davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1917-05-05
NEW REVENUE BILL
GOES TO The HOUSE
MEASURE NOT REGARDED BY
THE TREASURY DEPART.
MENT AS SATISFACTORY

Nhy Associated RresA.D
WASHINGTON, d. c., May 5.-A
war revenue measure which prom
ises to be unsatisfactory both to the
treasury department officials and
several members of the ways and
means committee, will be put into
shape by the committee probably to-
day, and reported to the house Mon
day.
Some of the committeeman, par
ticularly those opposed to an excess
profits tax, plan to carry their fight
to the floor of the house and later
to the senate finance committee, if
necessary.
The treasury is expected to OBJ
ject because the measure does not
provide for raising the total of ST.
S00,000,000 desired by Secretary Nc
Adoo. 1t probably will be nearer
81, 800, 100000.
Some of the stamp taxes adopted
were: For bonds, debentures or GER
tificates of Indebtedness, five cents
on each 500; bonds for indemnify
ing, so cents per $100; capital stock
issued originally or for reorganiza-
tion, cents per 800; capital stock
sales or transfers, cents per 800;
sales at boards of trade or exchanges
for future delivery, / cent per $100:
drafts or checks payable otherwise
than on sight or demand, aromis-
sorry notes, except bank notes issued
for circulation. cents per 800:
deeds Of conveyance, so cents each
and upward; entry of goods at Gus
tom house. 25 cents for the first $500
value and at an increasing rate there
after; life insurance. cents per
800; marine. inland and fire insur-
ance, l cent per 800; and passenger
tickets for water transportation to a
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1917-05-05

Der of banks from which replies
are expected, had been tabulated
when the office closed. These car
ried offers of subscriptions to the
amount of 138,674,000
Should the ratio of the first re-
sponse be maintained in replies from
the other banks, the banks and their
customers alone would offer sub
scriptions totalling approximately
81, 100000, 900.
One subscription of $20,000,000 was
received from a bank in New York.
Another was for $5,000.00O. The
smallest subscription was $5,OOO0O0.
New York led the list of state with
subscriptions aggregating approxi-
mately $72,0O0,000; more than half
the total amount Amounts subscrib-
ed by the first banks to respond
grouped by states included
California, $4,000; Colorado. ST.
100000; Illinois. $ls,s95,OOO; Iowa.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1917-05-05

(Hy Associated Press.)
COPENHAGEN, May 5.-The ST.
lence OF German Imperial Chancel-
lor Won Bethmann- Hollweg concern
ing Germany's peace terms, If, as
declared, il is based on desire to
avoid disrupting the unity of feel
ing in the country by discussion of
contentious questions and not, as
some uncharitable German critics as
sert, on the absence of definite
government peace policy, has failed
OF its object An acrimonious con
troyersy is now ranging in Germany
between the big annexationists, the
little annexationists and the advo-
Gates of no annexation and indemni-
ties whatever.
The Pan-German league has sent
circulars to its branches throughout
the country asking them to organize
meetings everywhere In the interests
of German peace" and against the
Socialist propaganda. The conserya-
tives have introduced an interpella-
tion in the reichstag in an endeavor
to smoke out van Bethmann-1oll.
veg, and force him to declare him.
self for or against the Schiedemann
program. The radicals have intro
duced a similar Interpolation in the
Preussian diet.
The revival OF the activity of the
imperiaistic organizations of agri-
culture and industry, who were re,
sponsible for the famous suppressed
kA 81. 1aaa MIA
with a sweeping annexationist pro
gram in 1915, is marked by the is
sue Of stiffly worded pronouncia.
mento from long list of agricul-
tural. industrial and even religious
organizations. The Pan-German
leagues are demanding peace with
indemnities, increased territories and
greater power for Germany
The Socialists meeting on the 9th
er hand are making and strengthen
ing public opinion for a peace with
no indemnities and no annexation.
The Socialist leaders obviously are
endeayoring to sweep the govern
ment and the imperial chancellor
into a declaration of the German
peace aims on similar lines and
which could be used at the Stock
holm conference.
The moderate elements who favor
taking what can be gotten are as
sailing Won BethmannHollweg for
weakened shrinking from trouble
and demand in resolutions adopted
by the liberal party and in the ed
itorials of such papers as the VOs
siche Zeitung, that the chancellor
now make a clear and definite state
mont OF policy as a step towards
inner and outer peace.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1917-05-05
CHICAGO WELCOMES
FRENCH MARSHAL
cANYoNED STREETS LINED
WITH THOUSANDS OF EN-
THUSlATlc ADMIRERS

NBy Associated FreAS,p
CHICAGO, May s.. The middle
west yesterday gave to the war mis-
sion leaders from France a welcome
which brought from the lips of Mar
shal Joffre the exclamation won
derfulw
1t was Joffre who caught the pop
ular fancy during the trip about the
city. He was wildly cheered every
where. He was dressed in his SER
vice uniform and rode through miles
of crowded streets with hand almost
continuously raised in salute in re-
turn for the cheers of the crowds.
The deepest thrills which the crowds
witnessed came in the welcome of
Young America for the children
never failed to recognize Papa"
Joffre on sight. nor he to catch their
greeting.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1917-05-05
BIG STRIKE ON
The AMALGAMATED

Stock of the Union Amalgamated
OF the Manhattan Mining district,
was In active demand this morning
on the strength of a big strike re-
ported from the east drift where a
lace OF ore was opened that gave
assays rs high as 1898 to the ton.
PARTICULARS we're not given, but II
IS known 10 be the Bath vein which
carries high grade streak.
The west drift on the 600 foot
level has encountered the main west
ore body at a distance of 100 feet
from the shaft The first round in
tne ore gave assays of only 81 per
ION, but with each round of shots
me values have increased until the
~hole mass of ore which penetrates
ooth walls is now running $4,000 per
Ton or more.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1917-05-05
TWENTY MILLION DOLLARS AN HOUR
Received IN FIRST DAY. OFFERS
WITHOUT DISTURBING BUSINESS

$4,000, Kansas, $675OOO; Minneso-
ia, 100000; Missouri, $S20,OOO; Mon
tana, $25000; Nebraska, $4S0,000 Ne
vada, $25,000; New Mexico, $4,000;
North Dakota, $4,000; Oklahoma,
$4,000; Oregon, $61O,OO0 South Da-
kota, $4,000; Texas, $1,2O1 900;
Washington, $4,000; Wyoming,
$175000.
The subscriptions from some of
the chief cities include Chicago,
1895, 900; Cincinnati, 100000; Den
yer, $1,000,OOO; Kansas City. 100000.
New York. $63 ,29S,O0O; st. Louis,
$45,OOO.
Among subscriptions to the fund
we're $10,O0O,0O0 by Kuhn, Loeb &
company for their own account, and
$4,000, 900 for the Union Pacific rail.
road, $5.OOO,OOO for the Southern
Pacific, and $2,5OO,OOO for the West.
ern Union Telegraph company
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1917-05-05
SPEEDING UP OUR
RAILROAD EFFIC|ENC
NATIONAL DEFENSE BOARD
CALLS ON ALL EMPLOYEES TO
PROVE THEIR LOYALTY

Wy Am0utAAtNh AEGW"st
WASHINGTON, D. c.. May 5-An
appeal to the railroads to show
what they can do for their country
by instituting operating reforms and
economies during the war has been
issued by the national defense coun-
cis general railroad board
Definite recommendation are made
in the statement, including longer
locomotive runs, heavier loading of
cars, quicker handling at terminals,
reduction Of idle time and local meet
ings among railroad employees and
officials to impress upon every rail
road man the necessity Of doing his
full patriotic duty.
Already the roads are operating
as unit in the interest Of the nat
lonal defense and the detailed rec
lamentations of the board form the
program by which the administra-
ton expects to bring to a basis of
var efficiency every portion of the
$4,000 miles OF road which make
Up the greatest national transporta-
ton system in the world
Increased car efficiency can be OBJ.
taiued, II is pointed out, by quick
terminal handling, prompter loading
and unloading, by loading each car
ten per cent in excess of its marked
weight capacity and by reducing to
four per cent the average under re
pair. releasing $4,000 cars for active
service Quicker movement, 1t is es
tmated. would release $4,000 cars
and heavier average loading 100000
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1917-05-05
FRENCH CAPTURE CRAONNE
PREPARATORY TO NEW ADVANCE

pulsed between Berry au Bac and
Brimont, about six miles north of
Rheims
Attacks by British troops on the
Arras front from the east of Vimy
south to Bullecourt have stopped for
the moment, while Field Marshal
Haig's soldiers strengthened the po-
sitions taken on Thursday. Both the
British and Germans apparently have
been worn out by continuous at
tacks and counter attacks of the last
few days and the Associated Press
correspondent with the British armies
reports that while the infantryman
rests, the artilleries continue their
bombardments.
London reports the capture of more
than 900 prisoners in the attack on
the Arras front Thursday and early
Friday. which resulted in the capture
of Fresnoy and other sectors of the
German line. Berlin admits the loss
Of Fresnoy. but says the British we're
Irepulsed everywhere and that the
Germans took 1000 prisoners.
Haiti and China are on the verge
of entering the worldwide alliance
against Germany President Arti.
guenave. OF Haiti has called on
congress to declare war against Ger.
many and commission has been
appointed to consider the question.
A dispatch from Peking. passed by
the censor after deletions. says that
Chinas entry into the war at an
early date seems inevitable.
The war party is said to be gain.
ing the ascendancy over the protests
OF the president and senate that Chi
ma should not enter the war.
| ~ : IL n. IL -. -. L.....A
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1917-05-05

WASHINGTON, D. c., May g.
The nations response to the first Of
fering of the liberty loan" bonds
is a deluge of gold. Subscriptions
poured in threatening to choke the
telegraph lines. The rush was so
great that kilograms we're delivered
in bundles Every section of the
United States was heard from today
with the exception of Alaska. A
substantial subscription came from
Hawaii. PHILIPPINES and Porto Rico.
Subscriptions to the liberty loan
poured into the treasury department
yesterday at the rate of nearly 500.
100000 an hour. The greatest out
pouring of national wealth in the
history of the world was foreshadow-
ed by the first days response to the
offering of the loan.
Five hundred kilograms from less
than two per cent of the total num-
AA NAA&AA-
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1917-05-05
Of WAYS
FOR THE GERMANS
MINISTER OF MUNITIONS DE-
FENDS HIS THREATS AGAINST
THE INDUSTRIALS
CBy Associated Press.J

tHy AssOcIated FFeaN,J
AMSTERDAM, May 5.-A Berlin
dispatch says General Groener, min
lister of munitions defended his May
day manifesto before the reichstag,
answering criticism by the Social
Democrats.
Deputy Schoepflin defended the min
lister and declared the manifesto
was necessary because the German
people were at the fatal parting of
the ways, one of which led to de-
feat" He said none must interfere
Between the army at home and in
the field and until the end of the
war the working class must remain
calm.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1917-05-05
BLOW|NGUP
k|EL CANAL
|SPOSS|BLE
AMERICAN SUBMARINE DEs-
STRoYER MAY CARRY RUIN
TO THE ENEMY
(nr AnnocInted Prenn.l

tBy Associated PreAs.D
NEW YORK, May 5-W L. Saun-
ders, chairman of the naval consult
ing board, announces that the board
had surrendered to Washington Off
eials plans for dealing with the sub
marine problem, which he believed
had solved the problem successfully.
Saunders said practical tests of
the inventions against submarines
gave hope.
For several months about S5 in
ventions daily have reached the
board and Is committees have been
examining them. A few survived
the test on the Atlantic coast, and
these may be employed A plan
suggested to the government involv-
ed the possibility of land operations
Saunders indicated that his scheme
included a military offensive against
the Kiel canal. The use of cleo
tricity is involved indirectly The
whole idea of offensive naval op-
erations would be directed towards
bottling up the North Seas as eff
fectively as the English blocked the
channel.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1917-05-05
TRAPSHOOTERS MAKE
EXCELLENT SCORES
TWO WOMEN ENTRANTS STAND
HIGH IN THE PRELlMlN-
AIRY EVENTS

NEW YORK, May 5.-H. ]. Pen
dergast, the New York state cham
pion, won the preliminary event Of
the twelfth annual American nat
ional trap shooting tournament with
a score of 1871 out OF 200 clay tar
gets. The first team of the New
York Athletic club took the team
trophy with 1910 breaks"
There were 110 gunners In the
shoot two of whom were women
Mrs l.. A. Vogel. Of Detroit. finish.
Ing in 18th place. with a score OF
1856. while Mrs. A. G. Kilkes. OF San
Francisco. broke l6S out OF 200.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1917-05-05
VOTE OF CONFIDENCE PASSED BY
RUSSIAN. PEOPLE FAVOR|NG ALLIES

that an announcement certainly
would be made within a day or two.
There are no indications that Pres
ident Wilson is considering changing
his decision to send Mr., Root to Pc
trograd because of the agitation
against him by some Socialists in
this country.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1917-05-05
LISTENS
At A RECEPTION
ALSO JOINS THE LINE EXTEND.
ING GREETINGS TO ENG
LiSH VISITORS

WASHINGTON. d. G.. May g.
The president sat on the executive
gallery Of the house while Minister
Bafour and the British commission
ers we're received on the floor. This
Is The first time that any president
appeared in the galleries.
Mr. Balfour did not know the pres.
dent was among the listeners When
the line was formed TO shake Mr..
Balfours hand the president came
down from the gallery and Joined
the line, taking a sIaee just ahead
Of Representative Jeanette Rankin.
He chatted a moment with Mr.. Bal.
four and shook hands with Speaker
Clark. Another receiving line was
formed quickly and the president
greeted many members OF the house
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1917-05-05
LIMI 7 | Nc
POWERS OF
THE KAISER
RElcHsTAG COMMITTEE ON CON-
sTITUTloN MAKES A RADl.
CAL REcOMME ENDATloN

fRy Associated Press.)
AMSTERDAM, May 5.-Restriction
Of the power of the German emperor
has been decided on by the consti-
tuition committee of the reichstag,
according to a Berlin dispatch to
alter the constitution so as to pro
vide that Ordinances and DEGREES Of
the kaiser will be issued in the name
Of the empire and will require for
validity. the countersignment OF the
Imperial chancellor, who thereby as
sdmes responsibility TO the reich
stag"
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1917-05-05
NORWAY CANCELS
MARINE LEASES
NEUTRALs REFUSE TO PERMIT
THEIR VESSEL TO CONTINUE
ON THE COAST

SAN FRANCISCO. May Be
cause the United States is a "belli-
gerent nation" Norwegian owners of
the merchant boats Thor and Tar
cred, cancelled their charters with
the Western Fuel company and w
r. Grace & Co., of San Francisco.
Local firms in turn libeled the boats
pending a settlement of the dispute.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1917-05-05
R|OT|NC At AN
IRISH MEETING
CHAIRMAN REFUSES TO ENTER.
TAIN RESOLUTIONS CALLING
FOR IRISH INDEPENDENCE

(By Associated Press.)
NEW YORK, May 5.-When the
chairman of a mass meeting held
last night in Cooper Union by 80
organizations composed of Americans
OF Irish birth or descent refused to
receive resolution calling upon
President Wilson and congress to in
tercede in behalf of Irish indepen-
dence, a riot broke out which result
ed in the election of more than 30
persons from the hall, and which
was not quelled until 200 policemen
made free use of their clubs.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1917-05-05
APPEAL TO PROTECT
SOLDIERS FROM DISEASE

(By Associated Preas.)
SACRAMENTO, Cal, May 5.-The
state board of health is urging
that mayors demand officials to take
preparedness" measures to protect
soldiers from prostitution and its at
tendant diseases.
A-ANNAA . . . - e
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1917-05-05
Bohemia Under
Martial Law

(By Associated Press.D
. LONDON, May martial =
. law has been proclaimed =
. throughout Bohemia, according .
. to Prague telegram to the =
. Basic newspapers. Messages =
. say the newspapers have sus- .
. pended publication. =
q &c . = = y . q =
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1917-05-05
CBy Associated Pre.-.l

(By Associated Press,l
PETRoGRAD. May 5.-The eoun-
Gil Of workmen, soldiers and dele
gates have passed a vote Of conf
dence in the government by a ma.
jority Of 35. The number Of dele.
gates voting was $500.
(By Associated PresH.)
WASHINGTON, D. c., May g.
Disquieting reports from Petrograd
of differences between the provis.
ional government and committees of
workmen and soldiers are causing
concern here, but it was said after
yesterdays cabinet meeting that no
official information had been receiY.
ed TO shake the confidence felt here
that the Russian democratic leaders
will hold their organization together
and keep up the fight against Ger
many.
One effect Of the reports prob
ably will be TO hurry the departure
of political and economic and rail-
road commissions which President
Wilson is sending to aid the pro-
visional government in rehabiitating
Russia economically and industrially.
The first commission headed by Eli
hu Root, will go just as soon as the
president has named all its members.
II has been said by officials from
day to day that the personnel of
this commission has been Just about
agreed upon, but so far there has
been no official announcement even
OF the selection OF Mr. Root After
the cabinet meeting il was reiter,
ated that the only difficulty has been
in selecting and getting aceeptanees
from the right kind OF men. and
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1917-05-05
SECOND LOAN TO ENGLAND
MADE BY WASHINGTON

Wy Associated Press,)
n, WASHINGTON, D. c.. May b.
me government today made a sec
Saa loan to England amounting to
,seo,VOO, 900 This will meet Eng
%nas requirements in the United
STATES for about three days.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1917-05-05
MASSACRE OF JEWS
FEARED BY RAGE
HEBREW BENEFIT SOCIETY AP.
PEALS TO SECRETARY Ian.
SING FOR PROTECTION

CHICAGO, May 5.-The Jews in
Palestine are threatened with mas
sacre according to a message to the
Bnai Birth, which has appealed to
Secretary Lansing to have the at
tention of Turkey called to the re-
port.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1917-05-05
JAPAN IS SENDING

tny Associated Fre@al
WASHINGTON. .. C. May g.
Japan may send commission to
the United Statea.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1917-05-05
TODAY AND A YEAR AGO

Official readings OF the Their =
mometer by the United States .
observer at Tonopah: q
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1917-05-05
HOLLWEG TAXED
WITH SHRINKING
FROM THE ISSUES
FURIOUS FIGHT WAGlNG BE-
TWEEN PEACE FACTIONS IN
GERMANY

my Associated Presa.l
COPENHAGEN, May 5.-A palmer
declaration Of Germany's peace con-
ditions will be made by the chan
cellor within a fortnight.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1917-05-05

thy Associated Press.D
LONDON, May 5-The British
have progressed further north of
Havrincourt Wood, near Fresnoy
CBy Associated Presr.l
PARIS, May 5.--Heavy counter at
tacks launched by the Germans with
fresh division on the positions
captured by the French yesterday
along the front from Craonne to
Mont Carnllet were repulsed and
over 1000 German prisoners taken.
my Associated Presz.D
French troops in new offensive
along the Asne have captured the
village of Craonne and the first Ger
man line on front of two and one
half miles northwest of Rheims.
Craonne is at the eastern end OF
the Vauelere plateau. the scene OF
much desperate fighting recently and
its possession by the Germans plac
ed salient In the French line par
alleling the Chemin des Danes and
the Aisne river
The French not only Strengthened
out their line and gained a strategic
position for further advance on
the Vauclerc plateau, but also tool
more than $50 prisoners.
Advancing northwest of Rheims OF
a front Of two and half miles th'
French carried the first German linz
and took 500 prisoners. Craonne 4
six miles northwest Of Berry au Bac
which Berlin gives as the western
extremity OF the French attacking
line northwest of Rheims Berlin as
} serts that the French attack was re
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1917-05-05
THE WEATHER

Eair and Warmer Tonight and
Sunday
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1917-05-05

tny Associated Press.l
LONDON, May 5.-The British
have progressed further north of
Havrincourt Wood, near Fresnoy
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1917-05-05

tcOnlinusd on page ioarl
Hopkinsville Kentuckian. [volume] (Hopkinsville, Ky.) 1889-1918, 1917-07-14
CATTLE SALE
NEAR HOWELL
Giles & Williams Will Dispose
Of Lot Of Fine Stock
July H..

Giles c Williams M hold big cat
tie sale at their farm near Howell on
July 81. Several young mules and
brood mares will also be sold. Among
the cattle are six registered Angus
bulls. Most of the others are cross
bred between Angus, Herefords and
Shorthorns, all young and ready for
finished beef. The sale will begin at
1890 O'Clock in the morning and will
be conducted by Col. H. L. Iglehart,
the well known auctioneer of Eliza
BEETHOVEN. A barbecued dinner will
be served ON the grounds. Some fine
stock will be offered and the sale will
doubtless draw buyers from all over
Western Kentucky.
Hopkinsville Kentuckian. [volume] (Hopkinsville, Ky.) 1889-1918, 1917-07-14
SEMINOLE
IS ITS NAME
John J. Metcalfe's New Build
ing Given an Indian
Name.

John j. Metcalfe's new building on
Seventh street, occupied by two au-
tomobile companies, has been offici-
ally named by the same committee
that named his Chickasaw building,
Jas. o. Cook, w. R. Bowles and
Chas. M. Meacham. Carrying out
the same idea of perpetuating the In
dian names of the tribes that passed
through this city in 1888 enfoute to
what is now Oklahoma, the commit
tee unanimously selected the name
Seminole. Mr.. Metcalfe will ac-
cordingly have the name placed con-
spicuouSly on the building at an early
date. 1t is one-story brick cover
covering half a block, built for two
garages. 1t adjoinS Hotel Latham on
the east.
Hopkinsville Kentuckian. [volume] (Hopkinsville, Ky.) 1889-1918, 1917-07-14
BOYS
PATRIOTIC
Approved The Postponement
Of Reunion and Purchase
of Bonds.

Letters advising the members of the
organization of Ferrell's Boys that a
would not be held next month
were sent out last week, and Treas
urer H. D. Wallace is receiving many
letters with checks for the annual
dues from the Boys in other States.
All approve the idea of investing the
cost Of reunion this year in liberty
bonds, and some of them "chip in" to
help out the bond fund. Col. M. H.
Crump writes that his son is an Off
Ger in the. Bowling Green Company,
and Judge F. T. Glasgow writes that
two of his sons are in the service of
the country as officers. When the let
tiers are all in, the military informa-
ton contained in them will be trans
cribed to the permanet record book
of the organization.