Arizona republican., 1916-12-24
HOW WARS ARE ENDED
From the New York Times

There is no exact parallel in mod ern wars for Germanys acton-an undefeated bellgerent asking her ad- versaries to meet her and discuss un- formulated terms of peace. The i'm precision, however, that nations deslr- ing to end war generally avail them selves of the offer of some friendly neutral to act as mediator is utterly unfounded, though great deal of the talk about the possible action of the United States in-s such a way has pro- Ceedcd as if that were the almost ln- variable rule.
 When England desired to end the war with the Colonies she began ny sending separate neEotiators to the French government and to the Amer1- can commissioners in Paris. The latter though positively commanded by congress to negotiate Eo peace without the participation of their French allies. did sign a separate treaty. though with the reservation that it should not go into effect until France had made peace. They then informed the French government which accepted the terms.
 The Napoleonic peace treaties usu- ally began with an aTmistice. The most famous, the Treaty of TilSit, was brought about by a personal meeting between Napoleon and Alexander I. on a raft in the middle of the River Nienen to agree upon an armistce which the czar had already sought. An armistice was also agreed upon after the battle of Lutzcn. bat Napoleon would not agree to the allies terms and resumed hostilites His fall in 1914 was accompanied by no negotia tions: the allies were actually in Paris. NapOleon's generals persuaded him 10 sign an act of abdication, and the French senate dethrmed him.
 The way to the Peace of Ghent. which ended the war of 1872, was paved by an offer of the czar to act as mediator. though it was rejected. In rejecting it Lord C2sterleagh let it be known that he was willing to negotiate directly with the United States The United States gladly ac- cepted and sent commissioners, but England neglected to appoint envoys until long afterward. when her troubles had become so great that she was desirous of peace.
 lu the Mexican war President Polk was always anxious for peace but his CnVoyS were not accepted. At last he went so far as to send an envoy Nicholas P. Tisti. along with Scott's army. authorized to treat with Mex ico the moment that country was willing to do so. Scott duarreled witt Trist and refused to transmit his let ter to the Mexican government. anC Trist had to get the British minister to forward it After repeated failure, and rebuffs. he finally got in toucl with commissioners appointed by ; new government which had succeeded Santa Anna. but not until Polk haS ordered his recall. He disregarded thi order and negotiated the Treaty O Guadalupe HidalEo.
 On the death of Car Nicholas I his successor. Alexander H.. an nounced to the courts of Europe hi desire that the Crimean war shoul end. and this is the nearest approac to q parallel with Germany's actio today. A peace conference Wah hel in Vienna. but in three months it Wa broken off and the war resumed. Tn war went on until Austria. neutr; power, threatened to loin the allies un less the czar accepted her ultima tun He at first refused. hut d personal let ter from the neutral King of Prussi induced him to reconsider. and th final peace conference was held
 The war of Italy France and Aus tria in lS,9 was terminated in a sur prlSlnS fashion by an armiStice agree on personally between Napoleon II and Franz Josef. just as the Frenc and Italian armies were in the fu tide of success Victor Emmanuel WI forced to agree and the terms of u, armisticc were embodied in q peaC treaty.
 The war between Prussia and Der mark in 1864 came abruptly to an en when the Danes learned that neith, England nor France would help ther They dismissed their war ministl from office and sent proposals for
 truce directly to Berlin and Vienna.
 The terms of peace between |
 United States and the Confede9aC were arra nged by generals in the fel
 In the war between Austria. f'ru! sia, and Italy in 1866. Franz Jos after his defeats at Koniggratz ar
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