davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1917-05-18
ARMY BILL IS
PASSED; CRoNNA
OBJECTS TO IT
Wilson to determine Wheth-
er or not Roosevelt Shall
Ga to the Front.
Vote was IS to S-North Da.
kotan Among Hopeless
Minority Again.

Warrington, May - Actaon
wa taken by congress yesterday on
the war army bill, the second Of the
major measures of the a
The senate, by q vote Of 06 to 3.
adopted the conference report accept
ed wednesday by the house. vice
President Marshall and Speaker Clark
signed the bill today and sent it to
President Wilson.
The eight senators who cast the
negative votes were:
Hardwick Of Georgia; Kirby Of Ar
kansas: stone Of Missouri and Tram
NELL Of Florida.
observation-disclosures Of Wiscon-
sin ;GRONNA OF NORTH DAKOTA,
and Norris Of Nebraska.
Az finally approved, the bill pro-
vides for raising by seiective conscrip.
ton a war army in increments OF
SOC, 900 men from FL to 80 years OF
age, It also authorizes without d.
recting the president to raise volun.
teer forces which Colonel Roosevelt
desires to take to France and greatly
increases the pay Of all enlisted men.
Draft Machinery Ready.
Machinery to register and draft the
first 500, 900 men already has been set
up by the war department.. lmmedi-
ately after the president signs the bill.
he will by proclamation designate the
day for registration of the ten million
Registration books will be in the
hands Of state ana local authorities
| who are to cooperate In the work,
and Brigadier General Crowder. the
provost marshal general, expects to
have his complete lists in Washing
ton within Ave days after registering
begins.
Then will come the task Of selecting
the first half million. exempting the
physically unfit those with depend
ents and men who are needed on the
Of selection probably will be COM
Melted long before the men are want
ed.
Cannot Call Army Before Sept. 1.
Secretary Baker said Yesterday that
because Of lack Of supplies the new
army would not be called to tho col
ors for training before September.
Whether Colonel Roosevelt shall
be permitted to raise ar expedition
now rests with President Wilson. II
is believed that he probably will post
is being put into operation.
As during the early stages Of the
long dispute in congress. the clos.
ing debate centered upon the so-called
Roosevelt amendment. Colone,
Roosevelt was vigorously attacked b,
Senator Stone of Missouri. and as
ardently defended by his friend. Sen.
ator johnson, Of California.
The senate's approval of the meas.
ure agreed Upon by the conferees and
accepted by the house, came late ir
the day after attempts to send 1t back
to conference and an earnest appea
by Senator Chamberlain, chairman o.
the military committee, for Anal &C
ton.
One Months Fight.
The bill backed by the adminfstra'
ton was introduced in the senate
April 10. was passed April 2s-in the
senate by a vote OF 81 to 8. and in thu
house s97 to 24-and has since beer
tied up in conference. returned there
twice by the house to include tn.
Roosevelt volunteer provision and
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1917-05-18
BISMARCK PLEDGES
SUPPORT IN RAISING
FUNDS TO BuY LOANS

BiAmarck. N. D.. May 1s.-11oyal
support in aiding to raise North Dako-
taA pro rata share Of the Liberty Loan
was pledged by 100 bankers Of the
Missouri slope district. who listened
to addresses in support OF the loan
here last night by Governor Frazier.
former Governor Hanna and Chief
Justice Bruce. 1t a unahi nnously
predicted that North DakoM will
~oversubscribe the $4,000. 900 assigned
as her share Of the loan.
One of the first subscriptions to the
loan here vas $4,000 from a local
banker who was born in Germany.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1917-05-18
MANY SUBSCRIPTIONS
TO LIBERTY LOAN

Great Falls. Mont, May 1s.-At a
mass meeting Of bankers, hnanciers
and members Of the local National
Defense Council held here last eve-
ming. subscriptions yer made to the
liberty. loan bonds to the extent Of
1265,600.
Despite the fact that there were but
few over 100 persons present at the
meeting the enthusiasm was great
and the response most generous.
One hundred and thirty-six separate
subscriptions were received ranging
from $50 up to 100000, the latter by
the First National bank.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1917-05-18
%RICHARDTON ELEVATOR
DESTROYED BY FIRE

Dickinson. N. D.. May 1s.-The oc-
cident elevator at Richardton was
burned to the ground destroying 500
bushels Of wheat and 100 bushels Of
fax with d total loss Of $4,000 which
is covered by insurance. The fire is
believed to have been caused by
spark from a passing engine on the
Northern Pacific railway. Prompt
work Of the hre department prevented
the flames from spreading to other
buildings.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1917-05-18
WOMEN DO MEMS
WORK IN SHOPS

Missoula, Mont. May 1s.-The en-
ployment Of women in positions for
merly occupied by men at the Nor
thern Pacific stations has already be-
gun here. Several women have been
hired to work in. the car shops clean
ing the interiors Of the coaches. 9th
or Jobs are open in the machine
shops, but as yet no women have ap-
piled for the positions.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1917-05-18
NEW CoRPoRATIoxs

corporations of the day are the Court
enay Electric Power Plant Co.. Court
enay; Joseph Nelson, o. T. Fosholdt
and Bjerken; Independent Lumber
Yard Co.. New Rockford. j.. A. Me-
Crum, Peter Michel ana Robert r.
Olson: and the Fullerton Telephone
Coz Thomas Parke, John A. DAVIS
ard /. i. Relish.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1917-05-18
W. {. T.. u.
MEETING FOR BUXTON

Buxton. N. D., My 1s.lrhe tri-
county w. c. T. U. injecting will be
held in this city May 22 to "a and
it IL expected that a large number
of, delegates from the different couh-
ties will attend. Delegates will 20
from steele. Cass and Trail counties.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1917-05-18
BISMARCK GIRL
KILLED BY TRAIN

Bismarck, N. D.. May 1s.-Rose
Mcvey. II. while hurrying home to
her evening dinner after a hard days
work at a local steam laundry, was
struck by an N. P. freight while
crossing the tracks. She died shortly
after the accident. She attempted to
pass between two freight cars just as
they were being coupled.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1917-05-18
DENNY SULLIVAN IS
STILL OUT OF GAME

Fargo, n. D.. May 17.-Denny Sui
Ivan, manager of the Fargo-Moor-
head team Of the Northern league,
will be out Of the game at least ten
more dayh as a result OF the breaking
of q finger in the initial game of the
season. Sullivan vas hit by a pitched
ball.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1917-05-18
WILL PAY
DUES ON MEMBERS
WHO HAVE ENLISTED

Missoula, Mont, May 1s.-At q
meeting Of the local Aerie Of Eagles
last night 1t was decided to keep up
the dues Of their brothers who enter
the army or navy ranks during the
war with GERMANY.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1917-05-18
Normal School Notes

Mayville. N. D.. May 1s.-Mr. and
Mrs. Paine. counsellorS for the senior
class. entertained this class.
Mr.: and Mrs. Cornell, c%ounsellors
the members Of the class At their
home alta puzzle party, the guests be-
Ing grouped for the purpose of solv-
ing their puzzles.
The juniors have issued invitations
TO their annual reception to the
seniors. This event viii occur this
evening.
The reading Of "Rchelieu" BY Pres
ident eouthWick OF the Emerson
school Of Oratory WAT q delight to
the many persons who heard 1t. This
was the sixth annual appearance OF
Mr.. eouthwtck, and Ms popularity
seems 70 continually intrease.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1917-05-18
"J.C.R h. CASE
MAY GO INTO
COURT AGAIN
Heirs of Murdered Capitalist
Will Present Claims for
Estate Soon.

Dickinson, N. D., May 1s.-AFollow-
Ing the trait for murder in the shoot
Ing of James H. Caldwell and his wife.
wealthy ranchers Of the Taylor dis
trict, will COME the legal battle when
the heirs will put In their claims for
the estate, and this will naturally in
clude a reopehinE Of the celebrated
j.. c. r. case.
In the previous trial for the recog.
the supposed sonsof the late James
II. Caldwell. Attorney w. +. Burnett
OF this city defended the Caldwells,
n through his handling Of the case
and h decision Of the Jury as direct
that ~. 9. r" had no claim to the
sonship Of the Caldwells, It was
thought hat the case was settled.
This most important cas- will be
docketed for an early trial and will
likely be among the most important
of all trials i'll Stark county inasmuch
as the question Of whether Mr.. and
Mrs. Caldwell were killed first by the
hired man, and because Mrs. Caldwell
was the second wife. The Caldwell
will b%equeaths $4,000 to Mrs. Cald-
well as well as such personal prop
erty, but the residue will cause the
fight. The estate is estimated to be
WOfIn more LndH $IVV,VVV.
, Mike Chamak, the hired man who
was with the Caldwells when they
were shot. and who is generally sup-
posed to he the murderer, has pro-
cured the services of Hon. Leslie A.
Simpson to defend him from the
charge Of murder in the first degree.
This attorneys we'll known ability In
intricate legal matters will have a
great bearing on the case.
The shooting of the Caldwells oc-
Cured in April when a dispute arose
between James Fl. Caldwell and the
hired man ove an assault said to
have been committed or the IA
yea old domestic employed In the
Caldwell home. In the course Of
the argument, it is said, that Chamak
made reference to the recent trial In
which 81. c. R." figured and made
the statement to the effect that he
believed ~. c. r." was the rancher's
son.
Reports say that Caldwell became
angry and threatened the hired man,
who opened fire on both Caldwell and
his wife, both dying almost instantly.
He then took the bodies. It Ia said,
and buried them. with straw in the
barn.
According to the girls story Of the
assault she WA tied to the bed with
strips Of bed clothing by Chamak
who also demanded that she kill him,
wahpeton - Two fountains 70,
drinking purposes will he installed h,
the city council on main streets o'
this city. @
Arnegard--Ira Wal1a. the newt,
appointed postmaster IN this city. re
ceived his commission and has taker
over the pOstoffice duties.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1917-05-18

FAreo-Tn4 Union light, Hest q
Power Co. fnuAt pay 2 per cent fran
chiAe tax 70 the city on IT, kfoAs sale
Of electric current to the FARGO z
ing to IN opinion just handed down
~ CITY Attorney ". = sturA
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1917-05-18

Hannah-Blood poisoning. resulting
from the treatment of a tooth Al Min
neApolis, caused the death Of Mrs. H.
+. karnman1 at Hillcrest hospital.
~ 4 few weeks ago with her husband,
DR.. Kamfnanh, from Taylor.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1917-05-18

Crystal springs-Ten week-old coy
otes. which never will open their eyes
IN this world. were delivered to Steele
BY Charles Lohr. netted him SIS in
bounty.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1917-05-18

Valley city-1t>i s practically assur-
ed that the Red Cross society OF this
city will secure rooms in the basement
Of the new postoffice.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1917-05-18

NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS. Dahl. son Of q
prominent farmer near here was the
first, to leave this place. for service In
the navy.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1917-05-18

wahpeton - Two fountains for
drinking purposes will he installed by
the city council on main streets of
this city.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1917-05-18

Arnegard-Ira Walla. the newly
appointed postmaster N this city. re-
ceived his commission and has taken
over the postoffice duties.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1917-05-18
FLICKER TALES

Candidates for the Towner coun,
ty fair ia be held in this city wer'
set for July s. 8 and Z. A great ex'
hibit Of live stock and farm produc,
IL to be held.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1917-05-18

According to the girls story Of the
assault she was tied to the bed with
strips Of bed clothing hv Chamak
who also demanded that she kill him.
Grand Forks herald. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1916-1955, 1917-05-18

The bill backed by the administra-
ton was introduced in the senate
April 10. was passed April 2s-in the
senate by a vote of 81 to 8. and in the
house 397 to 24-and has since been
tied up in conference. returned there
twice by the house to include the
Roosevelt volunteer provision and
The Wisconsin tobacco reporter. (Edgerton, Wis.) 1877-1950, 1917-03-30
CORRESPONDENCE
Fort Atkinson.

If present plans do not miscarry
GAINESVILLE will take franchise in the
Central State League. This decision
was reached Tuesday evening at a
meeting of the GAINESVILLE fans. At the
meeting it was planned to sell stock
subscriptions in shares Of $40 each to
raise the needed $1,000.
Abraham Mack, a long time and
highly respected citizen of Fort Akin
son, passed away at his home, 1O1 p.
Sherman Ave-, Wednesday, March Il,
death resulting from an illness of ten
days' duration. Mr.. Mack suffered a
hemorrhage of the brain March 9. His
condition appeared favorable until
early in the week when an unfavorable
change occurred and since Tuesday af-
ternOon attending physicians offered no
hope for his recovery.
The several public meetings held by
the Better Fort Atkinson association
have all been we'll attended, but it IS
doubtful whether the Lyric theater has
ever held as large number of people
as greeted DR.. Lean of Milwaukee last
Monday evening, when he spoke on the
question that is now warmly discussed
topic in the homes, the factories and
on the street 1t is estimated that over
700 people crowded the hall until stand
ing room was at premium and many
were unable to gain admittance.
The Wisconsin tobacco reporter. (Edgerton, Wis.) 1877-1950, 1917-03-30
DeerfeId

Mrs. w. A. Perkins died at IL o'clock
Tuesday evening at st. Joseph's hos
pital, Milwaukee, of complication
following an extensive abdominal OPP
GRAFTON.
The Deerfeld Farmers Cooperative
creamery paid the highest price for
butter fat to it's patrons for February
in the history of it's existence. The
price paid was 45 cents per pound Of
butter fat. For per cent milk this
amounts to $1.80 per hundred of milk.
Osborne Aspenwall died at his home
here last Tuesday night of complica-
ton due mostly to advanced age, altho
only in his 18th year. He had been in
bed about five weeks.
Homer Keane of London and Miss
Myrtle Steele of this place stole a
march on their friends and were mar
ried at Rockford, ILL.,, on Saturday,
March 10. The young couple had in
tended keeping their marriage a secret
until after the close of Mrs. Keane's
school in June, but the news leaked
out and the young couple were just as
happy to receive congratulations.
The Wisconsin tobacco reporter. (Edgerton, Wis.) 1877-1950, 1917-03-30
Milton


Mrs. Emma Starks went to Edgerton
Tuesday to care for sick ones in the
home of Mr.. and Mrs. John Linaas.
J. E. Patterson has purchased the
old Roswell Crandall place on Vernal
avenue of W. H. Whittet and expects
to move into it as soon as it is vacated
by E. o. Crandall.
After driving to his farm home near
Edgerton one day last week, William
Doerr noticed that one of his horses
acted sick. He unhitched the animal
and was about to turn it into the pas
ture when it dropped dead.
Mr.. and Mrs. E. B. Coon and son
Elwyn left for Depew, N. Y, Sunday
evening for two weeks visit with his
sister, Mrs. j. F. Whitford, and hus-
band. Mr.. and Mrs. e. d. Coon are
taking charge of things on the farm
during their absence.
Last Thursday, March Is, 1917, at
high noon at Glendale, the pretty farm
home of the brides parents, Mr.. and
Mrs. r. L. Cary, occurred the marri-
age of their only daughter, Miss Gladys,
to Mr.. Harold Goehl. The bride was
attended by her cousin, Miss Dorothy
Glenn of Chicago, as bridesmaid, and
Henry Goehl, brother of the groom,
acted as best man. Rev. A. w. De-
pew of Roberts, ILL.,, an old friend Of
the family, spoke the words that joined
the happy hearts, using the beautiful
ring service.
The Wisconsin tobacco reporter. (Edgerton, Wis.) 1877-1950, 1917-03-30
A Strange Beast.

The most primitive order of man.
mails, the monotremes, are confined to
Australia There is the platypus, a
strange beast which lays eggs like a
turtle, but suckles it's young, has horny
pads for teeth and a bill like the duck.
It's front feet are webbed, and both
back and front feet have claws. Little
wonder that he has received many
names or that his scientific designation
is Ornithorhynchus MISREPRESENTATION
al Geographic Magazine.
The Wisconsin tobacco reporter. (Edgerton, Wis.) 1877-1950, 1917-03-30
StouChton

The remains of Master Currier An
derson, the little son of Mr.. and Mrs.
Ray Anderson, who died of heart
trouble at his parental home in Apple
ton, was brought here for burial.
Some over a hundred farmers gath
cred Saturday afternoon at the Slough
ton armory to talk milk prices and how
to conduct dairy farm. Two speak
ers were present from Illinois, who
told of how they had met situations in
their own state and had won out, and
gave advice of how to conduct the bus
mess in profitable way. The prices
paid at Stoughton average below So
per hundred pounds, but according to
the dairymen's agreed figure for April
the price must be increased to So. 40.
Whether the condensory will meet such
a demand is a question. The idea of
the farmers is to secure an average of
So. IL for the season.
The Wisconsin tobacco reporter. (Edgerton, Wis.) 1877-1950, 1917-03-30

Mrs. Emma Starks went to Edgerton
Tuesday to care for sick ones in the
home of Mr.. and Mrs. John Linaas.
The Wisconsin tobacco reporter. (Edgerton, Wis.) 1877-1950, 1917-03-30
Shed Their Shoes.

On entering Japanese moving pic
ture theater shoes and clogs are re-
moved, attendants hanging them on
pegs in the wall. Thus the pegged
wall becomes an adding machine for
the manager of the theater. II he
ever has any doubt as to the honesty
of the box Office he simply takes CEN
sus of the clogs on the lobby wall and
compares the total with the number of
tickets turned in, of course allowing
two clogs for each ticket.
The Wisconsin tobacco reporter. (Edgerton, Wis.) 1877-1950, 1917-03-30
Lead Pencils.

The lead pencil has history extend
ing over several hundred years, for it
is claimed that a manuscript OF The
ophilus, attributed to the thirteenth
century, shows evidence of having
been ruled with a black lead pencil,
and an article Of Conrad Gesner of
Zurich in the sixteenth century dis
tinctly mentions an article for writ
ing made of wood and piece of lead.
The Wisconsin tobacco reporter. (Edgerton, Wis.) 1877-1950, 1917-03-30
First publication March 16, 1919
Notice to Creditors.

STATE OF WISCONSIN,
County Court for Rock County.
Probate.
Notice is hereby given that at reg
lar term of the County Court to be held
in and for said County, in the City of
GAINESVILLE, in said County, on the first
Tuesday of September, A. D. 1917, be-
ing September 4th, 1917, at 9 o'clock
a. M, the following matters will be
heard, considered and adjusted:
All claims against John S. Zacharias,
late of the Town of Fulton, in said
County, deceased.
All claims must be presented for al
lowance to said Court, at the Court
House, in the City of GAINESVILLE, in said
County, on or before the 10th day of
July, A. D. 1917, or be barred.
Dated March 10, 1917.
By the Court:
CHARLES L. FIFIELD, County Judge.
Paul N. Grub, Attorney.
The Wisconsin tobacco reporter. (Edgerton, Wis.) 1877-1950, 1917-03-30
Auction.

Having decided to close the Ellingson
livery business on Albion street, Ed
gerton, | will offer at public auction
on Saturday, March 31st, at O'Clock
p. M, on the premises, the entire liv-
cry outfit, including IA head of horses.
The usual terms will be given and w.
T. Dooley will cry the sale.
THos. A. ELLINGSON, Prop.
The Wisconsin tobacco reporter. (Edgerton, Wis.) 1877-1950, 1917-03-30
First Publication March 80, 1917.
Notice of Hearing.
STATE OF WISCONSIN,

STATE OF WISCONSIN,,
County Court for Rock County. In
Probate.
Notice is hereby given that at reg
ular term of the County Court to be
held in and for said County, at the
Court House, in the City of GAINESVILLE,
in said County, on the first Tuesday,
being the 1st day of May, 1917, at
nine o'clock a. M, the following mat
ter will be heard and considered:
The application of Fred Weinman for
the appointment of an Administrator
of the estate of Frank Wyman, other
wise known as Frank Weinman, late of
the city of Edgerton, in said County,
deceased, and for the determination of
the heirs and next of kin of said de-
cedent.
Dated March "a, 1917.
By the Court.
CHARLES L. FIFIELD, County Judge
Paul N. Grub, Attorney for Petitioner
The Wisconsin tobacco reporter. (Edgerton, Wis.) 1877-1950, 1917-03-30

There Is more Catarrh in this section
of the country than all other diseases
put together, and until the last few
years was supposed to be incurable. For
a great many yesrs doctors pronounced
it local disease, and prescribed local
remedies; and by continually failing to
cure with local treatment, pronounced it
incurable. Science has proven catarrh
to be constitutional disease, and, there
fore requires constitutional treatment
Halls Catarrh Cure. manufactured by
f. J. Cheney & Co., Toledo. o., is the
only constitutional cure on the market.
1t is taken internally in doses from 10
drops to teaspoonful. 1t acts directly
on the blood aid mucous surfaces of the
system. They offer one hundred dollars
for any case it fails to cure. Send for
circular and testimonials. Address,
F. J. CHENEY & Co., Toledo, Q.
g Sold by druggists.
Take Halls Family Pills for constipation
The Wisconsin tobacco reporter. (Edgerton, Wis.) 1877-1950, 1917-03-30

WANTED Would like 10 to Is acres
of tobacco land to work on shares, or
would hire out by the year. Am a
married man and have had experience
in growing tobacco. Roy Maston, R 5,
Stoughton. 12tf
The Wisconsin tobacco reporter. (Edgerton, Wis.) 1877-1950, 1917-03-30

"A shareman wanted for or 10
acres of tobacco for season 1917. For
full particulars address G. L. Harms
berger, Prescott, Wis, R. 1. 1873
Barn for sale at a reasonable price.
Inquire at 618 West Fulton st. 1874
House and an acre of land at Indian
Ford for sale. Inquire of N. H. Baltes.
1874
The Wisconsin tobacco reporter. (Edgerton, Wis.) 1877-1950, 1917-03-30

S. Fingal, the old time Edgerton
upholsterer, is again here and will do
all kinds of upholstering and repairing.
Full line of imitation feathers and tap
estries. Shop over Andrew Berry's
wagon shop. Tiff
The Athena press. [volume] (Athena, Umatilla County, Or.) 18??-1942, 1917-02-02

That's why couldn't resist saying my
prayers-I was so happy couldn't
hold In"
AS they walked slowly toward the
house, Mrs. Adams looked at this par
sonage girl In frank curiosity and some
dismay, which she strongly endeavored
to conceal from the bright-eyed Pru-
dence. The Ladies had said it would
be so nice to have grown girl in the
parsonage! Prudence was nineteen
from all account, but she looked like a
child, and-well, 1t was not exactly
grown-up to give thanks for barn,
to say the very least! Yet this girl
had full charge of four younger chill
dren, and was further burdened with
the entire care of minister-father
Well, well! Mrs. Adams sighed a
little.
you are tired" said Prudence sym.
pathetically. "It's SO hot walking,
isn't It? Let's sit on the porch until
you are nicely rested"
"Thls Is fine chance for us to get
acquainted" said the good woman with
eagerness.
Now, If the truth must be told, there
had been some ill-feeling In the Ladies'
Aid society concerning the reception of
Prudence. After the session Of con-
ference, when Rev. Mr.. Starr was as