Der Deutsche correspondent. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1841-1918, 1917-03-13
ANTHRoPoLoGY AND WAR.
BY Arthur Macdonald, Washington,
d. c., Honorary President Of the
3rd International Congress
of Criminal Anthropol-
ogy Of Europe.

In the scientific study of humanity,
one purpose of anthropology, espec-
tally criminal anthropology, is to
lessen and prevent crime BETWEEN
nations (war) as well as crime with
in nations, by knowledge gained
through investigation Of causes. AS
crime is estimated according to de-
triment to the community, interna-
tional crime or war is the worst Of
all crimes
l.. Animals rarely kill their own
species as man does; they have bet
ter sense.
2. When an army of ants rush
upon an ant hill to capture it, they
do not kill more than Is necessary to
accomplish their purpose,
3. Among savages the habit of
duelling was so strong, that If their
enemies were not armed, they fur
nished them with arms before at
taclSing them, illustrating a higA
sense Of fair play. But
4. Retaliation become so frequent
that its repetition created taste for
fighting and habit of war which was
primarily for DEFENSE of hunting
grounds and crops But
5. War having lost it's judicial
character, theft and plunder became
its principal aim Man SGT out to
steal the land itself, then war was
for CONQUEST and enemies were
either killed or made slaves.
6. Property holdings grew, great
communities and states were formed,
aristocracics constituted, chiefs be-
came kings and armies waged war
Sacerdotal classes and castles were
founded and monarchs became liken-
ed unto God.
T. While war changed its form
according to country, age ard race,
there was no real evolution; war is
falling back into savagery (ata~
yism) only the process varies as
arms, tactics strategy.
8. War was once most honored
profession; one WAS Obliged either
to fight for the king or to enter the
clerical order; military courage took
the place of all virtues st. Angus
tine said, If God commands to kill,
homicide is o virtue.
8. AT first firearms were objected
to as placing the brave man and
coward on the same level; also the
noise was disconcerting. In fact,
history shows that
10. New kinds OF deadly arms are
called barbarous by those who do
moi have them or cannot apply them;
but such armament is sure to be used
10 the limit by all as soon rs IL has
become general. Thus
Ill. Air machines drop explosives,
killing women and children at home.
They are even more inhuman than
submarines, because few persons are
compelled to travel while many must
remain at home.
IL. Shooting Of citizens who fight
soldiers Is terrible, and with atroci-
ties, excites horror and amazement
But these abominable events are the
result of war, the flower of militar-
ism. Oppose war, not its results.
I3. All nations are guilty Of
atrocities; but the number Is greatly
exaggerated; only a few low natures
commit them and often when drunk
Atrocities are circulated to increase
hatred between nations, to make sol
diers fight harder and to gain sym
pathy from neutrals.
a. War may cease as soon as In
struments Of destruction kin nom
combatants at home, causing fear
sleeplessness and worry; or when a
referendum requires those voting for
war to so to the front first. For
is. VI citizen has a right to vote
for Mayor, Governor or President, ne
certainly has the right to vote as TO
whether his body shall be food for
cannon.
16. The poor suffer greatest, not
only because they do most OF the
fighting, but their families are fur
ther impoverished by the rich who
make money out of the misery, es-
cape military service and danger and
never fear for want of necessities
Thus HOGOLOGY which is prevalent
in times of peace becomes intensified
in war.
II. Mans poor management Of
the world is shown in his allowing
one per cent of society (criminals)
to cause so much trouble, but the
arrangements between nations,
called diplomacy, appears infinitely
worse. For
18. Love between nations Is a
myth; mutual suspicion Is the fact,
because diplomats do officially by
secret alliance what they would be
ashamed of privately.
10. Civilization is necessarily
superficial, for it has existed only
about six thousand years, while bar
barism is hundreds of thousands Of
years old.
20. Mucn can be said for military
discipline, but how can the superior
mental qualities Of nation be de-
veoped under passive obedience?
For the most noble sentiments in
civil life as pity, love and charity are
absolutely opposed to war; the object
Of military discipline The soldier
must learn to kill with neither emo
tion nor scruple The faithful war
rior would cruelty Christ if com
manded.
21. Military genius condemns
war Napoleon said, Brute force can
create nothing durable;" the Duke OF
Wellington vailed war "a detestable
thing" Washington considered it
the plague Of mankind;N Franklin
said "Thero never was a good war
nor bad peace" we know what Sher-
man said Sheridan said war would
eliminate itself, and Emerson called
Il IAN epidemic OF insanity.N
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