davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1917-08-01
RED SOX B0!XMEN
RELIED UPON IN
WHITE S0X SERIES

rr =. -
New 10TH, uAus, L 40
peatins ilseil> III tne xAiiioi 1ooA 3.ees -.
campaign. dast season TUG .cue 80
series IN the 1oiiAson oihour
Iougne oe1Ween tne Doston r@ou 80
ana pne Cnlcaso Wha.e SoA' WIN se
ruooy hoseu orAsau sal.s .ne
olc9' anu tnis year asa1n Ine wo.t0
champions ana n0owlanu men aie ~
jcupyang the centre Oh the pasepail
stage IN the most important iheetins
OF the race TO GATE.
One OF the most serious hanolcapss
unuer winch the So1 nave peen iaD w
ing has been the oe1ectlon OF SAn
scott and Lefty HSusseH. aau ln ss
been IN condll1on from the start ana
gwen Rowianu the alo ne eNpee.eu
the Sox would nave peen muen Deter
aortlHeo Tor the oecisive pallies.s DUN i'e
scott ara RusseHE were punisneu Sc
verely IN the recent games Win Inc
Yankees, and rowland doesn't place
nuch 1alrh IN them now. ss - 81
Inc 1urure OF poth CLUBS ~, s, n ni1lls, es
largely upon the outcome OF +Alae ~, !,
rent nneeelns. IL Inc 1eu ooA 1'u ~ =
take majority OF the games tney
would oe ha1ieo as the prospective
pennant winners without adoltionai
debate. If the White Sox plroquette
! and win three OF the four games they
4 will be considered seriously for the
nag, but still there wouid be that un-
certainty borne OF the faifures OF the
p1tchers@ II rne teams break even the
answer Will still be snrouded IN DOUBT.
ana Tanqom may nave TO walt Until
the teams meet again in the West.
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1917-08-01
MAJOR CLUBS TO.
SIGN MEN TO FILL
DRAFT VACANCIES

New York, Aug. 1-Forty-two play
ers are subject to the army draft If
New York, city. The three local teams.
the Yankees, Giants and Dodgers
stand to lose that many men. If they
all are called, which seems unlikely
at this time, it wiz be necessary to
lock the padlocks on the Polo Ground
and Ebbets ield.
The eeiective draft has compelled
all men In this country between the
ages OF 2 land 81. inclusive. to regis
ter They are aHsaubject to call OF
course there are quite a few of them
who are married and who will claim
exemption. However, this does not
detract fnom the fact that the three
New York clubs are in line to con-
tribute literally to the first army.
The Giants have 13 eligibles, the
Yankees have 1s and the Dodgers
have IL. If all the Giant eligibles
were taken it would leave the club
with but nine players, for the Giants
have been operating in strict accord
ance with the "a player limit rule that
obtains in the National League this
season. The Dodgers would have 10
players left. In the American league
the player rule permits each club to
were called the club would have nine
left.
Thomas Hickey. president of the
American Association, has announced
that the player limit in tie, American
Association has been suspended Until
now the clubs in the league have been
limited to Is players. but because of
the fact that many of the players are
subject to the call it, has been decided
to suspend the player limit so that
the clubs can delve into the minor
leagues and dig up piayerssto take the
places or those who are called in the
draft.
1t would not be surprising If the
National and American leagues emu
lated this example. 1t is advisable
that the clubs be permitted to do SO
for the outlook is far more drab col.
ored than the owners or different
managers are willing to admit.
1t is known that many of the bis
league clubs have taken time by thu
foreiock and have made arrangement
to procure minor league players wht
will not be subject to call This has
been done 10 insure the big League
clubs, of being Athletic finish out thei
schedules
No major league club caIis afford t
PUT l. player on the market at thi
time unlees tke flHEer Is subject to tn
call, and any club that takes such I
player Is taking long chance on be
ing able to hold him. And that is
big gamble at this time.
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1917-08-01
MAY
SOON BE REGISTERED

Registrars of voters are to receive
applications of voters to ''be made"
and the applications of those desir-
Gus of registering for primaries dur
ing the week which begins Friday
August 8. This will give opportunity
to new residents Of the city to get on
the lists and those who have become
of age within the last year may also
become voters bySfiling their appli-
cations. Those DESTROYS of declaring
party affiliations for the fall caucuses
will register during the week
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1917-08-01
FOOTBALL WILL
/. Be PLAYED AT
/ TRAINING CAMPS

New York, Aug. DIR. Harry L.
Williams, the old Yale hurdler and
of later years football coach of the
University of Minnesota, has been
added to Uncle Sans staff of athletic
mentors. At. present he is working
at Fort Smelling near ST. Paul. The
doctor is of the opinion that there is
nothing to beat football for tuning
up the physical condition. so he has
~ entire squad of army men daily
GuAng through pigskin stunts.
He has the makings of Is frst-class
elevens. and he is anxious for some
outside matches before his men leave
since DR.. williams did is as seconds
over the high hurdles, and the mark
was then the>~American record.
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1917-08-01
French Boxers Show
Poorly In Bouts Held
At New York Club

New York, Aug. Louis Verges
and Gene Constant, two French box
ers, gave disappointing exhibition
at the Pioneer Sporting club last
night Verges, who weighed 159
pounds, quit after one minute of box
ing in the sixth round, of what was
scheduled to be a ten round affair
with Walter Laurett, while Constant
surrendered to Eddie Clifford at the
end of four rounds, although they
had agreed to box ten. The intense
heat may explain the poor showing
Of the foreigners.
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1917-08-01
EDITED by WAGNER
Cutting the Corners

affair in New Lond.n last Saturday
the fur is apt to fly at their next meet
ing.
Dick Tuckey got a chance to get
himself ,broiled in the sun yesterday
when King Lear of Bridgeport was
ordered out of the game at Savin
Rock for kicking at a second strike.
Tuckey went to bat for him and took
the third strike. But lar had the
better of the argument for he could
sit in the shade of the bench for the
rest of the afternoon.
The Pirates will recall Pitcher Car
men Hill, who recently pitched NO
hit contest for Birmingham of the
Southern league. Hill Is one Of the
few pitchers in the business who wear
glasses but he seems able to see the
weaknesses of the opposing hitters.
Chief Smith of New Haven says no
New York promoters will be allowed
to step in and put on bouts this win
ter after the repeal of the boxing law
goes into effect in New York. The
New Haven police head says no per-
mits will be granted except to New
Haven citizens.
| AS was predicted, the Chicago White
| Sox cracked when they encountered
| the Red Sox in the critical series for
| the lead in the American league race.
Even Cicotte, their best pitcher, could
not hold down the Boston boys yes
terday and when Hooper Of Boston
got a home run on a ball that struck
! a fielders glove and bounded into the
bleachers, 1t was the last straw for
| the poor White Sox.
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1917-08-01
COPS REBUKE KUNz

Battling Kunz of Norwalk =, who
now runs an automobile at the ex-.
pense of ex-state lightweight cham
pion Chic Brown, of New Haven, was
made acquainted with regulations re-
gording machines stopping behind
trolley cars last night. Kunz was
called" by the police, but was not
held
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1917-08-01
SUSPEND MAIL DELIVERY

Because of the intense heat yester-
day which threatened the health of
several mail carriers, Postmaster
Greene ordered the deliveries sus-
pended. Practically all of the fac
tories were shut down and many of
the business places curtailed opera
lions to such an extent that no hard
ship resulted. The men started ear
lier on their routes today to get out
yesterday afternoons mail before
noon.
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1917-08-01
TO WELCOME PASTOR.

The Ladies' Aid society of the First
English Lutheran Church will hold
reception Thursday evening, Aug. 2
from to 10 O'Clock to welcome their
new pastor. A hearty invitation is
extended to all members and friends
of the church to meet Rev. MI! Arch
and his family.
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1917-08-01
Bridgeport.

Batted fof1 Lyons IN the 9tfl.
New Haven % 0 0 0 o 0 "a
Bridgeport 20 O . o 0 OIL
Stolen bases, Riconda. Simpson.
Sacrifice hits, Grimes, Shannon. Sac
rifice flies, Corcoran. Left on bases.
Bridgeport 4, New Haven 6. First
base on errors, New Haven /. Base
balls, off Smith 2. off Walker 3.
Hit by pitcher, by Smith sStimpsonj.
Struck out, by Smith 5. by Walker 8.
Umpire, Erwin. Time -:45.
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1917-08-01
Standing Of the Clubs.

Games Scheduled For Today.
st. Louis in New York.
Chicago in Boston.
Cleveland in Philadelphia.
Detroit in Washington.
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1917-08-01
Miske- Christie Bout
Postponed by the Heat

New York, Aug. lon account of
the terrific. heat and the smallness of
the crowd, the ten-round bout be-
tween Billy Miske of St. Paul and
Gus Christie of Milwaukee. scheduled
for last night at the Broadway Sport
ing Club was postponed until satur-
day night.
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1917-08-01
Standing of the Clubs.

Games Scheduled For Today.
New Haven at Bridgeport
Lawrence at Worcester e games),
Portland at Springfield G. games).
New London at Hartford
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1917-08-01
Standing of the Clubs.

Games Scheduled For Today.
New York in Pittsburg.
Brooklyn in Cincinnati.
Boston in. Chicago.
Philadelphia in st. Louis.
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1917-08-01
EASTERN LEAGUE

Results of Yesterdays Games.
New Haven, 8; Bridgeport, 1.
Springfield, Ii; Lawrence, 4.
Worcester, 8; Portland, 1.
New London, 4; Hartford, 2 (irst
,ame.)
Hartford. 2; New London. o tsec-
md game).
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1917-08-01
Sporting Comment
IlIIIIIilIllIIIIIIIIilRlITIlIIIIIIH

Lines to jimmy Archer.
I've seen you changelcs hold your
place
The while the seasons ebb and
The king of all the catching chan
Old Archer of the wondrous throw.
You must be through. old man. be-
cause
Your kind not often l-~ss till then
But they'll hire thousand backstops.
Jim,
Before they see your like again. I
By William B. Ruggles.
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1917-08-01
AMERICAN LEAGUE

Results of Yesterdays Games.
New York, a; st. Louis. /.
Boston, 81; Chicago, 2.
Cleveland, 8; Philadelphia, S.
Detroit, 8; Washington, 4.
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1917-08-01
NATIONAL LEAGUE

Results of Yesterdays Games.
New York, IL; Pittsburg, (frst).
New York, 8; Pittsburg, 8 (second). .
Brooklyn, A; Cincinnati, 2.
Chicago. 9; Boston, 6 (first).
Boston, s.; Chicago, (second).
Philadelphia, s; st. Louis, 0 (first).
st. Louis, 4; Philadelphia, 2 (2nd) i.
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1917-08-01

A scribe rises to inquire: Where
would the Cincinnati Reds be, without
Fred Toney?" Likewise and also
where would the Giants be without
Fred Schupp, the Phils without Alex
ander, the White Sox without Eddie
Cicotte, the Tigers without Ty Cobb,
ct cetera and SO forth?
The st. Louis Browns, in addition to
turning over Miller, Park and Nye to
Omaha, also arranged for Outf1eIder
Fin Yardley, who has been with Spo-
kane, to join Bill Rourke's team. This
quartet made Rourke feel so safe that
he at once sent Earl Smith on to join
the Browns.
The Cleveland Club has released
Catcher Tom DAILY to Buffalo of the
International League. DAILY. secured
from Chicago in the Joe jackson deal.
has hardly swung a bat or caught a I
ball for Manager Fohl all season
and no sooner does he go than Steve
O'Neill up and gets hurt.
Don't let's forget to look at Fe-din-
and Sehupp, the Sure-Shot Dick of the
Diamond His Marvellous Mastery
on the Mound and Superlative, Sensa,-
tional Sagacity in Sending the Sphere
have placed him on the Pinnacle of
Pitcherdom.
A financial headache Of no mean
proportions is just N W troubling Pres
ident Weeghman of the Cubs It has
been brought to his mind most forci-
bly, that owning a major league ball
team is not all beer and skittfes.s In
fact, it has cost him about half a
million dollars to find out this uifling
truth.
On the other hand, there is that
we'll known and justly celebrated f.
nancial operator, Mr.. Coniskey, who
is making almost as much money as
the man who has the peanut and pop
corn privileges in the grand stand. His
White Sox are earning big dividends
for him and he has taken in enough
of the long green to pay him back
for his outlay when he invested in
Eddie Collins, Joe jackson and other
preferred stars.
Win, and the fans are with you:
slump and you slump alone.
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1917-08-01

Senator Pomerene of Ohio has in.
troduced bill to have a special flag
for every house that furnishes a man
for the United States army or navy.
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1917-08-01

The acquisition of Al Demaree by
the Giants is another evidence of the
fact that McGraw is not satisfied
with his pitching staff and fears it
won't take him through the pennant
campaign safely. Demaree was let
go by the Giants few years ago be-
cause McGraw thought he was
through. He hasn't done much for
Chicago this year but he is a steady
hurler, at all events and McGraw
probably figures the heavy hitting
and brilliant fielding of the Giants
will enable the veteran to get by.
The presence of the Giants in Pitts
burg at this time coupled with the
coincidence that Pitcher Mamaux or
the Pirates is on the suspended list
and is also in that city has led to d
revival of the rumors that McGraw
will soon get Mamaux. It looks as
if the youngster has been deliberately
playing for his release but as he will
never be of any use to the Pirates
| they might as well let him go if they
can get any good men in return from
the Giants.
The New Haven Journal-Courier
says Shortstop Bill Martin of Bridge
port is the freshest guy in the East
| ern league. The court Courier is too
modest about the freshness of Catch
| er Devine of New Haven, who makes
our own Bill look like Sunday school,
boy.
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1917-08-01

The scrappy New London club will
come to Newfield park on Saturday to
tackle Bridgeport. McCann's crowd
and the locals always mix things up
and in view Of their rough and ready
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1917-08-01

win. and the fans are with you;
slump and you slump alone.
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1917-08-01
American Association

Results of Yesterdays Games.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1917-05-03
CELEBRATE FOUNDERS
DAY AT CHAMPOEG
SsVenty-FOurth Anniversary
To Be Properly Observed
Saturday

Saturday Of this week the 5ith ami
vcrsary of Founders day will be eelc
bratcd at Champocg, the Plymouth
Rock OF Oregon. The celebration will
be held under the auspices Of the ore.
Son Pioneer association. The president
OF the day is Judge =. n. D'Arcv. GOV.
cruor Nithycomhc will deliver am od
dress and also Senator Wood of Wash
ngtuu county.
There will hc a special rate on the
Oregon Electric. leaving Salem at q.t5
Saturday morning At Wilsouyillp a
boat will carry the passengers To the
{ haupoeg grounds
u was ON May ., 1873. that the set
Hers iu this valley decided ia. form
some KIND Of civil government and
at the same time vote as 10 whether il
preferred TO live under the English or
American flag. Pioneers to the number
Of lO2 attended the meeting anr of this
number - voted in favor of the Am.
eucan flag and 80 prctcruug TO live
under the English rule with the two
majority, the first civil government
west Of the Rocky mountains was for.
mcd under the American flag.
When President Polk was elected
his slogan was "ji-lO or fight. " That
is, the settlers in 1874 preferred 10
have the boundary line about 300 miles
further north than the present line
of degrees
About Il years ago the state bought
three acres at Champocg A few years
later several Oregon pioneers includ.
ing Judge darcy purchased an add.
tlonal II acres and 1t is now known as
Provisional Government Park Four
years ago the legislature appropriated
$ 100 to reimburse the pioneers for
the amount they had paid for the
twelve acres.
At the last session of the legislature
$4,000 was appropriated for the cree.
tion of buildings at Champoeg and for
the fencing of the . acres. Judge n
Arcy prepared both of the bills and
was largely instrumental in securing
their passage.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1917-05-03
CHAPTER XXXIN

Who is this Vivian Morton?V my
mother-ln-law asked at breakfast. This
tllne L was surprised, and felt my face
flush as | answered, / knew of course
she was thinking of the violets:
She's friend of Tom s. That lis
he knew her before we were married. y
replied, then launched off into de.
scnptlon of the wonderful day she gave
me
. From what you say [ think |
should like this Miss Morton very much.
She seems the right kind" Mrs. Ran
dali remarked
" Your mother objects to Helen, she
thinks she's ordinary" I blurted to
Tom, who surprised looked from ono
TO the other anxiously, an expression
Of annoyance on his face as if some
thing he had feared and dreaded had
come to pass
on, Helen's all right mother.D he
replied, 'sshe isn't a society woman.
but she s good company, and both she
ana her husband, who is a bully fellow,
nave been more than neighborly.''
OF course There are MANY peo-
pie who are good nelgnbors whom we
doh care to call TRENDS" she ans
Wcrnd, | thought disdainfully.
When Tom rose from the table, altho
nothing more had been said. his face
still wore an anxious expression. And
wren | as usual followed him into the
nall for my good bye kiss, he said:
Mother may be bit prim and old
fashioned in her notions, Sue. But try
not to mind it,"
Household Bills.
L have said nothino onon+ ~, 80
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1917-05-03
7 Jane Phelps
TOM is ANXIOUS

Try over my bills after my mother-ih'
Is arrival, but at times ] was near.
ly frantic | had managed to pay up
the butcher, and to keep the otherS
pacified. All but the new man VINO
had SO insisted upon my opening an ac.
count He had been almost ihSul'lns
once or twice in his demands for mon,
ey. Once when Mrs. Randall oVerhearu
him and came into the kitchen to Sec
what the loud talking was about l a.
most slammed the door in his race ~
fearful was L that she would near LII
dunning me, and that action did HU, .tI,
tend to make him more lenlehJ "i'N
me. nv,
Tom s mother was just like LON
about running into dobt n
"It is the cause of more trouDle 'neg
anything else in the world, she su.S
one day. / Lad been admnng, u ~, vi Z
| saw in store window, and before :
thought had expressed Wls' 'n"'
might have one like it. talk
"It is easy enough for her 70 taa t"a
like thatlH thought as she siloot"ss 3lnos
the folds of her heavy black satln HI9"" .ag
before we walked on. Her daqlSnien
Hazel, dressed her and dressed alo. mo
beautifully in handsome expensive .alI, m
terial. No wonder she conIu nam ~"
against getting things on cregll Nan.
scrimped me to give her spenu,hs M" be,
ey, and her daughter gave her =" in
clothes. She had no need to IU"
debt nj
But to go back to the grocer 7.
had become so importunate tna'
knew I must do something - onr
night after Tom and / had gone = y I
room l said, speaking softly as :
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1917-05-03

Ed Capital journal: You may be in
tercstcd to know that the Modern
Gladiolus Grower, a magazine devoted
TO gladiolus culture, published at CAL
cium, n. ", will make mention in the
coming issue Of the adoption of the
gladiolus by Salem as its official flow
cr. The editor in a personal letter in.
dicatcs that this adoption is unique,
adding chat the gladiolus has not to his
knowledge been thus honorcd before.
Nv &. DIBBLE.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1917-05-03
-zzzzl Editorial Page of The Capital Journal -

dispatch from BuenOs Aires yesterday stated Ger
many had made ample reparatOn to Argentine for the
sinking of of her ships what not the same has
and to salute the Argentine flag This an easy way out
but it shows she would like to retain the friendship of at
least one American country. AT the same time state
ment is made that Germany had sometime ago made
secret treaty with Chile under which she promised to aid
that country in taking of Argentines territory
Attic friendship" the real thing compared to that
so literally professed by Germany
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1917-05-03
GERMAN IINii
FAGEIETl
No! 4 known )! Ys VA.
Has sals' \ Il isD' 'S,|
Peace Tenn =

,..i london. May '-rl.,...
rer ,','l !. ,a'''olior va StS,|
.sl S's = Is to make a pea, y
the German ,tate,n,, NM, Y. ~
ing figure in ii, -
" " Today 10 Messages h. "a
to the peace speech ". y. ''s|
so'''' iou IN insisting he l'1 t,tt,'
ing the address otl,n ''i'.,', h,
make announcement tol,, =
..l But /. whether Or not !, NJ u
news from Germ,,v 80. !
ahS.lH,9 ana Holland today inis,i.i iDi, n
cnaaccllor "a! today / fs,ia' f'oi,'''.1
Srls'S' srls. politically Re \ !
from the eouservati,., y ~ 1
electoral reforms; h, ''' !, n.
me socialist beeaps. 4, 4Sls|
IA Tar enough in promise q 4 ,i.n.. i.'.l
blamed by Other parties 4 l,','.'l Y
lslTaiion Z Of the food cmts n '''lA
Reports of a new D,s,s e,,,' i. N
Hlollweg have crya,li1,I IA \. Ny Il
ton, The junkers ana Ii,s 5is u,,l!' =
ers fear Hollweg NAV tF I n.y. W.
,dermany's willingness 4 N, " NJ
by returning the industrial .'S,l'|
Belgium and France N Il, y
Hlindenburg is being asv,r'i NJ /,
class of Holilweg's elenie, N N
cal successor.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1917-05-03

Advice and castor oil both come under the category of
things that give streigth to the proverb that 1T better
concluded that most of us should feel better for the
farmer has certainly received plenty of real advice Now
perhaps had best give him rest and let him get to his
work unhampered 1t may be we will be called ON to give
cur labor as well advice and it is hoped we will be
generous with it. If are the farmers will have plenty
of help any time they need it.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1917-05-03
TO EMPLOY WOMEN

chicago, May 3,-Three more rail
Io''oS Today announced that in the fu.
5a[ 5u[c tn'y would employ women in all
He HHePoIlaenls I eI possible, where the men
nr, n"' l'f' their positions to join the col.
c,i Inc Chicago, Milwaukee & st. Paul
pD,,' E",voso x Alton, and the Monon
t% HoulG are the roads preparing to meet
raon o',v ''' T Ta'l9n created by shortage of
l40u az !, employees who enlist are assured
n,, - 'ne M return Of their positions at the
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1917-05-03
lNIl!lytlusbanld I! Isl ;;?5Il!5l and |!
0pS' by Jane Phelps -


eoa rcd his mother nigll g,i.. ns'''
l0'i'0 False Prst'l'es
"Tom, you'll just = 4, 4 a
more money to run the lp'i'i :, MI
are three Of US now all' ,,,s ,al
as cheaply as when V ", Y, n
81 wish you could .'i sel s,ll1 a,,I1 D
have been trying to saw .,s. It /
nr N.Y. raise. wen son 3 y s'5a islil
know, z and he hls'fa KS fsan,Bspi IL NJ
At TINS s.e s',',s aere wonderful vi Nj
fofoearal,'' a.a.s peeyish, ald ali,slI' .liss !
4sll ten Se Sr0Is never allowed a,9y'isss aayltsis
lr pp, did ID to make him ~ Hss Fi I
~ now II / was desperate i.e,nt iis \. EllI'
be peT paid, and paid vi'p0''
I + had run in DEBT i,.t csnH n
"But Tom. Iss,t 81, iiitgll
have 10 have a. l''''
more y 4, N
noh, Oh, Tom please si,gipg g4, o ~
M | ezelainedl', u Plr,%if n., ! 30 ~
d. pathy and love f'f " II,
~ ,eAll right glIllo, ,.no,t aroihef W. Z /
excited, ted 4 and Titn5p, IN ps,,Iei NJ
gat goF' enough nlS to pay Vt ile oaist dlIi I
would keep .anId ri get The islr, ,aia, / Il
some aya way Was only ons ,,,Iries 'IiIs \
in' in medium e 'iTs'nis'fii. + Tnsni ), .9s
small salary. ..o,,t j yOpr hISl'''
ledge" u,oss|