davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-16

aid to the government in guiding all
national actions which require a pro-
found knowledge of scientific princi-
piles.
The membership of the academy in
cludes active, honorary and foreign as
sociate members. OF this latter class
there are fifty. who have the privilege
of attending meetings. reading and
communicating papers to the academy,
though they are allowed no part in it's
business affairs. The election of new
members entails a process of sitting
and resifting which insures a final
selection of only such members as are
preferred by the majority. Each nomi-
nation comes from its appropriate COM
mittee. and when submitted to the sec
rotary is accompanied by list of the
principal contributions which the pro-
posed member has made to science
During period of some months, which
elapses before the final balloting on
his name. research committee con-
sisting of the whole academy investi-
gates his merit and votes by mail.
Then at the annual election prefer
ence votes are taken on all names
finally submitted for membership, but
only fifteen persons can be elected at
any one annual meeting. The choice
of each new member Is therefore
matter Of personal responsibility to
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-16

tion of Miss Stone, the American mis-
sionary. several years ago, and her re-
lease on the payment of a ransom Of
$4,000. raised in the United States. was
one of the incidents of Macedonian
brigandage. The brigands wanted the
money for use in their guerrilla war
fare against the Turks. 1t was
forced contribution to the Macedonian
national cause.
After the second Balkan war and the
tory with the larger share going to
Greece it was promised that there
would be no more brigandage. since the
Macedonians were no longer under
Turkish miSrule. This promise seemed
to have been in fair way of realiza-
ton when Turkey became the ally or
the central powers and then Bulgaria.
The Bulgarians themselves knew some
thing about the practice of brigandage.
and it is possible that their experience
has been utilized. Anyhow. Macedonia
in the throes of war is not the home Of
brgandage that it was in the days OF
peaceful Turkish misrule.
The greater part of it is still nomi-
nally under Grecian control. There are
Macedonian members of the Greek par
lament 1t is they who have demand
ed the protection of Saloniki against
aeroplane raids. and the Greek govern
ment is understood to have made a
decla alton to the central powers stat
ing that any bombardment of Salonik
by aeroplanes would be considered as
directed against Greece herself the
German answer, according to the press
reports, was to remind Greece that 30
long as she permitted the allies to oc-
cupy Saloniki the city could not be
considered as neutral territory. So the
aerial raids continue to be made. and
the allies continue to occupy Saloniki
as a military base.
Greece is helpless a s against either
the allies or the central powers. Mean
time the hundred and seventy-five
thousand civilian inha oitants of Sa
loniki can only await the issue of tho
war Then they may look forward to
some power or powers developing the
city as the gateway to the near east.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-16

Grecian mainland by means of the rail-
way connection with central Europe,
which had been thwarted during the
years of Turkish dominion. This pro-
out, but its initial features were prom
Using when the great war came and
checked Greece's expectations.
Bulgaria has a profound concern in
the future control of Saloniki and the
adjacent territory. 1t is inconceivable
measure of success Bulgaria will be
content that Saloniki shall remain a
Grecian port. Thus far German diplo-
macy has achieved almost the mirac-
u1ous in keeping the Bulgarian troops
from crossing the Greek frontier, but
in any military movement of the CEN
trail powers against the allies at Sa-
loniki Bulgaria would be more than
willing to have a part. She would not
be content with letting the Austrian
and German troops secure whatever
glory would result if the allies were
compelled to evacuate Saloniki. Or she
might be willing that the central pow
ers should have the glory. provided she
got the control of the port. The strip
of territory which Bulgaria now has
along the Aegean has little commercial
or military value. A mountain chain
shuts it off, and the ports of Dedegatch
and Logos can never become CONNER
cial entrepots.
1t is the treaty of Bucharest which
Bulgaria hopes to revise the reward
for her participation on the side of the
central powers. 1t was this treaty
which EN- bodied her humiliation in con-
sequence of the second Balkan war.
Under it Macedonia was divided be-
tween Greece and Serbia and large
Bulgarian population ceased to be
under the Bulgarian flag.
Sa1oniki was yielded most reluctant
ly. 1t meant as much to Bulgaria as to
Greece. The antipathy. amounting to
bitter hatred, between the Bulgars and
the Greeks was subordinated to the
common hatred of Turkey in the first
Balkan war. 1t found expression in
the second Balkan war. Now it is not
conceivable. that Bulgaria would have
entered the great war without the ex-
pectation of settling her old scores
with Greece and of obtaining all her
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-16

lost Macedonian territory and its prin-
cipal ports. Her situation as an ally
of the central powers is not. however.
promising. since with the crushing OF
Serbia she is liable to find herself be-
tween a Macedonian province of Aus
tria, with Saloniki as the port, and her
old historic enemy of Turkey.
Possibly, Austria. under Germany q
direction. would he satisfied to have
Saloniki a Bulgarian port. under an ar
rangement which would still make it
an Austrian gateway to the near east.
but until the central powers and their
Turkish and Bulgarian allies get pos
session of Saloniki speculations of this
kind are hardly worth INDUCING in.
The Bulgarian peril is what former
Premier Nenizelos calls the present sit
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-16
DIR. ARTHUR l.. DAY,
ONE secretary Of National Academy,

mission were constantly session,
considering numerous questions, for at
this time superior mechanical and sci
entific ingenuity applied to naval
and military affairs and equipment
were beginning to be seriously encour-
aged. and the government was being
flooded with all manner of inventions
and new devices. The innumerable
plans and proposals in regard to their
settlement were referred to the COM
mission.
From the services which it rendered,
officials were brought to see that such
"A consulting commission was an ad-
mirable adjunct to the government, and
it was recommended that a permanent
consulting body of scientists be organ
lied. Upon this foundation rested the
establishment of the National Academy
Of Sciences. In the latter part of Feb
ruary of the same year a bill was in
troduced in the Senate by Senator Hen
ry Wilson of Massachusetts to incor-
porate a National Academy. This bill,
also introduced in the House, was
passed and was signed by President
Lincoln March g. With remarkable
momentum did the academy begin it's
career.
The primary purpose of bringing the
institution into being was to make the
scientific strength of the country an
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-16
BOULEVARD IN SALONIkI.

order that Austria might have Il
through route.
The first Ba.nan war seemed 10 halk
Austria'S ambitions. When the troops
of the Balkan league occupied Saloniki
in 1872 during the war with Turkey,
there seemed no prospect that Austrian
aspirations could be realized II was
the army of a united but not homo
geneous people who made the first oc-
cuEation of Saloniki possible, for Bull
gariA. Serbia. Montenegro and Greece
were all in the league. II was felt
then that. whatever might be the issue,
Turkish domination of Macedonia and
the Macedonian ports was ended. Prob
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-16

was responsible for the incorporation of
the academy, was called upon during the
year 1863 to consider many measures of
transcendent magnitude 1t empowered
.he government to raise hundreds of mil
lions OF dollars and hundreds of thou
sands Of men to protect the menaced life
Of the nation: II engraved freedom over
every square mile of the nations terri
tory 1t dealt with great questions of
finance and revenue it authorized the
construction of railways to unite the At
lantic and Pacific oceans The act of in
corporation of the National Academy of
Sciences was not the least in the long list
of accomplishments which were destined
to make this Congress memorable and to
engrave deep impression on the life OF
the nation.
In connection with the conduct of the
civil war the government was greatly
in need of all sorts of technical advice
In February, 1863, this need became so
insistent that the Secretary of the
Navy, Gideon Welles, appointed what
was called permanent commission"
which should be called upon to report
officially on various matters of science,
chiefly those of practical import
The experts who acted on this COM
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-16

distinction and has been identified with
some of the country's greatest insti-
buttons of scientific research. He was
for many years director of the United
States geological survey and reclama =
ton service. and is one of the directors
of the Carnegie Institution. He has
been honored with a number of med
ais and holds fellowships in scientific
societies in England, Norway and Italy.
DR.. George Ellery Hale of the solar
observatory at Pasadena, Cal, is the
foreign secretary of the academy. Dr.
Hale is an authority on astrophysics
and has held number of important
directorships and professorships in
dlHerent parts of the country. DIR.
Hale is member of nearly every roy
al academy of Europe and is associat-
ed with the foremost scientific socie-
ties of the United States. He is a son
of the late William Ellery Hale of
Chicago. whose name has been me-
Hale lectures of the National Academy.
the fourth course of which will be
delivered at the coming convention by
Prof. Henry F. Osborn.
The director of the geophysical lab
oratory of the Carnegie Institution of
Washington. DR.. Arthur l. Day. who
is a distinguished physicist interested
in high temperature changes as they
affect the structure of rocks, is the
home secretary of the academy. DIR.
Day was an instructor in physics at
Yale. research student for several
years in Germany, and for six years
was physical geologist in the geologi-
cal survey.
DIR. Whitman Cross, treasurer. is
another officer of the academy who is an
eminent geologist. Afer graduating from
Amherst in 1875 he went to Gottingen
and Leipzig for additional training. On
his return to the United States he be-
came assistant geologist, and finally ge-
ologist Of the geological survey. He has
made special surveys in Colorado and is
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-16

ander did. But they have had aspira tons
OF an expanded Greece. which would
Hellenic a large section of the near east.
yet they never would expect to realize 1t
without the Macedonian gateway Of Sa-
loniki.
Modern Macedonia a part of Eu-
ropean Turkey had no territorial zig
nifcance any more than Armenia had
as a part of Asiatic Turkey. Four cen
turtles of Turkish rule did not permit
its territorial aspirations 10 flourish
1t was more famous as the home Of
brisandage.
The Moslem Alba mans were the brig
ands who harassed the Christians The
Macedonian brigands were Christians
themselves. and with them briganda -
was a patriotic institution. The abduc-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-16
Sal0niki Is the Macedonian Gateway to II

notwithstand assurances that may
have been given in order to prevent
her from siding with the allies. The
victors would be likely to take little
heed of the claims of neutral which
was not strong enough to prevent the
allies from occupying this strategic
port. and was not ready to sacrifice her
other coasts. which are so open to
blockade and attack by the warships
of the allies should Greece attempt to
oppose them by force of arms.
The Austrian aspiration always has
been to obtain control of this Aegean
gateway TO the near east 1t is in the
line of her expansion policy which re-
quired the practical humiliation of
Serbia an Independent country in
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-16

reconnoiter, or they may have had a
more serious purpose. But, as with the
Zeppelins in England, innocent non
Combd tantS suffer
In the case of Saloniki it is not even
"A belligerent population that suffers.
since nominally Saloniki is Il neutral
base, because Greece is not in the war.
Greece. however. has not had much to
say about the military occupation of
its Macedonian port.
The allies in sending their belated
troops to the rescue of Serbia. occupied
Saloniki without asking leave. 1t was
merely a technical violation of neu-
traIity, trey said and the protest of the
Greek government also was declared
to be perfunctory-that is. the allies
declared it to he AT the time they
had hopes that the Nenizelos party
would come back into power i'll Greece,
and that Greece would become one of
the beIligerents on their side.
Matters did not shape themselves
quite this way. since King Constantine
and the German court party were able
to keep the country neutral.
1t is not of much consequence in the
war strategy whether or not Greece
cheerfulIy acQuiesces in the military
occupation of Saloniki by the allies.
They are there TO stay until the central
powers and Turkey and Bulgaria drive
them out if ii can be done. There seems
little likelihood that Saleniki VIII prove
another Gallipoii and that the allles
will be compelled to retire. They were
driven back in their relief expeditions
for Serbia. but were not driven into the
sea nor are they likely to be unless
there prove some unlock ed-for develop
ment of German strategy. Saloniki as
a naval base is too valuable for the
allies to yield merely TO soothe Grecian
susceptibilities.
The Macedonian port is one of the
many pawns of the great war in which
the people whose territory is occupied
have no part in shaping the outcome.
II is the AustroGerman gateway to
the near east. Should the central pow
ers ultimately extend their control so
as TO get the port there is little prob
ability that Greece would ever again
enter into complete possession of 1t,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-16

ably that was correct. for no one now
contemplates the possibility of Turkey
regaining any of her lost European
territory.
1t was A long and somewhat crooked
chapter that led to Greece's control
of Macedonia and Saloniki. and this
only was affirmed after the second Bal
kan war in which the members of
the league fought among themselves
and Greece and Serbia succeeded in
defeating and humiliating Bulgaria
and compelling her to yield Macedonia
and its ports.
Then the rival claims of Serbia and
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-16

aspiration. so often thwarted by Aus
tria and Turkey. had been for the ex-
pansion of her territory through Mace
dona clear to the sea. This aspira-
tion had to be modified, but diplo-
matte understanding was reached
a very comprehensive character at
Saloniki. There were also concessions
regarding the railway line.
The Serbans wanted to construct a
railway from their border straight
through to Saloniki. The distance was
struction cost would not have been
great. but Greece was not willing that
foreign. even though friendly, gov
eminent should own apd operate a
railroad right through its territory
paralleling an existing line.
There was the possibility that the
friendly government might at some
future time become unfriendly, and
there were other considerations of an
international character. So Serbia did
not get its unhampered outlet to the
sea. Yet had not the great war come,
Serbia would have shared with Greece
the advantages of the new trade route
resulting from the politico-t territorial
changes.
AS the outcome of the Balkan wars
Greece gained something more than
thirteen thousand square miles of ter
ritory, embraced>in what was known as
Macedonia and Epirus. Much of this
was farm lands. and the tobacco area
gained was especially valuable.
The acquisition of Saloniki was eX
pected to be a powerful factor in de-
veloping the resources of Macedonia
and in stimulating the commerce of the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-16

IA AY Be the Center Of Spring Campaign by Central PowersThe
fA and the Balkans and the Conflict of Will
Foreground When Peace ComSnlk
No the War May SufA Technical Violation of Neutrality-suspicious.
0 and
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-16

The researches Of the academy mem
bers are the most important OF their
kind. and the fact that they assemble
yearly and discuss these resea rches is
an evidence Of the conditions which
knit their interests together and assist
IN bringing them away from their
laboratories and workshops. The work
Of each member acts. as it were. a
stick of dynamite. which serves to send
the minds of the others flying of to
new and undiscovered realms. The most
important work of each member. he
submits ~ to the assembled academy.
becomes keystone to the arches on
which others rear their structures.
No other scientific body in the coun-
Try command such a range of
achievement or exhibit such a list Of
names upon It's books. The deep iufu-
enCe which its members exert upon the
scientific progress OF the country gives
II euEIsble standing among the
academies Of the world.
II is the institution which brings
the scientific strength of The country
To the aid of the government. When
ever and wherever scientific truths are
aerviceable in government affairs the
academy is called upon AS scientific ad-
User. II is this capacity which gives
IL place beside sim liar ia nous insti =
rutions the world over. In its quasi
official standing II ranks with the
academies of science attached TO the
governments of Europe.
Election 10 this scientific association,
incorporated during the civil war by Con-
Sress, may he regarded as badge of
distinction which the government.
through this organiZsti ton. bestows upon
her iliustrious servants for extraordinary
scientific services. From this standpoint
'he feeling held among scientists in re-
gard TO membership in the academy is
hat II is high honor similar fuuda-
mentally. though not palpably, to those
granted by the monarchial powers OF the
did world.
Consisting as it does of the most emil
uent scientific minds in the United States
tiie Hlt!onal Academy has. perforce. one
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-16

A glance at the list of members of
the academy. past and present. reveals
a great collection of names of men
high in scientific circles. Practically
every university in the country is rep
resented; famous observatories. labo-
ratories, institutes. all have their illus.
trious workers upon the list In every
center of learning of Europe resides
at least one foreign member of the
academy. The present list of officers is
headed by William Henry WEIGH, pres
ident. Prof. Welch is dean of the med
ical faculty of Johns Hopkins Univer-
sity and is one of the foremost pathol-
ogists in the world. He holds degrees
from Yale. Columbia, Strasburg. Leip-
zig, Breslau. Berlin. Vienna, Munich,
Gottingen. Harvard and Princeton.
The vice president is DR.. Charles D.
Walcott. who is now secretary of the
Smithsonian Institution. DIR. Walcott
is a geologist and paleontoloSist Of
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-16

This is one of the far-reaohing infiu-
exerts upon American scientific effort
This mode Of encouraging achievement is
entirely consistent with American ideals
and a republican form of government In
foreign countries, is well known, sci
entific discovery is stimulated by pen
sions, titles of honor and BY many Of
fetal and social distinctions such as are
granted By the French academy and those
of Berlin and Petrograd.
The esta blishmeut Of a National Acad-
envy Of Sciences in this country, though
il follows the same general principle of
organization which underlies these for
eign acadenies-that of awarding merit
TO those who have enlarged the field Of
human thought and power-approaches
the idea with characteristic democratic
spirit. IL marks a goal for the aspiration
of laudabIe ambition in the boundiess do
mains of science which neither interferes
with national prejudices nor politica !
principles. II is. indeed, an institution
whose objects are only limited by the
capacities Of human intellect
Carlyle has said that in every phe-
nomenon the beginning is always the
most notable movement. This statement
may apply TO the academy, though il
may be contested on the ground that its
existence has been notable throughout
However this may be. the initial efforts
which brought the academy into exist
ence are worthy of consideration
The Thrty-seventh Congress. which
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-16

National of Sence-Rsea Members Are the
n Most Acevemetn Institution Which
Brings Scientific Strength Of the Country Aid the Government Eab-
Ished by Thirty Seventh Conges-F4ov Members Are Elected.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-16
DIR. WILLIAM II. WEIGH,
President of National Academy
Sciences.

of the most exclusive personneIs of any
scientific organization 1t is, indeed. al
most easier to enter the eye of "A needle
than to gain membership in it. Scien-
lists. therefore, doubly stimulated to
qualify for admission into its dis
tnguished ranks.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-16
DIR. WHITMAN CROSS,
feasurer of National Academy.

each of his colleagues -to-be. Those
who have received a high preliminary
vote usually get in easily on the final
vote. but not the others.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-16

Continued on Seventh Page.
Elko independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1915-current, 1916-01-20
FRANCE REFUSES TO
ENDORSE BLOCKADE

LONDON, Jan. 20.-The members
of the French cabinet who attended a
war conference here yesterday after
noon departed this morning, having
refused to endorse the English plan
for Tightening the German blockade
The reason the French officers gave
for refusing to join in the plan was
the delete-ious effect II would have
upon their commercial relations with
the United States.
France was represented by Premier
BRAND, Jules Cambon, general under
secretary of the foreign ministry, and
Alexandra Millerand, former minister
of war. For the British, government
Premier Asquith. War Secretary Kit
chener. Foreign Secretary Grey and
First Lord of the Admiralty Balfour,
were present.
A number of French and BritiS~ mil
itary and naval officers also attended
the meeting. Further plans for active
prosecution of the war were discussed.
Premier ASluitn announced in the
house of commons this morning that
the question # tightening the block.
ade around Germany would be de-
Eated in parliament on Wednesday.
WASHINGTON, Jan. Ex-senator
Holle Smith in a speech in the senate
this morning warned Great Britain
that the United States would retaliate
with an embargo on war munitions if
they insisted on tightening the Ger
man blockade.