davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Americus times-recorder. [volume] (Americus, Ga.) 1891-current, 1916-09-01
announcements

(NOTICE-The charge for an
nouncements for Congress; Solic-
tor-General, Senator and Repre-
sentative, is $40. This includes
publication in the Daily Times
Recorder and Weekly Times-Re-
corder, two entirely different pub
licationsJ
Americus times-recorder. [volume] (Americus, Ga.) 1891-current, 1916-09-01
CAPTAIN COBB RETURNS
FROM BOIL WEEVIL MEET

Captain John A. Cobb, president OF
the Georgia Agricultural society and a
member of the state board of entomol-
ogy, returned today from Columbus
where he attended a meeting on the
subject. He states that it was largely
attended by many interested farmers.
Americus times-recorder. [volume] (Americus, Ga.) 1891-current, 1916-09-01
EARLY DISCOURAGED.

Mother-"No, Betty darling, I can't
button your boots for you. Now you
have a little sister you must learn to
do things for yourself" Betty-"Shall
always have to do fings for myself"
Mother-"Yes, darling" Betty Then
| don't fink shall like life. Punch.
Americus times-recorder. [volume] (Americus, Ga.) 1891-current, 1916-09-01
COTTON MARKET
AMERICUS, GA.
Sept. /, 1916.

The Americas spot cotton market
was quoted today at the local ware
houses.
Americus times-recorder. [volume] (Americus, Ga.) 1891-current, 1916-09-01

/ hereby announce my candidacy for
Representative from Sumter county,
subject to the rules of the Democratic
primary, to be held September 18th,
1916. STEPHEN PACE.
Americus times-recorder. [volume] (Americus, Ga.) 1891-current, 1916-09-01
For Representative.

The friends of Mr.. Ed Zimmerman
announce his candidacy for Represent
alive, subject to the Democratic pri-
mary on September 18th.
Norwich bulletin., 1916-12-23

creased use of the automobilef The answer is obvious-a steadily increas- ing demand for gasoline. But what is the effect of this increased demand for gasoline? Av attempt on the part of refiners to make up for the decline of the Soline-rich crude oil in the coantry's largest. source of supply-by distilling grade of gasoline which contains more of the heavy oils than formerly.
 Hence the automobilists' complaint
 And now the point is reached where this variable quality-gasoline-w first seems one thing and then turns out to be another, must be standard ized. so that a basis may be provided for the consumer to know what he is getting when he spends his money.
 pr. S. w. Stratton. the director of the bureau of standards. has appointed committee, composed of the heads of the bureaus laboratories. to determine if standardization be possible. Can gasoline be defined, he asks. If so, he expirimenta&work is about to begin, with what fSsults the future will dis close.
 The problem is not an easy one to handle. WGasoline. being a distilled product, is not regulated offhand. It is indeed a question whether a stand ard range can be established. Where to draw the line marked gasoline. and where to begin the line marked kero- sene or any of the other oils which the crude material gives up in the distilla- LlOu process, must De settled by care full experimentation.
 +*
 The trade name, gasoline, covers a group of mixed oils; the scientific name, gasoline, must apply to an oil with precise qualities. In establishing this scientific status the bureau of standards will test samples of different grades of gasoline in the laboratory for their chemical composition, density, flash point or boiling point, and in en- zines for actual service condition. Aft CT these scientific tests the quality of gasoline will not be vague character istic; it will be a definite determine ton, and upon it the final standardiza- ton will be based.
 How to make effective this standard once it is established, will be the next step. Secretary Redfe1d has this mat ter under consideration.
 The Retail Merchants Association of Washington, D. C., which began this campaign for purity in gasoline, has stirred up an important matter. The facts concerning this most desirable fuel oil are coming before the public in greater quantity than ever before.
 The bureau of mines has done a vast amount of research in regard to the petroleum industry which will be of the utmost importance in any govern ment action sto be undertaken on the subject.
 MT. Manning. in an address before
Norwich bulletin., 1916-12-23

estimated in billions of barrels The survey reports that shades of no great and distilled in Scotland.
 It has also been suggested that ben- zol might be used as a substitute for gasoline, in case the price of the latter product reaches prohibitive heights. Scientists have reason to believe that Germany is now using benZol exclu- sively for her motors. Indeed, auto mobile owners of Europe have used it generally for some time.
 .*.
 Benzol is a by-product recovered in the manufacture of coke, and the United Stateas in 1915 produced about 100000 gallons of it. At present it is consumed in this country in the manu- facture of explosives, dyes and chemi- calls, and it is not thought that it will be converted into a fuel for automo- bile engines, as the American car is not adjusted properly for it's consumption. Furthermore. it sells for 20 cents a gallon; price which almost equals that of gasoline at the present time.
 The bureau of mines has compiled vast amount of information on this subject, which will be invaluable to the bureau Of standards in it's latest at- tempt at standardization of gasoline. The information is also at the disposal of the general public. The bureau will
 
 the general supply committee of the government, which MT Manning says will be of interest to all users of gaso- line. The bureau also will soon pulp fish the results of its recent investiga- tlon bearing on the quality of gaso- line sold in the open market.
 MT. Manning emphasizes that the bu- reau, in all of it's efforts to cooperate in the movement for a standardized gasoline, wishes to keep before the public the fact that no specifications should be drawn up which would ex- clude certain materials now being used satisfactorily in the Installation for this would restrict the supply and automatically increase the price. Also, it is desirable that as much of the crude supply of the country should be utilized as is possible.
 MT. w. A. Williams, chief gasoline technologist of the government, says that the United States has been using the choice portion of her great oil sup ply and practically selling the rest, which constitutees a greater percent age, for a mere pittance to get it out of the way.
 'It is like eating the choice meat of fowl and throwing the remainder away" says MT. Williams. Such ex- travagance in regard to our oil supply should be remedied."
 Thirty years is a very short timeI
Norwich bulletin., 1916-12-23

CHARLES R. VAN HIsE. zines to drive them; but all nations have learned that the German engin- eers have solved the problem.
 Germany needs copper for cartridge cases, big and little; it is known that she has stripped the roofs of houses, palaces and cathedra1s to obtain the metal. to her now more precious than all the gold which has found it's way from the coffers of Europe to the melt ing pots of the United States assay offices.
 How the German industrial scientists have done 1t no one here knows, but somehow they have found a way of eking out the limited amount of cop per that the country has. German machine guns have not remained silent The enormous orders recently given by the allies to the United States copper companies show how great that metal Is in demand by bel1igerents.
 When the end of the war comes what?
 Another contest will be on-one fin which, since the prize will be money, the United States will be contestant. It will be for commercial supremacy; the best prepared country will have the biggest chance, and all nations that have not learned the one lesson of preparedness will fail.
Norwich bulletin., 1916-12-23

of its industrial resources to sustain her military power.
 It is not yet fully known to how great an extent this has been accomplished through the coordination of the ef- forts of her scientists-the men who investigated and experimented in the great industrial laboratories until they showed to producers of their nation the best way to turn out their products
 Cut off by blockade from the mar kets of the world, the Teutons have made the most of their own natu- ral resources; and their scientists, whom other nations-the United States among thAIn-in their ignorance have treated to5erantly, if not with con- tempt, have devised ways to meet the demands of the trying times. The man ufacture of powder and explosives for this war requires nitrates in almost un- limited quantities, and in its small area of farming lands Germany must have nitrates for the intensive farming dou- bly, necessary now to produce food for her armies and her people.
 k
 While the United States has been sending great part of the coal con- sumed in steel making up in smoke, Germany has by the adoption of by product ovens been conserving all the gases and utilizing them for heating
Norwich bulletin., 1916-12-23
A GASOLINE DIsrILLING PLANT.

merly utilized for that purpose into gasoline.
 Last year there was produced by 900 900 barrels of gasoline. This year it is estimated that there will be pro- duced more than 5.000,000 barrels of gasoline by cracking processes. This is all the more striking when it is con- sidered that these 5,000,o00 barrels will be made from oils which in the past did not enter into the making of gasoline, present production of crude oil to sup ply the future requirements of the automobile.
 For automobile engineers have fore seen the difficulty that the old-fash- toned engines would have with these heavier fuels and have improved their engines and carburetors; and the re- liners, taking advantage of the work of the automobile engineers, have gone ahead with their plans for increasing the use of the heavier oils in gasoline.
 Recently" MT. Manning continued, lowing to the remarkable development of the casing head gasoline industry that Is, obtaining gasoline from nat ural gas-there has been obtained product called blended gasoline. The casing head gasoline as derived from natural gas is too volatile to be used directly. It is therefore mixed with | oil just little lighter than kerosene but heavier than gasoline. It Is an inn portant addition to our fuel oil re- sources. the production amounting to approximately per cent of the total production of gasoline this year."
 The addition of these three methods explains the low grade of the fuel which dealers are now supplying and also explains some of the difficulties which people are having with their au- tomobile engines and carburetors.
 Looking to the future, scientists have been busy trying to devise plans for perpetuating the supply of gasoline. As MT. Manning has said, the supply bids fair to last out only thirty years more. Between now and time thirty years distant, many ways will proba- bly, be devised for producing new fuel supplies. Already the bureau has it's eyes fixed upon the oil shades in Colo rado and Utah as a substitute source for a certain amount of gasoline.
 Field investigations of these oi1-pro- 2ucing sha1es are being carried on at present by the geological survey to find out their exact distribution, rich ness and quantity. The bureau of mines is at work testing methods for the utilization of the rock. The result of the investigation so far shows that these shale areas do constitute a la tent petroleum supply, the gasoline content of which can be conservatively
Norwich bulletin., 1916-12-23

the association on October. 4, stated the content of these researches briefly
 According to the geological survey" he said, "our future supply of petro- leum is only sufficient to last us from twenty-seven to thirty years at the present rate of consumption. This does not take into consideration any in In order to supply the fuel for future automobiles it will be necessary ito make better use of our crude oil pro- auction in the future than we have in the past.
 'In discussing the various problems involved we must bear in mind that while the demand is steadily increas-
Norwich bulletin., 1916-12-23

vocate of fxation plant for nitrogen. Prof. John M. Coulter of Princeton is a the University of Chicago is eminent as botanist. Gano Dunn is the head of a great civil engineering. firm. pr. simon Flexner, pathologist, bac- more lives for humanity than have been lost in the b1oodiest battle of Flu rope. Dr. William H. Holmes, anthro- is at the head of the National Museum. Dr. W. W. Keen of Philadelphia is one Of the foremost surgeons of the coun- he is the president of the American Philosophical Society.
 Prof. A. A. Nicholson of the Univer- sity of Chicago is one of the leading A. Milliken of the same university is the well known experimental physicist. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Moves. Harvard sends Prof. D. c. Pick ering, the astronomer, and Prof. Theo- dore W. Richards, the chemist: Colum- bia, Prof. .;I Michael Pupin; the physicist, st. director of the laboratory of the Vest inghouse company. Dr. c. R. Van Hise, the geologist, is president of the Uni Vaughan, student of bacteriology and physiological chemistry, comes from Ann Arbor. Dr. William R. Welch. president of the Johns Hopkins Medi-
 
 of Science, is one of the world authori- ties on pathology, and pr. W. R. Whit ney, a chemist. is the head of the lab oratory of the general school.
 
 Gen. Gorgas, surgeon general. U. g. A. brings the corporation of the entire medical service of the army. Gen. Crozier will have the aid of the metal lurgists; Col. Squier is a specialist in radio-telegraphy, and is at the head of the army aeroplane service. Admiral Taylor, chief naval constructor, is one of the first mathematicians, and prob ably the foremost authority on ship designing and the effect of wave mo- tions. The director of the bureau of mines, MT. Van H. Manning; chief of the weather bureau; Charles F. Mar win, director of the bureau of stand. ards, and Dr. Charles D. Wa1cott, geolo- gist, secretary of the Smithsonian In- stitution, complete the list.
 This organization, so benedcent in its conception, was created because these men saw a sad condition. They knew that this country has been so prodigal of it's natural resources and unscientific in their development, that 8 reform had to come. They saw that Germany may be going down, but not without impressing upon the civilized world the splendor of the mobilization
Norwich bulletin., 1916-12-23

ing the production of crude oil, which is the raw source of gasoline, is re- maining approximately stationary, if it has not been declining in the past year.
 "A year ago gaso1ene was selling at II cents a gallon and was a drug on the market, due to the tremendous pro- duction of crude produced by the Cush- ing field in Oklahoma. This produc- tion, however, has declined from over 300,000 barrels of crude oil per day to less than 6o;oeo barrels per day. The Cushing crude contains from 25 to 30 per cent gasoline"
 The Cushing field, to which MT. Man ming referred, has been the greatest
Norwich bulletin., 1916-12-23

source of oil in the United States. It is
 situated in Oklahoma, in what is known ttospetroleum technologfsts as the great rnid-continent field. It is said that at | least $500 separate wells have been
 drilled in the Cushing field alone. | DWell1ng for moment on statistics, United States furnishes 66 per cent of I the worlds supply of gasoline and that
 its crude oil contains the highest gaso-
 me line content: Mexico supplies per 1 countries contribute the largest portion
 of foreign oils, but in both cases the ] gasoline content is low.
 | Besides the mid-continent field, the | United States has nine other major fields. These are designated as the Ap-
 palaehian, Lima-Indiana: Illinois, north l Colorado-Wyoming-C California fields. In 1915, when the latest figures were compiled, these fields produced PSI, ,o0o, I 900 barrels of crude oil out of the 425,- | 100000 barrels produced by the entire | world. How to get the greatest amount
 of gasoline from this supply is the 1 demand by introducing three new eIe- | ments into the manufacture of gasoline. These are the increased use of crack | ing stills; the increase of the lend point in regular distillation, and the | increased development of so-called methods incorporate more heavier oils
 in the product than formerly.
  I * *
 | The process of the disti1lation of gas- oline has number of technical points, which need explanation if the layman | is to understand the subject. MT. Man ming undertook this work of explana- tion in his recent address.
 "The end point is a term used in dis 1 tillation of gasoline" he said, fand | Is usually considered to be the tenn peratur at which 95 per cent of the gasoline will distil1 off if distilled in proper flask at the proper rate. The end point is important because it is a measure of the readiness of the gaso- l line to vaporize, which is necessary and desirable information to have in selecting suitable fuel for gasoline en-
 zines.
 "The refiners have increased the end point of the gasoline of today, and by the use of heavier oils for gasoline have been able to increase the per l centage of gasoline obtainab1e from given amount of crude oil
 "Refners are cooperating along an other line to the same end, namely, to | increase the amount of gasoline and at l the same time to keep the price down | to a reasonable basis, by means of | cracking kerosenes and heavier oils, l thereby converting a certain proportion
 of the crude oil which was not for
Norwich bulletin., 1916-12-23

and lighting and for the manufacture of coa1-tar products, dyes. benzol and nitrates enough for the war supply, even though the whole production was used for powder, leaving no nitrates for the land; that is why her 1915 crops were so light.
 The alarming situation was put up to her industrial scientists, and they were ordered to find nitrates or a sub stitute. They knew there was plenty of nitrogen in the atmosphere-"free as air. and these practical German students of the laboratory found way of extracting 1t.
 Fixation plants were erected under their direction, and successfully oper- ated. That is why the German crops of 1916 are plentiful, and why the am munition makers have all the nitrates they need.
 Benzol is necessary in making high explosives such as nitro taluol and it's variants. Through the use of by abundance as the allies have learned to their cost on many battlefeids.
 Motor trucks have played their part in this the greatest conflict the world has known. Whence has Germany ob tained her supply of gasoline? None can come from its colonies; none can eome com iron % this & country ToW vh the sRniv Rns from Galician fields; and still the mo-
 While the exact method by which of ga gasoline iJeHot positively known, @ benzo1 is what they are using.
 Thus we have the Illuminating con trast. Germany taking nitrates out of the air. America letting benzol waste itself in the atmosphere, when the price of gasoline is going up and the supply of oil-producing gasoline is going down.
 Y
 But automobiles are not run upon gasoline alone; they must have tires, which in this country and the lands of the allies are made of rubber. Ger many has no means of procuring the raw article from abroad or at home Where do they get their supplies? The Deutschland did not carry very many tons: and many tons are used up in a day. q
 The belief among we'll informed men in this country Is that among the many surprises in the scientific world, to be made known when the war is over, will be the story of synthetic rubber. Ne cessity may be the mother of inven- ton. but the German chemist-engin- eers have proved themselves to be ex- cellent foster mothers.
 The United States wants S00-ton sub- marines: but it cannot get them be- cause American builders do not know how to make heavy oi1-burning en-
Norwich bulletin., 1916-12-23

operation and support of educational institutions; (5) cooperation with re- search foundations; {6) encouragement in cooperating laboratories of re- search. designed to strengthen the na- tional defense and to make the coun- try independent of foreign sources of supply in event of war.
 These men are not mere theorists and their plans are not dreams. They are the philosophers. If one pleases so to call them, who not by magic, but by reason and thought attain the big things of history and nature which people must learn before the United States will be an efficient nation
 They are men of the class which made possible the marvellous prepara- ton of Germany for a war which 1t may lose, and for commercial and i'm dustrta1 successes unequaled by any country which has not learned from the men who labor and think in CO., operation for the common good.
 Prof. George F. Hale, the chairman, IS one of the foremost astronomers of the world and is the director of the Mount Wilson observatory, California pr. John J. Carty, chief engineer for the American Telephone Company, found the phantom wire, designed the trans continental telephone lines, and is now girdling the world with wireless tele- phone systems.
 Dr. l.. H. Baekeland, born in Belgium, chemist of high attainment, Is an ad-
Norwich bulletin., 1916-12-23

Can Gasoline Be De- fined?-Two Bureaus of the Government Are Trying for a Standardi- zation of Gasoline-The Problem.
Norwich bulletin., 1916-12-23


 organizations.
 This suggestion met the approval of President Wilson, who last June re- quested the following men, with titles involving an extended alphabet in cap itals. to act upon the committee: George B. Hale. John J. Carty, L. H. Baeke- |, land, Michael l. Pupin, Edward C.. Conklin, John M. Coulter, Gano Dunn, Simon Flexner, W. W. Keen, A. A, Nicholson. Robert A. Mi1liken, Arthur A. Moves. B. c. Pickering, T. W. Rich ards, c. B. Skinner, c. R. Van Hise. M victor or 2. xaughan. William c: welch Admiral D. W. Taylor, Gen. William Grozier, Surgeon General Gorgas, pr. ": HI. Holmes, Van H.. Manning, Q: squier. s. w stratton and Dr, Charles D. Walcott, from the govern ment offices.
 This brings into cooperation for sci- entifc purposes representatives of the great centers of scientific investigation or the country; but it is their effort, acting through committees and sub committees, to bring all persons and organizations into a union of action for American efficiency.
 These busy men are taking this big burden without pay or other compensa-
 
 satisfaction which comes from service well rendered to one's country.
 < *
 At the organization meeting Dr. Hale, the astronomer, was chosen chairman, and subsequently, five com mittees were appointed. One can read fly appreciate the benefit to the coun- try at large in having committees headed by such men as prof. A. A. Moves. pr. Simon F1exner and Prof. M. T. Bogart to deal with such live sub- Jeots as the nitric acid supply, pre- ventive medicine and synthetic and or ganio chemistry, but 1t does not stop even at that, for those committees (theorists, do you call them?) will act in cooperation with the committee of physicians and surgeons, with the American Chemical Company and simi- lar bodies.
 The organizing committee has recom- mended CD the preparation of a na- tional inventory for research; CD sug- gestion of certain important research problems for solution; (3) the promo tion of close cooperation; (4) CO.,