davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1916-03-16
AMERICAN TROOPS ARE IN MEXICO TO-DAY
FOLLOWING THE TRAIL LEFT BY VILLA

tension existir~ at headquarters dur
ease9 tas past few Ffs' was "pDrscia0'y
Rumors G 4 Mt along the border
and in San g tonic late last night
that a scat = lg fire from the soldiers
Of Colonel tani's command met the
column Of e General Pershing as the
American =. oops marched into Mex.
leo. wcr 3 nphatically denied at the
fort. 9 . raj Pershings report to
Genera inston was explicit in stat
ing that the attitude of the Carranza
soldiers was all that could be asked.
Men from the army of the first chief
are being detailed today to work side
by side with American troopers in
the dangerous work Of scouting ahead
OF the main body. Authority to en-
ploy Carranza soldiers or other Mex
leans in such work, General Funston
explained, had been given General
Pershing. If Villa counted upon a
detection Of Carranza soldiers to his
er by American soldiers, he has lost
again. Today General Funston ex-
poets to keep in touch with the col
umns of General Pershing and Colonel
Dodd through wireless.
That the American soldier Is still
the best rifle shot in the world was the
belief expressed today by General
Funston, following his receipt of the
first detailed mail report from Major
Slocum. who commanded the forces
at Columbus, on the morning of the
Villa raid. Sixty-seyen Mexfcans
were killed on the American side OF
the border during the attack. This is
ten more than given in the last Of
ticial report.
When you consider that the attack
was a surprise, that it came in the
darkest portion of the night. Just be-
fore dawn, and that the men were
aroused from sleep, the results or
their rife fire were remarkable" he
said.
II estimate that the total number of
Mexicans killed in the fight On both
sides OF the border ran up close to
cne hundred and fifty.
"At one time during the fight, when
pursuing Americans were twelve
miles over the line, thirty-two Amer
lean troopers stood off an attack of
500 Villistas. It was splendid work.
stated the general.
600.
Great Man Hunt is On.
lBy j. +. Ouer, UnltSu TTeSS StdH
Correspondent.l
WASHINGTON, March 16.-The
greatest man hunt in American his
tory was on today. The vanguard of
the United States army already was
we'll into Mexico. south of Columbus,
N. NJ, seeking Francisco Villa. but
officials expected few results and
most meagre news for several days.
Cryptic dispatches from Generals
Funston and Pershing, hiding the ac-
tual location and line Of march of
the United States forces through
northern Mexico, deleted of all but
skeleton facts were the prospect.
A race between the American and
CarranZa troops for Villas head,
seemed possible. Casas Grandes prom
ised to be the battle ground. The
most authentic reports had Villa To-
Gated near there.
Exact strength Of the United States
forces now in Mexico was still in
doubt General Pershing was believed
to have led approximately 1000 men
across the border at Columbus. About
1900 more were believed TO have
started last night or will go today
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1916-03-16
T FRANC

United Press Leased Wire Service. ]
PARIS, March 16.-French troops
stormed German trenches east Of
Epremont forest, south Of Verdun last
night, capturing a number Of prison
ers, the war office announced this
afternoon.
No infantry attacks occurred or the
front north Of Verdun last night, the
war office stated. Heavy lombard
ment continued on both banks Of the
Meuse, particularly west OF Douau-
mont whero the French violently can
nonaded German trenches.
French artillery smashed German
trenches at LapIage near Nieuport,
Belgium, killing a large number Of
enemy troops. ..-,-.
In the Vosses, the Germans made
an unsuccessful attack on French po-
sltIons near Burhaupt.
REPORT DENIED.
PARIS, March 16.-Gcrman claims
that SiIesian regiments have extend
ed their line to Dead Man hill, north
west of Vcrc:un, were denied in an
official statement today.
-Raad Tho Dailv Cate Cfry
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1916-03-16
BALKANS

limited Press Leased Wire Service. ]
BERLIN, March 16.--Turkey and
Bulgaria will break off diplomatic re-
Iations with Portugal in few days,
following similar action by Austria,
according to advIces received here
today.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1916-03-16
ONE OPINION,'

BERLIN, March 16.-"in some
quarters 1t is believed the resignation
Of Grand Admiral Won .lrpitz Is con-
nected with the kaiser's decision not
to extend submarine warfare beyond
the limits announced to neutrals In
the recent memorandum, and not to
direct it agaIpst neutral ships" said
the seml-offiolai news agency today.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1916-03-16
REPORT CONFIRMED.

BERLIN, March 16.-An official
statement issued today confirmed re-
ports that Grand Admiral Won Tlr-
pitz has resigned. The statement said
that Admiral Won CapeIie will sue
ceed Won Tirpitz and that the change
will involve no alteration Of existing
naval policies.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1916-03-16
BORDER CROSSED BY y. S. TROOPS
ENGLAND

UNITED Press Leased Wire Service. ]
PARIS, March 16.---The British
steamer Mansouda has becn sunk.
The crew of thlrty.three, according to
dispatches passed by the censor, have
been landed at IAN unnamed place."
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1916-03-16
CskaIoosa Church Fire.

limited Press Leased Wire Service]
OSKAIOOSA, Iowa, March 10
Fire during the night partially de-
stroyed tho First Presbyterian church
here, the loss being estimated at So.
OOO The flames also destroyed ono
Of the finest libraries in Iowa, the
property Of the pastor, Rev. Alexander
McFerren, consisting Of 1000 volumes
valued at $4,000. Many Of the books
can neve rbe replaced
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1916-03-16
On the Bottom.

lNfllbAhl, MdICu To- Inc
Dutch liner Tubantia. carrying eighty
seven passengers and q crew of 800.
sank off North Hinder lightship today.
three hours after she was wrecked by
an explosion.
Though the liners captain said she
might have been torpedoed, it was re-
ported to the company's offices that
sho struck mine. The passengers
saved.
The Tubantia- the fastest and larg-
est liner in South American service,
hours after leaving Amsterdam for
Buenos Aires. The explosion tore
great hole in the stern and the liners
wireless Immediately began sending
out calls for help.
Passengers and crew were put over
in beats at once and the sinking liner
was abandoned Several Dutch tor
Dedo boats and life saving craft
reached the scene shortly after day
break and began picking up survivors.
Only the fact that the disaster oc-
Cured within a short distance of the
Dutch coast prevented large toll.
Two of the Tubantia's life boats.
loaded with survivors reached North
Hinder lightship at about II a. m.
The Dutch steamer Krakatau reports
passing another Dutch steamer with
many survivors aboard. Though it is
possible some lives have been lost,
advices to the company's Offices eN-
pressed the belief that every person
aboard the liner has been saved. The
value of the liners cargo IS not
known.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1916-03-16

CONTINUED on page 81
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1916-03-16
BIG DUTCH LINER HIT MINE
AND CALLS OUT FOR HELP

The Tubantia carried a crew of 800,
mails and a number of passengers.
The captain, who has been taken off
by rescue vessel reported the ves-
sci wrecked by q terrific explosion
amidship. He said he believed it pos
sible that the liner had been tor
pedoed.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1916-03-16
REPORT DENIED.

Read The Daily Gate City.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1916-03-16

CONTINUED on page So
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1916-03-16

Subscribers Of The Daily Gate
City are served the full Leased
Wire Service of the United
Press Associations.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-10-22
Deaths of All Combatants Equal Popu.
lation of Serbia in 1914, 100000
German Official Lists Indicate
100000 Casualties-One-
Half Permanent Loss.
By FRANK II. SIMONDS,
Author of The Great War" They Shall Not Pass

My estimate for the gross casualties of
the six Great Powers at war is therefore
100000, and I believe that the loss of
the Allies is probably not less than 2,000,-
600 in excess of that of the Central Pow
ers. To this total must be added the
losses of the smaller nations at war, Ru-
mania, Belgium and Serbia on the Allied
side, Turkey and Bulgaria on the side of
the Central Powers. The Portuguese
losses in the African campaign have been
too insignificant to mention. All told,
these losses probably exceed 100000 and
are we'll below the million mark. Thus the
total butchers bill must amount to some
thing over 1s,5O0,0O0. We may say
roughly that the killed, wounded and cap
tured, together with the permanently dis
abled, probably amount to something over
half the number of inhabitants of Italy in
1914.
Going back to the case Of Germany, we
saw that the official German figures indi-
Gated that just less than a quarter, "a
per cent of the German casualties, were
deaths. Therefore we may say that Of the
18,500,000 casualties suffered by the
nations at war at least one quarter, or
$500, 900, represent deaths, and this is
equal to the total population of the
country of Serbia in 1914. In word,
the war that broke out over Serbia has
already killed a number of men equal to
the whole population of the little Balkan
state.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-10-22
A 100000 Loss

Roughly speaking, then, We may say
mat of the 3,55O,OOO Germans whose
names appear on the casualty list $4,000,
"a per cent, are dead; 100000, or l2.I
Fr cent, are captured or missing; 225.OOO,
w63 per cent, are permanently disabled.
And the sum of these percentages is ex-
ATTY 80 per cent Of the total casualty list,
When there is added the per cent which
represents the wounded who at any given
moment will not be fit for duty because
hey have not yet recovered from their
wounds. This last element is technically
isscribed as the permanent temporary loss.
Now it is generally agreed among all
neutral observers that the German lists are
somewhat behind the fact. This is proven
~ those who have taken the trouble TO ex-
anne these lists. They discover that the
ss Of September, for example, will still
e carrying the names Of men who were
Ellsd, wounded or captured way back IN
Ne opening days on the Verdun operation.
get some notion of the actual situation
ifon statements Of the total Of French
aSuaities, which are certainly not IN ex-
'ess, proportionately, Of the German, re-
gard being had for the periods Of quiet in
Ne West, during which the Germans have
'ssn carrying on major operations on
SAer fronts II France with population
2@,000,000 has made loss Of $500, 900,
ssrnany with a population Of above 65,-
"VOOO can hardly have escaped with
Sal casualty list Of less than 100000, a
lggre somewhat but not very greatly in
s1ress Of the official German statement of
$4,000. Even this figure comedies a
"newhat greater proportionate loss for
As French, which is a matter open for
"nieetGre and debate and sure TO be chal-
>ngsd by French and British commenta-
ora.
The Total q, Large as Serbia
But accepting the figure we have set
''''a, namely 100000 for the Germans
go similarly the 2 ,5O0,0O0 for the French,
" are able 10 make some sort Of state
nat Tor all the corbatants. These eSti-
<es am now going 20 put forth IN
~Daizr form and then discuss.
~'Hslty lists Of the six Great Powers:
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-10-22
A Shortage Already?

A Shortage Already
Now, British critics, notably Mr.. Hilaire
Belloc, who follows the French as well as
the British Official opinion fairly closely
but relies mainly on the French, assert
that the German and Austrian losses have
already been much higher, while German
and Austrian critics will place the French
losses as well as the British materially
higher than have. 1t will be recalled that
accepted the German estimate Of Rus
sian losses with but an insignificant modi-
fication. Perhaps the facts lie with the
larger estimates made on both sides.
But what I want now to emphasize is
that Mr.. Belloc and his followers believe
the German and Austrian losses have been
so much larger than we have estimated
that they assert that the Central Powers
are already facing a shortage Of men.
What they mean is this: AS it stands 1t
requires not much less than 100000 men
to hold the lines of the Central Powers,
eliminating the Bulgars and Turks. If
the permanent loss of the Central Powers
has been only 1000, 1000, my figures, they
still have 5000, 900 left, and 100000 over
the number needed to hold their present
lines.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-10-22
Central Powers Have Lost One-Third OF
Their Man Power, While Allies Have
Lost One-SiXth-SOOner or Later
They Must Face Shortage of
Men-Civil War Parallel.
Copyright i9lo-The Tribune Assn.

at the rate of third of their man power
in the time in which the Allies are losing
one-sixth, the Germans and their allies
must succumb. And in the first twenty
six months of the world war this has been
approximately the ratio of losses in the
two camps.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-10-22
Russia and Austria

Turning back to the table in the first
column, it remains TO explain the various
numbers. The French and German have
been discussed. AS to the Russian, | have
accepted the German figure, practically
that is, the Germans have recently an
nounced the total Russian loss to be g.
100000. This is probably excessive, az is
the figure of $3.50, 900, which have adopt
ed, but there is lacking any other satisfac-
tory estimate of any sort.
AS to Austria, we know that she has lost
not less than 100000 in prisoners alone,
while her battlefield losses have been
greater than those Of France, because,
with a population more than 100000 in
excess of that Of France, she has been able
to put larger numbers in the field and her
necessities have compelled her to do this.
Many months ago Austrian casualties were
estimated at 4,oOO, 900. I think this figure
is now too small, just as consider the
Russian to be large, but again it must
stand as the best conservative calculation
available. As TO the British and Italian
estimates, they need no discussion and will
probably stand with little question.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-10-22
German Exhaustion Must Come

Take a simple illustration. Eight men
are fighting FIVE. Behind the eight are
twenty-five, ready to take their places; be-
hind the five are only seven. II the hrst
five men disposed of the first eight, while
exhausting themselves, eight more will
take the place of the first, ive more the
Mace of the first FIVE. But then the second
eight will have fourteen behind them, the
second five only two.
Now. if the Central Powers have lost
only 100000 out of 10000, OoO-that u.s.
permanently lost them-in the first twen-
tv-six months of the war, they may be able
TO 20 on for something less than two years
more. losing at the same rate, before they
will be unable to put 100000 in the held.
They will go longer if their losses are not
as great. but they will go a shorter time II,
as seems TO be the case now, their losses
increase with greater pressure on all Sides
Those who, like myself, believe that the
German and Austrian losses are smaller
than Mr.. Belloc and his school assert, be-
lieve that the war will last for two years
more, because they believe that it will take
most of this time TO exhaust the man
mower of the Central Powers. But even at
the moment when the Central Powers feel
the pinch they can temporarily save their
situation by shortening their lines, going
back for example, in the West, to line
from the Dutch frontier, through LEGS
and Luxembourg TO Metz.
Only one thing is certain; we can't say
when exhaustion will come, because we can
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-10-22

~, times in recent months | have
-, asked TO give in this Sunday article
.st;nate Of the total losses of the va
-..re nations at war Such an estimate
...sssarilv must be based on very large
..-be- Of different and even contradie-
- assertions made by the various press
,,.ncies of the nations at war. They will
!. the result Of calculations, many Of them
49, intricate TO explain in detail. / am,
s.r.sore. going to present my estimate
:, r.presenting the best guess that can
al. from all the information have been
III, 10 get hold Of, 70 support such por-
sc,. Of the statements make as / can
,r,,ort bv evidence and let the rest stand,
nth the express understanding that 1t
,.uresents a personal conclusion.
German Casualty Lists
A. the outset we have one interesting
,ees of evidence supplied by the compha-
nm made BY British officials Of the Ger
man official lists, compilations confirmed
v similar research made in neutral coun-
RIGS ike Holland and Denmark, and never
S.uied. 50 far as I know, by the German
government. 1t represents the addition
At the various casualty lists that have
besn posted by the German government
since the war began.
The last list Of which we know brought
ii. total up TO 8,55OOOO, of which some
$4,000 stood for deaths, 100000 for miss
ag and captured and the balance for the
wounded who remained in German lines.
We can say without debate that the men
killed, captured and missing are perrna-
Iently lost to Germany. But IN addition
Sme fraction Of the men who have been
sounded will be unable to return to the
fring line. I am told by a friend lately
nturned from Germany that in Berlin
this figure is set down at 10 per cent OF
he gross number Of wounded, that is, IN
he ease Of the present list, 225,000.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-10-22
The Allies Reserves

But if their permanent loss has been
1000, 900, then they have left no balance
over the necessary 100000. If it has
been 100000 their balance is only mill
ion, which is not more than six months
supply When you read reports of French
and British critics of the Belloc school, de-
claring that Germany is facing an abso-
lutte decline in man power, you will see
that this grows out of an estimate of the
total casualty lists of the Central Powers
as something more than so per cent above
my own estimate.
Now, it would be possible to fix the time
III which, granted the Central Powers did
not in the meantime win the war, they
would have to shorten their lines, if we
had the exact figures of their losses. They
would have to shorten their lines because
they would lack men to hold the present
extent. In this time no such shortage
could be felt by the Allies, because they
started with man power two and half
times as great-that is, total man power
of 30,000, 900 against O,OOO-and nave
never had in the field at any time more
than 100000. If they have lost 5,OOO,-
900 permanently and have 100000 in the
field. they now have further supply Of
17OOO,O 900, as against 100000 for the
Central Powers, if our computation is ap-
proximately correct.
We do know that the population Of the
Allied nations is two and half times that
of the Central Powers. We do know that
their losses have been, if actually greater
than the German and Austrian, relatively
much smaller, regard being had for their
total man power, and this means that they
are certain to have reserves 70 call upon
when the reserves of the Central Powers
have been exhausted.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-10-22
The Ratio of Casualties

Having thus set forth an estimate Of
casualties, it remains to point out some
thing of their meaning. At the moment
when the war broke out the four great
powers united against Germany and Aus
tria had European population of around
300, 900 ,000 The combined population Of
Austria and Germany was 120,OOO,OOO.
Now, there is no question more keenly de-
total national population which can be
reckoned as capable of bearing arms. 1t
may be 10 per cent, it may be IL, but 1t
will be the same for all nations, approx
mately. We may say, then, that at the
outset of the war the Allies had available
a man power Of 100000, the Central
Powers, a man power Of 100000. II the
Allies have now suffered casualties
amounting to 100000, one-third of their
whole force has been temporarily or per-
manently incapacitated. But if the Cen
trial Powers have suffered casualties
amounting to 100000, two-thirds Of their
man power ndS DrcH NchhP"'NAA ~ -
manently incapacitated.
Now, in the case Of the German official
figures VIE saw that the total Of perma-
nent casualties, with relation 10 total cas-
ualties, was so per cent. Accepting this
ratio we may say that the permanent
loss of the Allies has been 100000 and
Of the Central Powers 100000. In other
words, the Allies have permanently lost
one-sixth of their man power, the Central
Powers one-third. And this ratio will re-
main constant, whether the various ma
tons are able 10 put 10 per cent or IL per
cent Of their population into the field.
The Law of Attrition
Here is the foundation Of all that has
been said about attrition since the war
began. In a war Of exhaustion the wesker
force must ultimately lose If the war con-
tinues steadily trial Of endurance. In
the end, If the Germans continue TO lose
Evening star., 1916-08-16
TO CELEBRATE S|XT|ETH
WEDDING ANNIVERSARY
Mr.. and Mrs. S. Heller in Business
Here More Than Half a Cen
tury-Born in Germany.

Mr.. and Mrs. Susman Heller of 1872
Belmont street northwest will quietly
celebrate tomorrow the sixtieth ami
versary Of their wedding with relatives
in Baltimore. Ten years ago they cele-
brated their golden anniversary at SIT
K street northwest, where they then
resided
Mr.. and Mrs. Heller were married
Sunday. August II. 1856, in Baltimore,
coming to this city after their we'd
ding and residing here ever since. Mr..
Heller was born in Bavaria, Germany,
February Z. 1927, and his wife in Hes
sen, Germany, May 5, 1897. Both came
to this country from Germany when
quite young. Mr.. Heller made his
marriage
Mrs. Heller was formerly Miss Sarah
Wal1ach. Immediately after coming to
this city they started in the hair
goods and ladies' goods business,
locating at us Market space, where
they were in business twentyfo
years. Later they moved to 720 7th
street northwest. being at that location
thirty years until they retired few
years ago.
Mr.. and Mrs. Heller are both enjoying
good health They will spend the day
with relatives in Baltimore, where most
of them reside. Both are members of
the Washington Hebrew Congregation,
they are the Oldest living members of
that church. Mr.. Heller is also one OF
the oldest members of the Odd Fell
lows and Royal Arcanum.