davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-01-13
WINTER OATS A VALUABLE CROP
Excellent Cover and Forage Crop for the Southern States in Rotation With
Corn and Cotton.

Nearly 1000 900 acres were sowu
to winter oats IN tho southern states
In the fall Of 1914. doubling III acre
age Of the previous year.. In the same
year tho same states grew 3S,0o0,0 900
acres Of cotton and $4,000 900 acre
Of corn. Since fall-sown oats make
an excellent crop to grow In rotation
with oorn and cotton, 1t would appear
that tho acreage Of oats could be
further very largely increased to ad-
vantage.
Winter oats supply . oover crop for
the land. furnish winter and early
spring pasture, and produce . very
desirable feed for work stock 1t .
time when II - most needed. They
usually produce at least double the
yield obtained from spring oats in
the same locality. Winter oats are
much less hardy than winter wheat or
winter rye, the northern limit Of the
successful production Of this crop be-
ing marked approximately by the
Potomac and Ohio Rivers. extending
thence southwesterly across southern
Missouri and central Oklahoma.
The results from grain crops in the
cotton states in 1918 were, in some In
stances, rather disappointing because
Of spring drought, but satisfactory
yields were obtained in nearly all
cases where the seed was sown on
well-prepared land at the proper
time. In all the cotton states best
results may be obtained II oats are
sown in October or early November.
In the states along the northern Dor
der of the cotton belt this crop should
be sown about two weeks earlier than
winter wheat, or during the, latter
part Of September or early October.
Farther south later seeding is of
course possible and desirable. In the
Gulf states November is the best
month to SOW, early in the month In
the higher northern portions and to-
ward the latter end near the coast.
Winter oats may be sown to the
best advantage on lane which pro-
duced a crop of corn, cotton, or COW
peas the past summer. II this land
not be plowed at least two weeks
before the crop Is to be soWn a better
.eed bed can be prepared by thorough
disking and narrowing than by ploW-
ing. Late blowing not only delays
.eedins but leaves the soil 90 loose
for the best growth Of the crop. a
Moving in THU section should be I'M
medtately followed with the disk or
to preserve moisture. A more
stand and better yield a oe
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-01-13

blight Is alive or dead on the. lowe,
margin, although somewhat helpfu
as a guide In determining how low tt
go. In actual practice it Is better tc
cut u all the dead limbs and all the
blight anyhow, regardless Of whether
1t is a dead case or not.
The blight eradication should al.
ways precede the pruning. Othe,
pruning for shaping up the trees may
be done, II preferred, before leaving
tho trees, or may be postponed until
some convenient time later, but OF
course, before the buds push in the
spring.
Apple cankers form dead spots on
the twigs n branches Of apple trees
n occasionally extend down on to
the bodies. There are several differ
ent types Of apple cankers in various
parts Of the United States. Occa-
sionally two or more kinds NAV occur
on the same tree. They are caused
by fungi growing comparatively
slowly In the bark and killing it. They
often enter in the twigs, fruit spurs.
or blighted areas killed by pear blight,
but may infect entirely independent
or these sources. Frequently locust
scars, pruning wounds, or other in
1uries furnish the point Of entry, but
some kinds Of cankers infect djrect]v
into the bark.
The blister canker, ommon in the
middle west, is particularly severe
after winter killing or after the trees
are weakened by extended drouehts.
The particular kind or species of
apple canker may be determined by
the grower by sending a sample,
preferably the whole area of a small
canker or a section Of the limb show
Ing the margin. to the Department of
Agriculture or the nearest State ex-
pertinent station. 1t Is not absolutely
necessary in most cases to identity
the species, since the treatment, as
far as worked out, is essentially the
same.
The principal method Of controlling
apple cankers is identical with pear
blight. as described above. Where
the canker is located on a branch or
which can readily be spared. and
especially If it reaches half or nearly
half way around the limb, it is best
saw the limb off, cutting 6 inches
to a foot below the lowest evidence
of disease, then disinfect and paint
or apply the coal-tar creosote-otl
wound paint. Cankers located on a
large branch which can not readily
be spared or on the body Of the tree
be eradicated and trimmed out
exactly as described above for pear
blight areas, using the same methods
and preferably the coal-tar creosote-
OIL u treatment Immediately on
finishing the scar. q
Cankers do not require the prompt
and retrimming as in
pear blight cases, but it is a
practice to look them over the
spring and again in the
fall, and rework them or saw off the
If an occasional failure has
Some cankers behave
rather differently from pear blight in
they check UP during the grow
period of spring and summer and
the tree attempts to heal them over.
then In the fall and winter the can
ker spreads again, killing the margin
OF n new growth. This Is frequently
repeated several times as the canker
enlarges. Such old cases are rather
mean to work on and usually, though
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-01-13
by W. MILTON KELLY, New York

animals where they will be compelled
to fight heir own way for a place te
eat and drink, as they are more sub
ject to injury and violent exercise IL
quite apt to cause serious trouble
Exercise Is an important essential
In the winter management of al
kinds Of breeding animals and the
yards should be large enough SO that
the animals may go out and In as
they please during every pleasant a
Many swine breeders make a prac-
tice Of feeding their brood sows quite
a distance from their sleeping quar-
tiers in order to induce them to exer-
else freely and l ave found this an
sluggish during pregnancy and will
not exercise unless compelled to.
Exercise is not only beneficial to
the muscular and maternal develop
ment of breeding sows, but 1T pre-
vents constipation which Is one Of
the most serious problems we have to
contend with If u sows are in good
flesh condition.
Breeding bulls, boars, rams and
stations should have plenty OF fresh
air, light, and exercise during the
winter. Our animals cannot develop
good bone, muscle, constitution, ETC.,
if they are compelled to spend the
winter in the dark. filthy, poorly
ventilated pens and sta bles n not
allowed to exercise during the favor
able weather..
The grain ration Of breeding anil
mails had best be made up largely OF
homegrown grain foods such as corn,
oats, barley and peas, supplemented
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-01-13
HIGHER HOME EFFICIENCY.

A revolution is going on in the
homes of America. 1t is being brought
about by the study of such subjects
as health, home nursing. child well
fare, foods n food values, textiles
and the making Of clothing. the
family budget, and household manage
ment. The outcome will be better
health, and greater comfort ana
happiness for all at less expense.
Because there is a demand for such
instruction, and because the ends
sought are 80 desirable, schools and
colleges of agriculture all over the
country are offering short sessions for
the study of the subjects named.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-01-13
PRUNING TREES.

Don't think that a trees welfare OF
rapid growth depends upon the large
amount Of top" you leave on 1t. THE
larger the top the slower the growth"
Is a good rule to go by. Shorten In
the side branches and head back the
leading shoots. Don't be afraid to
use the knife or the pruning shears,
Remember that the tree has lost dur
ing its removal from the nursery
much Of its root system. therefore the
top should be cut away until 1t oor-
responds somewhat with the lessened
root supply. When setting the tree.
don't forget to trim away all dead az
broken roots.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-01-13

The winter Is the most critical
period in the care Of breeding animals
and many farmers would find larger
and more certain profits from their
farm stock II they would give more
time and study to the winter care and
feeding of their breeding animals.
All kinds of breeding stock require
good shelter-that is, dry, clean,
comfortable and so constructed that
there will always be an abundance Of
pure air without exposing the ami
mails to cold draughts.
Brood sows and breeding ewes re-
quire plenty of room and will thrive
best If. separated in punches so as to
prevent crowding and fighting at the
troughs and feed racks. Pregnant
animals should not be kept with other
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-01-13

when about two and q half years old.
When fat they weigh about rs pounds
and sometimes an old bird will reach
632 pounds.
the ground and are, therefore. easily
kept within bounds. A fence that
will turn cattle or sheep will confne
them and they are at home wherever
there is plenty of pasture and good
water to drink. They do not require
water to swim in. The pasture need
not be flrst-class as they will eat with
relish a coarse grass and
weeds hat cattle will not touch.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-01-13
Perspective OF Portable Hog House,
Showing Framing Details.
KEEP A FLOCK OF SHEEP.

Sheep are the great enemies of
weeds and where sheep can be turned
into a field, or a flock herded along
the roadside, they will effectively
clear up waste vegetation and in addi-
ton the trampling of their feet will
destroy many insects. The sheep at
the same time turn waste material
into mutton and all they require IS
a little grain for finishing. Free
quently when sold they return a
profit. but the entomologists hold
hat even II they merely pay for the
extra grain they eat their function
in destroying weeds and keeping down
insects makes their use we'll worth
while.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-01-13

obtained from sowing with . drill
than from broadcast seeding: though
seed sown broadcast and narrowed or
disked In ON well-prepared land will
usually produce q good stand. II the
soil Is fertile or the preceding crop
was fsrtilissd. 100 to 800 pounds OF
acid phosphate to the Acrs will BE- the
only fertiliser needed by the oets this
fall. About the time growth COM
menses in the spring . top dressing
Of 80 to 100 pounds Of nitrate Of soda
will greatly increase the yield.
Tho variety Of winter oats moSe
commonly sown in the south 10 Red
Rustproof. Numerous selections ana
strains of this variety, such ~ Appisr.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-01-13
THE BROOD eOW's FEED.

The daily ration should include little
or no corn. Oats, shorts ana wheat
bran are good. Ground rye and wheat
bran are also excellent.
Whatever tho feed do not make a
radical change at narrowing time.
Three days before narrowing shut the
SOW up alone and feed q light ration.
After narrowing give the feed in the
form of q slop for about a week but
the first "a hours she will be better
of with nothing but fresh water.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-01-13

NJ always, demand the removal Of
the branch.
In very bad outbreaks of apple
canker, fall spraying with rather
thick Bordeaux mixture. at least as
strong as $3.50, is advisable. This
treatment is not usually necessary in
most apple districts of the United
States, but If the grower Is having
a real fight against apple cankers, the
fall eradication should be made rather
promptly as oon as the leaves are
off, and the whole orchard should be
sprayed with this mixture. This pro-
tects the tree against most Of the re-
infections In the bark and probably
kills the spores on the surface Of the
wood and possibly many minor or in
cipient cankers.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-01-13

Land for Oats.
McGehee, Bancroft, Cook. Hundred
Bushel, and Lawson, are highly rec
commended in certain localities. The
Fulghum is a recently introduced
variety which natures a week or more
earlier than the Red Rustproof and
usually yields as we'll, but it Is some
what less hardy. All these varieties
should be sown at the rate Of IN
to 3h bushels to the acre., the lower
rate being sufficient when the seed -
drilled. a 3.
The hardest winter oat is the Win
ter Turf or Virginia Gray. On account
of it's hardness this variety Is the
safest one to SOW in Maryland Vir-
ginia. West Virginia, Kentucky, Mis-
souri,. and at the higher elevations in
North. Carolina and Tennessee. 1t
natures a week to 10 days later than
Red Ruetproof and does not yield
nearly so we'll as that variety south
Of the state mentioned. 1t is eS-
cellent for pasture and for hay. On
account of the small size Of the seed
and its free stooling habit only III to
. bushels Of seed Of Winter Turf oats
are required to the acre.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-01-13
A Covered Manure Shed.

pile should be fiat on top and from
3 to s feet high. Cow manure Is the
most desirable for garden or house
plants. It does not burn or loss it,
strength, md may be kept for q num-
Der Of years II piled,undeP shelter. be-
coming available each year. 1t
mikes we'll with soil and lsaf-mold.
Whom once voted. this manwe Is very
lasting and easily assmilated by
plants. ~.l ..G -.'
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-01-13
SEASONABLE WORK IN ORCHARDS
5gestions for the Control Of Pear Blight of Pear, Apple and Ounce Trees
& a and Apple Cankers.

In the management of the orchard,
especially the apple n pear orchard.
there 10 . period after the fruit is
gathered, and perhaps after other
serops have been safely harvested, that
~ most convenient for doing some of
the careful work in the control of
oertAin diseases and pests. There are
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-01-13
PROFITABLE HOG RAISING.

TO make hogs profitable we must
nrovide plenty of range that we may
Leen their yards clean and sanitary.
~ ho ~sucoessful a man must be
.,r+,c,,,ar with his breeding stock.
The breed 10 Of less importance
than the surroundings.
It will pay any hog grower 70 uip
all Of his growing pigs, at least once q
month, to keep their skin in gooo con-
di+ion and free from lice.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-01-13
PROFIT IN GEESE

@S Geese are great ~foragers and will
wander for miles in search of food.
This is particularly true of the com
NOR kind, but the improved breeds
are not Is much disposed to wander
and for that reason are more easily
cared for.
The three principal breeds of geese
are the Toulouse, China and Emb-
den. The Toulouse Is a very large,
grey goose and reaches maturity
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-01-13
SAVE THE MANURE

Manure adds plant food to the soil,
and it also improves the texture or
physical condition of the soil. This
latter effect is often its greatest value.
II one wants mere plant food alone,
he may often do better to add It in
some more concentrated form. It II
important, especially in garden opera
tons, that the be rotted or
composted. This is accomplished By
letting 1t decay in piles. The compost
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-01-13
FRUIT SHOULD BE PLENTIFUL

The farmer can raise his own fruit
cheaper than he can buy it, says one.
No he can't; hat Is. some farmers
cant, for a pound Of dried peaches
and a quarters worth Of prunes will
last the entire season. The live
farmer who wants to enjoy life as he
goes along can raise fruit cheaper
than he oan buy 1t for he will want
the fruit in its season from the
earliest strawberry, to tbs last Of the
winter apples until the strawberries
come again. Fruit used in that way
helps a man to enjoy life.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-01-13
GET H PESTS.

Whom your orchard 10 par OF io .-
iase, you should not fall 10 nu"' U 49,
ana destroy all insect pes's' AZ
"mummied" fruits found on youl
trees should be destroyed by burning
| They'll spread fungus trouo'e n>
,mmer II allowed to remain.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-01-13
GOOD BUTTER IN WINTER,

Good butter al be made in cold
weather. but the ear should not he
kept too long. Add q little butter
milk or sour milk to ripen It and do
not keep It longer than four or five
days. Do smaller churnings and have
better butter. Turn the cream screw
to run a heavier cream in the winter
and tho Cummings will gather more
quickly.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-01-13
GREAT DEMAND FOR
FARM INSTRUCTION.

The demand for instruction In agri-
culture In the United States is increas-
ting at q tremendous rate. This is seen
An the attendance of thousands at the
many winters sessions held at the
various agricultural schools and col
lagos OF the country.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-01-13
Ill''1|'555

Paint will aid in prolol,gfng tho life
of the house as we'll as Improving the
appearance. Any good paint which
will, stand the weather will be salts
factory, but two coats should be given
to thoroughly lover the wood. The
inside of the house can be given q
good coating Of whitewash. This will
give it a clean and sanitary appear
ance. .,'
Tho following material Is necessary
for the construction Of the portable
house: 4.
~ Board feet.
7 pieces 2 by 4 inches, 16 feet
long, for the entire framework. ~
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-01-13

Make up your mind what you in
tend to do, make your plans accord
ingly and carry out your ideas.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-01-13

Do something, read something,
study something or think something
during the time you are In the habit
OF doing nothing.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-01-13
A S%ERV1CEABLE, PORTABLE HOG HOUSE
Good Type of Building Used at Government Farm-Detal of Construction.

joists are used to stiffen the floor. SO
1-inch material is Of sufficient thick
ness to make a good floor. The frame
Is built Of 2 by 4 inch material.
The house is covered with Il by 2
inch OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES pine boards,
which is very tight and sheds water.
Ten-inch ;shiplap could be used salts
factorily. and will reduce the cost OF
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-01-13

In moving the house a good way is
to take a chain or a strong rope and
fasten it to the runner through the
holes bored for the purpose. fasten to
a ~clevis, hitch on a team, and take
the house wherever desired. ,
The runners are the foundation Of
the house and should be Of sufficient
dimension 6 by 6 inches) to hold the
house we'll off the ground. Wood
which is short-lived and decays when
placed in contact with the ground can
not be recommended. The more dur
able woods are fir INC cypress. Two
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-01-13

Cold and discomfort are unproft.
able things to keep In the dairy barn.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-01-13

Good care of the eve may save the
lamb. t -,a
Pullman herald. [volume] (Pullman, W.T. [Wash.]) 1888-1989, 1916-09-08
EXPERT ON HIGHWAYS
RETURNS FROM TRIP

Professor o. l.. Waller, head of
the Department of Civil Engineering,
has just returned from an 1S00-mile
automobile trip for the specific pur-
pose of studying the highway situa-
ton in Washington and Oregon.
He says that the graduates in the
course of highway engineering from
the State College of Washington this
year were all employed before the
school closed, and he wanted to find
out at first hand, if there would be
continued demand for well-trained
highway engineers. The trip COW
cred some of the best roads and pave
ments in the west, and some of the
worst
His observations lead him to be-
lieye:-
That, given plenty of money, our
engineers can produce splendid roads
and pavements;
That very much of the money
spent on roads in construction and
maintenance is wasted;
That plain common sense in the
use of local road materials is at a
discount;
That every county needs men
| trained in bodybuilding, men who
know how to get the most out of the
| dollar. This shortage of trained
road engineers is not confined to the
west alone, but is general through
out the United States.
Eighteen state highway commits
sioners report lack of trained road
! engineers. Sixteen hundred highway
engineers are now employed by "a
state highway commissions. Coun-
ties and cities are employing 1000
more.
Two hundred fifty million dol
lars are annually expended in the
United States for road construction
and maintenance.
The new Federal Good Roads Act,
appropriating $4,000, 1000, requiring
as much to be appropriated by the
states receiving it, will add impetus
to road building and insure the de-
mand for good highway engineers.
The State College of Washington
in the Civil Engineering Department,
has educated a large number OF
Young men who are now employed
in road building, some of whom are
leaders in the extensive highway de-
velopm ent that is just now getting
we'll under way.
We need more better trained men
to direct the economical expenditure
of our road money. We must stop
wasting it, for present methods OF
transportation will soon demand
good roads everywhere.
Pullman herald. [volume] (Pullman, W.T. [Wash.]) 1888-1989, 1916-09-08
CASE AFTER CASE
Plenty More Like This in Pullman

Scores of Pullman people can tell
you about Doans Kidney Pills.
! Many a happy citizen makes a public
statement of his experience. Here
| is a case of it, What better proof
of merit can be had than such en-
dorsement?
II. II. Parrish, retired farmer, 81 0
Water St, Pullman, says: 1T was
three years ago that | went lame and
l could hardly get up or down. |
had catches in my back and hip and
had to take to bed. The pains and
twinges through my kidneys were
something awful. l had heard of
Doans Kidney Pills, so ] decided to
try them. | found relief right from
the first two doses and when ! had
finished the box ! was free from
kidney trouble. | have remained
free from it ever since"
The above statement was given
June 6, 1913, and on July ;, 1916,
Mr.. Parrish added: The cure
mentioned in my former endorse
ment has been lasting. Doans Kid
ney Pills can surely be depended on
to cure kidney ailments"
Price soc, at all dealers. Don't
simply ask for a kidney remedy-get
Doan's Kidney Pills-the same that
Mr.. Parrish has twice recommended.
Foster Milburn Co., Props, Buffalo,
N. Y.
Pullman herald. [volume] (Pullman, W.T. [Wash.]) 1888-1989, 1916-09-08
SIGHT OF TWO LIFETINIES

The sight of two lifetimes is The
Birth OF Nation-that OF your
father and mother, if not directly
you own, and, also, the sight of all
sights to be seen today.
II is nearly three hours of his
toric tableauX. nearly three hours OF
smiles and tears and warm heart
throbs and gripping pangs of sad
ness, a panorama of life and love
that preceded the first shot on stump
ter-and then the break-the south
declaring for states rights and Sc
cession, the north as one man rally
ing to the flag only, both sides, to
emerge from it four trying years
later full of hatred and rancor and
wrath against each other more ig-
noble crimes--that is Griffith S
Birth of a Nation.
Pullman herald. [volume] (Pullman, W.T. [Wash.]) 1888-1989, 1916-09-08

there to be an abundance of fur
trimming, but also on evening gowns.
Even the very sheerest fabrics, such
as net, Georgette crepe and chiffon
are to be decorated with fur. A very
stunning evening dress of net had
the skirt edged with a deep band of
fur. The dress itself was deliberately
beaded. Beaded fabrics, metallic
embroidery and sequins are extern
sively used on evening gowns. The
wonderful effects and beauty of these
under the lights can readily be i'm
agined