davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Martinsburg herald. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1881-1920, 1917-08-18
SATURDAY, AUGUST Is, 1917.
CONSCIENTIOUS DIRECTORS.

According to Provost General
Crowder's latest statement on the
working of the American draft law,
President Wilson has found a way
to utilize all men swept into the Ma
tional draft army, who claim they
are conscientious directors against
waror belong to a religious ~organiza-
ton that is opposed to war n kill.
ing.
The President has ruled that a
man found to be a member of a
religious sect or organization in ex-
istence prior to May is, 1917, will
be drafted. forwarded to a mobiliza-
ton camp and will be assigned to
duty in a capacity declared by the
President to be non-combatant.
Such a ruling unqu~estionabIy meets
with the approval of the entire coun
try for the reason that thousands of
youths have tried to escape war du-
ties by claiming that the conscience"
would not permit them to fight. In
most cases these men fell back on
their conscience" as an excuse for
escaping the war.
Some very sincere. For instance
the Quakers-who, although they
stated they. could no join in the war,
nave been busy since hostilities were
declared in organizing units to be
sent to France to help restore the
land laid waste by the Germans.
Thus have the Qualers shown that
they stand ready TO edo their bit"
but many others used religion and
personal principles in an effort to
dodge their duty
The men who object to lighting
can be used to good advantage in
numerous army organizations such as
the hospital corps, quartermaster
corps, labor battalions, messengers
motor drivers, clerks and the like.
The latest draft ruling is most
welcome, for it shows that Uncle
SAINTS going to make use of all per-
sons physically able to serve the
country, regardless of politics. re
ligion or social standing And it is
right-Wheeling Register.
Martinsburg herald. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1881-1920, 1917-08-18
Maryland NeWs Briefs

five operators Of the brush and bur
nishing departments OF the Ok Fibre
Brush Works struck Monday morn
ing for an increase of % pc cent.
in wages. AT a conference between
officials of the company and strike
leaders a compromise offer Of Is per
cent. advance was made but this was
refused. The company claims that
the demand Of the workmen means
an increase of more than $4,000 q
year in wages. The plant was ope--
ated yesterday with the exception Of
two departments.
Martinsburg herald. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1881-1920, 1917-08-18
FORMED NEW COAL CO.

HAGBRSTOWN. Aug. is. The
Law Volatile Colleries Co., Inc, has
been organized here with a capital.
ization of $50 1000 for the purpose OF
operating a mine at Emoryyille, w.
Va. S. A. Roth is president of the
company. George w. Strock, secre-
tary and II. S. Gibson, treasurer.
FREDERICK WORKERS STRIKE.
FREDERICK. Aug. 15---Seventy-
Martinsburg herald. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1881-1920, 1917-08-18
COUNTY OFFICIALS IN ARMY.

HARRlSONBURG, Aug. I'D. e.
Croushorn, sheriff os Rockingham
county, and Ward Swank, city re
corder and clerk of the city council,
will enter the second camp of the re
serve officers training corps az Fort
Myar on August 81. John Paul. of
Harrisonburg, who attended the first
camp at Fort Myer, and who has
been commissioned a captain in the
field artillery, is one of the best
known Republicans in Virginia
Rembrandt Keezol, wao was commits
stoned as cap ain, is a son of former
State Senator George B. Ezekiel, of
Rockingham.
Martinsburg herald. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1881-1920, 1917-08-18
STABBED BY T

FREDERICKSBURG Aug. 15.-Jo.
seph w. McWhirt. Of Spottsylvania
county, is in a serious condition as a
result Of knife wounds received in an
alteration with his brother. Hank
MoHhirt. The two are said to have
been drinking. and TO have quarreled
Martinsburg herald. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1881-1920, 1917-08-18
TREASON TRIAL UP ToDf,t

BIG STONE GAP. Aug. 15.-The
Phipps-McCoy case is set for trial in
the Federal court here today. 1t is
expected that most of the day will
be taken up in the argument OF de-
murrers. Ii these are disposed of
the court will proceed. to he trial
Of he case Thursday morning.
John Walton Phipps and William
Vernon Mccoy are charged with try.
ing to incite mountaineers of south
western Virginia and eastern Ken,
lucky to revol. against the United
States to prevent drafting for war.
Martinsburg herald. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1881-1920, 1917-08-18
SAY vIRelNlANs FOR CAMP.

RICHMOND. Aug. 15.-Three hun
were gleefully packing old kit bags
yesterday preparation to entering
the second officers reserve camp
opening at Fort Myer. Va, August
81. OF those selected Richmond will
furnish S5-many members of the
First Cavalry, formerly the Rich
mond Light Infantry Biues.
Martinsburg herald. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1881-1920, 1917-08-18
NOTICE.

TO WHOM 1T MAY CONGBRN 49,
AXE notice that on the 18th day Of
August, 1917, / viii make application
to the Honorable John J.. Cornwell
Governor of the State Of West Vip-
ginia for executive clemency.
EMILIO PACETTI,
(Alias) EURIEL SPINGEL.
II. A. Downs, Atty s / s Is 9.
Martinsburg herald. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1881-1920, 1917-08-18

Dyspepsia is Americas curse To
restore digestion, normal. weight,
good health and purify the blood, use
Burdock Blood Bitters. Sold at all
drug stores. Price SIPS.
Martinsburg herald. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1881-1920, 1917-08-18
Nwo CIRCUIT.

The pastor will preach at the fol
lowing places next Sunday August
10: iNst. Pleasant II a.. IN. Pleasant
Plain $50 p. m. Inwood s p. M. J.
C S Myers, pastor.
Martinsburg herald. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1881-1920, 1917-08-18
Study Veterinary
Paws

Costs little to learns Enter this
Fall and Complete the Course in
Three Winters. Positively the Lest
Year to Enter any Accredited Col
Iege for Three Year Course. en-
ROLL NOW AND SAVE A YEAR
Write for a Free Catalogue.
TIE CINCINNATI Ve.-RiNARY
COLLEGE.
St45 Spring Grove Ave. Cincinnati, Q.
Martinsburg herald. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1881-1920, 1917-08-18
Russell Berry

Defendant.
The object of this suit is to OBJ
tain q divorce a mensa ct thora
And affidavit having been made
that the said defendant Russell
Barry is a nonresident Of this state,
She said defendan. is required 10 ap-
pear within one month after the date
Ct tho first publication of this order,
in the Clerks office Of our said Court
and do wat IS necessary to protect
his interests.
It is ordered that a copy OF this
order be forthwith published once a
week for four consecutive weeks in
The World, q newspaper printed in
the town of Martinsburg, in the
County Of Berkeley, and be postet a
the fsent door Of he Court House
Of Berkeley County at least twenty
days before judgment Or decree Is
rendered
l.. Dew. Gerhardt Clerk
q f. Boyd. Attorney fo~ Plaintiff
5 10 20 n; 3 3.
Martinsburg herald. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1881-1920, 1917-08-18

HAGERSTOWN, Aug. 15.-Miss
Helen Maisack teacher at Yarrows-
burg school. has been appointed to
a position in the extension service of
the Maryland State College.
Martinsburg herald. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1881-1920, 1917-08-18

HAGERSTOWN, Aug. 15.-Mrs.
Margaret S. White, 81 years old,
widow Of Daniel White, died here
Monday night. The following chill
dren survives; Mrs. Amar Startzman,
Miss Jennie White, John White. Will
liam White. Hagerstown, and Thomas
White, Waynesboro.
Martinsburg herald. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1881-1920, 1917-08-18
Did Vlroini0 NeWs

while discussing an old account.
Hank McWhirt was arrested, and
held for the grand jury, giving bond
for $500 for his appearance.
Martinsburg herald. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1881-1920, 1917-08-18

HAGERsToWN, Aug. 15.-Alleg-
ing desertion and cruelty, Hannah
Carson filed suit here Monday against
Walter S. Carson, a mail carrier, for
alimony. Judge Keedy ordered Car
son to pay his wife $40 a month dur
ing the tendency of the suit. Mr..
and Mrs. Carson have five children.
Martinsburg herald. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1881-1920, 1917-08-18
FAN N y
H~AGER5TOWN, Nd.
DIAGNOSTICIAN

Only chronic diseases. Send me
your name and address and / will
send you a mailing case and question
blank. Don't use dope for chronic
troubles, get cured. It is a salts
faction to know what the cause IS
CONSULTATION FREE 4
Martinsburg herald. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1881-1920, 1917-08-18
OFDER OF PUBLICATION.

The State Of Wet Virginia:
A rules held in the Clerks Office
of the Gil uit Court for the County
OF Berkeley, on Monday the 9Th day
Of August, 1917
Edith S, Berry, an infant who sues
by Allen B. Noll, her next friend
Plaintiff.
Martinsburg herald. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1881-1920, 1917-08-18

ney ills. Doan's Ointment for skin
itching. Doan's Re'gulets for a mild
laxative. Sold at all drug stores.
Martinsburg herald. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1881-1920, 1917-08-18

HAGBRSTOWN, Aug. Isl. E
Order. this city. has been appointed
leather inspector for the United
States Government and sent to Ken.
lucky.
Martinsburg herald. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1881-1920, 1917-08-18

The name-Doas's inspires conf
dence-Doan's Kidney Pills for kid
Martinsburg herald. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1881-1920, 1917-08-18
oRpER OF PUBLICATION.

The State Of est Virginia
At rules led n the Clerks office
Martinsburg herald. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1881-1920, 1917-08-18

Vi the OlTcuit court TOT lHb county
of Berkeley. on Monday the 9th day
of August, 1917
Edward Rutledge administrator, G..
T. A. of VIM. Henry Janney, deceas-
ed.
Plaintiff
VS..
John I. Janney; Acquilla Janney; G..
Compbell Jasney and Mary H. jan
ney, his wife; P. r. Janney and
Vida c. Janney, hsi wife; J.. Tabb
Janney. James NJ. Janney and Bees
sic G. Janney, his wife: William T.
Lupton; James McSherry Lupton
and Ella S. Gerhardt,
Defendants
The object Of this suit is to have
the Court construe the will Of said
William Henry Janney and TO enter
q decree adjudicatlng such construc.
ton; to direct the plaintiff in the
distribution of the funds in his
hands; to ascertain who are the
nephews and nieces Of said decedan.
and what amounts are due each OF
them; to have a settlement Of his ac
counts before a commissioner OF this
Court; that an account OF the debts
and liabilities of said decedent be
ascertained aud reported and If nee,
essary 70 have a special commission
err convey the real estate mentioned
in the bill Of complaint to the pur
chaser and for sucir other further
and general relief as the Court may
see fit to grant s.
And affidavit having been madi
tia. the said defendants G Campbell
Janney and May Fl. Janney hss
wife; P. Z Janney and VIDA c. Jan
The Butte daily post. [volume] (Butte, Mont.) 1913-1961, 1917-03-24
''[:D|CTs EARLY
Q|CATI0N OF
G., ,,,AN KAISER
A Former German Magistrate,
Writing in Paris, Tells Of
Emperor'S Position.
WAR PARTY FORCED HIM
. TO BREAK WITH AMERICA
Though Outvoted in War Coun-
Gil, Wilhelm May Feel Peo-
pies Indignation.

Paris. March 24.-The abdication Of
the German emperor 10 forecast by the
former German magistrate who wrote
the celebrated book "J'aeeuse," in an
interview published IN osuvrs. Hs
Gays: The kaiser 10 obsesssd by the
thought that he 10 responsible for the
war. . thought which poisons his
whole existence. He feels that he 10
renacsd by three enemies at homo,
without counting those abroad: First
10 the crown prince, the real author
Of the war; second 10 tbs junter PAN
Gsrmanist-you cannot Imagine the
snouldsrins hatred Of the emperor for
these whom he believes 10 BE- the ma
n'acs who are driving him into IN
abyss; third are the people, not ths
socialist party, but the people who ars
starving and whom, he sssis, arr
growing in number and rising little By
little against those who organized the
war.
The Butte daily post. [volume] (Butte, Mont.) 1913-1961, 1917-03-24
He WAS KNOWN As
THE BETTING FOOL /"
Bank Clerk Easily SwindIed of
the Banks Money by
Racing Touts.

Los Angeles. March es-A= c. Boy
EFT. whose confession Of an alleged de-
faication Of about f35. 900 from the
Bank Of Italy branch here was made
public yesterday. told today. according
TO authorities. how Tia Juana racing
toufs swindied him ou, Of IS 600.
playing upon his feverish haste 10 re-
trieve gaming losses and restore bank
funds Within ten days. he told his
questioners. he had bought for ss.0so a
suit case which he was told contained
opium he could sell for s5o.eoo. The
opium proved to be coiored moiassez
A large suit case could hold but a
fraction OF 1000 worth Of .,ium. au-
fhorIties said II was cited as one OF
the several instances thar caused rae
ing touts operating here 10 give the
young bank bookkeeper the nickname
OF The Betting Fool of Broadway"
according TO the police.
The Butte daily post. [volume] (Butte, Mont.) 1913-1961, 1917-03-24
FRENCH BELIEVE
GERMANS MAY Be
UNABLE To HOLD
The Retreating Forces May Be
Swept Beyond New "Hin-
denburg" Line.

Paris. March 24.-The allies con-
tinued to, forge ahead on tho center and
extreme right and made substantial
progress yesterday In tho direction of
St Quentin and La Fere In the teeth of
determined German resistance Not
withstanding the efforts OF the Ger
mans to destroy the roads as they re-
tired the allies have managed to bring
up a good force Of all but their heav-
lest artillery and the guns are again
busy after long rest
The pressure Of the Fren.h from 81
Quentin TO the Aisne is so powerful
that IL begins 10 seem doubtful. In the
opinion Of the French military critics.
as to whether the Germans will be able
to hold on TO the so-cailed Hind.n-
burg line. The invaders have opened
the sinicesat La Fere. apparently feel
ing that their chances of holding the
town are not good now that the French
have GOT footing on the high ground
In the Juxsy region. northeast Of
Tergnier. II General Neville is able 10
establish himself n. this position his
guns win commano14a Fore
Further south the French are max
Ing solid progress against The I've mile
salient covering ST. Gobain and formed
by the lower councy forest The COL
umns here are working hand tn hand
with columns operating northeast Of
Soissons. In the direction Of I-aon. The
latter made continuous progress today
and their advance exposes the left ex-
tremity Of the German line at st.
Gobain to the risk of being eutfanked
and driven back 20 Laon IL Is evil
dent that the German stan is alive to
the growing danger and that they are
making desperate efforts to check the
French advance.
The Butte daily post. [volume] (Butte, Mont.) 1913-1961, 1917-03-24
43 ARE KILLED,
zoo INJURED, IN
INDIANA STORM
Property Damage In Vicinity
OF New Albany Will Ex-
ceed ST, 200, 900.

New Albany. Ind. March 24-with
40 known dead. nearly 200 injured and
scores Of buildings wrecked as the re-
suit Of the storm which swept this sec
tion yesterday the work of clearing
away the wreekags IN a search for
more bodies was rushed today.
Every preeaution has been taken %
prevent looting and Maj Robert w.
Morris. In command OF state troops
from indianapolis. has ordered that
vandals be shot on sight.
The injured soon overflowed tho one
public hospital OF the city and others
were taken to the Young Mems Chris
tian association and to private homes
Every available physician In New Al
bany was called into service. together
with others from Louisville and JET
fersonyiile.
No accurate estimate OF the prop
erty damage In and about the imme-
date vicinity OF New Albany has been
possible. but IL il expected the loss
viii be more than million dollars.
The Butte daily post. [volume] (Butte, Mont.) 1913-1961, 1917-03-24
RAILROADS CALL FOR An
IMMEDIATE CONFERENCE
Financial Situation Resulting
From Adamson Law Makes
Relief Imperative.

Washington. March - - Twenty
three western railways today feia-
graphed the interstate commerce COM
mission that the Adamson decision
and higher Prices Of supplies had re-
suited In a financial situation requir-
Ing immediate relief and asking IL 10
name the earliest practicable date for
conference 70 consider such emer-
reney action as may he necessary
The railways did not specifically
state that they would ask for an In
crease In freight rates. but there Ia
little doubt among officials that sucn
step Is contemplated. The eommis-
sion replied Il would meet the western
representatives here next TUESDAY.
The Butte daily post. [volume] (Butte, Mont.) 1913-1961, 1917-03-24
MOEW[ TOOK 500 SAILORS
To PORT IS PRISONERS
New YarroWdaIe Case Before
u. S. Government for
Solution.

Copenhagen. March % Cvia London
March 241s-The return Of the German
raider Moewe TO a German port. having
on board about 600 sailors. the crews
Of merchantmen captured during tine
las, part Of the cruise. MAJ give rise
to new Yarrowdale case as IL Il
probable number Of Americans who
were serving on merchantmen were
captured by the raider According 10
the German rule. such men : ouid be
treated as prisoners OF war.
Among the British steamers de-
s,royef after the Yarrowdale was sent
to Germany. the Governor. 5.524 tons
gross. Demsterton. s.0Is tons. otaki.
s.5T5 tons. and Brecknockshire are
specifically mentioned In the official
account Of the Moewe's return as hay-
lng been armed
The Butte daily post. [volume] (Butte, Mont.) 1913-1961, 1917-03-24
NORWEGIAN SHIP SENT
DOWN; CREW WARNED
One American on Board-No
Casualties, According to
Official Report.

Washington. March 24.-Sinking of
the Norwegian steamer Ronald with
one American on board Was reported
to the state department today by Am
bassador Sharp at Paris In the fol-
lowing dispatch:
Consular agent at Brest reports
sinking Norwegian steamer Ronald.
from Cardiff to civitta yecchia with
coal George Goldroimer. sailor. born
Portland. Ore. bearer American sea
mems Identification certificate. states
Ronald not armed nor carrying troops.
German submarine gave warning. time
crew take to boats Ronald sacked
and bombs faced on board and sunk.
No vessel In sight. Sea smooth,
weather fine. no casualties and only
one American on board. Vessel flew
Norwegian flag and usual marks on
both sides"
The Butte daily post. [volume] (Butte, Mont.) 1913-1961, 1917-03-24
SN0WsL|DES AND
STORM SMASH THE
TRAIN SCHEDULES
THROUGHOUT WEST
Slides Kill Two Men and Bury
a Train in the Cascade
Mountains.
C0EUR D'ALENE LINES
TIED UP BY AVALANCHE
Milwaukee Trains Held Up East
of Butte-B. A. &P.
SnoWb0und.

Snow slides and snow drifted to
great depths in narrow passes
through the mountains OF Mon
tana, Idaho and Washington have
so demoralized railroad traffic into
Butte that regular train schedules
are almost wholly disregarded and
q majority'of the passenger trains
arc hours behind time. At least
two lives have been lost in 4 snow
slide reported in Washington and
4 third man is missing as q result
OF the same slide. Passengers
aboard snowbound trains are suf-
fering considerable inconyience
and eastbound freight traffic is
badly tied up.
Three passenger coaches we're
buried. two lsborers were niiied and a
telegraph operator Is missing as . re-
suit Of an avalanche on the west side
OF the Cascades near the Great North
ern's Embro station In Washington.
The Wallace Missouia train on tho
Northern Pacihc's Cocrr d'Alens
branch. which Is bringing Simon
Guggenheim, the mining msgnate. TO
Montana In his special car. liz snow
bound as a result OF slide and the
passengers have been returned to Wal
lace. making part Of the trip on boat
Milwaukee tracks through the coeur
Alenes have been so buried by slides
that II has been necessary 10 detour
trains over the Northern Pacific from
Spokane TO M'ssoula
Deep snow in tho Sixteen Mlls
canyon has resulted In dela,s to west
bound Milwaukee trains since yester-
day morning. Three trains are due
here tonight. one. 50 hours late
For three days this week Union Pa
cihc trains were snowbound in wyo-
ming. the heaviest fall Of Is years be-
ing reported from there.
| Butte. Anaconda and Pacific trains
were late today a result OF derail-
ment Of nine cars OF freight train
last night near Willow creek due to
deep snow The wheels climbed the
4 rails and the passenger train which
/ Continued or ra. r--~x.
The Butte daily post. [volume] (Butte, Mont.) 1913-1961, 1917-03-24
FOR Fifteen
| D[sTROY[Rs OPENED
Concerns Offer to Un-
take the Big Govern
ment Contracts.

Dngton. March 24.-Bids on ID
m authorized by the last naval
= opened today at the navy
1ont-
3nion Iron Works OF San Fran
Isred to build 10 with time OF
4cn depending upon the ma
I'd labor conditions. for cost OF
stion and 10 per cent profit.
Pore- Rive Shipbuilding company
~. Mass, offered to build four,
Hght. on the same terms
Cramps Of Philadelphia offered
two for s2.540.0oo each. four at
~ each and six at ti.4oo.o 900
"A further reduction In pri e
bred II the company were al
y substitute Its own machinery
! planned by the department
The Butte daily post. [volume] (Butte, Mont.) 1913-1961, 1917-03-24
Decided to Tell ALI.
ALICE GERMANS IRE
TAKING GOLD TO MEXICO
Extraordinary Number of New
York Drafts Presented
at El PaSo.

FL Paso. March 2s.-Large sums Of
money said 10 be paid TO Germans
here today upon drafts from New York
received by the local banks. and this
money. In the form of American gold
coin, Is being taken TO Juarex. accord
ing TO government agents here.
One draft received today from New
York was for 5000 gold. While more
than 20 other drafts were said to have
been paid 10 Germans by local banks
during the past week
A German who was being closely
watched here and who was suspected
Of being a German spy disappeared last
night and no trace can be found Of
him
The Butte daily post. [volume] (Butte, Mont.) 1913-1961, 1917-03-24
O'MALLEY JURY HAS NOT
YET REACHED A VERDICT

be brought Into court for the purpose
of making statement The attorneys
on both sides were present rhen
Ralilff Mackey brought the IL men int
court. As noon as they we're seated
= II. Wolfe said that he had been
elected foreman
After celebrating since last even-
ing We are unable TO come TO any
agreement. your honor said Mr..
Wolfe.
Ia there any prospect OF any agree
nent being reacheds- inquired the
Judge
7 believe II is absolutely impossible
to agree" replied Mr.. Wolfe.
4 VIII take the matter up LATER
sad the court
would like to suggest said Mr..
Wolfe. that we be furnished with !
copy Of the record and when we 70
back 10 the jury room II might help
sorns OF the members There appear
10 be several particulars In which the
jurors are at variance Would your
honor Ike to have me state them
No. I don't care to hear anything
---------------------~-
The Butte daily post. [volume] (Butte, Mont.) 1913-1961, 1917-03-24
LIONEL bartlett, "a,
WILL OFFER SERVICES

issued his call for volunteers. Colonel
Bartlett did his best TO be the first to
enlist. At that time Colonel Bartlett
vas citizen Of the state of New York.
He became indignant when he heard
of the attack upon Fort Sumter.
Il don't know whether or not they
vii, take me-. said Colonel Bartlett this
morning. But II they want me they
can have me. I will try 10 enlist.
n times of war | believe II the duty
Of every man to offer his services 10
his country. l am ready to offer
mine
Colonel i,artlet Is probably the most
s3-ycar-old man In the
United States He appears TO be =
man approaching so. instead of one
who viii soon reach the century point
The Butte daily post. [volume] (Butte, Mont.) 1913-1961, 1917-03-24
800 Buildings Wrecked.

Approximately 300 residences. In
dustrial plants and other buildings
were badly damaged or destroyed In
some instances houses Ind been SO
torn to pieces and the wreekase In
termingied that those who lived In the
houses were unable 10 locate the sites
on which they had stood
Houses had been picked up bodily
apparently and then thrown TO the
earth with terrific force. smashing
them into kindling wood. Other
houses appeared TO have been fattened
out as II some tremendous weight had
been laid upon them. Small outbuild-
ings and sections Of roofs were car
rled for blocks and trees were torn up
by the roots.