Gilpin observer., 1917-05-24

they required to take to their boats,
but after sinking their ship by shot
and torpedo, took the crew on board
the submarine and towed their boats
toward the Orkney mainland. The
men reached Kirkwall the next morn
ing.
On August 10, 1915, came the cele-
brated case of the Nicosian of the Lev.
land line, and the British patrol boat
Baralong. The Nicosian, with mules
from New Orleans to Avonmouth, was
stopped by submarine off the coast
of Ireland, and her crew, including SO
Americans, took to the boats. While
the submarine was making ready to
destroy the NicOsian, the BaralOng ap-
peared and destroyed the submarine
by gunfire, took on the Nicosian's
crew, and towed the ship to safety.
The next crisis came on August 10,
1915, when the Arabic of the White
Star line, from Liverpool to New York,
was torpedoed without warning near
the Lusitania's grave and sunk in
about ten minutes. Out of 375 pas
sengers and crew 4S were lost. Thirty
Americans were on board and all but
two were saved.
The German government contended
the submarine commander thought the
Arabic was about to ram him, and
fired in self-defense, but disavowed
the act, expressed regret and gave ad-
ditional assurances for the future
safety of passenger ships.
A Denial From Berlin.
One American of the crew of the
Hesperian of the Allan line was lost
on September 4, 1915, when the ship,
returning from Liverpool to Montreal,
was torpedoed and sunk without warm
ing off the southern coast of Ireland.
The German admiralty contended no
German submarine was in that vicin-
ity, but piece of a German torpedo
had been picked up on the Hesperian's
deck.
Austria's first submarine operations
of consequence, and those which
brought Germany's closest ally into the
situation, began with the destruction
of the Italian steamship Ancona, in
the Mediterranean on November Z,
1915. With hundreds of passengers,
many of them women and children.
from Naples to New York, the Ancona
was chased and stopped by an Aus
trian submarine. Twelve Americans
were on board and nine were lost. Ital-
ian official figures say 3OS passengers
were lost out Of 507 on board. 1t was
one of the heaviest submarine disas-
terS.
Some Of the American survivors
swore the Austrian submarine even
shelled the lifeboats as the passengers
We're getting into them.
On December 5, 1915, submarine
presumably an Austrian, attacked the
American oil steamship Petrolite Off
the coast of Tripoli. A sailor was in
jured by shot into the Petrolite's en-
gine room, and the submarine contin-
ued firing after the Petrolite had
swung brOadside so the submarine
commander could see her name painted
on her side and the American flag fly
ing between her masts.
The submarine commander finally
permitted the Petrolite to proceed after
he had taken some of her stores.
New Crisis Appears.
new crisis, and the first suspicion
that German submarines were operat-
ing In the Mediterranean, or that Aus
trian submarines were being manned
by German officers and crews, was de-
veloped by the destruction of the Brit
ish steamship Persia on December 30,
1915, southeast of Crete, while on her
way to the Orient.
Mr.. McNeeley, American consul. on
his way to his post Mt Alden, was among
the 1886 persons who lost their lives.
of whom two or more were Americans.
The wake of torpedo was seen, but
no submarine was visible. Germany,
Austria and Turkey denied RESPONSE
bility. The United States again made
representations, and assurances were
given for what Germany termed "crul-
ser warfare" which involved a prom
Use not to sink any peaceful ships with
out warning or providing for the
safety of those aboard.
With the coming Of winter and the
chilling storms which sweep the North
sea, submarine warfare was trans
ferred to the warmer waters OF the
Mediterranean. and then finally was
much restricted until the spring Of
1916. On March l the submarine cam
paign was resumed with renewed ruth
lessness.
Campaign 10 Renewed.
The Patria Of the French line, car
rying no armament whatever, sailing
from Naples to New York, was at
tucked without warning by subma-
rine north Of Tunis. Passengers and
crew saw the torpedo pass hnrmlessly
under the Patria's stern and some saw
periscope. The Patria put on full
speed and escaped further attack, but
had another narrow escape In the same
way the next month. Americans were
on board II, both instances.