davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1917-01-18

In Philadelphia the speeding Pc
destrian is to be curbed in safety-first
rules. 1t seems he is menace to the
security of motorists, and on him the
burden of prevention is to be laid.
He has so long enjoyed the right Of
way that it is now difficult to make
him understand that the Introduction
of the automobile has changed all that.
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1917-01-18
The Habit of Taking Cold.

With many people taking cold is a
habit, but fortunately one that is easily
broken. Take cold sponge bath every
morning when you first get out of bed
NOT ice cold, but at temperature of
about 90 F. Also sleep with your
window up. Do this and you will sell
dom take cold. When you do take cold
take Chamberlain's Cough Remedy and
get rid of it as quickly as possible. OBJ
tainable everywhere.
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1917-01-18
1T MAY CONCERN.

I have just received a shipment
of pants patterns, all wool.
Made to order at very reason
able prices, $4.00, $3.50, $500,
$3.50 and a few at $500.
Come early and get yours while
they last. Also suits and over
coats made to order from $3.50
and up.
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1917-01-18

Mrs. DIR. l. S. Bowers enter
tanned a party of lady friends at
dinner on Wednesday.
Miss Cora Pierce and Mrs. T.
G. Eberly were dinner guests of
Mrs. A. R. Williams on Tuesday.
MIR. w. A. Finkbeiner and
family have taken apartments in
Toledo for the remainder of the
winter.
Mrs. Averill and Mr.. Freder-
ick Averill will start for California
next week expecting to spend few
months on the coast.
"A pleasing event in the home
of Mr.. VIM. Schlect occurred on
Wednesday when a dinner was
given in celebration of Mr.. Schlect's
birthday in which all members of
the family participated.
For any itching skin trouble, piles,
eczema, salt rheum, hives, itch, scald
head, herpes, scabies, Doan's Ointment
is highly recommended. SOC at all
stores.
"A minstrel show to be given at
the Town hall on Friday night, Jan.
26, 1917, by the New Century club
is for the purpose of creating fund
to be known as the Log Cabin fund,
the money so raised to be devoted to
erecting a replica of the Lincoln
cabin to be used, when completed,
as home for historical relics. The
cabin will be constructed of logs,
many Of which have already been
secured from farmers in this vicin-
ity. A copper plate bearing the
name of the donor will be placed
upon each log in the cabin. A blue
print of the cabin will be ready for
inspection in the near future. Any
citizen who is willing to donate logs
for the cabin can address the pres
ident of the club or the Secretary.
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1917-01-18

Still, men ought to be generous
enough to remember that the brief du-
ration of human life makes it impOs-
sible for each woman to have her say
unless the whole bunch are permitted
to talk at the same time.
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1917-01-18
WORN NERVES.

Nervous troubles, with backache,
dizzy spells, queer pains and irregular
kidneys, give reason to suspect kidney
weakness and to try the remedy that
has helped thousands of other kidney
sufferers.
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1917-01-18

Scientists are trying to make mon
keys into men but lots of politicians
are easily making monkeys of them
selves.
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1917-01-18
Auditorium The atre.

A new schedule is announced for
the Auditorium as follows: Four
nights-Tuesday, Thursday, Sat-
urday and Sunday nights.
Commencing Saturday, Jan. 20,
Liberty, serial, and two comedy
reels.
Sunday, a 3-reel feature and two
comedies.
Tuesday, Shielding Shadow, a
serial.
Thursday, Educational film.
Two shows each night at ZOO
and SIS p. m. Only one show on
Sunday, at 7:30.
Admission, 10 cents: children, SC
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1917-01-18

The duke of Manchester is not
reporter, says an eastern paper, that
being one game where title and an
cestry cut no figure whatever.
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1917-01-18

According to fashion authority,
the short skirt will continue to be
worn next fall, but it won't be the
same skirt, if she can get new one.
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1917-01-18

Price SOC, at all dealers. Don't
simply ask for kidney remedy-get
Doan's Kidney Pills-the same that
Mrs. Van Orsdall had. Foster-Mil-
burn Co., Props, Buffalo, N. Y.
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1917-01-18

One important contribution to war
literature usually overlooked by others
ts a widows only son.
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1917-01-18
Additional Local.
H. E. POWERS & SON
General Blacksmithing and
Horseshoeing.
First door north c. H. & ORR
Call and see us. 45d
NOTICE TO FARMERS.

On account of the scarcity of cars
and storage space, farmers are re-
quested to hold back their grain
for a few days.
Perrysburg Grain d Seed Co.
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1917-01-18
FARMERS INSTITUTE
Program for a Two Day Session, Feb.
21 and q.

Wednesday, Feb. 21, 9:30 a. m.
/. Meeting called to order by Pres
ident.
2. Invocation.
8. Music by the Sylvan Quartet.
4. "Soil Maintenance"-C. r. Green.
5. Discussion.
6. Music. .-...-
7. "The Corn Crop"-G. F. Aldrich.
8. Discussion.
8. Appointment of committees.
10. Music.
Wednesday, 100 p. m.
1. Music by the Sylvan Quartet.
2. "The Hog as Winner"-G. F.
Aldrich.
3. Discussion.
A. Music.
5. "Solving Some Feed Problems
C. F. Green.
6. Discussion.
7. Music.
Wednesday Evening, 1880 p. m.
/. Music by the Sylvan Quartet.
2. "The Farmers Relation to Public
Affairs"-C. F. Green.
8. Music.
4. Inc boy VINO falu Ills OWn
Way with Penny"-G. F. AID
rich.
5. Music.
Thursday, Feb. %. $3.50 a. m.
1. "The Silo and Silage"-C. F.
Green.
2. Discussion.
3. Music.
4. Intelligent Meal Planning
Mrs. Marie Thomas.
s. Question Box.
g. Music.
7. Community Welfare"-R. B.
Whitehead.
8. Report of committees.
9. Music.
Dinner.
Thursday, LOO p. m.
l. Music.
2. R. B. Whitehead.
8. Music.
A. Equipment of the Modern Home
for Better Living"-Mrs. Marie
Thomas.
5. Music.
6. "Milk or Beef Production"-C F.
Green.
7. Discussion.
8. Election of officers.
9. Music.
Thursday Evening, 1880 p. m.
Concert by the Sylvan Quartet. Ad-
mission 25c and 15c.
Speakers.
z. r Green; ;;................. Pataskala, O
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1917-01-18

Too many men have the mistaken
notion that the thing to do is the other
fellow.
Perrysburg journal. (Perrysburg, Wood Co., O. [Ohio]) 186?-1965, 1917-01-18
TOWNSHIP TRUSTEES.

The board of trustees held their
regular meeting on January 13, all
members and the clerk being pres
ent.
About the only business trans
acted of Importance was the pay
ment of bills, as follows:
Defiance Gas and Electric
The nonpartisan leader., 1917-11-01

- t
refined mentality. took brisk walk
thru the park. eat a little trust-maid
breakfast food, drank little trust
controlled coffee, filled my pipe with
trusted Tobacco, Lit it with match
maid by the match trust an went over
an sot down on the plaza NV the Elk
Horn in order to maik the people think
1 wuz trust.
" hadn't sot thar more'n about ten
minnits when Crafty cum outen the
dinin' room, smokin' seegar az big az
a policeman's billy an wearin' a smile
that looked like half moon. seed at
wunce that he wuz happy an konclud-
ed that he must have got good nuze.
He greeted me cheerily, asst about my
helth an smiled benign'ly upon me.
AS sune az the preliminary skirmish-
es wuz over he ged:
Got good nuze, Mr.. He'd corkin'
The nonpartisan leader., 1917-11-01

VIvS2SE9pI IypC yOu d Low AAASo W ASS
you know that I am still in
the wiring an hope you air the same.
Howsumever regret to relate that I
am sorry to announce that I did not
sleep very we'll last mite. You see yis-
terday maid a trip thru the, garden
NV the gods, explored the depths Nv the
the cave Nv the winds to distance NV
'leven Thousand foot an stood fur sew
eral minits, with uncovered he'd, an
viewed in silent awe the pulsless form
wv a petrefied indian. This indian,
when he wuz regular flesh an b1ud
human being, liz sed to have lived sew
eral thousand years ago-even before
the daze Nv trusts. politickle rings an
9 eNonpartisan Leegs..
Az I looked with riverence upon his
calm an plasid features wuz enclined
to envy him the peace an contentment,
not only that he enjoyed in the daze
that air past an gone but the peace an
contentment that he scanned to be en-
joyin' now. thot Wv how glorious it
must have bin to live in the daze when
the hole world wuz the comon property
wv all humanity an when no man cud
put up q sine, 'This Is Private Prop
erty-Keep Off,"
I thot wv the marvellous changes that
had cum over the cuntry-uv how
trusts an combinashuns had practical
ly put fence around the world an is
sued orders to "Keep Off the Grass" I
thot wv how much better off this Indian
wuz now with only hiz fisical form
turned into stone to remind us NV what
magnificent specimens Nv human
bein's that growed in them good ole
| daze, while hiz sole wuz roamin' at will
up an down the broad valleys Wv the
| happy huntin' ground. where no man
could say you nay an ever mans ham
wuz not agin hiz naber.
The nonpartisan leader., 1917-11-01
MEETS Mr.. CRAFTY
AT THE ELK HORN

say wuz in this frame uy mind
when went to my roomin' house last
mite an sot out on the plaza till
leven o'clock an smoked my pipe Nv
peace an 1onged fur time when the
trusts would cease frum trubblin' us
an the trubbled wood be at rest.
An so, this morning awoke with a
The nonpartisan leader., 1917-11-01
Beats Gas or Electricity
New Lamp Has No Wick. No Chimney.
No odor. Most Brilliant
I Light Known.

A new lamp which experts agree gives
the most powerful home light in the
world is the latest achievement of w. H.
Hoffstot. 914 Factory Bldg, Kansas City,
Mo. This remarkable new lamp beats
gas or electricitY-gives more light than
three hundred candles, eighteen ordinary
costs only one cent night blessing to
every home on form or in small town. It
it absolutely safe and gives universal
satisfaction A child can carry it. 1t is
the ambition. of Mr.. Hoffstot to have
every home, store, hall or church enjoy
the Increased comfort of this powerful,
pleasing, brilliant, white light and he
will send one of his new lamps on free
trial to any reader of the Nonpartisan
Leader who writes him. He wants one
person in each locality to whom he can
his free offer Agents wanted. Write
him today.-Adv.
The nonpartisan leader., 1917-11-01
PAPERS LINED UP
MR.. HE'D HEARS

"Now you will remember Mr.. He'd.
how that tole you I wuz goin' to limo
up certain nuzepapers from which shud
eminate the dope which other nuze-
papers wood copy, and which wood do
the bizness to this Leeg."
I admitted that he had tole me that.
WELL" he went on, enthusiastically.
"the big battle haz started an I'm hero
to tell you she's goin' fine. The big
guns air batterin' down the brestwurlks
an smashin' the hevy artillery an purity
sune the infantry will charge an when
that il over thar won't be a Nonparte-
shun Leeger left to tell the tale"
He reached over an patted a pile Nv
nuzepapers. layin' on the table.
"Here," he sed, "iz sum reports from
the big guns. You see the Leeg had 4
big convenshun at st. Paul not long
ago-jist the uther day, In facked. My
maik the publick believe this wuz dis
loyal, seditious, traiterous pro-German
meetin' an we wood thus turn publick
sentiment agin 'em."
"But wuz it q disloyal, seditious.
traiterous an pro-German meetin'?"
asst, inocently.
neA: Ho: ne eACldnucu. I'll you
seed the resolushuns thay passed you
woodn't asst sick question. But that's
the joke. The masses NV the people
don't know the difference. The big
papers don't publish the resolushuns.
All thay publish il colored nuze arti-
cles and wun sided editorials all Wv
which il full Nv dedly pizen."
'Well il thar emmy foundashun in
facked fur sich stories? It seems that
you have got to have sumthin' to hang
The nonpartisan leader., 1917-11-01
TELL WITH FACTS
Is cRAFTYS POLICY

"shore we've got sumthin to hang
our tales onto Didn't thay have a
senator thar that has oppozed the
government in all it's policies Nv carry
in on the warp
Yes, but it seams to me I seen
sumthin' in the papers sum paper
to the effeck that this senator promised
not to speak on the war question at all
an that he broke hiz promise an that
the Leeg had repudiated him fur it," I
sed ruther sharply.
"Of course. Of course, them's the
facks," he sed mercilessly, but what
do we care fur faclss. Theze papers
don't publish them facks an SO the
The nonpartisan leader., 1917-11-01
Cratty's Big Plan
Gets JOHed
ByI. B. RIPP, the Reporter
By I. B. RIPP, the Reporter

good nuze. Cum up to my room an
I'll tell you the hole thing"
I follered him to the elevator an
we shot up to the fifth floor and he
led the way to his room-or rooms
ruther. He occupied a magnificent
sweet NV rooms at the southeast corner
NV the bilding an the mornin' sun wuz
castin' lace-wurk pictures on the
floor. He pulled me out big luther
seeted cheer, opened UP fresh box
NV seegars. pulled up anuther cheer
an sot down sorter by the side Wv me.
We put our feet upon the table and he
started in.
The nonpartisan leader., 1917-11-01
The Cooperative
Wholesale Society Of America

the
Minnesota we
all e
This
be a
HEADQUARTERS At so5. PIONEER BLDG. ST. PAUL,
The nonpartisan leader., 1917-11-01

EER Mistur Editur:-Wunce
agin I sect myself an take
my typewriter in hand, to
type you a few lines to let
1ra11 l.rom thot am still in
The nonpartisan leader., 1917-11-01

your tales onto or thay won't hang to-
gether."
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1917-12-01
DE Saulles Case
Is Near An End
CONTINUED From Page One)

Continued From Page One)
ed and the closing arguments
were to be made this afternoon.
District Attorney Weeks and
Defense Counsel Uterhart said
they would consume about an
hour and a half each.
The charge of Justice Manning
to the jury is expected to take
tout As minutes. The case prob
ably will be in the hands OF the
Jury, therefore, about p. m.
Mrs. de Saulles smiled family
as the state closed, and as Justice
Manning remarked the case would
be with the jury this afternoon
she turned and smiled at the men
who will render their verdict.
Only 81 Minutes.
The states hypothetical ques-
ton was not as longs as that OF
the defense, and required only 2S
minutes to read.
It reviewed love letters Mrs de
Saulles had written her husband
and her actions Immediately be-
fore and after the shooting.
Justice Jones, who was one of
the first officials to deal with Mrs.
de Sauiles, following the shooting
was re called by the state and
said he regarded her as rational.
Countess Testifies.
Countess Maud Salm, wife of
Count Otto Salm of Austria, told
! of a visit to the jail the day fol-
lowing the shooting.
She said Mrs. de Saulles told
her they must be careful OF
what is said as there may be die
taphones.
Mrs. Anna Mooney, baby Jack 3
nurse at The Box, told of Mrs. de
Saulles presentation to the British
court and said that she once went
up in an airplane.
OF the motor accident in Chile,
as a result of which the defense
has claimed. Mrs. de Saulles' mind
was affected, Mrs. Mooney said
the defendant went to a concert
the night following. She was in
bed for several days afterward,
however.
Tell Of Trips.
Both de Saulles and Mrs. de
Saulles said they were sorry they
were not aboard the Lusitania
when word came of the sinking of
the liner, Mrs. Mooney said.
The state conferred in efforts in
examination of the witness on
showing Mrs. de Saulles entirely
sane and thru Mrs. Mooney show
ed how she went from London to
Paris to purchase clothes, ONCE
leaving little Jack from Thanl;s-
giving to Christmas.
DIR. Isham B. Harris and DR..
Charles w. Pilgrim appeared as
the state alienists. DR.. Pilgrim ad-
mitted he had not examined Mrs.
de Saulles.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1917-12-01
SECY. WILSON here
FOR PHONE PROB E

Secretary Wilson announced in
Seattle that a fair and impartial
inquiry into the facts relating to
the telephone strike in Tacoma,
Seattle and other northwest cit
les, with a view to arriving at a
settlement. would be started to-
day.
The commission was met by rep
resentatives of political, civic and
labor delegates last night when it
arrived from Portland.
Felix Frankfurter, counsel for
the commission, requested the
waiting delegations to excuse Sec
rotary Wilson for the evening as
he was under strict orders to go
to bed Immediately. He announced
that Wilson, who has been i'll,
was feeling better but needed rest.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1917-12-01

With the arrival on Puget
Sound Friday night of Secretary
of Labor Wilson and the presi-
dents mediation commission, Ia
coma telephone strikers looked
forward to speedy end to their
lockout.
1t was pointed out that the me-
diation commission had sent strik-
ers back to work at Portland
after a brief parley there, and
that Spokane strikers had return
ed this week when federal medi-
ators started an investigation.
Miss Hazel Holmes, president
of the telephone girls, with G. l..
Thompson and James Sutton of
the striking linemen, went to Sc
attic early Saturday morning to
meet with the secretary of labor.
International officers of the
linemen's union have wired from
San Francisco that heads of the
coast telephone system there are
not pleased with the action of
local managers in the northwest.
The action of these managers in
refusing to let the girls return to
their switchboards after settle
ment had been signed, is said to
have been unauthorized, and hints
were given that some of the super
intendents in Washington might
lose their jobs.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1917-12-01
A STUBBORN COUGH
LOOSENS RIGHT UP
This homemade remedy Is q
wonder for quick results. Eas-
fly and cheaply made.


The prompt and positive action of
this simple, inexpensive home made
remedy In quickly healing the in
famed or swtS'en membranes OF
the throat, che D or bronchial tubes
and breaking up tight coughs, has
caused IL to be used in more homes
than any other cough remedy. I'm
der It's healing, soothing influence,
CHI est soreness goes. phlegm lo0sens,
breathing becomes casters tickling
In throat stops and you get a good
nights restful sleep. The usual
throat and chest colds are conquer
ed by II In "a hours or less. Moth
Ing better for bronchitis, hoarse-
ness, Group. whooping cough. bron-
chial asthma or winter coughs.
To make this splendid cough
syrup, pour 2h ounces OF pincx eco
cents WORTH. Into a pint bottle and
fiji the bottle with plain gianulated
sugar syrup and shake thoroly. You
then have a full pint--a family sup
than you could buy ready made for
$3.50. Keeps perfectly ana children
love Its pleasant taste.
Pinex is a special and highly con-
centrated compound of enuine
Norway pine extract and IL known
the world over for its promptness.
case and certainty In overcoming
stubborn coughs and chest COLDS.
To avoid disappointment ask your
druggist for "2X ounces OF Pfnexs
with full directions, and don't ac-
cept anything else (3uarautood 70
give absolute satisfaction or money
promptly refunded. The Pinex Co.,
Fl. Wayne. Ind.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1917-12-01
BAD BREATH
DR.. Edwards Olive Tablets Get
at the Cause and Remove It

Dr.. Edwards Olive Tablets, the sub
etitute for calomel, act gently On the
bowels and positively do the work.
People afflicted with bad breath find
quick relief through DR.. Edwards Olive
Tablets The pleasant, sugar-coated
tablets are taken for bad breath by
al who know them.
DR.. Edwards Olive Tablets act gently
but firmly on the bowels and liver,
stimulating them to natural action,
clearing the blood and gently purifying
the entire system. They do that which
dangerous calomd does without any
Of the bad after effects.
All the benefits q nasty, sickening,
gripping cathartics are derived from
Dr.. Edwards Olive Tablets without
gripping. pain or any dlsagreeable effects.
d.. r. M. Edwards discovered the
formula after seventeen years Of prac-
ice azoug patients afiiicted with
bowel and liver complaint with the
ottadant bod breath.
Dr.. EdwnrdS Olive Tablets ne pure.
y . vegetable compound mined with
olive oil you win know them By their
olive cuboa Take one OF two every
niGht IL . week md note the effect.
loc I'd &c PR bsx Al dEuggisGA
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1917-12-01
BIG WAR
COUNCIL
AT JOB
(Unitcd Pres. Leased wire.)


VERSAILLES. France, Dec. |.
in the city where. in 1871, VIII
helm was proclaimed emperor
of a United Germany, representa-
tives of the nations now fighting
his grandson met In conference to-
day.
The allies supreme war council
opened its all-important sessions
at 10 o'clock. Premier Clemen-
ceau of France presided. The
delegates were brought from Paris
by electric train.
Colonel Rouse and Gen. Bliss,
the two American delegates, were
accompanied by their aides.
No time is to be wasted by the
supreme council in attacking the
problems before it. The way has
largely been cleared by the work
of the !nter-allied conference in
Paris, so that the commissioners
today met practically with their
decision on many important points
of policy completely decided upon.
No announcement of these con-
illusions has yet been made.
The bulky inter-allied confer
ence. with its multitude of commit
tees, is now to be scheduled by the
more compact organization of the
war council. A great many minor
officials assembled in Paris for the
preliminary conference had left
today. Gen. Pershing. who was
present at the conference, has de-
parted.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1917-12-01
NEW RUSSIAN
REVOLT NEAR

against excuses of the mayimalist
gov ernm ant.
They assert, in view of the boil
slleyiki leaders violations of life,
OF liberty and of freedom of the
press and speech. the nation is be-
ing stung to fairy.
Many provinces are almost
ready to Gust the bolsheviki by
force.
The courier asserted that Lee
Line, Trotsky and their ministers,
Kameneff and Zinonieff, now
formed a virtual quadrumvirate
Of control. They are desperately
seeking to retain that power by
merciless persecution even of
the oldest AMI most rovered veter-
ans of other revolutions.
The two minimalist leaders,
Plechanoff and Snirnoff, 1t was
asserted, had been beaten by boil
aieviki emissaries who had at
tackled them in the public streets.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1917-12-01
Tells How America Can
Be of Aid to Russia
by LOWELL MELLIETT
Unified Press I.ensed MIre.(

PARIS, Dec. |. - Americas
be to assume leadership in move
ment for the allies to restate their
war aims in simple, unmistakable
Language, In the opinion OF Rus
sia's envoy at the inter-allied con-
ference.
That Colonel House and the
American mission back such a
form of aid to the struggling de-
mocracy. was stated on the highest
authority today.
M. Maklakoff, whom Premier
Kerensky appointed ambassador to
France. and who sits by courtesy
in the inter-allied conference as
Russia's unofficial representative.
told the United Press today he
was hopeful of the conference ap-
proving such a plan Of support
and of restating the allied aims.
How can America best help
RUSSIA" he reiterated, answering
the United Press correspondents
question.
First Of abby helping the
other allies in their military work
Second, America should sup.
port Russia's sane elements In
their efforts to defeat bolshevika
propaganda which asserts this Is
an 'imperialist war This could
best be effected by re-stating III
unmistakable language the exact
aims of America and of the allies
Third, when Russia establishes
a government, that America re-
sumo the splendid material assist
ance heretofore given u.s."