The Alaska citizen., 1917-08-20
THIRD YEAR OF WAR BRINGS
 SUPREMACY TO ALLIED ARMS

a' ..aH.t t..tt '. -.'. '.-'' ''' closes u.h he fortunes of conflict ayo.Iug .hr entente.
 The central powers sustained mo. meu,ou- -y,bachs. both military and political aurnz the twelve months
 oa both .h. western and eastern fronts lu Europe rhe Tyutons ind themselves on che defensive at the ady,n, of the fourth year They fight on Hues nevH-v-,abHshed at fer forced retirement from terrain which they had won Ill earlier days ar d tremendous sacrifice.
 Meanwhile nyw enemy powers. not. ably rhr United States, have been drawn Ill by thr central empires aud progress toward the achieve. mem, Of ta- ultimate aim of the en. ..ura and is allies has been fur rhared by political disturbance which VII remain memorable in the history ol all ,.mc.
 Chief among these are the fall of two crowned heads Nicholas of Rus ~.a and Constantine ol Greece. In Russia autocracy has given way to . republic. In Greece a Kingdom remains. but not d prorontonlc one .nt-a,. pressure having won suprem arg in this par, of rhe Balkans
 Political events within the German md Austrian empires, featured by .ae aa oa Chancellor yon Bethmann ueHwe4. have led to open discus s.oa~ of peace in the German reich ,.aa a- the fourth year dawns.
 In Great Britain, inc third veal closed with Winston Spencer Church. III. former first lord of the admiralty. returned to the cabinet with the portfolio of minister of munitions.
 Portugal and Roumania threw in their fortunes with the entente short Is after the third year began. Tho United States entered in April, fol- lowed by Cuba and Liberia. Panama pledged the United States her aid in defending the Panama Canal Costa R.aa put her naval bases at our  disposal China, Bolivia Guatemala and Brazil severed diplomatic rela- tions with Germany Uruguay eX- pressed her sympathy for the United State.
 Three new nations were born dur ing the year. Poland was created a kingdom under German and Austrian direction. In Mecca the Arabians overthrow Turkish rule and declared independence. In the Balkans, fiber ry was restored to Albania, which was established as republic under Italian political protection and with French military aid.
 An estimate made two months be fore the end of the third year voiced by Arthur Henderson, of the British war council placed the mum ber of men killed at 7,0oo,o0o since August, 1914. French General head uarters recently estimated 1500.0o0 Germans had been killed up to Mar. l. Mr. Henderson estimated the to- tai casualties at more than 45,ooo, GOO.
 The first and second American conungents of troops landed in France on June 2G and 27
 Nearly lo,0oo,o0o Americans of military age registered on June , under the selcctiye draft law, and from these are being selected the men who will comprise the great army coningents which America is planning 10 send to Europe.
 In cemeuting America $ association with the nations now her allies, numerous exchanges of missions were arranged. France, Great Brit ain, Italy, Belgium, Russia and other entente beligerents sent delegations 10 the United States as a step to- ward unification military, financial and otherwise. The United States sent missions to Russia and other countries.
 Fighting on the western front dur ing the third year of the war may roughly be divided into six phases two in the latter part of 1916 before winter called a halt; and four after the entente offensive was resumed in the early spring
 At the close of the second year the Germans were still unwilling tc concede failure in the operations cen, tering on Verdun. After August . 1916. the French gained the ascend ancy, eliminating in the retaking Of