The Monticellonian., 1917-08-09

k/LTT than step in progress, says a writer in the Philadelphia Record. Joshua and Solomon employed spies. The Hebrew peregrinations to reach the promised land required infor- nation concerning regions and peoples 10 be invaded. One Caleb was the chief spy of a corps that was sent to learn of the fertility and the military strength of the land of Canaan. After 4o days of espionage they reported that 1t was land of milk and honey and fruit, but that the cities were for tified and the people were strong, some of them being giants.
 The Greeks rather prided themselves on the eleverness of their spies
 The Romans, if we are to take their own word for it, were incapable of stepping to the basenesS of common spying or studied treachery of any sort. When Abraham Lincoln president elect, in his address on Washinston's birthday, 1861, at Independence hall. in reply to the mayor of Philadelphia, hinted in single clause that he might slot live to be inaugurated, he had been
 
 ton, of the plot to take his life at Bal timore. He left on an earlier train, and did not stop at that city. The United States at that time had no se- cret service organization. But a sys- tenn for obtaining military informa ton in the Southern states was estab- lished early in the war by General Me Glellan, and from this developed the federal secret service, which was throughout the war in charge of the original Pinkerton under the name of Maj. E. J. Allen.
 America's Secret Service.
 Pinkerton, gaining some reputation by running down gang of counter feiters, had been appointed deputy sheriff of Cook county, Illinois, with offices in Chicago. He won more fame by getting the thieves and nearly all the loot of S700,000 theft from the safes of the Adams Express company. In 1852 he established the Pinkerton National Detective agency. And per haps it is only just to say that Pinker- ton saved Lincoln for the presidency and thereby saved the Union.
 Important figures in the secret serv- ice work of the Civil war were news paper reporters, scouts and women. The newspaper men did not have the semiofficial and perfunctory status that they have in this war. They had to assume the dsguises and pretenses of real spies to get material they were supposed to get, and then send it un- ..le. EInx- were frequently arrested and impris oned and took many of the same risks that the military spies did This was especially true of the early part of the war, and the seceding period preeed- ing when they followed the movements leading to the war and mingled with legislators at the Southern capitals. Scouts, who are ordinarily in uniform and treated as regular prisoners of war when captured did much service under such commanders as MOsby and Young quite after the manner of spies, and they were hanged when caught. The most notable female spies were not professional secret service agents, but were residing in one section and holding their sympathies With the oth- CT, and acted primarily through strong patriotic motives.
 Ineffciency During Civil War.
 Besides the spy activities at home, the Confederate states had an impOr- tant secret service work in Europe English sympathy was enlisted on their side, arrangements were made for building cruisers at Bordeaux, English ironworkers were sent to the South.
 When the army of the Potomac, aft CT long delay and preparation, began its advance in October. 1861, McClel- 1an's orders had been given in entire ignorance of the topography of the en- virons of Edwards Ferry Gall the maps being inexacD, and of the force of the enemy in front of Leesburg. In spite of the efforts of Pinkerton, at that time the secret service organization was entirely inefficient. Fighting units thought to be within supporting dis tance of each other were crushed with out the knowledge of the intended sup pOrters. The South had the advantage of familiarity with their own country. There were no airplanes to guide the