davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Manchester journal. [volume] (Manchester, Vt.) 1861-current, 1916-11-23
y @gese4sgg,tsww@es,

@E@'sf. = = . = = = stsg y y q Y q
u y
Z HOW FLOWERS CAS- BE 9
II KEPT FtESH FoR 3.
Il s Long TIME Flowers :.
Y should IL ruugp8leut le gath. q
:! crrl III ame oshcf lime than =
q during the beat Il the day aud y
. Ne pla.cl H water u cool y
e place %, souu "a. possible AT -
= ~ this treatment they VIII keep =
z much hettss than they would II -
y not iuduaed 20 Oh uP with va .:
q ter Most flowers keep and look =:
Y better II gathered when IN bud :;
" Just before opening This Is y
= true ~ roses peoples peonies =;
y aad others Dpnhie flowers. as -
u a rule. keep longer Than single =:
" kinds. y
u For cut flowers IN the house I.
Y Il Is very desirable to have =:
Y Kinds which will continue 10 de- y
= veiop buds into flowers after be- =
= ing placed Ia water Perhaps -
u 40 kind has this quality Ia Il =
Y more marked degree than gludio. -
Y las Duriag pauhing hot Winds :.
y II Is possible to have such IN -
= their greatest beauty III the y
e house whea the weather will y
Y not permit such conditions out -
- Of doors Before storms IL is :.
y we'll to secure supply Of dow. e
x ers for indoor use that their :.
y beauty may be enjoyed while !.
- those out Of doors are recover *
u ing !.
y Some kinds which have :.
Y milky juice. like the peoples and -
Y sonic others, rs the dahlia will =.
Y keep better II the tips Of the =.
e stems are dipped in very hot y
y water before they are cared for y
q in the ordinary way. II is well y
Y nigh impossible to have the orr y
Y entail peoples hold up fresh with !.
Y out such treatment, !:
u poppies should always be gath -
u cred in the bud just before they X
Y are ready to push through the *
X calyx With kinds that last well y
u in water II Is desirable to renew y
). the water often Otherwise the Y
" smell OF decay at the base Of y
x the stems sometimes becomes y
u offensive. which Is not health y
y fui y
v ~
" " y. ~ =. x u " =. ~ ;. - " y: =: =. y x
The Manchester journal. [volume] (Manchester, Vt.) 1861-current, 1916-11-23
Why Pillows Should Not Be Too High.

"Of all the thousands Of patients /
have seen in bed | have never met
with one who arranged his pillows
hygienically." said an eminent doctor
"All too high, far too high High
pillows curve the spine. bend the neck
and thus prevent the free circulation
Of blood in the brain You can never
get the full value out Of nights
sleep unless you fix your pillow so low
that the head and neck are just on a
level line with the spine"
The Manchester journal. [volume] (Manchester, Vt.) 1861-current, 1916-11-23
Girlish Fashion.

A very pretty fashion has just CONS
over from Paris. Chaplets Of leaves
glossy or transparent. in colors har
monizing or contrasting with the dress
are being worn around the hair This
arrangement Is particularly becoming
10 young girls so long as the leaves are
mot mntnllizei
The Manchester journal. [volume] (Manchester, Vt.) 1861-current, 1916-11-23
RELIEF At HOME
What One Society Woman Does
For Soldiers Families.
$4,000 RAISED FOR NEEDY.

New Workers Organize TO Prevent
Hardshps Among the Children and
Wives Of National ouardsmen While
They Do Their Duty on the Border,
At the arst meeting Of the executive
committee Of the newly formed active
service auxiliary Of the national guard
OF New York, held In the Seyenty,drst
regiment armory recently, Mrs. Corne.
Illus Vanderbilt. wife OF Colonel Van
derbilt. was elected chairman. Mrs.
John I. O'Ryan, wife Of Major General
Organ. vice chairman, Nicholas Bid
die treasurer ana r. X. Forsyth eXecu
tive secretary
Under the plan Of organization adopt
ed there win be branch organizations
The Manchester journal. [volume] (Manchester, Vt.) 1861-current, 1916-11-23

The President says that he Is above
all things else "an American citizen"
Fortunately for him, nothing has TAX
en- him to Europe or Mexico during
the past few years.
The Manchester journal. [volume] (Manchester, Vt.) 1861-current, 1916-11-23
How 70 Get a True Bias Without Toe
Much Fussine.

To obtain a true bias place the mate
rial fat on the cutting table and with
n ruler or a yaristick laid across one
corner draw o line with chalk or col.
ored pencil Use this line for guide
IN cutting
The Manchester journal. [volume] (Manchester, Vt.) 1861-current, 1916-11-23

Papers that used to call Mckinley .
crook and Roosevelt tyrant are
scandalized now that anybody should
breathe a whisper against our high
and holy Woodrow.
The Manchester journal. [volume] (Manchester, Vt.) 1861-current, 1916-11-23
ARE YOU GOING SOUTH?
SURPRISINGLY LOW RATES TO SOUTHERN POINTS.

JOIN THE FLORIDA PARTY LEAVING
Tuesday, December 5
Jacksonville, $4,000
The Manchester journal. [volume] (Manchester, Vt.) 1861-current, 1916-11-23
For Information Apply

H. J. CURTIS, Travelling Passenger Agent Albany, NJ Y
Omaha daily bee., 1916-04-30

wtgsvf tires ttp responded taveser aet Helta
Nsp8Fis. taslah laadaar. ~st ihaM9a ta satpH-
esaY ths pslnslpal eh bs uetlleaa iettp@ #He
lhe ssbssae Euaf hpaafvA hays aHA sith Ri the
ssAasl pressed easata settusk we Nees ia @tsa
UF Moore asa Nls tieaAf.g aa 20 Fie.@g aa8 in
etssFs th6m Us M4sAHe1 mnsuEfm fAA
ansH-i ihe s0stfssa uf Weafs 'htes eif ~ e#a
.ast sas aantuA the 9as teHaA a ths vase ehsle
Ws ita61iis tas tamatt "a tlmlHf stfWlitss
ta ea ttaN faaoNt Nf Nuofe AtA sat lst9lsfe
~ teasa arest8Ha ls MAs tisadt3Fe fessteMs
~ lts rfnW bsl68 tFat ths latleF sas tl@esf
6f5rksa a,sf tts sd4we new saa rfls Yellea
Omaha daily bee., 1916-04-30

n EAlEl4LENl spirit OF cAHefhueils NA
~ lists al South High school between
~ teachers and students This was
- demonstrated last Monday afternoon.
when 400 boys and girls Of the student body and
thirty boys" and girls" OF the faculty fisuFa-
lively Joined hands for an afternoon outing at
Mandan park.
The event vas sprIngtime gel-together out
ing, Al ! p m, a short Arbor day program was
held on tho school campus. where an elm tree WaA
planted, 4 Il nuswrll, German-spanish teacher,
read lesson ot the significance Of Arhor day
nrets'ay sediaeek president of the tai6 grad.
uatjng class spoke on oElma" The following
class presidents formally accepted the trees aud
placed a shovel n earth upon the roots. Twelfth
n. Harold ahalabai,s. twelfth A. Llte uranktr
eleventh H. ltWpr tuhhaFa eleventh A umfa Me.
Cgilosb tthtb u, lsdlaev 5lsiskat teugh A.,
meisn Besd nlnth a. James Wehber Hluth A.
Hssola Henderson
AfseF the Arhot daY EXERCISES the students
formed liHs "a msffh teg Maudsa pafk. a.
FtHity v u lphHaou and R ~ WsKtY ~ Shn
tsfaliY had charge al ihe msrshlng orders The
guuts es eest ~ street 8 FseHty-f -foartb
slfest. thsaau aaetH % Railroad AFsaas. tapasu
eitaa gert FFaak t04leeAfd l6 tbs taalefar4 leaA
ice .pfs Mahdsa para
Mars u haasWs}eg se9 bef hame seeeaales
lana pfsR4tst tae taast 81 lsu9sRea. which Wefs
lateB % enc raps la "A aafamatta hash tat
evetsluva hFea wtlHs eas bsh eate sat an
atthse FtFes iaf tssslipa 40 syihsH eets 6ads
II taatae tl'sh sss psfk aa# FgtNhaAr latael
ttlA tesl ID lAe fan "a Fpsftas eviasW agtf tht
Htvs WetAsfs ngla lmfalsA Sd thtrp sa6s 6t
tsn IA Rea keld Al sfs leaflA attt thp nlsis yt3
- eotkegs isaafta tte saalt fet Mel FFe5leal
tnA tfafhfW astlfa serE eeletta setitstks tefs
s6t stb
eas ai ttt @tam sf9 ssean et a6eR ia
Omaha daily bee., 1916-04-30

psfsataues thsrtt ChaRlm 81 srtstn ams "a
ihe pafs a9Wp a lhs sAdeass sathAFea botanical
spstsmsha laF lheil eA9 poRa anA ethefs wAAa
dstsa ever lhs iasFiHus ttus % Aa eeaat1ua
parA
4 aaashW bay a' lha ssheal tauaA a small
saasa snh etFh be- usatehtt ffis ana
hau5mAma
Hass ana asa al Hiu lha Hsfh sAIs teles Inc
taM testaFe mtstRa ~ mase tee rlralf ssaesHs
saasess II ssa taiheF estM iey tass whifa wsas
stU mske fslts oa pllaig luBthst The Aey wi@
ihs mea,haf@n eas tters slsa tee hsF whs
eAntpA - plef Keste'iiset
Omaha daily bee., 1916-04-30
Rlnclpal Moore throwing baseball
at suspended plate
BY EDWARD BLACK.

"A n EXCELLENT spirit of cameraderie ex
~ lists al South High school between
~ teachers and students This was
N demonstrated last Monday afternoon,
Omaha daily bee., 1916-04-30

PART THREE
MAGAZINE
PAGES ONE TO SIX.
Evening star., 1916-08-08
BATTERY A TO DRILL.
Spectacular Maneuvering in Pros
pect Before Command Goes to Border

Some spectacular field artillery drill
is likely to be seen in a few days on
the part Of Battery A, which is ex-
pected soon to go to. the border. With
the horses formerly assigned to Bat
terry B, which left for Bishee Yesterday.
left behind. there Will be enough horses
to turn out a platoon of field artillery
for gun practice every morning. Here
tofore both organizations have been
handicapped by lack of horses. and it
took some tile for the driil to 90 the
rounds of the various sections
However, Capt Q. J. Ferris, Z. s. A,
Observation-Disclosures, now viii coucen-
trate all Of his efforts on Battery a
and attempt to get the organization to
the point where L VIII be able 20 give
some exhibitions Of the kind that thrill.
It is regarded as prcIaole that tAcae
d1ilIs viii form a drawing cIrd for
recruits. and when the fourteen men
which the organization needs in order
70 be reported ready -or The front are
obtained the outfit Viii move.
Evening star., 1916-08-08
NEW PETROLEUM RECORD.
Six Per Cent Incretsed Production in
1915 Makes Record.

All records for the production of Pc
troleum in the United States were
broken in 1915. More crude petroleum was
marketed than in any previous year in
the history Of the industry, there being
aearly a c per cent increase over that
credited TO 1914.
The production amounted to 2S1 .104 101
barrels, valGea at S179.6i2. $50, last year
THa a.eCa-e price received at the well
for this oIlrUt vas 81 cents per barrel.
Tae Production and values by districts
throughout the United States vas as fol-
lows. according to statistics Of the
United States geological survey: APP
la.aQhiaa. -2.s30,63S barrels. SO 36S .913:
.itna-lndaua A2G9.JSI barrels, $f,1l4.-
-2s Illinois. fS.9tl,655 barrels. SIs.t55,-
5q, mi0-cgntiuent, 1925, SCI barrels,
So. .i@L1Ol; gulf. ze.571.lJ3 barrels, 80
2,sa1; California, Sf5s1, ,525 barrels, s5G.-
oaS. 55s, Colorado and Wyoming, Z, i54, 100
barrels, Sz.iUV,5g5. other districts. in
ciuCHg Alaska, M.cliseE and Missouri,
ii go barrels. S24,z3J-
Evening star., 1916-08-08
MOVING PICTURE MEN
TO FIGHT NTCHlN BILL
Combined Action to Be Brought
Against Measure Designed to
Tax Movie" Theaters.

Moving picture men Of the country
have organized themselves irto q Body
known as the National Association OIL
the Motion Picture Industry for she
purpose Of fighting the Eitchin biu.
now pending before the Senate COM
uittee, which proposes 10 tax moGou
picture theaters more than q million
dollars a year IN addition to existing
taxes. over +. 200 representatives Of the
motion picture Industry, including
manufacturers, distributors, exchange
men. theater owners ana managers.
projection machine manufacturers, raw
film manufacturers, screen mauufactGr-
ers and every other branch of the. in
dustry, attended the initial meeting
and mapped out course Of action.
These men represented firms worth al
together half a billion dollars and
% 500 theatcrs
The movement. although almost en-
tirely Il protective one really IS an
outProWtH Of the CHICAGO moving pic
ture convention held last monta.
Among the things decided st the drst
meeting Of the new body was to re-
quire i definite expression of opinion
On the matter OF the Increased taxa
tion from both presidential canT dates
Committees also we're appointed to con-
duct motion picture campaigns in va
rious states in order 10 protect the in
dustry from unjust legislation.
Evening star., 1916-08-08
GOOD GRUB AND PLENTIFUL. 4"
So Writes Washington Boy of His
Life on Border

Washington hoy who is making
GOOD record with the Quartermaster
Corps on the border is Nelson \ Miller
who, when in Washington. dwells with
MS parents at 1886 North Capitol
greet
He IS seldom in Washington. how
ever since graduating from Tech"
High School couple Of years aEe.
af5er winning prize corporals media
in the cadets re spent the greater pat
Of Tear roushing it out ia Utah WIKI
a United states surveying party.
Young Miller recently resigned as
s7eciai agent in the census bureau for
the more strenuous life as a quarter
masters clerk at Maria, Tex.
Ite writes
ii am getting along nicely. and am
very busy, York from 80 TO 6. often
earlier in the morning, and back again
TT nigut- Eut ! don't mind it, We
have camp mess, ana the grub is good
and nigGtif.I-"
Evening star., 1916-08-08
machinery, is much greater today than

machinery, is much greater today than
it was ten OF twenty years ago"
He gave statistics showing the vari-
Gus increases in the raw materials used
in producing bread since 1914, and said
that during all this time there has been
an advance in the price of bread to the
consumer of from Is to 25 per cent.
He advised his hearers not to be afraid
to face the rise, and lose customers.
because. he said, the cost OF producing
home bread was much greater than
that of commercial made bread.
I'VE need to cultivate the friendli-
ness of the press" he said. in conclu-
sion, "and we need this powerful, ma
tion-wide influence to aid in the solu-
ton of many of our problems. The in
dustry should maintain publicity
bureau. fully equipped to handle pub
licity for the industry and inform the
public what the bakers are doing to
better conditions of labor, to improve
the surroundings for labor. to shorten
hours. to increase the hours of day
light service and decrease the hours of
night service. and take the public into
our confidence regarding the cost of
producing a loaf of bread
Evening star., 1916-08-08
Lightship to Become a Trader"

Old Ightship No 20, which for over
half century did duty on lightship
stations on the Atlantic coast, is to end
her days as commercial trader, and
is now at a Solomons Island. Nd. ship
yard being converted into a two
masted schooner. The old vessel, which
was built in 1864. was recently decided
to be unfit for further service in the
Lighthouse teet and was sold at public
auction. She was bought by a BaIti-
more concern. and when il was found
her hun was still sound and seaworthy
il was determined to fit her out for the
offShorc trade. The old vessel within
the next two OF three weeks will take
up her new work in the Atlantic trade.
Evening star., 1916-08-08
ALLIES NOT TO QUIT CORFU.
Not Indicated by
Transfer Of Serbian Army.
u. NseocLa ~ -.

CorresDondeuce. Of thr Assoclated Press.
CORFU. Greece. July 2s.-The com
rletion Of the transport Of the Serbian
army from Corfu 70 Saioniki. according
90 allied naval officers on the island. by
no means Indicates that the allies are
going to abandon the island. Corfu is
too valuable AS u naval base from
which the exit from the Adriatc. can
be commanded. with the Italian base
n Brind.si, the British base at Tarern-
70 and the French bases at Corfu and
Argosto-l. The chances of Austrian and
German Tessels slipping into the Medit-
erraueau from Pola or Durazzo are
very small.
IL viii be a long time before the
French flag ceases to float from the
walls Of the ancient fortress overtop-
pins. tic town If Corfu. or GONZALES
cent French sailors 70 bask in the sun
on the warm terrace Of Emperor Will
Iafa's villa. the Achilleion.
Evening star., 1916-08-08

in Atlantic City, September 6. all sug-
gestions must be in the hands Of the
committee by August Is. Mrs. Ernest
Thompson Seton, chairman of the COM
mittee. so announced today.
To date 5000 entries In this competi-
tion have been received. The slogan
must contain not more than five
words. must be entirely original and
when submitted must be written on the
outside of sealed envelope contain
ing the name and address of the con-
testant. 1t should be addressed to the
Slogan Committee" III Madison ave-
nue., New York.
The prize offered the winner is s25.
and If two or more persons submit the
slogan selected each will receive S25.
Evening star., 1916-08-08
Personal to Rivermen.

Capt. Frank Taylor of A J. Taylor &
Bro. has returned to his home in this
city from a visit TO Norfolk and vir-
g MIA Beach.
Capt. John Hedley. owner of the
power boat Posalie. with his wife, left
here yesterday aboard the Rosalie for
two week trip on the river. Co
lonia Beach, st. Georges and other
points viii be visited
Howard RatcliH assistant engineer
Of the Potomac and Chesapeake liner
Majestic, mas resigned to undergo medi-
cal treatment ashore.
Capt. Frank kintz, master Of the Tay-
lcr tug JEFF. has returned from q short
visit 10 the Swift farm on the Mary
iand slde OF the river, near Fort Foote.
Capt g. NJ. Gaskins, master of the
schooner Ruth Decker. has gone to Bal
timore to spend a day or two while his
vessel is unloading lumber at this city.
Evening star., 1916-08-08
SUFFRAGE AMENDMENT OFF.
No Change This Session, Senator
Thomas Finds.

Senator Thomas of Colorado, chair
man of the woman suffrage committee,
said, yesterday, he had given up hope
of getting vote on the suffrage con-
stitutionai amendment at this session
of Congress, because it could not be
done without precipitating prolonged
debate.
81 recently addressed letter to each
senator" said Senator Thomas, asking
if he would consent to taking up this
amendment and submitting it to vote
without argument. The responses 1 re-
ceived were about equal in number in
" / have done nothing further about
it."
Evening star., 1916-08-08

Private E. c. Nohler, Battery +, re-
ported for duty yesterday as the or
ganization was packing to leave. He
had been in the post hospital at Fort
Myer. where he underwent an opera
ton He is a brother of Corp. L. S.
Mohler.
Private w. S Butler. Company 3. 81
Infantry, is training down for border
service He has lost twenty-five 0
pounds since he came into camp. and
SAYS he can afford to lose that much
more.
Private Murphy, Company q, captured
soldier of the enemy's force yester-
Gay and turned him over to Corp Par
ker who searched the prisoner of war
for ammunition. Parker failed to find
any. but cartridges We're later found
on him by a commissioned officer.
Company C has been having trouble
in getting cooks, and men hope now
that the problem has been settled with
the appointment of f. pendleton and
B. +. Mitchell to prepare meals for the
men.
Several men in the infantry regiment
dropped out during the combat prob
lem yesterday. They say it was the
longest hike they have had since they
nave bttH III camp.
Carl ]. Schmidt, Company F, has ap-
piled for transfer to Company d. He
was al one time member of d Com
pany. having served one whole en-
listment in it.
Schmidt has just returned from a
four-day furlough, during which he
took a T02mile motor cycle trip 60
ng as far as Harrsburgi. Pa, by way
of Gettysburg and W!iliamSport. He
covered S5l miles of the trip in twelve
hours steady riding, aud only had two
falls. in neither of which was he seri-
ously injured. He was accompanied by
John Clarke. formerly member OF
Company e.
Sergt. Ham Smith and "Sidevheeler"
Curtin of Company E are out or two
days leave. The boys of the company
miss Curtin. He is their cook.
Private Fomwold has been promoted to
supply seTFeant of Company r. His com
rades say ne is making good for it is like
extracting teeth to get anything away
from him.
Joe Turner, E Company, was suffering
yesterday from the effects of breaking
into the army diet. He went to Colonial
Evening star., 1916-08-08
Reason for High Cost.

In explaining the reasons for the
high cost of bread Mr.. Burns said:
while it is true that much of the
ma chinery now used has reduced ma
teriaIy the amount of hand labor en-
pIoyed, it is equally true that upkeep
and depreciation on machinery, shorter
hours. higher wages. better facilities,
which bakers have adopted, have ah-
sorted nearly or quite all of the saw
ing. SO that the cost, exclusive of ma
tcrial, of producing 1000 loaves of
bread, Notwithstanding all our new
Evening star., 1916-08-08
FILIPINO FREEDOM PUT OFF.
Conferees Reject Amendment Giving
Independenee in Four Years.

sion bill shorn of the Clark amend
ment which would have provided for
freedom of the islands within four
years, was reported to the Senate from
conference yesterday.
The conference virtually restored the
language of the House bill, which af-
frmed the purpose OF the United States
to withdraw from the Philippines
whenever stable government has
been established. 1t is expected that it
will be accepted by both houses in that
form.
Evening star., 1916-08-08
WANTED, new SLOGAN
FOR SUFFRAGE CAUSE

Votes for Women" has lost its ap-
peal. The National American Woman's
Suffrage Association tacitly and infer
entialiy admits this.
Wanted-A new slogan. That is how
they now stand. and they are willing
to pay for a new slogan. They want
it within eight days.
In order that a new, catchy substi-
tute for Votes for Women may be
adopted at the emergency convention
Evening star., 1916-08-08
APPROVED By THE SENATE.
Nomination Of &, J. Cummings to
Excise Board Is Confirmed.

The nomination of Andrew 3. Cum
rinrs as a member % the District ex-
crsc board vas confirm ID last evening
by the Senate. There was no opposi-
tioH % the confirmation when the nom
iration was lad before the Senate.
Senator Jones. wao a week apo Insisted
that some charges arArss .tr, Cura-
rai-gs be .ras'ir4ted Mad lefer an
nouHced that tneSe charges had not
been substan.'aLed als yneJ re would
not puPO@. condemnation.
This sti.i leaves the rprlinatior Of
Henry $. Baker 70 succeed himself
as excise board member To- De acted
upcn That Tire Senate viii r,ject tie
nomination was the precicyiou today,
for the same reason tha, gsos erac cd In
the -eJecl.1H Of Gen. Robert O. smith
Evening star., 1916-08-08
NATIONAL GUARD CAMP NOTES.

Beach and ate food prepared by those
not familiar with the army system. ac
cording to his comrades.
Members of Company E complain that
! they are being fed too high. Chicken
every day is too much for them. they
say. They are on their knees pleading
with the cook to have ham and cabbage
dinners for a while.
Top Sergt. J. r. Jones was worrying
yesterday over his relief. Sergt. Ham
, Smith. and was thinking of sending
lookout for him. Sergt. Jones wanted to
go out of camp.
Corp. c. T. Pfeiffer, Company E, spent
the afternoon teaching the members of his
squad all the parts OF the gun. When he
started to take the rifle apart he was
wondering whether or not he would have
enough pieces left over to make another
one.
ln the absence of Cook Curtin, Back
water Driscin and Timber Simmons
are preparing the chow for Company E.
The following additional men enlisted
in Battery B before it left: 2. u. Light
cap, Patrick O'Brien, Bernard Rome, ].
W. Hart, NJ G. Hunteman. +. E. Counts,
e T. Stephens, r. l.. Ruis, J. W. Musson.
Rome is the man who was discharged
from y Battery to accept a commission
in the New York field artillery However,
he returned to b Battery and re-enlisted
as a private.
Corp. William H. Keen has been pro-
noted to sergeant and Private Charles i.
Hooper a corporal in Company T.
Winfield Marsh and Benjamin Mudd, No.
cruits, have been assigned to Company +.
James II a;lKnight. who has been On
recruiting :" il the city, has returned
TO dutf n CoGEaay F.
COMPANY N now boasts of being the
largest conpt rs il the guard. There are
now actually eighty-two men on the duty
roster.
Corp. A. j. Fleishhauer of the ma chine
gun company spent Sunday visiting
friends at Chesapeake Beach.
Lieut.. c. Earl Smithson, adjutant of the
1st Battalion. Sd Infantry. is learning
semaphore signaling by an original meth
od. He took a piece of cardboard and
drew on it a picture OF a soldier With
two additional pieces he made two move
able arms which are fastened with pins,
and he works these arms in all positions
TO form the various characters