davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The broad ax., 1917-07-21
Our Supreme Court.

As originally made up the supreme
court consisted of a chief justice and
five associate justices. In 1907 sixth
associate was added when a new dis
trict had been created to take in the
new western territory comprising the
states of Ohio, Tennessee and Ken
lucky. In 1897 the expansion of the
nation westward again called for an
increase in the court, and two more
associate justices were added.
In 1868 a ninth associate justice was
needed, but five years later, when ap-
preaching vacancies made it likely that
President Andrew johnson might have
the appointment of the new members,
congress, then in open antagonism to
the chief executive, reduced the num-
Der to seven, thus preventing him from
making an appointment
This number two years later, after
the Inauguration Of President Grant,
was increased to eight associate JUS
tees and chief justice, and as then
constituted the court has remained.
The broad ax., 1917-07-21
Value of Thunderstorms.

"Thunderstorms," says Professor
Ward in Science, bring US much that
Is of benefit To them we owe much, In
parts Of our country even most Of our
spring and summer rainfall. Without
these beneficent thunderstorms our
great staple crops east Of the Rocky
mountains would never reach matur-
ity. One good thunderstorm over con-
siderable area at a critical crop stage
Is worth hundreds Of thousands Of dol
lars to American farmers. Our stock
markets time and again show the IA
vorable reaction Of such conditions
upon the price Of cereals and also Of
railroad and other stocks. Thunder
showers break our summer droughts,
cleanse our dusty air, refresh our
parched earth, replenish our failing
streams and brooks, bring US cool even
ings and nights after sultry and op-
pressive days"
The broad ax., 1917-07-21
Woman and Her Beauty.

Woman Is the master stroke Of beau
ty. Woman is the jewel in the crown
No chisel ever carved such lines Of
softness: no painter ever put such lus-
ter I'm the eye. Nature nodded cliffs
and gave us twilights, gave US the
horizon in the east and west; gave US
the flowing, shimmering river that
travels toward the sea: let the moon
beams glimmer on the tranquil ocean:
gave us flowers with their fluffy pet
ais, some soft and snowy white, 9TH
ers tinted all the colors of the rain
bow. Yet when all has been looked
upon, when all the landscapes have
been viewed with wonder, man turns
back to something stronger, turns back
to that which soothes and heals, back
to that which satisfies the eye and
heartstrings-wo woman, the browning glo-
ry Of all revealed.-St. Louis Post-Dis-
patch.
The broad ax., 1917-07-21
The Diphthonq.

Answering the question, why was
the Giphthong devised and why has 1t
disappeared from general user the
New York Sun says:
A diphthong is any two vowels that
come together In the spelling Of word
DiphthoDgs were not deliberately de-
vised any more than English spelling
was deliberately invented. They have
not disappeared from general use ex-
cept in a few instances. In proper
diphthOng" the sounds Of both vowels
are retained. though merged in one syl-
liable, as in noise" An improper
diphthong" is one in which the sound
If only one of the vOwels is heard
TO" In people" Is an illustration. Such
rhanges as have been made in diph-
thongs have aimed at keeping the VOW
el sounded. That is why some prefer
to write "mnpcuver' in place of ma
nGeuvrc." Ten there is the simpliied
spoilers favUr:te thru
The broad ax., 1917-07-21
Wanted to Help Him,

His kindness to his men once placed
DR.. william III. Nichols in q predica-
ment which caused him the worst>mor-
LITIGATION In his whole life, says a writ
er In Leslie's. The head Of one Of the
concerns largest customers came to
him and complained that he had been
Systematically cheated by short weigh
ing Of carboys containing acid. DR..
Nichols could not believe the allega-
ton, but on going to the consumers
plant fifty carboys were weighed, and
each was found ten pounds short He
promised to make an immediate inves-
tigation.
One employee was pointed out to DR..
Nichols as the man responsible for see
ing that every carboy contained the
proper quantity Of acid. This en-
ployee DIR. Nichols would have trusted
with his own money. But when ques-
toned he colored up and stammered
Finally he blurted out:
'Mr. Nichols, the boys is very fond
of you, and we wanted to help you"
The broad ax., 1917-07-21
Her Secret of Success.

"How is it that you are able to do so
much more than other people?" asked
a tired, nervous woman who stopped
Mrs. Palmer for a word at the close of
one Of her lectures.
Because" she answered with the
sudden CLEAN Of a smile, 81 haven't any
nerves or any conscience, and my hus-
band says haven't any backbone"
1t was true that she never worried.
She had early learned to live one day
at a time, without looking before and
after" And nobody knew better than
Alice Freeman Palmer the renewing
power Of joy. She could romp with
some of her very small friends in the
half hour before an important meeting,
60 for a long walk or rice along coun-
try Lanes when a vexing problem con-
fronted her, or spend a quiet evening
by the fire reading aloud from one Of
her favorite poets at the end of busy
day.-Mary z. Parkman in st. Nicho-
las
The broad ax., 1917-07-21
Poisonous Snakes.

Poisonous snakes have a diamond
shaped head, about four times larger
at the jawbone than at the neck, and
sharp tails. All snakes, however, are
poisonous during the shedding" pc
Rod of seven days. They go blind two
days before shedding. The ella (pro-
nounce hee-la) monster is so called on
account Of being found near the ella
river In Arizona and New Mexico. Its
bite is deadly. and 1t is much feared
by the Indians, as no remedy is known
for the bite. They are peculiar crea-
lures, having the shape Of large liz
ard, with feet marked like those Of
monkey. Some scientists say that the
bite Of the ella monster Is not poison
Gus In itself, but that Il its breath is
blown on q person with a weak heart,
the person will faint away for an in
definite time. In captivity the ella
monster is fed on warm milk and chop
ped meat every six weeks.-Wide
World Magazine.
The broad ax., 1917-07-21
Kindergartens.

'cThe first kindergartens in our coun-
try" said an educator, "were conduct
ed for the children Of the well to do.
The remarkable value Of this training
for the children Of the poor was soon
recognized, and mission ktndergartens
became numerous. Then the more
progressive cities and towns tried them
experimentally In their public schools.
That their worth has been abundantly
proved is clearly shown by the spread
Of the Kindergarten, and the general
Introduction Of Kindergarten training
departments into state normal schools
and city training schools.
AT present 1,22S cities have an ag-
gregate of s,463 kindergartens In their
public schools, with an enrolment Of
434,O 600 children"
The broad ax., 1917-07-21
Eiahtina the Ely.

An excellent remedy for the fly pest
10 formaldehyde. The correct strength
may be secured by adding three tea
spoonfuls Of the concentrated formal
dehyde solution to pint of water.
The solution should be kept in such a
way that the flies can drink it. A good
way is to take an ordinary thin walled
tumbler and fill it partly full Of the So
luton. Place on a saucer or small
plate a piece Of white plotting paper
and cut it to the size of the dish. Then
place it over the glass and turn the
glass bottom up on the dish. AS the
solution dries out Of the saucer the
tumbler should be slightly raised up,
so that the liquid will again flow over
the entire surface.
Another simple remedy to keep flies
out Of the house is by means Of an
odor unpleasant to flies. Any odor
pleasing to man is offensive to the fly
and will drive them away, as, for in
stance, oil Of lavender, diluted; gera-
MUM, mignonette or heliotrope.
The broad ax., 1917-07-21
Start of Our Navv.

The United States navy has the dis
tinction of being somewhat older than
the government itself, for nine months
before the actual Declaration Of indie
pendence congress authorized the con-
struction of two national" cruisers
and appointed committee to purchase
vessels to form the nucleus Of q feet
Within three months of its appoint
ment this committee got together four
teen armed vessels and appointed a
personnel Of officers, among whom was
the famous old sea dog. John Paul
Jones. During the war of the Revolu-
ton the infant navy captured as many
as 500 prizes, but suffered so heavily
that by the time peace was declared it
had almost ceased to exist. A new
start ON a more ambitious scale was
made I'm 1894.
The broad ax., 1917-07-21
Lord Brouaham's Dream.

Lord Brougham was one Of the most
stubborn believers in the common
sense" explanation Of ghostly appear
ances as dreams. At Edinburgh uni
versity he and an intimate friend drew
up an agreement written with their
blood that whichever Of them died first
should appear to the survivor. Years
passed; the friend was in India, and
Brougham had almost forgotten his
existence. Arriving late one night at
an inn in Sweden, Brougham had hot
bath and was going to get out Of it
when he looked toward the chair on
which he had left his clothes and saw
his friend sitting on fl. Brougham
seems then to have tainted. On get
ting home he received q letter announc-
ing that the other had died In India at
the very time. Yet this incident,
which most people would put down to
telepathy at least, was dismissed by
Brougham as q mere dream and pure
coincidence.
The broad ax., 1917-07-21
INDIANS CLAIM HUGE
SUM FROM Government
Three Pacific Coast Tribes, Revivins
Old Treaty, Ask S12,o00,00o.

Marshfield, Ore.-On the spot where
the treaty Of Empire was signed Aug.
80, 1856, between the United States
government and the coast Indians, In
GLIDING the Coos, Umpqua and Siuslaw
tribes, the remnants of those aborigines
met at Empire and sat in council to
consider the settlement Of their claims
against the United States government
The council was called to provide
chief for the Indians Of the tribes men-
toned, the last recognized chief, Bob
Burns, who was a Coos, having died
five or six years ago. Until the at
tempt by George WATSON, a Coos de-
scendant and a graduate Of Carlisle
to secure for the coastal tribes a set
Element Of their claims, there has been
no apparent reason for a chief, for the
remnants of the tribes were scattered
and without concentration.
When the treaty of Empire was dug
from the dusty tones Of the Congress
sional library and department Of the
interior, congressman who were fair
minded toward Indian claims ordered
an investigation, which, to be present
ed in legal form, demanded the cleo
ton of a chief and credentials for the
three tribes who were signatories to
the treaty.
The government after twenty years
sent a special agent to their last gov
eminent corral at Yachats to sign
another treaty, but the Indians are in
sisting upon their rights under the
original treaty. The claims set up by
the three tribes represent something
over $12,OOO.OOO. They believe that
they can effect a settlement within the
next two years.
The broad ax., 1917-07-21
Encouraging to billiards.

Like Newton, Herbert Spencer In
his schoolboy days showed no aptitude
for study. Hugh Elliot, his biographer,
says of him that ''he was very back
ward as a boy in the ordinary subject
Of children's lessons. Morally
he was extremely disobedient and con-
temptuous of authority" At thirteen
he 'found the discipline of his school
more severe than he cared about, and
he ran away home to Derby again,
walking forty-eight miles the first
day." Yet as a man. without money,
without special education, without
health" says his biographer, ''he pro-
duced eighteen large volumes Of phi
losophy and science Of many diverse
kinds, published variety Of mechan-
ical inventions, and on endless other
subjects, great anu small, he set forth
a profusion of new'and original ideas"
The broad ax., 1917-07-21
Cows Milk and Casein.

It has been proved that casein, which
forms over 3 Per cent Of the total
weight Of cows milk, is an important
commercial product and may be profit
ably employed In the manufacture Of
glue, combs, buttons, linoleum, hair
pins, toys, paints and even shoe polish.
In the preparation Of 'casein for COM
mercial purposes about 100 gallons Of
skimmilk are put into a great vat and
heated to about 1876 degrees F. Then
very dilute sulphuric acid is added to
precipitate the casein or curd. The
whey is drawn of, and the curd is
drained and cut into chunks, after
which streams Of cold water are play
ed on 1t to wash out the acid. The curd
is then dried with rotary fans and
ground into powder, in which form it is
placed on the market. One hundred
pounds of skimmilk will yield about
three and one-half pounds Of casein
powder.-Popular Science Monthly.
The broad ax., 1917-07-21
EX-C0NVICT A HERO.
Led Attack Which Inspired Whole Rus
sian Division to Fight.

sian Division to Fight.
Petrograd.-The hero Of the army in
the woody Carpathians Is a former
convict from Siberia, who, by his ex-
ample, inspired an attack by forces
which heretofore had obdurately re-
fused to charge. The ex-convict,
whose rank is sergeant, led fifty vol
unteers in a rush on a German blind
age.
The attacking party, confused by
heavy fire, wavered, whereupon the
sergeant alone climbed a breastwork
and hurled a bomb among the enemy.
Attacked by three Germans, he saber-
ed and shot two Of them. Then with
only eighteen followers several strong
ly held blindages were rushed. This
produced general panic among the en-
envy and resulted In the capture Of
many prisoners.
The sergeant was promoted to an
officers commission, two regiments in
vited him to take command, and the
whole of his division resolved imme-
diately to participate In an offensive.
The broad ax., 1917-07-21
Entered as Second Class Matter Aug.
10, 1902, ut the Post Office ut Chicago,
Illinois, under Act of March ., 1879.
TESTING Aero Engines.

In testing an aeroplane engine Of 200
horsepower a Detroit company mount
ed it upon a heavy motor truck, and
the aerial propeller sent the truck fly
ing along a boulevard at the rate Of
over forty miles an hour, says the Pop
ular Mechanics Magazine. This was a
speed that the truck could not begin to
develop under its own motor power,
and the method furnished a better
practical test Of the twelve cylinder
aeroplane engine than YVES possible in
the testing laboratory or In any sta
tionary trial on blocks. AS an addi-
tional test the rear wheels Of the two
ton truck were locked, so that they
could not revolve, and in this condition
1t was driven across ball park by the
aeroplane engine and propeller through
heavy drifts Of snow and over ice.
The motor weighs 800 pounds and de-
velops power sufficient to drive a
twelve passenger aeroplane at forty
miles an hour.
The broad ax., 1917-07-21
Purely Business.

Little Bobbie, aged five, was one Of
those who permitted few things to es-
cape his attention and consequently
was always asking questions. Some
Of the members Of the family were
talking about life insurance, and Bob
bic had to know what that was. He
was told It was a provision whereby,
when his father died, the family would
receive a certain sum Of money. This
seemed clear to the youngster, but it
was noticed he seemed to be engaged
in deep thought Finally he said,
"But, mamma, how soon will we have
to kill himr'-Indianapolis News
The broad ax., 1917-07-21
The "Tawdry Saint.n

St Ethelreda has been unfortunate,
inasmuch as her memory Is perpetu-
ated in the disagreeable adjective
'tawdry," and she is sometimes even
referred to as the "tawdry saint" In
the Isle of Ely, where she died, a fair
was formerly held in her honor, at
which a peculiar kind Of cheap but
snowy lace was sold, which, as St
Ethelreda's or st. Audrey's lace soon
became proverbial and tawdry, an easy
corruption of the saints abbreviated
name, was used to denote all things
more gaudy than valuable. London
Chronicle.
The broad ax., 1917-07-21
u BOATS WITH CUTTERS.
Heavy Circular Knives Have Been At
tached to Steel Hawsers.

Base Of the American Flotilla In
British Waters.-The captain of tor
pedoed merchantmen has turned over
to the naval authorities here a sketch
Of a new type Of German submarine
equipped with a wire cutting device
designed to release 1t from nets. The
sketch shows several strands Of stout
steel hawsers stretched from the bow
through the coming tower to the stern.
Attached to these is series Of heavy
circular knives a foot In diameter and
placed about a yard apart.
The captain made the drawing while
In small boat after his ship had been
torpedoed. The theory Of the captain
is that boat so equipped would have
hope of being able to cut its way
through any steel nets In which it
might become enmeshed.
The broad ax., 1917-07-21
The No Breakfast Plan.

The breakfast eating habit often ere
ates an abnormal stomachic condition.
If one is in perfect health and arises
with a keen appetite for breakfast
there will be no occasion for emitting
the meal There are. however, but few
In perfect health, aid the omission Of
breakfast gives the tOmach a chance
to adjust itself. 1t Is an opportunity
to develop a keen al Aetite for the par
ticular character of Punishment most
needed by the body that time. The
no breakfast plan isl splendid means
Of properly adjustiI ones appetite.
both as to quantity nd character Of
food.-Physical Cultu
The broad ax., 1917-07-21
A BROWNING Face,

"a nasty JOLT" said Senator Penrose
at the Philadelphia club, discussing a
political betrayal; "a nasty and an IN
expected jolt. 1t reminds me Of the
octogenarian banker who said to Gobsa
Golde:
-'Your beautiful girl wife declares
that your face is like poem
"'YesY Gobsa chuckled. Have a
cigar. So my wife says my face IS
like poem, does sheP
ayes answered the banker, with a
loud, harsh laugh. She says your face
is like a poem by Browning because
it's got SO many deep lines "-Phila-
delphia Bulletin.
The broad ax., 1917-07-21
FOR PROTECTION OF SHIPS.
Owners Seek Safeguarding of Merchant
Vessels From Submarines.

Owners Seek Safeguarding Of Merchant
Vessels From Submarines.
New York.-After a series Of meet
ings, attended by a number Of the
leading ship owners, shippers and un-
derwriters in the United States, an as
ISOLATION was formed to cooperate
with the government in seeking devices
for the protection of merchant ships
against the submarine menace. The
following resolution was adopted:
Resolved, That a voluntary association
be formed under the name Of the Sub
marine Defense association" to cooperate
with the United States government in
seeking devices for the protection Of mer-
chant ships against attack by submarines
and particularly to bring to the attention
Of ship owners and underwriters devices
which have been approved by the advisers
Of the government or other experts with
view to the earliest possible use Of such
of them as promise to be Of value in pro-
tecting merchant ships against attack by
submarines.
Since the United States entered the
war many devices to protect ships
have been suggested, and so far as
they could do so the advisers Of the
government have considered these sug-
gestions and have approved some Of
them. In so far as these devices have
related to naval vessels or campaigns
against the submarine, they could be
considered only by the navy depart
ment. But devices have also been
brought forward which may be found
available for the protection Of mer-
chant and passenger ships. Many Of
these have been considered by the gov
eminent, but in so far as privately
owned vessels are concerned the gov
ernment's action was mainly advisory
In its nature.
The broad ax., 1917-07-21
PRACTICAL HEALTH HINT.
Kidney Diseases and Diet.

e Nearly all diseases of the Kid
= neys are due to salt II you are
= suffering with or from your kid
= neys the first thing to do Is to
Z smash all your medicine bottles
= cut out salt and sugar from your
= meals and go on the fruit-cereal
= diet. Steamed asparagus Is the
q best thing In the world for your
= kidneys and bladder. Parsley Is
. good for victims of kidney dis
. eases, so also is water cress In
4 the form Of sAlad-but no salt
. One should not eat too freely OF
. parsley. Parsley win aid the
. eyesight by restoring the KID
4 neys to their proper functions
. but overdoses Of parsley damage
. the vision. Pears are the very
. best Of fruit for victims OF KID
q ney disease. But no matter tne
. nature or the name OF your Kio-
. ney disease, you can get over u
. by following the Instructions
q Los Angeles Times
The broad ax., 1917-07-21
ABSINTH UNDER CITY BAN.
Health Board Forbids Manufacture or
Sale of Cordial.

New York.-The directors Of the
board of health passed an amendment
to the sanitary code forbidding the
manufacture Or sale Of absinth in this
city. Dr.. Haven Emerson, health COM
missioner, said that this action had
been taken because absinth is harm
full adulterant equivalent to q habit
forming drug.
DR.. Emerson gave out this analysis
Of the cordial:
"Absinth ordinaire contains 47.66
per cent Of alcohol, the demi-ine 30
per cent and the fine 6S per cent. Alb
smith is composed of oils of wormwood,
angelica, anise and marjoram. This
combination is an intense poison rath-
er than a tonic and an aid to digestion.
as supposed by many"
The broad ax., 1917-07-21
Man and Pie.

"Pie Is all you need give any man for
dessert" said Mrs. Helen E. McLane.
the food expert HE thinks that pie is
all there is to dessert anyway, and the
more you give him Of it the better he
likes 1t. So give it to him, but be sure
to give him the best, most nourishing
kinds Of pie. for there is a great differ
ence.
"Mince pie is the best because it has
more food value. But 1t Is also the
most expensive. Prune pie properly
draped and trimmed is favorite with
my men, and they know good pie when
they see it."-Exchange.
The broad ax., 1917-07-21
Quit. conGnted.

HE told her II She consented to an
engagement she mus be prepared to
make all kinds of saSrihces and to be
treated with the greetest neglect and
even face cruelty and desertion."
''Was the woman In her senses to
agree to such an outrageous PROPOSE
tom"
"Oh, yes, for the engagement was to
play the wronged and deserted wife
h q melodramatic picture play
Baltimore American.
The broad ax., 1917-07-21
Effective Threat.

"Having any more trouble with that
temperamental ingenueT'
NO." replied the manager. 81 con.
triyed to get hold Of a photograph Of
her son, who is now thirty-six years
old, and the last time she got huffy /
threatened to show 1t to a newspaper
neutrality-suspicious. Age-Herald.
The broad ax., 1917-07-21
The Use of Names.

Judge Giegerich Of New York in de
nying the petition Of a foreigner desir-
ing to use an American name recently
said: 81 have the greatest objection to
foreigners who take up their residence
In this country assuming the names of
old American families Of New York. 1t
causes embarrassment to men who are
Of high standing In the community and
take pride in their family names"
The broad ax., 1917-07-21
Solomon's Servants.

Solomon's servants ezra II, 56-5S;
Nehemiah vii. 57-6O were the descend
ants Of the Canaanites reduced by Sol
ONION to the state Of slaves. They
were compelled to work In the kings
stone quarries and In building his pal
aces and cities.