davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1917-10-31
AMERICAN SHELLS HIT
GERMAN TRENCHES

With the American Army in France
Oct. 30.-(By the Associated Press) The
Americans in the trenches and gun pits OF
France saw the sun today for the first
time since taking their places in the line:
The weather was clear and cold and fros.
covered the hills during the night. The
favorable conditions gave the gunners a
better opportunity to do shooting. the OBJ
servers being able to spot targets and
shots
The Germans also took advantage of the
conditions. but the firing on Doth sides
was more or less sporadic Some of the
American shells burst over the enemy
trench positions. A few German projec-
tiles exploded near the American posi-
tons, sprinkling fragments, but doing no
serious damage. However, more than one
American soldier was able to show dents
in his shrapnel helmet. The condition of
the first wounded American arriving at
the base hospital is excellent.
The infantry and artillerists took ad-
vantage of the sunshine to dry their soak
ing clothing. Despite the bad weather
conditions of the past few days there is
su!ting from this cause. The perfect
physical condition OF the men is declared
to be responsible for this.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1917-10-31
TEXTILE WORKERS
PLEDGE LOYALTY
TO AMERICAN IDEALS

Lowell, Mass. Oct. 30.--A banquet held
tonight in Elks hall closed the second day
of the 18th annual convention of the Unit
ed Textile Workers of America in session
here. Hon. Frederick w Mansfield was
unable to attend as scheduled, but adj
dresses were delivered by Major James Z.
O'Donnell, Mrs. Sara Canboy, the inter
national secretary. and others. President
John Golden mentioned briefly his recent
visit to Europe as member of COM
mission investigating labor, but deferred
his report until later.
AT the morning session of the conven-
ton President Golden pledged the loyalty
of the officers of the national and inter
national trade unions Of America to the
preservation of the ideals of the republic.
The secretary, Mrs. Conboy, also submit
ted her report. On Wednesday the bust
ness session is to be followed by ball in
the evening.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1917-10-31
Bonar Law Moves $2,000,O00,0 900
Credit in House of Commons

Allies could bear the financial burden
longer than Germany and it would not
be lack of money that would prevent
them from winning.
Mr. Bonar Law informed the House that
f7450o,0 600 had been expended on war ma
terial and food that would be recoverabi bic.
Millions had been advanced to the domin-
ions for supplies and for payments to
their troops in England In an 'I'''0'''VV'
would be recoverable.
"I am glad to be able to take this oppor-
tunity of saying how much reason nov
only the English but all the Allied gov
ernments have for approaching the very
generous way in which the United states
government has come to their assistance
in financing purchases in America, SAID
the chancellor
III is IN open secret that until Am
erica came into the war the metnoo OF
financing our purchases there ana the
question of exchange were not oniE
serious problems. but in my opinion
almost insoluble problems.
1.-THE fact that America has given
generous assistance at times when
she was mourning expenditure at a
heavier rate than any of the Atlles
believe it my duty publicly to acknowi-
edge"
The increased pay of sailors ana
soldiers and the substituting OF the
loan. the chancellor said, would amount
to between 100000 and 5o,ooo'oOo
pounds on the second part of the n
nancial year German taxation, the
chancellor said had been increased by
more than 1s5.o0o.0oo pounds. brt
that sum fell short by 55.0oo,o0o
mounds of the interest on the war
debt.
London. Oct. Son Sept 80, said
Mr.. Bonar Law. the total amount OF
the national debt was between 4,900.-
100000 and 5000. 100000 pounds. less
loo 900 900 pounds advanced to allies
and 16O.OO0,OOo pounds to dominions
There must also be deducted he ex-
planned. a part of the gift of the In
dian government. which amounted to
100000 900 pounds. The net increase
in the debt due to the war. the chan
cellor stated. was 3O000000o0 pounds
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1917-10-31
CONSTITUTION OF
ORLANDO CABINET

Rome Oct. 30.-king Victor En-
manuel today received Prof. Vittorio
Orlando. minister of the interior in
the t5oselli government, who agreed To
undertake the formation of a cabinet
and take the oath as premier. The
cabinet has been constituted as fol-
lows:
Premier and Minister Of Interior
Nittorio Orlando
Minister of Foreign Affairs-Baron
Sonnino.
Minister Of the Colonies-Signor Co
losimo.
Minister of Justice-Signor Sacchi.
Minister Of Finance-Signor Media.
Minister Of the Treasury-Francjsco
Nitti.
Minister Of War-Gen Alferi.
Minister of the Navy-Vice Admiral
Delbono.
Minister of Munitions-Gen. Alfre-
do Dallolio.
Minister Of Military Aid and War
Signor Dissolad
Minister Of Education-Signor Bare
mini
Minister Of Public Works-sienor
Bari.
Minister Of Signor Mi
liani.
Minister Of Commerce and Labor
Signor Giufelli.
Minister of Posts iCnor Faret
Minister of Sipnor n
anchi.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1917-10-31
BECAUSE OF WAR
Patent Office Floods
with Applications AM
Many Patents He'll
Up

Washington. Oct. 3o.-war III
caused an anomalous situation !, =
patent office where the numbsr NJ
plications for patents on war dew,
increases daily and the fear of rirs
valuable information TO the enemr i
causing the Withholding of no,.
rights to scores of inventions.
Patents Commissioner Newto,
nounced today that the bureau WI,
in the last few weeks has REIN.
patents to about so war inyenn1.
acting under the recent law giving 4
Federal trade commission and the >.
tent office authority to prevent MI
LEGATION of patents which the ono.
might use.
4 corps Of West Point and Anna.
lis graduates. trained in the tecl,i,,
problems of war. scan the thous,.
or more patent papers issued vasl
~ for details of military signifcaro.
and choose those on which patent NJ.
ceedings should be suspended dp,i.
the war. Inventors thus deprived \
the patent rights may offer their :,
vices to the government and sue af,,.
the war for compensation.
Nearly 200 applications for pa,a,,,
from German citizens also are na,5
ing. Commissioner Newton is pos,,o,
ing action until he can learn vhe,..
Germany is granting reciprocal r;ot,
under an act extending for min.
months the time in which foreign a.,
plicants for patents must apply in h.
United States, normally one year fra,
the issuance of patent in the forsic,
country. The State Department h,
been asked to ascertain through ~
Spanish embassy. at Berlin, which h,
charge of American interests whe,fe
similar courtesy is shown Ameri9,
inventors in Germany.
Commissioner Newton explained IA
day that tie American government h,
adopted a liberal policy in protectn
the patent rights of enemy inyento,
during the war.
The President has not ordered an
sequestration of foreign hostile puer
property" he said. THE trading vii
the enemy act, only authorizes III
President through the Federal Trad
Commission to grant licenses to mar
uf&cture articles covered by enen
patents. The act provides for lcen,
ing American manufacturers under On
envy patents and provides that tn
money received for the licenses be ken
by the government and be subsequent
~ paid to the German owner OF h
patent.
THE practical effect of the sc
therefore. is to provide for the work
ing Of German patented inventions
this country under the supervision
the Federal Trade Commission and 70
the protection of the German patentes
during the continuation of the war"
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1917-10-31
BALTIMORE FIRE
Continued from Page One)

from the vicinity a few minutes after the
tire was discovered by A policeman. A
strong northwest wind swept the flames
toward hundreds of small houses to the
south of the terminal and occupied by the
families of workmen on the piers. These
people fearing for the safety of their
husbands. gathered with other male rel
atives employed about the piers. rushed
in the direction of the fire and struggle
with he police in their desperate efforts
To- cross the Gordon. In the Baltimore &
Ohio elevators are large quantities of
grain ready for shipment to the Allies.
Keep Flames from Elevators
The firemen have so far succeeded in
preventing the, flames from spreading to
the elevators Shortly after midnight
Pier TO- the former immigration pier Of
the German Steamship Co. was burn
ing. but at that time the firemen believed
they could confine the flames to the three
piers.
Baltimore e. Ohio Railroad officials
could not give any estimate Of the loss
but 1t will reach several millions.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1917-10-31
REGULATIONS TO CHECK
BOARDING OF FOOD

Washington, Oct 3o-Regulations
designated To check boarding OF food
soon are to be issued by the food ad-
ministration in connection with its
system of licensing dealers.
No license. the food administrator
announ ed today. will be permitted to
keep on hand or have in possession or
under control by contract or other ar
rangement at any time any food COM
moditieS in quantity in excess of the
reasonable requirements of his bust
ness for use or sale for him during
the period of so days. Moreover, no
licensee will be permitted to sell or
deliver to any person any food COM
modites if the licensee knows, or has
reason to believe that such a sale or
delivery will give to such person
supply in excess of his reasonable re-
Quirements for use or sale by him dur
ing the period of so days next succeed
ing such sale or delivery"
With respect to some commodities
only so days supply may be held.
Exceptions are made of commodi-
ties produced in great abundance at
certain season. These may be held in
sufficient quantities TO meet reason
able requirements throughout the pc
riod of scant or no production.
Sales in excess of so days supply
may be made for the use of the Unit
ed States government or the Allies or
for city and state governments. 1t also
is provided that for seeding purposes
food commodities may be stored long
err than 50 DAYS II notice is sent to the
food administration"
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1917-10-31
SH|PYARDS MUST
DISCHARGE ALIEN
ENEMY employees

New York, Oct. 30.--A warning lete
declaring that alien enemies must be dis
charged before Nov. l was sent by Unt,t
States Marshal Power in Brooklyn todsy
to hundreds of shipyards, drydocks, ma
chine shops and manufacturing plar'
along the waterfronts of Brooklyn
Queens, Long Island and Staten Island
All German aliens, whether or not the,
hold government passes to restricte
zones, who are still employed after 10
morrow will be taken into custody AM
interned in the Ellis island immigrants
station.
Marshal Power said he was convnce
this measure was the only one whlc'
would put stop TO the waterfront hr
which have been numerous in Brook'y
since America entered the war Tner
have been 80 of these and damage M
amounted to millions of dollars
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1917-10-31

Mr.. and Mrs. Howard Turner enter
tanned number Of their friends Mon
day evening at their home on Temple
street with Halloween party which
proved to be one of the most delight
full social events this season Games
and tricks appropriate to HalloWe'e EN-
were INDUCED in and delicious refresh
ments served. Ralph Davenport with
his novelty toe and dip glide dances
added much to the success and en-
joyment of the occasion, being obliged
to respond several times to the gener-
Gus applause The party broke up at
late hour. all present having passed
most delightful evening.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1917-10-31
TOTAL $453,839,0O0
new ENGLAND WAR
LOAN SUBSCRIPTIONS

Boston, oct 30-New Eneland's Lib
ertY Loan subscriptions today reached
a total of $453. S39, 900 with the tabula-
ton of returns from all except Is of the
1913 banks in the first Federal Reserve
district. The overnight tabulation
showed 81. 100000 Members of the
general committee said there was rea-
son to believe that the final total would
put the district above its maximum all
lotment of s5O0,0O0.0O0
On the tabulation today Massachu-
setts had subscribed So per cent of its
maximum; Connecticut, 96.1; Rhode
Island. 50; Maine. 754; New Hamp-
shire. 80; Vermont S.
The detailed report by states as
made public at noon today was:
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1917-10-31
GERMANY UNWILLING
TO ADMIT AMERICA
FULL PLEDGED RIVAL

Copenhagen, Oct 3o.-The first official
word of the exneditfonary forces in
France is printed in the German news
papers without, so far. being accompa
MED with any comment. although occa-
sionally sarcastic emphasis is placed in
the headlines on the reference to "a quiet
sector" on the front
The American official dispatch is, as
rule, not included by the newspapers in
the general column Of enemy war reports
most If the journals endeavoring to adj
here to the fiction that the United States
is not regarded as full-fedged member
of the group hostile to the Central Pow
ers
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1917-10-31
keiIen. Currier

pretty wedding of the quiet home
type occurred at o'clock Tuesday
evening at the home Of Mr.. and Mrs,
.Judson S. Currier. Spring street, when
their daughter. Edna Gustina Currier
was united in marriage to George
Mort kellen of Augusta The cere-
mony was performed by Rev. f. w.
Weber, pastor of the Universalist
church. the double ring service being
employed The bride is popular
and well known Hallowell young lady
and has host of friends who unite in
wishing much happiness.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1917-10-31
Montreal Stock Exchange
on Minimum Price Plan

Montreal. oct. 30.--As n measure .
prevent brokers from being forced ih'
liquidation on account Of the recen
wheat market the Montreal Stock h'
change decided this morning to re'e
to the minimum price system, VIM
was in use for a. time when the hA
change re-opened, after closing on
count of the war with Germany.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1917-10-31
WESTERN STATES TO
HURRY QUOTAS

Washington, Oct 3O-Ten western
states have been directed by Provost
Marshal General Crowder to send the re-
maindcr Of their quotas for the National
Army to the cantonments on Nov .. 1t
Is expected that every man called out In
all sections Of the country will be in camp
before the end Of November.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1917-10-31
new HAVEN ROAD
INCREASES ITS RATES

New York, oct. 30 Announcement
was made here tonight by the New
York, New Haven and Hartford Rail-
road Co. that on NOV. it would put
into effect an additional charge of
eight per cent on passenger fares and
three per cent on freight rates in COM
pliance with the federal war tax.
This viii make the fare between
New York and Boston s5.67 and on "A
limited train $7.s5, increases over the
old rates Of AZ cents and 60 cents.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1917-10-31
GERMANY ENGINEERED
STRIKE PLOTS IN U, S,
AND CANADA PLANTS

New York, Oct. 30-'Dr." Karl Won
towards on trial here on a charge Of
having stolen $4,000 in jeweIry from
mrs. Minnie X. Strangbann. wife of a
Buffalo brewer, testified today that he
had been offered sl006 week to under.
take mission of strike organization
IN this country and Canada in behalf
Of the German government.
The man who made the offer. he said.
was known to him as Carl Hanneman
VINO was described as secretary to
Count Won Bernstorff. Won Edwards
declared he spurned the offer on sew
eral occasions. but that later he ac-
cepted $1,000
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1917-10-31
Not Yet Definitely Accepted

Lordon. oct 30.-Reuter's Amster-
Gam correspondent telegraphing at
l.55 O'Clock this afternoon sends the
following: Berlin advices say that
Count Won Hertling conferred yester-
cay and today with the leaders of the
Reiclstag parties.
The Elementary correspondent OF
the Centerist party says as far as can
be seen at present the parties are
sympathetic to Won Hertling's chancel-
lorship. but that there is some diff
Guilty not connected with his person
allty. in the way of his taking office.
This correspondent adds that it is un-
derstood Won Hertling's definite accept
ance to the chancellorship depends on
the removal of these difficulties.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1917-10-31
TEUTONS ENTHUSIASTIC
OVER CAPTURE OF UDINE

London. Oct. 30-News of the CAP
ture Of Udine produced scenes of
great enthusiasm in Berlin and Wen
ma. according to an Amsterdam dis
patch to the Exchange Telegraph Or
GERS were issued that flags be flown
and Emperor William and Emperor
Charles exchanged congratulatory tel
egrams.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1917-10-31
AMERICAN CLUB
AT ST. JOHN, N. B.

St. John, \. B., Oct 3O-An Ameri-
can club was formed here tonight for
the purpose Of supplying comforts for
the men Of the United States navy.
Henry s. Culver. the American con-
sui was elected president.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1917-10-31
NO DAMAGE IN
LATEST AIR RAID

London, Oct. 36.-Lord French coiD
mander of the British home forces +.
day announced that the German ~
planes which last night ATTEMPTED !.
carry out raid on the southeast cou,.
ties Of England did no damaIe ~
caused no casualties. All the BTU,
machines which went up to engage "'
raiders landed safely.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1917-10-31
Card of Thanks

We wish to extend our heartfelt thank
to our friends, the members of the NJ. +.
church and the Queen Esther Chapter,
for their kindness in our sad bereave-
ment; also for the beautiful flowers.
MR.. AND MRS. BERT MOORE.
MR. W. d. HALEY
MR.. AND MRS. ALBERT JEWELL.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1917-10-31
War Tax on Football Ticket.

Boston. Oct. S0,-The athletic Associa-
lions OF Dartmouth and the University OF
Pennsylvania will pay the 10 per cent.
war tax OF the tickets on the annual foot
ball game to be played on Braves field.
instead Of making an extra charge to
ticket holders. 1t was announced today.
The tax amounts to II. and d cents
for the three classes OF tickets.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1917-10-31
LEFFINGWELL ASSISTANT
SECRETARY OF TREASURY

Washington. Oct. 3O-nusseh T.
LcffingwelI, n New York lawyer WIS
has been assisting Secretary AcAdoe
as. special counsel in tho Rotation 0,
the Liberty Loan, today was appoints
assistant secretary of the treas1H
assuming one Of two now offices ere
atcd by the last session OF Congress
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1917-10-31
ASK ToCA TO FORM
SPANISH CABINET

London. Oct Ca dispatch to the
Exchange Telegraph from Madrid says
that joaquin Sanchez Toca. former
president of the Senate and contidcn-
tial advisor to King Alfonso, has been
charged by the King with the task of
forming cabinet.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1917-10-31
G0R|zIA IS PLUNDERED
POPULATION REMOVED

Amsterdam, Oct. CA dispatch rcceiv-
ed here from Vienna says:
The Austrian Emperor entered Gorizia
yesterday The enemy destroyed or plum
-dered large part of the city and car
ried off the population"
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1917-10-31
Hunting Accident Victim

Fredericton, n. B.. Oct 30.-Andre'
Hamilton Nicely, of East Woods'o'p
Conn, died at a hospital here TO-DAY
the result of hunting accioen-
Nicely, with his brother-in-law' W.
NAL Sharp. were hunting yesterOa
when, the county authorities s'A'
Sharpe mistook Nicely for moose S'
shot him.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1917-10-31

Mr. and Mrs. Robert Woodside are
the happs. parents of 1-pound daugh-
ter born to them at s o'clock last even
ing at their home in Augusta. Their
many friends in this city extend con-
gratulations.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1917-10-31

All those who wish to help in the
surgical dressings work will please be
a the library at go O'Clock Thursday
afternoon. The Surgical Dressings
committee wishes to acknowledge the
generous gift from Miss Merrick and
Miss Vaughan, to be devoted to the
work
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1917-10-31

Miss A. j. Gwynne, pastor of the First
Baptist church, left Tuesday for Brewer,
where she will pass the week engaged in
pastoral work. Next Sunday Miss
Gwynne will supply the pulpit of the Bap-
list church at Morrill,.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1917-10-31

In spite OF the unfavorabel weather,
the rummage sale conducted by the
ladies Of the Cniversalist church in h..
H. Turner's store Tuesday afternoon
and evening proved successful and
fair sum was realized.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1917-10-31

A chimney fire occurred at $50
O'Clock Tuesday evening at the resi-
dence of F. J.. Peterson, outer Central
street. The blaze was soon subdued by
the use Of chemicals, the damage being
small
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1917-10-31
FROM HALLOWELL
TELEPHONE
of Minnie MoOre-Meeting of Surgical
Dressings Committee ween Party at Home of Howard
Turner-EnjOyabe Evening Passed
TELEPHONE 249. r

Arthur Burns arrived home Tuesday
evening from Bedford, Mass, having
received an honorable discharge from
service, having failed to pass the re-
quired physical examination.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1917-10-31

The Mexican government is ne
gotiating to purchase the house in the
state of Guanjuoto where Miguel
Hidalgo. the liberator of Mexico from
the rule Of Spain, was born. The
house now is ruin and the plan is to
restore it as a public monument.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1917-10-31
OIcott 70 Direct Navy Men

Lawrence. Kas.. Oct. 3.-Herman Oh
colt. head football coach at the Univer-
city Of Kansas, today was chosen direc-
tor Of athletics at Great Lakes naval
training station. Olcott was 4 former
Yale star.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1917-10-31
Berlin Says British
Driven out PasSchendaele

Berlin. Via London, Oct. 3o.-PaSs
chendacle village on the FLANDERS IRON
was captured by the British. accoro'
ing to the official announ"crnc2' u'
night. but il adds nat later they TeF
driven out.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1917-10-31

Everett, Mass, Oct. 3O.-Claren,,..
Storm of Everett and John McLouss,.
lin of West Medford died tonight =
result of severe burns they suS'S..
ed today when a tank Of boiling
at the plant of the Barrett Manu-
turing Co. caught flre.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1917-10-31

Regular meeting at 7.30 o'clock this
evening of Modern Woodmen Camp
No. 10. 156 A large attendance is re-
quested.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1917-10-31
'HERTl|NG CHANCELLOR
DR.. Michaelis Becomes
Prime Minister to
Prussia

Amsterdam. oct. So.-Count George
Won Hertling. the Bavarian prime min
lister, mas been appointed Imperial
German chancellor.
Former Chancellor Michae&s has
been named prime minister of Prus-
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1917-10-31

T. r. Simpson of Lewiston was a
visitor Tuesday in this city, called here
on business matters.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1917-10-31

Walter F. Lewis has resigned his po-
sition as clerk at Shea's market and
Will leave Nov. for Massachusetts,
where with Mrs. Lewis he will make his
home.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1917-10-31

Special communication of kennebec
Lodge No. 5. F. and A. NJ. at 80
O'Clock this evening Work in the f.
A. degree.