Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1917-10-28
.S|MPL|F|ED LESSONS IN
PROPER CARE OF AUTOS
Mechanical Accessories of Automo-
Die OF Extreme Importance, and
Should 30 Understood thoroughly.
COUPLING OF COPPER TUBING
Easy Methods for Joining Piping En-
planned for Novicc-Prevcntion OF
battling by Bolts and Screws
Easily Attained.

"cpyrih'ed, 1917, by Frederick C.
Guerrlich.)
The mechanical accessories OF the
automobile. while apparently insigniM-
cant. are an extremely important part
OF the car. and they are parts the use
and purpose of which arc little under
stood by the novice. BY understanding
them. the novice will often, by one or
Two turns OF a nut, be able to make n
repair or correct an annoying fault. and
also oa able to make better repairs
than he could were rs not to know
their uue.
M the automobile is subjected to a
constant vibration, and many Of it's
parts become hot and then cool again.
and SO expand and contract. It's nuts.
-ssalts and screws. etc. are bound to
come loose. unless some device is fur
nished TO prevent this. or, az the say
ing Is. unless they be locked. A nut
or bolt should never be put on without
some locking device therefor
Perhaps the most-used locking de-
Vice Is the lock-" or split washer,
shown in Fig. !. The washer. letter
a, Is simply slipped over the bolt and
the nut then screwed tight. The illus
tratton shows the position the washer
takes when the nut is not quite tight.
Tho bent ends Of the washer. 3 and G.
you will notice. are set so that they
can dig Into the nut and metal. so that
"hen tho nut is unscrcwed some Of it's
metal Will be cut away. before it will
loosen. 1t Is good practice 10 carry
small box OF assorted lockwashcrs
In the tool kit. and when an old washer
mas become Nat to replace II.
Next after the lock washer the nut
e k n Inv , -ttr
top Of 1t, and 4 small hole drilled
through the end OF the bolt. and stic;s-
Ing cotter-pin through one set 90 tho
SLOTS and the hole in the bolt. This is
shown in Fig. .. nut OF this type
is called castellated nut !, IS
surer lock Tran the washer. and is ecn-
orally used on important bolts. and
ones which cannot be looked after
without removing other parts
Where number Of cap-scrcws
!oolt Threaded screws with hcxagon
hcads) are used. especially when placed
IN circle. as on the universal Hangcs.
dinerential and clutch springs thcy
are held fast by drilling small holes
through the heads OF the screws. and
'hen running wire through the hole
OF one screw after the other as shown
IN Fig. J. Leaving this wire off is 4
mistake which many often make
Then the nut IL OF larger diameter
as the shutter tightening nut of ~.
universal. or adjustinE nut OF the
steering mocha nism. il is customary To
"piit the nut and to furnish +, with
smaller bolt SO that it can be CLAIMED
light on to the threads. after being
surhen up the proper amount. This is
shown in Fig. 4.
While the above are the most.used
locking devices few specially de-
signed ones Will generally also be
found One who understands tho above
Will quickly see the action or these
special devices.
Copper Tubing.
on all cars there is a certain amount
OF copper tubing. az tina, OF the raso.
line line. etc. AS soldering is seldom
required for this II can be easily re.
placed and repaired by the novice. The
couplings are so designed that they
will make the joints tight by pinch
ing" the ends OF the tube.
Two types OF couplings are useo
which can be purchased in aimos, any
supply store. In one. the coupling or
union has three parts: the screw o.
male member. the nut and a small con-
ical burr or ferrule. To install n piece
OF tubing with such "A union. the nuts
are slipped on to the tube. and then the
burr is pressed on so that about three
cighths OF an inch Of the tube extends
through IL. This end OF the tube Is then
inserted In the inside OF the male mem
her and the nut screwed tight. The
burr will thus tc pinched on TO the
tube and SO make the point tight. even
air tight. Fig. shows a cross-section
OF such union. 4 Is the male mem
Der. Il the burr and the nut
In the other type Of union which is
much used. the end Of the screw or
male member is conical shaped, and the
back OF the inside of the nut is CORES
pondingiy conical shaped. To install Il
tube with this union. the nut is slipped
on to II, and then the tapered shank of
file the corners of which have been
rounded of 80 they will not cut) is in
serted Into the end Of the tube and
turned with little pressure. This will
open the hole In the end some. SO that