davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The sun., 1916-10-08

moulders ,smdii plougnsnares) placed
in front of the seeding coulters TO
make burrows about four inches deep.
below which the coulters SOW the seeds.
When the seedlings have three small
blades the cou!ters and moulders are
removed and the first set OF forks is
put into position and the %,illercr is
drawn along the lines with the forks
pressing sufficiently on the ridges to
restore about half the soil in them to
the burrows. nearly burying the little
plants. When those plants have again
grown three or four blades the second
set of forks is put in and is used to
restore the rest OF the soil, thus filling
W the burrows.
In early spring III" m%ouldcrs. with
u tho coul;crs. can hc used tn make
sight furrows, about two inches deep.
where n ridges were. throwing tn.
raised sol. over the root OF the plants
On each side. and So %carthing them up
and making slight ridges where the
burrows wer. AT first. This refreshes
the soil, and may destroy many weeds
Just beginning their growth.
The sun., 1916-10-08
INSECTS ARE ALMOST
AS SAVAGE AS MEN

rush from their homes. men. women
ana children. and the ants take ros-
session: Don all the houses of that
village are cleaned OF fiics. iieas,
scorpions. snakes. rats.
Many insects render important SER
vices to mankind as they search for
subsistence. The hunter ants really
clean up the huts Of the natives. better
than a human c:eaning squad could.
Some parasites are Of great service
to man for they have to kill many
enemies OF mankind in order to sup
port life and keep their young alive.
Many of the beetles are in this class.
being d%estroyers OF Insects that harm
vegetation.
The Calosoma sycophanta Is a very
beautiful species Of the coleoptcra. ar
mored in gold. ruby and emerald. 1t is
the OGRE which destroys the parasites
OF the oak and pine trees, cnetho-
Campa prucos s.ifea dnd I'ytiueampn.
These parasites have large nest which
they leave when they go Ia feed. pass
ing in long lines. with Il leader AZ tho
head OF the procession. Along M
Mr.. Calosoma and the procession is
scattered while the p%aradc;s are torn
10 bits. Meanwhile Mrs. Colosseum has
taken possession OF the nest and is
busily engaged destroying the eggs.
The .uuu!sitor, a cousin of this beau
The sun., 1916-10-08

tiful ca,osoma, although n little small
er, is just as great a protector OF nj
fine trees. as II feeds upon the para
sites which II finds on the branches OF
young oaks or in the NOSES at the
roots OF trees.
Black beetles of various kinds prove
their value to the trees by digging
around the roots. even when they are
only In the lHrval stage. and devour.
ing the carthworms. which are sure to
do great damage unless stopped. In
fact beetles. like knight errGnts OF old,
are engaged in eternal warfare with
the enemies OF the agricul,uraiists.
The golden beetles show "A decided pre-
dilcction for c~ockchafers. and do not
hesitate to attack them. ven when
larger than themselves.
The tiger beetle tCicindela campes-
tris) is as b~loodthirsty as the ground
beetles. seizing in flight flies, small
coleoptcra. butterflies. &C. In its early
stages this willy beetle uses guile to
catch the prey II requires for sustain
ing life. II digs q little well. holding
it's head So as to cover the opening,
just AT the earth level. II any insect,
an ant. for instance. passes that way.
the head is withdrawn and the insect
falls into the hole. where 1t becomes
the prey Of the cunning hunter.
The glow worm d.ampiris noCti-
luca). which seems 81 ~inoficns.ve in
the beautiful summer evenings. while
in the larval state, prcys upon snails
especially. eating their flesh and then
living in their shells. 50 as to be safe
until il has passed into aduL Me.
II | have spoken II ants as being
savaG and well organized. the same
may be said OF their near relatives. the
bees. with good reason. They are
model workers indeed, and are not
comhativr. unless they or their hiv
are attacked. but then they fight our
ageous~.
They even show cruelty nj one stage.
In tho struggle for existence they feel
called upon tn sacrifice all useless
mouths. When there are no more
flowers To be robbed, If the stored up
food does not seem To be enough to
feed all in the hive. they pitilessly
stab all OF the males who up to that
time have lived laZily and peacefully
with them. They give no quarter:
soon hundreds ~ bodies lie about and
are thrown out OF the hive. The fatal
law OF self protection has compelled
them to put aside all useless mouths,
all who do not work to live.
The wasps. second cousins to the
bees, establish communal homes or
nests in common, in which the young
are to be raised. Those having the
The sun., 1916-10-08

These operations. by raising the
level OF the soil. assist the natural
faculty by inducing fresh roofing and
fresh stems
The manifestation this ear at
Ashurst of the natural power inherent
in wheat that is disable 10y man il more
encouraging than startling. because
the past winter was unfavorable FOR
experiment. War conditions delayed
the sowing: and not long after the
sowing winter wet ret In. n damp
soil for five months kept horses of
h ground In the judgment Of the
farmer. Therefore the normal ti,lering
process was not used as intended. but
only the very simplest method Of il.
THE increase Of produce 10y "tillercr
sown wheat IL generally in three
classes, and in each class according To
the method used: l-lucrcasc in num-
Der Of ears. = Increase IN averaI"
'"ngth Of ears, amour ears ii all sizes.
in the plot compared with those in tie
control plot: tai spr.ns s"wu wheat
and incomplete Recommendations half
an inch. 90 autumn >owu ami the
simplest method about thrcc-c!ghths
Ut an inch. 3-StruuGcr roofing, pro-
venting the plants lying down in bad
weather"
The sun., 1916-10-08

perlence~ and the secrets that stir its
individuality.
We know that an ant community Is
made up OF mothers-somctimes there
Is only one-workers. soldiers and
slaves. The art is intelligent. hard
working and combative. There are
continuous wars between the ant hills
of one species of ants and those OF
other species: these wars are very
bloody.
The aim Of the var Ia pllage. The
conquerors take away the larve Of
the defeated and carry them to their
hill, to furnish them with a supply
Of slaves. They have terrible weapons
which they use relentlessly. The
Terramorium carp!tum use stings and
poison against their enemies. The
giant ant. Cambonctus herculaneus.
uses his jaws with which he brushes
the heads. cuts the Threats. or tears
of the legs OF his enemies. mut!.atlng
horribly when he does not kill out
right.
One South American species. which
IL c~arn!vorous. and is called the hunter
ant. travels in inrumerablc swarms.
as II migrating, and attacks cJurag-
cous.y both Mrge. and small animals.
These ants attack reptiles, other in
sects. and mammals alike. When the
natives sec their advance guard, they
The sun., 1916-10-08
KEEPING BLOOD ALIVE.
IT . secure an ineNhaustiblc store OF
good blood IL one Of the great

II . secure an ineNhaustiblc store OF
good blood IL one of the great
aims Of advanced physicians to-
day, for they recognize the fact that
healthy blood serum even though not
conveying any special immunity. aids
greatly in strengthening the organism
and reinforcing 1t TO the point where
il can throw of toxins.
Drs. Rous and Turner, experiment
ing in one of Great Britain's hospitals.
have succeeded in keeping the blood Of
rabbits alive for two weeks after 1t
was drawn from the body Of tLe
nrimal. The red blood corpuscles lived
for n fortnight in mixtures OF blood.
sodium citrate, saccharosc and water,
and TRANSMISSION experiments showed
that the rc~introduCed ~corpuscles re-
manned in circulation and function.
II is hoped that they will be able to
do the same with human blood,
Should they succeed, every hospital
would he able always to have on hand
70 supply e healthy human blood
ready for any TRANSMISSION operation.
The truth os the ancient Biblical
phrase, "the blood H. the life" IL being
demonstrated more and more day
by day, and with the pcrfecting OF
the processes of keeping the blood and
utilizing ii for those who require the
life giving fluid great advances are
promised for the work of those physi'
clans who recognize the valuo Of in
PRODUCING good. rich blood into the
veins of the annmic OF those who
for any reason lack the proper
quantity Of rich. red blood ~corpusclcs,
The sun., 1916-10-08

now yield a great variety Of shades,
ranging all the way from the palest
lemon yellows up through the oranges,
reds, browns, khakis. tans. drabs,
olives. greens. blues and blacks. It is
asserted that these extracts are better
In some respects than the aniline
colors, as they add materially to the
weight Of the materials dyed.
The advance In the production of
during the past two years
has been enormous ALSO along some
what different lines. We are now
making acids n alkalis on 30 large
a scale hat we a manufacture more
cheaply than Germany ever could. Our
greatest Improvement has undoubtedly
been In the increased saving OF the by
products Of coal, especially in the
enormous steel plants of tho United
States. The consumption Of millions
o, tone OF coal has meant that there
was n possibility OF getting great
quantities Of coal tar and the gases
which furnish a large number Of yalu-
able chemicals.
Comparatively few persons know
that Germany before the war pur-
'N '"heN VuoiitttiVs VI VuT COHI TAR,
paid the freight on II and after ex-
tracing the required chemicals
shipped them back for sale here and
sold them at prices tower than We
thought we could produce them.
Under the pressure OF h great law
OF necessity we have learned to save
far more Of the by-products from the
consumption Of coal. and as a result
we can make nitric. carbolic. picric
and sulphuric acids IN tremendous
quantities and at comparatively small
cost owing to the greater saving and
the large scale Of manufacture.
Coal has proved more than black dia-
monds to us. for we are learning now
how to get out of It not merely the
heat stored up In II ages ago but
also al, Of the wonderful colors and
chemicals which nature heaped up in
those black nuggets.
a diagram illustrating all of the
products extracted from coal. even IL
set In small type. would extend across
The sun., 1916-10-08
A COMMUNISTIC COLONY.

COMMUNISTS may hc surprised to
learn that an absolutely COM
munistic settlement exists in
France 81 the coast OF the North Sea
between Gravelincs and Dunkirk.
Jacques Iiertillon has lately described
this remarkable colony.
1t Is called Fort Mardyck and was
founded by Louis XIV. 1t was then
only a bare point of land and was fire.
q~ucntly visited by pirates. Here the
King established four families from
p,cardy to occupy the fort, wins
them a vast urcultivsted territory on
condition that they would never sell it
nor divide IL up, The descendants 81
these families. almost all GshcrmeO.
have adopted the following regulation:
Every IN" born there who marrl"s Is
to receive 2.400 square meters OF land,
but possession sf this property IL only
temporary. ON the holders death tho
property returns to the community,
which may dispose of il to some one
else.
Each section has now become a gar
den with a little white house in the
middle OF It, and there are 1000 of
these. The people belonging to this
community, freed from all @ for the
future OF their family, marry young
and have many children. The births
average forty-three a thousand. and
infant mortality Is very low.
Poverty Is unknown here because 1t
Ia impossible. Some of the men leave
the security OF their quiet homes for
greater profits in Dunkirk, the nearest
The sun., 1916-10-08

problems. because the great increase
In productive power will be a huge
stride forward in the solution OF thu
preparedness problem. The extensive
chemical plants erected mean that the
United States will be Independent OF
the rest Of the world. not merely in
the matter Of dyes but also as regards
such products Of coal tar as are used
for the manufacture Of explosives OF
all kinds II we ever need them.
Commercially the chemist has done
wonders for this country. In the last
fiscal year ended June, 1916. Ameri-
a exports Of chemicals jumped from
327, 700, 900 to over S12I, 900 900. or $50
per cent. This does not include for
eign chemicals, drugs and dyes ex-
ported by us. amounting to s5.304.413.
We sent abroad some SO, 0 0 900
pounds Of sulphuric acid alone, valued
at not quite 1900. 900.
John f. Gardin. vice-prcsident Of
the National City Bank. is quoted as
saying that the chemical industry Of
the United States has quadrupled its
output since 1880 and doubled 1t since
1905. The capital invested is six times
The sun., 1916-10-08

easily in the wind 1t often cuts of the
wings and feet. sometimes the abdo-
men. for the thorax Is the chief DELI
cacy needed for the young.
The solitary or potter wasps live
alone. The adults live on the juices OF
flowers only. but in order to feed the
larva the mother wasp hunts other in
sects. She does not XIII her prey, but
stings IL into insensibility. brings II to
the nest and hangs II there for the
young to feed upon
We should not forget the way in
which the bees defend their hives II
other bees try to rob them. IL the
queen OF a hive dies or is killed some
~ the worker bees lose courage and
stop working. In order to keep alive
they Try to rob neighboring hives. But
the owners OF the hive attacked place
guards. and when me OF the pillagers
is caught. wo betide him. for the de-
fender stabs him in the throat with
his long stingcr. and the thief does
not even try TO offend himself.
The chapter on the cruelty shown
by insects to one another and even to
larger animals and t. man himself Is
u l. INK one lll.tu WIN Ilhin oi l''lis
interest. but too long to be given here.
want. however. TO mention the boat
man 'Notouccta g%!auca). which lives
in pools and brooks. In order to keep
itself alive IL kills other insects and
even zoe so far as Ia plunge it's sharp
beak into the stomach Of "a small bull
head or other fish. The water scor-
pions walk on the bottom Of streams
and seize their prey in their long claws
wherever they find it.
The value Of spiders in Riding Ms
Il other insects or diminishing their
number should not he forgotten. FOR
they always want living food. Just as
the spider eats flies so the wood louise
devours the spider, and thus the end
less struggle for life goes on in that
world ~ millions OF insects. Each
must XIII in order 20 live and each in
turn becomes the prey Of some other.
II is proof ~ the law Of fatality
the law that reaches out beyond the
insect world to the animal world.
The sun., 1916-10-08

which may serve the American manu-
facturer as a guide in meeting the de-
mands Of the market.
Even men in the business had very
vague notions al to the amount Of
such imports which reached this coun-
try especially from Germany. Some
held that not more than 5000 tons Of
coal tar colors were consumed annual
ly In the United States. but the census
proves that the mount Is nearer
5000 short tons. or one-half again as
much as was thought correct.
Just as the report was to be made
public orders came, no n knew why.
to withhold publication OF 1t, but
enough had leaked tut to show that 1t
contained just the information re-
quired by the wide awake American
manufacturer. who does not wish to
underestimate or overload the market.
1t Is known that the n dis
cusses some 5000 d~yestufrs. coming
from Germany. Switzerland. France
and England under many trade names
which made II dificult to trace them.
II Is said that of the 25.700 tons Of
artificial dyes imported into the United
The sun., 1916-10-08
YOUR WHEAT
AND GET MUCH MORE

THE news comes from England
that a clergyman has invented
an agricultural machine which
Is expected TO increase the wheat yield
many times. The machine Is intended
to assist nature by stimulating the
wheat plants to tiller or produce addi-
tional stems and ears above ground
and surface roots below.
The system has been tested by SOW
ing a patch Of ground with wheat and
c%ultivating II in the usual fashion and
comparing Its yield with that OF an
other patch OF wheat own me culti-
waited by the Rev. Edward Seeley's
t~illerer. Mr.. Secley explains the OPP
Grafton Of the machine as being simply
an aid to nature. as follows:
The wheat pant has "A natural
faculty that enables 1t to tiller; that is.
To produce additional stems and ears
above ground and also OF surface roots
below which grow from the joints OF
the stems at or very ear the surface
growth OF the plant II the surface OF
the soil he raised in contact with the
plant by design or otherwise an addi-
tional growth usually takes place.
This may be done repeatedly at in
~tcrvals. and SC Il large structure OF
root stems may he constructed with a
large quantity OF what grew at first as
surface roots. but were more and more
buried AZ the tillcring process on
tinucd. This gives man his oppor-
tuni,y OF assisting nature and OF stimuli
taneously accepting natures assistance
In producing a larger crop. For by
hand cultivation with "A good deal OF
attention thirty or more stems and
ears may be obtained as a rule from
each grain sown separately at n dis
tancc OF eight inches or more from
each other, especially IL sown in Sep
tcmber.
in England perhaps IT cannot pay
II done by man power only. II must
be carried out more quickly On a larger
scale; that is, by machinery and horse
power or steam or oil. But these
powers do not effect tillcring directly.
The new machine. the tillercr. con-
sists OF n we'll known drill slightly al
tered. with the addition Of the %tillcrer
implements, which consist Of a set OF
The sun., 1916-10-08

der. Dyestuffs and fiavoring extracts
are made alphabetically from these
bases, indigo. for instance. being de-
rived from crude naphthalin after sew
eral stages of chemical changes.
The heavy oil has proved rich in
crude carbolic acid. and in the creosols
Of great use as disinfectants and val
liable as wood p~reservatives.
At the top of all the derivatives OF
coal tar come dyestuffs. upon which
the attention Of the public, lay and
professional. has been focused for
many months.
Almost as soon as the shortage
threatened. one Of the leading dye
manufacturers Of the United States
increased his plant and embarked upon
the manufacture Of aniline dyes on an
extended scale. To-day his concern
leads all the rest. furnishing probably
half Of the dyestuffs required in the
United States. but many others are
now. following his exampC. and are
building large plants. especially since
the passage Of the bill which will pre-
vent dumping from abroad and AFFORD
protection to the American manufac-
turer. We began by making the SIM
pier synthetic dyes. but have pro-
gressed so far now that only the fancy
products are not made here.
The fact is that IS or 90 per cent.
Of the patents for the manufacturing
Of aniline dyes have expired and the
rest have only a few years to run. 1t
il doubtless true that not all OF these
patents have exposed the complete
formulas for the making Of especially
fine colors. out they go far enough to
give the American chemist a splendid
starting point.
Manufacturers Of dyestufs were so
DESTROYS Of comprehending the entire
situation that they requested the Gov
eminent to ascertain precisely how
much Of each kind Of dyestun was m
ported into the United States In the
year Immediately preceding the war.
DIR. Thomas II. Morton Of the Bureau
Of Foreign and Domestic Commerce
has made this census. which also in
cludes full data on the domestic pro-
duction prior to the war. with detailed
tables Of the importation and exporta-
ton OF coal tar crudes and inter-
mediates for the year lol3-l4. together
with prices and all other information
The sun., 1916-10-08
BY PROF. ALPHONsE LABBITTE,
Museum of Natural History, Paris.

Nj. -: :::% !. '':' h; n: ' '.::. ,, Of
- mankind in their evolution
obey "a fatal law revealed to us by the
ants This fatal law may be summed
up as the struggle FIR life: the strug-
ge for existence. for perpetuation Of
the species. No organization can dem-
onstrate better han the ants the fact
that collectively, solidarity. energy. in.
dustry. even combats. murders and
the'ts. are The bases OF survival. Men
may he nor AID ants ants. but the
came ~!neXorable, fatal law applies to,
both.
Real science docs not consist solely
in making an analysis of n dead
animal. but rather in the knowledge
Of the life OF the living animal. his
biology, physiology. even his psychol-
ogy. To disScCt an Insect N order TO
classify it according To family, geaus.
species is certainly "A science in which
mem .ry plays the chief part. But how
much higher and more intellectual Is
the science which explains the rea-
son for being. which sei2es upon the
animal at the very beginning. and
follows II intellectually 10 the moment
o' It's death, learning all of its cx-
The sun., 1916-10-08
he Marvellous Products Secured From Coal Tar
Insure to America Preparedness and Chemicals

- HEMISTRY Is undoubtedly maxi
ing great progress in the solu-
ton Of American economic
problems. If II may judge from the
exposition held in New York a week
ago. Never before In the history Of
the country have SO many American
business men directed their attention
to chemistry and its possibilities, and
as a result never perhaps In any de-
par,ment az human cn6eavor has so
much been accomplished within the
siort space OF two years as since the
effects of the European war began to
make themselves felt In the chemical
market Of the United States.
in conversation with one Of the lead
ing American chemical engineers. the
following statement OF facts was Sc
cured for the benefit OF the readers
Of THE SrN. putting into "a nutshell
what has been done and what Is being
ATTEMPTED lS American chemists and
business men.
The tinted States did not know
what it could do until IL was put to the
test, and even now Americans are de-
y~eloping the OF the country
only to a slight extent in comparison
with what will have been achieved, say
in the next five years.
At first the question was, where will
we get the dyes for the materials
which are being manufactured in our
mills. for our clothing. our carpets.
hangings. &C? Naturally the chemists
turned first to the ordinary and
natural basis for dyes. such as log
wood and fustic. They succeeded mar
~vellously in securing FAST dyes and
dyes which could be used in the most
rapid processes.
They made tans and browns for
khaki which will stand every test OF
Light and washing. whereas previously
\ had been thought that nothing but
aniline dyes could ever do the work.
The dyes made from the variuos woods
The sun., 1916-10-08

From the coke we get lampblack and
graphite, useful in dyes and in lubrica-
ton.
We have not yet come to the coal
tar, which is the richest source OF
chemicals Of great use in the indus
trial world, and even in medicine. The
coal tar is separated into three differ
ent %oils-light. middle and heavy-and
refined tar and pitch. The tar Is used
for roofing, paving and interpreting.
as well as paints. and the pitch Is i'm
portant in many ways.
II Is from the oils that the most
The sun., 1916-10-08

States in one year 20 900 tons came
from Germany.
II is asserted that this census Is so
thorough that it will betray many
trade secrets. and that this is the rea-
son some men are fighting hard for its
suppression. With but few exceptions
the chemists Of the country are clam
oring for the publication OF the CEN
sus. which will aid them greatly in es-
timating the development OF special
lines OF york.
The American citizen il especially
interested in the solution of chemical
The sun., 1916-10-08

as much as in 1880 and more than
double what 1t was in 1905. In 1880
the capital invested in chemical plants
was S29, 900. 900. In 1910 it was $751;
900. 900 and in 1915 SEQ, o00, 900. The
value Of the products in 1850 was s39,-
900, 900 and in 1915 sl5s.000. 900.
To give an idea Of the unparalleled
gain In coal tar products in the last
year or two. light oils obtained from
gas washing in 1914 amounted to
5000. 900 gallons. in 1915 To $4,000, 900.
and in 1916 will he at least %, 900, 900
gallons.