davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1917-02-14
BERNSTORFF
SAILS FOR
GERMANY
Ambassador, With His
Party, Boards Liner
At HObOken
POSES FOR THE
CAMERA MEN
Former Envoy Refuses
Interview As He
Leaves u. S.

NEW YORK, Feb. 14.-Under
heavy guard OF United States secret
service men, $50 deputies of the Gus
toms house neutrality squad and Ho-
boken police, Count Won Bornstorff,
departing German ambassador. and
his suite arrived In Hoboken early
today from Washington.
The party was Immediately es-
corted 10 the pier OF the liner Fred
erik VIII and went aboard the ship.
At 2 o'clock this afternoon the liner
will head down the bay and the last
formal step In the break OF diplo-
matte relations between this coun.
try and Germany will be completed.
The German envoy and German con.
suls from various parts OF the coun-
try. with various other Teuton rep
resentatives, will be enroute back to
Berlin.
Won Bernstorff was accompanied
by IT'S members OF the German dip
lomatic corps in the United States.
Occupying the Pullman coach Man
haitian were the Count, Nine. Won
Bernstorfr and Prince and Princess
Won Hatzfeldt. Their train pulled
into the station at Newark at a.
mf Switched from the Pennsylva-
MIA tracks TO the Jersey Central. the
train OF three cars and baggage
car was taken 10 Weehawken. There
the train was switched 10 a freight
track and taken down the shore OF
the Hudson river TO Hoboken. where
II stopped at 1880 at Thirteenth and
Hudson SITS, three blocks from the
pier.
Few in Hoboken knew the depart
ing ambassador and his suite had ar
rived
Swarming up 10 the train. report
ers and photographers waited while
Prince Won Hatzfeldt emerged from
the car and was closely followed by
Count Won Bernstorr. The cameras
began 90 click.
Take on your hat" photogra-
pher yelled unceremoniously at the
departing envoy.
BernstorfY removed the soft fe-
dora But II wasn't satisfactory.
Put II on" yelled another. And
the count did
Just as all the photographers had
finished a moving picture operator
dashed up breathlessly.
Count" he said. II didn't get you
Would you take OF your hat again p
Bernstorr smiled and obllglngly
removed the hat again lie poeed In
spite OF objections from his wife
while the movie nlm made its histo-
ricL record.
You'll take cold" Nine. Bern
storr objected and solicitously sbs
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1917-02-14
New Plan Takes Care
of Legal Objections
To First Bill
HOT SHOT FIRED
AT THE MOISTS
n O use 'Understands
Their Came" State
ment Declares
By w. T.. CALN0N


fosoV C0yvv0v0S0SNt beWVW zySo90y
LANdfSO. Feb. lt--Rep. George
r. Macarthur. OF Eaton Rapids. who
introduced the bon dry" bill IN the
house iast month on the heels of the
Wiley bill. which had been prepared
by the Anti-Saloon league attorneys.
has come forward with another bone
-ssEs measure that Is designed te, stts-
plant his nrst bill and make Miehi.
gan a veritable Sahara for those
who Thirst fer intoxlcants.
Soon after It's introduction. Rep.
Macarthur found that his first bill
would have TO be- radically changed
10 become good Law. one feature be-
ing that II aimed Al two separate OBJ
jects. which would make II unconsti-
tutionAl. IL his now bill he has
aimed At the bone dry provisions
alone. leaving out his previous plan
OF turning the game warden into
state marshal and removing him
from the control OF the public do
main commission.
This latter object be may foek
later In a separate bill to repeal tho
Odeli law which transferred the
game warden's department from the
governors control 10 that OF the pub
lie domain commission, and 10
change the title OF game warden To
that Of state marshal, adding To his
duties the enforcement OF the dry
laws and making his force OF dep.
uties q sort OF state constabulary.
In connection with his new bill.
Rep. Macarthur prepared n statement
In which he fcores the course OF The
AntiSaloon isague and charges that
II II not working for real temper
ance nov that the people have voted
for n dry state. H. tRys that his
first bill was gotten together in
hurry 10 meet thar of the Anti.Sa-
loon league. The latter bill he char.
acterires as merely compilation of
the dry LAWS OF other states and
adds the charge that some OF the
pickup features OF IL are unconsti.
tutional In this state
My hrst bill hat served It's pur.
rose" he says. Mine cut of every
ten newspapers have expressed
themselves editorially for bcnc dry
tCsstins nee on rsGe rwe).
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1917-02-14
Hope To Keep NatiG1
Busy With Home Al
fairs, Officials Thirb
MEXICAN ROW 1
GROWS SERIOU
British May Lar
Troops At Tampico q
Guard Oh Wells

~ OAR1 ~ VRVAf. 49,
tsfaR Covvvspowlent Untfed PveGo
WASHINGTON. Feb 14.--0erso
influence was seen today In Cu1o
and MEXICAN troubles.
AZ ohiciais viewed conditions q
the south Of this nation. II appeag~
more than likely that Germany W
stirring up trouble there TO koG
the United States engaged IN ne
er home Affairs 90 she would 80
less attention 70 German xcts 9
the ocean.
Evident German pressure ON 0en&
Csrranza has already had the s9oC@
OF forcing British consideration c
landing troops at Tampico to pgos
tect the oil wells supplying HnUs|
lands big navy, according to IT,!
nations in diplomatic quarters.
As for Cuba, the situation ma
become such that American ineGg4
ference WIN be necessary. tho -
the revolt there stands now. int
vention is not yet required
Border activities. with unofnctnI
reports OF killing OF three Amss1>'
cans. served TO accentuate the No.
lean problem. II is known that IL
war department is keeping an extyo|
careful watch on the boundary, ~
fear th~t trouble involving thO
United States will again break OCT
In connection with the Mexiaam|
problem, II was recalled today tho0'
German embassy agent was. ~
close and almost constant teucn
with the Mexican-American pSoo0
commission when II sat at Atlant10
City.
II Is known. too. that some Of c.
Carranzss followers have felt I'll
German and Japanese support vog0
with the constttutionalist goverDs|
ment.
While cabinet. member have g.
pressed doubt that Great BritA1o
will land troops 10 protect Britiso.
oil interests at Tampico. Il is mogo
than a certainty that England ~
not look mildly on. II Carranza co1o
ries out any plan Of stopping beo
rich oil supplies from going fcUo
ward from Tampico.
In these circumstances n WIN -
up TO the United States 10 take e
hand. or else England VIII ~
doubtedly do the task herself. Tho
possibility ot such foreign interSnD,
ence In the new world constitu9o0
q source OF perpierity here.
There can BE- no mistakins a..
government oficials here believe
that Germany is behind CaranR0|
recent activity and while they -
not take his embargo suseeso0uD|
So. bcusly. they DO fear Sor ~
he might stir MP In favor q g.
many and against both the UAnN
states and the Entente AInsa-
From Cuba. the state depeStD0
10 receiving reports q the rvveDu
tion. but thus far II Keeping -
for the most part under oevu
along With discussion - 70 49,
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1917-02-14
SEE HAND Of Berlin
Mexico An D cub ]
TROUBLES THERE LAID TO ACTIVITY
OF KA|SER'S AGENTS ANXIOUS TO
U.S.. ACTION IN U-BoAT CRISI|

turned up the collar Of his coat.
Reporters clamored for An inter
view. but the ambassador, still smil
Ing, waved them away.
II have nothing to say" hs said
Prince Hatfield was the flrst mem
Der of the party to start for the lin
er. He entered one OF the IL walt.
ing limousinss and was whisked
away to the OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES
pier. Count and Countess Won Bern
storfY. accompanied By Princess
Hatsfeldt. left next. They were fol
lowed by other menbers OF the
party. Etft's-s-i II
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1917-02-14
LINER AFRIC IS
U-B0AT VICTIM
Seventeen Believed Lost When
Huge Vessel
Sinks

LONDON. Feb. 1.-THE White
Star steamer Afric was sunk Tues
day.
The Attic was a steel vessel OF
1889 tors. one OF the biggest so
far reported to have fallen victim
TO the German submarine warfare.
She was the property Of the White
star line and was registered at Liy-
erpool
The Afric was $50 feet In length.
with q beam Of 50 feet
Seventeen Of her crew Are beliey'
ed 10 have perishod.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1917-02-14

TIE D~treit pestefacs needs suts@o-
htt~ u~ckssics and chsuuesrs. The
civil serviee commission viii hold
an examination 20 nii the vscan-
cies on March 9. The position OF
mechanic rays from $1,000 20 ti.-
100 . year. and ehsufsurs from
tTso TO $1,000.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1917-02-14
WAIT IN VAIN
FOR FRIEND; FIND
HER DEAD IN BED

Mr. and Mrs. Guy n. Mculthrop.
Of Bay City. waited inpatiently in
the Michigan Central depot Tuesday
for their friend. Mrs Flora Z. Leith,
Of No 752 Dothrop-ave.. who was In
accompany them OH trip south.
They finally obtained a stop-over
privilege. end called at the L<ith
home They found Mrs. Leith dead
in bed. a victim of heart trouble.
The remains were removed 20 W. r
Hamilton && Company's undertak
ing rooms. No. 26 Elirabeth.st west,
where funeral efvices will be held
Wedne sday afternoon.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1917-02-14
BASE HOSPITAL
NEEDS COOKS
AND ORDERLIES

DR.. Angus Mclean, head OF Dase
Hospital No. IL. the designation Of
the Detroit chapter OF the American
Red Cross. declares that some cooks
and orderIies are still needed 10 nll
the enrollment for the local war
preparedness prosrsm All other
positions have been tlled. "a nurses
and. ~ physicians and surgeons hav.
ing offered their services.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1917-02-14

Pristins--the Plat. seat kf.s-ths,
- -s-kt-rfmss Jsk Devt>-Msis <n2c.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1917-02-14

. ,r,e ho. 70 ~. kli.s ,s.s,.r sSi: .s,c
Thoss furry dascfng elephants -
trot bsttsr than iots u psorii -
their gfss Danwa1a naoneeg
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1917-02-14

Stockholders OF the South Penn
OH company. a subsidiary Of the
Standard OIL company. meet in
Pittsburgh today to act on a propo-
sition 10 increase the capital stock
from il2.5O0. 900 to $50 900 900
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1917-02-14

STRANGE SUBMARINE SIGHTED
In Jules Nernes 10000 Leagues TN
der the Sea- twice daily. Washing
ton Theater-Adv.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1917-02-14

\. Pefer Kennedy, chairman 81 the
Good F~iiovs' committee Of the
Wolverine Automobile club. has
announced hts candidacy for county
auditor, on the Republican ticket
lie promises ~ elected. to Introduce
more thoro business methods In
county anairs lie has lived IN
Detroit ever since he was six years
old. entering the automobile busi-
ness In his early manhood.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1917-02-14

Prfstfur-ths pIstr neat ktpa-thst
O. rtght-Ttmes Iss DeptS-Msin f61o.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1917-02-14

rssr Chsiee sf Bsshfsa
should be the Wsyne Hotel &lneral
and Turkish Baths for Men and Wo-
men; open day and night Expert at
tsndants.--Adv.
Hispano América., 1917-09-30
HISPANO AMERICA.

poeticos wales! Esos rincones nata-
les que amas con tan ingenuo carinO,
til puedes hacerlos mas hemosos y "a
legres. Con tn brio, tn inteligencia y
tn voluntad, til puedes, muchacho, au-
mentar ell numero de las flores de tn
patria, hacer mas copiosas sus mieses,
mas nutridas sus bibliotecas, mas nu-
merosas sus flotas y sus fabrlcas, mas
grandes sus ejercitos, mas ricos y di-
chosos a los e%spanolesl
iQue gloriosa mission tie confia Ell
cielo! Vas a ser hombre en- la bora
mas critica del mundo, cuando Espana
tendra que arrostrar los mayores ries-
Cos. Pero al mismo tempo, Ell destino
te 'entrega n patria que siente la
oculta voz del pasado, que quiere ele-
varse a la grandeza y que no desfalle-
cera EN- SUI canine.
Atento a la voz de tn rev, entusias-
ia en- la labor y firme en- Ell sacrificio,
lmuchacho, pom la vista en- la bandera
de Espala y ofrendale tn brazo, tn al
ma, til sangre y tn vida enteral
JOSE MARIA SALAVERRIA
Hispano América., 1917-09-30
MOVIMIENTO DE VAPORES

Vapores que estan para arribar a
este puerto, procedentes de Mexico y
Centroamerica:
Octubre 2-Pensilvania, de Chile.
Octubre 3-San Jose, de Mexico y de
Centroamerica.
Octubre 16-Newport de Mexico y
de Centroamerica.
Noviembre 12-Kiyo Maru-de Val
paraiso y Balboa.
Salida de Vapores
Octubre 2-"Peru"-Mexico y Cen
troamerica.
Octubre 5-"San Pedro" Puertos de
Mexico.
Octubre 1O-"San Jose"-Puertos de
Mexico y Centroamerica.
Octubre 12-Gov.F orbes-Puerto de
Mexico y Centroamerica.
Octubre 22-Anyo Maru-Sud Ameri-
ca.
Hispano América., 1917-09-30
JOSE MARIA SALAVERRIA
COMERCIO EXTERIOR DE
CHILE

Reduciendo a orc de los Estados
Unidos las cifras correspondence al
concrete exterior de Chile en- 1916,
que fueron tomadas del ultimo men
safe que presento Ell presidente senior
~Sanfuentes al Congreso Nacional, re-
sulta TN total de sos, 678, 534, del cual
correspondent $S1, 220, 102 a las impor-
taciones y $187,45S,432 a las exporta-
clones. Dicho total representa- an au-
mento de $685. 24 sobre ell del ano
anterior, correspondiendole en- este
$25,297, 1884 a las importaciones w..
$67, 928, $40 a las exportaciones.
Hispano América., 1917-09-30
A UN MUCHACHO ESPANOL

mesa de espanol futuro.. zen til noble
espiritu estan todas las posibilidades!
iSobre tn candida frente pesa la res
~ponsabilidad de defender y e%ngrande-
Ger a Espana!
Mientras los hombres de ahora nos
agitamos en- la sombria tragedia, y los
hombres voraces y terribles de TODD
Ell mundo nos acosan con sus 1nst1ga-
clones y amenazas, tn amaneceras a
un claro dia de paZ, cuando la guerra
universal haya terminado. Sobre tn
vida pesa ell deber de levantar ell NOM
bre Y la realidad de la patria a la ma
yor altura.
Muchacho; III que miras con inquie-
ia. mirada ell espectaculo de este horri-
bic momento y sicntes va Ia preOcupa-
cion de tn d~estino, ipreparate a la lu-
cha dc mananal
En- tus manos juveniles dejaran los
hombres Ell contenido glorioso de Es-
pana. 5Temblara tn amino ante 10 in
menso de tn carga...? iPreparate a
la lucha y al esfuerzo, cultiva til vo-
luntad, robustece tus nervios y til sa-
lud, hate duro y noble como III buen
soldado que esta dispuesto para la vic
toria como para ell SACRIFICED
tn heredaras Ell contenido de la pa
tria; en- tus manos sentiras el peso del
honroso deber. iCuantas memorables
t~radiciones, cuantos invictos hechos,
que suerte de obras sublimes tie on
fla la patrial De ii aguarda Espaha su
salvation, y en- tus ardientes ojos Sc
adivina que seras digno ~continuador
de tus antepasados.
Espana tie impone ell deber de con-
tinuar SUI Historic, de defenderla y de
engrandecerla. Tu patria espera de ii
Ell esfuerzo maxine y el ultimo sacri-
ficio, para la paz y para la guerra.
iDisponte a defender ell nombre de
Espana contra las viles calumnias de
los %extranjeros y contra la enc
da perfidia de los malos espanolesl
iColoca ell nombre de Espana por
encima de TODD como la esencia mas
sagrada &c III vidal
Espana es ell area santa de las glo-
rias, los ~triunfos, los ensuenos y las
e~speranzas. Su suelo esta banado con
la sangre de sus abuelos y con Ell SUI
dor de las generaciones. Y las flores
de sus campos, las maquinas de sus ia
Heres, Ell prestigio de su bandera, Ell
honor de sus libertades, itodo depen-
de de ii y en- tn amino confial
Acaso necesitaras DIR las impuras
perfidias de los enemigos; sentiras ell
vuelo de las siniestras calumnias Y Ell
paso de la rencorosa envidia. Pero til
fornicaras su espiritu y seguiras ade-
lante sin %vacilacion. Tu quito sera Es-
paha, y pondras a Espana en- ell san
tuario mas intimo de tn ser. TIL sabes
que Espana es la nacion grande y ge-
nerosa que ha sido fuerte y que sera
grande otra vez por Ell esfuerzo de tn
alma y por la energia de til voluntad.
La patria tie encomienda sus glorio-
sas tradiciones y Ell esplendor de su
%porvenir. Til continuaras la historic
de Espaia, I'll crearas lahistoria de ma
mana. lie han confiado Ell tesoro de tus
mayores. iOh, como pesan en- tus ma
hos las glorias antiguas. 49, Mira alre-
dedor las solemnes ~catedrales, los We
nerables temples artisticos, los Qua
dros grandiosos de los museos, los IL
bros geniales de las bibliotecas, los
Hispano América., 1917-09-30
LIBERIA ESPANOLA

J.. SANCHEZ Prop.
Gran Surtido de Novelas. Libros de todas
classes Y 0tiles de Escritorio.
Sc aceptan pedidos por correo.
SAG Vallejo st. San Francisco, Cal.
Hispano América., 1917-09-30

o. O-O-O-O-O-O-O 20
l Familia Espanola, residente en-
o.. Oakland, recibe huespedes, Q
| o buenas r~eferencias. Precios ]
O moderados.- 463 SO St. @
| A dos GALES de estaci6n "Tele
O graph 40" del Key Route. @
l Phone Piedmont 2031 w.
l OAKLAND, CAL. ]
O. O-O-O-O-O-O-O %
Hispano América., 1917-09-30

GrOCeria ESPanOla
]. PERUCHEN
IMPORTADOR de Pimientos Morrones,
Piment0n, Aceite Olivia, Chorizos Trevi-
jano, Anguilas en- Aceite. Calamares en- 81
Tinta, Sardinas en- Aceite, Anchoas en-
Salumera, etc.
Vlnos E%spahoies
Champagne Codornio, Sidra del Gaitero,
Manzanilla Amontillado, PAlido, Pedro
Jimenez, Moscatel VieJo. Rioja Clarete y
Blanco, Ojen, Anis Mayorca y Anis Oscar.
chado.-Cognac Sanchez Romate Hnos.
IS Coronas" y Extra Superior.
347 Union st. Tel. Kearny 1927 s. T. Cal
Hispano América., 1917-09-30
DIR. F. r. ORELLA

Medico Cirujano
EIkan Gunst Bldg. 323 Geary St.
Horas de Oficina: de 2 q 4 p. m.
Phones: Off. Garfield 27oo: Res. West 631s
1925 Pierce st. cerca de Union, S. r. Cal.
The Alaska daily empire., 1917-01-30
FOOD SPINDLE
 PRACTIGED ON
 GERMAN PEOPLE
Three Crooks Grab Big Bunch of Change and Then VamOOSe
 With 1t.

BERLIN. Jan 8O.-Neukolin, a su- burb of Greater Berlin, has been the victim of a clever food swind'c and is mourning the loss of 21OO00 marks which it paid three crooks for non-cNisting car loads of sausage and bacon. The swindlers informed the suburban officials that the food supposedly military property. was at AiX.la-Chapelle. but could be pro- cured quietly for the mentioned sum. The officials agreed on the purchase and to pay the money through the Essen Bank on presentation of dupli- cate bills of lading
 Through forged manifest the crooks collected the money and dis appeared after leaving with a Neu- koeln official the supposed keys to the freight cars. The officials wait ed week before cautiously nQuir- ing as 10 the whereabouts of their food, only to find that it did not exist.
The Alaska daily empire., 1917-01-30

motion picture studios. During her connection with the Balboa con cern Miss Roland has added greatly to her popularity as the result of her appearance in several highly sue cessrul serials in which she was starred
 Efforts to confirm the report that the popular screen star will start her own company brought an ad- mission from Miss Roland that she has such plans under consideration, but has not definitely decided upon the course she will pursue.
 It is known that Miss Roland has received several large offers from certain of the Eastern producing companies, and one very hattering offer from a well known vaudeville corcuit. Miss Roland had achieved marked success in vaudeville before she succumbcd to the lure of the screen.
 There is but one definite thing l can say at this time" said Miss Ro- land. "I have positively made up my mind that no vaudeville offer, regardless of how attractive it may be. can lure me away from tho camera. love motion picture work too well and do not expect to give it up.
 As 10 the formation of a com pany bearing my own name. can mt say anything definite, for I do no know what l will do in that di- rection. l am considering such a move, but may abandon the idea if the offers from several companies with whom l am negotiating are sufficiently attractive"
The Alaska daily empire., 1917-01-30
Cooner Picked to Fill Berth.

It is within the range of possi- bilitics that Claude Cooper, former star outGeldcr for the Brooklyn Fed erals, may get his chance to star in the major leagues this season. Cooper will be the man picked to fill Gavyy Crayath's shoes in case the Phillies are unsuccessful in their efforts to land Frank Schultc, former Cub slugger, now with the Pirates.
 Cooper has never really had q chance to star, although those who have watched his work insist he $ as classy an outflclder as one would want.
 Cooper's first big league engage ment was with the Giants, with whom he signed four years ago. He was on the bench for two years, and when the Feds started he was snarcd by the Brooklyn club. He was somewhat of a failure with the Brookfeds in 1914, due to eye trou- blc. but recovered in 1915, and was the best outGcldcr in the outlaw circuit with the exception of Bennie Kauff.
 Cooper joined the Phillies last season, but didn't get much chance to shine. This will be his big op- portunity, and it is thought in base ball circles that he'll make good.
 The Cleveland Indians had an op- portunity to get Cooper last winter, when John Ganzel was peddling the Federal League contracts.
 Cooper isn't a slugger of the Crayath type, but he hits the ball hard, fields well, and is fast on the bases, something that Cravath was not.
 It seems as though they can't keep Larry Mclean out of such berg8 as Cincinnati, Milwaukee and St. Louis.
The Alaska daily empire., 1917-01-30
Comlng-Thurs., Fri. and Sat:
 Denman Thompson's THE OLD HOMESTEAD'
AD IS RICH, BUT
 KEEPS FIGHTING
 FOR MORE KALE

Ad Wolgast, one of the gritties', ahtingest lightweight champions who ever graccd that division, just cant get over the belief that he still has title ability. In this respect Ad is no different from many another one-time owner of a fight crown. They always claim they're still the best there is.
 But there's this feature of the thing from Wolgasts standpoint; He has money-oddlcs of it. When Ad was a champion there never was a moro popular boxer, and he drew big houses.
 As fast as he copped a few thousands they were stored away in the banks. waiting until Wolgast should find the proper investment. Nearly always this investment turn ed up and the dollars have multi piled themselves fast
 It seems strange that man so we'll heeled as Wolgast should wan der around the states, picking quar- rels here and there with tough, strong young fellows.
 It has been more than four years now since Wolgast lost the title to Willie Ritchic on a foul, and since that time the championship has passed from Ritchie into the hands of Freddie Welsh.
 But Wolgast has been drifting along, seeking match after match with champions. He laid Freddie Welsh cold in Denver, but Referee Billy Roche declared the blow was foul and would not permit the ti- tie to go to it's former holder.
 As might have been expected, Wolgast and his manager, Larney Lichensteiu, set up a howl and offer ed varieties of proof to their claim that Welsh had been stopped, But the referees decision stood.
 The passing of Wolgast marked the passing Of a wonderful school of fighters, boys who would wade in, heads down and arms going like fails. They were in the ring to