davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Echo de l'ouest. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1883-1929, 1917-04-27
Avril 1916 q Avril 1917
Reverend ct bien cher PAre BRAGG,

Reverend ct bien cher Pere BRAGG,
Nous sommes r6unis CO soir
pour une petite fete paroissiale
qui devrait etre tout enti6re d la
joie; mais, h6las, c'est le moment
de la separation, ct au nom de la
paroisse je viens vous dire nos re-
grets ct notre reconnaissance. Pen
dant une aimee vous etes venu
exercer le Saint minist4re parmi
nous alors que, par manque de
pretres, notre paroisse canadienne
6tait menac6e de dispara1tre. Gra-
ce voqs, ellie pu continuer de
vivre. Non settlement ellie pu vi
vre. mais ellie a progress6: p6glise
s'est remplie de plus en- plus, les
bancs, malgr6 la diminution du
nombre de families dams la parois-
Sc, ont 6t6 occupies en- plus grand
nombre; pres de $500 (six cents
dollars) de dettes ont 6t6 pay6s.
Au point de vue spirituel, les Da-
mes de Ste Anne, les Enfants de
Marie, les Enfants de Cheur ont
retrouv6 une nouvelIe vie; le nom
bre des communions a plus que
double. Vous avez fond6 pour les
hommes ct les jeunes gems Ia Ii
que du Sacr6-C C@ur. Vous avez
d6couvert dams nos enfants des
germes de vocation que vous avez
cultiv6s ct qui un jour, nous l'es-
p6rons, porteront des fruits. Per
some ma 6chapp6 d votre z@le. Je
m'abstiendrai dun 6logo qui cho-
querait votre humilit6 ct qui dali
leurs est dams le cmur de tous les
paroissiens. Je me contenterai de
ldire que grace . votre savoir-faire
Echo de l'ouest. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1883-1929, 1917-04-27

Envoyez votre lavage 4 la Bn-
andefie Thor.
Echo de l'ouest. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1883-1929, 1917-04-27
Bureaux: sos Esst Hennepin Ave
Chronique
de Duluth

LIE Cercle Dramatique Francais
a ]ou6, la semaine derniere, un ma
gnifque drame intitul6: Gle Reli-
quaire de pEnfant Adoptif": Ce
fut un success q tous points de vue.
La sale 6tait comble de Franco
Canadiens avides d'entendre re-
sonner les douces syllabes de Fran
ce ct g6n6reux d'applaudissements
aux artistes meritants. Les ac-
teurs remplirent leurs roles avec
un naturel 81 parfait, que pauditoi-
re s6duit SO croyait t6moin oculai-
re d'6venements vieux de deux sie-
cles. Les costumes a la Louis XIV
soutenalent l'illusion. LIE r. p.
Thibaudeau, o. M. l., directeur, ct
le Cercle Dramatique ont droit de-
fers de ce success qui, nous pespe-
rons, sera suivi de bien d'autres.
II Inous fait plaisir de nommer
ces hommes ct ces jeunes gems qui
ont accompli 81 brillamment une
tache di&cile. Sans doute, lis ont
travaill6 dur ct ferme, lis ont d1
sacri6er bien des loisirs ct subir
bien des fatigues, mais c'6tait pour
deux causes cheres a tous: la pa
roisse ct la langue franchise. A eux
notre admiration ct notre recon-
naiasanca.
Echo de l'ouest. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1883-1929, 1917-04-27
MINN.
Service Anniversaire du
Pere Nicolas

Mardi dernier le II avril, 6tait
ohant6 dams P6glise st Joseph le
service anniversaire du Rev. P4re
Nicolas. Mgr Guillot, revetu de
ses insignes, pr6sidait la c6r6mo-
ME. II await q ses c6t6s le r. P.
Cochran, cure de P6glise irlandai-
Sc, le r. P. Conrad, cure de P6gli-
Sc allemande ct le r. P. BRAGG, Gu
re de p6glise francaise. LIE Rev
Pere Vinas, s. NJ, sup6rieur de la
mission ct cure lie leglise st Louis
de st Paul, chanta le service, as
sist6 par les RR. PIP. Morel ct Ba-
zin CONNIE diacre ct SOUS diacre.
lie Rev. P. Barre agissait CONNIE
ma1tre de c6r6mon1e. L'6glise 6tait
remplie: les paroissiens ayant vou-
lu donner a leur ancien cure, ce
dernier t6moignage public de re-
connaissance. Prochainement Sc
ra 6rig6e sur la tombe du Pere une
belle croix qui portera cette ms
cription: ''Au Rev. Pere Lambert
Nicolas, ne en- France 1877. D6c6-
de cure de st joseph 1916. Ses
anciens paroissiens ct amis recon
naissants."
Echo de l'ouest. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1883-1929, 1917-04-27

CONNIE dimanche dernier 6tait
son dernier dimanche q St Joseph,
que le R. P. BRAGG desservait COM
me cure depuis la mort du P. Nj
colas, les paroissiens lui firent
l'honneur dune belle f6te.
L'adresse que nous publions lei
tout au long, sur la demande des
marguilliers, montrera comment
les Canadiens savent reconna1tre
ct appr6cier CO que leurs pretres
font pour eux.
Au Rev. Pere BRAGG,
Cure de p6glise st Joseph,
Saltwater.
Echo de l'ouest. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1883-1929, 1917-04-27
Market
CHAs. FRAME, Prop.

Ouvert jour ct mutt LChaufe la vapeur
Plan Europ6en.
Chambres soc. 75c. ct $1.OO
/ bloc de la gare Great Northern
80 lere rue N.
Echo de l'ouest. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1883-1929, 1917-04-27
ANNoNcEs:

ANNONcES:
Tanf des annonces DOME sur app
baton.
!
| Demandes d'emploi-dema nde de do.
'mestiqnes ou demloyes- yes-annonces pour
chamble ou pension - annonces pou
objets perdus ou trouves.
An taux de UN CENT du mot.
Nous enverrons un numero specame.
du journal toute personne qui en- fsra
demande
Echo de l'ouest. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1883-1929, 1917-04-27

Mgr McGolrick est absent a
Washington, en- mission patriot.
que. Malgr6 son grand age ct une
fable sant6, Sa Grandeur accom-
pagne lillustre Archeveque de st
Paul dams une visite au President
Wilson atm de lui exprimer de Vi
We voix les sentiments de loyaut6
de tous les catalogues du Minne-
sofa. ST jamais le vrai patriotisme
6tait chass6 de la terre, il trouve-
rait un de ses derniers refugees
dams le cmur dun 6veque catholi-
que.
Echo de l'ouest. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1883-1929, 1917-04-27

lie Reliquaire de l'Enfant
Ad0ptif
Personnages
Thierrot, ouvrier, j. Veillet
Trichardon, usurier-traitant
E. Desroches
De ChAvremont, -
conseiller-enqueteur,
Jean Desroches
Jonathas, vieux juif,
Z6phirin Deslauriers
Marcou, valet de Trichardon,
Joseph Poirier
Samuel, boh6mien,
50. : y Emile Beaurivage
Bengali, enfant vol6, R. Verville
LIE PAre Lamusette, vieux pretre,
Archie NORM
Un Bailli, Joseph Lafortune
Un Geolier, Joseph Robitaille
George Forest
lie Guet ! Albert Boisjoli
George Alcumbrack.
Echo de l'ouest. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1883-1929, 1917-04-27

Vendredi dernier, Nine We
Georges Jacques, nee Hermine
Marineau, s'6teignait doucement,
apres une Tongue maladie, a l'age
de 10 ans. Ellie restait depuis
quelque temps avec sa file, Nine
Leon Lacasse, de West Duluth.
Son service cut lieu lundi matin
dams peglise st Jean-Baptiste en-
la presence de nombreux parents
ct amis.
La d6funte appartenait a pU-
Mon de PriAres ct q la Congr ega-
ton des Danes de Ste Anne.
Echo de l'ouest. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1883-1929, 1917-04-27

Mardi matin, Edouard Durant
conduisait 4 lautel Mile Gladys
Gamache, file de M. George Ga
mache, citoyen tres estime de West
Duluth. Apres une courte absen-
ce. les mari6s reviendront s'6tablir
q Duluth meme, pres de p6glise
paroissiale. Nous leur ofrons nos
Fluctuations ct meilleurs vmux!
Echo de l'ouest. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1883-1929, 1917-04-27

On annonce le proclaim marriage
de Mile Isabelle Perreault ct de
William YAK de la paroisse st
Jean-Baptiste.
Echo de l'ouest. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1883-1929, 1917-04-27

LIE R. P. Brassard, o. M. l., des-
sert temporairement les postes de
Crosby, Deerwood ct Rivertown,
villes situ6es sur le Range en- plein
pays miner.
The Tomahawk. [volume] (White Earth, Becker County, Minn.) 1903-192?, 1917-03-22
Committee to Issue Re.
vjsGd indian Laws.
Qualification and Annexation Performed by
". K. Watkins for House Of
Representatives.

The committee of the House OF
Representatives on revision Of
the laws, through its reviser, w.
K. Watkins, will make public
Tuesday the codification, revision
and annexation of the Indian laws.
The Indian code is voluminous
document containing several humid
red sections taken from the var
ious volumes of Statutes at Large,
is annotated with the decisions Of
the Supreme Court Of the United
States and accompanied by COM
plete double index and report ex.
planning each section of the code.
Washington Star.
The Tomahawk. [volume] (White Earth, Becker County, Minn.) 1903-192?, 1917-03-22

it is not probable that the public
press is voicipg that sentiment in
it's criticisms of the twelve SEN
ators who stood by their convic
tons by refusing to give even as
safe president as President viii,
son has shown himself to be. a
free hand in arming vcssa|s to go
into the European war zone DO
doubt TO carry munitions Of war
to the allies.
Senator Clapp was one of the
Independents who voted against
arming vessels to practically pro-
mote war, and his constituents in
this state should feel under obi
cations to him for doing some
thing which no doubt a very large
majority of them would have fav
ored had the matter been first sub
mitted to them, to prevent the
president from doing anything
which might be construed as an
act of war.
The Tomahawk. [volume] (White Earth, Becker County, Minn.) 1903-192?, 1917-03-22
No. 4S.

upon the most frivolous excuses.
Recently the matter was called to
the attention of Commissioner
Sells himself, and he personally
dictated letter Of Instructions to
Mrs. PerIauIt and advised her
what she should do. She complied
with these Instructions, but still
Supt. Hinton refused to place her
in the position. This was again
brought to the attention Of the
commissioner, and he stated IN the
most emphatic manner that he
would not tolerate any such act
IONS on the part Of the supcrln-
tendcnt. 1t remains to be seen
how far the commissioner will
continue to allow Supt. Hinton to
disobcy his Instructions.
The Tomahawk. [volume] (White Earth, Becker County, Minn.) 1903-192?, 1917-03-22
The Twelve Senators,

The campaign cry of the Demo
cratic party last year was: He
kept US out of war" 1t was upon
this issue more than all others
combined that President Wilson
was reelected, and since the cleo
ito, there is no reason to believe
public sentiment has changed in
the least against becoming involved
in war with any nation, therefore
The Tomahawk. [volume] (White Earth, Becker County, Minn.) 1903-192?, 1917-03-22
Bigger Than the Indian
Office.

Last year Mrs. Ed ward Perrault
applied for the position Of baker
at the Government Boarding
School mere, position which is
now being nominally filled by
Mrs. Baumgartcn, wife Of the
principal of the school, while the
school girls, it is charged, do the
work.
Sapt. Hinton refused to appoint
Mrs. Perrault and she appealed to
the Indian office at Washington,
and Assistant Commissioner
Merritt appointed her to the posi-
ton. Since then Supt. Hinton has
refused to place her in the position
The Tomahawk. [volume] (White Earth, Becker County, Minn.) 1903-192?, 1917-03-22

Kindly Potyolmtu,

The sleepy Lithuanian town g,
MinSk. Russia. has been tarbortuc \
man who has married twenty women
John Prizes twentieth wife had him
arrested the other day for "bigam,.
but at the trial 1t developed that he
had committed polSgamy. With great
confidence the accused called some al
his wives to testify In his behalf, art,
each one OF them spoke highly of him.
In his defense Prizes testified: ~
know there Is some law about Fl man
having only one wife. but, your honor,
| know there arc many moro women
than men In Minsk and ! could not
bear 70 SEQ so many fine women bn
come old maids" The iuGgc dealt
morcifully with air.. sentencing him
IA only three months in prison.
The Tomahawk. [volume] (White Earth, Becker County, Minn.) 1903-192?, 1917-03-22
Hinton Not 4 DisaDp0ini
[I1e0t,

To those who are familiar with
the course of events upon this
reservation and the active part
Supt. Hinton took with the work
of the Burch force, there is no dis +
appointment regarding his admin
istration of the affairs Of this
reservation. 49,. g.. :.
Protests were maze against Supt.
Hinton's appointment by persons
against whom he had formed
prejudice while associated with
Burch, aud against whom he had
been one of the principal investi-
gators in the indictment cases on
the charge that they had aided the
! Nichols Chisolm Lumber Com
pany to defraud the Indians upon
this reservation, but these protests
we're of no avail.
Supt. Hinton's position towards
the mixed blood members of this
reservation should convince every
one concerned that the protests
against his appointment here were
justified.
Mr.. Hinton was quoted last fall
as saying he had over $4,000 OF
individual Indian funds to his
credit in banks; that this statement
was made while he was in a jocular
mode. The question which has
since been frequently suggested is:
"What bond does he give to cover
this large amount, and what rate
of interest is he reporting to the
department and the Indians, own
ers of the funds?" Supt. Hinton
may be perfectly honest, but re-
gardless of this, it is not the usual
custom of the Indian Office to allow
any official to hold in his name q
large amount of money that IS not
his without giving sufficient bonds
to cover any loss that might &C
crue.
Supt. Hinton charged that Ger
tain we'll known persons upon this
reservation had helped the Nichols--
Chisolm Lumbar Company to de-
fraud the Indians upon this reser-
walton, among which was the pub
Usher Of THE TOMAHAwK. If Supt.
Hinton believed this to be true,
how does it happen that he is now
| interested with certain mem bers OF
the firm named in iron ore lands
in Grow Wing county! Ii the
firm was dishonest when it en-
ployed certain members Of this
reservation to try and determine
who were mixed bIoods in order
to buy pine timber from them IN
der the C!app Act, it is still dis
honest.
But we know, and we believe
Supt. Hinton knows, that the
Nichols-Chisoln Lumber Com
pany dealt as honestly and as up
right with the Indians as it was
possible for reputable firm to do,
and for this reason he should have
come out open and above board
and made that statement and not
tried to concea! the fact that he is
interested with members of the
company in speculation.
By not explaining his charges
The Tomahawk. [volume] (White Earth, Becker County, Minn.) 1903-192?, 1917-03-22
An GXaSJcrat,Un.

Lady h.gernon GordCn-LeEnoN. a. !.
dinner in New York, said II the pro
uuncution 0: EngIish names:
"ihov are hard. aren't they?" Main.
warns IS pronounced Mannering and
Bcaucnamp BeeCham. But they're not
SO hard as | heard an American cir,
declare they were the other night.
"'Oh. those English names of
yours!' said she. To spell mans
Cholmondelcy and actually pronounce
Il Marcntanksl'"
The Tomahawk. [volume] (White Earth, Becker County, Minn.) 1903-192?, 1917-03-22

against body of men and after
wards associating himself in bust
ness with them, does not place him
in a good light.
The Tomahawk. [volume] (White Earth, Becker County, Minn.) 1903-192?, 1917-03-22
AN IMPORTANT ISSUE
RAISED.
MAY REACH the COURTS.

The Chippewa delegates from
this reservation who have been at
Washington nearly all winter, have
raised a question OF the utmost
Importance to all the Chippewas
of Minnesota before the Indian
Office, and one which is supported
by an act of congress.
In 1915, the Chippewa delega-
ton that was in Washington, with
>the assistance of Senator Clapp,
had a provision put into the In
dian appropriation bill then pend
ing in congress to give members
of the Chippewa bands in Mime
sofa preference as employees in the
Chippewa Indian service where
tribal funds are paying the salar-
les, and this provision became 3
law. Supt. Hinton here, and the
Indian office at Washington, have
ignored the law and this has,
brought on the issue.
The contention of the delegates
who signed a letter addressed to
the Commissioner of Indian Affairs
notifying him Of the proposed
action, take the position that mas
much as the employees in the Chip
pewa service are being paid their
salaries from Chippewa tribal
funds, they are not government
employees subject to the jurisdic.
{ ton of the civil service commits
sion.
Eugene NJ. McCauley, of NAH
nomen, wrote to John W. Carl,
one of the delegates at Washing
ton, asking him to file an applica-
ton for the position of property
clerk here, now filled by Mr..
Dummert, in his behalf. Mr..
Carl and some Of the other Chip
pewa delegates flied the applica.
ton for Mr.. McCauley, and re-
uuested that be be appointed to
the position. In reply to this re-
quest Commissioner Sells wrote
the delegation the following let
ter:
Department of the Interior
Office of Indian Affairs
\ Washington
Mar. 7, 1917.
Mr.. John w. Carl,
and other delegates of the
Chippewa bands of White
Earth, Minnesota,
Washington, D. G.
My dear Sirs:
I have given careful considera-
ton to your request of February
21 for the appointment of Eugene
M. McCauley as property clerk at
the White Earth Agency, the posi-
ton referred to by you as now
held by Mr.. Dummert.
MIR. Dummert, although des'g-
mated as issue clerk, has charge Of
The property and property &C
Counts He has been in this posi-
ton some six years and had con
siderable previous experience In
the Indian Service during which
time his record as a faithful and
deficient employee has been quite
acce ptable. It is true, as you
state, that his salary is paid from
the Chippewa tribal funds. 1t is
also true that under the Indian ap-
preparation act approved May Is,
The Tomahawk. [volume] (White Earth, Becker County, Minn.) 1903-192?, 1917-03-22


different excuses that it was de-
cided by the delegation that it
would raise the issue as to the
right of the civil service commits
sion to claim jurisdiction over
positions filled in the Chippewa
service, and the following notice
was given to the commissioner:
Washington, d. G.
March 8, 1917.
Hon. Cato Sells,
Commissioner of Ind. Affairs.
Present.
Dear Sir:
The undersigned delegates of
the Chippewa Indians of the White
Earth Reservation in Minnesota,
replying to your letter IF the 7th.
inst, in relation to the application
of Eugene III McCauley, : meu,-
Der of the said reservation, for the
position of property clerk at White
Earth Agency, desire to insist that
under the provisions of the Indian
Appropriation Act of May IS,
1916, preference must be given to
members of the Chippewa bands
Of Minnesota in filling all the posi-
tions in the Chippewa Indian SER
vice IN that State where the salar-
les are paid from Chippewa tribal
funds even to the extent, if neces-
sary, of creating vacancies.
Briefly, our position is this: All
the employees in the Chippewa In
dian service, who receive their
salaries from Chippewa tribal
funds, are not civil service en-
ployes, because receiving their
salaries from the Chippewas takes
them out Of this class. In order
to be civil service employe per
son must receive his salary from
the public funds of the Govern
ment, and Chippewa tribal funds
are not public funos even though
appropriated by Congress from
tribal funds.
1t is true that the employees in
the Chippewa Indian service in
Minnesota are under the super
vision OF your Office, but even by
implication the Act Of January Il,
1889, entitled AN Act for the
relief and civilization of the Chip
pewa Indians in the State of MIN
nesota" does not grant this author
ity to your Office, and for this
reason, also, we deny the right of
the Civil Service Commission to
take jurisdiction over the employees
of the Chippewa Indian service in
Minnesota.
In view Of the repeated refusals
of your Office to observe the
amendment 10 the Indian Appro-
priation Act Of May IS, 1915, here
inbefore referred to-, which pro-
vides for the appointment of mem
bers of the Chippewa bands of
Minnesota to the positions where
their tribal funds pay the salaries,
we have decided to appeal from
your decision in the McCauiey
case, and likewise in other cases
where you have refused to appoint
| Chippewas to positions for which
The Tomahawk. [volume] (White Earth, Becker County, Minn.) 1903-192?, 1917-03-22
they have filed applications.
Very respectfully,
John W. Carl.
Clement Il. Beaulieu.
Gus II. Beaulieu.

A meeting regarding the status
Of Chippewa employees was held at
Washington on the 10th Of this
month between Commissioners
Sells, Asst. Commissioner Merritt.
and two attorneys Of the Office,
and for the Chippewas Attorney
Ballinger, Clement H. Beaulieu,
James Coifey andGus H. Beaulieu,
and the matter was thoroughly
discussed. Commissioner Sells
took the matter under advisement.
The Tomahawk. [volume] (White Earth, Becker County, Minn.) 1903-192?, 1917-03-22

Entered at the POstoffice at White
Earth, MIMI, as mail matter or The
second class.
The Tomahawk. [volume] (White Earth, Becker County, Minn.) 1903-192?, 1917-03-22

1916, the Chippewas are entitled
to receive the preference in filing
permanent positions in the service
Of the Chippewas of Minnesota
where the compensation is paid
from their tribal funds. Mr..
Dummert, however, is employed
under certificate from the United
States Civil Service Commission
establishing his eligibility and can
not be dismissed except for cause.
| do not understand that the legis-
lation above cited requires the re-
moval of a capable employee in
contrayention of his rights in the
classified service guaranteed by a
law previously enacted.
Sincerely yours,
Cato Sells,
Carroll County democrat. (Huntingdon, Tenn.) 188?-1971, 1917-01-12
COTTON SEED FOR PLANTING
Large Amount Being Placed on Market
on Account Of High Prices-Short-
age Seen In Spring.

Just because cotton seed is bring.
ing about twice as much as it usu-
ally does, farmers must not over
look the fact that next years plant
ing seed should be saved. The high
prices now tend to cause a much
larger proportion of the seed crop to
be placed on the market this fall, and
as a consequence there will be short
age aext year. It Is also suggested
that farmers having exceptionally good
seed may find it advantageous to have
more than enough to fill their own
needs, since there should be a ready
sale for the surplus in the spring to
other planters. The farmer saving
just enough for his own needs should
take into consideration the possible re-
planting requirements:
Again, cotton growers should not
be willing, because Of the shortage,
to take the first supply available with
out regard to its quality, but should be
willing to pay an increased price for
the seeds of types Of proved worth.
Special care should be taken to
keep all seed intended for planting
from becoming contaminated with an
thracnose and wilt.-Clemson College
Bulletin.
Carroll County democrat. (Huntingdon, Tenn.) 188?-1971, 1917-01-12
WENT TO MANY MADlSONS
MlssiVe Travelled Far Over United
States Before It Finally Reached
Proper Destination.

A certain publishing house in Lon
don, England, has discovered that there
Is more than one Madison in the Unit
ed States of America. The discovery
cost a University of Wisconsin pro-
fessor large amount of anxiety, for
1t involved valuable manuscript on
which he had spent months of labor.
The manuscript Is translation of
Lucretius' works prepared by Prof.
William Ellery Leonard of the English
department and visiting professor this
year of New York university, sent to
London for publication in the Every
man Library. When the manuscript
was sent back to him with the first
proof sheets, it was addressed "Madi-
son, u. s. A." How many of the 9TH
er Madlsons it visited is not recorded,
but after weeks of search the postal
authorities found 1t and returned it to
the anxious author.
Carroll County democrat. (Huntingdon, Tenn.) 188?-1971, 1917-01-12

(By w. l.. BLIZZARD, Department Of
Animal Husbandry, Oklahoma A. and
M, College. Stillwater.)
There Is no time in the animals life
when gains can be made as cheaply
as the first year, and no time when
short feed and exposure will so effec-
tually stunt the growth, A colt prop
erly fed and taken care Of until year
old should weigh more than half as
much as he will when full grown.
1t will be necessary to grain the colt
more heavily as the milk is taken
away. Oats have always been pre-
ferred by horsemen for colts. They
are q splendid feed and superior to any
other single grain. The colt likes a
mixture Of grains, so that by feeding a
combination of corn, bran, oats and oil
meal, good results can be obtained.
Feed about 80 per cent oats, 80 per
cent corn, Is per cent bran, and lit
tie oil meal, and the colts will thrive
and grow like weeds.
Good hay, free from dust, should be
provided; alfalfa and clover being pre-
ferred. If it is at all possible, green,
succulent pasture in the way of