davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1916-02-15
TOLL OF MINE FIRE
TWENTY-ONE LIVES
More Than Score Believed to Have
Perished In Holocaust at PennsyI-
vania Mine Of Anaconda Copper Min
ing Company Near Butte.

Butte. Mont, Feb. 14.-Twenty one
men probably have perished accord
ing to the rescue workers at the Penn
sylvania mine Of the Anaconda Copper
Mining Company in q fire which broke
out In one Of the levels while 220
miners were at work last night. Nine
bodies had been raised from the mine
before noon and twelve were unac-
counted for.
A dozen others were missing but it
was believed that all but three or four
OF these went home without reporting
Off shift Two Of the dead William
Mitchell, assistant foreman, and Neil
Brennan. were overcome by smoke and
gas and while engeged In rescue work
on the 600-foot level.
The cause of the fire is unknown.
A new ventilating system was in
stalled In the mine today which
changed the air currents and made ex-
ploration Of all levels possible. The
mine is $500 feet deep.
There was still hope that some of
the twelve missing men might have es-
capped into workings of other proper
ties.
Within a few minutes after the fire
was discovered In the timbering at the
1900 foot level, near the shaft, gas
fumes and smoke poured into the high
or workings OF the mlne. Station tend
ers were ordered to warn the hundreds
OF miners, some Of whom were as much
as a quarter Of mile from ths shaft.
Signals to the engineer from the cage
came from half dozen levels at once.
Insistant calls came from the 500 foot
level One cage full OF men was taken
from there but when It was again low
cred to this level there were no men
at the landing. ~
william G. Mitchell. assistant fore
man Of the mine, and Jack Brennan. a
miner who volunteered. wero quickly
lowered to the 500 foot level. A few
minutes later their dead bodies were
found by first AID rescue crews. Both
were overcome within few yards of
the shaft. First aid teams with COM
plete equipment had great difficulty in
penetrating the drifts.
Most OF the dead and missing men
were at work on the, 500 foot or adj
joining levels
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1916-02-15

Paris, Feb ia semi official COM
munication issued here affirms tina:
the German attacks on the French
front during the last few days. while
intended to give the impression OF
great activity, are in reality only local
actions without consequence or with
out gains for the attackers.
In the Champagne district French
troops have recaptured q portion of
the advanced trenches occupied by the
Germans on. Feb.51 according to tho
announcement given out by the Frencl,
war office this afternoon.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1916-02-15
might lead to the early arrest Of the
anarchist.
McomnaittAe az EiftaanN x nown

might lead to the early arrest OF the
anarchist.
"committee Of Fifteen Known.
Names Of the Committee of fifteen
are said to be in the hands of the po-
lice, and it was predicted that the ar
rest of some Of the committee members
would be made before night.
In connection with the alleged plans
OF the reputed conspirators here to de-
stroy public buildings and church
property, it was pointed out two score
or more Chicago churches have SUI
fered fire losses within the last few
years. At the Moody church, 1t was
said, no less than six fires, obviously
Of incendiary origin, have been dis
covered and extinguished with small
loss during the past year alone. Other
churches, in which incendiary fires
have been discovered. include Grace
Episcopal church, which was destroyed
Sept. 26 last; Oakland Methodist
church, Norwood Park Methodist
church, Auburn Park Methodist church,
ST. Sebastian's Roman Catholic church,
Evangelical Lutheran st. Nicholas
church, Trinity Reformed Episcopal
church and three other Episcopal
churches-St. Chrysostoms, All Saints
and st. Adams.
Joliet Prison in Plot.
An attempt to blow up the state
penitentiary at Joliet was among the
plans Of the alleged plotters, the po-
lice say. Recently quantity OF dy-
Mantle, sufficient to destroy many
buildings, was found secreted in the
penitentiary.
The police say that among the let
ters found was an unsigned one which
said:
There are many good men penned
up like sAoga in s.Js,liet. What n adAr-;
full thing II would be II we could free
them"
Frank N. Cline, United States dis
trict attorney, made arrangements to-
day to cooperate with States Attor-
ney Hoyne in an investigation In the
alleged nation wide plot.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1916-02-15

washington, Feb. 15.--A resolution
to declare that the senate liz anxtously
concerned ovsr the recent order of the
German admiralty that armed enemy
merchant ships may be sunk withous
warning Was introduced today by Sen.
ator Stefin. Of South Dakota. Tho
resolution asserts that there should bo
no acquieGence in the order by the
United States.
Discuss German Offsr,
Senators are discussing informally
today the report that Germany had Of.
fered Nicaragua a larger sum than,
tho $3.00O.000 offer made by the United.
States for an option on an inter.
oceanic canal, while awaiting vote
on the Nicaraguan treaty.
Administration senators are ustuA
tho report az an argument for an early
ratification of the pact.
Chairman Stone. of the foreign rela-
tons committee. said he had deferred
asking for a vote until Thursday owing
to tho absence Of several senator's
Submarines on Trial.
The question Of the fitness OF Am.
erican submarines for modern warfare
was inquired into further today by tho
house naval committee.
Rear Admiral Albert w. Grant, tho
submarine commander, resumed his
IN .,..
,,.,,n - ] os .,' u potn
=. .oaso nS, u.o oso eo".iI'ueu .ouay work
- . s.aAe,,"a, 90 " - H'ciuuo
.,,,,"1 n' os 80 .~ aaa. y. u.e ma
80 a. - ie'e' w io1co
0
Land 6anks Bill Rsportsd.
The administrators bill to estabA
lish system of land banlcs. drafted -
Joint congressional, COMMITTEES. tyas
favorably reported today to the peu.
ate but with radical alterations ~ tho
shAnktnE and currency lcomsn nit4ea.
The tcln+ nrnpoNal Tor a.. hna "A az
Ave com Inissioners to control the sys-
tenn was discarded by the committees
in favor OF control Of a treasury de-.
partment bureau to be known as tho
federal farm loan bureau under tho
supervision OF federal farm loan
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1916-02-15
- PAGE ONE.

sS PAGE ONE.
u Aphio News,
~ ate May Take Hand in Mercllan Mt
Ship Controversy.
y lot to Destroy Many Buildings.
Poison Squad Also Dynamite Crow.
g lambert Death Potion Bottle Sought
French Belittle German Attacks.
New Attack on Bmndeis.
Deems Not Candidate For Governor.
PAGES TWO, THREE AND FOUR.
Iowa News:
Fractional Lemon Extract Barred.
Lease OF Rock Island Approved.
Grain Dealers in Session.
From Slums to Fame. ..
Iowa City's Industrial Gain.
Robinson Makes New Altitude
PAGE FIVE.
Farm News:
Corn Tests From Same Crib Vary.
Meat Clubs Growing Popular
PAGE SIX,
Editorial:
"No Show Nowadays"
Germany in Nicaragua.
Checking UP the Tramp Tourist.
Topics Of the Times.
Iowa Opinion and Notes.
PAGE SEVEN.
General News:
Cummns Iambasts Wilson.
'Watchful Waiting" Deplored
PAGES SEVEN, EIGHT, NINE, TEN,
ELEVEN.
City News:
Liscomb Woman Hangs Herself.
Forecasts Death to Husband.
Settlement Viaduct Damages In
Sight.
Oviatt Attempts to Prove Sanity.
Realty Market Inactive.
PAGE TWELVE.
Markets and General:
Wheat prices Rally.
Corn Sways With Wheat.
Cattle Trade Strong.
Hogs Unchanged to Lower.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1916-02-15
Heavy Quake Recorded.

Washington. Feb. IA very severe
earthquake was recorded this morning
on the seismograph of GEORGETOWN
University here. It lasted more than
an hour. The heaviest shock took
place between 1901 and 1908 o'clock.
It was approximately between $500
and 1900 miles from Washington.
The record of the disturbances shows
1t began IT e.b1 o'clock and continued
until a. m. The direction Of the
movement was east and west.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1916-02-15
WILL HOLD NO INQUEST.

Circumstances Indicate Italian EN-.
- s.=sy A...ehe Ended Own Life.
London, Feb. 15.-No inquest will be
held In the case Of the late first sec
retary of the Italian embassy at Lon
don, and former second secretary at
Washington. Chevalier Roberto Cen
taro, who was found in hotel yester-
day with revolver beside the body.
IT developed today. The Italian am
bassador has claimed diplomatic i'm
munity I'M the case.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1916-02-15
MISSISSIPPI LEvEE BREAKS.
Largo Area Of Farming Lands il
Tennessee Flooded.

here from Natchez, Miss, says the
main levee, thirty miles below that
city broke early today. The water
from this break will flood a large area
Of rich farming land.
Two breaks In the Mississippi levee.
about twenty five miles above st.
Joseph, Ia, and six miles from Newell
ton, on the Louisiana side were re-
ported hero to have occurred today.
A large volume Of water which would
food Tenas, ConcordIa, Franklin.
Catahoula and possibly Madison
parishes In Louisiana, was said to bc
rushing thru the breaks.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1916-02-15
KING LEWANIkA DEAD.
Reign Of Twenty second Ruler OF
Baroteseland Is Ended,

odJVkOu0lNUu 10 cnueOs
London, Feb. 1b.-From Livingstone.
Rhodesia, the death is announced OF
Lewanika, king of Baroteseland, a
powerful native ruler, friendly to the
British. Baroteseland is in the north
west of Rhodesia.
Lewanika had reigned since 1886. He
was twenty-second in line Of rulers.
During the early years Of his reign he
was engaged continuously in native
wars. In 1890 he concluded a treaty
with the British South African Com
pany acknowledging its supremacy.
Lewanika was one Of the most in
teresting guests at the coronation Of
King Edward. who received him at
Buckingham palace.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1916-02-15
MARsHAILToWN TUESDAY FEBRUARY
Io,Da,,s May Ask
Wilson to Recall
bryan, to Cabinet

Des Moines, Feb. 15.--Des Moines
and central Iowa democrats may
ask President Wilson to recall Will
liam eJnnings Bryan to his cabi-
net, 1t became known today.
I. 4. Jones, Of this city, an
nounced that this action was being
seriously considered. The basis of
this request is probably failure of
President Wilson's defense plan.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1916-02-15
urt today ruled as follows:

court today ruled as follows:
Dwight vs city of Des Moines, APP
pe.lant. Polk county. Reversed. Opinion
by Gaynor.
Mes VS.. Jepson, judge ct al. Wood
bury county. Annulled and reversed.
Opinion by Salinger.
Scott county vs. Townsley, appellant.
Washington county. Affirmed. Opinion
by Ladd. ...
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1916-02-15

Fifty county Jobs have been Topped
on at Kansas City, Mo-. and the la
mentations Of. the jobiess puts Jere-
miah IN the Whispering class.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1916-02-15
PARADE CONDEMNED MEN.

Prisoners to be Executed Feature Of
Fots in Juarsx Streets.
! FL Paso, Tex. Feb. 15.-Six prisoners
under death sentence were marched
thru the, streets Of Juarez 70 ra half
hour, today escorted by three drum
Corps and regiment Of soldiers, prior
to the execution Of three Of the ac-
cused. The procession was attended by
O large crowd OF civilian residents at
the Invitation Of General Gavira.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1916-02-15
FAvoRs MtDDLEwEsr MAN.
President Wilson Not Inclined 70 al
9eoretaryehip to East.

9serstaryship TO East.
Washington, Feb. 15.-President
Wilson today went over Lists Of sev-
eral prominent middle west lawyers
for the appointment as secretary Of
war. : y i,3s55 ~ Z:
The name Of Judson Harmon, for
mer governor Of Ohio. was among
them. 1t was said the president was
inclined 20 appoint middle western
man Il he could ara 49,
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1916-02-15
ALLEGED YEeeMAN CAUGHT.
Frank Morissey Arrested at Des
Moines, Accused of Burglary.

MoInes, ACCUSED OF bur9Tary.
Des Moines, Feb. 15.--F'rank Morris
sey, 81 years OF age, was arrested here
today, accused OF being one OF the two
men who blew a safe in st. Paul a
week ago and engaged in desperate
revolver battle. with the police. The
police said Morissey will be taken
back to ST. Paul as soon rs arrange
ments can be made.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1916-02-15
MAY
TAKE A HAND.
Resolution introduced Bear.
ing on German Threat
Against Armed Ships.
DEMAND MADE FOR
NO ACQUIESCENCE

Senators Also Concerned Over R,pors
That Germany Sought to outbid
United States In Effort to Secure
Canal Rlshts Across Isthmus-Ef.
fectivsness Of United States Sub.
marine Under Investigation.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1916-02-15
POTION
. BOTTLE SOUGHT
Detectives Search For Last
Link to Connect Orpet
With Girls Murder.
MADE PURCHASE IN
MADISON STORE

Poison Crystals Found in Ash Heap in
Cellar Of orpst Homs-Gardener
Says Poison Had Been Used to Kill
Insects on shrubbery-orpet and
His Attorneys Continue to Reiterate
His Innocence.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1916-02-15
German Cardinal. Prsnara Ranix


Paris. Feb. 15.-A special dispatch
from Rome says that the cardinals
and bishops Of Germany and Austria
are preparing collective statement In
answer to the letters Of the Belgian
bishops.
Ia letter dated Nov. "a, 1915, and
signed by Cardinal Mercier and by the
other members Of the Belgian Catholic
episcopate, the bishops of Ghent,
Bruges, Namur, Liege, and Journal.
was addressed to the cardinals and
bishops Of Germany, Bavaria and Aus
tria- Hungary and contained an appeal
in the name Of their common religion
for truth and justice for the faithful
Of Belgium. An appendix gave, as
was stated. official documents to prove
the assertions OF intoierable wrongs
made in the letter.1
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1916-02-15
AeropI.nes Bombard ,aoh;e. ~

S London, Feb. 15.--Reuters CORES
spondent at vicenza, Italy. says that
hostile aeroplanes bombarded the
Italian town Of Schio, fifteen miles
from vicenza, yesterday. killing six
pstson4 and .wounding others.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1916-02-15
T.-R. BULLETIN.
NEWS OF THE DAY

Tho Weather.
Sun rises Feb. 10 at 6:52; sets at
5:37.
Io"va--Fair tonight and Wednesday:
warmey Wednesday and in west and
centry 8 3.tions tonight.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1916-02-15
MAKE N NO GAINS
Paris Report Belittles Re-
cent Attacks of Germans
on French Front.
IN REALITY ONLY
LOCAL ACTIONS

Heavy German Guns Reported to Have
Done Great Damage at seIIefort-
inhabitants Flee to Switzerland
King George Addresses Parliament,
Expressing Confidence in Outcome
Of War. ....-.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1916-02-15
lows supreme csvr,

Special to Times -RepWblica
Des MGoines. Feb. 16.The stnfol
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1916-02-15
Arethusa Survivors In Port.

Chatham Eng, Feb. 15.-About 900
survivors of the British cruiser Are-
thusa, which was sunk as the result
Of striking q mine on the east coast
Of England, arrived here Saturday
night. All the men were provided with
new kits and on Sunday they went on
leave.
It is reported that sixteen or seven
teen men, who were in the stoke hold
at the time the vessel struck the mine,
wo-e killed
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1916-02-15
KING GEORGE CONFIDENT.
British Ruler Addresses parliament
.a and EkprsssUs Hone.

sf-s and EkprsssUs Hope.
london Feb. 16.-Parlia1nent re-
assembled tadaEs sESing, George in his
spaSt from Me tlSrone sEid iJs-
ME- lords and gentlemen: 1t has
been my duty to SUMMON you after a
short recess to renew your delibera-
tions. The spirit of my allies and my
people who are united in this conflict
by ever erstrenSthening ties Of SYM
pathy and understanding remains
steadfast in the resolve to secure
reparation for the victims Of unpro-
voked and unjustifiable outrage and
effectual safeguards for all nations
against the aggression Of power
which mistakes force for right and ex-
pediency for honor.
with pruud. and grateful conf
dence ] look to the courage, tenacity
and resource Of my navy and army,
on whom we depend worthily."
Gentlemen OF the house: You will
be asked to make due financial provis-
ion for the conduct Of the war. My
lords and gentlemen. the only meas
ures which will be submitted to you
are such as In the opinion Of my ad-
visers tend to the attainment Of our
common object. I commend them to
your patriotism and loyalty and pray
that the Almighty will give his bless
ing to your councils"
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1916-02-15
German Guns Do Great DAMAGE.

Berlin, by Wireless to Sayville, Feb.
15.-Advices from Swiss sources to
the Overseas News Agency say that
the shelling of the French fortress Of
Bellefort recently by the heavy Ger
man guns has done great damage. 1t
is said about fifty houses have been
destroyed, that entire streets have been
damaged badly and that the we'll to do
inhabitants have fled to Switzerland.
The number Of dead and wounded is
not known.
Omaha daily bee. (Omaha [Neb.]) 187?-1922, 1916-12-06
German Subsea
Bombards Port in ).
Madeira Islands

, New York. Dec, 5.-News of what
is believed to have been an attack on
the Portuguese port of Funchal, Ma
deira, islands, presumably by Ger
man submarine, was received in a
cable message today by the firm Of
Salinger & Magnus. embroidery i'm.
porters here The message said that
the Offices of the firm there had been
damaged by shell fire to the extent of
81 900.
The message, evidently censored,
read:
"Out of danger. No one was hurt.
Damage caused by shell fire. We
have claimed damages to the extent
Mr. salinger, senior partner Of the
firm, said that yesterday he had re-
ceived letter from the junior part
ner, Mr.. Magnus, who left Eunchal
on November "a. The letter describ7
ed the activities of German subma-
rines in the vicinity OF the Madeira
Islands, Mr.. Salinger said, and for
this reason he was quite certain. that
the attack on the town must have
been made by submersible
Our establishment was damaged
because of its proximity to the cable
and telegraph office, which must have
been one of the points OF attack" !"
| said Mr.. Salinger.
Omaha daily bee. (Omaha [Neb.]) 187?-1922, 1916-12-06
Santa Fe and the
Western Union Vote
Bonuses to ToilerS

New York, Dec 5.-Directors Of
the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe
Railway company today authorized a
distribution equal to 10 per cent Of
a years pay to all its employees in
the service of the system for at least
two years and whose annual COM
pensation does not exceed $2,500.
Directors the Western Union Tele-
graph company at special meeting
today voted bonus to employees re-
ceving less than $1,000 a year, I per
cent of their annual salary to those
receiving less than $l,200 and per
cent to those receiving between 81 200
and $1,000, Messengers will receive
SIS each.
President Ripley OF the Atchison,
Topeka & Santa Fe railway said to-
day that the amount to be distr ibuted
was estimated at about $2,750,060. He
said that the railroad, especially since
the influence of the European war
had been fully felt" has enjoyed
what appears to be an abnormal pros
perity. 1t was in recognition of this
and of the increased cost of living
that led the directors to make the
distribution, he said
Omaha daily bee. (Omaha [Neb.]) 187?-1922, 1916-12-06
Dir Milener Gets
Patents on His Two
Wireless Devices

After ten years OF nerpe-racking
work DR.. Frederick Millener has Sc
cured what he started out to get
patents on "Atennae and supports
therefor for use in wireless tele-
graph and telephone systems" and
Apparatus for wireless transmission
of energy"
The two patents of DR.. Millcner
that have to do with wireless, as
applied to railroads, have been re
ceived and bear the patent office
date OF November %. The doctor is
greatly pleased over his success in
securing the patents, and, while for
the present he will do nothing in the
way of installing the wireless sys4
tenn on railroads, the hope of his life
is TO live to see the day when trains
all over the country will be handled
by wireless instead of telegraph or
ders.
Omaha daily bee. (Omaha [Neb.]) 187?-1922, 1916-12-06
MAN REPORTED TO
Be KILLED IS SAFE
Charles Elmendorf, Said ia
Have Been Slain at Chi
huahua, Is Alive.
DAUGHTER IS NOT STOLEN

Fl Paso. Tex, Dec. ,5.-ChaIles e.
mendorf. the American repo rted killed
at Chihuahua City, is safe. according
to message received iron! him to-
day. His daughter reported captured
by Villa, is at Clifton. Ariz., and was
not taken by the bandit.
1t was reported here today that it
was the daughter of Jose Bovio, an
Italian. that Villa carried away.
Moritz Buettner, foreigner, in
Chihuahua City, at the time Of the at
tack, telegraphcd friends he was safe
and that the big foreign wholesale
store of which he is manager was
undamaged.
Messages from Chihuahua City to-
day announce the killing of Emeliano
Enriquez, uncle of former Governor
lgnacio Enriquez. l-
A Chinese agent in Juarez received
telegram saying many Chinese and
other stores were looted and "siSty
Chinese were victims"
Other foreigners who were in Chi
huahua City at the same time Villa
entered were telegraphing relatives
here today of their safety.
German Consul Max Weber OF
Juarez announced today he had re-
ceivcd nothing from Carlos Ketelsen
acting German vice consul in Chihua-
hua City, who was reported to have
been killed
Enriquez. who was reported to
have been killed during the battle
was well known lawyer in the state
of Chihuahua His nephew, Colonel
lgnacio Enriquez. was formerly gov,
ernor of Chihuahua state and was
last reported to be chief Of staff tc
General Obregon, minister of war.
Omaha daily bee. (Omaha [Neb.]) 187?-1922, 1916-12-06
JOHN D. ARCHBOLD,
OIL KING, is DEAD
Capitalist Who Helped Rookie
feller Organize His First
Trust Dies at Tarrytown.
ILL LESS THAN TWO WEEKS

Tarrytown, N. Y, Dec. 5.-A noted
figure in the worlds petroleum in
dustry was removed today when John
Dustin Archbold, capitalist, president
of the Standard Oil company OF New
Jersey and officer or director in
various other enterprises, died at his
home here after two weeks illness
subsequent to an operation for ap-
pendicits. Death came at 4 o'clock
this morning. For some hours the
patient had been unable TO receive
proper nourishment and members OF
his family recognized last night that
the end was NEAR.
Mr.. Archbold is survived by his
widow; son, John F. Archbold OF
Thomasville, Ga, and two daughters,
Mrs. M. M. Van Buren, OF Newport
R. l., and Mrs. Armra d. Saunderson
of Lyndhurst, England.
Native of Ohio.
Mr.. Archbold was a native Of Ohio
and was 68 years old. In early life
he was all oil rehner and buyer in
western Pennsylvania and in 1875 he
became associated with the Rookie.
feller interests, that continued unit
his death. He became, president OF
the Standard Oil company of New
Jersey shortly after the dissolution Of
the trust" was ordered by the United
States supreme court
Mr.. Archbold's death followed ar
illness OF less than two weeks. He
was operated upon for appendicitis
November q and for time seemed
to rally. Later he suffered relapse
and the five physicians attending hin
decided that blood TRANSMISSION mus
be resorted to. Mr.. Archbold':
chauffeur volunteered as the subjec