Arizona republican., 1917-01-25
SUBSTITUTION
 IS ONE NATURAL
 RESULT OF WAR
Republican A. p. Leased wirel


 BERLIN. Jan. 24-Tke extent to which substitutes and mutations are rampant in Germany today form one of the most interesting subjects of the new seasonable reviews. The "ersatz' the German word for substitute-is now common noe only in the line Of fo0dstuffs, but in the chemical indus trY textiles and metals. Though from time to time indicat ations of this change in German life have become known abroad, there have lately appeared summaries which afford sharper fo- GUS on the situation. Some of the items in this development. under their rcFDectiFe heads. are as follows
 SalJnoter: Before the War Germany imported annually over 10000, GOO worth of saltpeter for agricultural and ammunition purposes. mainly from Chile. and all of this regular supply was lost at the outset of the war Today countless factories in GermanN TO manufactaring saltpeter. whereas before the war there were only few such experimental establishments and Germany is now able not only to sup ply the increased amount of saltpeter necessary for ammunition, but also has been able to furnish all that is neces- sar for fertilizers.
 Aluminum Before the war the supply of b1uXite for the manufacture ef aluminium had been imported from France, and the cutting off or this supply led German scientists to dis cover a process of aluminium manutac- ture by electricity from ordinary clay
 Mineral oils: Chemical experts in the German coal fields have discovered new ways of extracting oils from their coal. partly relieving the serious con Gitior resulting from the cutting off of mineral oil imports which. in l913 amounted to DO less than SPIT 900 000
 Rubber: Germany lost practically all of her imports of rubber, and to offset this shortage she has substi- 1 tuted steel for rubber in innumerabe 1 cases where rubber had been used : purely for it's elasticity Further, the i perfection of the submarine merchant : ship made it possible to bring in ! enough new rubber to mix with the 1 old ir the creation of regeneratei | or synthetic rubber. The supply of ] this has been developed until TOW it is 1 sad 10 be sufficient to last for an i other eight months.
 Graphite: Ceylon was the exclusive source of supply of graphite used in Germany before the war. because the 1 CeNlOn graphite was 99 per cent pure. l Since the beginning of the war. Ger many has been dependent entirely up- 1n the inferior Bav3rian graphite but i German chemists have been able to i find a process by which the Bavarian i article can be purified to a 97 per cent standard.
 ROsn: Supplies of this had come exclusively from America and France brt German chemists have now be- come able to produce all that is needed from the German forests. or are able
 to use as substitute for rosin the ! by-products of wool and coal.
 Textiles: Paper has been adapted in inn fdmera ble instances to serve for cloth. By using protoXide of sodium
 sulphite eellulose and paper, a ver1
 durable and satisfactory thread ha' been evolved, which. in turn. lends 1 itself to the creation of sacks ana
 bags, girdles, doilies, aprons work
 ing garments, wrapping cloth anC
 thread and string The inventor.
 have discovered a way to give tho
 paper cloth great resistance tt
 dampness. Cellulose has been fount i to lend itself to the production Q
 gun cotton when combined witt
 other chemicals, and nettles havt proved themselves to be the sourc,
 of cotton batting, thread, yarn, col
 bring matter tnd even feed stuffs
 Dresses and other clothes are beine
 manufactured out of artificial cottor
 and wool, as they sometimes were il
 reace times. Even the reeds tha
 grow on the banks of lakes and pond
 are being used to make artificial cloths.
 Copper. Almost the only "unsub stitutable' substance has been con per, but there has been found to h plenty Of that on hand in Celma industrial plants and elsewhere. nlace of the copper thus taken b tho government, there have bee,i in stalled aluminium and zinc. out 0 which wires and utensils of variou sorts have been fashioned, with per feet success. In addition zinc ila been found to do just as well as cop Ter in the manufacture of q SCOT I of articles in every day use. and i. q good substitute also for brass an bronze. Iron and steel also slbst . ute satisfactorily in dozens of othe
 cases. and are now largely used rstalling anraratus of all kinds s ''iace of rubber. copper and bras /in" and aluminium and zineod fro . find their Use nov in sWitchbOart