davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1917-02-05
STOCK-RALSING
RUNNING WATER FOR 81

Here is a worthwhile idea for
those bothered by water problems
The writer says in the December
Farm and Fireside.
Here in western Washington we
have about seven months OF rain
fall a year-from September 70
April. There was no well on the
place when we first came. and water
had TO be carried from a spring a
hundred Yards away. To save this
work we caught rain water in bar
rels as il fell from the caves. but
soon decided that with a little mon
ey plus a little labor I could bring
that water inside of the house.
so ] took two barrels and several
pieces OF 3-4-inch iron pipe. I con-
nected the barrels at the bottom
with a short piece OF pipe using
gaskets TO prevent leakage. Then 1
placed the barrels on a high plat
form under the drip, ran a pipe in
TO my kitchen. and put on a faucet
The materials cost just 81 and
we have had running water for
every winter since. Though we now
have good well. the rain water is
very convenient"
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1917-02-05
METHOD OF
TESTING CORN ACIDITY

The test TO determine the acids.y
OF corn. which previously required
16 20 Is hours. can be made in less
than one hour by the use OF i'm
T roved apparatus developed BY X. J.
Besley and G.. r. Baston OF the Of
hce Of grain Standardization. bu-
reau OF plant industry. Under the
new method an electric mechanism.
similar 20 those seen on soda foun-
tains IS used 10 mix finely ground
corn and alcohol Thirty minutes
OF mixing IL IS found viii extract
from the corn an amount OF acid
reacting substances comparable TO
the amount extracted through di-
gestiOn IN so percent alcohol az
room temperature for Is hours
The methods for making acidity
determinations OF corn with this ap-
paratus are described in detail in
circular 6s. Office OF the secretary.
recently published by the United
States department OF agriculture.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1917-02-05
TO IDENTIFY GRASSES

To assist those who have occasion
10 identify grasses or small-grain
seedlings by their vegetative char
acters. the United States depart
ment of agriculture has recently is
sued department bulletin 461. In
this bulletin the author. Lyman
Carrier. aeronomist of the bureau
Of plant industry. discusses the diff
Terminating characters of grass
seedlings, supplies an analytical
key. and gives detailed description
and pen drawings OF As Seeding
grasses and eight Small-grain seed
Hngs. These include most of the
common hay. pasture, lawn, and
weedy grasses OF the eastern part
Of the United States.
While .he bulletin is somewhat
technical, all terms are so explained
end illustrated that anyone with a
little practice may make use OF it,.
even if not familiar with botanical
language. 1t should prove especial
~ interesting 10 students of botany
and farm crops. as well as those
who care for lawns and pastures.
Many Of our common grasses may
be Identified just as positively. and
far more easily. by their leaves and
other vegetative characters as they
can by their Towering parts.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1917-02-05
FOREST NOTES

On about two million acres OF ma
tional forest lands grazing by do
nestle stock is either entirely pro-
hibited or is greatly restricted to
provide range for elk.
Approximately 1O,39O acres Of de-
nuded lands within the National
forests were reforested in the fiscal
year 1916. The total number Of
trees planted was 6,146,367, while
$3.50 pounds of tree seed were
sown.
There were 133,442 more cattle
and horses, and 6O5,33s more sheep
and goats using the National forests
in 1916 than in 1915. This increase
was in spite of large eliminations OF
grazing lands from the forests. II
is accounted for by improved meth
DDS of handling the stock and by
more intimate knowledge of the for
age on the ranges and their carry
ing capacity.
The number OF fires suppressed on
national forest lands during the cal
ender year 1915 was 6,324, as
against 7,O1S in 1914, and an aver
age annual number Of 4,759 during
the past i've years, says Henry s.
Graves. chief Of the forest service.
in his annual report just published.
While more than the average num-
Der of fires occurred the timbered
area burned over was but 155,416
acres. or 80 percent less than the
average per year for the period
191I-1915 inclusive. The averape
less per fire was 5 0.41. Forty-four
percent Of the fires were confined 10
areas of less than one-quarter Of an
acre.
During the past fiscal year there
were constructed on the national
forsest 227 miles of new road. 1875
miles Of trails, 2,124 miles OF tele-
phone line, SO miles OF fire lines, 81
lookout structures, 40 bridges. 222
miles Of fence. 545 dwellings. barns
and other structures, II corrals, and
202 water Improvements.
Since the passage in 1912 of the
act providing funds for land CLASH
.fcation, ard as a direct result Of the
classification work. "A total Of 49,
477,7S1 acres has been eliminated
from the national forests. This in
cludes an elimination Of approx
mately $500. 900 acres Of land from
the Chugach national forest in
Alaska. which embraced lands Of
low value for any purpose other
than mining.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1917-02-05
GRAIN SHIPMENTS TO
NON-INSPECTlON POINTS
MUST BE REPORTED

Whenever any shelled corn is sold.
offered for sale. or consigned for
sale by any of the grades of the Off
cial grain standards of the United
States for shelled corn, and is shin
ped in interstate or foreign COM
merce without inspection from q
place in the United States at which
there is no inspector licensed under
the United States grain standards
act to another place at which there
Is no such inspector. the shipper is
required by the rules and regula-
lions of the secretary of agriculture
under the act to send a report of
such shipment TO the secretary of
agriculture. at Washington. ID. c..
within seven days Failure to make
the required report may subject the
shipper TO the criminal punishment
specified in the act.
These facts are called TO the at
tention OF grain shippers by the
Office Of markets and rural oreaniza-
ton Of the United States department
OF agriculture. because it believes
that some shippers do not fully un-
derstand the requirements of the
regulation.
The reports TO the department
must show the date of shipment;
the kind OF grain and its quantity:
the grade by which it is sold. offer
ed for sale, or consigned for sale;
the points OF shipment and destina-
ton; the name of the initial carrier;
the car initial and mum Der. or the
name or other designation OF the
vessel boat. barge. or vehicle in
which the grain is shipped: and the
name OF the shipper.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1917-02-05
Information for Farmers and Orchardists
Benefits of Farm Loan Act
Here Are the Ways in Which New System Viii Aid the
Farmer

small farmer could not reach to ad-
vantage.
Bonds i'm Small Sums.
The bonds are TO be issued in de-
ranging from $25 TO $1,000. and it
is expected that the bonds Of small
denomination will encourage saving
through their appeal TO individuals
who have not been in the habit OF
making investments. The bonds will
be secured not only by farm mort
cages deposited in trust with a gov
eminent official (the register for the
land bank district) but also. as in
Dictated above, by the capital and
surplus of the u land banks.
Both mortgages and bonds will be
exempt from all forms OF taxation
Farmers who wish 10 obtain
money from the federal land banks
will ordinarily be obliged 10 form
loan associations, and 10 get their
loans through these organizations.
The local loan associations will i'm
prove the credit of their members
and reduce the cost of their loans
through the performance of certain
definite services, among which are
the following: The committee call
ed the loan committee" of the as
ISOLATION will appraise the property
offered as security and approve all
applications for loans which are
sent TO the land bank. The secre-
tary-treasurer of the association
will transmit the papers and carry
II =
bank relative to the loans. The as
ISOLATION will guarantee the mort
cages of its members, the liability
of any individual member being
limited. however, to an additional
sum equal TO the amount of his cap
ital stock, or approximately to five
percent OF his own loan.
Establishes Safe Standards.
The important function of the new
system will be to establish safe
standards for farm mortgage bust
ness of the United States; for it is not
proposed to extend any credit except
on the basis of proper security. In
addition TO the Endorsement of the
local association. every loan must
have the approval of one OF the
salaried appraisers appointed by the
government for the several land
banks.
Further. not more than $4,000
may be loaned TO one borrower. nor
more than so percent of the value
of the land offered as security plus
20 percent of the value of the build
ings; and the money must be used
for specified productive purposes,
such as the purchase Of farm land,
improvements, equipment, fertili-
zers, or live stock, or for the pay
ment of existing indebtedness.
The federal farm loan board of
the treasury department has general
charge of the system. The depart
ment of agriculture will cooperate
with this board in supplying infOr-
nation and rendering assistance to
farmers who desire to take advan-
tage of the federal farm loan act,
especially with reference to the or
ganization of local loan associations.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1917-02-05
TESTING COWS IS
PROFIT BR|NGER
Increase in Net Income From
$40 to SIS Per Animal,
Say Experts.

Increases Of from $40 to So and
in some cases much higher in the
annual profits from each dairy COW
have resulted from the organization
of cooperation cow-testng associa-
tions in the United States, accord
ing TO statistics gathered by the
dairy division of the United States
of agriculture. The ex-
pense of membership in these asso-
Citations. on the other hand. has been
only about $1.5O per COW per year.
The organizations therefore have
been very profitable.
Because of the great and obvious
economic advantage arising from the
associations dairy specialists Of the
department believe that the organ
izations are one of the most impor-
tant factors for the upbuilding and
development of the dairy industry
in this country, Such an Organiza-
ton consists generally of 20 farm
ers. who cooperate to hire an eX-
pert tester TO keep accurate &C
counts Of the amounts and cost Of
feed consumed by each COW in the
association. the quantity of mill;
produced by each and its richness in
butter fat. These statistics usually
reveal the fact that some cows are
not producing enough 10 pay for
their keep while others are highly
profitable. Acting on this informa-
ton the owner OF the COWS disposes
of the least desirable of his animals
and makes up his herd exclusively
Of those that produce a considerable
profit.
The membership Of the associa-
ton is placed at 20 so that the tester
can make a complete round each
month. devoting one work day 10
each member. and that he may keep
his records on monthly basis Il
has been found by careful expert
ments that the averages based on
monthly tests do not vary more than
two percent from the production. as
shown by daily observations. Since
the tester is an expert and can make
the necessary tests and computations
rapidly. and since he can be de-
pended on TO make his observations
indep endently OF pressure Of work
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1917-02-05

cent of the birds examined in this
Laboratory. These are round worms
and ribbon-shaped worms. or tape
worms. Some people think that a
tapeworm consumes food, but this
is not so.
If we examine a tapeworm under
a microscope we find that they have
no intestinal tract or mouth at all.
They attach themselves TO the lin
ing of the first portion of the intes-
tines and float back in the intestinal
tract among the digesting food,
where they absorb digested nutri-
ems. This is one reason why fowls
infested with these worms are poor
and emaeiated This absorption is
accomplished by the worm in much
the same manner as the absorption
by the intestires.
The tapewOrm attaches itself TO
the lining of nc Intestines by means
of an apparatus consisting Of four
suckers and a cluster of hooks, ar
ranged in a double circle between
the suckers With the aid of a lens
we find that back of the head Of the
worm there is a short, smooth neck
which is followed by segments. The
segments farthest from the head are
the oldest. and each is a complete
individual. 1t absorbs its own food,
develops its own eggs, and finally
separates itself from the balance of
the worm and passes out to the
ground. There are thousands of
eggs in each segment. These are
scattered on the ground, among
food. in the drinking water. and
other birds pick them up and are
contaminated. As fast as one seq
ment drops from the terminal end
of the worm, another develops from
the neck. and, as the distance from
the neck grows greater the segments
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1917-02-05

WASHINGTON. D. g. Feb. g.
BY reason Of the facilities created by
the Federal Farm Loan act, which
was passed last summer. it will be
easier in the future for a farmer TO
secure money TO make needed inn
proYements or for the purchase OF
live stock, and it will be easier also
for the landless man 10 purchase a
farm, according 10 a recent publica-
ton of the department of agricul-
ture Farmers Bulletin 1922 en-
titled How the Federal Farm Loan
Act Benefits the Farmer"
The federal land banks established
under this act will stand ready at
all times, il is expected. to lend
money TO farmers on farm mort
gage security. The interest charges
VIII be not more than six percent,
nor more than one percent above
the rate paid on the bonds sold 10y
the banks. If 4 1-2 percent bonds
should be issued. therefore, the rate
charged on loans would be IL
percent or less. There will be no
commission or bonuses. The loans
will be made for periods of time
ranging from five to 40 years. thus
doing away with the trouble and eX-
pense of frequent renewals.
The payment of a certain part OF
the principal annually or semi-an-
nually with the interest. will be re-
quired. The total payment, includ-
ing the interest, will be the same
for each year, and viii be just large
enough so that the entire principal
will be paid off at the end of the
period. The annual payment thus
required to pay off loan of $1,000,
with interest at five percent, in 20
years. is $S024
To Cultivate Thrift Habit.
After a loan has run five years
the borrower will be permitted to
pay off the whole amount, if he de-
sires, on any interest date. or TO
make partial payments in addition
to the regular installment.
The requirement of installment
payments on the amortization plan.
as outlined above, will serve, first,
10 Guilty. dAt dDllS VI lllll III the
borrower, and second. TO make pos
sible the placing of the loans at a
lower rate of interest, since the
gradual reduction of the principal
constantly improves the security for
the unpaid balance. The privilege
of optional payments after the first
five years leaves the borrower free
TO discharge his Indebtedness before
the end of the loan-periOd, if he
finds it convenient to do so.
The federal land banks will per
form important services. CD They
Will convert the security which farm
mortgages afford into a negotiable
form, known as farm-Ioan bonds.
(2) They will furnish additional
security for the protection of these
bonds. through their capital and
surplus, and thus make the bonds
more attractive to investors. CD
They will sell the land bank bonds
in the open investment market,
which, for obvious reasons, the
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1917-02-05
HENS LURE MINKS
TO THEIR DESTRUCTION

If YOU want a mink fur set. read
what Farm and F'ireside SAYS about
catching minks:
Put a hen in q box about two
feet square and having one side
covered with fine screen. so mink
can see the hen but cannot get past
the screen Then lean a board
against the box with just enough
room 10 set a small trap between the
box and the board
set the trap firmly on the ground
so that it viii not tip up when the
mink steps on il. as he IS likely 70
do The mink gets excited when he
sees the hen so near. and fokgets his
usual caution. This has never fall
ed when other trap sets have been
unsUc cessful."
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1917-02-05

are more completely filled with ma
ture eggs. Meanwhile these seq
ments are absorbing nutrients from
the intestinal tract of the host.
The presence of worms adds to
the discomfort of the birds; they
cease to lay, become poor in flesh,
young birds do not make proper de-
velopment; and may cause death.
1t has been found that one kind
of tapeworm has Tor its intermedi
ate host the common house fly. The
fly eats the eggs Of the worm. In
this fly the eggs hatch and pass
through one stage Of their devel-
opment. into a tiny cyst. Tire fly is
then eaten by the chicks, who are
always after bugs and other insects.
The tapeworm larva natures, and
new worms attach themselves to the
wall of the intestine of the new
host.
What to Do For Worms.
1t is a coed plan to open the in
testines of birds killed for table use,
and if the flock is found TO harbor
any worms. the birds should be
treated.
Oil of wormseed given in doses Of
one teaspoonful to each dozen birds
once a week will go a long way to-
wards Kidding the flock of this trou
BILE. Mix this uid in mash made Of
wheat middlings or wheat middlings
and cornmeal. and feed it in such a
manner that all birds will get their
share Follow this with EPSON salt.
giving one tablespoonful to every
six fowls. Dissolve the salt in water
and use this water to mix the dry
feed as above indicated. Another
remedy is to boil a quantity o. to-
bacco stems for 80 minutes and use
this water TO mix a dry mash which
is fed to the birds.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1917-02-05
THIS COW SETS A
NE W WORLD MARK
SegiS Fayne Johanna Produces
5O.68 Pounds of Butterfat
in Seven Days.

A new worlds record for all
breeds for butterfat production in
the seven-day division was estab-
lshed by the purebred Holstein-
Friesian COW. Segis Fayne Johanna
II4.65S. in a test ending Jan. s, 1917.
This remarkable COW produced 5O.6S
pounds of butter in seven consecu-
tive days. and the official test was
conducted by supervisors from the
New York State agricultural college,
Ithaca, y. Y.
Segis Fayne Johanna, by her Won
derfuI achievement. is now the most
talked Of COW in the world, and her
sensational record marks signal
triumph in the forward march or the
Holstein- Friesian breed.
She was bred by \. A. Cortelyou
Of Somerville. y. J., and her present
owner is oliver Cabana. jr.. pro-
prietor OF Pine Grove farms, Elma
Center. y. Y. az which noted es-
adjustment four other worlds rec
ord holders have been developed
during the past six months.
The new worlds record holder
freshened az the age OF eight years.
two months and II days. She is
four-dfths white, weighs about l,450
pounds. and is sired by King Fayne
Segis 46.567 Her dam Is Wilma
Johanna SASS. q laughter OF Jo-
hanna Rue thirds Lad and Wilma
Clothilde.
The test was made under perfect
conditions absolute quiet. systematic
feeding and milking and a rooEly
stall constructed OF clean white en-
ameled walls.
Segis Fayne Johanna's seven-day
production OF over so pounds Of bUt-
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1917-02-05

This Is the white variety of th'
famous Cochin fowl, which is
thought to have doomed the rearing
aud exhibiting of fancy poultry. AL
though variously called Shanghais
and Chochin Chinas in their early
days. the breed came from Shang-
hal. China, and was first introduced
into England about 1845.
At first the Shanghai was generally
of red color. SkillfUl fanciers de-
veloped the Buff. Partridge. White
and Black varieties, and of these the
White Cochin is the subject of our
sketch. They are esteemed as large
roasting fowls, and are bred pure or
crossed for this purpose. The White
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1917-02-05
MILKING MACHINE
FOR LARGE HERDS
Mechanism Works Saving
When Herd Consists of
Over Is Cows.

That milking by machinery. COM
pared with hand milking. IS less ex-
pensive. in general. in herds OF more
than IS COWS. and more SO in small
er herds. is Indicated in recent
studies made By farm-management
specialists Of the United States de-
paItment of agriculture
one OF the important conditions
-ffecting the economy OF milking
large herds with machines was
found TO be the elimination OF un-
necessary labor. Herds that normal
~ required three men for milking by
hand, only two OF whom were need
ed 20 feed and care for the animals.
required only two men TO milk by
machine. The available labor and
the labor requirements are therefore
better balanced in the latter case
since the same two men may milk
and otherwise care for the herd. the
labor Of the third mixer required
under the hand system being dis
penSed with. This tendency toward
economy when machines are used
can not result in actual economics
IN all cases when "A small number OF
cows is MIXED, since depreciation
fuel consumption, repairs, interest
on investment. etc. are responsible
for considerab BILE costs which must bs
charged to the milking expense.
The studies We're made in typica
intensive dairying regions in Della
ware Chenango. and Chautauqua
counties, New York. and among
mixed dairying and farming enter
prises in Lenawee County. Mich.
Fulton County, O.. and McHenry
County. III. II was found that H.
herds OF / . cows or less the average
time required TO milk a COW los
hand was a fraction over seven min
utes. and by machine a fraction un-
der five minutes. In herds OF over 30
COWS, however. the time required 20
milk by hand was a fraction under
seven minutes and by machine AIS
minutes. In milking by hand, the
average cost per COW in herds of
cows or less was SiO.91 a year as
against S1045 in herds OF SO or
more. When machines were used
the cost was S1I.77 "A year in the
smaller herds and $7.34 in herds OF
50 or more.
The value of the labor replaced by
the milking machines was found 10
vary from $2.63 per COW in herds OF
u cows or less TO Ss.33 per COW In
herds Of more than SO COWS. The
-.
field work due TO use or the ma
chimes was found 10 vary from Is
to 81 hours. according to the size
of the herds.
Attention is called TO the fact that
milking machines must be operated
by competent operators and the
stripping by hand after the ma
chine is essential il satisfactory re-
suits are 10 be obtained. The ma
jority OF the farmers visited during
the studies believe that the milking
machine has no effect one way or the
other on the general welfare OF the
herd.
Studies Of the comparative EN-
cheney OF various combinations or
milking units and operators indicate
that the greatest speed is made
when one man operates and strips
after two units. each OF which millSs
two cows
The accompanying table shows
the data gathered in the studies IN
regard to the com parative annual
costs Of hand and machine milking
on farms with herds Of different
sizes
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1917-02-05

Cochin is a handsome fowl, large
and round. with heavily feathered
legs and feet, and long. soft curling
feathers in all sections, which should
be pure white.
The hens get broody. sit. hatch
and rear chicks, making excellent
mothers The chicks grow rapidly,
but feather slowly, attaining consid-
cradle size before they are fully
feathered. The pullets reach laying
period in about eight months, but
neither sex attains full size until a
year old. At that time, the females
weigh from II pounds, and more.
These fowls are considered poor
foragers and are hardly suited for
general farm flocks.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1917-02-05

on the individual farm. the owners
of dairy COWS find it cheaper and
more satisfactory in many cases TO
have their testing done through the
association than to undertake to do
it themselves.