The Olneyville times. (Olneyville [Providence, R.I.]) 1887-1917, 1917-02-23
HOW WAR IS ENDED
Various Methods by Which Peace
Is Sought and Secured.
MEDIATION NOT MUCH USED.

/
trails to End Conflicts Between Ma.
tions Has Cut a Small Figure In
Wars Of the Last Century and a Half.
The impression that nations desiring
10 end IA war generally avail them
selves Of the offer Of some friendly
neutral to act as mediator il utterly un-
founded.
When England desired to end the
war with the colonies she began by
sending separate negOtiators TO the
French government and 10 the Ameri
can commissioners In Paris. The lat
ter, though positively commanded by
congress to negotiate no peace without
the participation Of their French al
lies, did sign Il separate treaty, though
with the reservation that it should not
go into effect until France had made
peace They then Informed the French
government, which accepted the terms.
The NapolcOnic peace treaties usual
ly began with an armistice The most
famous, the treaty Of TilSlt, was
brought about by personal meeting
between Napoleon and Alexander !.
on n raft In the middle Of the river
Niemcn TO agree upon an armiStice
which the cZar had already sought.
NapoleOn's fall in 1914 was accompa-
MED by no negotiations; the allies were
actually in Paris. Napoicon's generals
persuaded him TO sign an act of aDd-
cation, and the French senate dethron
ed him.
The way to the peace Of Client, which
ended the war Of 1872, was paved by
an offer Of the ear to act as mediator.
though it was rejected In rejecting it
Lord Castlcrcagh let it be known that
he was willing to negotiate directly
with the United States. The United
States gladly accepted ana sent com
mlssioncrs, but England neglected to
appoint ENJOYS until long afterward,
when her troubles had become so great
that she was dcSirous Of peace.
On the death Of Car Nicholas |. his
successor, Alexander H., announced to
the courts Of Europe his desire that the
Crimean war should end. A peace con
itl'll'' was iitli III ' lNllild' bul III
three months 1t was broken off and the
war resumed. The war went on until
Austria, n neutral power, threatened
to join the allies unless the ear ac-
cepted her ultimatum. He at first re-
fused, but n personal letter from the
neutral king of Prussia induced him to
reconsider, and the final peace confer
encc was held.
In 1870 the French government which
succeeded Napoleon III. asked for an
armisticc, then for peace, but the re-
quests were declined and the siege of
Paris began. After the surrender Of
Paris the Germans consented to an
armistice to permit the election of n
national assembly which it could rec
ognizc. The prcliminaries Of peace
were agreed on between Bismarck and
Thicrs at Versailles, and the treaty
followed at Frankfort.
The RusSO-Turkish war was cut short
by Englands threat to enter II. Russia
arranged an armistice Immediately ana
negotiated the treaty Of san Stcfano
directly with Turkey. England, backed
10y France and Austria, refused to rec
ognize it. and the congress Of Berlin
was summoned, but before it met the
ear had negotiated secret treaty
with England cmbodying most of the
agreements subsequently made there.
The terms of peace between the
United States and the ConfCderacy
were arranged 10y generals in the field.
The SpaniSh-AmcriCan war of 1898
closed when Spain on July 26 made
ovcrturcS To the United States through
Cambon, the French ambassador at
Washington Seventeen days later the
protocol was signed.
The Boer war ended in an unprece-
dentcd way. The members Of the
Transvaal government rode into Mid
dlcburg and requested To be sent to
Lord Kitchener To arrange peace terms
with him. He met them, but held that
because of the peculiar character of
the Bocr army the men in the field
would have 10 be consulted If any as
suranCc of peace was 10 he given.
Stcyn. De Wet and Delarey went to
the commandos. explained the situa-
tlon To them. and each body In the fell
chose two delegates TO meet at Neree
nlging and decide the matter hy vote.
President Roosevelt brought the Rus.
so-IapaneSc war To nm end by sending
on June :, 1905, idcntic dispatches to
both governments urging that they en-
ter into peace negotiations. Both ac-
CcptCd and sent CnvoyS To the United
States 10 negotiate the treaty Of Ports.
mouth.
The ways of ending wars. therefore.
are various and mediation has played
an imfnitCsimal kart In the wars of the
last century and a half.-New York
Times.