New Mexico state record. (Santa Fe, N.M.) 1914-19??, 1917-05-11

prepared by the United States Depart
ment Of Agriculture.)
In examining the system of organs
and their functions in a horse it is
customary to begin by noting the fire.
quency of the respiratory movements.
This point can be determined by OBJ
serving the motions Of the nOstrils or
the TANKS; on a cold day one can see
the condensation Of the moisture of
the warm air as it comes from the
lungs. The normal rate of respira-
ton for a healthy horse at rest is
from 8 to 16 per minute. The rate is
faster in young animals than in old,
and is increased by work, hot wealth
er, overflling of the stomach, preg-
nancy, lying upon the side, etc. Ac-
celeration Of the respiratory rate
where no physiological cause operates
Is due to a variety Of conditions.
Among these is fever; restricted area
of active lung tissue, from filling Of
portions Of the lungs with infiamma-
tory %eXudate. as in pneumonia COM
preston of the lungs or loss of elas-
ITCHY; pain in the muscles control
ling the respiratory movement; ex-
cess of carbon diOXide in the blood;
and construction of the air passages
leading to the lungs.
Dyspnea.
Difficult or labored respiration Is
known as dyspnea. 1t occurs when it
is difficult, for any reason, for the ami
NAL to obtain the amount of oxygen
that it requires. This may be due to
filling of the lungs, as in pneumonia;
to painful movements Of the chest, as
in rheumatism or pleurisy; to tumOrs
of the nose and paralysis of the throat,
.swellings Of the throat, foreign bod
les, or weakness Of the respiratory
passages, fluid in the chest cavity, ad-
hesions between the lungs and chest
walls, loss of elasticity Of the lungs,
etc. Where the difficulty is great the
accessory muscles of respiration are
brought into play. In great dyspnea
the horse stands with Mis- front feet
apart. with his neck straight out, and
his head extended upon his neck. The
n~Ostrils are widely di1ated, the face
has an anxious expression, the eye
prOtrude, the up-and-dOwn mo-
ton of the larynx is aggravated, the
amplitude of the movement Of the
chest walls increased, and the TANKS
heave.
The expired air is of about the tenn
perature of the body. 1t contains con-
siderable moisture, and it should
come with equal force from each nos
tril and should not have an unpleasant
)dOr. If the stream of air from n
lostril is stronger than the other,
Is ar indication Of ar Obstruc-
ion in a nasal chamber. If the air
possesses a bad odor, it is usually an
Indication Of putrefaction Of a tissue
secretion in some part of the
tract. A bad Odor Is
'ound where there is necrosis of the
zone in the nasal passages n in
catarrh. An ulcerating tu-
nor of the nose or throat may cause
he breath to have an offensive odor.
The most offensive breath occurs
where there is necrosis, OF gangrene,
# the lungs.
In some diseases there Is a dis
from the o In order to de-
the significance Of the dis
it should be examined closely.
)ne should ascertain whether 1t comes
rom one or both nostrils. If but from
me ~nostril, it probably originates in
he head. The color should be noted.
thin, watery discharge a be COM
of serum, and it occurs In the
'arlier stages of coryza, or nasal ca
arrh. An opalescent, slightly tinted
discharge is composed Of mucus and
indicates a little more severe irrita-
If the discharge Is sticky and
'uslike a deeper difficulty or more ad-
'anced irritation Is indicated. If the
lischarge contains fakes and clumps
f or less dried, agglutinated
articles, it is probable that it orig
mates within a cavity Of the head,
S the sinuses or cultural pouches.
Examining Nasal Passage.
In examining the interior Of the
asal passage one should remember
hat the normal color of the mucous
lembrane is a rosy pink and that its
urface is smooth. If ulcers, nOdules,
wellings, or tumors are found, these
disease.
Between the lower jaw there are
everal clusters Of Emphatic glands.
'hese glands are 20 small and SO soft
hat it is difficult to find them by feel
ng through the skin, but when a
disease exists in the upper (
art Of the respiratory tract these {