Norwich bulletin., 1916-12-28
THE WAR PRIMER By National Geographic Society

Aivali-"If the reports of refugees
 arriving in the city of Mytilene, on
 the Aegean island of Lesbos, are
 worthy of credence the Greek citizens
 of the fourishing Asia Minor seaport
 of Aivali are undergoing unhappy ex-
 periences closely akin to those visit
 ed upon their forebears just 95 years
 ago." says war geography bulletin
 of the National Geographic Society.
 'It was in 1921 that Greeks and
 Turks clashed in AivaIi with the ne
 suit that many of the former were
 nassacred while others were sold in
 to slavery. Now, according to cable
 despatches which have reached Amer
 ica via Athens, 800 prominent Aival-
 ians have been deported into the in-
 terior after being subjected to the
 toughest treatment
 At the beginning of the present
 war Aivali, with its propserous pop
 ulation of 10000, largely Greek, was
 one of the most thriving cities of the
 Levant, enjoying an extensive fish
 ing trade with Constantinople and Smyrna, and exporting quantities of
 olive oil, grain and wood. The town
 is on the northeast shore of the Strait of Mytilene, and it's harbor is pro-
 tected from the prevailing winds of this region by the Moshonisi Islands,
 beyond which lies the Bay of And
 ramyti, with Mt Ida of historic note at it's head.
 .Aivali, whose Greek name is Ky donia, is built on the site of the an- cient town of Heraclea, but of far more interest than the latter city is once noted metropolis 25 miles to the southeast-the splendid Pergamus or Pergamum of the third century be- fore the Christian era.
 PergamuS (the modern Bergama) occupied a magnificent eminence overlooking the fertile valley of the Caicus River, and was 15 miles from the sea. Its great acropo1is was crowned with many buildings-tem- pies, palaces and theaters. Here ex- of the great Altar of Zeus with its wonderful relief sculpture telling a running story of the struggle of the gods with the gians. This relief has been restored and taken to Berlin where it is prized as one of the great est archaeological treasures of the German capital
 "Pergamus, whose modern success sor is a town about the same size as Aivali, owes it's first impulse to great ness to Lysimachus, one of Alexander the Greats generals who stored in
 the strong fort then existing on the aCropolis, @ part of his imense treas ure. He placed trusted but un- trustworthy subject in charge of it This was Philetaerus of Tium who seized favorable opportunity to re- bel against his master and before the latter could put down the revolt he was beset by other enemies and lost his life on the plains of Corus, where his body was guarded for many days by his faithful dog-a familiar story of canine fidelity.
 "Philetaerus managed to keep on good terms with his more powerful neighbors and his tiny principality grew appreciably during his 20 years reign. He was succeeded by his nephew Eumenes in 263 B. C.. and he | in turn hy Attalus I, who, after de- feating the Gauls in an important battle assumed the title of king. The newly styled monarch now attached himself to Rome as a staunch friend and admirer and Pergamus' great day was at hand. Art 1ourished and the commerce of the kingdom was extensive.
 '"The last king of Pergamus, At talus III, reigned only five years, and l by his vii he gave his throne to Rome {133 B. O That power an- nexed the kingdom as province, but for more than two hundred years the capital was one of the three great cities of the region the other tive being Ephesus and Smyrna. During all this time the citizens were as loy- 1 al to the Roman cause as had been ] their soverefgns."