davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Newark journal., 1917-08-23
FARMERS SHOULD
GET TOGETHER"
Much Money Is Lost Because Farmers
Do Not Use Business Methods in
Selling Their Produce.
BY J. f. Nicholson Marketing Spe
ciaiist, Extension Division,
University Of Arkansas.

Farming is business and demands
the use Of business methods A few
years ago farm products were not SO
widely distributed as they are today
Then the farmer could load his prod
ucts on his wagon, drive to town ami
dispose of them with little difficulty
Now he generally finds that some
one else has been to his market Can
taloupes are there from far distant
states when his cantaloupes should
have filled the demand Butter has
been shipped in from a large cream
cry hundreds of miles distant when
his butter should have supplied the
wants Of that locality; and even The
bacon, that he used to furnish nov
comes from packing plants that he
never heard of before. This change
is due to increasing competition on
the part of producers everywhere.
Groups of farmers unite their efforts
in producing given food crop. They
find they must seek larger and more
extensive markets They push their
products out farther and farther I'M
til they reach every corner of the
earth. Unless the local grower can
compete in quality and kind, he finds
that the other fellow has taken his
place on his home market The local
grower is soon convinced that he is
in a competitive game Instead Of
bemoaning h's fate he determines
that to succeed he must follow the
methods Of those WHO have crowded
i'm ont
The Newark journal., 1917-08-23
WANTED A HANoouT.

Il suppose" began the kind lady,
before Mr. Husky Hasbeen got a
chance to exercise his voice, that you
want to chop some wood in exchange
for a square meal, don't your
"Pd like ter obllge yer lady" replied
the unlaundered hobo, but it's bin
more'n twenty years sense I done any
thing like dat sort Nv Il stun"
SWELL" said the k. l., there's where
you can practice till you get your hand
In"
'Nothin' dom, lady," rejoined the
hobo. "Wot l wants is a handout
Seer"
And the kind lady tainted.
The Newark journal., 1917-08-23
FOR EXTRA EARLY POTATOES
Plan Outlined for Working Small
Patch Before Danger OF Spring
Frosts Has Passed.

For extra early potatoes, manure
heavily few rows in the hill and
cover with an inch or two of manure,
then cover all with four or five inches
of soil
In this manner a small patch may
be planted without danger before the
spring frosts are past, and new po-
tatoes will be coming On before others
think of having any.
The Newark journal., 1917-08-23
Chinese Iheaters.

No charge for admission is made in
many of the Chinese theaters, which
depend entirely on the profits from the
sale Of drink and food products. These
are in The order ii cafes,
.ables being provided and tea AMI Ia
i've delicacies served.
The Newark journal., 1917-08-23
Up-to-Date Roads,

We have the spectacle in most
states of pioneer roads for twentieth
century farmers whose equipment in
farming consists of modern machinery
and modes of travel. When, oh when,
will he put the up-to-date mode OF
travel on an up-to-date road.
The Newark journal., 1917-08-23
4 Litti 9 at &c.

Edgar. aged five. gas driving from
the station on HI, tifst visit to Maine.
His mother, nothing troubled lool
on his face rs he looked about. said,
whats the mattee dear2 Don't you
like the beautiful country yes,
mother, but on my map Maine Is red 7"
The Newark journal., 1917-08-23
Good Stretches Useless.

Local control in road building means
good patch where the officials are
up TO date, and poor stretch where
the locallauthorities are slack in their
road work-and the poor stretches of
road make the good stretches useless.
The Newark journal., 1917-08-23
Should Use Judgment.

Teaeher-"When little George Wash
lngton told the truth about cutting
down the cherry tree his father for
gave him. Now, Henry, what lesson
does this teach usY Henry-"It
teaches us that we should learn whsa
ts tell the truth"
The Newark journal., 1917-08-23
Positively Tame.

Nov, this dance number strikes me
as being--er--a triae too daring for
the average theater audience
''Where have you been for the past
few years?"
"Oh, around and about"
81 suspect you've been asleep. There
are any number of debutantes present
who consider this dance too slow for
words"
The Newark journal., 1917-08-23
Egg and Potato ScalIop.
II quantityi

Peel and slice six medlum-sized
baked potatoes and six hard-boiled
eggs. Cook one-third cupful of butter
and one tablespoonful Of chopped
onions for two minutes, add three ia
blespoonfuls of flour, stir well, add
gradually one pint of hot milk, season
with pepper and salt and cook until
smooth and thick. Butter a baking
dish, fill with alternate layers of POI
tato and egg, sprinkle with pepper and
salt. strain the sauce over the whole,
sprinkle with crumbs moistened with
melted butter and bake until brown.
The Newark journal., 1917-08-23
Knew Her Book

Mrs, Newed-John, this cookbook
says that celery should be well
bleached.
Newed-Yes, my dear.
Mrs. Newed-Well, you had better
stop ut the corner drug store ind get
bottle of peroxide.
The Newark journal., 1917-08-23
praa Improves Surface.

Is your road to town rough and
hard TO travel over? A split.lcg or
iron drag drawn over the road after
each rain helps to give good sur
face and does not cost much.
The Newark journal., 1917-08-23

Guide-Now, having been through
the stereotyping room, we will 50 into
the makeup department.
The Bride Ito the groom) I'm awful
glad. I've been perspiring so IN that
other department that I'm sure the
powder must be all in streaks on my
face.
The Newark journal., 1917-08-23
All for Love.

The old front gate no longer means.
The lovers now sit by the fire;
The old paJior sofa now loudly ggoans,
And the coal bill climbs up higher.
The Newark journal., 1917-08-23
Must Produce Quality and Guam
tity To Compete.

He learns that he must produce
quality in order to interest the buyer
who used to take his home product
When he has done that like his com
Detitors he must begin to develop new
markets for his products. He looks
about for a wider outlet and finds It,
in many cases, miles distant which
requires shipping in large amounts,
generally in ear lots. in order to leave
a profit. 1t is true that it costs more
to reach this distant market, but 1t
must be reached in order to sell. The
grower also finds that he must en-
ploy the services of distributors TO
enable him to locate his products on
the distant market This, again, goes
into his profits, but things adjust
themselves in time and eventually he
finds himself in the great game Of
food distribution, operating his bust
ness on small margins and striving 10
increase his earnings by a greater
and better production.
The Newark journal., 1917-08-23
Cooperation Increases Profits.


The day will come when che grower
of conducting his business may be
lessened by uniting his efforts with
those of his neighbors. He then helps
% FORM cooperative selling organiza-
tons with the growers of his locality
who are striving to produce the same
commodity Jointly they employ an
efficient sales manager in whom they
have implicit confidence Their com
bined output is of such quantity and
quality that they easily take their
place in the big competitive game on
distant markets and they find that by
working together they can greatly
lessen the cost of production and
handling of their products. All Of
this means bigger returns 10 thu
grower individually and demonstrates
that while q man may profitably ope-
rate individually on a large scale he
can do so more successfully and in
a more business-like way by co-ope-
rating with his neighbors.
Which Farmer Are You?
This is the story in nutshell OF
successful marketing and unless we
recognize the forces now operating
and prepare to meet increasing com
petition, we shall be destined to con-
tinue to labor quietly on our farms,
growing only a small surplus over
what we can consume ourselves ana
trading ii for those other necessities
of life which we cannot raise. VIII
you be good farmer. able to meet
competition intelligentiy and through
cooperative efforts profitably dispose
of your cash crops, or will you be
just grower allowing some one else
to profit on your surplus? Remember,
producing is only one half the game
of farming is the other half.
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1917-01-15
Grain and Provisions.

Chicago Grains. Close.
Nheat-May- S1.S42., Julv- s14Sf-
CorH-May- sSizc; July. 97[c
Oats-Nav- SIC. July 5fE.c
Chicago Provisions. Close.
Pork-Jan-. Ses. -: May. s2S-s0
i4srd-Jan-- s155@- MAY SIS g.
Fabs-Jan-- S1s7-- May SEE
Kansas City Grains. Close.
Kansas City. No. ian. Wheat-No
hard- Sl-A9a 50; No. red S1-SS al. %:
Nav Isl T. July. Sls5%
torn-No. mixed. g n % -c- No.
white g. l. r q :. e.; No . yellow e5ls n sc;
May g = n $50 9; July. s5ls n s5i.c
Oats-Nn white. 81 n 57isc. No mixed.
ssls 551rc
Kansas CITY Produce. Close.
kansas City- No Jan i5-Butter-
Creamery. ale; firsts ssi=c: seconds. sTIsc:
packing. CSC
Ieegs-tirsts- 39tzc
turkeys. &c
Chicago Produce. Close
Chicago. ILL., Jan Butter-Lower.
Creamery. p = a37c.
EgSs-Higher- Receipts ESQ cases FIrsts
IS n ssc; ordinary firsts IS q s5c. al mark
cases Included 800 4sc-
Potatoes-Steady. Receipts. Is cars: Wis
consin and Michigan whites $50 n J. 90:
Idaho Colorado. oregon and Washington
white. 81 90 "a So o.
Poultry - alive, higher, Fowls 1sc.
springs. 19c
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1917-01-15

ZONE excitement has been created
over the fact that twelve New
- York policemen are about TO
undertake TO live for three weeks at a
cost OF 25 cents, the fourth part of a
dollar, per day per man.
They are calling it an experiment,
but it is not an experiment at all. 1t
is an absolute cinch. Any reader who
viii carefully follow out our instruc-
tons can prove it 10 the world, and
become "a most unique character
How IL Can BE Done.
We have prepared. and append here
with. series Of daily menus. the cost
of which is two bits. or less. per diem,
hut which contain sufficient nOurish-
ment 10 sustain life in any healthy per
son TO the very end-if properly ap-
piled.
These menus We're arranged after
consultation with some famous chefs.
none OF whom was unable fully to
comprehend why a man with but -
cents per day 10 live on should want 10
live
Monday Menu.
Breakfast Prunes. ; cents.
Dinner I glasses beer. 20 cents.
Few men can lift. let alone. eat. more
than five cents worth. of pruneS even
under the prevailing prices. and they
are very nOurishing.
1t viii be noted that luncheon is
eliminated No man with only two pits
is entitled to even think of luncheon.
With tile four glasses of beer. OF
course, goes the free feed which is pro-
vided by every lawful beer parlor or
emporium. including plenty of crack
erS- Wnlch are prone TO swell under the
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1917-01-15
n. Y. LISTED STOCKS.
MONEY AND METALS.
By Associated Press.



By Associated Press
New York. Jan 15--Mercantile paper 81
= r. - percent
Sterling so day bills. sac: commercial 50
day bills on banks. s471s. commercial 80
DAY bills. s:-slis demand S4-75a: cables.
$50 ZIG
Bar silver. s5ssc
! Mexicau dollars. Use
Government bonds steady
Railroad bonds. firm
Time loans. easier so days % s: 60
3 DAYS 5a Is six months. "a q 81 percent
call money. steady High. .: low. 5. 4.
-uling rate. = last loan. = closing bid
=, offered. II percent
Copper. firm. eiectrolytic first. second and
third quarters. So. = = S2-50.
Iron. steady No Northern. s3L50a
Tin. firm Spot. s4fGGA25
Lead spot. $3.50 bid
Spelter. spot. East s. Louis. delivery.
LONDON METALS MARKET.
London Eng Jan 1.-THE following were
the closing quotations Of the London metals
market today
Lead. $50. $40.
Spelter. AS. SO
Spot copper. $3.50: futures. 1926: electro
lytic. E14I.
Spot tin. f1s5. futures 49, SIS
THE LOCAL MARKET.
Mexican currency. 10 I Gle
Nacionales 1sIsc
Mexican pesos. SIC.
Mexican gold. sec.
FL PasO Smelfer Quotations.
Corrected Daily
Bar silver. Handy & Harmon quotstiousl
- sc.
London lead. fs0 sic.
Copper bar. $3.50.
Pig lead $50
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1917-01-15
WHEAT PRICES
RlNGE UPWARD
Crop Damage Reports Influ
ence Corn Bullishly; Oats
Also Upgrade.

Chicago IL. Jan l5---Wheat prices tend
- upward today owing largely TO dimin-
tshing stocks and charging clesrances for
Europe.
According TO a leading authority. the
total amount Of wheat available for export
from the United States between nov and
July had been reduced 10 - coo 600 bush
els Opening prices which r. nged from = .
orr 10 &c advance. with Nav ~ SIS to
sLS5ti and July At S1-4sis 10 s1-sO1s. we're
followed hy "a material upturn all around
fui then something Of z reaction.
Absence ~ any important ne.- cNUort buy
ing operated later haudica- on the
h1ls The close was heavy az S1S4l- TO
siNf~ for Iav. and s1.fSl, FOR july.
Further crop damage reports from Ar
ENHtna had strengthening influence on
corn Alter opening Lc higher prices
scored moderate further gains
Export demand. together with Iizhtness
o. country offerings helped to prevent any
decided bearlsh reaction The close was the
vanco-
oa5S took the upgrade with other cereals
visions
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1917-01-15
Living On Is Cents A Day
BY DAMON RUNYON

! influence of hops and are most filling
Tuesday Menu.
Breakfast. PruneS. cents
Dinner I order of tripe. J cents
Statistics show that Is cents worth
of tripe is enough for any man TO eat
at a single sitting, and this leaves a
nickel which may be invested in NOV
ing picture show or put out at interest.
1t is a we'll known fact that good live
ly entertainment is almost as sustain
ing as fOOd-to some people
Wednesday Menu.
Breakfast. 1 leather belt. - cents.
Dinner is eliminated on this day. as
10y tightening the belt the patient will
not require any food whatever This
has been demonstrated by soldiers. eN-
plorers. nOvelists and the like when
starving in waste places.
Thursday Menu.
Breakfast, I egg. % cents.
Dinner is here eliminated again The
memory Of the egg should be sufficient
to sustain the inmate the rest Of the
day. If no egg can be secured at that
price, substitute beans. twenty-five
cents worth of beans for breakfas
should last a man from Ell Paso to
Behring Straits
Friday Menu.
Breakfast ! section of rope. - cents.
The client should use the rope to
hang himself to the most convenient
bridge and avoid any further expense
and mental harassment from the con-
sideration of such problems as the high
cost of living
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1917-01-15


New York Jan 1s--PrOfessional operators
We're the only sustaining Influence I'm today s
perfunctory dealings short covering con-
trihuting TO the moderate advance sales
were estimated at so0. 900 shares
The close was Irregular
= recovery Of @iz points in United states
Rubber ana decline Of "a in Central
Leather were almost the sole features Of
interest during the early dealings Other
active stocks were mostly at moderately
higher levels Motors and accessories also
responded TO the improvement in Rubber
shares with advances ranging from frac-
Tons 10 a point I'm United States steel. In
ternational Nickel. marines. Pacific Mail
ana Pressed Steel Car Rails were SLUG
eish and Irregular with three point gain
iE Long Island
Trading became slightly more active later
and prices made additional upward progress,
except FOR further decline in Central
leather and a setback in rubber Most Of
the better known equipments. coppers, OTIS.
shipplngs and motors were higher by one 10
seven points. with 81 for Pressed steel Car
Except for Canadian Pacific. which rose
Sven points rails held back on very light
dealing
IS nds we're firm.
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1917-01-15
BULLETIN
L. = DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
WEATHER BUREAU.

Observation taken al
= a. m. 18th merid-
ian time IS a m Fl
Paso time. January
l5. 1917.
Forecasts.
Fl Paso and vicinity
Rain or snow to
night: Tuesday prob
ably fair
New Mexico - Snow
this afternoon and to-
night: colder with
cold wave north por-
tion: Tuesday fair,
continued cold.
Arizona - Tonight
generally fair west
portion. rain or snow
and colder east pcr-
ton; cold wave in
4orrheast portion
Tuesday generally fair
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1917-01-15
BANKING SYNDICATE BUYS
ARGENTINE RAII RnAn NAIES

New York. Jan IA banking syndicate
which includes J. P Morgan & Co. Kuhn.
Loeb & Co. and the National City bank has
concluded arrangements for the purchase Of
Sl5-0Oo.0eO ten-year. percent convertible
notes Of the Central Argentine Railway
company.
The proceeds Of these notes will be ap-
piled 70 the retirement Of an equal number
Of notes now held by British interests
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1917-01-15

THE intelligent buyer
L who wishes to bene-
fit by advantageous prices
will find The Herald i'd
Oertising a most efficient
aid. 1t ia guide to the
best stores-a market re-
port of the best bargains.
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1917-01-15

A dollar saved by buying goods pro-
duced elsewhere is a dollar thrown at
your neighbor's birds.
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1917-01-15
Livestock.



Chicago H.. Jan. 15--Hogs-Receipts
es-o0o- Market. strong, ; cents above Sstur-
s1OIOGIo-s0: mixed. sI0.s5a1O heavy.
sios5 CROUCH. S1o-5o@1e-s9; pigs, $Ls5e
Cattle-Receipts. $4,000 Market firm. Ma
tive beef cattle S7-75 a 1l-s0s western steers.
$3.50 1000: stockers, S5-50Gs.S5 COWS and
heifers. Ss-s5 1000.
Sheep-Receipts- $4,000 Market firm.
Wethers, Ss-cog1e.7o; lambs, S1Ls06I4-15.
kansas City Livestock. Close.
Kansas City, Mo. Jan. 15.-Hogs-Re-
light. s10.OOG105O.
Cattle-Receipts. 1900 Market steady.
Prime fed steers, $10-75 II-50; western
steers $3.50 11-0o: cows. f5.25 800: heif-
ers- $500 leo; stockers. S6-25 n see
Sheep-Receipts. $4,000 Market steady.
Lambs $1,000 q 1885: yeariings. $3.50 q
SIS.
ST. Louis Livestock. Close.
St Louis 40. Jan -Hogc-Receipts-
2o.eoo- Market steady Light. sos q 1913:
pigs. Ss-o5 u 10, mixed and butchers. $3.50
9l0-se- good heavy. sl0.S5G lass
Cattle-R Receipts. 65eO- Market steady Ma
tive beef steers. $3.50 r. 11-50; yearlings
steers and heif5rs. $3.50 q 11-50- COWS. $3.50
$50 stockers and feeders. $3.50 n S.50. prime
heifers S=-15 80; prime yearling steer
ana heifers. S7-5oas' native calves. s.
I2-56-
sheep-Receipts. 1909; market strong
lambs. sl2-15 al3.75; ewes. Ss-5eG s-7s:
yesrlings, 81 q l---s-
Denver Livestock. Close.
Denver. Colo. Jan 15---Carrle-R Receipts,
16o0 Market steady Beef steers. se-75R
I0-ee. COWS and heifers. S5-75 n S-50: stock
ers and feeders SG-75 n $50: calves. $4,000
1889.
Hogs-Receipss. 11.ooe. Market SC higher.
Top. S19s5. bulk. S10.2 n I0-so-
Sheep-R-ceipts. 1900 Market Toe higher.
Nearlings. s1iooE 1l-7s; lambs, sI2-75 "
1880 ewes s. seq 80.
IT. Joseph Livestock. Close.
St Joseph. No Jan. Eogs-Receip
e50o- Market steady Top. SI075. bulk.
Sos = 1879
Caitle-Receipis. eee9- Market steady 10
Toe higher Steers. $50 G 1l-50. COWS and
heifers. $500 n 1890; calves. $1,000 1899.
Sheep Receipts. 50oe. Market loo higher.
Lambs. Sl5-ce n 1875. ewes. 50 go o. So
Fort Worth Livestock. Close.
fBy Zeiger HoteLl
HOgs-KeceipLs 5000 Top. Sos.
Cattle-Receipts. 5000 including 500
calves Beef steers. $3.50 SIS: cows. $3.50
G7-50. hcifers- S6.5eG S-25; bulls. $500
$50: calves. S6.50Gs.5O Stockers-steers.
$500 = 100 cows. S4-50 n 500: heifers $3.50
O s50- calves. S6.50M SEQ.
Sheep-Receipts. none.
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1917-01-15
WEATHER

.---- -xa-- .arrrht snow north rain or
s.e- ~,uth portion Tuesday snow and cold
a. north rain or snow southeast. probably
fair sou Invest portion
Relative humidity in EI Paso IT noon
Monday 9S per cent
Precipitation in last q hours Gnches) -.-.i
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1917-01-15
Cotton Market.

New York Jan l5--Spor cotton Quiet
middliug uplands. 17-5sc sales. 500 bales.
Cotton futures closed steady. January.
1ll5- March 1z-7; May. 1913; July. 1851
October $3.50
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1917-01-15

Fortunate Town.
Twenty thousand ianitors Of Chicago
apartment buildings are threatening a
strike Chicago always does get all
the lucky breaks.
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1917-01-15
COPPER STOCKS
SHOW ADVANCES
Buying of Copper, Oil and
Sugar Shares Apparent in
Mondays Market.

Good buying was apparent in copper
stocks and oil and sugar shares Monday. &C
oording 10 advices to Curtiss-3ianning * Co.
stocks and bonds. Hotel Sheldon lobby.
some selling orders accumulated over the
week end which opened with prices fraction
ally lower. and as the volume Was not large.
II was soon assimilated by new buyers. who
are gradually reslacing stocks in the long
accounts This buying continued throughout
the first hour and established a decided
tendency on the upward side prices contin-
Jung 70 advance Cp To around the noon hour.
recording their highest prices for the day
iodays transaction show the railroad
Shares are again coming into favor The
decrease IN earnings. which was attributed
/" Tho heavy storms all over the country,
has evidently been discounted and further
Improvement IN railroad shares and earnings
Is looked FOR from now on
Copper Stocks Quotations
The following quotations furnished by
= san * Bryan's private wire to Curtiss-
Naming x Co. stocks and bonds HoteI
sheldon lobby. give closing prices
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1917-01-15

cas- Good middlinE s11. Is Id. middIing.
80, s. Sd: low middling. fI0. Is. I'd Sales.
5000 bales.
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1917-01-15

NANTED-An up 20 date restaurant and
coffee man. one who has always succeeded
in commanding good trade. regardless Of
any competition. would like 10 meet some
one who wants 10 invest few hundred dol
lars in restaurant. or someone already in the
business. and needs business getter. Ad-
dress II 500. care Herald.
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1917-01-15

Rates For Classified Ads:
One Cent per Word. No
charge less than ......S Is
Six Consecutive Inser-
tons, per Word .. O5
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1917-01-15
Attest.

BE IT RESOIXED BY THE CITY COUNCIL
OF THE CITY OF Ell PASO-
That the CftV Clerk b. and hereby is di-
rected to advertise Tor bids for the constrTe-
tlon OF a Davement on Bliss street from the
intersection Of the east line Of Na-ln.--
street TO the west line q P1eoras street
said pavement IN all resuecfs TO conform
with the specifications therefor ureuared lv
the civ Engineer AMI file in his
offlce- which said specifications have been
approved tv this council sand adE=rtis=-
m=nt shall auuear in each issue Of the Of
1Iclal DaDer which anoe-r- during the
TO- DAYS prior 10 the lsrh daV OF Ianrar-
1917 All bids must be sealed and each he
- one thousand Is 600 cor dollars. navaI.i
10 the MavOr % rho CITY Of Fl Paso. and
which shan become the prenerty of the city
IN the event that the bidder II successful
coes not within ten 90! DAYS OF the acc-..-
the Citv OF r Paso 70 complete said nave
ruent in accordance with said suecifacrariouS
within three months from the time Of the
signing Of the contract All bids must be
filed with the Civ Clerk on or hefare ten
lol o'clock a. M the 18th dav Of January.
1917
The civ Of " Psso reserves the right 10
Passed ana approved this the 4S;h dsv OF
December 1915
Tom Lea
u f-s.-- t~r.-r-