The Birmingham age-herald., 1917-03-22
NEAR M|[L|0N0F ENGLISH WOMEN ARE IN PLACES OF MEN They Are Filling Positions in All Lines of Industry
 Since War CREATES PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED LATER ON When Peace Comes, There Must Be Readjustment of Substitution in
 Trades, Which Will Not
 Be Easy Matter

London March 1.-(Correspondence of the Associated Press. .)-Almost a million women-exactly 9SS, ,OOo-have entered all kinds of positions held by men before the war began, and of this number near ly all-exactIy 93a, a,OO0-were actually sub stituted for men called to the front or diverted to other war activities.
 This is shown in a survey Of the whole movement toward woman labor since the outbreak of the war, made officially by the labor department, with data down 10 the last two months. It shows S23l, ,ooo women now employed in all branches of industry and commerce. or about mil Hon more than when the war began. It is this new million of women workers one sees at every turn, on the tram ways and motor buses taking fares, In the government offices taking the place of the men clerks in the hotels ana restaurants as walters and cashiers. In hanks and business houses, and running cinemas, theatres, public houses, and the whole range of business activities.
 Just how far this has gone the gov ernment has now figured out to nlcety. In banking and finance, for instance, fhere were only $500 women employed hefore the war; now the number has in- creased four-fold to 46,5O0. In government f7epartments also, the women workers have increased from 66,0O0 to 133.OOO dis plecing men in all but 5000 cases In ln- dustrial trades the increase of women has been greatest, reaching 393, GOO, of vss,ich RIA 900 replaced men. Another very large increase of women is in the gov- ernrnent ammunition works, where tnere were 2OO0 before the war and l17O00 now The government figures give the entire 117.O00 as directly replacing men.
 In commercial occupations, clerks in afp hn is 26S. .OOO. of which 264O00 replaced men. Ip professional occupations. connected with the law medicine magazine and newspaper work, etc, the increase ol women is 15,0OO, of which all have re- n1aced men. A curious fact is that each wornan has replaced about two men in hotels public houses cinemas, theatres. etc. the increase of women being le,ooo and the displacement of men 5000
 on buses, trans and various Kinds of transport service the women have ln- creased 41.OOO the entire number repiac- inx that number of men. Men teachers are also largely replaced; also men on municipal transport work. the total in- cresse of women in this line being 34.OOo, of which 31, 900 replaced men, 1n farm xsork many men have been drawn orr 1or the war, but few women nave re- S1aced them The men on farms replaced 6x women is given at 10000 while the v.,1y,ber of women farm workers Is 5000, .nd the increase since the war only 800. women nurses have increased 34,oO0 since the war.
 summing up the substitution of women exr rner. the government statement says fhere has been an increase of 10000 since lis ~f July in the number of women di- roctly replacing men. This shows slight E6heck in the rate of replacement. In some krndes like clothing and textiles, women [,orlars have decreased, probably because (.,.v were able to get better wages in
 he mai nv new fields now opening to them.
 october 40 per cent of the textile firms
 Sported they were unable to get all the <p9r.en they required that while the i,Dply Of women workers has increased Xe ierfand is also increasing in many |Hranches
 4shfn replacement of men by women is x. : ~<,<3,,cine new clements in economic Srd nocial conditions which will have to 7s vtor1<ed out when peace comes. The VIounon are doing the men's work quite