, 1917-04-19
HOW WARS ARE ENDED.
Various Methods of Seeking and
Securing Peace.

The impression thai nations desiring
TO end a var generally avail them
selves of the offer of some friendly
neutral to act as mediator is utterly un-
founded.
When England desired to end the
war with the colonies she began by
sending separate n~egotiators to the
French government and to the Ameri-
can commissioners in Paris. The lat
ter, though positively commanded by
congress to negotiate nc peace without
the participation of their French al
lies, did sign a separate treaty, though
with the reservation hat it should lot
90 into effect until France had made
peace. They then informed the French
government, which accepted the terms
The Napoleonic peace treaties usual
ly began with an armistice. The most
famous, the treaty of Tilsit, was
brought about by a personal meeting
between Napoleon and Alexander 1.
on a raft In the middle of the river
Niemen to agree upon an armistice
which the czar had already sought
Napoleon's fall In 1914 was accompa-
MED by no negotiations; the allies were
actually In Paris. Napoleon's generals
persuaded him to sign an act of abdi-
cation, and the French senate dethron-
ed him.
The way to the peace of Client, which
ended the war of 1872, was paved by
an offer of the car to act as mediator,
though 1t was rejected. In rejecting it
Lord Castlereagh let 1t be known that
he was willing to negotiate directly
with the United States. The United
States gladly accepted and sent COM
~missioners, but England neglected to
appoint ENJOYS until long afterward,
when her troubles had become so great
that she was DESTROYS OF peace.
On the death of Gar Nicholas l. his
successor, Alexander IL, announced to
the ourts of Europe his desire that the
Crimean war should n A peace con-
ference was held in Vienna, but in
three months 1t was broker off Inc the
war resumed. The wal went on until
Austria, a neutral power, threatened
to join the allies unless the car &C
cepted her ultimatum. He at first re-
fused, but a personal letter from the
neutral king of Prussia induced him to
reconsider, and the final peace confer
ence was held.
In 1870 the French government which
succeeded Napoleon III. asked for an
armistice, then for peace, but the re-
quests were declined and the siege of
Paris began. After the surrender Of
Paris the Germans consented to an
armistice to permit the election of a
national assembly which it could rec
ognize. The preliminaries of peace
were agreed on between Bismarck and
Theirs at Versailles. and the treaty
followed at Frankfort.
The Russo-Turkish war was cut short
by England's threat to enter it. Russia
arranged an armistice Immediately and
negotiated the treaty of San Stefano
directly with Turkey. England. backed
by France and Austria. refused to rec
ognize it, and the congress of Berlin
was summoned, out before it met the
czar had negotiated a secret treaty
with England embodying most Of the
agreements subsequently made there.
The terms Of peace between the
United States and the Confederacy
were arranged by generals in the field.
The Spanish-American war of 1898
closed when Spain on July % made
overtures to the United States through
Cambon, the French ambassador at
Washington. Seventeen days later the
protocol was signed.
The Boer war ended in IN unprece-
dented way. The members Of the
Transvaal government rode into Mid
dleburg and requested to be sent to
Lord Kitchener to arrange peace terms
with him. He met them, but held that
because of the peculiar character of
the Boer army the men In the field
would have to be consulted If any as
a Of peace was to be given.
Steyn, De Wet and Delarey went to
the commands, explained the situa-
ton to them. and each body in the field
chose two delegates to meet at veree-
niging and decide the matter by vote.
President Roosevelt brought the Rus
so-Japanese war to an end by sending
on June 8. 1905, identic dispatches to
both governments urging that they en-
ter into peace negotiations. Both ac-
cepted and sent ENJOYS to the United
States to negotiate the treaty of Ports.
mouth.
The ways of ending wars, therefore.
are various, and mediation has played
IN infiniteslmal part in the wars of the
last century and a half.-New York
Times.
Human Side of the Judiciary.
NANIn- n-tI-,a. .I,. Al 4-as.t---