davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-02-16

The farmer Is interested first of all
in securing goods Of standard quality
Large amounts of spraying and fer
many farms, and it is essential that
these materials be of high grade and
free from impurities. The amount
purchased by each grower is not
sufficient to warrant having chemical
analyses made, but where full car
loads are purchased by group of
farmers composite sample may be
taken, and one analysis will show the
average quality of the whole.
Another effect Of cooperative pLr-
chasing has been to bring the farmers
together in the use of the same make
Of implements. fruit packages, etc.
One western fruit association agreed
on one style Of power sprayer where
dozen or more were formerly sold.
Not only did they save large sum
on the purchase price, but one line
of repairs now supplies their needs,
and parts can be kept on hand for
sale to all members at a great saving.
Another association secured the
adoption of one style of fruit pack
age where no less than eight had
formerly been in use. Manufacturers
who formerly had to keep in readi-
ness eight styles of basket forms and
eight kinds of supplies can now de-
vote their entire force and factory to
the making of one style. thus lessen
ing the cost of making and decreas-
ing the selling price, while insuring a
constant supply.
The advantages to be gained
through a farmers cooperative mar
keting association have been fully
demonstrated. But 1t must be re-
mbered that in all cases the adj
visibility of cooperative organiza-
ton depends upon probability OF a
more efficient service being secured
thereby.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-02-16

satisfactorily in large kettle in the
fiji eless cooker. If la 'ge kettle
must be used, better results will be
obtained if some other material
which holds heat fairly we'll Is used
to fill up the empty space. This may
be accomplished in several ways.
One is to put the small quantity Of
food to be cooked into a smaller,
tightly closed kettle, fill the large
kettle with boiling water and put the
small kettle into it, standing it on an
inverted bowl or some other suitable
support. This boiling water will take
up and hold the heat better than air
would. Several smaller dishes if
tightly covered) may be placed in the
kettle surrounded by boiling water
Baking powder or other tins often
are found useful for this purpose.
Another way is to place one food in
basin which just fits into the top of
large kettle and to let some other
material, some vegetable perhaps.
cook in the water in the bottom OF
the kettle. Two or more fiat, shallow
kettles placed one on top Of the other
so as to fill the cooker, enable one to
cook small amounts of different foods
successfully. Such kettles. made es-
pecially>>for use in flreless cookers,
may be purchased.
Time Required for Cooking.
The time which each kind of food
should stay in the cooker depends
both on the nature of the food and
on the temperature at which it re-
mains inside the cooker, and before
recipes for use with the fireless
cooker can be prepared one must
have some means of knowing how
temperatures are preserved in it. In
experiments made in the Office of
Home Economics 6-quart kettle was
filled with boiling water and put into
the cooker, the packing of which hap
pened to be newspaper. The tenn
perature of the water which was 2120
F. when put into the cooker, was
found to be 1929 F. after four hours
had elapsed and 1859 F. after eight
hours had elapsed. This shows the
advisability of the common custom
of allowing food to remain undis-
turbed in the cooker for at least six
or eight hours, or in some cases over
night If a soapstone, hot brick. or
other extra source of heat is used,
less time will be required. Materials
which are denser than water (sugar
strip as used in cooking dried fruit),
and therefore can be heated to a
higher degree, will keep up the tenn
perature longer when put into the
cooker. Thus the density of the food
material, as we'll as the amount and
the length of time that the apparatus
retains the heat. must be taken into
consideration in determining how
long different materials must be
cooked in the cooker.
The recipes for dishes to be pre-
pared in the freless cooker differ
somewhat from those for foods cooked
in the ordinary way, chiefly in the
amount of water or other liquids
called for. Less LIQUID should be put
into the food to be prepared in an
ordinary fireless cooker, since there
is no chance for water to evaporate.
The cook must be guided largely by
experience in deciding how long the
food should be heated before being
put into the cooker and how long it
should be allowed to remain there.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-02-16

very satisfactory fireless cooker
may be made in the home at rela-
lively slight expense. according to
specialists of the Office Of Ho. e
Economics of the department Of
Agriculture. The outside Of the
cooker may be tightly built wooden
box, an old trunk, small barrel, a
large butter or lard firkin or tin.
or large galvanized-iro bucket
with close fitting cover. In general,
well-built, conveniently sized box
Is perhaps most satisfactory, though
the cookers entirely encased in metal
have the advantage of being fire.
proof.
If box is to be used its size will
depend on the size of the cooking
kettle to be used in it and on whether
there are to be one or two compart-
ments. 1t must be large enough to
allow for at least inches of packing
material all around the nest in
which the cooking kettle is to be
placed. For the sake Of cleanliness
and convenience the nest should be
lined with metal and should be
trifie larger than the cooking utensil.
II an extra source Of heat such as
a hot brick or plate, is to be used, a
metallic lining for the nest is i'm
perative. For this purpose a gall
vanized iron or other metal bucket
may be used or, better still, tin
smith can make a lining Of galvan-
lied iron or zinc which can be pro-
vided with rim to cover the pack
ing material. In case no hot stone
or plate is to be used in the cooker,
the lining can be made of strong
cardboard.
For the packing and insulating ma
terial a variety Of substances may be
used. Asbestos and mineral wool are
good and have the additional adj
vantage that they do not burn.
Ground cork (such as is used in
packing Malaga grapes), hay. ex-
celsior, Spanish moss, wool, and
crumpled paper may also be used
satisfactorily OF the inexpensive
materials that can be obtained easily,
erumpled paper is probably the most
satisfactory, since it is clean and
odorless and, if properly packed, will
hold the heat better than some of
the others. To pack the container
with paper. crush single sheets of
newspaper between the hands. Pack
a layer at. least 4 inches deep over
the bottom of the outside container,
tramping it in or pounding it in with
a heavy stick of wood. Stand the
container for the cooking vessel, or
the lining for the nest, in the center
of this layer and pack more crushed
papers about it as solidly as possible
If other packing, such as excelsior,
hay, or cork dust, is used, it should
be packed in similar way. Where
an extra source Of heat is to be used.
1T is much safer to pack the fireless
cooker with some non-infammable
material such as asbestos or mineral
wool. A cheap and easily obtained
substitute are the small cinders sifted
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-02-16
ADVANTAGES OF A FIRELESS COOKER
Satisfactory Device Home Low
ForIt Use

from coal ashes. preferably those from
soft coal, which may be obtained at
the boiler house Of any mill. The cind-
ers from hard coal burned in the kit
chen range will do. however. Expert
ments with this material made by
home economics specialists Of the
Department Of Agriculture showed
that it is\ very nearly as satisfactory
as crumpled paper as a packing ma
terial. If a freproof packing material
is not used a heavy pad of asbestos
paper should be put at the bottom
of the metal nest and sheet or two
of asbestos paper should be placed
between the lining of the nest and
the packing material. Whatever pack
ing material Is used, it should come
to the top Of the container for the
kettle, and the box should lack about
4 inches of being full. A cushion or
pad must be provided to fill COM
pletely the space between the top Of
the packing and the cover Of the
box after the hot kettles are put in
place. This should be made OF some
heavy goods, such as denim, and
stuffed with cotton, crumpled paper,
or excelsior. Hay made be used, but
will be found more or less odorous.
The kettles used for cooking should
be durable and free from seams or
crevices, which are hard to clean.
They should have perpendicular sides
and the covers should be as fiat as
possible and provided with a deep
rim shutting we'll down into the ket.
file 70 retain the steam II ia DOssible
to buy kettles made especially for use
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-02-16
ORCHARD CULTIVATION.

Has the orchard played out? Has
it begun to weaken and give way ~
the ravages Of insect and funGl.
pests? Has it ceased t. p-'odu 7
profitable yields of good sized f.u I
If so. the chances are that you a.e
starving the trees Fruit trees me- |
food and care the same rs other
plants. Neglect means .i!le sa,7' !
loss--no. it cans greater lcsi
than to any other crop. IF yrsl
starve a corn or CA crop. It c:ln g
remedicd at any time in one ye.
They are ANIMALS. Eut whom Nch
starvc the orchard ard weaken i
till t is killed by<its enc lnies, u take :
years to grow ano her. rosveSsr rlca
you may make the or,ha ID soil.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-02-16

title, the best remedy is to cut down
the food supply one-half or even two
thirds in amount Do not overfeed
in any case. The calf should always
have an appetite for more than the
amount given to it,
Two formulas are mere given Of
calf meals used with success by the
Massachusetts Experiment Station:
Lindsey's Calf Meal v.
Ingredients:
90 pounds ground oat fakes.
" 10 III pounds flaXseed meal.
5 pounds flour middlings.
IL pounds fine corn meal.
~ 1k pounds prepared blood -four.
~ pound salt.
Cost, 3 cents pound
Lindsey's Calf Meal VI.
Ingredients:
35 pounds ground oat flakes
121a pounds barley malt.
y pounds blood flour.
u pound bicarbonate of potash
u pound salt.
Cost, 3.3 cents pound.
In preparing {. calf meal the object
should be to use only those ingre-
dents that are easily and highly di
gestible, anG at the same tine are no.
too expensive. Among such feeds may
be mentioned finely ground co n
meal flour middlings, ground riceY
wheat flour, oat fakes, barley malt !
cocoanut meal and f1aXseed meal
Cottonseed meal in any quantity is
not advised: oat fakes and matted
grains seem to be quite satisfactory.
Dry skim milk is valuable sub
stance, but its cost is likely to pre-
vent It's use
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-02-16
PEDIGREE SYSTEM OF POULTRY RAISING

band 1874 is from pen l73, male 173.
hen 4, and Matched in II. while pedi-
gree band 1878 is from pen 1877, male
1877, pullet and Matched in '1S The
one simple number tells the year,
pen. sire, dam. of each egg or chick
SO numbered.
The only handicap with this sy*-
tenn is the stamping the numbers ON
the chick bands which Is done with
small steel dies. but this is over bal
anced by the value of being able to
tell the pedigree of any egg, chick
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-02-16

age may consist Of one-half to one
peck of silage and what rowen or fine
hay the animal will clean up. En-
phasis is placed upon the fact that
absolutely definite rules relative to
the time of substituting the different
foods cannot be given, SO much de-
pending upon the condition of the
calf. The close observation and good
judgment of the feeder are very nee
essary if the full measure Of success
is to be attained.
10. In case of scours, or if the
animal be Tins to show tickle appe-
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-02-16

OF food to be cooked. Small amounts
OF food can not be cooked satisfac-
torily In large kettles, and 1t is there
fore an advantage to have e cooker
with compartments Of two or more
different sizes. Kettles holding about
8 quarts are Of convenient sise for
general use. Tinned-iron kettles
should not be used in hreless
cooker, for, although cheap. they are
very apt to rust from the confined
moisture. Enameled-ware Kettles are
satisfactory, especially il the covers
are Of the same material aluminium
vessels may be purchased in shapes
which make them especially well
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-02-16
DAIRYING IN THE WEST.

No greater calamity could befall
the farmers Of the West than the de-
struction of all places where cream
or butter could be sold. The small
farmer is more dependent upon the
sale of dairy products than many are
willing to admit. The cream-receiv-
ing stations and the possibility of
easy shipment to the creamery have
for years been the mainstay for many
western farmers and as such they will
snutinue to be.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-02-16

Without recommending any prep
aration in particular, the writes takes
this opportunity to outline the method
for feeding the young calf in case 1t
is desired to get along with as little
milk as possible.
/. Allow the, calf to remain with
the dam as rule for two or three
days. In case of Jersey or Guernsey
calves it may be necessary to shorten
the time because Of the laxative eff
feet of such milk
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-02-16
BY G. T. PATTERSON.

from pullet in pen lat and fertil-
lied by male 147.
When the egg is incubated and the
chick Matched in pedigree tray. the
number on the egg is placed on the
chicks leg band and as soon as the
band needs loosening because of the
chicks leg growing, the band Is
placed in the chicks wing where it
remains permanently. Thus the pedi-
gree band is in the wing which will
prevent confusing the pullet with the
hen which has her band on the leg.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-02-16
OBJECTS OF COOPERATIVE PURCHASING

In the farmers general plans for
improving their condition it is neces-
sary for them to take advantage of
cooperative principles for conducting
their business, to the end that they
may be able to eliminate waste. Eff
cheney is the watchword, and the
farmer should pay for necessary and
efficient service only. In Gaze he
finds that he can serve himself more
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-02-16
How to Use the Ffrelcss Cooker.

now 10 use Cfc f1FelcSS SOOker.
Obviously the fireless cooker must
be used with intelligence to obtain
the best results. 1t is best suited to
those foods which require boiling,
steaming, or long, slow cooking in a
moist heat. Foods can not be fried
in it, pies can not be baked Success
fully in the ordinary fireless cooker.
nor can any cooking be done which
requires a high, dry heat for brown
ing. Meats, however. may be par
TALLY roasted in the oven and finished
in the cooker, or may be begun in the
cooker and finished in the oven with
much the same results as If they
were roasted in the oven entirely
The classes of food best adapted to
the cooker are cereals, soups, meats.
vegetables dried fruits. steamed
breads, and buildings.
When different foods are cooked to-
gether in the f1reless cooker they
must be such as require the same
amount of cooking, since the cooker
can not be- opened to take out food
without allowing the escape of a
large amount of heat and making it
necessary to reheat the contents. 1t
would not do to put foods which need
about one and one-half ho':rs to cook
into the cooker with piece of meat
which would stay several hours
The size of the container used in
cooking with the fireless cooker
should be governed according to the
amount of food to be cooked. Small
quaint ties of food can not re cooked
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-02-16
ARTISTIC ARRANGEMENT OF
FLOWERS.

Plant flowers In front of the porch,
in the ctrner by the steps, and in
front of the shrubs. and use them to
hide bare foundations. Flowers al
ways look their best when growing
against background of foliage.
Never put a flower bed in the middle
of your lawn.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-02-16
WELL-PI4ANNED BARNS.

Some farmers have their barns 81
arranged that the care of stock is 4
pleasure, and in many instances this
handy arrangement has been brought
about with comparatively little ex-
Vense for material or labor.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-02-16

than the average intelligence of the
American farmer? If it is advisable
for the manufacturers and dealers to
federate into State and National asso-
Citations for the aboye-named pur-
poses, by what line of reasoning do
some conclude that 1t is unnecessary
or absolutely improper for the farm
ers to organize even on a com munity
basis.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-02-16
BY G. T.. BASSETT.

respective organizations, not to con-
troll prices or restrain trade, but for
greater business efficiency and to
eliminate waste. what argument
should induce farmers to refrain from
similar action to improve their bust
ness? What can the manufacturer
gain by such organization which the
farmer can not? Is the average in
telligence of the manufacturer less
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-02-16
VALUABLE ClsCP.

The soy bean may be grown
throughout the humid and semi
humid sections, of the south and IN
the southern portion of the corn belt
1t is very valuable forage crop mt
promises to be very US >fu. In many
boil weevil regions as u cash crops
and a source of 81 seed ''cr the OIL
mills.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-02-16
NEEDS EXERCISE.

The brood SOW must have plenty of
exercise. Do not keep her too closely
housed. Be sure she has warm.
comfortable bed and that the hog
house is we'll ventilated. 1t will not
injure brood ssows to do little rust
ling for feed.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-02-16

Showing details of construction: 4. Outside
container (wooden box. old trunk. etc.) B.
Packing or insulating material (crumpled
P b. Cooking kettle E. sospstone pae ness
other source of heat F, Pad of excelsior for
covering top. G. Hinged cover of outside con.
tainer.
in freless cookers; these are provided
with covers which can be clamped
on tightly. The size of the Kettle
should be determined by the quantity
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-02-16

efficiently than others are serving him,
II he can install and operate his own
business machinery, arrange to pay
cash, or furnish his own credit. he
should do so. The trade should and
usually will consent to meet him on
this thoroughly sound basis.
If it is good business and entirely
proper for manufacturers, whole
salers, and retailers to unite in their
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-02-16
USE PLENTY OF BEDDING

Place plenty of dry bedding in the
cows stalls all through the winter.
There is less evaporation in cold than
in warm weather and floors become
very damp. Bedding not only makes
it comfortable and healthy for the
animals but also absorbs the liquid
manures. The man who keeps stock
and masters the art of bedding is on
the road to success in stock raising
and also the building UP of the land.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-02-16

There is a vast difference between
orchards and family or
chards. For the latter the variety
should be greater to meet the tastes
Of The various members Of the family.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-02-16
CARE IN HANDLING EGGS.

There is about strictly fresh egg
a bloom" for which buyers look
This bloom disappears with time or is
rubbed off with handling. therefore
eggs should be handled as little as
possible.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-02-16

Alfalfa and good judgment in Sc
lecting cows will make any man rich
in the dairy business
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-02-16
A NEW SYRUP.

way of making delicious table
syrup from muscadine grapes is an
nounced by the United States Bureau
of Plant Industry.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-02-16

Breeders who do not mate more
than ten pens should number their
pens this year 10 to 179 inclusive
and the next year number the pens
from $50 to lS9 inclusive. etc. The
two figures to the left represent the
year. Where records are kept in this
way. any bird which has pedigree
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-02-16

Have the ewes in good flesh condi.
ton at mating-time.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-02-16

No set of rules that can be laid
down will meet all circumstances
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-02-16

4, Rim to cover packing material; B, Con-
tainer for cooking kettle and hot stone.
adapted for use in fireless cookers
and, like enameled ware. they do not
rust.
Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1916-1918, 1917-02-16

OF MATURE bird at any Time Without
referring to records.
Band numbers from 10 to 200 for
males, and numbers from 1900 to 1000
for females is a complete set of bands
for ten breeding pens for three years,
170-17s to be used in 1917. 1S0-18Si
in 1918, and 190-199 in 1919.
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1917-05-17

Wednesday Misses Susie and Mamie
Mofatt were In Enosburg Falls Thurs.
day.-The Corner class OF the Congrega-
tional Sunday school held their class
meeting at the homo Of Carl and Mar
garet Smith Friday evenins.-The COM
mittee Of public safety met Thursday
evening in Rublee's hall. The following
officers were elected: chairman. Carl
Carpenter Of Richford: treasurer. Mr..
Bright. Of Richford: secretary. W. 9.
Rubles. The other members Of the COM
mittee are Guy Tiffany Of East Berkshire
and William Wright OF Montgomery
Center.-The baseball team gave q dance
in Rublee han May u.-Mrs q. L. WASH
burn. who has been passing several
weeks In st. Petersburg. Fla. has re.
turned home.-Cari Dwyer. who II at.
tending college In Burlington. IL ut homo
for the summer.-Walter Jennie IL work.
ing in H. A. Ponds store.-Mr. and Mrs.
Carl Ransom are visiting Mr.. Ranson,'a
mother in Boston.-Miss Mary Perlsy IL
moving to Richford. where she will make
her home In the futurs.-To-day. Ascension
day. Holy communion will be celebrated
In Calvary church at 1000 A. M.-The H.
and e. society was pleasantly entertained
by Miss Winifred Carpenter at the homo
Of Mrs. w. s. Rublee Wednesday even.
ing,