davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening journal. [volume] (Wilmington, Del.) 1888-1932, 1917-02-06
MUNITIONS OUTPUT
IS Ample FOR needs
Manufacture of Supplies for
Entente Puts U. S. in
Good Condition
tTlLL TO AID
THE ALLIES

NEW YORK, Feb. Elm spite Of
lhe deplorabe condition which this
lountry has been In as regards prepar-
sdncss for war the army bill of last
hummer and the extraordinary circum-
Itanoes which resulted in the construc.
ZION of enormous munitions plants in
America during the last few years have
tut us in good condition for the pres
mt emergency a prominent army Off
Ter stationed here said today. eve can
provide ordnance ami equipment for an
American army as rapidly as II can
possibly be used In the event Of war
VII Germany.
Although no censorship had been es-
tablished officially, most Of the officers
We're reluctant to discuss the crisis for
publication, if their names we're to be
used, and this officer requested that his
name be withheld.
IF it were not that Germany is now
hsmmed in by enemies whose lines she
cannot break, I should have sent she
family into the interior as soon as
heard that the President had broken off
diplomatic relations with Germany" he
continued.
May Take Over Plants.
las it Is, no matter how rapidly the
next developments come. there is not
likely to be any condition arising that
we shall be unable to forasee OF meet
with sufficient force to prevent disaster
TO any considerable portion Of the
United States. Last summers army bill
authorized the President to take over
for national use any plants, or even
complete industries, that might be need
Cd for army use. This applies not only
10 the time of actual warfare, but when
there Is danger Of war, and 20 IL applies
right now. It is hardly probable, though
that any such step will be necessary inn
medistelyi It is generally believed that
owners Of such plants will willingly
turn them over TO the government II
they arc needed. without making IL neo'
sssary 70 commander them.
"Our little army is inadequately
equipped at the present time; there
ian be no disputing that, but through
no effort for which we can claim
credit we are fortunately able TO turn
out the equipment needed by armies
FAR larger than ours. Recruiting since
he passage OF the army bill has, I
understand, gone on more rapidly
han Is generally known. We prob
IDLY have an army in the vicinity Of
$4,000 men now. and on paper, Al
east, a National Guard OF some 100,-
300. We are more deficient in our
machine gun, artillery and aeroplane
iquiument than any other features.
THE situation is such, however
that in all probability there will b,
more than time enough 20 make uT
these and other deficiencies before
they can do any harm, in the even
Of war.
American soldiers, In all proba
bility, will not be needed abroad i'm
mediately. even II war is declared
The severance OF relations with Ger
many will IN itself have a tremen
dous moral erect on the men nov
fighting against Germany. Declare
ton OF war would have greater effec
toward defeating Germany than woui,
Evening journal. [volume] (Wilmington, Del.) 1888-1932, 1917-02-06
HEXAMER Calls
FOR REFERENDUM
Wires German-Americans to
Oppose War Until
People Vote for it
SYMPATHY FOR
FATHERLAND STRONG

PHILADELPHIA. Pa. Feb. c.
Charles J. Hexamer. president Of
the German-American Alliance, sent
scores OF kilograms broadcast through
ont the United States yesterday urg-
ing his friends among German-Ameri-
can societies to oppose a declaration
OF war without the issue being first
submitted to the people.
Mr.. Hexamer. at the Manufacturers
Club, last night. said that he had ad-
dressed the kilograms to his personal
friends. scattered all over the coun-
try.
ct do not think that any country
should declare war without the issue
being first decided by a referendum"
said Mr.. Hexamer, land / merely tele-
graphed my personal view in the mat
ter"
While Mr.. Hexamer is president OF
tho German-American Alliance, which
was charged with promoting the Ger
man propaganda in America IN the
early days OF the war, yesterdays ac-
ton on Mr. Hexamer's part was his
own personal move.
Mr.. Hexamer's act closely followed
the campaign against war with Ger
many inaugurated by Amos r. Pom
chot. Max Eastman, Randolph s
Bourne and other well-known leaders
in the pacifist movement.
That German-American societies IN
all the large cities OF the country
will follow the Hexamer suggestion
II Is expected as certain. Mass meet
ings, IL is expected. VIII be called al
an early date. and the creation Of az
anti-war sentiment is expected in New
York. Chicago. st. Louis. Cincinnati
Evening journal. [volume] (Wilmington, Del.) 1888-1932, 1917-02-06
MERCIFUL REST FUND
NOW CLOSE TO $4,000

A lons pull and a strong pull On the
part Of the Delaware pablIc il needed
for the Meroiful Rest endowment fund
OF $4,000. II IL now on the twenty sew
enth thousand, and the next mile stone
Is s30 .000 because 30 ON has been prom.
ised ised when the s3o 900 Is at hand.
There probably mover was a fund OF
money raised that had so many inter.
esting features OF 20 many inducements
held out 70 make every gift worth much
IN excess Of its face value. Here are
all the offers made 20 create enthusiasm
in giving;
$1,000 when $40 900 l. at hand.
Evening journal. [volume] (Wilmington, Del.) 1888-1932, 1917-02-06
KEEP LOOKING YOUNG
IT'S Easy-If You Know DR..
Edwards Olive Tablets.

The secret OF keeping young Is 10
feel young-to do this you must watch
your liver and bowels--there's no
need OF having a sallow complexion
dark rings under your eyeH-pimples
IA bilious look in your face--dull
eyes with no sparkle Your doctor win
tell you ninety per cent. OF all sick
aess comes from inactive bowels and
iiycr.
DIT. Edwards, a well-knowu ply
stefan IN Ohio, perfected a vegetable
compound mixed with olive oil to act
on Tho liver and bowels, which he
save to nis patients for years
Or. Edwards Olive Tablets, the sub
rtstute for calomel, are gentle in their
action, yet always effective. They
bring about that exuberance OF spirit.
that natural buoyancy which should
DO enjoyed by everyone, by toning up
.ho liver ard clearing the system or
impurities.
You will know DR.. Edwards Olive
Tablets by thor olive color. lOc ana
25c pcr box All druggists.
Evening journal. [volume] (Wilmington, Del.) 1888-1932, 1917-02-06

Associate Judge Henry G. Conrad on
the bench, the February term OF SUI
perlor Court. General Sessions and
oyer and Terminer Courts convened
here yesterday at noon O..
Victor c. Kitchens. OF Laurel. was
chosen foreman OF the grand jury.
The first divorce case called was
that Of Julia A. Costen, residing near
Delmar, VS. Donald W. Costen the
charge being willful desertion. They
We're married AT parsonsburg, Nd
by the Rev. NJ ID. Rutter, and lived
together but twenty days during
which time they boarded IN Delmar
A decree nisi Was granted.
Samuel ]. Register was granted O
sivorce nisi from his Wife. Willie
Register on the ground Of desertion
Evening journal. [volume] (Wilmington, Del.) 1888-1932, 1917-02-06

$500 when the $4,000 is raised.
$50 when 100 gifts Of 50 eeoh are re-
ceived.
slOo when 100 gifts Of 81 are re-
ceived.
One interesting amount Of money
came In yesterday, and that was sl7.75
from an auxiliary OF the home that was
in existence in 1908 Its treasury was
still extant, although the auxiliary had
been merged INTO another organization.
and the amount In the Treasury was
turned over 70 the endowment chairman,
Miss Amy +. DUPONT, to whom gifts can
be sent az any time.
The fund stands AZ present.
Evening journal. [volume] (Wilmington, Del.) 1888-1932, 1917-02-06

Milwaukee and other cities where
there are large colonies OF German
born and their descendants
In this kilograms Mr.. Hexamer
urged the calling OF mass meetings
10 demand the referendum on the dec
laration Of war before the President
or Congress is permitted to act.
Evening journal. [volume] (Wilmington, Del.) 1888-1932, 1917-02-06
!. F. GOsLFE AT WHITE HAVEN.

special 20 THE EVENING JOURNAL
GEORGETOWN. Del. Feb s.
James Edward Goslee, former clerk
IN the General Assembly and mem
Der OF the firm OF Prettyman and Cos
lee at Stockley, has gone TO White
Haven. Pa. for his health. It is
understood he has disposed OF his in
terests to his partner and brother
in-law. n. w. Prettymnn.
Evening journal. [volume] (Wilmington, Del.) 1888-1932, 1917-02-06
THIS WILL INTEREST MOTHERS

Mother Grsy's Sweet Powders for Chill
dren Certain relief FOR Feverishness,
Headache, Bad stomach, Teething Disorders,
move and regulate the Bowels and destroy
Worms. They frequently break up Colds in
% hours. They are pleasant 20 the taste
children like them. over / o 600 testmon-
fais. Used by Mothers for 90 years. They
pie mailed FREE. Address, Mother Gray
Co. lie Roy, n. Y.
Evening journal. [volume] (Wilmington, Del.) 1888-1932, 1917-02-06

DIVORCE SUSSEX COUPLES.
Special 70 THE EVENING JOURNAL
GEORGETOWN. Del, Feb. 6-wlth
The true northerner. [volume] (Paw Paw, Mich.) 1855-1920, 1917-09-21

Max Skopp who has been visiting
his parents returned to Chicago Wed
nesday.
George Harrington of Detroit, who
has been guest of Robert Hines and
family visited at the Tyler home last
Friday.
Mr.. and Mrs. John Sherman, son
Burton and daughter Fannie spent
Sunday with j. A. Holland and
family.
The Loyal Sons and Daughters of
Bronson Sunday school gave a fare
well party at the home of Mr.. and
Mrs. Charles Taylor in honor of their
son Harry, who left the first of the
week for Camp Custer. Games were
played and ice cream and cake were
served. A fine time was enjoyed by
all
The true northerner. [volume] (Paw Paw, Mich.) 1855-1920, 1917-09-21
COUNTY CLERKS OFFICE.

New Suits filed:-
Isabel H. Sprague VS.. Herbert
Sprague-Bill for Divorce.
Mary F. Gallagher VS.. Richard d.
Gallagher-Bill for Divorce.
Orson V. hitmore VS.. Fred Whit
more e. Grace Whitmore - Bill for
Specific Performance.
Oscar Karmsen VS.. E. H. Grifiths-
Case.
Evan H. NJ. Grifiths VS. Oscar
Karmsen-Case.
Emmett c. Cochrane, County Drain
Commissioner of Jackson Co., VS.. f.
l.. Kinney, Matt Kinney and w. A.
Wood-Summons issued.
Dallas Boudeman, John w. Adams
& Frank S. Weston, VS.. Clarence j.
NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS..
Robert Matheson VS.. Charles d.
Matheson-Attachme
People VS.. r. c. McPherson-Lar-
ceny.
New suits field:-
Orrin w. Modem, Admr. ct al. VS..
Harvey Marshall, ct al.-Bill to quiet
title.
H. H. Leibunguth VS.. ]. Henry
Myers, ct al. Bill to foreclose Mort
gage.
People VS.. Addison Stickney-Bas-
tardy.
The true northerner. [volume] (Paw Paw, Mich.) 1855-1920, 1917-09-21
STATE OF MICHIGAN
The Probate Court for the County of
Van Buren,.


Van Buren,.
At a session of said court held at
the Probate Office in the village of
Paw Paw, in said county on the 18th,
day of September, A. ID. 1917.
Present, Hon. VIM. Killefer, Judge
of Probate.
In the matter of the estate of Adam
Beach, deceased.
Rena V. Beach, widow of said de-
ceased, having filed in said court her
petition praying for reasons therein
stated that the administration of said
estate be granted to said petitioner
or to some other suitable person.
1t is ordered that the 10Th, day of
October A. d. 1917 at ten o'clock in
the forenoon, at said Probate office be
and is hereby appointed for hearing
said petition;
1t is further ordered, That public
notice thereof be given by publication
of copy of this order, for three sue
cessive weeks previous to said day Of
hearing in The True Northerner, a
newspaper printed and circulated in
said county.
VIM. Killefer
Judge of Probate
A true copy.
Margaret NJ. Southworth
Register of Probate
The true northerner. [volume] (Paw Paw, Mich.) 1855-1920, 1917-09-21

The Sheldon Sewing club met with
Mrs. Elsie Slough last Thursday. A
fine time was reported. The next
meeting will be held at the home of
Mrs. Jennie Squires on September 27.
Miss Hughes of Hartford is teach
ing at the Sheldon school. Miss
Pearl Hoag at Riverside, Miss Nellie
Tolles at the Center and Miss Julia
Ebensfield at the Ackley school.
The true northerner. [volume] (Paw Paw, Mich.) 1855-1920, 1917-09-21
GENEVA.

Mr.. and Mrs. +. III. Crosby spent
Friday in South Haven.
Mrs. Dalking of Chicago is visiting
her sister Mrs. Martin.
c. Y. Tyler has gone to Lake
Forest where he is working for
Frank Blaudow.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1917-02-24
Minstrel show a Hit

Witnessed the William and Eashti min
streI show. given on Wednesday night
in the AIedo opera house was that it
was fine. Each individual was in the
work heart and soul at all times and
each starred ln mis- respective role,
The cast was composed OF many of the
best singers and comedians OF the ath-
Ieto association of the college Leslie
Haskell as iuterloCutor carried the
chief part while Bernard Peterson
so.0ist. and HAYS Hall. comedian, were
at their best III their roles. The cos
tunes and makeups were excellent.
and tae stage scene was most appro-
pirate The proceeds from the min
strel viii be put into the athletic as
sgciatiou treasury
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1917-02-24
MEET HERE TO TALK
OVER NEW CAR RULE

freight agents. yarlmasteTs and
car clerks af the Rock Island NHwau-
saa ar. Burlington roads of Rock Isl
land. Moline and Davenport held a joint
meeting the Burlington division Off
fees .s eity Thursday to devise a
common Fstau Of routing foreign cars
IN response to the new car rules that
went ura E-roe this week Many Of
the heaviest shippers I'm the tri-citfes,
ssper.a.. the grain merchants. have
pro-as-a. against the new rules, which
fraH Say will cause en- even greater
.1eE VI cars than the present shortage
has brought
III behalf OF these shippers Traffic
Comm ss.rnar Danuer OF the Uaveu-
g--r Comm -g.aI club wrote 10 the iu-
-ars.a-. comm aree comm ssiou, asking
..ar.ou Of the new car rules
ae also communicated with officials ia
Chicago Comm ssi1uer Danuer be-
i5Fea ..aa the new rules viii work
1arasras On The shippers now and on
.ae roads themselves later on
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1917-02-24
On County Records


Laura N. Cox ct al TO John RI John
son, T. II OF lots "A and l5. block 8.
Rapids City $500
AIfons and Julia be Witte to Nav
rice T. Bockaert part lots 10 and III.
block William d. Brooks add Rock
Island 81
Cecil Il Wood 20 Paul and Erma
Braeckevelt, lot l7. block l23. New
Shops add. East Moline. 500
Andrew @ and Mary Swanson 20 W.
) Training part lots Z and q 2, block &,
University Place. RI j.. $500
James. J.. IT and Maggie McAfee 10
Aifons De Witte r. u S. w. "a sec.
10-lG-2w, $4,000.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1917-02-24

Clark McCully, who has been quite
iu at the home OF his brother Clar.
ence for the past four or i've weeks
is now slowly recovering
Mrs. Earl Martin of Shale City
daughter Of Mr. and Mrs. IS II Rid
dell of this city, who was recently
operated upon at Mercy hospital Dav-
export. for appendicitis is improving
nicely.
W r Zentmire. who On Monday
suffered a stroke of paralysis ar his
home in Perryton township. is jim a
grave condition
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1917-02-24
Personal Mentlon.

John NJ Wilson was In Viola yes
terday on business
q c. Bower and Ed Mcfarland went
to kewaBee yesterday To attend the
meeting of the Central Illinois Trot-
ting and Racing association
Misses Mary and Theua White were
Galesburg visitors YESTERDAY
Misses Mary and Thena White we're
Ga1esburg visitors YESTERDAY
Mrs. Mary Jones was au Aledo shop
per from Gilchrist yesterday
Mr. and Mrs G. T. Reynolds wen,
yesterday to Rock Island for short
visit with Mrs. Reynolds sister Mrs
Tina Woods
Airs. II. T.. parkman and two chill
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1917-02-24
Where War Interests Get in
Their Work With the Press

ton OF war against country before
the President of the United States or
the congress Of the United States have
acted ia This matter"
zIr. Moore then attacked the Brit
isa propaganda which has been car
ried on for some time through tba
circulation Of pamphlets sent out hy
Sir Gilbert Parker.
u sag tbat If some democrat does
not Introduce q resolution 20 inFestt-
gate these charges Of peruicious mer-
cenary activity as they were presented
i'm the Record by the gentleman from
Texas. though the session be short /
shall introduce such a resolution my
self let the chips fall where they
may" declared Mr. Moore
DIR Moore and Mr. Galloway had
obtained unanimous consent 10 eN-
tend his remarks in the Record. and
his charges had NOT been read pa the
floor -but buried ia the Record.
= question whether a single news
paper la the United States has aiken
ccgu.zauCe of the remarks or the gem
tleuan from Texas. said Nr. Moore
~ believe they constitute a matter Of
high privilege
Following the Moore speech Com
Gres suau Galloway told luterFiewers
that he could produce proof of hls
charges. and said Representative Tav-
euner Of Illinois would offer imued-
lately "a resolution Tor an invasJga-
tiun or alleged inspired newspaper ar-
-icias in behalf of preparedness and
participa in the European war.
The dag following MIR. Moore re-
marks. every newspaper The Fourth
Estate examined gave prominent space
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1917-02-24

The Priscilla Sewing club members
spent @ very enjoyable social after
noon ar the South Maple street home
of Mrs Hettie Garrett on Thursday.
The WOman's Missionary society Of
the First Presbyterian church met yes
rerday afternoon with Mrs. Charles
Finch at her South College avenue
home
Mrs Guy RI Carroll was hostess TO
the members OF the Sunb0nBet club on
Wednesday afternoon.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1917-02-24

First Presbyterian a T. Moody.
minister Al 1890 a. M. morning
worship IIs45 a. m bible school. 8
p. IN. Young Peoples society meeting.
7 ., an. evening worship, our Tribute
tie Lincoln
Methodist DIT T. E. Shut pastor.
Services Sunday morning at 1890.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1917-02-24

-.. estate and personal You viii
E better service by calling now than
#a# wait -ii. March and the last min
.a a. Tax collector has offices in
aa State Bank building You are re-
.- .1 pay your taxes now SO as
40 relieve rae congestion later on.
WALDO SCHNEIDER Collector.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1917-02-24

Hang cut the flag The German
Trust & Savings bank viii give you
one
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1917-02-24

dren were visitors near Burgess yes
ter5ay with Mrs Parkmans parents.
SIR and Mrs. T. II AIorIord
g. ID Eakman was i'm Matherville
yesterday
F. A. Farber was tri-city visitor
yesterday
n. p. Prince. teacher in the Burgess
school came home TO this city yes
terday being called here by the sud
den set back of his father. Peter
Prince who lis critically III at his
home
Levi Lewis was i'm Rock Island
yesterday on business. and to visit a
short time with his daughter. Mrs.
Dr L. f. Hanlne
Mrs ". ~. W8rnOck and Mrs W
r. Deem We're in Monmouth yester-
day
Peter Brown was a passenger to
East Moline yesterday afternoon
Mrs. Clyde Scott returned yester-
day from visit with Mrs. Sam
Eickers i'm Reynolds
Mrs. A. p Cole returned home 30
this city from Burgess, where she
visited a short time with her son.
Frank Cole
Ship Horses.
Fred Dunbar and i. r. Thompson
shipped q carload of fine horses to
Galesburg Thursday
All the news all the time The
Argus
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1917-02-24

All the news all the time The
Argus
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1917-02-24

Fred Dunbar and j. f. Thompson
shipped carload of fine horses {,
Galesburg. THURSDAY
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1917-02-24

heating
cIeanlv warmth of
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1917-02-24

S: :s @ s ss
@asssssaa 1890 sssssss ssssa assasss& $500
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1917-02-24

5, churches, public buildings, etc. IDEAL Boilers
sntable and salable-they bring full money back
Americus times-recorder. [volume] (Americus, Ga.) 1891-current, 1917-05-24
WOOD |NsPECTS
CAMP SITES At
CENTRAL CITY,

MACON, Ca, May 24.-Major. Cen
eYal Leonard Wood, commander of the
department of the Southeast, was the
guest of Macon yesterday and last
plight, and no visitor has ever re-
ceived a more cordial welcome of a
greater ovation in the city. Coming
from the North, Gen. Wood was par
ticularly impressed with the patriot
ism manifested in Macon, and referred
to the enthusiasm of the people time
and again. AS climax he expressed
the hope at the Grand last night that
Southern troops will be the first, or
at least among the first, to carry Old
Glory to the battle line in France. The
remark brought cheers.
General Wood arrived over the Cen
trail of Georgia at 11:15 and was met
ty a special reception committee. No
announcement had been made of the
train upon which Gen. Wood would ar
Tive. 1H6 luSulSACu NlollOl was
taken to Holly Bluff, the home OF
Harry Stillwell Edwards, for lunch.
and in the afternoon inspected the
sites offered by Macon for an army
concentration camp. At $50 dinner
vas served at the Hotel Dempsey, AMI
at $50, he was the principal speaker
at gigantic patriotic demonstration
at the Grand Theatre The theatre was
packed to the doors and hundreds were
turned away The aisles were filled,
the boxes were crowded and many oc-
cupied seats on the stage. Georgia
soldiers acted as ushers.
Major General Wood left last night
for Savannah.
Americus times-recorder. [volume] (Americus, Ga.) 1891-current, 1917-05-24
SMALL FARMS IN BIG DEMAND;
CITY FOLKS GETTING INTO OPEN

ATLANTA, Ga, May 24.-Buying a
country place and beating it from
the city's maddening crowds is the
hunch which scores of Atlanta family
men have got for combating the high
cost of food.
Real estate men say small farms on
the fringe of the city, and further out
in reach of suburban cars, are selling
faster than ever before. The average
city man is not much of a farmer, ex :
cept in his own Imagination, but he can
keep a COW and raise chickens and
eggs and cultivate vegetable garden
when compelled by the force of neces-
sity. which is the mother of adapti-
Lility, as well as invention.
Others, still in town, have bought
small places and rented them to ten
ants for what the tenants can make,
minus only stimulated supplies of milk
ard butter, eggs, chickens and yegeta-
bies every week.
Americus times-recorder. [volume] (Americus, Ga.) 1891-current, 1917-05-24
ITALIANS BREAK
AUSTRIAN LINES
in NEW ADVANCE

NEW YORK, May 24.-(Compiled by
the Associated Press from European
cables during the day) Major Gen
eral F. B. Maurice. chief director of
British military operations, told the
Associated Press today that the Ital-
ian offensive has entered into its Sec
ond stage with new and important
gains between Gorilla and the sea.
Rome has officially announced that
Italian troops broke through the Aus
tYian lines from Castagnavazza to the
sea during yesterday, capturing more
than 5000 prisoners and several
towns.
Military operations in France are in
state of comparative quietude. On
the VaucIerc plateau, however, the
French have repulsed German counter
attacks, and the Paris war Office an
nounces that French forces have cap
tured $500 unwounded German pris-
oners thus far during May.
The Italian offensive struck down
the coast over a front of five miles
from Castagnavozza to the Adriatic,
the route of the advance lying over the
Carso plateau and directly menaces
Trieste, the most important Austrian
seaport city. Should Thieste fall into
Italian possession. the loss of Polo
Eustria's great naval harbor on the
Adriatic, would undoubtedly follow
within a brief time thereafter
Rome news dispatches late today
reported that 1870 Italian airplanes
dropped ten tons of bombs on the re
treating Austrians, doing tremendous
execution in the enemy ranks.