The Pulaskian., 1916-09-01
W THEN the Notifications of NA the inner city of Lemberg " were dismantled in 1911 and
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NA/ the inner city of Lemberg
 " " were dismantled in 1911 and
 the space which they occu- pied was converted into promenades for the prosperous citizens of this modern Galician capital of 100000 in- habitants, it was doubtless assumed by many that, having suffered ''the sling and arrows of outrageous for tune" for the five centuries of it's municipal existence, fate would allot it a surcease from siege and capture, says the bulletin of the National Geo. graphic society.
 Lying 60 miles almost due east of Przemysl, and more than 450 miles northeast of Vienna, Lemberg is sit uated on the banks of the Peltew river, an affiuent of the Bug. It nestles in small valley which opens to the north, and is surrounded by hills, the most picturesque being the well-wood- ed Franz-Josef Berg to the northeast. To the east, a distance of miles, is Tarnopol, near the Russian border, one of the first points of attack when the Muscovites pushed beyond the Galician frontier.
 A description of the modern city of Lemberg as it existed in August, 1914, requires many notifications today, for the scars of war are to be found in it's many handsome homes i; it's broad, we'll paved streets; it's Roman Catholic cathedral, handsome gothic structure completed in 1480; it's Greek cathedral, completed in 1779; it's Armenian cathedral in the Byzantine style, dat ing back to 1437, and it's magnificent monuments to such Polish patriots as King John III Sobieski who, after having saved Lemberg from the Turks few years previously, in 1883 saved all Europe from Mohammedan inva- sion by routing an army of 100000 Turks encamped about Vienna, his own force numbering only 10000.
 Nearly 700 Years Old.
 Called Lwow in the Polish tongue and Leopolis in Latin, Lemberg was founded by Ruthenian prince in 1259. Nearly a hundred years later it was added to the domain of Casimir the Great, who bestowed upon the city the charter and privileges widely known during the middle ages as the Magdeburg Right.
 Following the fall of Constantinople, Lemberg enjoyed a revival of trade with the East, but it was caught in the maelstrom of rebellion and pillage which swept over the Ukraine and a part of Poland during the last half of the seventeenth century, when the Cos sack hetman, Chmielnicka, was direct ing the infamies of the "serfs' fury"
 Lemberg was one of the Polish cities to fall before the arms of Charles XII of Sweden when the ill-advised Au- gustus II was drawn into the Great Northern war, which devastated cen tral Europe for the first 20 years of the eighteenth century. In 1772 upon the first partition of Poland, Lemberg be- came an Austrian possession, and 12 years after this event Joseph II es- tablished the University of Lemberg which, at the time of the outbreak of the present war, had more than 1000 students.
 
 Lemberg, and favorite promenade, bears the name of the Polish patriot, Jan Kilinski, q humble little shoe maker, who fought bravely in 179e, was captured and taken to St. Peters burg. After his release he returned to his shoemaker's bench and in his leisure hours wrote his recollections, x-nlt ro1a1 Ia ..f kl~s. T country's history.
 Since the establishment of the Ga lician diet in 1861 Lemberg has en- joyed increasing prosperity. Its manu- factures include machinery and iron ware, matches. candles, liqueurs, chocolate, leather, bricks and tiles. while it's commerce is largely In linen, fax, hemp, wool and oil.
 In 1907 two interesting finds were made in the vicinity of this city by laborers boring for oil. The bodies of an elephant and a rhinoceros were un- earthed in a remarkable state of pres ervation, even the hides being intact, due, probably, to the preservative qual- ities of the oily soil in which they were buried.
 Brody Commercial Center.
 Only about two miles beyond the Russian border, the Galician town of Brody is point of great strategic im- portance on the eastern war front be- cause it controls an important railway line leading from Dubno, 35 miles to the northeast, to Lemberg, which is only 62 miles to the southwest.