davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1916-10-22
.L0W|N WILL CONTEST
BEGUN IN CALIFORNIA

Dickinson, N. D., Oct. 21.-AttOrney
and Mrs. Leslie A. Simpson departed
on No. 1 Thursday morning for Chico.
California, via Portland, Oregon. At
torney Simpson was called to Cali.
fornia in connection with the contest
of the will of the late John H. Lovin
Of Hettinger county.
Mr.. Lovin, a pioneer of the Regent
vicinity in Hettinger county, was the
possessor of considerable wealth, his
fortune being estimated at over $7O,-
900. He made all of this money in
Hettinger county, to which place he
moved several years ago from Pisek,
this state. Early last spring while so
journing in California. he took sick
and died, leaving a will which favor
ed his surviving widow and some OF
his favorite children. Three OF his
eight children took exception to the
will and filed suit to have it set aside,
charging undue influence on the part
of Mrs. Lovin and the children who
remained at home. Dispositions will
be taken in the case and expert testi-
mony has been called from doctors
who attended him during his illness
and from those who drew up the will.
Mrs. Lovin has been spending the
greater portion of the time since her
husbands death in her Hettinger
county home, and joined Mr.. and Mrs.
Simpson on Wednesday on their trip
to California to be present at the
hearing. Mr.. Simpson is Mrs. Lovin's
attorney and will defend the wording
of the will and the wish of the deceas.
ed as expressed in the instrument.
Mr.. and Mrs. Simpson will return In
about ten days.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1916-10-22
RUn0R CURRENT THAT
THE NORTHERN PACIFIC
nay BUILD BRANCHES

Dickinson. N. D., Oct. 21.-Thers 10
rumor current that the directors OF
the Northern Pacifis railway are con.
templating branch line work out OF
this city, because of the extensive I'm.
provements now under way in the 10.
cal railway yards. The round house
is being rebuilt. machine and car
shops enlarged, in fact the entire
yardage and shop equipment in Dick.
inson is being improved and modern.
lied. Some venture the guess that
the Northern Pacific will make . pro.
position for the purchase Of the newly
organized Dickinson and Southwest.
ern railway. as soon a. actual con.
struction work commence. Anyway.
Dickinson is due for Z big boom, both
in the building and business line.
There should be a million dollars In
new buildings go up in this city next
summer. Watch US grow. and b.
come the railway center az we'll 40
the metropolis of the Missouri Slope.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1916-10-22
By J. W. FOLEY.


feed and protection during the winter
season that beef fit for market could
be secured this early, that is by the
first day Of June. Had this proven
true, good prices could be gotten, this
being the season of the year when
beef commanded the highest price.
Quality disappointment.
The quality Of the beef slaughtered
was disappointment. As steer,
dressed, loses from forty to fifty or
more percentum from the gross
weight, even when In good condition
This beef being in poor flesh, the
loss amounted to the greater amount,
besides the amount of tallow was low.
Arriving in Chicago an unexpected
condition was met, one for which we
were not looking. While dressed beef
was produced there by the train load
for eastern markets, very little was
used by the retail trade. Nearly all
retailers were prejudiced against chill
ed beef, as they called cold storage
meat. It appeared that the retailer
had been, until a short time previous,
slaughtering his own cattle. But some
years before another class Of dealers
took up the business Of slaughtering
cattle. These dealers would purchase
stock at the yards, slaughter it In CO.
operative abbatoirs on the outskirts
of the city.
This trade was supplied from mar.
kets which they had on West Jackson
street. The whole street between Ca.
nal and Clinton was devoted to the
business. Cattle was purchased daily.
and brought to the market at daylight
where the butchers would secure what
was required for the days trade. Each
wholesaler knew the quality OF meat
demanded by his retail customer,
whether corn fed steers and cows or
a more common grade. What was not
disposed of each day was sold to the
Gamer Of which there were only two
in the city At this time.
OF Low Grade.
Our location was with the other
dealers who had we'll established bust.
ness and a regular line of customers.
We were strangers and could offer for
sale only one grade of meat, viz:
grass-fed, which did not compare with
corn.fed, and while II was better than
COW, or other low grades, it had to be
sold in competition with them.
It is said, and believed by many that
the ranges Of our state produce the
best of beef so far as eating goes and
it may be so, but try to sell it to .
Chicago butcher who deals in the best
grades OF corn.fed and see what you
will be up against. To explain what l
mean. allow me to repeat a converse
ton.
We had a salesman who was a
friend Of a butcher who had the larg.
est retail in the city. furnishing all the
large hotels and restaurants with ribs
and loins. We tried to sell him our
CONTINUED on page twelve)
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1916-10-22
HANSON TO TAKE
STUMP FOR DEMS
Party Leaders Plan Active
Campaign for Coming
Week

Fargo, N. D.. Oct. 21.-Featuring
Ole Hanson, the Washington state
Progressive party leader, who is now
campaigning for the election OF Wood
row Wilson to the presidency, the
Democrats will vie with Republicans
in making the coming week one Of in.
terest to the state voters.
Mr.. Hanson speaks in Fargo Mon
day evening, at Hillsboro Tuesday,
Cooperstown or Lakota Wednesday
and Grand Forks Thursday, according
to the present plans Of the state chair
man, Fred Mclean, of this city.
United States Treasurer John
Burke is making one of the most spec.
tacular campaigns Of the entire fight,
making rapid fire visit to man.
communities.
Chairman Mclean announced today
the following schedule for Mr.. Burke
during te coming week.
Monday, Renville county: Tuesday,
Bottineau county; Wednesday, Rolet'
te county and Cando: Thursday, Ben.
son and Pierce counties; Friday. Nc.
Henry county; Saturday. Williams
county.
George A. Bangs of Grand Forks,
congressional nominee, will continue
on the stump during the coming week
and during a portion Of the time will
be accompanied by Halvor Halvorson
of Minot, while touring Nelson, Steele
and Trail counties.
That John Lind, ex-governor Of
Minnesota, prominent in the present
administration through his semi.ofd'
cial visit to Mexico, may come to the
state, is indicated by Mr. Mclean,
though definite dates have not been
fixed
Last evening, a Democratic rally
was held at Glendale, with S. J.
Doyle and A. E. Sheets as the speak
ers.
Chairman Mclean takes an optimis.
tic view of the North Dakota situa.
ton, and declares there is an abund.
ance of Wilson sentiment in the state,
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1916-10-22
JAMESTOWN PEOPLE
GIVE BENEFIT DANCE

Jamestown, N. D., Oct. 21.-Three
hundred people danced Thursday eve
ming for the benefit Of Company H,
North Dakota national guard.
The ball was given by the ladies'
auxiliary Of the company. The sum
of S145 was realized.
Talent from the leading orchestras
Of the city furnished music for the big
event.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1916-10-22
GLENDALE TRIO FOR
DAKOTA PENITENT1ARY

A renowned Glendale trio were
brought to Bismarck this week for
long sojourns at the state peniten-
tiary. Transportation Omcer D. ].
McGillis acted as their escort.
The party included william
Vaughn, colored, who drew thirty
years for murder: Nicholas Schon.
who murdered his wife and then fired
their home to hide the deed. who Wss
given ten years, and John Norland.. Z
minor offender. with eighteen
months to his credit. All were COM
victed at the last term of the DickeL
county district court.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1916-10-22
354,4se.os7

Average assessor X 5.s -; gs, X, /.
value per sore S.s !, ~ ii jgs.
for state W" 6.45 v 6A6
Increase In acreage tSsg
assessed over 1915 496,1S7
Farmer Biggest Beneficiary 5i ~
The farmer is the biggest bensdc-
larry through the recent cut. In act.
ual taxes he will pay $S2,666.3s less
than he did one year ago. although 10
owns almost a half-million more acres
of assessable land. He also Ii rebat-
ed almost million in assessed valu.
alton on improvements on farm lands.
On all city and town lots there 10
a decrease of approximately $780,
900, and on improvements on these
lots the owner Is assessed $l,200,00O
less. The cut in railroad assessments
is $5,6OO,OOO. approximately, while
personal property is sliced one and .
half millions. The assessment on tel
legraph lines is increased, as Is that
on telephone lines. There Is slight
decrease on express companies, while
street railways and Pullman property
remains stationery.
The actual decrease In revenue re-
sulting from the boards action will
be $121 ,77O.41, exactly two-thirds OF
which will remain in the pockets OF
North Dakota farmers.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1916-10-22
FARMERS ARE /.
BENEFITED BY
CUT N TAXES
Total Drop in Assessed Valuation
Of Farm Lands Amounts to
$2o,e6e,s52 !
-- ".ss
ACTION OF STATE ~
BOARD RESPONSIBLE
Tillers of Soil in This State VIII
Pay $s2,eee.se Less This
Year :,T:vI

A table showing a total drop in tho
assessed valuation of North Dakota
Of 30,442, SOB. and decrease Of $780,
666,592 upon farm lands alone. % .
result of the recent action Of the state
board of equalization, has been pre-
pared by State Auditor Carl o. Jorg-
enson, secretary Of the board.
Mr.. Jorgenson's table reveals tho
further interesting fact that 495,1S7
acres more farm land are on the as
sessment rolls of the state this year
than last.
The schedule follows, showing as.
sessed valuation Of all property -
left by the state board Of eQusliZatiOn:
1915 1916
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1916-10-22
RANCE STUFF
FAILS To MEET
CITY'S DEMAND
First Season of De Mores Pack.
ing House One Of Bitter
Experiences
ABATT01R Is CLOSED
AFTER SHORT RUN
Only One Grade of Meat Gould
Be Supplied; Quality Is Dis
pointing

Editors Note: This 10 the
elehth Of . series Of articles on
the De Mores packing plant ven.
ture.
BY J. W. FOLEY.
Medora, Oct. 21-On the first day OF
June, 1885, all things being ready. the
abattoir was opened and 100 cattle
slaughtered. 1t was now to be demon
strated II the slaughtering OF cattle
on the range for eastern markets, so
long advocated by many, could be
made a financial success.
Every preparation which could be
foreseen had been made. The opinion
had been advanced by many. who
claimed to know. that in the Bad
Lands. where there was such good
3EcRETARY OF THE MARQUIS.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1916-10-22

Continued on page twelve)
The Ocala evening star. [volume] (Ocala, Fla.) 1895-1943, 1916-08-11
A DOCTORS REMEDY

AS a cure for coughs and colds DIR.
Bells Pine-Tar-H Honey combines these
remedies in just the right proportion
to do the most good for summer
coughs or colds. A trial will prove
the value of this splendid cough med
icine. DR.. Bells Pine-Tar-Honey
soothes the irritation, stops your
cough, kills the cold germs and does
you world of good. A 25c bottle will
more than convince you-it will stop
your cough. At druggists. Ad. 3
The Ocala evening star. [volume] (Ocala, Fla.) 1895-1943, 1916-08-11
WOULD TEACH CITY PLANNING
Architect Thinks 1t Should Be Part
of the Curriculum of the Country's
Public Schools.

Frederic L. Alderman, member OF
the committee on town planning IN
the American Institute of Architects,
advocates the teaching of city plan
ming in the public schools. 1t is his
idea that only by educating succeed
ing generations of the public through
the medium of the public school may
we acquire correct standards for re-
making our present cities and for
building new ones, and he brought 1t
out in recent address on 1.-THE Archi-
tectural Side of City Planning
Mr. Ackerman's theory is more con-
cerned with education than with archi-
lecture His main theme is that the
architectural side of city planning Is
dependent upon proper methods of ed
ucating future citizens up to high
standards of architectural beauty.
Architecture depends so utterly upon
the physical conditions of an environ
ment, he says, that, unless these con-
ditions be reasonable, architecture can
do nothing. The reasonableness of a
set of conditions depends, according
to Mr.. Alderman, upon the people liv-
ing under them.
He refuses to limit his definition OF
the term, city planning. It is not
merely series of legislative acts Inn
posing a set of conditions to which a
peoples life must be worked into con-
formity, says Mr. Alderman, nor is 1t
merely the carrying out of certain the
cries developed by city planners, en-
gineers and students of social and eco
'nomic conditions, or Of the ideals OF
an architect. 1t is not merely pro-
viding for adequate transportation,
proper sanitation, better housing or
more beautiful surroundings; it is all
of these, with more added to the list.
City planning, In brief, is provision for
more adequate physical expression
of the composite ideals of groups Of
people thrown together by social and
economic forces.
Mr.. Ackerman's method for, teach
! ing city planning to the school child
would begin with making it clear to
| the child that there are things for him
| to consider in our towns and cities
| which are vital to his comfort and
well being, and which, incidentally,
have to do with architecture and art.
/ The idea is to instill in the child's
mind a keen interest in the various
phases of his physical environment
and its possible Improvement.
4
The Ocala evening star. [volume] (Ocala, Fla.) 1895-1943, 1916-08-11
OCALA SOCIAL AFFAIRS
IL You Have any News for this De-
partment, Call Up Five-One-Y

County Judge Smith this morning
issued a marriage license for Mr..
Nathaniel H. Hunter and Miss Louise
Borland. The Star does not know
when the wedding will take place, but
it presumes in the immediate future.
Mr.. Hunter is one of Fort Myers
most progressive young business men.
Miss Borland is daughter of Mrs. ].
3. Borland of Citra and is one of the
most lovely and accomplished young
ladies in Marion county.
Mrs. J. w. Akin is giving a party
this afternoon from $3.50 to $50
o'clock for ]. w. Jr., who is FIVE years
old today. About thirty of Master
Akin's playmates have been invited to
the party. Ice cream and cake and
home made candies will be served. A
big birthday cake with candle for
each of the little boys birthdays viii
be the centerpiece Of the table.
$50
Mr.. and Mrs. w. w. STRIPPING and
daughter, Miss Ellen, are home from
their visit to Mr.. Stripling's old home
in Georgia.
Miss Nellie Goodwin is home from
a visit of several weeks to her parents
at Larned, Kan, and is again at her
post in Rheinauer's store. Miss Mel
lies friends have missed her and re-
joice in her return.
Mr.. and Mrs. Talmage Dupree and
Misses Ethel and Louise Borland OF
| Citra were welcome visitors in town
today.
! Everybody is glad to see Mr.. Whit
Palmer out again. He underwent an
operation for appendicitis, and thanks
to the skill of his physicians and good
care of the Marion County Hospital
made an almost record breaking re-
covery.
i Miss Rose Wolff is home from 6
visit to friends in Tampa.
II 49,
Miss Pansy Souter, who since the
close of the university summer schoo
was the guest of Mrs. Thos. S. Dor
sey, returned Thursday to her home
al Sparr. Gainesville Sun.
Little Miss Emily Kate Rentz wa'
the hostess at party at her home il
Springfield yesterday afternoon from
| la to 6 o'clock, the occasion being :
celebration of her sixth birthday. TIL
rooms were decorated throughout tn
pleasant home in a most artistic colo
scheme, pink and white being tn
color used and all the details of tn
party were carried out in the colo
scheme. Little Dutch figures wer
placed in effective places in the diff
ferent rooms, these being source o
much interest to the tots, who wer
Z presented with original Dutch doll
j. as favors. The afternoon was spent j
1 games and guessing contests of
/. similar kind suitable for children an
4
The Ocala evening star. [volume] (Ocala, Fla.) 1895-1943, 1916-08-11
WILL SLOAN'S
LINIMENT RELIEVE PAIN?

Try it and see-one application will
prove more than a column of claims.
James S. Ferguson, Phila., Pa, writes,
"I have had wonderful relief since |
used Sloan's Liniment on my knees.
To think after all these years OF pain
one application gave me relief. Many
thanks for what your remedy has
done for me-" Don't keep on suffer-
ing. apply Sloan's Liniment where
YOUR pain is and notice how quick
you get, relief. Penetrates without
rubbing. But it as any drug store
95c Adv. 3
The Ocala evening star. [volume] (Ocala, Fla.) 1895-1943, 1916-08-11
ODD FELLOWS .

Tulula Lodge No. %, I. O. 0. z,
meets every Tuesday evening IN the
Cad Fellows hall on the third floor OF
the Star office building at 8 o'clock
promptly. A warm welcome always
extended to visiting brothers.
F. E. McClane, N. G.
T.. II. PiIIans, Secretary.
The Ocala evening star. [volume] (Ocala, Fla.) 1895-1943, 1916-08-11
ocALA LODGE NO. zss. B. p. o. E

Ocaia Looge No. 286, Benevolent
aud Protective Order OF Elks. meets
the second and fourth Bues1av even
ngs in each month. Visiting breth-
rem always welcome. Club house
opposite postoffice, east side.
R. S. Rogers, E. R.
E. ]. Crook, Secretary.
The Ocala evening star. [volume] (Ocala, Fla.) 1895-1943, 1916-08-11
UNCLASSIFIED ADS.
WANTED, LOST, FOUND, FOR
SALE. FOR RENT AND SIM
LIAR LOCAL NEEDS

MONEY TO LOAN without security
would attract your attention; then
why not save your clothing by having
it cleaned by experts? J. T. Clayton,
phone Is. 8-6t
The Ocala evening star. [volume] (Ocala, Fla.) 1895-1943, 1916-08-11
HAVING TROUBLE
WITH YOUR carr

Then bring it to me. Remedying
automobile troubles is my business.
Honest, efficient service; you pay foi
the time put in on your car only. J..
A. Bowler, Anthony road, phone
S93, Ocala, Fla. 6-s-16-tf
The Ocala evening star. [volume] (Ocala, Fla.) 1895-1943, 1916-08-11
CHAPTER NO. Is. IT. A. M.

Regular convocaticns o. the Ocala
Chapter No. 13, R. A. NJ, on the
fourth FsriGay In every moncn al
SD. m. A. E. Burnett, H. P.
Jake Brown. Sec'y.
The Ocala evening star. [volume] (Ocala, Fla.) 1895-1943, 1916-08-11
OCALA TEMPLE
PYTHIAN SISTERS

The Ocaia Temple Lodge No. %
Pythian Sisters, meets every Tuesday
afternoon at 2:30 at Castle Hall. west
of courthouse. Visiting members are
cordially invited to meet with US.
Kate B. Howell. M. R.
Lena Tompkins. M. E. G.
The Ocala evening star. [volume] (Ocala, Fla.) 1895-1943, 1916-08-11
KNIGHTS OF PyTHIAE

ocula Lodge No. 19. Conventions
held every Monday at 1880 p. m. at
Castle Hall, over the James Carlisle
,rugstore A cordial welcome to Wis
iting brothers. G. A. Nash, c. c..
Chas. X. Sage. x Of R. s. 40
The Ocala evening star. [volume] (Ocala, Fla.) 1895-1943, 1916-08-11
MOVING PICTURE FEATURES

The Paramount picture corporation
asks for a criticism of it's features.
Let it recall "The Evil Thereof"
Today's program at the Temple
consists of Keystone comedy, Ford
Sterling in "The Hunt" the fourth
episode of "The Girl and the Game, y
railroad serial, and Pathe News.
Orrin johnson and Seena Owen will
be seen at the Temple tomorrow IN
"The Penitents," D. w. Griffith Fine
Arts feature, with special music Sc
lected and arranged by Joseph Car
Breil. The picture is said to tell q
thrilling story of intrigue and love
with the scenes in Mexico two centur.
les ago.
The Ocala evening star. [volume] (Ocala, Fla.) 1895-1943, 1916-08-11

FOR SALE-Stove wood, seasoned
pine and cypress, large load for
dollar. Phone 223. Prompt delivery.
Welch Lumber Co. 8-5-tf
The Ocala evening star. [volume] (Ocala, Fla.) 1895-1943, 1916-08-11
ORDER OF EASTERN STAR

oeala Chapter, No. 20, o. E. S.
meets at Yonge's hall the second and
fourth Thursday evenings OF each
month at zS1 O'Clock.
Mrs. Mvrtle G. Kramer. w. ID
Mrs. Lillian Slmmons. Secy.
The Ocala evening star. [volume] (Ocala, Fla.) 1895-1943, 1916-08-11

WANTED-Fifty men to do station
work on hard road on yardage basis.
Prices on request. w. S.. Bonner &
Co., Inglis, Fla. 1t
The Ocala evening star. [volume] (Ocala, Fla.) 1895-1943, 1916-08-11

FOR RENT-A well located cottage
cf five rooms, three blocks from the
square; all modern conveniences. Ap-
ply to R. R. Carroll, Star Office. tt
The Ocala evening star. [volume] (Ocala, Fla.) 1895-1943, 1916-08-11

FOR RENT-A two-story house with.
all modern conveniences, in two blocks
of the square. Apply to DR.. Walter
Hood. Slit
The Ocala evening star. [volume] (Ocala, Fla.) 1895-1943, 1916-08-11
PLUMBING AND
ELECTRICAL CONTRACTING

When you have plumbing or cleo
trical contracting LET is furnish you
estimates. No job to- large and none
to small. Il. w. Tucker. tt
The Ocala evening star. [volume] (Ocala, Fla.) 1895-1943, 1916-08-11
THE SPECIALITY SHOP /!

The above name has been adopted
for my place of business, where you
!. can always find the latest Magazines,
Newspapers and Books.
Exclusive agency for the F. S. Web
ster company's "STAR BRAND
typewriter ribbons and MULTIKOPY
Carbon Paper.
A new line of Birthday and Greet
ing Post Cards, and Score and Tally
Cards for card parties, has just been
received, together with choice selec-
ton of Dance Programs, to which
your inspection is solicited.
Am making speciality of the SUBJ
sci:ption business to all Magazines
and Newspapers, and will appreciate
your patronage.
Another speciality is my complete
line of Cigars, Cigarettes and Tobac-
Goes.
Look over my line of Office supplies
"A. K. GERIG
One Door East of M. &C. National
Bank
The Ocala evening star. [volume] (Ocala, Fla.) 1895-1943, 1916-08-11

Seed oats, seed rye and rape seed,
for fall planting. Ocala Seed Store. tt
The Ocala evening star. [volume] (Ocala, Fla.) 1895-1943, 1916-08-11
OCALA FRkTERNAL ORDERS
nAalus-DUNN MASONIC LODGE

Narion-Dunn Lodge No. 10, F. 4
A. M, meets on the first and thir0
Thursday evenings aof each month at
800 o'clock, until further notice.
b. C. Webb, w. M.
Jake Brown. Secretary. Ad
The Ocala evening star. [volume] (Ocala, Fla.) 1895-1943, 1916-08-11

Take Rexa1l liver salts for that
tired, lazy feeling. Gerig's. tt
The Ocala evening star. [volume] (Ocala, Fla.) 1895-1943, 1916-08-11

Concluded on Last Page)
Atlanta semi-weekly journal. (Atlanta, Ga.) 1898-1920, 1916-05-16
tee, also praised the report, and approval
by both houses is expected.
Tax on Incomes and War
Munitions to Pay for Army

(by Associated EresS.J
WASHINGTON, May 13.-Taxes on
incomes, inheritances and war munitions
will be dependen on to pay for the pre-
paredness program, Chairman Kitchen,
of the house ways and means commit
tee, said tonight after a conference with
Secretary McAdoo. The plan has the
support of President Wilson, Mr.. Kitch-
en- said.
What amount will have to be raised
cannot be determined until the naval
and army bills are completed. Mem
bers of the ways and means commit
tee will begin work on this problem
as quickly as possible, however. Other
than a decision not to lower the pres
ent exemption limit for incomes, $4,000
for unmarried and $4,000 for married
men, none of the details of the tax plan
have been worked out.
Plans for imposing stamp taxes on
manufactured tobacco. liquors, beer,
gasoline and other articles, Mr.. Kich-
in said, had been definitely abandoned.
He declared the plan of taxation de-
cided on would affect only those best
able to pay the levy, falling exclusively
on the wealthy and on foreign nations
engaged in war.
The big preparedness revenue meas
ures will not be introduced in congress
until after the conventions. Between
now and that time the speeding up cam
paign will be continued With a view
to disposing of all other business by