davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-02-20
NEWS OF RIOT D D
HerItn Letter says serious Fight
Ina u streets Was <Ot Published.

FAIRS. Jan. CO.. letter written from
Berlin ON January . has fallen into the
hands Of the Liborte and has been
printed telling of struggles in the streets
OF Berlin on the last day OF 1915 and On
New Years Day. in which shots were
hred. The writer OF the letter says he
was on both occasions shut IN the house
or hotel. with all blinds and doors open
ing or the front closed and police guard
ing to see that no ore looked out
There was not n word in any OF the
pa pers following the vents The writer
states that he asked "A chauffeur who
drove him what had happened. n the
chauffeur became very frightened and
said, "a great many fell, hut it is uo.
10 he talked about"
II was also reported, the writer says,
that there We're disturbances At tho
krupp works. and a. Frankfort ON Main
and OfenhaCh,
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-02-20
p. TELLS OF CAPTIVITY
ON AUSTRIAN u BOAT
Capt. A. S. Wilson, Taken Prisoner in Mediterranean
Describes How He Shared Peril of Teutons
in Undersea Attacks.

before. Their boat ran asno' IA a log
and they landed or - small is,did and
,udcaN"rct 20 defend ,hc!r boa from
III" Austr,tns. They prevented them
getting IT, and ihc Austrians We're
"h.-rd To- destroy IL. The French hal
t"o men Killed and one az TWO wounded
and behaved with the greatest -ailantry
and wcr" ,umplimented by the Austrian
commander They wee capital fellow =
and We quit" e%ujoNed their society
'tU December y W. left the fortress
IN "a" early morning ana went 10y train,
passing thruuSh SeraJrvo and budapest.
arriving ~ Vienna after travelling we
hiShts ana three days W. d.nad VITA
u officer at The station and wished him
goodbye. thanking INN very sincerely
for AL his k'udness
Mas We We're then 30 mud our
SELVES no; SO comfortable, as We are
me-" ''Nldlue IN an ordinary prison. in Il
room mat has been ~i'lo;tci to Officer
prisoners of war fortuuatrly Ne have
II 10 ourselves, uu' We are not allowed
HE Ties, W" hay. had ~ 10 the present
even newspapers. winch We had been
t.I"N"i Al, the tIue, u cot Napier
translated ~splcrdldlS. shall he all
right. avn afraid there al" others n
'"N grave danger than am
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-02-20
REIGN OF TERROR
REPORTED IN LILLE
Germans. Dropping C%onrilia-
tory Methods. Said To OPP
press the People.
>p,,,H ro,,>,pondrnc, 70 THs srv.

IaNpnN. F.,h a reign OF terror
and particularly IN the great industrial
city Of Lille. according 1" correspond
enc" received in his city. The Ger
mans. i, is said. have abandoned the
idea OF inducing the French population
to accept the German domination. and
FOR this reason are no longer seeking
to conciliate those who are convinced
that Ia. day OF the final defeat of the
Germans is AZ hand
An interesting report regarding the
actual situation - contained III 4 Ie''ef
received by the Uorntno Post. from
which the following extracts are taken
"rhc city has issucl $4,000, 900 francs
ItlAo00. OoOI ~ local paper currency,
running down to Cardboard disks rep
resent.ng fractional currency. Finah-
cial transactions can b. made on COM
paratively easy terms with the 'redt du
Nord by people in need of money. 50 that
prople Of good position do not appar-
entity lack ready cash, but II IL
there are many cases or terrlhlo d'lilNa-
ton concealed through family pride
Tie hanks ALLOW W lll'lt NV iAN hll''' vi
rent accounts. but pay only in the local
papcr currency Of the own They also
pav the poor people their French mo-
hiliZation allowances, n there are
giants for those thrown out of employ
rneut or whose property has been dam
aged. II Is not true that the banks
have been sequestrated.
'rhe inhabitants of Lille and the in
vadcrs live side 10y side but do not
minglc. They mutually ignore each
other. This Of course applies to better
class people, for the lower classes are
less aloof
"I'nr weeks at "A time an edict may
be enforced combining US 10 our homes
after ) T.. NJ, nor may we stand at our
doorwaSs or have a window open on
pain of imprisonment even for a miu-
utr'S iufraCtion.
w" hear the unS continually and
sometimes rife fire, The hig guns at
Euglos make "A frlghtful noise. Arm"u-
there's and Tprcs @ loudly, IRE
mosques, La Bassoc and Lens less SO,
according TO distance and the stat" Of the
atmosphere. Many townspcople have
been killed and wounded by German
projcctiles fred NJ the aircraft that
come over. so when the aeroplanes APP
pear We all go indoors. The German
fire always appears ~unavailing.
'Fluur H. distributed Ia the bakers
by the American Relief Commission. bu,
the htkers can only deliver bread TO
special shops, where 1t IL rctailed to the
public at % ccutimes Is cents) a pound,
but good whit" bread costs so francs
$50 hts u half pound loaf The bread
ration has now been reduced to half "a
pound a head daily, One one can easily
eat the whole of II for breakfast, and
so for the rest Of the day he content
with hariro, beans, dried peas and rice
provided by the American Committee ;
but We have all eaten 50 much of these
tina We will never eat them again in
our lives, Potatoes HAY" been all re-
QUESTIONED and are unuhtainablc by
civilians. Good table butter, meat on
the hone and ham cost 10 francs C:)
a ki,o. Vegetables and groceries are cX-
ceedingly dear. An egg costs <6 cen-
times q cents),"
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-02-20
FOKKERS BELCH CONE
OF FIRE AT AIR FOES
Dutch Inventor Of German
Filler Perfected Control Of
spiral Speeding.
SPECIAL corcespondsn to rur SUI

InNpoS Feb. "A description ~
IN. Vow German Fokker aeropiane has
already been given I'm cable dispatches
10 THE SvN. hut tn" t,tts sAid 20 nave
been achieved by this new war Weapon
are 50 important that additional details
Will undoubtedly ne found OF interest,
The following Information on the subject
is supplied by the aviation expert of the
Manchester G"roluH.
"Miiuhetr fokksr l. \ n~u',huan
about % or ., years % age who has
we'd I'm Germany for many Years and
who was one of the tirst aviators In
GERMANY. About lGil or 1912 he built
a se!'d looking uncaps.lahle monopIdne
which few quite well long before the
scientists of other countries had pu'
their theories into practice and had pro-
duced the inherently stable hiplanes Of
which so much has been heard IN this
country,
"The new fohkers are the very on
post. To the makers ea"ly cnort. They
are designed "a he absolutely undcr the
control of the pilot IN every position,
This is what makes them such danger
ous opponents, as they can
with ,ghtning sneed II general appear
anCe they are alnro>t exact copies % the
French Morare monOplane.
Most OF the engines are 'itiri with
teherursel rotary engines, wh.,h are a
German copy of the Gnomc. They 1--WE
about ITO horsepower ia ia horse
power. and C~onsequent,5, although the
machine is not very efficient in its de-
sign, II IS forced through the AR al ;rc-
mendouS speed and can climb a. an
alarming rate
Most Of these machines carry a pas
senger In front, who works t machine
gun. hut others have a u fixed on the
toy OF the engine and Nr.nC through the
propeller cor rather III" tractor screw.
to be ~tcnAu!caily correct, In the latter
ease III" gun is aimed ny Stcerlnp he
whole %aeroplane to suit, like .Iudson's
hatjruu Guuhoat IN Mr. kipliug's story.
The f~avor.tc nr.thOi OF attack * for
the Fokkrr 70 get up h,gh-to abou,
l.5o" feet -" So-aud hang around tin
one OF the Allies machines appears be.
low Then, Il Of the fixed gun tNpe. tho
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-02-20
PARIS THEATRES HARD HIT.
Drop ThrOunh War
Notion Pictures Eirst to Vccoxer.

fAEtS. jar. 2d.-All Paris entertain.
n'his pay u tax of - per cent. on their
receipts, known ~ he Right Of the
iuo',' which j. PAID over to the Az.
S'sianC" I'uhliquc. tine bod, which is
responsible for poor relief, This organI-
eaton IS authorized tp check al ths,ir,
tak'nrs and 10 his way an official return
Is published ~ 1ll money received hv
theatres concerts. music halls, cir,uscs
'SNn'incS. motion picture theatres aul
museums.
tive total sun received for laIi, FMS,
published, was s>.3o0.0o0. a drop Of
nearly 10 per cont. The receipts at the
four Theatres receiving II ipvcrumont
grant were; or" a, Si65,ioU Opera
'"'u,qU", s361.iou ComcdIc Frtuca So.
s@?2 GOA, ana bdcuu, S7l.2Uu
Th" forty four theatres, hig ard snail.
p"pu Al ana select. which rar,S owns.
'"'e'N"d S2,Nl'.'oo. rs against 6.2a7.ou0
Ten music halls received sl,07i 0oO. as
compared with Sl,6tG 0Ou circuses.
skating halls and various attractions Ike
the Big Wheel received sea-, oO0. to
which the Big Wheel contributed over
$91,oO0.
The war was very bad for dancing
nails, reducing their receipts from $3.50.
600 - >l3,,nun The bal Taharin headed
the LIST with s3I 1000, the Moulin Rouge
WIS second with S25,oO0. then Magic
'!ty, $4,000, and the Hal Butler,
sl5,9oO.
The motion pictures stood the brunt
best uf AL, AS they were the III 81 enter.
t%aiuu"u'S to reopen after the declara-
tion Of war, Their receipts for thirty
seven halls fen from sl,T3l. 900 to
sl.6iG.hon, or less than -, per cent.
Paris prih"s itself on being "A musical
,itN ih,t ia, slun,,v, ,,i.,, a., ,,
kuoAu CELESTIAL concerts appraIs small
compared to III" foregoing iigur.s. Tho
i.amourcuN concerts received so3, iUO.
the colonue concerts SEQ, 500 and the
Conservato'rc concerts SEQ 700, or ~
r~r cent, less han In 1919
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-02-20
Special Correspo adencs to TUX srS.

CoPsNHAcEN. Jan. 90 Surprising ma
New vora city. with IT. population u s.
little more thar Ave millions. nae a King
VINO boosted sever palaces. a standing
army Of s0.o00. besides its police force.
we houses II Parliament and all the
necessary bu, buriensome machinery OF
national Government. what would the al
ready overtayed taxpayers say Vet
Denmark, with = population Of only
1900. 00o, individually and collectively
no: nearly rs wealthy as the residents
OF New York, supports this immense
weight me seems on the surface TO 10
content.
New York city's annual budget in 1918
mountc - about siss. o0O. 900. which
IL much greater than the annual budget
OF Denmark. Five and "A quarter mill.
ions. al Of them workers earning. gen.
orally speaking. good wages. or men 6.
means. including many m~.ll'onaires, pay
the S19s.ooo. oOO or more required an
nually. while in Denmark, where three
ifths Of the population are N agri-
culturists. where there are no large man
ufactures. in fact. almost no manufaC-
lures al all. 3.o0o. 900 people pay s3c.-
,l1,tl5 annually.
The Danes are easy going people they
love leisure and care little for the exist
cnce known In Europe as the American
life. with It's hustle and hustle. We, to
snow tina; the Dane is not content with
his lo, and has not been content for "A
long time. let me say hat AS ong <
as iSiS agitation was begun for a new
na:ionai constitution which would shear
the King Of his power. abolish the priv
LEGGED position Of capital. and put the
rc'ns Of government into the hands OF
the common people.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-02-20
WAR ROBS VIENNA'S
COFFEE OF FLAVOR
1850 Cafes in Capital Of Aus.
tria Hard Hit by Govern
ment VetOes.
BAN on POPULAR CAKES
~ DIR. WOLF VON sCmIERBRAND

NJ DN. VlsF ~ III u u D1t y y -
VIENNA. Jan. 1c-The Vienna coffee
houses are not having as good
times as formerly. The war is inter-
fering more and more with their pros
perity. Here the coffee house is. above
all. what the name implies-a place
where coffee OF various degrees "
quality, though for the mos, part ex-
c~ellent. IL consumed at leisure. The
customer can have a small dam OF
brandy o: cordial with IL, a cigar after.
or a cold mouthful. even a bottle of bee
or ale or wine Hut all this IS excep-
tional. Nine out Of every ten merely
drink coffee.
One by one restrictions hav come
during this war. And quite recently
have grown to a state not reached since
the town was last bcsiegcd by the
Turks In 1888. OF the main ingredient,
coffee. there is still enough on hand.
but It IL old. the beans are dried IN ami
have lost their pungcncy in the roasting.
Even when fresh ground IL has no per-
ccptihle odor. New supplies are not
Forthcoming II seems. At least there is
coffee galore. and not ovcr'NpensiNr-
about % cents per pound for inferior
grades. 60 to so cents for superior. I,
Is otherwise With rcaW. mix. cakes.
pctits fours. crisp rolls-all these things
which here both men and women prize
with their cup of Mocha.
Black coffee is drunk scarcely at all.
The variety most ia vogue is termed
''melangc." o.. coffee with plenty q
cream AMI a top cap OF tNc sam"
whipped. The Government. however. ow-
ing to the great scarcity Of cows and milk,
has lately forbidden. on pain Of heavy
penalties. mixing cream or milk with
coffee. Then every product ~ woett
-four I'm the shape Of rolls. cake. g.
Is likewise prohibited IN tc r Nee
houses. And because Of this and several
other similar vctocs despair has settled
on the Office houses. \. storm r" . ten
pot-a3y. worse-in a coffeepot. For
what pcer Is to the man Of Munich coffee
L. to the Nisnnesc-but coffee as hc likes
a.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-02-20
OF ROYAL DIGNITY
DENMARK'S HEAVY LOAD
Tax Burden Borne by a Population Much Less Than New
York City's-Changes in Constitution, Giving More
Power to People, Delayed by War.


states OF Europe on the part OF IDEAL
ists. hut one cannot help believing that
he time vii, come when such a reor-
sanitation Of European Governments is
u probability.
The new Danish constitution strike
at The centre OF the whole fabric of
royal privilege, and should 1t accomplish
what Its most radical supporters hope
for a great step toward placing the
Governments Of Europe in the hands VI
the people OF Europe will have been
made.
Denmark, standing on the threshold
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-02-20

There are In Vienna about $500 coffee
houscs-largc and small, elegant mi
eordid and shabby SOM that sod FOR
s0o ,0oo kronen ,S.2n.uon, before the
war. Others. that could he had for about
$500. There is a plac. on Alseu street
where IN normal DAYS Noi could call for
any newspaper Of vote printed any
where in the wnrld-the Aneri AN
publications being amcnr the fivorites-
and where you could loll in cosey club
chairs and order any snr. of mixed
drink. wine. liquor or beer, London
cigarettes or fresh Havana c.gars. There
are probably l5O 10 200 coffee houses NJ
similar comfort. some with upholstered
chairs and divans, lighted and furnished
Ike the smoking room OF a first class
American club.
In places of his sort there are. even
IN war time, regular daily concerts. even
twice a day. by eVrsy bands or Singers
or real artists. But several Of these
coffee house magnatcs have had 10 shut
mp SHOP OF late. the wa mas Killed their
business. Many nther9 ucrhaps -"
majority. are going on. despite all din
culties. at a daily loss. For owners ~
su IN places are usually capitalists Of
no near rank. one OF :hen. a n
corner IL busy kacrntner street. ed
a fortnight ago. He left an estate va.ued
a. about four millions.
Then. OF course. there are the places
OF the second. third and fourth rank,
Here a cup Il coffee costs as l'ttl" as 10
hellers @ cents), or even IL hellers. and
the only newspapers YOU see pn the dingy
tables are coffee stained editions OF the
day before Yesterday. Eu,. high or low.
expensive or cheap, each of these coffee
houses Is a social centre-one might even
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-02-20

Club life is. nun-eXistent here. So the
men meet at these ronee houses 10 talk
over their business, to conclude bargains,
70 talk politics. to play cards. dominoes.
or billiards or bowl in IN. basement
They read the newspapers and periodi-
CABS there, they and thcir families meet
friends. with their families. too And
the womeu-eXactly the same. In Ger
many they drink their afternoon coffee
q. home or else women invite their fe-
male friends to meet them In their own
Pour walls. Here the wives meet at a
certain table in a certain coffee house
o. the ne!ghborhood, TO pavtako Jointly
leach at her own eNperSe' or coffee or
chocolate, cake and coufec'ions, and TO
gossip, gossip. gossip to their hearts
content.
Many of them. too. have formed
"tarock' clubs ,tarocl being the IA
vori'c Austrian garne of cards., or else
regular gambling circles. \ couple OF
days ago III. court mere rantc a divorce
70 an aggricved husband because his
spouse sat through every afternoon AT a
certain coffee house losin. her house
bold money IN a certain game Of chance.
Aud the wife. IN defending herself, said
'Times are long past IN Vienna when
Only husbands were allowed to gamble"
Well, there they ST, ho:h Wcu and
women. Of every class. day after day,
year after ysar. That is such II was
until recently. And nothing has SO
raspcd the 'cmper OF the averaP" Nien-
reese as the fact that even this time hon-
ored custom il now BENZ iufriug.d upon
ny reason Of the war. For. Of course,
the hundreds of thousands 80 Vienna men
who are lighting ~ the front are missed
greatly a. the coffee houses. The alb
stncs OF their trad, tells on the recripts.
or course. But even so-uuti the s'riu-
gest new rules went into effect. the cot
fee houses were still crowied and pass
ing by their big windows at might YOU
could s,iil perceive the coils Of grayi,h
cigarette smoke swirling in 'hs electric
light, To-day II Is different or course,
the Vienna people might drink tea with
~mon or run. IN the Russian fashion.
out they don't Ike tra-rhry cill II
"~colored water"
However, on. c~afetier | spoke to on tn.
matter--the envilblr owner Of a place on
the Grahen-said TO me. MY guests
come to hear II bit Of good music and To
gossip with their frieuds-the rest. be II
coffee or what not, they are indIferen,
to"
And that describes, no doubt. the attl-
tudc Of mind Of many thousands her,
who sin visit tn" coffee houses. Again
the Nicnn"se Is not eager for work. He,
III TACT, ik.s his east, Tie prefers sit
ting around III. coffee house All III. after,
room 'not a few do II all day long)
rather than working, toiling. slavin,
for a few heller or kronen, Az the cas-,
may he.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-02-20
LIEBKNECHT LAUDED
AS STURDY FIGHTER
Socialists Throughout III.
World Admire Stand in
the Reichstag.
DEFIED THE CHANCELLOR
Special Cor,esponds nee 10 rur sry

Special Corrssponds nee 10 THE sty
LONDON. Feb. 5.--The courage vr
which Dr.. Kari L%iebknecht. the SOCIAL,
leader. has deied the German Reichs,.,
eve since the beginning OF the war b,,
been the subject OF much praise from
Socialists and other admirers throgs5.
out the world.
Comparatively youns-he was bo-,
in LeipsiH on August 10. 1s7i-p, k,s
Llebknecht IL famous throughou, III.
world as the n man WHO dared Va
stand up in the Reichstag and d~eaource
the German war in It's earliest stage,
only recensly he assumcd a Ike at',.
tude in the Reichstsg, demanding "a.
PLANTATION of Germany's purposes In the
war. In August, 1914. hc concluded a
speech in which he announced his in,,r.
tion of voting against the war credit
and II other member of the Soclals'
party. Ledebour, voted with him
Dr. L.iebknecht II II medium t.ig
with the slightly bowed shoulders Of tie
student and with kindly gray .hluc e.,'
behind the specttcles that he dlw. Y.
wears. lie is "A doctor of law, mem',r
Of the German bar and Was e ton
councillor before he cnte,ed the German
Parliament. His courage" add reto.i.
~tionarv tendencies ar" Inherited from
his father. Wilhelm. who for his tsrt 20
tho Baden insurrectiou Of lNiN-a mad 20
take refuge in switzerland and Eng.
land, returning TO Germany IA 1856?
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-02-20

The extraordinary ~choapness of poo
tatoes in the above table should bc noted
This Is due to the fact that Germany j.
Hooded with potatoes. which they are
using extensively ~ bread making. Also
they are feeding them 10 thcIr 'iNo stock.
so that they need no supply from out
side. Denmark likewise. being an agri-
cultural country, produces potatoes In
great number Consequently the marke,
is flooded Another item worthy OF mo-
tice is that IN this premier butter pro-
ducing country Of the world this product
is as nigh as in the hes New Nork
stores. Germany mas been importing
"a large quantity of Danish butter from
which oil Is extracted.
Particularly since the beginning OF the
war Denmark has imported from the
United States large quantities Of -four
because the American product - regarded
as the ts,st ON the market and fully as
cheap as that sent from Russia. But the
principal article Of importation from
America is cottonseed cakes. These
come into the countrN IN large consign-
ments and are used as fodder \ large
business IN this product has been built
nm
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-02-20
Caeeer In Vcich>tar.


Two ,ears later Wilhelm Lie. .ro,s'
was elected TO the North g 'rUa r..
lament. Wilhelm voted against vtr
credits eve. IS his Sou ma done. a.l
while undergoing two years impr,o..
rcnt FOR an article attaching Esrir
i N the DemokrdtiSchoS Wochcuilov 10
was elected To the Ecichstag and vs
a member for nearly twe'tN-'i>' tf.
During his editorsh.p az ort'Po's.
1895. lie was sentenced to four lca's
Imprisonment FOR lcse maj"et'
Among the electors of hot-itn. nI.u
py. Kari IicbkarCht represents d. tie
Reichstag. is the Kaiser. AID thor" ,
bitter irony in the fact That Oh" strong.
est opponent Of the imperial po,i,' stou!
he the Socialist mcmhe- against Hhon
the Emperor ostentatIousiy east his N"'-
At the last election.
DR.. l%.iebknecht does not stand alone
as the months pass h. power ard
strength increase. ard h cNp"d is -.
dag the policy of a large rnm"' OF q"
German people. The socialist part! .
the Rcichstdg nuWu,rs ll' W'i''i'
and the major!tv-nuc may "a re
overwhelming majority. los to '"''I
the first war cTcdi ~ q defence hr''
Russia. though soon aft" ioln H''''
Etlu NtlfA sNhNAtAh 49,
the war and that Geimt.y was To- nltH"
for not .N,rciSiug restrictive rl'--t'
o. her ally. In l~.cnkn"ch;- policy =
eXprcs-.d IA THESE words taken II @ a
speech made in the RciclstaS
This war. which non. OF the r. 2
involved desired. was no start. 70
the benefit OF the German or Il" .N'
people. 1t Is an imperialls' "t ID
war Tor capitalist domination - 20
world. This war j. not = dvicn- .' N'.
for Germany. Its historical. ..f
and the succeeding cNe.'s snake
possible for us TO trust a ,aiHlf '
when 1t declares tHat o. '
the defenC. OF the country tu"t
for credits.
"A peace made ~ 80"
and which will humil.tte 80 ' '- Mo
must be demanded. Nj ruoii 1855
direction should be suppoliri
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1916-04-07
CLASS HOME COMING.

A home coming conducted by the
Covenant bible class of the First Meth
odist church last evening in the social
rooms was tremendous success, close
to $50 members and former members
accepting the invitation to the affair.
The rooms were decorated in the class
colors, red and white, carnations be-
ing used chiefly to carry out the
scheme An informal program was
given, the class teacher, F. X. Rhoads,
giving the address of welcome to which
Mrs. Moberg fittingly responded. Miss
Athel Lindorff pleased with harp solos,
Mrs. Murriel Lindorff gave an interest
ing history of the class since its Or
ganization, Mrs. ]. c. Bodewig read a
number of letters from members out
Of town and Mrs. William Paulsen gave
a clever class prophecy TO close the
program. Miss May Smith of kewanee
and Mrs. Moberg of Topeka, Kan, were
present for the affair Later a time
Of delightful sociability was passed
and elaborate refreshments were
served Members were given small
silk badges on which were printed the
name of the class and the date of or
ganization.