Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1917-09-06

discussion Of permanent peace until the
end of the war.
In January President Wilson revived
interest in the subject of peace by out
lining a plan for a peace league, max
ing peace without victory" consent
OF the governed" and a world Monroe
doctrine" the fundamentals for a world
peace. While the whole world was
discussing this turn Of affairs Germany
Informed neutrals on Jan. 81 that sub
marine warfare would be more ruth
less than ever. Three days later the
German ambassador was given his
passports, and the president informed
congress Of the break and Its causes.
Ambassador Gerard received his pass
Germany, through the Swiss govern
ment, proposed negotiation of the new
dispute. This the United States de-
clined unless the new submarine order
was withdrawn.
After Won Bernstorff sailed and Ge-
rard was out Of Germany the state de-
partment disclosed a German plot to
involve the United States with Japan
and Mexico. War measures followed
rapidly. Congress expired March 4
without indorsing the presidents "arm-
ed neutrality" policy. A special session
Of the new congress was summoned to
meet April 2, and meanwhile the pres
ident ordered armed guards placed on
our merchant ships voyaging abroad.
On April 6 congress formally declared
war. Then followed q CONSUMPTION law
to create armies, loans to the allies
n of $2,0OO,O0O,00O to the nation by
the people-the dispatch Of war vessels
to Europe under command of Rear Adj
miral Sims; also of Major General
Pershing, to prepare a base for the
American contingent already represent
ed on the firing line in France by a de-
tachment bearing the Stars and Stripes,
on May 25.
The Russian Setback.
During the efforts to secure a diplo-
matte peace Russia stood firm. The
duma rejected ermany's proposals, and
the imperial government Endorsed Will
sons peace league note. Russian sup
port Of Roumania had never been
strong and entirely dropped away in
the winter. 1t seemed that Russia a
powerless. A revolution in which the
troops and their generals figured depos-
ed the car the middle of March, and
there began a state Of military indeci-
sion and inactivity while factions con
tended for political control at Petro-
grad.
Early in February the German retro
grade began north Of the Somme. Ba-
paume and Peronne, the goals of
months of bloody struggles, yielded the
middle Of March to the allies led by
Nivelle and Haig, and shortly the Ger
mans turned and began to resist Wig
orously all along the front. Special
reasons was Berlin's explanation of
this great and mastery retreat. Fur
Their withdrawal was forced by British
attacks on the Ypres salient and at
Messines in May and juno.
Western Entente Powers Pressed.
The entrance Of the United States
as Oh ally led to an announcement by
British and French commissioners sen
here for conference, among them Mar,
shall Joffre, that the resources OF ENG
land, France and Italy in men, money
food and munitions were at a low ebb
and Russia must be considered as v1r'
tually eliminated as an aggressive
force. These frank disclosures caused
surprise and deep anxiety on this side
Of the ocean, the more so because the
ruthless U boat operations, which be-
gan In February, had been more de-
structive than expected by the allies
although their toll had fallen far short
Of Germany's estimate-1,OO,OO O tons
per month. The destruction Of freight
ships varied from week to week dur
ing March, April and May, but the to
tai was SO great as to forehode disas
ter unless the evil was specify sup
pressed.
The entente's money problem was
quickly solved by affording heavy cred
it's to pay for their supplies brought
here. A commission. headed by Elihr
Root, repaired to Russia to swing the
weight Of the United States on the
side of the forces in authority wht
favor q continuance of the war OF
Germany. The response to calls fol
troops and immense wal funds ant
the successful registry for the draft
followed by the safe arrival Of a large
expeditionary force in France. led to
reaction during June from the misgiv
ings and uncertainties which had pre-
vailed for weeks.
Notable among the closing events Of
the third year Of war are the rehewa
Of attacks upon the Austrian fronts by
italian and Russian armies. The Ital
ian movement began early in June anc
had for it's object the recovery Of posi-
tons in the Trentino, which the Aus
TRANS had captured in their great
spring drive of 1916. At the close Of
June the italians suffered a severe
check.
July opened with a strong Russian
offensive on the line Of the Dniester