
cd. the portions are liberal and the
service adequate. The most fastld
ious epicures get what they want.
and get II cheaper than their Amer
lean brothers.
AT all times there "a an annie
supply OF food TO be- had ~ d rea.
eonahle price In Vancouver restau.
rants says Teei Williams. Seattle
editor OF the Pacific shipping Illus.
trated. who has Just returned from
British Columbia.
Ten cents for Cereal
In one of the best cafes In Van
couyer | got an appetizing. varied
meal at a price that would amaze
Americans.
When Vancouver restaurants
charge only 10 cents FOR a breakfast
cereal aud Seattle restaurants
charge Is cents for the same thing.
II looks like there Is something rad.
icalIy wrong IN food prices here.
II Vancouver can sell at moderate
prices. why can't Seattles"
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1917-09-27
STRIKE EnLARGES
SCOPE IN PORTLAND

PORTLAND. Sept. 2T.--The Port.
land shipbuilding industry was
more completely tied up by strikes
today than at any time since wood
en- shipyard workers walked out
two weeks ago.
Union leaders today extended the
strike 10 iron works and supply
plants doing work for the ship
yards.
This move OF the unions Is an
effort to stop the reopening Of the
shipyards with non-union crews.
In the meantime Portland's new
anfipicketing ordinance. enacted
last June. Is being tested. a mum.
Der OF union men alleged 10 be
pickets were arrested by the police
The unions are said to be prepared
TO make this test case in an ef-
fort to have the ordinance declared
invalid
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1917-09-27
CKERNIAvSKI TRIO
CONES HERE AGAIN

The Chernlavsh trio Is 10 be
heard in Seattle again.
Music lovers who were charmed
with the concert which the three
brothers-Jan. Leo and Mischief
gave in Seattle a year ago. when
they made their debut in the United
States. will have an opportunity TO
hear them again at the Masonic
Temple October 5.
The Cherniavskis are the sons
OF Abraham Chcrniavski. Russian
viohnist and composer
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1917-09-27
Legless Newsie Is
Mountain Climber

PORTLAND, Sept 81 ~ Joe
Hardy. iegless Portland nowHboy.
has climbed Mount Hood. according
to word reaching here today. He
rode as near the summit as posi-
bic on horse. and made the last
lap Of the trip on a small sled.
which was equipped with spikes
70 keep IT from slipping.
He pulled himself up the noun
tain by means OF line extending
down from the top.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1917-09-27
CONTINUOUS BATTLE
ALONG emile FRONT


LONDON. Sept 27.-Four sep
arate and distinct German counter
blows delivered with terrific force
and strength against Haig's newly
won positions in the Ypres sector,
were flung back by British defend.
ers last night. the British com
mander's report said today.
Battle front dispatches Indicate
the fighting was almost continuous
along all the six.mile front over
which the British registered their
success yesterday. The most de-
fermined resistance was encoun-
tered. and when the British drove
them out Of positions. the enemy
sought in violent counter attacks
TO regain the lost ground.
The maximum depth TO which
the British drive penetrated the
German lines over the six-mile
front line was approximately a
mile In the Zonnebeke sector.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1917-09-27
VETERAN AGED 81
FIGHTS WITH PoILUS
Continued From Pace I i

him In the hospital for month
When he went back they made him
sergeant for gallant conduct.
For months 10 Mesnager fought
| In the trenches nj Nerdun. in one OF
the greatest and longest battles In
history.
one day the ammunition ran
short. and the colonel called for a
volunteer to bring up an ammuni.
ton train, The German artillery
bombardmsnt was terrific II
seemed sure death.
lie MesnaEer volunteered. and In
short time brought up ammunl.
ton
A few days later the old Callfor.
nian was called before his regiment
and the 'Croix dc Guerre" (croas Of
warl pinned on his coat.
Every soldier should have the
courage and spirit OF this veteran
comrade." the colonel told his regi.
ment.
II wasn't long until lie Mesnager
was commissioned n lieutenant
[ One evening he was chatting
with his reRimental adjutant when
n German shell passed between
them. II exploded almost at their
/ feet
by some miracle neither was
killed. but both were hurled quite n
distance. IL Mesnager. recovering.
! found himself on tho ground under
tree
lie looked around and found nartH
/ OF the German shell, which he gath.
cred ND and carried back 20 his
I trench.
at was nothing at all, moth.
ing at ALL" he laughed 10 his
men. Don't ever be afraid OF
shell like this one. us only
the shell that hits you that you
need to dread"
His colonel heard this remark
and was 80 impressed with the old
/ fighters spirit that he recommend.
ed him for further honors. This
time he was decorated with the
palm"
Another medal was given him for
bravery In hand-io hand conflict
lie Mesnager's regiment had gone
over the top" but soon found itself
surrounded by a superior force.
A big German picked the old man
out as his own particular prey. but
lie Mesnager ran his thru. A little
later he discovered the hiding place
OF the bugler who was sounding the
charge. Three shots silenced him.
lie Mesnager has been a resident
OF Los Angeles since 1867. He lived
in France until he was 16. when he
emigrated 10 America. He is n
full-fledged American. and has been
since he was 81. In Los Angeles he
Is a substantial citizen. For many
years he has been court inter.
prefer. He has accumulated n com.
Portable fortune In real estate.
Since the arrival OF the American
expedition lie Mesnager has been
recalled from the trenches and as.
signed to one Of the French di.
visions training with the Ameri.
cans. Most Of his work is that of
interpreter.
81 couldn't remain quiet when the
war broke out" he told me the
other day. Ever since 1871 had
itched to get back at the Germans.
Il knew, however. that my family
would object on account of my age.
so | ran away from home one day
when my wife was out OF the city
on a short visit.
1T was one OF the happlest days
of my life when the United States.
MY country. Joined in the war
against Germany on che side OF the
country of my birth"
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1917-09-27
Many Asking Now
for Liberty Bonds

The second Liberty loan campaign
IL going to be wagcd with mammoth
success. II the enthusiasm displayed
by Seattle people at this time r.
kept up. Daily, men and women
stream into the headquarters at
Second ave. and Marion st.. and al.
most demand that their money be
accepted. The bonds are not on
sale. however. until October 1,
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1917-09-27
Confer on Navy Yard
Labor Difficulties

WASHINGTON. Sept. 27.-In an
effort to smooth out existing labor
troubles and TO avoid any general
strike in navy yards. presidents OF
the international unions involved
I'm yard work will confer with navy
department heads October 2. In
the meantime the 1000 striking
Norfolk navy yard men have re-.
turned to work
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1917-09-27
ARGENTINE BABIES
DYING DUE TO STRIKE
ey cnAs. p. STEWART

United Press staff Correspondent
BUENOS AIRES, Sept 27.-Des-
fitution and death marked contin-
uance OF Argentine's nationwide
strike today. Many infants and In.
valids whose deaths we're reported
succumbed because OF the milk
famine. Violent clashes between
strikers and police were reported.
Industries are at standstill.
Meantime. the government was on
ergeiically seeking arbitration.
Public realization that German
money and agents are aiding the
strikers has served 10 put a wonder
full impetus behind the movement
for a break with the Teutons.
The pro-war demonstration last
night attracted crowd Of 100000
pe~1le. and this despite a heavy
do<npour OF rain.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1917-09-27
CONCENTRATED FIRE
R0UTS EN- AT CERNY

fiy tnited Press Leased Wire
PARIS. Sept 2I.-gcrman troops
struck two desperate hut unavail.
Ink blows on the Chamin be Danes
last night today's official state.
ment reported. Tho first attack
conferred around Gerry. !, follow.
ed a tremendous German artillery
bombardmcnt. French troops
broke down the attacking waves
by concentrated fire. throwing the
enemy hack with heavy losses.
The second assault was around
California Plateau and the case.
mates. Il likewise vas repealed.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1917-09-27
Looks for Better
Spirit i'm Seattle

Street car employers and en-.
ployes will feel better toward each
other after the recent discussion of
issues. which will eliminate about
November !, according TO Clarence
j. Franklin. public utility engineer
Of Portland, who is one OF the ar
biters.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1917-09-27
Was Too Long to Wait

NEW YORK, Sept 27.-Daslox
Pattlciosspaupupoulos fell from n
street car He was en- route for
first aid treatment before police
man could get his name written
down for an ambulance sail.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1917-09-27
Budget Hearing Is
Scheduled Monday

Hearing on the 1917 county tax
budget comes up Monday before
the county commissioners. The
commissioner are prohibited from
exceeding their budget more than
2 per cent by new law.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1917-09-27

Noah was 500 years old when he
began walking the floor with Shem
and Shem was an infant OF 9s
years when he entered the Ark.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1917-09-27
Sleeping Garments at 55c

Knitted fleeoed gray Sleeping
Garments; we'll made and full
sized: made with feet. Sizes !, ?.
3 and 4. and only 55e each as long
as we have any.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1917-09-27
Merino Underwear 85c

Mems medium heavy gray Merino
Shirts and Drawers are priced at
Csc garment for the Month End
clearance; all sizes.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1917-09-27
Infants Cashmere Hose Csc

All-wool fine ribbed Cashmere
Hose in white. black. pink and
light blue; some are imperfect, but
only slightly. with silk heels and
toes.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1917-09-27
A Discontinued Lot of
COrsetS Reduced to S2.25

Including Goad cB Smart Set American Lady oe
Discontinued models in dainty brooches either pink white
French cou elastic Corset in high medium low style
Sizes 10 to 80, 81 81 and 80 in the lot
Discontinued Styles in Brasseres and
Bust Supports-Reduced to SOC
All made of good cambria, embroidery lace trimmed in
hook in the back Others of heavy twill with acng
back and hook in front Sizes 3 to 49, mostly large sizes
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1917-09-27
Women's Underwear at 39c

Women's Underwear at 39c
Medium weight Underwear for
Fall wear; ribbed Cotton Shirts
and Pants, in sizes 81 to a.; high
and Dutch neck styles; ankle
length Pants.
Women's Union Suits at Csc
Cotton fleeced Union Suits; me-
dunn weight; high neck, long
sleeves; also Dutch neck, elbow
sleeves; ankle length. Sizes 81
TO ~.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1917-09-27

These class
restaurants IN Seattle and Vancouver
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1917-09-27

We hare gathered up all broken lots and
remnants.
We haue marked them at generous reductions.
Some special purchases haze been added
for good measure.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1917-09-27
MEMS SHIRTS
Special Friday SOC
Underwear S1.00

Mems Cotton Socks i5c
Or two pairs for 25c. Medium
weight cotton in black, white, tan,
navy and purple Not all coors
in all sizes; seconds.
Mems Union Suits Sc
Medium weight ribbed cotton
Union Suits in ecru color; made
with closed crotch. Long sleeves
and ankle length all sizes.
Lower Main Floor--The Bon Marchc.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1917-09-27

"Burson" Pure Thread Silk
Stockings and Only 75c Pair
Irregulars of "Bwson Hose, North double this price
Useless than these Stockings be bought at the factory to-
day thread Silk Stockings sold as reguars but the
mpeectons hardly noticeable Black in sizes 0H, =
oH and TO- White in sizes ga and 10. BE here for several
pairs on Friday.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1917-09-27
Women's House Shoes $1.85

Broken lines OF Womcn's House
Shoes in lace and Juliet styles:
slightly imperfect; good range OF
sizes.
UPPER MAIN FLO
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1917-08-17
DEFEAT BRITAIN OR LOSE"
German General Urges Speed Before
U. S. Steps In.

German General Urges Speed Before
u. S. Steps In.
Copenhagen, Aug. 17.-Gen. Won
Ardenne, military critic CT the Bcr-
lin Tageblatt, warns the German
military leaders that they must be-
stir themselves TO find some strategic
or tactical means of winning decl-
sive victory on TIE western front and
of defeating England, tic soul OF me
hostile coalition on land. Otherwise,
he says, there is no hope of bring
inc the war to an honorable erd for
Germany.
German leadership, Gen. Ardenne
maintains, always has been able to
direct the campaign into new courses
when stagnation threatened, and ne
adds that the Germans are entitled
to believe methods will be found to
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1917-08-17
n VACATION OF THE CIRCUIT
COURT OF ALEXANDRIA SIIi,
VIRGINIA. IN THE ChEkh ,
OFFICE OF SAID COURT.

Sophic W. Welbcrt, complainant
vs.. William Wcibert, defendant. Or
der for order of publication.
Upon the application of the com
plainant, stating specifically the last
known place of abode of the defend
ant the Clerk of the Circuit Court
Of Alexandria City, Virginia, on the
10Th day of August, 1917, doth enter
the following order of publication.
Tic object of this suit is to OBTAIN
a divorce a vinculo matrlnonll, DIV
orcing the complainant from the de-
PENDANT, on the ground of dcsertion'
and for general relief.
An affidavit having been made ana
filed that the defendant, william
Wclbert, has not been found within
the Jurisdiction of the State OF s1r-
pinia, and that nc is not rcsIdcTt
of the State of Virginia, it is ordered
that ne do appear. within ID days
after due publication of said order
Of publication, and do what is neces-
sary to protect his interests IN this
suit.
And i is further ordered that a
copy Of said order of Publication DC
published once week, for four sue
cessivc weeks, in The Alexandria Ga
zctte, newspaper published in the
City Of Alexandria, State Of Virginia,
and that a copy be posted at the
front door Of Inc court house Of this
city, on or before the goth day of
August. 1917. that being the next
succeeding rule day after this order
is entered. ami that a copy Of said
order Of publication shall be mailed
BY the Clerk Of this Court, address
ed 30 the said nonresident defendant
At l44O list street. Brooklyn, n. T.,
his last known place of address.
Signed in vacation of the Circuit
Court Of Alexandria City, Virginia,
at Alexandria City, Virginia, on this
the 10th day Of August, 1917.
NEWELL S. GREENAWAY,
Clerk Circuit Court. Alexan-
dria City, Virginia.
R. c. L. Moncure AMI .. 7. McHale,
P. G. 196-4w.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1917-08-17
ATTEMPT TO ESCAPE.
Conspirators Saw Bars and
Prepare for Wholesale Jail Deliv-

Alleged Conspirators Saw Bars and
Prepare for Wholesale Jail Deliy-
cry.
Big Stone Gap. Va, Aug. Nv
Y. Mccoy and ]. w. Phipps, On trial
heer for conspiracy against the gov,
eminent, attempted wholesale jail
delivery early last night. They and
two other prisoners had sawed the
bars to windows in the Jail and were
about to make their escape when the
matter was reported by another pris-
oner.
Phipps and Mccoy were under
heavy guard last night, and other
prisoners were taken to the county
convict camps until repairs are made
on the jail.
Phipps and Mccoy were put on trial
yesterday, and the first case will go
to the jury some time today. 4
charge of "enlisting men for the pur-
pose fwagins war against the
United States" was thrown out, on
instruction of the court yesterday at
temoon. The charge on which they
are being tried is "conspirine to seize
and destroy arms and munitions of
war"
Evidence offered yesterday tends
to show that German agents had
used large sums of money and other
inducements to inspire the noun
taineers to rebellion.
Witness Noah Johnson testified that
he was in McCoy's shoe shop and saw
two strange and suspicious-looking
men talking guardedly to Mccoy.
They had gallon tin bucket full Of
something wrapped in paper. He tes-
titled that he saw one of the men
tear corner of the paper. and saw
money. He said that the bills he saw
were OF large denomlnatlon.
johnson also testified that Mccoy
had told him that the Germans would
give the conspirators under Mccoy
and Phipps $4,000 for blowing up
three important railroad bridges In
this section. He said this statement
,,,,e ,,.,do IN b;,,, hy Meow lrhnn no
was in McCoy's shop and saw the
He swore that he had been
called to tic shop by Mccoy and so
lcited to JOIN the conspiracy. He
refused to have anything 70 do with
the matter. It was before he mad re-
fused thai he lad seen the money
in the bucket.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1917-08-17
TO STOP 1. w. W. ACTIVITIES
Campaign Against Food Canning Be
ing Investigated.

Campaign Against Food Canning Be.
ing Investigated.
Anti-I. W. w. legislation continues
to pour into the Senate. Senator
Hollis, of New Hampshire, strong
friend of labor, announced yesterday
that he would soon introduce bill!
calculated to check the activities of
the l. w. w. Senator King of Utah.
actually put in bill Of this charac-
ter.
It prevents conspiracy to oppose
the execution Of federal laws or in
tin1idation of any Legal officer; also,
advising or melting 'by words" or
statements, sedition, riot, insurrec-
ton or unlawful assembly to op-
pose the execution or enforcement of
the laws.
The Department of Justice has
been asked to begin an investigation
of German propaganda in the rural
districts of the country to defeat the
purposes of the Food Administra-
tion;s conservation and canning CAM
paign. The work Of the propagandists
has been particularly active in tire
South, it was stated today, and has
retarded the canning movement to
a considerable degree.
The methods pursued are TO in
form housewives that all the prod
ucts canned at the direction of the
Food Administration later will be
seized for the use of the National
army. They also have been told that
the 'food cards distributed by Mr..
Hoover's agents are intended to form
the basis of census of all women
in the country that they may be con-
scripted into pational service when
the time comes.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1917-08-17
NO PEACE PLEA TILL ASKED
Pore 80 Quoted BY DC Ia Rarra After
Former Effort

Pore so Quoted BY Dc Ia harra After
Former EforF
Chicago. Aug. i7.-After his first
efforts for ncace had been rejected By
The European belligerents, Pope Bene-
dict told Francisco de Ia Barra that
he would not again move to end the
war unless requested to do so by one
of the warning powers, 1t was said
here yesterday b. Herman Il. Kohl
saat, IN relating conversation with
the former Mexican Ambassador TO
the United States. Mr.. kohisaat,
widely known as former publisher,
was a fellow passenger with Mr..
de la Barra in returning from Europe
in February 1916.
;"The former Ambassador told me
he had preached the subject of peace
to the Pope, who recalled. that his
previous moves ssi1ad been treated
coolly," Mr.. Kohlsaat said. accord
ing to Mr.. de Il Barra, the Pope said
he was through offering suggestions,
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1917-08-17
HURLS MEN INTO ETERNITY
Crown Prince Makes Great Sacrifices
in Intellectual Attempts to Recap
ture Lost Positions.

Canadian Army Headquarters in
France, Aug. 1.-THE taking of Hill
10 yesterday stirred the German
higher command as nothing else has
done or this front this year. Prince
Rupprecht has made frantic efforts 10
recapture the lost positions anG a
grim battle was waged throughout
the day, particularly on and around
Hill 70.
Ten times the enemy came on, but
they seldom got close enough for
fighting with hayonet or bomb. The
Prrssian Guards were subjected 20 a
terrible concentrated fire from
artillery and machine guns. Their
losses were frightful.
A veteran machine gun officer
tells of having had as target for
an hour and a quarter enemy rom
forccmcnts coming up in columns OF
fours for use in counter attacks. lie
! said his men killed more Germans
Yesterday than they had seen alto
gethcr at any previous time. Prls-
oncrs said That the ground over
which their battalions had advanced
was thickly strcwn with dead.
"The Seventh Prrssian Division
which was in line when the Cana,
dams attacked, 70 longer exists
Their losses during the several days
prior to the assault we're very scr''
Gus. The British guns 50 steadily
swept their positions that ration par
ties refused to 90 rp and the me7
in the trenches remained unfed. Tx
total number Of prisoners is now cor
siderably over 400.
The Germans Wednesday fought
with great tenacity to maintain thcl'
precarious hold on the central por.
ton Of Lens.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1917-08-17

EXPERIENCED SALESLADIES-
Wanted at once. Apply at Rosen
berg's department store,I 10l4
Seventh street, N. W., Washington,
D. C. 1851.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1917-08-17

FOOD WILL WIN THE WAR-Do
your bit. $50 invested in a brood
sow to be cared for by us will pay
large profits. Booklet free. Pine
Ridge Farm Co., Vineland, n. J.
1926.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1917-08-17

FOR SALE-One Ford Touring Car,
1915 model, demountable rims,
Sterling tires, in good condition
Inquire of D. w. Schofield, with
Charles King & Son, Inc, north
Lee street. l96-6t.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1917-08-17

GARFINKLE & Co., Wash
ington, D. c.. have permanent posi-
tons open for capable and cxpcr-
fenced saleswoman for the follow
ing departments: gloves, hosiery,
leather goods and neckwear Must
furnish best references regarding
character. Apply 9th floor. 191-6t.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1917-08-17

FOR SALE-A good horse, S years
cd; also a delivery wagon. Inquire
at GOA King Street. ;. ;. :.
1861.