davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
La Junta tribune., 1917-11-15
Hardnas.Fori

One Of La Junta's leading cifisens
Mr.. John Harding. left very uncers.
moniously about ten days ago for
Louisville. Ky. whore he was united
10 marriage Wednesday evening,
Novsnber 7th. 70 Miss Lasrs b.
Ford. the wedding takins place q
the home Of the brides mother. Mrs.
Q. L. Ford. li3o West Chestnut
street. The csremoay vas per.
formed By the Rev. q. q. Foskstt,
Of the Oakdals MstheAisa church. a
old frisnd Of the family.
The home vas sttractivaly adorned
with flowers and scout nrty-fivs
friends witnessed the ceremony.
The happy coupls left Immediate
" for this city. spsnding one might
with relatives In Topeka. Kan. "a
route. They arrived IN La Junta
saturday mosains aAd ass located
10 ~ haadsoass SlArding bonsa-
|iow on COLORADO avsass. The bssl
wishes OF the ,Tribuns for unalloysd
happiasss are herewith sxtssdsd.
La Junta tribune., 1917-11-15
IAdses' Isibls Circle

On Tuesday evening the Ladies'
Bible Circle met at the home Of Mr..
sad Mrs. 9. W. Brown on Carson
avenue and planned their Bibls
wort. also electing officers for the
co6ins year % follows: Miss Ethel
Harris. president: Miss Kate Miller,
vlee prssldsnt: Miss Huiah Black,
aoesQ1asy: Mrs. Howard 0oldis,
trsasurss. Dr. J. =. Tiadlsy. pastoI
- ~ Chsistiaa church. wss select.
- - taasAss q The eless. TIE %.
~ ~ DssDess u this Dlbts elasl
= . snsseul seuly - ~ Dtbls ~
= 1eoooaing = sols1tual ll1s. ~
Go0 moo1lng M - - leevenbel
: hn0a -. .lllpp. 4assA, el1
La Junta tribune., 1917-11-15
High School Carnival

The students and faculty OF the
high school are bending every en-
ergy toward making the patriotic
carnival. which Is to be held in the
Skating Rink Saturday afternoon
and evening Of this week. a huge
Success. The popularity contest
pfoQisss % surpsss all other sttrac-
tiGooa1n Interest. The different
(1eg Aavs ssninaeed candidates
ess EsesAnsa. Me1he MN.
kan: Sophomore. Leo Wnffs. Kath.
crime Ecton: Senior. Nellie Wright.
These popular young ladies'. assist
ed by their friends. promise lively
race. A beautiful wrist watch. now
on display At Larsen's Jewelry Store,
will be awarded the winner.
Another feature Of the carnival
will be the excellent program given
both afternoon and evening. This
alone IL worth many times the small
admission charge Of ten cents.
Some OF the booths are - follows:
swat the Kaiser" Fortune Teller,
Confetti. Coffee and Sandwiches.
Ice Cream. Flowers. RED Cr0ss, Etc.
Remember that this Ia a patriotic
affair. Twenty-Five per cent Of the
eatire proceeds will be given to help
the allies win the great world war.
Let's all give the high school =
boost In this cause.
La Junta tribune., 1917-11-15
r.ssra, u Mn. ses.h Mil'sr


TIE funeral OF Mrs. Sarah c. MI.
Ter Of this city wss held st the Meth
odist church last wednesday with
Rev. :. ,. Flallsy and Rev. A. l.
T. Ewsrt officiating. under the aus
plceo u tAs Relief Corps Of which
shs dessased vas . charter member
0lx e Mn. lellloe's graaddaughtef1
ssssl y All Deassss. rhsy vsrs:
~ = - sfsidis. q wAsss'aaA
ossg, C6oA. 4 p. Dlveed SassaA. d
w.. IN. NJ. eesesy. q wsissa'
|no1op ol1Us- Ia. Mn. JsAa m
|l1ausods - 49, C1l0. ~ l1asyll
= !. =! 49, !. !; 81: = =. -.
4 onnooo G1GDcno1Ds - - ~.
La Junta tribune., 1917-11-15
Lieat. seabbs Has Marrow r.

Lieutenant Maurice Stubs. OF the
Forty-second Infantry. U. 8. A.. WAS
in town for . few hours last Mon
day visiting his parents. DR.. and
Mrs. A. L. Stubbs. He had a mar
row escape from being In the wreck
at Cotopaxi on the Denver & Rio
Grande last Monday morning. In
which three members OF his regi-
ment were killed and sixteen In
jured.
Lieutenant Stubbs was on his way
with his regiment from Fort Doug
las, near Salt Lake City. 10 Camp
Dodge, near. Des Moines. Iowa.
where the members OF his regiment
have bsss detailed to train the Of
ftcers for ths' national army. He
left the train twenty-four hours pre-
vious to the wreck and proceeded
In advance TO Pueblo to purchase
supplies for the men. In this way
he escaped being in the wreck.
He camc down from Pueblo Mon
day morning to visit his parents.
and returned In the afternoon TO
Join his regiment. which passed
through this city about 10 O'Clock
Monday night on its way TO Camp
Dodge. Iowa.
La Junta tribune., 1917-11-15
cosd~-s t,rsos'sr Yss

Octobsr was not the coolest meath
u The h1seesy Of l. Justa. - =.
sdvsstaatly aanesnssA \ ~ vsoeh.
= seeees - ~ wesk. 91t6o havo
- etneP neatAp Il ~ - ~
veee 49, eel1ee ~ ~ neo1Hi.
~ Wolean ~ aooogA N1oHn1n -
leoee - 8 hsol6l lo - ~ t11I
La Junta tribune., 1917-11-15
Ises~ass /. rsrd rsssiassos

Another carload Of Ford automo.
biiss was received It the b. I o,
Garage one day last week. There
we're eight Of them IN the busch
which were distributed around
smosg purchasers Who have bsss on
The waiting list for weeks and weeks.
Thoss whose ambition 70 acquire q
rord hes now bssn appeassd ars
Joha 0rsy. Roy Hedges. r q. Gard.
~. Eell0lts onlatasa. ". n. VII.
go. J. n. NuasaAtse. Claude Bot.
torDff and Harry Dixlss. There ars
sixteen on ~ waitins Int, however
whoss ambition hes not ~ bssn ap-
psassd. They Will probably ~ sat.
isfisl. II nos eosssassl. IN lss time,
La Junta tribune., 1917-11-15
Oad Tt~er vlsles Foemer nsssss

Ed Turk. who manipulated the
throttle on Santa re passenger On.
gine out Of La Junta for years and
ysars. but 10 now making his home
In Denver. was . La Junta visitor
Tor several days last week for the
first time In many moons. He came
down TO prove up On his claim south
and west Of La Junts. and IN course
NJ time we expect 10 sce him Jour.
neying back TO the best town on the
map to become one OF the prosper.
Gus dairy farmers OF this section.
There's nothing like Il. either IN the
hsydey Of youth. or the ssrs aad
yellow leaf.
La Junta tribune., 1917-11-15
Public Scsool Hoaoe Roll

The Tribune il 10 receipt Of q list
OF the names Of the pupils Of the
city schools who were neither abssnt
nor tardy during the month Of Sep
tember. but because Of the ishgth OF
the list we find II impossible to pub
lish II. Suffice II 10 nay that the
very fact that II contains 20 many
names that we cannot give Il the
space required. IL sufficient acknowi.
edsement that the pupils have at
tainsd . very high average In both
punctuality and attendance. and the
excellent management has cause to
bs proud. May this high average
be kept up during the entire year.
La Junta tribune., 1917-11-15
wslDsslas ~ ~

o. sseesas Of ., shsstass = se91
~ ase Offering fes sais 80 sssles1
= ssssa -. ~ graAs lsslsssls
telssk k-a1ueiy sDsiassss. Thsss
logD. - Aeneu n1lInpn(AnA- ~ -
isolsesse1 1oelgl11n ~
! |''''s:s''+ i: q =:
La Junta tribune., 1917-11-15

L sis;' !
The commonwealth. (Scotland Neck, N.C.) 1896-1929, 1917-12-18
"GOOD FOR NOTHING HUSBAND

EEThe Good For Nothing Husband'',
an exceptionally high class Chicago
attraction that was originally booked
for the Dixie Theatre for Wednesday,
| December Goth, will be here on Christ
mas day and the theatregoers Of Scot
land Neck can either take their choice
of an afternoon performance or night
I performance.
The Dixie is being congratulated by
7 it's many friends on being able to make
the change from the night following
7 Christmas to Christmas itself, as I'M
doubtedly patrons Of the playhouse had
much rather the attraction was here on
the holiday than on the day after.
By special arrangement the manage
ment Of the Dixie have also arranged
that the company should arrive here
Monday previous to the day Of the per
Torrance so that it's patrons would not
be disappointed by having the show
barely make injections and being
therefore unable to get up it's entire
set Of scenery, which is said to be Of
exceptional quality.
The commonwealth. (Scotland Neck, N.C.) 1896-1929, 1917-12-18
FEW ESCAPE

There are few indeed whoescape hav-
ing at least one cold during the winter
months, and they are fortunate who
have but one and get through with it
quickly and without any serious con-
SEQUENCES. Take Chamberlain g Cough
Remedy and observe the directions
with each bottle, and you are likely to
be one Of the fortunate ones. The
worth and merit Of this remedy has
been fully proven. There are many
families who have always used it for
years when troubled with cough or
cold, and with the very best results.
It only cost quarter.
The commonwealth. (Scotland Neck, N.C.) 1896-1929, 1917-12-18
HOw'S This {?

We offer One Hundred Dollars Reward
for any case Of C:.tarrh that cannot be
cured by Halls Catarrh Medicine.
Halls Catarrh Medicine has been taken
by catarrh sufferers for the past thirty
five years, and has become known as the
most reliable remedy for Catarrh. Halls
Catarrh Medicine acts thru the Blood on
the Mucous surfaces, expelling the Pol
son from the Blood and healing the dis
eased portions.
After you have taken Halls Catarrh
Medicine for a short time you will see a
great improvement in your general
health. Start taking Halls Catarrh Med1-
cine at once and get rid Of catarrh. Send
for testimonials. free.
F. J. CHENEY & CO., Toledo, Ohio.
Sold by all Druggists. 75c.
The commonwealth. (Scotland Neck, N.C.) 1896-1929, 1917-12-18

Keep the fires burning bright
ly on the social affairs. It is for
the higher development Of human
ity that we are now struggling,
and it would surely be perver-
sion Of our efforts did we lose
sight Of the golden grain while
contenting ourselves with the
hicks Of life.
The commonwealth. (Scotland Neck, N.C.) 1896-1929, 1917-12-18
THE TRIMMINGS" OF LIFE

Human activities have from
time immemorial been roughly
divided into two classes, common
~ designated by the plain-spoken
as the essentials and the "trim-
mings.
The division is an arbitrary one,
and like most arbitrary defni-
tons is frequently unfair. 1t
implies that the one is vitality nee
essary while the other is superfu-
Gus. This is far from being the
truth.
Many centuries ago great
Teacher declared that "Man shall
not live by bread alone" This
truth has lost nothing Of it's force
with thes passage Of time There
are many vital interests in life be-
sides that Of a mere subsistence.
These interests are they which
mark the dividing line between
man and the brute creature. They
are the demands of his nature
that grow out Of his higher intel
llgence, and they are just as es-
sential to the completion Of the
character as are the demands Of
his nature that grow out Of his
higher intelligence, and they are
just as essential to the completion
OF the character as are the de-
mands of subsistence to the de-
velopment Of the purely physical
II we are to reap the full re-
ward Of our service we must not
set aside the social demands Of
life. 1t is untrue to say we have
no time for such. Time devoted
to the cultivation Of the social life
in reason-is never wasted. It
is really a period devoted to the
storing OF energy and resources
that shall aid us in the more ma
terlal tacks. An intimate know
ledge Of the characteristics Of our
fellows is valuable knowledge.
Brushing up against the aims and
aspirations Of our neighbors and
friends gives impetus to our own
aspirations and sends us forth to
the contest with renewed force
and vigor.
And III fact most of the Occu-
pations Of life can be successfully
pursued without losing sight Of
those higher interests that mark
the man or woman Of an upward
vision. Themechanic can easily
be a gentleman as lout. Even
the crossing sweeper need not be
boor. Cooking and dish-washing
need not bar the mind and heart
from things above and beyond the
humble task. It is as easy for the
farmer to mediate on the great
philosophers Of earth as upon the
virtues or failings Of political
candidate In short, achievement
may have for it's end the higher
things of life as we'll as the baser
The commonwealth. (Scotland Neck, N.C.) 1896-1929, 1917-12-18
STOMACH TROUBLE

''Before I used Chamberlain g Tab
lets [ doctored great deal for stom-
ach trouble and felt nervous and tired
all the time. These tablets helped me
from the first, and inside Of week 8
time I had improved in every way,'
writes Mrs. L. A. Drinkard, Jefferson
City, Mo.
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1917-03-01
THE CHURCHES.
Methodist Episcopal Church.

Sunday school at ...... 9:45 a. N.
Theme. The Message of Corn Ear
Epworth League at .....S:$$00 p. m.
Evening ,y. service at 1880 ?. m.
Grind"
The sermon Sunday morning will
be illustrated with an, object lesson
and will be primarily for the children
of the congregation. All, however,
that are young in heart or that love
-auT youth are invited to be present.
An Epworth League Cabinet meet
ing was held at the parsonage Mon
day night A number of plans were
suggested and adopted whereby it is
hoped that the high order OF our
WORK by our young people may be
continued and even enlarged upon.
Encourage the young all you can.
Nothing will ever pay bigger divl-
dend on the investment.
Announcements have been receiv-
ed of an intensive campaign that will
be held in the Charlton district from
March 26th to April 5th. The plan
of the campaign is to offer help and
suggestions to pastors, church work.
ers, financial workers and others,
and also to harmonic the disciplin-
airy provisions for efficient church
financing. The date assigned to Leon
is Monday, April md Among the
speakers who will be with US will be
DIR. John Lowe Fort OF New York
City, and DR.. Clarence True Wilson
on Washington, d. c. Further an
nouncements will be made later.
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1917-03-01
Morgan.

Miss hattie Hubbard is visiting
her aunt, Mrs. Otis Deisher this
week.
J. c. Cozad and family of Decatur
and Floyd Cozad of Leon visited in
this vicinity Sunday.
A. 4 Hubbard and family visited
Sunday at the Albert Baker home.
Ed Griffin and family visited Sun
day evening at Wayne GammOn's.
]. w. Hubbard and family attend
ed the konklin sale and visited rela-
tives.
John Flynn and family were Leon
visitors Saturday.
Mart Newlin and family spent Sum
day at the Harry Cox home.
Pat Griffin and family Of Leon
were in this vicinity Sunday.
Mrs Jake Virden and children of
kellerton visited the last part of the
week with her parents, Mr.. and Mrs.
Eugene Cannon.
David Hubbard and Harry Cox de-
liyered hogs at Pleasanton Monday
for NJ L. Dale.
Mike and Ed Griffin delivered
hogs at Pleasanton Monday
Will McKern of Leon was in this
vicinity Monday taking orders for
fruit trees.
Dell Cozad assisted David Hubbard
with his butchering Tuesday.
Miss Anna Ward who has spent
several weeks with her neice, Mrs.
Ed Griffin, departed Monday for Ok
/ lahoma City to work in a hospital.
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1917-03-01
burr Oak Ridge.

Frank Still and family have NOV
ed on the Baker farm recently pur-
chased by Stephen Barry.
Mrs Chas. Chastain and children
Roy, Charles and Frances drove to
Davis City Thursday remaining until
the following Saturday, called there
by the illness of her sisters baby.
Mr.. Clark is moving in the house
vacated by Dan Barlean.
Pat Hampton and family spent
Sunday at George Webster's.
George, Roy. Julia and Clara
Chastain attended the opera In Leon
Saturday night, George returning to
his school duties Monday morning.
The house on the Barrett farm
burned Sunday night. We under
stand nothing was saved. The mouse
was occupied by Mr.. Shriyer.
Mrs. w. A. johnson and daughter
Stella and Mrs. Chas. Chastain and
daughter Clara called on Mrs. Gill
Sunday afternoon.
Joe Keshlear and cousin and Rob-
ert Gates and George Youngs were
visitors at East Eden school Monday
morning and drove to Richland
township to visit the school taught
by George Chastain and Fay. Thomp-
son. These teachers all being grad
yates of the class of '16 L. II. s.
Dan Barlean moved to the farm
vacated by George Webster, George
moving to farm near Garden
Grove.
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1917-03-01
II. II. ID. No 3.

Judd Flora moved this week on
the Truitt farm.
viii Record moved this. week to
his new home in Wyoming. His fam
lily will be missed in the commun-
ity. They were good neighDorS.
Nora Gardner called Monday on
Mrs. Harve Morgan. =.
Fern and Paul Fulton visited over
Sunday with their uncles. Isaac ana
Melvin Smith:
The jim Miller farm has been
sold. parties from near st. Joe Will
occupy it this year.
School election next Monday. turn
out and elect good men. 1t Is
good way to lessen our taxes.
Jake Piper had some sheen Grip
pied and killed by dogs last week:
Ross Reynolds is shipping ms
goods with VIM. Record to Wyoming
to make his future home.
Elva Baker went to st. Joe 10 con
suit throat specialist, as since ne
has been in the auctioneering busl-
ness his voice has been falllng MIN.
Jim and Gus Smith visited Friday
at their sisters. Mrs. J. b. Fulton.
Mayme Trent is visiting this week
with her friend, Mrs. Jennie Antrim.
John Evans has bought a, farm
east of Andover, Mo-, and will move
to it at once.
Tom Fox is moving this week to
Davis City. He intends working the
roads between Lamont and Leon.
d. P. Leahy is still confined to his
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1917-03-01
Battle Hill.

A large crowd attended the sale
of Mrs. Dena Burke Friday.
Mr.. and Mrs. Edward McGahuey
were Kellerton callers Saturday.
Ed Fest and John Smith sawed
wood for c. A. Payton Wednesday
John Wiley was in these parts last
Thursday.
Mr.. and Mrs. Jesse Wion had bust
ness in Kellerton Wednesday.
Chas. Hyatt spent Saturday with
Dave Drummond.
Tim Burke spent Thursday even
ing at NJ. e. Mannasmith's
Bert McGahuey hauled corn for
Geo. Stout Thursday and Friday.
H. H. Turner and Albert Morris
were Kellerton callers Friday.
Dave Drummond spent Sunday af-
ternoon at Edward McGahuey's.
Mr.. and Mrs. VIM. Vanderflute
have moved on their new farm east
of Kellerton which they purchased
of VIM. Scott Mr.. Vanderflute has
put up new house and barn.
Those who spent Sunday at Ia. E.
Mannasmith 8 were Mrs. Dena Burke,
G.. A. Mannasmith and Tim Burke.
Mr.. and Mrs. Arthur DeVries spent
Sunday with the latter's parents, Mr..
and Mrs. VIM. Vanderflufe.
Clin Shaughnessey of KellertOn
who il going 70 Wof1 Ghaflea
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1917-03-01
Daughter Missing-Father is Dead.

Because Of the disappearance OF
Augusta Whitney about month ago
from Osceola, the funeral of her
father, Benjamin F. Whitney, who
died a week ago Tuesday night, is
being delayed.
The family do not wish to hold
the services until all members of the
family are present, but the where
'abouts of the daughter cannot be
learned. Miss Whitney is about 30
years old. tall and has light hair and
brown eyes. She left home month
ago and nothing has been heard from
her since. Her father died after be-
ing i'll twenty minutes. He was a
native Of Canada, but came to Iowa
when young man. For number
Of years he lived near Van Vert, lat
err moving to Osceola. He is survived
by his wife and four children. Other
relatives live in Red Oak, lndianola,
New Virginia and Valley Junction.
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1917-03-01
MatrinlOny.

Matrimony is a state, Of bliss
which lasts just as long. as both par
ties are. willing to give and take.
When one party has to do all of the
giving it becomes more monOtonOus
than rag time graphaphone record.
cent institution. For thousands Of
years after the earth was formed and
was teeming with people and other
live stock was not considered neces-
sary to ask a young woman IT she
would consent to become a bride and
reduce the heavy expense to her faith
err. Leap year had not been invented
and young men could leave nome on
a moolight night in perfect safety,
without danger Of being WOOed and
wed before they had time to change
to their Sunday clothes. There were
no high-priced church weddings or
composed sopranos rendering 20
Promise Me" without remaining in
the same block with the accompani-
ment.
Five thousand years ago the pale
faced, knock-kneed bridegroom who
hunts for the ring with a palsied
hand and always comes in on the
wrong response had not been thought
Of. There were no duplicate wedding
presents in those days, neither, and
peoples houses were not Uttered up
with five sets of nut picks, double
quartet Of soup ladies and mourn
full collection of cut glass olive dish
es. 1t was the golden age, when
man was free and untamed. but it is
a melancholy fact that he has never
done anything in that line since.
Matrimonv was originally intend
ed to shield man from insidious dan
ger of overwork and prevent him
from getting all tired out. as the
70 l,n
Wie was he ancen r and the
proud American Indian never did a
tap of household work in their lives
but now we see thousands of Ameri-
can citizens running the vacuum
cleaner and tending the baby. This
teaches us that matrimony is fast
converting the average husband into
a combination chambermaid, trained
nurse and Chinese laundry, and yet
the marriage license is almost. as
popular as the comic supplement-
Howard Ram.
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1917-03-01
on PEI,
WHY Eat Potatoes

Premier Lloyd George announces
that the retail price of potatoes is
limited to 6 cents a pound; $3.60
hushel. until March 81. and $3.50 a
busheI until June so. In Germany
there is possibly two=fifths OF crop.
Prices here are rising from W a
bushel. causing danger that cupid1ty
may market even seed potatoes ana
thus prolong the shortage.
At such prices the potato IS not a
good food; it is not at any price one
of the best Civilized humanity exist
ed without it for centuries. rising 10
its zenith in a potatoless old world.
Habit and convenience in storage
nave led to Overuse.
The potato is three-fourths water
and not quite one-ffth starch, which
is it's chief food substance. an excel
lent one for outdoor workers in Sc
we're climates. 1t is less valuable Tor
sedentary workers indoors.
Only one-five-hundredth part OF
the potato is fat; per cent nitrogen
and per cent sugar. These more
that during the famine of 1S47 Irish
eotters formed the habit of cooking
the potatoes with a bone in the
middle"-that is, of undercooking
them so that they might delay dlges-
tiop and stave Off hunger.
The housekeeper can help save
seed potatoes for the next crop ana
reduce the price for those VINO need
them by ceasing to buy There are
breaches the potato in values and de-
fects. The correct instinct OF rice
caters has mended the latter BY the
invention of pilaf, in which rice IS
by chopped meats or
Eraries. Why eat potatoes now.
The Leon reporter. (Leon, Iowa) 1887-1930, 1917-03-01
The Hair Pin.

The hair pin is an almost human
devise, which when properly attached
to the graceful sloping head of wom--
an, gives it a knobby and determined
aspect and prevents the hair from
coming off until it is time to go to
bed.
In olden times women wore their
own hair to quite large extent, and
allowed it to flow down the back
without building a dam at any point.
For thousands Of years woman never
thought of twisting up her hair into
the form of an ice cream cone and
thrusting long, nervous hairpins
through it, where they could work
loose and drop on the floor or depos-
it themselves in an discriminating po-
sition on the back seat of an automo-
bile. In those days women did not
have to put in a full hour before. go
ing down town, in doing up their
hair and then wonder if it would
stay on until they got back.
As the world progressed in civili-
zation, however, and natural hair be.
wearing the hair in a loose, uncon-
cerned wad sprang into popularity.
This made it necessary to. secure
prop which would hold the hair in a
rigid, upright attiture SO somebody
invented the slim, two-legged hair
pin with curvature of the spine. AS
result, no woman ventures out nova
days without carrying enough con-
cealed and semi-concealed hair pins
to fill two quart pail.
The hair pin is produced in large
quantities and bought in the same
manner, the result being that all
over the house are to be found their
1.-THE, lissom forms. When a husband
begins to hunt for some useful article
like a corkscrew, he will encounter
the neglected remains of shiny hair
pins in every drawer he pulls open.
The life of well made hair pin has
never been determined because, like
a poker-playing bank cashier, it is
cast off as soon as it becomes crook
Howard Ram.