Bisbee daily review., 1917-01-21
GERMAN SUBSTITUTES MEET P0WER'S NEEDS
 DESPITE BLOCKADE
Germany Substitutes Zinz for Copper, Potatoes for Wheat Flour, and Barley for Po- tato Flour.

| BERLlN-(COrres of The | Associated Press)-The extent to which substitutes and limitations are rampant in Germany today from one of the most interesting subjects of the now seasonable reviews. The "ersatz" the German word for substitutes | is now common not only in the line of foodstuffs but in technical industry, textiles and metals. Though from time to time indications of this change in German life have become known abroad, there have lately appeared in- teresting summaries which afford sharper focus on the situation. Some of the items in this development, un- der their respective heads, are as fol lows:
 Saltpeter: Before the war Germany imported annually over $40,00O,OO worth of saltpeter for agricultural and ammunition purposes, mainly from Chile. and all of this regular supply was lost at the outset of the war. To- day countless factories in Germany are manufacturing saltpeter, whereas be- fore the war there were only a few experimental establishments, and Ger many is now able not only to supply the increased amount of .saltpeter necessary for ammunition but also has been able to furnish all that is neces- sary for fertilizers.
 Aluminium: Before the war the sup ply of beuXite for the manufacture of aluminium had been imported from supply led German scientists to dis cover a process of aluminium manufac- ture by electricity from ordinary clay
 Mineral Oils: Chemical experts in the German coal fields have discovered new ways of extracting oils from coal, partly relieving the serious condition resulting from the cutting off of min eral oil imports which in 1919 amount ed to no less than $277,OO0,0 ,0O0.
 Rubber: Germany lost practically all of her imports of rubber. and to offset this shortage she has substituted steel for rubber in innumerable cases where rubber had been used purely for its elasticity. Further, the per lection of a submarine merchantship made is possible to bring in enough new rubber to mix with the old in the creation of a regenerated or synthetic rubber. The supply of this has been developed until now it is said to be sufficient to last for another eight months
 Graphite: Ceylon was the exclusive source of supply of graphite used in Germany before the war, because the Ceylon graphite was 99 per cent pure. Since the beginning of the war Ger many has been dependent entirely upon the inferior Bavarian graphite. | but German chemists have been able | to find a process by which the Bav- | arian article can be purified to a 97 | per cent standard
 Rosin: Supplies of this had come | exclusively from America and France, | but German chemists have now be- l come able to produce all that is need | ed from the German forests, or are
 
 the by-products of wood and coal
 Textiles: Paper has been adapted | in innumerable instances to serve for cloth. By using protoxide of sodium. cellulose and paper. a very durable and satisfactory thread has been evolved. which. in turn. lends itself to the creation of sacks and bags, girdles, doilies. aprons, work ing garments, wrapping cloth and thread and string The inventors have discovered way to give the paper cloth" great resistance to dampness. Cellulose has been found to lend it. self to the production of gun cotton when combined with other chemicals, and nettles have proved themselves to be the source of cotton mating. thread, yarn, coloring matter and ev- en feed stuffs. Dresses and other clothes are being manufactured out of artificial cotton and wool, as they sometimes were in peace times. Even ,