davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Arizona republican., 1917-06-07
CLASS 1T 1917 SENDING IiTO
 [|FE 84PE0PLE

Eighty-Iouf | all, record senior class even for the big Normal school. As with the record breaking general enrolment sl with the class of gradu- ates F ort -nate is it for thls numerous array of oung teachers that the train ing scho 0l also has had a record year since It. has given them ample oppor- tunlty for training under the able corps or critic teachers. The following young men and women will receive diplomas at the commandment exercises to- morrow night.
 Senior class, 1917.
 Dated January 19, 1917.
 Pearl Ashlin Fortson Elizabeth Bib son, Julia Genevieve GilIig Rose Lea Graham, Jean Vivian Gregory, Bezz Josephine Kelly Ava Maybelle Notes, Elizabeth Obert.
 OaJeu June s, 1917.
 Estain Anderson, Violet M. Beaton. Aida D. Berry, Donald H. Biery. France Florine Bishop, Mona Goldman, George A. Bond. Ellen Agnes Boylan, Jennie Lee Brooks, Ruth Adams Burns. Edna Carr. Ida Isabelle Celava, Mrs. Marion Daley, Margaret M. Daniels, Anna Mur- iel Dubs, Grace Golden Eckel, Icis L. Edwards, Rose Mary Faras. Robert Leslie Finch, Gladys Isadore Fitch, Alta Fosal, Florence Frizzell. Macy Ellen Green, Lillian B. Grosetts Mrs. Mary Haak, Theresa Hagely, Ruth Marie -Harman. Ida Catherine Hilbers. Verna E. Hopkins Martha B. Houck, Natha- niel L. Houston, Jr., Lela Leonora lines, Ruth Jackson, Maurice Ellsworth Jones, Ina Belle Langridge, Ruth Lucille Lati- mer. Walter Lawrence Longan, Lavona McClendOn. Louise E. Mcclure, Mora Edith McComb. Viola Maclay. Lewis E. Maier Luella Mae Maier, Chas. Kelly Moeur, Irene Elizabeth Munro. Sera- phine Renaud, Lucille M. Nelson, Evelyn Ruth Kettle, Rose Oviedo, Marguerite Patterson, Hattie J. Pederson. Fannie Perkins. MelZa Pomeroy, LinWood Samuel Pratt. Anna Richardson, Helen Marie Roberts, Gladys Rogers, Frank Fowler Rudd, Laura c. Schmidt, Lena J. Schoshusen, Rose Marie Shannon, Linton Talbot Simmons, Jewel Stewart, Lois Ruth Sutton. Hattie Terrell Fay Tor. Hazel M. Tompkins, Clyde Warren Tupper, Clara Florence Turner, Stella B. Turner. Mrs. Evelyn Watkins, Eu- nice L. White Merrill c. Windsor Erma E. Zimmerman. Ora Lee Straughan.
 Academic Diploma-Dated June 8, 1917.
 Malcolm Clay Heffelman. Roloff Re eyes. Arthur Page.
Arizona republican., 1917-06-07

The simplicity of it's lines and its CO., loring make it an attractive and pleas ing structure.
 Nothing has been overlooked to make the building efficient to the work in hand. Every room is provided with gas, water and electric power, all cen trally controlled and protected in every way. The work shops are laid out in proper relation to each other and the work to he done. The general lecture room is centrally located and supplied with lantern demonstration tables, etc, for lecture work. An elevator is in stalled to take care of heavy traffic. The building is heated from central heating plant, and in conjunction is a fan ventilator which brings fresh air from without the building. Arrange ments are made to cool this air in hot Wea her
Arizona republican., 1917-06-07

pie who come to the normal both in the quality of it's work and the effi- ciency of the department head.
 Here is given the opportunity for eX- pression through the medium of cray ons and colors. The art rooms are es- pecially furnished to provide for this work and are supplied with art tables, statu2ry, and every facility for art de- Velopment In conjunction with these are shops for clay modelling, glazing and pottery for art metal work; card board construction. and other of the minor subjects.
 The Industrial Arts, building is a handsome proof structure of semi Ionic style: faced with Tucson pressed brick. located just opposite the main group of buildings at the Tempe nor mal school and convenient to all pu- pills who will work in its various shops.
Arizona republican., 1917-06-07
YOUNG MEN AT
 NORMAL. MANY

An unusual number of young men have been on the rolls of the normal school for several years past, but it remained for the term just closing to show the record of 120 who have com pleted the normal course. When it is considered that in addition to the splendid educational advantages de- rived, each of these men have had from two to five years military train ing under Capt. F. M. Irish, an, ac- knowledged master in his line, it will be seen that they go forth from the school with bodies fitly trained and hardened for the call of duty in which ever direction it may lead The total normal enrolment exclusive of the training school and rural school is 450, the young women numbering 330 being iarPelV in the ma iOritN
Arizona republican., 1917-06-07
RURAL SCHOOL
 HELP| |NG HAND

Last year was solved one of the difficult problems confronting the young teacher. It is frequently hard on a young man or woman on en- tering the profession, to be placed out in some rural school and thrown entirely upon his or her own respon- sibility. The rural school has prob lemS all it's own Here are no well
Arizona republican., 1917-06-07
TEMPE NORMAL
 COMMENCEMENT

Friday evening, June 8, 1917. l-Overture: Eichenbroner's Or chestra.
 ll-Invocation: Rev. Wilbur Fisk.
 lll-Serenade: Moszkowski
 Normal Chorus IV-Valedictory: Miss Ruth latimer.
 V-SoftIy My Heat Unfoids; Saint Saens: Miss Clara Turner and Ladies Chorus.
 Vl-Address: Governor Thomas E. Campbell.
 VIl-Three Fishers: John Hull lah: MT. Beckwith and Chorus. Vlll-Presentation Of Diplomas: Hon. C. s. Case.
 X-Prizes: President Matthews. X-Goodnlght, Goodnight, Be- loved: Pinsuti.
 XI-Selections: Eichenbroner's Orchestra.
Arizona republican., 1917-06-07
SEVEN GO T0 \.
 JUN CO[ORS

That patriotism is not lacking as a part of the curriculum of the Normal is evidenced by the following roll of honor. These young men have enlisted in various departments of the L. s. army or navy within the last month or so:
 NVilfred Burlington, Robert Finch. Robert Looney, Howard Draper, John Barry, Thomas Pate. Edward Coffin.
 Save for a Liberty Bond, and help save your country. Apply to your bank.
The Yale expositor., 1917-12-06
PROJECT FOR FARM BOYS
Wartime Efficiency Is Embodied by
M. A. c. in Plans for Winter
Short Courses.

East Lansing, Understanding Of
wartime efficiency has been embodied
by the Michigan Agricultural college
i'm its plans for its special winter short
courses for farm boys beginning here
on January Z. Old methods have been
so improved upon that students enroll
ing for the eight-weeks' work will be
required TO do things as well as to see
and learn them.
Look this crop over-it represents
ideal wheat type. Fix it in your mind"
the student used TO he told. The train
ing stopped there. But in the future II
will go farther. In addition to fixing
the type in mind" the students will be
asked also to try their skill at. raising
this sort of crop.
This actual doing of things will be
conducted by means of special extern
sion projects. When young man en-
rolls for the eight-weeks' course in gem
eral agriculture, forestry, horticulture,
poultry, or any one of the several 9TH
er courses offered he will in addition
TO his studies be required to work out
some project when he returns to the
farm. If he happens to have taken the
short course in dairying he will be
asked to keep production and feed rec
ords of dairy herd for at least six
months; If he has been a student of
farm crops he will be asked to run a
two-acre test Of a pedigreed variety
of barley versus a local variety, or a
test OF pedigreed oats with local oats.
A whole list Of additional projects
from which the student can select has
been prepared and performance Of
them in the case of students enrolled
In the two-year eight-weeks' courses
will be insisted upon as a requirement
for graduation.
1t is the plan of the college also to
give the short-course men a line Of
study which will assist them in more
effectively doing their bit In the direc-
ton of increased food production.
The courses will begin on January
and will be open TO any individual in
the state who chooses to attend
The Yale expositor., 1917-12-06
SUCCESS WITH SHEEP FLOCK
Future Lamb Crop Depends Great Deal
on Feeding and Breeding and
Care Of Ewes.

A great deal depends on the future
lamb crop, not so much for mutton as
for the production Of wool and the in
crease Of farm floclSs. And the future
lamb crop depends a great deal on the
feeding and breeding and care of the
ewes during the next few months, says
a writer In an exchange. The impress.
sion that a sheep can subsist on any
thing may be partially true, but in our
many ye,irs of experience with them
I found that It pays, In the thrifty con-
ditlon of both ewes and lambs, to give
the sheep careful attention
The Yale expositor., 1917-12-06

$50 per acre, hardly enough to pay in
terest on the valuation of the land
and the expense of growing the or
chard.
Some orchardists have hesitated to
assume the expense Of equlpping for
spraying, and of employing the labor
necessary to properly prune the or
ehard. There is a fear that should
the crop fail the Srchardist would not
be in position to pay for his spraying
outfit and his spraying material.
Many Missouri orchardlsts last
spring complained that the rainy
weather and cold nights during the
blOssoming period prevented the bloom
from setting fruit, or killed set fruit
on frosty nights. The killing was due
almost entirely to the fact that in neg
lected orchards the blossoms were
weak. In most of the properly man
aged orchards, at least a fair crop of
fruit set and matured to fine condi-
ton, due to the fact that trees kept
healthy can usually set fruit even dur
ing trying weather.
The Yale expositor., 1917-12-06
VALUE OF SPRAYING
IN APPLE ORCHARDS
Demonstration Experiments Have
Been Carried on at the Mis-
souri, University.

During recent years the University
of Missouri College of Agriculture at
Columbia in cooperation with a num-
Der of practical orchardists has been
carrying on demonstration expert
ments in the value of spraying, prun-
ing and the general renovating of neg
lected orchards in Missouri.
The results Of these demonstrations
show that apple orchards well man.
aged can be made to yield the largest
profits of any Missouri farm crop. On
the other hand neglected orchards In
the same nelghborhood hardly yielded
interest on the valuation of the or
chard.
During 1917 the results of proper
spraying and pruning have shown
larger profit than in any previous
year. During the last year neglected
orchards have set very little or no
fruit. The little fruit which was set
here and there was for the most part
small, wormy and of low market quail
fly. Orchards properly sprayed and
pruned during the last two or three
years have set anywhere from a fair
up to a heavy crop of fruit. The quail
fly of apples on well-managed or
chards this year has been the best
produced in Missouri In recent years.
Orchards properly sprayed and
we'll managed have yielded anywhere
from 500 up TO several hundred dol
lars per acre, net. Neglected orchards
in the same neighborhood have yielded
anywhere from nothing up to SIS to
The Yale expositor., 1917-12-06

ing-glass, or knife. One old knife,
found in cache hole where it had
been placed n century or more ago,
safely wrapped in a buffalo robe, was
made in Sheffield and was one of the
knives sent out by the early Hudson
bay traders. The Indians sharpened Il
steel knife with a file, on one side of
the edge. The milestone was 100
slow.
The village sites farther west are
more recent. On the Missouri river, at
the place described by Lewis and
Clark in their diary of the exploration
of the Northwest in 1905, Eat the bend
in the river where the river flows
west" was n large village with more
than one hundred lodges. In these
more recent villages are found brass
arm-bands and bracelets, as well as an
occasional steel Ak or flint-lock gun.
Their Domestic Life.
The bones in the refuse heaps show
the Arickaras lived on buffalo, deer.
antelope, elk, rabbit and wild fowl as
well as on corn, beans and pumpkins.
Parched corn has been found in the
lodges at every village site.
Only q sunken circle of ground like
an abandoned circus arena but far
smaller, shows where one Of the lodges
stood. A five-famlly lodge, built with
big timbers, may yield part of cedar
post almost rotted away, despite the
comparatively dry climate. Each fam
lily had its cache-hole, or primitive
safety deposit vault. This was jug
shaped hole four to six feet deep, in
which valuables were hidden when the
family left home to avoid hostile In
dams or to go on hunting trip. The
mouth of the hole was covered with
sticks and leaves, so as not to be dis
tinguishable from the surrounding sur
face.
The burial customs of the Arickaras
differed from those of the Sioux. The
Arickaras buried their dead in the
ground, while the Sioux left the bod
les of their dead, wrapped in skins, on
scaffolds or in trees. The Arickaras
buried from one to six bodies in
SiuNts lllt bNNlN lNiliN WI NhN AiNit SluNs
with the head TO the north. Digging
was hard with the primitive imple-
ments these Indians had, so the graves
were small, and the bodies placed with
the knees drawn up. Scarcely any
grave contains anything but the skele-
ton. Little or no paraphernalia was
ever buried with the body, except an
occasional bead or band of brass or
copper, showing the contact with the
fur traders. The earlier burial sites
yield nothing hut bones. The graves
were three to six feet deep, and above
the upper skeleton were placed slabs Of
cottonwood or ash or bundles of will
low twigs. to keep wild animals from
digging into the grave. Other Indians
used fiat rocks for the same purpose.
There are thousands of objects in
the university's collection of Arickara
relics. The collection was begun in
1915. and as ii grows the exact
knowledge of the life of these early
Dakotans increases.
The Yale expositor., 1917-12-06


and village sites, burial grounds and
battlefields of the Indians, collecting
and studying the relics of these first
settlers-or were they first, after all?
A find of hammer stones, arrow heads
and charred hearth stones in an old
soil layer two to six feet beneath the
surface last summer indicates earlier
inhabitants than the Arickara.
When the Indians followed the buff
falo over the Dakota prairies, long be-
fore the white man came, there were
fifty or more populous villages along
the Missouri river. The early tribes
of Arickaras in the Missouri valley,
and pumpkins, for the Arickaras were
farmers. They built lodges of poles
and willow thatch. daubed thick with
mud to keep out the searching fingers
of the billiards. Their clothing was
made of buffalo skins. The shovel
with which they dug their fields and
the trowel with which they spread the
mud plaster on the walls of their
houses were made from the shoulder
blade of the buffalo. Their arrow
points and knives were Of flint or bone.
This was the life of the Arickaras be-
fore the first white traders came, be-
fore the Sioux Cor DakOtah) Indians
pressed by white settlers from Canada,
poured in from the north and east. 1t
was the stone age, when to make
hammer required days Of grinding and
working on some boulder found in the
creek bed. with an outline like that of
the tool to be made.
Fine Collection of Relics.
More than sixty skeletons Of the
Arickara tribe have been unearthed
and are in the university museum.
Hundreds of hammer stones, arrow
heads, beads, bone tools and bone or
naments are also in the university col
lection of the Airckara relics. Even
the national government has not near
ly az good an Arickara collection. The
only two Arickara tobacco pipes ever
found In grave are i'm the university
collection. There are many fragments
of the earthenware pots or bowls used
by the Indians in cooking, and two en-
tircly unchanged bowls, which show
the kind Of pottery work the ancient
Indians made.
The age Of much of the material
found is problematlcal, but that
great deal Of ii dates back to the Pc
riod before 1850 is certain, for at about
that time the Sioux or Dakota Indians
began driving the Arickaras relentless
ly no the Missouri and to the west
ward.
The other Arickara village sitas
show No trace of contact with the
whites. No article of metal can be
found in the most ancient locations.
Farther west. and up the Missouri
river, the excavations yield scraps Of
copper obtained from the first traders,
from which the Indians made orna-
ments and, by twisting the thin sheet
copper into cones, arrow heads shaped
like tunnels which slipped over the
end of the shaft of the arrow. An
occasional Niue or red bead comes TO
light. or brass bah. or bits OF look
The Yale expositor., 1917-12-06
TELLS BEST FOWL TO FATTEN
M. A. c. PouItryman Outlines Method
for Economical Crate
Feeding.
BY c. H. BURGESS,
Department of Poultry Husbandry,
Michigan Agricultural College.

Michigan Agricultural College.
East Lansing, Mlch.-It has always
been more or less Of a bone of con-
tentiOn among Michigan poultrymen
as to what breeds and classes of fowls
are best suited for fattening under
Michigan conditions. Wyandottes
have had their champions; other men
have stood firmly for Plymouth Rocks,
and still others have taken oath to
the superiority of Rhode Island Reds
and Orpingtons. What experiments
have proved is that the honOrs lie not
with one, but with all. Birds of all
four of these breeds, II has been found,
can be fattened more rapidly and at
less cost per pound than is possible
with any of the others.
1t has been demonstrated beyond
question also that pure-bred fowls pos
sess the ability to take on flesh more
rapidly and economically than do
crOss-bred fowls.
Owning one Of the right breeds OF
birds, the problem confronting the
poultryman is that of what method To
use in fattening his fowls for market.
COckerels and hens, when fattened as
they should be, will bring the most
money, and the hens will take on
weight more quickly than will the
cOckerels. Both should be in full
feather when placed In crates or con-
fined
Where the quickest possible produc-
ton Of fat and flesh is aimed at, two
methods are in general use. The first
Of these consists in combining the fowls
I'm crates, allowing about one square
foot of space per fowl. The crates
can either be made at home or pur-
chased from dealers in poultry sup
plies.
If n homemade crate is desired, 1t
should be built . feet wide. 2 feet
long and 90 inches high. These sec
lions can be constructed separately, or
they can be joined In one long. con
tinuOus crate. Lumber : inch by I
inch should be used for the Stats on
the bottom, top and sides. The con-
tinuous crates may be made 10 feet
long, 81 inches wide ard 20 inches
high. These, If divided into FIVE COM
partments, placing four 70 Wis in each,
Will hold 20 chickens each. If this
crate is then set upon couple Of
sawhorSes and trough 4; attached
on the outside. 50 that the fowls can
be fed from the outside the equip
ment is complete Batteries can be
purchased. however which will hold
from 60 to 50 chickens.
BY use Of this method pound OF
gain can be put upon fowl ~ cost Of
from 6 to s cents.
In the second method the fowls are
placed in a small room which can he
lightened or darkened at the pleasure
he fed regularly twice day what they
will clean up i'm about 90 minutes.
After feeding, the room should he kept
darkened so that the fowls will he
quiet. Lack of exercise softens the
muScles-eXerciSe hardens them.
These properly fattened fowls will
bring good prices in any market. The
crate-fattened fowl, however, should
be killed at home, for if shipped many
Of them are liable to reach their
destination with broken wings. as this
method of feeding causes the bones to
become brittle.
The Yale expositor., 1917-12-06

Proper pruning of fruit trees is alb
solutely essential to the production of
good fruit. And yet there is no other
necessary work about a farm orchard
so constantly neglected.
And when it is done, in the majority
of cases, it is only half done. AS a
result of crowded limbs, and thick
foliage, half of the fruit produced is
of small size and bad color.
Now, all of this inferior fruit is I'M
necessary, for it is entirely possible to
have every apple on the tree, of good
full size, and color fully up to the
standard of its variety.
There is no sufficient excuse for the
prevailing neglect of pruning, for 1t
may be done in the winter time, that
season of comparative leisure in the
country. The months of November,
December and January make up the
right trimming season, says Iowa
Homestead. If done at that time the
wounds dry up, so that loss of sap
later becomes unnecessary. But II
this work is done in February and
IL Is 81 ntSil lliC DNllOh VI liiS
flow of sap that bleeding becomes In
evitable.
Much Depends on Age.
In pruning a tree to secure good
fruit, the amount of work to be done
depends upon the age of the tree, and
the previous work which has been
done upon it to keep it in shape.
A tree which has been entirely neg
lected until it is ten years old pre-
sents hard problem when you wish
to bring 1t into shape.
Three-fourths Of the top should be
removed, but as to take that amount
off at once would be a serious shock
to the tree, it is customary to take
two years for the work, cutting out
half of the superfluous branches one
winter-and as many more the next
year.
The wise way is, never to let trees
get into that crowded, overgrown con-
dition.
Avoid All Crotches.
When three-year-old trees are first
planted, all crotches should be avoid
The Yale expositor., 1917-12-06

ed, and for the next two years trees
should be examined occasionally and
so cut as to secure well-balanced top.
For many reasons high tops are the
best-high enough so as to admit a
full-grown man walking about them
upright.
AS the trees get larger, naturally
more and more work will be needed in
pruning. Thrifty eight to ten-year-old
trees will make an astonishing growth
of wood in one season.
Bear in mind that the tops should
be kept thin enough so that the sun
light can penetrate to all parts. 1t is
light which makes perfect fruit-other
conditions being favorable.
Remove Weak Limbs.
In general, remove the weakest
limbs, and where two interfere cut
one. Then shorten in all branches
which show an abnormal growth, thus
preserving the symmetry of the tree.
Water sprouts-those sappy shoots
which have started since last prun-
ing, should be cut without mercy, eX-
cepting in cases where one is needed
to fill vacant place.
If you have followed the rules for
pruning, you will have a spreading,
Open-topped tree-so scattered In foil
age that it will be poor shade tree
for hot day, but exactly adapted TO
the growing of large, snowy apples.
Owing to the prevalence of strong
southwest winds, it is best TO plant
trees with q little inclination to the
two-o'clOck sun, and in pruning en-
courge the heaviest top on the same
side of tree.
1t is customary to say: Make a
smooth cut; and a very little thought
will show the necessity of this. Ma
ture will repair the damage, by heal
ing over the wound as soon as posi-
bic. But If rough, uneven surface
is left, 1t is difficult, or perhaps i'm
possible for the bark to cover it.
All cuts above an inch in diameter
should be painted with a soft grating
wax. This is needed, because the hot
sun will check the wound and water
will penetrate.
The Yale expositor., 1917-12-06
Kind Of acreaturnn He Was

Donald and Charlie, boys of eleven,
had seen on old-time thrilling melo-
drama and the next day were repeating
1t for the benefit of an audience Of
small boys i'm the garage of Charles
father. Charlie was the "villain" and
Donald the heroine" After Donald,
with the villain covering and shivering
before him had denounced the other
bitterly, he thrilled his small audience
with the shrleking climax, "O1t of my
way, al lominal creature ~
The Yale expositor., 1917-12-06
BY r. w. JONES.

Gradually the life of the Arick-
ara Indians of the Dakotas is being