davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-04-21
ELOPERS, ONLY H. STARVE
WHILE TOO PROUD TO ASK AID
They Will Probably Be Married To-
day and Get Work, Too

NEW YORK. April 21.--It is not all
ways true that when bills come in the
door love flies out of the window. Philip
Muller and Ella LIE Fee. each IT. have
disproved the old theory II took the
police and the Children's Society TO sep
arate them. although they were starving
They eIoped from Schenectady on April
2. Philip had saved $40 and with his
slender capital they came to New York
to get work and make a fortune. The
world loked roseate to the sweethearts.
The boy and girl took a room at 243
East a0th street. Philip sought work so
he could earn money enough TO get a
marriage license. He did not find it. The
boy and girl were slowly starving to death,
but were too proud to appeal to any one.
Their landlady told the Children's Society.
In Yorkville Court yesterday the two
wept as they protested that they loved
each other and could get along somehow
II they were set free. Ella was taken 10
the society's rooms, where she will be
cared for.
The boy was held on a charge of alb
duction for further examination today. II
the parents consent the children will be
married today. Then an EFFORT will be
made to get work for Philip,
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-04-21
seth STREET CAR LINE
Private interests Will Finance Project
II Transit Company Fails
to Do So

The proposed crosstown car line on bsth
street will be financed by private capital
IL the Philadelphia Rapid Transit Com
pany refuses to construct the line as part
of its system. This was announced today
by John N. McGarvey, asia Trinity place,
a builder and chairman of the Transports-
tion Committee of the Allied Business
Mems Association. Mr.. McGarvey said
that he himself and two friends would
finance the project, should the step become
necessary
West Philadelphia is determined to have
the 56th street line and making every ef-
fort to gain It from the transit company.
An ordinance making IL obligatory that
the Philadelphia Rapid Transit Company
give an answer within 90 days (If the
measure is passed) has been proposed by
Select Councilman Bacon, authorizing the
construction OF the line. II the company
does not accept the proposition the fran
chise to the street will be forfeited. The
ordinance is in the hands of the Street
Railway Committee, and, 1t Is said, will
receive a favorable report.
A meeting to start a campaign TO make
the p. r. T. build the line will be held to-
night by the association at SGD and Spruce
streets.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-04-21
CARRANZISTAS BLOCK U. s.
FORCE TO SOUTH; CUT IN REAR

WASHINGTON. April 2i.-confrma-
tion Of reports that Carranza troops are
being mobilized in the path of General
Perahing's forces has been received At
both the State and War Departments.
Mexican troops lately stationed at Chi
huahua have been sent TO a point south
OF FsFshinEiB most advanced troops,
Troops which wers Withdrawn from
Sonora are being held with the apparent
purpoaa OF being thrown across the Amer
lean line someHhere between Casas
Grandss and the American frontier
General Seott's mission 10 the bordar
for CONSULTATION With General Funston Is
nov generally known 10 have been the
result OF authentic Information that
Perahing vas menacsd from the south
ana that his line Of communication with
the north Has Imperfect
secret movements q American troops
haFe been maae alth - eys 20 this emsr-
eeney 50 lhat hizh army oHIeiala noa
eonaaanfly sEats fhaf azasfaI rzrahIaz
iz 4 s POSITION = mel fas aezss cen
siazenez.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-04-21
DRUG KILLSLAD; MANY
YOUTHFUL VICTIMS OF
HERON IN NORTHEAST
Boys and Girls Said to Obtain
Dope" at "Hop Corner"
Kensington Avenue and
Cambria Street
MAN HELD BY CORONER

Many boys and girls of the northeast
are addicted TO the use of heroin and
other drugs They have a regular place
ITO receive this dope, at Kensington ave-
nue. and Cambria street, which. II is said,
is known as the hop corner" Such Is
the condition of affairs in the northeast.
according to Ralph Miller. of 1890 North
Broad street, who was held without bail
by Coroner knight today to await the
action of che Grand Jury for causing the
death of Howard B. Smith, 16 years old,
of 721 East Clearfield street,
The boy died at the Samaritan Hospital
on April 16, after he had collapsed on the
street.
Miller's rather paIlid skin and staring
eyes indicate that he was persistent dope
user. In rather halting voice he ex-
planned his movements on the night OF
Smiths death.
Miller said he met Smith uptown and
both went downtown to buy heroin. In
the Tenderloin they got a note from a man
to Isadore Ginsberg, OF sos North 18th
street. Miller said.
Later the two met Harry Provan, of
the same address. He telephoned to a man
known as Louie" and on his promise
that Miller and Smith were "all right"
Louie" gave them the drug, according to
the testimony
Smith then went to AIiller's home. He
took quantity of the drug, according TO
Miller, and then asked for a glass of
water. Miller then noticed that Smith
was getting weak. The boy turned pale
and complained of feeling sick. He started
for home. A short distance from the
Miller home he collapsed and was taken
20 the Samaritan Hospital He died
shortly after being admitted.
Miller admitted giving heroin to boys
up in the northeastern section of the city
and said he also gave some to a girl in
that neighborhood. He declared that many
used the drug. which they got at the hop
corner" Rensington avenue and Cambria
street. where the peddlers met the juvenile
customers.
Ginsberg and Proyan were held with
out ball as accessories before and after
the fact Louie" the man who obtained
the drug, has not yet been found. but the
police, II is said. are on his trail
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-04-21
CHOCOLATE-SM FACES
BETRAY EASTER ESCAPADE
Camden Youngsters Accused Of APP
propriating Eggs

Unmistakable external evidence Of hav-
ing shared in the destruction OF some Fl
pounds of Easter eggs. stolen from
wagon belonging TO Benjamin oseron, OF
1925 Kaighn avenue, Camden. today. con-
ylcted six young defendants before
Recorder Staekhouss Ia that city Con-
dlgn punishment followed the court pro-
ceedlngs. the Recorder sentencing the
chocolate-smeared culpFits 10 undergo
washing at the hands OF their respective
mothers. The latter promised TO exscuts
the mandate OF the Recorder and 70 re-
i1nb1rse oseron for his loss.
The boys we're Frank Demayo. IA years
old and John Demayo. IL years old. OF
1z1I I.esls street Albert Gross 1s years
Old. q ll27 Liberty street Frank Thomp-
son. IS years old. Of has Lansdowne ave-
nue Prank BFaueF. Il years Old OF 11sz
Hz4zHa aszaaez and william zauaskf II
f=aH4 ed. e Izzh ana Sycamore streets
sa=Hzn# fnu know e exclaimed
one tHz 4eana4IsFa Hhen ne Recorder
Inzz7zH H4z 4azz Ha4 zzaEsa rs azaz
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-04-21
HARD COAL OPERATORS
DENY MEMS DEMANDS
Will Split Conference Rather
Than Boost Wages 20
Per Cent.

NEW YORK. April 21.-Having reached
a tentative agreement on the seven lesser
demands made by the United Mine
Workers in the anthracite field, the
operators on the subcommittee, in session
at the Union League Club, yesterday
completed what might be termed an ulti-
matum on the three cardinal demands that
are holding the men and mine owners
apart.
The operators have rejected the argu-
ments of the union and have made the
offers:
A per cent advance in wages, in
general terms, in place of 20 per cent.
demanded by the Union.
An elght-hour day, a reduction OF one
hour from the present working time, at
the same basic pay. worked out on the
basis of any advance granted at this con-
ference.
No recognition OF the union.
They are prepared to make fight on
this proposition. even to a split in the
conference.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-04-21
DIES OF HEART DISEASE
Edward Hawkins, Retired Contractor,
Suddenly Stricken

Edward Hawkins. a retired contractor.
died this afternoon at the home of his son.
in.law. Deputy Fire Chief Walter Brown.
ing, at 592 CarmRn street, Camden. Mr..
Hawkins, who was In his s0th year. had
been always in good health until he COM
planned at noon today of n pain near his
heart. The family summoned DR.. George
d. Woodward, but he died before the ply
slcian arrived. Arrangements for the
funeral will be made late today.
For many years Mr. Hawkins conducted
a contracting business at 9TH and Royden
streets, Camden, until several years ago.
the death of his wife, he returned to
Camden. where he since had lived with
his son-in-law.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-04-21
Woman oKers Girls wedding Fees

CHICAGO. April 21.-Bfrs. L. Bracket
Bishop, wealthy society woman. who last
week spent only ss cents q day for her
meals IN an attempt to prove that amount
is sufficient for the board OF working
girl, Is advancing another theory Ia q
unique way. Mrs, Bishop contends that
love and marriage are the two things
needed 70 make a girl happy. ana has
announced that she will pay the cost OF
the marriage license. the flowers. the
minister's Zee and will provide . church
who wish 70 marry.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-04-21
SOCIETY GETS PENN DEED
One Of Five Valuable Documents Pre-
sented by Historian

among five rare historical documents
which have bssn presented to the Penn
sylvania Historical Society BY Barry Bulk
ley. OF Washington. historian. author and
lecturer.
The deed from Penn Is dated July 90
1se2, ak months after Charles II decided
Pennsylvania to its founder. Ths deed
Is for : large tract Of land frem william
Penn to william rhratfIs. Of salop, County
Of salop. Another document of in1exaat
i tie marriage eerllhcats Of Robert sealy.
e coel Gin. County q wexford Ireland.
zna JAMS naeketE q Ireland Thz mzr-
rage leek place AnFll g. TIT anz -
esrlIAeals = zlzasa y Is witnesses
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-04-21
AUTO MECHANIC WANTED
Civil Service Commission Will Hold
Examination for Garage Head

Examinations have been announced by
the Civil Service Commission OF the Fed
eral Building for the position OF chief
meehanician OF the new postoffice garage,
at goth and Market streets, where all the
automobile delivery wagons are housed.
The position pays from $1,000 TO $500
year.
The applicant must be able to manage
and instruct the heaters, oilers ana
mechanicians and to give specifications on
the material handled there. He must have
had two years shop experience in operat-
ing and setting up electric and gasoline We
hieles, and one years experience In super
vising mechanlcians.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-04-21
i. 5. NOT READY
FOR WAR; NAVY
Is NOW FOURTH
Country Ill-Prepared to
Undertake Oversee Ex-
pedition at Present
is TROUBLES OF FLEET
Shortage of Men in Army and
Lack Of Field Artil.
lery Shown
Is TROUBLES OF FLEET
b. a star Correspondent


WARRINGTON, April 21.---with a navy
fourth In strength among the nations of
the world, according to President Wilson,
and an army standing below 10 others
even in times of peace, the United States
II less prepared for war than some of
the smallest countries of the world. Swift
zerland has peace strength half as large
again as the regular army of the United
states, including the Philippine Scouts.
In speech, delivered at Cleveland early
In the present year, President Wilson said,
In speaking of the navy of the United
States:
"You have been told that 1t is the Sec
ond IN strength in the world. 1 am sorry
70 say that experts do not agree with
those who tell YOU that. Reckoning by
It's actual strength, / believe 1t to be one
of the most efficient navies in the wcrld,
but its strength ranks fourth. not second.
And you must reckon with the fact that
Il. Is necessary that that should be our
first arm of defense.
do you know the sweep of the coast
from the canal to Alaskan 1t Is nearly
one-fourth of the circumference of the
earth. Do you think that a navy that
ranks fourth is sufficient"
Since the outbreak of the European
war 1t has been impossible to get ac-
curate information as to increases in the
navies Of the belligerent countries, but
It is stated by United States officers that
the increases have been sufficient to re.
duce this country from third to fourth
place. An official publication OF the Once
of Naval Intelligence, the United States
Navy, gives the latest available figures
as follows:
wARSHIP TONNAGE.
Relative order of yership tonnage, July
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-04-21
EAsTER EGGS CAUSE CREE
Lad who Wanted Them So Badly Held
in $500 Bail

A brick. wrapped In a coat, sailed
through the window Of the Bell store at
Belgrade and DauDhin streets last night
Three figures erept fran the dark shadows.
reached through the Jagged crack and
skunk away,
Not 50 quickly, however. but that
Pafrolman White, making his midnight
rounds, saw Them and started 3 merry
chase. One was captured He said he
was Walter Smith. 1s years old. OF 1919
East Berks street. when aEralznsd this
morning before Magistrate Diets.
'sHhadde takez asked the Judge
f.Choeolafe Easter sEEssH zald White.
eIadzzs $40 lAs boz 4 hAa % haEs
zolnetnzn' Tor Easter
rarse hundred faf further Aeasias.
hooaed Ihz 1azss Next
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-04-21
WOMAN browns HERSELF
Suicide Attributed to Weakened
Mentality

NoRRIsTowN. Pa, April 21.-sallls
Lands, s5 years old, daughter OF John
Landis, a retired farmer OF Souderton,
fiung herself into the mill pond OF God
shairs grist mill on Tuesday and her
body was not discovered until late last
night by the millowner, Charles Godshall.
Miss Landis was employed in Zendts
clothing factory; was said to be consid-
cred weak-mindedi had no love affairs
TO cause her to end her life. and the only
cause dsduced Is her weakened mentality.
shore
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-04-21
NAVAL MEN ON LEAVE
CALLED TO CHARLEST0WN
More Than 30 Warships, a Record
Number, Assembled There

BOSTON, April 21.-oflcers and en-
listed men of the United States Navv alb
sent on leave or furlough were retL ling
to the Charlestown Navy Yard today, fol-
lowing the receipt of orders from WASH
ington.
Thlrty-odd warshps. a record number,
are now at the yard, every available berth
being filled. Rear Admiral Baush is in
command of the auxiliary fleet.
An authoritative statement was received
from the navy yard this afternoon. to the
effect that no emergency orders have been
received to get the ships ready for duty.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-04-21
"BRACER" WAS HAIR TONIC
Maryland Man Reached for the "Bot-
tie" and Got Wrong One

FREDERICK. Nd, April 2l. = Hair
tonic, the gllt-edged kind that grows hair
on bald heads and which was solicitously
purchased by his wife to restock his head,
came within an ace of causing the death
of John Manning, of Weverton. who took
a large swig OF 1t. believing 1t was whisky.
Manning was found writhing in pain
on the floor of his room by members of
the family. A nearby empty bottle OF
hair tonic beside him caused the wife to
hurry for a physician.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-04-21
TRAIN BANDIT GETS 5000

NEW ORLEANS. La. April Ala
bandit early Today held Up : passenger
train on ths Louisiana He'd River Rail
aas ana secansa wlfh heaeY ana lsaclrx
A szpzssz messenger Eszlztsa snd 4az
ehcL He I'll diz
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-04-21
Alaska Republicans Uninstructed

SEWARD, Alaska. April 21.-Alaskas
two delegates to the Republican National
Convention, w. A. Gilmore, of Nome. and
Lewis p. Shackelford, of juneau, viii go
to Chicago uninstrueted. the Republican.
territorial convention has determined. A
feated.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-04-21

sIneIa8Ins 1881 enlisted men q ths Hospital
za4 1azzIz masters Corps
fExffaeI Tran The report OF the Secretary
- War. November 10, 1914
Eor tee purpose of information the 1olloa-
RS tanIz 1z presented showing the aFea
HznalaHsa and nilitaTy resources ca peace
sd Nar leetlus or ether nations m com
Iana forces Of various countries
Iotsl
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-04-21

Extract from the testimony o. Lieutenant
Sors the eeep On sy Aa 81 ne
House Of REPRESENTATIVES.. january, IS. 1919.
army eSh.Toi We have sstusiis il our pos pos
Rnye ~ ak andsr sne oreEs ste owns
EStrsef from s' lie e i report Of the Secretary
There are now il the service Is asreplanes
snd 10 1srona1tie @ e. motors a By the first Of Of
a pgmbsr of new motors VIII be deliysred, etc.
Marx K Bristol' unitsd States Navy, eommahdihR
ne Aviation Service Of the United States
fairs Of the House OF Representatives. Decem-
Reprsssptatiys BrowninE Captain. I wish
you would tell US how the airerafJ equipment
captain Brtstoi@xt the beginning of this
Fancy cur ssf rFbss shS a
ss s SiTThtftss, and so2 oS sssspIanes Great &
rum. .dirigibles and 100 aeroplanes; seryia;
. asroplanssi Germany, 40 dlrigihles and 1000
sisnss; nd and I The United States. IS aeroplSneS.
FIFTEEN TROUBLES OF NAVY.
Admiral +, F. Fletcher. commander in
chief OF the Atlantic fleet. submitted Au-
gust IS. 1916, shows i5 troubles Of the
feet;
Cd shortage Of officers.
S Ss TS aS' Il fast asa asaorsd ships and fast light
"a Limitations Of mobility and ssa-goins
u Lax OF aircraft
II Lack OF radio direction finder.
sssses SssTssg1 q SfsitIlsIeigs fI
ma Tssss y sdasAs iR q tai nas net and sweeping
s-siS'l 81 Ii.alrabltty Of glssils,ns ships in re-
9arfa annually with the active feet.
u Need Of battle target practice At long
9Il Necessity Tor increased facilities at isst
'sls- I5 FTosl.lon for division sommandsrs for
mining division and auxiliary division.
m Provision Tor more speed IN design OF
Hzhtink craft intendad TO operate with the
lo) Need OF -anfl-aiFeEaft guns.
.. 8. AhAf JUNE g, 1918.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-04-21

THREE BUILDING PROGRAMS.
The following table shows the building
program recommended by Secretary of
the Navy Daniels and the programs rec
ommended by the general board of the
navy. giving the Iatter's first and second
plans:
General General
Board Board
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-04-21

DREADNoUGHTS AND BATTLE C
July l. 1914.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-04-21
FIFTEEN TROUBLES OF NAVY.

q Q : 1KiF ii. .iSli J6GE- -IIHa SSll..:a n:ls.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-04-21

: Total tons built and building ....,. 0e0, ,o2s
ESTIMATED.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-04-21
wARsH1p TONNAGE.

Relative order of warship tonnage, July
|, 1914:
The Washington times., 1916-01-06
PAYS HALF MILLION
FOR CUBS BALL CLUB
Charlie Weeghman Obtains Ma
tionaI League Property and
Will Pay Cash.

CHICAGO. Jan. Snow that Charlie
weeghman has completed his purchase
OF the Cubs, Joe Tinker Is satisfied
that he can go ahead and dispose or
those players not required for the
1916 season. Tinker will listen to all
offers for the men he has listed as
being unnecessary.
IL want to have about thirty mefG
at camp said Tinker today, and
every one of them will have a chance
to make good. But what's the senbe
in taking an army down South and
then not being able to look at more
than half of them? If any major
league clubs want to talk business
with me. I'm willing. Some of the
men | have decided to drop are good
players. but simply not needed by me-
1t il believed that at least dozen
OF the Cubs will be snapped up by
other clubs in the National League,
while the New York American League
club is also in the field for some OF
them
Charlie Wecghman will pay sf0opN
for 80 per cent of the stock in tn"
and he will assume all obligations aC-
curing from the West Side ball park
for period OF two years. The actual
sale, transfer of money and property
will take place here on January 20.
Harry Ackerland. who owns 10 per
cent of the Cubs stock, has expressed
himself az willing to hold It, thoc< il
he will sell It to Weeghman, II the lat
ter wants IL.
The Washington times., 1916-01-06
TODAY'S SPORTORIAL
BY LOUIS A. BOUCHER.

"Choppng pay will henceforth be the
athletes will spared Right
Ssns @ M M s s s % & @ tn e %
and the TO do
ss:s
sssa @ his sF be s Ss v t thar % nn % s aad E
%pss % ss % y M Pse%sss by " % s n
s This aos s M tss
% % S s % sf list es s @ e sss as
@ the hst TSs % has Ss Sn y the en-
vii ":es ss fsss % tho s s %' Ss s:
% Ssisas @
tive tive 70 1sw @ So T G I fy a x11 M M He s Tied
Chicago White ~
y G 1thu
@ s q: he As % % the @
his
ing the s n9n The
Sose
a "''S 's""s ss
f%oi 5S'fs:s
s ss & Tie sssss @ II 2 s s ss:S
ssnpF and a E s as @ r % f ea M & ~s
hold the race o over s again Geiger M win
asa bans1 $
the South Atlantic Association
merry fight will yet be fought Coach Green of Cathedral has indicated
that keeping his lads out handicap until
along He is but of many coaches in the District who feel that
whole matter that SECTIONAL jealousy allowed break the
A.
S A.
Now that the holidays have passed. the colleges
track floor The
welcome when gossip dying track talk and
sas &:
their dope March Washington well
boasts of basketball So does Catholic
University and the Maryland Galaudet
and wrestling while George Washington coming into it's
ngon take interest athletics places has plenty Of
home stuff keep it busy. ~ y $500 f''' "
The Washington times., 1916-01-06
Nine Year Absence Is
Not Bothering Leader
Fielder Jones Expects to Know All the Ropes by the
Time the Campaign Opens-Places High Value
on Stealing Opponents Signs.

ST. LOUIS, Jan. 6.-Fielder Jones
isn't trying to establish an advance
alibi for himself on the theory that
his absence from the American League
for nine years will initiate against his
chances for making the browns a con-
tender next season. .a.
"If you know your own men you
should put up pretty stiff fight, no
matter what the opposition is," said he
yesterday
But you don't know your own men,"
someone suggested.
II win tefore the season opens" was
Fielder's rejoinder
And at that he isn't planning a long
training trip. The Browns will go South
for two, or at the outside three weeks,
and then return for the spring series
with the Cardinals. BY that time Jone3
hopes 20 know exactly the capabilities
of every man on the squad.
Jones' system Of training Is very sim
pie He isn't p believer In batting cages.
sliding pits. and the like. His conten-
ton Is that the training trip should
tend to do nothing more than loosen the
muscles of the players and start them
on the proper dict. They'll learn their
baseball in the league race.
Jones places a high value on lne busi-
ness of stealing signals, however, when
that can be done ethically. On the other
hand he doesn't believe in an intri-
cate set of signals.
THE fewer signs you have OH ball
club the better" is his pet theory.
Unless you have wonderfully alert
set OF men, signals have a tendency to
confuse their minds. My idea Is to
make the signals as simple and as few
as possible. I've always practiced that.
And I'vc always insisted that my
players make a study of the other fell
lows signals. ! think a base runner
should never attempt to steal unless he
has an inkling OF what Is going to be
pitched.
Ernie Johnson Is really a marvel at
catching the catcher's signs. | think
| Johnson was the best baserunner in the
| game last year He was successful In
| nnost every steal he attempted be-
cause he didn't go down unless he had
| the signal. In majority of the times
| he started they didn't even throw. He
! had the base standing up. because he
| went only when a curve ball was called
| for.
| "Marsans IL another wise head on the
| bases. while Tobin has done rema rka bly,
we'll considering his experience. In ba Sc.
running it's not a question Of how. bu,
WHEN to GO Speed Is a minor consid.
Grafton. You've got to have brain tc