davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1917-02-17
GERMANS RELEASED
(United Press Leased Wire.

WASHINGTON, ID. c., Feb. 16.
ALI German sailors in this coun-
try, who were temporarily placed
in custody when information was
secured showing attempt to sink
German vessels which block Amer
lean harbors, have been released,
except those cases where actual
violation of the criminal statutes
has been reported, 1t was official
ly announced.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1917-02-17

Germany has been formally ask
ed if the American Yarrowdale
prisoners have been released, as
stated in press dispatches, the
state department announced to-
day.
The note, containing a demand
for the release of the prisoners,
which was prepared yesterday by
the department, is being held up,
pending a reply from the imperial
government to the inquiry sent 10
day.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1917-02-17
CREW NEARLY STARVED
IUnited Press Lenscd Wire.l

PORT ANGELES, Wash, Feb.
16.-Fifty days overdue the bar
kentine Retriever dropped anchor
in Callam bay today. All provis-
ions had been exhausted since Feb
ruary 8. Captain Ross, his wife
and 13 sailors aboard were half
starved and nearly exhausted.
Several seamen were Immediately
brought ashore for medical atten-
ton.
The Retriever left Port Adelaide
1872 days ago.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1917-02-17
Here and
Elsewhere

Michigan to vote on bOne-dry
question at the spring election.
Portland defeats Spokane at
ice hockey.
An Encyclopaedia on Time
Cards. Bill Fehse, Cigar Store.
Donnelly. adv.
Mai. Gen. Wood in favor of
teaching every youth how to han
die gun.
Like good Coffee? Big cups at
Duenwald's, 1112 Broadway. adv.
Millions of dollars worth of
automobiles tied up at Detroit on
account of car shortage.
Cut flowers and floral work.
Him., florist, So. 9TH and X. adv.
one hour, beginning first Sunday
in April.
Boys and girls of Pacific county
tie for spelling championship of
that county.
Walter Berg Staty. Co., 500
Bernice Bldg. Main 2237. adv.
Chicago school pupils to salute
the flag once a week.
Minnesota to vote on bone
dry law in the fall of 1918.
DIR. Cozza, dentist, POI Provi-
dent. adv.
Appeal made to President Will
son against use of special trains
for the inaugural, which might
cause a more serious railroad
train condition.
Bill introduced I'm Oregon leg
islature which would decrease
the number of signatures needed
on an initiative petition.
COMMERCIAL BINDERY d
PRINTING co. Main AZ. adv.
Grain dealers ask for bulk
grain handling instead of by sack.
Four former officers of the
Northwestern General Trading
Co. get Jail sentences and fines.
Don't forget the Railway Car
mems 4th Annual Masquerade
Ball Eagles Hall, Feb. 18th.
adv.
Wireless plant at Tutuila, in
the Samoan islands, completed by
the government, thus placing
them in direct communication
with the outside world for the
first time in the history.
Two hours after all guests
had left from a dinner party at
Mrs. Ida Taylor's at North Yak
ina, Is of them were taken i'll
with ptomaine poisoning. Ice
cream is thought to be the cause.
Lumber, Sash, Doors. Keystone
Lbr. Co. adv.
City manager bill passed I'm the
Kansas legislature which allows
any city to change from a com
mission form of government to
the city manager plan.
Farmers at Forest, near Che
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1917-02-17
BRITISH FIX ZONE

WASHINGTON. b. G.. Feb. 10.
The American embassy In Lon
don has notified the state depart
ment OF a revised danger some IN
the North Sea. as made public by
the foreign office. In view Of Ger
.manx,s unrestricted mine and sub
r fuifpA warfare ~-.-a
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1917-02-17
SS7 H1.f
~ ~ ltss,
Humphreys Sevent . .S1,
For Colds, Influd nee &c
q RI
Precursor OF GRIPt

PRECt ESbk OF 6tii
The precursor of the Grill
lassitude and weakne SIS. a
feeling of depression as il E
grave illness were pending.
The prompt use of 'Se'
seven" at this early stage, /,
you begin to snee2e and 81
cough and have sore throat
give the best results.
II you wait until your
ache, il will take longer.
At Druggists, % cents and Sic
mailed.
Humphreys nemeo. Medicine
I56 William Street. New 3rh.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1917-02-17
CHILE WINS TWO BOYS

Far away Chile has Thomas Grth until
Cosmopolis Arnold Poison
GUAM
The boys sailed Friday invasion of the
South
and cedar They expect to remaan there permanently
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1917-02-17

Saturday night. '"s
Born 10 Mr.. aud \
George. 1921 South BE 'f far
St, Feb. IA, girl; Mr.;
Ed. r. Christian, 254..
ina ave, Feb. IA. boy an.
Mrs. p. S. Sanger, 362 pas
St, Feb. 10, girl; Mr.. fools;
Frank Gillueare, 1910 S. man
bia ave-, Jan. 23, boy;
Mrs. Frank M. Baker,
18th ST., Feb. ,, girl; y TO
Mrs, Ignatz Slavich, 3.aaii.
5Sth ST., Feb. IL, boy; ,on-
Mrs. p. j. Cowling, 1914.
ave. Feb. 8, boy; Mr.. -
Edwin Cox, 1912 So. good
hoy. PRS,
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1917-02-17
NEW MILITARY BILL
Especial To The Times.

OLYMPIA, Feb. 17-Al between the o and
Will compelled month
military bv
of King sterday Is passed.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1917-02-17
Yesterdays Late News

L. s. WANTS TO KNOW
Omitted Press Lensed Wire.p
WASHINGTON, ID. c., Feb. 16.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1917-02-17
SWIMMER SAVES GIRL

Ethel Mecoud 28 years DID, sranged in the Stadium High
school swimming tank Thursday evening" down of the
efforts the frightened girls around and would have drowned it
mad not cool head skill Miss Ida NJ.
swimming instructor who dove
struggling girl shallow pulled her
ed her by first aid methods before the ulmoor could
the police station. Miss McCoud back
ona swimming lesson Miss Larson with the Stadium High
faculty for only three
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1917-02-17
Puget Sound
Electric Railway
SE,S


hrnn - OF proposal,
d4lkslredny or Commissioner
Warrant Tor the above TO be drawn
on the Light Fund as provided for
by Ordinance No. 1851, passed Feb
ruary 14th, 1917.
The Commissioner reserves tho
right to reject any and all Di6E.
III. Il. qHoEEN
Commissioner OF Light and WafoM
Feb. 17-1s-2o,21-2z. 1917.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1917-02-17

Andrew Foss, West 125' of So.
Chas. II. Herald, West 1875 of
Tract ......,.......,..
Andrew Foss. Commence at y.
w. cor of Tract IS. tn i. 125'
So. 100 w. so tn NWlv along
Browning st. to beg. Tract.
Geo. Malowski w. 1875 of No. So
of So. 100 of Tract .........s..
Louis LanGlow, No. 130' of East
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1917-02-17
HUGH CAN SPELL SOME

Hugh White 10 old Egin will represent
outside
Olympia month Hugh lasted longer than
girls
place the finals Nette Conrad of Clear Lake the
losing Hugh the silhouette
of Milton, and Dorothy Brch of American Lake
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1917-02-17

Four former officers of the
Northwestern General Trading
Co. get Jail sentences and fines.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1917-02-17

halls, to form farm loariva-
Saturday night. ""s
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1917-02-17

City manager bill passed I'm the
Kansas legislature which allows
any city to change from a com
mission form of government TO
the city manager plan.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1917-02-17
REFERENDUM SHUT OFF
Especial TO The Times.)


OLYMPIA Feb 17With the Phipps first aid bill favored by
the workers the sleep
vote compromise
BILL introduced
ployers
Not only that but the tackled the
clause shutting off chance for a referendum
Hastings of King county has moved reconsideration
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1917-02-17

Farmers at Forest, near Che
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1917-02-17

Grain dealers ask for bulk
grain handling instead of by sack
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1917-02-17

Lumber, Sash, Doors. Keystone
Lbr Co. adv.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1917-02-17
SELL PIE FOR STATUE

Lincoln Park High school pupils sold pie
science girls the benefit of the Lincoln
will sell divinity"
food and brick ice Thursday
Will sell candy again. Stenography
being fined mistake
gether $64316 has been pledged and $22.2S collected
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1917-02-17

|PYTHLANS STAGE DRAMA
As part of the celebration the 53d anniversary of the
commencement Lodge No Knights
Damon and Pyhias at the Tacoma theae Tuesday evening
f. w. Loomis, grand chancellor
the
No 21 under
lof Angeles. The Seattle
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1917-02-17

COMMERCIAL BINDERY a
PRINTING co. Main At. adv.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1917-02-17

Don't forget the Railway Car
mems 4th Annual Masquerade
Ball. Eagles Hall, Feb. 18th.
adv
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1917-02-17

Bill introduced I'm Oregon leg.
islature which would decrease
the number of signatures needed
on an initiative petition.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1917-02-17
LEGAL NOTICES
LEGAL NOTICES
*. Prin- Inter Nv. d
cipal. est. Penalty. Total
To Whom Assessed;
Local Improvement District No. 934.
Local Improvement District No. 933

Second Annual InstaIlmcnt.
TACOMA LAND COMPANY,s IST ADDITION
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1917-02-17
DANISH SUPERSTITIONS

The God Idea will be the subject of discussion
William p Reynolds, the Milwaukee
meeting of the at D.
m. Sunday in Maccabees hail. Broadway
The aim the society
Danish fear of theological ghosts uncharted hells"
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1917-02-17

Appeal made to President Will
son against use of special trains
for the inaugural, which might
cause a more serious railroad
train condition.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1917-02-17

DR.. CozZa, dentist, 2O1 Pr0vi-
dent. adv.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1917-02-17

Two hours after all guests
had left from dinner party at
Mrs, Ida Taylor's at North Yak
ina, Is of them were taken i'll
with ptomaine poisoning. Ice
cream is thought to be the cause.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1917-02-17

Wireless plant at Tutuila, in
the Samoan islands, completed by
the government, thus placing
them in direct communication
with the outside world for the
first time in the history.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1917-01-22

Mary Street, Jessie Hazard. Virginia
Christian.
Returns Homo.
Mrs. L. O. Hathaway, of white
stone, Va. who has been visiting her
daughter. Mrs. q. Y. Bradley. s0as
Hanover Avenue. has returned 70 her
home.
Miss shaplcigh's Lectures.
January so. Tuesday. 3 p. Mum
damental cookery.
January 81. Wednesday. 10 A. M
How to make inexpensive dishes at
tractive.
January 81. Wednesday. 8 P. NJ
Development of fundamental dishes
into more elaborate ones.
February /. Thursday, 10 A. NJ
Soups and salads.
February /. Tharsday. 7;30 p M
Attractive meat substitutes
February 2, Friday. 10 A. M.-En'
trees and desserts.
February 2. Friday. 1870 p. M
Chatting dish cookery.
Miss Shapleigh writes: "As TO my
history. | am a graduate OF the Bos
ton Cookery School. 1895. Teacher
and demonstration in New York State
Miss Farmers School of Cookery, In
structor. and Teachers College, in
tlFNCtof. I"
Miss Shapleigh is woman OF
charming personality, besides being
thoroughly informed in her subject
She makes her classes at Teachers
College so interesting that women OF
all ages and occupations attend them
In one class this summer. there were
about twenty-five women. Among
them were hospital dieticians. teach
ers. demonstrators OF cookery. Y. w
G. A. secretaries and women OF 1eis-
ure, One woman had come from Por-
TO Rico. several from Canada, and
many from the East, South and West
She Is conceded 20 be the finest cook.
cry demonstration In this country.
Dinner Today.
The Loving Band of Second Pres
byterian Church is serving a turkey
dinner today from 1890 to 3 o'clock
in the lecture room of the church
near Fifth and Main Streets. The
public Is invited.
Dinner Tomorrow.
Tho ladies OF the Seventh Street
Christian Church will serve dinners
from 1890 TO 3 o'clock at 911 Ia
East Main Street, tomorrow, Wednes-
day. Thursday, Friday and Saturday.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1917-01-22
NEWS ABOUT BOOKS
Basis for Durable Peace.

"a Basis for Durable Peace" an
examination OF the elements under
lying permanent peace after this
war, written by distinguished publ
cist who signs himself Cosmos" will
be published shortly by Charles
Scrihners Sons. The author, whose
reputation Is world wide. wtthholds
his name because he wishes to speak
as citizen of no particular nation.
but of the world. In this volume
which is published in pamphlet form,
he deduces principles by which all
the conflicting interests which have
resulted from the present war may
be reconciled and al agreement ar
rived at whereby peace may be last
ing.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1917-01-22
BenayFnte.

Here Is an announcement that will
bring cheer 10 the readers OF plays
now rather chilled and saddened by
the recent downpour OF dramas from
harsh and gloomy lands OF snow and
ice:
"Jacinto Benavente. universally &C
knowiedged In Spain as the dramatic
leader OF this day OF the retuvena-
ton or the drama there. is at last
10 be introduced to the American
public through the publication or a
volume OF four OF his most repre-
sentative plays The translation Is
being prepared by John Garrett Tn
derhiil representative OF the United
States and Canada of the Sociedad de
Autores Espanoles These plays are
The husband and His widow, a
brilliant and amusing comedy of man
ners. la MalQuerida' (an ill-love) i,
- splendid peasant tragedy The EVIL
Doors OF Good n piercing satirical
revelation OF the hypocrisy OF the at
t,tude OF society, and The Bonds
of Interest a charming MoliersQue
comedy upon humanity In general"
In Spain the enthusiasm for Bena-
vente is tremendous. and his enor-
nous production of seventy five
dramas besides other volumes of table
talk and essays has steadily increased
IT,
A promise OF novel and refreshing
reading, to say the least
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1917-01-22

Part OF The cargo OF the Deutsch-
land when IT left for Germany in
the middle OF November was copy
of The Navy AS Fighting Machine"
by Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske.
which the captain was taking over
with him for the German admiralty.
In view Of the great influence upon
German naval policy which Admiral
Fiske has attributed in his pages to
Admiral Mahan's famous book. The
Influence of Sea Power" II is inter-
esting to think of captain OF this
famous undersea vessel reading an
other book by an American admiral
on the same subject on his historic
voyage under the Atlantic.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1917-01-22
The NORTHWEST.

The hnal volume OF the Original
Narratives Of Early American History
Series Will be published within the
first weeks OF 1917. 1t Is entitled,
Early Narratives of the Mort Invest, -
edited by Louise Phelps Kellogg, of
the University OF Wisconsin. 1t in
cludes narratives, of the Journey OF
Raymbauit and Jogues 10 the sault.
1871. Father ANouez's Journey to
Lake Superior. 1665-1sS7 Father AL
louez's Wisconsin Journey. 166a-16T0.
The Journey of Dolller and Galinee,
by Gaiineo, 166a-1s70; the Mississip pi
Voyage of Joliet and Marquette. 1873.
Marquette's Last Voyage. 1s74-1s75;
La Salle's Discoveries, l67S-1es0, and
many others.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1917-01-22
One Error in 1900 Pages.

The fact that a rather serious err
ror has been discovered in Life His
tories Of Northern Animals" Ernest
Thorn pson Seton's monumental two
volume work on North American nat
uyai history. is not so notable as the
fact that. although the book has been
before the public since 1909 and has
been reviewed by the most eminent
authorities on the subject. II IL the
only error that has been discovered
In it's thirteen hundred pages and the
author IL the diseoverer Mr.. Setor
has pointed out that on page Ats.
Volume /. concerning the beaver. he
makes the statement that 'it never
plasters the lodge with mud outside"
This should read: 1T seldom plasters
the lodge with mud outside, except
Just before the frost comes. In the
summer all dodgers are finished ou,-
side with sticks"
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1917-01-22
Second Edition In One week

A.. second large edition of the
Poems OF Alan Seeger." was called
for within a week after the books
publication. The publishers, Charles
Scribner's Sons. are. printing in the
&oEssa Of, "A small. hooklet. including
a portrait Of the author. a biogra phi
cal sketch written about him by one
s0f his friends and classmates, which
they offer to send to anybody asking
for 1t free OF charge.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1917-01-22

Inc constant GRIP wears out the rock
The persistent hammering that is being
waged through The Richmond Virginian
in behalf Of the buy In Richmond" move
ment will sure y bear fruit for our local bust
ness houses and our city in general
LOYALTY in these more than ever
before in the history Of the world Loyalty the flag of ones
the watch word today of all Europeand should be
land we believe s) the watch word today of AMERICA
LOYALTY TO HOMELAND and home what it all
meansand should be emphasized commercial the
IN a military
Every of Richmond should be proud of the fact that he
lives in this city.
and buying Richmond made goodshe who have really
made city what today by their enterprise and their loyalty
In be found merchants who loyal more
enterpsng ready to OF their energy and
worthy that has for the good Of
Richmond.
Are treating these merchants JUSTLY when we buy out
of town?
Let each resolve to show OUR LOYALTY to Richmond
by always trading with local firms.
ATLANTIC it55 9ssus,, co 4s s:Ss ss
THE ~ as% 80 sSs AND %
R9as& BANK p Es554 41ss1 nass3
;ss:ss. s!s:. + :s:;sz
'ss .$$ ;s; S s;:::,S, S
% 's Dzs1os novnrn. ae gssss7 e
FIRST 1 S4%S75 ao 1 ss sS
a;AaS Ii :sss sDs :ss :ss a:9. 60
~; o. a5saca Is OF
9aasF1 H H s se we, T1e9 agD1uv
RICHMOND CAN SERVE YOU BEST
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1917-01-22
At the Art Club

Miss Adele Williams viii talk on tn.
"Post lmpressionists at the Art Clut
OF Richmond. az ! 80 o'clock tomor
row afternoon Miss Williams wa
one OF the charter members OF thu
club ANA was formerly an Instructor
in the club
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1917-01-22

A promise OF novel and refreshing
reading, to say the least.
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1917-01-17
BONIFAClO WONDERS
WHEN HE is TO BE
PAID "THAT REWARD

Bonfacio Serrano, who tipped off,
Detective Harry T. Lake to the where
abouts of a counterfeiting layout re-
Gently, is a little bit peeved He be-
lieves he should have a reward Of
some sort for exposing his fellow Fill
pines, and asserts he was promised
remuneration but never got it.
According to the story he tells, he
was informed by Lake that the latter
would receive a certain amount Of
money for bringing the counterfeiters
to justice and that he would give Boni-
facio half. In other words, there was
to be a split of fifty-fifty. Another
story he tells is that the federal Off
Gals were going to pay a reward for
tho apprehension of the counterfeiters.
So Bonifacio has been lettering
around Marshal J. J. Smiddy's office,
presumably waiting for the reward.
The marshal says he knows nothing
of a reward having been offered. In
opium cases, where defendant is con-
victed and fined, it is customary to
award half of the fine to the informer,
If there be one. But this custom Is
not known to apply to cOunterfeiting
or any other cases.
But BoniiaciO is still looking for his
money.
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1917-01-17
MEDICAL SOCIETY WINS SUIT
OVER STATE JURISDICTION

CHI. AGO. ltl-A suit which for six
Years has attracted attention of med
icdl men throughout the country has
been decided in favor OF the American
MCdi, al Association by Judge Heard
in the circuit court Of Cook county.
The organization is Il non-profit.
making corporation under the laws OF
illinois. DR.. &. Frank LindSton OF Chi
'ago. a non member, held that under
the Illinois law the organization must
hold its conventions in this; city. and
that its officers must he citizens of
Illinois. Judge Heard decided that the
state Jaw applies only to profit
making organizations, and that it was
plainly in the public interests that
such organizations as the American
y edical Association should have the
widest privileges as to the choice OF
officers, place Of meeting and other.
" Sc. Counsel for DR.. l,indston win
appeal TO the appellate court Of Hin.
DIS
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1917-01-17
DEMOCRAT SEES
NEEDS OF DUTY

j. T. Witherspoon, general manager
OF the American Sugar Refining Com
pany Of Louisiana. has a cheerful mes
sage for HAWAII: There will be no
reduction In the tariff on sugar; on
the contrary there is likely to be
an increased duty.
Mr. and Mrs. Witherspoon; their
daughter, Miss Elizabeth Wither-
spoon; their son. Wardlaw. who has
a touch Of scarlet fever; Miss Einim
McNear and Hiss Jessie McCray,
school Chums Of Miss Witherspoon,
and trained nurse. make up q party
OF Sc. en- which came in the Wilhel-
nina and is now comfortably housed
in tt" HustaCe cottage at the MOana
hotel. Prepare! TO 81 end about five
months here All are from New Or
leans.
Although the Louisiana sugar man
is here primarily to try out Hawaii
as a health resort and has not been in
his office for nearly a year on ac-
count of poor health, the facts and
figures which he has on the tip of his
tongue are right up to the minute and
he is noi at all retiCcnt about giving
them out.
i was born a Democrat" he says,
but | have just about lost faith
in that party. They never seem to
know what to do next. The brains
Of national politics is in the Repub
lican party, But despite the fact
that the Democrats are pledged to free
sugar they will find such a deficit in
national revenues this year that they
will be obliged to continue it and pos
sibly increase it."
Witherspoon says he always
thought cane grew so prolifically here
that Hawaii could get along despite
free sugar but has been given to un-
derstand different. Louisiana would
have to look for new fields, he says,
if the great product ever started roll
ing in free OF duty from Cuba.
Sugar and cotton both have brought
to the South her first real prosperity
since the Civil war, according to
Witherspoon.