davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Robesonian. [volume] (Lumberton, N.C.) 1870-current, 1917-08-02
Married Men Not Exempt as a Class
.-Hasty Marriages Since Draft

Hasty marriages made since July
20, the date of the army selectlve
draft, in effort to escape conscrlp-
ton through the claim Of depend;
ent wife, will not be considered
ground for discharge unless the wife
is actually dependent on the hus-
bands daily labor.
Prompted by reports from many
cities of marriage licence bureaus be,
seiged by men, included in the first
draft call, Provost Marshal General
Crowder Tuesday ruled that "mar,
rage is not of itself valid ground
for making claims for discharge.
Dependency is a matter Of fact, not
of law, General Crowder pointed out
"a man whose wife is mainly de-
pendent on his daily labor for sup
port" he said, "may claim exemption
on that ground. Only the exemption
board can determine this fact. Where
dependency is claimed and circum.
stances show a marriage hastily con-
summated since July 20 by a man
whose number is high on the list, ac-
tual facts of dependency must be
closely scrutinized.
Moreover" General Crowder de.
clared, women who marry men mere.
ly to aid them to be slackers are IL
able to prosecution under the draft
act"
The Robesonian. [volume] (Lumberton, N.C.) 1870-current, 1917-08-02
GENERAL NEWS ITEMS

Governor Jas. F.. Ferguson of Tex
as is charged with misapplication of
pubic funds, HIS answer to the
charge was the announcement that
he would be candidate for third
term. The Texas Legislature was
called to convene yesterday to con-
slider the charges.
It has been announced that the gov
eminent will erect near Richmond,
Va, an immense warehouse for the
storage OF war supplies. It will cost
S4oo,OOO and be located on Is acres
OF land which has been leased for 80
wears. Another similar warehouse
Tor the same purpose will be placed
at Harrisburg, Pa.
The Robesonian. [volume] (Lumberton, N.C.) 1870-current, 1917-08-02
REVISING WAR TAX BILL
Revision to Increase Total From 81,
670, 100000 to $4,000, 0oO,OoO-Ne"
yavleS Decided UpOn

Havision to Increase Total From 81,
670 100000 to $4,000, OOO, O0O-New
Levles Decided Upon
Washington Dispatch, July 81.
Revision of the war tax bill SO as
80 increase it's total from Sl,o!9ooV,-
900 to about $2,000,00O,0OO mainly oy,
additional levies on intoxicants ana
on personal and corporate incomes
was definitely decided on today by
fhe Senate finance committee.
The detailed schedules and the ex-
ACT total remain to be determined,
hut committee members said tonight
xheus expected the bill to aggregate
at least 81 ,998, 100000 and not more
shan s2,OO8, 100000. They plan :, to
haJE The ceasure ready to report by
the end of the week.
The following new levies were def
initely decided upon today:
On corporation incomes-$l62,OOO,-
900. ooo
Incomes of individuals of $15,OOO
and more $276O0, 900.
Distilled spirits-$9O, 100000.
Malt and fermented liquors (beer)
-S25 100000.
lhGSe new CdASS COLdl poO1,Ooo,0oN'
The committee considered the follow
ing further revisions in PROVIDING Tor
the remaining $23,4Oo,000 necessary
20 attain the minimum 81 1895, OOO, 600.
Increase of taxes 'on brandy for
terrifying wines, to yield about $1O,-
100000.
Increase of rates on wines, to yield
about $2,O00,0OO.
Increase of consumption, or excise
taxes on sugar, coffee and possibly
tea, together with a few new taxes,
possibly to include gasoline and fire
arms. 80
Reduction of the Is per cent tax in
the so-called Jones amendment, on
corporate, undivided surplus to 10 or
S per cent.
Although the committee had orig
inaIly planned to secure much of the
additional revenue from war excess
profits taxes, committee sentiment to-
day was said to be strongly against
increasing the pending schedules, es-
tinated to raise $523, 100000 more
than under the present law, or a to-
tai Of $748,000, 900.
To secure $162,000,000 more from
incomes of corporations, joint stock
companies and associations, including
The Robesonian. [volume] (Lumberton, N.C.) 1870-current, 1917-08-02
EVERY NOOK AND CORNER

thai
Of altogether
and
| a
The Washington herald., 1917-06-06
IN "SEVENTY-SK."

John. git down the hre-lock an powder horn,
An Ill that buckskin pouch with bullets, warm,
Jest frum the mold tat Motley Jane has run
At the kitchen lOE an huuy to Lexington.
Ihe British EeSiars er On thrr way
Frlm Boston. an We mnst this VsEy day
Defend our rights, II these rights er ter Be
saved tez u. and ter our posteEity.
Ys must 90 aIohs, me six-an'-eighty years
GIFTS in me intes, an makes 'em stid-the sears
That uss tef run-some hfty year ago
Light an easy now zrinde an Wabhle 20.
I'm unly a. ter set ansund an think
How use tef do when was youRg an sprink,
But II fen . weIl = dEe rear aeo.
ia take that tbers gun msash, an'NI'd sho5
Them pssky -ed-eoats how ter keep their place
An stay n Aoston. o. 90 back ter thar acs
OT tyTants that sent 'sm here 10 foul an c,urue
N Ind hat God reserved ter Freedoms hirth.
Hold On thar. John; jsst wait minute. sun;
I'm nttsn hnbered up give me that gun
An poEdeE-horn an ponchi An AZ. er tc-k,
Yell have ter take; erry one'n work
Nhsn yer hand tsr hand with then pesky
thugs.
whatl Is Jason Eoin! That bests N bun
See here me child. yer unly twelssyear-old
An "a gTan-pap thinks It's best t.r STAY an
hold
N pIaes tsrEsther uhilst me an yer dad
Help drive ther rsd-coats an ther BrittiIh haR
Clean inter the ocSan- Well. weil nov, sayl
II ys'r nOund IN %, ys kin hslp suns way.
zoAER Z LockLzNe.
The Washington herald., 1917-06-06
A Great Day Passed Into History.

Ths Kaiser viii get few shreds Of
comfort out Of the remarkable pro-
ceedfngs In this nation yesterday.
There was no disorder, no suggestion
Of slaelserism. From q few cities are
reported . handful Of arrests, mainly
Of misguided. Ioose-minded folk The
law was accepted as the law, no mat
ter how revolutionary It may have
seemed; and Il was obeyed.
Il means that tbs whole war ma
chinery can speed up now. The for
tunes OF the nation are in the hands
Of the War Department. To It Is
entrusted q half million American
youths, with millions more to come
IL necessary. They must be welded
into a compact, effective fighting unit
to aid In the work of crushing the
Prusslan holoch. This work of train
ing cannot begil too soon; but haste
must not be sought at the expense
Of efficiency. There must be no "em-
balmed beer or similar scandals.
The spirit shown yesterday was
splendid. Those who registered did so
in no self-advertising. mock-patriotic
spirit; they went about the business
simply, informally, with sober recog-
milton Of what 1t meant. In justice to
most Of them 1t must be said that they
spike and acted as IL they expected
to be called In the lottery to come
they are looking for the wheel to
choose them. and they are ready.
In the draft and the exemptions to
follow there Is only one danger to be
guarded against. Even the suggestion
Of favoritism or of Influence" would
cause the ruin of the spirit of the
whole business Rich mans son and
poor mans son, high and low, must
be treated alike. All exemptions must
be legitimate and made after thorough
examination Of the claims. A rich
young man with a fixed. or inherited
income, for example, can hardly claim
exemption Of the score of deepen
dents" He should not be permitted
to do So II he Is, the good faith of
the whole process Of conscription VIII
be called into question.
The work of creating a great Amer
lean army began 30 brilliantly yester-
day that even the thought that it may
be partly spoiled in this way is re-
pellant.
The Washington herald., 1917-06-06
Senate Bill Sound.

The Senate Comn...t.ee on Finance
has produced a sounder and more
logical revenue bill than the House
and less revenue But the Senate
bill has a better basis to build upon.
when demands are made for greater
revenue from taxes-
1t will not kill industry. It will not
impair capital or ready funds among
those who must produce money with
which to Increase output OF factories
or found new industries. It will not
cause bond issues to fail because the
income OF the wealthy will not be
inopportunely taken by tar obliga-
tons. The committee has approached
the subject as though it knew the
war was to last a considerable time.
and therefore did not want to take
an the ready cash at one fell swoop.
Yet wealth pays its share. Just as It
stands ready to pay a larger share as
the emergencies arise.
II Is evident that the country Is go
ing to have before it a program in
which the proper proportion Of loans
to taxes Is preserved. We are loan
ing the allies up to 5000, ooo, 900. We
are raising by loan at the outset
1900, ooo.Ooo. with 1900, oOO. 900 more,
coming. We are raising, II the terms
Of the Senate committees bill are fol-
lowed. 81 so, 10000 in taxes In 1sl7-1s.
1t Is also clear that we are to have
another issue of an additional billion
before the next fiscal year Is out. This
does not come as a surprise. because
1t has been expected that our expendi-
lures would not be met by the
financial program presented by Secre-
tary McAdoo. and in fact, while the
bill was still in the House, he told
Congress that he already had de-
mands in sight for 500, OO0, 600 more. A
loan Of this size the first year and
a tax budget of 1850 900. 900 are not
too much. since the tax proposed by
the Senate is not so large as to en-
danger the loans.
But the Senate Is leaving much in
reserve in the way of taxation for
the next regular session of Congress.
which will provide the money for the
next ensuing fiscal year. II has not
taxed the luxuries as they will surely
be taxed before the war Is over, II 1t
lasts beyond this calendar year. There
will still be sources of revenue to be
found without reaching into the mill,
the forge and the factory. What is
needed is not excessive taxation this
year, but taxation which will go up
in a gradually sliding scale. Business
Is just getting accustomed to the semi
war taxes now imposed and 1t will
take a full year to get accustomed to
the next taxes now being put on the
statute books.
Then as time passes, taxes can grow
steadily to take care of the loans and
finally extinguish them. By pursuing
this method. Congress can encourage
the establishment of new industries
and avoid the destruction of establish
ed ones.
The Washington herald., 1917-06-06
Drafting the "Highbrows." "

War and the clangors of war re-
sound in Washington these days;
the pageantry of the intelIectuals,
also the morbid march Of the high
brows." has cast it's pallid shadows
across our fair Capital
There Is more unassimilated high
browism in Washington in these
grim war times than has been
known in a generation. The Inva-
sion of this new host has been
noiseless, deft, unheralded; never
theless it is upon US. Poets, phi
losophers, political thinkers of high
degree. puissant magazinists, far
famed muckrakers and vari-color-
ed radicals whose words have re-
sounded from Greenwich Village to
the Nevsky Prospekt, and back
again: all these have taken Wash
ington to their own in this somber
period.
These noted folk have come here,
to find what? In this capital. long
ridden by politics and nothing else,
they have neither q habitation nor
name; no background. no tradi-
tion, pothing to give them place
or status except the say-so Of their
sponsors. A name which may be
celebratsd in Washington SquarG
may mean almost nothing In this
Capital There was a discussion in
Secretary Of War Bakers once yes
terday as to the why and the where
fore OF Felix Frankfurter. Not q
soul knew anything about him. ex-
cept that somewhere he had some
reputation that resulted in his beiRg
drafted for war service.
The name Of Walter LIppmanr
has attained some mild local note
since President wilson threw the
newspapers out Of the window and
began reading the New Republic
Elsewhere, Of course. be is 9 cult
But we doubt very much whether
Secretary OF State Lansing has eve,
read The Stakes Of Diplomacy
aH6 u he hsA Ne epins - ayoss
-. -l-4--re ~ II|.-l|'
The Washington herald., 1917-06-06
MOUNTED VOLUNTEERS
TO GUARD BUILDINGS

A volunteer mounted constabu-
larry, made up of 100 prominent cit
zens OF the District, will soon be
seen on the streets of the Capital
guarding public buildings and other
points where danger from the enc
my might threaten. Under Brig
Gen. George P Scriven. the con-
stabuIary of the Home Defense
League, of the District, assumed
definite shape yesterday. and plans
for active cooperation with the
metropolitan police force are now
under way.
The uniform for the force has not
been decided, but a committee is
now working on 1t Each member
will supply his own horse, uniform
and weapons. The committee to
equip the organization is composed
OF Ord Preston, ]. c. O'Laughlin,
and Julius Garfnkle- Two drills a
week will be held for the present.
Army officers will instruct the mem
bers in marching and first aid work.
The Washington herald., 1917-06-06
HOLLAND.

from the perusal with the ques-
tion, whats it all aboutT' The
real working diplomat is no more
of a highbrow than is the active
newspaper man a journalist.
And Ida n. Tarbell Is coming also.
There are many others. We trem-
BILE to think how we will endure
such an incubus of heavy thought
in the summer heat.
The Washington herald., 1917-06-06

Treasury experts will count 1900 sill
Yer dollars in an hour. On basis Of
eight hours a day it would take one
expert counter 2O4 years to count the
two billions OF dollars which Uncle
Sam requires for the liberty loan.
That gives an idea of the stupendous
amount necessary to carry on war.
Do your bit; help roll up that two
billions.
The Washington herald., 1917-06-06
few investors have a whole.

few investors have a whole
aspect for Henry Fords ability
Fourteen indictments have
returned for automobile pro-
rs who secured S1.50O.ooo from the
ible under a promise to surpass
price and quality the Ford product.
he moral OF it all is buy a liberty
0ond, an investment guaranteed by
the entire resources Of the govern
ment and with no risks.
The Washington herald., 1917-06-06
Prince Udine Better;
Mission Makes Plans

The condition of the Prince of Udine.
whose sudden illness caused the post
ponenent of the Italian Missions tour.
was reported last night 10 be greatly
improved. 1t will be several days,
however. before ne will be able 20
leave bed and he has been advised not
to attempt to take any part In the
work OF the mission this week.
The other members of the commits
The Washington herald., 1917-06-06

curse those who fed to Mexico
ID registration will have no con-
US scruples against calling
e government for protection
Lr. Villa decides to entertain
The Washington herald., 1917-06-06
AMUsEME ENTs.
MRS. JULIA LAMONT DEAD.

Hillbrook. N. Y, June 5-Mrs. Julia
kenny, Lamont, widow of Daniel s.
Lamont. Secretary of War in Presi-
dent CIeveland's Cabinet, died today.
favorite. Her fortune was recently
estimated at 5,0oO,O0
The Washington herald., 1917-06-06
NEW YORK HOTEL ARRIVALS.

Washingtonians are registered at ho.
tefs here:
W. Carr. Empire: Mrs. peerInE.
wentworth; A. H. Elder. A, Whsleh,
Ansonia; c. N. Lent, Grenobla,, Mrs,
CA. Moran. Bristol; II. T, u, MeYe,
MarIborough: D. g, Pfelfter, J. y, ut.
o. z. strahler, Great Northern; N, IT,
swanson. Continental, ]. 3, MAn,
Breslin; e. C. Cheney, W, A drnman,
Murray Hll; W. b Earl. J, q, JHenss
mann, ]. Ried. Navarro; ], telena,
Aberdeen; o. A Keen, Grand, A, n
Detweiler. St Francis; ], oeldheraeh
Gregorian-
The Washington herald., 1917-06-06

We don't have to wait two weeks for
California to know that the majority
in favor OF Uncle Sam against the
aiser is about 100000 on the frst
7rns.
The Washington herald., 1917-06-06

When John Philip Sousa finishes
organizing those musical organiza-
tions for the navy. Germany win have
to fight to beat the band.
The Washington herald., 1917-06-06

The registration that begins today
will list those who didn't register.
The Washington herald., 1917-06-06

Scanning the fair ones who accom-
pany the Confederate vets we should
say the first crop OF Georgia peaches
has arrived.
The Washington herald., 1917-06-06

You cannot have public credit with
out prosperous industries. II you tax
one out OF existence the other goes,
too.
The Washington herald., 1917-06-06

IS adopt the fad Of
girls and wear the
cheek as a beauty
ion Is whether We will
d for patriotism or ar
oeing over demonstrative
salute it with a kiss.
The Washington herald., 1917-06-06
HOTEL KENTUCKY

WIN TiREPE0oF ADpiItoN.
Ksntuoly AsS-. Near BeAsh. cHpsslr. aoa
80 rooms With hot and cold running NIteF -
vith private hath. Teleph0ne and electro lghta
in epeFy ron. Eleraflr from atreeI lFvIl.
American Plan. Rate inel1dinE rod inesh
81 10 - Daily: SIC 10 ti7.8 NSskb.
send for booklet and points of interest IN A.
~ q. EENKApY, Prusdssor.
The Washington herald., 1917-06-06

SPREAD 1T.
Get In the Sunshine business,
An spread your wares around,
There's always some one In distress
And darkness to be found
Some chap held In the grip of rue
To whom a greeting warm
VIII seem Ike sunshine bursting
through
The evil clouds OF storm.
COp5nSht, Is7.)
The Washington herald., 1917-06-06

Don't take any stock in abuse Of the
japanese. They may yet I'LL a vacancy
on the fighting line any day.
The Washington herald., 1917-06-06

To the registrars. . D. m. was the
end Of q strenuous day.
The Washington herald., 1917-06-06

sion. with the exception Of Senator
Marconi. who left yesterday for New
York. where he will receive an hon
orsry degree Of doctor OF sciences at
Columbia University today, at
tended q conference yesterday with
representatives Of the government
with a view TO formulating a new pro-
gram for the week.
The Washington herald., 1917-06-06

would break capitai's
, II bear ali the war
sould not carry its
Is a willing worker
The Washington herald., 1917-06-06
HOTEL DE WILLIE

ksutuoky Ave-. % NHrds trOs BoGrd~Hh.
Thoroughly modem. electno hGhts- sasEat1t.
orcbesra. running ustsr. private bahia Bath
inE privDeeeL 1l25o IN wssaly.
TRkNcKLL 4 o'BRIES.
The Washington herald., 1917-06-06

LIcorice root, TO the value at tina,s
7o4 was invo,eed at the AwsTiesn
United States durinE islk samparsd
WIN si11s "a wpyth Cor iaik
The Washington herald., 1917-06-06

thing as the gov
5 so cheaply that
. be drawn? BY
ry, but above all
:e pouring from
The Washington herald., 1917-06-06
A LINE o. CHEER
EACH DAY o. The YEAR

First printing of an original poem,
written only for The washinSton
Herald.
The Washington herald., 1917-06-06
TODAY'S EVENTS

Lecture. Washington Lean and Trust Building.
.. m, By Miss Emma Cray. head Of National
New Thought Center.
Graduation exercises. GcorEr Washington Uni
TersI;y. ass ubly hail. Central High School.
p m
Address National Training School for Boys By
DR.. ID. II. Martin. pastor Of Wesley Chapel
Methodist Episcopal Church
Valuation hearing. Potomac Electric Power
COmpAny. District Building 10 a. N
UnEeilinx ceremonies at presentation Of statue
to United States by Stats OF Oklahoma, StatuAZy
Hall. Capitol lOO O'clock
Concert, United States Soldiers Band, band
Class day exercises, Trinity College. 4:0p. m
Meeting. Board Of Education. Franklin School.
$50 p m.
Meeting. Association Of Oldest Inhabitants,
Old EGsine House Nncteenth and H streets
noIthWeet, % p. m.
Meeting Tag Day Committee Carroll Hall,
Tenth and & streets northwest, s p. N.
Address. Abbs Patrick F1ynn. CatholiS Uni
Tersity. p. m.
Commencement exercises. Columbian Coussr-
vatory Of Music. lall Ninth street northwest, 8
p. N.
Meeting. Chevy Chase Citizens Association,
oSinS No. Is. King Solomon. No. 81.
Odd FellOws-Eastern, No. II; Harmony. No
3; Friendship. No L. and Federal City. No. 20
Masonic Washington Centennial. No. Il,
Osiris No. -; King Solomon. No. u.
KniEhts Of PythiAs-Aount VSnoa. No s.
A1d Equal. No. II.
ADJUSTMENTS.
BelaSco-"Ere's Daughter" 9 Is and SD p. N
New NalCnAl-"NAughty Marietta 2l5 and
SD p. m
Pohs-"Ths wArrens Of Virginia" 2:B and
Sis ,. m.
B, +. Keiths-Vaudeville. 2:l5 and sl5 p N
Cosmos-v audevine. I2:O to II 30 p m.
Lows COlumbia-NOtion pictures l0:D . m.
tn II p m.
Strand-MOtion pictures, 0sO a. m. To II p. m.
Garden-Niotion pictures, lo:3O a, m TO II D m,
The Washington herald., 1917-06-06
SPREAD 1T,

By John Keadriek Baakn
The Washington herald., 1917-06-06
ATLANTIC CITY, n.

SPRING AND SUMMER RESORTS.
The Washington herald., 1917-06-06

, the thought
! who are our
: able to stand
ntS that have
s well as the
people who
ng the seats.
The Washington herald., 1917-06-06

SPRING AND SUMNER RESORTS.
CAPE MAY,
The Washington herald., 1917-06-06

amateur gar
o., estimated to
llanted in San
B. Heron, a
iey are grow
les from the
The Washington herald., 1917-06-06

tent manner
. registration
Ominate now
first election
District Of COL
It that long-de-
The Washington herald., 1917-06-06

John Drew has Germanservitor
who went duck shooting. When he
returned, Mr.. Drew asked: ibid YOU
shoot them on the wing!" "Yeh, on
the wing. on the foot-anyplace." was
the reply.
The Washington herald., 1917-06-06

so cheaply that
be drawn? BY
ry, but above all
.e pouring from
the thought
who are our
able to stand
nts that have
we'll as the
people who
ng the seats.
amateur gar
estimated to
rlanted in San
B. Heron, a
,ey are grow
les from the
tent manner
registration
1minate now
first election
District of Col
It that long-de-
The true Democrat. [volume] (Bayou Sara [La.]) 1892-1928, 1917-12-15
IMPORTANT PAPER
BY L. S. U. STUDENT

A paper on "BBgaFFe ne a Source OF
Fuel" written by r. G. Ffpaland. for.
morly an l. s. & student has lately
received considerable attention Ia the
engineering world The paper vas writ.
ten by Mr Freoland as a member Of
the local branch of the American
Society of Mechanical Engineers, IN
competition for a prize offered by Prof
+. " Kerr formerly professor Of me.
chanical engineering In the University
Nr Froeland was asked to present
his paper before the animal meeting Of
'ha 4 S. " f.. which was held In New
York Dec 10 7. but he was not able
90 leave hla work as sugar chemist al
Belle Helene Ia at that time
The true Democrat. [volume] (Bayou Sara [La.]) 1892-1928, 1917-12-15
TO CATCH NICE

TAKE box about four inches deep
and twelve or fourteen inches square
Put about an inch Of corn meal In the
bottom Of u, spread evenly Then set
one of those spring mouse traps. like
you always use. In two opposite corners
in the box The little boFEars are bound
20 got into that box 80 play IN tho corn
meal They scamppr about the edges
Of the box sure as fate. they run across
the trigger Of the trap and are caught.
II oHly q foot Of a tail it, caugh, the
hos prevents them from pulling looee
or getting aaay with the trap Il works
The true Democrat. [volume] (Bayou Sara [La.]) 1892-1928, 1917-12-15

"One Of my most valued gifts thIs
past Christmas was one that money
alone could not have bought" snli
Dolly Wayne ia the Philadelphia
Ledger, 1T was IA pot Of Wild flowers
and m0sses which had been trans.
planted from the woods In the early
fall and lovingly watched aud tended
until Christmas time when the gift
came to mc the pot aud saucer had
been pfettily decorated und 90 the
hepatlca plants there we're numerous
buds, which hiussumed some un
Christmas day und others later Ia the
week The gift still affords me daily
delight, have enjoyed tiluzc sweet
purple aud white heFatiCa blossoms
far mere than | should have any
florists foses, fer know that the
plants were gathered and kept fer me
by one who understood hvw dearly
love the woods aud the treasures found
there"
The true Democrat. [volume] (Bayou Sara [La.]) 1892-1928, 1917-12-15

N"w aab hftweea knitting for the
marines. make sister q beautiful slip.
nn With fas.eled belt. The picture
give u good model
Apron, itke the poor, ara always
with us. 8ud mauy women like moth
ins better Attractive designs in chat.
ing dish aprons With perky little peck.
cts. can br quickly and successfully
madr by even the girl who IS Bat es-
perialIy clever with her needle.
IT you are clever handling tuols You
ran make an elegant hand carved tab.
ofe' for cigars or couch. side reading
The true Democrat. [volume] (Bayou Sara [La.]) 1892-1928, 1917-12-15
PROMPT RESPONSE
MADE BY FARMERS

When a state al Nar wag declared
on April s.. this great democracy re-.
yealod Us inherent strength Initiative
was not wanting ia any part Of the
Union Tho response Of the farmers
was prompt and energetic. aud the
results ar that crop yields have been