davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Morgan County press. (Wartburg, Tenn.) 1916-1926, 1917-04-26
Better" Farming in the South
WILLIAMSON PLAN OF CORN CULTURE


plants should now be from twelve to
eighteen inches high.
Put half your fertilizer (this being
the first used at alb in the Old sweep
furrow on both sides of every other
middle and cover by breaking out this
middle with turn pillow. About one
week later treat the other middle the
same way. Within a few days side
corn in first middle with sixteenth-inch
sweep. Put all your nitrate of soda
in this furrow, if less than $50
pounds. If more, use one-half of it.
Cover with one furrow of turn plow,
then SOW peas in this middle broad
cast at the rate of at least one bushel
to acre, and finish breaking out.
In a few days side corn in other
middle with same sweep, put balance
has been divided, cover with turn
plow, sow peas, and break out. This
lays by your crop with a good bed and
plenty of dirt around your stalk This
should be from June 10th to Goth, I'M
less the season is very late, and corn
should be hardly punching for tassel.
by late plCWing than by lack OF ploW-
lHS. LIS Is WuCll lu6 car Is HUI
"The stalks thus raised are very
small, and do not require anything
like the moisture even in proportion
to size than is necessary for large,
sappy stalks. They may, therefore, be
left thicker in. the row. Large stalks
can not make large yields except with
extremely favorable seasons, for they
cannot stand lack Of moisture. Corn
raised by this method should not be
over seven feet high, and the ear
should be near the ground"
For Piedmont Section.
For the Piedmont section the Will
hanson Plan can not be closely fol-
owed but must be modified. Half of
he fertilizer should be applied before
planting =, The other half should be
applied not later than when corn is
nee high. The nitrate OF soda should
hen be applied when the corn is waist
high.
Raise Corn AS War Measure
In response to the call for food sup
lilies in view Of war conditions, the
southern farmer should plant as large
crop Of corn as possible. He should
ertilize literally and cultivate thor 4
ughly so that maximum crops may
G produced. 1t is recommended that
rom 500 to 900 pounds of fertilizer be
pplied on Piedmont soils and from
90 to 1000 to coastal plain soils.
The Morgan County press. (Wartburg, Tenn.) 1916-1926, 1917-04-26
ADVERTISEMENT FOR
CREDITORS

To the creditors Of The H Fugate &C
In obedience to an order made by tn
Chancery court at Wartburg, in tn G ca
Of Trotter Bros. ct al, VS. Fl Fugate &C
ct al, the creditors of said company are
hereby notified to have themselves made
parties to said cause by petition, and to:
file and prove their claims against said
company in said cause on or before the
,23d day of May, 1917
Or they may be excluded from the bene-
fits of said suit and from sharing in the
assets of said company.
Said creditors and claimants are also
hereby notified that by order of said
court, in said cause they and each of
them are enjoined from instituting any
suit against said company, otherwise
than by petition in said pending cause as
This 10th day of March, 1917.
Il. A. DAVIS,
Io-4t Clerk and Master
The Morgan County press. (Wartburg, Tenn.) 1916-1926, 1917-04-26

| come 10 the Farm Service NITeau
| about methods Of corn culture it is
considered advisable to recommend the
Williamson method to farmers in the
coastal region or those who have sandy
loan soils. The following is an out
line of the method in Mr.. Williamson's
own words:
Break the land broadcast during the
winter, using a two horse pl0w or,
better, disc pillow. Bed with turn
plow siX-foQt rows leaving a fve-inch
balk. When ready to plant, break
this out with scooter Pillow deeply
in the bottom of this furrow, using
Dixie with wing taken off. Ridge then
on this fuTroW with same pillow still
g9ing deep. Run the corn planter on
this ridge, dropping one grain every
five Or six inches.
PLANT early as soon as frost dan
ger is past. Early planting is espe-
cially needful on very rich lands |
where stalks can not otherwise be |
kept from growing too large.
GIVE the first working with a har-
row or any plow that will not cover
the plant. For second working use
ten or twelve inch sweep. Corn should
not be worked again until the growth
has been so retarded, and the stalk
so hardened that il will never grow
too large. This is the most difficult
point in the whole process. Expert
ence and judgment are required to
know just how much the stalk should
be stunted, and plenty Of nerve is re-
CURED to hold back your corn when
your neighbors, who fortified at plant
ing time and cultivated rapidly, have
corn twice the size Of yours.
"When you are convinced that your /
corn has been sufficiently Inundated,
you may begin to make the ear. The
The Morgan County press. (Wartburg, Tenn.) 1916-1926, 1917-04-26

HE ANSW Erred ALL RIGHT

AyOung foreigner was being tried
in court in an adioinin county and
the Questioning by the prosecuting
attorney began,
CHOW, Miller, what do you do?'
"Ven?" asked Miller.
"When you work of coutse, =
said the lawyer.
"Vy, work"
81 know" said the lawyer, "bur
what at?'
AT a bench"
"Oh,' groaned the lawyer, "but
where do you work at bench?"
'In factory"
"Whal kind of factory"
"Brick."
''You make bricks?"
"No, sir, de factory is made of
bricks"
Now, Miller" said the lawyer
patti ntly, "what do you make at
the factory?"
"Eight dollars week"
"No, no! | mean what does the
factory make?t'
ii dunno; big lot of money, l
dink-"
Now, listen. What kind of
goods does the factory produee?"
"Good goods"
81 know, but what kind of good
goods?"
1.-The best"
"The best Of what?"
The best there Is"
"Of what:"
"Of dose goods" II
"Your Honor, said the lawyer,
Il gave up"
The Morgan County press. (Wartburg, Tenn.) 1916-1926, 1917-04-26
TRUSTEES SALE

BY virtue of authority vested in me by
a Deed af Trust executed by John
Wyszk, a Widower, on March End, 1916,
conveying to me certain real estata in
trust to secure the payment of note of
$500. 90 and interest, and default having
been made payment of said note and
interest. I will on
TUESDAY, MAY l, 1917
N front of the Court House door at
Wartburg, Morgan County, Tenn,
within legal hours offer for sale the fol-
owing described property situated in
Morgan county, Tcnnassee, being
Lot No. seven in the Subdivision Of
he Board of Aid to Land Ownership
tract of 1850 acres lying on the south
side of the Pike road loading from Sun
bright to Deer Lodge, containing / 0
acres more or less.
Said sale will br made free of in
eumbrance end in bar of homestead ard
the equity of redemption, for cash in
hand
Title to said property is believed to
be good but l will sell and convey as
trustee only.
This March 2Sth, 1917.
c.. A. BALES,
1l-4t Trus tee.
The Morgan County press. (Wartburg, Tenn.) 1916-1926, 1917-04-26

E. McIver viii
Hansen, of Oar
lington, S. c., has
originated a plan
Of corn culture
which has been
a d o p t e d by a
great number of
farmers residing
in the Coastal
Plains of South
Carolina a n d
Georgia with ex-
cellent results.
Since a number
of inquiries have
The Morgan County press. (Wartburg, Tenn.) 1916-1926, 1917-04-26
NON RESIDENT NOTICE

NUN hESlDENI NO11CE
John Ii Blake, Admr !
W III Waldroupe, ct al
In the Chancery Court at Wartbura,
/ Tennessee
In this cause, it appearing from the
bill which is sworn to that the defend
ants, w Fl Waldroupe is ainon resident
of this state and resident of the State
Of Washington, and that the defendant
Garry Waldroupe residence is unknown
theysare therefore hereby required to
appear on or, before the first Monday
in May next before the Clerk and Mas
fes Of said Court, at his Office in Wart-
burg. and make defense to the bill filed
againit them in snid court BY John II
Blake, Admr. or otherwise the bill viii
DO taken for confessed.
1t is further ordered that this notice
be published in the Morgan County
Press for four consecutive weeks,
This March IL, 1917.
I0-sf r, A DAVIS, Clerk & Master |
The Morgan County press. (Wartburg, Tenn.) 1916-1926, 1917-04-26

NON RESIDENT NOTICE
Lennis Ryan, ct al
VS. No I6l0
Frank Young
In the Chancery Court at Wartburg,
Tennessee.
In this cause. it appearing from the
bill which is sworn to, that Frank
Young, the defendent, is a non resident
of the State, he is therefore hereby re-
quired to appear on or before the fist
Monday, next, before the Clerk and
Master of said Court, at his Office in
Wartburg, and nlske defence to the
bill gled against him in said Court, By
Lennis Ryans, ct al, or otherwise the
bill will be taken for confessed.
It's further ordered that this notice
be published for four consecutive weeks
in .ns .dorgan County Press.
THIS March 10. 1917.
I0-4t R. NJ. DAVIS, CLERK & Master
The Morgan County press. (Wartburg, Tenn.) 1916-1926, 1917-04-26

Bread is unquestionably the staff
Of life. but that fact does not justi-
fly man in making his entire life
continuous loaf.
The Morgan County press. (Wartburg, Tenn.) 1916-1926, 1917-04-26
COUNTY OFFICIALS

w. I. Stricklin, County Judge.
H. c. Byrd, Sheriff.
& G / Inward Trustee
5. H. Jestcs, County Court Clerk.
Chas w. Summer, Circuit Court Clerk
h. A. Davis, Clerk and Master.
W. B. Crenshaw, Register
w H. Jackson, Tax Assessor.
w. d. Jones, Coroner,
\. 3. Melton, County Surveyor.
Z r Williams, County Superintendent
The Morgan County press. (Wartburg, Tenn.) 1916-1926, 1917-04-26

Our Tennessee laws provide more
ways of escaping punishment than
Of inflictin0 it.
The Morgan County press. (Wartburg, Tenn.) 1916-1926, 1917-04-26
JR. 0. U. A. NJ.
LANCING SOCIETIES
MASONIC

MASONIC
Triplet Gap Lodge No GIT meets
4th ,Saturday~Tof each month,
EBSTERN STAR
Meets the 2nd Saturday of each
month.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1917-11-24

modern apartment between the Harlem and Hudson
Rivers TNr bridegroom unable to leave his bed asked
for an pillow. The bride sat III low chair BESIDE
The bed. On the bureau facing them was an electric
American flag,
The bride looked very pretty. Her wedding gown
That was black All of her wardrobe is black is NOT
The world in mourning?' she asks Fer blue eyes ask
why any woman in the world should wear anything Dut
the Sad,cSt Of the rololS at this sad time
On the bureau the foot Of the bed were white now
crS a mass OF them. that looked cold that held so
strong suggestion Of the inevitable end of all that one
of the two witnesses of the ceremony went out and
bought huge bouquet of red and placed them on
the stand at the head of the bed And 50, in black, and
wearing the dainty white apron she had forgotten to re-
move Marie Baunain married
There were no bridesmaids A ncighbor who called
tle natron Of honor A war correspondent, who had
quartcrmaStcr of base hospital, the other wit
No thought Of wedding cake or of bridal
gifts impulsivc this bedside ceremony. Though
she had been woord by her true love through tho
war and before Maria BaumannS wedding was after all,
a sudden one. And her lover had never known more
mprtuous moment than this, in which ne raced with
death to the altar
''And YOU arc an Americana said one of the
witnesses. Mrs. Roth smiled.
".lnd since you American, DO you want Amea
Tea or Germany 70 win the war. j.
"hmcrica." replied the bride.
'Amrrirans the people OF great hearts, she said
as her welding guests leaving. " If the German
people knew Americans they they would not be at
with them
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1917-11-24

ony "Shc kent house for and determined to stay
AS long as did - The man whom The blight ct death
seems to have fallen continued the story Of his war court
ship She would not listen TO going HON" because !
considered it dangerous for her tn stay longer And she
wouldn t 90 because ratons low aA' did n" u"ur,
ish But when told her that | might lose Maria II she
did not take her back the States before war was de-
carcd between our countries she yeldrd hry sailed III
October followed them two monthS later.
Yes was hard to leave her father, r"'rr'i Ger
man officer 1t was hard to leave her mother. ar the
sisters one of whom is the wifi" OF German officer ana
Cantain Wilhelm Baumaun her BROTHER VII" Is serving
on the Russian front But lUtcry they had MOI hcrl
kind to the man she has chosen.
Loyalty as Ruth followed hcr mother MT" Inc rrh
fields of I5oaz Maria Raumann !"n"d rr l"'nr' ""!'Tr
=; 1v. IN Tho yovar. to America. Neither fear al The
wrath of her family of tn" nn'rr>"a trroES OF her
counry's submarines, deferred h"r:
''Whcn he had sent tn" two persons dearest 10 MN
TO the land Of his BIRTH the Only place {" safety he be-
Icvcd on the globe the diplomat went back t" ms work
----'-----S---- - Copyright l9l by the Star Comp
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1917-11-24

I
The young man wE2 had lived N P!auen TOR 1onr
wears before the declaration Of in Europe retained
noDui.rv but it lcsscncd in degree He an Amrrl
can ard whatsoever not for Germany and Germany
ralthless,eSs in war must be against her
Nevertheless he kept at his post 10 MIN All the
enemy aliens of Germany resident visiting in Plauer
and for hundreds o. miles about iocked to the offices to
tell their stories receive passports money auVce
him the Russians and Japanese French and Brsh
and last in those two years of intense PRESSURE a
ians Finally as the relations between the United States
and Germany becaluo strained. his country1ncn
the diplomats for aid in leaving the country that
was muttering volcano to them
cit was very sad and dreadful There not enough
fer any one to eat SO the bride tells the story OF their
war cloud wooing. Men YOU met fragments. a
leg was gone or both legs. Often missing.
Sometimes part Of the face had been shot away War IS
terrible for all but for it is terrible. was
glad to come away. snail never 90 back until the war
IS over and there Is time to forget.
~ Consul Roth s mother had followed him to Sax
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1917-11-24

His work had been supplemented
by the necessity Of preventing
the starvation of alien prisoners.
The German officers replied re-
piled to his urgings: but We
have very little left for our
selves. And you? Do You 1--we
SumptucuSly2 II SO, on what?
IL this Mr.. Roth, not Il mig
gard Of speech, was silent. For
had he not the last six months Of
his life in Germany, snbSlStrd on
bread made from chopped straw
y tinv dole OF cabbage and OF po-
tat""s. and occasionally scrap
of meat that he could have bal
anrrd on his forrfnGcrY HIS
mirror revealed that hc had
grown gaunl. Hut that WAS
comlMon SIGHT IL Germany. Every
one was thin. Every enc was
pale. All eyes. rvrn those "I
l. IN
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1917-11-24

Mrs. *!.:.n' ;,..a,..;1~.' :.'.~;,< to ne.
liked BIZ. E.< . IL. ".i L 5 reserved story
O. 10y ~ ~.
Snn."',. = =. .,......,l rs al thought
Mari ". '.n ;j".t;y>t ljtt!A thing III the
wort!! RS; IL. hr!rg"aoM from his bee!
Of what VIII u.,.l,4!Iv IN. DEATH
'.[icFs ;ss:aN" rxrl:,iwcd The bride With
her little >ilutr Snii"
IT called On htT often IT her 'aici: & home,
After few months we We're enragcd. We
were TO have been married in August But late
IN L.lv war was declared That changed every
thing" said Arthur Curtis Eoth. The girl
watched her Dew made husband $ face and
Shadow Fell upon her own ami >tad
''Thd Coasul. believing that war would
come bet"n"H li"rrany ANIL ;h- Cnitrd States
thought il priid, ~ resign: stayed. The
work piled no Someti,n"& | had no sleep at
all. SOMETIMES on" TWO thrr" hours day.
II helped him Mrs. Rn:h'S English
!nlpe,i ann-: lis priniH, Way. lie saueht me
typewr;tnc :ynr. letters and ""moranda
fer him two III three hours ii lay.
But war time is ny love :n". Al least that
was the opinion of ihe har! working Young
Vice-Consr He :,!nrrl his Maria. But one
must work before or, loves. hH believed. The
weddin. vas indtf,:: "Iy postponed Tne love,
making was a ger" stolen hand pressure now.
and the. over IT," t%nrwr;'"r. an occasional
dinner at her 'i:.'"r'S homo. Eut alter the
a., n
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1917-11-24
How a German Maiden Gave
Up Family and Fatherland
to Become the Bride Of
United States Diplomat Who
Must Lose His Life Because lie
Served Humanity Too We'll

r r EARKEN, ye who cold eyed and world weary
- and who sheer at love something nonresident,
- to the tale of love that stronger than death.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1917-11-24

Mrs. Arthur Curtis
Roth, Who Gave Up
Family and Father.
land for Love of
United States Consul
Roth and Married Him
to Try to Hold Hin:
! Back from Death.
The Oklahoma City times. [volume] (Oklahoma City, Okla.) 1908-1984, 1917-10-19
Girls Give 1000
Pounds of Pork to
Help Win the War

SALTWATER, Okla oct 1.-Two
thousand pounds Of pork and two bale,
ct cotton arc the contributions oi Flora
and Rub, kcllar, Jefferson county. OK
lahouH. toward winning the var"
Hon and Ruby Joined the big and cot
ton clubs last spring and have c,tah-
ll>hcd an excellent record, according
To- County Agent { { Stin>on
Flora won the first prize IN the Ic,.
ierSon county contest IN the pig club.
Ruby va, the first prize winner in thc
cotton club Roth virl, c>h,hitcd pig.
a, the state Fair in the clubs DEPART
men, and each got a second pti,c in
class, amounting to $40 each
The girls planted and tended an acre
OF ground each and each girl harvested
a bale OF cotton from her acre Each
ol the girls has raised more than a
thousand pounds Of hog meat TIN, wear
says the county agent
The Oklahoma City times. [volume] (Oklahoma City, Okla.) 1908-1984, 1917-10-19

the hoods OF the Red Gross nurses, with
a fur band that goc, about the fore
head and over the ears. Nelours, duvc-
tyn and Bolivia cloth arc the fabrics
most frequently used for these coats, d.
\ sketch is given today OF the type of
coat that has met with universal ap-
prevail II has the narrow sleeves when
can Aily go over irocks OF thin mate
rial, This is sometimes a disadvantage.
for II eliminates the possibility Of using
the coat over 4 warm iroCk. 1t has a
slim bodice and a slightly full skirt, and
the collar, pocket flaps, girdle and deep
cuffs are of black lynx. The material
is a lichen gray duvctyn.
The fur girdlc IS not particularly
fashionable ~ coat suits or ftockS. bu,
i, has been revived in a narrower form
Tor top coats. There is always an i'm.
mcnSe buckle OF some kind 10 give thi-
pcltry collar, and tortoise she'll holds a
high place IN the affection oi the de.
SlCnctS.
Copyright BY the Mcclure Newspaper
| Syndlcate)
The Oklahoma City times. [volume] (Oklahoma City, Okla.) 1908-1984, 1917-10-19
DEA TRAIN
FukSTuDENTS
WI One Hundred Go From
Norman to Dallas,
HAND ALSO MAKES TRIP
hay-by-PIay Report for Those
Unable 10 Go,

NORMAN, Okla Oct ~ - ISpc-
dali - A rousing pep" meeting 70
swell the delegation of University OF
Oklahoma students a, the Oklahoma
Texas football game Saturday a, Dali
Is. was held last night IN the campus,
More than 100 students will make the
trip and arrangements are being made
for a special train over the Santa fc.
The Sooner band will accompany the
team.
A movement also is under way to Sc.
cure q special wire from Norman to
Dallas by which a play by. play rerort
Of the game will be given those students
Who cannot make the trip. The fact
that . worlds series baseball game
vas being played prevented such an ar,
rangement for the Illinois game last
week.
The Oklahoma City times. [volume] (Oklahoma City, Okla.) 1908-1984, 1917-10-19
Soldier Sow Aids
in Food Campaign

NORMAN, Okla. Oct. l9-(Spe-
cal My soldier SOW is doing her
par, in the food pledge campaign" said
llamp Green a farmer living near Car
men. "On October 10 she had her sey-
cnth litter OF pigs, which numbered
seventeen, She is doing her part to
whip the kaiser by helping the nation
feed the soldier bows. She seems to
have had a R~ooScvel,ian idea OF what
was going to happen IN the future when
she tarrowcd the first time. Starting
with thirteen, her ~littcrs have numbered
respectively, eighteen, twenty. fifteen
fifteen sixteen, and the last. seventeen.
! believe this record beats them all,
said Mr.. Green III not. | would like
TO hear of one that surpasses IT,"
The Oklahoma City times. [volume] (Oklahoma City, Okla.) 1908-1984, 1917-10-19
WOMEN OF ENID
SELLING BONDS
Prepare for Food Card Pledge
Campaign Next Week

Enid, Okla. Oct 70 -tSpccial)-
Not content with filling boxes and
shipping them to headquarters To sup
ply our army hospitals, with Q%ni',inv
warm things for the soldier boys at the
front, and with doing the many little
home things that il is the way Of won.
Ell to do, the women Of Garfield count,
and the city OF Enid have organized
and are 10 preparing To help the mer
TO raise the money with which to bach
our army, and are organizing Tor tn,
The Oklahoma City times. [volume] (Oklahoma City, Okla.) 1908-1984, 1917-10-19
SUFFERED SEVERELY
EVERY MONTH
Lat Tells What Cardui Did For
Der aDd What / win Do For
Suffering Women.

Deepwatcr, Tcxas.--"1 think Cardui
il indeed a wonderful medicine says
Mrs. Minnie Starnes, OF this town, "'n
1905 | broke down in health suddenly
suffered agony. Had bear
Ing down pains also my back
and limbs and hips. Sometimes
was in bed all the time and again
vas Just able TO be up. | suffered mos
severely al and would be con
fined to my bed four or five DAYS.
Nothing | did ever did me any goo,
until ! took Cardui, but | suffered two
ycsn this way before ! took Cardui
One day my husband saw thu
Cardui advertisement. He got me a
bottle, ] began taking it and nex'
month | never felt any pains at all, did
an my work without any trouble. . y
: Mrs. Starnes says she did not TAX,
any more Cardui then until 1908, wher
she took four bottle. with cxcellen'
results. She concludes her Statement
With the following Il would advis'
all expectant mothers to give Cardu
a trial. 1t will relieve all anxiety an,
fear as is natural for them to have.
luow, for had the experience my
self"
Judging from the experiences on $
many thousands OF other women, yo
.nn, depend on Cardm to surely hcl
wa, IL you suffer from any oi the con,
plants so common TO women,
Get a bottle from your druggist to
day, and give it a fair trial.-Adv.
The Oklahoma City times. [volume] (Oklahoma City, Okla.) 1908-1984, 1917-10-19
MANNHEIM.
DEWEY Warned Of
A Plan Of World Domination
Told by German Admiral

Many Oklahoma City business mep
who heard Senator Robert /. oven say
that Germanys plan 10 dominate Amer
lea and the world was uniolded 60 thc
late Admiral Dewey at Manila in 1893
could not recall the incident.
On sept - 1917, Senator Lewis oi
Indiana revealed a portion OF the late
admlrarS records.
In the record of Admiral Dewey we
lind a statement concerning a CONVEX
satlon he had with Admiral Won Goet.
zen at Manila IN 1873, at a time when
We were not without some difficulties
throughout the world and particularly
with a certain element OF the German
navy" Senator Levi. said.
I'VE Will Take New York"
Admiral Dewey quoted the German
admiral as follows:
about fifteen years from Nov my
country will start a great war. She
Will be N Paris III about two months
after the commencement OF hostilitics
Her move ON Paris will be but a step
10 her real oblcct-the crushing OF Eng
land. - Some months after We iiu.
',h our work in Europe We will take
New York and probably Washington
aud hold them Tor sOmc time. We will
put your country in its place with ref.
renee to Germany.
1--WE do not propose 10 take any Of
your territory. but VIC do intend to take
a billion OF so OF your dollars from
New York and other places. The Mon
roc doctrine will he taken charge OF hv
us, As we will then have 10 put YOU in
ycur place, and We win take charge Of
south America as we wish to. -.
Don't forget this-abOut fifteen years
from now remember it, and it will in
tercSt you
Will Awaken Doubters.
This IS a part Of the communication
which Admiral Dewey submitted to this
country and is to be fund in the naval
and military records OF our government
No. 49, volume 81, page $50 | never
understood why my government never
allowed this to be published | never
understood why il was never sent broad
cast over county to our country
men who heretofore had been in doubt
as 10 their duty