davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-21
FORAGE FOR CATTLE.

To give one an approximate idea OF
the value Of irrigated land in the mat
ter of forage for cattle, the following
figures will show what alfalfa will do
on irrigated Is compared with eomnon
hay on nonirrigated land:
One acre sown to alfalfa and irri-
gated Will produce 10000 pounds of
hay.
One acre in inclosed pasture, 500
pounds.
One acre Of range averages $50
pounds.
or again: 49,
One acre Of irrigated alfalfa will
feed one steer 400 days.
One acre Of irclosed pasture will
feed one steer twenty days.
One acre of range will feed one steer
ten days.
Or putting 1t in sheep. It will show:
One hundred and sixty acres Of irri-
gated alfalfa will maintain 1900
sheep one year.
One hundred and sixty acres Of in
closed pasture will maintain eighty
sheep one year.
One hundred and sixty acres Of
range will maintain forty sheep one
year.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-21
Drying Vegetables

Economy may be effected BY dryins
vegetables by artificial heat. The
simplicity Of the method and equip
ment and the ease with which the
dried product Is kept makes drying a
very practical substitute for canning.
Miss Addie d. Root Of the University
of Missouri College Of Agriculture Of
fers few Suggestions for drying veg
etables: When drying string beans o.
peas q good green cnaor may be pre-
served by blanching them before
placing them in the dryer. Vegetables
may be blanched by placing them in
boiling water for a few mtnn1es and
then ptsnging them into cad vater-)
Prepare the peas and bsans q for
cooking. Blanch from, a - s nsinn4es
and place In the dryer It q tempeEa-
ture OF 140 degrees to 100 DEGREES
Fahrenheit hatFE IS
Greens, such as Swiss el,ard and
spinach, makes an attractive dried
product. Only fresh green's should be
dried. Prepare as for cooking and
place in the dryer. Keso u te1a-
perature of from 40 degrees TO 100
degrees Fahrenheit
Corn should be cooked IN boiling
water from to Is minutes or just
long enough to set the milk. It is
then cut from the cob with a thin,
sharp knife and placed in the dryer
at temperature Of 40 degrees to
$50 degrees Fahrenheit.
Vegetables such as carrots and
sweet potatoes may be dried. vege-
tables of this type dry better when
cut into small pieces.
1T requires about three hours to
dry vegetables by artificial heat in
simple drying apparatus. which can
be made at home" such a dryer
may consist of a series Of wooden
trays, two inches deep. with screen
wire bottoms. The trays should be
placed one upon the other and ele-
waited above the stove or other source
of heat by box ten inches deep. from
which the top and bottom have been
removed, and which should rest on
four bricks to permit air circuiation
under the dryer.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-21
IVY POISONING.

perfectly harmless and exceed
ingly useful remedy for Inflammation
caused by coming in contact with wild
ivy is boric acid in solution. Make a
solution from boric acid powder. four
teaspoonfuls dissolved in a pint Of
boiling water. When this Is cold
apply to the affected parts. The skin
should be covered with gauze (can be
bought by the roll in drug stores).
kept constantly wet with cold bcric
acid solution. II the itching Is very
intense the parts may be sponged of
with a weak solution of alcohol (half
water and half ALCOHOL, when the
gauze is changed The gauze should
be put on fresh quite frequently il
there is much oozing from the little
blebs (bltsters).
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-21
WHITE PINE BIIsrER RUST.

The American Forestry association
says that unless the ravages of the
white pine blister rust are soon
stopped all white pines will be lost.
This means great loss to the country.
since the New England district has
pine worth $4,000, 900: the lake
states, 500. 900. 900; the western states.
$50, 900, 900; and the national forests,
$50, 900, 900: making a total Of $751;
100000. There seems to be no cure
for the disease and 1t spreads rapidly.
The only remedy is to remove and
burn the infested trees promptly. Cur
rants and gooseberry bushes may har-
Dor one stage Of the disease.-LeRoy
Cady.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-21
s'THE MECHANISM OF LIQUIDS"

IN order to understand the power
problem" Of the operation of lifting
water we must learn right at the start
that all pumps or lifts require pre-
cissly the same amount Of power to
I'M certain quantity Of water to a
certain height In a certain time.
There u positively no difference be-
tween them except in the matter Of
friction and leakage, If all friction
and Leakage of each and every kind
oouid be eliminated, one pump or
hoasttng contrivance would work just
- economically as another. The re-
CURED power varies simply in accord
anes with the amount Of water to be
raised. the height to which it is to be
raised, the time In which 1t is to be
raAsed, and the amount Of friction Of
tho ptstoo. the rod. the valves, the
ea8r, and the water in the pipes, and
tAa amount Of leakage.
These simple facts must be clearly
ka0k IN mind by everyone who wants
70 understand pumping operations.
Tia science Of hydraulics - that is,
the mechanics Of liquids" = states
these facts In four so-called theorems,
- follows:
!. The power required to raise
height in certain time varies directly
with the quantity to be raised
,. The power required to raise a
certain quantity Of water in a certain
time varies directly with the height
to which it Is to be raised.
;. The power required to raise a
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-21
Mosquitoes Don't
Like Yellow

People who wish to avoid the bite
of the mosquito should wear yellow.
OF all colors the mosquito is most par
tial to red, especially deep blood-red,
although the fact has nothing to do
with its fondness for blood For yell
low it shows the deepest aversion and
shuns it on al occasions. 1t is said
that the seeing power Of the mosquito
is so keen that it is susceptible to color
even in the ordinary darkness of
night: hence night dresses or bed COW
erings of yellow color will aid in
keeping mosquitoes at respectful, dis
lance
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-21
The Future Farmer

The future farmer Will be The bet
educated man In America. He WIN b
a chemist. with knowledge to enable
him to handle his soils. his fertilizers
and his foodstuns as to make them
yield the maximum of profit. He will
be botanist with knowledge TO en-
able him to take advantage Of the
laws Of heredity to breed disease-resist-
ing and frost resisting plants. He will
keep pace with every movement Of the
scientific world which can be turned
to his advantage. He Will be able
greatly to increase the quantity and
quality Of his wheat and corn. vege-
tables and fruit cotton and wool, with
out having to add single acre to his
field.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-21

The gassing method is undoubtedly
the most effective means known Of
destroying scale insects. 1t has been
in general use in California for more
than twenty-five years, and the meth
DDS are now thoroughly perfected and
highly satisfactory. Casing Is espec-
tally desirable for trees that have a
dense habit of growth, such as the
orange, which developes large thick
head, the spraying of which thoroughly
and completely Is almost impossible
II the trees have attained any size.
Furthermore with gas there is no
danger Of spelling the fruit as may
happen with improper spraying.
Casing consists in inclosing tree
at night With a tent and filing the
latter with the poisonous fumes gem
Grated by treating refined potassium
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-21
PAsrURrNG ALFALFA.

Alfalfa should never be pastu7ed
the first season, and in most cases II
will be hest to usa It for hay kins
during the second season, in order
that it may become thoroughly estab-
lished before animals are allowed to
tramp over IT, 1t should never be
pastured closely, rs this in1urcs the
crowns Of the plants. Horses and
sheep are more likely to do damage
in this way than are cattle or hogs.
With cattle and sheep, care must Be
exercised to avoid bloating. At hrst
the animals should be turned in for
only a short dme each day, and when
the aifaffa p vet with dew or rain
there IL stin greater need Of care to
avoid bloatfng. n IL vise to Be q
little more careful than With cl0ver.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-21
SHO MATERIAL.

Almost al kinds Of building nsatefi-
ais are used for siio construction. II
frequently happens that one particular
type Of material becomes practically
universal in a particular locality. lead
ing TO the belief that no other material
will successfully preserve silaee.
Wood stave silos were among the
first to be built above ground. For q
number of years they have been al
vertised and sold in all parts Of the
country. In some localities farmers
will not Fisk other construction ma
tePial.
Tests made by the Pennsylvania ex-
pertinent station TO determine the rel
tive value OF wood -stave and concrete
block silos do not prove one type SUI
perioY to the other.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-21
FARM HOME CoNvENIENCEs.

The problems relating to the in
stallation OF water plumbing, sewage
plumbing, lighting. heating, ventilat-
ing, etc. of the modern farm house
should be more closely investigated
by the farmer who intends to build a
new house, or who intends to add
these modern improvements to resi-
dence already built. He should make
a personal study of the whole sub
ject before he contracts with the
village hardware man or the town
plum Der He will thus be able to de-
eide upon a satisfactory general plan.
After having done this. he should not
fail to select an intelligent mechanic
to do the work, because there is much
done by some Of the would
be plumbers
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-21
INSECTS HAVE DONE
GREAT DAMAGE.

In some sections of the country the
currant and gooseberry have almost
entirely disappeared. Borers. worms
and mildew. allowed to have their way
unchecked. were too much for the
bushes to withstand, and these old
time favorites were allowed to die
If you care enough for these fruits,
it will only require little work and
very small expense for white helle-
bore, to take care OF the currant and
gooseberry worms that eat the foliage.
and bordeaux mixture will stop the
mildew on gooseberries.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-21

certain quantity Of water to a certain
height varies inversely with the time
In which 1t il to be raised.
4. The total amount Of friction OF a
pumping apparatus consists Of the
friction of all its parts and of all the
friction Of the water in the pipes:
Friction increases as the square Of the
velocity Of the flow.
few illustrations will make the
given theorems clear.
(a) 1t requires twice as much power
to raise 200 gallons 10 feet in ono
minute as it does to raise 100 gallons
to the same height in one minute.
CD 1t requires half the power to
raise 100 gallons Of water feet in
one minute that it does to raise it 10
feet.
(c) 1t requires four times the power
to raise 100 gallons 10 feet in one
minute that it does to raise the same
quantity Of water 10 feet high in four
minutes.
(d) 1t requires eight times the
amount of power TO raise 200 gallons
20 feet in half minute that 1t takes
to raise 100 gallons 10 feet in one
minute.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-21
A GREAT HIGHWAY.

Good road advocates should turn
their eyes upon the Pacific coast
states, where their hobby is reaching
a development nowhere else approx
mated in the United States. The
dream Of the Pacific coast is for a
raacadamized, asphalt surfaced high
way from Alaska south to the Panama
canal. The realization Of the project
so far is the actual voting by the state
of California of bond issue of $751;
000.000.00 and by the public interest
aroused IN Oregon. Washington, and
British Columbia, which promises ear
ly legislation for the continuation OF
the California highway.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-21
Marketing Apples

It is not too early for apple growers
to formulate plans for marketing the
crop of the present season.
Marketing plans should cempre-
bend picking methods. grading and
sizing methods, kind or kinds Of pack
ages to use, types of pack if box pack
ages are contemplated, shipping meth
DDS and facilities, storage and methods
of marketing the fruit to the best ad-
vantage.
The time of picking apples varies
considerably with the variety. In any
case, however, fruit should be mature
before any picking Is done. Time Of
picking should be determined In part,
also. by the use to which the fruit Is
put.
Grading and sizing may be done by
machinery. Some form Of grading Is
necessary to realize the highest profit
Through proper grading one New York
firm received two years ago mini
mum of 1856 a barrel for its fruit and
as high as $500 a barrel for the best
grades One experiment in honest gra-
ding and packing is usually sufficient
to convince any grower of the policy
of the practice.
The advantages of the various types
of storage and the type best suited to
his conditions must be determined by
the individual. For the commercial
grower iced storage is by far the best.
For the average farmer or the man
catering to small market, different
form of storage is essential.
The cooperative plan Of marketing
apples has been very successful in some
CO.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-21

ness of 1t, charging a fixed rate per treA.
Much Of this work is also done under
the direct supervision Of the county
horticultural comm issiorers, which
gives a greater assurance Of efficiency.
Where gassing Is impracticnble.
spraying is pracuced. The expense
of spraying Is not heavy compared
with that of gassing. On the small
fruit ranches spraying is almost
always done. In most Of the citrus
districts Of California where spraying
is practieed to any extent there are
individuals who make business Of
treating orchards 1t q charge Of cent
a gallon for the liquid applied. or
about double that price when they
furnish as web as apply the tnserttcids.
This il usually very aastsfAcfory way
OF having the work done.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-21
FRUIT PRODUCTION.

The production of apples in this
country during the last six years has
averaged over so. 900, 900 barrels. The
estimated value of this apple crop for
1915 was s145,o00,oO0 The product
of peaches in 1914 was estimated at
$4,000, 900 bushels, and of pears for
that year II 100000 bushels. Con-
sidering all Of the hardy fruits of the
north and the tropical fruits of the
south, what a vast bulk is gathered
every year. Surely famine and star
walton cannot come to country thus
supplied.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-21
How PLANTS LIVE.

Plants cannot assimilate food. eae-
ments that exist in the soil until these
elements are chemically changed or
broken up. BACTERIA, air, heat and
water are the agents to do this. Only
tn the liquid form can plants feed up
on soil elements. The finer the seed.
bed the quicker the seed ger.ninates
and the faster the plant grows. pro.
ytded, at courss, that the water. sup.
ply Is all right Bve1y act xnd con
dition that reveraes this condition Of
the seed-bed Is hindrance to plant
growth.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-21
How Many Horses
Have You?

Too many farmers are horse poor.
They have not only too many horses
but horses which are not good. In
farming a quarter section Of land
there Is no need for more than four
horses. Three Of these should be
heavy horses and one should be an
animal heavy enough to do consider
able work yet light enough to do the
family driving. OF these heavy horses
at least one should be a good brood
mare. While practicing economy in
other respects, 1t is we'll to study the
economical use Of horse flesh.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-21
Striped Cucumber
Beetle and the
Squash Bug

The first Of these. biting insect.
and the second, sucking insect, at
tack melons, cucumbers and squashes;
and they are often confounded, both
being called squash bugs This Is
unfortunate, because they call for radi-
cally different treatment. We would
suggest planting an excess of seed: for
the first named insect, busting plants
with one pound of Paris green mixed
with fifty pounds OF lime or cheap
flour. The beetle can be to a certain
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-21
HAVE A SHE'D FOR THE FARM
TOOLS.

Every farmer should have shed
for his tools and the tools should be
cleaned and placed in the shed as soon
as one is through using them. Often
this saves time and delay when the
tool Is wanted later on.
The paint brush should Be used
freely on the woodwork and other
parts that become worn This costs
but little and adds years to the life OF
the tools. The tool house need not
be costly building. A good roof with
cheap siding will do and any man
should be able to put It up at odd
times.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-21
AFTER A CHOLERA EPIDEMIC.

Whitewash and disinfectants must
be used freely about the hog house
and yards. II the cleaning and dis
injecting is carefully done we may be
able TO stock up again within a few
weeks after the hogs have stopped
dying and suffer no further loss but
1t is usually best to wait 2 or months
before we do this or depend on the
hogs that have survived for fresh
start.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-21
VINES AS COVER FOR Walks AND SHADE
The Grape Vine Which Readily Lends Arbor Training
May Be Used for Screening Porches, Windows,
and Outbuldings.

and among garden vegeta bles lettuce
and radishes may be successfully
grown underneath canopy OF grape
vines as they will be out Of the way
before very dense shade is formed
by the leaves of the grape. Asparagus
too may be grown under a shade Of
this character, as It will make a large
share of its growth before the grape
will have become dense enough to
with the young tender shoots
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-21
HELPS FOR THE FARsmR.s WITH.

II milk Is used In mixing msstarA
instead Of water Il will keep fresh for
several days.
To soften fruit Jar rubbers, put am
monia in warm water AID let them
stand in it for ten or twenty minutes.
To remove grease from silk rub .
lump OF wet magnesia over the spot
allow II to dry and then brush on the
powder.
Don't depend upon extra heat when
YOU want water to boil quickly. but
add a little salt to the water and watch
the gratifying results.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-21
AN IMPORTANT PROBLEM.

The plentiful supply Of good, whole.
some fresh water in the home, the
stable, and the feed lot Is one Of the
most important problems that opn.
front the ur-to-d data farmer. Its sue.
cessful solution Will be factor In
keeping him and his family IN good
health and "at home" on the farm.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-21

extent driven away by air-slacked Time
alone, busting it literally on and about
the plants in each hill. In the true
squash-bug we would recommend
hand picking of bugs in the early
morning, also manipulating Of the
large yellow eggs. Destroy all vines
after harvesting crop.
To prevent injury various coverings
may be used over the plants. A cheap
frame may be made and covered with
gauze or similar material and held IN
place with earth packed about the
edge to keep the plants covered. This
cover or frame may be used year
after year.-F. L. Washburn
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-21
SHEEP.

Sheep keeping should be encourag
ed. No other animal can thrive on
such short pasturage as the sheep.
Sheep manure is the most valuable Of
all. On almost every farm there is
brushy field on which sheep could
browse eight months Of the year.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-21
10 CURE COLDS.

AS a good preventive Of colds In
poultry. use copper sulphate one ounce
to ten gallons Of water or enough po-
tassium permanEanate to turn the
water blue Good ventilation and pien-
ty Of fresh air are essential In the hen
house, but one should guard against
excessive drafts.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-21
Timely Hints for
Amateur Gamers

IN selecting vegetables for canning
use great care TO get these as nearly
perfect as possible. Is
BE sure that the vegetables used ars
fresh. "
Grade carefully and avoid waste
Do not scald or blanch longer than
necessary Over-scalding tends to make
delicate vegetables. like asparagus.
soft. Vi!
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-21
DRAINAGE.

Fruit farm drainage Is even more
important than draining for farm
crops. as fruit plants, shrubs, vines
and trees will not thrive in wet soil.
The outlets of tile drains need looking
after several times each year to see
that they do not get closged. Some
times the outlet tile being exposed to
winter frosts, crumbles causing a
stoppage Of the outlet.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-21
WHY We HAVE PERFECT CITRUS FRUITS
Orcha1dsts Spend Great Deal Of Time and Money Kidding
Their Trees Of Scale Insecs-How It
Is Done,

cyanide (ss per cont sreasth, With
commercial sulphuxtc add Cos pee
cent) and water. Tho work 10 doDe
at night 10 avoid the s7ldtng Witch
follows day applications It leGa n
bright sunlight as with spraying. The
casing Is often done by individuals Or
companies who make = regular bod.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-21
The Parent of the
Corn Ear Worn,

The Corn Ear Worm or Boil Worm
Is quite destructive in its larval stage
throughout the country. 1t attacks
the ear of corn, especially the sweet
eo-ns, the cotton boil, tomato fruit, and
{ 'mctimes the pods of beans and peas
is grtatcst tondiiess, however, seems
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-21
BY L c. coRBErr.

The grape vine may be trained IN
many desirable ways besides that Of
covering an arbor. It may be used as
Q ahade or screening for tender plants
byfollowing certain systems Of pruning
and training. Strawberries adapt
themselves readily to such situations
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-21
DEEP FLOWING.

Orchards may be renewed BY cult
walton, but deep blowing in orchards
is disastrous. owing to the, disturb
ance of many fine feeding roots that
may not be noticeable to the ploNman.
Then scrape the trees and spray them.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-21
A Grape Vine-Clad Porch.

A cozy summer veranda may be
covered by grape vines, thus securing
the double advantage of cool shady
nook dRring the summer and a supply
Of fruit in autumn. In one garden a
small ash house was made to support
an Isabella vine which in one year
produced 800 clusters Of grapes