davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-06-05

Exent-A o Will Be Found Profitable.

Every beekeeper should bend ever!
energy this year to increasing the pro
duction Of honey. He will not onl!
find it profitable. since prices will
doubtless be good. but he will be aid
ing the country by providing a prod
uct of high food value when othel
sugars are scarce.
Honey is better than sugar. 1t i:
more easily digested 1t can be uset
in place of sugar or syrup. Enough
honey goes to waste each season or
every farm to relieve the high price Of
sugar in the home. Let the bees save
this waste. In most recipes, honey
can be substituted for sugar with ar
Conditions incident to the war poin,
to sugar shortage so it is important
that beekeepers increase the yield OF
honey. This can be accomplished by
ena bling the bees to more thoroughly
pasture every acre of cultivated OF
waste land.
A few good stands Of bees on every
farm will help increase the yield OF
fruits and other crops by the distribu-
ton of pollen from blossom to bios
som besides storing surplus honey.
Where there is continuous supply Of
honey producing plants, such as fruit,
berries. linden, white and sweet clovers
with the numerous wild flowers
throughout the season, above fifty
pounds or more of surplus honey can
be secured per colony. An apiary Of a
dozen colonies in standard ten frame
hives with proper care will average
fifty gallons of honey year with some
increase OF colonies.
A start in bees may be had by trans
ferring them from bee trees, catching
runaway swarms. or buying a few
swarms from 4 neighbor. Bees are
less trouble than anything else on the
farm for the profit secured, but they
must not be neglected. They respond
to proper care and will give a good
return for the time devoted to them.
Honey is one product of the farm
which will practically market itself
if it is properly prepared for the mar
ket. The marketing Of small surplus
is simple matter. Let your neigh
bors know you have the pure un-
article and they will be
L
of large crop may not be
so simple as you may have more than
is needed for supplying your imme-
date neighborhood or city market.
For disposing Of large SURPRISES, Leon
ard Haseman of the Missouri College
Of Agriculture suggests advertising in
newspapers. This will increase the
demands from other cities and from
large country district. One Missouri
beekeeper this season has thirty thou
sand pounds Of honey which he will
largely in his own county,
and says he could market much more
II he had more good white clover
honey. White clover honey is usually
more easily marketed than the dAIke.
honey.
For marketing small surplus. glass
Jars holding three, SIX, or twelve
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-06-05

PeahPun -

Fruit. either in fresh, dried. canned
preserved, or jellied form is food
II: oduct of recognized value. The
maximum production of good fruit al
this time is, therefore. of paramount
Importance. Directly concerned in the
production of such fruit are spraying
operations for the control of various
insects and diseases.
Owners of commercial orchards
have long recognized the importance
Of spraying, but there are many small
orchards and so-called home orchards,
the owners of which have not adopted
spraying operations, or do not give
. suffi Gent attention to the work. The
uncAred for condition of such or
chards is too often revealed by the
great number of windfall fruits and
the inferiority of that which remains
on the trees.
No single feature of orchard prac-
tice yields so high percentage of
benefit as spraying, often increasing
the value of the product several hun
dred per cent Every fruit grower,
large or small, has it within his power
to save his fruit from loss by insect
] and fungous pests, and thus add mate
RALLY to the food supply Of the Ma
ton. Spraying is now recognized by
progressive growers as an exceedingly
cheap form IF insurance. not only
protecting the fruit during the Grow
ing season, but insuring it's proper
keeping in storage.
Spray Materials.
ARSEEATE OF LEAD: This ar
senical comes on the market in paste
and powdered form. In orchard
spraying the paste is used at the rate
Of two pounds and the powdered lead
at the, rate of one pound to so gal
Ions of water or fungicide, as dilute
lime sulphur solution. When used in
water without fungicide, the milk
of lime made from shaking or 3
pounds of stone lime should always
be added for each so gallons of spray
to obviate danger Of burning fruit
tanned Of various manufacturers or
usually of local seedsmen, implement
dealers, or druggists. Care should al
ways be taken in the handling and
storage of arsenicals to obviate the
danger of poisoning persons or live
stock. Where smaller quantities of
the arsenical are desired, the pro-
portions indicated should be followed:
LiME-SULPHUR SOL TION
strong lime-sulp1sur solution Is used
as dormant tree treatment for the
nontrof of scale insects and certain
-siscsJsest and in much more dilute
condition as a spray on trees in fol-
age for the control of various fungous
diseases. Many growers prefer to
purchase the commercial article,
which comes on the market of a spe-l
cihc gravity of about 33 degrees
Faume This is used at the Pate of l !
gallon. to or s gallons of water for
winter spraying, and at the rate of
] 70 gallons of water for use on apple
and other pome fruits as a summer
fungicide. In summer spraying the
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-06-05
THE GREEN .CABEsAGE-wORM.

Give children a few cents to make
nets OF mosquito bar and catch the
white butterflies fitting over your cab
page anG causifower fields, since the
female moths deposit the eggs from
which the cabbage worm comes Chill
dren might we'll be paid. also, for
picking off the green WORMS before
they have done much injury.
Spraying with Paris green is quite
commonly practiced, and cabbage will
stand 4 strong application. A mar
"et-SarGener of our acquaintance uses
a spray as strong as FIVE pounds of
saris green in fifty-gal1op barrel Of
wafer. Cabbage may be sprayed UP
to within a week or so of being gath
erec, when necessary. without any
damage whatever, or any danger.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-06-05

pounds are convenient and attractive
containers but where larger surplus
is to be marketed tin pals holding Ave
or ten pounds or larger quantities are
more generally used.
Bees need just three things during
the spring and all of these can be
readily supplied by the beekeeper.
These are plenty of stores, plenty Of
room for brood rearing, and plenty of
protection. The stores should have
been provided last fall, but in case
colonies are found which are not
abundantly supplied, syrup Of gra.nu-
lated sugar should be fed. Small
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-06-05
WHAT WINTER KILLING
OF TREES" MEANS.

1t is commonly supposed that n
trees are given a sufficiently moist soil
during their growing period that their
winter condition in this respect Is q
matter of little importance
AS a matter Of fact, trees are KivinS
on moisture at all seasons Of the year
though to a much less extent, Of
course, in cold weather. During the
warm sunny days in winter there is a
considerable loss Of moisture through
the twfgs and except in very severe
weather the roots are able to furnish
this loss though the soil about them
be frozen. The ability to do this Is
naturally less II the soil be dry or
frozen very hard. In that case the
loss of moisture results in more or
less complete drying up Of the tissues
of the plant and this often results In
the death of the tree
What is known a. root killing n1ay
IN some instances be due to the I'm
mature or unripe condition Of the
plant when winter begins, bat =
most cases root-kilftng follows d1y
seasons
II the soil has been kept moist ~
cultivation or mu1ching the trees 80
safe but If the soil is dry 1t should b
thoroughly vet before freezing and
then mulched with old straw, cha6 or
stable manure to prevent drying sak
The moach delays freezing and this
in itself Is an Important itAm. n II -
the long continued frozen stats Of
woody plants that INJURIES them 70 .
fatal degree.
A MOST soil. then, kept In An NJ
frozen condition as hong as possible =
the surst means to preve.t waf
killing Of txeos.-C. B. WAknUn
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-06-05

h The wire netting veil of this device is at.
tached above to hat rim which passes over the
crown Of any hat and below to wide neck
waist which permits the head to be turned
freely. All openings provided with elastic
bands which prevents the entrance of bees.
quantities from day to day are usually
less valuable than considerable
quantity all at one time. This may be
given on any warm day and should, if
convenient, be fed in feeder entirely
inside the hive.
Room for breeding usually can best
be given by providing each strong
colony with two hive bodies as soon
as freezing weather has passed. The
one-story 10-frame Langstroth hive is
usually not large enough for good
queen during the spring and, Of course.
smaller hives cramp the colony still
more. Extra room will be valueless
unless abundant stores are provided
and unless the queen is prolific.
Farmers who have bees to move will
find the following suggestions helpful:
In moving bees, close the entrance
with screen wire before day, when all
bees will be inside. Take a strip of
screen wire three inches wide and
two inches longer than the bee en-
trance. bend over the ends so that 1t
Is exactly the length of the entrance,
then bend the strip lengthwise into
V-shape, and push it tightly into the
entrance. This closes the entrance
and serves for ventilation. Be sure
that there are no other openings left
Run q baled hay wire lengthWise
ary,uss>d t1>~ hivo drav wing and tv1tRttRa1
it up gently. Run another croasvi8e
in the same way. Have a wagon Close
at hand with plenty Of hay, straw, or
small brush to relieve the jar. Set
the hives crossways. far enough apart
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-06-05

cation. The tender heads of this vege-
table are boiled with butter or cream.
and also used for picking
The roots of the parsnip are dug
iate IN the fall and stored in cellars or
PITS. much as cabbage is. or else are
allowed. to remain where they are
grown and are dug as required for use.
All roots not dug during the winter,
however. should be removed from the
garden, as they will produce seed the
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-06-05

thinned to stand inches apart in the
row. A rich soil with frequent cult
walton is necessary for success with
this crop. The roots are boiled until
tender and then cut in slices and
Drowned in butter or roasted with
meat in the same way that potatoes
are.
Carrots are cultivated in practically
the same way As the parsnip, bat are
not thinned 80 much and are allowed
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-06-05

NICOTINE: Nicotine is used for
the control of certain sucking insects
as plant lice, the apple red bugs, the
pear psylla, etc. This product comes
on the market of various grades. but
the grade known as 40 per cent nico-
tine-sulphate is mostly employed.
This may be used alone in water to
which has been added a little soap.
or in lime-sulphur and arsenate of
lead, or in Bordeaux mixture and ar
senate Of lead sprays. 1t is employed
at the rate of from y to 1 pint per
hundred gallons of spray.
BORDEAUX MIXTURE: Bordeaux
mixture is composed of pounds Of
bluestone "copper" sulphate) and 4
pounds of stone lime to SO gallons Of
water. For early summer spraying
the amount of bluestone may be re-
duced to pounds to lessen risk of
injury. To make Bordeaux mixture
for use in an ordinary barrel sprayer.
dissolve to pounds Of bluestone in
25 gallons of water and in a separate
container Stake 4 pounds of stone lime
and dilute to Is gallons, then pour the
solutions simultaneously through a
stralner into the spray tank Stock
solutions. especially where large qua
titles are to be used. are desirable
since they save time. A stock solu-
ton of biuestone is made by dissolvine
it at the rate of one pound to one GAL
Ion Of water. The bluestone should
be suspended in sack in the upper
part of the barrel or other container
so that 1t is just beneath the surface
of the water. 1t will be dissolved IL
left for few hours in cold water and
more rapidly in hot water. A stock
solution OF lime may be made by slak-
ing the lime in little water and then
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-06-05

arsenate of lead and 40 per cent nico-
tine sulphate is added to the dilute
llme-sulphur solution. thus permitting
the treatment of sucking and biting
insects and fungous diseases Con-
centrated lime-sulphur solution can
be made at home, which practice is
followed by numerous growers Those
interested in this matter should write
to the Department of Agriculture for
more explicit information than is
feasible to give here.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-06-05
Measuring height
d Haystadn

To ascertain the nusnhx of cu0se
feet in stack Of hay involves the
height Of the stack and which msy BE-
determined by the following netAod:
Two points aPe nsarked on tho grud
on opposite si<ies OF the rick or anck
and at nearly oqoal distances from IT.
center as psaBabie. A cord is fhsn
thrown over the stack, stretched
gently from the point A In the -.
companyfng illustration, ovee tlae -
OF the Stack to the point B, a1A
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-06-05

| d1lutlng 80 that each gallon Of water
contains one pound of lime Just be-
fore the stock solutions are used thew
should be stirred thoroughly To
make up Bordeaux mixture from
stock solutions. it is only necessary
for or gallons Of the stock solution
of bluestone to be poured into a suit
able container and gallons of the
stock solution Of lime into a separate
container, diluting each to 25 gallons
and then pouring them simultaneously
into the spray tank. Commercial
bordeaux may be used in place of the
homemade product
SELF-BOILED LIME-SULPH
MIXTURE: The self-boiled lime-sul-
phur mixture consists of pounds of
sulphur and s pounds OF good stone
lime to each SO gallons of water and
is made as follows: The lime is
placed in barrel and enough water
added to nearly cover it. AS soon as
the lime begins to slake the sulphur
should be added Water should be
added from time to time to form a
thoroughly thick paste which should
be constantly stirred. AS soon as the
lime is entirely slaked, enough water
should be added to cool the mixture.
which is then ready to be strained
into the spray tank, where it should
be diluted to the proportions given
above. The sulphur used may be in
the form of flowers flour" or
commercial ground" and should. if
necessary, be run through a screen to
break up Jumps. Commercial substi-
mi
may be used, but should not be con-
fused with commercial lime-sulphur
solution.
Spraying Apparatus.
For the proper application of sprays
some form of spray pump with suit
able nozzles is absolutely essential.
Most spray outfits are supplied with
spray rods permitting the operator
to direct the spray as desired The
hose should be of sufficient length to
permit convenient spraying.
Spray outfits vary in size from
small bucket pumps to gasoline power
outfits for large-scale operations. |
Bucket pumps answer well for small
home orchards where but few trees
are to be sprayed Where the orc hard
interest is larger, and especially where
older trees are to be treated. a parrel
pump is essential. A barrel pump
may be purchased for 20 to 25 dol
lars depending on the equipment In
spraying. the outfit can be mounted
upon sled or placed in cart or
wagon. An outfit for operations on a
still larger scale consists Of a 100 or !
200 gallon tank mounted upon a truck, |
having strong double-acting hand
pump mounted upon it. For large !
commercial operations, gasoline power
outfits are largely used
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-06-05
SWISS CHARD.

This Is an old vegetable, bat one
that does not seem to be grown a
great deal It is used entirely for
green's, much the same as young beets
or spinach. One advantage of Swiss
chard Is that leaves may be cut from
it and others take their place, thus
doing away with successive sowing.
1t is good AIRY time from the time it is
large enough TO use until cold wea-
Their. When the plant gets pretty
1ear full grown, the leaves may be
picked and the mir1rfb taken out, and
he leaf part cooked the same as spin
CHI. The n1idrfb is also occasionally
sed. being cooked abont the same as
sparaEus--Le Roy CBdy
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-06-05
HOG CHOLERA,

The best way to prevent hog cholera
rs to keep the germs away from the
hog. n hogs on neighbofing farm
are sick, keep away from them and
don't let anybody from the infected
farm go near an uninfected hog pen.
or upon the ground freQuented by
healthy hogs.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-06-05

inches deep and feet wide and set
the cabbage upright with the heads
close together. and the roots embedded
in the soil. When cold weather comes
the heads are covered lightly with
straw and 3 or 4 inches of earth put
in. Early cabbage can not be kept, as
1t does not stand hot weather well. 1t
should be used soon after it has formed
q solid head.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-06-05
Prevent the Cow
From Kicking

had a heifer which persisted in
kicking and struggling until it was
simply Impossible to milk her. A
neighbor told me about the strap
method and I adopted it at once. It
Is easy and safe and worked just fine.
In a little while the heller would
stand without the strap.-E. Esch.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-06-05
COwPEAS VALUABLE.

Experiments have proved that a
ton of cowpea hay is worth as much
for stock feed as ton Of wheat bran.
and even more If a fair quantity of
ripe peas is saved with the hay.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-06-05

married to show ~ kaeGA .h0 A -
B. The cord IL then rs01sod "a
placed on the ground in tbe pun1ltuo
Of Al, 81, and II, tie pntuAp0 - -
81 being exactly the Same 01noee
apart ~ and b. At n - ~
shoaad be made to aasazse a. 49,
Of that portion Of tie tpp q IL. s1nak
with which the conh Was u esuAnne
when It was stretched oSsr 0hD>asp&
the stack. The dlBtnacs q Il -
then be the height q ~ aAuk
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-06-05

More than 100000 operatives are
now employed in American silk manu-
featuring mills. This is exclusive of
those employed in dependent indu-
tries.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-06-05
EASIER LED THAN DRIVEN

Healthy. fulfilled, lusty farm boys
are easier led than driven. Wef-
earned. tactfuify delivered words OF
appreciation provide potent leading
string.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-06-05

A quNet, patient driver, who uses
Judgment in handling his team and is
proud w then, is worth more than
twice as A1uch as the other kind.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-06-05

1t vim not hsst the brooding sov -
sqneal for har breakfast o1ce -
while. Better that than to have -
too fat TO set Up snd eat
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-06-05

very good methed to cure a COW from kick
ing and to teach her to stand still while milking
is 70 fasten 2x4 timber securely to the Hoos
and ceiling rust back OF the COW, then have a
her hind right hs and then around the 2x4 and
draw up tight md buckle it. Drive a spike IN
the 1x4 part way 10 heep the strap from slipping
down when the COW struggles to get her leg free
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-06-05

The creamery is a comfort builder
and should be planted in every farm
ing community.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-06-05

quarter Of an ounce Of cauai-
Tower seed will produce about 500
plants.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-06-05

Lettuce. II taken in time with lemon
Juice, WIN cure the jaundiee.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-06-05
Poppy seed may be sown pery,earsy.

Nothing edible should be wasted in
csc days Of war.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-06-05

to grow almost as thickly as planted
Those not used during the summer are
dug in the autumn and stored in the
same manner as parsnips or turnips.
Ii there is surplus it may be fed
sparingly to horses and mules or
cattle.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-06-05

Cauliflower is cultivated in much
the same way as cabbage, bu: when
the heads begin to develop the leaves
may be tied over them in order to ex-
clude the light and keep the heads
white. Cauliflower requires a rich.
moist soil and thrives best under irri-
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-06-05

a, Wingless agamic female of the curran
aphis; D., distorted currant foliage due to at
tack of this species; c. spring migrant of tn,
sow.thistle aphis; d. injury to currant BY this
species; c. work of the green gooseberry aphi.
on sooseberry; f. winglcss agamic female of the
New Mexico gooseberry aphis; &, wingless
agamc female of Sanborn's currant aphis.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-06-05

second season and become of weedy
nature. When the parsnip has been
allowed to run wild in this way the
root Is considered 81 be poisonous.
The seeds of parsnips should be
sown as early as convenient in the
spring in rows ~ inches to 9 feet
apart. The plants should later be
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-06-05

's1os 7pem puB pssynlq q
lou IHA sSel sul aqua os Sul4Io.M M
sssI4sSUIqM Suol esn 'sssursu 41eA
eu1 70 III eul o. kltu1sIgo 4oo1
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-06-05

Scatter some fresh grass seed 0~og
the lawn, rake this IN, and add some
soil in low placeA
Alma record. (Alma, Mich.) 1878-1928, 1917-12-13

1t is said that there are an many 40
10000 statues used as ornaments upon
the exterior OF the cathedral at Char
tres, France.
Alma record. (Alma, Mich.) 1878-1928, 1917-12-13
sssllno Wax.

Sealing wax IN the present form was
FIRST noted In London In the middle OF
the sixteenth century. A sort OF earth
was used 10y the ancient Egyptians In
sealing papers and documents. The
Egyptians placed such earth on the
horns OF cattle. aud upon II was stamp
I'd the seal OF the priest Thus were
Identified the cattle to be used in the
sacrifices.