davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1917-04-09
WHY CREAM TESTS VARY

BLACK SBCEG VA. April S.--"Why
do my cream tests vary?' This uLes-
ZION is frequent" asked by dairymen
and :, VI. Shclor OF the creamery de-
partncnt Virginia Polytechnic Insti-
explain the cause for Sc9ie Of these
differences.
Changing speed az Bowl-Tho sep
arator should he run at speed dcsig
mated by the manufacturer II order
that one may he certain that thr sepa
ratcr IS being operated at the correct
speed the revolutions OF tic crank
should be timed by a reliable indicator
o. watch. y decrease in. jhc speed o.:
the separator viii cause dccreas ,
In The TEST Of the cream. while over
speeding tfc howl viii cause an in
crease in the test.
Eheci Of the Temperature OF tho
Mi!k--The temperature OF The milk
when being skinned viii affect the
test Of the cream. Lowering the TEN /.
perature VIII cause = thinner cream,
than would he skimntd If The milk
milk that Is below 80 degrees Fahrcr.
milk that is below - degrees Fa.hrcl-
hcit.
Flushing the Fowl The amount -,
! skim milk or w~tcr that is used 10
I flush the bowl and allowed to run ~
| the cream can. Viii affect the test nf
| the cream.
Rate OF Inflow The rate a, which
/. th" milk is fed into the separator l.
very important The undcrfeed'ny oil
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1917-04-09
Weekly Cotton Review.

by Associated Press.
NEW ORLEANS, April o.--Last we X
the cotton market went TO higher
levels on the clearing OF the political
situation Of this country. heavy buy
ing resulting from the belief that
the market would continue 10 rise as
the resui, Of an increased consump-
ton OF cotton. through increased re-
auircments in the way of war supplies
This week the trade probably will
pay less attention 10 international!
policies. and will devote more time
TO consideration of the statistical DO
sition and new crop conditions in an
endeavor 10 compare supplies, presen,
and prospective. with the proba BILE
wants OF the world. Statistics are
bound 10 have more effect on the SIS
uation.
Attention will he centcred especially
on the way recruiting affects the NUN
Der OF farm hands available: also the
drains OF munition factories upon farm
la Dor VIII be studied. The market In
the near future will be liable to ner-
vous and wide fluctuations because
OF the high price levels attained. With
cotton trading around 500 bale the
chances are for much wider price
changes than around $50.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1917-04-09
Facts for Farmers, Stock
Breeders, Poultry Raisers,
Orchardists, Truckers and Gar.
deners.--Queries and Answers

MIX ihto the separator will cause an
increase In the test OF the cream The
iioat should always be used to rcyu-
ia'c the amount of milk entering tho
bowl
Variation In the Test of the Milk.
Variation in the test OF milk will cause
a variation in the test OF cream. 4
low testing milk VIII skim "A thinner
cream than rich milk. Tho addition of
fresh COWS may change the test of tho
mlik from the herd. \ dry season will
cause decrease in the test OF the
milk. while the reverse is true of the
vet season.
Effect OF an Unciean Separator.-I.
Tue separator bowl is not cleaned thor
onEhlN each time ii is used the pass
age Tor tho skim milk and cream in
the bowl may become cloEGcd Thi,
VIII cause inefficient skimmin-. and
VIII also cause tic cream test to vary
Vibration OF the Bowl--Tr tho bowl
Eihraics II viii cause a variation in the
test Of the cream. lf the FOWL does
Nihratc, examine the Bearing. TO scr
If they are loose or worn
IL there is a variation in the ties:
OF cream. do not blame the cream
huNcr. for he may not be 1T fault
Examine your cream statement and
see IT there is q variation of the total
points OF buttcrfat which YOU IRE being
pad Tor. IL your cream tests 4 little
lower YOU may have a few more pounds
OF cream TO your credit, so tina, af;ei,
All YOU may be getting paid for the
same amount Of work
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1917-04-09
COUNTRY is WELL
PREPARED FOR WAR
Finances and Industries Solid, Al
though There Il Some Confusiun
In Market.
tBy Associated Prcs..l

TBy ASS icated PrcSsl
NEW YORK. April S.-Deciaration
OF state OF war with Germany finds
the country in an Unprecedented state
OF financial and Industrial prepared.
ness. although not without some con
fusion in tho market for securities
The reaction in prices at the weekend
was attributed to n combination of cir
cumstances. including an increase OF
apprehension among tmid Investors,
uncertainty attending the broad ques-
ton of war taxation and adverse crop
prospects.
The latest government report. in
dicaiinr an enormous decrease in win.
ter wheat is likely TO bcar vitality
upon tho war situations in it's direct
relation to prices OF foods,ufis To
what extent such situation can be
regulated by government control re-
mains 10 be seen
Pressing need OF a definite national
financial policy is being brought TO the
attention Of the Washington authori-
ties with tho attendant question OF
bond taxation. Wall Street bankers
and associates throughout the coun-
try arc preparing early requirements
OF not less than $4,000. 900 900
one OF the unfaVorable features OF
the week was the steady selling OF
hiSh-class railroad stocks. Reports
that these offerings were mainly for
foreign account lacked confirmation
The many net decreases in February
earnings Of important transportation
lines were attributable mainly TO high
err costs OF operations under the eight
hour law.
The 10 per cent increase in wages
and salaries by the United States Steel
Corporation directed attention to in
crcasing demands for labor.
Soundncss Of the market !or invest
ment bonds was demonstrated by the
success OF the Pennsylvania and New
YORK state offerings. tho latter being
especially attractive. because OF cX-
emption from taxation.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1917-04-09
Details of Broodcr.

set in and slip over the small pail in
the lower platform. The large pail
should be We'll punched with nail
which is the bottom. leaving the bot
or dirt TO throw the neat The hover
can be made eighteen or twenty inches
square. like a little table with seven
men legs, and should he covered with
TWO layers Of cloth that Will not ravel
that are six inches wide.
We like straw cut into inch lengths
pest for chick litter. as hay sweepings
from the barn generally contain fine
! weed seeds that &c, into the eyes of
| the chicks and cause trouble when
they scratch.
Begin Matching early in March
: Hatch at intervals and have all the
chi"ks out not later than May l.
"a hens do not want TO sci in time
get hroody hens from a neighbor or
use an incubator.
IL We hatch chickens early in the
, spring they will begin 10 lay when the
hens arc molting.
Fresh eggs are hehcs, in the late
fall and winter. This is because every
bodN's hens take their annual vacation
! then
! Don't blame the hens: they ALWAYS
nave done II. and they always will
! They stop laying eggs and grow n
new crop Of feathers instead
I During this "moltinG period" as
! poultrymcn call it. nobody has many
eggs to soil until the voun.. nuiIc,s
I begin 10 lay.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1917-04-09

Plant in rows one foot apart. placing
mo seeds about TWO inches deep at
intervals OF six inches. Keep the soil
loose and free from weeds.
H"etS.-Beets, while they arc hardy
and can Toe planted at the same ,im-
as radIShes and lettuce. are placed AS
Indicated III the planting plan because
they require longer season for ma
turing than lettuce. radishes and beans.
The seeds should be planted in rows
one foot apart. placed an inch apart
IN The row and covered one inch deep.
When the plants are well up ,,wo
inches highl, Thin TO four inches apart
in the row. Keep the soil we'll titled
al all times.
Tomatoes The tomato is The most
eXactinC of all the plants included III
tie collection From Washington south
ward the seeds may be planted in the
open a. the same time as beans, but
10 The north of this point the seeds
should he sown in boxes. hojbeds or
greenhouses from the first 10 the mid
die OF March, the young plants being
transplanIcd 30 stand oX2 inches apar,
as soon the first true leaves APP
pear When they begin TO crowd in
their new positions shoft them TO four
inch pots or TO tiI cans in which can
ned vegetables have been received. II
tin cans are used, convenient method
Is 10 melt the top and bottom off.
which Will usually also unsc.der the
seam at the side BY tying a string
around The rim thus formed and plac-
ing single under the can il can be
Tiled with soil and the young plant
placed in this receptacle. Keep the
plants growing slowly until about May
20 :" June !. when il Will be safe
TO place them in their permanent loca
lions In the garden. Set the plants in
rows eighteen inches apart and place
tn" plants about twenty Inches apart
in the rows. Each plant as II grows
should nave ali side branches removed
and tho main stem tied 10 a stout stake
about five feet tail ard at least an
'rch square. driven firmly in the
ground
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1917-04-09
MAKE A GOOD BRoODER

II chicks arc hatched right. from the
right kind Of stock. almost any kind
Of hroodinr device will raise them
successfully; IL not. it is a hard mat
ter 10 raise them at all.
According to Mrs. II. T.. Hoyt. a
successful chicken fancicr. n good
homemade. iamp-heated hrooder may
he easily made As follows: two pals
one OF the ordinary five pound lard
pals and Que Of the ten pound. will
answer for the heater. n platform
should be made three feet square. using
ks inches on tho sides and ono end
SO that II will set eight inches of the
ground and covering with matched
lumber so that the floor will he tight
In the center OF this cut out hole
with key-hole saw. just large enough
Tor the smaller of the lard pals to
fit in, and tack go that il lets in none
OF the lamp gas. This pail should be
tight. Now take some ono Inch bat
tens and nail around all sides of the
platform. leaving an opening OF three
inches in ono corner for fresh air and
put on another layer of the matched
stuff. thus making a oue-inch air spa &C
between the two. This is the hrooder
nooG. and should have Il hole in the
center that viii let the larger pail
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1917-04-09
Utilize Every Acre

IN some way or other every acre on
inc farm should be compelled to do
IT'S duty according TO it's ability. 4
ioater is wholly Improbable and is
very likely TO get into mischief: and
i"aNnE acres are no exception If they
are not required TO produce some use
VI crop they VIII produce weeds and
the seeds Will he scattered ~. SOME
means or other over the entire farm.
Don't have any loafcrs about your
house or your barns. and aont have
any loannG acres on YOUR farm
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1917-04-09
JOHN R. WALKER APPOINTED
VIII Go 10 England to Ascertain Eu-
ropes Need for Lumber-IIc Is
One OF Four Commissioners.

WASHINGTON. April S.-Iohn r.
Walker. OF Norfolk. former secretary
OF the North Carolina Pine Association.
and probably known to every lumber
man o! Virginia and North Carolina.
to-day was appointed commissioner
OF the Bureau OF Foreign and Domestic
Commerce 10 go to England to iuvesti-
gate lumber conditions for the pur-
pose OF ascertaining how much lum-
Der Europe will need in reconstruction
work after the war is over. Mr. Walk
err is one of four commissioners named
for this work.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1917-04-09

usually for the purpose OF confirming
All identification. In lawns and pas
lures the best grasses arc seldom al
lowed 10 reach the lowering stage.
and some grasses change SO materially
In appearance as they reach maturity
that !: Is difficult to see resemblance
TO tho young plants IN those that have
headed.
The seedlings or small grains are
under all conditions, Very difficult TO
identify. Men who are constantly
growing these grains usually learn to
distinguish tho different species. Even
certain varieties in a species are some
times recognizable But there is great
variation even in the different varic-
ties. and the Narictal differences in
each species make II difficult TO find
combination Of characters that Will
always hold true for the species.
Following is the description of two
very Common grasses. meadow fescue
and Guacl, grass
Meadow fcSCue is i tufied. clahrous
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1917-04-09
JAPANESE PRAISE Will SON
Tie IL Hniled rs Courageous. Upright
Statesman by Five Noted
Writers.
tBy Associated Press.l

iBr Associated Pressl
TOKYO. April S.-Prcsidcnt Wilson
is hailed courageous upright
force by five noted Japanese writer's.
who select him for symposium OF
views In well-known Japanese re-
view. Among the contributors arc DIR.
inazo Nitobe and Professor VI. Anczaki.
former exchange professor at Harvard
University.
Professor Anczaki wrote: Mr.. Will
son is a statesman OF no policy: he is
a man OF ideals and high prlncip,cs
At times he may appear narrow be.
cause of his immutabie principles: and
his ideals may seem vague for the rca-
son OF their being too high But AS "A
man who respects his own ideals and
principles IN the teeth OF all opposi-
ton. he has ever been the same either
as president OF a university. Governor
OF State or as President Of the United
States
AS President, Mr.. Wilson has shown
himself TO be man who has the cour-
ase to express his opinion. and the
courage to put that opinion into prac-
ticc There is no catch penny cheap
ness about his manners lie never
speaks TO the gallery. He takes elab-
CRATE preparations ere he arrives at
any decision. and once having formed
IL he never changes IL
MIR. Wilson is a pacinst, 10 he sure.
but he is not an unconditional pacihst.
AS President, he respects the oninion
OF the American people"
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1917-04-09
LOYALTY OF NEGROES 8.
CAN'T BE QUESTIONED
Outburst OF Patriotism nt Grcat Atn,..
Meeting Held ut Hampton
Institute.

Especial to The Times Dspatch.l
HAMPTON. VA, April S.-That there
should be no question OF tho negro,
loyalty TO President Wilson in the pres.
ent crisis. on his unwavcrinS patriot
Ism. was clearly shown Ia tho a,h
dresses of white and colorcd Leader.
Which were delivered to-day at ltamn.
ton Institutes patriotic maSs-mcniinr
of nearly 1000 citizens, called and nro
sided over by Or. II. q. Frisseil. IIamn.
tons principal. Mayor Thomas SLATER
OF Hampton. Colonel w. 6. Copeland
editor of the Newport News Daily
Press: General Smith, OF tho National
Soldiers Home: Principal l7risscll ana
two local colorcd ministers. Rev A.
Graham and Rev. J. w Patterson. ok.
pressed In vigorous words the intep
ton of white and colorcd pconic ~
wage the present war with sinrIenc-.
Of purpose and the Differentiation th,t
hmercanism should prevail ovo,
Czarism and Kascrism.
DR. Frisscll said: we are all 70 r.,
forward to do whatever Ia before ne
We arc ready, white and colorcd alike
to serve OR country in any way We
are called
From the Soldiers Home camc ,v,
companies OF hoary-hcaded colorcd sol
dicrs to whose loyalty and PATRIOTISM
warm tributes were paid by General
Smith. Northcrncr. and Colonel Conc
land, Il Southernor. Hundreds Of Others
old soldiers also attended. Prominent
Nirginians- white and colored. over otD
Hampton Institc students. officers ana
soldiers from Fortress Monroe ric:,
and poor men and women Of different
stations ana races joined heartily i'm
applaudinE tho patriotic addresses and
singing patriotic songs.
Lyle NJ. Hawkins. a HAMPTON stu
dent. quoted from Roscoe &. Si:nmouS
these words 1--WE have but ono coi,
try and ono naE. the flag that sci u.
free. No hyphcn bridges OF qualities
our LOYALTY"
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1917-04-09

SiocAer cattle IN The fall TO secure on
REASONABLE. terms ~ that time enough
sfncK 10 pasture all the grass IN. .ol-
loTinC year
The production c. corr s,over is
about teic- that q gram straw
amounting . approximately .45,ooo,
'"r tons yea I, larger percentage
S;,5--ot this i led ;nan Of the straw
"ut iae Waste : nevertheless astor-
Sn!7s For ;h!s, poor methods Of
feeding aTe largely responsible BY
r. ne mos, ecouon.ca! method o,
handling tcrr bv ensil,ng but as a
matter OF .h.' only s. 7er cen, OF
The acreage vas ~, n tie sl!o two
ears axe. tn" YEAR IL vh!c! Ih.s. IN
NtsiiSatjons ne-e made About II o--
cent vas cut to- S-".a .eet and 81
per cent allowed 70 mature FOR gram
~ is N tne last portion o: the acreage
mat N" greatest waste occurs strip
hins ne leaves from ne stalHs which
AZ" suoseGue1tl% aurn-1 removing N.
sia!k above the TOP So only. leaving
the stalks 10 stand ~ cHa Hei6 t,:,il
Inc loss ~ leaves and l.ach5nE have
removed n'u"h OF tn. f.r,ilizi,-
value. arc all un'hrfiy ue,hoas Fpr9
ih"Imor', almost ger cen, Of .ra
stove ourn"D ,7pugr instead
IT ""S u're.t sa 70 be go-,.r
ria of = yre..r.tHsry 10 Moving
''' N''tfr'A-' = Stu-
~ nus }"'""H a""y : a.
""e me 'oia.
il .s,irs,ad IN" pi"ci'ce
o. gre" stvt''','t@
mo t....- 'r>H!'N from
=, s,.s., "'H '"tt mess surH
rorh,,,a HIN l'eF must 20
\r.,,d 49, '' FORM OF o"ncen-
Au,,,,,, tS'"i 'l'ne large
co,,orsa.a ne '''in o.
Iasses n.g, corn mo
for tn. 49, ~ .- eN''' 20
m. s,,, 'eH"Ts -
.s., 90" h'"'' 'Na' are nov.
cat,. -, ' eco more
suued = 49, '4'a 70" coli
3, ,,.,,.,5,,,. 'S''' ""H'd b"
,os, %, ,a,,. ''"' "'l.| ~ Tie
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1917-04-09

The Efficient use OF these and other
feeds discussed i'll tho report is Of the
utmost Importance to the American
farmer. II is pointed out, because the
day wnen close calculation in feeding
was not necessary Is. in All proha hilijy.
past. Hereafter II is likely that sue
cess will DEPEND upon ability to nut
TO tic best use all available products
y greater knowledge % what thes.
products arc and OF the ways III which
they can be fed Will result in the
elimination OF enormous waste
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1917-04-09
STRANGE MARK ON HOUSES
Appearance of Figure ..Ot" Attributed
10 Htischicvous Yrnnk by
school boys.

D.>NNFLLE. VA. April 9Th. an.
pcararce here or the figure az OF
every house Of certain streets. as we'll
az on the homes OF some OF the best
known citizens IL attributed to n mis-
chicvous prank by school boys
Three North Carolina towns w.re
visited In the same manner the num-
bcr being placed in red chalk on Ger
tain houses OF certain streets Tho
mark on the various houses appeared
oScruivht
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1917-04-09
IDENTIFYING GRASSES

II Is often desirable to identify
grasses and small Sraiu seedlings by
their NcrciatiNc characters. Tho usual
botanical Considerations based on the
structure 81 tho lowering parts are
no, useful for this purpose. Any mon
ton of the leaves which may be in
cludcd in botanical descriptions is
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1917-04-09

lines when viewed by transmitted
light;
This grass closely resembles both
Italian rye-crass and perennial rye
grass. II may he distinguished from
Italian rye grass by its roueh-,nar-
Eined blades test with tho toncuc)
and also by the nerves in the blades
Perennial rNe-Grass is distinguished by
having It's leaves folded in tho bud.
Quack grass is a pale green percn-
NAL. creeping by its long rootstocks:
leaves rolled in the bud: collar broad.
continuous. hairy: auriclcs slender
cIawlikc. licUlc mcmbranous. short en-
tire: Shcaths hairy not compressed:
blades Hat. fnely hairy ut the base
sharp pointed. onc-fourth inch wide:
nerves broad. not prominent: root
stocks strong. elonSate. ono eighth
inch or more in diameter.
This is = common. very aggressive
grass The hairs. while quite notice
able IN the spring. are often invisible
in the fall unless a lens is used
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1917-04-09

dark green perennial: leaves rolled i'm
the bud. collar broad. continuous:
auriC,cS none: liEulc mcmbranous.
short. truncatc; shca,hs not com
pressed. reddish pink below ground:
blades hat. sharp pointed, rough on
tho margins glossy beneath. ncrvcd
above. three siNtccnths-inch wide:
nerves separated int" pairs by white
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1917-04-09

i" keep dirt and bacteria out OF
milk. the cows must he kent clean. es-
pecially in tho region OF the uddcr
The milk should be drawn into a coy
cred pail which is thoroughly washed
ana scalded after each milking Only
good clean water should be used for
this purpose.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1917-04-09

IN this connection il is pointed OH,
also that feeding straw in III. winter
VIII insure under certain circunl-
stances tho fun utilization OF summer
grass In number OF Western
states II frequently happens that grass
COOS 10 waste because feeders arc nm
Wiling To pay tho high prices asked
Tor steers in tho spring With an
a"undanc" OF straw on hand 10 lessen
INC cost OF Winterins. feeders can tax.
advantage OF the lower prices fo-
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1917-04-09
Weekly Bureau of In
formation for All Who
Til the Soil or Are In
terested in Making Homes
QUANTITY OF CATTLE

\ rreat deal of feed available Tor
cattle IS ROW either wasted absolutely
or put TO some less profitable use,
culture to utilize the full value Of
sariiy tho cost OF producing meat. has
diminished the profits from cattle
feeding, and has discouraged many
farmers from engaging III an industry
essential TO their permanent prosperity.
According to reports OF experts
who have made extensive cNpcrimcuts
along this line. the loss III grain straw
and corn slower amounts 10 more than
sl0o. 00O. GOO annually Both Of these
products are disposed OF most cCononi-
Cally when fed TO cattle in connection
with some form OF concentrated feed.
Straw is especially valuable in carry
inS the breeding herd through tho
winter. III wtntcrinE stockcrs and as a
supplementary rouchaGc for fattcninE
cattle. StONcr. too. is an excellent
feed for w!ntcrinc cattle. especially
mature breeding COWS. Nevertheless.
~ many sections OF the country where
these products are ahundau; little at
tempt is made 10 take advantage Of
their value for these purposes.
OF an annual straw crop Of approx
imately l20.o00.oo0 tons. IL is estimated
that only TWO thirds IS put 10 it's hest
uso-live- stock production. or the re-
mainder "A little more than one half is
y
per cent OF tho total crop. is burned.
Burning is practically an absolute
waste. and although blowing under
does contribute something To soil fer
tilty. the benefit to the land is less
than that which would bc derived from
the use OF The straw - produce ma
nurc. 'Of all systems OF obtaining
permanent, soil fertility" says tho re-
port, none is practical or as easily
available rs that OF feeding live stock"
The average value OF all Kinds OF
straw Is placed at about 81 ton In
many sections, OF course. no sush
price can he realized for It. and as
a matter Of fact. only about per cent
of the crop actually is sold. TIE figure
mentioned, however. may I've taken as
representing the value to the farmer
~ straw If he will use II properly in
farming operations ms feed or bedding
In order to illustrate how this may
be dUan the report gives three sample
ratio'tS for winterinE q breeding herd
OF beef cattle on straw combined with
S,lage. shock corn and cottonsced or
inseed meal Any one OF thrsc ra-
tons. II is sail, will prove economical
They arc as follows:
Hnfi0uS for NIntcrtuE HrccJIuC Cows.