davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-01-16

600, 900. The Scandinavian countries
also have been accommodating gold. and
their geogra phic position has been OF
advantage to them in doing Il, since
they have had the beneht or a very
profita BILE commerce with both SEES OF
belligerents
i; x
The United States is the most fortu-
nate of all the neutral countries. 1t
holds something more than one-fourth
of the $4,000, OO0,0 900 which constitutes
the worlds stock of money gold. The
production from it's own mines last
year was nearly s1Oo.O0O.00 At the
beginning of the present year the coin
in circulation and the bullion and coin
in the Treasury vaults were approx
mately s., 26O,000.000. The gold import
ed during the year 1915 amounted ap-
proximately to s436, 100000. while the
exports were only about s27,00o.0oo.
leaving net surplus of s409.000.Oo0
in addition to the previous stock.
1t is remarked that S2SO,O00.0O0 OF the
gold imported came through the port
of New York. or through Canada Inc
bulk of this was to the credit OF the
allies for purchases of munitions ana
supplies Some of ii was transported
in the treasure trains from HalifaN, but
in the latter month of the year most OF
it came direct to New York, as in the
case of the Baltic, which brought $780,
900. 900.
England and France are not anxious
to deplete their gold stock by sending
the coin or bullion to the United states.
and the war credit of SJoo.oOo,ooo was
one means of stopping this depletion.
But so long as the purchases OF mum
tions and supplies are made on the
present scale the United states VIII
continue to draw gold from Europe. 1t
is well understood that American bank
ers and financiers generally are not
anxious for this British and french
gold in large quantities. They fear the
effect of gold imitation in the United
States. But this is something that they
cannot themselves control. Unless the
American investing public is ready to
absorb Anglo-French war credit loans
of the allies more readily than has been
demonstrated. purchases of munitions
and supplies beyond a certain amount
will have to be paid for in gold, or else
the purchases will be reduced This is
one OF the incidents of the strife for
gold by the countries which are en-
gagged in the world war.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-01-16

shrine is a symbol representing the
sun.
Mystery enshrouds the age of the
Sun Temple. 1t Is possible to sur1nise
its age, though there is no positive
way of fixing the exact date of its erec-
ton.
There are things about this ruin
which go to indicate that it was never
completed--in fact, that it was aban-
doned before completion. Judging
from the quantity of fallen stone about
the walls. DR.. Fewkes holds that the
temples walls were some six feet
above their present level.
On top of the highest wall in the an
mex fiourished juniper or red cedar
more than $50 years old. Some time
after the desertion of the Sun Temple
this lone tree took root and as the
walls gradually crumbled away the
roots of the tree found a way into the
debris and grew.
1t is thought reasonably probable
that this ancient tree began to sprout
about the time Coronado first entered
Mexico. close upon the heels of the
year 1910. No small interval of time
elapsed between the beginning of the
temple and the formation of the mound
which made its grave and gave nour-
ishment to the tree. After obtaining
all the data possible, subsequent cal
culations by DIR. Fewkes and others re-
suited in making a conservative esti-
mate on the antiquity OF the temple
The conclusion reached was that the
year 1900 A. D. was approximately the
time the temple was in the process of
construction.
Most of the theories advanced. e1-
planning the purpose Of this singular
structure. have been discarded. That
II was prison. a fort, an old Span
ish mission, a habitation, n theater,
are suggestions that carry no weight
and merit no serious consideration. All
evidence points to its being a temple.
the strongest argument lying in it's
unity Of construction.
1t Is not at all likely that one clan
built structure 30 imposing and so
extensive. Its builders must have been
members of several clans, who were
working toward a common end. This
would lead one to assume that these
people had reached a higher stage of
development and civilization, sociolog-
ically. than that usually ascribed to
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-01-16

odd feet long The width of the ruin
is sixty-four feet. The walls are dou-
BILE. four feet thick. and the entire
building includes thousand feet of
walls. The curved walls surpass the
others IS rule in durability and fine
ness of workmanship.
There are twenty-four rooms in the
temple. fourteen of which are in the
original building. The majority of the
rooms are rectangular in shape. the
others circular. The general opinion is
that the circular rooms were kivas. or
sacred rooms Within the walls some
of the entrances are lateral, and ac-
cess to other parts of the temple can
be gained only by way of the roof. 1t
is curious to note that not a single
room in the annex, or smaller section
of the temple. has lateral doorway.
There are no indications OF plaster
ing about the temple. but each joint
between the stones is chinked with
stones and pointed with adobe. In the
clay mortar there are countless i'm
pressions of small hands, doubtless the
hands of the women who were the
workers.
Adjacent to the main building stands
a smaller circular structure with walls
OF the same thickness as those of Sun
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-01-16
Gold as Strategy of the Great European War

and some financial experts in the
the German gold reserve figures, but
they do not seem able to get away
from the main fact that the gold is
there. just as given in the weekly
statement of the Reichsbank.
Lately 1T has been reported that the
paternal state socialism of Germany, in
the form of moral pressure. has been
necessary in order to keep the stream
of. gold flowing into the imperial treas
ury. 1t is now seeking the gold that
German depositors may have in their
safety deposit vaults. The Reichsbank.
1t has been reported by way of Am
sterdam. has threatened to cancel safe
renting arrangements unless the renter
signs an agreement not to deposit gold
in his box. II he cannot put it in his
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-01-16

$1,000, 900 900 to $1,000, 100000 gold re-
sources in the United Kingdom.
England's great advantage in the
strife for gold is what might be called
avail itself of substantially all the
worlds production. temporarily at
least English financial authorities
have estimated that the British posses
sions alone produce between SO and 90
per cent Of the worlds gold. This in
cludes India and Australia, but the
bulk of the production is in South
Africa, which accounts for $190.000.000.
When the Emden and other German
warshipS were ralding the seas this
South African gold was not shipped to
London. and it is not understood that
shipments are normal even now, yet,
whether the stock is in South Africa or
in London. it may fairly be considered
an available gold resource of the Brit
ish empire. Before the war Germany
was a heavy purchaser in the London
market of this South African gold.
Some of 1t was left on deposit in Lon
don. but the bulk was transferred to
the German banks.
England in the past has drawn gold
from Mexico and South America. where
many of the mines are owned and OPP
Grated by British subjects. Mexico. of
ent conditions, but England can still
draw from the South American mines.
However. she has not been getting
much directly from that source, espe-
cially as Argentina and some of the
other South American countries want
gold themselves. and shipments are oc-
casionally made to them in settlement
of trade balances Yet England is still
selling goods all over the world, ex-
cept in the central European war area.
and Is receiving remunerative returns
from most of her foreign investments.
In the economic sense, this sort of in
come is as good as gold. While Eng
lands military commanders are una BILE
to win battles. her financiers are able
to utilize not only her gold stock. but
much of the gold of other countries as
A part of the war strategy.
France is the home of high finance.
Her national fnarces are never mud
died. and her fnanciers, both in the
government and out of it. are noted for
their clear heads. Her financial policy
in war as in peace is consistent one,
with definite aim in view.
France began accommodating gold i'm
mediately after the Balkan wars and,
with other countries, drew largely on
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-01-16

approximately $500 900. 900. The de-
termining factor in the compromise
under which many now believe the war
will be ended may be the amount of
different belligerent countries and the
ability to utilize it as military arm.
The war chapter in international
financing began with the early moves
of the belligerent governments, acting
through their great central banks, to
mobilize gold. An earlier chapter was
the systematic efforts to accumulate
the precious metal after the Balkan
wars. This may have been because of
the expectation of the world war. Many
prophets who look backward now see
clearly that this was the case.
A more likely reason was the eco
nomic drain caused by those wars, and
the conviction of leading financiers in
the different European countries that
they must strengthen themselves
against future economic contingencies
The result was the same. When the
world war cloud burst in blood ell the
principal countries had been engaged
in accommodating gold. They were.
therefore. prepared to mobilize their
gold resources much as the general
STATS Of the army were mobiliZing
troops.
On the outbreak of hostilties it was
estimated that the central financial in
situations of the five leading bellig-
erents. which were in effect govern
ment banks, had in their vaults more
than $4,000. 100000 in gold. Some esti-
mates have been that the total amount
reached $4,000. 100000, or one-third of
the worlds gold stock at that time.
The ability to retain control of this
gold stock, and at the same time keep
it mobile. has been one of the great
moves In the strategy of the war. as
great as the strategy of the military
campaigns.
Withdrawal of the balances in what
became enemy countries caused some
shifting of the gold stock in the few
weeks preceding the war. when the
nature Of the ultimatum which Aus
trfa proposed to deliver TO Serbia was
understood in the different European
foreign Offices. The ffnanciers were
less hopeful of peace than were the
statesmen who were supposed to be
guiding the destiny of several of the
European countries. Some of the with
drawals. however. merely amounted to
shifting of balances from one coun-
try to another friendly country.
England's gold reserve at the begin
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-01-16

ming of the war on a superficial show
ing seemed to be, relatively. rather
small. The Bank of England August
l, 1914. had s1so.0oO.ooo in gold. BY
December, 1915. it had increased its
gold stock to s393.oOO,oOo. The Bank
of England. however. does not hold ex-
actly the same position as the great
central banks of the other countries.
the policy of whose governments is to
accumulate the gold stock in a single
institution.
Other financial institutions than the
Bank of England at the end of 1915
were estimated to hold $550.0o0,000.
gold. and the public somewhere be-
tween $350,000,000 and S360.000.0O0.
This is the basis of the estimate of
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-01-16

Continued from Third Page.)
washing of the dishes. Piled in small
wire baskets, the dishes are lowered
into vat or tub of scalding, soapy
water. The water is kept constantly in
motion and constantly in a soapy con-
dition by a lever which is worked
back and forth automatically. After
undergoing this treatment until clean
the baskets are taken out and thor
oughly rinsed in clean hot water. They
are then dried by hot air, not being
touched with cloth.
In this way no dirty looking streaks
are left on the dishes, there is moth
other and the cost of towels is elimin-
ated. The matter of cleanliness is one
which is constantly before the man
ayers of eating houses. A spot of dirt
or soap on a plate is likely to mean
the loss of a patron. No matter how
tain the best food for it's patrons.
nothing is gained If the dishes are
left with the least sign of uncleanii-
ness or showing careless treatment.
But the problem of cleanliness is not
the only one faced by managers OF eat
ing houses. AS previously stated; great
care. must be exercised in the selection
of food and in the amounts purchased
and cooked. A third problem is to keep
foods warm continuously and yet not
to have them become overlooked.
Then there is still another problem
which one may easily overlook. 1t
is the elimination of unnecessary
noises. The sounds from the kitchen
which creep into the dining room are
distasteful to patrons and also have a
tendency to make for confusion. If
acoustic qualities are bad orders as
given by the Mattresses to the cooks
are likely to become intermixed and
misinterpreted. Silence is impossible.
but the least amount of noise is the
ideal which the modern manager keeps
constantly before him. The work of
solving the problems goes on continu-
ously, changes being made constantly.
Daily Washington'a eating houses
prepare a small mountain of food,
with small lakes of coffee. tea, milk
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-01-16

more or less involved form. Apparently
up to this time the entente powers have
a larger percentage of gold stock
against their paper pyramids than have
the central powers. but there is no tell
ing when the needs of Russia and
Italy may change the proportion.
Neutral countries. as well as the bel
ligerents, have been accomplishing gold
stock as means of self-defense, and
this must be considered in the chapter
of war finances and the financial tnhu-
ences which may end the war.
Holland. exposed on all sides. early
began to accumulate gold. At the out
break of hostilities the Bank of the
Netherlands had gold stock amounting
to $45.000,000. In the first year of the
war this had been increased by $780,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-01-16
THE PARIS BoURsE AND EXCHANGE.

safety deposit vault the only other
place for it will be the Imperial bank-
The German people, like the French
have shown willingness to part with
their tewelry as a war emergency. just
as they are ready to give up their mouse.
hold utensils which contain copper. IL
these should be needed for war NUM-
lions.
Since Germany's overseas commerce is
entirely shut off, she loses the income
from the sale of goods abroad. and in
that respect has no reserve gold resource
such as have the allies. She also has her
income from foreign investments reduce 20
more largely than that of the allies. AS
an Offset, since Germany is unable to buy
munitions abroad, she is not under the
necessity of making gold payments. or
payments equivalent to gold me Ger,
man war loans fioated in the United
States and elsewhere have been so trifiing
as to be negligible when it comes to TAX
ing money out Of the country in order TO
meet interest payments and redemption
funds.
Austria Hungary's gold stock may be
considered as German war resources. At
the outbreak of the war the Austro-
Hungarian Bank had about S300.000,0 900
of gold stock. Since then it has not
been made known just what the situation
is, but there have been no marked ac-
foundations.
In general sense it is not unlikely that
at the present time the entente powers
have gold resources approximately of
more than $4,000 900, and the central
powers of $1,000. 100000. Germany now
has to finance Bulgaria and Turkey. but
relatively this is less drain on her than
the financing of Russia and Italy is on
the allies.
1t is largely a question of guesswork
how far the superior military resources
of the central powers are going to be
balanced by the superior gold reserves
of the allies. Fluctuations in exchange
are not the real measure of the proba-
bilities
Some groundwork may be found in
the analysis of the relation of note is
sues to actual gold reserve, but the cir
cumstances surrounding note issues,
certificates. treasury bills and the like
are SO obscure that 1t is difficult to find
any trustworthy basis. All the bel
ligerents. including conservative Eng
land, are putting out paper issues in
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-01-16

the cliff jewellers. DR.. Fewkes con-
tends that there is but one interest
which could so deeply unite primitive
clans, and that mutual interest would
be religion. Roof entrances and the
complete absence of external doors i'm
ply an absolute and resolute secrecy
and mysterious rites which were di-
vulged only to the initiated.
The Sun Temple more closely re-
sembles ruins in New Mexico than
those in its Immediate neighborhood.
This has led some authorities to con-
clude that the Sun Temple was built
by an alien tribe of cliff jewellers. To
DR.. Fewkes this theory seemed unten-
able, for the simple reason that If
such were the case the question of
their habitation would present itself
with obvious difficulties. Where would
the builders have lived while working
on the temple? And it is not probable
that aliens would work there without
molestation. Whoever the workmen
were. they probably came to their
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-01-16

Portland cement was smeared over all,
and into the cement was set a series
of stepping stones. These are for the
use of visitors who wish to walk along
the top of Sun Temple.
An automobile road was made around
Sun Temple last summer upon DR..
Fewkes request, and many cars made
their own road from the main road to
the one constructed under the super
vision of DIR. Fewkes.
To quote DIR. Fewkes: THE Mesa
Verde is unique in its educational i'm
portance. 1t is destined ultimately to
be mecca for all students of the pre-
history of the southwest and an object
lesson to all visitors who wish to see
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-01-16
BY CHARLES M. PEPPER.

nm HE strife for gold now marks
the economic stage of the war. 1t
was foreseen by the leading
q financial minds of all the bel
ligerents. and was perceived somewhat
more dimly by responsible officials OF
the various governments. Gold reserves
were the first fortifcations thrown up
both by the entente and by the CEN
trail powers. They may prove to be
the last line of battle for all of them
The world stock of money gold is
estimated at 1900. 900, 900 and upward.
and the annual production of gold at
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-01-16

the best preserved buildings of pre-
Columbian times in our country. 1t is
self-evident that the excavation and
repair of all the ruins in this park
cannot be accomplished in few years.
even were it desirable to attempt It:
the work means many years of arduous
devotion intelligently directed, and a
to open up these precious remains OF
antiquity carefully following def
mite plan, availing ourselves of meth
DDS acquired by experience.
Or. Fewkes hopes to continue his
work on Mesa Verde next year. and
believes that it may result in discov-
cries still more remarka BILE.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-01-16

ton to the stock of mobile gold for
carrying on the war may be made by
melting up jewelry into bullion. Watch-
cases, gold rings and the like nave oeen
freely offered. Paris dispatches not
long ago reported that the French mint
was ready to give receipts for jewelry
and to hold the stock thus accumulated
in reserve, but did not consider that a
present necessity existed for turning IL
into bullion.
France, like England, is also receiv-
ing some returns from her foreign IN
yestments, and has been able to main
tain part of her foreign commerce, so
that she has national income from the
sale of goods, and this gives her liauid
assets which are equivalent to gold.
Russia, after the Balkan wars, be-
gan to increase her gold reserve, so
that when the war broke out the I'M
perial Bank had sS36,ooo,0oo gold stock.
A year later the amount was about the
same. Since then there has been some
decrease The withdrawal of balances
by Russia was not confined. however,
to enemy countries like Germany. She
had also made Withdrawals from
France and England.
Russia has no means of increasing
her gold reserve through outside
sources, since she has few foreign in
vestments and her sales of goods
abroad are not large. Slight addition
to her gold supply may be obtained
from her Siberian mines. but it is not
likely to be enough to affect the gen
eral financial situation. The Russian
people have given up freely of their
gold hoardings, but these hoardings in
the aggregate are not large. because
the Russian peasants have had little
opportunity to save gold.
Germany has had definite financial
policy, just as it has had a definite
military policy. 1t has continued to
accumulate gold in the Reichsbank; or
Imperial Bank. The first week in jan
nary the gold reserve of the Reichs-
bank was 455.ooo.0oO marks, equiva-
lent to 1888, 000.0 900. August l. 1914, the
gold reserve was about s325,OOOo0O ,
The German people have responded
freely to the invitation to exchange
their gold savings for paper certifi-
Gates, and this has been the chief means
of building up the gold reserve. FL
nancial critics in the enemy countries,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-01-16

Temple-four feet. Dr. Fewkes main
tains that this was used for the pur-
pose of ceremonial rites.
Probably a beginning Of mural sculp-
ture was made upon the walls of the
buildings. a form OF architectural dec
grafton which attained high develop
ment in Mexico and Central America.
The walls were adorned by the cut
ting of geometrical figures on their
surfaces, and stones ornamented with
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-01-16

work in the morning from some dis
lance and returned to their homes
again at night.
A. number of stone hammers and
pecking stones were found during the
excavation. DR.. Fewkes says:
THE fine masonry. the decorated
stones that occur in 1t and the unity
Of plan stamps Sun Temple as the
highest example of Mesa Verde archi-
lecture"
DR.. Fewkes was very careful to
guard the walls of Sun Temple from
future demolition. Erosion caused by
the action of snow and ice on its walls
would be particularly damaging.
The exposed upper surfaces he COW
cred with a layer of small stones. over
which was spread a roof of adobe.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-01-16

built for religious purposes, and the
appellation Sun Temple has been
adopted to designate this particular
structure.
In form the temple 10 not unlike the
letter ID. IL is constructed from the
sandstone obtained in that vicinity. 1t
In built in two sections The larger of
these sections Is thought to be the
original: IL 10 also D-shaped. The
straight wall faces south and runs the
length of the two sections. 1t is 121
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-01-16

the United States. In consequence the
Bank of France today has the largest
stock of gold of any institution in the
world. It might be called the billion
dollar gold institution, since in Decem-
Der. 1915, it's gold stock exceeded $685.,
600, 900 and was still mounting. When
the war broke out, it had approximate
ly $S25. 100000 in gold in it's vaults.
The gold accumulated since the open
ing of hostiltes has come very largely
from the savings of the French people.
They have responded freely to the call
on them and have given up their little