davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1917-06-24

good performance OF the French fighting ma
chimes. The Germans have had good motors
all along The British motors are best IN
the larger types, above 200 horsepower.
Now, however, motors in America are ac'
tually in acceptable production which are
the full equal OF the best French motors 10
date Further. it is of interest to note tnat
a certain engine gives more power than It's
French prototype, of which IT is an exact
copy, and all parts interchangeable with the
foreign built motor. Some American motors
are as good as any abroad. Governors ISL
and Aero Squadron made about $500 flights
the last year with only about half dozen
cases OF motor trouble The motors used IN
the Mexican expedition gave no trouble what
ever Our present motors only need over
hauling once in from so 70 90 hours OF flying
and show no wear at the end of months OF
continuous use.
Further, let US record the fact that we
have the talent available in America that
can build machines and motors as satisfac-
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1917-06-24

types OF machines used in number abroad;
% Training machine: There are half
dozen manufacturers who can turn out train
ing machines equal to the very best Euro
pean training machines. (2) The machine
equipped with motors of between 100 and
200 horsepower to use for bomb dropping and
for spotting artillery FIRE: After reading the
account of the employment of this type Of
machine in the raid on the Mauser Works,
written by one OF the members Of the Lafay-
cite Corps who participated, feel that we
have the equivalent of these machines IN
the two-seater tractors being built by half
a dozen manufacturers.
80 The large. slow, bomb carrier, which
is used to carry bombs, but is protected dur
ing raids by the fast chasers: These ma
chimes are either single motored or twin mo-
tored. In the raid on the Mauser Works
they were single motored. In other raids the
twin motored have been used.
A prominent engineer, who has just re-
turned from Europe. where he had seen all
the European machines, reported that the
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1917-06-24

n UGH has been written and fald
wi about striking Germany through
the air and defeating her in that
way. Recently such eminent authorities
on aeronautics as Rear Admiral Robert +.
Peary, chairman of the National Aerial
Coast Patrol Commission; Mr.. Howard f..
Coffin. chairman of the Aircraft Pro due
lion Board. and Brgadier General George
o. Squier have testified before the Senate
committee and emphasized the fact that
100000 900 spent in building an enor
nous feet of aeroplanes in the United
States would turn the tide against Ger
many by providing an aerial invasion
which would destroy her provisions, put
out her military eyes, explode her ammu-
milton dumps, blow up her depots and
consume her crops and her people.
Many of the doubling Thomases. how
ever, have questioned the ability of the
American aeronautic industry TO produce
aeroplanes and engines Of the speed neces
sary to cope with the fastest German Fox
kers, Halberstadts, Ramplers. and Spads
and in quantities large enough to invade
ell parts of Germany at once.
The production by America of training
machines, seaplanes, reconnaissance and
even battleplanes of the twin-motored
types, equal to the best on the fighting
front in Europe to-day has not been
seriously questioned by any aeronautic
authorities The charge has been made,
though, that America has not yet produced
scouts of the Newport type as fast as
those used in escorting battlepanes and
reconnaissance machines in their raids
and Photographic work over the German
trenches. These scouting machines, these
foreign authorities claim. make as high as
100 miles an hour. while our fastest ma
chimes of any type seldom fly over hun
bred miles an hour. Here is what Mr..
Henry Woodhouse. managing editor of
Flying" member of the board OF COVER
nors of the Aero Club of America and
the National Aerial Coast Patrol Commits
sion. and author Of Textbook on Naval
Aeronautcs," says in recent issue OF
Flying:
In the last eighteen months the war has
forced change in the design OF aeroplanes'
that is, TO get greater efficiency and extreme
performance the weights had TO be cut down
This. of course. involved greater refinement
Of detail and a very considerable reduction
af the factor of safety. In fact factors Of
safety as low as 3i2, instead Of the previous
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1917-06-24
Exaggerated
Speed Claims.

This brings US to the claims of excessive
speed. Our committee has found that none
of the reports of speed of upward of 100
miles an hour have been substantiated Now,
as it has been for the past ten years, we
get reports Of tremendous speeds attained
but find upon investigation that il is merely
hearsay. In our official capacity we have
had to consider hundreds of claims OF rec
ords submitted for homologation, and usual
" found on actual measurement that the
distance covered was much less than the
distance claimed The aviators usually based
their figures on railroad distances, but did
not allow for the fact that the aeroplane
went in straight line, whereas the railroad
had detours.
Everything, then, seems to indicate that
if the American scout machines are not
as fast as the European ones it is due TO
the fact that up to and including the pres
ent time the government has not placed
enough orders with the aeroplane manu-
facturers of the United States to assure
their skilled workmen employment over a
given period of time or to interest capital
to come forward and do what government
orders should do for national defence
whereas England has had three years of
intensive war and as much as $3.50, 900 900
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1917-06-24
Direct Hits by AeropIanes

IF the official German report of the
recent raid on London is taken as a
criterion of the accuracy of dropping
bombs on fixed target, then there must be
100 per cent misses when bombs are re-
leased from machines travelling over
hundred miles an hour at an altitude esti-
mated all the way from 5000 to 20 900
feet, for that very unreliable German re-
port stated that 1.-THE Fort of London was
successfully bombed and many hts OBJ
served German imagination can always
trump up an authoritative statement to
justify her murders, for there is no evil
dence that single bomb dropped any
where near the so-called Fort of London"
which in any case is only an old feudal
castle now used for housing feudal relics.
When machines fly at low altitude,
however, the aviator can tell accurately
how near he comes to his mark. This is
especially true in the case of the destruc-
ton Of kite balloons, which usually burst
into flames the moment they are struck.
Here is an interesting summary of hits
made on the Western front by the British:
In four months before Arras British aero
planes reported 1859 direct hits on German
guns. as well as some 200 important cxplo-
sions. so that the German administration.
which was already hard put to it TO repair
its guns. TO create a reserve and TO provide
artillery for the new divisions, must have ha
an anxious time.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1917-06-24
All Cut Out,
Bit by Bit

At other tables there is different work.
First, there is the marking table.
Here each separate piece Of fabric that goes
70 the making OF an airship is marked out
with pencil and ruler. In the type Of air
ship on which we were working there are
over 1000 separate pieces in one envelope.
At the next table two girls with giant pairs
Of scissors and patient faces do the cutting
out. Day after day, week after week, and
month after month, one airship after an
ether passes. in small pieces, across their
table. The click-click Of their scissors grows
a. monotonous as the ticking OF a clock.
II is wonderful 10 look at the finished srti-
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1917-06-24
The -Four
Main Types

But we know full we'll that so long as we
have not got TO fight of aviators from Amer
lean skies no one will dare TO assume the
responsibility of cutting down the present
factor Of safety of American machines by
half. In fact, a least factor of, say, five is
highly desirable and will result in most sat-
i.factory performance. They can fly the
other types when they go to the front. and
as our safer types reach speed Of 100 miles
an hour they will be able TO fy them with
little additional training.
We who are close to Developments and get
a lot of information about what they are do
ing abroad as we'll as what is beng done
here know that American aeronautic engineers
can turn out, type for type. machines that
are equal to the best European machines
To qualify this statement, there are four
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1917-06-24
Advent Of the
Fokker

The German by bringing out the Fokker.
brought into the war the type of small. fast
machines. with high horsepower. which had
been developed for racing in the years pre-
cedng the war. In 1912 and 1913 the Inter
,ational Aviation Trophy won by avia-
tors who made between 105 and 124 miles
~ hour. for full hour and over. In these
races the aviators had got the utmost speed
obtainable from such small machines with
out cutting the factor of safety down 70 n
minimum. To beat the Fokker in speed and
climbing ability it became necessary to cut
down the strength OF construction, and that
has been done by both sides, until to-day
the aeroplanes of both sides are merely
shells. That is true of the small fighting
Nieuports the Spads and the Nickers, on the
Allies side, and with the Fokkers, the Agos
and the Halberstadts- German "Spads
on the German side. These machines. hav-
ing wings OF only 20 TO % feet span, have
not sufficient supporting surface to permit
having a dominant advantage on either side
If the limited weight which the wings can
lift. which is between SIX and seven pounds
per square foot. is put mostly in large en-
CINE. as has been the case Of late. which has
resulted in equipping small machines with
motors of from 100 10 leo horsepower. the
rest OF the machine must be lightly built,
cutting down the factor Of safety 10 the dan
ger point The fuel carried has been cut
down TO the minimum requirement for
two-hour fight, and the machines are
stripped of everything excepting what is abb
solutely necessary. Everything else having
been reduced 20 a minimum, the only advan-
tage obtainablc is that afforded by the light
ness or low fuel consumption. Many light
air-cooed motors have excessive fuel con-
sumption and are really "oil-cooled.'
The general excellence Of recent light
weight French motors is responsible for the
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1917-06-24

Captive-A balloon restrained l'O~
free fight by means Of a cable attaen"s
it TO the earth.
Kite-An elongated form Of cap'n'
balloon, fitted with tail appendices y
keep it headed into the wind, ana "
irving increased lift due 20 its axis "
ing inclined to the wind.
Bank: To incline an airplane latera.F :.
i. G., TO rotate it about the fore anu ..
axis. Right bank is to incline the airp''''
with the right wing down.
Banking rudder: See Aileron.
Paragraph: An INSTRUMENT USED " :.
cord variations in barometric pressure
the charts on which tne ~
ords are made are prepared TO InaN'.
attitudes directly instead of baro''''
pressure. d.
Biplane a form of airplane IN "" ~,
the main supporting surface & "''
into two parts, one above the other j..
Body Of an airplane: a structure -
ally inclosed. which contains in s'IeSs
line housing the power plant, fuel ps's
gers, etc.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1917-06-24
Practically
Idle

The Tribune recently quoted an MA.
view with President Alan r. Haw,v =,
the Aero Club of America which sbo,,
that after we have been at war for ava.
three months and while everybody REALM,
the necessity for tremendous air sa.,
il remains that
The eight soroplane manufacturers in Al,
country who have facilities for turning nm
1000 machines in three months and eovp
under pressure, turn out $4,000 within a,
months time. are practically idle now. a, I.
orders have been received from the govern
ment.
We submit that instead OF keeping IN.
manufacturers idle they should be gw
large orders TO enable them TO develop IN,
manufacturing facilities TO ten times tn
present capacity. This they can do easly
These manufacturers are in better ps
ton to arrange to increase their produc:iu
by ten times than the British aeroplss
manufacturers were in the early par, q,
1915, when the British government gave he,
the necessary orders TO secure the enrr.
sion of their manufacture facilities Asa
result. the small British aeroplane manltx.
urers who could produce only an seropl.,
week in the early part of 1915 are now \,
ducing from five to ten aeroplanes a.
The same thing can be done by Amerts
aeroplane manufacturers.
Mr. Hawley declared that all Of b
American firms are ready to turn out an
type of machine which the government mar
order
II has been estimated that if proper ord.n
are given. eight manufacturers can deyel,
their facilities to supply aeroplsnes in tn
following quantities by January /: Curtis
Aeroplane Company. 5000 machines; Stsri.
ard Aero Corporation, 2,4OO; Aeromsrv
Plane and Motor Company. $50; Burses,
Company, $50; l.. W. F. Engineering Con.
pany. $50; Sturtevant Aeropane Company,
$50; Thomas Morse Aircraft Company, 80,
and the Wright Martin Aircraft Corporation,
$50.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1917-06-24
Some Skeptical Authorities Have Argued
That This Country Is Not Adequate
ly Equipped for This Work

8 to 8, are being accepted. Further, II these
same machines were subjected 10 what IS
known as "sand-losding test (the aero
plane is supported in an inverted position
and sand or shot in bags is piled on the sur
faces 10 approximate the load distribution
IN flight and increases made until excessive
elongation of parts, in case of tension mem
bers. or abnormal reflections are noted, or
even rupture OF any parts occur 1t would
be found that the factor of safety thus de-
termined is far less than the calculated or
theoretical factor of, saw. 312. Further, there
is abundant evidence of actual failure OF
many Of these machines in the air, resulting
often in fatalities. Cases are on record, par
ticularly with the English machines OF fusel-
ages disrupting in the air under flight loads;
tails actually collapsng ard breaking on,
snd even the collapsing Of wing structures.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1917-06-24
w YHETHER the future will decide
w that the usefulness of the dirigi-
IL ;n ,rn ri a re has II limits and

wv NEITHER the future will decide
wv that the usefulness of the dirlgl-
bic in warfare has its limits and
NAV be ultimately dropped, it is fact
that to-day the arship is still very I'M
portant item in scouting above the earth'
America is Just entering upon wha'
promises to be a tremendous AIR macnihe
era. and the account of visit TO BRUSH
aircraft factory, appearing IN line corn
hill Magazine" has an immediate interest.
Mrs n +. Osborne was the visitor:
peepod into the workshop and asked one
Il the girls if could see the forewoman,
1t was an immense workshop.
Long tables were ranged down either side,
and groups Of girls in blue oyeralls were
busily engaged in doing something or other
with large pieces of fabric. Away at the far
end Of the cathedral-like building (cathe-
dral-ikc only in size, for the sun was
streaming in through the glass roof and win
dovs. flooding everything with brilliant
Light more blue fgures-tiny blue specks-
-sere moving about in the distance.
In the middle Of the floor tumbled masses
Of grayish fabric were lying spread out and
here and there girls squattcd or Lnelt
among them. all working busily.
4 thing on wheels. which at first glance
looked like barrel organ, but which | sf-
terward discovered was a sewing machine,
was being moved across from one table TO
another, and at the far end Of the room
Lie al. sod hal
loon was heaying and quvering on the foor,
while a crowd Of blue figures swarmed
round il, over it and on top Of it, sometimes
disappearing altogether in its huge, bilowy
folds
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1917-06-24

4 EROFOIL: A thin wing-like struct
~ ure. fiat or curved, designed to
obtain reaction upon its surfaces
from the air through which it moves.
Aeroplane: See airplane.
Aileron: A movable auxiliary surface
used for the control of rolling motion
i. e., rotation about the fore and aft axis.
Aircraft: Any form of craft designed
for the navigation of the air-airpanes,
balloons, dirigibles, helicopters, kites, kite
balloons, ornithopters, gliders, etc.
Airplane: A form Of aircraft heavier
than air which has wing surfaces for sus-
tentaton, with stablizing surfaces, rud
ders for steering and power plant for pro-
rulsion through the air This term is
commonly used in more restricted sense
to refer to airplanes fitted with landing
gear suited to operation from the land. If
the landing gear is suited to operation
from the water the term "Seaplane" is
used (See definition.)
Pusher-A type of airpane with the
propeller or propellers in front of the
wings.
Tractor-A type of airplane with the
propeller or propellers in front of the
wings.
Air-speed meter: An instrument designed
to measure the velocity of an aircraft with
reference to the air through which it is
moving.
Altimeter: An instrument mounted on
an aircraft to continuously indicate its
height above the surface of the earth.
thermometer: An instrument for meas
uring the velocity of the wind or air cur
rents with reference to the earth or some
fixed body.
Angle:
OF attack-The angle between the di-
rection of the relative wind and the
chord of an aerofoil, or the fore and aft
axis of body.
Critical-The angle of attack at which
the lift is a maximum.
Gliding-The angle the flight path
makes with the horizontal when flying
in still air under the influence of gravity
alone.
Aspect ratio The ratio of spread to
chord of an aerofoil.
Aviator: The operator or pilot of heav-
ier-than-air craft. This term may be APP
piled equally. regardless Of the sex of the
operator.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1917-06-24
But Henry Woodhouse Claims American
Engineers Can Turn Out Machines
Equal to Any Made Abroad

year to spend on aeronautics. H.,. :.
what Mr.. Howard f. Coffin said befor q
Senate committee on this point:
"In the eight years previous to 1915, ..,,
Mr.. Coffin. "the government placed order, -
aircraft in this country for some,hu, NJ
ffty-nine machines. At the beginning q, -
war we had no industry in this country v,,..
had been fostered in any way BY eoyerrm.s
support, and We have practically entered ~;
wartime situation with no Industry h..;.
us"
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1917-06-24

we surely can get aeroplanes at least equal
TO the European machines.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1917-06-24
AerOnautiCal Information

The .ieronauticnl Editor Of The Ne1c
York Tribune wiU a'SWer questions re-
gardimg acronautics in this column every
Sunday. Be specific and give your name
and address,; otheraise questions dill
not be dnsTercd.
In order to anticipate questions Of
nomenclature, an official list Of defni-
tons issued By the National .fdUisory
Committee on Aeronautics is here pre-
sented:
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1917-06-24

4 EROFOIL: A thin wing-like struct-
~ ure. fiat or curved, designed to
obtain reaction upon its surfaces
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1917-07-08

The greatest peril I encountered was not
from shells. have said that one becomes
used to them. One of the greatest dangers
I faced was on dark night drive along a
precipce in the Caucasus. 1t was while the
plan to bring troops through Persia to Rus
STA was expected to be successful I went
ahead with some ambulances. It was neces-
sary to take two Russian officers across the
mountain. ! offered my services. The road
was an oddly twisting one. On one side
was high wall, on the other q precipice
whose depth no one calculated But as I
allowed myself to look into it at twilight
could see no bottom to it. We started on
the all night drive at dusk The precipice
remained with us, foot away, most Of the
distance. Had my ear skidded twelve inches
the story would have been different.
Then, too, I wandered once within the
Turkish lines, installing them for our own.
But amidst a courteous silence I was al
lowed to discover my mistake and escape
without harm.
I think I owe my opportunity to do my
bit, in the way have, to the fact that ar
rived in Flanders few hours before the
fight and the officers were too busy to send
me back. had seven automobiles, and
knew how to use them. took them to
Dixmude and offered the automobiles and
my services to the cause established head
quarters at Furnes which is seven miles
from Newport, eoght from Dixmude and
twenty from Ypres. I drove along the User
Canal to the parts of the field that were
under the heaviest fire, for there. I knew,
my cars and I would be most needed. For
year worked for the relief Of the wound
ed of the French armies. Then I went to
ght, 1917. by the Star Company Great Britain Rig
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1917-07-08
By Hilda Wynne.

The Frenchman dies calling upon his God.
The Englishman says nothing or feebly
jests; just turns his face to the wall and is
still. The Russian is mystic and secretive.
The Russian lives behind veil Of reserve
You never fully know him. In the last mo-
ments you know by his rspt look that his
soul is In communion with his God
One OF the deepest, unalterable truths Of
the war Is the German power of hatred. 1t
is past measuring. An example occurred
at Dixmunde. When we had been there
three days we were driven out. I took my
car filed with the wounded across a bridge
there was roar, then crash. A shot had
torn the bridge to pieces. Three weeks later
to our hospital was brought wounded
German.
II know you," he said eve nearly got
you at the bridge at Dixmunde."
II remember" I said
That mans eyes used to follow me in
strange way. Build no beautiful theories of
his national animosity disappearing, or being
swallowed up in his gratitude There was
no such thought in his mind The eyes
said: II wish had killed you. But since I
didn't I wish I might have another chance"
This after had driven away group of
zouaves who had taken everything from
him. including his iron cross, and who were
debating whether to toss him into the canal
then or that night.
1t is quite true that the Germans fire upon
hospitals. Don't believe any disclaimers Of
such acts. There have been many Of them.
The aeroplanes were circling about and
above rough hospital we had constructed
and we had to leave it in hurry. We told
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1917-07-08

should be killed. Shells glance down and
under the ground. That saves one if he is
near it. A shell bursting near one is
commonplace in war.
The shells have disturbing way about
them, more disturbing to your plans than
your equanimity. Shells prevented my
having nice comfortable illness. In south
ern Russia one can get little to eat Coarse
black bread is the chief food. 1t causes un-
pleasant disorders. I, afflicted with one Of
them, arranged a table in the corner Of my
tent l placed remedies on the table, un.
dressed and turned in, intending to have q
coy illness of a few days. But as lay came
angry buzzing. A shell Kissed through,
carrying away corner Of my tent That
ended my illness. I had no more time to
think of it.