davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
La Junta tribune., 1917-05-24
Teachers VIII Stay at Home

c. NJ Herren. principal OF the
Park School. who was requested to
furnish list OF the abiding places
of the different teachers OF that
school during the summer vacation.
informs us that owing to the high
cost OF living the teachers OF that
school will spend their summers
quietly at home-thereby establish
ing very la1datle, patriotic and
economical precedent that could be
emulated by some OF the rest OF us
with profit.
La Junta tribune., 1917-05-24
PiloNf. JUNTA 81.
Party for Quee. Of the May

Miss Carolyn Ellis pleasantly en-
tertained the Queen of the May. Miss
Ruth Reynolds and her attendants,
last Tuesday evening at 4 most en-
joyable party at her home. s13 San
Juan avenue.
The decorations were pink and
white with q huge bouquet Of sweet
peas adorning the center Of the
table around which the following
young ladies enjoyed dainty refresh
ments: Miss Ursey Moore. Miss Ruth
Reynolds, Miss Irene Spalding. Miss
lone Lewis, Miss Hope White. Miss
Frances Miller. Miss Mona Rife. Miss
Arolene Shell. Miss Flora Brown.
Miss Lucretia Lantz and Miss Caro-
lyn Evans.
La Junta tribune., 1917-05-24
MAyday Festival

The Mayday festival on last Friday
afternoon was one Of the most en-
joyable affairs of all the school func-
tions which are being given. The
soft sunshine and perfume Of spring
blossoms added to the charm OF the
occasion. although at times the wind
was too strong and seemed bent on
making sad havoc Of what would
have otherwise been q perfect day.
The participants in the exercises
met At the high school building and
marched to the city park. The long
procession was headed by the beau
tiful queen Of the May, Miss Ruth
Reynolds. seated In tiny pony cart
entirely covered with white blossoms
and drawn by four OF the high school
boys-Wendell Fertig. Harry Ire
land. Newell Sherman and Henry
Klein. Surrounding the queen were
ten Misses Ursey Moore.
Carolyne Ellis, Irene spalding. Fran
ces Miller. lone Lewis. Flora Brown.
Arolene Shell. Hope White. Mona
Rife and Lucretia Lantx. Tiny Inex
Ritter and Margaret Moore placed
the crown on the head of the May
queen.
The program was interesting from
the beginning to the end. but two of
the features OF the program that
deserve special mention were the
Maypole and the Hop. mother An
nika dance. The flying streamers
In many colors. and the graceful
dancing girls certainly presented .
most pleasing spectacle.
A thousand or more people en-.
joyed the festivities and were unit
in declaring II one Of the most at
tractive out Of door festivals ever
given in this city. Much credit is
due Miss Valentine Preston and the
teachers who assisted her for the ex-
cellent manner in which the work
prepared and carried out.
900
FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH.
La Junta tribune., 1917-05-24
Fourth Of July Meeting

Everybody who is interested In a
safe and sane celebration OF the
Fourth Of July is invited to attend
a meeting to be held in Harmony
Hall, Friday afternoon. at 3 o'clock,
for the purpose of effecting a per-
manent organization and making
suggestions for a proper observa-
tion OF onr nations birthday.
La Junta tribune., 1917-05-24
Gre.. worth.m show. Next week

The Great Workman Shows billed
to appear In this city the week Of
May 2Sth. under the auspices Of the
Loyal Order Of Moose. is said to be
one of the greatest amusement az
gregations Of today. Trveling as they
do in their own special train Of twen-
ty-five cars, carrying twenty high
class attractions, they rang amongst
the worlds greatest shows. The
La Junta tribune., 1917-05-24
Entertained .. Auction

On last Thursday night. Mr.. and
Mrs. Dean Holmes entertained q few
friends very Informally at Auction.
After the close Of the evenings en-
joyment dainty refreshments were
served. The number present in
cluded Mr.. and Mrs. Dean Kendall.
Miss Hough. Miss Irene Jones. Mr..
Sims. and Mr.. Bell, and Mr.. and
Mrs. Vernon Kintner.
90
Maytiay Breakfast
La Junta tribune., 1917-05-24
CHRISTIAN CHURCH
Dr. Joseph y. FiniIcy. Pastor

Bible school at 9:<5 o'clock.
Church service at II o'clock. ser-
mon by the pastor. Subject: The
Cost Of Neglect"
Junior Endeavor At 8. .. m.
Senior Endcavor At Z .. N.
Evening service at 9 o'clock.
Subject: THE War In Prophecy"
The public is cordially invited 70
attend oil these services.
La Junta tribune., 1917-05-24
MaydAy Breakfast

One Of the most attractive affairs
in the social life OF La Junta dur
ing the past week was Mayday
breakfast given by Miss Frances Mil
Ter. at her home, 500 Colorado ave-
nue.. last Saturday morning at 10
O'Clock. Misses Ruth Montjoy and
Arloene Shell were the honor guests.
The breakfast WAS served in four
courses on the huge round table
which was dsintily decorated with
tulips. spira and violets. with appro-
pirate place cards which also carried
out the suitable Mayday decorations.
Miss Miller had as her guests. be-
sides the two honor guests. Misses
Mona Rife, Mae Marshall, Florence
Bomgardner. Msdge Hasten. Ruth
Reynolds. Ursey Moore and lone
Lewis. After the breakfast the
morning was spent on the lawn in
picture making and playing croquet.
La Junta tribune., 1917-05-24
FIRST PRESBYTERIAN
T.. a. Alles. ID. D., Pastor

Sunday school At s:45 o'clock.
Preaching at II o'clock by the
pastor. Subject. "Shsil We Stumble
on the Same Stone Twice7" A SER
mon for the Grand Army OF the Re-
public and the Worran's Relief
Corps.
Christian Endeavor at 5:<6
O'Clock.
Preaching at 7:l6 o'clock by the
pastor. Subject. Things that
Count"
You are cordially invited TO at
tend al Of these services.
La Junta tribune., 1917-05-24
FIRST ~. =. CHURCH.
a. Z. T. Ewess, d. D.. Pastos

'Ths Dssslscs sAips Ths, Hasn't
tse Ocean ~ IA60~ b the subject Dr..
A. l.. =. Ewsst will preach on sun-
day svsains at The Methodist church.
IL the nofaiag st II o'clock be
Will preach % "Ths Man with Etss-
atty II hls 11eAst."
The Sunday school. with 9. n.
Harrison - suDsriatsndent. will b.
g1a at o:le O'Clock.
ne EDvesth League At s:ls
o'c1ock..,
Ths svesiss sssvIes begins at 7:lS
e's1esk.
Al ass sss1isiiy Invited . -
~ tAese sosvSses.
La Junta tribune., 1917-05-24
Farewell Din.s- for sosdisr soy

Mrs. c. A. Beerbohm was hostess
at an attractive farewell dinner
party on Monday evening. honorfng
Mr.. John Decker, who will leave
next Sunday for Bremmerton. Wash.
having enlisted In the service OF
Uncle Sam in the United States
Navy. Covers were laid for eight.
go
Mayday Festival
La Junta tribune., 1917-05-24
CHRISTIAN SCIENCE SOCIETY

Christian Science services are held
II Harmony Hall svory Sunday
morning st II O'Clock and every
wednesday evening at 7:%6 o'clock.
The public IL cordially invited 10 at
tsad. Sunday school II held At 10
.. n.
La Junta tribune., 1917-05-24
Birthday Club

Mrs. G. II. Winchell very charm
ingly entertained the members of
the Birthday Club on Tuesday af-
ternoon at her home, 602 San Juan
avenue. The house was daintily dec
GRATED with peach blossoms and .
two course luncheon was served.
The special guests present included
Mrs J. n. Lamb. Mrs. A. C. Draper.
Mrs. n. S Larsen. Mrs. J. E. Rice.
Mrs. J. o. Wood. Mrs. E W. Rags
dale. Mrs. Amidon. Miss Anna Nc
Mahon. Miss Ruth Larsen and Miss
Hazel Lee. The three last named
guests assisted the hostess in serv-
ing.
La Junta tribune., 1917-05-24
c. @. Club Theater Party

The C. c. Club was entertained
by Miss Carolyn Ellis at a theater
party at the Opera House last Friday
night, where they enjoyed the pre-
sentation Of that wonderfully spec
tacular picture. Intolerance. After
the performance the party returned
to the home OF the hostess where
most inviting refreshments were
served and the remainder of the
evening spent in conversation and
music.
The c. c. Club Is a local school
organization which was started sew
eral years ago when the girls were
all members OF the fifth grade. and
at this time are juniors. with the
exception of Miss Ellis. who will be
graduated tomorrow evening. As .
token OF their friendship the men,
bers OF the club presented the hos
tess with a most beautiful lavalier.
Those enjoying the happy occa-
sion were Miss Ruth McCauley,
Miss Ruth Sherman. Miss Helen
Edwards. Miss Lois worden. Miss
Mae Stevens. Miss Susan Wood. Miss
Dorothy Chutkow, Miss Elizabeth
Ritter. Miss Genevieye Moore and
Miss Gertrude Froese.
La Junta tribune., 1917-05-24

Services on Sunday q 7:3o and
II .. n.
Church school q 10 .. n.
No Sunday evening servioe.
othss sssvicss - aasouAesd.
La Junta tribune., 1917-05-24
~
Reception NJ Harmony Hall


The most prominent social affair
OF the past week was given at Har-
mony Hall Monday afternoon and
evening. The hall was radiant with
dozens of American flags OF various
sizes while great Jardinieres OF large
purple iris filled the air with a dain-
ty fragrance that was very sugges-
tive Of Mayday festivities. The hos
tesses who made such elaborate
preparations for the entertainment
OF their guests were Mrs. C. II. Bris-
tol. Mrs. o. @. Sexton. Mrs. w. II.
McKirihan. Mrs. J. f. Copeland and
Mrs. Ira Hall.
About forty-five OF their friends
were present at the afternoon re-
ception. the guests enjoying pro-
gressive turnover. a novel diversion.
until refreshments. carrying out the
popular patriotic color scheme of
red. white and blue. were served.
The diversion OF the evening re-
ception was cards and an equal num-
ber OF guests enjoyed the hospital
ity OF the hostesses until q late hour.
The out OF town guests were: Mrs.
W, X. Robertson. Of Rocky Ford.
Mrs. r. B. N. Blake. Mrs. @. A.
Williams. Mrs. J. f. Mcmahon. Miss
Mary McMahan and Miss Grace
Casey, OF Pueblo.
Mrshdsy Party
One OF the most enjoyable OF re-
cent social affairs was the celebra-
ton OF the birthday anniversary Of
Mr.. c. N. Harrison at his home. 814
Santa Fe avenue. last Thursday cv-
ening. The affair was = complete
surprise TO both the host and the
hostess. Il being planned and carried
out by Mrs. Harry Harrison. In re-
sponse TO the invitation Of Rev. and
Mrs. Ewert. Mr.. and Mrs. Harrison
went for . drive. On their return on
entering the dark house the lights
were thrown on and n merry crowd
OF friends met their gaxc. During
the happy moments soft music was
played on the plano by Misg Carol
Ewert.
The house had been quickly and
bea autifuily decorated vflh n profu.
sion Of iris. jonquil and lilac Bios
SONS. following the color scheme Of
lavender and white. A large birth
day cake daintiiy. decorated in the
prevailing colors. was placed In the
center Of tho large stand table
around which the guests present en-
joyed Q most elaborate luncheon.
The guests included Rev. and Mrs.
Ewert. Mr. and Mrs. J. n. Lamb.
Mr. and Mrs. r. 9. Jones. Mr.. and
Mn. ?. P. Austin. Mr. and Mrs. n.
~. Miller. Mr. and Mrs C. II. Bisn.
hisship. Nr. and Mrs. r. c. Todd.
NJ. and Mn. J. W. Warner. Mr. and
Mn. A. G. Dsapss. NJ. and Mrs ~.
r. MeCauisy. Mr. ard Mrs. c. n.
Hsrrison. Mics Carol Ewsrt and
Master Lavsrns asd TlAsry Harrison.
A. . token Of esteem and frisad-
ship . bsautiful ". o. ". watch
charm vas pesssatsl n . few ftttine
Fsassts nsds by Rev. Ewsrt. h ~
half Of thoee peeseoe. Aflsr Q boun.
tiful sbua1aace q eeel wishes Tor
naay AaDDy rst1rns q ~ ~ ~
hasDy DesH salsd q ~ Assc
La Junta tribune., 1917-05-24
OF. ANDREWS EPlscoPAL

Rsv. D. Howard Dow. Rsesss
La Junta tribune., 1917-05-24
Mfs. Mccarthy

Al the Close Of tAs Dsosran. ths
sstisias Dsesidsat. Mr.. 0asvla. na1s
. few apDseDsiats Fsnssks. q the
eioss Of Witch ~ turned The Office
over 70 sAs Asviy slsstsl Desss1eet.
Mn. Meees. Duslas . shest sesial
Dssiel ~ Assesss sssvsl hsht ~
Sreshnsats. ne nsslias Adjourned
= ~ ae.is \ ~ sssiy ssesna.
La Junta tribune., 1917-05-24
Music Study Club

The Music Study Club met Mon
day afternoon with Mrs. Ed Ober-
ling at her home on Ration avenue.
II being the annual Memory Day.
each guest was requested to take
part by playing . selection from
memory. The following program
was listened to with interest by those
present:
Piano Solo. Hunting soene"---
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1917-04-17

Forseast for Boise and violnlty.
FAIR TONIGHT AND WEDNESDAY,.
FREEZING TEMPERATURE TO-
NIGHT. Highest tsmpsraturs ysetsr.
day, ~; lowest temperature thie morn
Ing, -; mean temperature yesterday,
80.
Fair weather 10 forseastsd sor al
parts Of Idaho for tonight and tomor-
row with the exception Of the south.
east, where rain or snow will fall.
Thers will be light frost in the north
and freezing temperatures In the
south.
Warmer weather 10 general today
except in the northwest and the plains
states. The highest temperature re-
ported yesterday was go degrees q
Abilene, Tsx- and the, lowest was 8
dssrses At havrs, Mont.
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1917-04-17
MYSTERIOUS A|RPLANE
APPEARS AGAIN; ALONG
BOSTON & Maine ROAD

Boston, April IA mysterious air
plane was sighted over the Boston &
Maine railroad bridge crossing the Pis-
cataqua river by Massachusetts ma
tional guardsmen shortly before mid
night last night. Captain w. L. How
ard, commander of the Portsmouth
navy yard, sent a telephone message
to Captain William R. Russ, command
er Of the Charlestown navy yard, to-
day and the latter issued the follow
Ing statement on the report:
Commanding officer Of the Sixth
Massachusetts national guard detailed
to watch the Boston & Maine railroad
bridge over the Piscataqua river re-
ports that the sentry on watch at
11:2O p. m. last night distinctly saw
an airplane coming, to which he called
the attention of the other sentries on
the bridge and four Of them watched
the airplane for five minutes, circling
to the northward of the bridge. II
made no attempt to come over the
bridge, but the four men are positive
that they saw the airplane in the man
ner mentioned.
"The commandant thinks that there
Is something in this airplane business
and thinks 1t must have base in the
mountains to the northward of Ports
mouth. The sheriff Of Rochester, N.
H., has sworn in a squad of men and
they are circling the mountains in the
district. The commandant has taken
1t up with the press associations and
asked their cooperation in getting in
formation"
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1917-04-17
GODSON OF STONE
ENLISTS IN NAVY

San Diego, April II. - John J.
O'Brien. godson Of Senator Stone of
Missouri, head of the senate foreign
relations committee, and one Of the
"wilful twelve" is not pacifist.
He enlisted in the United States ma
rine corps here and left today for the
training school at San Francisco.
O'Brien, whose home is in st. Louis,
has been stopping at the U. s. Grant
hotel, member Of motoring party.
When the call to the colors came he
failed to emulate the peace tactics
Of his godfather, enlisting instead in
"the first line of defense"
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1917-04-17

DEPARTMENT GETS DETAILS.
The navy department had not heard
about the clash until press reports
brought word of it.
Immediately Lieutenant Commander
Belknap, navy censor, got the New
York navy yard on long distace tele-
phone and asked details.
New York, too, was ignorant of the
incident, but at once communicated
with Fire Island lightship, from which
the original report to Charlestown had
been made.
A few minutes later. the lightship, rs
miles off Sandy Hook, flashed back the
story to the New York yard, which at
once notified Belknap.
The submarines efforts to sink the
destroyer were the first definite evil
German U-boats lurked off our coasts.
NOT FAR FROM NEW YORK.
The fact that the Fire Island light
ship conveyed the original information
led to the belief that the German was
not far distant from New York City.
inasmuch as the lightship is only 25
miles beyond Sandy Hook, the outer
portal of New Yorks harbor. While,
for militay reasons, the navy depart
ment does not say what is being done
about hunting the submarine, 1t is as
sumed that a redoubled watch is be-
ing put into effect.
Reports to the Boston naval station
indicated that the submarine was how
ering off the Jersey coast midway be-
tween Atlantic City and Asbury park
and only. short distance below New
York City itself.
A HIDDEN BASE?
The navy has no way OF knowing
whether the submarine has made the
journey from Bremerhaven, intending
to make a quick stroke and return or
whether 1t has been lying off the AM
erican coast for some time getting its
supplies from a hidden base on the
Mexican coast or elsewhere along the
Atlantic coast.
One OF the numerous reports of sub
marines off our shores has been that a
group of them were harbored in Mexi-
can waters ready to make spectacu-
lar raid on one of the big American
ports.
The immediate effect of the Smith
affair as the navy sees it, will be to
stir UP the country to a realization
that war is at our shores and to stim-
ulate recruiting.
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1917-04-17
BRILLIANT WORK OF
FRENCH STIMULATES
BRITISH TO ACTION

With the British Armies Afield.
April 17.-%France's brilliant part in the
great offensive stimulated British
forces to redoubled energy today.
General Haig's forces continue their
advance. Outposts and patrols push
ed steadily forward to the east today.
Two more field guns were captured in
Hirondelle wood.
Meanwhile desperate work Of de-
struction by the Germans continues m
Lens-now fast doomed by the British
encircling movement. Today the Teu-
tons damned the Souchez river, back
ing up the water into Lens.
Levin. a suburb Of Lens, now held
by the British, was totally destroyed
before tho Germans were forced out.
The great coal mine and coal works
there had been wantonly smashed
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1917-04-17
Elihu Root Likely to Be
Called Because. Of His
Wide Experience. in Inter
national Affairs.

Washington, April 17.-President
Wilson is nearly ready to announce
the names of the men who will rep
resent the United States at the great
allied war council in Paris the second
week in May.
tentatively slated are Colonel E. M.
House, the presidents personal ad-
wiser; w. G. McAdoo, secretary Of the
treasury; Admiral Sims, president Of
the navy war college; General Kuhn,
president of the army war college, and
Elhu Root, chosen as legal adviser
and particularly because of his for
mer service in international affairs.
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1917-04-17
TRUCKERS GIVEN
INCREASE ASKED AND
STRIKE CALLED OFF

The trueksrs' strike at the
Oregon Short Line freight depot
came to an end at o'clock this
afternoon when the 10 men who
struck Monday morning, returned
to work upon being notified that
their demands for $3.50 per day for
10 hours would be met. A telegram
received by c. e. Chrisman this
noon from Salt Lake, gave the in
formation that the truckers were
to receive the advance asked and
notice was Immediately given the
mon.
AZ there 10 considerable
amount Of freight to unload
freight for shipment will not BE-
received at the depot until We'd
nesday.
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1917-04-17
BANKERS ASKED
FOR IDEAS ON
THE
BIG BOND ISSUE

Washington, April 17.-Secretary of
the Treasury McAdoo today called
upon the big banking interests of tho
country, including J. p. Morgan q Co.,
for suggestions as to floating the ST.
900 100000 bond issue.
McAdoo informally conferred with
members Of the federal reserve boards
advisory council today and asked that
each member submit individual ideas
on the floating of the bonds in writing.
This is q departure from the usual
custom Of recommendations being
made officially by the whole council
which begins its regular quarterly
meeting tomorrow. BY that time, il
is believed, the bill will be law and
definite steps shall then be taken on
what are now merely tentative plans.
ACTION IN THE SENATE.
The bill is expected to be pushed
through the senate with favorable
vote by tonight.
AS consideration of the war finance
measure began in the upper Dody to-
day, Senator Stone insisted on stat
ing his views" regarding certain
changes ne wants, but added he would
vote for the measure.
Senator LaFollette, for the first
time in several days. was in his seat
at the opening of today's session.
Stone declared he disagreed with the
bill. but will vote for it.
Although expect to vote for the
bill, preserve the right to express
my individual views. I voted to re-
port 1t but think 1t should have been
drawn upon different lines" Stone
said.
Senator Simmons declared passage
OF the bill was the only act Of CO.
operation with the allies the United
States can do at this time.
1T will be many weary months Of
waiting before we can do much else to
aid the allies" he said.
This is all we can do. in the name
Of America, In the name of patriotism,
Of our honor or fortune, SO let's do it.
Let's do it without quitting, without
dobbling or hesitating."
Simmons eloquently appealed for
passage of the bill unanimously, with
out discussion at least az to its pur-
poses"
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1917-04-17
GENERAL STRIKE IN
BERLIN TIES UP THE
CITY'S CAR LINES

Amsterdam, April 17.-Berlin's gen.
eral strike is GRIPPING the output OF
metal and wood and tieing UP trans
portation facilities. according to dis
patches received here. Details were
meager. There was no confirmation of
one report Of disorders in the German
capital.
The general strike had lon.; been ex-
pected, the radical Socialists having an
nounced 1t as a protest against the 25
per cent cut in the bread ration put into
effect Sunday.
Semi official dispatches, however. In
sisted that the strike had affected very
few industries and that 1t was with
out general public support.
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1917-04-17
MANY OPEN TOWNS
ALONG THE COAST:
NAVY YARDCLOSED
Hotels at Atlantic City Offer
Tempting Target-Cities
Will Be Ordered Dark
ened at Night.

New York, April s17.-Reports Of a
German U-boat In the vicinity of Fire
Island have filtered into the Fire
Island lighthouse for several days, II
was said there.
New York Is guarded by submarine
nets, It Is known, but whatever de-
lenses there are, is kept secret by the
navy department.
The navy yard in Brooklyn was
closed to every one this afternoon. In
quiries by telephone brought only the
curt response that there was no in
formation to give out. At Governors 8
island, headquarters Of the army of the
east, there was the greatest activity.
It is there that airplanes are held
ready for duty. When the report of
submarines being in Long Island sound
were circulated recently, army avia tors
took to the air and aided in the search
for them.
COAST TOWNS UNPROTECTED.
Stretching from New York to At
lantic City are scores of towns along
the New Jersey coast, which are en-
tirely unprotected and might be bonn
barded by hostile submarines.
from attack under international law,
but Germany has bombarded many
such towns on the British coasts.
The hotels at Atlantic City, firing
ing the famous board walk, offer a
tempting target. They are entirely ex-
posed to any fire that might be dk
rected against them from the open
sea. Undoubtedly they will be guarded
by patrol ships.
LIGHTS ORDERED OUT.
With the presence of hostile sub
marine now officially reported, an
order from the navy department order
ing all coast lights out at night is be-
lieved to be a foregone conclusion.
Coney island, ablaze with light as 1t
is at the height Of the season, would be
a perfect guide for a hostile ship ap-
preaching New York.
All resorts along the Jersey coast
have been brilliantly lighted at night
during the summer months in the past.
Continuance Of such illumination
would outline the coast for many miles.
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1917-04-17
CARRANZA TROOPS
NOW CONCENTRATED
AT CHIHUAHUA CITY

El Paso, Tex, April 17.-Con-
oentration Of thousands Of Car
ranzista troops at Chihuahua City
during tho last three days is de-
tailed In advices received here
from tho interior today.
According to these reports, Car
ransa garrisons have been with
drawn from Durango, Zacatecas,
Aguas Calientes, and Neuvo Leon.
Eighteen trainloads Of these
troops have already arrived at the
Chihuahua city concentration
camps, It Is said.
1t is reported that a large part Of
this force will be sent to the bord-
er. when mobilization is complet-
ed.