The Catholic bulletin. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1911-1995, 1917-08-11
THE PAPACY AND PEACE

in internal difficulties between King
Sancho ii and his subjects In those
days the power of deposing kings on
the part of the Pope was an admitted
principle in international juris-
prudence among Christian nations.
This power was menace to undue
autocracy and tyranny on the part
of rulers, and safeguard of the
rights Of the people. Pope Innocent
did not. depose Sancho, but pacified
his kingdom by appointing a regent.
John XXI, in whose reign war was
general throughout Europe, worked
hard in the interests of peace and
notably, reconciled Edward III of
England and Robert Bruce of Scot
land. Like Innocent w he also cast
oil upon the troubled waters in
Portugal. Benedict XII, who sue
| ceeded him, also labored for peace
between Edward III of England and
Philip of Valois of France
To Gregory XI was due the peace
made between Ferdinand, King of
Portugal, and the kings of CASTLE
| and Aragon. The Italian States re-
garded him as the protector of
treaties, and he rendered great serv-
ice to Geneva by inducing Amadeus
of Savoy to desist from his incur
sions on that territory.
In the fifteenth century, essential
ly one of transition from the medic
val to the modern, Nicholas V did
not only distinguish himself as the
| patron of learning, at a time when
the Renaissance was bringing about
| new effervescence of mind, but he
promoted peace in Italy, as we'll as
learning, and he exercised a similar
Hungary.
Innocent VIII and other Renais-
sance Popes did their best to unite
Christendom against the Turk who
had been constantly threatening the
| Christian West, since the downfall
of Constantinople. AS Cardinal Cibo,
| Innocent had effected a treaty OF
| peace between the Holy See, the King
of Naples, the Duke of Milan and the
| Florentines, and as Pope he strove to
| pacify England, then isolated by the
| Wars of the Roses, while he labored
| in the interest of peace throughout
the whole of Europe.
The same century witnessed the
| discovery of America Spain and
| Portugal were practically alone in the
| field, as the Cabots had merely sailed
along the coast, and England had
made no attempt at colonization
| Owing to their various discoveries
| there arose a conflict of jurisdiction
| between Spain and Portugal, and war
was averted by the famous line of
demarcation of Alexander vi which
both contestants accepted, and which
exercised such great influence over
| the future of the New World
The following summary will show
| with what countries the Holy See
maintains formal relations, official or
unofficial. Apostolic nuncii that may
be likened to ordinary ambassadors,
| represent the Holy See in Europe at
the courts of Austria Hungary, Spain,
Bavaria and Belgium. The nun
| ciatures of France and Luxembourg
are suspended for the present
| (Luxemburg has resumed relations
| with the Holy See since this article
was written), while that of Lisbon is
represented by an auditor.
In America the Holy See has Apos-
tolic nuncii in Argentina, Brazil and
| Chile. There are internunzii, equiva-
lent to ministers or ordinary diplo-
| matte representatives, in Europe only
in Holland, the internunciature of
Switzerland being vacant; but we find
| them in America in Columbia, Haiti,
Peru, Venezuela, Costa Rica, Nicara-
qua, and Honduras. One internuncius
| serves for the three countries last
| named. In Venezuela, the inter
| nuncius has only the title of Envoy
of Bolivia, Ecuador, Santo Domingo,
Salvador, Uruguay and Paraguay are
vacant. The last two countries form
one internunciature.
In return, the following countries
are officially represented at the Holy
See: Austria-Hungary has an Extra
ordinary and Plenipotentiary Ambas-
sador, and Spain is represented by an
ambassador with the same titles.
These are the only two countries that
have ambassadors accredited to the
Holy See. The other representatives
are ministers. Thus the following
countries are represented by min
listers plenipotentiary and ENJOYS ex-
traordinary: Bavaria, Belgium, Great
Britain, the Principally of Monaco,
Holland, Prussia, and Russia, in
nd A1,rrAr,fir,n Rn1irrin