davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1916-08-11
WHEAT PRICE sol RS
GRAIN ADVANCES ELEVEN CENTS
AT CHICAGO MARKET.
Crop Slump as Reported by U. S.
Causes Excitement in Board of
Trade Pit.

Chicago, Aug. 10.-The price of
wheat shot skyward as half the worlds
hopes for bread conferred in the few
score men who thronged the corner
of the Chicago board Of trade and bar
gained for the wheat yield of the ma
ton. Opening quotations were to s
cents above the closing figures on
Tuesday, while closing prices were 10
and IL cents in advance of those on
Tuesday. Reports indicating crop
shortage of 1500O0,000 bushels in the
United States this year explained the
sudden rise. In the first few minutes
Of trading there was wild scramble
for options by dealers who had been
caught short. Feverish excitement
the like of which has not been seen
in the grain markets since the day
war broke out in Europe reigned on
all parts of the floor.
September wheat opened at $1.39 to
S1.401s, touched high mark at S1.44A
and closed at $1.44A to $1.441a.
Tuesdays high mark was $l335s. De-
cember started at $1.42 and S1.45,
reached S148A and dropped to $1.48
and S1.4S5s at close. Opening figures
for May delivery were S1.4624 to
S1.4912. Quotations advanced steadily
to S1.531s and fell back to $1.53 at
closing.
The advances recorded on the Chi
cago market were practically duph-
Gated at Minneapolis, Winnipeg, Kan
sas City, Duluth and st. Louis.
Crop damage of the most serious
kind was confirmed by the department
of agriculture in its monthly report
and those traders who had sold wheat
short were compelled to buy it back
and accept their losses.
Almost every country of Europe has
a short crop. with the exception of
Roumania and Spain.
Reports from Canada are conflict
ing. Official sources continue to
deny that there is any damage to the
wheat crop there. Private reports
state, however, that conditions are not
as good as one is led to believe by
these official reports.
Washington, Aug. denomination
of the damage to crops from weather
conditions and plant disease, which
during July caused a loss of more
than 100000 bushels in the pros
pective production of wheat and 3d.
100000 bushels of corn, as indicated
in the August crop report of the de-
partment of agriculture, was reported
in the national weather and crop bull
etin Of the weather bureau.
Corn has deteriorated steadily in
most sections of the important grow
Ing states Of Oklahoma, Missouri, Ne
braska and Kansas since August l.
Local showers caused some improve
ment in corn in parts of Iowa, Illinois
and Tennessee during the week which
ended Tuesday.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1916-08-11
LEAGUE BACKS ITS UMPIRES
President Tener Says the "EVers
Case" Is a Closed Incident-Four-
Hour Conference Held.

New York, Aug. 10.-National league
club owners who ~athered here at a
special conference, which lasted for
more than four hours, went on record
as strongly supporting the leagues
umpires. Stringent action was taken
in defense of the arbiters and the sup
port of rules governing the deport-
ment of players while on the field
At the conclusion of the session,
President John X. Tener said that the
case of Johnny Evers and Manager
Stallings of the Boston National league
club was IAN incident that is closed"
"In the furtherance of sportsman
ship, coaching by players from the
bench must and will be restricted"
said President Tener. 1.-The players
are not to be allowed to address re-
marks to or about umpires, opposing
players or spectators"
President Tener stated that mo con-
sideration was given" to q protest
signed by hundreds of Boston fans
commenting on the decisions of vari-
Gus umpires in Boston.
A resolution was passed asking COM
pulsOry the announcement to scorers
of the complete lineup of teams at
least five minutes before the beginning
of games.
President Tener was warm in the
praise of National league umpires.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1916-08-11
GERMANS RETAKE THIAUMONT
British Win New Ground Northwest of
Pozieres-French War Office
Reports Advance.

London, Aug. 10.-A smashing Brit
lsh advance northwest of Pozieres.
where every effort is now being CEN
tered on the drive toward Bapaume
ana the recapture of Thiaumont work
oy the Germans in the yerdun often
S'Ve We're the outstanding features of
hghting on the western front.
IN the Picardy battle the Aus
Ifalans won the days honors for the
brush advancing their positions an
Tispth Of mile on front of 600 wards.
rarls claims the advantage in fighting
NO VI Oh hem woods, but makes no
spet-l'e claims of any advance of i'm
porlahce' On the other hand, the after
mo-" report from Paris admits the
loss of Thiaumont work.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1916-08-11
HUGHES VOICE B0THERS HIM
Nominee Speaks Only Few Minutes In
Minneapolis on Doctors Advice
Address in St. Paul.

St Paul, Mimi. Aug. 10-Charles e.
Hughes was compelled to abandon his
plan to speak extensively at big
meeting in Minneapolis. Instead he
spoke only briefly at a meeting in that
city during the afternoon and then re-
turned to St. Paul for dinner and a
meeting in the evening. The huski-
ness which was noticeable during the
nominees Chicago speech increased.
and his physicians advised him he
must conserve his voice. Consequent
the address in st. Paul last night was
the only lengthy discourse he made
during the day.
Three thousand persons greeted the
nominee on his arrival here, and Gov.
B. A. A. Burnquist welcomed the can
didate to st. Paul.
Brief stops were made en- route at
Winona, Red Wing. Hastings and
Wabasha, where the nominee husklly
thanked the crowds for their interest
in the campaign. Mr.. Hughes declined
to make any comment on the charges
Of the Wilson administration that he
misrepresented the facts with regard
to the removals from hte geodetic sur
vey and the census bureau in his De-
troit speech.
Mr. Hughes left for Fargo and
Grand Forks. n. d.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1916-08-11
MEXICO ARB|TERS
NAMED BY WILSON
Secretary Lane and Justice
BrandeiS Appointed.
CARRANZA'S PLAN ACCEPTED
Withdrawal of Troops Will Be First
Topic for Discussion-Commis-
sioners May Meet on
Jersey Coast.

Washington, Aug. 10.-Formal an
nouncement was made by Acting Sec
rotary Polk of the acceptance of Gen
eral Carranza's proposal for joint
international commission to seek
solution of border disputes and to
discuss other matters which may help
clarity relations between the United
States and Mexico. Only the time and
place for the conference remain to
be decided.
Secretary Lane of the interior de-
partment will head the American COM
mission, supported by Justice Louis
d. Brandeis of the Supreme court and
a third commissioner whose name will
be announced later. A telegram ask
ing the third man to serve was sent
by President Wilson and his name will
not be disclosed until his acceptance
is received.
The Mexican commissioners were
named several days ago. Luis Cabrera,
minister of finance in the Carranza
government heading the delegation.
This made necessary the appointment
of member of President Wilson's
cabinet in the American membership.
Says carranza Is in Accord.
The announcement followed brief
conference between Mr.. Polk and
Eliseo Arredondo, Carranzas ambas-
sador designate. Final assurance was
given by Mr.. Arredondo that General
Carranza was in complete accord with
suggestions of the Washington govern
ment that the discussions of the COM
missioners be given the broadcast pos
sible scope. The ambassador said his
government regarded its recent note as
a full answer and acceptance of Sec
rotary Folks suggestions that the
scope be broadened.
AS it begins it's task the commits
sion will be required first to reach
conclusion on the specific points out
lined by General Carranza in his orig
inal proposal. The first subject treat
ed under this view would be with
drawal of American troops from Mex
}, to be followed by negotiation on
a protocol covering future military
operations along the border. Since
these two points are closely inter-
woven it is believed the commission
will join them in whatever recon-
mendations it has to make.
1t is regarded as probable that the
meetings will be held at some resort
on the New Jersey coast.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1916-08-11
DANGER OF RAIL
STRIKE AVERTED
Employees of Roads Accept Offer
of Mediation.
CONFERENCES START AT ONCE
Workers Agree to Federal Boards OF.
fer After First Refusing to Lis
ten to Managers
Proposal.

New York, Aug. lO.-Acceptance by
the railroad brotherhoods of the pro-
posal for mediation by the federal
board of mediation and Cancellation
averted a strike of 100000 railway en-
ployees.
After first refusing to listen to the
offer to accept mediation made by the
railroad presidents. the employees
leaders rpconsidered, and announced
that they, too, would consent to me-
diation, but not TO arbitration.
Announcement of the acceptance OF
the offer was made by A. B. Garrett
son, head of the conductors brother
hood, after it had been delivered by
G. w. Hanger, member of the board.
following an appeal to that body to in
tervene made by the railroad man
ayers. Mr.. GarretsOn said he naa In
formed the board that the offer was
accepted on condition that tits good
offices are promptly exercised"
To Begin at Once.
The federal board, which is COM
posed of Mr.. Hanger Martin A. Knapp
and Judge w. L. Chambers, was pre-
pared to begin conferences with the
respective sides to the controversy at
once.
The procedure of the federal board
is to meet each side separately, learn
its attitude and attempt to obtain con-
cessiOns from each as a basis on which
a SattIopaant oar, ha raoclf,,l ,,,b ~, Il, ~.
are again brought together
The step followed rejection by the
managers of the demands made by tho
men.
What Men Demand and Roads Offer.
Here are the differences between the
four brotherhoods and railroads of the
United States:
Demands of Employees.
A basic eight-hour day in freight,
yard and hostler service. This would
require freight trains to run 1914
miles an hour instead of ten.
Same wages for eight hours now
paid for ten
Time and one-half for overtime.
Counter Proposition of Roads.
No double compensation FOR the
same service.
The same classification for the pur-
pose of compensation to be applied to
all members of a train crew.
Two or more differently paid classes
of service performed in the same day
or trip TO be paid proportionate rates
according to class of service ar the
rate applying to the regular service Of
the men and crew.
If this is not accepted by the broth
erhoods both the demands of the men
and the counter proposition of the rail-
roads should be arbitrated according
to the provisions of the NewlandS act.
The brotherhood le;ftlers take the
stand that if they accept arbitration
the demands made by the employees
only shall be considered. They are
also antogonistie to the Newlands act.
Railroad officials contend the
changes asked by the employees will
increase the cost of operation $780,
100000 a year.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1916-08-11
10 DROWNED IN CL0UDBURST
Flood Sweeping Creek Valley, w. Va,
Does 100000 Damage-cuts Off
Communication.

Charleston. w. Va. Aug. 1O.-At
least ten persons were drowned by a
cloudburst which swept the Cabin
Creek valley, according to reports re-
ceived here. Several bodies have been
recovered, but none has been identi-
fed. Wire and rail communication vir-
tually has been cut off, and reports
are meager. The damage to railroad.
coal. oil and gas properties is esti-
mated at 100000. Scores of houses
were carried away.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1916-08-11
AUSTRIAN U-BoAT is SUNK
Newburn to Bottom, but Saves
Her Men.

London, Aug. 10.-"A French torpe-
do-boat destroyer torpedoed an Ans
trian submarine Tuesday north Of the
Island of Corfu" says a dispatch to
the Exchange Telegram company from
Athens.
1T is considered certain" the cor
respondent adds. that the submarine
sank with its crew"
The British steamer Newburn of
Bod tons has been sunk by. subma-
rine, LloydS announced. The crew was
landed
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1916-08-11
Wednesdays Results.
NATIONAL LEAGUE.

Wednesdays Results.
NATIONAL LEAGUE.
Brooklyn, 6; Chicago, O.
st. Louis, ga; New York, 0-S.
Philadelphia, 1t; Cincinnati, Oh
Pittsburgh Boston, no game; rain.
AMERICAN LEAGUE.
Boston. 3; Chicago, az innings).
st. LouiS. :, Washington. l.
Philadelphia, Z; Detroit, 1.
Cleveland. ); New York, 8.
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION.
Columbus, 8; Milwaukee, 1.
Kansas City. IS; Toledo, Z
Indianapolis, "A; st. Paul, As.
Louisville, 5-13; Minneapolis, 3-3.
THREE I LEAGUE.
Moline, 6; Bloomington. 2.
Davenport, 5; Peoria, 3.
Rockford. 40; Quincy. 81.
Rock Island, G; Hannibal. 2.
CENTRAL LEAGUE.
Terre Haute, 4; South Bend, 0.
Dayton 4; Grand Rapids. 1.
Springfield, 4; Evansville, 8.
Muskegon, rs: Wheeling, 0-10.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1916-08-11
Petition Is Dismissed.

Madison - The Wisconsin Tal Ii.3aa
commission has dismissed PEI -.
of the Bangor Telephone compan .,tss
an order requiring the m--" '.-nsl
road to change its high tension S ,stsr.
system at Bangor. so as not 70 ~
fere with the telephone service
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1916-08-11
4. B. STICKNEY is DEAD
Founder of the Chicago Great West
ern Railway Succumbs at His
Home in ST. Paul.

st. Paul, Mimi, Aug. 10-A. B.
Stickney, founder of the Chicago Great
Western railway. died at his home
here following a long illness. He was
born in Walton, Mo, June 81. 1910.
Mr.. Stickney had been engaged in rail-
road construction since 1869, and in adj
dition to the Great Western was inter
ested in other northwestern railroad
properties.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1916-08-11
ARMY BILL READY FOR Will SON
Measure Carrying $685., 5e7 900 is Ae-
cepted by the House After Pas
sage in Senate.

Washington, Aug. 1O.-The army
appropriation bill, carrying total of
$267, 597, 600 is ready for President
Wilson'S signature. The house adopt
ed the conference report on the meas
ure, previously adopted by the senate.
without roll call.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1916-08-11
En+ers NAVY as chaplain.

Green Bay-The Rev. JOSEPH r. PAT.
ton Short, assistant pastor o. - - cbsp-
rick's church, who was appoinleu vi vll
lain in the navy short time a -. ,srp.
90 to the New York navy yard 10 y
porary service.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1916-08-11
Ruried wien Masonic ton0ra.
For State Offices

Fond du Lac-AngeIo Barry a p,Us
porous Mississippi planter, mems ~.
of Gen. Forests famous command s.,
buried here with full Masonic hon
ors. Born in Ireland seFen'y. a.sI
years ago, Mr.. Barry spent s9''''
years in early life at MonteHo'
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1916-08-11
PLAGUE CONFERENCE CALLED
Federal Public Health Service Asks
States to Send Representatives
to Washington on August II.

washington. Aug. 10.-The federal
public health service asked state
health authorities throughout the coun-
try to send representatives to a con-
ference here August IL to discuss
means for preventing further spread
of infantile paralysis.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1916-08-11

nomination petitions b,r,
been filed in the office of the sacra Ave
of state by scores of candidates s'aly
nominations for state, Congressional. w
legislative offices at the primary s ol.a
ton in September. Following is H.,
OF petitions filed for state and conc. -s'
slonal Offices when the Office of ~.
secretary of state closed August (.
For State Offices.
Governor - VIM. II. Hatton N,-
London, republican; Francis + ".
Govern. Milwaukee, republican. Cav
McKerrow, Pewaukee, progressiva
Don c. Hail., Stevens Point. rennbT
can; Gov. Emanuel L. Philipp MiIrsr
kee, republican; Burt Williams Ass
land, democrat.
Lieutenant Governor - Mar.,.n
Cousins, Eau Claire, republican. ro5r
Cudahy, Milwaukee, democrat; rtsnt
Gov. E. F. Dithmar, Baraboo. renbIi
can; Charles H. Mott, Milwaukee nm
gressive.
Secretary of State-George 7, p.,
rington, Elkhorn, republican; Merit,
Hull, Black River Falls, republican.
Edwin G. Jone, Portage, democrat.
William q. Mack, Fort Atkinson. pm.
gressive.
State Treasurer - John A. Berg
Galesville, progressive; State Treas.
urer Henry Johnson, South Madison
republican; Alvin Peterson, Solders'
Grove, republican; John G. Reute
mann, Milwaukee, democrat
Attorney General-E. r. Hicks Osb.
kosh, republican; Attorney General
w. c. Owen, Maiden Rock, republican;
Thomas H. Ryan, Appleton, democrat:
Byron e. Van Keuren, Oshkosh, pro.
gressive.
For Senate and Congress.
United States Senator - Charles T.
Hill, Rosendae e, progressive; Senator
Robert NJ. La Toilette, Madison, re-
publican; Malcolm G. Jeffris, James
vile, repubHea1, William F. Wolfe
La Crosse, democrat.
Candidates for congressman:
First district - Congressman H.
Cooper, Racine (Rep.); W, ]. Hansch
Racine (Pro); Jay w. Page, Elk1n
(Dem.).
Second - Byron Barwig. MayTia /
(Dem.); Congressman Michael E
Burke, Beaver Dam (Dem); Edward
Voigt, Sheboygan (Rep).
Third-M. J. Briggs, DodgeTTls
(Dem); James G. Monahan, Daring
ton (Rep); Congressman John NJ
Nelson, Madison (Rep)
Fourth - Congressman William
Cary, Milwaukee (Rep); James f.
Heffernan, Milwaukee (Rep); William
J. Kershaw, Wauwatosa (Dem.); h
thony Szczerbinski, Milwaukee
tDem.)
Fifth-Lyman H. Browne, MilVaG'
kee (Dem.); Congressman William h
Stafford, Milwaukee (Rep.).
Sixth-James H. Davidson, Oshkosh
(Rep); August C. Dallman, Fond da
Lac (Rep.) F. J. Egerer, Chiffon
(Dem); Congressman Michael N
Kelley. Fond du Lac (Dem.); j. N
Tittemore, Poygan (Rep).
Seventh-C. L. Clifford, Sparta
(Pro.); Congressman John ]. Esch, La
Crosse (Rep.); A. E. Frederick Aef
dali (Rep); Herman GrotophoS|
Baraboo (Dem)
Eighth - Congressman Edward L.
Browne, Waupaca (Rep); N. G. bOel'
lein, Shawano (Rep.5; John Kalmsf'
Clintonviile (Dem).
Ninth-David C. Classon, Oconome
voc (Rep.); Congressman Thomas l.
Konop, Green Bay Dem).
Tenth - Congressman James
Frear, Hudson (Rep); Andrew :,
Sutherland, Eau Claire (Dem); 'OA-
Waldo, Chetek (Pro.).
Eleventh Harry w. Jossart Man
towoc (Rep.); Congressman Irvine -
Lenroot, Superior (Rep).
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1916-08-11
Dies in Canada.

New Richmond-Alice Dean . re-, AIT
widow of the late Patrick hen y ver
for ~ many years a resident Of = {.
Richmond, died at VancouFe-,
following a stroke of apopieA''
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1916-08-11
Yeogmen Seal Elftv penni..

- cora H. Aug. 10.-Yeggmen blew
~ me r, safe in the post office at
MES. sot ~ pen
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1916-08-11
ITALIANS ENTER
CITY OF GOR|Tz
Capture of Austrian Stronghold
Opens Way to Trieste.
10000 PRISONERS CAPTURED
Rome Officially Announces Fall of
Town-Enemy Left Large Guam
titles of Munitions and
Supplies.

Constantinople, Aug. 19.-The forti-
fed cities of Bitlis and Mush were re-
captured from the Russians on Tues
day, it was announced by the war Of
fee.
Wauwatosa news. [volume] (Wauwatosa, Wis.) 1900-1948, 1916-08-11
NUMEROUS AsPIRANTs F,,s
TITIoNs WITH sEcRrr,a r.
OF STATE AT MADISON
SIX IN GOvERNORsHIp RACE
Contests for Republican Noroi,..
at Primaries to Be Staged in
Nearly Every lnstance-pro
sressiVes' Ticket Complete.

Madison-Nomination petitions b.u.
been filed in the Office of the secrat a,'
OF state by scores of candidates =.
nominations for state, congressional ~,
legislative Offices at the primary slas
ton in September. Following is . el ~.
OF petitions fled for state and congr 80
sional Offices when the Office of ~.
secretary of state closed August (.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-06-04

J. ANDRE 4 MIN. Is ". 30TN ST.
HAIR GthAt> III every description. transfornia
lions eIhW. waNy >witrh'>. etc For fallins
hair. trS "ur ShaMrs' treatments
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-06-04

HAir!lr'ssinH waving, hair ,niorirx ANDRES
ORoE.N pON NEN Inv ,luahl' for re-.
storing prcinaturr,! vrry hair to is nrlv,nnl
cOlOt. HARMLESS. All shades i'rw, 81
Is West Nth Strst send fr trr, Hs,klrt
The Sauk Centre herald. (Sauk Centre, Stearns County, Minn.) 1886-current, 1916-01-27
ODD BITS OF NEWS

Birmingham, Ala.-The three child
rem Of Mr.. and Mrs. Hugh McCowr
celebrated their birthdays recently
Pauline is eight; Josephine is six, Lii
liam is two years. Each was born on
November 9th.
Jena La.-Benjamin Miller, form
erly town marshall of Riverton, Ill.
surrendered to Sheriff T. E. Witt, re-
Gently. Miller, who is nearly 80 years
old, says he is wanted for the murder
of James Kirlin at Riverton in 1879
and that he has been a hunted animal
for forty years.
Chicago, Ill.-"Stop thiefw The cry
echoed through the city hall, and a
passer-by clutched the flying coat
tails of Stephen McBett. At the Cen
trail police station Mrs. Marie Alphon-
so testified that McBett became ner-
vous when they went to get a mar
The Sauk Centre herald. (Sauk Centre, Stearns County, Minn.) 1886-current, 1916-01-27

riage license and started to run, and
that she called "Stop thiefw because
she knew if he got away she could
never get him to the marrying point
again.
Chicago, Ill.-The mysterious "pep-
per bandit" who has been holding up
pedestrians for many weeks, was ar
rested recently. He was an anemic
boy, Is years old, named Fred Logue.
He confessed nineteen holdups, all ac-
complished with a toy glass pistol.
South Bethlehem, Pa.-Joseph Danzo
arrived at this place recently with a
1O-months-old child strapped to his
back, on his way to New York. He
had walked with the baby on his back
from Canada, distance of $50 miles,
keeping the child alive on crackers
and water. ->-
The Sauk Centre herald. (Sauk Centre, Stearns County, Minn.) 1886-current, 1916-01-27

Subscribe for the HERALD.
The Sauk Centre herald. (Sauk Centre, Stearns County, Minn.) 1886-current, 1916-01-27

live one in the present contest. AS
I remarked in a previous letter he is
well located geographically.
Theodore Roosevelt petitions will
not be filed in Minnesota, at least not
with the colonel's request. A. A. D.
Rain of Minneapolis has received a
letter from Mr.. Roosevelt asking him
not to permit the use of his name in
the Minnesota primaries. Petitions
which Mr.. Rain has put in circula-
ton, and which have been freely
signed, will be recalled. ''The letter
is positive in its language" said Mr..
Rain, "and Of course Colonel Roose-
velt's wishes will be respected. He
is not candidate for the nomina-
ton"
Prohibition forces have selected a
steering committee to prepare for the
national Prohibition convention which
is to be held in the Twin Cities during
the week of July 49,. Charles A. Fow-
The Sauk Centre herald. (Sauk Centre, Stearns County, Minn.) 1886-current, 1916-01-27

BILE is temporary chairman and other
members are George F. Wells, w. G..
Calderwood, ]. D. Engle, Frank P.
Vrooman, w. A. Stromme and ]. K.
Murray. The County Chairman.