davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The day book. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1911-1917, 1917-03-29

WILL HAVE STRIKE EFFECTS
Organized labor is keeping close
watch these days on senate bills
go, 191 and 313. They have passed
in committee and will get to a vote
Of both houses the next month, it
is expected. If they get by they
will take away from judges the pow
er to issue injunctiOns restraining
wOrkingmen and women from exer-
cising during strike times. the same
rights which wOrkingmen have as
citizens when there is no strike. on
and guarantee wOTkingmen and
women trial by jury when charged
with contempt Of court
Pres. John H. Walker of the Illinois
Federation Of Labor explains that
there is nothing especially new about
these bills. He says they aim only at
prOclaiming rights already supposed
to be guaranteed wOTkingmen by the
national and state constitutions.
Free speech, free press and peace
full assemblage are rights for which
revolutions have been fought and
wars started and nations ana dynas-
ties cracked to pieces, as Walker sees
it. The powers exercised by Judges
Jesse Baldwin and Jesse HOIdom in
fixing jail sentences for working men
and women who picket during a
strike are the same sort of powers
exercised by owners Of negro slaves
before the civil war
when a plantation master dashed
the rawhide over the back of a slave
girl he did it under the theory that |
it was lawful because he owned the
girl, said Walker to The Day Book. |
1.-The slave was his property, a com |
modify to be traded in.
when Judge Baldwin fixes a Jail |
sentence for a working girl who is
picketing he does it under the theory |
that the girl is a commodity and the |
labor of her body is a market pro-
hn TrrToo LQoTIvrrfr,
The day book. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1911-1917, 1917-03-29

rights which have been taken away
from the workers through the issu-
ance Of injunction writs which are
merely bench-made edicts.
ELECT STEDMAN! is CRY OF
VOTERS LEAGUE
The Legislative Voters league has
issued a special statement to the
voters of the 18th senatorial district
urging the breaking down of parti-
san lines and the election of Seymour
Stedman as state senator
In its report the league says:
Seymour Stedman, Soc. candi-
date, lawyer; Stedman was member
of the 48th general assembly and
during his single term became enc
of the leaders of the lower branch.
He has been a close student of leg
islative affairs for years. He is a man
of high character and has attained
success in his profession. All class
es Of citizens should support, regard
less Of party lines.
Albert c. Clark, former senator,
who is the Republican candidate, is
branded as a 'standpatter' During
his three former terms he lined up
against civil service and advanced
governmental ideas, according to the
league.
John NJ. Berg, the Democrat, is
a young man of no experience in leg
islative affairs"
The day book. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1911-1917, 1917-03-29
CHI. ATHLETIC ASSN URGES
UNIVERSAL TRAINING

The name of practically every
member of the Chicago Athletic assn
is signed to a letter forwarded
to Pres. Wilson urging that he use
his influence to have universal mill
tary service legislation passed at the
coming session Of congress. The
names filed Is pages.
The day book. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1911-1917, 1917-03-29
THURsDAY ANNOUNCEMENTS

THURSDAY ANNOUNCEMENTS
Esther Falkenstein Settlement
WOman's club meets at 2 pm.
Mothers league meeting to dis
cuss High Cost of Living at Sabin
school, 8 p. m. Aid. Rodriguez, Louis
Engdahl and others speak.
Evening star., 1917-11-18
ASK FOR NEUTRAL ZONE
TO PROTECT JERUSALEM
By OSWALD =. scHUETTR.

BY OSWALD =. scHUETTE
CablsSram to The Sunday Star and
Chicago Daily News. CopyJight, 1917.
BERN. Switzerland. November H.
Representatives OF the international
Zionist committees have appealed to
he Pope. Germany, Austria and Eng
land for the establishment of a neu-
trail zone twenty miles in diameter
around Jerusalem to protect the holy
places from tho peri1s Of bombardment.
This xone would have Hebron as its
southern point ana would include Je-
rusalem, Mount Zion, the Mount Of
Olives. Bethlehem, the grave Of Rachel,
the villages Of Madelchanin. Neche-
wath. Ekron and Machpelah. with tho
tombs Of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob. Leah
and Sarah.
The appeal 10 made to the pope for
Turkey Strangely enough the Pope
seems to be regarded as having great
er influence with the Aohammedans
than that possessed By the central pow
ers. Dr.. p. F: Frsssemann. who heads
'In addition to the danger to places
which for 1000 years have been the
goal Of pilgrimages from all parts of
the civilized world and are sacred to
Jews and Gentiles alike. there Is peril
are non-combatants in every sense of
the word. For instance, in Jerusalem
there are 10000 Jews, mainly from Rus
STA and Poland, who made pilgrimages
to the holy city where they pray
last remnant Of the temple Of Solomon.
and hope to die there and to be buried
on the Mount OF Olives"
Evening star., 1917-11-18

than Mushsr, Harry Franc. Julius I
Psyser, Judge Milton strasburSer. Simon
Wolf and Milton Hopfenmaier.
Campaign committee-M. D. Rosen-
berg. Rev. Benjamin Qrossman, Alex.
Wolf, Nathan Musher, Louis Simon. 81
mon Oppenheimer, M. Garflnkle. Harry
King and D. J. Kaufman.
Program and lunch committeer-Julius
I. Peyser. chairman: Leon Tobriner. Ger
son Nordlinger, Simon Lyon and Myer
Fellheimer.
Organization committee-Simon Lyon.
NJ. D. Rosenberg. Morton J. Lnchs.
Rev. Benjamin Grossman, Mrs. A.
Simon, Mrs. A. Kahn. Isaac Cans.
NJ. Garfinkle. Max Mazo, Nathan Mush-
er, Gerson Nordlinger. Simon Open
helm julius l. Peyser. Rev. Abram Simon,
Judge Milton Strasburger, Joseph
Strasburger and Alex. Wolf.
Publicity committee = Isaac Cans,
Joseph strasburger. Max Fischer,
Isaac Goldenberg. Simon Kann, C. A.
Goldsmith. A. D. Marks. Myer Fellheim-
er and Sidney Strauss.
Evening star., 1917-11-18
MEN SELECTED
FOR WAR COMMISSIONS
Appointments to Be Made This Week
at Fort Myer as Final List From
Camp Is Made Up.

Several important commissions are to
be given to Washington men early this
week at the Fort Myer training camp
for reserve officers. These men have
been notified that they will be COM
missioned Immediately for details for
which they are especially well quail
fed.
The commissions include those for
interpretive corps. adJutant generals
bureau and more officers for the Signal
Corps. These men have all been Sc
lected and recommended to the War
Department for commissions.
More than 100 British officers and
non-commissioned officers arrived at
Fort Myer on Friday and will assist in
directing the training of the candi-
dates during the next week.
The three batteries of field artillery
are going to Edsall rife range tomor-
row for their last fire practice.
The eight companies of infantry are
to start this week in training under
the system of trench attack. Two of
the companies of infantry will be COM
bined to form one war strength COM
capture successive lines of the enemy's
positions.
Foot Bali Stars to Play.
Next Friday there is to be a big
foot ball game at the camp between
the first company of infantry and the
second. company. The first company
was challenger. Many noted college
foot ball stars will play on these
teams, including Claude P. Derby. for
merly Of v. P. l. and Georgetown.
Capt. ]. K. Powell. a former Rutgers
captain. will run the first company
team from quarterback. The second
company team is managed by Harlan
P. Sanborn. recently coach for v. P. L.
There viii be a big theater party from
Fort Myer next Saturday night. The
three batteries Of field artillery and the
first company of infantry have all made
reservations and will sit together.
Before the theater party the entire
first company will have banquet at
the New willard Hotel as guests Of
William T. Tams of Staunton. Va.
ing camp and post commandant is ar
ranging for the closing exercises on Mon
day, November 26, when the commissions
will be awarded. The camp will break up
the following day.
One-third of those who have failed to
qualify for commissions will be notified
Tuesday and allowed to withdraw from
commissioned will leave the camp this
week, SO that on the day of the war
graduation there will be only successful
candidates at the exercises. There are
less than 200 who will not be commits
stoned.
Evening star., 1917-11-18
MARRIED.
DIED.

BEAR. On Friday. November 10. 1917, At his
residence, GO ! street northwest, DR.. NJ W.
Funeral fprivate) from his late residence Mon
day, November 10. at 10 am.
sEAsdEY. On Wednesday. November Il. 1917.
Va. Mr.. viRaisiA BR4DLEY HsAni y Id sEAsIEf.
IN the stxy-ntnth year Of her age, widow Of
nber Il, ,ss .Sd s.s,.aa rhS ne9h.. mo-
this city.
copal Church Thursday, November Is, az
pm. Interment in the family site in Bland.
ford cemetery, Petersburg. Va.
DoXWELL. Suddenly, on Saturday, November
IT. 1917, LESLIE NJ. beloved son Of James s.
and Lille N. Boxwell. aged nine years.
Funeral from the residence Of his parents. sa4
20, at 3 pm. Relatives and friends invited to
attend. 1nterment at Glenwood cemetery. 49,
BUTLER. On Friday. November 49, 1917, IDA
BUTLER. the beloved daughter Of the late
Richard and Eliza Butler and sister of Edna
Funeral from Lomax Chapel, I4o0h s street
northwest. Monday, November 10, at 10 AM
Friends invited. Interment in Mount Onvet
cemetery.
cLARRIDGE. On Friday. November 10. 1917.
at 2:4o pm. EsTA NJ. beloved daughter OF
Elsa and William W. Clarridge and grand
aged eleven years.
Funeral from the chapel Of Thomas 8. Sergeon,
ioll ath street northwest. on Monday. Norem-
vited to attend. Interment at Congressional
cemetery. lss
DoDSoN. On Saturday. November IT. 1917, at
his home. 1918 street northwest, LEWIS
A., husband of Jane NJ. and father Of Chester
Estelle Young.
Funeral notice hereafter.
Evening star., 1917-11-18
JEWS OF CAPITAL
TO RAISE $5O,0O0
Part of 100000 Fund
Proposed for Relief Work
in Europe.
ALL ASKED TO CONTRIBUTE

Tomorrow will begin in this city two
week campaign to raise $4,000. the Dis
tricts share in the s10.0o0.00O fund which
will be raised throughout the nation
during that time by the American Jewish
relief committee for the relief Of war suf-
ferersl The campaign here will be in
charge of the local executive committee
of the American Jewish relief committee
and will be headed by Simon Lyon, chair
man
Volunteer workers will start out early
tomorrow to launch the campaign with a
rush. The purpose Of the fund is to re-
1ieve the suffering people in Poland.
Gancia and other parts Of stricken Eu-
rope. Many Of these are Jews and many
are Christians It Is pointed out by those
at the head Of the local committee that
Evening star., 1917-11-18
GRAND JURY TO INQUIRE
ABOUT COMFORT KIT FUND
Big Expenses Of Army-Navy Bazaar
in New York Cut Receipts From
$71,475 to $754.96.

NEW YORK, November 17.-Big ex-
Of the Army and Navy baz> se-
tober 27 that out of gross income of
$71,475, there was left only $75496 net
profit to be applied to comfort kits for
soldiers and sailors. according to pre-
liminary figures submitted to the man.
agement by the Federal Accounting Cor
poration. which audited the accounts.
District Attorney Swami announced
tonight he would investigate the finan-
cial operations of the bazaar and place
the facts before the grand jury.
"It seems to me-" he said, IAN in
vestigation should be made of what
became of the profits. If the bazaar
was held for charity and any one else
benefited financially. they are liable
under the statutes"
Called Unfortunate Experiment.
The affair was conducted for the
benefit of the United States Army and
Navy field comfort committee, and
each dollar realized was to provide a
auditors report showed that commits
stons on advertisements for the pro-
gram of exposition space, newspaper
advertising, salaries for clerks, work
ers and decorations ate up most of the
income. The net profit of $754.96 rep
resents an equal amount which went
to the managing director of the bazaar
as payment for his work under an
agreement.
Oficials in charge said today they re-
garded the bazaar as an unfortunate
experiment.
Evening star., 1917-11-18
CARDS OF THANKS.

3IADEN. JOHN ]. BLADEN. We wish TO ex-
press our sincere thanks to our relatives and
friends for their kindness and sympathy. also
for their beautiful floral tributes sent In, on
occasion Of our recent bereavement.
By HIS WIFE AND CHILDREN.
LYNCH. We wish to express to our relatives
and friends our appreciation Of their kind
expression Of sympathy and beautiful doral
onerinGu sent to rs on the occasion OF the
death Of our dear mother and wife.
ANDREW LYNCH AND CHILDREN.
MARRIED.
CLARK-ToooooD. At Fairfax, Va, on
Wednesday, November II, 1917. by the Rev
GeorEs T. Tyler. wILLIAN q. CLARK and
MARJORIE o. TOoGoOD. both Of Mount
Rainier. Nd.
Evening star., 1917-11-18
VERDICT OF SUICIDE.
Mrs. Jean Thies Dies Of Poison Self
Administered

Clasping the hand Of small colored
servant girl and telling her she had
taken poison, Mrs. Jean Thies. twenty
seven years DID, of the Farnsboro
apartments, Florida avenue and Deca-
tur street, lay on her bed yesterday
afternoon and died before assistance
could be summoned.
Coroner Nevitt was notified and fol-
lowing an investigation gave certil-
cate Of death by suicide. Coroner
Neyitt was informed Mrs. Thies had
been i'll for some time. suffering from
a nervous trouble.
Mrs Thies came to Washington
eighteen months ago with her husband
from Chicago.
Evening star., 1917-11-18

F51g!P1N !
Suedetex
Gloves, 49e
This coupon and
49c for women's
" n ! tie washa BILE
Suedetex chamois-
cite gloves.
FDHPl@
Sc Handker-
chiefs, Sc
This coupon and
Be for " o m e ms
white handkerchiefs,
with hemstitched or
rolled edges. Limit,
8 to q buyer.
T0UP1R
Pearl Buttons,
3 Dozen for 10c
This coupon and
1Oc for three cards
2 or 4 hole pearl
buttons.
E1uP1N
35c Burson
Hose, Csc
This coupon and
3c for women's
b u + 8 o n seamless
hose. White and
black. Regular and .
extra sizes. Slight
ly imperfect.
T1IPaN
15c Curtain
Poles, Sc
This coupon and
DC for 4-foot white
enameled curtain
poles. with knobs
and fixtures.
F1NPlR
15e Turkish
Towels,
2 for Csc
This coupon and
pc for two 1884
Turkish towels.
FDIIp0H
Soc Silk
Hose, Csc
This coupon and
3c for women's
black SILK hose.
Slight u n eve n
thread.
GHlIPHlp
Zoe Bleached
Cotton, 15c
This coupon and
15c for yard-wide
bleached cotton. with
cambric or muslin
finish. Limit. 10
yards to a buyer.
TUUPHfl
4Oc Rag Rugs,
29c
This coupon and
29c for 1Sx38 fancy
washable rag rugs.
EulIPEn
$3.50 Diaper
Cloth, $1.98
This coupon and
$1.88 for a 10-yard
piece S0-inch Red
Diamond hi r d eye
diaper cloth.
lL1IP6R
$3.50 Hemmed
Napkins,
$1.0O Dozen
This coupon and
LOO for a dozen 49,
Evening star., 1917-11-18

tho money raised IL used in tho interest
Of all sufferers.
The local COMMITTEES = confident that the
people Of the National CScdtal will sub
scribe heartily to the fund to be set afoot
tomorrow. pointing to the splendid CO
operation which those Of the Jewish faith
have given in the raising Of the Y. M e.
A. and other funds in this city recently:
While the Jewish people Of the city will
be appealed to largely, every one in WASH
inRton will be given the opportunity to
subscribe to the fund. which is aimed TO
help all war sufferers.
Tenth Million Is Assured.
A striking feature of the present cam
mittee. by raising 100000. will i'm
mediately receive the tenth million"
which will be contributed by julius
Rosenwald of Chicago If the $9.000,0O0
is raised by the end of the year.
The offer of Mr.. Rosenwald attracted
wide attention when 1t was made earlier
in the year. President Wilson wrote to
Mr.. Rosenwald at that time as follows:
"Your contribution of 100000 to the
$10. 100000 fund for the relief of Jewish
war sufferers serves democracy as well
as humanity" the President wrote, '"The
revolution has opened tn door
OF freedom to an oppressed neeSfe. but
unless they are given life and strength
turies will avail them little.
TT is to America that these starving
look for aid, and out of our
fruit of free institutions.
should spring a vast and ennobling
generosity Your gift lays an obliga-
tion even while it furnishes inspira-
ton"
Henry Morgenthad. former ambassa-
dor to Turkey, is chairman of the cam
paign committee of the American Jew
ish relief committee. Since the war be-
gan in 1914 several million dollars has
been raised for relief work. With the
entrance of America into the war the
necessity for added funds to the great
sums already raised was seen by those
Evening star., 1917-11-18
at the head Of the work, and according
ly steps were laid for the present cam
pafSN

pafG
Quo,s.- E.s Been Assigned.
Cities, towns, counties, states through
out the nation have been assigned their
quotas in the total sum to be raised
and the work has been put in charge OF
Jewish leaders In the various COM
munities.
"The entrance of the United States
into the war will make even more
pressing than formerly the need Of sue
cor for the unfortunate Jews in every
of the committee.
with increasing bitterness. increas-
ing hatred. increasing stress among the
armed forces Of the nations drawn into
non-combatants is bound to become
greater. the supply Of food and cloth
ing which can be made available by
the governments involved, except for
the armed fc-ces, to grow less.
Surely. men and women, but a mere
handful compared to the population Of
the United States. men and women and
even children who have given more
lieve suffering. who seek to give in
the immediate future $10.000.000 addi-
tional. and who yet .revile themselves
that they have not given enough: sure
ly this is not the Jew some have pic
tured. No. this is not the Jew con-
jured up in fiction and drama as greedy,
grasping, avaracious and unscrupulous.
This the Real Jew.
This is tho real Jew, the Jew who
adheres to an ancient faith. but who lives
in the present: it is the warm-hearted,
home-loving. sympathetic Jew. the Jew
who has made real the principle Of the
brotherhood Of man. 1t Is. in short. the
Jew who makes up the bulk OF the race
in every land"
AS indication Of what Jews IN other
cities are doing toward the fund. local
leaders point to the example Of Nathan
Evening star., 1917-11-18
Straus Of New York, who 10 70 sell his
city home for the benefit OF Jewish war

straus Of New York. who T. 70 ssn his
relief.
Dur..s the two weeks in which the
campaign is to be conducted here there
win be meetings of the local committee to
make evident the progress OF the cam
paign, and special meetings looking to-
ward arousing interest in the growth Of
the fund.
While members Of teams will endeavor
personally to approach all who might be
willing to contribute. It is realised that
to provide for this contingency it is an
nounced that checks may be sent to ST.
mon Lyon. chairman Of the local execu-
tive committee. at the Evans building. or
to NJ. D. Rosenberg. treasurer, Bank Of
Commerce and Savings, 7th and e streets
northwest.
Members Of the Committee.
In addition to Chairman Lyon tho
executive committee is composed of the
following: s. Atlas, Lee Baumgarten. q.
Bergazin. A. w. Berkman. Herman rIaa
[. Cohen. b. Cohen. S. Cohen, Jacob
E,seman, N Fedderman. Myer Fell
heimer, D. Feldman, Morris Freilicoff.
Max Fisher, A. NJ. Fishel, Harry
Franc. Isaac Cans, M; Garfinkae: 1kas as,as fred
Goldsmith, Aaron Gordon. Rev. Cross
man, Paul Harmed. Ell Horn, Rev. Hur-
witz, Milton Hopfenmaier. Mrs. Adolf
Kahn, Simon Kann, d. ]. Kaufman,
Harry King, NJ. Norman, Abe Lehman,
A. Lisner, Morton ]. Luchs, Max Mazo.
A. D. Marks, Nathan Musher. Gerson
Nordlinger. Simon Oppenheimer. Julius
I. Peyser. NJ. D. Rosenberg. Philip Raum.
man Schrott, Mrs. Abram Simon, Rev.
Abram Simon. Rev. Louis Simon. Louis
stern. Judge Milton Strasburger.. Jo-
seph Strasburger, Leon Tobriner. Alex
ander Wolf and Simon Wolf.
Various auxiliary committees are as
follows:
Reception committee-Rabbi Simon. A.
M. Fishel, Rev. Benjamin Grossman, Ma
Evening star., 1917-11-18
Called Unfortunate Experiment.

Right Rev. William A. Guerry, bishop
of South Carolina, has been elected
president of the Episcopal Synod of
Sewanee. now In session At Charles
ton, s. c.
Evening star., 1917-11-18

Dainty Nottingham curtains. 2A
yards long. Suitable for many
smaller windows in various parts
of the home. Several pretty designs.
Evening star., 1917-11-18

High-class Nottingham lace cur
tains in patterns quite out of the
ordinary Chiefly space-set novel
ties, small figures with borders and
heavier scrolls and floral effects.
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1917-06-25
AN-AMERICAN GIVES
$4,000 TO RED CROSS

Carl z. Schmidt, one Of Detroit's
representative German-Americans, has
subscribed 5000 to the Detroit chap
ter Of the American National Red
Cross Society for the establishment
Of Q complete Detroit base hospital
unit.
BY telegram from his country home,
near oscoda, Mich, Mr.. Schmidt in:
formed Dr.. B. R. Shurly, chief Of the
medical department Of the Detroit
Harper base hospital unit, Of his in
tention. Later In the day he confirm
ed his message by the following let
ter to Dr.. Shuriy:
II herewith confirm my telegram to
you Of this morning 40 follows: Pur'
suant to your suggestion ] will con-
tribute $4,000 to fit out complete a
Detroit base hospital as q German
American. contribution to the Red
Cross work.
(signed) carl e. SCHMIDT"
Gift 10 Accepted
On receipt Of the letter DR.. Shurly
forwarded 1t at once to Joseph B.
Schlotman, acting chairman Of the
Detroit chapter, who. Immediately
sent the following telegram to Mr..
Schmidt, voicing the appreciation and
gratitude OF. the executive committee:
"Your contribution Of $4,000 for the
complete base hospital unit which Is
being organized by the Detroit chap
ter Of the American Red Cross was
announced to the executive commit
tee today by DR.. B. r. Shurly.
Your splendid generosity is not
only deeply appreciated by the exc
cutiye committee but has created the
greatest enthusiasm. II win have .
wonderful effect upon our campaign
which Is under way now for securing
$4,000 members.
You have made certain that De-
troit's part. IN the National Red Cross
work win be such as to reflect great
credit upon the city, and we accept
your offer with the most grateful rec
ognition Of the spirit you have shown.
"(Signed) ~.
JOSEPH B. SCHLoTMAN."
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1917-06-25
COOPERATIVE FARM PLAN
LAUNCHED BY JAPANESE

A cooperative farming enterprise
sor the purpose Of raising foodstuffs
10 make Hawaii a. independent Of the
mainland as possible. 10 the new un-
dertaking which has been inaugurat.
ed By . hui Of Japanese on the Big
Island. The information came IN
letter to DR.. a. L. Dean from w. w.
@. NOR, whom the food commission
has designated as the agent Tor East
Hawaii
The land which has been obtained
Tor the enterprise 70 80 acres loaned
them BY the Olaa sugar plantation.
The two Japanese who have contract.
"a Tor the land intend 70 cut 4 up into
small tracts and IN turn loan them %
other Japanese. who VIII intensively
cultivate and set the largest crop pos
Uible.
Moir also reports that the Hilc
Boarding School has converted nearly
eli It's land into gardens and the stu
dents are going extensively into taro
culture.
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1917-06-25
SUGAR CHEAPER
NOW Than IN 81

A correspondent to the Star-Bulle-
tin begs those who exclaim over the
prevailing sugar prices today to re-
fleet on the figures for the same
article In the year following the close
Of the Civil War.
In an old bin Of sale from New
York wholesale house, dated Septem-
Der. 1, 1866, the following prices are
quoted on sugar; Two barrels c. Su-
gar, $77.1S; two barrels r. Sugar, $685.
70; one barrel Granulated, $34.93.
At today's retail prices for granulat.
ed sugar, 81 cents a pound, a barrel
Of sugar costs only $20.621s, $14 less
than the Civil War price. Sugar Is
no longer sold by the barrel, but by
the sack. There were $50 pounds to
Q barrel when it was sold that way
here in the old days, according to
local wholesalers,