Arizona republican., 1917-08-22
Zabe1>m A66fal>r
 Cause of War

and can only become an officer of that regimen hv the consent of the regi- mental officers. In other words, each regiment is like a club, the officers having the right of blackball.
 The system has virtually confined the professional officers to a class of nobles. It is not at all unusual to find in a regiment officers whose ancestors were officers of the same regiment two hundred years or more ago.
 In addition to these officers who make the army their career, certain number of Germans after undergoing an enlistment in the army of one year and two periods of training thereafter are made reserve officers. These re- serve officers are called to the colors for maneuvers, and, of course, when the whole nation is arrayed in war The reserve officers seldom attain a rank higher than that of captain. They may, however, while exercising civil functions, be promoted, and in this manner the chancellor, while occupying civil positions, has gradually been pro- noted to the rank of general, and Won JagoW during the war, to the rank oi major. As a rule, reserve officers are the one -yearers or "en Jaehriger,' whC because they have attained certain standard of education, serve only one year with the army instead of two required from others. The Bavariar army IS in sense independent of [ Prussia, but is modelod on the same system.
 For years officers of the army, both in the discharge of their duties and outside, have behaved in very ar rogant way toward the civil popula tion. Time and again while 1 was in Germany waiting in line at some ticket office an officer has showed himself ahead of all others without even a protest from those waiting. On one occasion went to the races in Belgium with my brother -in-laW and bought a i box. While We were out looking at the horses between the races a Prus- sian officer and his wife seated them- selves in our box. 1 called the at- tention of one Of the ushers to this but the usher said that he did not dare ask a Prussi2n officer to leave, and it was cnly after sending for the head usher and showing him my jockey cluh badge and my pass as ambassador that l was able to secure possession of my own box.
 There have been many instances in Germany where officers, having 8 slight dispute with civilians, have in- stantly cut the civilian down. h. stances of this kind and the harsh treatment of the Germans by officers and underofficers, while serving in the army. undoubtedly created in Germany a spirit of antagonism not only to the army itself. but to the whole military system of Prussia.
 Zahern Affair Brings Things to- Head
 Affairs were brought to a head by the so-ca1led Zabern affair. In this affair the internal antagOnism between the civil population and professional soldiers, which had assumed great pro- pOrtions in a period of long peace, seemed to reach it's climax. Of cours, e his antagonism had increased with the Increase in 1913-14 of the effective strength of the standing army, bring ing a material increase in the numbers of officers and non commissioned of ficers who represent military profess sionalism.
 The imperial provinces, or reich sland as Alsace and Lorraine are called had been in peculiar position within the body poritic of Germany since their annexation in 1870. The reichsland as indicated bv it's name