davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1916-03-04
At the Hip.

The Mack Moody company comes
to the Hip theater Monday night with
a select cast of performers. The CON-
pany is headed by Ralph Moody and
Miss Adah Miller. Mr.. Moody will be
remembered as the leading man with
the Frank North-Car-Rob Stock COM
pany that played a successful engage
ment at the Orpheum last winter.
Miss Miller comes recommended by
the press of New Orleans, where she
has been appearing with The Dau-
phine Theater Stock company, one of
the best organizations playing the
south. Miss Zema Herring is a young
woman. who with Miss Vivian Naftz-
ger, another young woman of the
same type, will take good care of the
sweet and refreshing ingenue parts
in the different productions. Miss
Hazel Muck is the second business
woman with the company and will
share Eonors with the leading lady
when a play requires two lead
ing female roles She is a
pretty winsome girl of twenty.
Miss Frieda Gregg, a Topeka girl,
will be remembered by the patrons
of the Hip theater as the girl behind
the ticket window during Sport"
Norths successful appearance at this
theater. The men with the company
comprise such capable actors as Ira
Herring, Griff Barnette, Arthur Col
Inns, r. J. Mack, Roy Watt and Kirk
Parrett
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1916-03-04
BAN ON SUNDAY FUNERALS.
Sections of Cemeteries Lodge Protest:
Ministers Are Agreed.


Ottawa, Kan, March 4.-No more
Sunday funerals for Ottawa is pro-
posed again. Persons interested in
large cemeteries in the county where
sections are employed all the time have
suggested that possibly Sunday fun
erals might be cut out.
THE sections are just like ANYBODY
else" said one man today. They
don't like to work seven days a week.
Sunday is frequently their busiest
day"
The local preachers once planned
to discontinue Sunday funerals. be-
lieving that the ministers have suff1-
cient work to OCCUPY their time in pre-
pairing and preaching two sermons and
officiating at other regular Sunday
church meetings.
For a while there were no Sunday
funerals. Then the old custom was
revived and now funerals are often
delayed a day or two to hold them on
Sunday afternoons.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1916-03-04

state, planning to lay pavement this
coming summer, are due to suffer
J. B. Watts of the contracting firm
of zimmerman & Watts, which has laid
most of the Manhattan pavement, on
returning from Topeka, made the an
nouncement that R. E. Jack, sales
manager for the Buffalo brick manu-
facturers and head of the Kansas
Brick association, has declared openly
and publicly that the Kansas brick
makers would refuse to sell their prod
ucts to any contractor who would re-
fuse to use Sarco filler.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1916-03-04
l. C. c. INVITES SUGGESTIONS.
Hearing Monday to Inquire Into
Causes of Eastern Congestion.


Interests desiring to express views
with respect to the cause of conges-
ton at eastern terminals have been
notified by the interstate commerce
commission that informal hearings
would be granted them next Monday
and Tuesday. A telegram inviting
persons interested in the hearing to
attend was received Thursday after
noon by H. D. Driscoll, commissioner
of the Topeka Traffic association. He
Immediately communicated it's con-
tents to Governor Arthur Capper and
Joseph L. Bristow, chairman of the
public utilities commission.
AT the hearing. which will be close
ly followed by shippers throughout
Kansas who are unable to obtain box
cars for movement of grain or other
products, interested persons will be en-
couraged to express views with respect
to the causes of the congestion. Pro-
posals for relieving it either by tariff
changes or other means and any other
information that may serve to throw
light on means of partially relieving
the condition. also will be heard.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1916-03-04
WRECK CREWS HAVE LONG DAY.
But Through Train Conductors on
Less Than Seven Hours.

Chicago, March 3.-The executive
committee of the Association Of West
ern Railways has issued the following
statement:
On western railroads the average
yearly compensation of conductors in
1914 was 81, 593 and of other trainmen
was $1,05S. The average wages on
Western roads are slightly higher than
on eastern lines. The following fig
ures, taken from actual payrolls of
eastern railroads in 1912, show the
average hours on duty per day or trip
fer all trainmen, as follows:
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1916-03-04
Charlie Chaplin.

Without his famous mustache,
"canal boats" and bamboo rod, to say
nothing of the lid" you would never
recognize in this clean-cut young
Englishman the celebrated panto-
mime artist who has made millions
roar at his antics in the films. Charlie
Chaplin spent the first years of his
life in poorhouse, but the chances
are he will not go there again. He
has just signed a contract with big
film corporation, granting him a SAL
airy of 100000 for his next years
work.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1916-03-04

There will be several new and
pleasing features at the Iris next week
beside the unusual group of stars
which regularly provide entertain
ment at this theater.
Dustin Farnum in Ben Blair
comes Monday, Valla Valla in Her
Debt of Honor" Tuesday; Wednesday
Mary Tickford in Poor Little Pep
pima" this picture will be shown
Thursday also, Marguerite Snow and
George LIE Guere in 1.-The Upstart'
and Saturday Nance O'Neil in THE
Witch
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1916-03-04
Is Years Ago
Topeka
From the columns of
THE STATE JOURNAL

Speaker Elder introduced a bill to
abolish the Thirty-second judicial dis
trict today When it was announced
Brown of Harvey demanded the floor,
Heber yelled Mr.. Speaker and Whit
tington swung his arms and bawled
-or recognition. Elder was boiling
with rage. but managed to keep the
floor The sergeant at arms forced
Brown to take his seat, Matchett
pounded the table and the galleries
applauded and for a few minutes
there was general confusion. Heber
shouted, Doesn't the gentleman from
Franklin ever intend to be fair?'
Elder-'I don't care anything about
fairness. 1 have the power"
Brown-"That's once that you told
the truth
The state university bill to appro
pirate $3.50 for the expenses for the
next two years passed this morning.
President Eliot of Harvard univer-
sity passed through Topeka yesterday
on his way home from Denver, where
he has been visiting his son. He is
accompanied by his wife Mr.. Eliot
and his ps-rtys left the train at Law
state university as guests of Chancel
Tor Frank Snow.
Last evening he made a two-hour
talk on Recent Educational Changes"
in the main hall of the university. He
showed clearly that the modern ''elec-
tive system. whereby studies are
chosen TO suit the peculiar strength
or capacity of the student is to make
the strongest, purest and most useful
men and women.
President Eliot is an unqualified ad-
mirer of Kansas university and called
it one of the greatest education in
stitutions in the United States.
New York whisky is a wonderful
and terrible compound. DIR. Tai
mage says its ingredients are capsi-
cum and copperas. and log wood and
deadly nightshade, and assault and
battery and vitriol, and opium and
rum and murder, sulphuric acid, theft
and potash, and cocaine and carrots
and poverty and death and hops.
At the Academy of Medicine last
night DR.. ]. c. McClintock gave 2 YER
bal explanation of his method of
operating on hemorrhoids. Papers
were read by Doctors w. H. Cazier
and c. H. Guibor, which were dis
cussed by Doctors Mogridge, Schenck
and NinneY-
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1916-03-04
LEARN TO RUN LUNCHRooMs.
Agricultural College Gives Course in
Management Next Year.

Manhattan, Kan, March 4.-How to
run commercial lunchrooms, tea
rooms. and similar enterprises sue
cessfully. will be taught next year by
the Kansas State Agricultural college.
The domestic science department has
prepared a course in lunchroom man
agement to be opened in the fall. 1t
Will be one year course. open to wo-
men 25 years of age or older, and will
embody modern practical methods.
The college has had numerous calls
for women qualified to do work of
this character and has placed a num-
Der in good positions. One of them is
now receiving a salary of $4,000
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1916-03-04
tries to get it. with very amusing re-

tries to get 1t, with very amusing re-
suits.
The Turn of the Road" a Vita
graph Blue Ribbon feature, by Isabel
NJ. Johnson will complete the pro-
gram. 1t was produced by Tefft
johnson and features Virginia Pear
son, Joseph Kilgour and other Vita
graph stars, including Bobby Connolly
and Naomi Childers.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1916-03-04
Gen. Won Lanckenssee Dead.

London, March "A dispatch from
LauSsane to the Central News says
that the German general, Won LancI-
enesee has died from wounds received
while fighting before Verdun.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1916-03-04

up and runs for five hours. BY push
ing another button, the hands can be
set. The dial, figures, pendulum,
hands, even the chain, weight gears
and the skeleton are of straw. The
chain is fourteen inches long and end
less. In the construction of this clock.
thousands of stalks of straw have been
used, mostly three and four fold to
give greater strength.-January Popu-
lar Science Monthly.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1916-03-04

clock made in Germany is con-
structed of nothing but straw. Not
even a piece of stiffening cardboard
or a drop of glue has been used. 1t is
six feet high and is two feet square.
There are eight pendulums which al
low speed regulation. BY pressing a
button which comes out automatically
on one side, the clockwork is wound
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1916-03-04

blessed are the meek, for they
shall inherit the earth," quoted the
good deacon.
"They may inherit it, all right"
said the backslider, but they never
seem to take possession
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1916-03-04
Blow Up German Shin.

London, March 4.-The German
steamer Delta. from Apenrade, Prussia,
is believed to have struck a German
mine field south of the sound and
fOundered
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1916-03-04
AT The THEATERS
EIman Here Monday Ruth
st. Denis Here This Month.
News and Gossip of StagedOm
and the Movie World.

At the Grand.
Monday night Mischa Elman,
Radcliffe Concert Series.
March 1S-Little Girl in Big CITY
March 23-Al G. Fields Ministries
March 25-Ruth St. Denis.
March 31-Twin Beds.
April S-Washburn Dramatic CLUB:
Week of April 10-Battle Cry OF
Peace.
At the Novelty.
Vaudeville and Feature Pictures
At the Hip.
Mack Moody Stock Company
At the Orpheum.
Triangle Productions and Vaude-
vile.
At the Iris.
Photo Drama.
At the Movies.
Crystal-Motion Pictures
Gem-Motion Pictures.
CoZy-Motion Pictures.
Aurora-MOtion Pictures.
Best-Motion Pictures.
Princess-Motion Pictures.
Apex--Motion Pictures.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1916-03-04
REFUSE TO SELL BRICK.
Kansas Concern Tries to Force Use of
Certain Brand of Filler.

Manhattan. Kan, March 4-Be-
cause there is war between the Kan
sas Brick Manufacturers association
and the asphalt men. the cities of the
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1916-03-04

Il understand he inherited a fortune -
Yes. he his rich uncle's only heir
Il thought So" What do you mean"
Nobody who had more than one heir to
choose from would have picked him to
leave all his money to."-Detroit Free
Press.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1916-03-04

The dedication of San Diego's ex-
position has been set for Saturday,
March Is. The informal opening
came on New Years but the two
months and a half were necessary for
the installing of foreign exhibits, con-
struction OF new buildings and reor-
ganization of the Isthmus which
houses the exposition amusements.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1916-03-04
HERE and THERE
IN THE RAILWAY WORLD.

Hearing on export grain cases to
Gulf ports will be held at Oklahoma
City. March 8, according to an an
nouncement by the interstate COM
mission.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1916-03-04

can enjoy as long as memory lasts
Sincerely yours.
ARTHUR B. PRICE.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1916-03-04

nounced the purchase of twenty more
freight locomotives. Since the first
of October forty large freight locomo-
tives and fifteen switch engines have
been ordered by this line in its cam
paiSn to bring its motive power to the
highest point Of efficiency
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1916-03-04

Z. S. Kelley. vice president of the
Chicago. Milwaukee and St. Paul rail-
way. has announced the appointment
of w. S. Howell as industrial agent for
the road. The position is a newly Gre
ated one with headquarters in Chi
cago. Mr.. Howell has been with the
c. NJ and St. p. for twenty-five years,
and formerly was assistant general
freight agent
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1916-03-04

The state university bill to appro-
pirate 1000 for the expenses for the
next two years passed this morning.
The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, 1916-03-01

per h.. 81; process. IS under grade creamery.
2aaa1: store packed, lsa29 L..
IARD-Tub. pure h., Hale; do. compound. lOE
cottonseed oil, per can. SIS.
CHEESE-New York new. per b.. 49, nat, pei
b., IS; Swiss domestic. per h.. q; do. foreign,
per b., 10
LIVE POULTRY Hens H.. l6sI7; ROSTERS. b..
II: spring ducks per H.. isa3o; chickens per h.,
2a23; turkeys, per h.. gG25
GREEN IiOODS-Bcans, Per has, l.Oos3.0O; beets,
per crate 2oOa250 Brussels sprouts per qt.. HslT
cabbage per Dbl. f5a90; do. new per basket. Goa
rs; celery per crate, IoOsI50; d. Florida per
crate l5oa2 o.; cucumbers per has,, 250a5ooi cymt-
lnCs per crate 175S250 elephants, per crate. 25Ja
800; kae per Dbl, l0ozl25; lettuce. Florida. per
basket g5a2 co. onions, er sack Z75a2OC; paTsnipN
per box 50a60 peppers crate L7Sa2 So popcorn, boz
75aS5 potatoes sack. 275a3Oo sweets. Dbl. 20Oa250
VANS. per hbl. lJ0a2.Oo: squash, per Dbl. l.5OA
LIS; rhubarb. yer doz.. 15al20: SPINACH. per Dbl.
go; tomatoes Florida per crate. 25oai0o; turnips
Fer bbl, LOCAL. so; do. per box, 25sD.
FRUITS-Apples. per bbl., 2ooaI.VV: cranberries.
Ter Dbl. sOOalO50: do, per box. lf5a200: grape
fruit per box 3.oOa35O lemons. per box. IOoaI.5O;
oranges, 4O0a45O oranges. Fla, per crate. 25oa3o
pineapples per crate. 3.5Oa4oo
LIVE STOCK-Ncsl calves, prime. per h., llsR;
do. medium. h. l0alol4; spring lambs, per h., D.
DRESSED Goods Dressed hogs. small. per h..
lOIs; do. medium, per b.. 10.
HAY, STRAW, AND CORN-Hay. best Timothy,
ger ton, 1900 mixed per ton. l2Ooal5.00; straw pei
ton. lO.OOal5.oo; wheat straw, per ton. 500; corn.
new. rer Dbl. 100.
SEEDS Clover. red. per H.. ISa2CI; do, al'ike.
ler h. I6alS: do. timothy per bus 3.75a5. 81
2.25a2 50; blue grass per bus. 10; Ieas. per
hushel. I55a2.25; sega heans. per bushel. LIS;
alfalfa clover, Per H.. 3a22 seed potatoes Ter bbl
40.
The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, 1916-03-01
CHICAGO GRAIN MARKET.

Chicago. Feb. % There was a r'sh NJ dnmrst.r.
shorts TO buy wheat at Zig advances today and in
addition 10 this strengthening influence there
both cash and futures. Conditions in wheat changed
greatly between yesterdays close and tndal'> oIs.u
lrg. On Monday there a great deal Of talk
Ot German vessels being in our waters and 4 ths
possibility IT raids ships Which would cut dow n
exports. To-day there were many items favorable
to the bulls
The sensational loss in the rricc NJ wheat at
Liverpool today was given 10 consideration what
ever. The decline at Liverpool was 6zd for spot
equivalent to SC per bushel A cable from there
said that the freer offerings Of Manitoba and Plat.
wheat. coupled with continued rescling lbs miller,
were the besrish influences at Liverpool
The Dutch government has bought cnrslerahrr
cash wheat " late but the larger purchases have
been made by Italy
Corn advanced - IN @7s cents. II was believed
that much n this strength was borrowed from
wheat and that while prices held ur we'll the keI'-
hood was that with few DAYS Of increased move
ment the market would again assume a weaker
condition. Short sellers Of Yesterday were no
uceable IN the bIyinE side todav Country Offer
lnsH were night although receipts were IN a large
scale.
Oats was mp u to a. pcr cent This market
mad practically the experience n> that If 70, n.
or"ning sharply lower with further liquidation hv
longs and rallyins remaining firm all day.
Inc hull element in Provisions bought go0drf
quantities Of lard and This hning continued
throughout the entire session.
The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, 1916-03-01
BALTIMORE GRAIN.

Bs.,lmorr Nd. Fh = -WHEAT-Receir''. = .
an r,Isbel, consisting NJ q bushels Southern and
3 y lrsheI. Western shipments from ele7St
- OF bushels. stO-k elevators. 1888 hdshets-
The market oIsned easier. as follows. HIot, -t''
,oyrinsI- No > Western. III, nominal and March,
l.l5 nominal 1900
CnRN-Recripss. = es bushels. consisting Of IL"
b,,s5e1s Western and 81 bushels new southern
-I.rsto-s F5ST b1shc-s Prime sail yellow IS
ouorsble al 7sasO Ter bushl Cob corn was quoted
at 5a5a4OO rcr barrel The market opened weak.
Srot 7ta. nominal Fct7IsU. "a. nominal Msrcn,
~, nominal and April ~. nominal
airs RccsiT,ts -s-9 bushels. Withdrawn firm
rrryators 90 bushels: STOCK in elevators. S252
bushels. Friccs wcrc: standard white 8 No .
white IS and No. white. Is.
The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, 1916-03-01
situation in Wall street.

Logan & Bryan, correspondents in New
York for w. b. Hibbs " Co.. yesterday
wired the following summary Of the New
York list after close:
Prices bettered moderately as gen
eral rule. Political news was not decisive
and highly conflicting. Otherwise there
was not much in the DAYS happenings
calculated to stimulate the initiative Of
the trading element. While liquidation in
some directions has been rather hasty
still as a whole the same does not ap-
pear to he complete. and accordingly we
see no occasion to deviate from the view
that long lines should he contracted un-
I'll the outlook is moro assuming"
The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, 1916-03-01
NEW YORK PRODUCE.

New Nors. Feb. 29-FLOUR- stronger: demand
- fair. Kansas strliEhts. 10 arrive in car lot,
5~ssi3,Io; spring Patents for March to APRIL 5sOa
70: sDriuE clear. l5a5 10: soft straighs to ar.
we. &oE5.'o All quotations are on sack basis in
wholesale lots
foRk-Stssdv: blr-incss moderate. Mess DBs
81 m; family. q ooa22eO: clear I9.55aaOo
u -EEEF-Steady: dealings are moderate PsrEst
FtAls.oo; family. BoCals0O; extra India mess. q %
LARD Strady inquiry is moderate Prime West.
rrn no: renncd cURtiRrnt. Il-20; South American
D. %, rchnHl Brazilian in key lsi0: bcef sirarir.
"a cents; lard stearius slOE at us cruts
The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, 1916-03-01
COTTON MARKETS.

New York. Feb. "a fmer tone WAS in cvi-
dencs in the oOttOn market today although the
advance held in check by sllinR from the
South. which included srot houses. Firms with
foreign connections were buyers. Last prices were 7
to Z points higher
Little news Of the SPOT article came to hand from
private sources, although message reported
hnters strong and active at Memphis. Locally,
Texas hnters offered landed at New York at
7isc. an advance Of about IC from the recent low
points. March contracts relatively easy through
out the session.
Spot at Liverpool in moderate demand at a
decline Of points. the basis Of IND for mid
upland. Futures the English market were steady
at net advance Of 7aS1a points
The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, 1916-03-01
BALTIMORE PRODUCE.

Baltimore. Nd. Fen . DRESSED POULTRY
Chickens. straight. Young. h. q: do mixed voun,
llal2: ducks. choice, fat, rer Ii IasoO. csno,,
lbs baS do. medium. Gar. do. small. Iss .
geese. choice nearby. 6al7
LIVE POULTRY-Chickens, old hens 1 lbs md
over. per b.. l6is do. odd hens smaller II 1sI,
rosters: h. loall; do. winter. : lbs and over
IaZ': do, Young. larEr. pr ID. lsso: do. small
ner h., leal7; ducks. Muscory. lbs l7sls: do
ruddle. lbs. and 19scO: Indian runners N
ieal'; pigeons. pair 3a5; guinea fowl. r.Ibs spd
over. 70; DO. smaller. 55s65; geese MARYLAND snG
VIRGINIA. lSsls; Western and Southern. las
RtTTER-Creamer,. fancy. per IN. g.. cbo,c,
,5a,S; good 2a4; prints. Gs3s; blocks sar ladies
IaE' MARYLAND and PENNSYLVANIA rolls. 2la22. Olrir
rolls, 2'2a2l; West Virginia rolls 2p.aoI. stove
Hacked. 3s dairy prints, o'a22: process butter
h'GS. MARYLAND. PennsyIvania and Weston,
hrsts. "a, West Virginia. "a Southern. q
The estimated population OF New zea-
land on September 30, 1915, was 1l6475,
The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, 1916-03-01
NEW YORK MONEY,

New York. Feb. q. CAN money opened At a, ner
cent nIGh =" rrr cent; low. "a Ter cent renewals
IL per cent ruling rate a, Ter cen, ctoginr o..
Ter cent. s' =
'me mon.N vas fairly finn and rates. rsrtir7r.
I'lN on industrial leans tended higher a. c,un.
area with last week. Money industrial collateral
was I"aued at Az per cent for ninety DAYS and
i"uT months Mixed money, hovcvcr was fairIy
Easy to good houses at per cent for SIX months
Rates; 2saEN psr cent for sixty DAYS "a. nor cont
t"r NINETY days, } per cent for four. five. and sy
months WIN the volume Of TaTermaking as limit.
ed ar ever. transactions in commercial discount
showed no percertible tendency to exraud, The
few offerings continued 10 have ready market a.
per cent for prime regular maturitcs
FOREIGN EXCHANGE
The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, 1916-03-01
PHILADELPHIA GRAIN.

Philadelphia. Pa. Feb. 29.-wHEAT-There Va
further decline Of lG2 cents in this market du,
to strongly besrish speculation in the West DE
mand was only moderate. We quote car lots IL
export elevator: No. red. spot and February
l.7al.2o: No. Southern red 1.l5al.ls; steamer No
? red, l.lialI7; No. ; rcd. I.l4sl.7; rejected 4
lll4al.lE4: rejected r. l.IcaI.i3
GORN-Priccs declined = cent under sIoyy de-
mand and ample offerings. We quote as fellows
Car lots for local trade. as TO location No
yellow, Sas2: steamer yellow. 7sl4 asOlr; No.
yellow. 75l4s7el4 No. yellow. 757zs74ls; cob corn
per 20 pounds fail
OATS-SOld slowly and ruled weak and / cent
lower under Increased pressure 10 sell. The quota
tons: No. white. 5Sa53li standard white. 5lss2
No. white. 5OGJl; No. I white Sac; sample cats
4jaS6 purified oats graded 5yl4a52