davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1917-10-11
German Reichstag Threatens to
Compel Kaiser to Make
Statement.
SPEAKERS ARE JEERED
Representatives OF Michaelis Fail to
Mollify Critics-Further Discussion
Expected-Snow in Vosges--
German Fleet in Baltic.

st. Paul, Oct. 9.-Internal conditions
Sithin the German empire threaten to
compel the issuance of a full statement
of Germany's wal aims. What the
| German leaders want if they are sue
| cussful will be discussed in the reich
stag.
Fails to MolIify the Critical.
The imperial chancellor, DIR. Georg
Michaelis, sent Minister of the In
terror Helfferich before the reichstag
Saturday to make a statement on his
behalf. Helfferich failed to mollify the
critical members of the reichstag and
the sitting was adjourned after the
vice chancellor's speech had been in
terrupted. General Won Stein, the war
minister, was jeered when he at
tempted to explain the army's side of
the accusation hat the high command
was using strong methods to help the
pan-German agitation.
Tirpitz Busy Since Defeat.
Former Chancellor Won Bethmann-
Hollweg some months before his resig-
nation had a test of strength with Ad-
miral Won Tirpitz, the reputed organ
izer of ruthless submarine warfare and
the chancellor won. The admiral since
has been busy and the fatherland par
ty, of which he ID a sponsor, according
to recent reports, has been very active
in opposing the %reichstag majority de-
claration for peacp without anneNa-
tons or indemnities.
New Positions Used as Bases.
Approaching cold weather on the
western front is forecast in the ap-
pearance Of snow in the Nosges. In
Flanders the weather has been most
Hnfavorable the last two days, but Of
fetal reports mention no letup in the
violent artillery duels. The British
are using the new positions won last
week as a base from which to harass
the Germans in the lowlands, prepara-
tory for a new stroke in this plan to
outflank the German positions in the
north.
German Naval Fleet in Baltic.
Unofficial reports from Stockholm
say strong German naval forces have
been sighted in the Baltic sea off the
Danish and Swedish coasts, bound
probably for the Gulf of Finland for a
drive on Telsingfors, Finland and Pet
rograd. The Germans are said to be
concentrating a large force including
mine sweepers, %aplanes and trans
ports, and plan to take Helsingfors by
land and sea-.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1917-10-11
British Artillery in Terrific Bonn.
bardment Previous to New
Big Drive.
GERMANS ANSWER FIRE
New Offensive May Be Sprung at Any
Moment-Crown Princes Army
Repuised by French
Eorcac

London, Oct. 9.-Through squalls OF
gain and under low hanging clouds,
Field Marshall Haig is blazing the
way with his artillery for another raid
Into the German line in Flanders.
Since the great advance of the mid
week the British infantry has kept to
Ghe trenches and shell craters, except
where forays were called for to re-
Salign the new front or counter attacks
were necessary to hold back weak and
sporadic German attempts to recap
aure lost terrain here and there.
But the big guns never ceased their
activity, and day in and day out great
masses of steel have been blasting tho
German points which are mapped out
FOR capture when the new drive is
launched. The Germans are answer
Eng the British fire on various sectors.
Particularly heavy is the lombard
ment in the region running from
Langemarck to Zonnebeke, and espe-
cially to the east of the latter town,
where the wedge of the British has
been pushed in, almost within striking
S4loIAiiNS vi ~ oSlClll IlllC lOdu.
New Drive Coming.
When the new offensive will be
sprung cannot be predicted. Several
days may elapse before Haig has suf-
Efficiently pounded the Germans to war
rant sending his men across no mans
land to the detectives assigned to
them for capture. or the process of
1n1,n1t4in, ol,n,J, :, l,,o ,J-o,oo
TO the point where the first gray
streaks of dawn may see it's commence
ment.
The army of the German crown
prince in Champagne again has en-
deavored to dent the French line, but
again has failed with considerable
losses in men killed or made prisoners.
The heavy artillery duel continues
elonS the eastern bank OF the Meuse
river in the Nerdm sector.
Comparative Quiet in Russia.
Comparative quiet prevails on the
northern portion of the front in Rus
STA, and along this line to Roumania.
In Roumania, however, the Russians in
an attack northwest of the town of
Serelh captured a Tetonic Allied posi-
zion, made prisoner 1862 men and took
seven machine guns.
Daily the Italians and Austrians are
engaged in battles for supremacy on
the slopes Of Monte San Gabrielle in
she Gorilla sector. In the latest fight
Che italians captured many positions
Oh the northern slopes and also took
prisoners.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1917-10-11
Anti-Fat Nd Arouscs German Ire.

Amsterdam. Oct. S.-Tho Hamburg
Echo almost boils with indignation be-
cause the Luneberger Anzciger prints
an anti-fat advertisement at a time
when his ribs are posing through
every honest Germans clothes" 1t
shows both a lamentable want Of tact
and an impertinence to the suffering
people to publish an announcement
such as the following: "Cornova Tab.
lets, containing Marienbad salts. The
safest means to reduce fat and flesh
without dieting. Two marks 80 the
tox.-New Apothecar!es' Hail"
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1917-10-11
Prepare Case AGAINST |. w. w.

Chicago, Oct. 8.-Federal officials
have begun lining up the evidence
to be presented against indicted I. w
w. members when they are tried or
various charges of conspiracy against
the government. The work was di
rected by Frank G Daley, of Indian
spolis, special assistant attorney gen
eral, who prosecuted the famous Nc
Eamara dynamite conspirators. The
work will be completed probably the
last Of this month, when Charles
Clyne, U. S. district attorney. viii
ash immediate trial.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1917-10-11
Lansing Gives Proof That He
Planned Huge Peace Brides
Throu h BoIo Pasha.
LIFTS REVELATION LID
Cunning of Former German Ambassa.
dor Is Showa in Confidential Mes
sages Gwen Out by State
department..

Washington, Oct. S.-The State de-
partment makes public further docu-
mentary proof of the extraordinary
activities Of i,olo Pass, now a pris-
oner in France, II l:rows further
light on the vaccinations of the Ger
man diplomatic service, by giving out
more of Count Bernstorff's contiden-
tial cables exchanges with the Berlin
foreign office.
The messages signed by Won Bern
storff and Jagow, then foreign minis
ter, show that ST. o. 900 which the
ambassador obtained authority to
place to the credit of Hugo Schmidt,
then a representative Of the Deutsche
bank at New York, was sought as a
loan to a leading political personal
ity" in France and was counted upon
to bring peace. They were exchanged
in February, 1916, when the French
Socialists were threatening to over
throw the government and there was
talk of France being tired of war and
dissatisfied with the part played by
her Allies.
Bernstorff's Craft Displayed.
The willy Bernstorff cautioned
against expressions in the German
press concerning internal French
changes, suggesting that German ap-
prevail might upset all his plans. He
also was careful not to put down the
name of the political personality, say
ing a verbal report would be made as
oon as a trustworthy messenger could
be found.
Disclosures Without Comment.
The state department contributed
it's latest disclosure, like those that
have preceded it, without explanation
as to how the documents came into
its possession.
The kilograms show that B%ernstorf1
knew definitely with whom he was
dealing, that Bolo Pasha must have
known whence his funds came, anc
that both Pavenstedt and Hugo
Schmidt, New York agent Of the
Deutsche Bank of Berlin, must have
been familiar with the whole trans
action.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1917-10-11
KAISER BEYS DEMANDS
House of Lords to Be Changed in
Response to People.
Land Owners Representation Is Cut
and That of Labor Men
Increased.

Amsterdam, Oct. 9.-The German gov
eminent has announced an epoch-mak-
ing reform in response to the demands
Of the people.
The makeup of the Prussian house
of lords, heretofore always M of the
main bulwarks Of junkerism, is to be
thoroughly reconstructed. Forty
eight seats are conceded to represen-
tatives OF labor, while land owners are
to have only "a. Twelve princes are
to be amoung the 100 representatives
which the kaiser will name.
The representation under the new
plan will be as follows: To be named
by the kaiser, 1870; labor, 4S; industry,
4S; municipalities, SO; rural communi.
ties, sc; land owners, "a; burgomasters
of large towns, 20; clergy, II; educa.
ton, 16; trade, IL; agriculture, 4.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1917-10-11
Strike NaIs Grain Movements.

Fort Willia1,, Ont, Oct. Sat a
mass meeting Of strikers at the Cana
dian lake terminals it was unanimous
Iy decided not to return to work, but
to await the arrival of Vice President
Jones of the International Longshore-
mans union, who is Of his way to Fort
William to conduct negotiations. EN-
bargoes on all railways on grain ship,
ments and congestion in the yards at
Port Arthur and Fort William are
working back throughout the west
The movement towards the twin Cana
dian ports has stopped.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1917-10-11
Vouch for Heavy Teuton Losses,

With the British Armies in the Field
Oct. 6.-The British bull dog is hold
ing fast to the great bite on which his
viselike jaws have closed-close to
the vital center of Germany's positions
in Belgium. German counter-attacks
failed. Hot fighting was still in prog
ress as the Tommies consolidated
their victories on the main Passchen.
daele ridge. Every mar in the unend.
ing stream Of German prisoners which
flowed to cages vouched for the ire
mendous losses suffered by the enemy
as the result OF the British drive.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1917-10-11
FAST n. P. TRAIN KILLS FOUR
Hits Auto Driven by inexperienced
Owner

st. Cloud, Mimi, Oct. 8.-The Win
nipeg Flyer, a fast Northern Pacific
train, killed four people who were in
a. automobile driving to Little Falls
Cor dinner. The party, four automo.
bile loads, were driving across the
tracks when the train smashed into
n car. One of the others had passed
safely.
The dead are: Octavius Longworth,
10 years old, driver of the car; Lottie
Kickerbocker, Jennie Longworth, 6S
years old, sister of the aged driver,
all of Annandale, and Mrs. Hattie
Davis of Clear Lake.
The deceased owner of the car was
an inexperienced driver.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1917-10-11
STATE OF WAR In TURKESTAN
Flareup Follows Apparent Settlement
of Rebel Outbreak.

Petrograd, Oct. 6.-The government
has declared a state of war in Tur.
kestan, where revolutionary move.
ments broke out early this week. The
situation appeared to be becoming
normal when it suddenly flared up.
AS a protest against the sending OF
q punitive expedition, the Council CT
Workmen's and Soldiers delegates. in
TashEent, the capital, has proclaimed
a general strike.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1917-10-11
LIBERTY MOTOR TRUCK BUILT
Perfected Machine to Supply U. S.
Armies Overseas.

Lima, Ohio, Oct. 9.-The first Lib
erty motor truck for the United States
army, product of the greatest motor
truck designers Of the country, IL mo-
tor truck plants and 60 automobile
parts factories, has been completed
here at a local manufacturing plant.
The standardized machine, Of which
80, 900 copies will be turned out in the
first half of 1918 for the army is said
to represent the perfection Of automo-
bile truck development. It's motive
power is derived from the new Libor-
ty motor, recently perfected at Wash,
ington by War department experts.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1917-10-11
FIRST U. S. PATROL SHIP LOST
Founders in European Waters, Report
Crew Safe.

Washington, Oct. S.-An American
patrol vessel on duty in foreign wat
ers has been lost, the navy depart
ment announces.
A dispatch from Vice Admiral Simms
states that the ship foundered, but the
entire crew and officers were safely
landed.
The accident occurred on the morn,
5ng Of October g.. The department
stated that beyond a bare announce
9nent OF the loss, no further details
ztra given. An investigation is teiqg
made.
Tnis patrol yessa! is Tie first Amer
ican ship to be lost in foreign waters
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1917-10-11
Incondiaries Burn Lumber Yards.

st. Paul, Oct. 9.-Property valued
at $4,000 lies in ruins in st. Paul.
the result of fire, said TO be Of incen.
diary origin, which destroyed the
plants of the Twin City Hardwood hum.
Der company and the stock Of the
Twin City Varnish company. Twenty
fremen we're either injured Or over
come while fighting the fire. The fire
was the second in two days to destroy
valuable property in st. Paul. 1t fol
loved destruction of the II. B. Waite
Lumber company yards. The yards
adiolned.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1917-10-11
TO DECIDE DRAFT LAW APPEAL
U. S. Supreme Court to Hear Argu-
ments Dec. 10.

Washington, Oct. 9.-To permit an
early decision, the United States SUI
preme court has advanced appeals in
volviug constitutionality Of the draft
law and fixed Dec. 10 for hearing ar
yuments.
The court decided to expedite the
| governments antitrust suit against
the United Shoe Machinery company
and fixed Jan. 7 for ~rehearsing argu.
ments.
The court also seeded to review
federal decrses which restrained the
International News service or Hearst
service from "pirating" news from the
Associated Press.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1917-10-11
New Revolt in Mexico.

Brownsville, Texas, Oct. IA revolt
against the Mexican government has
been started by General Porffrio Con
zales, former Carranza commander,
who has modified 500 followers at
Aldamas, near the Nuevo Leon
Tamaulipas line, $50 miles west of Ma
tamoras, according to reports that
reach here. Aldamas is 100 miles
south Of Roma, Texas.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1917-10-11
WILSON PRAISES CONGRESS
-.
Says Body Has Assured Effectiveness
of American Arms.

Washington, Oct. S.-Congress in its
remarkable session has at nee assur-
ed the effectiveness of American
arms" and ~safeguarded the rights of
khe people, President Wilson declares.
In a review of war legislation def
nitely completed when adjournment
wa taken at 3 o'clock Saturday, the
President said Americas legislative
body has left no doubt as to the spirit
land determination of the country"
The Presidents statement, issued
rafter the Senate had cancurred in a
House vote to adjourn at 3 o'clock
tsubjact to the call of the President,
was issued just before the President
went to the capitol to sign bills and
formally end the session.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1917-10-11
BARS NONPARTISAN LEAGUE
Litchfieid Asks Ban on Meeting
There

There.
Litchfield, Oct. 7.-Litchf1eld has
Joined the ranks of Minnesota towns
barred against the Nonpartisan league,
whose president, A. G. Townley, was
sponsor for La Toilette in his recent
appearance in st. Paul. Fergus Falls,
Lake City and Rochester closed their
gates to Nonpartisan speakers.
At a meeting Of business men and
other citizens Of Litchfeld, resolutions
were passed protesting against the
proposed Nonpartisan meeting, sched-
uled to be held there Tuesday when
a. c. Townley expects to speak. The
resolutions CAL upon The State Public
Safety comm sion to prohibit the
meeting.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1917-10-11
CUBA Puts Embargo on Food.

Havana, Oct. IA decree of Presi
dent Menocal prohibits expectation and
re-exportation from Cuba, except I'm.
der license, Of all articles named in
President Wilson's export prohibition
proclamation Of August q, last.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1917-10-11
Philadelphia Mayor in Contempt.

Philadelphia, Oct. Mayor Thorn
as B. Smith faces the possibility of a
Jail sentence for contempt Of court.
The mayor was held in contempt dur,
which he is one Of nine defendants,
when he refused to produce 1.-The true
and original copy" of a report to him
from Detective Alfred Souder, in &C.
cordance With a subpoena served on
him.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1917-10-11
Russian Paper Workers Strike.

Patrograd, Oct. 8.-The worlncn in
all the paper factories of P~eGrogaad
have gone on strike. If prolonged it
seriously threatens to embarass early
convection Of the constituent assem-
bly, owing to the demand for paper
for the electoral bulletins.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1917-10-11
STORMS DEATH TOLL is 2,17A
Japanese Typhoon Kills 400 In
None. Official Report.

Toxic, Oct. 9.-The official total Ct
casualties in the RECEIPT terrific to-
phoon and flood is announced as 2,174
dead and no injured. -Four hundred
we're killed in Toxic alone and II in
iured.
The Idaho Republican. [volume] (Blackfoot, Idaho) 1904-1932, 1917-01-05

Ter. John Jensen. ]. q. Rhodes, driv1
ers.
WESTERN UNION TELEGRAPH co.
Frank Moser. manager; Tom Riley.
messenger.
YOUNIE BLOCK BOOMING HOUSE
Seventeen rooms. Mrs. A. M. Stew
art, proprietress, Mrs. Carlos PART,
ridge, helper. h
YOUNG, JAMES
Civil engineer. City engineer and
county surveyor.
LAWYERS
J. w. Jones.
G. F, Hansbrough.
W. A. Beakley.
George f. Gagon.
William A. Lee.
r. w. Adair.
G. s. Beebe.
Hamilton Wright.
R. J.. Dygert.
A. s. Dickinson.
James e. Good.
y. -. I1CIIs
LAND ATTORNEYS :
l.. r. Thomas.
]. H. Andersen.
Il. C. Bernhisel.
Guy Stevens.
DENTISTS
W. s. Hoge. "A
Charles Mackey.
B. H. Hudson.
PHYSICIANS
G. A. Hoover. .
F. W. Mitchell.
W. e. Patrie.
J. B. Davis.
w. W. Beck. ..
J. B. Cooper.
H. J. Simmons.
Continued on mage seven.
The Idaho Republican. [volume] (Blackfoot, Idaho) 1904-1932, 1917-01-05
U. s. POST OFFICE

Gregory Jones, post master: C. B,
Abbott. assistant; T. F. Farmer, mon
ey order and postal savings: J. M.
Weigel, window delivery and distri-
button; w. K. Snyder, mailing clerk:
Arthur Smith, substitute; w. w. Kin
ney, city carrier No. 1; v. A. Barrier,
city carrier No. Q; Thomas Lindsay,
R. F. d. MOL; G. H. Brown, r. r.
D. No. q U. G. Hoyt, R. F. D. No. 8;
Edward Bentley, r. F. D. No. a;
Arthur Smith, substitute.
UTAHIDAHO SUGAR CO.-19O4
Agricultural department: G.. H.
Smith, ST., superintendent; Edward
smith, farm foreman; John Briggs,
Il. H. Smith, Jr., James Cobbley, field
men. Accounting department: r. H.
Clayton, cashier; s. w. Gaddie, book
keeper; T. P. Walters, time-keeper:
Q. S. Lindsay, clerk; e. e. Scannell,
F. G. Carmody, stenographers; Rom
aid Robbins, weighman. Mechanical
department: William varley, fact
DRY superintendent; James Tremin-
MAN, master mechanic,
VOLPERT, M.-10OO
Dealer in hides and junk. Nathan
Volpert, assistant. Agents for the
Great Western Hide and Junk Co.
WATSON'S GARAGE - 1911-'14-'16
Repairs and supplies. Capacity,
30 to so cars. Maurice Watson, Mrs.
Lydia Watson, proprietors; Phillip
Darnell. head mechanic; Charles Kie-
fer, mechanic; George Mason, night
man.
WHITE TRANSFER GO.
L . B. White, proprietor; May
Gertsch, bookkeeper; William Chand-
The Idaho Republican. [volume] (Blackfoot, Idaho) 1904-1932, 1917-01-05
CLUB CIGAR STORE

Six billiard and pool tables, soda
fountain; Alec Bumgarner and R. s.
DeKay, owners; Richard Stone and
Thomas Bumga.ner.
The Idaho Republican. [volume] (Blackfoot, Idaho) 1904-1932, 1917-01-05

Harris, receiver; Willard T. Smith,
T. c. Peterson, clerks; Charles Simon,
law clerk; L. B. Kimble, L. R. King,
stenographers.
The Idaho Republican. [volume] (Blackfoot, Idaho) 1904-1932, 1917-01-05

general manager; G. II. Munchmeyer
Dayton Peck, r. B. Dunlap, Mis-,
Bernice Galaghan, w. e. Gibby
Claude Tolles, Ralph Daffin. Elme,
s haniel, H. G.. Williams; 1S brancl
yards. Scld to Boisc-Payette Lum
Der Co., VINO take over the business
January /, 1917.
IDAHO CAFE-19O6
| B. H. Lyon, proprietor; Franz
Hooper, Vivian Ivie, Lawrence Malm
w. s. Newmarket, Robert Bryan.
IDAHO MEAT MARKET
T. H. Hopkins, B. w. Hopkins
owners; TOY T. Longley, Albert
Hickman, Willard Boice; Leone Pope
cashier.
THE IDAHO REPUBLICAN-19O4
Byrd Trego, owner; Fremont Kut-
neWsky, reporter and assistant edit
or; Miss Mabel Christensen, book.
keeper and cashier; e. j. Potter,
foreman; Wesley Lantis, linotype
operator; Miss Alice Jones, compos-
itor and press feeder; 20 country
correspondents.
IDLE HOUR POOL HALI-1914
Five tables; Willard Gibbs, L. l..
walker, owners.
ISIS THEATRE
M. e. Boyd, owner; Robert Boyd,
Mrs. Robert Boyd, Gordon Vaughn,
Vail Clevenger.
JAP POOL HALL
Five tables. Otto Ishida, owner.
JONES PRINT sHOP-1ssz
Percy Jones, owner; Miss Mamie
compositor.
JORGENsEN s. co.
GROCERS-1916
George M. Jorgensen, proprietor;
Leo Phelps, Merriam Thomas, Marion
Jorgensen. Carl Jorgensen.
JOHNSON MILLINERY--1916
Mrs. Hattie Johnson, proprietress;
Miss Alma Johnson, assistant.
KINNEY ART STUDIO
Portrait photography and develop
ng. Miss Gertrude Kinney, proprie-
ress; Miss Whildcn Kinney. assist
mt.
KINNEY MERCANTILE CO.-1917
r. L. Archer, A. D. Quantrell, Fl.
;. Kinney will open with a new stock
# goods, February /, 1917, where
Kinney & Co. are closing out.
KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAs HALLS
Second floor Of Curtis building.
THE LOBBY POOL HALL--1915
Four tables. F. W. Con. proprie-
or.
LAY RooM1NG HoUsE-1e1a
Fifteen rooms. Mrs. w. L. Hawley,
MODEL CAFE
Wallace Collins, owner; Howard
Iugent, assistant.
MODERN BARBER SHOP-1912
Four chairs. Paul Smith, proprie-
or; Bert Duke, D. Thorpe, James
Anderson, BARRIERS; Marine Rivera,
,orter.
STATES TELEPHONE
AND TELEGRAPH COMPANY
L. J. Chapman, exchange manager;
Hiss Merl Brimhall, chief opesator;
fiss Alfredo Showalter, Miss Hazel
Wright, Miss Merle Willis, Miss Re-
ecka Willis, Miss Pearl Young, Miss
Ioldie Danilson, Miss Frances Riley
'perators; Miss Florence Young,
Jerk; Joseph King, j. M. Taylor, F. !
=. Oliver, linemen. (
Morningside, a poultry farm rails
lg pure bred White Leghorns. Mil
IN H. Fehnel and Charles Kirchner,
wners.
Martins Coal office, w. F. Mar
n, owner.
MURPHEY'S CIGAR STORE
Pocatello headquarters. Eight
Dol and billiard tables. Henry Giles,
LanageT; Jack Stono, r. I. Morrell,
erks.
A. MARTIN, LIVESTOCK-19O7
Successor to Martin & Anderson.
uys, feeds and ships livestock. r
ARBLE FRONT BARBER I
SHOP-19O3
D. F. Arthur, W. r. Robbins, own
s; Cecil Lint, Earl Dahlstrom, Her.
an Rose, Charles Boyd, BARRIERS. a
AC WEARS PRINT sHoP-1914 y
W. A. MacVicar, proprietor. q
j. I'll. MCDONALD V
Real estate and loans, farms and
ty property. e
NEW BOSS DAIRY q
Carlyle & Marion Merkley, owners =
Id managers.