davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1917-04-06

of various colors and at times the scene is not unlike one of our Fourth of July frework displays. When these lights go up from the German trenches their machine guns have been made ready for action and as a rocket will last at least forty seconds the German artilleriest can easily establish range and almost before the men of the other side can move the pitiless rain of bullets belts down upon them, and war takes on a new terror very diff ferent from that felt during daylight battle and calls for genuine courage.
 Friend Or Foe.
 There is something hideous about this night fighting for even the shadows are a menace. In the dark ness it is not easy to tell friend from foe and even the shell torn shrubs waving to and fro seem to take on forms of the enemy as their branches bend over shell craters filled with dead men. At the least sound the soldier is alert as the darkness between the rockets offers an opportunity for an enemy to slip up from behind and can give an alarm.
 The behavior of the men of both sides during trench raids" make the nights full of horror for they always take place under cover of darkness. The trenches for some unexplained reason always seem nearer together at night and mo mans land" seems to have narrowed into tiny strip. As
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1917-04-06

terWay is faVorite resort for tourists
 Many of Great Britain's canals are built in channels excavated by the Romans and. were enlarged during the twelfth century. It was not until the latter part of the eighteenth cen tury, however, that England became real builder of canals.
 Germany has spent thousands of dollars in her system of waterways which have well-nigh reached per lection in the solution of the problems which led to their building. The Rhine and Weser Canal, the completion of which was prevented by the present European war, will when finished have a traffic capacity of 17.O00, 900 tons annually.
 Important Ship Canals.
 The most important artificial wa terways of the world which may be properly called ship canals are as fol- lows:
 The Suez Canal, begun in 1859 and completed ten years later.
 The Cronstadt and St. Petersburg Canal, begun in 1877 and completed in 1890.
 The Corinth Canal, begun in 1884 and finished in 1893.
 The Manchester Ship Canal, com pleted in 1894.
 The Kaiser Wilhelm Canal, connect ing the Baltic and North Seas. com pleted in 1895.
 The Elbe and Trave Canal, con- meeting the North Sea and the Baltic, opened for traffic in 1900.
 The Welland Canal, connecting
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1917-04-06

and Ohio is perhaps the oldest and originated in a project formed by George Washington as early as 1774 to make the Potomac navigable from tidewater to Cumberland Maryland, and to connect by common roads with the affluents of the Ohio west of the Alleghenies. The War of the Revolu- ton and later Washington's election to the Presidency prevented him from carrying out his scheme and it was for the time abandoned. However. in 1850 such canal was completed at the cost of $11, 100000. It runs from Cumberland to Georgetown-a dis tance of one hundred and eighty-four miles, and is always alive with old- fashioned canal boats lowed by mules.
 The Erie Canal, which connects the Hudson. River at Albany and Troy with Lake Erie at Buffalo. is three hundred and sixty-three miles in length. Its construction was due to the energy of Dewitt Clinton. It was begun in 1917 and completed in 1925 at the cost of nearly eight millions. In 1900 there was a demand for an increasing capacity for this canal in order that boats or barges of from one thousand to twelve hundred tons could be used. This led to an apprp- priation of s101, 100000 to cover the cost of deepening and extending the canal system. The new part of the waterway became the New York State Barge Canal There are thirty-five locks on. the new barge canal. In-the City of Oswego there Is what is known as a Siphon lock-the first of its kind built in America.
 Any number of smaller canals piled by boats carrying freight might be mentioned. but space will hot permit: suffice it to say, that canals help in. the reduction of the price of food hy making cheap freight rates. The farmer and the consumer both RrwHt by thasA naap-lhAaiA&
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1917-04-06


 the honor of the invention is also clahned by Holland as canal locks were used by the Dutch as well as in Italy. at that period This invention put new life into canal building and many of the European countries made plans for a number of these water ways. France, however, was the first country to build an extensive canal the Briare Canal connecting the Rivers Seine and Loire, which was built from 1905 to 1642. Then came the construction of the Orleans Canal in 1875, and the Languedoc Canal in 1666-S1. The last was a magnificent undertaking for that period-an arti- ficial waterway one hundred and forty eight miles long connecting the Bay of Biscay with the Mediterranean Sea. One hundred and nineteen locks were constructed; the aggregate rise was six hundred feet and capable of floating vessel of one hundred tons.
 In 1785 Russia completed a system of canals connecting Petrograd with the Caspian Sea. TheAnext one of any size was the Gotha Canal, two hun dred and eighty miles long, connect ing Stockholm and Gothenburg in Sweden, completed in 1892 This wa
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1917-04-06
seven feet. It has twice been enlarged and cost about, $25. 100000.
 Great Value Of Sault Ste Marie.

Great Value or Sault Ste Marie.
 The Sault Ste Marie Canals. which have been such factors in the ore in dustry are located adjacent to the falls of the St. Mary's River, which connects Lake Superior with Lake Huron and raises or lowers vessels from one level to the other-a height of seventeen to twenty feet. The canal belonging to the United States was opened in 1855. From time to time it was enlarged and improved, and in 1907 a general widening and deepen ing took place. A number of new locks were erected-the Davis Lock being completed in 1914. The Cana dian Canal was completed in 1895. During one year the tonnage of the Sault Ste Marie Canal was nearly eighty millions, or four times that of the Suez Canal.
 The Cape Cod Canal Is an artificial channel connecting BuZzard's Bay with Barnstable Bay at Sandwich, Massa- chusetts. It saves shipping from Long Island to Boston and other New Eng land points about seventy miles. the greater part of which is rough water and an ocean graveyard for ships. During the period from 1S43 to 1903 more than ten thousand vessels were wrecked in the region of Nantucket shoals, and about seven hundred lives were lost. The canal is a sea level one and is thirteen miles from bay to bay.
 The history of the latest ship canal st Panama is too ell-known to need repetition here, suffice it to say that it has taken its place among the great canals of the world and stands out as a monument to the energy and brains of the American engineer
 Boat Canals.
 Of the boat canals. the Chesapeake
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1917-04-06

off surprise. The men who work on the wire entanglements lay fiat on the ground in the mud or grass while the rockets are burning and then return to their work in the darkness. Ere quently they are sighted and the ma- chine guns of the enemy spit bullets among the wires. They strike with a sharp metallic ping all around the prostrate men. "It seems ages be- fore you rise," said one man, "and when you do, you expect every minute will be your last. Sometimes a man is wounded and we have to carry him back to the trench before we finish our work
 The use of firearms after dark is forbidden lest the noise should call attention to some special operation that is being carried out under the cover of darkness. This adds to the fiendishness of the fight, for the weap- ons used are dirks, hammers and en- trenching tools. During trench raids friend and foe som etimes become hopelessly mixed and on one occasion Frenchman is said to have killed his own brother in one of these combats The dreadful scene was finally lighted by the glare of a rocket as it fell over the field, and when the man saw what he had done he. became raving maniac and rushed toward the Ger man trenches. being killed by shell few minutes later.
 That there is a certain fascination to the men over this nerve rackfns work is shown from the fact that vol unteers for these nocturnal adventures are always so numerous that there is waiting list and this in the face of the knowledge that not all raids are successful and many never return. be- ing either killed or made prisoners The men for this work are selected with great care, athletes being pre-. ferred, as quick action is one of the requisite qualities of success along this line.
 Sometimes the flares have shown strips of white tape laid forward from the German trenches. This means that a, raid is to be made and the tape is laid to guide the men and prevent them from getting mixed in their bearings as the trench lines are not always straight and even in the day. light not easily discerned. During the
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1917-04-06

not until the DeLesseps concession be- gan its work that the canal became a
 reality. The estimated cost of the waterway is s127,O00,000 and its
 maintenance is expensive on account
 of the vast amount of dredging which
 must be done to keep the channel open as it is continually choked with sand.
 =The canal connecting the Bay of Cronstadt with Petrograd is water way of great strategic and commercial value to, Russia. It is about, sixteen
 miles in length and cost $10,000.000. Like the Suez it is a sea level canal. The next great ship canal in the order of date of construction is the one known as the Corinth, which con- meets the Gulf of Corinth with the Gulf of Aegina and cuts across the Isthmus
 of Corinth It was begun by Nero,
 but the undertaking was too vast for l that monarch and was abandoned. In 1881 a French company obtained a concession to construct the waterway
 but before it was finished it was trans ferred to a Greek company and com pleted by Greek engineer named | Matsas, Tt is only four miles in length yet it solves the journey from the Adriatic to the Piraeus, about two l hundred and two miles. It cost about
 s5,O00.00o.
 The Manchester Ship Canal which connects the City of that name with the Mersey River, Liverpool, and the
 Atlantic Ocean was opened for traffic in 1894, when Queen Victoria came to the city to be present at the cere- mony. It is about thirty-five miles in length and has four sets of locks giv-
 ing an average to each of fifteen feet
 It cost SS5,000,000 to build and last year it's tonnage was nearly six mill lions.
 The great canal between the Baltic and North Seas through Germany is known as the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal. or the Kiel Canal, frequently so called from the fact that Kiel is the eastern terminus of the waterway and one of the best harborS in Europe. It was constructed for military and naval purposes, but 1t has also been of great value to general mercantile traffic. It is sixty-one miles long and the route lies chiefly through shallow lakes and along river valleys The locks at each end are large enough to accommodate Germany's largest war vessel. By this canal two hundred miles are saved by ships going from the Baltic to the North Sea.
 The Elbe and Trave Canal is anoth- CT German waterway and also joins the North Sea and the Baltic. The money for the work was furnished partly by the Prussian government and partly by the City of Lubeck It is about forty-one miles in length and is spanned by twenty-nine bridges. There are seven locks. The towing is done by electricity.
 The Welland Canal has played its part in the present war and managed to get on the front page of the press through an attempt to blow it up. This waterway connects Lake Ontario and Lake Erie on the Canadian side of the river and plays an important part in the commercial life of both Canada and the United States. It is twenty-seven miles in length and has twenty-five locks with a total rise of lockage of three hundred and twenty
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1917-04-06

~ YER since man was a trading
 individual iwaterways-artifci
 waterways, have been one of the
 means by which he carried his products to other and perhaps better markets. Such modes of transporta- tion were used by the ancients as far back as history records, and even among the ruins of departed peoples and lost civilization there are traces of canal system.
 Canals Before The Christian Era.
 Long before the Christian Era canals were used as a means of navi- gation by the Assyrians, Egyptians and Hindus. as the royal canal of Babylon was built about 500 years B. c. The Chinese engaged in canal construction in the thirteenth cen- tury when they built one to connect the Yang-tze-kiang and the Pei-ho- canal six hundred and fifty miles in length composed largely of canalized rivers. Tn those days locks were un- known and the boats were hauled up Inclined planes by the aid of capstans and made to slide down a paved track
 France First To Build.
 It is said the lock was the invention of two Italian engineers in 14S1. but
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1917-04-06

the field, but the targets of each can be seen but dimly through the gray mists of the short winter days, and neither side is sure of the havoc of their cahnons. This is impersonal warfare. Night, however, changes all this, for the big guns are silent and the men engage in hand to hand com bats on mo mans land" between the trenches. This is personal warfare, for there the soldier sees his adversary and knows who is the victor of the clash.
 Trench Raids.
 The long dark nights are ideal for what is known as trench raids. Very little is said in the official reports of the nocturnal conflicts between the men, yet hundreds have been killed or made prisoners by this mode of warfare where the men use the most primitive methods, often pounding each other with hammefs or stabbing the enemy with dirk. This is in innate warfare. The scientists of the different warning nations seem deter mined that the soldier man shall not rest and have invented diabolical lighting devices which search out every living thing within radius of five hundred yards.
 The Germans have been particular ly successful in the use of peculiar flash pistol that shoots fireworks to a great height. The ingredients used consist of a cotton fuse igniting chemical mixture and at the same time1 releasing a small parachute. Then slowly in serpentine ribbons the light drops earthward illuminating the enemy's trenches, All night long these rockets soar through the air under the direction of the German chemists and woe to the Frenchman or Englishman' who is caught in the merciless glare which shows even a blade of grass. The darkness is streaked with, fantastic shaped flames
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1917-04-06
How the European. Sol dier Fights By Night As WellAsBy Trench Raids In Darkness and Blythe Glare of Rockets.
7(l>G2Y N4Ce~
 o2 IlSS( ZS1lr
Copyright, 1917, bv The International Syndicate.

Copyright, 1917, bv The International
 Syndicate.
 TIT is said that necessity Is the
 mother of invention, and if there
 ever existed a necessity for devis-
 ing ways and means to accom- plish results that necessity exists to- day in the great European struggle. Not content with the implements of warfare which, can be used in the daylight, or, rather realizing that the full effectiveness of these implem ents could not be brought out in the day. time, the ingenuity of the combatants has developed modes of destruction which require the darkness of night for their deadliest work. So, the world is today witnessing holocaust of life and property carried on with relentless vigor and ma1ignity for the whole twenty four hours of the day. Modern inventions have made night fighting possible on the battlefields of Europe for all sorts of lights are now in use to prevent surprise attacks as we'll as to locate and destroy the enemy. The night life along the bat tie lines is weirdly picturesque for there are flares and flares of rockets as far as the eye can reach. They burn with great brilliance for a time and then go out leaving the night darker than ever although the least sign of alarm will cause the battlefield to be illuminated like some vast the atre, and the hissing and sputtering of the machine guns will begin at once and men who only few minutes be- fore were resting in the trenches are called into action-a call which is fre- quently their last on earth.
 Personal And Impersonal.
 The difference between day and night fighting might be described as impersonal by day, and personal even intimate. by night.
 During the. day the big guns of each side hur1 tons of explosives over
The Julesburg grit-advocate., 1917-08-30
The Petersen Mercantile Co.
JULESBURG, COLORADO

troll act contains a number of powers
affecting the control and distribution
of foods and also powers affecting a
number of other commodities. The
powers affecting the control and dis
tribution of foods will be exercised
through the F.od Administrator
What agencies will deal with the pow
ers in the food control act affecting
other commodities than foods has not
yet been indicated.
The task Of maintaining during the
war an ample supply of food will be
attacked on still larger scale by the
United States Department of Agricul-
ture through score or more of pro-
jects, under the provisions of the food
production bill just enacted by Con-
gress.
While most of the projects will be
extension of present activities, some
of them will represent new under
takings. The task will be to find Just
where the country stands in so far as
the adequacy of the present food sup
ply is concerned, to speed up the pro-
duction of food crops wherever this
can be done, and to stop as many as
possible of the leaks through which
hundreds of millions of dollars worth
Of edible products annually is vast
ed. Eleven million three hundred and
forty six thousand four hundred dol
lars are made available for the work
in the food production act. This
money is for emergency use in addi-
tion to the funds appropriated in the
regular agricultural appropriation act
for the usual activities of the depart
ment. The act also is distinct from
the food control act, measure having
to do chiefly with the regulation of
the distribution of food.
To Increase County Agent Force
One of the most important steps to
be taken in the emergency agricultur-
al work will be the extension of the
existing force of county agents-the
joint field employees of the depart
The Julesburg grit-advocate., 1917-08-30
PLAIN VIEW

People are busy threshing in this
part of the country. The shock
threshing will soon be over and the
grain is yielding fairly well.
Next Sunday will be Rev. May
nard's last time to preach at Plain
View before conference, when he may
leave for Chappell. We regret to
have Rev. Maynard to leave this part
of the country as we enjoy his preach
ing very much
+. X. Beckman, who recently bought
the Souders half miles north
east of Julesburg has built a house
and moved in with his family. He is
going to try out the new Information
al tractor which he purchased of H. H
Hodges of Julesburg. He will drill
winter wheat.
Sept. 8 the Plain View S. S. will
have a picnic in the cayons south of
Oshkosh. We would like to see a
big crowd.
The Julesburg grit-advocate., 1917-08-30

Colorado has gained thoroughly
enthusiastic booster for its scenic
charms in the person of Edward Frank
Allen. editor of Travel, magazine
published in New York, and having a
tremendous circulation among travel
lers. Mr.. Allen stopped off for
twenty four hours in Denver last week,
and was the guest of the Denver
Tourist Bureau. He declared the trip
through Denver Mountain park sys-
TEN the most remarkable and the
most beautiful one day journey he had
ever taken, and Mr.. Allen has toured
every scenic section of the United
The Julesburg grit-advocate., 1917-08-30

sist in the more econimical distribu-
tion of hogs. In the latter work field
agents of the Bureau Of Animal Iu-
dustry will bring together owners of
surplus hogs and farmers having IA
cilitles for raising more hogs. This
should result in the distribution of the
surplus stock from regions of heavy
animalproductiOn and expensive feed
TO parts of the country where animal
industry is not well developed and
where pasturage and feed are relat-
Wely abundant and cheap. The bill
also makes provision for the extern
sion of other lines of the work of the
department.
The Julesburg grit-advocate., 1917-08-30
NEWS FROM THE
'''' NATL CAPITAL
Furnished rit-AdvOcate by u.
S. Press Association, Wash.
ingtOn, d. c., J. E. Jones,
Correspondent

The food production act was signed
by the President and became law
on Aug. 10. This act, the principal
features of which are explained in
this Issue, should not be confused with
the food control act, separate meas
,re, which became law on the same
date.
The food production act provides
additional funds for the extension of
the activities of the United States De-
partment of Agriculture in many di-
rections, as indicated below. 1t will
be administered through the Depart
ment of Agriculture The food con-
The Julesburg grit-advocate., 1917-08-30

States and has travelled extensively
abroad.
From reports received at the Den
yer Tourist Bureau, there will be a
tremendously expanding interest in
winter automobile touring in Colorado
this year. The farmers and others
who are concerned in caring for the
enormous harvests, will wait until late
fall or winter for the journey to the
The Julesburg grit-advocate., 1917-08-30

5000 automobiles have already regis
tered at the City Auto Camp in Den
Yer, and before the year is done, it is
expected that this number will be
doubled.
The Julesburg grit-advocate., 1917-08-30

Mrs. Archie Mcmillan and family
of this city, left Saturday for Sheldon,
Nebr. for two weeks visit with re-
latives at that place
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1917-01-12
FOREIGN EXCHANGE

NEW YORK, Jan. 12.-rhe feature Of
the foreign exchange market today was
strength in sterling. Demand rose to
475.SOa475.S5 Cables were better at
476 7-16dA7Gla. Long sterling rose to
the highest figures in many months, 4.72L
for 6O-day bills and 4.7OH for 9O-day
bills. This Improvement in sterling was
attributable to the easy money here and
in London. where quotations We're lowered
The other markets were duh hut steady
without other noteworthy features.
Quotations were:
Franc cables 5S3G. checks 5.s4i4.
Reichsmark cables 20 l-16. checks 70.
Vienna cables l1.52, checks ll.5O.
Lire cables 6.92, checks 6.922,.
Swiss cables sol, checks 5.O2ia.
Kroner cables 2952, checks 29.42
Gulder cables 4OTs, checks 40 1916 o.
Peseta cables 2l.40, checks 2l.25.
Ruble cables 294O. checks 293O
In midafternoon the general market was
dull and lower, sterling and francs being
exceptions