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New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-05-21
By SIDONIE MATZNER GUTENBERG

NIITH child welfare exhibits attracting large
w and interested crowds of thoughtful men
and women and with BABY Week" being
observed by various clubs and schools and settle
ment. and other civic and social agencies, it would
seem that we are at last coming to think Of the
child a, a social asset instead of matter that
concerns merely the parents.
Not that the general interest in children should
mean les, concern on the part Of the parent! On
the contrary, it i. hardly to be doubted that the
interest OF the latter will grow with knowledge
and that the wider attention given to children
must add to the knowledge and understanding by
parents
Just as the wide interest aroused few years
ago in the cause. and prevention of tuberculosis
has already had a marked effect in the attitude
of all classes Of the population toward this dis
ease, and measurable effect in reducing the
prevalence and the mortality of the disease, it
may be expected that repeated emphasis on the
problems of the baby's health and welfare will
produce corresponding effects before very long.
Indeed the efforts of the last dozen twenty
years to improve the conditions OF child life and
especially Of infant life, have already produced
remarkable reductions in the death rate Of in
iants. Whereas the babies born thirty years
ago died off at the rate of about one in five
during the first year Of life the better cOmmuni-
ties in this country to-day have death rate
only about half as high and steadily improving.
A careful analysis of the chief causes Of infant
deaths shows that the great saving has been
brought about by reducing the contagious dis
eases, including the diarrheal and respiratory
diseases. But since these diseases are entirely
within our control, if willing to pay the
cost it should be possible to prevent from one
half to four-ifths Of the baby deaths that still
occur every year. The improvement in New
York City is equal to saving a hundred
babies a week.
But attention TO the infants than
increasing the number Of survivors. 1t means
better babies in other ways. For it is known that
much OF the handicap that children suffer through
out life is the direct indirect result Of disease
during the early years Whatever effort we make
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-05-21
THE CHILD A SOCIAL ASSET

the facilities for doing what is indicated by o"
best knowledge.
II is for these reasons that the more ad'ah
cities have considered it good economy to spen'
n large part Of the public income upon child say
ing and child betterment activities, such as WISH
ing nurses. infant milk stations DAY nurseries
child hygiene bureaus inspection service, stanf'
srdization Of midwife practice, education OF e''
pectsnt mothers and many other means for bring
ing to the side Of every child all the facilities
that modern science places at the disposal OF INC
children of the we'll to do Instead of thinking o.
these expenditures additional cost or expense
of public administration we are to consider them
as investments OF the most profitable kind. Fe'
nothing brings the community better returns l0'
money spent than the money Il invests IN hs
health and welfare OF its children
But in these matters knowledge comes first i
is only after come to realize pretty genersiH
what means are needed to improve the conditions
of child life that we shall see how far the CON
munity is itself responsible for making sure 'h''
the facilities for applying our knowledge are place.
at the disposal Of all who may need them "ne'
we all recognize that the qualities and capaclue'
of the baby are not directly related 10 the earn
community to impoyersh itself by permitting INC
incidence of pc rty TO corrupt and destroy j"
most valuable asset.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-05-21

walton Of stsrchy foods. Toast for instance
eaten with cereal, necessitates longer chewing
OF the cereal Bread and milk more digesti-
bic when taken together. the milk is thus d.
vided into smaller curds Milk from a glass
should be slowly slipped in small swallows. The
saliva is alkaline and its action upon stsrches
is hindere by the presence OF an acid; therefore
acid fruitse. e., apple sauce should not be
taken into the mouth the same time as bread
crackers or cookies.
The diet should be carefully selected and an
alyzed carefully prepared and daintily served
with the minimum portions 20 meet the child's
needs With these conditions a child should be
trained TO eat what is set before him, without
argument having p second helping OF the simple
foods to the limit Of his calorc needs. Do not
permit a child to begin fnicalness about his food.
The home has the responsibility Of forming the
child's food habits and tastes in early childhood
Cultivate taste for vegetables By giving first
in vegetable broths. and gradually teaspoonful
Of the mashed vegetable.
II wholesome food is refused first offering
it at one meal, give that first at a subsequent
meal and withhold more desired foods until this
is taken It is wiser not 70 put the dessert on the
child's table until the rest Of the meal is eaten
It. may be advisable to withhold the dessert II the
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-05-21

cold weather to children up to six Serve warm
milk for cooked cereal.
The serving plate for children under three
should be kept hot during the meal time. Special
children's plates are now procurabe that have
thcrmos qualities that sre kept warm by hot
water.
Avoid any possibility of infection; for exam
pie: Do not return spoon or fork 70 child's food,
or give 10 child, after you have used it yourself.
Do not blow into childs food some other
OF cooling.
Cereals should be fresh cooked within twelve
hours for children under two, and within twenty
four hours for older children. Baked potatoes,
and eggs should be fresh cooked for each meal.
Vegetables, soups and purces should be cooked
within twcnty-four hours.
Toast should be buttcrcd when cold. n but
tered hot, the fat surrounds the starch grains
and makes their digestion difficult or impossible.
Cereal should be served without sugar or but
ter which make digestion difficult and form a
rich combination that spoils the appetite for
simple, wholesome foods Cream may be added
and for children over two years, chopped stewed
fruit except apples apricots.
The digestive juices in the mouth have i'm
portant part in the digestion OF starches. there
fore every should be used for the inssli-
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-05-21
CRWI
IOAH'S ARK
%Dau1aCoxn

eyes Towering high above her was mountain
Of glittering ice while far as the eye coulo
reach was field Of ice and snow. Under the
rays of the morning sun parts Of the great berg
reflected the colors OF the rainbow. 1t was IN
tensely cold and Marjorie jumped up and down
in order to keep warm. Down on the ice, close
to the Ark Captain Moan and his crew were busily
at work attempting to set it in motion. This was
a difficult undertaking, for of the auto wheels
was badly twisted and the others had sunk deep
into the wet slushy ice that covered the level
beach that surrounded the berg.
Guess we'll have to give it up" exclaimed Cap
tain Noah after an hours hard work, during which
the Ark had not moved an inch either way. Wed
better make up our minds to winter here until the
iceberg floats into climate and either
mets or breaks apart
That's cheerful" said Mr. Jonah. ave moth
ing but summer Aannels and macintosh with
me-"
arc used to the Torrid Zone" replied Captain
Noah. shouldering the crowbar and climbing up
the rope ladder 20 the deck of the Ark.
Mr. Jonah did not reply, but turned up the col.
lar Of his coat and stamped his feet to keep warm.
"The hairless Mexican dog will surely die if We
don't do something for him." said Ham. 81 think
III ask mother if she won't let him stay in the
Kitchen"
Mrs Noah did not appear very enthusiastic
over the suggestion. Gracious mel" she
claimed. "Shem already has two parrots, two
paroquets and pair Of msrmosets there, and
Japheth brought in two little green snakes and
a pair Of lizards. | don't suppose more ami
nal will make very much difference" she added
with sigh, "if it will only keep from under my
feet. nearly stepped on one of the snakes this
morning, and the kitchen is none too large any
way"
Don't you boys worry your mother any more,
said Captain Noah sternly The animals have
got TO make the best Of it. Any who travels
by land or by sea undergoes some risk, and I'm
sure I'm as careful captain man could be.
It's lucky We didn't go down to the bottom of the
sea when We struck the berg, instead Of running
up on it safely"
After dinner Captain Noah and Mr.. Jonah held
a consultation as to what the best thing to
do under the circumstances.
"Of course some of the animals, like the polar
bears and the seals, will enjoy vacation on the
ice. The penguins, too, will enjoy it, We can
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-05-21

resting on the handle of his picSax, perhaps the
old tub will float"
"How's the tide going to rise?" asked Mr.. Jonah,
looking up at Noah with sarcastic smile.
Captain Noah did no; reply for moment. He
was evidently studying the question. when the
tide rises is perfectly correct statement" he
said quietly. "As the berg gradually melts it will
sink lower and lower in the water. In which
the tide will flow into the canal and float the Ark.
Whether say when the berg lowers or when the
tide rises makes very little difference az long a
the desired result is brought about"
Mr.. Jonah looked rather crestfslen. while Ham
winked at Japheth. It was quite dark, so all
hands returned to the Ark The animals which
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-05-21

tell her wouldn't mind having worsted muher'
too"
Downstairs all was in confusion. The fresh
water had frozen during the night, so that 1t was
impossible TO give the animals drink. Mfs'
Noah had been forced to melt in pan on the
stove q large piece Of ice in order to have water
18th which 70 make the coffee for breakfast.
"Wbew!p exclaimed Captain Noah, coming in
from outside and closing the door as quickly as
possiblc. "My hands are almost frozen. Ihls Is
&c had as a trip to the North Pole Perhaps
worse for we are totally unprepared for this kind
Of weather Mr. Jonah and the three boys also
appeared rubbing their hands and stamping their
feet to get warm.
MERRY Chrstmas!" laughed Ham; tine sha'-
ing's fine out on the ice foe!'
"How jolly" cried Marjorie; let's go skating
after breakfast
"No. Stree" said Captain Noah; "the boys
must help me get the Ark afoat again. one oil
the rubber-tred wheels is crushed, and it Will
require lot of hard work to get her off,
owed better set about it soon as possible
father" added Japheth, "for some of the animals
are nearly perishing with the cold. The monkeys
arc rolled Up so tight to keep warm you'd think
thew were fur balls Only the polar bears seem
70 enjoy the situation They arc just crazy to
get out and take run on the ice
Let them wait" answered Captain Noah I'VE
have more serious things to attend TO than pleas
ure for the moment
"Well, come and get good hot breakfast first
said Mrs. Noah, bringing in the steaming cofce
pot and plate Of hot corn mullins. After break
fast you'll all feel different" This was indeed
good advice and had wonderful effect on the
spirits of all concerned.
Get the crowbar and the wooden rollers,
Japhcth" said Captain Noah after the meal was
over; "well sec if We can't start the old Ark
moving Maybe she's stuck too deep in the ice,
but well try, at any rate
Here, my dear" said Mrs. Noah to Marjorie,
you put on my seslskn coat If you're going out.
] shant need it for while, ! want to tidy up
bit before look about"
Marjorie thanked her and, putting on the coat,
stepped out on deck. A beautiful sight met her
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-05-21

ten. Clean. raw milk is always preferable
Milk may spoil even before it has soured; IN
scrupulous dealers sometimes add preservatlVes 70
prevent souring Such milk is rotten and dan
-erou. Clean, freshly soured milk is harmless
but should not be given to children under three
EXCEPT as buttermilk For young children ana
babies buttcrmlk can sometimes be retained ana
digested when sweet milk cannot be taken Inc
special tablets containing the Bulgarian bacillus
should preferably be used with the whole mix
in making buttermk for young children. THESE
tablets NAV be obtained from the drug store.
Let the child eat out-of-doors whenever pos
sible n indoors have the room well Vcntla'eu
and not above IS degrees Fahrenheit.
Until six years Of age the child should prciera-
bIv have nj, meals. at least dinner and supper
At scnsrate hours from the adults. He VIII give
better attention TO hi. food, will not be tempted
nv adult food and not subjected to the table
conversation which is too often directed at him
or not Of interest.
low chair and table is much TO be preferred
"a high chair until six years; then highHf
chair comfortable for the dining table, with
foot rest. should be provided, to be cut down as
the child grows
Serve milk at blood heat (9s degrees Fahren-
h.it) to children under two years OF age and IL
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-05-21

should conform to the standards set forth In the
Federal and State Health Bulletins II milk Is
purchased inspection should, if possible, be made
Of the dairy and the methods of cooling and trans
portation. In the large cities milk is now graded
according to the degree of care and the cleanll-
ness as indicated by the bacteria count. Certihed
or Grade "a" should be used for children under
three wears of age Grade "A" is preferable but
Grade "B" can be used for children over three
years Grade &C" and loose milk in cities arc mt
only for cooking.
The milk from herd is more uniform from
dsv TO day than from single COW. Hostein or
Guernsey milk is preferable for children, espe
cially for infants, as the lower fat content ana
softer curds make it more easily dgestible than
Jersey milk.
Milk should preferably be bottled at the dary
for delivery II delivered from cans it should be
exposed q. little as possible to the air and dust.
The measures should be scrupulously clean, and 1t
should be poured at once into bottles or jars that
have been sterzed by boiling and that are Gov
cred from dust until filled. II should be i'm
mediately covered.
Sterilzed or condensed milk is less easily di-
gcsted and less nutritious than raw milk and
conducive 10 constipation. The high degree OF
heat TO which it has been subjected has destroyed
the necessary vtamins, and hardened the pro-
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-05-21

TO eliminate the infectious diseases will give US
healthier babies and sounder foundation for that
later development which all prize so highly.
Because of the mportanc. Of the health OF the
early years one Of the urgent problems is to make
common property Of what is known by the investi-
gators and experts in regard TO the best treatment
OF infants. The advantages Of breast feeding over
bottle feeding the Importance of special dietaries,
the proper care of the food and the clothing of
the infant the various things to do and TO avoid
for the prevention of infection; these should all
be matters of course, and there should be op-
portunity for anything but strictly standard prsc
tice at every point that touches the development
Of the child.
But while much is to be expected from the edu-
catonal results Of baby weeks and exhibits and
from the activities of many public and philan-
thropic agencies, education is not sufficient. We
already have more knowledge than are able to
apply consistently and Systematically. lnvestiga-
tions made by public as we'll as by private stu
dents show that in almost any large town or
city there may be found groups Of families in
which the infant death rate is fully twice as high
it is in other parts of the population and that
the death rate varies almost directly with the
family income In addition TO the dissent
nation of knowledge which is sorey needed
there must also be made available to all mothers
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-05-21

let them out and the rest Of the Arctic passen-
gers. But how we are TO keep the others warm
puzzles me. We haven't enough coal wood
board to keep the furnace going for very long"
Mr. Jonah stroked his chin refectively. I've
might dig channel in the ice from under the
Ark to the edge of the berg and in this way aost
her again." he said after pause.
That's a pretty good scheme" answered Cap
tain Noah. "We'll get to work at once. Here,
you boys" he called out to Japheth and his broth
ers, get the pckaxes and come with me"
All the afternoon they worked hard, and by
evening had dug canal from the water edge
clear up to and partly underneath the Ark.
Nov, when the tide rises" said Captain Noah,
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-05-21
And is That FOo6
Sw M Gle m&ly Pr 0e
&ecGed from Com
2armimatiom? Germs
Will Creep I'm Una
less Eternal Vigi"
lance Is Exercised
The Tenth article in The TribuHe' Series 81
Lessons tn Mothercrdft
By MARY l.. READ,
Director, The School OF MofhercrafL Nc"
York City.
.copyHsh, isls-r. Trisun, ASSN

Ii food should be kept covered, protected
~ from dust. bacteria, odors, poisonous gases
which frequently arise from bad drainage
in refrigerator or kitchen Butter should be kept
in Quad paper or covered by sailed muslin cloth.
Cooked foods should be quickly and thoroughly
cosl.d and then covered and kept in a cool place
Mix requires the most painstaking care a.
bacteria multiply in it very rapidly unles; 1t IS
kept cool and clean. II should be kept in glass
chins or crockcry receptacle to protect from dust
,nd insects, with a clean, double muslin cloth
tina, will admit air but keep out dust; and placed
in clean, thoroughly ventilated place. II ro-
frigerator or clean cool cellar springhouse or
we'll Is not available, q homemade refrigerator
may be constructed, similar to the ircless cooker
that will require little ice. Or the bottle may be
placed in basin Of cool running water and Gov
cred with a clean muslin cloth, the edges Of which
absorb the water; if thus placed in q draft the
evaporation will keep the milk cool. II in hot
weather there is no means OF keeping cold. the
milk may be heated in e double boiler to l45 de-
grees Fahrenheit Just below boiling and kept at
this temperature for thirty minutes then quickly
cooled and kept as cool possible.
II milk Is delivered in bottles provision should
be made for protecting these from dust, sum- cats
and dogs until they are brought into the kitchen
The bottles should be well washed in cool water
especially around the top and cover, before open
ing. The rim of the bottle should be wiped with
q clean cloth and the cover replaced Immediately
after pouring.
Milk which has been warmed or which has stood
uncovered outside the bottle should not be poured
back nor used again for the children to drink.
II may be used for cooking
Milk Production.
The production Of milk requires the greatest
cleanliness. If COW is kept the dairy, utensils
methods of milking and caring for the new milk
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-05-21

had been allowed TO play the ice had All y
turned, except the two polar bears, who oess' -
Captain Noah to allow them TO remain ou' -
night, as they wished to see the Northern Ls'"
from the top of the iceberg.
Ii was very tired family that gathered srouss
the supper table that evening. The work ana v.
excitement OF the day had their effect upon w
and all; and the meal was over eve;
body went off TO bed. Even little Marjorie w.
unusually tired. Mrs. Noah handed her an eN" !,
comforter a. he kissed her good night. soon -
was quiet aboard the Ark except for the sn0''as
Of the animals and the moaning Of the cold no''
wind outside.
Ito be contiuued)
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-05-21
ROCKS FOR REFERENCE.

1.-THE Feeding of Young Children "ih
Feeding Of School Children" and Il Lahore
torn Manual Of Dietetics,' By May S~dn
Rose: Home Science Cook Book" By "idT
Lincoln and ANN Burrows; "The DAILY N~.
of School Children By Caroline J.. Hw
"Tbe Ne,C Cookery" by S. Cooper
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-05-21
Is B a cte ria's
Happy Hunting
GroWm d- Cleanli.
ness i'm Production
and SWb S e q ne mt
CareAre Therefore
i&aE Importance,

child refuses 10 eat the simple food vegetables
An occasional child is not able TO dges, SON,
special food. as milk, eggs, strawberries, s'h
Some children cannot digest milk plain, but ca,
take it in foods
School children should always have an adequate
warm breakfast, with plenty Of time 20 eat with.
out hurrying, and a warm midday meal II the
school is too far away for them to return hone,
some provision should be made with the teacher,
school principal or nearby home for provision Q,
one or two warm dishes.
Children under six years should always have tie
mother or other intelligent attendant with them
during meals TO train in careful chewing and
drinking, neatness, courtesy, conversation With
children under four years a spirit Of play mag b.
brought into the feeding, especially with e" De.
sired foods: this should gradually De dropped dur.
ing the fifth year
Utilize the opportunity for training in motor
coordination and self-relance Babies can b
given water from a spoon at one month OF age and
can begin drinking from cup at SIX montnsi thus
trained they will never acquire the bottle habit
and they can learn TO feed themselves during the
second or third year. The motor control and SELF
reliance thus gained are far more important than
the messing of food during few months lie,
the children as early as possible clear away their
table. brush up any crumbs, bring m their OHn
dishes and food wash dishes, help with the cook
ing.
Use enamel cups, sauce dishes and plates Until
the child can confidently handle dishes without
breaking them. at about three years.
The serving of food has the value o. religious
ceremony and a social banquet as we'll as the sat
isfying Of physical needs. With intelligence and
,orethought it can be made Of such significance
and a means Of teaching reverence courtesy sell
control Of physical appetites, pleasant converse
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-05-21

COMHON FAULTS AND TENDENCIES IN
THE CHILD TO Be GUARDED A0fNS:
Tnsuficicn! chewing.
Eating TOO rapidly
Drinking milk rapidly instead of SPP'ng'
Dawdiing over meals.
Eating with fingers.
CareiessneSs about The dropping OF fooo
on The table and floor.
U1wjIl;naGcss 10 Try rev FOODS
UnwHLncncss 10 eat vegetables.
p,ofe,e,ccs for sweets and stsftheS, ans
orcrcafing OF bread.
COMMON FAULTS or ADULTS N TIE
FEEDING or CHILDREN:
Overlooking.
Irregular feeding.
Allowing child 10 choose or refuse 1000
and become fnicaI.
Giving 100 large a portion Of bread and
cereal.
Too much of nuShy foods
insufficient hard. foods.
Coayjng ch;id 10 eat when not hungry or
when tired or III.