davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Highland recorder. (Monterey, Highland County, Va.) 1877-1972, 1916-11-03
CARNEGIE FUND
GIVES MEDAL
-Four Pennsy|VanianS Honored
by Commission.
S125 BENEFITS ALLOWED
Allegheny County PumP-Man Gave
His Life to Save Friend From Suf-
location.

Fiftytwo acts of heroism were rec
ognized by the Carnegie Hero Fund
commission at it's fall meeting IN
Pittsburgh, Pa.
In six cases silver meda's were
awarded; in forty SIX br.nz med~ls.
Twelve of the heroes lost their lives,
and to the dependents of six of there
pensions aggregating $3120 yea'iy
were granted. To the dependents OF
three others who died, sums total ng
$4,000 were granted, to be applied In
various ways subject to the direction
of the commission.
Two of the heroes sustained Injuries
which disabled them. In the case OF
one benefits of $125 were granted,
and in that of the other pension
Of $40 a month was allowed.
In addition to these money grants,
in nine cases sums aggregating $18,-
900 were appropriated for educational
purposes, payments to be made as
needed and approved; and in twenty,
nine cases awards aggregating $4,000
were made for other worthy purposes.
Payments in these cases will not be
given until the .benefci placs for
the use of the awards have been ap'
proved by the commi i n.
To the widow of Edward Davis, TIA
Washington street, Heidelberg, Allie
gheny county, Pa, silver medal was
awarded and $40 mon :hly fer support
during her life or until she remarries
with S. monthly additional fer e'ch of
two children until each reaches the
age of sixteen. Davis, pump-man,
who was thirty-two years old, de
saving James e. Dougherty from suf,
location at Heidelberg, on March 27,
1916. With a wet handkerchief over
his nose and mouth Davis twice en-
tered kettle after Dougherty, around
whom he tied rope. AS Davis emerg-
he fell unconscious and efforts to re
vive him with a pulmotor were fruit,
less. Dougherty was drawn out by
means of the rope. Dougherty's hero.
ism won him bronze medal and Gls.
ablement benefits.
C. Frederick Larrabee, Wyalusing,
Pa, Medal, Larrabee, forty, farmer,
saved Henry L. Layman, farmer,
from drowning at Wya!using, April 16,
1913.
Arthur G. Trimble, Pittsburgh,
medal. Trimb'e, thirty one, clerk,
saved Michael Banaszewicz, laborer,
from drowning at Scottdale, Pa,
March q. 1912.
To the father of George G.. Reit'
meier, deceased, Cumberland, Md, a
medal. Reitmeier, ten.y2ar-2ld
schoo!boy, died attempting to save a
fifteen-year.old glass worker, J. Louis
Labor, from drowing at Cumberland,
January 90, 1916. The Ice on a cara
broke, and abor was plunged into a
hoe. Reitmeier sank while tr: ing to
help Labor, who was rescued.
Highland recorder. (Monterey, Highland County, Va.) 1877-1972, 1916-11-03
Drunken Chluffer jailed.

AS a result n a. a tim hi head
on collision al Sile.;ng Hill, near Ha
gerstown, Nd, Alfrel Mann, of Penn.
sylvania, who VS. driving car thai
ran into one containing Mr.. and Mis-
M. Craig, and Mr. and .-rs. w. Dohl
near Columbus, Ohio, Y as sn enced
at Hancock to four m nths il the
house of correction fr operating hi:
car while under the inference Of liquor
Mrs. Doll nd Mrs. C"aig, who we-e
thrown out,s-were injured.
Last week Mann was fined at CleaI
Spring fer operating an automobile
while intoxicated.
Highland recorder. (Monterey, Highland County, Va.) 1877-1972, 1916-11-03
Concealed Plaque Death.

Clarence Charles Harvey, aged
thirty years, a travelling salesman.
died in a big central city hotel in
Wilkes Barre, Pa, on October 5, OF
an acute case of infantile paralysis.
News cf his death was kept secret
by the city health officials and the
hotel was not quarantined.
The secret leaked out when a death
certificate signed by Dr. w. S. Stew
art was located in the city clerks Of
fee. The body was removed from the
hotel at night and buried in come
terry in Wi kas-Par"e.
Commissioner Fred Goeringer, head
of the health bureau, admitted that il
had been planned to keep the death 9
secret to protect the hctcl.
Highland recorder. (Monterey, Highland County, Va.) 1877-1972, 1916-11-03
FATAL AUTO SMASH
Boy Killed and Brother Hurt When
Motor Overturns.

Motor Overturns.
Lester C. Yerger, five years cd, is
dead, and his brother, Stanley c., six
teen years old, was painfully inj"r q
when the automobile in which e
were riding turned somersault to
a rear tire blew out, near Schultzv Il
Pa.
They are sons Of Elmer R. Ye sc:
of Mantle.
When the tire blew out, st n e".
who was driving, lest control, an J the
machine ran over an embankme1t,
then overturned. Stanley was thrown
clear of the machine; his younger
brother pinned under the car.
The lad suffered fractured skull
but he walked home and complaine
of severe pain in the head. His con
dition grew worse, despite medical aid,
and he died three hours after the ac
cident.
Highland recorder. (Monterey, Highland County, Va.) 1877-1972, 1916-11-03
NO MORAL PlGTAIL FOR U. S.
Roosevelt Resents Mexico Treating
Americans | ike Chinese

"The p~e2ident of the United States
must not wear a moral pig TAIL" said
Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, in rear
Car Platform speech at Toledo, o ID
Mexico" he said, "has placed
Americans in the same class with the
Chinese. Mexico has killed one Ger
man, one Englishman, no Frenchman
no Japanese, 500 Americans and 800
Chinese. The attitude of the national
administration is more apt to produce
war with Mexico than to keep Us out
of war"
This is the coloneps birthday AMI
friends on the train congratulated him
on his good health on rea hing the
ffty-eighth milestone in life. The
colonel prmise! to return to Toledo
and deliver a speech on November 2
Highland recorder. (Monterey, Highland County, Va.) 1877-1972, 1916-11-03
Man Friuhtened to Death.

A case of a man literally frightened
to death was reported at Newport,
R. I.
Gustav Ljunvail went to Brenton's
Reef lightship as an assistant keeper
last Wednesday, but before he had
time to become accustomed to his sur
roundings the wind became gale, &C
companied by great seas. In a frenzy
he tried to jump overheard. His No-
lence increased and the crew, after a
struggle. nut him 10 an improvised
straightjacket and kept him there un'
til he died Saturday.
Highland recorder. (Monterey, Highland County, Va.) 1877-1972, 1916-11-03
ALLEGED SLAYER ESCAPES
Leaves Outer Garment in Hands o1
Officer Who Arrested Him.

A man alleged to be George Pinto
wanted at Binghamton, N. Y, on 8
charge of shooting three m n, en-? oI
whom died, escaped from the clutches
of the law at Bangor, Pa, in 6
sensational manner when he sip
ped out of a sweater after Chief q
Police Lewis had grabbed him, and
after a running gun fight through thI
woods, made a getaway.
Detective Henry Burke, of Bingham
ton, had come to Bangor after receiv
ing information to the effect tha'
Pinto was there. He was in another
part of the woods when Lewis CANT
across Pinto.
Highland recorder. (Monterey, Highland County, Va.) 1877-1972, 1916-11-03
Hornets End Hearing.

Hornets broke up hearing II
the Office of Alderman Fritz Kram
me, at Harrisburg, Pa. Wh:l.
hunting squirrels, the alderman pix
ed up a hornets nest, and thinking l
empty hung it in his office. SeVera
litigants and steam Feat radiators be
gan throwing off heat and as the CT
fee warmed up so did the colony OF
,rost bitten hornets. A half dozen
witnesses went home with stings.
Highland recorder. (Monterey, Highland County, Va.) 1877-1972, 1916-11-03
To Improve Mt. Gretna Site.

Governor prumbaugh asked Adjutant
General Thomas 7. Stewart to take up
with Unite1 States army officers The
question of havi~g preliminary surveys
made fer Improvement cf the Mt. Gret
ma mobilization camp site. The gov
ernor says he plans to ask the legisla
ture for an appropriation for the pur
nOca
Highland recorder. (Monterey, Highland County, Va.) 1877-1972, 1916-11-03
CALLS PRISON A DISGRACE
Prof. Kelsey Would Abolish Local In
sane ard Penal Institutions.

Prof. Kelsey Would Abolish Local In.
sane ard Penal Institutions.
Abolition of county insane and rem
all institutions was advocated at the
opening session of the Pennsy.ya
MIA Conference on Social Welfare in
Lancaster, Pa, by Professor Carl Kei
sey, professor OF sociology in tie Uni
versitv of Pennsylvania.
He urged the establishment CT sec
tional institutions to take tie r pl:ce
declaring that the county prison is a
disgrace to the nation. Carol A"o~o
vici, head of the bureau of social re
search, Philadelphia, end ]. Bruce By
all, a,so of Philadelphia, male ad-
dresses.
Highland recorder. (Monterey, Highland County, Va.) 1877-1972, 1916-11-03
Eat Soap to Play Ill, Dies.

George S. Drummer, twenty nine
years old, who was serving q
sentence of eight years in the North
ampton county prison at Easton, Pa,
died as a result of swallowing a guam
tity of coarse soap, with the intention,
it is believed, of becoming Ill and
thus assisting in obtaining pardon,
Drummer ate the soap on October IT,
but his case remained mystery until
another prisoner told of-it.
Highland recorder. (Monterey, Highland County, Va.) 1877-1972, 1916-11-03
GIVES BIRTH TO FOUR

Father Values Tnem at $1,0o0,OOC
Each.
"I wouldn't take a million dollar
apiece for them," declared Jane
Kearney, Of Scranton, Pa, when lie re
turned from his work as painter ano
proudly gazed upon quadruplets, two
boys and two girls, with which his
wife presented him a short time be
fore.
Mr. and Mrs. Kearney also are the
parents of twin girls born five year:
ago, and a son now three years Old
Highland recorder. (Monterey, Highland County, Va.) 1877-1972, 1916-11-03
Find Body In Sand.

Attracted by the whining OF
dog, George Henrie, of Millville,
Pa, discovered a hand protrud-
ing from a pile Of sand in Mt.
Pleasant township, Columbia county.
Summoning aid, the body of John NC
Cas!in, forty-fve years old, of Nor
dansville, was removed. He had start
ed to load sand when caught by q
cave-in.
Highland recorder. (Monterey, Highland County, Va.) 1877-1972, 1916-11-03
Needle in Her Back Thirty Years.

For thirty years, Mrs. Jacob Hen
ple, of Freeburg, near Middleburg, Pa,
sunerc., =. -. n. IN.
of her hack. but could not account fol
it. Then a fostering appeared in the
region, and when 1t was opened E
needle came out.
Highland recorder. (Monterey, Highland County, Va.) 1877-1972, 1916-11-03

How about little want ad to
let your neighbors or others know
what you want. You'll find it is a
better way to get nearer what you
want and quicker.
Highland recorder. (Monterey, Highland County, Va.) 1877-1972, 1916-11-03
Trainmen Enter Politics.

Chiefs of the four railroad b he"
hoods have sent a personal appeal tt
their members throughout The CON
try, urging them to vote fo" the re
election of President Wilson.
Highland recorder. (Monterey, Highland County, Va.) 1877-1972, 1916-11-03
Saves Her Children From Fire.

Fighting her way through cmokt
filled rooms, Mrs. Paul se;bert
of Lancaster, Pa, rescued her ivy
small children from their burning bed
room and staggered with them to The
street. A defective flue caused The
fire.
Highland recorder. (Monterey, Highland County, Va.) 1877-1972, 1916-11-03
Seven Hurt in Dupont EXPLOSION.

Seven persons were burned, three
probably fatally, in an explosion n
the Dupont powder works at Haske
N. J.
Highland recorder. (Monterey, Highland County, Va.) 1877-1972, 1916-11-03
11-Cent Milk in Pittsburgh,

Several large Pittsburgh, Pa,
retailers have announced taat on
next Wednesday the price of mill
will be advanced TO e.eyon Cen,s d
quart and six cents a pint.
Highland recorder. (Monterey, Highland County, Va.) 1877-1972, 1916-11-03

Fe sue and get J our home paper
AM tue Thr ce-a-week World.
Both fo 81 rs for whole yea'-
home d. d war news of the latest.
Highland recorder. (Monterey, Highland County, Va.) 1877-1972, 1916-11-03

Sick headache is caused by disordere'
stomach. Take Chamberlain Tablet
and correct that and the headaches viii
disappear. For sale by all dealers.
Highland recorder. (Monterey, Highland County, Va.) 1877-1972, 1916-11-03

S1.75 gets the Recorder and The
Thrice Week World a whole years
You can get no better or cheaper
papers for home and foreign new.
Highland recorder. (Monterey, Highland County, Va.) 1877-1972, 1916-11-03

Mothers to Meet In Johnstown.
The Pennsylvania Congress or
Mothers selected Johnstown, Pa, for
the 1917 convention.
Highland recorder. (Monterey, Highland County, Va.) 1877-1972, 1916-11-03
Live Stock Quotations.

CHICAGO.-HOGS- Slow, SC to 10c
lower. MIXED and butchers, $9.65Q
10.4O; coed heavy, s9.65@10.35; rou zh
heavy. 1866 n $50; Ii hit, $9.60@10.35:
pigs. s72569 40; bulk, s9.90@10.25.
CATTLE-Steady to strong. Beeves,
s6.50@11.40; COWS and heifers, S3.40@
$50; stockers and feeders, S4.75g
775: Texans, $7.10@8.25; calves, $7.25
611.S5.
.rn. s7Gs.25: lambs. sS.25@10.5O.
Highland recorder. (Monterey, Highland County, Va.) 1877-1972, 1916-11-03

Subscription to your home paper
l. a year. 1t is cheaper than bar
rowing it.
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1916-03-26
NIGHT MARSHAL AT
ONTARIO ON RAMPAGE
tcapitai News Special service.)

Capital News Special service.)
Ontario. March 25-Either drunk or
daft Is not known Night
Marshal Walter Burgess went on a
tear this morning, just after making
his last round at Q o'clock. He broke
into Charley Fong's restaurant as the
Chinaman was getting ready for
breakfast trade, smashing the alley
door and making trough house" of
it, overturning chairs and tables and
scattering dishes about. Fong teie-
phoned I r Chief OF Police Farmer, wf.o
took the night marshal home and put
him TO bed. Half an hour later Bur
igess arose and dressed. and after !
quarrel with his wife went to the home
OF neighbor, where he is said to have
broken several windows. chief Farm
CT was again called. and this time he
secured a physician who administered
a. sleeping potion. i 4. Stewart has
been appointed to serve temporarily
MS night watch. Burgess has held the
position three years. and bears an ex-
eeilent reputation as aithful and ef-
flcient officiai
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1916-03-26
INSTRUCTOR RESIGNS;
GOES TO VIRGINIA
fCapltal News Special Service. J

Capital News Special Servicel
Ontario, March 25.-C M. Williams,
instructor of science and chemistry in
Ontario high school the last two years.
has resigned to take a position as
chemist in the Du Pont powder COM
panys plant at Iopewe1l. Va, He left
this morning to report for duty. The
powder plant is one of the important
units OF the famous On Pont estab-
lishments. 1t was entirely destroyed
by fire few months ago and has been
rebuilt. MIR. Williams home is in
West Virginia, less than 200 miles from
his new location, He has been attend
ing school and teaching in the north
west for five years. In addition to his
faculty work here, he has been COM
manding officer of the high school
cadets. L. L. Culberson, who has been
teaching at Payettc the last three
years has been chosen by the board Of
education to succeed Mr. Williams
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1916-03-26
CAPITAL WATER
COMPANY WANTS
HIGHER SCHEDULE
Gross complaint Filed With
Public Utilities Commits !
sion Says Its Rates Are
Too Low.

The Capital Water company filed an
amendment to its answer and cross z
complaint with the public utilities COM
mission yesterday to the complaint of
Arthur Hodges, former mayor of Boise
IN which he alleges on behalf OF the
city that the rates of that company are
too high and should be reduced. In the
cross complaint and answer the
Capital Water company sets forth that
SIS present rates are unjustly low and
should be so regulated as to increase
the compensation to the company for
the service it is rendering the city and
consumers. The original complaint
comes up for hearing before the public
utilities commission tomorrow morn
ing at 10 o'clock.
Schedule Set Forth.
The amended answer and cross COM
plant of the company sets forth its
respective schedules charged for rates
which are, summarized as follows: 4
Schedule A.--Lot rs by 122 feet, per
front foot, 20 cents; through open
bitches, per front foot, Is cents.
Schedule B.-Small tracts, open
ditch. SIS.
Schedule D.--Flushing toilets. whore
lawn is not irrigated. SO; flushing
toilets where lawn is irrigated. So.
Schedule C.--Boise City 1--WE year
rontract water supply through pipes.
hineal foot, IL cents; Boise city fiye
kyear contract supply through pipes,
kfour times a day. lineal foot, 21a cents.
Schedule E.-Plpe line sewer flush
Eng, FIVE year contract, per flush tank
Eper month, sS.40.
The amended answer and cross com
plant concludes with the following
lprayer:
Prayer Of Company.
Therefore. the said defendant and
cross complainant prays:
First-That after due hearing and
investigation an order may be made
establishing a just and reasonable
compensation per lineal foot OF street
sprinkled, for water furnished for
street sprinking purpose by said de-
PENDANT company.
Second-That after hearing, fair.
just and reasonable rate be established
70. water furnished for sewer flushing
purposes BY said defendant company,
TO become effective on the termination
OF said contract, Exhibit B" OF the
answer heretofore filed herein.
Third--That after said hearing a
fair, Just and reasonable rate be estab-
lished for service rendered by said de-
fendant company for fire protection
and street washing purposes.
Fourth-That such further order
may be made as the commission may
consider just and proper in the pre-
misses.
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1916-03-26
The Way wIalnsoms.
~
From JIielEn

what 90 W. think D. de new evan
gelist, sah?"
"Uh-well. sab, replied square head
ed old Brother Rataree, he's plumb
eliesaaiHs. and all da4 bit ,stiddee
preaeIln dc Gorpei he's frvin' to sell
lots III dc New Jerusalem and collect
III niunag ia advance.
The day book. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1911-1917, 1916-04-22

games of the Missouri A. A. at St.
Louis. His time for the IS feet was
so 3-5 seconds.
Ever Hammer will go to MilWau-
kee tomorrow morning and take his
last workout there previous to meet
ing Freddie Welsh in a ten-round
fight Monday night. The Cream City
fight fans wanted to see the local
man in action before the battle.
Harry Gilmore is going to close up
his loop sale de mitts until his son,
Freddie, returns from Australia,
when a more pretentious establish
ment will be opened.
Miscellaneous Scores
Evanston 16, PrOviso 10.
Crane 8, Wheaton 4.
Morgan PIX. Acad. 2, High Schl. o.
Lane 10, Lake View Z.
Indiana 2, Illinois 1.
Illinois boWIers will inaUgurate the
greatest. sectional tournament ever
scheduled today when the vanguard
of some 1000 state alley experts will
go into action at the Randolph alleys
at p. m. For twenty-five days
without intermission the state play
ers will roll for the championships of
the Illinois Bowling assn and it's
$4,000 in cash prizes.
The meet is the nineteenth annual
renewal of the state classic and it's
size makes all former tournaments
in any part of the world look like
minor events.
kIOIU INIT TELL CAEE NIIMPEpC
The day book. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1911-1917, 1916-04-22
WOULDN'T TELL SAFE NUMBERS
HE'S IN A HOSPITAL

Savagely beaten by three men,
John Popescu, Waterman of George
Wittbold's florist shop at 1919 N.
HRlsted st., is lying in the Alexian
Bros. hospital this morning, serious
Iy wounded.
Popescu refused to tell the combi-
nation of the safe in the office and
the robbers tied him up and beat him
over the head with a croWbar.
-O-O-
Chas. Kinney, busted Art Institute
student, filed second suit for $10,-
900 against school heads.
The day book. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1911-1917, 1916-04-22

back to the bag or continuing his
course to the plate.
Pat Moran doesn't seem worried
by claims that his team can't repeat,
The Phils go right on winning, roll
ing up an early lead, as they did last
season. Demaree held the Giants to
three hits yesterday, beating his old
mates, causing him great pain. Ed
Burns and Paskert hit Anderson
hard.
Harmon held ST. Louis to two hits,
both by Bethel, and the Pirates
slammed three alleged pitchers.
Hans Wagner could do nothing but
hit a couple of triples and a single.
Hans is so old and feeble he is only
able to Outplay all the youngsters
Callahan has on his team.
Brooklyn batted Nehf and Knetzer
hard, and Ivan Olson got the fever,
so slammed Rabbit Maranville with
his fists. Ivan is one Of the best pU-
glists in baseball. When with Cleve-
land he whipped couple of Red SOx
players, and as Red battled a whole
flock of Cubs here on the West Side.
Ivan doesn't shoot blank cartridges,
either, for he is usually victorious,
and doesn't care how thick the en-
envy comes.
Connie Mack won his first victory
of the year, Myers holding the Red
Sox to four hits. Strunk and Laioie
each belted three hits off Pennock
and Jones.
= Bob Groom held Cleveland hitIess
until the ninth, Smith doubling then
to score Speaker with the lone In
dian run. Sisler got three of the 13
Brown hits off three Cleveland pitch
ers.
Caldwell stopped Washington while
his pals were hitting DumOnt and
GaIlia. High got three hits and Ged-
nnn fvryn
The Bamberg herald. [volume] (Bamberg, S.C.) 1891-1972, 1916-12-28
IMPROVING THE MODEL.
Saint-Gaudens' Task Of Making Dis
tinguished Sitter Intellectual.

In his younger days Saint-Gau-
dens was shy and avoided somewhat
The company of the great, and he de-
scribed to me as one of his early
trials his modelling of bust of a
distinguished diplomat. This gentle
mans doctor had ordered him to
soak his feet, so when he posed for
my friend he sat wrapped up in a
blanket on a high chair, his feet
stuck in a tub of water which it was
part of Saint-Gaudens's duty to keep
hot. When the bust was we'll under
way Saint-Gaudens noticed that the
distinguished diplomat kept bringing
the conversation around to Socrates
and Seneca, Marcus Aurelius and
Plato. The reason for this was not
long obscure. 81 find" said the D.
D., latter a careful examination,
that all these great and distinguished
men had very broad foreheads. Just
broaden mine a bit" So Saint
Gaudens, afraid to object, meekly
complied. Repeated urgings and the
resultant broadenings brought the
forehead finally to the point where
it seemed to be affected with some
dreadful swelling disease. But this
did. not bring complete satisfaction
to the heart of the sitter. He sug-
gested that these same great fore
runners of his were also notable for
having had very deep-set eyes. So
poor Saint-Gaudens was forced to
bore and bore, deeper and deeper,
until he almost pierced through the
back. He told me this story with
great excitement, interspersing in
the narrative many uncomplimentary
remarks on celebrities in general,
and illustrating it all by putting out
his cheeks and making violet boring
gestures with his forefnger. He said
he'd give anything to get hold OF
that bust and smash it to atoms
Hamilton Fish Armstrong in Janu-
arv Scrihner
The Bamberg herald. [volume] (Bamberg, S.C.) 1891-1972, 1916-12-28
BAMBERG, s. G, THURSDAY DECEA1bEk 28 l9lo
CHANGED BRITISH FACE.
Scientist Reports Alteration in Shape
as Food Changes.

The influence of imperfect denti-
ton on the individual face may be
often seen, but a change in the form
of the British face that is general
has been traced by Prof. Keith in a
British association paper. From a
comparison of ancient and modern
skulls, it appears that the cheekbone
is becoming tilted. This is due to
gradual atrophy from disuse of the
bony processes connecting the tenn
pie and jawbones, and is natural
result of the substitution of cooked
food and soft cereals for the tough
means and imperfectly ground corns
used until the early years of the
Christian era. Besides the obvious
narrowing of the jaws, there has
been increase in their height, bone
being also added around the orifce
of the nostrils. No theory of me-
chanical action seems to explain this
deposit of bone, and Professor Keith
thinks it may have followed some
change in bone production under the
influence of the internal secretions
of the ductless glands, also that it
may possibly be associated in some
way with the increased prevalence
of adenoids. In connection with the
changed diet, it is noted that the
early skulls show much-worn teeth,
with evidence that assesses of teeth
and gums were common, while or
dinary dental caries-now so uni
versal-was entirely absent.