davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Sunday telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1914-1927, 1916-05-21

calls attention to the fact that Bige.
low, Gore and Howard found a slight
out continuous decrease In total
acidity; gradual decrease In
sucrose; gradual increase at first.
followed by a later slight decrease.
In inyert sugar and total carbohy.
drates. and the disappearance of
starch early in the ripenlng process.
AT the University of Minnesota
Thatcher concluded that the only
engines which participate in the
changes in the carbohydrates Of ap.
pies during the ripening process are
oxidases.
The fact that the changes which
take place during ripening are In
hibited by surrounding the fruit with
an atmosphere of carbon dioMd is
easily explained on the basis of their
being oxidase changes. since 1t is a
well-known fact that the presence OF
large excess Of the end-products
OF reaction generally inhibits the
action of the accelerating engine
In increasing degree as the proper
ton of the end.product increases.
Carbon dioxld is undoubtedly an
end.product Of oxidase activity and
should therefore accomplish Just the
result which was found to occur.
With such facts regarding the res.
= RI - I,I IA
The Sunday telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1914-1927, 1916-05-21
An INCH Of RAIN

Nv 1HEN the weather bureau re-.
w ports that IN inch of rain has
w fallen. it means that the
amount of water that descended
from the sky in that particular
shower would have covered the sur.
rounding territory to depth Of one
inch, IL none OF 1t had run on or
soaked into the ground.
1t means that on one acre n,
ground enough water to fill more
than 600 barrels, Of 45 gallons each
has fallen. That quantity of water
weighs more than ITO tons. II the
rain storm covered 1000 acres. which
would be very small shower I'm.
deed. $4,000 tons of water would fall
from the clouds.
Rain storms frequently cover whole
states, and often two or three or
five inches of water falls in one
storm. In that case the weight Of
water that falls to the earth is sim.
ply enormous. A single widespread
and heavy storm might result in a
hundred billion tons Of rain.
The Sunday telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1914-1927, 1916-05-21
The White Poppy, from
Whose Blossoms Opium
Is Secured.

scarcely any one in the audience of
the conjurer who has not taken one
or other Of them when 1t was handed
round for inspection and confidently
nut 1t in his mouth.
"Antipyrin. for example, was ono
Of the first that. the chemist turned
out: or phenacetin, which dissolves
headache. There are others which
the chemist hands over to his assist.
ant, the physician. who wraps them
up in prescriptions: and then the au.
dience swallows them with more con.
Adence than ever. There is the phe.
mol group. for example. which begins
with lysol and goes down to the ia.
miliar aspirin; and salol, which is
a digestive. There are some which
are not handed round, the hypnotics.
veronal. hedonal. sulphonal. And
there are the anaesthetics such as
holocaine and stoyaine. or the germ
poisons, such as atoxyl. which no one
wants to take from the hat. except
as he might take the last thing from
Pandora's, box.
These synthetic drugs are the
most wonderful of all the things that
The Sunday telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1914-1927, 1916-05-21
DRUG FARMING" Is Newest
OCCUPATION Of SCIENCE

@ crENcB has made such wonder.
full advances within the past
few years that the day La said
to be not far distant when the chem.
list will know how to make nearly
everything you need out of hydrogen.
carbon. oxygen and few salts. This
Is a prediction made by E.. s. Grew.
Q scientific writer.
While the chemist may not be
able to work as cheaply as nature"
says Mr.. Grew. still he can beat her
by wasting less. Although he may
not be able to make synthetic rubber
so cheaply as the sun and the rain
produce 1t in the laboratories Of the
tropics. tho chemist can cut the costs
OF bad seasons. transport and the
waste OF war.
Mr.. Grew takes, for his example
coal-tar. which he calls the, ICON.
3urer's hat of the scientist. from
which the chemist draws steamers
OF ribbons Of every color, from in.
digo to primuline yellow and ALTAR.
inc red. These are the aniline dyes.
Next the chemist plucks out a guam.
tty OF fireworks" says Mr.. Grew.
such as tuluol. which, on being OK.
ploded, will blow up trench or sink
Q battleship.
"In addition to. these death.deal.
Ing things, science now knows how
The Sunday telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1914-1927, 1916-05-21
PSYCHOLOGY Of the CAMEL

A DEVIL an a ostrich an or.
~ phan.child in one. In these
4 Anew words from Rudyard Kip
ling's delightful lines. wherein
Thomas Atkins describes the Com
missariat Camel are summarized
the universal condemnation of that
animal. There is no record Of any
more favorable attitude toward 1t on
the part of men @: other races who.
by force of. circumstances. are com.
PEELED 10 avail themselves Of its SER
vices. Among beasts of burden the
camel ranks as one Of the most In.
dispensable and one Of the least at.
tractive of beasts.
No one seems yet to have attempt.
ed an analysis Of the psychology OF
the camel. When that feat has been
achieved, 1t may be known why 1t is
that, though sufficiently amenable to
discipline to become valuable beast
of burden, centuries Of domestica-
ton have failed to develop even the
rudiments Of the docility and aftec-
ton displayed. for example. by the
dog or the horse. The camel, like
the zebra, stands on the border-line
Of tractability.
What Is the determining factor in
this strangely variable degree in the
tanlablllty of animals? Why is the
elephant-or at any rate, the Indian
The Sunday telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1914-1927, 1916-05-21

the polar cap and the belt are dis.
tinctly broader.
Prof. Wood says that the dark belt
may be a fine mist or dust which
forms an extension of Saturn's crepe
ring right down to the ball of the
planet. This is o possibility favored
by the circumstance that in the neg.
ativess made by the ultraviolet and
the violet light, the sky between the
ball of the planet and the ring is
distinctly denser than the region
just outside
No trace of such darkening up.
pears on any OF tho plates made with
the yellow screen. not even on one
that was many times over.exposed.
This appears TO demonstrate that the
phenomenon is real. 1t seems prob.
able that the belt and the polar cap
may be explained in the same way.
The Sunday telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1914-1927, 1916-05-21
Scene in Beadonna Mill Showing How the Green Extract
Of the Plant Is Pressed Out to Produce Atropine.

coal.tar produces, and 1t is remark
able that the chemist. W. H. Perkin.
who drew out the first colored ribbon
from the hat, was trying to construct
the alkaloid quinine when he hit
upon the dye mauveine. The develop.
ment of. the synthetic drug came
many years after that of the dyes;
but quinine has not yet been made.
"All the drugs that have been
named are substitutes for those that
occur in nature; and they generally
differ from the natural drugs entire
ly in their architecture. Quinine has
something which no artificial drug
has yet initiated; 1t paralyzes the
germ of malaria as no artificial drug
can do. There is one natural drug.
an animal drug, which an artificial
product. adrenalln. has successfully
The Sunday telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1914-1927, 1916-05-21

competed with; but this is rather an
exception.
One might say that the reason
why the synthetic drugs are Just as
good as or better than the natural
ones is that they can be prepared
with more accuracy, The chemist
conjurer. knowing, what he has put
in the hat, knows also what he is
going to get out.
THE great advantage which the
synthetic article has is that those
who produce 1t can always say ex
actly what 1t is and exactly what II
will do. That quality is incompara
bly, more important in drugs than In
dyes. 1t is because the physician
always knows what a. tabloid Of
aspirin or trional or an injection oil
stoyaine contains, and exactly what
The Sunday telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1914-1927, 1916-05-21

wv HEN Prof. Robert w. Wood
M of the department of physics,
Johns Hopkins University,
photographed the moon in an entire
ly new way by means of ultraviolet
light, he REVEALED the existence OF
an extensive dark area around the
extinct volcano, Aristarchus. This
dark area docs not appear upon pho
tographs made by means OF yellow
light; nor can the most argus.eyed
astronomer see 1t with telescope.
Experiments made by Prof. Wood in.
dictate that 1t is very probable that
this dark area is huge mass Of sui
phur.bearing rock.
Subsequent to these interesting
revelations regarding the moon. 1t at
once occurred to Prof. Wood that
other novel facts might be. found
ABOUT OlueE pidhels. lac, tactS1oie,
experimental with q horizontal tele-
scope having focus of SC feet, and
;6-inch aperture, This lens was
aickel-plated to make 1t deliver only
ultraviolet light of superior power.
The deposit Of nickel is necessary
because silver, which was used at
first, reflects only 4 per cent. Of the
light in the region Of the spectrum
utilized. namely. between wave.
lengths 5000 and 1900. An instru.
meut placed at Prof. Woods dis.
Iosal by the naval observatory had
its minor replaced with 16-inch
fat, nickel-covered one. With this
fine telescope photographs we're
made of the moon and Jupiter by
means of infra-red. yellow violet and
ultraviolet light.
Despite the fact that moving.pic
The Sunday telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1914-1927, 1916-05-21
How the APPLE Turns RIPE

A LTHoUGH the apple is easily
~ the most important Of the
fruits Of its class. there is lit
Tie widespread Information in regard
to the chemical changes which at
tend its ripening. The starch con.
tent reaches maximum in midsum.
mer while the fruit is still on the
trees. and then begins to decrease.
Some varieties of apples are ready
to eat when they are removed from
the trees. The larger number, how.
ever, are expected to ripen to a con.
siderable extent after that period.
For this reason the varieties which
mature more slowly exhibit supe.
rior keeping quality.
When once the ripening process
has been completed, the fruit tends
to become soft, mushy or overripe,
and usually at this or some preced.
Ing stage. organisms of decay gain
entrance to the tissues, and the fruit
rots. In the absence of infection
with any germs Of disease or decay.
the fruit loses water and shrivels up
into withered dry mass. Changes
Of this character so on. no matter
whether the fruit remains on the
tree or is picked of. Growth ceases
and chemical changes ensue which
result in the development OF char.
acteristlc odor and flavor and later
in the disintegration OF the flesh OF
the fruit.
The object OF the storage orpreser.
walton OF fresh fruit SO that 1t Will
be available beyond its natural sea
son" is really to slow up the rlpen.
ing process and so to prolong its
period as much as possible. That
temperature has an important infiu-
ence on the rate of ripening Is IA
miliar experience. Beyond this little
has been appreciated in regard to
the changes actually involved. 1t has
even been believed that micro.organ.
isms are in part responsible. though
in the light of our modern knowl-
edge Of biochemical changes in
plants 1t is more reasonable to as.
cribe an influence to the presence of
"ripening engines"
With respect to the actual changes
in the chemical composition OF ripen.
ing apples, writer in the Journal
Of the American Medical Association
The Sunday telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1914-1927, 1916-05-21

upon sunlight through both silver
and bromine. Saturn yielded, how.
ever, some of the most interesting
results. The pictures taken In the
infra.red light-light waves above
7200-showed that ball of the planet
almost devoid of marks. Only traces
of the faintest belts appeared.
The photographs made with yell
low interposed, exhibited distinct
belts, such as the astronomer sees
with his eye telescope. On the pho
tographs made with violet-iOO0-i50
wave lengths-a very broad, dark
belt was revealed as surrounding
saturn's equator, and occupying the
region Of the planet brightest in vel.
low light. In addition to this dark
equatorial belt, dark polar cap of
considerable size appeared in the
photographs. Prof. Wood says
The Sunday telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1914-1927, 1916-05-21

effect II will produce. that he recon.
mends 1t instead Of drugs that are
uncertain. Otherwise the synthetic
drug has no advantage over the
herbal drug. and may be, even at a
disadvantage with the digitails that
turks in the fox-glove, or the opium
IN the poppy, or the green extract
In belladonna.
There are most powerful poisons
and antidotes In the herbs that grow
by the wayside. But they avail little
unless the plants are grown sys.e-
matically; and unless they can be 80
grown that they produce their hidden
alkaloids SO that growers and distil.
1ers can say positively what is being
produced,
Since the war broke out drug
farmers are being urged to grow
larger quantities Of drug herbs and
to experiment with more kinds-bel.
ladonna, aconite, foxgloye, golden
seal. henbane and thorn-apple. One
farm now grows Egyptianhenbane, and
another has a brigade of little plots
where balm, comfrey, fever.few. PEN
Aroyal. southernwood and tansy.
NORWOOD, yarrow and the greater
celandine spring up year by year.
The holdings of each of these lesser
herbs depend on the demand for
them, But for the greater simples-
the belladonna, which produces afro
pine; aconite, which gives aconitine;
foxglove yielding digitalis-compre-
hensive steps have to be taken.
"Belladonna is one Of the best ex-
amples that can be taken, because
its growth and cultivation have been
very thoroughly worked out. The
best kind Of soil in which to grow 1t.
the best fertilizer with which to nour-
ish 1t. the best time of.year at which
to gather it. and the best way in
The Sunday telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1914-1927, 1916-05-21

elephant-so docile and the rhinoc-
eros so hopelessly intractable? The
former can be taken straight from its
native wilds, and in a surprisingly
short space Of time. Will behave as
though born to captivity; the latter
no man has yet brought under SUBJ
lection. save as o useless captive be.
hind iron bars. The; solution of the
mystery will probably be found to de.
pend largely on the relative size of
the brain in proportion to the bulk of
the body. The larger the brain in
proportion to the size of the body.
the greater the educability and ca.
paclty for affection.
These remarks apply equally to
the Arabian Tor one.humped) and to
the Bactrian Tor two-humped) camel.
The first-named is now nowhere to
be found in a wild state; hence there
Is still some uncertainty as to its
original home; but 1t seems probable
that 1t is the descendant of an Indian
ancestor. From India migrants grad.
uaiiy made their way through Arabia
10 northern Africa. Those still found
IN wild state in parts of Spain are
tne descendants of animals intro.
au g. during the Arab occupation.
nEough after 5000 years Of domestI.
cation man has failed to make tha
camel companionable animal be
sas. at any rate, succeeded in nro.
ducing several more or less d,s,ino.
breeds. The Arabs recognize NJ lao :.
20 distinct strains, which nav a ha
NJ 'sas Invisible into riding.camels,
" Ole u T and baggage.cam.
e.s' me ordinary pace of The latter
wneh tully loaded. is about three
NH. mlies an hour: but good dromedarv
VIII cover from eight to ten miles an
hour for long period ' az
The Sunday telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1914-1927, 1916-05-21

Japanese tissues. and the. pictures
produced on that paper are rich in
quality and extremely beautiful: any
tone suitable to the picture Is OBJ
tainable by placing one or more deli.
cate-colored papers beneath the
photograph or roughly coloring the
mount. lending the print an effect
similar to colored etchings.
1t is highly adaptable for decora.
tive purposes, lending itself most
readily for transparencies, lamp
shades, ETC., producing pleasing sub.
dued effects. 1t is said to be so tough
that 1t may be wet and crumpled like
was. rag and yet be restored to
perfect condition.
The Sunday telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1914-1927, 1916-05-21

which to express its green extract
have all been tested and examined
over a number of seasons. So that
now 1t Is easy to get the best value
out OF a crop and, when the crop Ia
picked. easy to say what Is the
chemical value OF the drug, and to
standardize It. There is no reason
why this shouldn not be done for other
herbss 1t Is being done. The digitalis
which comes from the foxglove. and
Is SO powerful In It's effects on the
heart. cannot be- standardized by
chemical analysis. Ills standardized
none the less by testing It on frogs.
ITO grow these herbs IL! not so
simple, but 1t can be done with pa
tence and thoroughness. and In this
time Of war there are q number
which can be placed in an entrenched
position against future competition.
Some produce extremely valuable
drugs-when they can be depended
on; and some have curious histories.
Golden seal was once weed grow.
ing like pestilence, but 1t Is now
carefully tended under latticed shade
for the sake Of its hydrastine. Hen.
bane, capricious herb, can be made
to yield tyoscamine: and Egyptian
henbane. IL 1t can be guided proper
ly, will give. several pounds of pure
hyoscine In exchange for a pound Of
seed-a feat worthy of any alchemi.
can conjurer.
"Poisons and antidotes, fever re.
ducers. and a score OF remedies
called simple. but truly wonderfully
complex-squirting cucumbeg thorn.
apple (for asthma powders) meadow.
sweet and MULLEN. saffron and broom
(for sparteine). coltsfoot and hem.
lock-all lie at our feet, waiting only
the scientific herb-collector to gather
them"
The Sunday telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1914-1927, 1916-05-21

treating papers of such delicate
structure as the Japanese tissues
with the necessary emulsions men,
toned above, are that the tissue
curls and crumples to such an extent
that 1t Is useless for any commercial
purpose.
Recently an inventor has succeed
ed in treating the tissue with the
baryta and sensitive emulsion in
such a manner that the paper is
strong during the manipulations of
developing, fixing and washing Of the
print. 1t will dry. between blotters.
in about 20 minutes, and remain fiat
and flexible. retaining the rich, vel
vety surface characteristic of the
The Sunday telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1914-1927, 1916-05-21
&c x

rather thick deposit Of silver on
uvio! glass. In the present revolu.
tionary work. the silver film was
abandoned. and a right-ansle. rec
tangular glass vessel. closed with
uyiol glass full of bromine vapor.
was substituted. This arrangement.
used with plate or film, gives pho
tograph formed by ultraviolet light.
II 1t is combined with thin layer
of very dilute solution OF chromate
of potash, photographs Of the stars
and planets are slightly superior to
those made through silver. while the
time Of exposure required is only
one.tenth as long.
While at the Mt. Wilson Astronom.
ical Observatory in California. Prof.
Wood used the great 6o-inch reflect
ing telescope for four nights contin'
uously from sunset to dawn. He OBJ.
The Sunday telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1914-1927, 1916-05-21
JAPANESE TISSUE Used for PHOTOGRAPHIC Prints

A NOTABLE contribution to pho
~ Biography has recently been
made by the invention of u
process of sensitizlng the delicate
handmade japanese tissues with n
rapid emulsion for contact printing
and charging by artificial light. The
usual proceedings in sensItizing pho.
Geographic papers is to coat the paper
first with emulsions of baryta and
gelatin, and subsequently with the
light sensitive emulslons consisting
mainly of nitrate of silver and gela.
tin carefully prepared.
The difficulties encountered in
The Sunday telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1914-1927, 1916-05-21

as the angle at which watch hangs
are given as real causes for irregu-
larities.
1t has been found. for example.
that watch SO accurately adjusted
that. when worn by its owner, It will
not vary more than second day.
will gain or lose quarter OF min.
ute in "a hoursif hung on a bedpost.
The Sunday telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1914-1927, 1916-05-21

The two photographs of Saturn are
so different. says Prof. Wood. that
were 1t not for the rings, it would be
difficult to believe that they are Of
the same planet. In ultraviolet light
the appearance is much the same,
but the dark belt is not quite so
wide. and the bright region between
The Sunday telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1914-1927, 1916-05-21

ton spectrum of such gases in quartz
glass bulbs. with the result that the
absorption appears to be much
stronger in the ultraviolet light.
Until q wider search is made, how.
ever, 1t is useless even to<guess the
nature OF the matter.
The Sunday telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1914-1927, 1916-05-21
MYSTERIES Of SKY Neghbors REVEALED by the Light

ture films were used, It was found
difficult to secure a sharp enough
definition of the stars on account of
their rather rapid. periodic drift,
which was very difficult to follow.
In his pioneer experiments of pho
tographing the moon. Prof. Wood
used for the ultraviolet paste, u
The Sunday telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1914-1927, 1916-05-21
Why Even BEST WATCHES NAV GoWRoNG

THE reasons for variations in
tho tme-keeping qualities of q
\ vsll-regulated watch have been
the subject Of Investigation by sci.
entists recently. Tho popular theo-
ries that animal magnetism and bod
lily temperature are causes are de.
MED by investigators. Rather, diff
ferent rhythms Of movement as well
The Sunday telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1914-1927, 1916-05-21

tanned a complete set of pictures of
the moon both in the ultraviolet and
rellow-light, as well as some 40 neg
atiyes OF Jupiter and Saturn in mira.
red, ultraviolet. violet and yellow
light. The monster telescope was
used at its S0-foot focus.
Prof. Wood also made experiments
The Sunday telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1914-1927, 1916-05-21

Prof. Wood offers another possible
Interpretation. namely, the probable
existence in Saturn's atmosphere of
some substance capable of absorbing
violet and ultraviolet light, such as
n pale yellow gas. sulphur vapor. or
chlorine.
Prof. w@d examined the absorp.
The Sunday telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1914-1927, 1916-05-21
The Foxglove, Which Produces
Digitalis, a Powerful Heart
Stimulant.

to extract from this conjurer's hat
sleep and rest and freedom, from
pain. Out Of the hydro-carbon, which
Is the innermost heart Of coal.tar,
the chemist builds up tho drugs
which are called anaesthetics, anal.
gesics. or hypnotics. There is won.
derful list OF them, and there is