davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-05-14
BEAT PRISONERS
TOmmies Escaping From Ger
mans Tell PitifuI Stories.
Whips Used on Those Overcome
by Fatigue or Sickness.

With the British Army in France,
May 14.-Three British soldiers. who
have just escaped from a German
prison camp a few miles back of the
fighting lines, told 4 pitiable story of
their treatment by the enemy. They
declared there was a great deal or
sickness in the camp que TO 1atlSue
and starvation.
IF we showed the slightest DISPOSE
ton to become SICK said enc OF the
men to a correspondent OF the Assoc
ciated Press today, I'VE We're thrashed
with whips or struck with the butt end
of rifle
Altho this soldier had been in enemy
hands only three months he had
dropped in weight from 1872 pounds to
los. He was a living skeleton. His
feet had been frozen and were gan
grenous for lack of treatment. The
men had neither overcoats nor blan-
kets during the coolest weather of the
winter. When captured. they wore
leather jackets. The Germans took
these immediately and stripped the
rubber lining from their shrapnel he'll
NETS. They also took away the SOL
diers' regimental badges for the brass
that was in them.
One of the men during the perilous
trip across mo Mans Land at the
end of the escape, was badly wounded.
Treat French Better Than English.
For food, the prisoners received
daily a quarter loaf of bread. one plate
of thin soup and about every second
day n cup of weak coffee substitute.
On a few occasions they had a bit
of meat about the size of a lump of
sugar. Recently the men were COM
PEELED to work so near the front that
they came under shell fire from the
British guns. This was an exceptional
instance, however.
The French prisoners, on the other
hand, are constantly employed just
back of the firing line and suffer
many casualties. In the camp, how
ever, the French prisoners were better
treated than the English. 1t was
strange to hear this story IN view of
the sleek appearance of the German
prisoners in English hands, all we'll
of labor and permitted to buy COM
forts at the canteens under the same
conditions as the Tommies.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-05-14

Wall st. New York. May 14.-STOCKs
Business became lethargic after the first
half hour and prices ebbed until nothing
remained Of initial gains. st Paul led
the reaction, falling points to 691s a low
record for many years, Otherwise rails,
notably --coalers and New York Central
fell to or under last weeks final quota
lions, recessions being omplished on very
light dealings. Confusion in the grain
markets and another reversal in Russian
exchange made for greater speculative eau
ton.
Steels. shippings and oils proved su-
perior to pressure, however, and contrib
uted measurably to the Improvement of the
second hour. Bonds were heavy on the
further shrinkage of local traction issues
The most significant feature of today s
early trading in stocks was an abrupt de-
cline Of ga points in American mailing
preferred presumably based upon the anti
liquor legislation now before congress In
most other quarters of the list. decided
firmness was shown. U. S. Steel and allied
industrials rose from material fractions to
a point.
Central leather. Texas company, Bald
win locomotive, Consolidated Gas, Indus
trial alcohol and Atlantic Gulf & West
Indies registered similar gains and Pull
man advanced 2A points. Rails also i'm
proved moderately.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-05-14

tered in recruiting the new units to
full war strength. Practically all of
the First and Second regiment COM
panies have reported full peace
strength with a list of men awaiting
opportunity to join the ranks under a
war call. These men will now be CIV
en- a chance to respond.
Under the new call the Kansas mill
tary organizations will comprise one
brigade of three regiments of infantry,
one regiment cavalry, one regiment of
field artillery, a battalion of engi-
neering troops, one ammunition train,
one engineer train, two field hospitals
and two ambulance companies. Three
batteries of field artillery will be Or
ganized Immediately.
Present enlistmentS of the national
guards include about 1000 men. This
number will be increased to nearly
1900 men and officers. With Mis-
souri, troops the Kansas organization
will comprise the Fourteenth infantry
division, an organiZat ton of 10000
men. A major general for the troops
will be appointed by Governor Cap
per. Under the organization plan as
announced by the federal government,
Missouri troops will complete the di-
vision with the following units: Three
brigades of infantry, one regiment
field artillery. one supply train and
one sanitary train.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-05-14
DROP ZEPPELIN
Continued from Cage One,

that the chancellor mas gone over to
the moderate party, with its program
of peace without annexation or in
demnity. There seems little double
that the demand for peace is stead
lily growing in Germany and the hys
terra of the junkers, as displayed thru
their newspapers and thru the utter
ances of their leaders, is significant
in this respect
The destruction of the La marks
the fourth attempt at Zeppelin raids
within the last year which has ended
in disaster. Two of the mammoth
airships were shot down during a raid
on London on September %, 1916 and
two months later two more Zeppelins
were destroyed off the English coast
On March IT French artillerymeH
shot down a Zeppelin behind the
French line while it was endeavoring
to reach Paris
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-05-14
CHICAGO BOARD


contract sale without limitation. eX-
cept at prices hereinafter stated:
mo contracts for July delivery shall
be entered into at a price in excess of
s2.75 a bushel. No contracts for Sep
TENDER delivery shall be entered into
at a price in excess of S2.45 bushel.
BE it resolved that any member
shall be deemed to have committed "A
grave offense against the good name
of this association
Robert w. Childs. special assistant
attorney general in charge of food iu-
vestigations. left hurriedly for Wash
ington today. where he will confer
with federal officials on the food situa-
ton here.
st. Louis Duplicates Chicago Action.
ST. Louis, May 14.-Trading in
wheat futures on the Merchants Ex-
change was ordered discontinued for
two days by the board of directors.
Trading in May oats and corn also was
barred permanently.
For the first time in history the ex-
changes opening was delayed. The
first deal was recorded at 1880, one
hour after usual opening time.
Toledo Bars Futures.
Tol 10, o., May 14.-Officers of the
Toledo Produce Exchange voted today
to follow the Chicago Board of Trade
lures for two days.
*. c. Close Market Too.
Kansas City, May l4.-Directors of
the Kansas City Board of Trade vot-
ed today TO take action in suspending
trading temporarily, similar to that of
the Chicago grain exchange
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-05-14
KANSAS X. OF P.
Continued from Page One,

Continued from Page Ones
which was carried thru the Civil war
This flag will be carried in the parade.
A patriotic display will be the chief
feature of the parade.
The war has caused the loss of many
of the best drilled men in drill teams.
0-owever, the drills will be held at this
session, the same as in past sessions,
and drill teams from Kansas City,
Kan, Kinsley. Pittsburg, Usage City
and Leavenworth are here today to
participate in the competitive drill on
the state house grounds tomorrow aft
ernoon. Wyandotte company No 10
won the prize for the best drilled team
at the last session. The Topeka
Chamber of Commerce has offered
s175 in prizes for the three best drilled
teams.
Hand shaking consumed all the
morning. This afternoon the automo-
bile ride over the city was the chief
feature. The annual session will open
at 9 o'clock tomorrow morning at the
city auditorium when Governor Cap
per and Mayor House Will deliver ad-
dresses of welcome. The Pythian Sis
tiers will hold their meetings at the
knights and Ladies of Security hall.
Present Officers.
Present officers of the Grand Lodge
are: Frank S. Sullivan, Meade, grand
chancellor; Amos n. Goodman, To-
peka, grand vice chancellor; w. L.
williams, Kinsley, grand prelate; ]. c.
Culver, Yates Center, grand master at
arms; Carl E. Peterson, Irving, grand
inner guard; Arthur Rathbone, Man.
haitian, grand outer guard; MI Hol-
lowell, Kansas City, Kan, grand keep
er of records and seals.
Present officers of the Pythiau Sis
tiers are: Mrs. Belle Alexander, OF
tawa sitting past grand chief; Mrs
Olive Ramsey, Hutchinson, grand
chief; Mrs. Mary McCune, Wichita
grand senior; Miss Rebecca Cunning
ham. Larned, grand junior; Mrs
Katherine Todd, TonganoXie. grand
manager; Mrs. Ruth Morse, kinsley
! grand mistress of records and CORE
spondence; Mrs. Ida Meade, Pittsburg
mistress of finance; Mrs. Lenora Hart
! wig. Scranton. grand protector; Mrs
! Celia Hope, Manhattan, grand outer
| qua I'd.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-05-14
TO WAR STRENGTH
Kansas National Guard Will Be
Filled Out at Once.
Ordered Recruited to 1O,53S
Men and $50 Officers.

Kansas will meet the government s
first requisition for 1900 fighting
men before equipment and uniforms
can be furnished. That was the senti-
ment in national guard circles today
bv officials, who declared the demand
for 5000 men in addition to the MEM
bers of the First and Second regiments
would be met within thirty to sixty
days.
Under the call for increased infan-
try cavalry. artillery and hospital
units the Kansas guards Will provide
1000 men and officers. The new
cavalry and artillery regiments VIII be
mustered in within less than sixty
DAYS, according to assertions today.
Organization of the now third infan-
try regiment is now practically com
Dlete other organizations Will be
formed at once. The First. Second
and Third regiments will be placed at
government disposal in few days
Practically all of the companies COM
prisng the three regiments are now
recruited to full war strength.
1t is probable that the next step Will
he the ganization of seven new bat
terry units-similar to Battery A of
Topeka. These units will comprise
the new artillery regiment. In guard
circles today it was asserted that To
peka might be given an opportunity
to provide a second battery.
Charles /. Martin. adjutant general,
Will this week conclude organization
Of infantry units at Leavenworth,
Wellington and Eldorado. AS soon as
this work is completed, the cavalry
aud artillery regiments will be raised.
All will be ready in thirty to sixty
days-probab bly, before uniforms and
equipment can be supplied by the fed
eral government.
All units of the Kansas National
Guards are to be brought Immediately
to fun war strength under direction
from the federal war department to
Charles l. Martin. adjutant general.
The plans of the war department call
for immediate completion of the or
ganization of a third regiment of in
fantry. organization OF a regiment of
caValty and bringing OF the troops to
fun wfr strength with 0,538 men and
40 officers.
With the troops from Missouri. the
Kansas units Will form the Fourteenth
Infantry division. The organization
does not change the program of the
"er department under the military
act. altho it hastens the organization
Of the two new regiments. Officers in
charge of guard affairs in Kansas be-
lievo little difficulty will be encoun-
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-05-14

Grain Gossip.
FURNISHED by Empire Commission Co.
3o1 New England Bldg)


Elevator stocks of wheat in Kansas City
have decrea sed $50, $50 bushels this week
and corn stocks decreased Sis bushels.
Kansas City mills made $1,000 barrels of
flour this week. The output last week was
81 600 barrels and q year ago 40,lO0 barrels
All mills reported new business small.
Exports from the United States and Can
ada today were 800 900 bushels of wheat L.
900 barrels of flour, 81 900 bushels of corn,
49, 900 bushels of oats: wheat and flour
combined 313,000 bushels.
The resolution adopted by the Kansas
City board of trade directors this morn
ing limiting trade in May. wheat is as
follows: 'Wbereas. by reason OF the
extraordinary conditions caused by being
in state of war, and Whereas. patriotism
demands the best efforts of all to endeavor
to prevent. therefore, be it Resolved, by
the board of directors, that, beginning with
this date. new trades in May wheat be
prohibited, and operators be confined to
an evening up of existing contracts Mem,
bers trading in May wheat will be required
to show evidence to the directory of the
grain clearing company that such trades
are to even up present contracts. 1t is the
sense of the directory that all May wheat
contracts should be filled at the earliest
possible moment
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-05-14
MERCURY is GOING UP

oday and tomorrow it will reacl

today and tomorrow it will reach rs.
The official forecast promised fair
weather tonight and Tuesday with
somewhat higher temperature. The
normal temperatures with scattered
light showers Tuesday or Wednesday.
The mercury fell to As Sunday
night, which is 9 degrees below nor
NAL. BY o'clock this morning it had
reached 60 and was bound for the 10
mark this afternoon. Tonight the tenn
perature will not go below so.
The highest temperature on record
for this date was 81, in 1915, and the
lowest, 80, in 1899.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-05-14
Kansas city Live stock Market.

Kansas City, May 14.-HoGs-Hog re-
eeipts 1000; market Toe to 15c higher
Bulk, S15.S0@ 1880; heavy. S16.30@16.4O
So. 40@16o pigs, $1250@1475.
CATTLE-Cattle receipts 1900. includ-
ing 1000 southerns; market steady to 10c
higher. Prime fed steers. S12 256 1900
dressed beef steers. Sc. 50912.O0: western
steers, S9.OoQ125o: southern steers, S. cog
IL %; cows, S6.506i10.T5: heifers. 5000
11.I5:s stockers and feeders IS 55G IL 90;
bulls. sS0OG1050; calves. Ss.OO@13.50.
SHEEP-Sheep receipts 1000; market
strong to Zoe higher. Lambs, $1450d19.O0;
yearlings. SIS COG 1850; wethers. S1200@
1900: ewes. $11.O0G 1450; stockers and
feeders, SS.00G1 1900
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-05-14
Market steady. Lambs, $500.
ETJTTNH STEERS


Chicago, May I4.-HOGS-Hog receipts
$4,000: market strong Toe to 15c above
Saturday sSerags Bnlk s1ea log lS
heavy S15.S56 1850; rough, $15S0016 90 /;
pigs. S10.65@ 1850.
CATTLElCattle receipts $4,000; market
firm Native beef cattle. So 50013.T0; stock
ers and feeders. sT.6od1o40 cows and
heifers, S6.65G116 60: calves. S9.75d14.25
SHEEP~Sheep receipts 5000; market
firm. wethers, s1e 00@14.75; lambs, S14.eo
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-05-14

Chicago. May 14.-BUTTER-Market
steady. Creamery extras, SIC: extra firsts
3612c firsts, 1896 seconds, 32Q3412c
EtiGS-Market higher. Firsts, 33M34c
ordinary firsts. 3012 @31c; at mark cases in
Guided. 3103312c.
POTATOES-Market steady. Idaho
Colorado. Oregon, Washington. S2I502So
Wisconsin. Michigan. S2.60@2.65.
POULTRI-Alive, higher. Fowls, &c.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-05-14
A DAILY STATE JoURNAI-MoNDAY EVENING, MAY H. 1917

LII; No .. yellow. s1-e2@1es; No. 5,
81 .61G1 81.
OATS-Market 1ac lower. No. 2, white,
74Q nc; No. 2 mixed, 72G1ac.
RYE-$2.15@2.6
KAFIR AND MILO MAIZE-S3 sOG3 90.
HAY-Market lower Choice timothy.
S19.50Q20.50: choice prairie, S2o.5oQ21-OO-
choice alfalfa. $500
SHORTS-S1. 950I 90.
BRAN-S167@1.6S.
Wheat receipts 93 cars
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-05-14

(The following sales were made this morn
ing at the Stock Yard, Kansas City, and
reported over long distance telephone di-
rect the State journal by Clay Robin
son & Co.. live stock commission mer-
chants.)
Kansas City. May 14.-CATTLEICattl
receipts 1900 head. Market steady at 1Oc
higher
HoGs-Hog receipts 10000 head. Market
10000 higher. Bulk of sales, S15.75@16.25
top. S16.45.
SHEEP-Sheep receipts today 1000 head
Market steady. Lambs $1,000.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-05-14

New York. May 14-SUGAR-Raw suga
barely steady. Centrifugal, 1921; molasses
SOB: refined steady, cut loaf. $500
crushed. SS.1j: mould A. $500: cubes, SS.25
MIX powdered. $40: powdered 81. SO
fine graduated, $50; diamond A, $3.50
confectioners A, $40; No. 1, $3.50.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-05-14

New York. May 14.-BUTTER-Marke
unsettled. Creamery higher than extras,
3S1h a SOC.
EGGS-Firmer. Fresh gathered extras,
SIC.
Gals. 26sz M21c
POULTRY-Alive, easier, dressed very
nuiet
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-05-14

Kansas City, May 14.-BUTTER-Cream
cry, SOC; firsts, SIC; seconds. Soc: packing.
BIC.
EGGS-Firsts, 33c.
OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES bic; hens, .O12c
turkeys, &c; broiers, Bic.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-05-14
TODAY'S MARKET REPORTS

Chicago. May 14.-WHEAT-After just
three minutes of excitement in the wheat
market today the pit became quiet as a
funeral. The drasic action of the directors
of the board in fixing of maximum quota
tions for even the closing out of old con-
tracts made a sharp break in values almost
a certainty and the anxiety shown was
chiefly in regard to how far the drop might
extend.
That question quickly settled for
the extreme decline was soon reached. IL
cents as compared with Saturday finish
Then the market rebounded seven cents
and later became almost lifeess, the crowd
began streaming out of the wheat pit and
jamming the sections reserved for dealings
Opening prices for wheat ranged from the
lower. with July at s2.7O to s2.72 and Sept.
at $40 to S2.44. Then came a descent
respectively to s2.63 and 2S7 and subse-
market stiffened out virtually comatose.
During the greater part of the remainder
ance similar. to that usually shown out
side of business hours. About a dozen
brokers stood around Watching for any
wise passing the time mostly in idle chat.
Transactions were so few as to be almost
negligible
Absence of buying grew so pronounced
at midday that wheat prices collapsed for
time as swiftly as at the opening. At
this stage. July was off to $3.50 and Sept.
to $500 fall of % to &c under Saturday s
close.
CORN-Corn and oats, not having been
anchored like wheat went ballooning right
from the outset. Frightened shorts started
wildly to rush to cover, and in a few mo-
ments had sent corn high above any pre-
vious level. Corn rose more than ten cents
and oats more than six cents. No other
influences were seemingly considered than
the eager desire to be protected against
the advance that was foreseen on all
sides to be at least temporarily as in
evitable as was the break in wheat. AL
though at the top of the bulge the corn
market fluctuated nervously, no important
setback ensued.
OATS-Oats. however. receded about 3
cents Only in provisions were there any
thing like normal conditions prevailing
Moderate advances were scored, but ordi-
nary limits were observed, and the gains
seemed merely to reflect prevailing higher
prices in hogs.
Ch;ca 20 Grain and Pork Market
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-05-14

Chicago. May 14-WHEAT-Open: July,
20 to PC; Sept, $40 to 44c.
CORN-Open: July, $3.50; Sept, $1.451a
to 42c
OATS-Open: July, Csc: Sept, 5s@Ac.
PORK-0pen: July, $50 ..
= LARD-Open: Sept, S2265-
RIBS-Open: July. S20.95; Sept, S21.1e.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-05-14
Kansas city Grain Market.

Kansas City, May 14.-WHEAT-Open
July, I'll: Sept, 2.41.
CORN-Open: July, 1.49; Sept, 1884
Dec. 1.O1.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-05-14
TOPEKA MARKET REPORT.

Retail Hay.
FURNISHED by w. A Gilchrist. 626 Quincy
Street-l
Topeka. Kansas, May H.
PRAIRIE HAY-S1a00.
ALFALFA-S2OO 90.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-05-14
Kansas City Grain Market.

Kansas City, May 14.-wHEAT-Cash ::
Market unchanged to Sc lower. No ,,
hard, s.. 2s@3.42; No. 2, S324@34o; No ,,
red. $3.2503.3S: No. 3, S325G3.35
CORN-Market unchanged to &c lower.
No. ? mixed. 81 62G1 -63: No. 3, S1.61d1 81 !:
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-05-14
Poultry and Egg.

FURNISHED BY the Topeka Packing Com
pany. corner Laurent and Nadison.I
Topeka, Kansas, May H.
HENS-3l5 lbs and over, 19c; under 81
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-05-14
WEATHER TABLE.

Furnished by the weather bureau office.
Topeka. Kansas. for the twenty -four hours
ending at a. m. Monday.
Ctatiops High Low Proc Wsfher
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-05-14

his 16c: springs. over lbs. lie; under
1Sc; old ROSTERS 13c: stacy young roost-
ers, 13c.
EGGS@29c
Eggs are retailing in Topeka 32G34c
dozen.
Butter from 3S645c.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-05-14
topeka Grain Market.

topeka Grain Market.
FURNISHED By J. B. Billiard. corner Kama.
Ave. and Curtis ST.
Topeka, Kansas, May II.
CORN-S1 50@1.55.
OATS-o0@65c
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-05-14
Chicago Grain Market.

Chicago May 14-WHEAT-Openin 2
prices for wheat ranged from the same as
Saturdays finish to &c lower, with July
at $40 to 81 ~ and Sept. to $40 to 81
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-05-14

Chicago Grain and Pork Market.
fThe range of prices for grain futures
the Chicago Board of Trade as reported
by Empire Commission Co.. sol New
England Ruilding.J
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-05-14
Chicago, May II.
Kansas City Grain Market.

Kansas City Grain Market.
1.-The range of prices of grain futures on
the Kansas City Board of Trade as re-
ported by Empire Commission Co., 3Q1
New England Building.l
Kansas City, May H.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-05-14
BARGAIN
WEEK

10c One-Galion
Milk CIR oc X s.
Smooth fl n i s h.
nicely glazed, on
sale, 90
each .......
CIim a X Wall
p a p e T Cleaner
Makes old pa
per bright; on
sale, per 2R
can -.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-05-14

Open High Low Today Sat.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1917-05-14

Csc Refrigerator Pans
Extra heavy galvanized
iron-will last years -
priced, special. soc; the
medium size are 49c; and
the regular soc val C0o
ues, on sale at. -. Wv
The Alaska daily empire., 1917-03-21

llJ CNc. Stb.) think this Is the universal rule and that the books will be searched in vain to find anything to the contrary. Returning then to our statute on the subject. we find it provided by Sec ton .4O2 of the Compiled Laws of 1913:
 'The election board at each poll ing place. as soon as the polls are closed. shall immediately publicly proceed to open tho ballot boxes and count and canvass the votes cast. and they shall thereupon, un- der their hands and seals, make out in duplicate, a certificate of the result of such election. specifying the number of votes. in words and figures. cast for each candidate, and they shall then immediately carefully and securely seal up In one envelope one Of said duplicate certlfcates and one of the regis ters of votes. all the ballots cast and all affldavits made, and mail such envelope with said papers en- closed at the nearest post office. by registered mail if possible. duly nd-
The Alaska daily empire., 1917-03-21

The returns of an election are those papers documents. and things, and on- ly those papers. documents and things. which the statute presCrbcs and or dcrs Co be sent to the officers desig- hated
 ''The question as to what papers constitute the official returns is purely a matter of statutory rcgu- IatiOn"