davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Missouri Valley times. [volume] (Missouri Valley, Iowa) 1874-1931, 1917-12-27
STRAWBERRY FAvoR,TEs.

CTRAWBERKY SHORTCAEE.
Two cupfuls of flour, one table
spoonful Of sugar, four teaspoon
fuls of baking powder, half tea
spoonful of salt, one egg, one-third cup
full of butter, one aud one-fourth table
spoonfuls of lard and one-third cupfu;
OF milk.
Mix dry ingredients and sift twice.
work in shortening with tips of fingerg,
add egg well beaten and milk. Roll out
until about two inches thick and bake.
Split and butter the sides. pile the low
er half with Strawberries which have
been crushed and sweetened, and deco
rate the top with whole strawberries
set in whipped cream.
Strawberry Sponge. sponge
cake in round pan. Carefully cut Off
i, the top, hollow out the center and fill
with whipped cream, sweetened and ia
vored and mixed with one cupful of
mashed Strawberries. Replace the top
and serve on large plate.
Strawberry Whip.-One and one
fourth cupfuls of strawberries, one cup
ful OF powdered sugar, white of one egg
Put the ingredients in bowl and beat
with wire wb;sk until stiff enough
to hold in shape; about thirty minutes
will be required Tor beating. Pile light
ly on dish, chill surround with lady
fingers and serve with cream or boiled
custnrd
Strawberry Ice Cream.-Wash and
stem one quart Of berries, sprinkle with
one-half to one cupful of sugar, de
| pending on the sweetness of the berries.
\ Let stand one hour; mash and rub
through strainer Make a custard of
one pint of milk. two eggs and one cup
full of sugar. Add one pint of cream,
cool and partially freeze. Add berries
and finish freezing. Use three parts of
Ice to one OF salt. Crush ice in fine
pieces and mix with the salt before
packing into the freezer.
Strawberry Sauce. - A delightful
sauce for cottage and other buildings is
made by adding to hard sauce--mado
by Dreaming together tablespoonful
Of butter with two of powdered sugar
sufficient crushed strawberries to make
the sauce deep pink color. Serve the
pudding while hot.
Missouri Valley times. [volume] (Missouri Valley, Iowa) 1874-1931, 1917-12-27
mAuDE MARIE COSTELLO.
To Tell Women of this City How
To Reduce Baking Costs.

A l'ake-day pointer found
i'm one of the articles written by
Maude Marie Costello. the cmi-
nent domestic scientist-and now
appearing in the columns OF this
paper-may save you many dol
lars i'm cash and endless bake day
disappointmenls.
Every one of Miss Costello S
articles is brimming over with
bake day information that shows
housewives how To secure better
bakings at bigger savings.
Miss Costello's articles are not
the usual wordy talks on domes-
tic science. There is no theoriz-
ing. She deals strictly with prov
EN- facts. She is recognized as
one of the most competent do
nestle scientists OF the age. She
has conducted scores upon
scores of extensive experiments.
She has formulated many money
time and trouble saving methods
for modern housewives. She is a
thoroughly educated woman-a
graduate of the University of Chi
caeo and the Lewis Institute q
teacher of domestic science i'm the
Ipublic schools.
a trained domestic scientist
who talks to you Individually
Through the columns of This pa
per and tell you plainly ant
|trulhfully, precisely how you may
secure the purest. most perfectly
leanvencd bakings at the loves
possible cost.
Read Miss Gostello's articles
every one of them learn VIVA
domestic science is doing for mil
lions of housewives.
Missouri Valley times. [volume] (Missouri Valley, Iowa) 1874-1931, 1917-12-27
GRANTED PATIENTS.

The following Iowans were
granted patents Tuesday, as re-
ported by the patent office of
Milton S. Crandall of this city:
Lloyd H. Cook, Maquoketa, wise.
Edgar M. Craig, Marlinsburg,
Wire clamp.
ULYSSES q. Davidson. AIgona,
milking machine.
Drlos A. Davis. Ames. self
masking film.
John h. Dennis, OtIumwa. type
writer carrier return.
Ernest j.. Enfield, Davenport.
wheel construction.
Samuel Mr. Ford, Dcs Mones,
heating and cooking stove
Vincent p. l'reymann. LeMars.
tobacco can attachment.
Ernest S. Johnson. Webster
City, feeding device for animals.
Joseph M. Kyle, Butler county.
draft connection for tractors.
Edwin M. Markell, Des Moines.
machine for subjecting air TO Ger
tain light rays.
James H. Mckay, Forest City,
concrete tie.
Frank II. Page, Waverly, stock
waterer.
Edward j. Rood, Webster City,
feeding device.
Charley j. Spencer, Osceola,
floor jack.
Floyd l.. Thomas, Fonda, valve
grinding machine.
Paul w. Wiggert, Ida Grove,
electrical switch lock.
Missouri Valley times. [volume] (Missouri Valley, Iowa) 1874-1931, 1917-12-27

ne .uc-.lsrs IN America nave new
er turned our minds to the destruction
of human life. Our work has been con-
structive-the chemistry of the soil,
Of cement, Of printers ink. of the by
products from petroleum and tar, of
10000 things which will make for
longer, happier life for man. But If
the world Is to be turned upside down
and instead Of staying death and d.
sease and making new things that man
can use for his own ennoblement we
are wanted to push forward the work
Of the destruction of man and all his
works we can become rivals Of the
worst In such enterprise
This is not the time to present the
things d6ne aid the thtnes doing ny
these men Of the necromantic science,
but when the day comes for casting up
accounts and giving credit their work
will not 60 unrecosnixed."
Hundreds Of thousands of acres of
lands I'm the DATED States. hitherto
untitled. may be placed under cultiva-
ton during 1918.
An inquiry by the department OF the
interior shows that approximately 6OO,-
600 acres on various reclamation pro-
jects and an area Of Indian lands al
most as large are susceptible of Guilt
walton.
p.uA.. q. ~,o %n,,,, 80 .,.,.o,,nnt
being provided on large scale for
the men Of the army and navy. 1t 10
one Of the ways the war camps COM
munity service, under direction Of the
war and navy departments, provides
wholesome pleasure for the troops.
There are n0w approximately 1900
speakers in the -four minute men,"
the nationwide organization of volun-
teer speakers who assist the govern
ment in the work Of national defense
by presenting messages Of vital ma
thsater audiences.
Retail. dealers Of insecticides ere ex-
en,pt from the Nsansang regulates
covering trade IN white arsenic and
arsenic insecticides. The only COM
panies required 10 obtain licenses are
Wholesalers and jobbsss.
ioAihaae ,hes11iaf ,Ss1.aeat u which are,
,alfasAy in.sDsselbon Assessas, consists
efs tn people sadalbatertal necessary
,IAaasetsblieh and; one,ute a. hospital
\ sfhiut ,asa4ns GnAside, naaistancs s1-,
,leent tho, proSinon ef ,shaliax. 4 This
tlaa,,aliv ,nneans n daaaxteds Initial. an
eNsextvilI.se. !. ,sr..py a. huts or q
,lnrs. ha,s - lsn.,,asA snau tents.
r. ne,.a.nel a ene .hosuital which
,ss,luaata Gss..as.d ysna 3vaifins to ID
Int TO Tssno., incandss "a ,physcians
iandq.snn..nnaan.ar4ysalle Of when are
..-...oa.. rtn.+..anA>or.nt. m
Missouri Valley times. [volume] (Missouri Valley, Iowa) 1874-1931, 1917-12-27

Delbert Myers of Detroit, Mich,
is here to spend his vacation pc
riOd of two weeks.
Mrs. w. HI. Fensler, Miss Bess
and Fred Fensler left this morn
ing for Cherokee for weeks visit
at the Walter McCulla home.
Miss Helen Freeman is report
ed on the sick list.
Floyd Cox is spending a couple
of days with friends in Chicago.
Mrs. A. H. Young and daugh-
ter who have been the guests of
the formers parents, Mr.. and
Mrs. Bernard Evans, departed
this morning for their new hove
in Washington Springs, S. D.,
where they will join Mr.. Young.
Hugh Tamisiea, city librarian,
received splendid letter this
morning from the Y. M. C. A. at
Camp Dodge, Des Moines, thank
ting him for his efforts in collect
ssing and sending 400 magazines
IHrecently sent to the camp library.
'aThe writer also said the boys were
very grateful for the donation.
Edgar Harvey of Dallas, S. D.,
arrived last evening for a visit
with his grandparents, Mr.. and
Mrs. Geo. Smiley.
Miss Ella Schandelmeier, who
has been the guest OF her aunt,
Mrs. Ella klaffke, and other rela-
tives, the past few weeks, has re-
turned to her home in Boone.
Miss Anita Briggs was an
over Sunday visitor at Camp
Dodge, Des Moines.
Jay Arpp of Camp Pike, Ark, is
home for a holiday visit with
home folks. He has received
badge which proclaims he has
won the high score as sharp
shooter.
\ DR.. Hugh Tamisiea reports the
birth Of Glib. son to Mr.. and
Mrs. Charles Higgins.
w. N. Topper Of Logan was a
Valley business caller This morn
ing.
j w. j. Roden and family of Car
roll are in the city visiting friends
and relatives during the holidays.
Glen Tamisiea was called a
few days ago to Camp Worden,
Wash, to enter the coast artil-
lery
Mr.. and Mrs. l.. w. Skinner of
Council Bluffs were the guests
yesterday of the George Richard
son, ST., home.
William Lee of Modale was a
Valley visitor today
The S. U. Blackburn family
were dinner guests of George
Dalton's Sunday.
A. Jehu from Bancroft, Neb.,
was driving a bran new Super
Six between Modale and Monda-
min, the carburetor evidently had
not been adjusted for gas an al
cohol mixtures. The car was
practically wrecked when it
turned turtle.
Dr. John Tamisiea was feeling
real proud today over the arrival
4 of a fine box OF Boite Nature CT
gars which were purchased at the
Des Moines Club house by DR..
Bierring, president of the Iowa
State Board of Health. The cigars
were packed in a beautiful cedar
box specially made for these CT
gars.
Mr.. and Mrs. Neil Mcleod left
Saturday for an extended visit
with their daughter, Mrs. Chas.
Kennedy, and family, at Chadron,
Neb.
Mrs. F.. w. Schwertley of Mo-
dale was Valley visitor and
shopper today.
Missouri Valley times. [volume] (Missouri Valley, Iowa) 1874-1931, 1917-12-27

- $50: vii he mau,. TO Use
each students special training in con-
nection with specialized occupations in
the army. to afford technical students
liable to call as great an opportunity
through the National army as if they
had enlisted
In Porto Rico. which formerly i'm
ported thousands of dollars worth of
beans annually from the mainland,
ths product is now being exported.
Pari of the war-emergency work of
The department of agriculture has been
10 assist the territories to become less
dependent upon the mainland Of this
country for their supply of food The
Alaska stations have greatly Increased
'he areas SOwn to grnln and are able
to meet increased demands for seed
grain. The Guam station is distribut
ing large quantities of seeds and plants
for cultivation by the natives, and Ha-
vail has materially increased it's pro-
duc,on of food crops.
While the demand for leather for
many uses has taxed the productive
capacity of the country. the amount
used In ordnance equipment for sol
diers is sing,larly small The equip
ment furnished an infantryman by the
ordnance bureau (Which does not in
clude the uniform equipment from the
qualtermaster's department. contains
only 100 ounces.
The largest use of leather In this
equipment is in the gun sling. which
contains Z ounces: in tile oiler and
thong case are l.5 ounces; bayonet
scabbard, OF ounce; pack carrier,
ounce.
All meats and meat products for the
army and navy are obtained only from
inspected establishments and bear the
government stamp inspected and
passed" This stamp means that every
step In the process of preparing the
meat has been under the constant SUI
pervision of trained Inspectors. At the
camps all products are rcinspected and
laboratory analyses made to show That
the foods have not been made injurious
by tampering.
Throughout the country there are o.
COO inspectors engaged in This work
A censor's label on an envelope does
not imply that the writer or the adj
dressee is under suspicion but that its
examination is thought necessary in
safeguarding the governments inter
ests.
Under authority of the trading with
the-enemy act censorship of interna-
tiOnal mail has been established by the
postmaster general. The work will be
conducted at New York, the Canal
Zone. Porto Rico. and other places
where 1t may be necessary.
Forms of regulations necessary tC
govern the proper marketing and han
ding of animal and poultry feed are
now being prepared by the food ad
ministration.
AS in the case of industries dealing
In staple foods for human consumption
federal supervision of feeds will take
the form of licensing system. Infor
nation contained in reports enable
the food administration to detec
hodrding, excessive profits, and Il
know the exact amount and location
Of feeds in the country
Cantonments throughout the countr.
are being searched to secure all col
0red men with technical training nov
! In service for the formation Of an artil
| lery regiment at Camp Meade, Nd.
Proposals to save coal by closing
schools in Northern and Central state
during january and February have no
been met with favor by the fuel admin
F! astrstion.
Missouri Valley times. [volume] (Missouri Valley, Iowa) 1874-1931, 1917-12-27
'SM|LEAGE' BOOKS
FOR 1AE SOLDIERS
PRESENTS THAT WILL EhADLE
MEN IN CAMPS TO SEE hioh
GRADE PRODUCTIONS.
PLANS OF THEATRICAL MEN
Secretary Lane Reviews the Develop.
ment Of the Science Of War-Publie
Lands to Be Opened fer Cultivation
In 1918.

Washington.-The sale of "smileaEe"
camps and environments, Is being ar
ranged by subcommittee of the war
department. commission on training
camp activities. At each Of the 16 Ma
tional army environments a theater has
been erected which seats 5000 men.
Marc Klaw, of klaw Erlanger,
member Of the commission, has ar
ranged for four companies Of the
brightest theatrical stars to play
Cheating Cheaters," Inside the
Lines" Turn to the Right" and Here
Comes the Bride"-all big successes
last year in New York. He has also
planned to have four companies Of the
hishest-grade vaudeville performers
play at these theaters. /,
AT National Guard calnps;la large chau-'
tauQua tents, with seating capacity Of
from 1900 to 1000, have been put up,
and first-class vaudeville Is being pre-
sented.
The expense of operating this cir
cult Of 81 theaters is met by admis-
sion charges which. run from 10 to rs
cents.
"Smileage" books contain 20 or 100
5-cent coupons, which may be pur-
chased by anyone for 81 or IS, respec-
lively, and sent to soldier friend at
the camp. The coupons will be e1-
changed at the box office for admis-
sion tickets. Sending man smile
age book is equivalent to giving him
passes to from 10 to so performances
of various kinds.
Included in the recent annualfreport
of Secretary Franklin X. Lane is the
following;
When the bureau of mines was Gre
ated by congress five years ago il was
: hardly to have been imagined that the
methods used for tire saving, of life IN
the coal mines of the United States
would become of vital USE In the prob:
lem of saving lives and. destroying lives
IN world war; yet this is just whar
has happened.
The soldiers kit, which was so sim
pie thing in other wars. has had to
be increased by a gas mask not. unlike
the helmet of a deeD-sea diver, with q
box of chemicals adapted for otfsetting
the effects Of the various kinds .of gas
the enemy is known to use
when we came into the swar we
found ourselves prepared with the
knowledge. the machinery. and ,the'men
to promptly meet the need Of gas
masks in great quantity and of su-
perior type. Thus the men who had
been on this work of meeting the gases
compounded In natures laboratory
We're found to have reserve of knowl-
edge as to what gases will kill and
what will choke and what will burn
and what will hasten diseasse. which
In war of cumulative fr'ahtfulness
would make the United States modest.
ly distinguished if it wished to 80
shine. AS one3of the. op"nn ~-a"
Missouri Valley times. [volume] (Missouri Valley, Iowa) 1874-1931, 1917-12-27
NOTICE TO ICE USERS.

Kindly place your order for ice
before 4 o'clock, as we cannot de-
liver ice orders after O'Clock the
same day. The order will be taken
care of, the following day.
Missouri Valley times. [volume] (Missouri Valley, Iowa) 1874-1931, 1917-12-27
A..,- M-aa4,~
,D96aIXfTtGHEN
al5UPBOARD
WARTIME VEGETABLES.

II EMIL SOUP. Two tablespoons
fuls of drlppings, two cupfuls ct
milk, an onion, a carrot and a
turnip, a cupful Of lentils, four table
spoonfuls Of flour, teaspoonful of salt
and half teaspoonful of pepper Wash
and soak the lentils all night, then
drain well. Wash and cut the vegeta-
bles into small dice and fry them q
golden brown in the drippings. Add the
.entils and your four cupfuls of water
into the pan and let the contents sim
mer very slowly for three and hale
hours, then rub through u sieve. Mix
the flour with little of the milk then
stir in the rest of the milk IN the PURGE
return to the saucepan and boil for
ten minutes. Add seasonings and ser-ye
hot with croutons of bread or toasl
crackers. This recipe provides nour~
fishing and well liked soup.
White Bean Savory.-Four cupfuls O.
white kidney beans, quarter pound
Of tapioca, two sliced onions, two slicea
tomatoes half cupful of breadcrumbs,
cupful Of white sauce, half u cupfut
Of grated cheese, teaSpoonful of salt,
quarter teaspoonful Of powdered sage
and an eighth teaspOOnful of pepper.
Wash and soak the beans overnight
and soak the tapioca for an hour then
drain well. Mix the beans and lapioca
tigether. Add onions, tomatoes and
seasonlngs. Put all into pudding dish.
pour over the sauce, cover with the
breadcrumbs mixed with the cheese.
dot with small pieces Of butter and
bake for an hour.
Dried Pea Pudding-Two cupfuls OF
dried peas, tablespoonful of butter
chopped onion, a teaspoonful OF salr
and half teaspoonful OF pepper. WASH
and soak The peas. In the morning tie
them loosely in cloth and boil for two
hours, then rub them through sieve.
Add the butter, onion and seasonings.
lie again in cloth (this time very
tightly and boil for an hour. This is
excellent served with hashes, stews or
roast meat.
Curried Lentils.-Four tablespoonfuls
Of drippings, two onions, two apples.
,wo cupfuls of lentils, two teaspoonfuls
of curry powder, four cupfuls of stock
and rice. Melt the drippings and fry
the finely sliced and chopped apples in
it. Sprinkle the curry powder over and
work it in well with the back of wood
en- spoon. Pour in the stock Tor milk
would do equally welI and when it
boils add the soaked lentils. Simmer
for an hour and serve with plain boiled
rice.
F. A.~~ M41~/
Missouri Valley times. [volume] (Missouri Valley, Iowa) 1874-1931, 1917-12-27
ADVERTISED LETTER LIST.

3. 1917:
Burlew, C. C.
Cox, Charles.
Dray, Roy.
Jacobson, Chris.
McCorkle, Mrs. Angie.
Mo. Valley Real Estate Co.
Thomson, Mrs. Edna.
Warrick, Glare.
t. l.. FINLEY, P. NJ.
Missouri Valley times. [volume] (Missouri Valley, Iowa) 1874-1931, 1917-12-27

Field goals-Chaloupka 2, Mar
tin, Bradley 4, Gowens 6, Saun-
ders 4, Stemler 3. Nelson. Free
throws - Chaloupka. Bradley,
Martin, Sunders Z. Personal
fouls-Valley 4. Bluffs 8. Scorer,
Culver; timekeeper, Facy; ref
cree, Gilmore. Bellevue.
Missouri Valley times. [volume] (Missouri Valley, Iowa) 1874-1931, 1917-12-27


The local boys were defeated
by the Council Bluffs team in the
basket ball game at the new high
4 school by score of 35 to ~. The
Valley boys put up hard fight,
but it was impossible for them to
win from a superior team.
Captain Chaloupka, our star
forward, having been injured in
the previous game, was unable to
keep up his brilliant playing.
Bradley starred for the Valley,
making 8 of their II points.
Highpockets" Morton, our lanky
center, played an excellent game.
4 He was outclassed in the first
half of the game, hut came back
the second half full of pep and
easily outplayed the Council
Bluffs center. Emge, our guard,
is mighty small, but good goods
are done up in small packages.
He certainly had the Bluffs for
wards on the go all the time.
Lloyd Good, called Farmer
Burns certainly believes in liv-
ing up TO his name. He was con-
tinually mixing up with the Bluffs
: forwards and time after time he
broke up their team work.
1t is no disgrace to be defeated
by a faster team and the Valley
boys intend TO work all the harder
the rest of the season.
The preliminary game between
the Senior-Junior girls resulted
in a victory for the Seniors. Miss
Bells starred for the Seniors,
while Miss Hearn made most of
the points for the Juniors.
Missouri Valley times. [volume] (Missouri Valley, Iowa) 1874-1931, 1917-12-27

49,. .r-es: vii he maun TO Use
each students special training in con-
nection with specialized occupations in,
the army to afford technical students
liable to call as great an opportunity
through the National army as if they
had enlisted
Missouri Valley times. [volume] (Missouri Valley, Iowa) 1874-1931, 1917-12-27

Proposals to save coal by closing
schools in Northern and Central states
during January and February have not
been met with favor by the fuel admin
1strahon.
Missouri Valley times. [volume] (Missouri Valley, Iowa) 1874-1931, 1917-12-27

Cantonments throughout the country
are being searched to secure all col
ored men with technical training now
In service for the formation of an artil-
lery regiment at Camp Meade, Nd.
Missouri Valley times. [volume] (Missouri Valley, Iowa) 1874-1931, 1917-12-27

Dancing 10 one form Of amusement
being provided on a large scale for
the men Of the army and navy. 1t 10
one Of the ways the war camps COM
munity service, under direction Of the
war and navy departments, provides
wholesome pleasure for the troops.
Harrisburg telegraph. [volume] (Harrisburg, Pa.) 1879-1948, 1917-02-12
POM POM BEFORE
CAPACITY HOUSES
Diminutive Mitzi Hajos Capti-
Yates in Musical Comedy
Far Above Average

Capacity houses on Saturday wit
messed two performances of Henry
Savage's production of Pom Pom,
starring Mitzi Hajos. AS whole 1t
was typical Savage production with
all of it's lavishness, it's big company.
its singing and dancing, and its for
eign atmosphere-all things which
have been so notable in Savage plays of
recent years since the inception of
"The Merry Widow" Pom Pom" is
a musical comedy. bit better than
the average with much better singing
and dancing than ordinarily, and a
genuinely captivating little star, who,
gave the audience just enough to
prove that she could sing and dance,
and who with mannerisms and panto-
mine won the hearts of the audience.
The comedy element was we'll provid-
ed for and was placed in most capable
hands. While probably not as al
Turing as the music of some other
shows, Pom Pom" had several good
airs, whistling ones, and an orchestra
Harrisburg telegraph. [volume] (Harrisburg, Pa.) 1879-1948, 1917-02-12
DINNER TONIGHT
TO MISS OAKLEY
The Governor and Mrs. Brum-
baugh Entertaining For Dis
tinguished Artist

The Governor and Mrs. Martin Grove
Brumbaugh are giving a dinner this
evening at the Executive Mansion in
compliment to Miss Violet Oakley,
whose new paintings for the state are
to be unveiled some time after nine
o'clock.
The large round table is aglow with
pink snapdragon, sweet peas and the
more delicate spring blossoms. Around
it will gather Miss Oakley, Mr.. and
Mrs. William Elder Bailey, Mr.. and
Mrs. Dinner Beeber, of Philadelphia;
Isaac H. Clothier, Philadelphia; John
Armstrong Herman, Colonel and Mrs
Louis ]. Kolb, Philadelphia; the Lieu
tenant-Governor and Mrs. Frank B. Nc
Claim, Lancaster; Mrs. Arthur e. Oak
ley, Philadelphia; the Governor and
Mrs. Brumbaugh.
Harrisburg telegraph. [volume] (Harrisburg, Pa.) 1879-1948, 1917-02-12

The William s. Steele memorial
public school. Fifth and Mahantongo
streets. was dedicated this afternoon
at o'clock.
A. c. Stamm. president of the School
Board, presided. at the EXERCISES. The
dedicatory address was delivered by
the Rev. Alvin S. williams, pastor of
Camp Curtin Memorial Methodist
Episcopal Church, and other addresses
were made by Thomas L. Montgom-
cry, State Librarian, and by DR.. j.
George Becht, secretary of the State
Board of Education.
The program was as follows:
Overture by the Technical High
Schol orchestra; prayer by the Rev.
Joseph Daugherty, pastor of the Sixth
Street United Brethren Church; sing
ing, America" by school children;
dedicatory address by the Rev. Alvin
9. Williams; solo by Miss Annie Burd.
pupil of the Steele school,; address
by Thomas l.. Montgomery; selection
by the orchestral address by DR.. j.
George Becht; presentation of flag by
DR.. William n. Yates; singing, THE
Star Spangled Banner" by the school;
benediction by the Rev. T.. Z. Snyder,
pastor of st. Matthew's Lutheran
Church; march by the orchestra.