The Spectator., 1916-02-04
ORCHARD AND GARDEN CROPS.
No. 4 Fighting Insects and Diseases

ny J. .. hnox, Extension Horticultur-
 ist, University of Arkansas.
 The man who expects to grow a first class crop of fruit under pres ent conditions must be prepared to light the various kinds ot insects and diseases that attack the crop. Every year there are thousands of orchards over the country being killed or dam aged to such an extent that they will nevey yield a profitable crop to the owner, just because he has not used the proper precautions to keep these diseases and insects under control
 Kinds of Insects: All of the or heads. First there is type of insect which takes its food supply from the plant by means Of . sharp beak or proboecis like tAat sf the mosquito la order te control insects of this tyre t is necessary to spray vita some strong solution which whsa 1t comes in contact with tAs body of the insect will stop up the breathing pores and thus cause death. Insects belong ing to this scale are San Jose Scale. Aphids of various types, Oyster Shell Scale, Harlequin or cabbage buzz end some sf the squash bugs. The sec ond kind of insects take their food supply by eating portiens of the fruAt or leaves and this type of insect is killed by spraying with . poison such aA lead arsenate or Paris green. This kind of insect is much more apt to be noticed than the other because the damage 1t does is much easiev ssen than is that of the sucking insect. However. either type of insect can and often does enough damage to pro vent the growing of first class fruit. This Ia especially true in orchards where no effort is made to control them. Among the insects which take their food by eating the fruit or the leaves are Cooling moth. canker worms. webb worms. caterpillar. cur culios and others,
 Kinds of Diseases: There are hun dreds of different diseases that attack the different kinds of plants. but only a comparatively small number do any serious damage to the fruit crop and often two or three of these can be controlled by the same kind of spray material. Among the most serious diseases attacking the fruit crop are blotch, scab. bitter rot, rust, brown rot of stone fruits, and black rot and mildew 6 grapes The most serious diseases of the tree itself are cankers. rust, blight, leaf spots. crown gall, root rot.
 Spray Materials: There are as many different kinds of spray ma terial on the market as there are dis eases to control, yet there are com partively few of these which are used to any great extent in our orchards. Lead arsenate either in the form of paste or powder is the principal poi son used. However, Paris Green is used to a considerable exten, in some instances. Bordeaux mixture. which is solution made of lime and cop per suIphate or blue stone is one of the beet fungicides, and lime sulphur. a SOlution or lime ana sulpuuT oI oiI- ferent proportions is used both a an inssctitude and as fungicids. Coal oil emulsion is a solution of coal oil, soap and water of varying proportions Is also quite commonly used as an insecticide as we'll as are various kinds of tobacco preparations.
 Spraying: For best results spray ing must be thoroughly done The spray is only preventive at best and does not replace or cure damage al ready done. Ii protects only the part of the fruit or tree which is covered by the solution. hence the importance of thoroughness. If one leaves only a portion of twig uncovered when spraying for San Jose Scale this small limb will be the means of spreading the scale over the whole tree before the year is over and pos. sibly get 1t started on other trees.