The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1917-05-17


sion, but 1t forbade each to maintain
troops or ships Of war;" except with
the consent CT the Federal Govern
ment
Thus, the States surrendered into
the hands Of the Federal Government
the function of their defense, and in
return the Federal Government guar
anteed to each State security from
invasion or instruction.
To make good its guarantee Of
security. Congress, in 1892, enacted
that all able-bodied male citizens, be-
tween the ages of IS and IS, should
constitute the military forces Of the
nation, and II made each liable to
military service within the confines
Of the United States. This still is
the law, as perusal Of Section 81 of
the Act Of June 3rd. 1916, will show.
In order that universal liability to
service should be made effective, Con-
gress, under the law Of 1875. reenacted
in 1908, and widened in 1916 to in
clude the National Guard and Its
reserve, gave to the President the
power to call for service the entire
male citizenry of military age and
fitness in the event Of invasion or
insurrection. This power the Presi-
dent may exercise without further act
Of Congress.
Defense q Federal Function
Thus, the Federal Government was
created for the military purpose of
defending the States. its President
was made Commander-in-Ch Chief Of the
army and navy. its first president was
a military man, and It's citizens OF
proper age and fitness were bound
each to fight In the common defense
II will therefore be seen that at root
we are essentially q military nation.
in the democratic sense OF the phrase.
and that we are subject, today as
ever, to compulsory military service
within our own territory, upon call
Of the Chief.
This IL q sufiicient answer to those
who claim that. In our making the
necessary modern preparations for de-
tense. we are departing from non
military traditions. to become . mill
taristic people.
While the Act of 1872 made every
man Of military age and fitness liable
to Federal military service. II dele
gated to the several States the mill
tary organization OF these mon. and
II granted to the States the power
TO make exemptions.
The history Of New York, which IL
in this respect substantially that OF
oil the States. illustrates how badly
the States fulfilled the military duties
laid upon them by the Federal Govern
ment. In New York there was at first
an annual enrolment. In l846 the
Legislature granted exemption from
military duty to everyone upon pay.
ment OF q fee OF rs cents . year.
Enrollments were then made TO oc-
cur biannually; next. to occur at every
nth year. and. finally. enrolment,
were to be had only upon call OF the
Governor. No Governor. I believe.
ever has called an enrolment Mean.
while. the non-service tar was re-
duced to 80 cents. and shortly there
after II was abandoned. Thus died
the Federal Militia. which had been
created for the National defense.
Protest Against Military Lax,ty.
During the disintegrstion OF the
Federal militia q volunteer force
sprang up. a. . protest against the
military laxity Of the authorities. This
force was accepted and subsidised BY
the States. and became what II known
a. the National Guard. Having no
standing under the Federal law the
guard was q body wholly local In
character. and vas not recognised BY
the Federal Government untii early
In the present century.
The Constitution. while forbidding
tho States TO maintain troops or ships
OF war without the consent Of Con.
gress) had bound the Federal Govern