davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1917-08-27
MUCH GOLD IS BEING
SENT over TO JAPAN

New York, Aug. 27.---The United
States sub-treasury here transferred
$6.000,000 In gold by telegraph to
san Francisco today for export to
Japan. This is the largest single
withdrawal Of gold for shipment to
that country since the mover ont
began to assume important propur-
tlons about three months ago.
II In estimated that since last
May an aggregate OF from $50. 1000.
900 to 100000 In gold has been
transferred to japan.
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1917-08-27
NO FISH TO BE PLANTED
IN "NO FISHING" STREAMS

Pendleton, Aug. 27,--The state
fish and game commission will not
stock with trout. fry those streams
along whose banks property owners
have posted no-hshing signs. Be-
cause the anglers pay the expenses
Of planting the Ash. Ash authorities
take the stand that It is not fair to
plant fry in what are practically
private preserves.
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1917-08-27
NEW YORK TO LONDON
TWO DAYS BY AlitPIiANE

London. Aug 3,--tBy mall )---
New York 10 London via aeroplane
In ~ hours Is tho post twar predic-
tion OF Sir J, Compton, -Rickett.
army paymaster. He says the war
has developed flying n decade be-
yond the ordinary peace-timo devel-
opment.
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1917-08-27
-FOUR MILLION LOAN
PROBABLY IN sept.

Washington, Aug. 27.-With war
expenditures for the month OF Au-
gust being made by the United
States at the rate OF approximately
$24.000.O00 day. Secretary Of the
Treasury McAdoo is revising his
views on the second Liberty loan.
Indications are today that loan
OF 1900. 900. 900 at 4 per cent will
be offered next month. A recon-
mendation suggesting that such a
loan be asked has been transmit;e
to congress by Secretary McAdoo.
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1917-08-27
TELEPHONE MAGNATE GIVES
NEWSPAPER MEN SLIP

Portland, Aug. 27.-Successfully
evading newspapermen, Theodore
Vail, president Of the American
Telephone & Telegraph company.
one of the biggest Industrial lead
ers in the country, has slipped in
to the northwest, stopped at several
towns and slipped out again.
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1917-08-27
IEE(!E WILL ASSIST
IN WAR PURCHASING

Washington, Aug. 27.-- Alexander
Lcogc, general manager OF the In
ternational Harvester company has
been appointed assistant to y. n.
Baruch In the work of purchasing
war materials, Directors to handle
steel and copper purchases win be
appointed under Leege. It Is an
nouncod.
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1917-08-27
W. c. T. U. CONVENTION
AT ALBANY IN OCTOBER

Albany, Ore, Aug. 27.-The state
convention OF the Woman's Christian
Temperance Union will be held in
the First Presbyterian church Oc-
tober to 6. it is announced. Two
delegates from every town in Ore
gon are expected to attend.
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1917-08-27
RUSSIANS SCORE TWO
LAND AND SEA VICTORIES

Ne:rosrad, Aug. 27.-Russian
troops on the Roumanian front
northeast Of Soveis. have recaptur-
ed height which the Germans had
at first forced them to abandon, 1t
is officially stated.
The Russian Black sea fleet has
destroyed II motor boats and seven
feluccas.
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1917-08-27

Washington, Aug. 27,-Weathor
predictions for the week beginning
Sunday. Issued by the weather bu-
reau today are;
Pacific states--Falr.' moderate
- Mpernture.
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1917-08-27
OFFICERS AM GATHERlNG
AT AMERICAN LAKE

American Lake, Wash, Aug ~,
Forty-seven commissioned officers
tho advance guard of the army
which viii be trained here--are
scheduled to arrive at American
Lake today Mayor General II. A,
Greene commanding oficer, already
Is here.
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1917-08-27

dissatisfaction with Gompers' policy.
Gompers maintains that this dissat-
isfaction is to be found mainly
among the foreign elements.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1917-05-24
Notice to Auto Owners

Owing to the nice volume Of bust
ness that Messrs. Walters & East
man have received in the past week or
two the Monarch Motor Gas Co. of
St. Paul will extend our free trial of
Motor gas through. our dealers for
another 80 days, and every man that
Messrs. Walters & Eastman sell a
can of Motor Gas to, it is doing that
man personal favor and we will
prove this to your satisfaction if you
will give us an opportunity by get
ting free sample as above stated.
l quart can treats 100 gallons of gas
oline, saves, you so gallons of gas
oline, in mileage costs you $500
therefore you save $500 in cold
cash. If you at any time are not sat
isfed after you have treated Is or
80 gallons of gasoline you can re.
turn the unused portion and get
your full purchase price back. Mon
arch Motor Gas is positively guaran-
teed by the manufacturers. For fur
Their particulars see Walters & East
man, River Falls, Wis. adv.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1917-05-24
WoehrIe 3akeTsh0p Burned

A dangerous fire at noon today to-
tally destroyed the bakeshop at the
rear of Woehrle's restaurant and fol
a time threatened the entire building.
The flames had completely enveloped
the shed before the fire department
was summoned, and when the motor
chemical apparatus arrived it seemed
almost certain that the restaurant
would soon be afre. But the chemi-
calls, though unable to subdue the fur
mace of flame about the oven, checked
the blaze from spreading to the other
building and the duplication of two
streams from the city hydrants soor
put out the fire completely.
Mr. .Woehrle's loss is estimated al
about $500, well covered by insurance
Mrs. Henrietta Carroll, who owns the
building will erect new annex fol
the bakeshop.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1917-05-24
Red Cross Notes

Join the Red Cross and 50
help provide for the wounded
soldier boys.
Nearly two hundred names
have already been handed to the
membership committee Member
ship blanks and buttons will be
at both banks.
The Domestic Art Department
Of the Normal School, together
with some Of the teachers and
young lady students is making
two dozen red socks, two dozen
shoulder wraps, two dozen hos
pital suits.
The Bridge Club and the Art
Circle have taken over the max
ing Of four dozen pajamas.
The Woman s League is MAX
ing two dozen convalescent
gowns.
Many women are knitting
socks and more knitters are
needed.
Work at headquarters on Box
8 Of articles made from old
sheets and old linen is progress
ing, but we need more material
and more workers. This work IS
not as fascinating as some but
Just as necessary, 50 come and
do your bit and show your patrl-
Otism.
The Camp Fire Girls gave all
net proceeds Of May festival.
The Relief Corps is making
fifteen laundry bags and house
wives for Company CO.. at Hud-
son.
Other organizations will be Civ
en- separate work as soon as
possible.
Red Cross headquarters meet
ing at Congregational basement
on Friday afternoon. Bring your
thimble, shears and tape line.
There will be a Red Cross sale
of plants at Wieland's nexr
Saturday, 10 per cent Of the pro
ceeds to go to the Red Cross
fund
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1917-05-24
Modern Warfare

Nothing thus far filmed so
wildly affords the spectator an
insight into modern warfare, with
its attendant horrors, as does
Civilization" to be shown here
May 30, for in the picture s
many great battle scenes nothing
but the most modern and up-to-
date armament is employed. Even
the aeroplanes seen in the picture
are not those used customarily
for exhibition purposes, but all
are air machines built strictly for
military use. Several types of
the planes are shown in "Civil-
ization, and they include the
swift scouting machine, con
structed for observation work
the heavier and more cumbersome
aeroplanes, designed as raider,
and from which death dealing
explosives are dropped; and also
the armOred air fighter, whose
duty it is to drive the enemy S
air ships from the skies. Stu
dents Of Aeronautics will, there
fore, find much to interest them
in closely watching the flights
made by the sky fighters in
" Civilization. " In previous mill
tary pictures, where aeroplanes
were used, directors secured the
services Of the usual exhibition
machines and were content. Not
so with Mr.. Ince, for he was not
satisfied until the Z. S. army
authorities had given him per
mission to use each Of it's various
types Of air fighting machines,
and in the picture the planes
seen are all guided by U. S.
military aerialists.
See Civilization" at the Opera
House, Decoration Day, matinee
and evening.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1917-05-24
Pierce County Breed
ers' Association

The annual meeting and mid-sum-
mer picnic of the Pierce County
Breeders Association will be held
June 2 at the farm of E. P. Bier
king, near Lawton.
w. w. Clark Of Grand Rapids will
give a n address 0 n 'The Guern-
esey Breed" John Hammer of Rob
erts will talk on Alfalfa, /" and sew
eral other speakers will discuss va
rious topics. There will also be sew
eral stock judging contests.
The business meeting will com
mence at 10 a. m sharp.
Basket lunch at noon.
Melvin Hammer, Sec.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1917-05-24
Baldwin Wins Field Meet

The fifth annual field meet
held by the local normal school
for competition among the high
schools Of this section, proved
one Of the best ever held in this
city. After Saturday program
the visiting athletes and their
accompanying delegations were
guests Of the normal school at a
social affair in the gymnasium.
Baldwin high school won the
meet; Hudson was second and
Prescott third. Manion Of Pres
colt won the highest number OF
individual points. The all-round
work of the HaWleys Of Baldwin,
featured the meet and was the
big factor in deciding the winner.
The final count was: Baldwin,
% 1-3 points; Hudson, %; Pres
colt, II; Spring Valley, II 1-3
New Richmond, 10; Barron, 5;
Ellsworth, 3 ID; Roberts, |.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1917-05-24

Valley, Wis, Math. & History
Mabel Esterby, Burtrum, Mimi.
OFT o Eggebrecht, Rhinelander,
Wis, Junior High School; Anna
Frey, Wanda, Mimi, German &
Grade Work; Arthur Gustafson,
Antler, n. Oak, Agriculture &
Science; Carol Higgins, Boyd,
Wis, Math. & Eng; Fred Lancer,
Kenosha, Wis, Science in Junior
High School; Florence Pearson,
Boyd, Wis, Asst; Lillian Ryan,
Plum City, Wis, District School
Van La Duke, Athens, Wis.
Principal II. S.; Esther Erland-
son, Stanley, Wis, 9th grade
Helen Hanson, Waterville, Mimi.
3rd grade.
Agricultural Department.
The following:
Henry Antholz, Shiocton, Wis,
Principal H. S.; Walter Bergen,
independence, Wis, Agriculture
Victor Goss, Westfleld, WIS.
Science & Agriculture; John
Hanson, Prairie Farm, Wis,
Principal; Irwin Heise, Corliss,
Wis, Principal; Charles Hines.
White Rock, S. Oak, Principal
H. S.; John Light, Washburn,
Wis, Agriculture; Simon LOvaas.
Spring Valley, Mimi, Agricul-
ture; Floyd Lowell, Richland
Center, Wis, Agriculture Gordon
H. Neuenfeldt, Burlington, Wis:
Manual Training & Economies
Archie Shafer, Plum City, Wis.
Principal; Lawrence Thompson
Harvey, n Oak, Manual Train
ing; Howard Webster, Rib Lake;
Wis, Science Z History.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1917-05-24

People who are curious to see
the effect Of submarine warfare
such as has been carried on by
the European adversaries almost
within sight Of the American
coast will be given opportunity
to see this in Thos. II. lnce S
81 100000 cinema spectacle,
Civilization" which comes to the
Auditorium theatre next We'd
nesday for matinee and night
performances. For in this mann
moth production is shown the ac-
tual operation of submarine I'M
der water, the firing Of the tor
pedo and the sinking Of an ocean
liner loaded with women and
children.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1917-05-24
TWO DAYS STOCK SHOW

The annual Stock Show, held IN.
der auspices of the Agrifallian Club,
on the normal school campus, will
occupy two days this year, Thursday
and Friday Of next week.
The first day will be devoted to
the judging of stock and exhibitors
are requested to have their stock in
readiness on the grounds at 9 a. m.
Professor Kuenning has charge of
listing the entries and those who
wish to exhibit stock should see him
at once.
On Friday there will be a public
stock auction, a grand opportunity
for farmers to buy good stock, or to
dispose of their own. A small auc-
ton fee will be charged.
Besides h auction n Friday
there will be a program of speaking,
music, military drill ball game and
other entertainment.
Remember the dates, May 81 and
June 1.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1917-05-24
Patriotic Day at Roberts

Roberts invites you to a patri-
otic program given by it's citizens
and schools in the Congregational
church, 10 o'clock, May Both.
The Roberts Military Band will
furnish music before and after
the program. There will be an
auto procession to the cemetery
where the graves Of the Civil
War veterans will be decorated
Program.
Neutrality-suspicious..
Prayer-NIr. Fisher
Selection-Clapp Quartette.
Drill, Marching Thru Georgia
Grades.
Recitation, The American Flag
Elsie Johnson.
Song, 1.-The Flag Goes By
Primary.
Evolution 0 fthe Flag-Grades
Song, America the Beautiful
H. S. Boys Glee Club.
Lincoln's Gettysburg Address
Virgil O'Brien.
Violin Solo-Patriotic Medley
Prof. John Howard.
Reading, The Man Without {
Country-Mrs. Sweet.
Star Spangled Banner-Audi
ence
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1917-05-24

Roosevelt declining to appoint him un-
der the act and writes "the business
now in hand is undramatic, practic-
al, and of scientific defniteness and
precision"
A Wisconsin boy called on me yes
terday who gave 800 for one days
test in flying machine at Newport
News preliminary to joining the
French aviation corps. He leaves next
Saturday for France with certificate
that he is fright proof and will make a
good airman.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1917-05-24
The Submarine in "CiVIIIZation'

Submarine warfare which with
all its terrors has been brought
to the very gateway Of America
by the underwater fighting
crafts is wildly pictured IN Thos.
Il. 1nce's million dollar cinema
spectacle which comes to the
Auditorium theatre, matinee and
night, May 80; matinee 3 p. NJ.
night 8 o'clock.
When Mr.. Ince produced the
wonderful spectacle showing a
submarine in action and the sink
ing of a great ocean liner, loaded
with women and children, little
did he dream that the European
powers would carry this sensa-
tional method of sea fighting al
most to the shores of this country.
Newspapers recently have been
filled with the details Of sinking
ships by submarines along the
Atlantic coast. In . Civilization
this terrific warfare is pictured
in detail with hair-raising real
ism. The European countries by
bringing their conflict this side
OF the ocean have turned press
agent for this big production that
everyone will surely wish to see.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1917-05-24
Scandal In Town

Residents along the shores of the
upper electric power pond are setting
traps to catch chicken chasers, an
annoyances from that source being
severity felt the past two weeks.
Tuesday morning John Betlock
found whole flock of fifty-two chicks
and chickens murdered, tracks and
other evidence fixing the guilt upon
mink or weazel. Traps have been set
to catch the invaders, in an attempt
to stop further destruction.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1917-05-24
Recent Elections Of Teachers

The following members Of the
senior class at the Normal School
have already accepted positions,
and many others are being favor
ably considered at the present
time:
Ruth Adams, Holcombe, Wis,
Est & End grades; Henrietta
.Brawley, Ironwood, Mich, LIST
grade; Edna Davis, Mellen, Wis,
1st grade; Ruth Engdahl, Burt
rum, Mimi, 3rd & 4th grades
Burnice Gridley, Athens, Wis,
kindergarten and LIST grade; Ann
Heffron, Hammond, Wis, Prim-
airy; Eta Hanson, White Rock,
S. Oak, LIST & End grades; Lucille
Hawkins, Madison, Wis, LIST
grade; Hadye Howe, River Falls,
Wis, Primary; Anna Jensen,
Askow, Mimi, 4th & 9Th grades ;
Elfreda MacGeorge, Athens, Wis,
End & 3rd grades; Margaret Nc
Diarmid, Wabeno, Wis, LIST
grade; Georgiana Morden, Bald
win, Wis, 3rd & 18th grades
Mollie Olson, Maiden Rock, Wis,
LIST & 2nd grades; Ruth Peter
son, Plum City, Wis, LIST & End
grades; Avis Severson, Pequot.
Mimi. LIST & End grades; Mabel
Simons, Leach Lake, Mimi,
Primary; Inez Tracy, Goodman.
Wis, 1st grade; Elizabeth Veg
horn, Addison, Wis, End grade
Theresa Willink, Baldwin, Wis,
LIST grade.
Melba Ayers, Stanley, Wis.
4th grade; Ethel Campbell, St.
Paul, Mimi. Tth grade; Ruth
Carlson, White Rock, S. Oak.
18th & 9Th grades; Ruby Cranston
st. Peter, Mimi, 7th grade; Stella
Davis, Spring Valley, Wis, Bird
& 4th grades; Evangeline Diev-
eney, Webster, Wis, 9TH grade
Alma Fouks, St. Peter, Mimi,
9th grade; Doris Gardner, Ray
mond. S. d., Bird & 4th grades
Lloyd Gardner, No Bend, Wis:
Principal; Esther Johnson, Ath-
ems, Wis, 4th & 9th grades; Stella
Julian, Brookings, S. Oak, Prin-
cipal Junior High School; Arabia
Kamke, Baldwin, Wis, 7th & 9Th
grades; Gladys Leach, Wausau,
Wis. 18th grade; Cecilia Lovejoy,
Leech Lake, Mimi, grades; Irene
McAIahon, Red Lake Falls, Mimi,
9Th & 9th grades; Lulu Paulson,
Wausau, Wis, 9Th grade; Flor
ence Preston, Rib Lake, Wis,
9Th grade; Luella Reed, Athens;
Wis, 9Th & 9th grades; Loretta
Ryan, New Richmond, Wis, Dis
trict school; Clara Thompson.
Bookings. S. Oak, Arithmetic,
Junior High School.
Gladys Allbee, New Londen,
Wis, Dept. Work in the upper
grades; Frank Brendenmuehl,
Redgranite, Wis, Science & Agri-
culture; Bessie Buckley, Maiden
Rock, Asst; Lew Colt, Bricelyn,
Mimi, Manual Training & His
tory; Edith Cranston, Spring
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1917-05-24
Sons of Veterans

NOTICEi-All Sons of Veterans
are requested to meet at the City
Hall at 10o'clock next Sunday morn
ing, May 27. and go in a body to
attend the services at the M. E.
church.
On Memorial Day all Sons of Vet
Grams to meet at the City Hall at 1C
a. M. to participate in the exercises
Committee.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1917-05-24
Rheubarb Pudding.
Born

Loucks-In Minneapolis May II,
1917, to Mr.. ard M r 8. Herbert
Loucks, a son.
Haugen-In this city. May p,
1917, to Mr.. and Mrs. AL. Haugen,
daughter.
Dunn-In this city, May Is, 1917,
to Mr.. and Mrs. J 0 h Dunn, a
daughter.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1917-05-24
Appreciates Fire Dept. Work.

VIM Woehrle wishes us to express
his sincere appreciation of the work
done by the Fire Department today.
He states that he fully realizes the
hard job they had and the great fight
they put up to save his property, and
he is anxious that they all should
know Of his gratitude and his admira-
ton for their splendid work.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1917-05-24
Gun Club TO Hold Trophy Shoot

The River Falls Rod & Gun club
will hold it's first trophy shoot of the
season on the morning of May 30,
commencing at 10 o'clock.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1917-05-24
Recipes for Fresh and Canned
Rheubarb.
Rhuharh Sauce

General proportion for rheubarb
sauce are two-thirds as much sugar as
rheubarb. Individual taste and the
acidity Of the rheubarb makes it i'm
possible to give absolutely definite
proportions. Heat the mixture and
cook it until che mixture rheubarb is
tender.
Rheubarb Pudding.
1 pint rheubarb sauce, / pint bread
crumbs, 1-3 cup melted butter Mix
the butter with the crumbs. Arrange
the rheubarb and the crumbs in alter
nate layers, having a layer of crumbs
on top. Sift cinnamon and nutmeg
over the top, and bake the pudding un-
til it is brown, in moderate oven.
Executive Council of the County
Council of Defense.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1917-05-24

Office stationery OF ali kinds
printed on the best of stock, at
the most reasonable prices 1T the
Journal office.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1917-05-24

'Phone your news items to- the
Journal. 'Phone No. 20.
Lincoln County times. (Jerome, Idaho) 1911-1919, 1917-02-22
Canyon Side

Rev. Osborne commenced his Sc
ries of meetings Sunday, everyone
invited to attend.
c. c. Pharris and son have lost
quite PERCENTAGE of sheep this
week.
The dance given at Mr.. O'Harrows
big barn was greatly enjoyed by all,
and everyone admired the musicians.
Mr.. Cakes and wife, Chas. Ray and
wife, and Mrs. Block Sundayed with
the Henrys.
Little Clayton Carver is recovering
from a bad siege Of Pneumonia.
Mr.. Straton, of the South Side, has
started working for Pharris and son.
Mr.. Thompson, of Seattle, is visit
ing his sister, Mrs. John Thomas.
Augusta Carver has started to
school again this week.
Edwin Adams is on the sick list.
Bert Shimmin is working at the
Mitchell sheep ranch.
Birney Dagget and wife were
guests of friends In Jerome Satur-
day night.
Lincoln County times. (Jerome, Idaho) 1911-1919, 1917-02-22
Appleton.

The Appleton and Arcadia Mission
airy societies met Wed, Feb. 14th,
with Mrs. j. H. Silbaugh. A splendid
dinner was served at noon. The sub
ject of the lesson study was Persia.
The awakening among the Persian
woman was of particular interest.
The work hour was devoted to sew
ing for Mrs. Silbaugh. Twelve ladies
were present.
Wednesday afternoon Miss Potter
nd Miss Dunn gave their pupils a
Valentine party. A large valentine
box was provided. and the children
spent all their spare time during the
week making valentines. Some of
them showed a good deal of origin
atty There were but few boughten
ones in the box.
Miss Potter and Miss Dunn pre-
sented each of their pupils with a
valentine, also served lunch of pop
corn, heart shaped cookies and cocoa.
hO "a iiSiPdio IOOiu was given d
share in the treat to which all did
justice especially the principal. The
pupils spent an enjoyable afternoon
and were loud in their expression of
appreciation of their teachers kind
ness.
We are glad to report that Mrs
Simmons is able to be up abain.
Mrs. Frank Pierce spent the week
end with Mrs. c. H. Humphrey.
Martins are clearing some more of
the Pizey land. They have been cut
ting and burning brush the past
week, and have rail ready to go to
work
VIM. Silbaugh has rented Mr.
Simmons hay land for the coming
season.
H. H. Gordon and Mr.. Erdman
have been hauling hay from the
Pizey place.
Dorothy Beck spent the week end
with her home folks.