davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1917-07-26

modern lance, dates from such early times that it's origin is not easy to trace. In the days of the Saxons foot soldiers were armed with a weapon called a bill that did duty as an ax and as spear. With the invention of gunpowder the spear ar pike was superseded by the arauebuse, sass the foot soldiers main weapon. After a time it was found that the pike was indispensable. so, the two were com bined-the grandfather of the rife with the bayonet attached.
 The shrapnel helmet is but a part of the armor of the ancients for the Assyrian foot soldiers used almost the same style of head covering about 700. B. c.
 Liquid fire was invented by Ca1lini- GUS, in the seventh century, and was
 used at that time by soldiers who threw it in earthen balls from the house tops or from towers. During the middle ages burning substances were attached to swallows and other birds so that the matched roofs con taining their nests might be set on fire when they returned to them. Cats, rats and other animals were treated l in the same barbarous fashion and served to communicate the fire to buildings where they ran for shelter.
 Fire pots were placed on the backs of dogs and the animals maddened by
 suffering were driven towards the enemies troops. Horsemen carried fiery torches which they threw at the
 enemy while bowmen used incendiary arrows. 4f
 During the middle ages one of the favorite methods of greeting invaders was to shower thana with burning
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1917-07-26

wood, which had been dipped in oil. As recently as 1878 patents were taken out covering a contrivance for throwing eombustible liquids by means of compressed air. In this way streams of fire could be shot at the enemy.
 Obstacles.
 The evolution of the military ob- stacle has occupied many years In the early days beasns of wood from which sharp points projected were set up to delay the enemy. Then came holes dug in the ground from which pointed sticks protruded very like the wolf pits used by the Germans today. These wolf pits are especially effective against a cavalry attack.
 During the middle ages meats and walls were the popular obstacles. The barbed wire of the present day is per haps the best obstacle for delaying the enemy's advance as 1t gives him no cover from fire and delays him as well.
 Small Arms.
 The introduction of the pistol dates from the early part of the sixteenth i century and is of German origin. Its reliability at that period was too un- certain to make it popular weapon owing to the length of time required in re-loading. The first really success full pistol was invented by Samuel Colt, an American, and this, with some Improvements, is the recognized re- volver used today.
 | The successful use of hand fire arms for throwing projectiles dates back as far as the fourteenth century Devices of this kind were only used to stampede cattle. These weapons
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1917-07-26

forts were made to produce cannon
 and the change of ammunition from stone to cast iron took place early in
 the fifteenth century. About that
 period the Turks found a way to hurl stones weighing 500 pounds at the enemy. and at one time they had a cannon or catapult constructed on the
 coast that was icapable of hurting stone weighing eleven hundred pounds. Stone balls were used by the Turks as late as a century ago. The
 bullets used by the Romans and Greeks were frequently ornamented
 by some word of defiance. Red hot
 shot was first used in B. C., 27, in the Quintus Cicero campaign when red
 hot earthenware pellets were shot from slirgs. Red hot shot from can
 non was employed by the French in 141S.
 Ancestor Of Poisonous Gas.
 Wild f1re-a mixture of pitch, sul- phur and naptha made into a ball was used about A. D., 668. A chemical,
 known as Chinese Fire, which de- veloped such heat that it melted through armorz when it struck was first used in 1232. This also formed I a gas which killed those who happened 1 to be near when it struck--eyidently the ancestor of the poisonous gases
 used in the war of today. The huge pro1ectiles and giant cannon are the evolution of the stones and catapults of the ancients.
 Incendiary shells and hand grenades
 are the invention of the Chinese, and
 were first brought into action by them
 during the twelfth century. The spear l of the ancients. the forerunner of the
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1917-07-26

The early cannon was built up by means of wrought iron bars bound to- gether with iron hoops and was larger in diameter at the muzzle than at the breech. Stone balls were used in the. early models. In the sixteenth century they were mounted on wheels and by gradual Improvement they have be- come the great death dealers of today.
 The mortar, used in 1435. was in vented by the Germans, and was a short-barrelled cannon having large bore. It was mounted in such man ner as to throw it's shot upwards at a high angle with the intention of caus- ing the projectile to fall more or less vertically on the target.
 The howitzer is an eighteenth cen tury invention and was the more mod ern form of the mortar It was mount ed so that the angle of fire might be directed at the will of the gunner. Both mortars and howitzers were used with deadly effect in the Crimean War of 1854-5.
 The loss of time inseparab1e from the loading of the hand guns placed the soldier at disadvantage in the early history of fire arms and efforts were made to provide a repeating arm. The provision of several barrels fixed together on one stock each barrel hav- ing it's own firing device, may be con- sidered as the primitive weapon from which the machine gun of today has evolved. Specimens of this class were built about the end of the fifteenth century. A revolving gun of German design had ten chambers similar to those of a modern revolver; each chamber holding two charges fired by separate touch holes. twenty shots be- ing fired in rapid succession without |reloading. Russia, too, has a revolving cannon, which fired about fifteen shots without reloading.
 Machine Guns.
 In the year 1713, a machine gun was invented which fired shots of two kind, square bullets for Turks and round bullets for Christians. 1t was worked by crank and was only more or less useful. 1t was not until 1868 that a really successful machine gun was put on the market. This was the well known mettrai1euse. One of these guns worked by five men could dis charge about 4S0 shots per minute. It was used by the French with great success against the Germans in 1870. Gatling guns introduced in England and .the United States were used with deadly effect during our Civil War. These guns finally led to the inven- ton of the famous Mercier and Lewis guns of today.
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1917-07-26
The Evolution of War Weapons from Sticks and Stones To Huge. Projjectiles and Mach inc Guns That Fire Six Hundred Shots Per Minute.
Copyright, 1917, by The International ! Syndicate.

lt-1 T ff-'rf 4 cJnu1cdtes t- ~ROM the. dawn of history and - back into the realms of tradi-
 ton there come records and ac-
 counts of the devices of man for the destruction of his fellow man and with the passing of time has come Improvements on these agencies from the crudest club that dealt it's blows within the range of a few feet to the Busy Be-thas that destroy life at g distance of many miles.
 Sticks And Stones.
 \ Sticks and stones thrown by hand were the earliest weapons of war 1Known and the early period of history Records the doings of a body. of men called "Stone Casters" who formed a part of the Greek army. The stick as a protectile in the form of throw ing spear still survives among the sav- age tribes. Arrows thrown from long bows were used as far back as B. C., 1o5s. Slingss came into existence about B. C., s10. Lead bullets were 3used sn these slings-
 Stones thrown from the sings were used by the Gauls against the Romans about 5s, B. C., and stone shots pro- 1ected by catapurrs came abour cen tury later Catapults for throwing heavy stones were used for several | Centuries. Tn 1903, during the siege < 6f Jerusalem by the Romans. Edward employed huge catapult. capable of throwing three hundred pound shot Stones and darts were thrown from cannon by the Arabs at the siege of Nicola in Spain in 1257. During the knaxtaanth and fifteenth centuries sf-
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1917-07-26
N1YH1N Ia 11e Eaw2JylkIo~-
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The war rocket as a weapon has
 been virtually discarded in the present war except for illuminating purposes. It first appeared in China, during the thirteenth century. They were used l in Europe some two centuries later and were a part of warfare until the early part of the nineteenth century.
 but at that time projectiles gradually ttook their place. Today they are enl p1oyed for signaling and for night
 fighting. l From the earliest times military
 transportation was performed byk hu2- man carriers generally by women who l at that time were practically slaves 1sof the stronger sex. Soldiers carried their rations. tents, etc. on their backs or on poles. This pole was known as the Marian mule and was a long stick
 with forked ends forming v shaped
 aperture with struts across. on which
 soldiers secured their lighter baggage.
 The contrivance was carried on the shoulder when on the march.
 l Military tractors first appeared in
 warfare in 176a. when a usFreneh engi-
 neer constructed a road engine which.
 was capable of travelling two and one
 half miles per hour. A few years later Jan AUl0TlCdus uduQOu TE<tduSs lLfS4llGu
 steam carriage, and obtained the
 sole right to make and run these ve-
 hicles in the State of Maryland. His scheme, however, was not successful and he gave it up. As time went on the steam road engines were gradual-r l ly improved upon and in. 1870 Fowler's S steam traction engines made good as i transports aver roads. Today we have I the huge machines which go any-A I where, roads or no roads.
 The building of bridges for army l purposes goes back to the days of
 Cyrus King of the Persians. in 536. B. 1C. Pontoon bridges were mentioned 1 by Hom CT as being in existence in 800, B. c. In 510, B. G., Darius. King of
 the Persians constructed bridge Of | boats for pontoons across the Danube
 to facilitate his operations against the Scythians. The principle of the pom
 toon bridge of today is the same ex- l cept that it is built in much shorter tspace of time. Military mining is as | old as war itself. Even oefuss .dn- powder was invented sappers were I able to undermine forts and palaces I and set them on fire, using ingredients
 in the flames from which a deadly gas I arose.
 War machines. like, everything else.
 have passed through long process of
 evolutions to reach their present state
 of perfection as destroyers ee N4s end se~~ser~.%-
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1917-07-26

IN these adays when hundreds of
 thousands of men are undergoing
 examinations by the army sur
 cvacna fd,n <.r,oefio,, orisas as +o
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1917-07-26
The Rigid Physical Ex- animation a Man Must 2ass In Order To Be come a Soldier In Our Army-How a ManMa Prepare far the Test.
Copyright s1917, by The International
 Syndicate.

MN these adays when hundreds of
 thousands of men are undergoing
 examinations by the army sur- U gecns, the question arises as to what physical fltness" means in the making of q, lighting man and how a recruit may prepare himself for the rigid physical examination which he must undergo before he can become soldier.
 The man who expects to join the army shouldstake an inventory of him self and his little ailments before he meets the examining surgeon. There are few persons who have DO slight defect. Perhaps it is not enough to bother them under ordinary circum- stances. but gives them trouble at times.
 Get Fit For Service.
 A systematic exercise of the cales- { thenic drll type taken each day Will 70 far in making a man physically it for service. Plenty of fresh air is a tirst aid to good health. and the man should sleep in the open if possible, for as a soldier he will be required to spend many nights out of doors. As the lungs are the bellows that keep the spark of endurance in working order. deep breathing will drive away dull feelings ip the head and body. One of the best ways to take these deep breathing exercises Is to do so while walking erect. which by the way isf the best exercise of all to keep a man in condition. Another help is total abstinence from alcoholic bever- ages If man follows the above for {. few months or even weeks he will Ind himself in excelIent condition for the physical test. of course. there are many diseases which cannot be cured in so short q time. which will bar { him for the service, but the average young man can easily make himself physically ht for service
 A certain standard has been set up by the Government and the surgeons who make the examinations are re- quifed to see that each man fulfi1ls the requirements, and he must certify in the case of a successful applicant that "he has no mental or physical
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1917-07-26
ABLE OF pHYsIcAL PROPORTIONS

.'It.is not necessary, that the ap- plicant should conform exactly to j the figures indicated in the fore going table. The following varia- i. ttons below the standard given in the table are permissible when the applicant is active, has firm muscles, and is evidently vigorous and healthy"
 Chest at Ex- Height piration. Weight fIn.) (In.) (Lbs.) GA and under 68 6S and under 69 12 69 and under 70 15 70 and upward. 20 q Marked disproportion of weight over height is not a cause for. rejection unless the applicant 4 is absolutely obese"
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1917-05-30
ANrREVILLE.
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Antreville, May 29.-Rev. W. S.
Martin, the pastor Of Antreville
charge, preached for the Lowndes.
vile people Sunday. Rev. Martin has
many old friends in Lowndesville who
heard him preach many years ago,
as he was their pastor. Rev. Mea'
dow the pastor Of Lowndesville,
preached at Shiloh Sunday afternoon
for Rev. Martin.
Mrs. R. A. Keaton has gone to Col
umbia for her daughters graduation
Miss Winton Keaton.
Miss Erin Crowther dined with
Miss Ethel Anderson, Sunday and
worshiped at Shiloh church Sunday
afternoon. Miss Crowther will 60 to
visit relatives in Santuc sometime
this week.
Rev. and Mrs. Robertson and fam.
lily Of Central, s. c., visited friends
here last week.
Miss Hazel Crowther, the teacher
for the Reed school this last session,
is now at her home here.
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1917-05-30

ural color dates back to grandma
theirs time. She used it to keep her
hair beautifully dark, glossy and at
tractive. Whenever her hair took on
that dull, faded or streaked appear
ance, this simple mixture was applied
with wonderful effect.
But brewing at home is mussy and
out-of-date. Nowadays, by asking
at any drug store for a 5o:cent bot
tie of "Wyeth's Sage and Sulphur
Compound" you will get this fam
GUS old preparation improved by the
addition Of other ingredients, which
can be depended upon to restore nat
ural color and beauty to the hair.
A well-known downtown druggist
says it darkens the hair SO naturally
and evenly that nobody can tell it
has been applied. You simply dampen
a sponge or soft brush with it and
draw this through your hair, taking
one strand at a time. By morning
the gray hair disappears, and after
another application or two, it be-
comes beautifully dark and glossy.
Wyeth's Sage and Sulphur Com
pound is a delightful toilet requisite
for those who desire q more youth
full appearance. It is not intended
for the cure, mitigation or prevsn.
ton of disease.-Adv.
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1917-05-30

chickens and what new vegetables
they are eating such as white headed
cabbage, beans, Irish potatoes, pick
led beets, dewberry rolls, cherry
tarts. But the farmer men are
planters over" Of cotton, and mur-
der Of the grass. It is certainly
hard luck for some Of our farmers
who have to plant their entire crop
over. One farmer said that if we
have to plant another crop Of cotton
seems like we could or should re-
ceive a new free lien.
Mrs. W. w. Wilson has been very
sick but is some better now.
Mr.. Joe Hill is enjoying his riding
in his new car.
Born-May 22, to Mr.. and Mrs.
Rob Wilson, q son.
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1917-05-30

Rev. Mr.. Meadow, the pastor Of
Lowndesville Methodist church,
preached to the Bell church people
Sunday morning.
He took dinner with Mr.. and Mrs.
W. D. Bell.
Miss Vera Grant spent Saturday
night and Sunday with her grand
parents, Mr.. and Mrs. Newt Simpson
near Antreville, and worshiped at
Shiloh Sunday afternoon.
Two automobiles full Of our peo-
ple went to Georgia Sunday.
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1917-05-30

Columbia 8. c., Especial )-"Do
your bit. Buy q bond for liberty and
the ultimate peace Of the world!" Is
the message which Il being sent broad.
cast over tho state BY the Liberty
Loan Committee for South Carolina, OF
which Edwin W. Robertson, IL chair
man. =
Already there has BEEN . wide rs-
sponse from many directions. Thou.
sands Of people ,hsts made apphca-
tion through state and national banks
for bonds In denominations ranging
from so 10 $1,000. But since the a.
lotmsnt for South Carolina IL $780,
80, there are great many moro 70
b disposed Of before the ststs viii
have done it, duty. liz.
Central committees 10 promote tAs
sale Of tho bonds have been appoint
Cd in each county Of the State. Men
evsrywhsre are giving their time and
efforts toward helping the govern
mont Aoat this lcan; moving well
that the fate Of the country, and per
iaps Of the war, II resting upon this
bead issue. The banks have also pu:
SAsir shoulders to the wheel. Praeti'
cally every bank 10 IN . position to
accept applications for bonds. and
every man who wishes to subscribe
has only to apply 70 his banker.
The appeal which the Liberty Loan
II making to the farmers, merchants
and business men is not only pa&ri'
otic: though the committee feels that
every man should want to support his
xovernment TO tho extent Of buying .
bond. It Is also business proposi-
ton; and . Liberty bond is right now
one Of tho best and surest Investments
that Q man can mako.
Tho government has got 10 buy corn
md cotton in quantities never before
heard OF. These supplies have got to
como from the fields and farms OF
South Carolina along with the rest Of
the country. Therefore, the money
that . farmer puts In the loan, comes
baek to him - actual cash in immense
purchases Of the things which he
raises. In this way he not only gets
. 3 II pr csnt return On his bonds.
Drt he also gets Tho actual money
hack for the products Of his farm
Just % the hanks make their money
By Aaancins tho farmer, Just % the
aa1msr 10 now n . position to make
money BY financing the government.
No matter how this situation u
fsosd, whsther from sentiment or from
hard common sense, tho move u .
eood one.
One Of The most prominent financial
1ea tn South Carolina when asked
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1917-05-30
SOUTH CAROLINA IS ALLOTTED.
$8,500,000 Of LIBERTY BONDS.
EVERY FARMER, MERCHANT, CLERK, BUSINESS
MAN, APPEALED TO BY STATE COMMITTEE
TO BUY BOND ON JUNE S.

as to his opinion Of tho bonds - .
business proposition refused to dis
cuss 1t from that basis at all.
What does It matter whether this
is . money making proposition or not.
OF course 1t H.; but the thing that
any man or woman wants to think
about in connection with the loan r.:
For what use u the money to bs ap!
piled. II . man 10 Allsd with . real
xiation Of what the war means, Is VIII
not take Him long p Ascids. !.
"Just ons little glimpse Of tho last
three years II sufficient. The yiola-
tiea Of BELGIUM, the sinking q The
Llsitania. the abuss and slaaSAter OF
milltous Of women and ehf1Ssa IN
Belgium, Trsass snd Poland, a.d tie
other savaCsries Of the Germans
should mako . man % out Of his way
to subscribe for - many bonds - he
could possibly stand. - /;
III Il wsre . matter OF war q our
own sol, with our own women and
children the subject Of these sruslttss,i
w would not hesitate Q moment. And
from al I hear from Washington, II
will very probably be our women and
children unless the people of America
rally to this loan With every available
dollar"
The 9Th day et June has bssa sst
apart BY tho Liberty Loan Committee
for South Carolina on which to ~
cedve subscriptions all over tho state.
On that day, it has been dseresd by
tho government that Ill men between
the ages Of u and 80, inclusiva shall
register; and It Ii desired that On the
same day, all other people. and al OF
those that register ~ well, shall a.
faithfully 20 to the banks and I'LL out
an application blank for every cent Of
bonds that they can possibly stand.
South Carolina has never been
backward In tho cause Of Liberty -
far back ~ my history coes," said
J. Pope Matthews. Of the ststs com.
mittss yesterday; "aad I don't b.
lisve for q moment that the people OF
the commonwealth viii allow her 10
take back seat now. We have been
told by the Federal Reserve officials
that We are expected TO subscribe to
eight and q half millions Of the bonds.
This II certainly no impossibls task;
or at least viii not b II the Bnall
farmers Of The country districts VIII
Join with the clerks, steuogrsphsfs,
and every class Of wass sArnsfs In the
towns In taking Afty or . hundred dol.
lars o. the nth. Bat Il has get 70
b with the assistancs q every cissA
must help"
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1917-05-30
OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES
DIAMOND HILL.
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Diamond Hill, May 29.--Several
of our people have been to hear DR..
Orr preach and report good sermons
and good behavior.
Mr.. Dewey Simpson has come home
from the Anderson hospital. His
many friends hope to see him well
and strong soon.
The ladies Of the farm are begin
ming to talk about their gardens,
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1917-05-30
HIGH PRICE OF CHERRIES.

Some people think that the high
price of living has no end, for May
cherries were offered on our streets
last week at thirty cents a quart.
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1917-05-30
<<<><>>><>\\<'
MT. CARMEL
N<<<<N<<N<<\\>>>

Mt. Carmel, May 29.-Mr. Ben
Sutherland Of Anderson, spent the
last weekend in Mt. Carmel with
his father, Mr.. J. F.. Sutherland.
Miss Mary McAllister is attending
commencement at Lander College in
Greenwood.
Mr.. ]. w. Morrah spent several
days in Anderson last week with his
daughter, Mrs. Calhoun Harris.
To-. Quite a severe wind storm passed
over Mt Carmel Tuesday night, but
small damage was dome.
Mr.. T. P. Frazier swearing quite
q broad smile now. The stork visit
ed his home last Friday morning and
left a fine boy-Claude Terrell.
DR.. Stevenson assisted Rev. H. B.
Blakeley on the third Sabbath in his
communion meeting. He preached a
series of sermons ON witnessing for
Christ" which were very fine and
enjoyed by large crowd. DR.. Stew
enson is a fine preacher and we hope
he will visit Mt. Carmel again soon.
Mrs. A. C. Jackson and Mrs. Di-
bert Jackson of Columbia, are spend
ing a while with Mrs. L. P. Paschal.
They will leave next Monday for an
extended visit to Washington, New
York and other northern cities.
Mr.. J. D. Cade and Miss Julia
Cade spent last Wednesday with Mrs
Cade at the Anderson hospital. They
report that Mrs. Cade is improving.
Mrs. James Hester and q number
Of young folks spent one afternoon
in Abbeville last week. They made
the trip in Mrs. Hester's new Velie
car.
Messrs. P. B. Morrah and W. b.
Horton have been appointed regis
trars for Mt. Carmel by Governor
Manning.
The Matron's ewing Circle was
charmingly entertained on last
Thursday afternoon by Mrs. L. e
Conner. Delicious cream and cake
was served by Miss Louise Conner.