davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The sun., 1916-09-03

pr spaciousncss. due probably TO the
fact that the interior is quite empty
except for a much decorated pulpit.
Icons in handsome frames hang from
tho walls. Each picture has a small
copy Let into the frame for the faith
ful to kiss. The people OF bucharest
are not particularly religious. but
when they make n business Of kissing
icons they do it with "A t~horoughness
and fcrvor that rcsounds through the
whole church. When half n dozen are
making the rounds at the same time
It sounds like tho spluttering OF
thunder.
There Is no organ here, nor. indeed.
In any church In Bucharest. But
there Is q very fine altar screen OF
silver gilt. with two rows of pictures
let into Il. and behind 1t a large silver
coffin containing the bones OF h Illus
trious D!mitri. patron saint OF the city.
Tie lie " bucharest does not be
gin until sunset. Then the whole city
turns out for the evening promenade.
Every one who can possibly scrape up
a few francs takes one of the gayly
Sapar!soned public cabs and drives
around tho Chaussec kisselcv. the
Bots dc BouloGne Of Bucharest. and
then back n s.ugie file through the
narrow winding Calca Nictorlci. past
tho High Life Hotel and the Jockey
Club. Tao Coachmen are "a class 10
themselves, "A queer sect from Russia.
There is nothing the casual visitor
70 the city can do 10 gain a better i'm
pressiOu OF It's life and TO feel himself
The sun., 1916-09-03

with ~onlookers, pale faced. decadeut
looking youths, puffy eyed officers in
tassellcd boots and gold laced uni
forms. The cafes and restaurants iii
the streets with their tables zoe In
the garden cafes the gypsy orchestras
play their widest dances. Tho res
taurantS flash on their lights and
exotic looking men and wonc crowd
the tables. The night life of the city
aas begun. Not until the sun is rising
will the lights grow dim. the crowds
on h streets lessen.
Let no one suppose, however. that
gay, spendthrift Bucharest Is n true
reflection Of Rumanian life and char
acter. Just as the strength OF the
army is not In the pasty faced ogling
officers of the b%oulevards but in the
sturdy. stocky little peasant soldiers.
SO Is the strength of the nation not in
tho quickly made oil or salt kings who
are the spelieIs OF the ,it., bat ia the
small peasant land owners. who Cu!t!-
vate from twelve to twenty-five acres
each. KuMan!a Is an agricultural
country. More than 50 per cent. of its
people are engaged in till!ng the soil.
az ~ NV . tAFN rNNo =
mild hammered and patient. sober and
Industrious. with Intense pride Of race
and love Of country.
The curse Of the rural districts Is
the land laws and the problem Of
huge estates and absentee landlords.
The Soil OF Rumania Is very fertile,
and Is the source OF most Of the coun-
try's prosperity as well as OF its trouh-
les. At the time OF the Roman occu-
patton the conquerors distributed huge
tracts OF land among their favoritc
soldiers. Many OF tho great states
et.il trace their history directly to
these rewards Of service. Every sue
ceeding conqucror increased the hold
ings of the few at the expense Of tho
many. During the Turkish regime The
hand Of the tax gatherer was so heavy
on the land that the small urynrr
practically ceased TO exist. In 1861
measures were taken to secure redis-
trihution of land. by this means 400
600 persons received allotmcnts. But
al these measures have been entirely
inadequate, and have not kept pace
The sun., 1916-09-03
Perry Belmont Suggests Remedy for
Presidents Growing Power

tain tho words cabinet officers" II
say that tho President may require
the opinion In writing OF the principal
officer in the department" For this
reason such officers are sad 10 lie
"Constitutional advisers 10 the l'rcsi-
dent. II Is within the scope or the
law and of the spirit of the tonsti-
tuition that the executive officers, or
heads of the departments. should hc
admitted to discuss public measures ON
the floor of Congress. II is only "A
question Of cNpcdicucy whether or not
such "a change IN tn. method of pro-
cedurc ought to- bc adopted.
The law ~orsauiz,nS the Treasury
may ho accepted as "A solution of this
question: Congress IN creating the
office of Secretary of the Treasury de-
c!arcd that III" secretary 'shall make
report and give information to either
branch Of the legislature. either IN
person or IN writing, respecting all
matters which shall appcrtain to his
Office as either house may require.
Tn" legislative branch could not re-
uIirc the President to come in person
and compel answers To iu~terrogators,
but Congress, having created tho Of
flee held 10y the heads of the depart
mcnts, might assign new duties IL
them.
Long experience OF our Federal syS-
tenn suggested Ia the men who formed
tho Confederate Government and
modelled its Constitution and laws
upon our own that ii would be an m
provcmont to allow the members OF
the Cabinet seats on the floor of either
house. They therefore preserved tho
existing provisions Of our toiistitu-
ton distributing the functions of gov
eminent, and after the words 40 per-
son holding any office under the Com
fcueratc States shall he "A member al
either house during his continuance II
Office they introduced tho following
clause: "liut Congress may by law
grant To the principal officer IN cacl
of the executive departments a sea
upon the floor of either house for the
privilege uf discussing any measures
appcrtalning TO his department"
The proposition. therefore, Ia merely
that the heads Of tho department.
should bc requested to communicate
orally and directly what they nov
communicate IN writing.
To-day leaders in both houses cx
press the opinion that VIC arc reachin;
The sun., 1916-09-03
A Group Of Rumaniar~ Sk.pherds

their " ana the fafnilys clothes. ana
they work in the fields. doing all en-
cept hay stacking. which Is considered
beyond their mental capacity. They
bear and rear huge families. ana they
never from the tin or their mar
riage Know the slightest relaxation
from the grind n french writer says
however that u sumahian man once
explained 10 MN Una the iot OF the
man was mlch harder IMAM mat or
'he woman ne man ne sa'o' sousht
relaNa'ion from ms troup!es In inc
cafes ana cap'''tS hut returning
NOME nearing '"c ''es "' ms hursr!
o"lu'cn. nc WIS '. sun.F WHAT
''c "io'"e'' WI" '"' "'Nc' "i' "''ie'
never h"e".'n' i'"Ns III re''ofse ior
nv 'hon'y ne ha' spent
" .ou""y uiO.s Va su
nave S''"''sc nan "ss'eiiouS c'"'ac-
WIS run" why. "e "v..n ""a,S
e."'''' H"'i a"e'' i"'. uau'''o"' inc
S"cp'eiuS w '"ne ."eA' hoenS c'ei9
year u NV "p'oi.us' ePe'ui's SIN
Hloh'hs III utter eo'''uoe' appear JUS
".'eh enough III INC i''es vi .ho Peo-
y" 10 Puietuato IL" 'no 'a'eS ''a'
gro" UP ABOUT 'HeW' iuoS are ac-
co'hVhhlcd Always ny Srea' "h''e
mounts as mysterious anu as SAVAGE
as 'hcy themselves. iheir mar Is
long II loosc' n tneE wear q loose
SHOCK ms mamie ana an "h'te cap.
The sun., 1916-09-03
Queer Marie Of Kwmar;a

The journey from the capital to this
port Is uninteresting. tho railroad
traversing for many miles the vast
w%indswept plains, the steppes Of Ru-
mania. Such towns as there are seem
we'll built and substantial. but tho viii
lagos are miserable. II 1t chances to
be a holiday. the stations are all
crowded with peasants decked In their
gaycst costumes coming to see h
trains go through. Tho men walk up
and down the train inspecting the
women passengers at the windows and
commenting on their appearance.
The climate OF this part OF the u
try is hard. with blazing heat snd
drought in summer and piercing cold
and great SHOWS in winter. Yet It 10
extremely fertile and productive. Just
before reaching Tchernavoda the train
crosses the Danube on a fine bridge OF
which the country IL justly proud
The bridge Is $50 meters long, but II
Is protected by elaborate works tina
make 1t a great engineering feat. AZ
each end a great bronze soldier stands
a. II OF guard.
After T~chernavoda, the monotonous
plains continue until the appearance
OF huge red oil tanks In the distance
announces the approach to Constanza.
II is n small. unimportant town. with
busy commonplace streets crowded with
a strange mixture Of nationalities and
Gathering with II babel OF tongues.
Hero the Government has built q
colossal system OF docks and eleva-
tors, all OF the most modern and scien'
t!ic construction. Here. too, are the
great basins for tho oil ships which
await their loads whicn come ny tank
trains from Campina and Moreni.
Grain IS first and oil Is second In
the list OF Rumania's exports. with
wood and salt very bad third II
fourth. Rumania's merchant neet FOR
trade with Black Sea ports Is steadily
growing, but foreign flags. notably the
Austrian. have been much more conf
mon in her ports thar her own 'o!ors.
North OF bucharest, near the border
OF Transyivania. where the newly dc.
The sun., 1916-09-03
CABINET ADVICE FOR CONGRESS

a point where continuous sessions OF
Congress must be expected. a few
words spoken by competent heads of
h departments would place the whole
OF Congress on the amt vantage
ground as members of committees.
and such direct information and COM
mun!cation would inevitably shorten
the sessions Of Congress.
Mr.. rcndlcton OF Ohio introduced
the subject in the House in 1865 and
revived 1t in the Senat In 1881. lie
presented n favorable report from n
select committee signed by himself
ana Senators Allison of Iowa, Noor-
hees of Indiana. Blaine Of Maine. But
Ter of South Carolina. Ingalls, of Kan
sas. Ilatt OF Connecticut and Farley
Of California.
The report showed that every Gov
ernment in Europe and the republics
of Central n South America pos
sossed the advantage Of direct personal
oral communication between the exec
utivc and Legislative branches of their
respective governments.
The serious disadvantages Of the
lack of direct oral communication be-
tween the executive and legislative
branches of our Government il cspe-
cially felt in tho present crisis. Too
much Is expected OF our President
from tho he undertakes the
duties OF his office. The sincerity or
So. lishncss OF his motives becomes the
subject Of anxious discussion with end
.csS and futile rcitcratlon, questions
which only the final development of
his policies and the Judgment Of his
tory can determine.
Tho mighty scarchlight OF tho press
Is constantly turned upon him. leaving
the legislative branch in comparative
~obscurity. lie appears far and near
across the national horizon in gigantic
proportions. and he Would 10 more
than human did he not lend himself
more or less 10 illusions which tend to
strengthen him in the popular imapi-
nation. 1t was an illustration OF this
tendency when Mr.. Wilson said at
Cleveland.
YOU may count upon my heart ana
resolution to keep you out of war, hut
Sou must be ready. IL necessary. that
| should maintain your honor"
The country has now reached n stu
alton when we are asking ourselves do
We, or do wa not, want executive SUI
prcmacy to assert itself with incrcas-
ing emphasis. ana whether 1t has
gradually developed to such a degree
AZ tn require an effort to restore tho
equilibrium between the executive and
legislative departments Vi the Gov
crnmcuI
The sun., 1916-09-03
STEPS IN CANONIZING FATHER JO(

There are degrees Of honor. Not 70
go too deeply into canonical law, the
lower degree Is b~eatlication, which In
general means that the holy man thus
honorcd may lie v.nerated and in.
voked in prayer. and such an honor is
likely to DO local In scope. Tho SUI
prcme Veneration Is sainthood, which
Involves canon!zation, in effect o pre-
cept from the r"ntin n a the saint
h be h"nVFod by the church at
large, II IL ~ tho higher state or fuIl
sainthood that rather Jogues IL being
elevated.
ON pleasant Sundays in summer
sometimes as many ms 1000 or 1000
pilgrims make their way to AurIesville
to pay their dcrptions there and 10
go over the historic ground. ono Of
tho cradles Of christianity in the New
World. These pilgrimages have peen
made for thirty-two years, the first
having taken place August II, 1854,
the anniversary OF the date on which
III" jesuit missionary entered the
Indian village as n captive. The pil-
grims visit the shrine built in that
year: they mako the stations Of the
cross In the open: many Of them re-
ccivc communion and they retiacc the
The sun., 1916-09-03
Hing Ferdinand |. Of Rumauia

dl%sorganized community Into a mod
ern capital with a life and individual
ity Of its own is "A remarkable and in
tcresting transition.
When Irince Charles of Hohcn-
zoliern went there in 1866 to assume
the crown he found the houses little
more than mud novels. The streets
were unpaved and for the most part
unlighted. Gypsies were cncamped
under the windows of the royal palace,
and pigs were roofing about the front
doorstep. Only one other monarch ot
modern times. William of WED. crs,-
while ruler Of Albania. has entered into
a more unpromislng kingdom.
To-day Bucharest has all tho aspects
or u h~ourishing modern capital. II has
boulevards that would he a CrAllt to
any city, 1t has fine parks and public
squares. street after street of good
shops and handsome homes set down
In charming gardens. It's area Is al
most as great as that of Paris, though
its population amounts to only about
10000 people. But the streets are
wide. the parks many and the ovc--
crowding evil far in the future. Some
yedIS dSO lUc tiAS SNIAtTtu from Il
real estate boom and was greatly over
built. About 1910 its further extcn-
sion for a certain term of years was
restricted and a definite plan for
its development and Identification
adopted.
The public buildings OF bucharest
are more expensive and numerous than
beautiful. The Germans describe them
as of tho most florid type OF French
architecture while the French at
tribute them to tho worst type OF
German renaissance 1t Is said that
even the Prime Minister crosses HIM
self every time his eye. through some
inadvertanoc, rests on the facado Of
the Palais des Postes.
The cathedral. the Domnca Balasa.
IL well placed on a low hill. The chief
entrance is reached by "A steep road
planted with two rows of acacia trees.
At the foot OF the hill stand four pill
Jared gate posts. each topped with an
eagle with outstretchcd wings holding
a cross in its beak. Over the old yellow
gateway is a quaint belfry. from the
narrow stairs OF which may he had a
good view OF the city with its far
spreading red roofs. its occasional
golden dome- and its crowding tree
tops. Inside the gateway Is a roughly
paved court yard planted with lime
trees.
To tho lcF. Is tho insignificant build
ing used as n Parliament house. and
TO the right a narrow garden leading
to the Mctropolltan's house. In the
middle OF the yard stands the cathe-
dral. n buff colored building with three
towers and few windows. Tho great
porch Is decorated with rows OF rudcly
co!ored paintings representing saints.
Tho building IL about 500 years old,
and. although not large, II has an air
The sun., 1916-09-03

letter reached Father Wynne convey
ing the glad news that tho boy was
cured. lilo IL alive and well to-day.
The surgeons. protcstants both. have
written letters attcsting that the boy
Is well, and expressing. too. their
amazcmcnt and their inability to offer
an explanation.
Then there was the four-year-old
boy whose legs were paralyzed appar-
entity from tho hips. His mother, too.
prayed her simple prayers before the
shrine OF cur Lady Of Martyrs and
soon the boy began to walk me finally
was as lively as II normal child.
But saints are added slowly to
the calendar now, 1t is an arduous,
also an expensive process. The cost of
the proceedings, from their institution
to their beatiiication, is about SO, 600.
according TO one authority. and he adds
that the further expense from bcatifi-
cation to canonization Is likely to be
$40 200. Much OF this Is for decoration
and illumination Of the basillca for the
solemn ceremonies. for paintings of the
saint which are hung in various gal
lcrics and for the customary gifts to
III" IontiT.
Consideration OF the cause Of any
candidate takes years. II begins with
the appointment OF n tribunal which
hears the evidence II thrcslles II ont
to the minutest particular, The wit
rcsscs are examined under oath and
Cruss-cNam.ncd by Il dlgnitary ap-
pointed To raise objections, to search
tho finest shades Of the possible
motives which actuated tho candidates
conduct, To demand the fullest proof
Those who have bccn witnesses before
such IA tribunal describe it as an ordeal
which leaves them exhausted. ltut
they add, this Is us it should be: saint
hood Is not an honor to be conferred
without the gravcst care.
All this evidence Is considered at
Rome, If the findings Of tho tribunal
warrant going further with the cause,
Finally the cause reaches tho College
of Rites. The candidate first becomes
"tho vcncrahle"-thc stage to which
the case Of Father ,Iogues has Yro-
crossed. Next he is tho "hicsscd' ant
at last Saint" %whcrcupon an office is
prepared for him and IA special mass
his name is assigned u feast day in
the calendar and may be invoked as
intercessor In public prayers.
The sun., 1916-09-03

with the increase In population. OF
33 ZOO, 900 acres OF arabic land the
Crown . controls 5000. 900 and the
large proprietor 10000. 900. white the
rest is owned by small peasant farm
ers.
Practically all the troubles of Ru-
mania during the last fifty years have
been due to her bad land laws. These
rcvo.ts all began in the same way
peasants gathering in the towns on tho
rumor that "A fresh allotment of land
was to lie made. Disappointment and
disaffection rapidly followed. The
revolution OF 1855 was fomented by
peasants who had come all the way
from Moldavla TO Bucharest on foot.
a Journey OF n month. to particle
pate in an allotment that never
anne. THIS was tho most serious Of
the various revolts and was put down
with great severity. II was after this
uprising :ha: .hc prophecy was heard
on -every side that the suffcrings OF the
peasant land workers would one day
prcCipltatc on the luxurious light liv-
ing land owners IA reign OF terror such
as Europe has not known since the
French Revolution.
Country life in Rumanla Is far differ
cnt from the life Of the capital. civil
IiZatipn is slow 10 reach the Old towns
ot the mountains or the isolated VIII
lagos and farms OF tho great plains.
Life goes on there much as IL did be-
fore the German prince brought mod
EN- methods Of organization. The
PEE pie are 50 intensely supcrstitious
The sun., 1916-09-03
HEN II was announced n few
days ago that II was assured
the Rev. Father Isaac Jogucs

would DO canonized, the first saint who
achieved his sanctity in North Amer
in. the question was asked at once.
"lldye there then been miracles nj the
shrine OF our Lady OF Martyrs" For
the shrine Of our Lady OF Martyrs.
which stands on II Hill ut Auricsvillc,
y, y, overlooking the beautiful Mo-
hawk Valley. was erected In honor Of
Father Jogues and his companions on
tho site of their martyrdom. and
usually proof of miracles Is required
before the Church accords the supreme
honor of ranonization.
Usually, but not always. ana the fact
that there are exceptions is n detail
that few save tina best Informed
churchmen know. The Rev. Father
John J. Wynne. S. j.. editor Of the
tathohc Encyclopaedia and student of
America, explained the c~anonical usag"
graciously and painstakingly. Whcr"
proof of martyrdom Is complete and
whcro the martyrdom vas suffered III
the highest and purest way for the
Faith. then proof OF miracles Is not
necessary. Therefore ut the ccclosias-
tical proceeding in Quebec when the
cause OF the culonizat!on az Father
Jugue first was taken up the point
concerning miracles was not pressed.
Had 1t l,ecn insisted upon. there are
stories OF the shrine ut Auriesvillc
which are not to he dismissed with
ANYTHING less than profound reverence.
For example, Father Wynnc himself
relates tho story OF n simple IlulS
The sun., 1916-09-03

and dangerous consequences to the
country.
The Democratic party adopted at the
Baltimore convention OF 1912 an m
phat!c platform declaration in favor
OF IA single term for the Presidency.
which may be interpreted as the first
official party protest against a con-
tinuance OF personal government and
was an endeavor 10 put Il check upon
1t. This provision Of the Democratic
platform was ignored and Il PERSISTENT
effort has been made to Iui..fy Il.
Nevertheless. the joint resolution to
limit the tenure OF the President to "A
single term Of six years, b. a pro-
posed amendment Of the Constitution.
was adopted by the Senate by Il Vote
Of ~ 10 90 February ], 1912, and cent
to the House for conCu-r'nro,. Mr..
Clayton of Alabama, then chairman of
the Judiciary Committee, and since APP
pointed to the bench. had Il referred Ia
his committee February 10, 1913. From
hat moment no further steps have
been taken by Congress,
Tho presence of the heads OF tho
departments before Congress Is rot
suggested by the parliamentary 81 =
tens Of other governments. nor would
an amendment to the Constitution he
necessary. The suggestion belongs tO
the development OF our own laws and
should he discussed within its capacity
OF adjustment to M American system
No enC~roachment by the legislative
branch upon the constitutional privi-
leges of the President or of his Cabl-
net Is proposed: no invasion by the
executive Of the jurisdiction OF the
legislative branch, nor any modifica-
tlon Of the constitutional distribution
and separation Of the functions OF
tho three departments OF our govern
ment which are its distinctive and
characteristic feature. Nor wol,u
such a change of tho rules interior,
with the existing methods Of com.
munlcation by written reports or by
tho personal presence before Congress
slonal committees Of members of tho
Cabinet and of subordinate chiefs al
bureaus VI the executive departments
The President should remain indie.
pendent OF Congress as to tho manner
in which no may choose I communi-
cate information In regard to executive
matters. Tho heads Of tho cXecutiv,
departments arc there to aid him
and SO far are responsible to lin
alone. Tho Constitution does not con,
The sun., 1916-09-03
By PERRY BELMONT.

wv whatever may be h out
= M come of tho deadlock be-
tween the railroads and
their employees. the clash has been
the occasion Of another demonstration
that the impossible Is attributed to the
President and the impossible required
Of him. Again is Illustrated tho ad-
vantage Of the proposed effort to mini
.mize without changing our Constitution
the dangers Of personal government.
in order that the President be not en-
,abled to initiate personal policies the
consequences Of which even so great
',and powerful n nation as ours might
have cause to regret.
President Wilson by his personal
appearances before Congress has
+, given evidence OF his conviction that
: direct communication between tho
executive and legislative branches is
necessary. but his personal addresses.
50 and especially his last appeal to the
Joint sessions of the Senate and the
House. have been OF value as argu-
ments In favor OF the presence OF the
heads Of tho executive departments
rather than Of tho Chief Executive
himself.
. The development OF absolute dis
cretionary powers yielded to the Chief
Executive has been an uninterrupted
growth In the United States. So ac-
customed has u country become to
the exercise OF power Ivy executive
orders and departmental rulings that
political parties endeavor every four
: years to provide Presidential candi-
dates who arc expected u become
rulers invested with al authority from
! which there Is scarcely a restraint on
the part Vt Congress, the coordinate
branch OF the Government. In order
= that he may DO given full opportunity
to servo his country there Ia a general
. disinclinatiUn TO criticise the rresi-
; dents exercise OF the powers temper
entrusted to him. This In Itself
greatly magniies them. Such an ac
: emulation Of unrestraincd executive
authority might become II more serious
menace than this but for tho fact that
Il 70 held during n limited period only
" though the temptations offered to a
ambitious President to succeed him.
self may obviously involve harmful