davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Elko independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1915-current, 1916-01-17
RESTORATION To,ENTRV OF
LANDS m NATIONAL FOREST
Lists 1855. -1S74.-1S83
(436tal


Notice II hereby given that tn
lands described below. embracing
1856 acres, within the Humboldt Ma.
tional Forest, Nevada, win be sub
ject to settlement and entry under the
provisions OF the homestead laws OF
the United States and the act o. June
IL. 1906 GA Stat, 233), at the United
States land office at Elko, Nevada, on
March 4, 1916. Amy settler who was
actually and in good faith claiming
any of said lands for agricultural pur
poses prior to January !, 1906, and has
not abandoned same, has a preference
right to make homestead entry for
the lands actually occupied. Said
lands were listed upon the applications
of the persons mentioned below, who
have a preference right subject to the
prior right OF any such settler. pro
vided such settler or applicant is quail
fed to make homestead entry and the
preference right is exercised prior Ia
March 4, 1915, on which date the lands
will be subject to settlement and en-
try by any qualified person. The lands
Ell SWA, Sec. 26, T. As NJ, R. 55 E..
NJ. d. M, 16O acres, application of Lee
Churchill, Gold Creek, Nevada; List
1859. A tract of 11.31 acres, within
what will probably be when surveyed
Secs. 4 and S, T. AZ N, R. 81 E., de
scribed as follows: Beginning at Cor
ner No. 1, whence Corner No. 5 Of H
E. S. No. log bears s. IL deg E., 1886
chs; extending thence N. 1913 chs.
thence e. 67.50 chs; thence s. 16.4(
chs; thence s. SO deg. 80 min. W., Al
chs; thence N. 81 deg. W., chs;
thence w. II chs, to the place OF be
ginning, application OF H. w. Ham
mond, 129 South LIST West St., Sal
Lake City, Utah; List 4-1874.
A tract Of 97.55 acres, within wha
will probably be when surveyed Secs
1929 and 80, T. 46 N, R. 81 E., de
scribed as follows: Beginning at Cor
ner No. 1, whence the S. c. quarter
corner on 9th Standard Parallel soutl
line of Sec. 81, T. AZ N, r. 81 E., bear
S. 81 deg. 10 min. W., $3.50 chs; ex
tending thence N. 40 deg 80 min. E.
65 chs; thence S. 38 deg. As min. E.
1850 chs; thence S. % deg. W., ell;
chs; thence S. &c deg. 80 min. W., Al
chs; thence N. rs deg. W., 1888 chs
to the place of beginning, application
of Paul H. Winstead, Gold Creek, Ne
vada; List 1883.
December II, 1915, c. NJ. BRUCE
Assistant Commissioner of the GeneI
al Land Office.
First publication December 20, Secon,
publication January S. Third publics
ton January IL, Last publication jar
uary 10. +.
Elko independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1915-current, 1916-01-17

nered almost simultaneously with the
utterance OF Senator Lewis true and
patriotic words. Germany. through
Ambassador Won Bernstorff. agrees to
the payment of indemnity for the lives
lost on the Lusitanla ana gives assur
ance that non-combatants henceforth
will be immune from German attack
on any passenger vessel on the high
seas.
President Wilson's policy spared us
war with Germany and brings a peace
full settlement, If Germany's future &C
lions square with her words. OF a con
troversy that threatened to plunge
German-American citizens into the sad
plight Senator Lewis so feelingly de
scribed. In the light of the facts, who
Is the best friend Of the Germans ir
America. President Wilson or the ma
licious slanderers who have striven t.
stir up racial feeling.
Elko independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1915-current, 1916-01-17
NOTICE OF FORFEITURE

NOTICE OF FORFEITURE
To ALBERT L. BRUSH and H. F.
BERRY:
You and each of you are hereby no
titled that the undersigned Pedro
Orbe, co-owner with you in the Bull
Dog No. IL, Bull Dog No. q, Legal
Tender Fraction, and "Dobe" (placer)
mining claims, in the Lynn Mining
District County of Eureka, State Of
Nevada, did expend during the year
1915, in labor, improvements and 9th.
er development work required by law
upon said mining claims the sum of
Four Hundred Dollars, as will appear
by proof of labor heretofore fled in
the office Of the County Recorder of
said Eureka County.
And you are hereby further notified
that If at the expiration OF ninety days
after the last publication of this notice
you shall have failed OF, refused to con-
tribute your portion of the amount
required by law to be expended upon
said claims as aforesaid, and actual
~ expended thereupon as aforesaid
your interests in such claims will be.
come forfeit to the undersigned, ano
will become the absolute property Of
the undersigned, under the provisions
of Section 1924 of the Revised Statu
ties of the United States.
PEDRO ORBE.
Date of LIST publication Jan. 4, 1916.
Date of last publication April 4, 1916
Elko independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1915-current, 1916-01-17

Mount Diabio. Meridian. has nlsd no
tice Of intention TO maze anal three
year Proof. to establish claim to the
land above described. before the
Register and Receiver Of this office,
on the 10th day Of February 1916.
Claimant names as witnesses:
Cleon R. Fuller. Of Elko, Nevada
Ralph R. Knapp OF Lamoille. Nevada.
Eulogio Gabiola OF Elko. Nevada.
Jacob J. Gergen OF Elko. Nevada
JOHN e. ROBBINS.
Register.
First publication Jenuary 10, 1916.
Elko independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1915-current, 1916-01-17
NOTICE EoR PusLIeArIon
Elko 0821
Carson O7225

Elko O821
Carson O7225
Additional Elko 02070
Department Of the Interior
U. 8. Land Office at Elko, Nevada
December IA, 1915
NOTICE Is hereby given that Fred
S. Peterson, Of Deeth, Elko County
Nevada, who, on August 8, 1912, made
Homestead application, Carson City
07225, now Elko No. 0S21, for SWA
Sec. "a. T. SO N. R. SO E., and Add.
tional application Elko O207O for sen
of Section "a, Township SO North,
Range So East, Mt. Diablo Base &
Meridian. made June z, 1915, has filed
notice Of intention to make Final
three year Proof, to establish claim to
the land above described, before the
Register and Receiver of the U. s.
Land Office. at Elko, Nevada, on the
26th day Of January, 1916.
Claimant lanes as witnesses:
Joseph Jeaney, Of Deeth, Nevada.
Joseph Johnson, of Deeth, Nevada.
Wilson J. Forbes, of Deeth, Nevada.
Arthur st. Clair, of Deeth, Nevada.
JOHN E. ROBBINS,
Register.
First publication Dec. Is, 1915.
Elko independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1915-current, 1916-01-17
NOTICE TO CREDITORS

In The District Court Of the Fourth
Judicial District Of the state Of No.
vads, In and For the County Of Eiko.
In tho Matter Of the Estate OF
CHARLES j, NELSON. Deceased.
Notice is hereby given that on the
18th day Of December. 1916, the I'm.
dersisned, p. A. Nelson, was by an
order duly made and entered in the
above entitled Coart, appointed admin.
istrator Of the estate Of Charles J.
Nelson, deceased. and having duly
qualified az such, Letters OF Admins.
tration OF said Estate were issued "a
him OH the 18th day Of December
1915.
Notice IL further given TO the oredi
tors Of, and 70 all persons having
Elko independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1915-current, 1916-01-17
ADJUDICATION NO. azs4.

Notice Of Application for Permission
to Appropriate the Public Waters Of
the state Of Nevada.
Notice Is hereby given that on the
22nd day of December. 1915, In &C
cordance with Section SO, Chapter 14O
OF the Statutes OF 1913. one Oscar Nil
Ter OF Tuscarora, Count yof Elko, and
State OF Nevads, made application Il
the State Engineer of Nevada for per
mission TO appropriate the public wat
era Of the State OF Nevada. Such ap
preparation Is to be made from Mia
CARA Creek or spring, sometimes
known as Shannon Spring, at point
In the NEh OF the NBk OF Sec. II, II
40 N. r. 81 r., NJ. d, 3. & NJ. b.
Elko independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1915-current, 1916-01-17
MINERAL subway NO. 4,az

Notice Of the Application Of w. p.
Anderson, by G. J. Nelson, His A.
torney In Fact, for United States
Patent.
U. 3. Land Office, Elko, Nevada
April 20. 1915
Notice Is hereby given, that In pur-
suance Of Chapter Six OF Title Thirty.
two, of the Revised Statutes OF the
United States, w. p. Anderson, Of Gin.
cinnati, Ohio by O, J. Nelson, mis- at
torney in fact, whose postoftlce 10
Jarbidge, Elko County, Nevada, has
made application for n patent for
10000 linear feet on the Usona Lode,
bearing gold and silver, the same DO.
Ing $4,000 linear feet In southefly al.
reotion, and $4,000 linear feet IN q
northerly direction from the location
monument thereof, together with the
surface ground 10000 feet In width
thereon, situate In Centennial Mining
District, County OF Elko, State OF
Nevada, and described by tho OF,
ecial plat posted herewith, and BY
the field notes Of survey Of said lode
now on file in the offico Of the Regis,
Elko independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1915-current, 1916-01-17
WILSON ON
SECOND TERMS.

A letter which President Wilson as
governor of New Jersey wrote to A..
Mitchell Palmer on February 5, 1913,
and which is now made public for the
first time, gives his views, hitherto
unstated, on the question of his 1916
candidacy.
That he would run again If the peo-
pie wished it; that he was opposed
to restricting to one term the presi-
dental tenure of office. and that he
would resort to nothing but the
opinion Of the public in deciding his
fate this year, are the salient features
Of the letter.
The most striking paragraphs fol.
low:
THE question is simply this: Shall
law is concerned, to seek a second
term Of four years, or shall they be
limited by constitutional amendment
to a single term of four years, or 10
a single term extended to six years?
II can approach the question from
a perfectly impersonal point of view
because shall more cheerfully abidf
by the judgment of my party and the
public as to whether l shall be a can
.didate for the presidency again II
1916. l absolutely pledge myself Il
resort to nothing but public opinion
to decide the question.
1.-The president ought to be absolute
ly deprived of every means of decidin.
it. He can be. shall use to the ut
most every proper influence within
my reach to see that he Is before tn
term to which I am elected is out
That side Of the matter need disturb
no one.
And yet If he is deprived of ever!
means OF deciding the question, wha
becomes Of the argument for a consti
tutional limitation to single terms?
1.-THE argument is not that 1t Il
clearly known now just how long eacl
president should remain in office
Four years Is too long term for
president who not the true spokesman
OF the people, who is imposed upol
and does not lead. 1t is too short
term for a president who is doing o
attempting a great work of reform
and who has not had time to finish 1;
ITO change the term to six year
would be to increase the likelihood O
its being too long, without any assul
ance that 1t would, in happy cases, b
long enough. A fixed constitutions
limitation to a single term of office
highly arbitrary and unsatisfactory
from every point of view"
Elko independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1915-current, 1916-01-17
NOTICE FOR PUBLICATION
Blko Land Office
02411

Elko Land Office
02411
December 21st, 1915
Notice is hereby given that PAUL
GUIDICI, of Elko. County of Elko
State Of Nevada, has filed in this of
fee his application to enter-select-lo
cate under the provision of Section
1905 Revised Statutes of the United
States, the following described land
viz:
NEA of sen Ser. SO N. II. 81 e
M. D. B. & N.
Any and all persons claiming ad
versely the lands described, or desir
ing to object because of the minera
character Of the land, or for any othel
reason to the disposal to applicant
should file their affidavits of protest IL
this Office, on or before the 26th day o
January, 1915. T-rs
JOHN z. ROBBINS,
o.. Register.
First publication, Dec. 81, 1915.
Last publication Jan. 20. 1916.
Elko independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1915-current, 1916-01-17

means o "a dam. and one cubic foot
per second Is to be conveyed to the
Sh of M Of Sec II. T. 40 N R. So
E.. u. d. B. & NJ. BY means OF ditch.
and there used for irrigation and do
nestle purposes from July LIST to Au.
gust 18th OF each year.
Water not to be returned to stream.
w. n. KEARNEY,
State Engineer.
Date Of first publication. January
IL. 1916.
Date OF last publication, February
II, 1916.
Elko independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1915-current, 1916-01-17
NOTICE OF FORFEITURE

TO II. Coulyhurst end J. Shafer:
You, and each Of you, are hereby
notified that !. the undersigned, and
your co-owner, have expended one hun
dred dollars In labor and improve
ments (S100) on each Of the follow.
ing described lode mining claims, viz:
Florence, Florence May, Ida and Shat.
er, for each Of the years 1912, 1913 and
1914, twelve hundred dollars In all,
said claims being situated In the
Ferber mining district, Elko county,
Nevada, to hold said mining claims
under the provisions Of section 1894 OF
the Revised Statutes OF the United
States, and the amendments thereto,
and the laws Of the State Of Nevada,
concerning annual labor to be done on
mining claims:
That there 10 now due from each OF
you the sum Of $500, your part Of the
said expenditure to hold said claims
during said years;
And you are hereby notified that II
within Linoty days after the service Of
this notice upon you by publication
you and each of you fall, refuse OF ne.
slect to pay to the undersigned your
proportion Of said expenditure, your
interest in said claims will become
the property Of the undersigned, your
co-owner in accordance with the law
in such cases made and provided.
Dated at Ruth, Nevada, this 9Th day
OF August, 1915.
H. d. TAYLOR.
First publication October 10, 1915.
Last publication January 10. 1915.
Elko independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1915-current, 1916-01-17
WILSON AND
THE GERMANS.

Senator James Hamilton Lewis, of
Illinois. deserves the thanks of Ger
man-American citizens for correcting
the slanderous falsehood, circulated by
interests having distinctly un-Ameri.
can interests to serve, that President
Wilson is "anti.German" in his views
and official acts.
IL ask Of the Germans OF America
justice for President Wilson," said
Senator Lewis. IL demand that they
reflect that II was President Wilson
who has saved Germany and pre-
served the American Germans from
the saddest plight that could have be.
fallen them. ask the Germans to re.
call that had Wilson yielded TO the
hot.headed element Of America and
been caught up in the world spasm for
war, the American German would to-
day have been killing his brothers In
the fatherland, while his wife and
children in America would have been
hungry and dying and his property and
business In the United States destroy
ed. Then his native land, locked in u
conflict with the allies on one side
and America on the other, would have
been ut the mercy OF Britain"
Senator Lewis has given utterance
to 4 truth that every German citizen
OF America who calmly and passion
lessly considers the facts must ack
nowledge. And now the fruits Of that
policy which held back the dogs OF
war when the populsce, frenzied by
the horror OF the death OF innocent
women aud children on the Lusitania
clamored for their unleashing, Ia gar
Elko independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1915-current, 1916-01-17
APPLICATION NO. a725


Notice Of Application for Permission
to Appropriate the Public Waters of
the State of Nevada. ...L
Notice is hereby given that on the
9Th day of December. 1915. in accord
ance with Section So, Chapter 14O, of
the Statutes Of 1913, one Jacob Con-
rad of Lamoille, County of Elko. and
State of Nevada made application to
the State Engineer of Nevada for per
mission to appropriate the public wat
ers of the State of Nevada, Such
appropriation is to be made from Con-
rad Creek, or East Fork of Talbot
Creek, q tributary Of Lamoille Creek.
at point in the SWh of NWA of
Sec. 26, T. 33 N. R. So E., NJ. D. B. &
NJ, by means of the Conrad ditch and
one cubic foot per second is to be
conveyed to the NWA Of NWA of Sec.
%, T. 33 N. r. So E., NJ. D. B. 6 NJ.
by means of the Conrad ditch and
there used for irrigation purposes
from May 18th until August 30th OF
each year. Water not to be returned
to stream.
w. NJ. KEARNEY,
State Engineer
Date first publication Dec. 16, 1915.
Date Of last publication Jan. II, 191t
Elko independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1915-current, 1916-01-17
CERTIFICATE OF
CO.reRTNERSHIP

CV.HaRTNERSHIP
State of Nevada, County of Elko, IS.
We, the undersigned, do hereby GER
tify that we are partners transacting
business in this state, at the city and
county of Elko, under the fictitious or
business firm name and style of
CLUTCHES CAFE"
That the names in full of all the
members Of such co-partnership are A.
c. JACOBS, and FRANK STAPLES,
and that the place of our respective
residences are set forth under our re-
spective names hereto subscribed.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF we have
hereunto set our hands this 9th day
of January, 1916.
A. C. JACOBS,
Residing at Elko,
Elko County, New.
FRAN STAPLES
Residing at Elko,
Elko County, New.
4 oSoNC Va ANSNduaJ NOuuty VI ClhOy %.
On this 9Th day Of January, 1916.
before me. HAROLD P. HALE, No,
tary Public in and for the city and
county of Elko, State of Nevada, per.
sonally appeared A. C. Jacobs and
Frank Staples, known to me to be the
persons whose names are subscribed
to the within instrument, and they du.
ly acknowledged to me that they ex
ecuted the same.
In witness whereof l have hereun
to set my hand and affixed my Of
ficial seal the day and year in this
certificate first above written.
HAROLD P. HALE,
| (SEAL) Notary Public
First publication January 7, 1916.
Elko independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1915-current, 1916-01-17
WARMING

Hunting, Fishing and Shooting is
strictly prohibited on ell of our ranch.
es. on Mary's River and both the Sew.
enty-One Ranches. Trespassers will
be prosecuted according to law.
Nevada LAM & Livestock
Company.
Elko independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1915-current, 1916-01-17
NOTICE FOR PUBLICATION
02410
Elko Land Office

Elko Land Ohice
December 21st, 1916
Notice Is hereby given that PAUL
GUIDICI, Of Elko, County of Elko.
State OF Nevada, has fled In this OF.
fee his application 10 enterselect-lo.
cate under the provision Of Section
2306 Revised Statutes of the United
States, the following described land,
viz:
SOUTHEAST quarter OF the South
West quarter Of Section Two, Town.
ship 80 NJ, r. 81 E., NJ. d. B. & NJ.
Any and ell persons claiming adj
versely the lands described, or deslr.
ing to object because Of the mineral
character Of tho land, or for any other
reason, to the disposal to applicant
should file their affldavits Of protest in
this office, on or before the 26th day OF
January, 1916.
JOHN e. ROBBINS,
Register.
First publication, Dec. 81, 1915.
Last publication Jan. "a, 1916.
Elko independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1915-current, 1916-01-17
THESE PRICES ARE NET

Ten Cents Per Inch Per Issue for
cuts where no composition is required.
Fifteen Cents per inch for first In
ssruon, and 10 cents per inch each
,ubseQuent insertion for set matter
Readers Five Cents Per Line; mini
mum charge 20 Cents.
First Page Advertising so Cents Pei
Inch Per Issue.
Classified Advertising, Five Lines
30 Cents Per Week; additinal lines
Ten Cents per line per week.
Legal Advertising at legal rates.
Size Of Paper: 4 pages, z columns
I3-m columns, length Of columns
21h inches, width OF page, excluding
margins, 15h inches.
Elko independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1915-current, 1916-01-17
RATE CARD
Elko independent

Elko, Nevada
(Puhlished Daily Sundays Exeepted)
The Largest Sworn Circulation In
Eastern Nevada
Population Of Elko County, richest In
Nevada. $4,000.
Population Of Elko, $500.
Assessed Valuation Of Elko County,
$4,000. QUO.
Cash Valuation OF County, $4,000, 900
Per Capita Wealth, $500.
Can you beat lit
Elko independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1915-current, 1916-01-17
NOTICE FOR PUBLICATION.
ENlLn nQnA

NOTICE FOR PUBLICATION.
Elko 0804
Carson City 07168
Department Of the Interior
Jan. 8, 1916. ...
U. s. Land Office at Elko, Nevada
NOTICE is hereby given that
Arthur j. Dubois, OF Elko, Nevada,
who, on July IL, 1912, made Carson
City homestead application O716S, now
Elko. No. 0S04, for the wa NEh
EWh SEA and SEA NwA of Sec IA,
Township SO North, Range Sc East
Elko independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1915-current, 1916-01-17
APPLICATION FOR
GRAZING PERMITS

NOTICE is hereby given that all
applications for permits to Craze cat
tie. horses and sheep within the
RUBY NATIONAL FOREST during
the season Of 1916, must be filed in
my office at Deeth, Nevada, on or be-
fore February 20, 1916. Full infor-
nation in regard to the grazing fees
to be charged and blank forms to be
used in making applications will be
furnished upon request. ]. NJ. Ryan,
Supervisor. 516-j13
Elko independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1915-current, 1916-01-17
APPLICATION NO. a72a

APPLICATION NO. 3T2a
Notice Of Application for Permission
To Appropriate the Public Waters
Of the State Of Nevada.
Notice is hereby given that on the
7th day of December, 1915, in accord
ance with Section So, Chapter 140, of
the Statutes of 1913, one Alfred Street,
of Carlin, County OF Elko, and State of
Nevada made applicati ton to the State
Engineer of Nevada for permission to
appropriate the public waters of the
State of Nevada. Such appropriation
Is to be made from Dry Susie Creek
and Dry Susie Springs, at a point in
the NWA of SEA Of Sec. 4, T. SO N.
r. SO E., M. d. D. G. NJ, by means Of
a dam and " of one cubic feet per
second is to be conveyed to the NWA
Of SEA-, NEA Of SWA and S1s of
SWh of Sec. 4, r. SO N. R. So E., NJ.
D. B. & NJ, by means Of bitches and
there used for irrigation and domestic
purposes, from April until October of
each year. Water not to be returned
to stream.
W. NJ. KEARNEY,
State Engineer.
Date Of FIRST publication Dec. 81, 1915
Last publication January 81, 1915.
Elko independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1915-current, 1916-01-17
p A. NELSON.

Administrator OF the Estate Of
Charles j. Nelson. Deceased.
Otto T. Williams, Attorney for Ad.
ministrator.
Date of nrst publication Dec. IA. 1915
Elko independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1915-current, 1916-01-17

claims against. ID. sst.te irs required
to Ale the same. with the proper
vouchers and statutory affidayits at
tached. with the Clerk OF the Court.
within three months after the date OF
the nrst publication Of this notice.
Dated the 18th day Of December.
1915.
Elko independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1915-current, 1916-01-17

First publication, Dec. 81, 1915.
Last publication Jan. "a, 1915.
Elko independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1915-current, 1916-01-17

First publication, Dec. 81, 1915.
Last publication Jan. 20. 1916.
Elko independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1915-current, 1916-01-17
w. M. KEARNEY

State Engineer
Date first publication Dec. 16, 1915.
Date Of last publication Jan. II, 1917
Elko independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1915-current, 1916-01-17

DIdtt EIBIHB6T,
Date of FIRST publication Dec. 81, 1915
Last publication January 81, 1915.
Elko independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1915-current, 1916-01-17

First publication Dec. Is, 10
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-01-09
Toes ON THE IARE As sLRPLLS

eled ware or metal, and strong enough
to withstand the ordinary bumps of the
everyday kitchen. 1t is cylindrical or
conical in shape, with the diameter
larger at the bottom than at the top.
A liquid graduate measure is another
necessity, and the most satisfactory are
clear cut, straight and long enough to
enable a quick, accurate reading.
The best dry measures are construct
ed of well vanished wood or metal.
The wooden ones of the best type have
around the top a band of metal. Re-
ceptacles such as demijohns, pals and
jugs are rarely perfectly reliable. In
fact, as a means of measuring 1T is
advisable to discard them.
The bureau believes that all dry COM
modities ordered by weight will give
better cumulative results than those
ordered by dry measure. The former
method of measuring is employed en-
tirely throughout the west, and the
EASTERN states are adopting it.
The so-called 'bottomless measures"
with such a small diameter that stack
ing is the rule, have been prevalent
throughout the east. The government