davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-01-09

the thermometer is correct at this
point and in all probability correct at
all temperatures.
Room thermometers, to give the best
results. are mounted four feet from the
floor. away from the source of the
rooms heat and not on an outside
wall.
In the well regulated household oven
thermometers are used more and more
for testing slow, moderate and hot
ovens. A slow oven, for the cooking
of such dishes as meringues, custards.
etc. runs from go degrees to $50 de-
grees F. Cookies. cake. bread, ginger
bread, etc, bake best in a moderate
oven which ranges from the $50 de-
grees of a slow oven to 400 degrees.
A hot or quick" oven is anything
between 400 degrees and $50 degrees
F., and is absolutely essential in maxi
ing the most delicious ~popovers, rolls,
biscuits and pastry of all kinds.
\ good household or bath thermome-
ter can be utilized for determining and
regulating the temperature of refrig-
orators. This is important when one
stops to consider that milk. meats
and butter, to keep fresh, must be put
in the coolest part of the refrigerator.
The coolest spots in the ordinary re-
frigerator are near hat place where the
air leaves the ice chamber. Milk kept
at a temperature of sixty degrees will
develop. in a single day, fifteen times
more bacteria than milk kept at fifty
degrees.
There have been divers opinions on
the heating value of various fuels. The
bureau has demonstrated that in the
great majority of cases gas is cheaper
than coal unless heat is needed for a
long period of time. The most salts
factory adjustment of the flame of the
gas stove burner keeps the blue-green
part of the flame approximately half
the length or height of the whole
flame.
If too little air is present the flame
Will glow like a long. shimmering
tongue of bright. hot yellow. On the
other hand, if there is too great a sup
ply of air the flame will be short and
accompanied by a slight noise resem-
bling somewhat a distant roar.
Conservation of heat for purposes of
cooking was tried eXperimentally, and
finally the ~fireless cooker was evolved,
and in many homes is regarded as a
most welcome labor-saving device.
There are many varieties of heat in
sulators. The good ones pack a large
amount of air in the cells between the
fibers of a material. Wool, feathers,
cork, cotton are all good insulators.
Every one has observed how warm a
sweater is in calm weather. but a keen
wind takes all the comfort out Of a
sweater unless a closely woven wrap is
worn. This is because the warm air
in the cells of the fiber of the sweater
is constantly being displaced by cold
air. The reason a fur coat is so much
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-01-09
FIR UDULENT FIvEGALLON MEAsUR SIDE CIT AWAY SHOWS THREE
GALLON CAN INSIDE.

also found any number of fraudulent
packets. These baskets look honest and
innocent, but in reality have false sides
and bottoms.
Liquid measures have also been made
IN a fashion to deceive the general
public. Five-galIon milk cans with d
three-gallon capacity, for example.
The sides of milk cans were opened
n divulged trade secrets-a three
gallon can within a f~ive-gallon. The
buyer paid for two-ffths, or 40 per
cent of the liquid which he never re-
ceived, and suffered subsequent losses
perhaps for years.
Unless great care is exercised there is
a trap, for the purchaser of goods in
original packages, which Will continue.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-01-09

thing so vague and unscientifc as a
"pinch of salt "sweeten to taste,
etc. is regarded as far behind the
times and hopelessly old-fashioned.
Uncle Sam has come to the rescue of
many Il household. he has wrestled
with dilemmas that have been &C
cepted as inevitable, and has solved
them satisfactorily. The bureau of
mines has issued a pamphlet on the
heating of offices and houses. The
health department is constantly study
ing and explaining the best methods
of defending the child from weak
nesses and ill health. The Department
o. Agriculture has contributed its
share to the child welfare movement
and the bureau of standards has been
engaged recently in an extensive study
of household measurements. including
gas. water, light. heat, time measure
ments and measurements used exclu-
sive1y in the kitchen. Their object is
to secure for every household the.
cream of efficiency.
The first step toward this much de-
sired end is a fair knowledge of the
necessary measuring utensils. The av-
erage housewife does not yet fully
appreciate the significance of measur-
ing nor the Importance of its role. an
Importance which cannot be overesti-
mated.
For instance. from the very dawn of
an infants life. if strict hygiene is
to he observed. measurements are
made There must be scales in which
to weigh the baby; q fever Their
mometer is the best prognosticator o.
a coming illness. and to be fore
warned is to be forearmed. There are
measurements to determine it's height.
its girth, it's strength. The ergograph
registers the power of it's endurance:
the c~hronograph. of its perceptions.
The diet OF a growing child must be
carefully regulated if the best results
are to be obtained: through eXact
measurements can it's mother satisfy
hersels as to this. Not only during in
fancy and youth are these measure
ments desirable. but also during an
indiviGuaIs whole life.
The bureau advises each household to
provide itself with four sets of meas
urin2 appliances. namely:
l.. a test set of weights and meas
ureS.
.. Meters for measuring gas. water,
electricity. etc
8. Special Instruments FOR measur-
ing temperature, pressure. moisture.
4. Special measures for the Kitchen
After an investigation by the gov
eminent. which included every state in
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-01-09

terest because of their design and
others, like the map of Vicksburg
printed on wall paper in 1853. by the
manner or reason of their preparation.
The Herman map of Maryland and
Virginia. published in 1879, is one of
the rarest maps of the western hemi-
sphere. the only known original being
in the London Museum. Through the
courtesy of that institution an excel
lent reproduction has been obtained for
the Library of Congress and is to be
found in the map room. This and the
map made by Capt. John Smith 1S0s)
for over 200 years formed the basis of
work by all other photographers of
these sections, and each was used in
the boundary disputes TIVE Mary
land and Virginia. remaining unsettled
until 1894. Herrman's is considered
the hrst adequate map of Maryland.
Although no copies are known to
exist in this country, Washington, it
seems, must have examined one. for
he speaks of 1t as a map Admirably
planned and equally well executed"
1t consists Of four sheets. each about
fifteen by nineteen inches. and when
put together Is a yard wide by a little
over thirty inches high. a popularity
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-01-09

the Union, the bureau was convinced
that it's Immediate DUTY was to stand
ardize sets of measures, and. further,
to see tina each state had sets so
standardized in it's possession. This
would insure a uniformity OF stand
ards.
The government also urged each
state TO compel the maintenance of
inspection service. The investigation
by the government disclosed the most
astounding and deplorable conditions
among merchants and dealers. Fraudu-
lent methods were widespread, and in
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-01-09

some cases openly tolerated by pur-
chaserS.
There are two modes of procedure
necessary to combat and eradicate
such universal dishonesty: systematic
inspection and some attention on the
part of households to accurately
checking purchases. A is
actually put on cheating when false
standards are allowed to prevail; an
honest merchant has poor encourage
ment.
1t is wise to make a comparison be
tween package and bulk goods. and a
household. ambitious to become efh-
cient, discovers very quickly that a
test set of scales is an essential. There
are three good types of scales. The
equal arm stabilized scale, which is re-
liable. but a trife more expensive than
the spring balance scale. The spring
balance scale is convenient. because IT
takes no able room, but may be sus-
pended from a wall. The steelyard
type also may hang from a bracket,
and has a large capacity.
The twenty-pound scale ordinarily
answers every purpose in a home. OF
these three types mentioned the spring
balance scale is probably the least &C
curate. The equal arm ype has the
disadvantage of loose weights, which
may be lost or mislaid.
All commodities from the grocer and
butcher and other dealers may be
checked by means of a scale to insure
accuracy. A scale demands aspect; it
will not submit meekly to being
banged around or Jared, and will re-
taliate by getting out Of order. The
scale must, furthermore. be kept
~scrupulously clean, perfectly dry and
in balance.
When a delivery of goods purchased
is made and the housewife wishes to
weigh a commodity she first removes
the wrappings. The true weight. and
that to which she is entitled. is the
weight of the commodity without any
covering. In case she finds that short
weight has been delivered she notifies
her dealer, and unless the practice is
rectifed she has the privilege of Civ
ing her patronage to other dealers.
Shortages are frequently found in
meat purchases. and in order to cover
a shameful discrepancy the butcher
will explain that the meat was weigh
ed before it was trimmed. These trim
mings are of use to the housewife and
there is no adequate reason assigned
for their non-deliverance.
The best liquid measure is of enam-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-01-09

between them should arise or that
strong measures should be taken by
each. The stories differ as to the
causes of the quarrel-some say 1t was
d love affair, but that is hardly prop
able; others say it was through Herr
mans failure in business-but as a
result the Dutchman caused the arrest
of the Bohemian.
One version is that Herman feigned
madness and refused to go to Jail UNI
less he could ride there on his Ia
vorite white horse, while other his
torians-perhaps of the Dietrich knlck-
erbocker order-Say that ~StuyVeSant
had secured the conviction OF the map
maker on some charge which involved
a death sentence.
The story runs that, under the law
of the land. a condemned criminal had
a right to make one request. which
must il possible be granted, before ex-
ecution. and Herman requested that
his white horse be brought to his cell
door that he might fondle the one
faithful friend in farewell.
All stories agree that at exactly the
right moment Herman mounted the
tried charger. which, at his masters
voice, dashed all opposition aside and
carried him to the banks of the Hudson
river. Closely followed by the Dutch
pursuers, Herman pressed the good
horse. which took a flying leap into the
river and swan with his master to the
opposite shore. where, in the WOODS
rider and steed were quite safe.
He found his way to the Maryland
settlements under Lord Baltimore, by
whom he was well received and to
whom he pointed out the great ad-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-01-09

the lighting of homes has been marked
In many cases homes have not only
been better lighted, but a reduction in
light bills has followed. This reads
proofs are plentiful. If people were
ouizzed in regard to the cheapest
light possible. no doubt some Of them
would unhesitatingly declare candies
AS a matter of fact candles are very
expensive: 1000 candle hours would
cost every cent of 81. Kerosene oil
lamps are less expensive. and 1000
candle hours amount to only 20 cents.
The most economical way to use gas
is to provide each lamp with a mantle.
A mantle burner gives a far better
and steadier light than an open flame.
and about one-fourth as much gas is
nsume
In electric lighting there are three
kinds of lamps. the gem, the carbon
and the tungsten. IN inducement to
burn the gem and carbon lights is
rendered by nan power companies.
who furnish these lamps without
charge. The tungsten lamp, the bu-
reau declares, is superior to either OF
the two others. Even though the con-
sumner is obliged to pay for the tung-
stem lamp he is more than compen-
stated by the high efficiency of the
light. The tungsten lamp today is
much less fragile han 1t was two or
three years ago. If his Were not true
it would not be so generally used on
street cars.
Two most important 'don'ts" for
working by artificial light are: Don't
work without a shade on y)uT lamp.
and don't ever allow yourself to face
the light.
What is home without a timepiece-
Whoever entered a clockless home?
One sees many homes with many kinds
OF clocks, and it is not a little amaz-
ing to observe the clocks that are not
running.
Clocks. and watches too, tha are
kept at a constant temperature behave
the best. ~Timepieces also resent beinx
suddenly and abruptly moved. and pre-
fer standing upright. Then il they are
kept clean and are wound every day
they will do their work well.
Domestic science courses in schools
and colleges are growing in universal
popularity, and to them people look
for the best and most progressive
methods in operation in the home.
The metric system also is coming into
favor in the United States. and event
ually will be adopted by households.
Each year the bureau of standards in
tends to issue bulletins and publica-
tions that will be acceptable and in
structive in all homes throughout
America.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-01-09

On all package goods there are labels
stating specifically the quantity con-
tanned. Often. upon investigation, it
is found that the specified quantity is not
there. There is a law which emphatically
asserts that the contents of the packages
equal that quantity printed on the label.
OF course it is impossible to weigh a
ton or more of coal on the family"
scales. Its weight can be checked only
roughly by noting the capacity OF the
bin. But where a shortage is suspected
and a report made to an inspector, there
will be a provision made for reweigh-
ing the coal.
Time is a factor in weighing ice. If
it is left for several hours and then
weighed. it has, of course, lost weight
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-01-09

q 30 trace of antiquarian lust
lN\ll fingers about the carefully pre-
NJ served and displayed rare old
q v masterpieces in the map divi-
Sion or the Library OF Congress, under
its chief. p. Lee Phillips, but they carry
y richness Of history and of sentiment.
too, in their distorted representations
OF places and their quaint Illustrations
% customs and peoples.
Each OF these maps has a story, which
sir. Phillips points out graphically to
those who have eyes to see under the
lines OF the ~odd-looking charts-stories
Of early discoveries and explorations of
the great country which Columbus ran
accidentally upon He points out on
these charts, meaningless to the heed
less, romances in the settling of the
colonies he also will tell how the maps
came TO be printed. and, IL you are
very appreciative, the remarkable ways
by which some of them were secured
for the Library.
Not all the maps are old. some in
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-01-09

warmer when the fur is worn on tbs
inside instead of on the outside is be-
cause the air cannot get in and dis
place the air between the hairs.
Why win a black kettle cool so much
more rapidly than an aluminium or
nickel one Simply because IL does not
keep its heat but is constantly radiat-
ing il. That is why the best stoves ars
black. The best kettles for 4 coal
stove are black on the bottom. For n
gas range ii makes little difference. he
cause the heat is given not SO much
by radiation as by actual contact with
the gas flame.
In recent years the advancement in
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-01-09

and it is impossible to determine the
original weight.
Often it is convenient to have at ham
a few simple principles for estimating
the capacity of tanks. boilers or other
containers, cylindrical or rectangular
in shape. Brushing up on ones arith-
metic is often necessary in order 20 do
this. To be sure, every one knows that
to find the contents or volume of a
rectangular vessel one m%ultiplies length
by width by height, using the same
unit of length. The formula for OBJ
tanning the cubical contents of a cylin-
drical tank is: Capacity equals 0.7S5d 2h.
or multiply the diameter by itself, null
tiply the product by the height and the
whole thing by 0.7S5. To reduce cubic
inches to gallons. divide by 231; cubic
feet to gallons, multiply by 7.4s.
A teaspoon measure is a handy article
to have about the kitchen. The regular
teaspoon measure has three spoons, the
smallest measuring one-fourth of a
the medium size one-half and
the largest size a whole teaspoonful.
In a sense, the body serves as a stand
ard for measuring temperature. One
puts his hand on the smooth polished
surface of a marble column on a brisk
winters day and that it is
cold. That is to say, it is cold when
compared with the temperature of the
body. which is 9Sh degrees Fahren-
heit. This is not an accurate standard,
and cannot be relied upon at all IN
measuring temperatures in cooking
for instance.
Objects Of different materials are OFT
en- deceptive in their temperatures. A
bare floor is colder to the feet than a
rug. vet there may be no perceptlpie
difference in the temperatures OF the
two. The rug is a poor conductor VI
heat. the floor is a good conductor
To make measurements of tempera-
ture correctly a household needs sew
oral thermometers, one for ascertain
ing the temperature of a room, one Tor
fine bath. one for outdoors. one Tor
cooking. one for the milk, a clinical
thermometer, etc.
II is interesting to observe the proc
ess in making a Thermometer. a grass
tube with a small diameter is hrst Sc
Iected and onto the end OF TINS a grass
hulh is blown. This bulb and a littie
Of the stem of the tube is filled with
mercury, the air removed and the tuoe
carefully sealed. 1t is next placed IN
water of different temperatures, ana
the places where the top of the mer-
cury touches the tube at these dlfterent
temperatures are marked. A scale Is
then made on the glass. The ice point
on the Fahrenheit is 80 degrees, the
boiling point 212 degrees. The cent?
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-01-09

of land said to contain over O.000
acres, principally in Cecil county. Nd.
About ten years were required to
complete the survey and make the
drawings for the map. Besides the la
Dor and effort Herman expended about
s2OO, equal at present valuations to
about 81 900.
In the proceedings of the Council of
MARYLAND, 1861 is the record of the
.'denization" of Herman. Unfortunate
ly, 1t is too long to set out In full. U
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-01-09

MO Longer May the Upo-Date Cook Use" PmchofSat" o" Sueeent to Tash"-Det
1 Y of the Growing Child Must Be Carefully Reguated-Bmeau Of Standards Explains
the "Scentfc Way"-Weghs and Measures in the NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS. Pactced by
IJn@upuous Deales-Thgmomeers in the Fouse-The Question of Fuel.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-01-09

Many households wish to test their
thermometers. A thermometer can be
tested very easily by filling a tumbler
with ice shavings II ice-cold pure
water and thrusting the bulb of the
thermometer into this mixture. When
the mercury of the thermometer has
fallen to 80 degrees F., or o degrees C,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-01-09

E0HE ultra-fashionable are aware
with what rapidity styles in
dress Schange. But styles in
q fads. in automobiles. in ILL
nesses, in hairdressinC. in landscape
gardening and a multitude of other
things change also. and some are eX-
tremely temporary in duration.
Recently a species of style has pene-
trated to the very heart of the cult
nary department of households, and in
a thoroughly modern and progressive
home a cook who measures by any
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-01-09

"Caecilius, absolute Lord and Proprie-
tary of the Provinces of Maryland and
Avalon, Lord Baron of Baltimore, ETC..
Declares him, Augustine Herman. to
be a free Denizen of this our Province
of Maryland. And Doe further, for us
and our heires, straightly ordaine that
he be in all things treated as One of
the Faithful People of us within this
our Province of Maryland" Thus Herr
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-01-09

odd Charts, Many If Them Highly Cdned and Ppfusey illustrated, Tell Stnesot
" Early Discoveries in Amra-The Herman Map of Maryland and Virginia Is One of
the Raest Maps OF the Western HemHphere-t Covers the Coast From Present New Jr
sey to Point Somewhere in North Caroina-Capt. John Smiths Map-A Wonderful
Globe Map Divided Into Twelve Cores.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-01-09
Uncle Sam Sets the Standards Of Home Meas1

grade scale is different. the ice point
being zero and the boiling point 100
degrees.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-01-09

is that the north is at the right in
stead Of the top of the page. tnlike
many of the maps of that period, II IS
uncolored, but on the right Is a medal
lion engraving of the explorer in gem
eral appearance not unlike the Ia
miliar portraits of John Milton. the
coat Of arms of Lord Baltimore ana
the royal arms of Great Britain. elabo-
rately engraved. are prominent adorn-
ments of the page.
Although Herman was quite Ia
miliar with a great part of the terri
tory covered by his survey, he could
only make what. in the slang of the
day, would be called "stabs' at de-
scribing some portions. Thus he marks
the land between the James river and
the Roanoke as for the most part low,
sunken, swampy land not well pass
able, and therein harbors tigers, bears,
and other d~evowringe
IDENTIFY good reasons for omiting a per-
sonal survey.
~
\ picture of IAN Indian canoe. made
out Of a tree with their battles pad
desc and oars" was deemed desirable
to show the person of that day how the
natives Travelled by water. He makes
the amusing note that the New Jersey
part lis inhabited only or most by Indi-
ans"
Some of the manors. including his
own. Bohemia. are indicated. and Della
ware bay, Patowmeck river and York
river are charted and show that he
made elaborate soundings. The map
was engraved by a celebrated artist.
William Faithorne, but Herman was
quite disappointed at the result. for
he described the engraving as "slob-
bered over by the e~ngraver, Faithorne,
deiling the prints. with many errours.
IL covers the coast from present New
Jersey to a point some where in North
Carolina. and extends back about as
far as the longitude of Washington.
Herman was apparently an ad-
venturer of the best type of his time.
Born in Prague. Bohemia, educated
the Dutch colonies at New Amsterdam,
where he was warmly welcomed by
Petrus Stuyvesant, the iron ruler of
that busy settlement destined later to
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-01-09

thing so vague and unscientiic as a
"pinch of salt "sweeten to taste
etc. is regarded as far behind the
times and hopelessly old~-fashioned.