davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Daily Missoulian. [volume] (Missoula, Mont.) 1904-1961, 1917-05-22
MINNEAPOLIS GRAIN

The wheat market was weak today
and closing prices We're from to 8
cents lower. Wheat receipts, 447 cars,
compared with 316 a year ago.
Wheat-May, opened, s3lS; high
$500: low. s3.12; close, $3.12.
July-Opened, s2.62; high, sassy
low. Sass; close, $2.6l.
September - Opened, s2.1o; high
$40; low, $500: close, $500.
No. / hard, s3.16m3.21: No. l north
ern. $3.06G3.11; No. northern, $2.9f
MS.o6: No. 3 wheat, $2.s1 m2.91: No. .
durum. $2.70M2.so; No. hard Mon
tana. S3.O6m3.l1.
Corn-No. yellow, s161a. q 1.63A
Oats-No. white. 6S1.M691..
FlaX-$3.37M 3.43.
F'lour-Unchanged; shipments, &c.
2a4 barrels.
Barmy-$1.1Oml.4 LAS.
Rye-S2.336l
Bran--$33
The Daily Missoulian. [volume] (Missoula, Mont.) 1904-1961, 1917-05-22
ATTORNEY is PULLED
FROM SPOKANE RIVER

Spokane. May 2O.-A man supposed
to be Il. r. Bridgcman, Minneapolis
attorney. was saved from drowning
here early today by members of the
Idaho National guard. The guardsmen
saw the man struggling in the water,
which is unusually high. and aided by
others, pulled him from the Spokane
river.
The man was taken to a hospital
but was unable to give any coherent
reply to questions. He seemed to i'm
aeine he was in Minneapolis. American
Bankers association checks to the
amount Of $500, issued at North Yak
ina. Washington. and n card in the
Minneapolis lodge of Elks were found
in his clothes.
The Daily Missoulian. [volume] (Missoula, Mont.) 1904-1961, 1917-05-22
NEW YORK STOCKS

New York, May 2l.-Industrials.
notably the steel and iron stocks, ruled
today's active but relatively restricted
market to an extraordinary degree. In
quiry for those issues seemed to be
prompted by additional trade advices
of q highly favorable tenor. Extensive
short covering and growing public par
titipation were accelerating factors.
United States Steel occupied it's GUS
tomary commanding position and con-
tributed almost 80 per cent to the total
of $4,000 shares. At it's extreme rise
of. ga points to 1851 the stock came
within 4 points of it's record made in
the latter part of 1916.
Related stocks like Lackawanna,
Cruciblc, Midvale and Superior steels
and Republic Iron and Colorado Fuel
took rank among the other strong and
active issues at gains of to 81.
points. Metals, oils and sugars were
in less demand. but finished at irregu-
lar advances. Rails were intermittent
~ prominent but failed to register
more than moderate gains, despite
cheerful crop news and reports of in
creased western tonnage.
Bonds were firm, a condition to
which an enlarged inquiry for inter-
nationals contributed appreciably. To.
tai sales, par value, $3,O75,00O.
United states bonds were unchanged
on call, but the coupon As fell y pei
The Daily Missoulian. [volume] (Missoula, Mont.) 1904-1961, 1917-05-22
MONEY AND METALS

New York. May Chopper steady;
electrolytic. spot and second quarter
S3l asa; third quarter and later de-
liveries, $2Sm3O. Lead strong, spot
loA. Spelter firm; spot and May, East
st. Louis delivery, 9k GI91a.
Mercantile paper, 4&M5 per cent
Bar silver. 747s. Mexican dollars. 5Sas
Government bonds steady; railroad
bonds firm.
Time loans easier: 60 days, Az q
Az 30 days and months. hM4A.
Cali money steady; high, 2is; low
"a; ruling rate, 2H; last loan, 2A
closing bid. "a offered at 2h.
The Daily Missoulian. [volume] (Missoula, Mont.) 1904-1961, 1917-05-22
OMAHA LIVESTOCK

Hogs Receipts, $500. Lower.
Heavy, $15.15Hl 1910: mixed. Sl5.60m
$780, light. $15.50m16; pigs, $12M
12.47: bulk, Sl5.60Gll6.
Cattle-Reccipts. 1900. Steady to
10 lower. Native steers, slo.35M 1925;
cows and heifers. $S.5Om1 $50; western
steers, 1925 Ml1.25; Texas steers, $3.50
q 1850: Gamers. $7ms.5O; stockers and
feeders. $1m1O75; calves, $3.50 a 1850;
bulls, $7M10.35.
Sheep-Receipts, 1856. Steady. Year
lings. S13G15: wethers. $l2m16; ewes,
S1.50M 1850: lambs. $19.6Om2O.l0.
The Daily Missoulian. [volume] (Missoula, Mont.) 1904-1961, 1917-05-22
CHICAGO LIVESTOCK

Hogs--Receipts. $4,000. Weak. Tn
changed to shade under yesterday s
average. Bulk, s15.90I 1910; light,
$l515ml63O: mixed, $l5.65 a 1915 !;
SIS 80 a 1850; rough, $l5.G5dtl5. so ::
pigs, $l0.5OM14.50.
Cattle-Receipts, $4,000. Weak. Ma
tive beef cattle. S9-50m1365; stockers
and feeders, $500 1875: COWS and
heifers, s6.60G11.5W; calves, $l0M14.5o
Sheep-ReceiptS, 1900. Steady
Wethers. $12.75M 1873 ewes, $12.25G
l6; lambs, $l5.75@20.40.
The Daily Missoulian. [volume] (Missoula, Mont.) 1904-1961, 1917-05-22
Shake Into Your Shoes

Aliens Foot Ease, the antiseptic pow
der to be shaken into the shoes and
sprin Killed. in the footbath. 1t relieves
painful, swollen, smarting feet and
takes the sting out of corns and
bunions. Used by the Allied and Ger
man troops at the front. Aliens Foot
Ease is n certain relief for sweating.
callous, tired, aching feet. Sold by
Druggists everywhere. csc. Always use
it to break in new shoes. Trial pack
age FREE. Address. Allen S. Olmsted,
lie Roy, N. Y-AdV.
The Daily Missoulian. [volume] (Missoula, Mont.) 1904-1961, 1917-05-22
SUPPORT AND MONEY
PLEDGED TO CAMPAIGN
Continued From Page Ono)

(contnued From Page Ono)
under way The ondmen are busy
selecting their blackfaced jabs at q dc
fenseless populaoe and Director l.C-
vasseur is laying the groundwork for
one of the most successful shows ever
staged All of Missoula's talent is in
vited to be present at the E,lks club
room Friday night at /: 80 for the first
rehearsal.
The fund last night had reached a
total of $3,445.S5.
The Daily Missoulian. [volume] (Missoula, Mont.) 1904-1961, 1917-05-22
REV,
CECILIA GUSTAV
Regularly ordained
minister of Spiritual
National Society.
Americas Greatest
Lecturer and Message
Bearer
Will appear at
AlCAZAR THEATER
Every Afternoon This
Week

Supported by Tracy and
Carter. sweet singers of
sweet songs.
She will take Your
message to any part OF
this world and other
worlds and bring back
correct answers.
VIII bless and mag
ntize handkerchiCfs as
predicted in Bible.
a native of Stock
holm and student of
Bombay, India, this is
the lady the American
press has written so
much abOut-thc one
who predicted past,
present and coming
wars. Her work has no
equal: it has been
proven truthful.
Private consultation
from III q. m. to . p. n,
at the Victoria hotel.
No charge for consulta-
lion. Pay what you can.
The Daily Missoulian. [volume] (Missoula, Mont.) 1904-1961, 1917-05-22
ST. PAUL LIVESTOCK

Hogs-Receipts, 5000. Steady, 10
lower. Range, $l5.60Ml5.90; bulk,
$l575M 1880.
Cattle - Receipts. 5000. Killers
easier. Steers, $6.s0M12.50; cows and
heifers, $Sm11 calves, % higher, $3.50
m13.5o: stockers and feeders, slow,
easy, $500.
Sheep-Receipts, 80. Market. 25G so
higher. Lambs, $aml5.50 wethers, 50
M13; ewes. $6.50 a 1875.
The Daily Missoulian. [volume] (Missoula, Mont.) 1904-1961, 1917-05-22
Notice, Coal Dealers.

Sealed bids will be received by the
board of trustees of Missoula County
High School at the office of it's secre-
tary up to 10 o'clock a. m, June 5.
1917, to furnish and deliver about $50
tons of coal at high school building or
gymnasium. One half, or as much as
the bin will hold. to be delivered before
Sept. l. 1917. and the balance on or
after Jan. /, 1918, as required by the
board. To be weighed on scales APP
proved by the board. The board re-
serves the right to reject any and all
bids.
Dated May 81, 1917.
4. ]. VIOLETTE.
5-22 to 6-5 inc Secretary
The Daily Missoulian. [volume] (Missoula, Mont.) 1904-1961, 1917-05-22
Now Of Lewiston, Idaho.

Minneapolis. May 20.--The roster OF
the Minneapolis Elks' lodge bears the
name of Raymond Brdgeman, attor-
ney. who formerly had offices in Min
neapolis. Two years ago Mr.. Bridge
man removed to Lewiston, Idaho.
The Daily Missoulian. [volume] (Missoula, Mont.) 1904-1961, 1917-05-22

oEs Zeppelin went to heaven" said
Simpicissimus. Zeppelin brought
down." said headlines in America a
few days later.
The Daily Missoulian. [volume] (Missoula, Mont.) 1904-1961, 1917-05-22
lumbaQ 40.

attack of lumbago. dampen n piece of
flannel with Chamberlain's Liniment
and bind it onto your back over the
seat Of pain. J. II. Wood, Chicago.
writes, "Some time ago while at Wall
kon, Iowa, l suffered a very severe
attack Of lumbago and used Chamber
lain's Liniment with excellent results
When You have 4 lame back or an
-ASv.
The Daily Missoulian. [volume] (Missoula, Mont.) 1904-1961, 1917-05-22
COMMISSION CLAIMS
PROFITS TOO LARGE

Washington. May -GoNornmcnt
regulation Of the coal industry, in
Guiding the fixing Of prices. WAS pro
posed by the federal trade commission
today in y report to congress charging
producers and brokers with uAICtlns
cNorbitant profits and blaming the
present coal shortage at consumption
points on inadequate transportation
facilities. "rhc price If hituminon#
coal should be fixed" said the report,
according to the same general plin-
ciple established in the conduct q
public utilities. At a time like the
present excessive profits should not ht
oXtorted from the public by producers
ANA distributors Of any prime necessity
uf life"
The Daily Missoulian. [volume] (Missoula, Mont.) 1904-1961, 1917-05-22

An the wheat in England bolonss
to the government. All the wheat IN
America is the plaything Of the Chi
CagO wheat plt.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1917-07-31
Today the Annette keller1nann Swimming
 Class Will Learn How to Tread Water" Femhne ateAn nohe Caution About mp,per Battling gSua~

beside the dining room table. Now place your hands on the table, keep your elbows about one foot from the body. With your hands flat on the table move them rapidly back and forth sideways, meanwhile pressing the palms downward. Try to keep your wrists supple. Keep up this movement until you understand it per fectly. Then while they are still mov- ing slowly raise one foot until the knee touches the bottom of the top ,Of the table board. Now Drop the foot and raise the other foot, then reverse and keep up this movement, alterna- ting the movement of the legs while still keeping up the movement of the hands.
 Now into the water again, and be- fore entering deep water try the movement in shallow water until the movement of the hands is perfect.
 You will notice that your hands are
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1917-07-31

then you will find yourself coming up again. After few little "duckings' you will secure a balance and from then on it will not be long before you will be able to tread the water with ease.
 One most important item is proper bathing suit. Please, please do not wear those awful water overcoats. Those awkward, unnecessary, lun1py bathing suits are all right for few old fossils that make you wear them but not for members of The Graphic Annette Kellermann swimming class. A sensible bathing suit that IS light and comfortable must be worn.
 A heavy bathing suit has caused just as many deaths by drowning as cramps.
 Members of this class should wear comfortable bathing suits, especially the women, and if you are stopped by anyone in authority you demand an explanation as to why you can't wear the suit
 am certain that there isn't single reason under the sun why everybody should not wear light suits and any one who tells you that you have to wear the heavy skirty suit is en- dangerlng your life.
 Of course, do not ask you to wear the one piece suit but you should all wear what is called the two piece boys suit. In fact, I request you to wear this kind of suit if you wish to be lat all safe in the water
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1917-07-31
A GREAT MEDICINE.

That most successful of all remedies for woman's ailments, Lydia E. Pink hams Vegetable Compound. owes it's origin to a botanic recipe which came into the possession of Lydia E. Pink ham about fifty years ago.
 This recipe had proved so effective in the practise of skilled physician that Mrs. Pinkham procured the herbs and steeped and prepared them in true old-time fashion on her kitchen stove for her friends and neighbors who suffered from woman's ailments. The fame of the virtues of this wonderful medicine spread, until it is today recognized as the standard remedy for woman's ills.-Adv.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1917-07-31
SENSATION OF THE YEAR IN MEDICINE
 ON SALE HERE
Calotabs. the New Calomcl Tablet That Does Not Gripe Nauseate Nor Salivate. Proves an Interesting Surprise to Local Druggist.

The horrors of Saturday night Calo- mel-taking are a thing of the past. Ac- cording to local druggists. the new de- nauseated calomel tablet is a grand success, the triumph of modern phar- macy. Not the slightest danger OF un- pleasantness attends it's use and vet it exhibits all of the liver cleansing qualities of tha oid-style calomel.
 There can be no 0oHbt that calo- mel is the most valuabl, and univers- ally useful of all medicines and now that it's objectionable qualities have been removed it's popularity will have no bounds. One tablet on the tongue at bedtime, a swallow of water, no taste or unleasantness whatever. The next morning you ar feeling fine, liv- Ter clean, splendid appetite Eat what you please-no danger. In ordering the new de-nausested calomel tablets ask for "Calotabs.' Sold only in or iginal and sealed packages containing twenty doses, price thlty-five cents. Your druggist has authority to refund your money if you are not perfectly delighted with Calotabs.-Adv.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1917-07-31
WILL OPERATE ROAD WITH FIRM'S SAWMILLS
J. F. Mcintyre < Sons, Heretofore BondhOlders. Become Owners of
 Railroad in Grant County.

With the purchase Saturday, at a court sale at Sheridan, of the Pine Bluff, Sheridan & Southern railroad, J. F. Mcintyre & sons of Pine Bluff who have been the bondholders of the road since the bonds were first issued. become actual owners of the proper ty, and it was stated last night by MT. Mcintyre that the firm will op- crate the road through conjunction with it's mill business
 The purchase price of $50, ,500, is to be paid in five equal installments, payable in three, six, nine. twelve and fifteen months from date. The road connects with the Missouri Pa cific at Sheridan and runs in a south- ernly direction to the Dallas county line, a distance of about 15 miles.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1917-07-31
NC INVITATION
 STATE TEACHERS
 FOR MEETING HERE,

Owing to the crowded condition of the local hotels and other circun,- stances which are expected to con tinue for some months at least de- cision was reached yesterday at the special meeting of the trustees of the chamber of commerce not to eX- tend an invitation to the state teach CTS to hold their annual meeting here in April, 1918.
 There was discussion also of the op- portunity to arrange for the estab- lishment here of creamy, and this matter will be pushed, with the CO., operation of the local papers, thru which it is hoped to ascertain what supply of milk may be guaranteed the men to establish the enterprise
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1917-07-31

served as brigadierg general of volun- teers in the Spanish-American war.
 General Harrison Gray Otis himself veteran of two wars, came of a long line Of military and statesman ship ancestry His grandfather was a soldier of note in the revolutionary war and the Otis stock produced James Otis, revolutionary patriot and orator, and the first Harrison Gray Otis. once noted as senator from Massachusetts. General Otis was So years cf age, his birth having occur red on a Washington county. Ohio. farm February 10, lS31
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1917-07-31

strive to gain. Not by any means. The only thing to strive for is per lection in swimming.
 To be able to tread water means that at all times you are able to con- duct yourself the same in the water as on land. When you know how to tread water you can, if in a difficult position, direct your rescuers and also see when they approach you how they intend saving you, whereas if you were swimming you would hardly be able to do anything but swim about blindly and perhaps lose your life.
 There are a thousand reasons why you should learn how to tread water. won't bore you with any more for am certain that you are all wide awake enough to realize it's lmpor- tance. =,
 Before entering the water we will have our usual dry land lesson. The first thing to do is to place yourself
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1917-07-31
OBITUARY
MISS MABEL BRYANT.

Miss Mabel Bryant died shortly be- fore noon Yesterday, at the home of her mother, Mrs. R. M. Bryant, 311 Laurel street, after an illness which has continued over the past six weeks. For the past week it has been known that her condition was serious, and several days ago absent members of the family were summoned to her bedside
 Miss Bryant was very widely known and very highly esteemed here, where the family has made it's home the past IS ears. She was 20 Years Of age, a native of Mineola, Texas, and is survived by her mother, Mrs. R. M. Bryant; six brothers, Charlie,@ of Cleveland, Ohio; Percy, of Memphis, Tenn: Thomas, Kearney, William and Roy of Pine Bluff; and two sisters, Misses Kate and Maud of this city.
 Funeral services will be held We'd nesday morning at o'clock, with high mass at St. Joseph's Calvary church. Interment will be in St. Jos eph cemetery Pail bearers are to be as follows:
 Judge E. J. Kerwin, Frank King, Frank Franey, Ben Sylvester, Jules Borreson, Willie Miller and Lee Hardness.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1917-07-31
SUES iUMBEK COMPANY.

suit for damages amounting to S6,O0O, for alleged breach of contract and consequent loss of profits. was entered in circuit court yesterday by s. J. McMurff vs Arkansas Short Leaf Humber company, the petition allee- ing that the damages were caused by failure of the defendants saline Riy- CT Hardwood company manager to carry out a contract.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1917-07-31
PERSONALS.

F.. A. Pearce of Springfield. Mo-, is visiting his mother. Mrs. A. w. Pearce .il East Second avenue. He expects two. r. E. K. Hale formerly manager of fhress' store in Pine Bluff. who has se reen located at Bristol, Tenn, for some so time was in the city yesterday enroute to Ell Reno, Okla., where he e"pects to engage in business.
 George P. Darby, of Little Rock was Il" M she city yesterday on business. Nnas Wiley has returned from a "usiness trip to Memphis.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1917-07-31
s

k. Hughes made business trip to McGehee yesterday. Mr. Hughes and family moved from McGehee to Pine Bluff recently and are living at SO9 West Third avenue.
 W. L. Matthews of the Cleveland Matthews Hardware company left yesterday for Memphis on a business mission.
 Nate Levine left Sunday for Chi cago on business.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1917-07-31
(By ANNETTE KELLERMANN)

Every swimmer. good or bad, should be able to tread water. Treadine water is one of the most important assets a swimmer can have. While It's importance cannot be over-esti- mated, the method by which one is able to tread water is an easy one.
 The fact is, there is nothing at all difficult about the art of swimming. It should come as second nature to all of us. Don't believe that the art of swimming is something one must
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1917-07-31
WILL ORGANIZE;
 FRATERNAL CONGRESS, SS,,

Little Rock, July 3o.-The agitation for the organization of state fra ternal congress has been resumed, and it is probable that call will soon be issued for meeting. There are about dozen ct the fraternal beneficiary societies that have their headouarters in Little Rock, and
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1917-07-31
WEDDING BELLS,
COurtney.OMell,

Buck Courtney and Mrs. Hannah Owen, well-knoWn residents of Pine Bluff, were married at 3 o'clock last night at the home of Justice of the Peace Jim Hamilton, at Dexter, the ceremony be. 2 said by Judge Ham, flton.
 The groom is a well-known attache of the Cotton Belt here, while the bride has scores of friends with whom she is most popular. They will make 'their home in Pine Bluff.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1917-07-31

Miss Theola Simmons entertained a party of local and out of town friends at the Country club last evening, those in the guest party being Miss Susie Bell Mcdonald, Little Rock; Miss Ethel Shaw, Dallas, Misses Lucille and Theola Simmons; Massrs. William Me Donald, Little Rock, c. K. Elliott, Jr., Henry Roberts and Felix Smart, Mes danes w. s. Shaw, Dallas and J. F. Simmons.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1917-07-31
TWO JOIN NAVY.

John Vernon Dutton and Arthur Melville Dutton have gene to Little Rock to undergo final examination for entry into the navy having enlist ed here several days ago. Tho former will take up electrical engineering, while the latter will study naval ar chitecture.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1917-07-31

Tomorrow-Miss Kellermann again answers many more important ques- tions. Her replies to these questions will be of great benefit to you in at taining swimming perfection. You gain solutions of your own water problems.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1917-07-31

pressing down on the water and that they are cutting the water sharply. You are now ready to go to deeper water.
 Be sure to keep the head we'll back and do not worry if you sink under the surface. Hold your breath and
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1917-07-31

Miss Winifred Mclaughlin of Cor ham is the first woman to pass the examination for the New Hampshire state bar
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1917-07-31

R. Frazer, with a charter member ship of 150. The greatest of inter- est is being manifested, and great plans are being made for the future.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1917-07-31

The coal mines at 'Denning are about exhausted and the Western Mining Co.,, of that place, is closing out it's store, preparatory to sus- pending operations.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1917-07-31

Mrs. R. E, Quinn of Rison spent Sunday with her sister, Mrs. S. J. Hoggett, 9O7 West Third street.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1917-07-31
HARRISON GRAY OTIS.

Los Angeles, July 30.-General Har- rison Gray Otis, president and gener- al manager of the Los Angeles Times died today at the home There of his sOn-in-laW, Harry Chandler.
 Although he had suffered occasion al attacks of illness recently General Otis, who was more than so years old had been at his desk in the Times of- flee nearly every day within the last few weeks. About year ago he suf- fered an attack of pneumonia but re- covered after long illness.
 He was a Confederate Veteran and
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1917-07-31

More than 6,000,0O0 women will be able to vote in England if the fran chise bill giving the vote to women
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1917-07-31

 Over 50 years of age is passed. Offi- cial figures show that in 1916 there were ,6,720,Q00 women over thirty years old in the United Kingdom.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1917-07-31

Misses Selma and Johnnie Roebuck are spending the week with relatives at Rison. :s..s Pn,HH.'st!
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1917-07-31

Five cities in Florida now have municipal woman suffrage.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1917-07-31
practically all of them are anxious

practically all of them are anxious to have an organization.
 One of the leaders of the movement is John R. Frazer, grand master workman of the A. o. |. w. The Ma tional Fraternal cons ress, of which he is a member, meets in Chicago the week of Angst 21, and inc call for the Arkansas congress will probably be issued soon after he returns.
 Arkansas is practically the only state that has no such organization
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1917-07-31
" Club Has ArsarY Picnic.

VJJUUN1 | " OIuU H8S
 ersary Picnic.
 -.n n first anniversary of the Pine nun0IiIl Country club was celebrated UI|\\IhU1 day at the handsome home and ul)JUI[II'v ds of the club, with big basket " .,n rlt for members and their out of lD0III hfriends, and last night there was hh||I|I ntghtful dance, which was very HVvV' y attended
 ,rrfIr He number of out of town LIl1n E were in attendance at the cele- II(lnI 1n, and committee in charge of
 flair had perfected arrangements
 ~-he affair which carried out in
 net manner.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1917-07-31

Miss Elizabeth Hopkins of Argenta is spending a few days here as the guest of MT. and Mrs. E. M Goodwin, whom she accompanied to Pine Bluff Sunday. Mrs. Goodwin has been visit ing in Argenta for some days past
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1917-07-31

Mir. and Mrs. Frank Headley left yesterday for Port Gibson, Miss, af- ter visit here with Miss Elizabeth SchOber.