davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1917-04-20
South St. Paul Live Stock.

South st. Paul, April 20.
Cattle-Receipts. 1900; steers, $500
T1I.50: COWS and heifers, 1925 300;
calves, $6.25011.5 80. Hogs Re eipts.
4.5o0; range. sl5.30G1550. Sheep
Receipts, 1875; lambs, S10.00G1240;
ewes. $7.00d900.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1917-04-20
SAYS ROOSEVELT is NEEDED
Governor OF New York Offers Colonel
Choice of War Posts.

Albany. N. ", April i9-Colonel
Theodore Roosevelt may have any
military commission within the pow
er Of Governor Whitman, the execu.
tive announced.
The governor asserted he believes
Colonel Roosevelt is needed in the
present crisis.
II think no other living American.
the executive said, would attract by
his leadership so many men to the
colors."
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1917-04-20
Russia VIII Prosecute War.

Washington. April 20. Assurances
reached Washington that under no
conditions that are now conceivable
will the provisional government of
Russia yield to the overtures from
German and Austrian S~ocialistic repre-
sentatives to negotiate a separate
peace
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1917-04-20
Chicago Grain and Provisions.

Chicago. April 20.
Wheat-May, 81 321a; July, S1979s
Sept. $40. Corn-May, SLAIN; July.
s1.31fb; Sept. s130A. Oats-May,
66asc: July, 641kc; Sept, 563sc. Pork
May. $500: July, $50 50. Butter
Creameries 45646c. Eggs-35Q36c
Poultry Springs and fowls, 22c.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1917-04-20

President Menocal, in a long mes
sage to congress. asks for authorize
ton of a S30.00o.19o bond issue. He
proposes to use the money for the pay
ment IF indemnities for losses caused
by the revolution. for expenses of the
war with Germany and cooperation
with the United States.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1917-04-20
GRAIN AND PROVISION PRICES
Duluth Wheat and Flax.

Duluth. April 20.
Wheaton, track ard to arrive, No
1 hard, S2.35A; No. l Northern, 81.
"a No. . Northern, S226A 0229A
Flax-On track and 10 arrive, 1926.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1917-04-20
ST. Paul Grain.

St. Paul. April 90.
Wheat-No. / hard. s2.50k d252h
No. Il Northern. s2.431h 0247k No. 2
Northern. $2.39h 02471a; corn, st43h
nt15R; oats, 6s14 069Ac; barley.
$116uI22: rye. 81. S9a1.90; fax. 1926.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1917-04-20
At Thirty three Mother of Twelve.

Okolona, Ark.-Twin boys have been
born TO Mr.. and Mrs. Aleck Murkerson
of Dobyville, making the third pair OF
twins in the family with less than two
and a half years between the ages Of
the two younger sets. The new ar
rivals bring the number of Murkerson
children to twelve. The mother Is but
thirty-three.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1917-04-20
No U-Boat on This Side.

Berlin, April 20.-It IS officially an
nounced that there is no submarine as
yet in the western part OF the At
lantic.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1917-04-20
Torpedo Kills Eighteen.

Madrid, April 19.-The Spanish
steamship Tom Pom has been torpe-
doed and sunk without warning.
Eighteen lives were lost.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1917-04-20
Two Bows smothered In Cave.

Missouri Valley, Ia, April i9.-Les-
ter Jones. five years old, and Philip
Moriarity. four, were smothered to
death when a cave In which they were
playing collapsed.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1917-04-20
THIS TRAVELLER COULD
HAVE USED AN ARK

New York.-A purple crested
, chuddar. a four legged hen, a
} pink eyed gazuka, marmosets,
) ant eaters, black demon spider
monkeys, singing lizards, cranes
!, and sixty boa constructors were
|, part of the record zoo cargo
!, brought to New York by Ferdi-
!, nand Bartels, who picked them
) up In the wilds of Brazil and
) Colombia. During his journey
ings he ranged the River OF
) Doubt and almost unexplored
!, forests. A longshoreman, glimps-
) ing the collection, took the pledge.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1917-04-20
CONGRESS- HALTS
ON DRAFT PLANS
Hesitates to Adopt COnScrip-
tiOn Measures Now.
NEEDED IN OTHER NATIONS

Some Congressman Believe That Any
Number Of Men Can BE Secured IL
Given Assurances That They Will See
Active Service Abroad and Not Be
Kept In Training Camps.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1917-04-20
NERVOUSNESS
and BLUES
Symptoms of More Serious
Sickness.

Washington Park, Il.-"I am the
mother of four children and have suf-
The daily commonwealth. (Greenwood, Leflore Co., Miss.) 1916-1919, 1917-08-20
PREPARE FOR;
COTTON SEASON
BUYERS Getting Ready for Biggest
Season in Years-Planters Hard
at Work. -

Cotton Row is taking on more ac-
tivity every day now as the first OF
September draws nearer, date that
ushers in the opening of the new cot
ton season here. Puyers and Office
men are getting busy cleaning up, TAX
ing inventories as to what will be nec-
essary for the coming year and getting
ready in general for the largest and
most prosperous year that the Green
wood market has ever enjoyed.
The prospect is good for bumper
crop and indications are that prices
will be very high, which two facts
combined spell a generous year for
planter and buyer alike.
Prosperity will stalk abroad
throughout the land if present indica-
tions hold true. 1t would take some
very unusual weather conditions to
do much damage to the cotton crop
in this section now and fear OF the
boil weevil damage this year is about
over. The weevil has been in evidence
in many places ard in some few places
quite a number were to be found bu'
all over the county the cotton ha'
fruited clear to the top I the stall
and little if any damage is apparen
from the presence Of the weevil.
The crop is virtually already mad
and the prices are already high AM
promise to 90 higher. The harvest
ing is now about all that remains u
be done with the 1917 crop except t.
sell it and enjoy the pleasures to b.
derived from the expenditure OF th'
money.
The daily commonwealth. (Greenwood, Leflore Co., Miss.) 1916-1919, 1917-08-20
.CAISON DRILL
BY BATTERY c
Interesting Maneuvers By Artillery
This Morning--Many Sunday '
!, Visitors to Camp.

Using the chassis of dozen wagons,
Battery C began this first caison and
gun drill at Camp Sam Keesler this
morning.
Although these maneuvers demand
a little more exersion from the men
thar does the regular infantry drill,
the artillery went at their work with
the same interest and enthusiasm that
is the dominant factor Of the Battery.
Dress Parade Sunday.
While the men will continue with
the infantry drill practices, it was
learned that they would begin taking
up the artillery drill more and more
each day.
Sunday was visitors day at the
camp.
Many civilians thronged the grounds
throughout the day and quite a mum.
Der witnessed formal dress parade
by the entire Battery Sunday after
noon.
The Municipal Band took part in
this, and remained on the grounds
throughout the afternoon, taking q
very active part in the days work.
The daily commonwealth. (Greenwood, Leflore Co., Miss.) 1916-1919, 1917-08-20
u - - - = - p - -
PAVING PROGRAM
EXTENSIVE ONE
Pump Has Arrived and Work Will Be-
gin Wednesday Morning-Sev-
eral Other Streets.

All is in readiness to complete the
paving of East Market and Lamar
streets which has been delayed for
some time due to a lost shipment OF
freight in which was pump needed
to draw the asphault from the tank.
The shipment was located the latter
part of last week and arrived in
Greenwood yesterday. 1t is being in
stalled today and Wednesday morning,
if nothing else happens to prevent, the
work will be renewed.
When these streets are completed
one block of Fulton, lying between
Market and Washington is to be paved
and the paving on Carrollton Avenue
is to be extended from Fire Company
No. 1 on Howard to Fulton, a distance
of one block. The block on Fulton will
connect the paved thoroughfares OF
Market and Washington and the block
at the fire house will serve several of
the heaviest Wholesale shipping es-
Establishments and will also connect two
of the leading thorughfares.
When this paving is completed the
work of paving through Congress
Heights will be taken up. This paving
will begin on Dewey street at the in
tersection with Washington, which is
paved, and will after crossing the
Southern railroad go one block west OF
another street to the Boulevard which
will be paved to the southern edge OF
the Heights.
When the above paving program is
completed Greenwood will have as
complete paving system as any town
it's size in the state and following the
present work it is expected that other
streets will be paved. For the present
however, the program now arranged
will probably complete the work.
The daily commonwealth. (Greenwood, Leflore Co., Miss.) 1916-1919, 1917-08-20
BOSTON WELCOMES VETERANS.

Boston, August 20-(By Union As
sociated Press) Notwithstanding the
fact that the United States is engaged
in the war with foreign nation, hun
dreds of veterans of the Grand Army
of the Republic are here today attend
ing their National Encampment. The
attendance is unusually large because
President Wilson issued orders that all
veterans in the service Of the Govern
ment be granted leave Of absence with
pay. The citizens Of Boston has
contributed hundreds of autos for the
use of the visitors and the city made
an adequate appropriation for the
proper observance of the fifty-second
anniversary ot the termination of the
The daily commonwealth. (Greenwood, Leflore Co., Miss.) 1916-1919, 1917-08-20

considerable Investments in Clay Co,'n-
ty, have formed a partnership with
w. H. Vanlandingham under the firm
name Of the West Point Elevator
Company.
These enterprising gentlemen are
erecting adequate elevator facilities
for handling large quantities Of corn
and. are installing shelling facilities
for shelling about 5000 bushels daily
and will buy other farm products as
we'll, including cotton seed, peanuts,
peas, soy and velvet beans and other
products. \, g.,!...... IN.
The daily commonwealth. (Greenwood, Leflore Co., Miss.) 1916-1919, 1917-08-20
LEVEE BOARD
FIXES TAX LEVY
Five Mills for the Back Counties, and
Seven Mills for the River Front
Counties.

At a meeting of the Yazoo-Missis-
sippi Levee Board held in Clarksdale
on Tuesday Of last week the
Board levied a tax of five
mills on all property located in
the back counties Of the District, and
tax of seven mills on all property
located in the Mississippi River front
counties. An ancreage tax Of two
cents per acre was also levied On all
lands in the Levee District.
This reduction Of the tax levy for
the current year was necessary BY the
Levee Board on account Of the increas-
ed assessments on real estate under
the new law regulating the matter OF
rendering property for taxation.
The daily commonwealth. (Greenwood, Leflore Co., Miss.) 1916-1919, 1917-08-20
TREBLE OUTPUT
OF DESTR0YERS
They Are the One Thing that Subna-
rines Fear Says Secretary Of
Navy Daniels
(Associated Press\

Washington, August 2O-The i'm
mediate expansion Of the building ia.
cilities of the United States to doubis
or treble the output Of destroyers dur
ing the next eighteen months was the
object of conference today between
Secretary Of the Navy Daniels and
representatives Of twenty five or more
ship and engine builders. IF we get
what we want" the Secretary said,
"the United States will have more de-
stroyers than any of the other powers,
they are the one thing that the sub
marine fears"
The daily commonwealth. (Greenwood, Leflore Co., Miss.) 1916-1919, 1917-08-20

trio lights and water.
Leflore County Red Cross Chapter Will
furnish two courses Of fresh veg
etables each day.
v. W. Thomas, one bushel Of onions
each week. 4
Mrs. H. Y. Fraiser, quantity OF butter
and pickles.
Delta Lumber Co., use Of a quantity
Of lumber for camp purposes.
Kings Daughters, free use Of Hospi-
tai for all members Of Battery
who may get sick while in camp
here.
Mrs, J. w. Barnwell, 1S new dish
towels.
Reiman House, fresh light bread one
or two. times each week, and a
quantity Of ground coffee.
The daily commonwealth. (Greenwood, Leflore Co., Miss.) 1916-1919, 1917-08-20
HUMPHREYS HIGHWAY.
Extension of the Highway From
Leflore to Washington.

That part of the new system OF
public roads which will run from
Greenville to Leland and on to the
Sunfower line was named by the
order of the Board of Supervisors
in honor of Hon. Ben. Humphreys,
Congressman of this section.
The Board of Sunfower county
recently took similar action with
reference ITO the road across that
county which connects with the
original Humphreys Highway built
in LeAore County two years ago by
U. S. Government road engineers and
named by them.
Upon the completion of these new
roads the Humphreys Highway will
extend entire across the counties Of
! Washington, SunAower and Lefiore,
reaching from the Mississippi to the
hills in the territory Mr.. Humphrsys
represents. Belsoni Banner.
The daily commonwealth. (Greenwood, Leflore Co., Miss.) 1916-1919, 1917-08-20
CONSERVE MEAT
STOP ALL WASTE
Food Administration Sends Message
to Everyone in The United
States.
ASSOCIATED Press)

Washington, August 2o-The prob
lem of supplying the Allies with meat
has developed. mainly on the United
States and IL is daily growing more
burdensome, according to a statement
from the Food Administration today.
1t was pointed out that the only i'm
mediate solution of the problem lies in
the reduction of consumption and the
elimination of waste.
The daily commonwealth. (Greenwood, Leflore Co., Miss.) 1916-1919, 1917-08-20
iAssociates.l press)

s.,..re. Washington, August ~
u,;,t lanes Rowan, executive oiicer
" WI III, district Of the Industrial "orf-
y ' - me World held in Jail as a mil
~ it.,y prisoner, orders for .tr;ss the strike
80 !. the agricultural and construction
'a,,s.rs o ss organization became effective
,sa.y sa'st'' approximately fifty five t,, thou-
l ...d were effected. Some fifty thou
~ ~ lumber workers in four states
are ., already declared to be on strike IN
=. ...d;ence to the orders from the In
Snstrisl Workers. Rowan and twenty
.;~ others, alleged members o. the
,.,,,.t,;al = Workers were taken INTO
custody by Idaho National 'uaros-
men on duty here.
The daily commonwealth. (Greenwood, Leflore Co., Miss.) 1916-1919, 1917-08-20

D. s. Jones, five boxes Of Ivory Soap'
$500 six ounce bars.)
Mcshane Cotton Co., 100 clothes
brushes. .....
Joe M. Harris, kitchen sink and work
Of installing.
y. F. IMenees, use Of camp ny tent
Mrs. D. s. Jones and Mrs. Ed. jones'
20 dozen hath towels.
]. r. Bobbitt, J. T. McAlpin and c. "
Whitaker, materials and labor
valued at $50 90.
Hotel Irving, 36 apple pies.
H. E. Bowman, . quantity Of vege'
tables.
Miss Leona Wheeler, s dozen spoons
and lot Of bath rags.
Mrs. W. A. Mothershead, large hote
cooking range.
Auto Renewing Co. laSor for repair
work on tents.
Woman's Club, loaned use Of dishes
J. z. George Chapter U. D. G. use o.
quantity Of knives and forks.
/ The Crumont, use Of dishes, knives
4 forks, spoons, ste.
| Hopakah Hunting Club, use Of entir'
camping OUTFIT.
'IY. M. c. A., use Of Scout tents
CITY waite. and Light Commission
4r,, uss and tAssalletion Of slec
The daily commonwealth. (Greenwood, Leflore Co., Miss.) 1916-1919, 1917-08-20
COTTON GRAIN
AND PROVISIONS
New York Cotton OFF Sixty Ei:.kt
Points and New Orleans OF
Sixty Two.

The New York cotton market c:,scd
this nfterrocr sixty eight points down
and New Orleans was down sixty two
oojnts at the close Spots at New York
were fifty, FIVE of, and twenty five of
at New Orleans. Sales 150 bales.
The daily commonwealth. (Greenwood, Leflore Co., Miss.) 1916-1919, 1917-08-20
MAKE AIRPLANE ATTACK.
(Associated Press)

London, August 29-German mill
tary establishments at St. Pierre,
Client, Throughout and the Bruges
docks were again raided by British
airplanes Saturday night the admir-
atty announces. Many tons of bombs
were dropped. One enemy machine
was shot down. All of the British
airplanes returned safely.
The daily commonwealth. (Greenwood, Leflore Co., Miss.) 1916-1919, 1917-08-20
DRIVE RUMANIAINS BACK.
Associated Press)

Berlin, August 20-The forces of
the Central Powers on the Rumanian
front have driven the Rumanians back
on both sides of the Oituz Valley the
war office announces, =. Thirty seven
|hundrea prisoners and thirty machine
guns were taken.
The daily commonwealth. (Greenwood, Leflore Co., Miss.) 1916-1919, 1917-08-20

Civil War. Governor Mccall, Mayor
Curley and all Of the officers Of the
State and City Government welcomed
the veterans at the formal opening Of
the encampment. The big parade takes
place tomorrow.
The daily commonwealth. (Greenwood, Leflore Co., Miss.) 1916-1919, 1917-08-20
FRENCH ATTACK ON BOTH BANKS
MEUSE OVER ELEVEN MILE FRONT
hNMAAn N,
Effort Begun This Morning Said to be Resulting
in Favor of Ales-Prisoners Passing to
Rear in Large Numbers.
ASSOCIATED Press)

(ASSOciated PreSS)
Paris August 20-The French troops
attacked this morning on both banks
of the Meuse on the Verdun front.
Early information indicates that the
battle is to the advantage Of the
French on sector eleven miles long.
Prisoners already passing to the rear.
The daily commonwealth. (Greenwood, Leflore Co., Miss.) 1916-1919, 1917-08-20
ITALIANS DRIVE FORWARD.
(Associated Press)

Rome, August 20-The Italians in
their offensive on the Isonzo front
have crossed the Isonzo River and have
captured, seventy five hundred prison
ers, the war Office announces.
The daily commonwealth. (Greenwood, Leflore Co., Miss.) 1916-1919, 1917-08-20
G., A. R. ENCAMPMENT.
Grand Army of the Republic Holding
Encampment at Boston.
( Associated Press)

Boston, August 20-The national
encampment of the Grand Army OF the
Republic got under way today. Del
egates are arriving on every train.
The daily commonwealth. (Greenwood, Leflore Co., Miss.) 1916-1919, 1917-08-20
CORN ELEVATOR TO BE BUILT
At, WEST POINT

West Point, Miss, Aug. 1S.-An-
|nouncement is made that the Messrs.
Lindsey Bros, formerly Of near
Grssnyills, Miss, and. who have made
The daily commonwealth. (Greenwood, Leflore Co., Miss.) 1916-1919, 1917-08-20
BOARD MEMBERS ARRESTED.
(Associated Pressl

Russellville, Ky, August 2O-Sheriff
Taylor of the Logan County Exemp-
|tion Board and County Judge Edward
were arrested today charged with con.
spiracy to violate the Selective Draft
Law.
The daily commonwealth. (Greenwood, Leflore Co., Miss.) 1916-1919, 1917-08-20
CRUDE OIL HIGHER.
Pennsylvania Reaches Three Fifty a
Barrel Today.
(Associated Press)

Pittsburg, August 20-Pennsylvania
crude oil advanced twenty five cents
today. 1t is now three dollars and fifty
cents a barrel the highest price quoted
in quarter Of century.
The daily commonwealth. (Greenwood, Leflore Co., Miss.) 1916-1919, 1917-08-20
rryY THOUSAND !. W. W. GO
ON STRIKE TODAY IN FAR WEST
c,teen Being Held as Military Prisoners +Strik'
0> Mostly Workers in Timber Trouble
Expected.

arations on q big scale to quell pos
sible Industrial Workers of the World
rioting. In Aday county Sunday five
deputies were appointed and each man
organized ten men subject to call.
The daily commonwealth. (Greenwood, Leflore Co., Miss.) 1916-1919, 1917-08-20
PART OF TOWN BURNED.
ASSOCIATED Press)

London, August 20-Mors than half
Of the walled city Of Saloniek occu-
pied by Entente troops was destroyed
by fire Saturday. Eighty thousand
persons are homeless.
The daily commonwealth. (Greenwood, Leflore Co., Miss.) 1916-1919, 1917-08-20
EMBARGO PROCLAIMED.
(Associated Press1

Amsterdam, August 20-An embar-
gowas proclaimed against Chinese and
Siamese credits by German banks ac-
cording to Berlin advices. '
The daily commonwealth. (Greenwood, Leflore Co., Miss.) 1916-1919, 1917-08-20
WILL NOT ATTEND.

(Associated Press)
Exmouth, England, August 20-The
national conference Of miners fed
Grafton Of Great Britain today dscid-
ed that the British labor party will
not be represented at the Socialist con.
ference at Stockholm.
The daily commonwealth. (Greenwood, Leflore Co., Miss.) 1916-1919, 1917-08-20
SENT TO PENrTENTlARY.
ASSOCIATED Press)

New York, August 2o-Dr. s. Bern
field and Louis Cherey today plead
guilty to the charge of conspiracy to
obstruct the draft law. They were
sentenced to two years in the Federal
Prison at Atlanta.
The daily commonwealth. (Greenwood, Leflore Co., Miss.) 1916-1919, 1917-08-20
FRENCH SUCCESSFUL.

THSSOCIdCGU ICoSI
Berlin August 20-The war Office
announces that the French, without
fighting, today occupied Talaou Ridge
on the Verdun front. On front of
fourteen miles fighting is in full swing
The daily commonwealth. (Greenwood, Leflore Co., Miss.) 1916-1919, 1917-08-20

FOR SALE-Plantation Pay-Roll
Blanks; apply at Daily Commonwealth
office.
The daily commonwealth. (Greenwood, Leflore Co., Miss.) 1916-1919, 1917-08-20
CHICAGO PROVISIONS.
THE WEATHER

Mississippi-Generally fair tonight
and Tuesday.
The daily commonwealth. (Greenwood, Leflore Co., Miss.) 1916-1919, 1917-08-20
STEAMER BURNS
MILLION LOSS
Norwegian Vessel At Dock In New
York Damaged BY Fire Today \
From Beunos Aires.
ASSOCIATED Press)

New York, August 20-The Norwe-
pian steamer Christian Bors was dam
aged to the extent Of . million dollars
by fire today while lying At her dock
in South Brooklyn. The steamer was
from Beunos Aires.
The daily commonwealth. (Greenwood, Leflore Co., Miss.) 1916-1919, 1917-08-20
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT
OF AGRICULTURE
WEATHER BUREAU.

Aug. 20, 1917.
Local Data, Greenwood, miso'
For the "a Hours Ending at A. M
Tsun.r.ture. Highest 81 degrees
Lowest :. SO degrees
Alta. m. 70 degrees
p...;,;+.+;on !. 600 inches
p;v.r s..oe Tam. 38 feet
Change In "a hours fall O4 feet
J. H. STEPHEN,
Local Observer
The daily commonwealth. (Greenwood, Leflore Co., Miss.) 1916-1919, 1917-08-20
hard FIGHT ON
WAR TAX BILL
, Mich Disputed Income, Ware Profits'
Publishers and Other Provisions
Are Up. /.
(Associated Press

Washington, August 2O-The much
disputed income, war profits, publish
.rs and other tax provisions of the
Var Revenue Bill were raised today
when the Senate resumed debate on
Tie measure. A sharp fight is certain
u result.
The daily commonwealth. (Greenwood, Leflore Co., Miss.) 1916-1919, 1917-08-20

BELGIANS AT PHILADELPHIA.
(Associated Press)
Philadelphia, August 20-Members
of the Belgian Mission headed by
Baron Moncheur were the guests Of
the city today for sevcrgl hours.
The daily commonwealth. (Greenwood, Leflore Co., Miss.) 1916-1919, 1917-08-20
ATTACKS REPULSED.
ASSOCIATED Press)

London, August 20-German conn
ter attacks on positions captured by
the British yesterday southeast Of
Epehy were repulsed the war Office an
rlounces.
The daily commonwealth. (Greenwood, Leflore Co., Miss.) 1916-1919, 1917-08-20
MONASTIER BURNED.

MONASTIER BURNED.
ASSOCIATED Press)
Corfu, August 20-One quarter Of
Monastier, Serbia, has been destroyed
by fire caused by the Bulgarian bonn
bardment, it is reported, as no fight
ing has been in progress.