davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1917-09-28
BEER GREAT MENACE.
DR.. Banc Points Out Importance of
Destroying This Enemy.

Speaking before very large audi
ence in the high school gymnasium at
Cheyenne, Wyo.. at which meeting
Governor Frank Z. Houx presided
DR.. a c. Bane. financial secretary OF
the Anti-Saloon League OF America.
pointed out the fact that beer Is
great menace to America. He said 4
Beer and wine today are the great
est enemies against which the people
OF the United States have TO Rattle.
and the combined influence OF the
liquor trafic is doing more to impede
the progress TO victory and a success
full close of the war than l. w VT.
pro-German propaSandists and all
other causes combined.
DIR, Bane's speech was the first
oroadside in the campaign Of a year
which prohibition forces Of wyoming
say will result in victory at next.
years election.
Wine and beer bore the hrunt OF
the speech, Dr. Bane recognized the
fact that whiskey is practically dead
issue. The long cherished belief that
beer In moderation is healthful was
characterized as the result OF a prop
aganda OF ignorance spread about by
the brewers In order to swell their
profits.
DR. Bare declared that according to
findings OF life Insurance 'statisticians
every glass of beer shortans the life
OF drinker twenty five minutes He
charged that failure OF some cities to
furnish sufficient men for the army
was due TO liquor drinking. Kansas.
which has had prohibition for thirty
years, furnished ninety out of each
hundred called that were physically
nj TO enter the cam paign against Ge-a
many Outrages against the BelS,ars
were committed by soldiers drunk az
beer found in Belgian cellars. he sai6
Fred. l.. Crabbe. superintendent -
the Anti Saloon league, has efsecte-.
a splendid organization for the csa~
paign. or the twenty-one counties
twelve are now thoroughly organized.
and the work of organization is pro-
crossing rapidly In the remaining nine.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1917-09-28
KING OF BULGARIA AND THE
PEACE PROPOSALS.
MESSAGE TO HIS ARMY.

Amsterdam, FREDERICKSBURG to te!e-
gram from Sofa, ths King Of BalgArs has addressed
your unoxampIed valour. kll tho enemies who
stood In the way Of our national unity have been
conquered. ALI Bulgarian lands are under ths
projection Of tbs victorious Bulgarian armies.
inspired by the Victories won, We, the Sovsreigns
of the allied States have made proposals Of peace
to Our enemies. The near future will show II this
highly Humanitarian act win be justly appreciated
BY them. Al the same time, apart from that, it 10
Left for us to continue the struggle with tho
energy, and, With the help of Almighty Cod, to
have arasped the fact that their work Of enslavng
fossign lands Is deprived Of the support Of God,
Who Is Just"
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1917-09-28

the vets led by a small margin, al
though Hlbhing is dry under the IN.
dian treaty.
Drys of both states and OF the ma
ton insist that these two victories,
coming from different sections of the
nation, indicate not only that there
is tremendous growth of prohibi-
ton sentiment the country over but
that both these states are ripe for
statewide prohibition. 1t also is be-
lieved that results OF these two cleo
ttons are straws which indicate which
way the wind will blow in Ohio, Iowa
and New Mexico. which are to vote
this fall on the question of constitu-
tional prohibition
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1917-09-28
THE GERMAN SUBMARINE WAR
ON SHIPPING.
TEN DAYS ACTIVITIES.
1000 TONS OF COAL SENT TO
BOTTOM OF SEA.
eo0o TONS OF MATERIAL FROM
AMERICA TO FRANCE SUNK.

Ansterdam. Thursday. A Berlin Telegram
Isates that from Nov. 2sth 70 Dso 9Th. German
submarines sank OF the French Channel and
Atlantic coasts, among other ships, vessels ladsn
With coal amounting TO 1900 tons % routs for
France and, 10 addition, Rritish steamer carry
Ing e000 tons material from New York to Franco.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1917-09-28
FOUR VESSELS SUNK.
SEVERAL LIVES LOST.

Loyds report The steamer Hsriyn, Of Lon.
don, was sunk on Dec 9th. Two lives we're Loaf,
The steamer Harrington. of London. struck mine
and sank on December 9th. The crew was picked
to Hariyn wa sunk. The Br,sssh -. s,esm as
So Ursulg has bsen sank. The British schooner
Roma, Of st johns, n. B., was sunk by an enemy
submsrina ca Nov. so.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1917-09-28
By JAMES w. GERARD

American Ambassador at the German
Imperial Court. July IS, 1913,
To February 4. 1911.
Copyright Canada. 1917, b" the PUP
lie Ledger Company. International
copyright, 1917, by the Pubic LED
ger Company. All rights reserved
ANY infrin cement will be prose-
ruted.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1917-09-28
ITALIAN OFFICIAL COMMUNIQUE

Press Bureau, Thursday. LIS p.m.-An italian
Artioo Valley, ARTILLERY duels took plsss. Our
batteries dispersed enemy dstaohments on the
northern slopes Of Mount Slugsio and north Of
Mount Gimone. Along the Julian front artillery
ection and patrol reoonnaissances took place. On
the Caro- ono Of our aersplanes attacked Al enemy
kite balloon, shich fell 10 flames near Tsrnowixsa
Ternnwaca), north.sast Of Nabrsaina
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1917-09-28

others In the foreign office that moth
ing of the kind was contemplated.
Now, were the German moves In
the direction of peace sincere or not?
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1917-09-28
NORWEGIAN STEAMER SUNK.

ChristaniA, Thursday. The Norvsgiaa steamer
Ejoer has been torpedoed. Her crew OF is were
landed here last night
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1917-09-28
THE WAR.
DESPERATE SITUATION OF
CENTRAL POWERS.
LEADERS FEAR THAT ALL Is LOST.
A FIGHT FOR EXISTENC

a EIGHI FUN EAISTENUEs
Paris, Thursday.-A contributor to the Gaplois,
who has returned from Italy via Switzerland, says
hs hsd conversation with two high Swiss per-
scnAgos, who declared that the situation OF the
Central Powers was desperate, and that their
leaders, fearing they were lost, were lighting for
axistsnoe.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1917-09-28
SOCIETY
Popc~--Eg gieston.

The brides father performed the
ceremony tn the presence Of only the
Immediate families and few inti-
mate friends. Fred Craig OF Rich
mond. was the best man Immediate
/ after the ceremor- Nj, and Mrs
Pope left for Columbus. Miss, where
they will make their home.
win Wed Richmond Man.
Mr.. and Mrs Charles Howard
Lloyd. az lI@e st Faui's street, Bal
tinaere, have announced the engage
ment OF their daughter. Elizabeth
Key. to John Alexander Meredith, the
son OF Mr.. and Mrs WvndhRm r.
Meredith Of SEQ Park avenue, this
city.
extraordinarily
Mrs. Marraret Forsyth Munday. Of
Newport News issued cards aunounc-
ing the marriage OF her. daughter.
Janet, TO John Douglas Gordon, on
SATURDAY.. Sept smher is. in washing
ton. D. c. After a Northern wedding
"trip, Mr. and Mrs. Gordon Will reside
sn New York The bride IS a grand
daughter OF the late General Lewis
sCass Forsyth l.. :. A. and IS wei
lknown in arm~ and navy circles.
OF Interest Mt Holllns.
TIE new session at Hoilins college
1uly inaugurated By the addresses Of
.I1r Henry Louis Smith and Mr.. Lu-
lcian Cooke. vice resident % the col
lege. is well under way.
Optimism. for IN unusually sue
b,esaf,,1 Sesator Is felt. particularly in
Ahe nus3c denartrnent. where courses
shoth irstrtlr7erta1 ana vocal and the
satrIcal, are well attended
The pieU0 daUartuenf ia further
siren ~+heras h. tho addition Of Mr.
e CaraYr,es of New York rit..
fphose man, .aars ~ axnertercA and
sxrlarrsgd so;,frr7s,,+ ,,,s1s, tir, a vi.
~orne addition 10 the music faculty.
frenCh--otey,
Miss Bessie y Ctev and Frank II
French. beth OF this city. were mar
lriesf Yesterday morning At the T'uto~
station church nj $50 o'clock by the
sRsv- Nj s. Colonna.~ only The i'm
lslsalate lafait'7S were present After
sgStooef - thsy VIII "- 81 nome a.
@@@o Fe"@ "'e sure
RETURN TO korea
0f g,4aras, ,o r,,., ,@rgi,t,rs "a
yss neca ttat pcs ara Ms Villa r.,
t''"' ~ 90 y, - -
Iasnghte~s 1fa,gar ,.'' ,,d ~, tyho
have beer spending the summer
months in Norfolk. return this weels
10 - Ia "a ".
s I" = nn san. NuI ~, @.lo LIS. ,.
81 81 ~ ser, GU ~ {Ht 7oo'H'' II
es"F 'e' '''' 'h"''
Instructors OF New schools Meet.
Y..,u. - a. -. - 49,.
INSTRUCTORS ~ IN" 'nfee new sch"oiS
rnontb vii n ssrh make short aa5y@rse %
4hfs af,a+yo.,r 80 ~. rr.o+in,, ~ ~.
nasrS nf sd1's.@rs ~ ~ 49, 0' ~
snrations for ,,on,ar MIS- snsa1
ans j,,artor s,sIo..ff,.,, ,,'ti nI,,ttrs
1na 49,, - r.. sotata ~ a,,itod
~, ., ha o,,arf9 at ~ ~, ot',h o.
- NJ, 49,, i,,,t.a. ls,,.aa,,.r -,
~ r,ey, observation-disclosures affsro,, u, ~.
.rh.,ol ana Mic 7 oorgts 1n,,er s,,
nar,tt.1r - esfa - -, 80 -
~ sngga, a,.r,,gr,,, IN ,,i.ir ~
courses ogfevad ~ that echoo,
49,. -, -
'fihS ""' +hF9' Nh''fNF'
The executive committee Of the
national LEAGUE for woman's service
VIII met this morning n II O'Clock
IN the home OF AIRS. Arthur Wilmer
MI Vest Grace street Chairmen OF
al committees are expected TO at
1end
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1917-09-28
MACEDONIA
ENEMY lombard WHOLE FRONT
AND TOWN OF MONASTIR. wy

INEQUALITIES INbLIOTEU On ClVlLKAN
POPULATION.
Paris. Thursdsy.--This aftsrnoon's official com.
muniqus says = Eastsrn army, Wednesday,
The snsmy's artillery bombarded tho whole front
aud town Of Monsstir, causing some casualties
among the civilian population. Our batteries
effectively replied No inisnsry action took place.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1917-09-28

Special Forenoon Edition.
FRIDAY. DECEMBER IS. 1910

rPRsss ASSOCIATION wAn ssHv1os.l
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1917-09-28
THE WESTERN THEATRE.

NO INCIDENT ON FRENCH FRONT.
The following lie g translation Of the French
oommunious Issued BY the Press Bureau on
Thursday afternoon
The hight passed without inoideos
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1917-09-28

OF interest 70 many Nrelnians is
the news that Rev and Mrs William
Ford Bull and their two youngest
daughters. Margaret and Ably. who
have beer spending the summer
months IN Norfolk. return this week.
ITO Kun San. Korea Mr. and Mrs.
Bull are sent out by the Southern
Pres byterian church
The Detroit times., 1917-09-15
ID. L. r. WOULD
KEEP TRACKS
ON FARMER-ST

The y T. r has noe YET obeyed
Die council order 90 tear up me re-
eent5 ai3 track on Farmer-st.. be-
tween GraUotave ard Bates.st
Last Tuesday nighr the council or.
deted The - Z K. to take Zip the
tracks within 80 days Previously
The council had authorized the rail-
way company 70 lay the tracks as a
part ~ the rerouting system After
The tracks were put down 81 was dis
covered that they came too close 20
The curb and The council rescinded
ts action
Friday morning Mayor Marx re-
ceived a letter from the railway
company asking that 10 De given a
hearins on The question The let
Ter minated ihai the latest council
action was NOT In good faith and
limited that The order resembling per
mission for he tracks was infu
enced by the fact Thar they We're
I too close 20 The porte cochere OF d
Jheater on the street The porte
cocbere the communication SAYS
violates the permission granted it ir
f0af ~ had been given permission
( 20 erect shelter nine feet ont from
the binding lima and had extended
/ K clear go ihe curb. distance O.
more than Z feet
The Detroit times., 1917-09-15

ciassed with abnormal persons that
dispute aNioms and sclfeVidrfr
.IHcts Rut they are changes that In
this country would he deemed the
impossible dreams 0f fanatics
N0u can scr therefore, Why the
new Russian democracy viii never
hu popular With The American reac-
tuuar' and bis 0hclicnt press You
can see Why all Jho agencies he con
trolls are husiy engaged i'm forecast
ing the failure az the Russian domoc-
r1c} and irving I'M his FUNNY little
snipus way. to bring is about
The Ameucan reacuonary's view
ot democracy As state wherein
tlc farmers and the workers. altho
constituting the majority OF the pop
uinuon. leave everything 90 the bet
ter classes. fo fh, corporation the
railroads aud 'hoir attorneys
10 Us HiEC state wherein The 20
Pile ARE content to stop With thf
forms of political democracy mere
iy with fhe forms
That ism the Russians idea OF H.
TIE wants go see tho farmer and
tho Rorknlman in their shirt
sleeves runnine ihe whole machine
And ho wants Go sec democracy
carried into everything politics,
government industry. society The
church education. everything
Ha is not much impressed with
Wits bcfter classics idea Hc dl(snt
rtr where Do Gfs in'o the democratic
scheme BE- has never been able fo
take very Kindly to Ge theory ihAt
what +. needed n every country ls
soma powerful leader that VIII take
q hand fhe common. untauchf crowd
and how Them what Dr. what h a.
nor az AN disturbed by thr fact tAaf
hia country af present has no lear.
nJ not likely io have one. lils
iira THAT n democracy ihs only
tadt fhe thought OF rho y hCie
people and u We are going into ihe
iradtr business we should never
hay- hred our kinEs
"a, SAYS thuf the IDEAL state ~
-ucirt is rof one where one man
tells rhe rest what 90 do and think.
aaf where every man thinks and
CONS for the Common Good
Th- s fhe reason for this com
rietr adherence 20 such Things AS
Cen aUfuople ana "a warm water
prg for Russian commerce 10 nis
mind the world has been lnssuely
9terconcorrrd about such things.
and fha wins He have wars re
th8t % normal or same or
rar.lF same state 10 human society
10 Nwli ueke nn dHernr what
The Detroit times., 1917-09-15
DRUNKEN DRIVER
HURTS WOMAN;
PAYS S25 FINE

Michael Diehrick. % wears old. SO
No pa Portcr.st.. was fined g2- by
Justice Sellers Friday morning. for
driving his machine az rapid rate
OF speed while under the influence
OF liquor
WHEN In his auto DIebrirk was
win n party OF FRIENDS Saturday
UIFUT7 rTT rrrrfr-rr rr1rrr T---rr-T ---r---
ST.. from Bakcrsf. and struck SIT.
and Mrs. Minor Hail. 30 40 Tucn
ty-fourfh ST. breaking Mrs Hal. S
ooiINrboue and iHlurlng NY Han s
head. Diebfick drove on" after the
accident. aud vas identified later
10 HIS homf By witnesses and ar
rested
The Detroit times., 1917-09-15
Marriage Licenses


william Henry, a. Johanna cau'-
Myrcn 4 s,a-k Nf4-Saret NJ
Myhuen0r -f
Edward chatham. IS Aavs Voy-
tax 20
GUSTAV versay v vzh
John Sew "a, Nr1nt t'e
Esra De Schianfeid. ,-r Dearborn
Wll.am Turner 20 Margaret blt-
Ter %
Joe Tlarao. 60. Mary Ftcco'a fs
lake Dommtsl - Eteei >nutsNT.
Buell. p. link 7i Aohe Man
john Cicola. IS Mary Kotrrsxi rs
A-Eustina Fenes. Anna Taran.
Arthur 6. Arrriase. % .Terssa J..
John Tuttef 81 Enraseth =ykalski
John Back. % Linda Bossa -sef Ell
Feanz Kortteals. as Rose Nunath
John EvotczyH 90 Nan.stse stella
LsEha- 2 Detroit
Charles e. Lardherg Derr-t
Anna r. Hornrmau 25 Iifunls
stephen TVawczynia kare n.
PRANK p Rutt. 3s nu~aIo Elsie r
Morrison. Is. FeuasyivauiR.
Henry r Lc1cr o. Ethel 7 T0rr
.fs
John j. MURRAY % France. ~
Sorhert j. Nlerfus a M,rs g
Se~ O.
Peter Paiazzaio IS Frances Bate
do-
cyril Anrus oworr7 1aia
William h Rriney "a Harriet ?
waitsr r. Miller 1o. Gener ev
The Detroit times., 1917-09-15

article $50 chaflrs EaHnri
rfnr writer nf fht
1urt returned frnm HA
rpent fNrHF MONT
tbe official lnltna STATE
a. thf new Naseian
BY CHARLES EDWARD RUSSELL
.c.p,rtvht. 1917. p, tte Nrvsnaper
EnterPrisc tssuriatinni
7 perceive that un
feemnd fellow Americans @
liculnfiy those az fhc ~-o1
school 81 ihouehf afe m'cn ffr--id
"a that the Russnn t -a. Pa.
lot and the du.f on
States h 20 teach INNS. I1
The Detroit times., 1917-09-15

Freddie Fly These bulbs ought
10 make a prize winning flower
ned
Payette enterprise. (Payette, Canyon Co., Idaho) 1909-1935, 1917-12-20
WARSHIPS MUST HAVE AIR
Ventilation is Secured Through Water
tight Trunks, Which Are Con-
tinued Up to Weather Deck.

One of the most difficult problems
in building a modern battleship is to
secure satisfactory ventilation, says
the Minneapolis Journal. A ship is
such a complicated thing, made up of
many steel boxes, large and small, for
the accommodation of officers, men,
coal, ammunition and stores; dotted
here and there with so many steel lad
ders, automatic lifts, steel bslkheads,
and watertight doors, varied here and
there by miles of electric wires be-
longing to lights, telephones, bells and
motors, to say nothing of the endless
mileage of pipes for flooding, drain
ing, pumping, fresh water, fresh air
or compressed air, and speaking tubes.
First in importance comes the ven
tilating of the boiler and engine rooms.
When you begin to think Of the gangs
of coal black demons working away in
the bowels of the ship at q tempera-
ture of 100 degrees; when, too, you
commence to realize that unless the
furnaces receive their required
draught the speed of the battleship
drops to below that of her sisters in
the squadron, you appreciate the i'm
portance of steam-driyen fans to the
furnaces and boiler rooms. The sup
ply of air comes down through large
watertight trunks which are continued
right up to the weather deck, armored
gratings being provided at the protect
i've deck.
For ventilating engine rooms, large
electric fans are employed. So, too,
the coal bunkers have TO be ventilated,
owing TO the gas which the coal gives
off. This gas, when mixed with air,
forms an explosive; so, in order TO
prevent a possibility of injury to men
or ship, a supply and an exhaust pipe
are fitted in such a manner as to
cause q current of air.
Payette enterprise. (Payette, Canyon Co., Idaho) 1909-1935, 1917-12-20
St. PauPs Gold Cross a Mark.

There is a feeling growing in city
circles that steps should be taken to
deaden the CLEAN of the cross and bell
on St. Paurs cathedral, says the Lon
don Globe. 1t is pointed out that these
were regilded shortly before the war,
and that when the sun is shining
brightly they afford a magnificent
landmark for enemy airmen to indi-
cate the whereabouts of the very CEN
ter of the city of London.
1t is stated that the shining cross
ran be seen many miles away with the
naked eye.
Payette enterprise. (Payette, Canyon Co., Idaho) 1909-1935, 1917-12-20
Will Not Visit nMeat Houses.r

In Tokyo, says Good Health, GER
tain class of japanese are adopting
the practice of eating meat, as they
have acquired the habit Of using to-
bacco and drinking whisky, through
their desire to initiate the westerners.
Some have an idea that by tiesh-eat-
ing they may be able to increase their
size and vigor.
1t is noticeable, however, that the
Japanese women refuse to eat meat
and will not visit the restaurants
where meat is served, which are known
as meat houses" The japanese wom-
en- regard it improper to visit such
places.
Payette enterprise. (Payette, Canyon Co., Idaho) 1909-1935, 1917-12-20
FRUITLAND DEPARTMENT
Mrs. X. G.. Wilson

spend the holidays with their rela
tives.
Miss Anna Rupp spent several
days last week in Boise.
Misses Dorothy Luck and Ethel
Delhi Of the College of Idaho spent
the week end with Prof. Chas. Mil.
Ter and family.
The ]. T. Brown family of Pay
cite moved to Fruitland last week.
Miss Lima Creger visited several
days last week in Boise.
Frank Kinnison's friends Will be
glad to hear he expects to spend
Christmas in Fruitland.
A Sacred Concert will be given in
the High School assembly Hall Sun
day night the 2$rd, to which every
one is invited. The Christmas Carol
and Readings with ILLUSTRATED songs,
will be given.
E. A. Stegner gave per cent Of
his cash sales to the different
churches this week. Monday was
Brethren Church day, Tuesday was
Baptist day, Wednesday was Metho-
dist day, and Thursday was Church
.cf Christ day.
e. X. Wilcox of Idaho Falls was
Il Fruitland business visitor Monday.
". G. Gardner has purchased Mr..
Willccx's property in town.
The Misses Valene and Enid Nc
Kern, who have spent the fall with
their cousin, Mrs. Cary Tussing, left
for their home at Mt. Vernon, Ore
eon, Tuesday. Their mother will
meet them in Baker where they
VIII spend several days.
Rev. o. Hover was an Emmett
visitor Monday. Rev. Hover and
family are spending the holidays
with Mrs. Hower's parents, Mr.. and
Mrs. II. B Kinnison
Miss Maude Yost is staying at the
r. r. Nelson home and has entered
High School.
Frank Thompson was unfortunate
Monday morning in having his fore
finger on the right hand badly LAGER
ated and the bone crushed as he was
trying to put the fan belt ON while
the fan in his car was going. 1t IS
feared he may lose his finger.
Miss Elsie Schmid entertained her
Sunday School class. the "Chelola
Girls" Sunday at her home. Miss Nc
Cormack of Roswell who taught the
class Last year, was also a guest.
Born to Mr.. and Mrs. L. 2 Shu-
bert, a son, Saturday Dec. Is.
Born to Mr.. and Mrs. P. o Collins
worth a daughter, Sunday Dec. 16
A number OF Fruitland people at
tended the second number of the
lyceum course at Payette Monday
night.
Miss Bessie Greip, our primary
teacher, resigned her work in the
school, and Miss Anna Pearson will
fill the vacancy. Miss Greip has done
excellent work in the school room.
Our school is very fortunate in find
ing such an efficient teacher as Miss
Pearson to fill the vacancy.
o. F. Lark and P. H Krcst bought
1890 pounds of beans near Nyssa
lately. Mr.. Lark raised about four
tons of beans on his farm. At the
present wholesale price Of u cents
per pound he will realize a neat lit
tic sum for his work. Mr.. Lark fees
the crop he raised was a fairly
good one considering that he did
not have sufficient water for irrigat-
ing.
F. E. Thompson purchased the
first War Saving certificate stamp
in Fruitlland
Mrs. J. w. Boor spent several
days in Emmett last week with her
Payette enterprise. (Payette, Canyon Co., Idaho) 1909-1935, 1917-12-20

daughter, Mrs. Laurel Wells, who
mourns the loss OF an infant son.
Mrs. Ch&s. Lockner went to EN-
nett Tuesday to visit her sister
Mrs. Laurel Wells.
Mr.. and Mrs. NJ. w Hezeltine took
Mr.. and Mrs. Harry Taylor to Boise
last Wednesday. On the way home
they visited Mr.. Hezelltine's sister
Mrs. Holll at Nampa.