davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-01-01
ONLY ONE DEATH
FROM MtItRItI FEWER

There was only one death from
malarial fever in 1915, equivalent to
q death rate OF g per 100, 600 inhabi-
tants. There was only ono death from
this cause in 1919 aud none in 1919
total Of two deaths from malaria I'm
Richmond in three years This gives
an average annual death rate OF { for
this ,hrceyear period. As both of
these decedcnts wcr" colorcd. ii is seen
that no white person has died from
malaria in Richmond in the past thre.
years. Up TO a few years ago. such a
record for Richmond would have been
regarded as impossible. since between
twenty and thirty deaths a year were
regularly reported as due TO rlaIarial
fever
There were six deaths from diph-
iberia. giving a death rate OF 80 per
l"n,coo inhabitants. This is not quite
50 low rate as in 1919. for which year
the figure was 30. but rate of 80
is wonderfully low for "A city like Rich
'nond and an average rate OF 3.ij for
two consecutive years is almost phe-
nomcnally low.
Measles, tor the first time since 1909
caused no death. In 1914 there was
only one death. This is a rcmartably
good record, but il is admitted that
this disease has its off and ON years
Little that can be done by any health
department will avert cpidemics OF
measles when they are due, but their
extent can, TO a certain degree, be con-
trollcd. Richmond will probably have
another epidemic OF this disease in
1916.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-01-01
IMMATURE ALMANAC.

men on order of the commission 70
me southern carriers to reduce opj
inmate Violations of the so-callcd
ioh@ ana hort-haul provisions or ~
,ite'estate commerce act which for
pa higher rate for haul to an in
termediate than the terminal m,i,,,
me schedule reduces hundreds of vio.
iatioiis O! this sort and cIinin,,.s
many others. The general cnect Of
me commissions orders will he To i'm.
crease rates to and from the important
railroad centers,.
railroad officials declared hero tn
night that they did no, expect the orfcr
would yield any additional revenue
nut they could not determine until this
ieadjustmcnt had been tried ont.
NAY FILE NEW RATES
ON MANY COMMODITIES
The commission also issued now
ORDER In the same case allowing Tho
same roads until August |, 1916. i'm
winch TO file new schedules OF comr,o
"''E rates on such important articles
AS coffee cotton, fruits. burap. furni
l"ie' tobacco, naval stores. etc. These
ARTICLES which are transported usually
In bulk. in the main carloads. probably
are ALI named in the schedules of class
rates In erect tomorrow. but all car.
ricrs give lower rates. known as com
modify rates, on such articles In its
ofdcr me commission says that il ey-
poets some of the commodity rate. to
be filed within ninety days and others
Al siXty-day periods thereafter until
the field has been covered
The Southern class rate readiust-
ment has been the subject of contro-
versy between the commission for
many months. While generally the
plan itself is approved. the commission
points out that no particular rate has
been sanctioned as Il reasonable and
just rate and one which when so
stamped would. under the law remain
III effect for two years. This means
that the commission probably expects
shippers to discover unreasonable in
divIduai rates. to make the customary
formal complaints and thus bring the
subject before the commission on its
merits
The new classifcations of freight
which would have resulted in general
Increases In rates OIL grain and grain
products and various other commodi-
ties between tho Atlantic seaboard and
the Mississippi River, were Unsupported
to-day by the Interstate Commctcc
Commission. hss
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-01-01

u: 4: :; {: {! -: :. ::: \:
End, the glue OF buildings is COZ
ably greater than the assessed val
real estate. The latter is listI
$li.202.S70. while the real o..
valued at s7.6l2,25o. making "a
the property in this ward OF
200 These figures given are
erty owned by white pcrscn
son Ward has property va
St,931.6ld. with buildings OF sS
:, total OF si3.i32,lSo
The coloreh population OF
owns real estate OH which Il
Of si,l5i.S2G is placed. The
located on this property al
"a, SI.GS6,2SJ, making n
S2.Sti.iil. There has been
crease in the property owned
ored persons during the past tiv!
The 1910 assessments showed
Of $2.3O5.SS an increase Of it'll
than s%36.o00 during the i've veal
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-01-01
l.nCnl IinInIulI

ia Ihia!! last twenty four hours \orc
pc;hcithc! In rainfall since March
peh'iency IN rainfall since Jan
uHfN ...... 503
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-01-01
CoNsUMprI0N CLAIMS c6I VICTIMS.
WITH ~ PNEUMONIA DEATH,

Consumption claimed POI victims in
1915, giving "a death rate OF 1861 per
!o0,coo Inhabitants The rate i'm 1914
was 1871. In only one year has Tho
1918 figure been beaten-in 1918. when
the rate was 1897.
There were ls7 deaths from lobar-
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-01-01
Local Temperature Yestcrdn,

4 noe" i"mp.r:,ture. ......... 81
IA. x;,",,,,,S ',,hptr"tuic. ............ 30
u,,f,',tui" temperature 10 J.. NJ. 40
H'H'ihu iI temperature To l. Nj "a
Mean temperature -
Normal temperature 80
i,cnclency in temperature
IcNtIcicncT IN temperature since
March March ........... SOC
uhfE ........... .... $50
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-01-01
REIMBURSEMENT
OF RATES tIbp7lnvIst


.TON, December 3i.-Gcn-
.ment of freight rates on
wing tho South between
)i and the Atlantic and
tho Potomac River was
Jay by tho Interstate
mission in tho most i'm
ouchinE that section
under consideration
The commission de-
tHriffs Of Southern
changes in rates on
eight, and the new
effective Tomorrow.
lies were framed by
SouIlrn RAILROAD
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-01-01

'ocni observation nj = T.. VI. Yesterday.
icnpciatur". 80. humidity. So; wini
direction. southeast: wind, velocity
miles: weather, clear.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-01-01
The Weather

FUrcrnst: lirginin
-IncrruSiDE ciuudi-
ness Saturday. toll
lowed by Nnrni; fair
sunday.
N"rth taroiinu-
'IUud! = nt u d :Iy,
probHhIy rain west
portion: sunday rain.
south Carolina
iloudy. followed by.
rain saturday; sun
day rain.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-01-01
NeW Years Day-z9l6

YY SALUTE and Challenge the Nu as the rhda
EXW Of nw De and zoe demand Of that whaeOer mav
~ haze DONE shall yield happiness and g0e our
hearts DESIRE The Old Year gathered the uea that haze
passed and The Nu Year has page e saN
wr the oed record Of period Ohat that
record uU be- but each coming grant TO him all that The
precious had wIA And salute challenge tho Year!
The Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company eroed in 1
gna BY the 1915 Our fore entrusted
the poecn their amHe and Of their business and Of their old
Uee mort BY perturbation
Virginia. Ee;gn
buSs( extent hitherto unhn2wn though of last r
years had oupospered its predecessors land
jor pigna has done its full share in al these The sioen
to yell the and pg both BY the payment
its policies to them and By in securities
To noicyholdsr and friends offer the ha Of good ybs
or their health their prosperity and their happiness the coming year, thank
them as heartily for M good w finely manifested in 1915 We
in 1916 Nth still fidelity and 0riencu
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-01-01
fond LOSES IMPORTANT
l'ItI:fGIIT-R FIGHT

:. Goodman, traffic manager OF
iamber OF Commerce. announced
Stay afternoon that the suspense
~ or the Interstate Commerce
ms Ssion had refused 10 interfere
"a tn .Sschedulc OF tariffs announced
thc Various Southern railroads. and
r., beginning 81 midnight last night.
new rates were effective. They
Il effect every shipping point in
frGinia, and local shippers believe
III work an unfair advantac" in favor
cities to the north OF Virginia, az
impaired with the cities in this State.
Not only are the Virginia points ar
|,tcd. hut the cities and towns 10
e south Of this Commonwealth are
30 seriously affected and practically
OF them have. through their cham
Prs of commerce, objected 70 the new
riffs.
Irhc Richmond. Norfolk and Peters
| re Chambers OF Commerce will prob
Fly nlc formal complaint in the
lar future. against tho carriers, at
Fixing the fairness Of tho new rates
|,ich arc now in effect. All OF this
III, however, REQUIRE some lime
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-01-01
Charles B. Richardson,

General Agent for Virginia,
Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Co..
4O5-6-7 Mutm Assurance Societu
Building, Richmond
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-01-01
bODMAN OUTLINES
POSITION OE OMpIAINAN TS

w ncn asked as TO the nnNt move To
made. t.. =. Goodman gave out the
lowing statements:
THE traffic manager OF the Richmond
amber OF Commerce has Just re-
we'd telegram from attorneys rem
sentinE the Commonwealth OF Vir-
MIA and also tho chamber. that the
Les from various points OF origin,
E:lEastcrn port cities and interior
lnts, points on tho Ohio and Missis-
bpf Rivers and north thereof cast
the Mississippi River, against which
e Commonwealth OF Virginia and the
cmhers of Commerce Of Richmond,
rfoik and Petersburg filed protest.
king for their suspension. so that
carriers might he required to
stify the advanced rates to num-
r OF the points. will no, he sus-
ndcd, tho commission having de-
ned TO act favorably upon the pcti-
ms of various professionals in the ter
cries named.
1T Will be necessary, therefore, for
d wealth of Virginia and the
rec chambers of commerce named to
formal complaint against the
triers, attacking the rcasouablcncss
justice OF the rates and. under such
Enal proceedings, the carriers Will
required. under the law. 10 bear the
den OF proof as to the proprictv
the rates made. In tho meantime.
,pers at the various points Of origin
have TO pay the rates demanded
the carriers. Whether in such n
Icedurc PREPARATION will he allowed
the commission is at the present
nc matter OF uncertainty: but this
ase OF the situation will be carefully
nsidercd. and shippers will he ac-
FdinEly advised.
AS soon as possible, 7 will give out
statement somewhat in detail, re-
ding tho reductions to intermediate
ITS and advances to terminal COM
&c points mentioned in his inter
kearing in the newspapers pub
December IS, 1915
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-01-01

n
"u% snrp and
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-01-01

80 S.eat rejoicing among the
men in this c': when Traffic
Goodman. or the Chamber OF
9, WHO received tho first In
of tho successful termination
Eht wnGcd for the las, year
ed the news TO the Offices in
nd Shoclioc SLIP.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-01-01
|CC0 DEALERS WIN
RE|CHT RATE DECISION
J Generally Fail to Secure
lspensiOn Of New Com
modify Rates.
EFFECT AT MIDNIGHT
Tariffs Claimed to Work Hard
on Richmond by Increasing
kcs From Here Out Of Proper
to Increases From Baltimore.

1iacturcrS and dealers in tobacco
lay scored an important victory
iecision rendered by the Inter
commerce Commission, by which
oplication OF large numhcr OF
DIS for a change in rates on to-
shipments was rejected.
victory was won after Il stubborn
lasting more than - Year. The
IN the interest OF the tobacco
as waScd by the 'roba eco AsSOci-
|of the United States. of which
Tell NJ. Darlington, OF Richmond.
resident. The association placed
canpaign in tho hands Of the fol-
ing committee Of representative to.
co men: Tdzcwcll NJ. Darlington
William 7. Reed, Richmond: NJ. l..
=: patrick, Cincinnati; ~ T.. Spilman.
intinEton. ". Va. T. j D'Ericn.
uisviilc. w. l.. ictt". .Xington. *.
During the long hearing and extend
argument in which some OF the most
lc lawyers of America participated.
csidcnt Darlington and T.. H. WA
ms. OF Richmond. twice appeared
fore the commission in Washington.
uring as star witnesses for the to-
Interests
- -.eht rejoicing among the
= Il
The Lynden tribune. [volume] (Lynden, Wash.) 1908-current, 1916-11-02

NO. $3.50.
IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
THE STATE OF WASHING
TON, IN AND FOR THE
COUNTY OF WHAT
COM
IN THE MATTER OF THE GUARD
IANSHIP OF JOSIAH SCOTT,
INSANE.
NOTICE is hereby given that the
undersigned has been appointed
Guardian of the person and estate
of Josiah Scott, Insane, all know
ing themselves to be indebted to,
or having claims against said estate
are hereby requested to remit to-,
or file their respective claims at
the office of Chas. b. Sampley, at
torney for said estate at rooms 345-
4e First National Bank Building.
Bellingham. Washington, that being
the place for the transaction of the
business of said Ward.
SARAH SCOTT,
GUARDIAN
CHAS. B. SAMPLEY,
Attorney for said guardian.
First publication Oct. 10, lslt
Last publication, Nov. 3. 1915.
The Lynden tribune. [volume] (Lynden, Wash.) 1908-current, 1916-11-02

Total amount of taxes paid
since date of certificate of
delinouency s31.65
All of said amounts bearing in
terest at the rate o. fifteen per cent
per annum from the date of pay
nent of said respective amounts;
and you are further notified thai
plaintiff will apply to the superior
Court of the State of Washington
, in and for said County, for ludg'
ment foreclosing plaintiffs liel
against the properly hereinbefore
mentioned: and you are hereby SUI NJ
moned to appear within sixty days
after the service of this summons
upon you, exclusive of the day OF
service, if served personally, ana
defend this action or pay the
amount due, and if served by pub
LEGATION, then to appear within sixty
days from and after the date OF The
first publication of this notice ana
summons, exclusive of the day OF
said first publication, to-wit, within
sixty DAYS from and after the l2th
day of October, 1916, ana defeha
this action or pay the amount due
together with costs; and in case OF
your failure to do so judgment Will
be rendered foreclosing the lien tof
said certificate of delinquency
taxes, penalty, interest and costs
against the lands and premises
hereinbefore mentioned.
A copy of the complaint or apph-
cation for judgment in the above
entitled case will be filed with the
clerk of the above entitled court.
Any pleading or process may DC
served upon the undersigned at the
address hereafter mentioned.
w. P. BROWN,
Plaintiffs Attorney
P. o. Address, Bellingham, wash
ington.
D. L. STEFFE,
Plaintiff.
p o. Address, Lynden, Whatcon
County, Washington,
The Lynden tribune. [volume] (Lynden, Wash.) 1908-current, 1916-11-02
NORTHWOOD

Mrs. A. N. Stallard went TO BEL
bingham Friday to be the guest of
her daughter. Mrs. A. Stoddard,
for a few days.
Preaching services were conduct
ed at the hall Sunday evening by
Rev. Gilbert of Nooksack
Prof. Warrick and the School
Clerk of Greenwood District were
Northwood visitors Tuesday.
Effie Turner was an over-Sunday
visitor at Clearbrook.
Chas. Schelin and family took six
O'Clock dinner with C. c. Singers
Friday.
A bicycle belonging to Harold
Wampler was stolen from the school
ground Tuesday. The fellow that
committed the theft displayed un-
usual boldness considering the fact
that there were so many teams on
the road.
Frances Bloom came up from The
Normal and spent Sunday with her
parents.
Bellingham visitors were Chas.
Sehelin, Mrs. F. NJ. Bloom, Harry
Hamlin and Mrs. Geo. Rothfus.
The Willing Workers were enter
tanned by Mrs. D. Buckley Wednes-
day afternoon. All present enjoy
ed the meeting.
The Lynden tribune. [volume] (Lynden, Wash.) 1908-current, 1916-11-02
SUMMONS AND NOTICE IN FORE
CLOSURE OF TAX LIEN
IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
II AND FOR COUNTY
OF WHATCOM.
D. L. Steffe, Plaintiff

VS..
L. l. ingalls,, an insane person !:
and - ingalls,, his wife
guardian for L. L. ingalls,, an In
sane person; Whatcom County: City
of LINDEN, and all persons un-
known, if any, having or elaimine
to have an interest in and to the
real properly hereinafter described,
Defendants.
The State of Washington to l.. L
ingalls,, an insane person; and
--- ingalls,, his wife; guard
ian for L. L. ingalls,, an insane per-
son; Whatcom County: City of Lyn-
den, and all persons unknown, it
any, having or claiming to have an
interest in and TO the real property
Hereinafter described:
You and each of you are hereb,
notified that the plaintiff above
named is TIE holder of certificate
of delinquency numbered 1866 is
sued on the 18th day of July, 1910,
by the treasurer of Whatcom Coun
ty. State of Washington, for the
amount of sS.7S, the same being
the amount then due and delinquent
for taxes for the year 1907 ant
1908, together with penalty, inter
est and costs thereon, upon rea
property assessed to you and o.
which you are the owner or reputeo
owner, situated in said county, and
particularly bounded and described
as follows, to-wit: Lot in Block
7, according to the Supplemental,
and corrected plat of LINDEN, and
upon which plaintiff has paid taxes
for prior or subsequent years
assessed against said property as
follows.
The Lynden tribune. [volume] (Lynden, Wash.) 1908-current, 1916-11-02

FOR COVERING CHICKEN HOUS-
ES, putting under carpets, pack
ing. ETC.. we have big bundles Of
heavy wrapping paper for sac at
five cents a bundle. THE TRIB-
tJNE.
The Lynden tribune. [volume] (Lynden, Wash.) 1908-current, 1916-11-02

NOTICE OF APPOINTMENT OF
GUARDIAN.
The Lynden tribune. [volume] (Lynden, Wash.) 1908-current, 1916-11-02

Bellingham visitors were Chas.
Schelin, Mrs. F. NJ. Bloom, Harry
Hamlin and Mrs. Geo. Rothfus.
The Hays free press. [volume] (Hays, Kan.) 1908-1924, 1916-11-04

the Civil war. The policy OF the Demo
cratic Administration is not 50 much
watchful as fearful waiting 1t is
fiabby, timid. prOcrastinating always
undecided.
So anything may happen TO the ma
ton, any disaster, any disgrace. Mr..
Hughes is right: we don't know
''in what particular sort of mess we
shall find things in March next The
country is helpless to prevent blunders
and imbecilities which may involve
it in an unwelcome war or tarnish
its honor; but the people can see to
it that an American President with
character and stamina as well as with
brains is in the White House on March
4 to pilot the country through the
rapids, and the people can give him
a Republican Congress to provide the
/ legislation he asks for to carry out
his policies. The people can be in no
doubt that the Cabinet Charles Evans
Hughes selects Will contain only able
and efficient men, the best the coun-
try affordS.-New York Sun.
The Hays free press. [volume] (Hays, Kan.) 1908-1924, 1916-11-04
THE COUNTRY MUST INSURE
ITSELF AGAINST INcAPAcITY.

In his vigorous speech at Philadel-
phia on Monday night Mr.. Hughes
made an observation that should keep
his countrymen thinking soberly every
day until election morning, the sew
enth of November.
1--WE cannot say now in what par
ticular sort of mess we shall find,
things in March next"
Here is room for disquieting specu-
lation. The Government is in feeble
hands. 1t is never prepared to act.
In emergencies 1t does not know what
to do. or how to begin. 1t is the sport
of circumstances. 1t waits for some
thing to turn up with guilty feeling
OF incapacity TO deal with untoward
events Mr.. Wilson, inconstant and
vaciliating hipself aud unable to learn
froin experience. can obtain neither
inspiration nor support from his Cabi-
net. which is the weakest that any
President has called together since
The Hays free press. [volume] (Hays, Kan.) 1908-1924, 1916-11-04
SherffFs ProcIamation.

SherifFS Proclamation
1, a. o. Robinson, Sheriff of Ellis
County, Kansas, hereby give public no.
tice that General election viii be held
on Tuesday, November 7. 1916.
In each of the election precincts OF
said county, at which election the fol-
lowing officers viii be chosen:
Ten Presidential Electors.
One Justice Of the Supreme Court,
No. L
One Justice of the Supreme Court,
No. ?.
One Governor.
One Lieutenant Governor.
One Secretary of State.
One State Auditor
One State Treasurer.
One Attorney General.
One Superintendent Public Instruc-
ton.
One Superintendent of Insurance.
One State Printer.
One Congressman, 9th District.
One State Senator, seth District.
One Representative, seth District.
One County Clerk
One Treasurer.
One Register of Deeds.
One County Attorney.
One Probate Judge
One Sheriff.
One Coroner.
One County Superintendent of Public
instruction.
One County Surveyor.
One Clerk OF the District Court.
One County Commissioner of the End
District.
One County Commissioner of the 3rd
District
Two Justices of the Peace in each
Township.
Two Constables in each Township.
One Township Trustee IN each Town
ship.
One Township Clerk in each Town
ship.
One Township Treasurer in each
Township.
Said polls viii be open from 8 O'Clock
a. m, until p N. Election will be
held at the following places in each of
the several election precints.
Big Creek, Court House.
City of Bays-First ward, c. W.
Miller's Office. Second ward, City Hall
Third ward, G. a. r. Hall.
Ellis-South, Keagy building.
Ellis-North, G. A. R. Hall.
Buckeye, Hopewell School house.
! E. Saline, Kruger school house.
/ W. Saline, Stone School house.
Catherine, Public School building.
Freedom, Public School building.
Hamilton, E Wiles' School house.
Hamilton, w, Lind School house.
Herzog, Public School building.
Lookout, N, Public School building
AntoainO.
Lookout, s, Public School building
Schoenchen.
Pleasant Hill, s.. Pleasant Hill schoo
house.
Pleasant Hill, N, Public Schoo
building, Yocemento.
Smoky Hill, Good Hope school house
Victoria, Public School building.
Walker, Public school building.
Wkeatland, Public School building.
A. o. Robinson,
Sheriff Of Ellis County
The Hays free press. [volume] (Hays, Kan.) 1908-1924, 1916-11-04

If you kill or capture a wild duck
bearing aluminium hand around one
leg, having number on enc side, and
on the other a statement requesting
that the United States department Of
agriculture, or the Biological survey
be notified, you are requested to send
this band at once to the bureau of bio
logical survey, department OF agricul-
ture, Washington, D. C. This band If
accompanied by q statement as to date,
place and circumstances under which
the bird was taken, viii be Of service
to the survey IN its efforts TO determine
the longevity of individual ducks and
the routes of migration of the species
The bands are being attached to con-
siderable numbers of the wild. ducks of
several species which have been cured
of the duck sickness prevalent around
Great Salt Lake, Utah, and there re-
+ leased. The department is particularly
anxious to determine their complete re-
covery from the malady which has
killed hundreds of thousands of ducks
in Utah.-Oakley Graphic.
The Hays free press. [volume] (Hays, Kan.) 1908-1924, 1916-11-04
The Best Of tI,a Bsrrain

You get bargain when YOU get The
Youth 5 Companion for 1917 for 81 90
81 issues crowded from cover TO
cover with the reading You most enjoy
But you get the best Of the bargain If
you subscribe the minute you read this,
for then YOU viii get free every number
Of The Youths Companion issued be-
tween the time YOU subscribe and New
Years If you send your - 90 at once
that means lot Of reading for which
you won't have 70 pay a cent. And
then the long, glorious 81 weeks OF
Companion reading to come after Let
US send you the Forecast for 1917. which
tells ali about what Is In store for Con-
panion readers In 1917.
By special arrangement new subscrib-
ers for The Youths Companion can
have also McCall'S Magazine for 1917
both publications for 81 To-
Our two-at-One-priee offer includes:
/ The Youths CompaniSn-52 issues
of 1917.
2 Al the remaining issues of 1916.
3 The Companion Home Calendar for
1917.
4. McCan's Megazine-l2 fashion num-
bOrs of 1917
s. One 15-cent Mccall dress pattern
your choice from your first number
of the magazine-if YOU send q =
cent stamp with your selection
THE YOUTHS COMPANION.
st. Paul ST., Boston Mass.