davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Birmingham age-herald., 1916-02-12
HOUSE COMMITTEE IS MORE ATTENTIVE
 THAN THE SENATOR'S
But Members Seek to Refute Arguments of Alabama Prohibition C Commission
 CTS for Antimail Bill

Washin gton. February 11.-tSpecial) seemingly more interested in the ar gument of the Alabama prohibitionists than was the Senate committee on yes- terday. The members of the latter as sumed ckadaisical attitude, the members of the former, or some of them, were aggressive in attempting to counteract the argument of the com missioners. In the beginning of the session F. M. Jackson observed in eff feet that Alabama was unshakably for prohibition and that none other than 6 prohibitionist could be elected in that state.
 This caused Representative Black mon of Alabama to prick up his ears. .'Is it not true" he asked, that some time ago there was campaign in Ala bama between Oscar W. Underwood and R. P. Hobson?" Mir. Jackson answered in the affirmative.
 And is 1t not true that MT Under' wood though an anti -prohibitionist, achieved an overwhelming victory 2" Yes replied Mir. Jackson, but the lines were not closely drawn. MT. un- derwood won by the support of many prohibitionists
 Representative Stenerson of Minne- sota openly assailed the antimail meas ure the prohibitionists sponsored and charged that the Alabamians were de-. sirous of using federal statute for the enforcement of a local regulation.
 As on yesterday, today S. D. Weak ley made the chief argument in favor of the bill.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1916-02-12
TODAY'S AGE-HERALD

1-President an insoluble enigma.
 Claim to have sunk two cruisers.
 Note of harmony on preparedness
 Wilson's pen will be busy.
 Tells of visit to fleet. 2-Mrs Parke succeeds Mrs. Jacobs 3--Holland letter. 4--Editorial comment. 5-Bridge is stolen, states Barber.
 List of donors to Jewish relief
 Enters plea for Christian faith in Sun
 day laws.
 Money lender is convicted.
 Barber charges gasoline prices are in
 Hated. 6-Women's page. 7-Review of cotton market. 8-Sports. 9-Wilson seeks seclusion.  l2-Anti-Suffrage society in Selma.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1916-02-12
GERMANS ENGAGED IN ACQUIRING MERIT
 OVER MEMORANDUM
Think They Act Mildly in Not Treating Those Aboard Armed Mer-
 chantmen as Pirates

Berlin, February 11.-Germany'S de- hostile countries as warships has been received with the heartiest approval. The press of all parties expresses the belief that neutrals will now be com pelled to avoid all merchantmen of na- tions at war with Germany and also to treat such vessels when in their harbors as warships.
 Captain T.. Persus says in the Tage- blatt that the copy of the British ad- tions against submarines will open the eyes of neutrals in regard to the mer- chantmen armed for defense only"
 The editor of the Tageblatt points out that the appearance of the Ger man memorandum at this Juncture is no way indicated by the status of the Lusitania case, but that it is simply a coincidence.,
 The Kreuz Zeitung asserts the mem- orandum opens the way to settle- ment of the Lusitania case and also abolishes the possibility of protecting hostile ships by placing Americans on board It refers to the flying of false colors and continues:
 America and other neutrals permit this deceptive use of their colors. No matter whether they cannot or will not stop it, they must bear the re- sponsibility. If we are to treat all enemy merchantmen which are armed as belligerents we cannot stop because a neutral flag is used wrongfully. The warning we gave a year ago that even neutral ships entering the war zone do so at their own peril still holds good"
 The Morgen Post believes Germany has the right to treat armed merchant men as pirates. although it grants them the prerogatives of belligerents. They may now be attacked. it continues. without warning and without giving passengers and crew the opportunity to reach a place of safety.
 Herr Bernhard also is of the opinion that Germany is acting mildly, as she might treat armed merchantmen as pirates and hang the crews from the yardarm. s
 Count Reventlow joins in the declar ation that the government is mild in trea ting armed merchantmen as bel ligereyt3s. rinstead of as pirates.
 Die Post says it thinks Germany's submarine warfare will now continue effectively. Therein lies our greatest hope"s the newspaper adds
The Birmingham age-herald., 1916-02-12
S2 MODES WILL BE
 ALLOWED TO RESIGN
Those Who Failed on Midseason Ex- aminations Will Not Be Dismissed.
 Many May Return

Washington, February 11.-All of the S2 midshipmen at Annapolis who were rec commended for dismissal because they failed on their midseason examinations will be permitted to resign instead of having the blot of expulsion from the service against their record. After ap- proving the academic boards recommen- dation that the smidshipmen be dismissed, Secretary Daniels today wrote to Cap tain Eberle, superintendent of the Naval academy, authorizing him to accept res gnations.
 MT. Daniels explained that he believed boy should be dismissed from the acad- emy only in punishment for misconduct.
 About half of the midshipmen are mem- bers of the fourth class eligible for re- appointment, so many of them may re- turn to the academy next fall
The Birmingham age-herald., 1916-02-12
Germans in Guinea

London, February 1f.-An official report issued at Madrid, forwarded by Reuters correspondent, says 26OO German soldiers are interned in Spanish Guinea. There have also been interned 1400 members of families of the German soldiers. All will be transported to Spain.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1916-02-12
CLARIFIED SITUATION

Members of both the congressional com mittees declared that the War Secre- tarys withdrawal had brought out sharp 1y the Presidents desire that Congress should work out it's army problems in it's own best judgment, despite his personal preference for the continental army scheme advocated by Mir. Garrison and the army war college. The net result they agreed was clarification of the congressional atmosphere and the assur- ance of support for the bills from ele- ments of both the democratic and repub- lican sides that had heretofore been counted against the measures.
 In substance. it is believed the biiis to be drafted will represent an effort to make effective virtually all of the plans of the war department with the ex- ception that liberalization of the Ma tional Guard will be sought as sub stitute for the continental army plan
 Both House and Senate committees will take up the work of drafting the meas- ures Monday and it is planned to hold all-day sessions whenever the business of the two houses will permit.
 The House committee brought to a close today public hearings on army plans and ordered an elaborate index of the voluminous testimony prepared, so there would be as little delay as possible either in committee consideration or the cof.s:1x struggle on the floor. Similar steps were taken by the Senate committee.
 STRESS GUARD PROVISIONS
 Present indications are that the House bill will lay stress upon provisions de- signed to federalize the National Guard. while the Senate committees main effort will go into the regular army angles of preparedness plans. The final measures
 (Continued on Page Nine)
The Birmingham age-herald., 1916-02-12
BATTLE IS CONTINUING

London, February 1.-The western war front is still the central field of military interest. Latest reports show no signs of a lessening in the intensity of the violent struggle which has been going on for several days in the vicinity of Vimy and Neuville, near the Belgian border, while farther south, along the line there are unsettled signs
 (COntinued on Page TweIve)
The Birmingham age-herald., 1916-02-12
Steamer Given Clearance

Washington. February 11.--On represen- tations by the Italian embassy that her guns are to be used only for defensive purposes, the state department today ap- proved asrepi.est for clearance from New York of the Italian steamship Taormina. Collector Malone was notified through the treasury department of this decision.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1916-02-12
De La Barra Leaves Enoland

London February 11.-F Francisco De La Rarra, former provisional President of Mexico, left Falmouth today on board the steamship Nieuw, Amsterdam for New York His trip is in behalf of French banking interests
The Birmingham age-herald., 1916-02-12
FURTHER DETAILS . 0F ASSASSINATION
 0F SPY ARE GIVEN
Cost Brussels $125,OOO to Put to Death Man Who Denounced Miss Cavell
 to the Germans

Amsterdam, Netherlands, January 2s. Correspondence of the Associated Press } Further details are reported from the Bel gian frontier of the assassination of Nels De Rode, the Belgian alleged to have be- trayed Miss Edith Cavell, the English nurse executed at Brussels, to the Ger man authorities
 According to this story the body of a young man who had been killed by two revolver shots was found in street at Schaarbeek, suburb of Brussels. early one morning. He was at once recognized as De Rode, man of 25 years. son of retired major of the Belgian army. The body lay before the door of the man's S parents, but the father refused to receive it. and it was taken to the public mort
The Birmingham age-herald., 1916-02-12
Tariff Bill Annroxed

Santiago Chile, February 1.-The tariff bill has been approved by the Chamber of Deputies. Under its provisions no ex- port duties will be imposed on minerals. including iron ore. 4.s
The Birmingham age-herald., 1916-02-12
HIS RETURN FROM
 EUROPE WITH INTEREST

Washington a n d the entire country are awaiting with gre d t interest the return of President Wilson's c o nfiden- tial envoy, Colonel E. Nj. House. They are wondering what he W ill bring for the President in re- gard to conditions abroad. Washing
 ton believes t h d t Colonel House may have information or facts to present to the President which may h ve a new promise for future friendly r e l atioDs between the United States and the Ger man Empire. One diplomat said that he believes Colonel Houses short stay in Berlin resulted in S o m e under standing favorable to both countries.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1916-02-12
WAS FLUSHED LIP

Immediately the German authorities heard of the case they gave strict orders that the affair should be kept as quiet as possible, but instructed the police to make every effort to discover the assassin. The news spread like wildfire. however, and before noon all Brussels knew that man
 (Csnsl.sea ea r.ss rwssl {
The Birmingham age-herald., 1916-02-12
Veteran Fighting Craft of War Show Few Evi-
 dences of Battle
BATTLE CRUISERS ARE NOT UNPOPULAR NOW
Have Borne Brunt of Fighting Since August, 1914-Beatty's Flagship Escaped Almost Unscathed in
 DOgger Bank Battle

Somewhere in the North Sea, via Lon don, February 11.-Great Britain's first line offensive fleet, an incomparabe com billa tion of speed and gunpowder ready for instant action. was inspected yester- day by a party of French and American correspondents and a representative of the Associated Press viewed from the bridge of a torpedo boat, the naval unit which is expected to meet the first shock of German attack.
 In the fleet were virtually all the vet eran fighting craft which have been in action in this war, but they showed few scars with the exception of an occasional dent in their armor. The pride of place was held by battle cruisers, which in engagements from the Falkland Islands to the Dardanelles have borne the brunt of the sea fighting. Unpopular with of ficers and men before the war because they were constantly coaling these huge fighting machines hold the premier posi- ton in the British navy.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1916-02-12
GOOD VIEW OF FLEET

The correspondents left the naval base under a sunny sky, but on reaching the outlying patrol of torpedo boats, found the water covered with a light haze There was no sea running, however, and the haze was not thick enough to prevent the newspaper men seeing that part of the fleet which could be safely brought which had rejoined the unit a few hours before the review began.
 As the launch with the visitors on board turned toward the line of battle cruisers against the horizon they could
 (COntfnued on p--e TvyOD
The Birmingham age-herald., 1916-02-12
REPUBLICAN OFFERS RESOLUTION WHICH
 COMMITTEE ADOPTS
of Appreciation of Presidents Confidence. Congressional Situation Is Clarified by Secretary's Withdrawal

Washington, February 11.-A new note of harmony and cO-operation on national defense problems was struck in the House military committee today as a direct result of the resignation of Secretary Garrison. It found express sion in the adoption of resolution declaring the committees appreciation of the confidence President Wilson re- posed in 1t and in the Senate com- mittee, ns disclosed in his corresponds ence with MT. Garrison.
 The nonpartisan character of the feel ing was emphasized by the fact that the resolution was offered by Representative Kahn of California, ranking republican men1bp the committed
Omaha daily bee. (Omaha [Neb.]) 187?-1922, 1916-02-27

speech, understanding. sensible speech.
writing, reading. This IL the order in
which the normal child progressed
In the earliest stages of self-expression
the wcrd.centre. not yet developed. 70
untouched. the impulses passing di.
rectly from the thoughteentre to the
motor-centre.
The use of the voice apparatus as .
means OF expression comes frst in the
cry. Bodily conditions. at first reflex.
i've, bring this about. hunger. cold.
pain-these are the motors of tho
primitive voice. Soon the child be-
gins to use the cry more intellectually
as a call.
II is usually after the sixth week
of life that the child begins to vo-
calize. or use different calls. Vocal
sounds dominate at FIRST. and then
come some Of the consonants. PreyeP
finds the call Of pain TO be ANNA"
that OF hunger. "momm and ngo." and
that OF satisfaction. "habu." This IL
natures method of preparing the vocal
organs for further development.
AS the understanding begins to open
by vision and sound sensations, per.
captions, feelings. volitions appear.
Consciousness prepares the way for
speech. The child knows things be.
fore It knows the names for them.
II is thinking without words first. II
you hold q bottle with a white fluid
In 1t before the eyes OF the child, Il
stretches out its arms and cries. II
the bottle be empty or filled with water
1t takes no notice. The former has
awakened the thought, milk" even
though II knows no such word.
Understanding in the higher sense
appears when the nerves act upon
the thought-centre. This we cali the
associative process. This Is the trac.
Ing OF the mechanical process By
which wordS and things are fully per.
ceived and applied. Our method of
teaching BY placing the thing before
the child and pronouncing the, word
over and over. is approved by science.
1t is natural for the child to call the
dog "wau'wau" because It makes that
noise, and only. later does It use the
word dog. When It connects the thing
and the word It pronounces the name
at once. using all associative centres.
1t can really draw or copy writing or
printing before It reads. for the last.
is the most complicated proceeds.
Omaha daily bee. (Omaha [Neb.]) 187?-1922, 1916-02-27
Science Determines Just How We Learn to
Talk, to Read, to Write and to Laugh

an attempt 70 grasp. and means, 4
want. Later It becomes a sign OF de-
sire. and the finger points 10 q desired
object out of reach.
Tia stretching out OF both arms 10
very early, expressing q desire. This
is an impuIsive movement, but lifting
the arms 70 show SLOW big IL baby
hs taught. The child often combines
movements 10 express a wish. pulling
q chair 10 table. for instance, TO In.
dictate that II wishes to sit at the table.
When the child stiffens It's little body
in anger. or stamps with its foot Il
plainly indicates unwillingness. II 10
speech Of a primitive kind. and quite
expressive:
Let Us comprehend the process Of
spoken utteranee. OF reading and OF
writing. The Ssound from without
strikes the ear. and the waves OF SOUND
pass along the nerves to the great
sound-centre. Here the sounds sepa-
rate, and sounds a. such pass 70 one
part, but II recognised as syllables,
pass on to another, and II there
recognized as words are transferred
to the word.centre.
First the sounds enter purely as
such and are only distinguished in the
brain, being then transferred to the
higher centres. This distinguishes and
and transfers to proper wires. like an
operator at a switchboard OF a tele-
phone. 1t is here that understanding
begins, whether of mere sounds,
syllables or words. Other nerves run
from the acoustic centres to the optic
centre, so that the combined effect
arouses the perception OF signs as
words. syllables or sounds. pictures Of
the sounds heard.
Other cross-nerYes pass TO the motor
centre which arouses imitation OF the
sound through the organs Of speech.
When the sound passes directly Il
causes ssnseless sounds. but II the
sound has passed through the higher
thought-centre II results in sensible
speech. II the sound passes through
the optic centre. and is then carried
over and makes It's way to the higher
centre, we have writing. while a sound
that passes through ell the centres.
lower and upper. produces the complex
act OF reading.
The order OF apprehension is as fol.
lows:. Sound, hearing. Senseless
Omaha daily bee. (Omaha [Neb.]) 187?-1922, 1916-02-27
~ Or. HRRMANNi wALsEMANiN.
sehlOswdS, Germany.

TSXPRBSBIoN OF cur inner feelings
10 all . Kind Of speech, and thus
@A all that helps to make our
, thoughts or feelings clear to those
about US may be termed speaking in
ito broadcast sense.
In the beginning these expressions
Of self are not volitional, but they are
no less certain indications Of the state
Of mind Of the infant.
The smile Of the infans- "a at hrst
a reflex expression OF well-being. COM
ing usually after being nourished. or
bathed, appearing sometimes in sleep.
At the next step II becomes initiative,
resulting from the mothers or nurses
smile. or II IL sensu0us. as when music
is heard. II 10 always connected with
q sense OF wsli.being; I'll. uncomfort-
able infants do not smile. It 10 only
a step from the smile 10 the laugh;
It is the smile accompanied by the
exclamation from the throat
The infants laugh Is the expression
OF delight. Colors, musical tones, or
sensations (such as tickling) may
cause the laughter. AS the delight
grows greater the laugh becomes
Growing and chuckling. II usually
arises In conjunction with the laughter
OF others around 1t.
AS opposed to laughing we find cry
Ing, the expression of dissatisfaction
or discomfort. In the first weeks OF
life no tears accompany the crying.
Only later does the crying become
weeping. As II becomes conscious
that the mother or nurse comes to
help 1t when It cries. It begins to use
the cry as q call for help. This is well
proved by. the way In which a baby
stops crying for q moment TO listen
II help 10 approaching. and then cries
more loudly,
The FIRST conscious movement is
with the head. turning It from or
toward the light; II IL conscious as
showing desire for more---or less OF
the light or person recognized. From
this IL developed the shake OF the
head in nsSation. or up and down In
assent. 1t is really speaking by signs.
Movements OF the hand and arm come
next as modes OF self-expression. The
stretching out OF the arm is originally
Omaha daily bee. (Omaha [Neb.]) 187?-1922, 1916-02-27

mas brought IN Walk. 49,
ing as a pastime for q
the get thin at any s&NNVW
price ladies that l am feA
so often speaking of. M
A usual, Dame. Fashion V
is ready with attractive
40 we'll az practical gar. NJ
ments for the pedestrian. "
The three costumes shown
here to-day. without being
ridiculous IN any way, per.
NIT Of perfect freedom for
hmbs, and are OF reasonable
length. Yet all are close-ntting.
and prim. 90 far as sleeves and
waist are concerned. All. too. are
decorative. and have adequate pro-
lection for the throat. u
The lady in the big picture IL NJ
CARRIED mostly In white. which
properly used with small amount
Of sufficiently strong contrasting
color, is 80 attractive against q snow.
covered background. This costume Ia
Of the pinAfore persuasion, and suggests
the jumpers one sees children wearing
while at play. II IL buttoned over the u
shoulders with biack-and.white buttons.
The inside Of the blouse IL made up OF
kind OF long -Sleeved vest OF moleskin, with
bands OF white cloth and braid to match the
jumper. The little hat 10 OF ermine and
moleskin 70 match.
An enormous wolf collar and cuffs are the
only decoration to the broadcloth coat shown
in the centre. She wears q thick veil. with
long chiffon end. 70 protect her complexion.
For walking the lady on the right 10 clad
IN blue serge one-plecs garment. with q
high orsandy collar. belted at the waist and
with ample pockets At the sides. The hat Is
a little ''postman" model, held on with q
short ven. She wears reindeer gloves and
carries long stick.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1916-08-29
RURAL SCHOOL coSe,DINcE GAME.

The editor of the Saturday Evening
Post stands sufficiently high in his
profession to be employed to edit a
magazine with the largest national cir
culation in this country. He says that
the one room, one teacher rural school
is a confidence game in which we take
the child's time and give him bogus
education.
He says:
We should be ashamed of our sup
port of public schools instead of con-
are over 100000 one-room one-teacher
rural district schools where. on the
whole, we are working a great conf
dence game on some millions of help
less minors by taking their time and
giving them bogus article OF educa-
ton.
These one-room ungraded country
schools belong to the pioneer era when
farmers reaped wheat with scythe.
threshed it with fail, and hauled it
twenty miles to market thru mud half
way to the wagon hubs; when build
ing barn involved getting half of the
male inhabitants of the township to-
gether to raise the frame.
Grown-up people plow and reap with
tractors thres'h with steam, go to town
in fifteen minutes in an automobile.
and talk over the telephone; but the
youngsters are still back in the thir-
ties of the last century.