davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1917-04-29

bullion. the purchase from member
banks of bills of exchange arising out
of mercantile transactions, and they
establish, subject to the approval of
the reserve board, rates of discount to
be charged by the federal reserve
banks for each class of paper. but this
must be fixed with view to accommo-
dating commerce and business and may
not be advanced merely for the present
advantage of the bank. They are in
position to secure large loans for the
government in case of need, and thus
maintain money values even under war
stress.
These banks may issue notes of two
sorts-federal reserve bank notes upon
the security of government bonds in
the same manner as a national bank.
with the same properties and under the
same conditions, and the federal re-
serve notes.
TIL latter are the emergency notes
which give elasticity to the currency
purpose of making advances to men,
Der banks. To obtain such an issue
the consent of the board must first be
obtained, and then flrst-class CONNER
cial paper with the Endorsement of
the member or reserve bank from
which it was purchased must be de-
posted along with the application.
Congress. for some 1neXplicable reason,
made these notes the obligation of the
government and while this indorse-
ment gives them good standing they
become an additional liability which
some uay may prove troublesome to
the national treasury. They are e.
deemable in gold at the Treasury of
the United States and in gold or law
full money, whatever that may be- at
any federal reserve bank. quality
which makes 1t good money as long as
there is gold in the Treasury to meet
them. They are in position today to
secure over billion dollars of this
emergency currency should the need
arise.
When money is really needed, it is
usually wanted in a hurry. so every
provision is made to issue these notes
with rush if they are ordered Notes
are engraved in large numbers by the
United States treasurer and kept in
the mint or subtreasury nearest to
each of the central reserve banks ready
for immediate delivery.
But the gold for the redemption of
these notes must be provided from
some source. and this is how the act
has arranged for it. Every federal re-
serve bank must carry gold reserves of
not less than 40 per cent of its federal
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1917-04-29

of chlorine gas and liquid fire and other
unpleasant agencies of modern warfare
What are you doing?" they asked
him abruptly.
"Experimenting," he explained. and
led them back to little room where
bottles were ranged along the wall He
poured something into something else
and there arose in that room an atmos-
phere that spoke for itself.
I'll work it out some day." said the
old chemist thoughtfully. His guests
sprained themselves trying to go out
of the narrow doorway at one and the
same time. When they had gasped in
fresh air they called him to them.
What is that stuff" they demanded
MY experiment" replied the old
chemist.
We have reason to believe that you
are preparing poisonous gases or some
thing like that" they told him. Sc
verely. q
He gazed at them amazedly
And" they concluded, that you are
in the pay of the German government
You'd better make a complete explana-
ton before we call the police
The old chemist stroked his whiskers
thoushtfully.
That is beautiful thought" he said,
speaking slowly and precisely. That
is a beautiful thought in the pay of
Germany
There is only one fault ! can find
with it" he concluded. II was born in
Paris. of French parents, who traced
their ancestry back three hundred
years. That is the only fault l can
find. and"
He was talking to empty space. The
posse comitatus had sneaked out
quietly.
These are parlous times. Let US, say J,
hunt out the enemy in our midst.
But when we go hunting let US be
tolerably sure. at first. that he Is the
enemy. BORBIE HILL.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1917-04-29

pirate food. and several shoots may
thus be injured by larva in the
course of its growth. "A striking Illus
tration of this preference Cor tender
growth" say the entomologists, was
noted in an orchard in Virginia near
Washington. Here the orchard trees
had practically ceased their growth.
and although n large percentage OF
the twigs showed injury, careful
search of these resulted in finding no
larvae. In an adjoining bio, X of nursery
trees sim growing vigorously larvae
were found in all stages Injury TO
during the active period of growth OF
the trees, even in the presence of
fruit "
The fruit may be attacked while it
is quite green, and as it approaches
maturity the infestation increases. for
larvae of all sizes have been found
abundantly in peaches during the ripen-
ing stage from midsummer on. Cen
orally the caterpillars eat through the
skin of the peach at or near the point
of attachment of the fruit stem, but
entrance may also be made at other
places, especially where the fruit has
been bruised by the branches, by hail
or other causes Sometimes the en-
trance holes are so inconspicuous that
il is difficult to detect wormy fruit by
exterior examination. and what APP
pears to be sound fruit on being opened
is found to be infested with one, or
more larvae. -
August Busck of the bureau of ento-
mology has prepared careful descrip-
ton of the moth, and specimens are
on exhibition in the National Museum.
There are several American species
closely allied to this moth, but IL is
unlikely that the species is a native
OF this country. The entomoIogists say
that probably 1t has been accidentally
introduced from Japan, where closely
allied species also occur. though the
present species has not hitherto been
They believe that the theory
of the japanese origin is strengthened
by single specimen of species of
Laspeyresia which was raised from a
shipment of pears from Japan 10
Seattle. They are unable to differenti-
ate this specimen from those raised
from peach IN the east and believe
to u til' IL at4c-ti y. ss.as
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1917-04-29

The knowledge of the principles of
art is thus serving a thoroughly utilt-
tartan pugpose. For instance, pho-
tographs of batteries reveal their high
lights-that is, the white lights which
are reflected by all shiny surfaces-and
by them the batteries are easily 10
Gated. So all batteries have been paint
ed over. so that their highlights do not
show. Places where they naturally
fall are known to artists. and the guns
in these locations are painted aual
black The sides of the guns are
barred so that these objects. as regis
tered by the camera. equal nothing
subtracted from nothing. to quote MT.
Bartlett.
pressed into service. The sculptor mad
been given no less a prominent place.
Two exceptionally interesting stories
come from France. giving an account
of the sculptors' place in the work OF
camouf1age.
a lone tree was left standing in the
center of a meadow that had been de,
vastated of all its other trees and
shrubs This meadow lay between two
lines of enemy trenches and the tree,
of course, made a fine tower of OBJ
servation. But if a scout did solve
the problem of getting to 1t under cover
of nightfall he would stand slim
chance of getting through the morrow
with his life-his position in the
branches of the tree would be instantly
observed.
The sculptors of the camouflage di-
vis'cn decided to use the old tree in a
different way. Thay made pap'er-
mache imitation tree with a hollow
center and few "knot-holes" for peep
holes. In this hollow center they con-
cealed a man. and when night came
they took down the old Tree and made
the substitution, with the result that
they learned many valuable facts about
the enemys trench movements thar
would have never been discovered from
a distant point of observation.
A similar exploit is told of another
section of the French forces, where a
battle had been fought. dead horse
lay in the field on a spot that was
excellently suited for observation. A pa
pier-mache horse was hurriedly made.
hollow within, as was the tree. A man
crawled inside. and during the night
the dead animal was dragged back to
the lines, and his prototype laid in his
place Also. a concealed telephone wire
was run from the horse to the lines
The man inside thus kept in constant
communication with his officers.
The story of the successful siege of
ancient Troy by means of the wooden
horse was repeated with only slight
variation.
These are but few Of the accom-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1917-04-29

soon as he saw he was not to be i'm
mediately arrested for running a gam
bling house.
"A few friends of NINE" he explained,
ARE visiting me here. You may have
our names"
NO, I'll CO." said the detective. And
as he reached the door he blurted out:
me you were holding German spy meet
ings I'll mash his nose if it takes me
twenty years"
They gave him a cigar to quiet him
but it only made him more loquacious.
Somebody, he said, had tried to make IA
chump of him. If he could find out
who that fool was he would show them
which was the fool and whether he
could be fooled by a fool. AT this point
his rhetoric became inextricably COM
plicated.
For stenfield's neighbors sake, the
Observer hopes that neither Steinfield
nor the detective learns his identity.
Simple pursuits take on a deadly sig
nificance these days. The Observer
learned the other day of an elderly
man, the possessor of eyeglasses, a
doinellke brow and set of long whis-
kers, who speaks broken English This
man has been dabbling in chemistry
for years and years and though lots of
folks thought him eccentric nobody
suggested that he was demon in hu-
man guise. Just before war was de-
clared neighbor of this man remem-
bered that from time to time a series
of astonishing odors had drifted out of
the old mans windows. 1t couldn't be
cooking, argued the neighbor, because
If a man ate food that smelled like
that he would have been dead years and
years ago.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1917-04-29
New P@stIs Devowrimg Peach and Cherry Trees

n NEW and strange fruit pest is at
~ work among the peach and ap-
pie. as well as among the cherry
trees of the District of Columbia and
the adjacent country A. l. Quaintance
and w. B. Wood. entomologist in charge
and chronological assistant, respective
ly, of the bureau of entomology. in the
Department of Agriculture, have re-
Gently called attention to the discovery
in the District and it's environs of an
important insect enemy of the peach,
which they believe to be new to the
United States, and apparently not here
tofore known to science. They have
said that observations on this species
during last summer and fall warrant
the fear that another formidable IN
sect enemy of the peach and other de-
ciduous fruits has become established
in America.
The insect is a moth belonging to the
genus of Laspeyresia, which they say
contains numerous species of prime i'm
portance as pests in different parts of
the world. Among the kindred of this
pest are the common plum worm or
plum maggot of Europe. an insect
which bores the bark of peach, cherry.
plum and apple trees; the common pea
moth, the moth that is a pest to the
sugar cane growers Of Java. the great
err and lesser apple worms of the United
States and the pecan moth.
The entomologists of the Department
of Agriculture say that SO far as they
know the newly discovered insect is
still confined to the general region of
the District of Columbia. They say:
at is very generally present in peach
trees in yards and elsewhere in the
CITY of Washington and adjacent towns
In Virginia and Maryland, within a
radius of fifteen or eighteen miles. Elk
amples of injury to the peach by what
is believed to be this insect. however.
have been seen in the environs of Balti-
more"
The insect is thought to have been
present In the District of Columbia
for four or five years. or perhaps
somewhat longer. Specimens OF in
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1917-04-29

jured twigs were received at the bu-
reau of entomology in the fall OF 1913
and the work attributed to an unknown
insect, although they are now believed
to have been injured by this recently
discovered insect. \ few examples of
injured twigs We're received or col
lected during 1914 and 1915, but il was
not until the fall of 1915 that its in
juries we're at all common. They
were not successful in obtaining adults
from the larvae until the spring of
1916, and the single specimen then OBJ
tanned did not prove sufficient for
Identification purposes. During the
summer OF 1916, however, an abundance
of adults were reared and certain OBJ
servations made concerning the biology
and injuries of the insect.
The larvae have been found injuring
twigs of the peach. plum and cherry
and the fruit of the peach, though the
plum and cherry have not shown such
general infestation as observed in the
peach, and. according to the investi-
gators, it would appear that the peach
is the insects preferred food plant.
One of the discoveries as announced
by the entomologists which viii be
interesting to most of the people of
Washington is this. 1T should be
stated that Towering cherries growing
here and there in parks in Washington,
especially the extensive paintings of
Japanese towering cherries in Potomac
Park. are very generally infested. The
twig injury to the cherry and plum is
essentially the same as for the peach.
though it is less conspicuous. due to
less gum emulation"
X X
Messrs Quaintance and Wood, in
their report, said that in one peach
orchard under observation an examina-
ton last fall showed that from so to
80 per cent of the twigs had been in
jured and an even higher percentage
of twigs of adjacent peach nursery
stock had been attacked. The larvae
prefer tender, actively growing shoots.
and their injury to these is scarcely
from that of the COM
mon peach-twig borer. or peach moth.
The caterpillars pass from one shoot
to another in their search for applc-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1917-04-29
The Observer Learns About the @Em@my i'm Our Midst

troduced him to me. Mr.. Won Gaumer,'
said the man in introducing me.
Il saw his foolish face light up. You
could tell that a giant idea was strug-
Cling in his brain. He was seeing a
great light
"A little later / excused myself and
started to the place where l could
get down my little bet: l intended
/ hadn't walked a block before
realized that the human mussel l had
met was following me. / tried to lose
him. but it was no use. Every time
turned he turned.
II know the man who runs the place
where / was going to place my little
bet. If this bird had followed me there
the proprietor of the place would have
murdered him first and me afterward
For two mortal hours L walked trying
to lose that spy hound. And finally
gave up and tottered to a street car
and rode home. He was on the rear
platform of the car. When i walked
up to my front door he approac hed me
with his cussed hand outstretched
:" Mr.. Won Gaumer'. he said, 4 owe
you an apology. l have been follow
ing you and l find you were merely
taking a little walk
THE only reason l didn't kill him
then and there is because he walked
away before / could get my breath"
For a long. effective minute Adolph
was silent.
THE horse l i0tended betting on
came in first, next day." he concluded
bitterly
Precautions are good. 1t is well to
know who is in our midst But none
the less 1t is mighty uncomfortable for
a number of good American citizens
as patriotic as any other-who happen
to have a won" or Stein" or some
thing of the kind in their names.
1t wasn't long after his meeting with
AdoIph that the Observer heard of the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1917-04-29

The framework If there be any. is de-
signed and the finished scene" is rushed
to the spot il is intended to conceal
The operation is but slightly akin TO
that of theatrical scene painting. for the
scene painter lays on his colors for indoor
exhibition only. The camoufiage artist
must paint for outdoor exhibition. His
knowledge of outdoor lights and shadows
must he assured.
In the work of the Washington divi-
sion. the color theory of Michael Jacobs
will be employed, il is understood. A
knowledge of this color theory. in which
he substituted modern scientific laws OF
light and color rays for the old pignen-
tary rules. enables the artist of talent
TO paint outdoor scenes without direct
observation of outdoor effects: in other
words, to paint outdoor scenes indoors.
SO. the American camoufiage division.
with reinforcements from Europe's ex-
perience and native artists ability and
energy, is prepared to lend distance. not
enchantment, but complete illusion.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1917-04-29

a the Observer approached Adolph
IN he noticed Rudolph was acting
in a peculiar and suspicious
manner. He glowered and clenched
bis hands agressiyely.
%, 4, ,, ,
ma. uo sou ne ueiiahoeo
truculently as the Observer stepped
nm TO him The accent on. the pronoun
;s,aLah,a
was
II don't see why you speak IKE that
10 me-" replied the Observer in hurt
$3.50, al don't remamhar baytno No.
:,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1917-04-29

Alexander Hamilton; after trying state
banks, national banks, double or gold
and silver standard and fiat" fallacies,
return of the prodigal has been made
to a central control of banks and
money.
This bower is conferred in the federal
reserve board, which consists of five
members appointed by the President.
1t was organized in the fall of 1914.
with William Hamlin as governor and
Messrs. Harding. Warburg. Delano and
Miller as members. Besides these the
Secretary of the Treasury and the con-
troller of the currency are ex officio
members, tn" Secretary being chairman
of the board.
There is not one central bank, such as
Hamilton recommended, but located in
each of the twelve districts into which
for this purpose continental United
States is divided, is a central reserve
bank for that district. all being I'M
der the supervision and general con-
troll of the reserve board in Washing
ton, although the internal affairs of
each of the twelve federal reserve banks
are managed by its own board of direc-
tors. Each of these has the power to
establish one or more branches, and all
national banks and some state banks
and trust companies have become men,
Der banks of the reserve system, thus
producing harmony of action in money
control.
The distinguishing feature of fed
eral reserve bank is that it can by de-
posting certain securities obtain at
short notice as many notes as may be
necessary to meet the needs of it's
member banks. carry them over a crisis
and then by simple operation retire
this special issue when the need which
created it no longer exists. This
furnishes the elastic currency" long
needed to relieve contraction of the
money market in emergencies
The value of money is measured by
how much it will purchase. and the
generally accepted standard of money
is gold. which. like every other COM
modify. varies in value with the sup
ply relative to the demand. one of the
reasons for the present high prices is
that the civilized worlds supply of gold
is per capita greater than ever before,
thus lowering the market value of the
money metal
A note. whether of an individual.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1917-04-29


x
This elasticity of currency must not
be taken a substitute for conserva-
tive banking: the increment to the cir
culating medium adds nothing to the
wealth of nation or people. But it is a
measure of incalculable value to keep
money in circulation. or. in event of a
panic, where people foolishly with
draw notes from public use. to supply
the deficiency until good sense returns
or the balance of trade swings back.
and is perhaps the most effective
agency to allay any money panic that
would follow war.
1t is within the province of the board.
and a power which it exercises. to In
fluence and in some respects to con-
troll the banking interests of the coun-
try, and it is in this respect that its
richest field will be found. for. after
all. it is the banking interests which
provide the immediate funds to meet
financial emergencies.
1t encourages sound methods of con-
Quoting business by checking imitation.
fostering the practice of taking ac-
ceptances for goods sold instead of the
more dangerous practice of giving long
credits.
Eventually reserve bank notes will
supersede the national bank notes. and
they may perhaps take the place of the
''greenbacks," through which SO much
gold has been withdrawn from the
Treasury without reducing the liabili-
ties of the government. This reduction
of the currency to one or two kinds OF
money will tend to create even
greater confidence in its stability.
The work of the reserve board has
not been easy. Its duties began at a
time when the scountry had been
through a great financial strain, at a
time when everything looked dark.
when Europe was sending its securities
to our markets and taking our money
away fast it could. when no inn
ports were coming in and the customs
houses were not collecting revenue
enough to meet the needs of the Treas
ury But the board faced its problems
and fought them out. with the result
that if trouble comes il will be met
with a banking system that now has
been tried and found not wanting.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1917-04-29
On and Off.

NOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, Jr, In Y.
" M. C. A. address was condemning
American extravaganza
-Of how many of our American fam
lies" he exclaimed, "can 1t truly be
said:
What lot of style they are putting
on, and what lot of creditors they
are putting off,"