davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1917-08-20
Local Racer at Athens.

Lawrence K. Martins Ferrys only
representative on the race track this
summer will be tnkekn TO Athens today
To race at the Athens county fair this
week. Paddy Roup OF North Firth
street. owner of the trotter. will leave
this morning for the southern city and
will likely ride behind the racer this
week. Next week tho horse will race
al Woodsfield and the following week at
the Wcst Virginia state fair on the Is
land. Two weeks ago ut the Ritchie
county wv. Va.) fair the horse came
within the money.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1917-08-20

Officer Johnson and Constable Brit
ton were called to Stop % last night to
investigate fight reported to + oc-
CURED between two foreign l. lies.
Owing to tho fact that the officers
we're without warrants. no arrests were
made, but it is possible that one OF the
families Will prefer charges against the
other In Squire Junkins court
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1917-08-20
NArro aun,uAn TAKEN.

Thomas Rabbit" Ward, who shot UP
a saloon here and then shot and wounded
Patrolman Ernest Schroeder Of the city
force, was captured by local and Brooke
county officers at tho La Belle coke
plent and returned to this city. He Ii
being held on charge Of shooting with
intent to kill '--s.-
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1917-08-20
1udss. comruirnion Here This Wsek.

The Belmont county budget commits
sion composed of Prosecuting Attorney
George Thornburg. County Auditor Bert
Hopkins and County Treasurer Robert
D. H!lles will be here on Wednesday
afternoon to meet with the township
trustees, township board OF education.
council and the city board Of education
to fix the levy for the respective de-
partments for the first half OF 1918.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1917-08-20
Ellsworth Shrlver Home. .

Ellsworth Shriver who was given a
commission week before last at Fort
Leavenworth, arrived home yesterday
for q three days visit with his pnr-
ents and friends In this city. Shrirer
WAS granted a second lieutcnancy In
the engineering corps. and will probably
be assigned 10 construction work al An
napolis or at chilllcothe. He will leave
Wednesday for Columbus.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1917-08-20
Maid rnv,stirntion Here.

The investigation into the murder Of
George Kovach at Florence yesterday
was held at the local city building last
night Prosecuting Attorney Thornburg
and Sheriff Osborn brought Lee Coch-
ran, who is charged with the crime TO
the city building. where he was ques-
toned regarding the murder.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1917-08-20

Martins Ferry church in the absence
Of tho pastor. Since being sentenced
here. he has been converted at the Union
Gospel mission in Wheeling. and Is now
making daily assaults upon the liquor
traffic He was induced to go to the
Wheeling mission through reading Of
1t in a paper while confined in the
county tall
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1917-08-20
Goes 70 NoA.

Patrons OF the Warrington schools
will be sorry to learn that Mrs. Mary
f. Simmons. for the past seven years
teacher and supervisor Of the 9Th grade
has resigned. to accept tho position OF
principal Of the Metz high school. !,
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1917-08-20
Hudxst Communion Hsro,

The county budget commission oom-
posed Of Prosecuting Attorney George
Thornburg. County Auditor Hopkins and
County Treasurer Hilles. will meet In
the township clerks office next Tues
day to adjust valuations.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1917-08-20
Plan Celebration.

A committee will meet this week TO
draw UP plans for patriotic celebration
In the form Of farewell to the men
drawn In tho draft who will lcavc In
September TIE date for the affair has
not yet been decided upon. nor HAY"
the details been arranged. but 1t will
take plnce cnrly In September
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1917-08-20
Many Aoo,deut. Out tn. Pin.

Reports Of no less than dozen minor
auto accidents cut the National pike
had been received at the Cunningham
garage on West Main street last night.
None Of tho accidents was serious and
no one was injured. Early yesterday
two big touring cars met head-on out
the pike. but no ono was hurt. One
Of tina cars was brought to the Cum
ningham garage. but was removed yes
terday afternoon by the Overland COM
pany Of Wheeling. The owner did not
leave q name.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1917-08-20
ur6omork Briefa.

DR.. J. K. Hunter spent Sunday In
Flushing.
officer johnson and Constable Brttton
were In st. Clairsville yesterday.
Not an arrest was made yesterday by
the local police.
The Fort Henry band. formerly Meis-
ters' band, has been engaged to play
at the West Virginia state fair
Prosecuting Attorney Thornburg and
Sheriff Osburn were in town for a short
time last night
William Bailey Of St. Clairsville was
the guest Of local friends last evening.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1917-08-20
welsh Xold Hez1o,

The Welsh people Of the Ohio Valley
held their annual picnic at Stanton Park
here Saturday afternoon. 800 being IN
attendance from valley towns between
East Liverpool and Wheeling. A day Of
sport was followed by big picnic din
ner and dance. A Welsh choir Of 900
voices rendered music for the occasion.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1917-08-20
Ra1easnd Under bond.

Two Wheeling men who attempted to
assault Officer johnson Saturday night
were released yesterday under bond or
s25 each to appear for hearing this
evening. They will be charged with re-
sisting an officer. Both men put up
stiff fight and the policeman was rorceo
to use his new mace on the heaos OF
both men
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1917-08-20
Mission Converts Spoke.

Two converts of the Onion Gospel
mission of Wheeling spoke at the First
NJ. f. church yesterday morning IN the
absence Of Rev. F. E. Shtltz who Is on
his vacation. Superintendent Cory OF
the mission, was slated to speak. but
was unable to be present, Both speak
ers were former booze-fighters whose
manner Of living has been changed by
the Wheeling mission.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1917-08-20
MARTINS FERRY
White Funeral Held.

with Rev. George Hall. pastor or
the First Christian church officiating
funeral services were held Yesterday at
tcrnoon at the home Of Fred White on
East Hanover street for his mother. Mrs
Elizabeth White, who died Friday. In
terment was at Riverview cemetery. The
floral offerings were many and beauti-
full, q separate carriage being required
to convey them to the cemetery.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1917-08-20
BELLAIRE5

Bellaire Council No. 1916. Knights Of
|lumbus. will hold big meeting sun
b afternoon. September ., in Odd Eel
&'s hall on Belmont street. The major
gree will be conferred. The work Will
in charge of State Deputy Charles 4.
Ayne and staff. assisted by the Mar
is fiery degree team.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1917-08-20

will go to EpUorth park this morning
to attend the annual institute which
opens today. The institute will con-
tinue all week and two noted educators
will be the instructors. Superintendent
e. S. Mcvay will preside over the ses-
sions.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1917-08-20

we're arrested today and CHARGED With
failing to register. They were released
on bond. They and John Henry SchafKer
Of Toronto. arrested Thursday, will be
arraisned before U. S. Commissioner r.
L. Finley here Tuesday.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1917-08-20
To PORN Junior Red Cross.

A Junior Red Cross organization FOR
girls between IL and 1G years OF age
will be formed tomorrow afternoon al
8 o'clock at meeting for girls. TO De
held at the home Of Mrs. Charles Gpde-
graft, ~ North Fourth street The pur-
pose Of the proposed organization ls to
offer the girls an opportunity to help
in the sewing and other work taken by
women members Of the Martins Ferry
branch Of the Red Cross.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1917-08-20
Both Arms 1eokoa,

The twelve year old son Of Minor
Hilberry fell from an apple tree on
Monday. near his home on Buffalo road
and broke both bones In both His fore
arms.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1917-08-20

Funeral services were held yesterday
afternoon at the home OF Mrs. John
Knapper for her mother. Mrs. Nancy
Oliver aged colored woman Of this oity
who died Friday afternoon. Interment
was at Llnwood cemetery.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1917-08-20

and d ring six
months of this time
was under a doc
tors care without
getting any help.
] decided to try
Lydia E. Pinkham's
Vegetable Com
pound and it made
me feel like q new
woman. / am en-
tirely relieved of
tn 9 displacement
orA rartoSSn rot~o
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1917-08-20
Examine n6ors Younr Men,

Bel1aire district draft board will OK
anime $50 additional men Wednesday.
Members Of the board stated that the
quota Of 307 for this district may be
secured from the additional men.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1917-08-20
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION.
edo. 8: Milwaukee, 10.

Toledo. 8: Milwaukee. 10.
Toledo. 6: Milwaukee, 7.
Columbus. S: Kansas City. o.
Columbus. 2: Kansas City, I.
indianapolis. s; st. Paul. 10.
Louisville. 8: Minneapolis. /.
Louisville. 2; Minneapolis. S.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1917-08-20
Homo Prom CONVENTION.

samuel f. Ault. veteran engineer nj
b Imperial Glass works where he at
hded the annual convention Of the In
Irrational Steam and Operating En-
beers as a delegate from Local No
3. Mr.. Ault will give report OF the
Invention at the next regular meeting
the union.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1917-08-20
Sunday School Picnic.

The annual outing Of tho Florence NJ.
z. Sunday school will be held Wednes-
day in the Davis Grove on Winding Hill.
The committee in charge has prepared a
fine program for the day.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1917-08-20

John Travis. aged q, we'll known
citizen, dropped dead Of heart failure
while playing baseball with . crowd Of
youngsters at Sunday school picnic At
Stanton park.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1917-08-20
B A L D L S
N E w I r A L I A N
r E s r A U R A N r
3170 Belmont Street,
Opp. City Bldg.

LUNCH AND DINING ROOMS
Private Dining Rooms For Parties
EIRST-CLASS COOKING
italian Spaghetti a specially. Home
made Spaghetti on Sunday. Spring
Chicken and good italian dishes. I'M
ported APpetizers.
HONEST PRICES
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1917-08-20
CENTRAL LEAGUE.

Richmond. l; Springfield. I.
Richmond. 4; Springfield. S.
Fort Wayne. 4: Grand Rapids, ..
Peoria. g.; Muskegon. Z.
Perioa. 3; Muskegon. I.
Evansville, IS; Dayton. 4.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1917-08-20

r. S. Bonar. s. Riainger. J. N. Smith
and wife Of this city. and s. r. Hancn
Of Glen Easton, left Saturday for Bos.
ron. Mass, to attend the annual en-
campmcnt OF the G. A. r.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1917-08-20
N..+ rni. Evenin1.

The regular meeting fthe city board
education will be held this evening In
E office OF superintendent {. 5. Nc
~. Plans for opening the schools In
ptember will be completed.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1917-08-20
pound.Up Of AlleEsd 6lAoksrI.

The roundup Of alleged "slackers" 10
on In Jefferson county in earnest Three
arrests have been made by federal
agents In the past two days. Leroy c.
Woods, %. we'll known milk dealer OF
this city, and Alex Jeblowski Of Toronto
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1917-08-20
reaohsrs TO Bethesda.

Local teachers will leave today for
Bethesda to attend the annual teachers
institute 1T Epwortn park. Among those
leaving arc Misses Lena l-aipple. Lena
Malby, Elizabeth Malby, Jessie Hoge,
Elizabeth Hoge, Lottie Kemp. Alice
Beuly. Superintendent Gillette left last
week.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1917-08-20

A selt-irrigating flower pot has
recently been invented. the irriga-
ton being provided by wick extend
ing from It's saucer to the soil which
It contains.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1917-08-20

A second call 10 2S6 Marion county,
boys has gone out, to report for exam.
ination at the Warrington headquarters
on Monday. Tuesday and Wednesday o
this week.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1917-08-20
scouts leave Tomorrow.

The local troop Of Boy Scouts, to-
gether with the Martins Ferry scouts
viii leave tomorrow morning for point
on the river near Darlington to spend
10 days In their annual encampment
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1917-08-20
In a Nav Aola.

A Wheeling man who was sent up
from Mayor Schafer's court to the
county jail early in the summer on
charge of being drunk. appeared In a
new role yesterday when he spoke at
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1917-08-20
Euneral Of Child.

The funeral Of Ray. young son OF
and Mrs. Harry Deevers of Rose
|Il. who died Thursday. took place
Sterday afternoon. Services were con-
|cted at the home at o'clock. Inter-
mt was In Rose Hill cemetery.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1917-08-20
A GRADUATE
NURSE
Why She Recommends Lydia
E. Pinkham's Vegetable
Compound.

Chicago. Ill.-"I was in poor health
for two years. caused by displacement,
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1917-08-20

Many Teachers win Attend
all Of the local teachers
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1917-12-29
FRANCE To CALL
CLASS Of 1878
Premier Refuses to Release
Older Men From Service;
Need Men Behind Lines.

Paris, France. Dec. 29.-Ths debate
on the bin authorizing the govern
ment 70 prepare lists OF the men Of
the class Of 1919. preparatory to call
ing them % the coIors, was seized up
on today By critics OF premier Glen
enceau as an opening for an attack
on the subject OF releasing the older
soldiers. In the plainest language the
premier refused to give any guaranty.
He received the enthusiastic applause
OF the greater part OF the deputies
The vote IN the chamber yesterday,
NJ Clemenceau said. was a mandate
TO the government TO carry on the war
and he asked the chamber to give him
the means. Gen. Petain had asked for
a certain number OF men to carry on
urgently needed work on cantOnmenrs
behind the line. II was his purpose to
detail 70 this work German prisoners.
the Russians who had been fighting
in France until the time OF the Rus
sian overturn.
AT the time when Germans divis-
ions whose number I cannot calculate
are arriving at our front from Dus-
STA, IS 10 proper for you to find fault
about a few hundred men I uee1z IL
Clemenceau demanded III men from
the rear are required at the front
they must return TO the front"
The bill vas adopted 425 to 70
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1917-12-29
GUARD OFFICERS
MAY GO TO TRAINING CAMP

Denver. Colo. Dee ga limited
number OF officers or former officers
OF the national guard may be accepted
for training at the third series Of Of
fIcers' training camps. IL was an
nounced here today by the office OF
Adjt. Gen. Baldwin. The office gave
out the following telegram from the
war department
physically fit officers and former Of
ficers national guard between ages %
and AZ may enlist as privates first
class. attendance commencing jan
uary Is. at designated training camps
in southern states and southern Cali
foruia on approval applications by
mailed"
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1917-12-29

meut sent him some wooden guns,
useful for drill. but useless in teach
ing men how to kill He had no as
suIauce when machine guns would be
available and said that even If no
had fuu equipment he would want
four months 90 train his men for ac-
tive service
Camp Bowie has no overcoat short
age. The commander said, but the men
were not all supplied until Dec %,
after a cold spell had set In He said
some of the blankets were rather
limsy. apparently bought in an
emergency He said he was short 400
pieces Of transport and had received
no motor trucks whatever
IG Deaths n Day.
Gen. Greble said the camp unfor-
tuuatelv had q high sick rate.
For a time we had about 1 deaths
day, ne said" Pneumonia and
measles were the principal causes He
said hospital facilities were made
quate and the men were not given the
proper care. The health OF the COM
maud has improved since, he said. SO
men being reported sick on Dec. O.
he said enough tents now mad been
received and he had put five men In
@ tent
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1917-12-29
GERMANY IS NOT AFRAID
OF AMERICA. SAYS ADMIRAL

Petr0grad. Russia, Dec. 29.-Baron
admiral keyserIingk OF the imperial
German navy and former naval at
tache Of the German embassy al Pet
rograd who headed the advance
guard OF the German peace delegl-
ton which arrived here last night.
declared that Germany did not fear
America and that II Germany had
feared the American fleet she never
would have begun her submarine
campaign
There IS a certain tiredness with
var in Germany" said the admiral.
we want peace, but we have wanted
peace since the beginning We wiz
not agree TO an unfavorabIe peace.
We are prepared TO fight for a long
time ana have the means 10 do so
II we make separate peace with
Russia war with Russia's allies can
not frighten us. in particular. war
with America.
The only power dangerous 20 Us
ls America. hut we are not afraid OF
her. II we had feared the American
fleet We never would have begun our
submarine warfare
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1917-12-29
PERSHING TELLS
Of LIQUOR Use
Says Total Prohibition Dis
cussed With French Off
Gals; Cites Objections.

/ With the American Army IN France,
I Dec 29.-Gen. :. J. Pershing. IN an
interview with correspondents today,
said the question OF prohibiting the
sale of all intoxicating liquors 90
/ American troops. which ne favors. Is
/ being discussed with the French gov
/ eminent. He explained his recent or
der prohibiting the sale OF all intoXi-
( cants except light wines and beer and
( the conditions prevailing IN France
which caused &c TO be drawn as 70
was.
The question OF prohibiting The sale
OF all intoNicants 10 American troops
is under discussion with the French
government. said Gen Pershing, but,
Of course, there are difficulties here
in France that do not exist I'm the
United States. The general order is
sued December IS was long step to-
ward the prevention Of drinking
among our men.
Not An Invitation to Drink.
1T was not by any means intended
10 convey an injunction TO the Amer
lean troops to drink light wines and
beer. but quite the reverse. II was
drawn TO conform TO French re-ula-
tions on the subject.
1T stated only that light wines and
beer would he permitted and prohi5-
ited the purchase Of and acceptance OF
gifts OF whisky. brandy, Champagne
OF similar beverages It ordered that
all drinking places where such artl-
cIes are sold be forbidden American
soldiers IT Is the same regulation
made I'm France by the British army
and by the French
Can't Very Well Close French Saloons.
Although Z am heartily IN favor OF
prohibition FOR the American eXpedi- F.
ti0nary force. the situation in France
and the United States is not the same. 7
drink water as we do. they drink wine
instead. This IS partly because the
French water supply is not rs pure as
ours French wine is light and less
Intoxicating than IS supposed. An in b
fONlCated Frenchman IS q rare sight F.
indeed. French beer IS also by no
means strong. The French govern .
wine ration. Obviously there are OBJ
stacles 20 forbiddinE wine shops fin
the zone Of the army to do business at P
all. which practically is what the
French would have 70 do Local SEN
Q iment viii play large part ia the
determination OF the questions.
Prevent Spread OF Social Diseases.
The same order which forbade SOL
tiers taking strong drink contained .
the most rigid regulations 70 preve-
the spread or the social diseases. The
Two questions are connected closely.
Thus FAR the record Of the army IN
both respects has been most excellent.
Il Is highly gratifying TO me and IS
2 testimonial 20 the nigh character Of
the American soldier. Everything
possible is being done TO protect his
morals and his health and TO make
him an honor TO himself and his Ccun-
.rymen- by A P.1
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1917-12-29
AMERICAN ARMY ABROAD
is ALMOST SHOWED UNDER

With the American Army IN France.
Dec 29.-Sull another day OF howl
ing snow stOrm-the fourth-sar
virtually the entire American expedT-
tlouary force within the army zone
abandon preparations 10 battle the
Germans and begin TO fight 10 keep
from being showed under
All Thursday night and throuEhout
Friday the flakes fell. choking the
roads and badly delaying traffic.
BY nightfall the roads were I'm such
shape that plows were brought out
10 keep the way clear. soon after
dark the sky cleared and a fulI moon
came out, bathing the entire country
IN light almost as bright as dav and
making conditions ideal for air raids.
There were low hanging clouds on the
horizon, giving promise Of more snow
virtually ali training work was called
Off-(By "A. P)
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1917-12-29
Solving the Problem of What Truck to Buy

The market afforded selection of over 200
makes Of machines, each advancing arguments
favorable to itself Should each be given a
trial? Should a mixed fleet be Installed with
the purpose of determining the best9 The
thought was preposterous.
Undoubtedly the records of the automobile IN
dustry would be guide IN the right direction, 50
a thorough investigation of the entire field was
made with a view of Learning Who Is who IN
the industry. First. the names Of all makers Of
trucks who had no standing or record were dis
carded. This act was prompted by the fact that
only 300 of the truck makers doing business
four years ago are IN existence today, so no
chances of an orphan fleet could be nsked. OF
the Others, several gave promise of fulfilling the
requirements, so investigation was concentrated
on what appeared to be the best Of these. Man
ufacturing plants were visited, operators inter
viewed, the financial standing and reliability Of
the concerns determined. and the trade papers
consulted. From the mass of data thus collected
comparisons were made. essentials and non
essentials separated. and every item carefully
weighed until the path led IN one general direc-
tion-to one of the oldest and largest Truck
makers IN this country.
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1917-12-29
Ell PASO MECHANIC JOINS
u. S. ARMY AVIATION CORPS

J G. Oechsner. OF the smith Ma
chine company, has enlisted in the
aviation section Of the signal CORPS
OF the .. S. army and is expecting
mand.
Air. Oechsner IS q skilled machinlst
and expert motor mechanic. He has
been identified with an auto and cycle
racing held here and in Juarez fo- the
past several years and 10 may be re-
called that IT. was he who tuned cold
Betsy" and "E VI. F." having made
cam shaft Of his own desiCn for
the latter car IN 1913.
In 1914 he set the track record IA
duarez on the White Thor motorcycle.
time So seconds. His fastest Ian was
at the speed rate of 70 32-IO0 miles
per hour. This record has never been
lowered.