davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1916-10-31

Paul Saunders has returned to his home
n Aliceville, Kan. after visiting his cousint
Mrs, w. A. Allibone and Mr.. Aiiibone OF
Little George Anderson who has been ill
with infantile prnlysis is recovering
The following friends and relatives pleas
antly surprised Norman Smelser at his
home Monday evening, the occasion being
anniversary: Mr.. and Mrs Ernest Hansca
and children, Mr. and Mrs. George Smeiser
and children MT and Mrs ,s Joe sH ss
ser, Mr.. and Mrs. Henry Shuier. Mrs; Ack-
ley. Mrs. Henderson. Miss Mary Shuler.
Miss Mona Ray. Miss Zella Hamilton. Miss
Virginia Biscee, Miss Mary Way; Miss Eva
Shehi, Mr. Ri maward Hart, Mr.. John Munson,
Mr.. Kenneth Gleason and Mr. Harold
Mr.. and Mrs. F. A. Sweet of Kansas city.
are spending few days with Mrs Sweets
sister, Mrs. Charles Ash and Mr.. Ash OF
The Standard Bearer's class of the Oak
land Methodist church are planning chi
nese Tea to be given some time soon "a, az
Mrs. @. G. Horne, wife Of Rev; 9. q:
church. is suffering with dislocatee
wrist as the result of fall Friday even
Rhinehardt of Chanute is expected wednes.
day to be with her mother for the next
week.
Mr. and Mrs. c. L. Wood were host and
hostess Monday evening to the Vesta club
and their families. The affair in the
nature of a Halloween party to which the
guests came masked. The large basement
in which the party was held was beautiful
ly decorated in autumn leaves. pumpkins
corn and the Halloween colors: The hon
ors of the evening were awarded Mrs. H.
I. Derby and Mr. T. F. Allen. The guests
of the evening were: Mr.. and Mrs 8
Cremer, Mr.. and Mrs. H. ". Strait, ar.
and Mrs. C. r. Webb, Mr.. and Mrs. G. Il.
Gross, Mr.; and Mrs A. Wolff, Mr. and
Mr.. and Mrs; c; L. Goodrich, Mr., aud Mrs
Fred Bechtel, Mr.. and Mrs A. f. Sutder.
Mr. and Mrs. II. l. Derby, Mr.. and Mrs
7. +. Allen. Mrs. Edward Camp. Miss Mae
Cremer, Mrs. III. f. Cromwell, Miss Cynthia
Watson. Miss Prudence and Miss Louie
Jury, Mrs. c. Il. Cox, Miss Ellis Kesselrtng,
Miss Edna Cox, Miss Edna Tomson, Mtss
Lola Webb, Miss Marie and Miss Doris
Wolff. Miss Esta Goodrich. Miss Mae sni-
der, Mr.. John Holm. Mr. Hiram wadleigh.
Mr.. Arthur Snider, Opal and Hazel strait.
Lucille and Dorothy Jones, Mabel CAMP.
La Won whisenand. Vivian Wood, Leslie
Goodrich, Victor Bechtel and Harold jury
The regular meeting of the Vesta ci.b
will be held Friday afternoon with Mrs. r.
T. Thomson at her home in Freeman ave
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1916-10-31

Stewart, Mr. and Mrs w. o. Ander-
son, Mr.. and Mrs. E. C. Arnold, Mr..
and Mrs Robert Maxwell, Mr.. and
Mrs. Charles A. Moore, Mr.. and Mrs
Mr.. and Mrs. J. E. Morgan, Mr.. and
Mrs. A. D. Birch, Mr.. and Mrs. John
L. Lagerstrom, Mr.. and Mrs. Paul
Heinz. Mr.. and Mrs A B. Jeffrey
Mrs Byron Willcuts, Mr.. and Mrs. Jay
E. House, Mr.. and Mrs. T. j. Myers.
Mr.. and Mrs. J. G. B. Pinney, Mr.. and
Mrs. A. c. Klingaman, Mr.. and Mrs.
I. G. McCleery, Mr.. and Mrs. J. F.
Taylor Mr.. and Mrs. Frank H. Bur-
and Mrs, w. E. Heatherly, Mr.. and
Mrs. c. S. Mitchell. Mr.. and Mrs. Roy
Crawford, Mr.. and Mrs. E. L. Over
ton, Mr.. anu Mrs. H. NJ Guy, Mr.. and
Mrs. Albert 7. Reid. Mr.. and Mrs.
Charles w. Barnes Mr. and Mrs j.
Ashton. Judge and Mrs. z. 7. Hazen.
Mrs. S. T. Fulton of New York City,
Mrs. Annie Payne of New York City
Mrs. Anna Z. Aniba, Mrs. w. c. Slette.
Hayes, Mrs. c, H. Gaunt of Chicago.
Miss Marian Moore. Miss Marjorie
Anderson, Miss Gertrude Anderson,
Miss Clara Ekstrom, Miss Marjorie
Locknane. Miss Alice Rice, Miss Ma
rine Terrell, Miss Gladys Neill, Miss
I1dIT16ll Till, MISS MdIllld IHtNlle.
Miss Nanon L. Herren, Miss Elma
Beal, Miss Blanch Ridlon, Miss Polly
Mowers, Miss Vreda Birch, Mr. p. J.
Mowers, Mr.. K. NJ. Yates. Mr.. Leonard
Kline, Mr.. Robert Billiard, Mr.. ]. B.
Nicholson, Mr.. l.. G. Beal, Mr.. f. NJ.
Beal, Mr.. George NJ. Beal, Mr.. E. L.
Caskey. Mr.. p. L. Armantrout, Mr..
Carl Bslform Butler "1185," Mr..
Charles S. Locknane. Mr.. Gale Nor
gan, Mr.. A. L. Shultz, Mr.. George
Krauss, Mr.. Eugene Villipigue. Mr..
Larry Huey, Mr.. A. c. Webb, Mr.. L.
NJ Penwell DR.. L. c. Bishop, DR. G. e.
Hesner, DR.. S. NJ. De Land. DR.. H. L.
Alkire.
X x x
Mrs. Charles Curtis entertained half
a dozen guests ut luncheon today for
Mrs James Hurley. of Washington, D.
c. Her guests were limited to a few
of Mrs. Hurley's closest friends.
X X x
Mrs. A T. Lucas will entertain at
luncheon at her home Wednesday in
compliment to Mrs. William Thomp-
son, who arrived today from Washing
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1916-10-31

The annual party of the U and I
club which celebrates its birthday an
niversary, will be given Wednesday
afternoon at Kellam hall. The affair
will be bridge-tea- Invitations have
been sent to several hundred people,
and, the party will be one of the I'M
portaut events of the autumn social
season. The L. and 1 birthday party
Is always an event of interest, as it
brings together the various social sets
and cliqucs. Besides, the appeal it
makes thru its charity feature, is
strengthened this year by the fact that
the proceeds go to the maintenance of
the baby department of the Public
Health Nursing association, and the
women can not resist an appeal on
that basis.
The guests will be received by the
officers of the club. who are Mrs. Silas
Porter, president; Mrs. w. B. Swan,
vice president. Mrs. Albert T. Reid,
secretary. and Mrs. Guilford Dudley,
treasurer. The baskets for the birth
day offerings will be presided over by
Mrs II. L. Alkire and Mrs. George a.
Clark The club has thirty members
and all of them are working on COM
mittees in charge of arrangements for
the party
Word has been received in Topeka
OF the marriage of Miss Fern Stout of
Denver Col, and Mr.. Herbert IIeym
formerly of Topeka The wedding
took place in Denver Tuesday, October
"a. and was quietly solemnized. Mrs
Heyn Is a college girl. and is said to
be an attractive and accomplished
young woman.
Mr.. Heym IS the son of Mr.. and
Mrs J. D. Heym of 1411 West Sixth
avenue. The family have lived in To-
peka a good many years. and Mr..
ic,m il connected wiki the Bank of
Topeka. The bridegroom was edu =
Gated in the Topeka schools. gradual
ing from Washburn college in the
class of 1871 He Is member of the
Phi Delta Theta fraternity.
Mr.. and Mrs. Heym have gone TO
their home. Mr. Heym is an expert
accountant in the employ of the Ar
thur Your 2 company of Kansas City.
= X =
Air and Mrs Frank Klingaman an
nounce the marriage of their daugh-
ter Hazel Eileen. TO Mr.. Dean F'oy
Rogers The ceremony took place at
tho klir man residence, 516 West
Tenth avenue. at II O'Clock this morn
iuc- Dr. Arthur NJ Henderson of the
First Congregational church read the
marriage service. Owing TO illness in
the family. the wedding was quietly
celebrated
AIR and Mrs Rogers have left for a
sholt wedding trip. and will be at
home To their friends after December
J. at llG Last seventh avenue.
= y X
Justice and Mrs Rousseau A Burch
viii entertain their club at a dinner
bridge tonight at their home in Tyler
street The guests of honor will be
Mrs. Burch's sister. Mrs A. E. Wilson,
Of Los Angeles. Cal; Mrs. c. H Gaunt,
OF Chicago. and Mr.. and Mrs. La Rue
EoNce Of Salina-
The members of the club are: Mr..
ana Mrs T. J Myers. Mr. and Mrs
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1916-10-31
Looking Blackboard In State
Journal Society Column
TWENTY YEARS AGO TODAY

Miss Eleanor Wilson entertained large
number of friends yesterday AFTERNOON, as
sisted by Miss Mabel Wilson. Thirteen
tables were arranged thru the parlors and
dining room and the guests enjoyed nice
game of high five. When the score was
counted, Miss Bessie West was found to
pretty little volume OF 'Checkers' by
Henry Blossom, jr., as prize.
The invited guests of the afternoon were
Mrs. II. V. Hinckley, Mrs. James L. King,
Mrs. a. w. Dana, Mrs; C B. Merriam
Mrs Frank Edison Mrs II p Dillon Mrs Me-:
Charles Mccabse, Mrs. W. ]. Black. Mrs
q. NJ. Crawford. Mrs. Frank farrell, Mrs
Arth9r Mn nEnb1 Mrs Mrs + smith' Mrs
Paul Hudson. Mrs ". c. Smith Mrs. W.
T. Noble. Mrs. Fred Cole. Mrs. Charles
Krauthoff, Mrs, c. J Prescott Mrs Mrs Arthur =,
Nipps,. Mrs. L. G Ferry. Mrs; Alice Clug-
ston. Mrs ]. B: Hayden Mrs: FTa aias
Helen Moon, Miss Frances Moon, Miss
Madge johnson, Miss Mary Moon, Miss
Nina Thomas, Miss May Thomas, Miss
Gunther, Miss Mary Lakin. Miss Theresa
Rossington, Miss Franc Iittlefield, Miss
Margaret Mulvane, Miss Mary Thompson,
son. Miss Mary Roberts. Miss Bessie West,
Miss Myrtle Jetmore, Miss Rosamond Hor-
Mis- Aiee PreseO Ms Miss ATie EswfT
Miss Margaret Dudley, Miss Lillian Gem
NELL Miss Florence Greer. Miss Lila Rix
of Hot Springs. Ark. Miss Agnes Null.
Kansas City, Miss Margaret Weiss, Miss
Grace Weiss. Miss villa Rodgers. Miss
tiienna Cross, Miss Mary Horner Miss
Irene Horner, Miss Leila Parmalee, Miss
Ray Martin. Miss Nellie Clough, Miss
Dennis. Miss Whiting Miss Maude Stacey,
Miss Nellie McClintock. Misses Hambleton,
Miss josephine sheueharger, Miss Caro-
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1916-10-31
WOMEN SAVE SIS
Says gasoline dry cleans dresses,
suits, silks, gloves, dra.
peries, etc.

Here's way TO MAKE soiled or
dingy looking wearing apparel look
like new. Any woman can easily
clean and restore the original color
and brightness to kid gloves and
shoes, neckties. ribbons silks. satins,
laces, network. yokes. furs. shirt
waists, children's coats. suits. caps.
wooden garments. swiss. lawn, organdy
and chiffon dresses. draperies, rugs,
in fact. any and everything that would
be ruined with soap and water
Get two ounces of solvite at any
drug store and put it in two gallons
of gasoline, where it quickly dissolves.
then put in the goods to be cleaned.
rub a little and out they come looking
clean, bright and fresh as new. You
will find nothing fades. shrinks or
wrinkles. requiring no pressing
1t only takes a few moments to do
what dry-cleaning establishments
would charge five dollars or more for.
1t is as simple as ordinary laundering
and you can't make at mistake. Any
druggist will supply two ounces of
solvite. which is simply a gasoline
soap and you can obtain the gasoline
at any grocery or garage Then a
wash boiler or large dishpan will COM
plete your dry-cleaning outfit.-Ad-
vertisement.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1916-10-31

Machinist Fred Seamon has returned to
work after being absent on account of the
condition of his fathers health.
A big boiler has been built in the To-
peka shops for engine 1923 and will be sent
today to the San Bernardino shops. This
brakeman Earl Blair and Miss Teresa
shops. The work was completed in less
than months time.
Mrs. Earl Blair of Argentine and little
daughter Teresa, wife and daughter of
brakeman Earl Bliar and Miss Teresa
Wood of Laelede, Idaho, are guests of Mr..
and Mrs. Harley Harper.
Bert Snyder, foreman of the road gang,
has returned to work after a few days
absence on account of sickness.
w. c. Hendricks who has finished his
course of apprenticeship in the electrical
department. expects to leave Thursday
ton in the electrical shop there.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1916-10-31

Lewis gave some readings, and Hal
loween decorations were used. and
buffet supper was served.
y X *
Miss Lucille Brelsford entertained
at Halloween party Monday night.
Those present were Miss Eva Crow,
Miss Nina Atchison, Miss Mildred Gar
linghouse. Miss Jean Mccormick. Mr..
Guy Sterrett, Mr.. James Mccormick,
Mr.. George Eyer, Mr.. Floyd Moore.
Mr.. George Jaeschke, Mr. Ernest
Greider, Mr.. Tillman Atchison, Mr..
Raymond Tucker, Mr.. Bert Long, Mr..
and Mrs. J. C. Miller and Mr.. and Mrs.
w. E. Brelsford.
< y
Notes and Personal Mention.
Mr.. George Shelton expects to leave
Tuesday of next week for New York,
to resume his theatrical work. He
has been in Topeka for the past few
months visiting his mother. Mrs. ]. r.
Shelton, and his grandmother, Mrs. N.
F. Handy.
The Right Rev. James Wise. who
has been elected bishop coadjutor of
the diocese of Kansas, has arrived
from st. Louis, Mo-, and will be the
guest of Dean and Mrs ]. P. Deb.
Kaye for about a week.
DR.. and Mrs. Warren Jeffrey have
as their guests Mrs. Jeffreys sister,
Mrs. Charles H. Manning, and Mr..
Manning. and Mr.. and Mrs. E. Comp
ton Hanks. all of Kansas City, who
motored to Topeka.
Prof. and Mrs. Roy Town of Wash
burn college are the parents of a son
born at Stormont hospital.
Mr. and Mrs W. B. Davis, who for
nerly lived in Topeka, are spendinS
a few days in the city. Mr.. Davis, who
is connected with the federal civil
service, has business in and about To-
peka, and Mrs. Davis accompanied
him to spend a few weeks here.
Mrs. Charles Barnes will go to
Miller, Kan, for weekend visit to
Mrs. Clyde Miller.
Henry H. Hail. New York Life. To-
| peka ADV.
Mrs. Douglass Cain of Atchison has
Mrs. Walter Welding.
| Mrs r. H. Cav is spending a part
of the week in Ricbland, Kan.
! Mrs S. H. Boal of National City,
Cal, is visiting her mother. Mrs. A.
E. Gemmell. for a month. Mrs. Gem
Quenemo, Kan, will return home this
week after a visit to Mrs. Gemmell.
Mr.. and Mrs. La Rue Royce, whose
marriage took place last Wednesday.
have returned from a short wedding
trip, and are visiting Mrs Royce's pa
rents Judge and Mrs. Rosseau A.
Burch, for a short time before going
| to their home in Salina.
Miss Mildred Benny of Vermont is
visiting Mrs. L. d. Whittemore.
Mr.. Van Vert, trainmaster for the
Union Pacific Railway company, and
Mrs. Van Vert were guests of Mrs
Wert's uncle and aunt, Mr.. and Mrs.
went to Junction City today, and Mrs.
Vert will remain to attend the parties
at the Kemper home today and
Wednesday.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1916-10-31
Large steamer Aground.

Seattle, Oct. 31.-The lighthouse
keeper at West Point, a sandy pro1ec-
ton just north of the entrance to
Seattle harbor reported that a large
steamship went aground near there at
1880 this morning. The identity of
the vessel has not yet been established
The keeper said the vessel apparently
was an ocean-going steamer, outward
bound and in no danger.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1916-10-31
Rct.res Upon Own REQUEST.

Washington. Oct 31.-Brig- Gen.
Carol A Devol, U. S. A, was retired
today at his own request with the
rank of major general. His advance
ment one grade on the retired list is
in accord with a special act of con-
gress authorizing such action in cases
of all officers who SERVED more thar
three yea on the Panama canal
General Devol is from Ohio and was
appointed second lieutenant. 25th
United States infantry. September L,
1873.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1916-10-31
OAKLAND

Notes and personals from Oakland
BY Frances Jones, 2f1 Grattan street
telephone between and 10 q. m. $3.50:
other hours. 4T51 K-2
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1916-10-31
SANTA FE

Notes and personals from Santa Fe,
by Frances Jones. 211 Grattap street,
telephone between and 10 a. m. $3.50:
other hours, 4751 K-2
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1916-10-31

= =
The N \. S. club had a Halloween
party Monday night at the George
Stevenson home. Fifty-five people at
tended, dressed in masque costume.
Mrs. J. w. Johnston received the prize
for the best costume. Mrs. w. J.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1916-10-31

The Research club will meet Fri
day afternoon at 2:30 O'Clock with
Mrs. George Hunt. 215 East Eighth
street.
The Cosmos club will be entertained
Thursday afternoon at the home of
The Birmingham age-herald., 1916-03-06

New York, March Special. )-Hen- ry Rankin Freeland, well known law yer of this city, who has retired from account of dimming eyes, is one of the best, generally informed men I have talked to in New York. His travels have been extensive, his experience Is broad. and his Judgment is reliable.
 In the course of his travels he has been to all the large cities of the south, and he is one of those men who, when he visits a city or section, sees it and it's possibi1ities-not like those who on. forgetting.
 He spent sometime in Birmingham a very few years ago. and while there was impressed, apparently, as by no other southern city. He tells me that Bir- mingham's possibilities are limitless in his opinion-that is, in so far as the possibilities of any inland city go. He Is convinced that the future of the Magic City is filled with good things he recognized its coaf and iron possi- bilities (and advises 8 steady striving for a greater diversity of interests) and it's manufacturing outlook, he lays greatest stress upon the spirit of it's people.
 q have never seen population in a better frame of mind for a city's ad- vancement than were the people of Bir- mingham when I was there," he said. q heard just few minor complaints
The Birmingham age-herald., 1916-03-06
Advertisement steesh Company Reprinted Sundays Ased Announcing As Permanent. Our
 Policy of Selling For Cash Only

When the SeeleSmlth store eopened the loca ton announced that to formal opening of the we would sell only for cash It idea in department store merchandising in Birmingham attempt sale of such magnitude the disposal of salvage and warehouse stocks basis of spot cash to all customers
 Many of good customers who had maintained charge counts for with the old store at first dsap pointed with the changed order of things; and old time Birmingham merchants shook their heads and said it coudn be done But four months trial has convinced and think majority of customers that it only done store
 Since the opening of the doors of beautiful reproo hoe the morning of November 3d. the has
 pronounced dollars worth of merchan disc has been charged account Although than 5000 accounts carried charge account the old stor and books of account recognized the blue books for credit ratings Birmingham majority of these customers and many others have the for cash and have expressed themselves delighted with the changed plan and the lower prices made possible by its adoption.
 Selling only for cash selling for lower prices than is possible with credit and frank say that pres low prices could continued any other basis than that of selling only for cash
 In opening store First promised to make of living by reducing prices merchandise promised in the purchasing of every Birmingham doarand SteeeSmlth's fufills every promise.
 believe that greater in merchandising, in other line of endeavo doing the greatest good the greatest number And from experience know that the SteeeSmth store Birmingham better by selling cusivey for spot cash
 And this flag nailed masthead will not come down: One price to ano devaton selling only for cash with ccpons and sales at smaller profits made possible only by greater turnover and lower expense.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1916-03-06
CRONES MAY HAVE
 BEEN ARRESTED
Resemblance of One of Three Alleged DesperadOes
 Captured at Boston

Boston, March 5.-Three men, armed with revolvers and carrying dynamite, percussion caps fuse, and blasting powder, were arrested today by a squad of police on a shed roof adjoining St. Mary's Catholic church in the North End district, after a sharp struggle. They refused to tell what their purpose was or why they were hiding near the church. After the police had questioned them unsuecessfully, they were held in s20,000 each on charges of breaking and entering, having burglars tools in their possession, and assault upon an officer. Later they were identified through rec ords in the rogues gallery as John Costa of Cleveland, O., and John De Netli and Rosario Cont of Philadelphia.
 Police inspectors were much interested in the resemblance between Costa and Jean Crones, who is wanted in Chicago on charge of putting poison in food served to churchmen and other guests at banquet. A comparison of records carried out the resemblance in many ways, with the exception of a very slight difference in the measurements of the jaw.
 The police expressed the opinion that the men intended to rob the safe in the basement of the church. They car ried enough explosives, the officer said, to blow up half the edifice.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1916-03-06
LITTLE NEW YORK STORIES
 BY A BIRMINGHAM MAN
New York Lawyer Tells Why He Likes Birmingham and Why
 It Will Be Great City
By ALLEN GRIFFIN JOHNSON

they hurt nothing-but 1 heard many statements which convinced me that here was a people who would get be- hind Birmingham and push it to the front resistlessly. It is because they be- lieve in it, and no matter what other chances any city may have for advance ment and progress, there is no asset worth more to her than the belief of her people"
 Nc" he confined, "I do not consider Birmingham real southern city. It is an eastern city in the south. It has all the spirit, all the energy and dash of Manhattan, and it has greater than this city, which is by no means against it.
 Tt Is the spirit of the people-the thought behind what they do, that counts in city making, as we'll as in any other kind of advancement. There is not a skyscraper upon Manhattan Island, that was not once a thought in the mind of some one here.
 ''To be a native of young and swift ly growing place like Birmingham, should inspire one with great pride in it. almost envy those who are such: New York Is my native city, and I feel a proper pride in it, but I would like to be young again to grow up with, and aid in the growth of such city as Birmingham. And if. the spirit that l found there lives on, the city may lose it's mountains with all their wealth, but will never stop growing and progress ing. I am glad you have asked me about Birmingham, have long wanted to say this where I thought it might do some good, and by that I mean merely that I want Birmingham's people to recog- nize their greatest asset, and perse- were in it. If they do this, would not dare to place any limit upon the poss abilities of the Alabama metropolis"
The Birmingham age-herald., 1916-03-06
SENATOR WEEKS TO
 VISIT BIRMINGHAM
State Republican Leaders Confer
 With Presidential Candidate

Washington, March D. -(Special.)-Pope M Long of Cordova and O. D. Street of Guntersville republican leaders of the "stand-pat'' variety. conferred in Wash ington today with John w. Weeks Mas sachusetts senator and candidate for the presidential nomination. The result of the conference was reguarded with un- usual secrecy. It is understod, however, that it was entirely satisfactory to the senator and the state leaders. and it would cause no surprise were a Weeks boom to be started in Alabama. Sem ator Weeks is contemplating southern trip. and Birmingham Is included in his itinerary. In Birmingham he will be com plimented with banquet. according ro the plans said to be in preparation.