davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune., 1917-12-02
Whv Reinforced Concrete Corrodes

"There probably have been some instances
whore cle'trolytic action caused the corro-
sion Of reinforcement in marine concrete
structures, but slch cases are very infre-
quent. and the effect from this action is diff
ferent in one very marked particular from
that which is occurring in practically all re-
nforced concrete in sea water which Is de-
tcrioIatinF.
"The cracking Of the concrete in sea water
always starts above the high water line, al
though it may extend little below this point
as corrosion develops. Very seldom is II
found to 90 down as far as the elevation OF
low water. and then only when the renforc-
ing is deeply embedded, so that the spalling
effect extends considerable distance below
where the metal is affected
an all the experiments made to determine
the action Of electric current on reinforced
concrete il has been found that cracking due
10 the corrosion of The reinforcing starts
where the current leaves the rods. Therefore.
II electrolysis were the cause, the corrosion
and cracking must occur below the elevation II
high water, where the current leaves the
metal. In reinforced concrete marine
structure in which the corroson and deterio-
ration do not extend below the water line
electrolysis cannot possibly be the cause
The following methods of prevention are
suggested, all of them dependent upon the
exposure conditions, design and location Of
the structure:
"Just how to overcome the widespread de-
terioration Of reinforced concrete caused ~
the corrosion of the embedded metal is dii.
6cult problem, and the exact treatment and
method to be followed will depend upon the
exposure conditions, design and location OF
the structure. The use Of rods OF smaller
diameter seems to have beneficial effect
Increasing the distance Of the reinforcing
from the surface also assists greatly the re-
sistance 10 corrosion. In precast piles the
added weight due to increasing the covering
Of concrete over the reinforcing must be con-
sidered. In many cases the stresses due 10
bending after the pile is in position are not
Great above the water lire This condition may
no taken advantage Of in designing concrete
niles for marine structures. For instance
tbe vertical reinforcing may be bent m tow
ard the centre at point little below the
water line. Usually ample strength IN mex
ure can be provided by care in the design
New-York tribune., 1917-12-02
God and Democracy's Stake

IT HE American people, indeed, havo
risked their all in this war--and IL
is a glorious thing to have done, for the
needs and the ends amply justify il. II
we are defeated il means not merely the
loss Of lives and treasure, but perhaps OF
our independence and our democracy.
Yes, we may even say that il, with us,
the Allies are beaten and peace dictated
from Berlin shall result, il will set civili-
zation back from three TO five centuries.
Free democracy would, even so, sometime
live again, but many generations would
probably rise and fall before that would
come 10 pass. Whatever progress we
have made in solving the problem Of de-
mocracy We have staked upon the outcome
Of the war--and wisely.
With such stake we cannot afford TO
lapse into hysteria Amid all the rock
ing Of the foundations Of the world there
is just one Power that Is absolutely stable,
absolutely mistaken, absolutely certain to
dominate in the final analysis, whatever
be the vicissitudes that may come to pass.
And that Power is-God.-The Living
Church.
New-York tribune., 1917-12-02
Aerial Nitro for Farming

Many intimatons have come from Ger
many during the war about Forthcoming
revolution in agricultural production
through the use of nitrates derived from
aerial nitrogen. At the autumn meeting
Of the German Agricultural Society rep
lesentative from Breslau discussed the
subject again in a most optimistic strain
in an address on German Agricultural
Production and Food Supply After the
War" His remarks are thus reported by
the "Frankfurter Zeitung":
"He stated that owing to the different
methods for obtaining nitrstes, the subject OF
manure would be entirely revolutioniSed and
production would be greatly increased by nj
trate manure, the supply OF which would be
quite independent of Chilean nitrate OF soda.
Meadows would produce two or even three
hay crops. The cultivation of several kinds
Of legumcs would be limited, but that OF lu-
pines extended The scarcity Of eoneen-
trated feedstufs would lead TO reduction
IN the stocks Of cattle for fsttening 20 .
change in the Keeping Of mileh COWS, and pig
rearing would lore In importance. The con
d,tions of labor would be altered, and wages
would rise. Foreign casual workers and pris'
orers OF war would be wanting Native
workers would have 20 be induced to settls,
and machines would be used more and more
New-York tribune., 1917-12-02
Time Saving Hoist

Most Of theilabor and time usually con-
sumed in lifting paper stock TO the top
Of fiat press in a printing establishment
are saved through the use of an eleyating
inechanism that is now being adopted A
STEEL framework, carrying a motor and
hoisting outfit, is attached at the feeding
end Of a press. The paper is moved be-
7eath il on small truck. Cables are
.hen attached 10 the latter and power ap-
plied. When the top Of the stack reaches
the desired height, the hoist sto. z. As
the feeder removes the paper .ihe re
mainder is raised automatically - tnat the
stack Is maintained at the proper eleva.
tion until exhausted.-Pop,Iar Mechanics
New-York tribune., 1917-12-02
Impressions of Moscow, a Present
Russian Storm Centre

for all its strange
ness, when seen at night or
from distance" writes Arthur
Symonds in THE Nation, '"Moscow is with
out charm, in spite of its strangeness,
when seen clearly and by day" Many
anxious thoughts have been centring about
this ancient Muscovite capital during days
when the Mensheviki and the Bolsheviki
appeared to balance in the trembling scale
of probabilities The writer goes on to
describe the city as built, like Rome, on
seven hills" And he continues:
at radiates outwards, circle beyond circle,
from the central height Of the Kremlin; the
DID, or Chinese town heaped within its white
wall, cut off sharply from the white town OF
shops and public buildings and large houses
which dwindes into the first ring Of dusty
houlevards, and from this the 'earthen town
stretches TO the outer ring of boulevards, and
then the suburbs begin, vague, intermnsblc,
and seeming, long before they have reached
the rsmparts which close in the thirty-siX
miles of the citys circumference, to have
PASSED into the open country.
Like everything in Russia, II is by its size
that il first impresses you. Vast, vaguely
defined, so casual in its division Of time, OF
day and night, full of heavy leisure, unoccu-
pied space, this city. next TO the largest city
N Europe, has much Of the aspect Of some
extraordinary village, which has sprung up
about a citadel.
ats seven hills have done something 20
cave more than usual of the open air about H.
in wide, windless spaces. brooded over by the
wings of innumerable pigeons. Everywhere
are vast, unpaved squares, surrounded by a
rope of twisted wire, stretched from post TO
post, or by temporary wooden raiings,
propped up at vague intervals. Cross the
river by the bridge which lies between the
Kremlin, and the Church of the Saviour, and
you will see, between weir and weir, ducks
floating on the water, ferryboat waiting 10
take people over red figures padding by the
hanks, or wading across with tucked-up trou-
crs or pettcoats clothes being beaten on
row of plsnks which stretch from the dusty
shore to the queer little sailing boats moored
in midstream
Everywhere you will find trees and water
end width, the fields even of the real coun-
try. And the life of the people. the arrange
ment of the houses, have the characteristics
OF village life; these houses, often one story
high, rarely higher than two stories, built
often of wood, like log huts, and with
wooden paisade in front of their strip Of gar
den, or wide, dusty court, in which one hears
the futter of fowls and the gabble of white
turkeys. Outside, on the irregular pavement,
sound like an army marching; the cabs,
laboring slowly at full speed, are like the
primitive vehicles of old-fashioned folk in the
country The markets. which on so many
days of the week cover with stalls and stacked
carts and heaped baskets the vacant squares
and open spaces Of boulevards, are like viii
lage markets, and the people themselves, with
New-York tribune., 1917-12-02
No Indemnities or Reprisals

A n EDITORIAL in THE Christian
IA Work deals with the declara-
N tions, framed by the labor con-
yention in Buffalo, covering the basis for
peace negotiations. Especially interest
ING is the comment on item No. Of this
programme, which reads, "No indemnities
or reprisals based upon vindictive pur-
poses or deliberate desire to injure, but
to right manifest wrongs" OF this the
editorial in question says that it
Sounds nightly like the Sermon on the
Mount, and we are glad it comes from labor.
I, comes. too, at an opportune time, for
many voices are urging the contrary. But
il with labor the world can rise above re-
venoe al the close Of this war, IL VIII be
one of the steps surest TO guarantee perma-
nent peace and TO win the heart Of the Ger
man people to that friendship our President
insistently says he hopes may obtain, ana
IN that democracy for them for which we
nrefer 20 be lighting. With the clause 20
the effect that there may be indemnity Tor
manifest wrong no one can qusrrel. Inc
entrance into Belgium with deportation was
pure act Of burglary, and nations that
commit burglary must, Of course, be made TO
make reparation, just as an individual VINO
burgla rizes is always forced TO DO
New-York tribune., 1917-12-02
God Must Be All or Nothing

A EARLIER age was very much con-
n cerned with high speculative argu-
ments and proofs of the existence OF a
Deity. To-day these reasonings fail to
interest us. We feel that even II they
could establish all they set out to do, we
s,ill would be left with our vital needs un-
satisfied. Granted that you could prove
the existence Of Cause adequate to ac'
count for the universe Of matter and OF
mind. or could show that the sum Of things
exhibits "a dramatic tendency, a clearly
marked progress Of events toward a
mighty goal" to be explained only by the
working of a master dramatist, Of what
avail would such achievements be to meet
the demands Of life or satisfy the ineradi-
cable cravings Of heart and soul? Our
deepest desire is for comradeship, warmth,
and blessedness, a sense OF harmony with
ourselves and with the universe. And the
bloodless categories Of philosophic thought
can never give us these things. More
over. our ambitious attempts 10 compass
the unbounded are doomed 10 failure. The
agnosticism Of generation ago has not
passed without teaching US much needed
lesson. II has shown US how great the
word God" is. For now we know that
New-York tribune., 1917-12-02
Scripture Can Only Direct

IN "The Christian Intelligencer" appear
L the following paragraphs, which, one
is advised, we're written or the fyleaf Of
DIR. Andrew Murray's Bible
"rhe central objee, Of this book Is Godl
rs one object Is 70 reveal God. His glory.
I.c will, His Son. In reading u our chief
desire ought 10 be 10 know God.
God cannot be known except as he
pleases 20 make Himself known. He does
his to the heart that bows in deep depend
tnc., that worships and loves Him. Prayer
s the great power that moves thi: blessed
God in heaven 10 reveal Himself on earth.
Sod il 20 be found and known in prayer.
LET our life and heart be as full OF God
as this book is.
This the God OF the book rust Himself
wcrk. Our great danger Is 60 think that
tic words more than the thoughts and i'm
pressions they suggest viii DO good. No, the
words as they come from God must lead US
10 God; they can only point 20 him. He
himself must work in US whe, they tell.
Scripture can only direct US 70 God, whs
does what Il cannot do, and gives notice Of
u cannot give"
New-York tribune., 1917-12-02

I'm a series of articles in "The En-
gineering News Record" on the prob
lem of sea-water concrete, written
hy Rudolph j. Wig and Lewis R. Fergu-
son, after inspection of practically all the
marine concrete structures in the United
States, one of the topics taken up is the
method of preventing corrosion Of the
metal in reinforced concrete.
Stating first that the majority of all re-
inforced concrete marine structures on the
American coasts subjected to sea water
action are now showing evidences of de-
terioration due to the corrosion of the re-
enforcement above the water line, the au-
thors continue;
Usually the corrosion Is attrio-
utable 10 the poor quality of the concrete.
Porous concrete does, Of course, oher less
protection TO the embedded metal, and cor
roson will be more rapid in such cases. Re
inforcing will, however, corrode under certain
exposure conditions in a few years, even when
the concrete is Of excellent quality
After quoting the explanation Of j. l..
Harrison, at one time district engineer at
Iloilo, p. l., that the corrosion Of the metal
in many of the reinforced structures IN
the Philippines which have cracked IS
caused by the use of sea water in mixing
the concrete, the writers remark;
"Mr. Harrison came to this conclusion
largely by analyzing specimens Of concrete
which had cracked and in these ne found an
appreciabe amount Of chlorine. He was on
the right track, but the chlotine did not come
necessarily from the salt in the water used
in mixing the concrete, and, moreover, the
conditions he observed would without doubt
have occurred had the concrete been gauged
with fresh water.
"That the gauging Of the concrete with sea
water. or the use Of aggregate impregnated
with salt water, is not the primary or under
living cause Of the corrosion OF the embedded
reinforcing is shown by the fact that in many
of the structures examined the concrete was
mixed with fresh water and the aggregates
were free from contact with salt water" .
The popular theory that electrolysls is
the cause of corrosion is disposed of thus
New-York tribune., 1917-12-02
How Japanese Women Earn
Their Living To-day

daughters to brave the glariny footlights.
However. acting is a lucrative profession.
Some of the most famous actresses, such
as Miss Konara, get 100 yen for a single
performance.
A large number of women find is
profitable TO act as physicians and mid
wives. One Of the best paying jobs in
Japan is that Of hairdresser Some hair
dressers make as much as 300 yen q
month 1t must be borne in mind that
hairdressing in Japan is much more
elaborate art than il is with Western
peoples.
A relatively new calling is that of art
model. At first it was very difficult to
find enough girls willing 70 pose; gradu-
ally, however, the number increased.
The price per LAY is so to so sen.
The poorest paying JOB, it seems, is
that Of teacher in elementary schools.
Some Of these teachers earn not more
than yen a month.
Japan has no lady strcetcar conductors
yet, although a couple Of .ady chaufeurs
have appeared.
A good many women are occupied in
newspaper Offices, both in an editorial
and a clerical capacity.
The vast majority Of Japanese women
workers. however, are engaged in fac
tories. In most Of the factories the work
is both physically and morally degrad-
ing and the poor toilers, one is told, earn
hardly enough to keep body and soul to-
gether.
New-York tribune., 1917-12-02

establishment and entertained numerous
celebrities. Not until 177S, two years after
the death of Louis XIV, did Voltaire return
to Paris, after twenty-eight years of alb
sence. He was received with rejoicings,
not by the court, but by the Academy and
by society. and after brief illness pre-
pared for the first performance Of Irene
This met with success, and he proceeded
with another tragedy, at the same time
trying TO keep up with the rest of his ac-
customed activities. But he was then
eighty-four years old and the self-imposed
labors were beyond his endurance. Illness
came upon him again, the illness which
proved fatal He died on May 80, 1778.
OF his appearance Mr.. Saintsbury
writes;
"In person Voltaire was not engaging even
as young man. His extraordinary thinness
is clmmemorated. among other things, by the
, erv poor but well known epigram attributed
% Young. and identifying him az once with
Satan. Death and Sim In old age he was 4
mere skeleton, with a long nose and eyes OF
rreternatural brilliancy peering out Of his
wig. He was good natured when not
crossed. generous 10 dependents who made
themselves useful TO him; indefatigable in
defending the cause Of those who were or
ressed by the systems with which he was
40 war. But he was inOrdinstely vain, anc
totally inscriptions in gaining money, Ia
an enemy, or in protecting himself
when he was threatened with danger
New-York tribune., 1917-12-02
VoItai1-e, French Philosopher,
Historian, Dramatist

are called the best and the second or third
best of his plays, "Merope' and MA
homet" "Merope,' produced two years
later, was the most successful Of its au-
thor's whole theatre
1t was in 1743 that he received a sin
gular diplomatic mission to Frederick Of
Prussia, which nobody seems to have
taken seriously After his return the
oscillation between Brisse, Grey and Paris
was resumed. and he also returned to the
business Of courtiership, which he had
given up since the death of the Regent.
He was finally rewarded, through the in
duence of Madame de Pompadour, by the
appointment to the post of historiographer
royal.
The death of Madame du Chatelet, in
1749, is regarded as another turning point
in Voltaire's life. AT first in a pitiably
unsettled state, he finally, in July, 1751,
accepted the continued invitations Of
Frederick and went to Berlin. His resi-
dence in Prussia lasted nearly three years.
Mr.. Saintsbury writes Of 1t:
at was quite impossible that Voltaire and
Frederick should get on together for lon.
Votaire was not humble enough TO be mcre
butt. as many OF Frederick's led poets wer";
le was not enough OF gentleman TO h)l'
his own place with dignity and discretion"
Upon his departure from Prussia Vol
taire went to Comar, for upon the publi-
cation of the "Essai sur les meurs' he
was refused permission to enter France
proper. So he lived outside the gates, at
his country house, Les Delices, and later at
Ferney, where he set up considerable
New-York tribune., 1917-12-02

/<T IFE and customs have been so
radically changed in the Flow
- cry Kingdom in the last two
or three decades that the japanese girl is
no longer doing to-day what she did a
few years ago. In bygone days the
bachelor girl pined away in seclusion,
considering her entire life as an unpar-
donable blunder Of Fate. Nowadays the
energetic and intelligent japanese girl
fills many Of the clerical and other po-
stions which up to a very short time ago
were exclusively occupied by men,
In this manner "The Japan Magazine"
published in Toxic, introduces a highly
interesting survey of the present position
and prospects of the industrial woman in
Japan.
One Of the most frequently encoun-
tered occupations, the article reveals, is
that of teaching music. By imparting
the art Of playing the banjo to dozen
male pupils she earns % yen (S12.50)
month-enough to keep body and soul
together. By helping out in public or
private entertainments her dexterty at
the plantive little lutte, called bicG, adds
few more yen to her regular income.
But one of the most ideal avocations,
it seems, for a Japanese girl who must
shift for herself is that Of painting. The
main thing is to have some Of her work
accepted at the Art Exhibition of the
Imperial Department Of Education. The
average price for a picture is so to 100
yen Ia yen is so cents). Genial artists,
such as Sheen Ikeda, Shoha Ito or Sheen
Kamimura, having attained great fame,
are, of course, fixed for life
Quite a number of girls have become
ushers in theatres and cinema halls.
These girls, called ochdko (tea-girD, wear
unique dress-a funny combination of
foreign and native style. Their pay in
the Imperial Theatre of Toxic, where no
tips are allowed, is IL to 15 yen month.
In Kioto, Osaka and other cities the girls
are expected to live on tips earned in con-
nection with fetching tobacco, drinks,
fruit, etc.
The telephone switchboard is one of
the most recent fields of female activity
in Japan. Every woman with primary
school education, from fourteen to thirty.
FIVE, is eligible for the position of moSht
moshi girl (moshi-hello). Working hours
are from 8 a. m. to p. m. The daily
salary, paid every evening, is 80 to 4C
sen. The girls get one day off each week
A bookkeeper or filing girl gets 35 tc
40 yen a month. According to most re
cent regulations, women employed ir
government Offices are entitled to the
same promotions as men and some OF
them reach salary Of 80 yen month.
Among typists, the cleverest operators
make 100 yen or more each month.
In the good olden times the stage was
tightly closed to respectable girls. Even
now, although the former prejudice is
waning, parents do not encourage their
New-York tribune., 1917-12-02
Matters Touching Religion

either God is everything to US, or He is
nothing. He is either the supreme basic
Reality, into which all other realities run
down, and in which they find meaning.
or else He is the empty fgment Of our
Imagination. Hence, we must treat with
tenderness and comprehension those who,
because Of the very greatness of the as
sertion, have not the courage to say that
they believe in God.-Samuel McComb, in
The Contemporary ReUiew.
New-York tribune., 1917-12-02

TIME Caucasus lies on the road which
links Europe TO Asia and its high
valleys offer a safe refuge to man
end his herds. This explains both the
mixed and archaic type Of its domestic
fauna. which shows some curious anal
ogies with the human material Of the
curious living ethnographic museum OF
those regions.
In all probability not one Of the domes-
tic animals Of the Caucasus is autochthon-
Gus. The earliest epoch Of the importa-
tion is prehistoric; the latest is contcm-
porary with our own generation. Even
the samples belonging to the stone age
have preserved q good deal Of the original
character of their ancestors, owing mainly
70 the preservative character Of the noun
tain region
Turkestau. the countries Of the Cretan
civilization. North Africa and America
nave each furnished their quota.
From Europe hail the bull and the dog.
The so-called Tartar dog especially, de-
seendant Of the wolf, had It's ancestral
home in the plains of Volga.
Asia mainly furnished the pig, remark
able by It's archaic type, which is very
close to the Sus polust,is. Through Tur-
sestan arrived the buffalo, which adapted
rs body from us surroundings-becoming
,maller and more alert, The Caucasus
also owes tie horse to Turkestani we find
neolithic remnants OF the domesticated
aorse at Anau, while the animal is not
four in Creta before the bronze age.
II iyo species OF the Caucasian donkey
hail the one from Persia, the other from