davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1916-03-29
BROWN PLEADS NOT
GUILTY To ROBBERY

Clarence Brown charged ath high
way robbery was brought ia from
Crescent last night bf sheriff sher
wood Il Is alleged that he held ny
one John Friend last Saturday night
and took from bis person $50 ~.
was arraigned before Squire llorna.
DAY. entered plea ~ not guilty and
his bond aas ased al 3 0u0
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1916-03-29
DEAD, 30.
INJURED, 40.
Ann AssoeIated pressl

CLEVELAND, O.. MARCH %. - a
DOING TOWER MAN WAS TC
BLAME FOR THE CENTRAL
WRECK. ACCORDING TO sUPT
iNoAlLs, CT THE NEW YORK
cENTRAL-THE TOWER MANS
WIFE WAS SICK ANo HE HAr
BEEN ON DUTY OR WITHOUT
SLEEP uRAcTlcAAAL SINCE SUN
DAY NIGHT LAST.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1916-03-29
ACCOUNTING Of
F | R { COMPANY
IS NOW ASKED.
WILLIAM T. POWERS. on
GUTHRIE. 0\E Oh MANY
al tltI.llOi DIIs~

William + Powers. 206 East okla
homa avenue this city, who entrusted
money 70 the First National Fire IN
surance company. stands to loae his
share OF 100000
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1916-03-29
STEELE NAMED FOR
p. NJ M KANSAS CITY

Washington. March 29-Bafles.
Steele. sas nominated postmaster oN
kansas citg. Mo. b. President wi
son.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1916-03-29

" Paso Nnfeh y Joseph Allie5n.
second Lieutenant OF the 18th CaYal.
aAo eaa brought back % the haso
hoarlhl 40 Fort bliss from Cases
efaadea aflefIns from cold. de.
telaNel pneumonia and died today
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1916-03-29
VILLA LOCATED IN
SANTA MARIA VALLEY
NAInlSINNNiIN FRIEND
~ 10 BANDIT IIiDER.
llllI NILSSON DIS

WASHINGTON. MARCH s9.-cAR.
RAMA HAa DECIDED TO PER.
NIT rHr uNlrTo STATES ARMY
70 Use rHC MEXICAN NORTH.
WESTERN RAILWAY FOR TRANS.
pORrAUON Or SUPPLIES TO
TROOPS ~ PURSUING VILLA.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1916-03-29
NEW YORK CENTRAL HIGH SPEED TRAINS
IN AWFUL CRASH At AMHERST, OHIO
DOING TOWER NAN CAUSES TWENTIETH CE\It ny
TO P0M INTO NRECk tCr 0t TWO filiiss
DURING EARLY MORNING roe

Twentieth Centnrl's right of way
Nd Nas snHnicrci D, that train.
Tlerc afc no dead among The pas
eusegs OF Tie Twentieth Century
mijea liaoush 4 number og pas
eaeea ga tia train we're badly hurt
lhe lsai ana injured were badly
aang'el
d Moon eeneDl iianascf Of
hc Sew loFk Ceual Lines etcs
ms slor, of the wreck as siten hiw
N hs uOordnaics
Train 70 Sc. east bound VAS tray
us in two sections Tie cnsinecr
,f the first section was stoppcn AL
maerst bs a signal don't hnc~
ist how
The second section OF 49, So
hould have stopped because of the
atomatr signal or hg signal Of
ne ragman on the firsi section
The second section ran into ,1t
IA coaches Of the tifr section
The Vreetase FROM hoiA sections
e.r: 5ycr on the west bound hsn
reed track
The rear car Of iho first section
vas coach from chicago 70 Pitts.
urgh It had forty passengers four
whom were Killed don't know
low many were injured
DEAD WILL REACH THIRTY.
At noon twenty-fige bodies had
cen recovered and It is believed
hat the death list will reach thirty
A dense fog obscured the signal set
cr the first section flyer
The injured are estimated at forty
The Twentieth Century proceeded
N It's way to Chicago None of the
assenpers on this train were injured
tue to the fact that the limited was
unuing slow when it crashed into
he Wreckaee thrown onto its right
Il way BIS the wreck Of the Flyer
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1916-03-29
MRS. MICHAEL D.
LONG PASSES AWAY

Mrs. Michael d Long died at hee
home east of town Tuesday night sne
was aged SC years Funeral rvices
will be held at the First NJ T. church
Thursday at 2.S0 o'clock
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1916-03-29
LEADV|LLE NEARLY
WIPED OUT BY FIRT
fBy Associated Press.

TbY AhhUVIAItI IIVas'
Leadvilie, Colo. March 29.-F're
starting in a paint store destroyed ten
buildings here and threatened the
town.
The fire was finally controlled by
dynamite. The loss will reach one
hundred thousand dollars.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1916-03-29
70 KILL { D 50.
.HUR 7 IN RAID.
BY AIR VESSELS
Nho\lhi clIS TASTE on
ho,lii>, GERMANS STORM
TRENCH POSITIONS

Berlin March p M Loncin. sec
retafy OF Cardinal Morcisr, has been
80 rested
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1916-03-29

Natives iurnilY 70 villa.
aaa Nnou0 Natch ga tilla vas
mu0n. towards Santa Catarlns Ia
the Santa Narn Valley four days
asa according to Information seeur.
,l hl colonel noil and forwarded to
fnsm bf ferahlns
GeawN retshns said las residents
nf lhe valley afe ifionily 10 Bandit
villa
lila eoa's had difficulty la getting
Information.
Amefica0 troops ara nov rapidly
pasalHs forward 70 tho advanced
NhHfr
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1916-03-29
foo.lon UsI00 Meslean Ra1 LIoes.

saa Antonio. Texas. March ~
Coordination lhat General Penhins
alrml has boon aalng a portion o,
th0 Northwestern railroad for tH
transportation of troops vas secured
3 Genera Funston from shat was
said 70 Dee "a unofficial source. This
Information included report Of tho
D.eIlmus ~ tao cars and the IN.
Iaf q fen troopers of tho tenth cav
air ad aesural HORSES Thrrs .,
fHe men aare reported seriously in.
MnH
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1916-03-29

london. march 29.--The Dutch
steamship Duiviand, VAS sunk today
The crew Was saved
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1916-03-29

gHE p n EE<T ~vzZs
: Think how you'd feel If they :
: ran you cut OF tozn. Yoer dol =
,. lar has feeling too =
= BUY AT HOME. =
uHxuEx . = Szxzxx xxz
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1916-03-29

- reports from Generai pershing
aefe received .bat his silence caused
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-01-11

to get better and am now well. am
stout and able to do my own homework.
| can recommend the Vegetable Com
pound to any woman who is sick and
run down as a wonderful strength and
health r~estorer. My husband says l
would have been in my grave ere this
if it had not been for your Vegetable
Compound. Mrs. BLANCHE JEFFER-
SON, 703 Lyon St, Des Moines, Iowa.
Before submitting to a surgical opera
ton it is wise to try to build up the
female system and cure its derange-
ments with Lydia E. Pinkham's Vege-
table Compound ; it has saved many
women from surgical operations.
Write to the Lydia Il. Pinkham
Medicine Co., Lynn, Mass, for
advice-it will be confidential.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-01-11
MOTHER KILLS FIVE
TOTS AND HERSELF

Chicago. Jan. 11.-Mrs. Christina
Mayes, wife OF a teamster, killed her
self and her FIVE children by ~asphyxia.
ton In their home here. She left this
fragment In writing:
"You made my life miserable. You
never gave me any money and
then" The note was not finished.
AS the police constructed the story
Mrs. Maves, thirty-one years old. lock.
ed windows aud doors, stuffed the key
holes and turned on the gas In the
kitchen stove.
The children, all girls. two to seven
years old, were with her. The two
youngest she took on her lap as she
sat IN a rocking chair.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-01-11
HUNDREDS AGREE TO
REFRAIN FROM LIQUOR
Old Time Temperance Revival al
Mitchell ArOuSeS Greatest
Enthusiasm.

Mitchell, 5. d., Jan. 11.-Not for
twenty years has Mitchell heard such
appeals for temperance ana total alb
~stinence as have been made by Hon
A. c. Rankin Of Chicago IN his gospel
temperance revival which has been In
progress in the city hall here every
night since Jan. 3. 1t Is as though
Francis Murphy or John B, Cough had
returned and were making their pow.
erful appeals to men to stop drinking
The meetings began with a mems
meeting on Sunday afternoon, Jan. 2,
at the Baptist church, and a great
popular meeting at the Methodist
Episcopal church in the evening.
Since that time large crowds have
gathered nightly in the city hall,
where Mr.. Rankin has poured forth
his powerful oratory until the harm
and evils of drink have become real
In the minds of the hearers. 1t is the
presentation of a phase of the tenn.
perance question that has been great
ly neglected of late years In the dis
cussion of the business aspect OF the
question, and that people are still at
tracted by the total abstinence appeal
Is shown by the fact that every night
large numbers march up and sign the
pledge.and put on the total abstinence
hutfnu
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-01-11
BERNSTORFF SEES LANSING
Further Conference Held on the Lusi.
tania Case.

Washington, Jan. 11.-Count von
Bernstorff, the German ambassador,
and Secretary Lansing had another
conference in the Lusitania negotia-
tions which both agreed should be de-
scribed as confidential.
The ambassador expects to confer
with the secretary again with a week
and not again on the subject. That
fact is taken by those conversant with
the status of the case TO mean that
Germany and the United States have
approached a point in the negotiations
where only one more exchange be-
tween Washington and Berlin will be
necessary before the long controversy
is ended. A satisfactory settlement
Is In sight, it is believed, which will
include indemnities for the $50 lives
lost and some expression Of regret or
disavowAl.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-01-11
THE "P00R MANS CLUB"
Saloon Kicks You Out lust When You
Pay Your Dues.

The saloon frequently is called the
poor mans club" True il is a club,
and when it cracks him over the head
he ia down for the count. II beats
him into moral indifference, intellec-
tual mediocrity and physical inefl-
cheney.
III II be admitted that the poor man
needs a club 1t cannot for a moment
be contended that the saloon an
swers that purpose. The saloon Is run
primarily to dispense poison for gain.
All else is secondary and incidental
IL Is the only CLUB" in all the world
that kicks a man out just at the
time when he has paid his dues" IL
has no use for the human derelict II
has made, and is the last institution
OF the world to keep its finished prod
uct in its display windows as an in.
ducement to others to enter.
Ii has led millions of young men
away from uplifting environment and
natural association with the opposite
sex. As an information bureau for
every degrading form of social vice
the saloon directs the the young man
into the inner chambers of a realm
above the entrance of which appears
the warning words: Abandon hope
all we who enter here"
The s140. 600. 900 spent for liquor
over the bars OF the 1852 saloons OF
Chicago would enable a great many
thousand young married people to
begin housekeeping and solve many
%perplexing problems that now are
solved by suicide or some other form
of crime.
Thus the saloon or SO called poor
mans club" is the greatest menace
to modern life. It is the enemy of
marriage. II destroys all chance for
enjoyment of home life on the part of
It's victims, and Is gradually inereas-
ing the vast army of derelicts, the
great and growing army of the down
snd-outs, whose chief complaint Is the
wage competition of the equally large
army of girls which they have forced
into the open field of competition.
Abolish the saloon and the young
man will seek the natural companion
ship of the opposite sex under whole
some conditions and higher ideals.
There will be marrying and giving In
marriage. There will be the home
life and the sacred institution of the
family. There will be all that really
makes life worth living. The saloon
can give none of these. 1t Is the
enemy of all.
Kansas has not had a saloon or a
poor mans club" for thirty-four
years and as a result ii has few poor
men. II does have, however. some
OF the finest young men and women
to be found in the world, and few of
them ever saw a drunken man.
The -wage-earning class Is the life
of the liquor traffic and liquor liz the
death of the wage Garner.
To abolish the saloon Is to remove
one OF the greatest distractions to
the laborer's social and industrial
progress.-G. It. Rinehart in Chicago
Herald.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-01-11
ALLIES BUY 1875, 900 HORSES
Total OF ss4,ooo.ooo Already Spent in
81. Louis Market.

East st. Louis, III. Jan. 1i.-One
hundred and n~inety-hye thousand
horses have been bought at the Ma
tional stock yards here by the entente
allies, IL vas announced by S. T..
Jones, president OF the stock yards
company.
The total expenditure for these
horses has been approximately s34,
100000.
The British buyers have dlscontin.
ued purchases here, but the French.
Italian and Belgian officers are buying
about 300 head a day.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-01-11
South ST. Paul Live Stock.

South st. Paul, Jan. 10.-Cattle-
Receipts, 1900; steers, $3.75@8.75;
cows and h%eifers, $4.2506.75; calves,
$4.5069.50; stoekers and feeders, $4.-
000T00. Hogs-Receipts, $4,000:
range, $6.6008.60. Sheep-Receipts,
$500: lambs, $6.0009.50; wethers, S.
9006.50; ewes, s2.S006.25.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-01-11
DRUG Amendment Upheld.

Washington. Jan. 1.-THE Sherley
amendment of 1902 to the federal pure
food law. declaring drugs misbranded
if the package IT label bears or con.
tains false and fraudulent statements
regarding the curative or therapeutic
effects thereof. was upheld as consti.
tutional by the supreme court
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-01-11
RUSH AMERICAN RECRUITING
Standard Is High for Battalion Being
Raised at Winnipeg.

Winnipeg, Jan. 1.-THE American
battalion for the overseas regiment
steadily is growing larger. Only the
best men are taken In and as a result
the standard of the company is high.
Owing to the difference In musketry
exercises existing between here and
the United States many OF the men
have considerable to forget before be-
coming proficient In British methods.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-01-11

spent. Inc doctors
stated that | would
never get well with
out an operation
and that without it
| would not live one
year. My husband
objected to any
operation and got
me of Lydia Z.
Pinkham's Vegeta-
BILE Compound. | took
it and commenced
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-01-11
Minneapolis Grain.

Minneapolis, Jan. 10.-Wheat-May.
s1.23l4: July. s1.22b. Cash close on
rack: No. / hard. $126H No. l North.
crn. $t.22% 0124A No. 2 Northern.
S11Sh 01.21A; No. 3 Northern, ST..
III G117h; No. 3 yellow corn, 1874
674l@e; No. 3 white oats, 43043hc;
fax. $2.26%.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-01-11
Famous Sioux Chief Dead.

Chicago. Jan. ll.-Chief Ogallala
Fire, ninety years old, who fought
with Sitting Bull In the Custer mas
sacre, died at a hospital here. A
week ago, apparently tired OF life. he
cut his throat and had been uncon.
scious most of the time since. For
many years the chief was an attrac.
ton at c~ircuses and wild west shows.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-01-11

SIOUX CITY LIVESTOCK MARKET

Sioux City, Jan. 11.-Cattle sup
plies were somewhat heavier than
has been coming on recent Mondays,
some 1SS cars, or 5000 head, about
twice the number that arrived a week
ago, but about the same as arrived
the corresponding day a year ago.
About a steady market was had on
killing cattle, although exceptions
were weaker. Supplies showed en-
largement. but the demand appeared
sufficiently broad and the movement
scaleward developed a fair degree of
activity throughout the session.
Stock and feeding cattle prices
were maintained on a strong to 10c
higher basis today. Dealers had a
good clearance last week and while
there was a free movement of desir-
able grades to the scales and a salts
factory clearance for both steers and
she stuff of attractive merits.
Hog prices were depressed 100
15c under the influence of bearish
wires from outside points and a big
run locally. Tops for the day land
ed at $685., while the bulk of the
sales were at a spread of $6.45 q
$50.
There was a little trade in the
sheep and lamb department today on
account of lack of material. Eastern
wires indicated a lower trend, but the
limited business here was conducted
on a steady price basis. Feature
was the sale of lambs at 1910.
Reef steers.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-01-11
ST. Paul Grain.

st. Paul. Jan. 10.-Wheat-No. l
Northern, s1.22A q1.25A; No. 2
Northern, s1.1sA Q1.21A; No. 2 Mon
tana hard, s1.20A @1.21A; corn, 73h
074kc; oats, 43043hc; barley, 66Q
T3c; rye, 93494c; fax, $2.26A.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-01-11
MARKET QUOTATIONS..
Duluth Wheat and Flax.

Duluth, Jan. l0.-Wheat-On track
and to arrive. No. l hard, s1.23%; No.
1 Northern, S1.22A; No. 2 Northern,
s1.1S& @1.19%. Flax-On track and
to arrive, S2.27A.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-01-11
Gems Worth s2e. 600 Stolen.

San Francisco, Jan. ll.-Jewels val
ued at $4,000 belonging to Lieutenant
Commander William p. Cronan, u. s.
N, and said by him TO have been
stolen from a trunk somewhere be-
tween Overlook. Pa. and San Fran.
cisco. are being sought here by de-
tectivaS
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-01-11

Chicago. Jan. l0.-Wheat-May, ST.
%; July, S11SA. Corn-May, 77&c;
July. 77Ac. Oats-May, 4S3sc; July,
47c. Pork-Jan., s18.62h; May. s19.-
Is. Butter-Creameries, 25@30hc.
Fggs-26027hc. Poultry-Springs,
l5i2c; fowls, l51sc; turkeys, 1Sc.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-01-11

s6.30m9.50; COWS and heifers, $3.10m
$40; calves, $7.00@10.75. Hogs-Light,
s6.50m6.S0; mixed, $6.6507.10; heavy,
$6.65m7.15: rough, $6.70UG.S0; pigs.
s5.5006.60. Sheep-Native, S6.9007.-
so; lambs. $S.O0@10.40.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-01-11
EFFECT OF EYE STRAIN.

Straining the eyes not only Injuries
those valuable organs, but disfigures
the face and expression as we'll. If
your occupation imposes much work
upon the eyes you will find properly
fitted and specially ground glasses as
fitted by me a great convenience, If
not an absolute necessity.
My charges are always reasonable.
but / never sacrifice quality for
price. Your eyes will be fitted right
or not at all if you come to me.
DIR. r.. II. SEARS
Drugless Physician and Optometrist
Renscb Block Madison. 3. II.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-01-11
HISTORY REPEATS
EVEN IN POLITICS
Republican Split Similar to
That Of the Democrats.
I. R. NOW IN DRYAH'S PLACE

Asserts That G. O. p. Must Nominate
One of Three Men, and at This
Time Such a Course Seems lmpossi-
Bile Taft Welcomes Prooressives
Back, hut Says They Cannot Dictate.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-01-11
HUSBAND OBJECTS
TO OPERATION
Wife Cured by Lydia E.
Pinkham's Vegetable
Compound

Des Moines, Iowa. -Four years ago
| was very sick and my life was nearly
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-01-11
Chicago Live Stock.

CHICAGO. Jan. lQs--Csitls-stssxa
The Harrison times., 1916-01-15
ant nO,r,o hes ,ahesity.
Electric Furnace Proves Best.

An electric furnace for the heat
treatment of steel used in automobile
construction has been introduced. Its
method of producing uniform, depend
able heat that is so urgently sought
by automobile manufacturers is quite
novel in electric furnace practice, al
though its principle is comparable to
that of the well-known Nernst lamp.
Both the floor and the domelike coy.
ers Of this furnace are of a refractory
material which is practically noncon-
ducting at ordinary temperatures. To
start the furnace, a current is passed
through bed of coke laid on its floor
On being sufficiently heated the floor
becomes a conductor and in turn heats
the walls and top, rendering them
conductive, until finally the entire fur
mace becomes incandescent. 1t is
stated by those who have tried the
furnace that its use in the heat treat
ment Of automobile parts promises to
be extensive in the future.
The Harrison times., 1916-01-15
GIRLS! GIRLS! TRY
BEAUT|FY YOUR HAIR
Make 1t Thick, Glossy, Wavy, Luxur-
liant and Remove Dandruff-Rea
Surprise for You.

Your hair becomes light wavy, 1uf-
fy, abundant and appears as soft lus-
trous and beautiful as a young girls
after "Danderine hair cleanse" Just
try this-moisten cloth with little
Danderine and carefully draw 1t
through your hair, taking one small
strand at a time. This will cleanse
the hair Of dust, dirt and excessive oil
and in just few moments you have
doubled the beauty of your hair.
Besides beautifying the hair at once,
Danderine dissolves every particle OF
dandruff; cleanses, purifes and invig.
crates the scalp, forever stopping itch.
ing and falling hair.
But what will please you most will
be after few weeks use when you
will actually see new hair-fne and
downy at first-yes-but really new
hair-growing all over the scalp. II
you care for pretty, soft hair and lots
of 1t, surely get 20 cent bottle Of
Knowlton's Danderine from any store
and just try it. Adv.
The Harrison times., 1916-01-15
Oven for TESTING shrapneI.

To facilitate the testing of shrapnel
there has been devised a thermostat-
ically-controlled electric oven which is
now in use in one of the government
arsenals in Pennsylvania. In the test
ing of shrapnel shells itois necessary
that a temperature Of 12O degrees
Fair. be maintained continuously for
period of "a hours. In the new elec.
trio furnace the control of temperature
is secured by means of a thermostat
which breaks the heating circuit when
the temperature exceeds the limit set
and again makes 1t when the temper.
ature has been lowered to the required
degree. Arcing across the contact
points has been reduced to a minimum
by means of a condenser shunted
across them. 1t is claimed that the
temperature Of the oven in continu.
Gus test Of "a hours did not vary more
than one degree.
The Harrison times., 1916-01-15
Well.DiXided Wealth.

In few countries is wealth more
evenly distributed than in France
whose people are now pouring their
savings into the war loan. Most men
are rightly considered to have ac
quired a certain degree Of comfort
when they own the house they live in,
and NJ. de Foville, in "L'Habitation en-
France" tells us that 81 per cent of
the rural population Of the republic
live In their own houses, whilst in Ger.
tain districts over 80 per cent are thus
housed. Small wonder that our allies
are the best taxpayers in the world, a
summons for rates and taxes in France
being almost unknown. - London
Chronicle.