davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1917-02-08
CORRECT FLAG PICTURES
Most Representations of National Emblem
Printed Are Inaccurate
the Editor of The Tribune.

To the Editor of The Tribune.
Sir: Saturdays news has stirred patriot
ism, expressed partly by a great deal OF
flag flying and, in the newspapers, by a
wealth of flag pictures. 1t is a matter OF
grief to this committee not to be able to find
instances of the correctly printed likeness OF
! Old Glory. Since 1918 the number of stripes
in the ensign has been limited TO thirteen
! yet some of these current pictures show a
varying number of stripes, sometimes as
many as nineteen in one fold. Could not our
printers and the makers of flag cuts have
/ learned in ninety-nine years? Since 1872
there has been no change in the official pro
portions of the flag, its length one and nine
tenths times its width and two and one-half
times the length of the union, the latter
crossing seven stripes and resting upon the
| eighth, which is white.
! In The Tribune Graphic Sunday, February
| 4, appeared page of DEGREES, "posted
in territory occupied early in the war by the
| invading Germans" The only one not OF
German origin was prepared by Ambassador
Herrick for posting in Paris" (but fortu-
nately) at never went up" The flag Illus
/ tration-what can be said Of it in mild Ian
]
stars, in the surprising arrangement Of five
rows of nine stars each! The union placed
upon red stripe, thus eliminating the white
| peace stripe upon which the union properly
rests-an inauspicious omen to-day!
| As patriots we wish to honor the flag As
chairman of my committee teach its veneer
alton. We should willingly give its printed
likeness the same degree of accuracy we de-
mand in our own photographs, especially
when that accuracy is infinitely easier to OBJ
/ tain We have had five years in which 70
| learn Old Glory's features, and il is indeed
IdiSrespectful TO eliminate one, elongate an
other, misplace a third, exaggerate q fourth
At the mention of the flag we thrill. at its
display we cheer, and at its appropriation
| for the advertisement of our business inter-
csts preceding legal holidays we do not hest
tate; but can we describe il correctly, or
draw il, or, being prompted as TO the thirteen
stripes and the forty-eght stars. can we tell
what they signify? The flag should now be
a member of every household Study its
face Learn the historic reasons for It's pro-
portions and arrangement of features learn
them through the Libraries or the schools. or
through the information to be had from those
who, like myself. are prepared to address a
gathering at your home or church or club,
with concise and simple information, without
charge
The most helpful friends OF this committee
have been the newspapers. Accuracy in their
print is the most effective form OF education
for the country. This letter is written ms a
plea for correct representation of the flag in
newspaper pictures
MRS. CHARLES r. NELCAMP,
Chairman Ohio State Committee to Prevent
Dissertation of the Flag
Brooklyn, Feb. b, 1917.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1917-02-08
q ,be EDITOR of The Tribune.

To the Editor of The Tribune.
Sir: In this mornings columns OF your
paper notice the statement that | have
endorsed Senator Saxes plan for amendment
of the primary law. This statement is in
correct quite agree with Senator SAKE IN
his opposition 10 the abolition or emsscula-
ton Of the Massachusetts form OF ballot. but
wholly disagree with his proposed amend
ment to the primary law. and believe that the
objections that I have stated thereto are
serious. HERBERT Il. LiMBURG.
New York. Feb. 5, 1917.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1917-02-08
Safety First for Mr.. Bryan

To the Editor Of The Tribune. IA,
Sir: Why should Mr.. Bryan De '"''' go,
mi, country Why not give him 81
70 take a trip TO Germany? PerhsP a,
serve his country better from there
much as he served Germany from mere !,
As for crossing the ocean OF s0u'.s A.
can practise his doctrine OF safety H' - "a
himself by buying couple oil ea"' -, q
and white paint, hang on his mirror ,,.s u.s.
those Directions for Safety MaAe-epp ,u,ti
NJ ping's Uncle Sam had and MAKE o. FIX, S,s
vi n me same elownish way that Uus,s .S
was doing. .
New York, Feb. g, 1871
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1917-02-08

circumstances and motives, has amply JUS
tilted the state in the expenditure Of the
comparatively small sum needed for an
nual maintenance of this force. New
York cannot do better than to follow the
example of her neighbor in this respect.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1917-02-08
Hypothetical

To the Editor of The Tribune
Sir: certain daily paper says, What
would Roosevelt give to be President now?'
But we say. What would our greatest coun.
try on earth give If Colone! Roosevelt wer,
cur President now
A CIVIL WAR VETERAN.
Clearwater, Fla, Feb. 5, 1917.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1917-02-08

You can purchase merchandise ADVERTISED
IN THE TRIBUNE with absolute satety--loI
if dissatisfaction results in any case me-
TRIBUNE guarantees 10 pay your money oa '
upon request. No red tape. No clubbing. we
make good promptly if the advertiser does not
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1917-02-08

rs,.r.d q, N. Postoncs a, New York as secoh' ''-S
Mail Matter.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1917-02-08

oaned and published daily by The Tribune ~ ysrpm
Nsw Nosk Corporation ogden REQ fI'S'uo.. -, 3 A
s.sr Treasurer Address Tribune bHlal,' "
sfr,st Nr0 Yo-s Telephone BeekmSn S'0o'
SUBSCRIPTION RATTS.-By Mail foslSSo "''
sdc ~ G-cNe, Ne" l1" .r.uv only month IS s9
i,aly sba Sui.s' NO. 4 - psiiy only. months Nv
DAly and SUNDAY. rear. $50 bilN "-l; =, - 90
sunday ouy nioutls.. L. SuHoA o'''
FOREIGN RATES tANh,n.Ar ~ SDlY
DAILY AND SUNDAY. DALI An IS -
one month. .... al - VIC ..... 20
% VIC
SUNDAY ONLY. - 49, 30
months. ..........t. $50 VIC u'..' ...... 90
Oue scar 1890. b-ep '"' 'sfNrAy ONLY
DAILY ONLY. SINoN' 90
ore month ...,-..-...- - VIC ...... i5S
Oae ycaf....... ..-. l3.a9 ''e VA
49,, =, M. Po.,,rre a. New York as Second 'IIs
II.
The Detroit times., 1917-05-22

NH'tIN D o. 4 q
- Mary
Tenn copper
United Fruit
Ufd shoe "
Utah Apex
rfah CorF0l
1fnh Copper
ventura OF
" tn0na
~ oivcrtno
The Detroit times., 1917-05-22
GAINS FEATURE
STOCK MARKET
Buying Movement of COnsid-
cradle Strength Is
Developed

NEW YORK. May cz-Tho New
York Evening Sun financial review
Monday said
"Today's stock market reflected
considerable Initiative on the buying
side, prices advancing with few OK.
captions. such as the motor shipping
and rubber shares. some two points
or more,
There was little in domestic de
velopments OF striking marketwlse
influence The railroad equipment
stocks were strong. up TO 3 points
on the remarkable expansion in the
equipment business. second only 90
that In the steel trade The steel
shares were again The leaders OF the
market without question United
states Steel moved forward 20 q
new high level for the year ~ 1876.
"a gain Of over points IAckawRnna
added points Bethlehem Steel .
points and $50 on The copper group
was variable and relatively narrow
After me midday Nll huyinR WAS
resumed and further advances fo
new high levels for me day and in
many cases FOR the year were re
corded
The Detroit times., 1917-05-22
Nrw YORK COTTON MARKET


Tnasmuch es deliveries ~ express
stun do not start very early IN the
morning. and the demand on Monday
especially. IL slow IN developing. the
produce market for early myers WAS
called steady for want % anything
90 chance ~. The ElRin butter mar
ket was cent higher saturday. but
otherwise than this -thN market was
unchanged Poultry rns a little easy
I'm tone ON Saturday. az were also
dressed hogs. and dealers wsro look
ing for little or no Improvement
for the prtcpruf
The Detroit times., 1917-05-22
NEW Yont rRonrcE MARKT-r.

NEW YOBK. Nav Il Fl0ur Duh
Fork Quiet mess. 81 80 Lard
Dutl mfddlewest spot S22 90 q 20.
sugar Ray. firm. centrifugal qG-tcst.
s1asT602 muscovado S9-test. $500 n
t21 refined. quiet cut loaf So
crushed. sS.7s powdered. s. es n $50
eranulated. s550ns5o Coffee Dlo
80 on spot. love Tallow Dull
special. lo1a city 17N n Ia 0oun
frV nominal Hay Firm No T.
si1B0l 90. 30. g. s5Q %. clover. SOC
0fi1O. Dressed poultry Firm tur-
kcys. 15U34c. chickens 230 7oc.
fowls lod CSC ducks. 1S624c Live
poultry ca lot. geese ia 16c duck s.
tTR2Tc fowls. % d25c turkeys. lsc.
rhosters. 1Tc chicken. broilcrs, 95
$50 Cheese quiet state milk. com-
mon 10 specials 2eH2Ilac. skins.
common g. special. Ism GOO
The Detroit times., 1917-05-22
HeIr wtNrED--FnMALE
Az OPPORTUNITY


Good pay. Fine place TO
work.. Conditions are healthful
and pleasing. Telephone oper-
atnc is a splendid profession
FOR Young women.
First raise comes at end of
three months. Others follow
few months apart. Steady
work and quick advancement.
lnveei eate this! Call at OPP
orators Training School, Mad
ison avenue and John r. street,
between @ q. m. and , p. m.
MICHIGAN STATE
TELEPHONE COMPANY
The Detroit times., 1917-05-22
nnnk. md Trn.. ConrnnnIes
The followlng nrna are privileged

The following nrns are privileged
20 execute orders on the exchange
W r. Moss q Co. Carlyle & povah
Geo ~ West s. Co, p n Macerons
q Co W " Noble e Co ~. T. Soy
mour 4 Co. ". Mclaughlin, Mer-
riu Lynch & Co " Hamlin &
Co WIN a Neer & Co Sinclair &
couls, Emmet l. spregue. WIN H.
Rose & 90. r X Pelton & Co. Joel
etockard & Co Bennett, Smith 3
Co W r. Reilly & Co Matthew
Finn " Wallace & CO. Lewis .
Gorton webb Lee & Co. O'HarR.
Ferris & 20 RA15pn. Woodruff a Co,
& Murhl
The Detroit times., 1917-05-22
nTrrEn ANn EGGs

DETROIT. May o. fsmter Fresh
extra creamery. e5 tubs oTered ~
tuna "fereS AT ssr. with 2stLc ~
Eeas Fresh Michigan hrsts In
shipping cases. f01 crates offered at
3gc. with 35hc bid do. in new cases.
SOC asked and 25 iac hld Michigan
81 Roc asked
The Detroit times., 1917-05-22
petroIt eank cIearInas

Detroit bank clearines for Mon
day were S9.O62.StS24 Total clear
ings for 1917 To- date arc s1.o72 100.
400 ~. "a against f751.gts.6GS n for
the corresponding period in 1915.
The Detroit times., 1917-05-22

TOLEDO, May -Close-- Whea q
Cash. s3.0S July. S28s September
$216 Corn Cash. Sf7S July s. g.
September SiB4 oats Cash g..
July G914c. September bSia Rye
cash, S221 Cloverseed Cash $40 20,
october. sIfS6. December. sl1 ~
Alslke Prime. sll50 Timothv
Cash. S3SO Butter Dreamer.
40ibc. ECgs Fresh cRndlcd. &c.
fancy Folects Ssc HAY. Unchanged
The Detroit times., 1917-05-22
NV \ oHk nIr.TFR an zoos.

NEW YORK. May ~ Butter
stead, receipts. $500 creamery ev-
tra baiag. creamery. sprri Hi market
fOdf0tsc. state dairy. tubs. Cd " 1ac
imitation creamery, hrsts. flU t4C
Fera quiet. rcccfrts. De- gfi. near.
hv white fancy. 2T 1850 ncarht
MIXED fancy. seis % 37c fresh frsts
a645sc.
The Detroit times., 1917-05-22
CuICAnn GnAIN

CHICAGO May Opening -.
wheat July down 60, september
down Be. Corn July down 2. &c Sep
TENDER down &c. oats. July down
- GO september down nc. Provisions
lower.
Noon wheat. July up &C.. Sep
TENDER down &c. Corn July up 40.
september up nc oats July up
a. september down Ac. Provisions
tower
The Detroit times., 1917-05-22

uoe market.
DETROIT May o. Early wheat
markets showed weakness Do an d.
rtrtlona Monday Tho tone wat OPP
poHlte 90 that II Saturdays close ana
thcr~ wac au Initial loss of De- here.
Trading was not active here or IN
Chicago.
The weakness IN wheat is no sur
prise. with no privilege 20 buy eN-
cfpf'ug to cover shorts thcl- Us no
chance for large demand " hen an
operator has covered his short heat
he is not Permitted % buy any more
and ia practically out OF the market
Those who Rot excited Saturday ana
put he market up with their pur,
chHHss are now DOING nothing and
the the market has lapsed into dull
ness
Liverpool takes a favorable view ~
Tho outlook. Arrivals arc increasing,
and india and Australia are RhippinR
flsrIt General crop news ls favor 20
able 100 America and Europe Rains
over q wide area have qui"ted the
fears 0f dry weather for tho growing
CROP Iu fhfF country Dealers are
wondsrine what Ia 10 happen when
new wheat reaches market as buy
IRE viii not he able o. hedge their
huloIugs under present. board ~ trade
frgles Traders are keeping rut ~
tire market and there is general un-
rest as 10 what tho government may
90 .u tho fNinC ~ prices
Whtuf declined 1c Cash recovered
an the Joss closing unchanged from
saturday, close while lulY closed DC
and Sept mhcr 60 under saturday.
oats advanced tisr and dropped
On x Governed gained Toe
Mordny's wheat quotations Cash
So . rcd ~ fuly open"d with a
drop ~ 81 a. t22s declined 90 - 3d.
advanced 20 g. a and closed az So 's
Scpttcm-bor op"ned a. declined
10 81 ~ advanced 20 - ." and closed
AT SIS 20 white 81
Monday. ,coarrse grain quotations
81 No yellow si-3z Oats:
STANDARD 15Lc No 2 White. CSC No
3 vhftc 1fc rye Cash NO . 81 %.
Beans. immediate. PROMPT end June
thlpmert $40 erfds Prime rcd
rtnver $40 q0 October. ST. So, alsilte,
81 so. timothy. i2s5
% Detroit receipts Monday irciuded
600 bbls Of -four. cars % wheat
~ conn. { ~ oats end ~ rye
shipments were 2 000 bills ~ four
stocks are 2S- 000 hu az wheat 80. zoo
bu % cerG+,-l a coo Pea ~ cate and
Exports ~ whcat and nour last
week were 1885 600 bu, against p
i2S 600 bu week ago and lc.613,ooo
hu d year ago.
Receipts ~ wheat Monday Du-
luth. as cars. against - year ago
Minneapolis AZ cars. winnipeg Tbs
tArs against i.2ai: Chicago ~ cars
against % southwest 3R4 000 hu
against 5Of 600 bu
Primary wheat receinfs were H.
40 ooo bu against i.3s9.ooo IN p
Ezp9rts Of wheat and hour Mon
American Visible supply decreased
last week wheat. . 100 o0o hu. corn
59s 600 bu oats 2oli GOO bu
The Detroit times., 1917-05-22
Grain and Provisions

CHICAGO. May zl-Restricted
trading continued to exert It's inhu-
ence today and the grain market
wae erratlc and featureless July
opened &c under Saturdays close,
but later recovered two cents 10
2.3b September was down &c at
the opening and subsequently, los,
another two cents 10 III
Corn followed the trend In wheat
July. WIS off IA al the opening and
later went 20 1b6. UP IL. septem-
Der was or ga at Ia - and later
went 10 lsS.
oats trading also was giraffe July
was down 10 and later lost is 10 b.
Provisions were lower on lower
hog market
The Detroit times., 1917-05-22

fstr'iug--fh. plate nrr rfaf ft
rirtf "Ifu~f DON I'.r
The Detroit times., 1917-05-22

4,IGIN ~ I-ricii
EiFlN iiI May fp Butter Sales
~ 1u advance 10 fc
The Detroit times., 1917-05-22

CASH for OLD false tccth. gold erownN
broker fewelry dismonds watches
et ful tafue paid Ldtsrty Rig
Cn % WoCdw'c eta hcor elevator.
The Detroit times., 1917-05-22
New York Stocks

.t4t.aus - AoInDlower a. weeks.
a. open High Low close
The Detroit times., 1917-05-22
TOLEDO GRAIN

s.sold. b-Rld. x-spilt
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1917-06-13

the state OF Iowa ut once, and
Whereas the legislature Of Iowa has
made an appropriation Of S1,0o0.0oo to
be used In connection with the war,
now therefore
BE 1t resolved by the commercial
club of Cedar Rapids, Iowa. that the
governor OF Iowa and the adjutant gem
eral of the state Of Iowa be urged to
use such amounts Of said sum appro-
pr,ated as may be necessary to furnish
suitable uniforms for Battery Z, re-
Gently organized here, and all other
new units so organized or to be organ
lied As long as the boys of Iowa are
willing to volunteer into the service.
rendering their time and their lives II
need be, the people OF the state should
be willing and anxious to supply them
with proper uniforms 1t Is disgrace
to the state to have enlisted men in
Iowa identified only by scraps Of frayed
ribbon because uniforms are not avail
able Every man who displays the cour-
age and patriotism to volunteer an en-
llstment should receive not only mex
pensive plaudits but substantial uni
forms befitting his new relation to his
fellow men and the cause which he
represents,"
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1917-06-13

The national baseball commission
has issued notice in which II con-
strued legislation by major or minor
leagues that virtually places boycott
on seasoned and veteran ball players
as a class or as individuals as contrary
70 the spirit OF the national agreement
and therefore null and void.
The notice was issued in answer TO
many requests received from minor
league clubs for ruling on the validity
OF league legislation requiring mem
bers to employ prescribed NUMBER
OF players without previous profession
al experience The five rookie rule
OF the Three-I league is one OF the
rules affected.
The notice said that the commission
regarded such measure as based upon
economical considerations and designed
to aid a minor league club in keeping
within the salary limit of it's classi.
flcation as prescribed by the national
agreement and in developing talent.
The commission. however. stated IL
insists that in the observance OF the
rule there shall be no discrimination
against experienced or veteran players
who apply for employment. provided
they consent to contract limit enecti'e
in that league
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1917-06-13
Southern Iowa Items

fastened together by chain and as
they went onto the turnta Bile the slack
in the chain was not taken up and
Leintz was caught. Unless there al
internal injuries he will get along all
right.
Perry.
The cleanest canvass made in all
Perry in the bond campaign was at
the Globe Manufacturing Company
Saturday when the canvassers reached
the factory B. c. Dilenbeck, who had
led off with $1,000 personally some
days before, invited the visitors to pre-
side at little pep meeting with all
the employees present. The factory was
closed down for a few minutes, the
men invited to gather and the PROPOSE
ton was put up 20 them. There wasn't
a minute Of delay. They started in
$50 bond. 1t stands as record in
the city, this unanimous action of the
men and total Of nearly $1,000 was
pledged by the factory people. No one
was asked for big amount. It was
the number which was wanted.
Council Bluffs.
A laborer on the new
Northwestern elevator and believed to
be Charles Matheeon was instantly
killed about $3.50 o'clock Monday
morning when he was struck by a fast
Northwestern mail train. Matheeon
was crossing the main tracks between
Avenues X and l. when the train hit
him. The body was taken to Cutters
morgue and attempt is being made to
learn more Of his relatives. The dead
man appears to be about 40 years old.
According to authorities At the elevator
works, Matheson was going across the
track to get drink. This Is said to
be in violation Of the rules Of the Job,
water being provided on the works to
avoid the necessity Of crossing the
tracks. In Niatheson.s pocket was a
card showing him to be member Of
the hod carriers and common laborers'
union.
Silver City.
Friday morning while Roy strana-
han was at work on the farm west OF
silver City, bullets from some UNI
known source began falling upon him.
One Of them struck Roy under the LETT
arm, one 0f ~: horse: .s:s struck and
one or two Of the balls struck q hay
rack on which he was working. Roy
came to town at once and the bullet
was probed for but could not be found
and he was taken to Council Bluffs
where the ball was located. but It WA
deemed best not to remove IT. c. o.
,ye.n.cn, veterinary SURGEON. waA
called to the farm and removed the
ball. which was Of 20 cal.ber, from
the side OF the horse, which had been
hit. Later 1t was learned the shots
had been fred by Harry DeBolt, who
was shooting at mark over a hill to
the south and a trifie more than a
quarter OF a mile away, and did not
know for some time that the shots
fired came 90 pear cauAinx serious re-
suits
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1917-06-13
Motor Boat Regatta.

Minneapolis, June APPROXIMATIONS
for the gold cup race OF the American
Power Boat Association, which VIII pc
run here August 23-2I, are being
pushed forward by local racing men,
who declare the meeting will surpass
all previous ones in high class entries.
The committee Of Judges to nave
charge of the races will include George
c. Krusen. Of Philadelphia. represent
ing the American Power Boat Associa-
ton: DR.. J. +. Schefcik, OF Minneapolis,
representing the Miss Minneapolis
Boat Associations; and Charles NJ. Eng
lish. of Brooklyn. representing the Lake
George Club.
The race committee will include
Henry Sampson. Douglaston. l.. \. as
timer. and Frederick X. Lord. New
York as measurer. Captain George
Freeman. U. s. A., st. Paul, has been
appointed surveyor OF the course.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1917-06-13

Elliott. ~,
The Nishna botna river here has been
very high, but began recedings Thurs
day, altffo still out of its banks. Food
was taken Thursday evening across by
.oat to several families. Much corn
and gardens are still under water
Boone.
Mrs. Ona Barton, wife Of c. o. Bar
ton, formerly of Luther, passed away
at her home in Holly at o'clock. The
body arrived on Tuesday at the
home Of her parents, Mr.. and Mrs. w
E. Page, in Luther. The funeral will
be in Luther Wednesday. Burial will
be in the Boone cemetery.
Newton.
The C. c. Kicker property just this
side Of Lincoln Place, has been pur-
chased by Samuel Squires and Mr.. and
Mrs. Squires will remove to Newton
from Bondurant about June Is and
take possession of their new home.
The many friends of Mr.. and Mrs.
Squires, who lived almost all their
lives southeast Of Newton. are rejoic-
ing to hear Of their return to Newton.
Perry.
With the estimated totals Of the lib
erty bond campaign in Perry and Vi
cinity at $4,000 and with $4,000 yet
to raise the work is being carried on
with enthusiasm epday. Committees
are working the business section to
get those who have not yet re-
sponded, and are out among the farm
ers bringing up the list to where 1t
should be in every neighborhood.
Creeton.
The secretary Of the treasury has
offered any boy scout in the United
States who sells ten liberty bonds, q
medal Of honor. Hugh Tramp, son Of
Mr.. and Mrs. Harry Tramp, Of this
city, and a member Of Troop No.. 1 u
the first scout. OF the city to sell the
required number Of bonds. Hugh sold
$1,16o worth of bonds and win receive
q medal Of honor.
Let's.
Henderson Wilson, prominent
young man Of Let's, was found dead
at his home, a few miles west Of here.
Monday. He had been residing with
his sister, Miss Wilma Wilson, OF the
old Wilson homestead. Miss Wilson
spent sunday with her parents, NJ.
and Mrs. Robert Wilson. and upon ~.
turning to the homestead Monday
morning. found her brother lying TAGS
downward on the floor Of the dining
room.
Perry.
Henry Leintz, one Of the older MILF
waukee employees at the round aod5s.
was badly injured Sunday afternoon
about 12:45 when he was caught be-
tween couple Of engines. He 10 q
the Kings Daughters hospital and
while today he Is reported as gettins
along all right there is possibility
that he is injured internally, Leintz
was standing on the running board o
a switch engine which had pulled an
other engine from the graveyard 70
the turntable. The locomotives were