davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1916-08-31
Mid west Trains May operate.

CHICAGO. Aug. 31.-The central
west railroad presidents are gathered
here. They conferred and arranged
the operation of trains in event Of
strike. President Hale Holden Of the
Burlington. made a statement and
announced that miGdle western roads
would be able to maintain their
schedules if given protection. He
said: THE situation is undoubtedly
very critical. The railroads unitedly
feel that they did everything possible
to find a solution. The country sup
ports their position.
THE issue is.now between congress
and brotherhood leaders. Public
opinion says transportation must not
he interrupted. II the strike occurs
Monday the responsibility for conse-
quences will be placed by the public
where it belongs. The situation Is
log cal. the result of past feeble and
unwise legislation The present ap-
parent helpless position Of congress Is
not surprising. If a strike occurs,
the extent to which service may be
rendered depends largely upon the en-
forcement Of the laws
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1916-08-31
TURKEY DECLARES
WAR ON ROUMANIA

BERLIN, Aug. S1.-The Turks =
= have declared war on ROuman- .
= la. The Turkish ministers cOun- =
= eli voted the declaration of war =
. Tuesday. .
NNNONNAONANNANNS =
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1916-08-31
Resignation Of Premier Zaims Throws Greek Gov
eminent Into Chaos-May Mean the Elevation Of
Venzeos to Head of Government and Declaration
OF War on Central Powers.
AUSTRIAN FlOTlLA HEAVILY SHELLS TURNU AND SEVERMU
NEWSPAPERS ADMIT GENERAL STAFF PLANS To EVACU
SOUTHEASTERN TRANSYIVANIA THUS SHORTENING
PHE AUSTRIAN IINE-s TOW ALREADY

were fighting the Greeks, several
Greek princes were reported killed.
Zalmis' resignation may mean the inn
mediate elevation or former Premier
VenlzelOs to the government head
and the declaration OF war on the
central powers.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1916-08-31
Portland.

Portland.
PORTLAND, Ore, Aug S1.-(Spe-
cial) Club, S1.22; bluestem, $1.25.
Liverpool.
LIVERPOOL, Aug. 81. -- Wheat,
spot No. l Manitoba, las 4d ($2.OS
As per bu. }: No. 2, las Sd, No. 2
red western winter las I'd.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1916-08-31

WASHINGTON, Aug. 3I.-Chalr.
man Garrison Of the conductors
brotherhood told the interstate com.
merce committee the trainmen would
accept q legislative settlement con-
tanning the eight hour day law.
President Wilson planned to confer
with brotherhood leaders this after
noon. He visited the capitol this NOR.
ming comforting with congressman.
Garretson was first speaker at the
commission hearing OF testimony from
the Brotherhoods, railway executives
and shippers before framing Wilson's
legislation. He said: "As far as the
question of authority is concerned,
could call off the strike. but only
through a satisfactory settlement. I
don't care through what agency the
settlement comes. You have seen
scarehead lines about refusing to call
off the strike, bravado and all that.
I don't know whether you realize the
strike votes significance It cannot be
lightly thrust aside"
Senator Newlands opened the COM
mittee hearing. He outlined the six
measures Wilson desired and promis-
ed there would be no legislation en-
forcing compulsory arbitration. Gar
retson declared the Brotherhood were
solidly opposed to the Canadian dis
pute act. He said mo influence can
change our position. against it" Gar
retson also outlined the Brotherhood's
long fight for better conditions.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1916-08-31
ROADS CONTINUE PRECAUTIONARY STEPS AGAINST STRIKE

the brotherhood members. That
means no strike"
The law must pass before Satur-
day at midnight. GOmpers heard
Garretson and other officials tell
the interstate commerce commits
sion the trainmens terms He
nodded his head energetically as
Garretson demanded the eight
hours.
President Wilson left the capi-
toll after comforting with Con-
gressiOnaI leaders. He urged
quick action. He told reporters:
'Things are moving. We arc
making satisfactory progress"
Later at the White House the
statement was made: ''T'he Broth
erhOOd leaders were unable to give
Wilson any assurances this Af-
ternoOn." Wilson arranged 70
confer with congressional leaders
tomorrow morning.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1916-08-31

BERLIN Aug 31.-Vienna has
announced that the Austrian flotilla
on the upper Danube shellel and de-
stroyed Roumanlan transports and
magazines and military establish
ments in Turnu, Severinu and Giur-
gevo, They captured two Roumanian
tugs and two motorboats Austrian
newspapers announced that the gem
eral staff plans to evacuate all south.
eastern Transylvania, thus shortening
the Austrian line.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1916-08-31

ROIGB Aug. S1.--Dispatches
declared the ROumanians had
captured KrOnstadt the most i'm
pOrtnnt Transylyanian CONNER
CAal city. They have captured
nine Hungarian towns and VII
laaes during three days
A semi-offlclal Vienna state
ment admitted the ROumanians
were attacking on a three hun
Ired and seventy-five mile front.
The Austrlans are fleeing 10 the
southeastern corner of Transyl-
vanla. II is admitted the Rou-
mAnIans took KrOnstadt, a town
Of furty thousand inhabitants.
LONDON, Aug. 3I.-The Centra
News Rome dispatch said the Rou
manians were sweeping through Tran
sylvania. The AustTians are fleeing
abandoning villages and passes.
An Athens dispatch said the resig
natiOn of Premier Zaimis had throw
the Greek government into chaos Il
Is Fumored King Constantine ha'
fled. The message declared the pre-
mler had resigned on account OF Rou
mAnia's war entFance. He INFORMED
the king two weeks ago he could no.
direS4 the government affairs II TN
Balkan situation became worse. Cor
respondents failed 20 confirm TN
stOry Of the king hiding with Ger
man escort one hundred and fifty
miles north of Athens.
Another dispatch asserted the allie'
had landed an army at Pirncus and
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1916-08-31
RALLY BRINGS UP
SEPTEMBER WHEAT
TWOCENTS TODAY

CHICAGO, Aug S1.-(Special to
the East Oregonian. Range of pri-
ces today:
open. High. Low. Close.
Sept $i.S9 l.4SA 1871 l.42A
Dec. $1.42% 1.47 1.4lB Las
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1916-08-31
TRAINMtN WOULD ACCEPT
LEGISLATION EMBODYING \
AN EIGHT HOUR DAY LAW

Ray of Hope for Satisfactory Settlement of Great
Strike is Contained in Chairman Ganetson' State
Hearing Reveals Brotherhoods are Solidly Oppos-
ed to Canadian Disputes Act.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1916-08-31

Continued on Page 5. }
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1916-08-31
10 ADVERTISERS.

The East Oregonlan has the largest bona
flde and guaranteed paid circulation OF any
paper 10 Oregon, east Of Portland and -
far the largest circulation In Pendleton or
ny newspaper.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1916-01-12
SEVERE DECLINES IN WAR SPECIALT|ES RumOrs of Favorable I'm pending Legislation
 Cause Gain

New York, January 11.-Liquidation or speculative specialtes, which had it's in- ception last week on publication of the Gary statement, gathered greater heao- way today, the movement receiving sup stantial assistance from formidable short interest. Declines were most se- were in the so-called war stocks, losses of to points being sustained at their extreme declines by Crucible Steel Pressed Steel Car, American Car, Bald win Locomotive, Studebaker and Colo rado Fuel.
 Other stocks of the same class were under constant pressure, including such seasoned leaders as United States Steel and American Smelling and the ether coppers Steel made a maximum decline of 7s at S51s, and Bethlehem Steel broke 10 points to 415. Shares of no specific character notably those recently under pool manipulation, were weak
 General Motors led the automobile di- vision with a decline of to 450.; Early in the day variable gains were recorded by American Can, oils and the sugar issues, the latter responding to rumors or impending favorable legislation.
 Rails were backward, when not alto gether heavy, Canadian Pacific and Erles being subject to further foreign selling Offerings from abroad were not large but rumor credited Amsterdam with sales of steel and minor rails. Many stop loss orders were uncovered on the successive declines. Lowest prices were recorded in the final hour, some of the war group showing little or no support, even at con sessions Total sales of stocks amounted to S45,O00 shares
 There were no surface developments to account for the liquidation, other than the belief that financial institutions are man. ifesting an increasing disnclination to accept industrial securities in loans.
 The tenor of the days debates in Con- gress formed the subject of some discus sion.
 F'irmness was shown by forms of for eign exchange, including marks. which were bought for remittance to Hamburg -nd Frankfort. Sixty-day sterling bills were quoted at a premium.
 Heavy trading in Anglo French 5s at a slight reduction from recent high quo- tations featured the bond market which was otherwise irregular. Total sales of bonds, par value, were $5,970,0O0.
 United States coupon 3s declined A per cent on call
 CfOcL 0vvot ofiono
The Birmingham age-herald., 1916-01-12
.b|G EXPORT SALES
 SEND PRICES UP Wheat Market Active With a Substantial Advance
 in Prices

Chicago January 11.-Immense export sales brought about a substantial advance today in the price of wheat. Quotations closed strong, 11A@1Sc net higher, with May at s1.261a and July at $110d1.19ls Other leading staples, too, all scored gains corn, 7s@1c to 1c1z oats, ss@a4c, and pro- visions 712Q25c.
 Strength in wheat developed only after the market had undergone a setback at the start. Rumors that foreigners were selling appeared to be responsible for the face of decidedly bullish cable advances The European visible supply showed a pronounced falling off, Argentine vessel rates had scared again, India was suffer- ing from dry weather, and 1t was said Italy and. Spain were arranging for large imports. Prices here, however, did not begin to ascend until signs seemed to exporters. The purchases for Europe were finally announced as aggregating 1.6OO,OOO bushels France was understood to be the leading buyer.
 Encouragement for wheat bulls re- ceived additional stimulus, from indica- tions that railway congestion was being remedied to some extent and that some wheat was again being forwarded from Chicago to the Seaboard for export.
 Assertions were current, too, that all of the Canadian wheat being brought to Minneapolis was in bond for export. Corn made a new high price record for the 1915 crop. The chief reasons were reports that danger existed of serious crop damage in Argentina, and that big export transac- tions, March shipment, were under way at Philadelphia Oats reflected the strength of corn. Buying for Europe con- tinued but the amounts reported were not large.
 Higher prices on hogs helped to lift pro- visions It was said there was nota- ble transatlantic demand for lard.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1916-01-12
COTTON MARKET
 SHOWS DECLINE
The General List Closed Steady at Net Loss of
 , to z Points

New York, January 1.-The cotton market continued nervousness and ir- regular today, with March contracts fluctuating between 12.5S and 12.46c, and closing at 12.53c. The general list closed steady at net decline of 5 to ' points.
 Liverpool cables were lower than due and the market here opened at a decline of ? to 4 points. There was considerable selling during the early trading by southern, Wall street and western interests with indications that cotton purchased on the advances of last week was being liquidated. This was attributed to the absence of any, thing in the news to confirm recent rumors of some action on the part of the British government to limit freight rates or to expedite cotton shipments, and 1t was also reported that cotton purchased for export was being hedged here until ocean freight room became available. The decline carried January contract off to 12.25c, May to 12.69c and July to 12.S4c, with the general list showing net losses of about g to IS points. The market then steadied on hlVerpool buying to undo straddles or covering of shorts, and prices rallied several points from the lowest witt, January selling up to 12.34c and July to 12.92c in the late trading. The close was few points off from the best un- der renewed realizing. Private tables attributed the decline in Liverpool to straddle selling in a narrow market, and Manchester cabled that cloths were featureless, with offers unsatisfactory. and yarns firm with little doing. Some spot interests were credited with buy ing March here today, but general business was very quiet and new crop deliveries were relatively steady.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1916-01-12
Produce Market

New York, January 11.-Butter steady; receipts, 16,236; creamery ex- tras (92 score). 3Sc; creamery (high- CT scoring). 34c; firsts. 2S@s2c. Eggs unsettled; receipts. 9574; fresh gathered extra fine. 34@35c; extra firsts, 32 O 33c: firsts, s0@31Rc; seconds, 2S1s@291ac.
 Cheese steady; receipts, 2257; state whole milk, flats held specials, 17N O 18c; state whole milk, average fancy. 17A @17Hc; state whole milk, current make specials. 17@17hc; state whole milk, average fancy. 18h@16Nc. Pressed poultry firm, fresh killed west ern chickens. 16@27c; fowls. 13@17hc; turkeys. 24@25c. Live poultry unset tied.
 Chicago, January 11.-Butter easy; creamery, 23@s0Asc. Eggs higher; re- ceipts, 5255 cases; firsts, 29@29hc; or dinary firsts, 2S@2SNc; at mark, cases included, 22@2Sc. Potatoes lower; re. ceipts, S7 cars; Michigan. Wisconsin and Dakota white, $1 O .OS; Minnesota and Kakota Ohios. -$1QD1.O5 Poultry lower; fowls. 151sc springs, 15hc; tur- keys. 1Sc.
 St. Louis, January 11.-Poultry un- changed, except chickens, 14c; geese. 10@12c. Butter unchanged. Eggs, 27 @2Sc.
 Kansas City. January 11.-Butter, eggs and poultry unchanged.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1916-01-12
New York Cotton Futures
Port Cotton Market

New Orleans: Middling, 12.19c; receipts 7156; exports, 6102 sales, 3880; stock, 431,- 2S9.
 Galveston: Middling, 12.5Oc; receipts 14749 sales, 6O6; stock. 392.643
 Mobile: Middling, 11.SSc; receipts, 1296 sales 250 stock, 22,S32.
 Savannah: Middling, 1225c; receipts 7O09; sales, 618; stock, 220,170.
 Charleston: Middling, 12c; receipts, 11A; exports. 12,3 ,352; stock, 92,S1S
 Wilmington: Receipts, 117; stock, 4S,- 059.
 Texas City: Receipts. 2o4.
 Norfolk: Middling, 12.13c; receipts, 1881 sales. 2434; stock, 130,9S6.
 Baltimore: Stock, All.
 Boston: Middling, 12.60c; receipts, 2v7 exports, 100; stock, 11,0O0.
 Philadelphia: Middling, 1275c; stock 2152
 New York: Middling, 12.5oc; receipts GA; exports, 800; stock, 329,765.
 Minor ports: Exports. 10,077; stock, 62,- S01.
 Total today: Receipts, 3e,ss7; exports 29,i31; stock, 1.743,726.
 Total for week: Receipts, 1o4,1ss: ex- ports, 92.34S. Total for season: Receipts. APO, 4ss; ex. ports, 2,479,624.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1916-01-12
SMALL DECLINE ON | COTTON MARKET.
Market Steady, But Poor Cables Cause Downward
 Movement

New Orleans, January u.-Cotton re- mained steady at a small decline through out the session of the local market to- day, no buying power of consequence de- veloping, although spots were advanced B points to 12. .19c for middling, the high est level of the season, and points over the previous high, established in October. This rise in actual cotton caused much favorable comment especially as 1t was made on sales of 1880 bales.
 In the early trading prices lost to Il points, the downward movement being stimulated by poor cables. This was the low of the day. Reports of improvement in the demand for spots caused a reac- ton, on which contracts recovered to within to 4 points of yesterdays last quotations. The market was steady in the afternoon, but it did not rise. The close was at net loss for the day of 3 to points,
 Reports from the interior told of more spot business being done, and 1t was stated that both foreign interests and American mills were in the market, but ocean freight rates remained firm at s15 a bale for several principal foreign ports and were one of the chief influences against prices.
 New Orleans Cotton Futures
The Birmingham age-herald., 1916-01-12
The Ruin of . Nation
From the New York Times.

From the NEW IuTK IIIlieS
 Servia Is terrible sight. Ruin is wide- spread. Prosperous and rich country towns stand ruined and deserted. Not a soul is to be seen in them except the troops bivouacking in the roofess houses. Happy homes with every evidence of pros- perity stand open to the weather
 There in the corner Is child's hat evi- dence of happier days. Elsewhere a broken bayonet lies beside broken toy. Out in front the rifles crackle, overhead the passing shells whistle. and one stands amazed that such destruction could ever be. Yet true it is, and 50 years of indus try hardly will remove the traces of mans folly.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1916-01-12
Farm Machinery for Servia

From the St. Paul Dispatch.
 University of Minnesota students at their homes in the agricultural districts for the holidays are on the lookout for dilapidated farm machinery standing idle. They want it for Servian relief
 The Northwestern Servian relief com mittee, organized with E. Dudley von Haskell of Minneapolis university stu dent, as chairman. wishes machinery, ob- solete on northwest farms. but serviceable in Servia. Machinery will be transported free.
 In addition to farm implements, the women's branch of the committee is col lecting garments of all kinds. bandages and hospital supplies. The first box will be sent at once. Contributions for the boxes are coming in from all over the northwest.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1916-01-12

75Ac; cables, 751Ac; kronen, demand, lSc; cables, 1SAs; guilders, demand, 44Ac; cables, 441ac; fires, demand, s6.5s; cables, s55; rubles, demand, BOG; cables, SoAc. Bar silver, 56s4c. Mexican dollars, 4Ss4c Government bonds easy; railroad bonds irregular Time loans firm; 60 days 21ad 2% per cent; 90 days, PA per cent; six months, 2A@3 per cent. Call money steady; high, per cent; low, 1% per cent; ruling rate, per cent; last loan, per cent; closing bid, 1s4 per cent; offered at per cent.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1916-01-12

Fruits and Produce
 Wholesalers Selling Price) Apples-Fancy York Imperial, bbl., s45O. fancy Winesap, bbl.. $500: fancy Black Twig, $5; bulk. $275@3 barrel; fancy Ar kansas Black apples, S5@5.50. Oranges-Florida, box. s2.40@250; Sat- suma oranges. 8. .25@3. 50 per box. Grapefruit-Box, $3@325. Grapes-Malagas, keg, $65007. Cranberries-Barrel. $10; box. s250. PearS--Oregon, box, $S25. Bananas, bunch, S1.5002 Lemons-Fancy imported. box, s45OQ5. fancy California, S4.50. Limes-$1 to $1.25. London Layer Rasins-s1.85 Figs-$2 50 case.
 CiJrOn-1Sc ID.
 Irish Poratoes-Michigan white. bu.. $1.5O.
 Onions-Red and yellow, pound. 3hc Peanuts-5A @6hc per lb. Tomatoes-Cuba, per crate, s3.5o. abbage-Danish, pound, 1kc. Rutabagas-Pound, 1Ac Sweet Potatoes-Bushel, S0@85c. Lettuce-Hamper, g. Celery-Colorado, crate, $5 .25; doz.. s1. Snap Beans-$2@2. 50 hamper. New Crop Lima Beans-71ac Ib. Pecans-Fancy Daper shell. 2OQ2c; Tex as. 15c. ss EnSllSn WdluutS-NO. california soft shell. 171Ac; No. California. 15c. Butternuts-15c ID. Brazil nuts-15o lh Rice-6@7c. v Prunes-S110c h.
 Dates-$3 case.
 Pig Feet-S2.25 keg. Mackerel-$s.7 .75 half-barrel Cocoanuts--Per 100, $6. .5OQ7 Florida Pineapples-$3.00 per crate. Florida Strawberries-35c at. box.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1916-01-12
Flour and Feedstuffs
 Wholesale Ouotational

Coorado patent, $645; self-rising tlour
 T.25; Tennessee flour, $7; Michigan flour, $40; Idaho flour. $645; Indiana flour, SIPS; hard winter wheat flour, $7; hard winter wheat s6. .35; Minnesota spring wheat, SC. .S5: wheat shorts, $SS; mixed shorts. $S1; pure wheat bran, $2s; c, s. meal, 71a per cent, $37; Cremo meal, $50: .. S.~hulls. s17 per ton; No. l timothy hay. s24 per ton: pea green alfalfa, western. s2S: southern alfalfa, $26; mixed feeds, per ton, $36; oats. per bushel. No. white, COG; corn, per bushel, soc; cornmeal $1.75 per two hushel sack; chops, $1.7O; poultry food. s39. Dairy food. $S5. Johnson grass hay. S15.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1916-01-12
Hubbard Bros. & Co.'s Letter

New York, January I.-(Special)-In Liverpool the recent wild fluctuations have been followed by a quieter and lower market, as the trade abroad see some of the cotton which was on. shipboard appear in the exports, but the situation in that market has not been relieved. Here in a very dull market prices fell some 10 to Il points on selling by Wall street houses. where the usual January weakness in the stock market has ap- peared. Our report advices from the south report more demand for spots than for sometime past. at full prices. There is no change in the situation. Liverpool is heavily short in this market, and the stock of cotton there and af1oat promises to remain small until the freight situation is relieved.
 The south holds it's cotton and sells some at their own prices every day, while sentiment here continues bearish.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1916-01-12
New Orleans Cotton Market

New Orleans, January u-Spot cotton steady. IS points up. Sales on the spot, 2665 bales; to arrive, 1215. Good ordinary, 10.49c; strict good ordinary, .O5c; low middling. Il .e9c; strict low middling, Il .94c; middling. l219c; strict middling, 2.44c; good middling, 12.76c; strict good middling, 13c. Receipts, 7156; stock. 431 ,2S9.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1916-01-12

Fish
 (Wholesalers' Selling Price) Perch-8hc. Salt Water Trout-12012hc Red Snapper-10c in bbl. and 11c in smaller lots. Gray Snapper-6ho. Mullet-6c. Shrimp-12o. Spanish Mackerel-12h015c Sheephead-SMc. oysters--Medium. $1.s5; select, A.50 per gallon.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1916-01-12
THE RED CIRCLE Fly ALBERT HANSON TER
 HUNE

Author of "The Fighter" Ca leb Conover," "Sqrie From the Saddle" etc Novelized from the name by Will M. Ritchey. Copyright. 1915, by Albert Pay
 son Terhune
The Birmingham age-herald., 1916-01-12
: Interior Cotton Market

Houston: Middling, 12.5Oc; receipts. 1O,- 717: shipments, 9O43; sales, 3239; stock, 226, 931.
 Memphis: Middling, 12.SSc; receipts, 350,511.
 Augusta: Middling, 12.o6c; receipts, 419; shipments. 2O93; sales, 116S; stock, 2ol,- 236.
 St. Louis: Middling. 12ssc; receipts, 4O42; shipments, 4417 stock. 17,941
 Cincinnati: Receipts, 914; shipments, 555; stock, 1925.
 Little Rock: Middling, 1238c; receipts, 752; shipments, Al; sales, Al; stock. 4O,- 9n.
 Total today: Receipts, 21,34s; shipments, 21, 300; stock, S56,S45.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1916-01-12
Ayery's Letter

Clevenberg, in his todays letter tries to analize the technical position of the market (presumably New York alone) He says:
 .I find that most observers think the open contracts are 750,000 to 1,000,- 900 sold and, of course, an equal amount bought. We agree pretty generally that on the long side about 40 per cent is for spinners and 60 per cent for specu
 latons, while on the sold side 80 pei cent is hedge and straddles and 20 per cent speculative. If this is anywhere near correct it shows a moderately bearish technical position"
 The reason for the assumption that this exhibit is moderately bearish,' ,'' naturally lies in the fact that upon the long side 50 per cent of the con- tracts are in speculative hands, while but 20 per cent is speculative on the short side. This reasoning is true in theory, but hedges and straddles easily
 become speculative" when they go against their owners, and the short end of a straddle has to go down in order to make it's owner any money. and many so-called hedges have been put out against cotton not owned but expected to be purchased at cheaper prices than at which it was hedged. Such hedging is speculative pure and simple and likewise the largest per !. centage of the Liverpool short end of their straddles is speculative.
 My observation of the speculative ac- counts in the market is that they never were better margined, nor never mora strongly held. and 90 per cent are held for the Tong pull" and as such can be