davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Logan Republican. [volume] (Logan, Utah) 1902-1924, 1916-01-01
REFLECTED FROM THE LAND
Mirage Frequently Seen by Travellers
Through the Red River Valley
Of Minnesota.

That phenomenon known as the mi
rage has always been of interest to
travellers. Sometimes even people on
the train can get a glimpse of such
an illusion. In the Red River valley
OF Minnesota are occasionally to be
seen some OF its effects. In guide
book issued by the United States
Geological survey Warren Upham
says: THE mirage, typical OF plains,
country or the ocean, may be seen in
the Red River valley almost any sun.
shiny day in spring, summer or au
tumn. This queer phenomenon makes
the high land at the sides of the valley
and the tops Of the distant trees and
houses appear to be raised little
above the horizon, with a narrow strip
OF sky between. The more complex
and astonishing effect of mirage may
be seen from the highland on either
side of the lake-bed floor There, in
looking across the valley from one and
one-half to two hours after sunrise on
hot morning following a cool night,
the groves and houses, villages and
grain elevators loom up to two or
three times thei" true height and
places ordinarily hidden by the curva-
ture Of the earth are brought into
view. Oftentimes, too, these objects
are seen double, being repeated in an
inverted image close above their real
position and separated from it by a
foglike belt In its most perfect de-
velopment the mirage shows the up
per and topsy-turvy portion of the
view quite as distinctly as the lower
and true portion. These appearances
are due to refraction and reflection
from layers of air OF different densi-
. ty such as are often formed above a
wide expanse Of level country In
warm weather"
The Logan Republican. [volume] (Logan, Utah) 1902-1924, 1916-01-01
What He Didn't Understand.

The soldier was telling the work.
man about battle that he had once
been in that had lasted from eight
o'clock in the morning until seven
o'clock at night. His description was
most graphic. and he became very en-
thusiastic as he lived through the stir.
ring scenes again.
There's one thing can't under
stand about the story said the work
man, slowly, when he had finished.
You say that tho battle began at
eight o'clock In the morning and last
ed until seven o'clock at night?"
Yes, that's 80, was the reply.
Then" retorted the workman with
a puzzled air, what l can't make out
Is how did you manage about your
dinner hour?"
The Logan Republican. [volume] (Logan, Utah) 1902-1924, 1916-01-01
GIVE SYRUP OF FIGS"
TO CONSTIPATED CHILD
Delicious "Fruit Laxative" can't harm
tender little Stomach, liver
and bowels.

Look at the tongue, mother! II
and bowels need cleansing at once.
When peevish, cross. listless, doesn't
sleep, eat or act naturally, or is fever
ish, stomach sour, breath bad; has
sore throat, diarrhpa, full of cold, give
a teaspoonful Of California Syrup Of
Figs" and In a few hours all the foul,
constipated waste. undigested food
and sour bile gently moves out of its
little bowels without gripping. aud you
have a we'll, playful child again - Ask
your druggist for 50-cent bottle Of
California Syrup Of Figs" which con-
tains fullr directions for babies, chill
dren of all ages and for grown-ups.
The Logan Republican. [volume] (Logan, Utah) 1902-1924, 1916-01-01

the vitality Of all trichinae is de
stroyed This is one method of safe
guarding pork products that are to
be eaten without cooking other me
thods followed in establishments op.
Grating under Federal meat inspec
ton consist in curing and drying the
products according to certain rules
which the manufacturers are requir
ed TO follow.
Although products that are speci
ally prepared for eating uncooked
and bear the mark Of Federal lnspec
ton may be used with safety. the
custom of eating raw pork is not tc
be remembered that fresh pork, OF
ordinary cured pork products are MOI
safe as food unless properly cooked
1t can not be determined with Ger
tainty by inspection whether pork
is fire. from trichinae and tho FEEDER
al inspection mark does not guaran
tee the fitness Of pork for food IL II
is eaten raw.
A practical rul efor cooking porl
is to cook It until it has lost it's red
coor throughout all portions. or. II
trace of this color is stilI present
at least until the fluids of the meat
have become more or less iellied.
The Logan Republican. [volume] (Logan, Utah) 1902-1924, 1916-01-01
FATHER TIME NEVER BLUFFED
Sooner or Later the Old Gentleman
Gets Even With Those Who
Practice Deception.

Once upon time there was lady
who wished to have her real age kept
a secret. In order to get away with 1t
she instructed her son. in case anyone
asked how old he was, to knock OF
about so per cent.
She told people the boy was large
for his age and explained the gruff
tones of his voice by saying that his
tonsils needed attention.
One day the rector of the church
called, and while waiting In the draw.
ing room for the lady to put the finish
ing touches to her makeup he talked
with the boy, who was pretending to
read Little Lord Fauntleroy" for the
seventeenth time. The boy volunteered
the information that tomorrow would
be his birthday.
'Ah,' said the rector, land how old
will you be them
Ten years DID, replied the boy, as
per instructions.
indeed said the rector. 81 dare
say you haven't any idea what your
mother is going to give you for q
birthday gift"
oh, yes, ! have" was the unex-
pected answer. She promised to give
me safety razor"
When the rector rushed into the hall
to see what had caused the loud crash
he had heard he found the boys moth
er lying on the floor in dead faint.
Moral: Old Father Time calls all
bluffs.
The Logan Republican. [volume] (Logan, Utah) 1902-1924, 1916-01-01
TIMELY HINT ON OVER EATING

Big dinners cause disturbed diges-
tions. The stomach and bowe's
should not be clogged with undigest'
ed poisonous waste matter. Foley
Cathartic Tablets relieve distress af-
ter eating, stop belching, Danish
bloating and gas on stomach, regulate
the bowels, sweeten the stomach and
tone up the liver. Sold everywhere.
ADV.
The Logan Republican. [volume] (Logan, Utah) 1902-1924, 1916-01-01
Raw Pork Is
Dangerous
To Health
Disease May Be Contracted by Eat
ing the Flesh Of Hogs, In Any
Form. When It Is Not Thoroughly
Cooked

There is always the possibility that
Illness may follow the eating of pork
that Is raw or not thoroughly cook
ed. The danger is greatest at this
season of the year when many pee
pie prepare for home consumption
various food products that are Gus.
tomariy eaten without cooking
More Of these home made products
are prepared at hog killing time or
the farm than at any other time.
American people, as a rule, prefer
cooked pork, but there are man
who perhaps unknowingly consume
pork in an uncooked condition either
in the form of raw ham or uncookef
sausaSes In many localities consid
cradle amounts of these products
are made up and consumed at home
or distributed throughout the neigh
borhood. Large quantities of por
products intended to be eaten raw
are also prepared commercial y.
Why Raw Pork Causes illness
The disease known as trichinosis
which may result from eating raw
pork, Is caused by certain round
worms, called trichine. These are
microscopic in size and infest the
flesh OF hogs The prevalence Of
trichinae in hogs is indicated by the
fact that during nine years 1898.
1906, when the carcasses of hogs
were inspected ficrosccpically by
Fedora, inspectors of 100000 car
casses, 50 inspected I Al per cent
contained living trichinae ard lie
per cent contained trichinalike bodies
or disintegrating trichnae. In 9th
err words, and in round numbers. tri
rhinae were present in | nut of n
hogs and If the presence of dead
trichanae and trichinalike bodies is
included in out of every 80 hogs.
Unlike many other infectious dis.
eases the severity Of an attack Of
trichinosis depends upon the number
of parasites swallowed. Large ouan.
titles Of slightly infested pork must
be eaten in order to produce app-e.
ciab.e effects. If severe illness FOL.
lows the eating of small amount of
the meat, the pork must have been
heavily infested.
The Logan Republican. [volume] (Logan, Utah) 1902-1924, 1916-01-01
Mouse Has $50 Bed.

"Plute, large, fat mouse which
has haunted the judgment department
of the county clerks office for several
months past, the other day became a
fugitive from justice when 1t was dis
covered that he had made his bed In
nearly $50 worth of revenue stamps.
His homemaking activities might have
been overlooked had he not decided
chat his bed would be softer II he first
gnawed the stamps into fine bits Of
paper.-Seattle Post.Intelligencer.
The Logan Republican. [volume] (Logan, Utah) 1902-1924, 1916-01-01
OUR JiTNEY OFFER
THIS AND FIVE CENTS

DON'T MISS THIS. Cut out this
slip, enclose with five cents to Foley
K Co., Chicago. H., writing your
name and address clearly. You will
receive in return a trial package con
tanning Foiey's Honey and Tar Com
pound, for coughs, colds and Group
Foley Kidney Pills, and Foley Cath
artic Tablets. Sold everywhere. -AG
The Logan Republican. [volume] (Logan, Utah) 1902-1924, 1916-01-01
How to Avoid Trichinosis


pork in the raw state, including dried
or smoked sausages and hams, shou'd
be eaten. All pork used as food
should be cooked thoroughly. If
this Is done the value or wholesome
ness of the meat for food purposes
Is not impaired by the fact that the
parasites were present.
According to specialists of the de.
partment, trichinae die when sub
jccted to a temperature Of about 40
degrees F. All products containing
pork which are prepared to be sod
as cooked products in establishments
operating under Federal meat inspec.
ton are required to be cooked suf-
ficiently to insure a temperature high
enough to destroy trichinae through.
wise, in order to protect consumers
who are careless or ignorant OF the
danger OF raw pork products of
kinds prepared customarily to be
eaten without cooking, such as Ger.
tain kinds of hams and summer saus-
age, must be manufactured in &C
cordance with methods which, II has
been determined, destroy the vital
ity of any trichinae which may be
present In the pork. 1t has been
found by investigations in the Blu
reau OF Animal Industry that II pork
is subjected to temperature not
higher than degrees F. for 20 days
The Logan Republican. [volume] (Logan, Utah) 1902-1924, 1916-01-01
Sources Of Infection


In about 1900 American cases of
trichinoosis the most frequent sourc-
es Of Infection reported were raw
sausage, 226 cases; raw ham, 2lS;
raw pork (kind Of product not speci.
fed), 1856. The most serious out
break of trichinosis in the United
States in the number of persons af.
fected was that Of November-Decem.
Der, 1911, in California, in which IS
cases, with death, resulted from
summer sausage made by a farmer
and peddled by him in the neighbor
hood.
Another outbreak occurred in Wis.
consin about year ago, in which
q cases, resulting in deaths, de
ve'oped in 3 families. Early in De.
cember a hog which had been on the
farm of the first family for three
years was slaughtered and part of
the meat made into sausage. TIC
next day some of the SAUSAGE was
fried slightly and eaten. Two of
the members of this family died.
There were eight cases in three 9th
er families which procured some Of
the sausage Immediately after 1t was
prepared and ate 1t raw or imper-
fectly cooked
The Logan Republican. [volume] (Logan, Utah) 1902-1924, 1916-01-01
BAKED HERRING

Place herring in a baking dish
sprinkle with salt pepper and chop
ped parsley, cover with bread crumbs
and bits OF butter and pour over I.
cupful OF cream. Bake 20 min.
utes or until wei Drowned.
The Logan Republican. [volume] (Logan, Utah) 1902-1924, 1916-01-01
DR.. r. E. Hubban

THE HIRUM DENSITY
Has moved his office to hid
house where he will be glad to.
meet his friends and patients
or any desiring dental work,
ID block west of Dance Hall
Phone 142 W Hyrum. Utah
The Logan Republican. [volume] (Logan, Utah) 1902-1924, 1916-01-01
Ancient "Saunterer."

A "saunterer" in the old day was
one who had made pilgrimage to the
Sainte Terre, the Holy Land. The
connection between the word and
place is clear.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1916-01-02
MISS HALLS DANCE
 LAST EVENING

Miss Grace Hall was delightful hostess of last evening when she entertained the school set at large dance at the home of MT. and Mrs. M L. Ward in Nor wood
 An excellent orchestra rendered bright music while the young folks enjoyed dancing amid a setting of holly wreaths, misteltoe and Christmas bells, and at the close of the evening delicious punch and sandwiches were served.
 Those invited were:
 Miss Emma Lee, Miss Evelyn West n5oreland. Miss Grace Meighan. Miss Annetta Hoyt, Miss Evelyn Hope. Miss Elizabeth Coleman, Miss Stella Mae Orr. Miss Phoebe McVay, Miss Edna Hoyt Miss Stanley Skull, Miss Edith Smith. Miss Josephine Haylow, Miss Alice Smith Miss Vivian Bentley, Miss Nancy Pegues, Miss Leone Irauss Miss Lucille Swift Miss Elizabeth BrazeaL Miss Chita Beas- ley. Miss Won Ceil Oden, Miss Esther Ken redy. Miss Ossie Blackwood, Miss Mabel Kennedy, Miss Katherine King Miss An nie Bell Turner. Miss Nellie Burk, MT W esley Westmoreland Mrs A. E. Davitt. MT. Erskin Seay, MT. Rollo SteinmehI MT. Joe Thornberry, MT. Charles Dren- nen, MT, Donald Thornberry, Mr Houston prennen, MT. James Holland, MT James Hardness, Mr. William Schou MT. Floyd Murray MT. Monty Williams, MT. Robert Seals, MT. Robert Steadham, Mr Grady Edwards, MT. Harry Stearns, MT. Edward Dillon, MT. Ed McDavid, Mr. Guy Yates MT. Joe Franklin. Mir Nat Hughes, MT Hugh Franklin, Mr. Frank Zimmerman MT, Philip McCann, Mr. John Harris MT Forest McMeans, MT. William Tarlham MT Erwin Kinney, Mr. Frank Nesbit, MT John England, MT, Baxter Golf Mr. Ed ard Smith, Mir. Felix Blackburn. MT
The Birmingham age-herald., 1916-01-02
DICKSON-MOWER
 MARRIAGE TAKES PLACE

As a pleasant surprise to their friends will come the announcement of the marriage of Miss Irene Mower of Col umbus, O., and MT. R. Flynn Dickson of Birmingham, which was solemnized in Columbus Thursday. The wedding took place at 1030 o'clock in the morn ing at the home of the brides parents and immediately afterward the bride and groom left for a bridal trip east After January they will be at home in Birmingham, making their residence at 1920 North Twenty second street.
 Mrs. Dickson is an accomplished vio- linist and will no doubt be a valuable addition to musical circles here Mr. Dickson is an employe of F. W. Brom- berg.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1916-01-02
HOLIDAY PARTY FOR COLLEGE GIRLS

Miss Lucille Stallngs and Miss Gladys Stalings, who came from Peace institute in Raleigh, N. C., to spend the holidays at home were the lovely inspiration for ar enjoyable party Friday evening, and the hostesses upon this occasion were Miss Helen Mae Dinthicum and Miss Katherine Linthicum
 The home of the hostesses was made lovely with holy, bells and other decora- tions of the Christmas season and the evening was whiled away with appropri- ate games and contests Miss Juliet Eos ter presided at the punch table and other light refreshments were dispensed later in the evening. Fifty invitations were sent to friends of the hostesses and honor guests.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1916-01-02
ANNOUNCEMENTS

The A. o. H. club will meet Wednesday afternoon at 2:30 o'clock with Mrs. A. A. McGregor.
 Mrs. Andrew Aldridge will be hostess to the college women on Tuesday after noon at o'clock at the Country club. There will be very interesting pro- gramme, the feature of which will be a lecture on child psychology.
 Miss Mildred Badham will leave the lat ter part of the week for Bryn Mawr col lege to resume her studies after enjoying the festivities of the holiday season in Birmingham.
 Mrs. B. w. Loveace who has been vs- ting her daughters, Mrs. c. M. Wright and Mrs. w. M. King, has gone to New Orleans to be the guest of Mrs. Estes Garner.
 Miss Kate Nelson Turnipseed and Miss Ruth Palmer were guests at house party given by Miss Caroline Stokes in Cordova.
 Miss Lucille Stallings and Miss Gladys stallings will leave the first of the week for Peace institute in Raleigh, N. C., after spending the holidays at home Mrs Rena Oliver of Huntsville is the guest of Mrs. Palmer Daugette.
 Miss Margaret Tilman will leave today for Miss Shipley's school at Bryn Mawr after spending the holiday season with her parents, MT. and Mrs. John P Tillman. Miss Harriet Forbes will leave the latter part of the week to resume her studies at Ogontz after passing the Christmas sea- son with her parents, Mr. and Mrs. Brooks Forbes.
 severe illness of pneumonia at her home. | Miss Elizabeth Maddox will return to- day from Memphis, where she has been delightfully entertained as the guest of relatives and friends. Miss Eleanor Lesser Westcott will leave Monday for Nashville to resume her studies at the St. Cecelia academy.
 
 | Miss Julia Casey will leave Tuesday for Washington college in Washington, D. G., where she will resume her studies after spending the holidays with her parents, MT and Mrs. John L. Casey. | $ | Mr. and Mrs. Allen J. Daly have named their little daughter Sara Katherine. | Mrs. D. Bernhardt. Jr. of Anniston, and Miss Lillian Clark of Pensacola, Fla, are guests of Miss Clyde Crowson for the Cryer-Crowson wedding. | MT and Mrs. Horace Adams have re- turned from delightful visit to relatives l in Atlanta.
 | Miss Lucille Strickland of Valdosta Ga, will arrive Tuesday to be the guest
The Birmingham age-herald., 1916-01-02

Selma Perry, Miss Robinson, Miss Bow CTS, Miss Gussie Groover of Memphis, Miss Vallie Young White, Miss Kath- crime Ledbetter, Miss Julia Shackelford, Miss Mary Chambliss Dryer, Miss Leola shannon, Miss Mary Ella Magill, Miss Judith Jones, Miss Virginia Putnam, Miss Lizzie Lee Pounds, Miss Blair Ma son, Miss Kathleen Burns, Miss Kath- ryn Ross, Miss Rebecca Sedberry, Miss Nerna McCrory, Miss Sara McLester MT. Will Given, MT. Marion Pointer, Mr. Joe Berry, MT. Ed Berry, MT. Earl Mar
 tin, MT Paul Moffett, MT. Henry Fowlkes, Mir Mark Myatt, Mr. Malcolm Grant, Mr. Charles Jones, Dr. o. p. Board, MT. Howard Sterns, MT. John Heidt, MT. John Reed, MT. Lester Bar ker, Mr. John Abernethy MT. Henry Simpson, Mir. Hunter Wallace. Mr. Homer Erckart, MT. w. A. McNeely, MT. Star Califer, MT. James Yates, Dr. Mur- phy, MT. Richard DeTreville, Mir Rich ard Zimmerman, MT. John D. Chiches- ter and MT. HOlmeade Chichester
The Birmingham age-herald., 1916-01-02
MANY LUNCHEONS AT DOWNTOWN CAFE

The popular cafe of the Tutwler hotel was the scene of a number of small but congenial luncheon parties yesterday dur ing the noon hour. Among those noted were: Mrs. Jack Walton. Mrs. C. C.. Heidt, Jr., Miss Mary Parke London, Miss Gladys Anderson, MT. and Mrs. Ben c. Morgan, Miss Elsie Brooks, Mir and Mrs. John Milner Caldwell Miss Mary Elizabeth Caldwell, Miss Caroline Cope land, Miss Jennie Hammond Copeland
 Miss Katherine Reynolds, Miss Nell Cosby, MT. Tom OByrne, MT. Kennon Boiling, MT. and Mrs. Roy Percy, MT Mathew Murphy, MT. Henry B. Gray, Jr., Miss Elizabeth Prince, MT. and Mrs
 W. V, M. Robertson, Jr MT and Mrs
 Pelham Anderson, MT. R. A. Brown, Mr Frank Crockard, MT. Erskine Ramsey.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1916-01-02
MANY ENJOY LUNCHEON AT THE PRESS CLUB

Many members, their wives and friends, enjoyed luncheon at the Birmingham Newspaper club yesterday. The following guests were seen in the cafe during the luncheon hour: Mrs. Frank L. Browne, Chicago; Mrs. J. o. Clarke, Mrs. J. C. Corcoran, Mrs. Arthur Barton, Miss Kathleen Hayes, Mrs. w. T. Kelly, Mrs. J. H. Jones' Miss Selma Perry, Miss Ghssie Groover, Mrs. G. B. Baskerville, Mrs. P. c. Ratliff, Mrs. F. R. Stewart Miss Mary Bowers, Miss Mary Elizabeth Wilson, Mrs. Harry Wilson, Mrs. P. T Young, Mrs. A. c. Mitchell, Mrs. Robert White, Miss Sarah Porter Mrs w. M Hunt Miss Margaret Dewey, and others
The Birmingham age-herald., 1916-01-02
DINNER PARTY FOR
 MRS. W. C. STRIBLING

Mrs. J. H. Newman will be hostess at dinner party this evening at her home in Norwood to celebrate the seventy first birthday of her mother, Mrs w. C. Stribling.
 The following children and grand children of the honor guest will be in cluded in the hospitality:
 MT. and Mrs. F. J. Holcombe, MT. and Mrs. W. T. Parker, Mrs. D. R.. Bringe, Dr. and Mrs. D. r. Bucks, MT. Lyman Stribling, MT. Stribling Hol- combe. Miss Virginia Holcombe. MT. Edward Holcombe Miss Willie Parker, MT and Mrs. J. H. Newman.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1916-01-02
MRS. PERRY'S DANCE
 EVENT OF HOLIDAYS

Mrs. Charles Perry was charming hostess of last evening when she en- tertained at an informal dance to honor her four nieces, Miss Selina Perry, Miss Susie Perry, Miss Selma Robinson and Miss Mary Bowers.
 The home of the hostess was prettily decorted with festive holiday plants, a color scheme of red and green prevail ing and at the close of the evening de- licious refreshments were served
 The guests were Miss Perry, Miss
The Birmingham age-herald., 1916-01-02
R A N D o M N IT E s

MT. and Mrs. Harrison Stewart Mat thews, who spent the holidays with MT. and Mrs. Charles B. Whitworth in Nashville, will return home this week. Mrs. George c. Kelly's mother, Mrs. Austin of Atlanta, is visiting her for a few days
 MT. and Mrs. Arnett and baby will leave today for Cincinnati, after vis- iting MT and Mrs. J. R. Cook
 
 Mrs. J. Pope Seals is visiting Mrs. John Mitchell in Columbus, Ga
 Miss Augusta Dearborn is the guest of Miss Mary Skeggs in Decatur.
 MT. Asa Rountree, Jr., who has spent the holidays with his parents, MT and Mrs. J. A. Rountree, will leave Tues day to resume his studies at the Uni versity of Alabama.
 Dr. and Mrs. Cunningham Wilson have returned from Coden, where they have spent the past 10 days.
 Mrs. Mary Mendel, who has spent the past month with MT and Mrs. Frank Crockard, will leave today for her home in Wheeling, w. Va.
 MT Henry B. Gray, Jr who has spent the holidays with his father, Gov. Henry B. Gray, returns to liar yard today.
 MT. Richard Peters of Philadelphia has joined Mrs. Peters here and they are spending the holidays with Mrs William Drennen.
 Mrs. John D. Turner has as her guest her mother Mrs. Hook, of Kan sas.
 MT. and Mrs. Harry Parker have re- turned from Huntsville, where they attended the Anderson Hertzler we'd ding.
 Mir. and Mrs. Hinson S. Sibley and their little daughter, Eleanor Sibley, have re- turned from Tuscaloosa, where they spent the holidays with Mrs. Sibley's pa rents, MT. and Mrs. F. c. Blair.
 
 MT. Evans Dunn will leave Tuesday fol the University of Alabama after spend ing the holidays with his parents. MT and Mrs E. J. Dunn. Mir. Harry White will leave this week tc resume his studies at the university after passing the holiday season with his parents MT. and Mrs H. K. White. Miss Elizabeth Prince and Miss Jordan Prince will leave this week fol ] Washington college in Washington aftel spending the holidays with their parents | pr. and Mrs. E. M. Prince.
 
 1 Mr. w. s. Herren of Dadeville has beer called to Birmingham by the illness o1 Mrs. Herren at St. Vincent's hospital
The Birmingham age-herald., 1916-01-02
MISS NABERS HONORS

Miss Marguerite Nabers was hostess at lovely bridge tea yesterday after noon for Miss Catherine Moss of St, Joseph, Mo, the guest of Miss Louise Long.
 Bridge was played at four tables and later in the afternoon other friends called for tea.
 Those included among the bridge guests were Miss Louise Long, Miss Moss, Miss Eula Wealley, Miss Margaret Chenoweth, Miss Amelia Worthington, Miss Lalla Warrington, Miss Eliza beth Going, Miss Edith Orr, Miss Belle Roberts, Miss Cecile McCrossin, Miss Mayo Thach, Miss Gladys Allison, Miss Annie Donnelly, Miss Serena Kirkpat- rick, Miss Margaret Bradshaw.