Morris tribune., 1917-03-02
now war IS ENDED
Various Methods by Which Peace
" Is Sought and Secured.
MEDIATION NOT MUCH USED.

Pacific Intervention by Friendly Neu-
- trails to End Conflicts Between Ma
:" items Has Cut a Small Figure In
Wars Of the Last Century and Half.
The impression that nations desiring
t6 end a war generally avail them
solves of the offer of some friendly
heutral to act as mediator is utterly I'M
Gsunded.
When England desired to end the
WIT with the colonies she began by
aandfng separate negotiators to the
French government and to the Ameri-
en- commissioners in Paris. The lat
tRr, though positively commanded by
Calgress to negotiate no peace without
the participation of their French al
les did sign a separate treaty, though
with the reservation that it should not
go into effect until France had made
peace They then informed the French
government, which accepted the terms.
The NapOleon1c peace treaties usual
II began with an armistice. The most
famous, the treaty of Tlsit, was
between Napoleon and Alexander 1.
On a raft in the middle of the river
Nfemen to agree upon an armistice
which the car had already sought.
NapoleOn's fall in 1914 was accompa-
MED by no negotiations; the allies were
actually in Paris. NapOieOn's generals
persuaded him to sign an act Of abdi-
catiOn, and the French senate dethron~
ed him.
The way to the peace Of Client, which
ended the war of 1912, was paved by
an offer of. the car to act as mediator.
though it was rejected. In rejecting it
Lord Castlereagh let it be known that
he was willing to negotiate directly
with the United States. The United
States gladly accepted and sent COM
MissiOners, but England neglected to
appoint ENJOYS until long afterward,
VIXEN her troubles had become so great
that she was DESTROYS Of peace.
On the death Of Car Nicholas l. his
successor, Alexander H., announced to
the courts of Europe his desire that the
Crimean war should end. A peace con-
ference was held in Vienna, but in
three months it was broken off and the
W1r resumed. The war went on until
Austria, a neutral power, threatened
to join the allies unless the car &C
cePted her ultimatum. He at first re-
fused, but a personal letter from the
neutral king of Prussia induced him to
reconsider, and the final peace confer
eRce was held.
In 1870 the French government which
succeeded Napoleon III. asked for an
aEmistice, then for peace, but the re-
quests were declined and the siege of
Paris began. After the surrender of
Paris the Germans consented to an
0Ennistice to permit the election Of a
national assembly which it could rec
0gHize. The preliminaries Of peace
were agreed on between Bismarck and
THEIRS at Versailles, and the treaty
followed at Frankfort.
The RussO-Turkish war was cut short
by England's threat to enter it. Russia
arranged an armistfce Immediately and
negotiated the treaty of San Stefano
directly with Turkey. England, backed
by France and Austria, refused to rec
ogniZe it, and the congress Of Berlin
was summoned, but before it met the
err had negotiated a secret treaty
with England embOdying most Of the
agreements subsequently made there.
The terms of peace between the
United States and the COnfederacy
were arranged by generals in the field.
The Spanish-American war of 1898
Chased when Spain on July 26 made
eJyertures to the United States through
CambOn, the French ambassador at
Washington Seventeen days later the
protocol was signed.
The Beer war ended in an unprece-
dented way. The members of the
Transvaal government rode into Mid
dEeburg and requested to be sent to
Lard Kitchener to arrange peace terms
with him. He met them, but held that
because Of the peculiar character Of
the Boer army the men In the field
wUuld have TO be consulted If any as
srHnce Of peace was to be given.
steyn, De Wet and Delarey went to
the commandos, explained the situa-
ton to them, and each body In the field
chose two delegates to meet at Veree-
nfgfng and decide the matter by vote.
President Roosevelt brought the Rus
s0Japanese war to an end by sending
a June 8, 1905, identic dispatches, to
beth governments urging that they en-
ter into peace negotiations. Both &C
camted and sent ENJOYS to the United
Ss@tes to negotiate the treaty Of Ports
mth.
Xhs ways of ending wars, therefore,
G@R various, and mediation has played
am hhnitesimal part In the wars Of the
kA century and a half.-New York
Gs.
BsWwsan Side of the judiciary.
kwM%hor Avfdenn0 that tho Judiciary