Bisbee daily review., 1916-08-19
COURAGE IN BATTLE


 manifested by individual soldiers under fire has drawn interesting contributions from Dr. Charles Rchet the Institute, and the Abbe Moreaux director of the Bourges Observatory.
 Dr. Richet is of the opinion that fear and courage must be considered separately that the former exists in temperaments alongside the latter, that man may unable control the terrifying effect of dangerous situation upon his physical faculties and yet stand his ground in the face of almost certain death through the exercise of his will. These men, he con siders the bravest of al
 Among the soldiers who hold their ground under murderous fire, there always some who afraid and others who not, says Dr. Ricet, but all prove their bravery by still being there; the towards have fled
 Considering the whole war, taking into account the and with all allowance made occasional weaknesses Dr. Richet considers the have shown ism that justifies great deal pride on the part o the present generation, spite of the belief that prevail before the great conflict intellectual veopment, with progress in science letters and arts while ennobling the mind, had diminished persona courage
 The question frequently discussed as to whether the delicate and subtle culture of later years going to produce tamespired and eliminate genera ton preferrng webeing effort and incapable of comprehendng the beauty of sacrifice exactly the contrary that has been demonstrated according Dr. Richet; the most cultivated and refined of the young men of France and Great Britain having been those who have shown the greatest bravery Students of the Sorbonne and other French universities of Eton, Oxford and Cambridge, set the example
 These the men, pr. Richet says, who have shown courage its simplest form; that is to say by supreme contempt for death and that contempt he cludes is not the result of philosophical reflection bu is simply the spontaneous manifestation of inherit bray cry.
 Never, among the heroes of antiquity in the times of Leonidas, Spartacus Hannibal according tc Dr. Rchet, was there shown much of this kind of abnegation and much tranquil sefsacrifice- courage e-as in the present conflict.
 As to the men who naturally brave and take su risks without requiring an effort of the will to fear Dr. Richet gives different reasons the first of which is that of them do not believe danger; they imagine that they are invulnerable-ha they have lucky star; they surrounded by a sor of optimistic fatality that gives them feeling of curity In other these naturally brave men, when they believe in danger, intimidated by it because they have in their minds already made the sacrifice of their lfe that conclusion reached die be wounded is something that does not tor them
 Others, and perhaps the great majority are neither hose that indifferent death those believe n their lucky star; they who see before them other, more powerful images than that of death suct tba he regiment, ambition praise promotion pride It being admired by comrades and shame at being aken for coward. In nearly all these cases the idea
 death and danger disappears and soldier brave without effort He forgets every risk that he is taking in the presence of the image that he has his mind
 The number of these naturally brave men is notably larger in daylight and in the presence of commanding officers and comrades than night sentry duty solitary mission that witness will be able to re count. Men who acquit themselves on such missions
 without flnchng Dr. Richet considers the braves of all
 In the constant habit of it. all notion of final, disappears, in the case of avatOrs, most whom he first time they up the air, have a sensation of fear in spite of all reasoning After ascensions, the physical manifestations of apprehen ion disappear be supported in the air by the speed f the seems to them to be the simplest thing possible and certain pilots have declared that they el themselves in greater safety seated in their aeroplane n the air than whey riding in an automobile.
 The hardened warriors of African campaigns habitu ted all the risks of war, were naturally more sto uder fire than young recruits who had nothing military life but the barracks and the maneuvers, an yet according the Abbe Noreux those seasone
 en, in presence of the and formidable dangers cientific warfare. showed fortitude than tn young recruits who had only months of prepara ] before facing the enemy