davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The evening herald. (Klamath Falls, Or.) 1906-1942, 1917-06-21
KLAMATH BOY N
SIGNAL CORPS
DgResAAo ". xollMAN WRITES
o. COOP MsAIa AND Ms WORK
N rhs -o,ssArcngas- oe.
pAArMeMr

+ TAs following icter has been rccclv'
- ~ The Herald from Bernard W. Zoll
Inaa. = member Of Depot Co, I. Signal
9oepa. who Ia stationed At Fort l.eaven
worth. Kama. with q number Of other
Klamath Falls boys.
RI. LEAvENwORTH. Kans.. June
N.-we are very thankful Tor your
paper. Il makee us think someone Ne
nembers N while we are gone.
We are feeling flne. and sct plenty to
eat and sleep. with lots Of study and
oae hosr q drill.
Oar eats Are the best to be had In
most so-cent boarding houses. Some
days Il b chicken and the rest that so
with . chicken dinner. and some days
ve ~ lee cream for desert.
Our sleep h from ; O'Clock .. m. to
: .. m. bat sometimes We don't get to
bed sAtil n.
We study AoSse teleKraphy. wire
lees. wiewa9 o. = single Aas. sema.
pAoee. in which we use two ilaEs. and
he Aeliograph. which h used BY the
reaectioa q the sun.
Our drills are without guns. We
doat kin people. but We have our little
part to do We send orders from the
man higher up.
Our postolace address Is Depot Co I.
Biknal CORPS.
We are siad to hear from any Of the
people Of Klamath Falls.
The evening herald. (Klamath Falls, Or.) 1906-1942, 1917-06-21
PERSONALS

Clyde Bradley Of Merrill was in town
yesterday.
p. ". Snyder Of Swan Lake was a
Visitor n The city last night.
c. v. Loosely oe Fort klamath came
down yesterday.
4 ". Moon Of Bray came In yester.
day q business.
L 4. Boyss a Merrill vas In town
yesterday q business.
". ". Lewis oe Yreka is . Klamath
Eal1s visitor.
Jsek Goddard oe Weed is up this
vesk.
. cscil q. Hollinshead OF La Pine Is a
Klamath Falls visitor this week.
lirs. ssits of 44s Esplanadc. Of the
Record once. has left the city.
I. H. Lynch was in over night last
night.
D. n. Stevenson Is q visitor here on
b9siness.
Nn. VIM Page Of Fort Klamath is d
Klamath Falls visitor this week.
Frank Mccormack was in town today
o. business.
The evening herald. (Klamath Falls, Or.) 1906-1942, 1917-06-21

Miss Marjorie Payne and Mrs. Annie
Rush cf Ashland returned the nrst Of
the week with Miss Edna q. Wells.
county school superintendent. and Miss
Katherine Wells Of the assessors Of
hce. their aunts, and viii spend about
two weeks visiting here. Niss Wells
drove over In her machine.
The evening herald. (Klamath Falls, Or.) 1906-1942, 1917-06-21
CONGRESSMAN MeARThUR
COMING HOME SOON

PORTLAND. June :l.--Representa.
tive Macarthur Of Oregon has obtained
two weeks leave Of abscncc from
congress and intends TO come to Port.
land Immediately. He will be back In
Washington July 5.
The evening herald. (Klamath Falls, Or.) 1906-1942, 1917-06-21

UP.ro-THGAalNUTg oo.cARrs
Clean. snappy. one-motion folding 60
carts and sulkies with reclining spring
seats. adjustable foot. with tubular
steel frames. mud guards and foot
brake. $50. and up.
31-lt JOHNSTONE FURNITURE co.
The evening herald. (Klamath Falls, Or.) 1906-1942, 1917-06-21

Juaoe oeee - laosevssw
Jndes d v. Kuykendall q The cir.
cult eeart leit today Tor lAkevisv .
Aoa6 . session q eoaEt, vAieA = .
Part q III district a night Sosstoa IN
IL 0teaTas-llurdoek case Vas Aeld
last night to 1nisA up
The evening herald. (Klamath Falls, Or.) 1906-1942, 1917-06-21

0eww erem Crescent
0r. and Mn. Jess Davis and Mr..
Jeanis l. ohanks q Crssesat wsre IN
town yesterday.
The evening herald. (Klamath Falls, Or.) 1906-1942, 1917-06-21

n. Putnam q SAipplAgtoa suffered
N in)ary this week while woekins b
u bo9 factory vAsa - Aad . tore
Aassr split and cot lsastAviss hy
saw.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-10
NORTHERN LIGHTS
AFFECT TELEGRAPH

Chicago, Aug. 9.-The aurora Dor
calls or northern lights interrupted
wire communications over the north
en half Of the United States and all
OF Canada from the Rocky Mountains
to the Atlantic ocean and even was
felt in southern ATTITUDES last night
and for several hours early today.
The phenomenon became visible and
began to affect telegraph and tele'
phone wires shortly before midnight
and for several hours before daylight
this morning many trunk line circuits
were useless most Of the time.
The display of the aurora In Colo
RADIO was described as particularly
brilliant. many persons believing the
red appearance of the northern sky
was caused by forest fires. A dispatch
from Denver quoted Prof. H. A. Howe
of the department Of astronomy OF
Denver university as saying that such
a display had never been observed be.
fore in Colorado to his knowledge.
Reports to telegraph companies
here state that the earth currents did
not affect wires south of St. Louis in
the west, but in the east circuits as
far south as Atlanta were disturbed.
Telegraph Off cials said the disturb
ance was more widespread than for
many years, the phenomenon usually
being confined to northern lattitudes.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-10
WAR ON UNFAIR
PROFITS BEGINS
ADMlNlsTR RATION INAUGURATEs
PROGRAM FOR OBTAINING
PROPER PRICES.

Washington, D. c., Aug. 9.-Work OF
putting into operation the administra
tons war prices policy providing for
the purchase of war materials for the
United States and its allies on basis
of reasonable profits" was begun al
today's session at the war industries
board.
Definite assurances are included in
the boards program that the American
public will be protected against profit
eering. Preparations are being made
to adopt drastic action to reduce prices
in case negotiations with producers
and manufacturers fail.
1t is believed however, that salts
factory adjustment of the cost problem
will be reached without resort to legis-
lation.
The administration desire that the
allies be permitted to buy necessary
materials at the same prices as is this
government is prompted by the feel
ing that the nations are working in a
common cause and Justice demands
that cost be equalized.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-10
GERMAN POLICE DOGS
FIND FOOD LAW FOES

Berlin, Aug. 9.-Germany's famous
trained police dogs are now proving
valuable sleuths in running down VIC
lators Of the food laws. Near Berlin
the dogs located man who had been
differing from vegetable patches of
truck gardeners. leading officials to
the house where the stolen vegetables
were hidden.
In Munich constable attempted to
seize a man caught with fifty pounds
of meat from an illegal slaughter
house. The man escaped. leaving the
burden behind, but was tracked to a
hay loft by police dogs. When the
officer returned to the spot where the
meat was left it was gone. The po-
lice dogs were summoned again and
located it in nearby house where it
had been hidden by woman.
When hailed to court the meat
Spectator pleaded he was without
funds. The court was inclined to doubt
his story, suspecting the meat SNUG
gler had hidden his purse In the hay
loft. Again the police dogs did
their duty by finding the purse hidden
in the hay.
The fishing industry also is being
subjected to governmental control as
a result OF wholesale smuggling and
speculation.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-10
FOOD LAWS WILL BE
SIGNED TOMORROW
CONTINUED From Page H.

directs" the president, In his discre.
ton, to commander distilled bever.
ages In bond or stock when necessary
for Redistribution into alcohol for mil.
itary or other public defense purporses
or to conserve foodstuffs.
SMOOT PLAN BEATEN.
Congressional leaders understand
the president does not intend to com.
mandeer distilled spirits or to curtail
their consumption unless military ext
eencies require. The so-called Smoot
amendment. directing federal purchase
of distilled beverages in bond at cost
plus 10 per cent profit, was eliminated.
In lieu Of house provisions authoriz-
ing the food administration to fix min
imum prices for all necessaries. the
law provides that the food administra.
ton shall fix minimum price for
wheat alone. Until May 1, 1909, the
bill provides that the basic price shall
not be less than 81 per bushel, based
upon No. spring northern at all pri-
mary markets.
MEETING COAL PROBLEM.
Sweeping powers to control coal
prices also are provided. The bill auth
orizes the president, through the fed
eral trade commission or other agency,
to fix coal and coke prices. at the
mines and among wholesalers and re-
tailers. to regulate method of sale,
shipment and distribution among deal
ers and consumers and to requisition
and operate mines or other coaling
facilities
A system Of federal licensing Of all
agencies related to the production.
transportation and distribution Of the
designated necessaries also is provided
and rigid provisions against boarding,
speculation and monopolization estab-
lished under heavy penalties. Farmers
are exempted from the boarding provi-
sions.
PRESIDENTS WIDE POWERS.
The bill also authorizes the presi-
dent to requisition. for military or pub
lie defense needs. all necessaries nam
ed, and, to guarantee reasonable prices
to producer and consumer, to buy ana
sell fuel. wheat. -four. meal. beans and
potatoes The bill also authorizes the
president to renuisition and operate
any factory. packing house. mine or oil
pipe line. at Just compensation, for
military or public defense uses.
Regulation of grain and other food
stuff markets. to prevent injurious
speculation or undue enhancement OF
prices, is another power conferred up
on the food administration through
the president.
Another clause. inserted by the SEN
ate after much criticism of alleged
sale by members of the advisory COM
missioners of,their own products to the
government prohibits federal agents
from soliciting or inducing contracts
with the government in which they
are interested.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-10
LOCAL NEWS ITEMS

Miss Alma Potter of Bidwell spent
Wednesday with Miss Fern Brooks
831 Quincy avenue.
Little Miss Doris Gilmer of Fairfield
is visiting her grandparents, Mr.. and
Mrs. Robert Tierney, 1043 West Sec
ond street
Magic hoodoo paper keeps the ants
away. 15c, Herrick & Downs.
Mrs. William Dennis of Pueblo
Colo, and Cloise Baffett of Allerton
are spending few days with Mr.. and
Mrs. C. D. Evans, 314 Chester avenue
Mrs. Florence Moore of Des Moines,
has returned after spending few days
Schuyler street
Mrs. Myrtle Chandler and Mrs. Will
liam Burt Mathews of Chicago, are
visiting at the N. F. Manro home. 173
North Davis street.
Misses Ef1e and Susan Berry OF
F1oris and Miss Fern Brooks, S31 Quin'
cy avenue, have gone to Blakesburg to
visit relatives few days.
Mrs. Margaret Belknap, 421 West
Woodland avenue, left this morning
for Oklahoma City on business and
will visit at points in Oklahoma and
Texas before returning home the first
of September
J. A. Macdonald of Milwaukee, for
merly division superintendent OF the
Kansas City division of the Milwaukee
here, is an Ottumwa visitor today.
Marriage licenses have been grant
ed to H. l. Porter and Matilda Jack
son, Fla. c.. Meagher and Ruby Kent
and to Bert Warren and Mamie Luip-
pold.
Addie Newell VS. J. E. Harlan ct al.
is the title of suit filed in district
court asking foreclosure of mort
gage and judgment for $500. j. E..
Proctor VS. Fred Isaacson and Augusta
-Isaacson is the title of petition seek
ing mechanics lien and Judgment for
$31.e0.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-10
SERBS BATTLE
UNDER 2 FLAGS
IMPRESSED INTO A U S T r N
ARMY, THEY DESERT TO JOIN
RUSSIAN FORCES.

Corfu, Island of Corfu, July 10.-(by
NaiN-Two whole Serbian divisions
40 600 men-which entered the war un
der the Austrian flag, fighting agalns,
the entente allies, today nave turneu
suuarely around and are tlghtlng unoei
the entente colors against the centra'
powers. This fighting under Two nass
is one of the queer romances OF inc ois
war, related by Pro. Yanitch, private
chaplain of King Peter OF Serbia, as
Illustrating how the conglomerate SlaV
population of southern Austr1a-Hun'
gary is ready to break away from the
Hapsburg master
FORCED INTO WAR.
These two divisions, or1glnaily
Austrian, were forced into the ranks
early in the war from Bosnia, Croatia
and Herzegovina, the Slav states
forcibly annexed by Austria. 1t IS the
great hotbed of Slav agitation. me
population is overwhelmingly Slav but
is held in subsection by the iron mill
tarv rule of the dual monarchy.
The Austrian staff held the Slav
forces in reserve for time, we'll know
ing the bitterness in. the ranks. But
when General Brussiloff's great drive
began year ago in Galicla, the
Austrians had need Of every man OF
their resources. This brought the Slav
divisions into line and for the first
time Slav was facing Slav, the south.
ern Slav element being thrust forward
to meet the rush Of their brothers
from the north
1t literally was a fight of brother
against brother After one engagement
Young Serb officer went among the
enemy wounded and found two OF his
brothers fatally shot by his own men
and by his own orders.
STREAM OF DISCRETION.
But the ties of race were stronger
than flags. In one fight machine
gun battery attached to one or the
Slav divisions opened firing against
the advancing Russians and then
swinging their pieces about, ended the
day by pouring their fire into the ranks
of the Austrians. AS the two sides
came together the Slavs with the Aus
trian forces would call out we are
Serbs" which was the signal for
steady stream of desertion from the
Austrian to Russian ranks.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-10
FRENCH LEADER
IS OPTIMISTIC
"AMERICA'S PART WILL BE
GREAT SAYS PAlNLEVE AT
LONDON.

London, Aug paul Painleve. the
French minister Of war, according to
the Evening Herald. said before leav-
ing London at the conclusion Of the
entente allied conferences:
America Is quickly solving the ton
mage problem and will produce air
planes machinery, steel and food. She
already has sent us many specialists
and is sending more, especially airmen
and engineers.
Then. in time for the decisive bat
ties, will come her great armies. Her
part will be great Together the Brit
ish American and French armies will
exert continuous pressure on the en-
envy with staggering blows at such in
tervals as the high commands think At.
The Russian trouble will pass. We
must be calm and patent"
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-10
PRACTICAL JOKER
COMES TO GRIEF

Peoria. ILL.,. Aug. 9.-Raymond
Thorpe, of Rock Island, ILL.,, is in the
county Jail here today awaiting a
hearing on federal warrant charging
him with scattering itching powder
and causing stink bomb to explode
in the government arsenal at Rock
Island. He says he did it just for fun.
He was arrested late yesterday and
brought here last night. He claims to
be IS years Of age. but says he gave
his age as 81 to secure employment at
the arsenal He also registered for
the draft army. He has wife and a
child.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-10
BACK US UP" WORD
FROM BOYS IN FRANCE
CONTINUED From Page

training OF soldiers in the everchang-
ing methods of modern war is labor
requiring months OF patient, painstak-
ing efforts.
The building of this machinery-the
great engine of war which works be-
hind the l1nes-is the staggering task
now being dealt with. It is task in
way greater than anything France or
Great Britain have been called on to
do, for Americas problems are those
of France and Great Britain multiplied
by 5000 miles Of Atlantic ocean.
YANKEES APT STUDENTS.
The army that is here realizes all
these difficulties but it also has an I'M
shakable faith In American genius for
accomplishment and the American
will.
The way to the trenches is long and
hard. The daily drills and tasks neces-
sarily are much the same thing over
and over again. But the soldiers are
anxious that the folks at home should
know that the absence Of news does
not mean absence of work. Nor can
the value Of each days training be
actually told until the American SOL
der at last stands out as the finished
product.
It is not known how much longer
the French Institutional division will
remain with the Americans. The lat
ter are proving so apt and the training
camps are so we'll established that I'm
doubleday it will be only comparative
" short time when but a few picked
French Officers and non-commissioned
80 r. A. to ~,
the training.
ANXIOUS FOR ACTION.
Students of the war are convinced
that the morale Of the troops and the
morale Of the nations Of the entente
will prove to be the final factor in de-
Gliding the titantic struggle
The men are anxious for a glimpse
Of war and there is no doubt that after
they get it it will add infinitely to their
knowledge and their. ability to train
future divisions. The men still are far
enough from the line to hear or see
little that has to do with real fighting.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-10
'PERSHING FAVORS
SMALL ARMY UNITS

Washington, D. c., Aug 9.--Reduc-
ton of the strength of American army
divisions to the European standard Of
10000 men and revival of the old
army corps major tactical unit was
recommended. it was learned today,
by Major General Pershing, after q
careful study of conditions at the
front. American officers are convinced
that sound military reasons induced
the French and British war Offices to
adopt this tactful formation of trench
warfare
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-10
TENNIS STAR HAS
ENTERED u. S. NAVY

Los Angeles, Cal, Aug. 9.-Maurice
E. Mclaughlin. known among tennis
followers as the California comet"
winer of the Davis cup singles matches
in 1914 and three times holder Of the
national singles and doubles champion.
ships, has enrolled at the naval train.
ing station at San Pedro, Cal. Nc
Loughlin is arranging his business az
fairs in order to be ready when he is
called upon to report for service.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-10
GRIDIRON STAR IN RANKS.

Atlanta, Ga, Aug. 9.-One of the
greatest football players ever produc-
ed at Princeton, Eddie Hart, is pri
vate here training with the Seventh
regiment of engineers. Hart was a
star of the gridiron and was captain
of the Tigers in 1910-1311. Most Of
the experts picked Hart for the all
American team. Many also named
him for captain on the all-American.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-10
CENTRAL POWERS FIX
COMMUNICATION RULE

Basel Switzerland. Aug. 9-Negotia-
lions for the purpose of drafting eco
nomic agreements and arranging meth
DDS Of inter-communication will begin
at Vienna tomorrow between repres-
entatives OF Germany. Austria Hun
!, gary, Bulgaria and Turkey.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-10
SPAIN TO ESCAPE
RAILROAD STRIKE

Madrid, Aug 9.-Danger of rail-
road strike in northern Spain has
been averted At meeting last night
the leaders of the men voted to call in
the strike notices, expressing the hope
that by doing so the Spanish govern
ment would be enabled to obtain salts
faction of their claims from the rail-
road companies.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-10
ELEVEN DROWNED
WHEN VESSEL is SUNK
CONTINUED From Page ~

ors arrived from France to man num-
Der of ships about to sail from various
ports for that country. 1t was said that
many men who formerly followed the
sea either have gone to work In NUM-
ton plants or on farms and 1t is almost
Impossible to get the sailors required
to navigate steamships.
SHORTAGE NOT ACUTE.
No acute shortage in the labor sup
ply in New York state because Of the
federal draft Is foreseen by John
Mitchell, chairman of the state indus
trial commission and Charles D.
Barnes, director of the state system of
public employment bureaus. Each said
IN a statement made public today that
they could see many changes in the
labor situation but believed employers
would readjust their affairs to meet
the situation.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-10
MORE AMERICANS
HONORED BY FRANCE

Paris. Aug 9.-Four additional
members Of the American field ser
vice have been awarded the cross Of
war The honored men are: w. York
Stevenson, Of Philadelphia: Howard
r. Gamble of New York; Hugh Elliott
of Evanston. H.. student of North
western University; Charles Isbell. Of
North Adams, Mass, a student at
Dartmouth.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-10
PRACTICE SHELLS
KILL CIVILIANS

Atlanta, Ca, Aug. 9.--Army officers
today were Investigating the killing Of
four civilians yesterday during field
artillery practice at Little Kennesaw
mountain, about thirty miles from
Atlanta. They are trying to ascertain
what caused the shell to riccochette
to the point mile from the mountain
and are looking into story that
another shell, diverted far from its
course, injuring negro.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-10
HERE'S WHERE GOOD
SPY TALE GETS X. O.

Washington. D. c.. Aug. 9. - The
ice ran low at big army bakery the
other day and the yeast spoiled and in
turn spoiled six thousand loayes Of
bread. The bread tasted queer so the
troops couldn't eat.
That is all there is to story that
a German spy put deadly poison in the
army's food. which startled many
newspaper readers at breakfast this
morning.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-10
TO SCAN DRAFT ROLL.

Chicago, Aug. 9.-Veteran leaders OF
organized labor are to pass on the
labor situation In Chicago, Cook coun-
" and northern Illinois before exemp-
lions from military duty are passed on
BY the three district appeals boards.
This was decided yesterday at meet
ing Of the boards. John Fitzpatrick.
president of the Chicago Federation Of
Labor: Victor Olander, secretary OF
the Illinois Federation of Labor and
George W. Perkins. international pres
ident Of the Cigarmakers union, were
named by the joint session Of the
boards to make the survey Of the labor
situation.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-10
OKLAHOMA
GUSTS I.W.W.
EFFORTS TO SPREAD DISAFFEc-
TON ARE THWARTED BY
OFFICERS.

Muskogee, Okla, Aug. Six alleg-
ed l. w. w. agitators are under arrest
at Miami, Ottawa county, and several
others have been driven from the min
ing district there as the result of at
tempts to dynamite freight cars, &C
cording to reports to the United States
marshal's office here Miami is in the
heart Of a lead and zinc mining dis
trict. Messages from County Attorney
McNaughton of Miami, said the trouble
with the I. w. WIS was ended.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-10
FEAR OF INDIANS ALLAYEp.

Tucson, AriZ., Aug. 9.-With the AZ.
rest of two ring leaders among the
Apache Indians strikers at the ashes
tos mines in the Sierra Anchas noun.
tains, fears Of spread Of the uprising
have been allayed according to a long
distance telephone message this morn
ing from the San Carlos Indian reser-
vation.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-08-10
CONGRESS MAY
TAKE STUMP
MEMBERS ARE URGED TO De.
VOTE VACATION TO LOYALTY
TALKS.

Washington, D. c., Aug. 8. - Con-
gress may turn itself into great chau-
tauqua, when it finishes work here, to
enlighten every section Of the country
on the need of prosecuting the war
vigorously. not only as war for world
democracy but as fight for American
rights and preservation.
President Wilson himself may do his
bit in the same direction, possibly by
a speech on some occasion or by a
letter to congressional leaders.
Plans were in nebulous state to-
day but all the under current in-a@cial
quarters was toward such move.
Congressional leaders were talking
Of practically putting congress on the
stump. by asking every representative
and senator to 60 through his district
during the recess. speaking on the
part Of the United States In the war
and emphasizing that the United
States Is fighting for the future, not
of the world but Of itself
Those who favor the plan point out
that the country is hearing many agi-
tators who oppose the draft and parti-
cipahon in the war. They think that
fathers and mothers who are giving
sons to the colors should hear some
thing on the other side Of the question
and from ofiicial sources.