davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1917-09-11
DESTRoYERs
BELIEVED !. ] J TO HAVE sunk
(Continued from Page ,One.)

-,7, .(Continued from Page One.)
ORDNANCE experts, and has proven very
deadly i} ft...is tx 3$sit0 /.
q II detailed reports bear out the
first dispatches. they will signalize the
most desperate action against subma-
,rines rsince the war. began In no
case has such wholesale destruction of
U-boats been reported. ~, -ft,4rs, 4 =
What seems to have been the most
notable. action against submarines
since the beginning of the war. is re-
ported BY the navy department as
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1917-09-11
Of BISMARCK
PIONEERS PASSES away
Mrs. B. G. Bird Succumbs to At
%2sts -! r. T. s.. }iN
tack Of Heart Trouble at
VI :. Home in Almont ! &@@ :

Word has been received here q, the
death Of Mrs. Bird, wife of b. G Hird,l
marshal of Almont, which occurred on
Monday morning following an attack
of heart trouble ,tg .a.. ,,,,4t GgyfE.sdv'$ T.
Mrs. Bird was born I'M Bismarck
Dec. 8, 1875, and was a daughter Of
Mr. and Mrs. A: Connolly, pioneer
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1917-09-11

probably having resulted hin the de-
Of six submarines, which
made avmassed attack on-a feet cruis.
ing under, convoy off the coast of
France, Sept. 5.
American destroyers are believed to
have accomplished the wholesale. de-
of U-boats thus reported.
Two Iof the merchantmen were sunk,
but without loss of life of the crew.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1917-09-11
STEAMER STRANDED.

4 St. Johns, N. F., Sept 1.-THE Bel
gian steamer Eburoon, from an Amer
lean port for Rotterdam, with provi-
sions for. the Belgian relief column,
was stranded4last night off the New
Foundland coast, and reports today
indicated she would prove a total
wreck. 4t4.24 ..,.. ..:.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1917-09-11
Additional Society News,
y q q. ". q
Club to Meet Monthly

jamestown women.members of the
Woman's club, decided at a. meeting
held during the weekend to meet only
once month on account of the heavy
demands on their time for Red Cross
work. The first meeting will be held
with Mrs. o. J. Seller Thursday after
noon.
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1917-09-11
Returns from East,

\ Chief Justice A. A. Bruce of the SUI
preme court returned todayffrom SYRIA
cuse, y. Y, where he attended the an
nual meeting of the American Bar as
ISOLATION. Judge Bruce gave an ad-
dress before the association which
The Bismarck tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916-current, 1917-09-11

has caused much favorable press com.
ment by large eastern 1dailies.
y Z ~ n 49,, = =
Returns from Trip. ="
Lieuts II. G. 1Neumeier and Ernest
Orchard returned Monday from a trip
to the twin cities, saltwater and lake
points in Minnesota.
Il y y
\ Soldiers to Be Feted.
The Wonien's Auxiliary to Company
A, at a meeting Monday, completed
plans for the farewell reception to be
given in honor Of Companies A and I.
NO date has been set, but it is thought
arrangements can be made to hold 1T
next Tuesday evening. It will be one
of the largest affairs yet given by
the3auxiliary ,.v ) >....;
! The auxiliary also.,' planned 10
"adopt" homeless soldier boys, and
are asking that as many women OF
Bismarck as can help this movement.
The auxiliary has the names of mem
bers of Company A and are making
arrangements to secure the names of
Company I.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1917-11-23
Deatbs

wife feoAAtMss;E,Noy. a. %, MARTHA J. ,nee Carter);
frienSGs, Alfred Adams, aged 10. Relatives and
ehsnsIs ,tnvited TO services, Sat. s y. M. at
Int csDtraev,iII. Dt a BAR Son. Arch and 10Th sts
ssnsS4H sns ~. ANN ALBERTsoN aged H. Relatives
Berlin q. Burlington: N. j.. Fri. p. m. Int
4tIEs tAItE5ES ss;S q e. 4EEMEs pIHswSRTM ;E.1
N x'en and grandson Of Lewis p. and late
Ntsd 70 fRayeoid. Relatives and friends in
s2I u.xsdl SSrlsIs St Int. private. Remains may
s:AnRsAMFoLb NO" " ".2s, j HANNAH. widow of
Invited A,rmhold. aged 81, Relatives and friends
sS,s Ct Morris ResenSsrsS fsH Son aOoo n
ARMSTRONG. Nov %. WILLIAM A. ARM
tynosG tysnso s NJ D., aged II, 1905 Park ave. Rea-
Mon. ind io friends Invited 20 funeral services; ,
xi,rTissr rTissrmsntown. Int private,
III III SoTRE Dame, q 81, Msry's Hespitaldi
M m m FRIENDS invited to funeral, sat .
Solemn SsSSem % ass 'seVePs Sc PeteTs aVs GSuFes @ 10
SursIh y Int. Most Holy Redeemer Gem. Pitts.
hts ssowYDoTNOv woINOv 81, MARY EMMA, daughter of
i've. w.am VII and Sarah Graham BOYD. Rela-
Vs.,o ,oeGroy Goy Creek on the West Chester pike.
WI.s, ,chester troileys leave 69th st. station
RpA INT. private.
iaaa DIT AT the residence OF his son-in-law,
sssd Ia o'is st.. Nov: 2l. WILLIAM II BtADT; d.
|. y: Oliver II. Bair Bldg. 1870 Chestnut st.
I--Nsv. ~ ELLEN ~. widow cf Rsr:
PreAy. RsIstiyss and friends. Invited
n@Sss sSP :. M 22sf .. sOtn y
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1917-11-23
DE WIS

FGt"rsou, 7o2i woodhnc ave. ovcrhrook. Non,
uiul,iII's Soy i. BELLA c.. ho,hor Of
Elm, \. q Rythc and daughter Of late stephen
Esd , i.S 1 rSs,, M Nnr ~ t,;rtr tS8S
"Pfn Py gN, sat i raEr i Int R nr'Nal@b husband Of
it,, John b ry". Rrlatvcs and frgnds invited
" R R'mm. man ml be- vi TioE.d ~ Sun. "0, avc Int, rri
vain ,;lNX5,oR ,'na AuiI tNn'I'| d,urb,er of
MniI'r't ~ Mand GT Ih"Im5Ia ,r,S5s ,aE'n } 'PgI
.n lr,"' 80 TT1',m,iibrrs I,rr
G27 T.. rgarh"d 81. solemn requiem hsh mass
.RErsiAN%,--N@v e. KATHAHlNE widow
Of Godfrey RrlEuauu tupo Ruhlanlh aged ~
Relatives and friends. Ladies' Aid Society and
t.risn Church, invited TO funeral s'gyicys. Fri.
r sawtpr, al3l Diamond st. Int. private omit
,RErCHARnT-,To% q, clrnlssTiNEl; ", widow f,
Ii"d to, iHnrr2i s"rvi,GS:5sG Ps rit
Hr"rmm"unt Gem Remains may bo viewed FRI
RcS@ ana late Ant6@uy Fyily Eeetiyss and
fe4ds T2da,y Of 4G R " Nu cd AHWnSr ~ FaScra a.
sat- 5 a M, ao,S Manayunk ave. Wisst,
ne Baptst Church, 10 a. m. Int. St. Johns
rY Y'NGT2Y 5 rr so Y?y sin GFonGG IT, S5 EASS y Md
ty.s and friends invited to funeral acryicgss
Andrew J, ratr 4 son 18th and Arch SITS. Int.
RoRERTs Nov, 20, EllzAnETIT, VII wife o, o,
friends Invited to fua"raj ,i.' scrvIcas Sat p m
TaGgnGes Of sT"thyr'n9w Ge%rT" W1t' -Eto NJ.
xav a &DES May t 1&%E sS5 no%r @a ""a s W ST, j.
H@dfs an4 @ aags4sr ] q e sG }GHn @ and bs yn Hane
lSENCENni:RGEE. Nov, ii, JoIiN p, s2n
Of lat" Alhert and Mary Seng"nherEcr, aged 81
$50 a, m, 2dl y Marnock st. High mass OF
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1917-11-23
DEATHS

kERllN. - suddenly. Nov. -, MARFHN
YATES, ,HuuGht"r ut John u. aud lat" Ntrt ".
korltn. Funeral ana inf. private. sat after
noon.
LAMli.- NnN. -. MARY e. daughter ti
James aud lu" susan Lamb. Relatives and
fricuds, Div. NJ, Is. -, l.. \. \. ~. II; H. Y.
". Sodnlty. all uth'r societies of IN" visitation
V. '. NJ n1ri.h. invited 20 funeral, Mon. $50
a. m, 1870 church ST.. IrHukturd. Sol MN re
pulsm mass aud int. -. Juqghlm's 10 q. M.
. LESblE.-\uy u. llENtG HlAlR. son "t
Frank g. Hul Ad"iaia" W. i"-I'" enc" ltHirl
2EEsI Il, Eglaiy.ss 2nd, ir"uas ,rNn,u,nS 1T
M"th'r u NorFoN +. s. : n"'I lhll'I,t9 IuH'ril,
Mon, $50 q. m, lH2t brown st. ,HiSh mass O.,
r"Hu!Tm ITnuf,l ~ Dur Mnin'r "i S"rro"9' !"
~ doI NSllRh N@y. ~" tAIlSEpRN.,. pG3
,.f, .frn." 81 ftln .,uI's, IE t,,o ,, IN "it5
3. n. rssidgnG" Gf s1n bunsl iounsG,rTS. 2Nl1
b. viewed sat : to y. N. Auto funeral
. htNIEi,-,NoN 20, MAlW,AREf. vito Of
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1917-11-23
EDUCATIONAL

WANTED; positions waiting; free
r,sistraton for college and normal graduates.
Modern Teachers Bureau. 1907 Market at.
The best business Sehos
- ANh A~A> - SOI-SO5 Chestnrt Street
LLLDIA
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1917-11-23

rrl. Z to p. m Int Northwood Gem. 49,
wSoSs ww2SoPssyNSy Dss ,sISUv 2d ELhA Az yts e Je
n,pn ntn,per,r IL as sat- $40 a. m 1918 x Oxford s
Holy sepulchre Gem. Auto funeral,
~ holNG.-Nov. %, LUCY s., widow Of JaSnso \.
from Irihf ihs Oliver Beir Bidg 1870 chestnvt q,
Dillman J. Zegler tnee Mntzer) Relatives anIA
friends invited TO funeral services, SUM-. Z 4
.. m, hrothe r-in-law's residence, Charles Prico
lel2 p, York st Int. Old Mennonite Church /
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1917-11-23

% Relatives and friends. all orders Of which
&c was member, Invited 20 funeral services,
sTrat z p. m. residence Of brother, spencer w,
! nnkinson S2 Naplewood ave. Germantown.
ini liarlcigh Gem. Remains may be viewed
trl eve. Camden papers please copy.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1917-04-29
St. Augustine the Continental

w. D. Howells in Harpers Magazine
 Tn St Augustine the shops and theatres are open on Sunday, as in any continental European town, but the same may be said of the churches, which are abund- antly frequented. The favorite dissipation of the local youth was appareniN
 the ice cream served at sman bane the antidote could be promptly sup piled; but I should say, or almost say, that the favorte dissipation of the aliens of every age was the sail to the nearer and farther north beaches This could be afforded at 20 cents, which paid the sail both ways, and the transit of the sandy stretch of the island to the ocean shore in a horse-car drawn by a mule hitched at the side of the car, but did not in- clude the roast oysters at the restaurants. If you wish to lose yourself in the sandy jungles of Anastasia Island you may cross by trolley car on a pro rate payment of that supremely extortionate toll which have already lamented But l hope you do not wish to cross as yet, but will be willing to keep with me along the bay-front, either way you like. past some minor hotels and pleasant dwellings northward and the ruins of old Spanish houses and dwellings northward, when suddenly the fort of San Marco, now misnamed Marion, blocks your way with it's mass, darkly but not gloomily Spanish, and incomparably monumental.
 It is the most perfect example of the Vaubap Ideal of military architecture anywhere remaining; yet neither for this, nor for anything else are you to leave the plaza which is the heart of St. Augustine, until you have exhausted all the emotions it can impart. They are
The Birmingham age-herald., 1917-04-29
MAKING MUNITIONS IS COSTING ENGLAND
 TREMENDOUS SUMS
Contracts in Early Stages of the War Were Made at Various Margins
 of Profit

London, April 1-The cost of munitions for the British army for the financial year ending March 31, 1916, totaled G224- 9O9,523, of which only about s4,00O00O comes under the heading of offices, in- spection, housing and miscellaneous" The auditor general reports that high prices for raw material and contracts in certain instances call for comment and that coordination was lacking between various branches of the ministry of mu nitions at one period of the year.
 One firm contracted to make certain guns, took raw material from the min- istry at a fixed rate, made outside pur- chases of lrage quantities at lower prices and cleaned up about G14,900.
 The sum of G10,00O was advanced for certain premises to be used as stores but two weeks later these were said to be unsuita ble. Claims were put in for &4S,- 0G9 and the matter settled for &30,0O0.
 A case Is noted in the report of a d- rect contract being placed with firm for certain processes of manufacture at a3S 1Ss a ton. Soon afterward an asso ciation of firms, including the same firm, got a contract for the same processes at $50 a ton. Still later contracts were placed at 926 down to G20 a ton, while the cost of the professes at Woolwich was stated to be at G10.7 8 ton.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1917-04-29
AMERICAN MEMBERS .OF CANADIAN UNITS REJOICE AT NE WS
Men in European Training Camps Hear of Americas Entry Into War With
 Enthusiasm

London, April 1-(Correspondence of the Associated Press. .)--America's entry into the war was hailed with unbounded enthusiasm by everyone of the 700 native i horr Americans encamped near London in three Canadian battalions, one of which, the Two Hundred and Eleventh, has been called the new American legion because of it's large percentage of boys from the States" The other two battal- lions are the Two Hundred and Twelfth and Two Hundred and Thirteenth.
 The Two Hundred and Eleventh was called the American legion when it was formed out in Calgary. While in process of formation there it attracted Americans from many parts of the United States and Canada. So it was only natural that the members should cling to their na- tive designation when they landed In England, especially as the outfit num- bered more Americans than any Can adian battalion since the Ninety-seventh which was known as the original Amer ioan legion in the Canadian army but which lost it's indentity when it was broken up and it's members scattered among other regiments, some of which were sent to the front and saw fighting on the Somme.
 Ever since their arrival here early in January the men of the Two Hundred and Eleventh have been crying for a taste of modern warfare Their train ing in the Canadian northwest made them hard as nails and as is charac- teristic of the American temperament they were anxious to show results and quickly, too.
 So when the news of Americas action spread through the camp the officers were at once besieged with inquiries as to how soon they would be sent to the front. The men were told that no de- cision had been reached. This, however, did not dampen the enthusiasm of the men over the action or the country of their birth and they went through their drilling as never before The news was like tonic to all, from the commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel w M Sage down to the most lowly private
 Nearly all of the officers of the Two Hundred and Eleventh were born in the United States. Colonel Sage is a native of New York city, later going to Cal gary, where he belonged to several Canadian regiments. He is known through the western part of Canada as a crack rifle shot and has been an instructor in the provisional schools or infantry there.
 A former New York state national guardsman is second in command of the so-called new American legion. He is Mai. l.. E. Clark, also a native of New York city, where he was born 33 years age.
 Pennsylvanian is a quartermaster or the battalion. He is Capt. D. Trainer, who served in the Spanish-American war With Colonel Roosevelts rough riders.
 The medical officer is Capt w. K. Turner formerly surgeon in Louisville Captain Turner was born in FYemings- burg, Ky.
 The paymaster, Capt. B. R. Edson was attached to the United States coast and geoGctic survey at Seattle when he re- signed to join the Two Hundred and Eleventh.
 Capt. II. R. Sanborn, a native of Pe-
The Birmingham age-herald., 1917-04-29
SINGLE COMB RH ODE ISLAND REDS

After many years of practical usc, some fanciers became interest in the breed and a few were exhibited at poultry shows during the latter sos, Tn 1892 they were exhibited at Philadel- phia as Golden Bluffs. Some specim ems had rose combs and other single combs, and the breeds were devel- oped as Rhode Island Reds,
 Their fanciers were very enthusiastic and energetic; competition to breed and exhibit the best specimens was keen.
 The hens lay big brown eggs and many specimens have established high laying records. The chicks are strong and vigorous. When full grown the males weigh from 71s to S1s pounds; females 5h to 615 pounds, though many specimens exceed these weights. The bullets mature early and lay we'll and the breed has proven itself one of the best, both for the backyard man and the farmer
The Birmingham age-herald., 1917-04-29
Took a Penny Tip

About three years ago. says E. M. Statler in the American Magazine, "one of the boys in our Cleveland house was called to the room of Nashville, Tenn, banker The boy did what he was asked to do, and did 1t promptly and courteous ly. AS he started to leave, the banker handed him a penny. Instead of showing pique or surprise, the boy quietly thanked the guest and went out, closing the door carefully.
 Five minutes later the banker came rushing up to the desk.
 :. I just called a boy to my room,' he exclaimed. I want to see him again The boy was sent for.
 "A few minutes ago. said the banker, T handed you a penny in my room. thought it was dime It seemed to make no difference with you. if 1t had been a dollar you couldn't have been more cour- teous. Here take thisn and he handed the boy five dollar bill.
 This incident supports a fact that try to impress on everyone who works for me, that constant courtesy and at- tention to little things will bring them success"
The Birmingham age-herald., 1917-04-29

not many, and for me the chiefest of them came from my affectionate interest in those minor hotel guests and roomers who seemed to resort there mucE more in the March of last year than or this. Then they arrived, with their hometown papers (bought of the blind newsman at the corner of the postoffice) and sat, rows upon rows of them, on the benches coverging upon the stand where very admirable band of musicians, claiming to be Venetian, but upon confidential ap- proach owning themselves Neapolitan, seemed to play day-long and night-long while my home-towners exchanged per sonal histories, and declared their opin- ions of the climate and the weather of St. Augustine
The Birmingham age-herald., 1917-04-29

This is one of the greatest American breeds. It has taken it's place alons with the Plymouth Rock and the Wyandotte Like all American breeds it was originated to fill a certain need of the American markets. and as it happens in this instance the markets were Boston and Providence. which required rich. brown eggs and good yellow skinned. yellow legged fowls of reasonably heavy weight
 At the time it was popular to cross Leghorns. Malays and so on with Cochin and Brahma hens These crosses produced chicks that were rapid grow CTS The combination also produced bullets that were heavy layers and the general color of the plumage was red Brown Leghorns and Indian Games were crossed and recrossed on the progeny successively, and the little red hen of Rhode Island" became ia nous among commercial poultrymen.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1917-04-29

taluma, Cal. is a former member of the Washington National Guard.
 Lieut.. H. H. Jones served four years in the Seventy-fourth regiment at Buff falo.
 There are many more officers from all parts of the United States. In fact, the battalion is full of capable men who have left lucrative posts to join the gal lant fighters on the soil of France
The Birmingham age-herald., 1917-04-29

they receive only three feelings grain morning and night with moist mash at noon. Great care must be taken not to overfeed.
 When the chicks are week old q daily supply of green feed should not be forgotten. Lettuce, grass clippings, sprouted oats and mangels are good green feeds for young chicks. Cab- bage, rape, kale and like plants are good green feeds for chicks more than eight weeks old. but when fed to very young chicks are likely to cause bowel disorders.
 Many poultry keepers presume that so long as they give their flocks corn and, perhaps, other grains, the fowls are being sufficiently well fed They forget, or else never realized, that chickens must be properly fed for best results. Next weeks article is devoted to the accessories to the fowls regn- lar bill of fare.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1917-04-29

them off in a hurry and without the least pain. I can wear tight shoes, dance and walk as though l never had corns.
 tGets-Itr makes the use of toe -irri- tating salves, bundling bandages, tape, plasters and other things not only foolish but unnecessary. Use this won derful discovery "Gets-It." for any soft or hard corn or callus. It is the new, simple, easy, quick way, and 1t never fails. You'll never have to cut corn again with knives or scissors, and run chances of blood poison. Try Gets It. tonight.
 "Gets-It" is sold everywhere, 25c a bottle or sent on receipt of price by E. Lawrence & Co, Chicago. H.
 Sold in Birmingham and recomm end ed as the worlds best corn remedy by Eugene Jacobs Drug Store; Gale Drug Co. @ storesl 307 First Avenue and Pratt Station, Pratt City, Ala.-Adv.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1917-04-29
Cnnrsas and Dishes

From the London Chronlcle.
 Three courses seem to have been the customary menu in medieval times for state banquet, less ceremonial feasts comprising only two and no private din- ner more than one. But each course might comprise from eight to dozen dif- ferent dishes. Thus as the wedding ban quet of Henry V. there were only three courses, yet over 30 different dishes are mentioned in the records, irrespective fruits and wines.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1917-04-29

very often the cause of bowel troubles of the first two weeks of breeding Boxes four inches deep. IS inches wide and three feet long, lined with heavy cotton flannel will be found best for this purpose. Such a box will hold 100 chicks without crowding
 Before the chicks reach the brooder everything should be in readiness The equipment should have been run long enough to have the quarters thor oughly warm and all regulations made During the first few days a heat of from 9S to 100 degrees is not too high. After that a temperature of 95 de- grees should be high enough, and this may be reduced each week as the flock grows older. However, no set temper ature can be given as the correct for a flock of a certain age, as this will necessarily vary with the health of the flock and the season of the year.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1917-04-29
Come on Over, See
 My Corn Fall Off"
"I Put Drops of 'Gets-lt' on Last
 Night-Now Watch"

'See-all you have to do is to use your two fingers and lift the corn right off That's the way 'GetsIt' al- ways works. You just put on about drops. Then the corn not only shrivels, but loosens from the toe without af
 fecting the surrounding flesh in the least. Why, it's almost a pleasure to have corns and see how 'Gets-It gets
The Birmingham age-herald., 1917-04-29
ON THE FEEDING
 AND MANAGEMENT OF CHICKS|
Personal Interest in Flock's Welfare of Greatest I'm portance-Close Attention Given to Details and Not Luck Brings the Desired Results
By J. RAYMOND kESSLER Practical POuItryman

Success in breeding is chiefly a mat ter of knowledge and close personal Interest and not matter of luck, as some would like to believe. Of these two factors, the matter of personal in- terest is by far the most important as even a wide knowledge of poultry will accomplish little if the personal ele ment is lacking. Personal interest er- ables the poultryman to accomplish the endless necessary details of eacn day without thought of the labor in- volved and it is the lack of this more than anything else that frequently brings failure.
 To be successful in rearing the young stock we must begin at the in cubator with the removal of the chicks. It is of the utmost importance that this seemingly insignificant part of the work be done with great care. for chilling the chicks at this time is
The Birmingham age-herald., 1917-04-29
PROTECTION FROM DRAFTS

Some breeders raise objection to the brooder stoves on the premises that the chicks have no protection from drafts on the floor This is easily over come by surrounding the flock at night with low circle of wire fencing COW cred with muslin. Cellar window wire is best for this purpose, as when used in the form of circle about the stove it will stand without support The mus lin can be fastened to the wire wirh clips or clothes pins. This protection is only necessary during the first week or so.
 Tn addition to protecting the flock from drafts across the floor this fence keeps the chicks from wandering Away rom the stove at night and tends to keep the flock from crowding finicor ners. The main thing to look to in fol- lowing this plan is not to eonfine the flock too close to the stove and ,over- heat them. Of course. all this applies to the large colony brooder stoves with hundreds of chicks in one flock, the method of breeding that Is being adopted by large majority of poul