The herald., 1917-08-23

kAl 90 w 80 ~ az. slAlI'lsI-
AN neutraIS rs we'll rs enemies,
is rather revcrsion to type
kTT than step in progress, says
a writer in the Philadelphia
Record. Joshua and solomon employed
spies. The Hebrew peregrinations to
reach the promised land required infor-
nation concerning regions and peoples
TO be invaded. One Caleb was the chief
spy Of corps that was sent to learn
or the fertility and the military
strength Of the land of Canaan. After
40 days Of espionage they reported
that IL was land of milk ana honey
ana fruit, but that the cities were for
hhed and the people were strong. some
OF them being giants.
The Greeks rather prldpd themselves
on the cleverneSS Of their spies.
The Romans, If we are Ia take their
own word for il. were Incapable of
STOPPING 10 the buScHcsS of common
spying or studied trcachery Of any sort.
When Abraham Lincoln president
elect, in his address on WaShingt0n'S
birthday, 1861, at Independence hall. IN
reply Ia the mayor of Philadelphia.
limited in single clause that he might
not live TO be- imaugurated. he had been
Informed, through John Allen Pinker-
Ton, of the plot to take his life at Bal F.
umOre. He left on an earlier train. .
nnd did not stop at that city. The
United States at that time had no Se- .
rret service organization. But a sys-
TEN for obtaining military informa-
ZION In the Southern states was estab-
lished early in the war by General Nc /
Clellan, and from this developed the
federal secret service, which was
throughout the war in charge of the
original PinkertOn under the name of
Maj. +. ]. Allen.
Americas Secret Service.
Pinkcrton. gaining some reputation
by running down gang of counter
feiterS, had been appointed deputy
sheriff of Cook county, Illinois. with t
Offices in Chicago. He won more fame ;
by getting the thieves and nearly all
the loot of Il 100000 theft. from the !
safes Of the Adams Express company.
In 1892 he established the Pinkerton I
National Detective agency. And PEI l
haps IT is only just to say that Pinkpr- I
ton saved Lincoln for the presidency {
and thereby saved the Union. 5
Important figures in the secret sery- 5
Ice work of the Civil war were news
paper reporters, scouts and women. G
The newspaper men did not have the I
Spmfnftipial md nrf, IL. ! q
they have in this war. They had to
assume the DISCUSSES and pretenses of
real spies to get material they were q
supposed to get, and then send ii I'M d
inspired and also uncensored. They Il
were frequently arrested and impris- II
oned and took many of the same risks G
that the military spies did This was b
true Of the early part of the p
war, and the seeding period preced- %
ng. when they followed the movements e.
leading to the war and mingled with a
legislators at the Southern capitals. Il
Scouts, who are ordinarily in uniform 81
md treated as regular prisoners of "
var when captured, did much service p
lnder such commanders as MOsby and 81
Young quite after the manner of spies. V,
md they were hanged when caught. Il
The most notable female spies were CO
lot professional secret service agents. V
tut were residing in one section and %
folding their sympathies with the 9th es
r, and acted primarily through strong he
'atriOtic motives. n
lnefficiency During Civil War. an
Besides the spy activities at home, ey
he Confederate states had an impor On
ant secret service work In Europe.
English sympathy was enlisted on their ha
ide, arrangements were made for rs
uilding cruisers at Bordeaux, English
were sent to the South. TO
When the army Of the Potomac. aft Pa
r long delay and preparation, began W,
Is advance in October 1861. McClcI- vo
ans orders had been given In entire
ignorance of the topography Of the en- So
irons OF Edwards Ferry (all the mans me
eng ineXacD, and of the force of the OH
nemy in front of LeeSburg. In spite on,
I the efforts of Pinkerton, at that Ioo
inc the secret service orronizotion 90,
entirely inefficient. Fighting units tee
eht to be within supporting dis On,
Se OF each other were crushed with isf
Ut the knowledge of the intended SIM ore
orters. The South had the advantage stv
familiarity with their own country :,
here were no airplanes to guIde tho mol
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