davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1917-07-22
am Boys in Aviation Schools of French Army

work perfectly to make chassis. but
to make aviation motors for war re-
quires special methods: we win show
YOU Then American workmen and
engineers may easily reply: The idea
OF you French engineers showing us
something It IS good" OF course.
they may arrive all right by them
selves. but they risk to take year
or two to do something which they
might accomplish in six months"
All Of which applies. equally. to the
rapid and high class training of Amer
lean aviators at home and by the
American army established in France.
The French believe that with aviation
We can do something very great at
once. our factories can make avions
at once, We can take the best models
In the world We know the German
machines as well as the French. Eng
lish and Italian. All are open 10 US
the Germans copy continually. with
out troubling about patents. We can
select the best and really make them
lin series; and we can commence. at
the same time. to make pilots in great
quantity both in America and in
France.
Our army in France will proha b
take over certain French aviation
schools. French experts favor the idea.
should we try TO simply acquire
ground and form our own schools IN
France. with all the necessary build
ings. workshops. hangers. mechanani-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1917-07-22
The Head of the Mumitioms Board and His Big Task

and their wants, personal and profess
sional. and meet on the common ground
of national necessity and the countrys
welfare?
II have been talking to them" Frank
Scott replied. They are the most I'M
selfshly patriotic men in the country
at this moment. They will do any
thing for the flag. Officers on the Mex
lean border. supporting themselves and
their families on the modest salaries
they receive. have returned from that
duty In debt. Now they are wild to
perform services in France. which
would mean to them a still larger
load of debt VIII such men cooperate?
Moreover. have asked for their opin-
ions. It's fine they said. when 1 ex-
planned the plan. It's just the thing
they told me. Go ahead and you shall
have our help"
SO the general board of munitions
was created Frank Scott was appoint
ed to be its chairman. It's member
ship includes generals. colonies, majors,
admirals and captains. officials from
several of the government departments
and four manufacturers. The board for
several months met daily; often twice
daily.
Cooperate? No men, anywhere or
at any time. ever did SO with more
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1917-07-22

Costa RIGA or any other Central Ameri-
can country.
The Central American court of arbi-
tration. on which all the republics are
represented, summoned Nicaragua to
the bar for negotiating the treaty, but
Nicaragua failed to put in an appear
ance. and judgment was given against
her. Neither Nicaragua nor the United
States has taken any notice of this
judgment. although well meaning per-
sons in the United States, who know
nothing of Central American affairs,
have assumed out of their inner con-
seriousness that the United States ought
to recognize the decision OF the arbi-
tration court. This matter has no di-
since when President Gonzales was in
office. his administration vigorously
pressed the claims of Costa Rica and
laid the foundation for the decision
which was given by the central court.
The only phase of the situation which
is of immediate interest relates to the
possibility that the Tinoco government
will make a serious effort to embarrass
the support which the Central Ameri-
can countries have given the United
States against Germany. 1t probably
has some chancelors shrew enough
to advise against such course, and as a
matter of good politics the de facto
government may take another oppor-
tunity to extend the hospitality of the
Costa Rican harbors to American war
ships, particularly since none of them
are likely to have occasion to put into
Costa Rica waters
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1917-07-22

ready for Pau. Landing Is the first
great thing to learn. You've got to
Spad," he concluded. You get Spads
only after acrobacy on Newport
With a Spad. you must land quicker.
and it is faster in the air.
So talk pupils. French instructors eS-
press no preferences, except for the
double command in teaching. 1t exists.
already on Caudrons, Bleriots and
Nieuports, and can be adapted to others
1t permits the instructor to take his
pupil up behind him, and as the entire
control is double dixie the coupled
handle bars of tandem bike, the
teacher guides the aeroplane. but the
pupil, having the same commands IN
his hands, feels every movement made
by the Instructor. Little by little. he
acquires the habit and feels that 1t is
he who is plotting, and the instructor,
as he feels the pupil getting the right
movements, s!ackens and lets the pupil
original positions are reversed-it is
1.-THE pupil who pilots the aeroplane and
1.-THE instructor who feels him doing It,
Later, when were alone with the
French officers, DR.. eros asked Capt.
Gallet. chief of pilotage at Avord. his
estimate of the value of summary prac-
tice in America.
DO young men who come from Amer
lea, having done there 100 minutes In a
Curtis without landing. have a consid-
cradle advantage"
Yes" replied the chief of pilotage,
IAN advantage of one to FIVE and even
more. They have gained time"
III they take three months regularly
to win their flying certificates. how
much have they gained of that"
why. even half was the answer
Because of this. / give preference. In
the Bleriot division, to Americans, be-
cause the Bleriot, although longer to
learn than others. is a beginning for
all machines. 1t is fuselage. So. the
pupil of a Bleriot is capable of taking
ND all machines. IT, at the beginning,
he has not all the dispositions. l send
him to the Caudrons."
They say that the Bleriot is 81 God in
good weather. but not SO good in bad
weather."
Yes perhaps it is delicate. and per-
haps 1t demands a longer apprentice
ship, say fifteen days longer, but /
would rather keep American pupils
fifteen days longer. and they will have
great advantages.
How many have you at Avord?" q
tranScribe my notes.)
I'VE have 800 pilots. and we form
800 pilots per month. including those
we form entirely (men who have never
worked), and those we receive from
other schools. At Avord we try to
make pilots on machines with the
motor front and a fuselage. The future
is for fuselage and a tractor"
*If you add all your pilots and stu
dents flights per day together. how
many miles per day would they total?'
I'VE do 1000 flights per day. of from
ten minutes to two hours each, and
they make a total of $4,000 miles. or
Just about a trip around the earth. We
use 10000 quarts Of gasoline per day.
AS for accidents. we average .06 per
cent per month, and they are voluntary
accidents. Real pilotage accidents do
not happen. They are imprudences done
by aviators OF course we sometimes
have a broken arm or leg-a detail. but
serious accidents arrive always In
pilots from other schools who think
themselves very capable and will not
listen to their professors. They have
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1917-07-22

their brevet already. and they are the
ones who commit imprudences."
Whist Is the average time required
to make war aviator, to send to the
front a man who has never fiown?'
Three months and half. We have.
you might say. the advantage of UNI
limited supplies of machines from the
front-Farmans Noisins, Caudrons.
etc-a little tired. but quite good. The
real effort is always to get more and
more new machines fast enough and
powerful enough to meet the enemy
machines. Afterward, We perfect the
pupils on fuselage machines. OF course,
America has sufficient means to make.
in series, all the school machines they
need. Let America make them new and
send them over here, too. new. so that
they have the double command. But
gathered that until America shall send
them unlimited machines from the
front serve very well to teach French
and American pupils. because there is
that much time gained in not waiting"
Which brought up the question or
American aeroplanes and motors. l had
already spoken with another French
officer. who. by discretion. I shall not
name; let it suffice that he Is in a
position to answer with full knoWl-
edge.
idea l said. that American de
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1917-07-22
Costa RIGA Threatens Break With the United States


Tinoco administration plenty Of reasons
can be found for doing 1t.
Central Americans in Washfngto are
of the opinion that the state OF politi-
can tranquility, which was urged as
one ground for recognition, will con-
tinue In so far as relates to the internal
affairs Of Costa Rica. That is, they be-
lieve that the Tlnoco administration
has intrenched Itself firmly enough to
prevent any counter revolution sue
ceeding. But this is all a matter Of
opinion. and since Costa Rica astonish-
ed the whole Latin American world
last year by producing revolution,
there need be no establishment If some
day there should be another revolution.
Having once got the habit. 1t may con-
tinue, as it has done in other Latin
American countries.
The surprise last year was because
Costa Rica had come to be looked on
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1917-07-22

anti-Amerfcan faction. of course. will
be that Of the Tinoco government. 80
The pro-American faction will be the
elements which adhered to President
Gonzales. at least they will be pro-
American until they get into power;
cember. 1913, all the political parties
or groups were anti-American though
some In milder degree than others. The
anti-Americanism was due to peace
loving Secretary Bryan's Nicaragua
treaty. In this treaty he negotiated
canal rights with Nicaragua and ig-
nored what were claimed to be Costa
Rica's rights
No Washington administration will
be able to see the situation in differ
ent light than that from which Secre-
tary Bryan saw il. In dealing with
Nicaragua, the United States could not
assume that it was bound to consult
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1917-07-22

itself to the degree of giving assur-
ance that there would be no recogni-
ton. That would not have been good
diplomacy, since circumstances might
cause a change in policy.
Ex-presidents of Latin American re-
publics in exile are like kings in exile.
They quickly disappear from view. Ex-
President Gonzales disappeared, or
rather vanished. from public view, and
the special envoy of the Tinoco admin
istration came on to urge it's claims for
recognition.
In the meantime the revolutionary in
terregnum, as it was called, was
changed into a constitutional regimen
by the national assembly of Costa Rica
meeting and formally electing Tinoco
president AS it was controlled by the
element which put him in. no other pro-
cedure was to be expected. But it was
claimed that this made the whole bust
ness regular and that the Tinoco gov
eminent became the government by
constitutional right as well as the gov
eminent in fact. That it is the govern
ment in fact admits of no question,
since 1t has control of all the admins
trative machinery, and particularly of
the cuStomshouseS.
The Tinoco administration. as an in
ducement to recognition. adopted a
policy of benevolent neutrality toward
the United States. 1t offered the hospi-
tally of Costa Rican waters to our
warships. and 1t took somewhat osten-
tatious means to proclaim it's part in
the Central American concert against
Germany. This action did not influence
tho Washington administration. How
ever. recognition of any government Is
largely a matter of expediency. II
events should make 1t convenient for
the United States to recognize the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1917-07-22

aeroplanes especially their motors, are
not quite up to war. The reason given
is that they are machine made and
made in SERIES and not handmade. in
dividually. as French machines are
supposed to be. There is even cited a
certain order given by the French
aviation to q certain American factory
for 100 aeroplanes and all refused.
How silly is this talk.
Il know the order you refer to- re-
piled the French aviation officer. They
We're not refused. They gave complete
satisfaction. The order was not Tor
100. but for $50. which were all ac-
cepted. and 100 have arrived. They
demand a slight modification OF per
lection. But that order" he added. was
executed by an American concern
which had accepted the suggestions Of
French engineers. Right methods
being granted. it is n question of quail
ity and Workmanship, which America
possesses perfectly
And again:
There are new methods to be in
troduced in manufacture. resulting
from war experience. We have taken
a year to Introduce them into such and
such an American concern. Their sue
cess in other factories will depend.
French engineers and foremen arrive
in American factories and say: You
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1917-07-22
I99I9l7IEIa9I1gyN9I7

eminent which was set up by the mill
tary element. after ousting the admin
istration that was in power. and exiting
the president.
The Tinoco administration In Costa
Rtca also was placed in power by
military revolution. which was a blood
less one. President Gonzales one day
found himself dispossessed and new
man in control, notwithstanding that
his own term was not up. 1t was
claimed that the movement which dis
possessed him was partly engineered
by American interests which objected
to the new taxation policy he was
putting in force.
He came to Washington. and. 1t is
said, received assurances that no hasty
action would be taken In recognizing
his successor, but 1t was not under
stood that Washington committed
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1917-07-22

spirals, they send you to try for your
brevet 1t took me two and one-half
months, and now I'm going to Pau for
acrobatics."
Whats the test to get your flying
brevet?" asked.
you must do two little trips to town
alone to get certain papers. and return
and report; then two triangles. each
40 miles round trip. and then you stay
up more than an hour above 1000
metres yards latitude. When you do
these" says George. you have the right
to embroidered wings on your neck
like these"
The boy is full of science and action.
Nothing is hidden from him. The
Bleriot is useful only for teaching" he
conf1ded to me. ut Is too light for
war" Just think, three months ago. he
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1917-07-22

WAS tenderfoot. month hence, he
will deem the potting of rubber bal
looms with machine-guns on swift
motor-boats to be child's play, I'M
worthy of him.
1 talked with Ford OF Pasadena. Cali
fornia, who came over on the same boat
with a civilian person who, in my opin-
ion. has not yet learned to go round
Paris alone. But Ford is ready for war
in the air. He began In the Coudron
department, and his ambition Is Spad
and a Hotchkiss.
II began with a Caudron biplane,
then continued on penguin mono
plane" says Ford. "A penguin, you
know, Is one of those queer birds which
cannot fly. So a penguin monoplane
cannot possibly fy--it hasn't the COM
bination of wing surface and motor
force. but 1t is very tricky and you get
all the surprises in jumps and flops a
few feet in the air. Then. on a Nieu-
port. you get loose on trial and are
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1917-07-22

Special Correspondence of The Star.
PARIS, July IL, 1917.
q HAVE seen and talked with Amer
ickn boys. newly arrived, who are
II learning to fly with the French at
* Avord.
. There is the important problem how
American beginners can become war
aviators best and quickest on the spot
in France Avord is putting pupils
into the schools of Pau tor acrobat
fcs) and Cazeaux tfor machine gun
perfection) in three and hall months.
au told. from inexperience to the fight
ing front.
The French military aviation depart
men: took us Ia party of American
correspondence to this great school OF
theirs. or. rather, collection of schools,
called the Camp of Avord. We were
accompanied by President of the Inter
allies Service Flandin tfor aviation),
NJ Fonsot of the foreign office and Or.
Edmond Gros. the American of Paris
who did 80 much to organize the La
favette Scuadrilla before America en-
tered the war. At the military din
ner I sat on the right of the lieutenant
tchieD of all the French military
aviation schools and depots. At my
right sat a cormandant of the direc-
zion of military aeronautics- The trip
was dOne IN grand style fo"eEIul du-
tomobiles took us from Paris to be-
vond Bourges and return, $50 miles.
leaving at am. and returning late in
the night. The French are acquiring
all our huStIing ways.
Avord is n grand place. We had
passed the school of Etampes. counting
sixty-seven aeroplane sheds and miss
,at civ
but Avord is a world 1t took an hour
10 automobile round the camp at mod
crate speed hundred avions circling.
planning, dashins all around US, to DO
our visit honor We stopped at the
Rleriot division, the Newport, the eau
dron. Eoisin, Sopwith and others; and
] t"lked with some of the American
pupils.
! shall never forget the pure motives
of one boy. Joseph Saul of Boston. who
scorns any calculation to slip into the
American army with sublieutenant's
commission via French aviation. Il
came to hght with the French he
saws. land lots are like me. France
helped US. let's help France. I want to
be close up to them. Take that colored
man. Bullock, who is one of the whitest
here and one of the best liked. Ask
him Nor shall l forget those who
hoped to be graduated into the La
fayette Souadrilla. Our fret (and now
long glorious) squadrilla at the French
'front.' mas It's devoted CANDIDATES among
the lads: and DIR. Edmond eros, after
dinner. before the French authorities.
made an impassioned appeal for it's
conservation a fighting unity. Nor
shall 1 forget the pride of all to wear
these wings embroidered on your
neck" tthe French army's aviation in
signia).
George E. Turnure of New York had
Just won the en- broidered wings. George
knows 1t all. A nice, enthusia site boy.
II took my military brevet on Bleriot
monoplane." he said. 1.-The elowest train
ing. but very good. 1t Is a sensitive
machine. You learn everything your
self. You go on Bleriot alone from
the start. First. you roll slowly on the
ground, then faster. then you go off
the ground a few minutes. and so on.
When you can fly decently and do
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1917-07-22

as one Latin American area IN "nicn
ny r.oiu..U Ini,,+;oner, b,h;+ tbara rad
never become pronounced This was
said to be due partly to the character
OF me orisihai Spallisl i.il.ilis aus any
party 10 lhe Iai .a uiiao1. ~ sla aii
laliaowhers' whose .fe,,, III .ne IT, Tp,,
iii'lue .iieiil 49, DC ~ $50. .a "a
tSoholilc :! STEM was t"iiis SUI aiiu
through me course ol seneIatlons
feace-loNlhs poPulatlon naa developed
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1917-07-22

enthusiasm and singleness of purpose.
Or. Frank Scott testihes. with more
real ability.
Munitions mean war materials. In
the case of the board headed by Scott
munitions include everything soldiers
or sailors require for their business.
from rifles to knives and forks But
the board in the main. has kept away
from those things of which the sup
plies In the country are sufficient. It's
principal business Is to deal with war
materials the stores of which are in
adequate. The board decides what
branch or branches of the army or
navy shall have the first call for some
particular item. the interest of the ma
ton being the only matter considered.
Thus che navy es>nds aside for the
army, when he-ssss-ry. and the artil-
might well be the password of the
boards secret conferences.
Whatever may happen as to the
method of purchasing war materials in
the future, the crisis that endangered
the country at the outset OF the con-
test with the Prussians has passed
The army and navy have been given
means and weapons with which to enter
battleE
"Our military methods" Mr. Scott said
to the writer. during the time Of peace
were really no more than laboratory
methods. A laboratory method can not
be changed into mnnufactu s
method. 1t produces q high standard
but 1t will not produce a large quantity
We were compelled. therefore. to adoo,
the manufacturing method and to abon-
don the laboratory method II we hoped
to win the war.
"On the march from Atlanta to the
sea Sherman's army had sixty cannon
Gen. Grant says that each cannon wal
supplied with 200 rounds of ammuni.
ton. The march continued. say. fol-
three months. An English eighteen.
FOUNDER or a French seeenty-five. no y
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1917-07-22
At Any Price.

6;rN RIED peas said a senator, ARE
W now selling at SIS cents a pound in
Germany"
He paused, then added:
Germany, for all her miltarism, must
now have peas at any price,"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1917-07-22

clans, Instructors. helpers. etc. and
wait for school aeroplanes TO be built
new Il may waste much time
we French had to begin like that"
said Capt Galle., and with smaller
means than you have: but now. * she
end of three years, We have ra>ds n
school-typs in France.
Do not forget the worksaopa
"A school OF aviation is n school Of
atterrissage Canding)," says the cN!sf
OF pilotase. You must have work
shops and repair shops. Al Avord we
repair as many av!ons as We form
pilots We form 800 pilots per month
and we repair 300 machines per month
They call learning TO fly breaking
wood Now factories. workshops.
squads OF mechanicians. engineers.
helpers. etc. working well together as
a unity. cannot be improvised. It Is
important.
The idea of Avord is a central place
where every one--instructors. pupils
mechanicians. engineers. repair spe-
cialists. motor regulators and the rest
work. eat, sleep. live. a vast camp"
far from the distractions OF any town.
sufficient to itself There is the CEN
trail place. with Its numerous office and
sleeping buildings. kitchens. etc. and
around It, at the distance of miles and
miles and miles. tell you. are grouped
the schools or departments In which
the pupils learn to fly. Avord camp.
a fact. includes in its vast area
they could not be rernoved) FIVE
peasant villages. I tell this to give an
idea of the space.
We Were on the roof garden OF tho
beautiful central building after dinner.
in the dusk. We took coffee. Night
fell. Around our heads. above. invisible
aeroplanes. using colored lights, did
evolutions. It was n fairy scene.
Again / heard the voice of the chief
OF pilotage:
Am aviation school IS made thus You
have instructors and machines. Many
machines are broken. We must
pair the avion and its motor. We are
happy to give each student the means
to work quickly
And again:
Here we form pilots. We perfect
them on fuselage, at the front At
Pau. they continue with acrobatics.
and at Cazeaux they perfect with the
machine gun. Pardon. what did you
ask How calculate how far ahead
OF an approaching enemy machine to
aim, supposing they pass each other at
the combined speed of $50 miles per
hour 1t Is easy. They aim straight
at the enemy machine. The only
element for personal Judgment is its
surface. because all aeroplane machine
guns now have 'correctors'- Yes, here
at Avord We begin machine gun prao-
tice. Pupils can't have too much Of
it. At Pau IT is continued. and at
Cazeaux perfected"
Among the Washingtonians who have
been training for the Aviation Corps
with the French army are Kenneth P.
Littauer now with the Lafayette
SQuadrilla: Harold Y. Saxon. at Avord.
and Stuart Walcott, at Avord- Littauer
went to France early in the war and
saw service in several branches of tho
French army before entering the Avia.
ton Corps. STERLING HELLO.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1917-07-22

But. civil Washington wanted to
know. would it be possible for the gem
erals and the colonies. on the one hand.
and the admirals and the captains on
thes other hand. to pool their interests
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1917-07-22
BY JAMES B. MORROW.

go describ ethe notable achieve
ments of Frank A. Scott and
then to picture the man himself
q is the plan of tBfs article