davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Echo de l'ouest. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1883-1929, 1917-08-17

Mais heureusement auJourd hui
on annonce que les rangs. de la
nouvelle arm6e rationale sont ou-
tverts aux 6trangers amis CONNIE
.volontaires. I'm reglement du pre-
vot-marechal general Crowder,
communiqu6 aux consells de revi-
sion locaux, porte que tous les
6trangers qui renoncent q Sc pre-
valoir de leurs droits d'exemption
sur le motif de nationalit6 soient
promptement accept6s pour le ser
vice. II ny a pas de doute que &C.
la aidera singul19rement q remplir
les cadres, en- attendant que la
conscription puisse s'appliquer in
distinctement q tous les hommes
du pays, inclus dams la Unite d'a-
ge miIitaire, strangers ou citoyens,
q part bien entendu ceux de natio-
nalit6 ennemie.
Un autre fait qui saute aux yeux
c'est lie grand nombre de noms ap-
partenant q des nationalit6s autres
que ranglo-saxonne, principale-
ment les noms francais, sur les lis
tes de conscrits dams les villes in-
dustrielIes de la Nouvelle-Angle-
terre. Quelques noms q conson-
nance anglaise sont parsem6s lei ct
Ia dams la masse des noms fran
Gals, grecs, polonais, italiens, ETC.,
scion les localities Oh les nationali-
t6s dites 6trangeres predominant.
On peut assiener deux grandes
causes ce petits nombre de cons
crits am6ricains proprement dts
dams ces localities: le petit nombre
de la population de souche anglo
am6ricaine par rapport q la popu-
lation totale ct lie nombre inf6rieur
de garcons dams les families an
glo-am6ricaines.
On dit que pas beaucoup plus
de 100000 d'hommes sur les g.
600, ,OCO Inserts seront acceptables
q moins que des arrangements ne
soient fats au moyen deaeels les
sujets des pays qui so1 nos allies
seront accept6s. II n'yx pas dc
doute qu'un nombre sufisant
d'hommes peuvent etre obtenue
sur l'enr6gistrement total pour
servir les fms de Ia guerre. prenant
en- consideration les capacities
d'entra1nement d ct de transport.
81 les Etats-Unis peuvent en-.
voyer en- France 100000 d'hom.
mes bien entra1n6s en- deux ans
ils auront montr6 un beau r6sul.
| tat. ii est maintenant inconceva.
ble que la guerre dure encore tout
Ice temps. Tout de meme on nj
doit pas trop escompter sur Fave
mir; il vaut mieux agir maintenant
CONNIE 81 nous devions avoir enco
re- deux ann6es de guerre. A par
le problAme du transport de cettt
masse a'hommes, les resources dt
la navigation ct de rindnstrie se
ront ta16es q leur limite pour &C
l|cumuler ct transporter les wires
les munitions ct autres approvi
sionnements pour une force auss
consid cradle, faisant une moyen
ne, d'apres les calculs qui ont et'
4 fats, d'environ trente-cinq tonnes
|par aimee pour chaque homme
i 1nysnna mons onsidArons tout 9,
[qui sera nAcessaire pour envoye
4 une arm6e de pautre cote de l'oc6
4 an ct pour Ia maintenir, mons de
lvons o. dire der experts, abandon
Echo de l'ouest. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1883-1929, 1917-08-17

Nous enverIons un num<so sr<eansp
du Journal toufe peroonne qm On fen
demande
Echo de l'ouest. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1883-1929, 1917-08-17
st. paul

Les Franoo-Americains de st
Paul sont prizes de nous commun-
quer, soft personnellement ou par
telephone toutes les nouyelles To-
Gales an; les concefnent, chez NJ.
Frank Godbout, notre agent local
767 rue Wabasha. Telephones: T
S. 40 NV. Cedar 40.
Echo de l'ouest. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1883-1929, 1917-08-17
La Cathedrale de
Rei1ns

m. AImduu DdyOkr00 0CuouOS,
dams la Revue, ce qne deviendra
la cath6drale de Rheims, ct il
cherche CO quill appelh une '.solu-
ton collective" de cetangoissant
probl6me. Un officer lui ecrit,
das. 1916, quill ne fallait pas r6pa-
rer la cathedrale: quail fallait y
transporter les easements 6pars
des soldats morris pour Ia France,
y inscrire en- lettres dor, sur des
plaques de marbre, les noms de
tous les h6ros tomb6s, et entourer
Get ossuaire des canonsspris d Fen
nemi, mis- debout ct relies par des
chaines fondues dams du bronze
allemand. Puts, chaque aimee,
la France trait Ia, s'agenouiller de-
want ses morris. LIE projet, tel quel,
est dune grandiose noblesse, ct
NJ. Armand Dayot 4 faE, al sujas
de sa realisation, une enquete qui
!ui a valu des r6ponses int6ressan-
tes.
Auguste Rodin estime que lid6e
de d6fendre les ruines de la cathe-
drale de Rheims contre toute res
tauration sacrilAge est ''tout sim
plement sublime" NJ. A. Roll con-
sidere que la "Basilique saignan-
te'' sera bien le monument sacr6
qui perp6tuera le souvenir de no.
tre apre lutte, ct NJ. F. Cormon af-
firme que la cathedrale doit de-
meurer debout avec toutes ses
pleasures. M. Edmond Rostand est
lui aussi, contre toute restaura-
ton, ct M. Gustave Gefroy re-
commando settlement de r6parer la
toiture pour abriter Ia nef. M.
Waltner, de PInstitut, applaudit d
Pid6e "vraiment grandiose', mais
il ajoute qu'au point de vue esth6-
tique, il y aurait peut-etre quel-
ques reserves a faire. LIE docteur
Lenglet, maire de Rheims, est
moins enthusiastic. D'annunzio
d6clara devant lul que la cathe-
drale etait d6sormais achev6e,
qu'elle n'avait jamais etc plus bel
le, mais le docteur Lenglet tient
que c'est Ia une simple "idee de
poete, que ce nest pas un pro:
gramme d'action pour lavenir". II
veut que, Ia guerre terminee. la
vie rentre dams le temple; il ne
croft pas que CO soft q Reims que
ron trouvera des partisans de ls
cath6drale n6cropole. NJ. Henri
Lapauze estime que la cath6drale
de Reims dolt redevenir, apres "r6'
parations'' la cath6draie de Reims
M. Aulard volt une objection au
projet: 81 on veut donner une des.
tination rationale B la cathedrale
il faudra la d6safecter, ct on ne
pourra le faire que 81 la conscience
catholique y consent. M. Joseph
Reinach adhere lid6e du "Pan
th6on de la Guerre'', mais il hesi
terait 4 entourer la cath6drale de
canons pris d lennemi parce que
cela troublerait Pharmonie de Il
magnifque architecture. L'6cri
vain anglais Arnold Bennett, par
tage cette opinion ct il acute
Lies canons sont lads; sauf LEI
! Is, qui ont de P6l6gance."
| C'est vrai, les canons sont lads
let d'ailleurs, puisqu'il s'agit lei d
Harmonic dune id6e, pourquo
vouloir entourer Ia cath 6drale su
blime dune ceinture protectric'
form6e de ces memes canons allie
mands par Pefort criminel des
sIquels ellie 6t6 81 lamentabl blemen
meurtrie?
New-York tribune., 1917-12-20
INTO War Activities

TO proceed to any substantial extent
on the work Of turning out these rifles
The other companies. ] believe. were
somewhat fearful "a 20 what the ulti-
mate decision would be, and rather
held back. Following this conference
on July >. I was somewhat troubled as
20 the fact that wc were not building
un our organization. and brought me
matter up for discussion, and on july
Is received a telegram from General
Crozicr instructng us not 20 increase
our productive force until "c had oil.
tanned this higher degree OF inter.
chanReabality; in other words. to 80
on as we were Going. but not 70 in-
crease.
ON August l3 we delivered our FIRST
rifles. which was just about month
after the contract was signed. me
contract was signed on July -. On
September e we received verbal in
atructions from Major Woodbury.. who
represented the small arms diYlsion
chat We should proceed Immediately %
increase our production az rapidly -
possible. without reference 20 this
question Of interchangeabil.ty. and
that we would change over 20 the now
degree Of intcrchaugeabIilty as rapid
lv as we were able 20. We had been
changing constantly and were very
closely approaching the higher degree
OF Interchange ability. The change was
a gradual one. and 10 would take very
highly trained technical expert 20 do
tect the differences between the rifles
IN the carly period and the rifles
manufactured .H The -ubscquent
nopiod
New-York tribune., 1917-12-20
COnOreSSfOnal investigated

ing. having a lever that was in the way
IN the trenches.
"Sull." the witness sand. 'it PSI better
than no gun. 10 would kin"
II was adopted by the navy. and. a.
Senator Hitchcock suggc ted mIRht
have been used by The army uhliI ''
could be replaced by Che Browning -,
Mr.. Ouerson had been chairman OF
a committee operating under the Nun. .
fions Standards Board OF the Oouncll o.
Ns.ioral defence and was familiar " .tn
cvorv stem taken 90 obtain rifles nc
rccitod ID story with dates which hei"
,be committee trcathlcse. They saw
Tho machine which produced delay ac,-
.uaIly AT work. The big incident when
caused the greatest delay was me " ,,l. AT
Donsrtmcu''s reaching out ana laNll.E
AWAY from the committee OF ihe
eli cf National Defence conHoi "' Wv
small arms situation. ..d
tn Courcu Of National Defence ana
see committee were animated ol ',
idea of getting what inc 'h"'
rordcd with as few cnah -es d" .t;.
blo Acting in conformity WIN '''
idea the c0mmittcq OF when VI =, 49,
sor was head had agreed win to'oI.'.
Rsbb;.t of General Croz'er's bAre"g
20 aaop. am Enfield. reehamOrrcG' anu
,,,i,b seven "losablc" parts, mace lu
.crchangcablc. In June smaII am.
l,,,roay Of the Ordnance DepaI 'In'
'..,. r,ce.ed with Colonel Thompson y
,.' Nod and q new control over I'l'.
i..,,an vi.h a new conception oi "'"-
..... r,raecaTE
New-York tribune., 1917-12-20
Manufacturers Submitted
NeU Model Rife Chamber

Colonel Babbitt felt at that time that
the thing that we should Immediately
aim for was this losable interchange
ability or interchangeabil.ty of losable
parts. and so We agreed on some seven
parts as required to be Interchange
able.
At that time there was no authority
in the War Department or in the Blu
rcau OF Ordnance TO consult IN regard
20 this matter. SO the manufacturers
proceeded in their engineering con-
ferences on that basis.
On April each OF the manufacturers
brought 90 the engineering conference
"a model rife chamber for the 80
United States government cartridge,
and we compared our models 20 see
how far apart they were.
Il developed we were quite close to-
gcther, and by conferences were able
TO reconcile cur views into some sort Of
common understanding. We pro-
ceedod then 20 modify these models
which we had developed, in order 70
conform 20 the common views of the
manufacturers committee-that is. 10
bring the rifles into substantial agree
mcnt as TO design.
ON April % / issued orders 20 the
'hoPN vA tH' l'SHt'ttt 'NHlp1uF To
proceed with the manufacture Of TO-
600 rifles, which was done on our own
responsibility without any contracts or
orders or any statement that We would
get the orders. We did that on the
theory that il we got those rifles made
and il developed that they were not
satisfactory 10 the United States gov
eminent we would be able 10 sell
them commercially. or perhaps sell
them 10 some other government. So
New-York tribune., 1917-12-20

WASHINGTON, Dec. le-Thc
foRo,ci,ig Is j. Z. OHe,s--es tes'i-
eony obo,H the Eufeld rife before
the Senate committee Investigating
the Var Department to-dpy:
Mr. Ottersou: Ny connection with
this matter Of rife manufacturing
starts with my appointment by the
Secretary Of War as a member Of the
Munitions Standard Board. The Sec
fetary's letter was dated March s. Sub
sequently during March We had meet
.ngs in Washington. at which the Mu-
nitions Standard Board organized.
Frank Scott was appointed chairman Of
that board, and he appointed me chair
man OF the subcommittee on small
arms and ammunition and directed me
to call together the manufacturers Of
this country and organize a committee
for tho consideration of manufacture
Of small arms and ammunition and TO
submit 20 the Munitions Standard Board
our statement as 10 the facilities eX-
sting in this country and our recon-
mendation as to the manner in which
the government should employ those
facilities.
We had meeting of the machine
cun manufacturers an New Haven on
March - and a m'eting of the rife
and cartridge manufacturers i'm New
York on March IS. On March - /
submitted a report Of these meetings,
IN which | submitted recommendations
10 Mr. Scott as 10 the use OF the IA
cilitIes for manufacturing IN this coun-
try.
IL was the unanimous recommends
ton of the manufacturers committee,
at which all the manufacturers were
present. that the United States govern
ment adopt the British Enfield rife,
modified TO take the United States gov
ernment ammunition, or using British
government ammunition according to
the desires Of the government. The
manufacturers felt that TO change the
rife 20 use United States government
ammunition would entail a possible
delay in the early deliveries Of about
thirty days.
Senator Hitchcock: What was that
that required thirty DAYS?
Mr. OtterSon: To change the Brit
ish rife 20 use United States govern
inent ammunition.
Mr.. Hitchcock: Thirty days only?
Mr.. Otterson: About thirty days.
personally. as chairman Of that com
mittee, and those manufacturers who
were familiar with the rife. concurred
IN recommending the: the government
New-York tribune., 1917-12-20
Change From, British
Design Was Desirable

From the manufacturers point Of
view. and 20 any one familiar with the
British rife. t was desirable TO change.
The British rife was originally de-
signed 10 replace the old British En-
field at a time when the British gov
crnment had under contemplation a
new cartridge, namely. the .216 car
fridge. The .276 cartridge was
headless cartridge. very similar to
the United States 30 government
cartridge. At the time the Euro
peau war rOke out the British gov
ernment was in the process Of max
ing this change; in other words, they
had abandoned their .5O3 cartridge and
had accepted a new design, the .2I6
cartridge. which vas very similar 10
the United States cartridge, and had
designed a rife 10 take il. They dis
covered when the war broke out they
could not wait 70 get this rife, modl-
fed to take the new cartridge when
they had designed, so they proceeded
n their own arsenals to turn out their
old Enfield rife. taking the 1903 cart
ridges, and came TO this country and
asked the engineers Of the Winchester
Repeating Arms Company 10 modify
the design Of the new rifles so as 20
take their old cartridge.
Now. the old cartridge namely, the
3O3 British is what is called a head
cartridge that is, it has a fiange which
projects out on the side Of the car
fridge. whereas the United States car
fridge was headless cartridge.
Mr. Hitchcock: That is, the proposed
cartridge
Otterson: Yes. sir; that has a groove
instead Of Aangc, so 10 Is flush with
the side. The rife being designed for
headlcss cartridge, which takes up
less room in the magazine, il became
difficult 10 redesign IL TO accommodate
IL 70 the head cartridge. We succeeded
IN doing that and it was reasonably sat-
isfactory, but il cannot be said that the
Enfield was as satisfactory as modified
for head cartridge AS II would be
using a headlesS cartridge. Il is, there
fore, fact that the Enfield rife will be
a better rife shooting the United States
cartridge than IL would be IL II were
New-York tribune., 1917-12-20
More Conferences Held
After Notice From Crozier

On May "A we received written in.
struct.ons from General Crozier to the
effect that the War Department in
tended placing an order with US fol
rifles. On May 81 we had a conference
At Springfield with the commanding Of
t.cer of the arsenal and treated further
with the subject of specifications and
accessories, and agreed upon a set OF
specifications and list Of accessories
which were approved by the command
ing officer Of the arsenal, and he subsc-
quently made recommendation in re-
gard TO that to Washington
On June we had a letter from the
Secretary OF War placing an order
with us for rihcs. On June we had
further conference at Springfield
upon the subject Of master gauges. de-
-igns and control OF interchangeability
and various manufacturing points.
During llay the small arms division
of the Bureau of Ordnance came into
existence, and Colonel Thompson was
put in charge of it. lie gradually took
over the work which had been, up to
that time. handled more or less infor-
mally by this manufacturers commit
tee. reporting to the Council of Nation
q! Defence. or to the War Industries
Board. and conferrng with the com
manding officer at the Springfield Ar
senal. Colonel Thompson took the mat
ter over. and from June II to June 10
he called in Washington meetings Of
the manufacturers, AZ which they were
directed 10 bring with them drawings
and sample rifles for a conference as
10 Standardization and interchangeable
ity.
There followed a discussion of these
questions Of standardization and inter
changeability. which brought out the
fact tnat Colonel Thompson had some
what different views on the subject
than were held by the government rep
reSentatives with whom We had pre-
v!ously dealt.
Alr. Hitchcock: This was in June?
Ottorson: This was in June yes. sir
so that We were then invited TO con-
slider a higher degree of interchange
ability.
As a result Of this review of the mat
tor by the newly organized small arms
division the number of parts TO be in
terchangeablc was increased from seven
TO fOr;y-f9ur. and subsequently seven
more we're added. making ffty-one in
all. These figures are perhaps approx
mate. ! had to get them over the tele-
phone this morning, but think they
arc substantially correct.
My position as a representative Of the
manufacturers at the time was that
while ] was not qualified TO pass on the
necessity for this higher degree Of
intcrchangeability / could say that il
would result in delay, and the question
was one purely as TO whether the exi-
gcncies Of the situation warranted or
permitted delay.
Ny statement was that If the high de-
gree Of interchangeablity were de-
mandcd and rifles would not be ac-
Ccpted Of lower degree of inter
changesbility. there would be
delay of from four TO six months.
There was q slight difference Of opinion
as TO whether the delay would be as
great as thai. Two of the manufactur-
ers held that II would be four TO six
months, and one manufacturer stated
about two months.
At that time the Winchester Com
pany, ! believe, was the only one Of
the three companies that had seen III
New-York tribune., 1917-12-20
General Expected to Tell
Whole Story of Delay
in Building
Hurley VIII Testify
Declares the Shipping Pro-
gramme Is Not Entangled,
as Charged
lStaG CorresDondeHcel

WASHINGTON, Dee. 70. General
Goethals will probably be the star
witness in the investigation Of the
Shipping Board, which is to be opened
by the Senate Commerce Committee
tomorrow or Friday. members Of the
committee said to-day Senators are
particularly interested in the state
ment which the general made 20 a
Senate Subcommittee In May that a
big bridge COMPANY had offered 20
make a contract to begin the delivery
Of large fabricated steel ships at tn.
rate Of one day six months from
the date Of signing the contract.
Senator Fletcher. chairman Of the
committee, conferred for an hour to-
Gay with Chairman Hurley Of the
Shipping Board Mr.. Hurley afterwar
saw President Wilson.
Senator Fletcher was told by Nr.
Hurley that the board would welcome
thorough inquiry and that when al,
the facts were presented It would be
shown that the shipping programme Is
not so entsngled in difficulties a. mem
bers of Congress have declared !;
to be
Mr. Hurley probably will be called as
the first witness. Because OF this he
gave up tonight trip he had planned
to Newark Bay, where he was TO drive
tomorrow the first rivet in the first
fabricated steel ship laid down by the
Submarine Boat Corporation. and sent
IN
place.
The statement Of General GoethslS
was made TO the Senate subcommittee
in the presence of William Denman,
then chairman Of the board. Almost
Immediately the fight between Denman
and Goethals over steel prices was pre-
cipitated and no big contracts were
signed.
Had the contract been signed at the
time. a member Of the committee said
tonight. the government would have
begun receiving steel ships at the rate
of one a day some time last month. or
else the bridge company would have
been subject to heavy penalty
The government might have been
charged too mich, ne added. but the
excess profits Tax would have recov-
ciCu most o. NHe o'tlO"al S'' a., .
any rate there would be hundreds OF
Thousands Of tons Of shipping avail
able nov which has beer irreparably
lost.
But mors than mere details of the
chickering's and contentious which pre-
vented effective work in the ship con-
struction programme is expected TO be
brought out through General Goethals's
testimony. More than sed "it might
have BEEN story is looked for. Il is
believed that he will demonstrate the
Fundamental weakness of the legal or
ganization Of the government ship
building forces and suggest solution
for the conflict Of authority which has
broken down three heads of the Emer-
gency Fleet Corporation--Goetha
Capps and Harris.
New-York tribune., 1917-12-20
u. s. Government Cartridge
Better Than the British

Ouersou: There was another reason
for changing from the British cartridge
to the United States government car
fridge. namely. that the United States
government cartridge IS a better car
fridge than the old British cartridge
3O3. II is a more powerful cartridge
and has a higher velocity, and it Is an
easier cartridge TO manufacture.
On the cartridge manufacturing
ide. the manufacturers could more
readily and easily and eXpeditiously
manufacture the United States car
fridge than The British cartridge. The
British cartridge is q composite bul-
let with an aluminium point. which
merely complicates It's manufacture.
So coupling the two things together.
by making the change you are getting
q superior cartridge and getting a rife
that viii function better, and your
delay was but about thirty days, and
there seemed every reason to change
the calibre Of the rifles
Following the submission OF tho re-
port of the manufacturers TO Mr.. Scott
on March % in regard 10 rifles, we
were Immediately verbally informed
that we should undertake preliminary
arrangements for carrying out the pro-
gramme Of manufacturing the Enfield
rife modified TO take the United States
government cartridge.
On April and the manufacturers
called engineering conferences in con
uection with this matter. They got
their own engineers together with the
idea Of agreeing among themselves on
the notifications that were desirable,
with the idea Of getting the modifica-
tiOns as nearly standardized as pos
sible between the three manufacturers
concerned.
About that time had a personal con-
ference with Colonel Babbitt, now Gen
eral Babbitt. on the subject OF inter
changcability. and we discussed va
rious kinds and degrees Of Interchange
ability There was. first, an inter
changeabiiity of what might be called
the losable parts Of a gun, the parts
which are loose in the gun and move
when the gun operates and might drop
out IN the field. which include the bolt.
the magazine platform, the magazine
spring and the magazine bottom. u
was also desirable. although not so nee
essary. that the component parts Of :he
changeable. so that If man using the
gun should have some one of its parts
broken he could readily replace II i'm
the field.
Then there was a degree Of inter
changeability which would call for such
parts being interchangeable with a
slight amount of hand work, as might
be interchanged by q field armorer-
that is. mechanic with a small kit Of
tools out in the field, serving a small
body Of men. Then there was de-
gree Of nterchangeability that might
be called a headquarters interchange
ability, where the gun would be badiy
damaged and taken TO the rear and put
into the hands of more or less cOmpc-
tent mechanics with more or less ade-
quate tool and machine facilities. which
could do some work ON the parts, II
necessary TO tt them together
New-York tribune., 1917-12-20

shooting tie s03 British cartridge. for
which 10 was originally manufactured.
Mr.. Hitchcock: Do ] understand you
20 say u required only thirty days 10
transform these factories in America
which have been manufacturing the
British rife so as TO manufacture the
American rife TO use American ammu,
uition?
Otersou: That was our estimate;
yes. sin.
The Chairman: That is. to modify
the rife?
Otter>on: To make no other changes
than TO accommodate the American car
fridge.
Mr. Hitchcock: IN practice, did it take
more than thirty days.
Otterson: Yes, sig; but we made
other changes.
Mr. Hitchcock: VIII you explain
that?
Otterson: Yes. sir.
The Chairman: Perhaps he would
prefer 20 finish his statement in his
own way. and then YOU can ask MIN.
Mr.. Hitchcock: All right.