davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1917-04-04
BENEFIT FOR MESS
FUND OF COMPANY D

Capital News Special Service)
Twin Falls, April 4.-The half holi-
day yesterday was observed as flag
day. Several thousand people met in
the afternoon and listened to speeches
by prominent citizens. At night show
was put on at the Lavering theater for
the company D mess fund. A large
crowd was in attendance. The prInci-
pal speech of the evening was made by
Charles ID. Thomas.
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1917-04-04
MORE TAX FoREcLosuREs.

Eleven more tax foreclosure suits
have been filed in the district court
during the past two days by Clara
Shinn. With the last one filed today
she now has 81 tax foreclosure suits
pending, which has resulted in the pay
ment of 500 filing fees.
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1917-04-04
ELks TAKE FIRST MATCH.

The Elks' billiard team took the first
game in the tournament played with
the Commercial club. 1t was played
Monday night. The Elks ran up q
score Of 76o to e46 for their opponents.
Each team is composed of four men
and matches will be played at the
Elks' club on April 6, s. 10, Is, 20, %
and 81.
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1917-04-04

with terrible pains
in my back and was
about to have an OPP
cratic when q
friend said to me,
Before having that
operation just try
Lydia E. Pinkham's
We g e ia BILE Com.
pound So ] let
the operation wait,
a n d my husband
bought me the Veg
af~hIo Cav,ono,,nI
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1917-04-04
REAL ESTATE FIRM MOVED.

Noah W. Strunk has moved his real
estate office from the Soma building
to 215 South Ninth street in the Over
land hotel. He has formed a partner
ship and the firm is to be known as
the Overland Real Estate company.
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1917-04-04
DEATHS

CoUGHLIN = William CHRISTOPHER.
the 4-year-old son Of Mr.. and Mrs. w.
j. Coughlin, died Tuesday night of
ptomaine poisoning at the family home,
1lo4 North Eighteenth street. The flu
neral will be held at 1880 o'clock
Thursday morning at the home. Rev.
Father Keyser will officiate and burial
will be in st. Johns cemetery.
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1917-04-04

LoST-A pocketbook between 1916
State and Idaho Candy Co., contain
ing money and gold nuggets. Finder
return to 1916 State or Idaho Candy
Co. Reward. AS
EGGS for Matching from special mat
ed pens. Partridge Rocks and White
Rocks. Price, according to quality.
Rufus Red and New Zealand rab-
bits. Ivywild Poultry Farm and Rab-
bitry. Boise. A12
SPRING. MILLINERY! Wire Hat
Frames 1Oc, Recenet Crowns 15c,
Women's, Misses and Children's
Straw Hats 15c. Hat Flowers-take
your choice-15c, or for 25c.
THE RACKET STORE,
S11 N. 18th st. Opp Postoffice.
Az
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1917-04-04
FILE DEMURRER

A demurrer was filed today in be-
half of Go Nj, charged with violation
of the liquor laws. His hearing has
been set for a later date.
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1917-04-04
DEMURRER ovERRULEp.

In the case of the state versus w. ].
Plemmons, the demurrer was argued
and overruled by the court and the
defendant given until 10 o'clock April
7 to plead.
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1917-04-04
MARRIAGE LIcENSE.

Sampson B. Armstrong of Boise and
Irene Olive Erwin of Ogden were issued
a license to wed today at the county
clerks office.
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1917-04-04
CHINESE FUNERAL.

The funeral Of Won Box Sing, the
aged Chinaman murdered Saturday
night. a victim of the tong war. was
held yesterday afternoon at the Fry &
Summers morgue. But few Cinnamon
attended the services. Burial was in
the Chinese plot in Morris Hill ceme-
terry.
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1917-04-04
Little News of Boise
FATHER AT n.

A. baby daughter .was born this
morning to Mr.. and Mrs. ]. NJ. John
son at their home on the south side.
Mr.. Johnson, the father of the baby
daughter is II years of age and hale
and hearty. The baby is the seventh
to arrive in the johnson household.
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1917-04-04
HENRY swANHoLM RESIGNED.

Henry Swanholm, day captain of the
Boise police force, this morning ten
dered his resignation as a member of
the force. ]. F. Shellworth is temper
arily acting as day captain under ord
ers from the mayor.
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1917-04-04

The Literary society of Valley View
school will give play Friday night.
entitled Among the Breakers"
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1917-04-04

FOR RENT-Stop! Look no further!
s room big brick with furnace and
fireplace. Not close in but good car
service. SIS per mo. Phone s71-W.
TI-A3
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1917-04-04
ANNOUNCEMENTS

The Golden Rod club will meet with
Mrs. Fisher, oil Franklin street,
Thursday afternoon at $3.50.
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1917-04-04
OVERLAND HOTEL,

American, modern, hot and cold
water in all rooms. We solicit
the patronage of ladies and
gentlemen and will make every
effort to please you. Why not
enjoy modern conveniences at
such low rates and only one
block from the depot; $500 per
week and up; SOC per day and
up. Strunk Brothers, Mana
gers, 21S South 9th ST., Boise.
Phone 1851. If
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1917-04-04

All members of Phil Sheridan post,
G. A. R, will meet at their hall at 6:15
p. m. to participate in parade.
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1917-04-04

WANTED-Pressman and cylinder
press feeders; union; permanent po-
sition. Capital News Job Dept.
Boise. If
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1917-04-04

5-ROOM modern house, cost $500;
will sell for $4,000. Terms like
rent.
FINE opportunity in Boise restaurant;
doing splendid business: feed 500
daily. Price, $500. Cost $4,000.
s0-ACRE dairy farm-25 alfalfa, Is
grain, 40 pasture; fenced, cross
fenced; good dairy farm; fair build
ings: electric lights and power on
place. Will support 100 head Of stock.
Price $1,000. Hub Realty Co., corner
Tenth and Idaho SITS. tlA5
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1917-04-04
TERRIBLY
SICK WOMAN
Surgical Operation Thought
Necessary, but Lydia E. Pink
hams Vegetable Com
7 pound Saved Her.

Madison, Wis., was terribly sick
woman for over three years. suffered
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1917-04-04

Rowena Circle No 81 will meet at
the home of Mrs. Webb, 1925 North
Eighteenth street, Thursday afternoon
at $3.50 sharp.
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1917-04-04

one to cultivate 8
undivided blocks in the north end
OF town. Apply to ]. D. Jones. Idaho
Edw. & Plumbing Co. tlA6
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1917-04-04

FOR SALE OR TRADE for land. good
7-room house with barn: clear; also
small house to move off. Box 1888
Capital News. A10
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1917-04-04

EASTER POST CARDS, for &c,
Hand Colored Cards for &c, Easter
Booklets at 2 for SC and &c. Easter
Novelties 1c to 35c. Buy your Post
Cards and mail them now.
THE RACKET STORE,
311 N. 9Th st. Opp. Postoffice
IA
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1917-04-04

WANTED-A meat cutter. Write Box
342, Vale. Ore. A4c
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1917-04-04

EAT PURITY BREAD.
IT is THE BEST, Adv. AT
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1917-04-04
TOO LATE TO CLASSIFY.


TOO LATE TO CLASSIFY.
MIDDLE aged lady wants place as cook
on ranch or camp. Phone 1050-M.
A4c
WANTED-Tractor engine blowing.
Address g. H. Vaughn, 2111 N. 18th
ST., Boise. If
WANTED-Second hand goods of all
kinds. Warrington g. williams,
Phone 562-J. I'll IA
FOR RENT-5-room modern brick
apartment, hot water heat with or
without garage, 900 e. Bannock. IL If
WANTED-Boy to work in stereo-
tipping room. Apply Capital News
office. IA
FOR RENT OR SALE-Ss acres in
Middleton, all in alfalfa, for cash.
Inquire 1911 N. Fifth St., Boise. A6c
WE HAVE some good buys In second
hand cash registers. National Cash
Register Co., EOS Overland Bldg.
Apr.1o
WANTED-One- half dozen second
hand Ford cars; any condition.
Chaney's Repair Shop, 212 S. 10th
ST. A10
WANTED-Lady demonstration for
hemstitching machine. Call at Singer
Sewing Machine Co.. 1923 Main St.,
Boise. A10
FOR SALE-Two old buggies in good
shape, and good harness; cheap. APP
ply to ]. D. Jones, Idaho Hdw. &
Plumbing Co. tlA6
FOR SALE-$s5o buys a 5000 first
mortgage on 80 acres, due in June.
1917. Phone 17S9-W.
T L Tues. Thurs, Sat, Sun. If
FOR SALE OR TRADE for land, good
7-room house with barn: clear: also
small house to move off, Box 1888
Capital News. A10
wANTED-Some one to cultivate 3
undivided blocks in the north end
OF town. Apply to j. D. Jones. Idaho
Edw. & Plumbing Co. tlA6
WANTED-Pressman and cylinder
press feeders: union; permanent po-
sition. Capital News Job Dept.
Boise. If
FOR RENT-Stop! Look no further!
s room big brick with furnace and
firanlace Not rlnaa in buf rond p
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1917-04-04

FOR SALE-$s5o buys a 5000 first
mortgage on 80 acres, due in June.
1917. Phone 17S9-W.
L Tues, Thurs, Sat, Sun. If
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1917-04-04
FLAGE FREE,

,FLAGE FREE.
Free flags IRE being distributed TO
all callers by Sampson Music Co. You
are invited to call and get flag.-Adv.
A3
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1917-04-04

FOR SALE-Two old buggies in good
shape, and good harness; cheap. APP
ply to ]. D. Jones, Idaho Hdw. &
Plumbing Co. tlA6
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1917-04-04

demonstration for
hemstitching machine. Call at Singer
Sewing Machine Co.. 1923 Main St.,
Boise. A10
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1917-04-04
TOO LATE TO CLASSIFY


FOR RENT-20-acre ranch. Phone
1S74-M. A10
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1917-04-04

MIDDLE aged lady wants place as COO
on ranch or camp. Phone 1050-M.
"A
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1917-04-04

! *+**++4++*+**+ .
The true northerner. [volume] (Paw Paw, Mich.) 1855-1920, 1917-03-09
PARLOR RECEPTION AT THE
HOME OF MRS. M. l.. DECKER

Another delightful and entertain
ing parlor reception was given last
Thursday afternoon at the home of
Mr.. and Mrs. Nj. l.. Decker on North
Kalamazoo street. A large company
was present to enjoy the entertain
ment furnished by the McCombe
party. Professor Peckham and MIR.
Morris were at their best and prov.
ed a delight to the large compan
Mrs. II. f. Abbott and Mr. Peckham
sang a duet that was much apprecia-
ted. One of the most enjoyable and
entertaining numbers was the piano
solo, executed by Mrs. Krouse, mother
of Mrs. McCombe, who is somewhat
past three score years. Her touch
was that of natural born artist, and
although her hair has nearly reached
the silver, her fingers were as Timber
and accurate as those of a much
younger woman. Mr.. McCombe ano
his gifted and charming wife added
much to the afternoons pleasure will
pleasing talks. After the program
punch and waters were served in the
dining room by the hostess assisted
by friends
The true northerner. [volume] (Paw Paw, Mich.) 1855-1920, 1917-03-09
ATTORNEY BURHANS is NOW
LOCATED IN NEW OFFICES

Attorney Earl l.. Burhans is now
moved into new suite of Offices fit
ted up for him over Griffith's Cigar
store on Main street. The suite con-
sists of two fine rooms, the general
Office in front with three large win
dows, hard wood floors, white walls
and wood work in mahogany finish.
The private office is in the rear with
a short passage way between. The
furnishings consist of a fine rug, new
desks and chairs, book cases, etc. al
finished in mahogany to match the
wood work. The location is ideal,
and the commodious office rooms are
all that could be desired. Earl has
a wide acquaintance and we bespeak
for him a liberal share of legal pat
ronage. He will be pleased to meet
his friends at the new location.
The true northerner. [volume] (Paw Paw, Mich.) 1855-1920, 1917-03-09
HIGH SCHOOL BAND WILL
GIVE CONCERT WEDNESDAY

The High School Band will give u
Concert Wednesday March fourteenth
at Sis at the Opera House. The
Band will be assisted by the Girls
Glee club and by several other
students who will furnish songs and
readings.
The object of putting on this pro-
gram is threefold. First to give the
people of the community an oppor-
tunity to hear and see what the Bard
boys have been accomplishing thus
far. Second, to show what the
students have been accomplishing in
literary way, and what the Gloe
club have been doing. Third, to
raise money for the Band fund.
The true northerner. [volume] (Paw Paw, Mich.) 1855-1920, 1917-03-09
ALMENA BOY DIES
IN HOSPITAL IN THE WEST

The funeral services Of DR.. Roy f..
Fisk, was held at the Almena church
last Friday, A. c. Carman officiatinls
The burial was made in the Almena
cemetery, by the Masonic order. DR..
Fisk was born in Almena township,
March fifth, 1883. He gradua ed
from the Paw Paw High school in
1905, and from the Medical depart
ment of the Loyola University of
Chicago, in 1913. After his gradu
alton, he went to the West and settle |
in Highland, Montana to practice L :
chosen profession. During the past
winter, he has been practicing in tn >
st. Marks hospital in Salt Lake CITY,
Utah, where he was stricken dow.
and died after a few weeks illness.
He leaves father, three brothers,
two sisters, one of whom is Mrs. b.
w. Tracy of Almena.
The true northerner. [volume] (Paw Paw, Mich.) 1855-1920, 1917-03-09
NO BIRTHDAY BECAUSE NOT
DAYS ENOUGH IN FEBRUARY

Mrs. NJ. p. Allen did not have a
birthday this year, as there were tot
days enough in February; but she
was kindly remembered by her child
rem and friends in Minneapolis, Mar
dan and Livingston. Also by neig' :
bors and friends here in her home
town of Paw Paw. Mr.. VOLTS came
In with beautiful plant, a Cycla-
men in full bloom, as reminder a ID
token of Mr.. and Mrs. Wolfs esteem
and continued friendship. Ms.
Allen says she don't know why th :
people are all so good to her, unless
it is because she is great grand
mother.
The true northerner. [volume] (Paw Paw, Mich.) 1855-1920, 1917-03-09
OPPORTUNITY FOR SOME ONE.

A Manufacturing Concern actively
and successfully engaged in business
for the past sixteen years, desires a
local representative in taking care Of
our business here.
Party applying must possess ener ~
natural ability and character. Past
experience not imperative. AS a
further guarantee of good faith and
sincerity, applicant must be able
invest in some of the company stock.
To the one able to meet these re-
quirements, complete instructions,
equipment and backing will be given
and permanent work and opportunity
for advancement afforded. (adv)
Mail all inquiries to X. Y. z. care of
The True Northerner, Paw Paw, Mich
The true northerner. [volume] (Paw Paw, Mich.) 1855-1920, 1917-03-09
RENOMINATED BY A MAJOklIf
OF 1895 IN seth, JUDICIAL
CIRCUIT. HEAVY VOTE IN
CASS.
ANDERSON WINS VAN buren,
Carries Every Precinct In County
But Five. Gets Heavy Majority
In BlOomingdale. Light Vote Here

The Judicial Primary for the NOM
ination of Circuit Judge in the 36th,
judicial circuit, comprising the coun
ties of Cass and Van Buren is over,
and Judge l.. Burget Des Voignes is
returned the winner by total Of
1895 majority in the circuit.
The vote in Van Buren county was
light with total of 1892 votes, ap-
proximately two thirds of a normal
vote. This probably can be account
ed for by the fact that it was a
stormy day, and that many voters
were indifferent to their duty. The
vote in Cass county was heavy with
Il total of 2167 votes. This is an
exceptionally heavy vote for Cass
county, and a splendid testimonial to
Judge Des Voignes, whose majority
IN that county was total of 1869.
Judge Anderson carried every pre-
cinct in his home county but five.
Bangor, Hartford, Keller and the
first and second wards of the city of
South Haven, giving Judge Des-
Voignes majority. Judge Ander-
sons majority in Van Buren, county
was BAT. His largest majority ir
any one precinct was Bloomingdale
where he received the splendid major
ity of 1877. In the first ward of tha;
village, his opponent received but i!
votes. Everything was quiet in this
county, and in fact all through the
campaign. Probably there has neve,
been cleaner campaign waged IL
the history of the county. 1t has
been absolutely devoid of any mud
singing and what is commonly known
as dirty politics.
The following table gives the sto y
of the vote in Van Buren, county, anC
the first two paragraphs of this stor
gives summary Of the vote in Ca &:
county.
The true northerner. [volume] (Paw Paw, Mich.) 1855-1920, 1917-03-09
JUDGE DES vOIGNES
RETURNS TIL

Deeply moved by the unparalleled
vote of yesterday expressed the will
of the people of the 36th, judicial
district, my first desire is to convey
my deep appreciation and gratitude.
But if should write column r
words, they would only mean that
thank them from the bottom of my
heart, and pledge to them my utmost
endeavor to justify their endorsement
l.. Burget Des Voignes
Cassopolis, Mich,
March 9Th, 1917.
The true northerner. [volume] (Paw Paw, Mich.) 1855-1920, 1917-03-09
LADIES APPRECIATE THE
LECTURES BY MRS. McCOMBE

Mrs. j. II. McCombe gave the last
of her lectures to married women
only at the Tabernacle Tuesday after
noon to large and appreciative
audience. Mrs. McCombe talks as
though her whole heart and soul were
in the work and whether her listen
ers be confessed Christians or not,
they cannot help but be benefited
from having listened to Mrs. Nc
Combe.
The true northerner. [volume] (Paw Paw, Mich.) 1855-1920, 1917-03-09
LAST NUMBER OF GLENDALE
LECTURE COURSE MARCH Il.

The last number of the Glendale
Lecture course will be held in the
Modern Woodman hall at Glendale on
Wednesday evening, March 18th, in
stead of Tuesday evening the 18th,
as announced in these columns last
week. The lecture course has been
first class, and the last number "T
Ithaca Trio" is said to be the best
number of the course. The house
should be packed for the last number
Don't forget the date, Wednesday eve
ring, March fourteenth.
The true northerner. [volume] (Paw Paw, Mich.) 1855-1920, 1917-03-09

Oran Rowland and sister Miss Mar
garet visited their grand father o.
w. and other Paw Paw relatives and
friends the first of the week. Thr"
have been in Montana for some tim J
and were on their way to their no ne
in Detroit
The true northerner. [volume] (Paw Paw, Mich.) 1855-1920, 1917-03-09

Miss Lupnitz announces full line
of Ladies and Misses hats in all the
latest Spring creations, at the Popular
Hat Shop You would do well to
inspect this beautiful line before de-
ciding on that new. Easter hat. (adv)
The true northerner. [volume] (Paw Paw, Mich.) 1855-1920, 1917-03-09

Bert Mcleod is in Detroit this
week.
The name of Miss Lupnitz Mill
inery parlors, formerly the Sanger
and Gardner shop, will henceforth be
known as "The Popular Hat Shop"
(adv)
Neil Engel went to Lansing We'd
nesday to appear before committee
of the Legislature in the interest of
the village in bill now pending.
Mrs. Harry Slovenian entertain
ed the ladies of the Maids and Mat
rons club at her home on Elm str. &,
last Saturday evening. A very IN
joyable time was reported.
Harry Cross came home from Lam
sing to participate in the judicial
Primary Wednesday. He spent the
week end with his parents Mr.. and
Mrs. G.. A. Cross in Lawrence, and
Mrs. Cross went to Union City for a
visit with their daughter Miss Aud
rey who is teacher in the public
schools there.
The true northerner. [volume] (Paw Paw, Mich.) 1855-1920, 1917-03-09
JURORS DRAWN FOR THE
MARCH TERM OF COURT.

Following is the list of jurors
drawn for the next term of court
which will convene March 10th. The
jurors are summoned to be in atten-
dance the second week beginning
The true northerner. [volume] (Paw Paw, Mich.) 1855-1920, 1917-03-09

Continued on page four
The true northerner. [volume] (Paw Paw, Mich.) 1855-1920, 1917-03-09

Total 1858
Majority for Anderson --------
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1917-03-04
MILLIONS MAY FLOW If
CARNEY WE'LL STRIKES.

The above calculations Of profit are
made upon basis OF practical GER
tainty Our Glenn Pool lease is proven.
1t is certain 10 make good money when
developed. Our 900 acre lease In the
heart Of what is considered one OF the
best uuprovon districts in Oklahoma.
Acreage on all sides OF this well has
been snapped up by such big COM
panies as Nc Man, Gypsy, Carter, Mag
nolia and others The oil fraternity
acknowledges this TO be in the district
expected to be the next great Okla
homa oil field We are under contract
to drill this well to 5000 feet, il oil
or gas is not struck in paying quaut-
ties AT lesser depth. 1t Is to be the
real and only deep test Of this new
district. Recently tho RoNana people
brought in huge gas well just north
Of us. This makes our test look OK
ceedingly good We are spending good
money here because we expect to get
gusher oil. Should II come In at 1000
barrels, our vast acreage would be
worth millions. One well producing
1 600 barrels day would earn some
thing like 1850 a day. or 100000 a
year. Can you imagine what num-
Der Of such wells would earni Think
of tho dividends and to what tro'
mendous heights the value of every
share Of stock would rise, several
hundred acres Of leases could BE- sold
At fancy figures Only 100 acres in
biz producing fields has often sold for
n million
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1917-03-04
CHAPTER OF THE DELPHlAN
SOCIETY ORGANIZED HERE
Women to Take Up Culture Study.
Miss Marjorie Miller.
President.

A chapter of the National Delphian
society was organized in this city last
evening with a membership of fifty
young business women. The meeting
was held in the club room Of the pub
lie library and Miss Marjorie Miller,
who was formerly in the work at
Grenola, Kan, was chosen president.
The first regular meeting will be
held next Thursday evening, which is
to be. the stated meeting time, ana
Madmoiselle Ienriette Clopath, who
Is to direct the society's work in this
city, will give the first Of a series Of
lectures. taking as her subject, "The
Value of Art in Education" The
meetings and lectures will continue
until the end OF May, when vacation
will be taken until October, the course
to include lectures and study on
mythology in art, how to study pic
lures, the Renaissance. modern paint
Ing. modern religious paintings, Euro
pean art galleries. museums. famous
American painters. interior decorat-.
ing, a sketchlng trip thru Brittany,
music and the opera, Greek and Ro-
man drama, modern culture and Med
iterranean travel.
Mile. Clopath, who is to direct the
destinies of the organization In this
city. is eminently fitted for the work,
having received her education in the
art Z centers Of the old world, after
which she was for several years con-
nesed with the faculty of the Ameri-
can college at Constantinople. Before
coming TO Tulsa she was head of the