Evening journal., 1917-09-14
LESSON NO. %.
WARFARE IN FIrROpF

Preceding Lessons 4 Your Post Of
Honor. 9. Making Good as a Soldier. 3.
Nine Soldierly Qualities. Z. Getting
Ready for Camg. D. First Days in Camp.
s. Cleanliness in Camp. Z. Your Health
2. Marching and Care of Feet. Q. Your
Equipment and Arms. 10. Recreation In
Camp. a.. Playing the Game. -. Team
Work In the Army. i3. Grouping men
into Teams 4 I. The Team Leaders. A..
Fighting Arms Of the Service. i6. Staff
Branches OF the Services. r.. staff
Branches Of the Service-II. rs Army
Insignia. 10. The Army system OF
Training. 20. Close Order Drill. q. Ex-
Tended Order Drill. %. Guard Duty. %.
Getting Ahead in the army. %. Army
Courtesy. %. Discipline and Respect
for the Colors. 26. Some National Ira
ditions. q. The Spirit Of the Service.
2s. Why We Fight.
In previous sections Of this Course
army life and service have been de-
scribed without special reference TO
The changes brought about by the
present war. There arc important
changes and methods Of training and
of lighting used in previous wars must
The extent OF these changes how
ever, is often exaggerated. At bottom
the qualities that make a good soldier
or an efficient army remain the same
today that they were before the war
The changes that affect the individual
soldier have to do chiefly with
weapons.
But behind every weapon there is a
man. II the weapon Is TO be used ef-
rectively the man must be well trained
disciplined. cool and brave. lie must
have spirit, tenacity, and self-reliance
The big problem now Just as in all
other wars, is TO develop these quail
ties--and the other sOldierly qualities
TO their highest extent. The chief diff
erence probably comes in the fact that
self-reliance is a bigger factor than in
most previous wars. And In American
armies this quality has always been
highly valued and well developed.
This brief lesson can not, OF course
enter into a discussion Of technical
questions which belong in the field OF
military science. 70 Will simply point
out few Of the striking features OF
direct interest TO every man who
reaches the front.
Character Of Present War.
This war differs from previous wars
chiefly in the enormous increase In tho
use OF artillery. This is due partly &c
the immense manufacturing resource:
of the countries at war. which enables
them TO produce great numbers OF
guns and great quantities OF ammunt
zion. Il is due also to the new methods
Of directing gunsilr from airplanes. II
is evident that a gun can not be ac-
curately aimed at an object the cxac
location OF which is unknown. The
airplane. however, is able TO bring
back or signal back this information
so that the artillery may now be usel
with much greater effect. The size o.
The guns and the force Of the explosive
shells fred from them have also beeI
largely increased.
Partly as a result OF these improve
menis in artillery, it has been neces
sary TO develop better methods of FRO
lection. The protection Of troops con
sisis Of digging stronger field entrcnch
mcnts than have been necessary il
previous wars. Here we have the mali
rcasen for the sOcalled trench war
fare" which during the last three
years has largely taken the place o
former methods OF moving armies
about freely until they came into con
fllct with each other. Digging trenche
and throwing up brcastworks for pro
lection against the cnemy's fire is o
course. not a new thing in warfare.
is being done IN Europe, however. ol
a much bigger scale than ever before
A complicated network Of trenches nov
protects the men on both sides. TN
s9ade has become one Of the soldier
1est weapons OF defense.
In seeking protection against heaN
artillery fire a very interesting deve
lopmcnt has taken place. This Is ih
use Cf various devices for concealinl
led guns and troops from the view o
enemy airplanes. Sometimes trees ar
brought up and planted near the oh
iect TO be hidden. Sometimes the SUI
or other object has an awning spreal
over it which is painted to look abov
like grass or earth. For the same rea
son tents may be painted in green
and ycllows.
Tho chief Improvement in method
Of defending entronched troops is th
Increased use Of machine guns. Ma
chine guns must be put out OF opera
ton by artillery fire or by rifle FIR
dfro,tod against tho otinners before Ia