davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1916-10-27
WOODSTOCK MARKETS
Oct. % 1915


Few words have 20 remarkable q HI
tory - the word Bankrupt" Tn,
money lenders Of Genoa. Venice IN.
Florence had benches Or stalls IN tn,
bourse, Of exchange, IN former timea
At these benches they conducted ths1
business. When any Of them becam
ansolven4 his bench q hank was bro
ken. because be had No fuYthse m
fer Il and the name baAAo rotte, q
broken bench, was given to him. WIS
TIE word frst came Into uss In Inn
hand Il was nearer the Italian than b
BOW q. being "bankesout' ihstaaA q
hs0kyupt
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1916-10-27

The farmers are getting
higher prices for their pro-
ducts than they have received
for years. The reason is
WOODROW WILSON. Keep
up the good work and vote for
WILSON and HARRISON.
o.
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1916-10-27

Progressive Republicans in
the nation are supporting
WILSON. Progressive vot-
ers in the 7th Congressional
District are supporting HAIR
RISON. Don't fail to go to
the polls on Tuesday, Novem-
Der 7th, and vote for a con-
tinuance of prosperity. Vote
for WILSON and HARRI-
SON. 2t
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1916-10-27
A Bold Monarch.

Charles TX. Of France was BON
enough to interfere with ths attirS q
ehe women Of his realm h 1861 h
forbade the ladies 10 uss any band,
OF embroidery st1tchfngs or filings d
sim. excepting only q bordering tn
width Of q finger or at the most tn
borderings with chain stdtchinsA"
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1916-10-27
Dependency.

When you feel discourased and de-
spondent do not give up but take a
dose of Chamberlain s Tablets and
you are almost certain to feel ali right
within day or two. Dependency
is very otter due to indigestion and
biliousn ess, for which these tablets
are especially valuable. Ootainable
everywhere.
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1916-10-27
No More Backache For Her

Mrs. j M Gaskill, Etna Green,
Ind, writes: 81 suffered from severe
backache and sharp pains. l could
not stoop over. Foley Kidney Pills
gave; me such relief that l cannot
praise them. too highly" This stan
dard remedy for kidney trouble and
bladder ailments can be taken with
absolute safety Walton & Smoot.
adv.
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1916-10-27

Justice John Ford, of the New
York Supreme Court, "a lifelong
Republican," has decided to vote
for Wilson, and gives as his
reason that he wants to serve
the best interests of the coun-
try" A judge never reached a
decision backed by sounder
reason.
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1916-10-27
REFORMATION FESTIVAL.

nation festival seems bright for
the Lutherans of Shenandoah
Valley. This Quadricentenial
Celebration of the Reforma ton
in Christ's Church will be held
some time during the warmer
months of nineteen hundred and
seventeen, at a place where the
greatest number of Lutheraus
can be reached and entertained.
There is a great movement on
foot throughout the American
Lutheran Church to give in pop
|ular and interesting manner the
deep-rooted life principles of
Lutheranism. the cause but more
the effect of the Godward move
ment of the sixteenth century,
and the Americanism of the
Lutheran institutions of this
county.
To unite in this celebration
and to bring its benefits to the
very door Of the many children
of the Mother Church of Pro.
testantism who dwell in this
i Valley, the Synod of Virginia
and the Virginia Conference o.
\ the Tennessee Synod took join
i action for a bigger festival ant
1 far-reaehing results. The Vir
lginia Synod appointed a commit
1tee of FIVE from each of its tw'
Conferences with Rev. J. A. Hut
ford, President of Synod, a mem
iber ex-officio, aud the Virgins
Conference appointed a commit
Itee Of five. The former are Rev
III. J. Sherer, Richmond Rev. J
A. Morehead, D. D., Roanok
college; Rev. A. D. r. Hancher
Staunton !; Rev. J. w. Link
lStrasburg Rev. Geo. S. Bower.
D., Winchester Rev. l. Q
Woman, Shepherdsrown, Yves
Iva. Laymen-J. L. Fray. Cul
{ lpeper R. G. Conner, Staunton
T. J. Cooper, Winchester S. E
Miley. Toms Brook. The latte
are Rev. VIM. J. Finck, D. D,
and Rev. ]. Paul Stirewalt, Me-
Market Rev. L. L. Hoffman
81 Toms Brook Laymen-Dr. {
10. Miller and E. NJ. Minnicl
New Market.
/ This joint committee met i
session at Strasburg, Virgins
yIin St. Paul's Church. Octobe
: the tenth at 1870 p. M, and too
Z deliberate action. There SCENE
, Ito be a full reservoir of energ
land interest aud a fine feeling 6
friendship. Rev. J. A. Huffor
was elected president of the joir
work Rev. J. W. Link, secr'
ttary and DR.. C. O. Miller
treasurer. In order to get til
work in action a general. CON
s mittee composed of the officer
d and Revs. Finck and Stirewa1
E was set aside to appoint variou
S committees for the work. Thes
. are the committeeman chairmen
Program, Rey. Finck, D.. D.
! Time and Place, Rev. A. D. f
: Hancher /; Publicity, Rev. L. L
Hoffman; Display, E. o. Henkel
of New Market ; Finance, S. B
lMiley.
i Every Lutheran OF the Valle
: should aim to make this one o
J the blessings of life and do all il
ibis power to aid in its spirit an,
fwork. -
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1916-10-27

II Blfggins man to Be trustsdT
I'm some respects. II be owes 20
something and says he can't ply you
you can place absolute reliance h h
W6r6"-0t Louis Star.
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1916-10-27

Labor is receiving higher
wages for work than
lit has ever received in
the past. If you desire a
continuance of this, turn out
on the 18th of November and
vote for WILSON and HAIR
RISON. ct
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1916-10-27

Peace, Plenty and Prosper
ity should make every think
ing voter support WILSON
and HARRISON on Tuesday,
November 9TH. ct
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1916-10-27
new FALL and WINTER GOODS
SIS AT &@g>-
l. O G K E'S

My is full of New Fall and Winter Merchandise Onr
Goods nearly all bought at the old prices
the wise sufficient and inspect our
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1916-10-27

We have tremendous line of Boys and Mems Clothing in
Boys Suits 249 to $500, cheaper Mems
Suits S. 90 to $780, We have the exclusive on BOYS
Right Posture Clothing patent in the back Ask them
For Boys and Mems Overcoas and Macknaw Head
quarters.
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1916-10-27
Sweaters.

I bought tremendous line Of Sample
Sweaters which I am selling below the
present wholesale cost. If you need a
Sweater see me.
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1916-10-27
Shoes

We are very strong on Shoes. We car
ry the best makes of Shoes, Rice &
Hutchins, Steven Strong, Homemade
and other good makes. Our up-to-date
line of Ladies' High Cut Shoes are the
talk of the town.
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1916-10-27
Underwear.

A great assortment for the whole fam
lily at prices that will please you. All
bought before the advance.
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1916-10-27
Ladies' Ready-Made Suits S4.98 to $500.
Ladies' ClOakS $3.50 to $500.
Children'S ClOakS S1.OO to $500.
Dress Goods,

A tremendous line of all kinds of Dress
Goods, including lots of new novelty
stripes and checks, silks and satins. Al
SO complete line of Ginghams, Outings,
F'lannelettes, Percales, Galateas, Kitty
Cloths, &c
The Detroit times., 1916-02-10
Your Money S

The gist Of recent letter OF criti
cism lies IN this paragraph:
lam In sympathy with your sug-
session that the general public are
usually disappointed In their miscel-
laneous purchases Of mining stock.
hut don't swallow the proposition
that the pcssessor OF money 10 nee
essartly IN unsrring guide"
The letter came to me a. . com
ment on my article telling OF the
failure Of IN organised group Of cap
itsitsts to nnd one mine or prospect
worth developing out Of 1900 inves.
tigsted.
'Not quite fair" my article was
called Mining. contends my CORES
poudent. 10 . business Of chance. 1t
demands faith and the courage to
follow . prospect from the day OF
slight promise. Every great mine
has this history. II was made; II
didn't wait for the man Who wants
to eliminate risk from the industry"
have no quarrel with my CORES
pondent. know what be says 10
true. There 10 q mining engineer
out west. whom I know well. going
constautly from prospect to pros
psct In the interest Of . group OF
The Detroit times., 1916-02-10
Local

New York. Boston. Philadelphia and
Pittsburgh capitalists who do take
chances. They put money into one
proposition after another. One af.
ter the other. these hopes" are
abandoned, but after a while one
Is found that pays. for the engineer
out west is a good one. and an OF
timist
But no average investor could as.
ford to join this group. to suffer loss
after loss until the right conditions
turn up for making money.
Mine development is . business OF
taking chances. II should be lsit
In the hands OF those who can afford
to take chances. who can afford TO
90 on taking chances until . win
ming 10 made. and who are not Grip
pied financially II no winner 10 ever
uncovered.
For the average investor who 10
Interested In the mining business
there are legitimate OPT ,rtunities to
buy the bonds and stocks OF com.
panies already developed and run
ming under capable management. A
reasonable profit may be expected
from such investments II made
rough q sound agent acting upon
expert advice.
The Detroit times., 1916-02-10
CLEAR
The MOVIE Inn

Lieut.. John Reid and four mem.
bsrs OF the free lance squad took
the Movie Inn. . part Of the Hotel
Brunswick. at Cass and Grand Riv.
Graves. by surprise. shortly before
. o'clock, Thursday morning. There
were more than 20 couples seated
~ tables and drinking when the OF.
hcers entered, and In less than =
minutes time the place had been
cleared.
The of1eers were scarcely noticed
when they entered. but when II be-
came known who they were. there
was frensisd dash for the exits.
Drunken men and women scrambled
over each other In an effort to get
out nrst. The ofscers had singled
out ave. whose appearance had
aroused their suspicion. They were
caught. placed under arrest and
charged with being disorderly pc,
sons.
One burly fellow tried to block
the way OF the detectives. but he
was quickly disposed OF.
The raid came as the result OF q
report that the place had been open
until 4 o'clock. wednesday morn
ing. Detectives Boersig and Dono
van reported the matter. which
prompted the early morning call
Other persona also had made com
plants against the inn.
No complaint has as yet been
made against the proprietor Of the
inn for violating the liquor laws
The inn is served from q bar oper
ated under the saloon license.
The Detroit times., 1916-02-10
'BOUR.DAVIS co.
|. TO MAKE AUTOS
New Corporation Buys Site
in East Side Manufac.
turing District

The Bour- Davis Motor Car Co. 10
the latest addition TO the automo'
bile manufacturers In Detroit Bus
mess men OF Detroit and Chicago
are behind the company. which has
opened ofices at Nos. so2-so3 Fisher
arcade. pending the formulation OF
definite plans for its plant. which
will be located on the northwest cor
uer OF Kercheval-ave. and the outer
belt railroad
The site, recently purchased, -
three acres in extent, and is In the
center of the manufacturing district
now occupied by the Hudson, Chal-
mers and Continental companies. II
was bought from ". J. Connors Tor
$4,000. W W. Morrison. OF the rae
tory department of the Hannah ex-
change. negotiated the sale.
Erection OF the factory buildings.
which will provide for an initial
output OF 1000 cars a year. will be
begun at once. The door area viii
be about $4,000 square feet. The
building will be OF concrete con-
struction and OF the latest type.
The company has announced no
details as TO the model or price OF
car IL will manufacture. except that
II will be a moderate-priced. nve-
passenger machine.
The officers OF the Bour-Davis MO
tor Car Co. are: President. c. j.
Bour, Chicago: vice-president. In
charge OF sales department. c. y.
Stewart. Chicago: vice-president. In
charge OF purchasing and manufac-
turing. A. A. Gloetzner, Detroit; sec
retary and treasurer. ". j. Brown.
Detroit: operating director. r. c.
Davis. Oak Park. IN. The officers,
with ]. E. Noye. OF Chicago. consti-
tute the board OF directors Several
of the stockholders In the new com
pany are interested in the Chicago.
Duluth G. Georgian Bay Transit Co.
The Detroit times., 1916-02-10
OFFICERS CLAD
MERGER IS OFF
President of Lackawanna Steel
Says Business Has Great
ly Increased

Oficers OF the Lackawanna Steel
Co. were pleased at the breaking on
Of negotiations Tor a merser OF that
company with Cambria and Youngs-
town Sheet & Tube. says Nose Tay-
lor. vice-president OF the Lacka-
wanna.
The Lackawanna people entered
upon these negotiations several
months ago In the belief that the
merger would be of benefit TO the
company's stockholders says Mr..
Taylor.
While the negotiations we're
pending, however. the company 9
business has greatly increased and
the oficers have been OF opinion for
some time that more advantageous
arrangements than those originally
contemplated should be undertaken,
IL possible.
For this reason the company :
officers are pleased at the breaking
OF OF the negotiations.
Mr.. Taylor added that the Lacka'
wanna stockholders had never st
any time during the negotiations
cont idered a price for their stock
anything less than $50 a share. In
regard 10 the intimation from other
sources that another attempt TO re-
vive the merger deal might be made,
Mr.. Taylor was emphatic that 80 far
as Lackavanna Steel was concerned
the deal was definitely and finally
OF.
He went on TO say that a deficit
OF $500. 900 for the nrst four months
Of 1918 had not only been made up
In the succeeding eight months. but
that Q surplus big enough had been
earned In that period to show a net
balance for the year OF approx.
mately six per cent on the com
pany's stock.
Earnings In the month Of Janu
ary. he said. were the largest In the
compsny's history. and were ~ the
rate Of over IS per cent on the stock
Lackawanna Steel. Mr Taylor con
cluded. was booked up TO full ca
pacity for the balance OF this yea
at much higher prices than obtainct
In January.
The Detroit times., 1916-02-10
DANIELS URGES
BIGGER NAVY
BY UNITED PRESS.

WASHINGTON, Feb. io.-Prspar.
edneas anoat Wa urged today By
Secretary Of the Navy Daniels. prfn.
cipal speaker before the Chamber
Of Commerce Of the United statss.
A merchant marine and sn sdeQuste
navy, he declared, are the nadou's
two chief needs.
"On our fsrms we grow more than
the republic can use" be ssir. I'VE
have the right to feed the world.
And we do not propose 10 surrender
that right or permit II to be placed
In jeopardy"
The program offered by the %.
ministrstion. said Daniels, 10 q con.
structive one. n built according to
program. we viii have By 1871 ss
capital ships Of the first iipe, rs
battleships Of the second line. with
10 armored cruisers, i0s destroysrs.
17S submarines and smaller craft In
proportion.
President Wilson viii take up the
hanIer Of preparedness again to-
night at the annual dinner OF the
Chamber Of Commerce. He will
speak also OF business conditions in
the country.
The Detroit times., 1916-02-10
GIVEFAREWELL
BANQUET TO
ALONZO p. EWING

Alouxc p. Ewing, who rsttres %
assistant general manager OF the De
troit City Gss Co. to accept the vice
rresidsncy and manaSeyship OF the
new Highland Park State hank. os
Detroit. was rendered . farewell ban
Quet, "wednesday night, by msmbsrs
OF the new business department OF
the gas company. at the Board q
Commerce.
Mr.. Ewing was presented With .
gold watch. chain and knife. There
was much anxiety on the part Of
the guests and the presentation
speech was held up. when A. A.
Treadwsy discovered that the token
had disappeared. Later Il was learn.
ed that Richard c. Fowler. the new
commercial manager OF the gas COM
pany, who acted - the chairman on
entertainment. and Tresdway had
participated in . framsup. The
presentation was followed By .
sketch, How the Banker Says Yes"
in which Harry Hawkins played the
part OF Alfonso p. Ewing.
The Detroit times., 1916-02-10
E. B. Carson, Indepen.
dent, Scouts Manipu-
lation Theory
SUPPLY AND
DEMAND GOVERN
Refiners Make Up Var.
led Losses in GasO-
line, He Claims

Supply and demand are the only
two elements that are governing the
prices of petroleum products, sc
cording to Z. B. Carson. sales man
ager OF the Consumer Refining
Co. OF Chicago. who has sent a let.
ter 10 the federal trade commission
in Washington. setting forth his ex.
PLANTATION OF the causes Of the rise
in gasoline prices in the last few
months.
Because OF the recent agitation OF
independent oil men against Stand
ard Oil. his letter is OF more than
usual interest
Excerpts from Mr.. Carson's let,
ter follow:
When crude oil was practically
free-production greater than could
be cared for--the price Of crude oil
was ridiculously low. and while the
published market never reached a
lower price than 20 cents barrel
Of 4? gallons. there ere millions
of barrels purchased by various re.
liners. who were In a position imam.
cially and with adequate storage to
do so At much lower prices.
Now the condition is reversed
Due to the falling on Of crude in
Cushing field. great many renners
have been caught without a perma.
nent crude supply. This has forced
them into the market to bid for
crude. and we know OF instances
where they have bid as hi. h as 80
10 20 cents barrel above the mar
ket price.
Though not a.ec;ed n the same
manner. the consumption OF renned
oil in the last 10 or i5 years has de-
creased 10 such an snt that the
market price OF refined oil is un.
profitably low.
$50 tha; gasoline and la ricatins
oils are the only products from
which the renner can get the full
cost of his raw material. manufac'
turing cost, depreciation. market
ing cost and investment mainte'
nance.
The commission will readily see
in this letter that 75 per cent oi
the products OF a refinery under
present conditions are sold at a
loss OF not less than s1.65 On every
barrel of ~ gallons. not consider
Ing that to this must be added the
five per cent loss in distillation
cost of manufacturing, marketing
depreciation. etc.
1T will readily be seen that these
refneries have but 20 per cent oi
their products left TO Overcome al
these various losses. and this q
per ce-t IL gasoline.
Materials such su:phuric acid
caustic soda, litharge and sulphur
which are used largely ir the manu-
fact re OF gasoline aud other pc
troleum products, have increased
more than 800 per cent In price In
the last year.
The Detroit times., 1916-02-10
EMPLOYERS
CONFERENCE
HERE FEB. IL

The Michigan Employsrs' Compen.
sation conference. which will meet
Feb. IL. In Hetei 6tatler. viii dts
cuss amendmsnts 10 the working.
mems compensation act, and varied
problems that hare recently arisen.
Large manufacturer OF the state
gather for the conference. They are
those who have chosen TO carry their
own risk under the act. The presi-
don't II J. NJ. Eaton. manager Of the
welfare department OF the Cadillac
Motor Car Co. and Leslie B. Robert
son. general attorney Of the Ford
Motor Co.. In secretary-treasurer
The Detroit times., 1916-02-10
CONTINENTAL
UP Is POINTS
Rumors Of Substantial Divi-
dend Circulate In Detroit
Stock Exchange

Continental Motors went from 2s2
to s0s. Thursday morning, and caus'
ell some excitement on the Detroit
stock exchange. Two Wednesday
sales were reported At $40. and 30S
was bid at the opsning. Thursday.
Members Of the exchange were be
sieged with requests for the stock.
but there was no offering. Thursday.
A rumor Of . substantial dividend
about March I was generally circu.
lstsd during the morning. This was
given - . probable cause Of the
sudden rise.
Others said that the stock had
returned TO regular basis. as II
had beer selling lower than ether
high grade stocks
A. II. Zimmerman, secretary and
treasurer Of the Continental Motor
Co. yentured the latter as the rea-
son for the jump. but said be had no
knowledge Of any contemplated divI
eeod declaration.
The Detroit times., 1916-02-10
1916 OUTLOOK
FOR COPPER
is CHEERFUL

Recent returns made by all the
copper refiners and selling agents
of the United States are the basis
for a report that the production Of
refined copper in the United States
In 1915 was I.652,775,s22 pounds.
The stock on hand Dec. 81. 1914, was
1862 .5S5.s .ss3 pounds; the stock on
hand Dec. 81. 1915. s4,s6s,3so pounds.
Basins their conclusions on the
historical fact that copper consump-
tion and prices rise after great wars,
persons familiar with the copper
situations look for the real boom In
copper shortly after the close OF
the war. when the work OF recon
struction begins in Europe.
This q In the face OF the tact that
American copper profits so far this
year have been beyond all records.
According TO the New York Com.
mercial, II 10 estimated that Amer.
lean copper companies will earn
$500. .0d0 900 net profits In 1915,
based on the average price OF copper
In the month OF January-23 "a
cents a round.
The price Of copper is DOW about
2s cents q pound. compared with
Il IL cents month ago. At the
present price. indicated pronts In
1916 exceed 100000.
The figures are based on an esti.
mated production OF 2.032.000. 900
pounds at an average cost Of s34
cents q round.
The Detroit times., 1916-02-10
MISS C0WIE and
STAFF TO REMAIN
Present Officers of Y. NJ. c. A.
Will Be Reelected
Thursday Night

II Is expected that Miss Christine
Cowie. president OF the Y. W. c. A.
and her assisting ofYicers will all bSI
returned 10 once for a second tsrm
In the annual meeting OF the asso{
citation. TO be held Thursday even
ing. These officers include Mrsk
Oren Scotch. vice-president. rel
lisious work department.: Mrs. Al
G.. Angel. vice-president. business
department; Mrs. A. P. Brush. vicsk
president. educational department !
Miss Julia z. Russell. vice-presidentk
social department; MIss Heisr(
Keep. vice-presidert. extension del
partment: Miss Jean E. Hutchind,
vice president. city service DEPART
ment: Mrs. Walter X Parker. vice.
president. girls department; MrIk
q. w. Pendleton. treasurer: Mr4
]. n. Lydsy. recording secretary,
and Mrs. George v. Gambler. corrsd|,
ponding secretary. \
The applications for tickets foh
the annual banquet and meeting ard
pouring In. and II Is certain thai,
many :: the later applicants musI
be turned away, as only 400 tickstia
are available p
The Detroit association has nevsis
seen such q keen interest ~ existf
among all CLASSES OF its MEMBER al1
Is bei.g shown in the jubilee celts1
brstion. which opens tonight snfj
will continue in a round Of fesu'(
ity until the close Of February
marking the fiftieth year Of the Mi
tional association. The work Of thf1
local association. according to tn
reports Of the 30 secretaries. ID
q most nourishing condition. .
In the annual meeting this eve4J
ing. pageants and tableaux will il
iustrats the development Of the ditJ
ferent branches Of the work. .
The Detroit times., 1916-02-10
F75se1ode i FINANCIAL AND MARKET NEWS T Local


DETROIT Feb. io.--wheat opened
Hc hieher In the Detroit market Chi
cs 70 was nrin and the Liverpool mar
ket did not follow the Ap1eriesn De.
cline OF Wednesday: OPENING prices
Thursday: Cash No. red wheat
si.,i H NsE H.'s; July si.s'' No.
The corn market held steady With
n sood demand, but weakened and Is
easy at 1sHc for cAsh No. 3 ssc Tor
No. yellow and 7she for No. yell
Oats are dull and easy st Sic for
standardf soc for cash No, , white
and 4. y 9<sMc for No. white.
Rye Is dun and easy At si'0i Tor
Beans are easy At $3.50 for imme.
date, prompt and February shipment
and sass for March.
cloverseed 4: hrm at ta,s s ,os
Si0.?S for prime alsike.
Timothyseed Is quiet NJ 1870 Tor
Grain receipts at Chicago Thurs:
corn and f0i OF oats
The May deal In Chicago opened
Thursday at Sissq l.ash corn at
ffxc and oats at 1< q eisSe.
Liverpool wheat closed unchanged
and corn lss 9aHd higher.
CHICAGO GRAIN.
Wheat: May, up &c. July. UP nc.
Corn: May. up &C; July. up iSe-
Oats: May. up &c; July. up &c
Provisions, higher