davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1916-08-25
Find Saaebrush Has Value.

The sagebrush of the western prai.
rie lands, heretofore regarded as ut.
terly useless, is 10Y to be extensively
awaited of in the manufacture of pot.
ash. Experiments have been conduct
ed covering q long period Of time with
specimens of the sagebrush from diff.
ferent parts of the country, and it has
been demonstrated that the ashes Of
the plant contain from Is to 80 per
cent potash. which will make the han.
ding of the sagebrush quite profitable.
The leader in this movement is State
Senator Lee of Nevada. who has several
central plants in different parts of the
country engaged in the gathering and
burning Of the sagebrush. The ashes
are shipped to Richmond. Va, where
they are refined and paid for accord.
ing to the value Of the potash CON
tent.
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1916-08-25
H HUSTLER.
How 70 Look We'll Dressed without .
Great ExponditurO.,

How 20 Look We'll Dressed Without .
Great Expenditure.
In the American Magazine is an &C.
count Of one of the most successful In
surance solicitors in the country, who
attributes a large part Of his success to
the fact that he always looks well
dressed and prosperous.
IF you have only n suit Of clothes
keep that one suit clean and pressed
all the time" he says. "Press your
trousers yourself every day If neces-
sary. 1 have pressed my trousers lots
of times. Keep your shoes shined.
of you can afford several suits
change of from one suit to another
frequently, and keep all of them spot
less and we'll pressed. l never wear a
suit longer than the second day at a
time. To change every day is better.
1t gives the clothes a chance to rest
1 always hang my clothes on hangers
the minute I take them of. 1t gives
them a chance to come back into
shape and the nap to come up again.
1T is a great economy to have lots
of good clothes. A suit will last twice
and three times as long and always
look well If you keep changing of
from one to another. Besides, people
get tired of seeing a man in the same
suit day after day for a whole season."
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1916-08-25
NATURE PROVIDES FOR BIRDS
Perfect "coId Storage" System Oh.
served by ornithoIooist In North.
ern Russia and Siberia.

For a long time human ingenuity
has been devising systems of cold
storage for food products; but for an
unknown number of ages such a sys-
tenn has existed In natural form in
northern Russia and Siberia. 1t was
! discovered by the famous ornitholo-
gist, Henry Seebohm.
In the course Of his travels he Wis.,
| tied the Plethora river, which flows
from the Ural mountains into the Arc.
tic ocean opposite Nova Zembla.
Along the lower part of that river
stretched the tundra, a dreary, dnin-
habited, treeless swamp, covered with
ice and snow. Nevertheless, he found
that this unattractive spot was the
summer home of almost half the bird
population of the old world.
The naturalist reached the region in
early April. Forest and tundra were
as devoid of life as the desert of Sal
hara. but a change IA near. Sud-
denly summer broke over the scene;
the ice on the river split and disap-
peared; the banks steamed in the sun T;
and innumerable birds of all sizes and
colors appeared within 4S hours after
the first warmth. The frozen tundra
became a wide moor. diversified with
numerOus Dogs and lakes. 1t was Gov
cred with moss, lichens. healthlike
plants, dwarf birch and millions Of
acres of c~lOudberrieS, cranberrieS and
crowberries.
The perpetual sun of the Arctic
summer causes the latter plants to
bear in wonderful p%rofusion. But
fruit-bearing must follow blossoming,
and blossom and fruit cannot be per-
fected in AZ hours. The birds were
arriving in thousands. The fruit would
not be ripe until the middle or end of
the summer; if the birds had to wait
until then they would starve.
1t soon appeared, however, that ma
ture had made due provision for
them. Beneath the sno lay a whole
crop of last years fruit, perfectly pre-
served in natures cold storage.
Each year. when the berries are ripe,
and before the birds can devour many
of them, the snow descends upon the
tundra; it covers the crop and pre-
serves it in perfect condition. Then
m the spring II to melt the snow
and ncove the bushes, loaded with
ripened fruit, and the ground beneath
covered with the fallen %prOvender.
The berries never decay beneath the
snow.
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1916-08-25
INFANTILE WARDRoBEs.
How to Dress a New Baby With Little
Expense.

How to Dress a New Baby With Little
Expense.
If you are preparing a layette for a
brand new baby these are the things
you will need: Four abdominal bands
Of soft flannel, unhemmed, six or eight
inches wide and twenty inches long;
four shirts of silk and wool or cotton
and wool; four flannel skirts made to
hang from the shoulders; four night
gowns or wrappers of outing flannel
open in front.
Three knitted bands of wool and cot
ton, with shoulder straps; six very SIM
pie white slips; four dozen diapers
-cheesecloth, birdseye or %diapering;
three pairs of socks for a summer
baby Or three pairs of long stockings
for the winter baby.
One simple coat and cap; one pair
of mittens for winter; two short, loose
sacks for sudden changes of tempera-
ture; two c%rocheted, knitted or flannel
blankets.
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1916-08-25
IN THE ORCHARD.

A very small wire carelessly left
around the trunk Of a small tree may
prove its death. 2
Cut of the limb that blights before
It begins to decay. That may save the
life Of the tree.
Thin the fruit on the apple trees.
Pick of every little, imperfect apple.
What you leave will be SO much the
better for It.
Don't let plum stones. peach pits, ETC..
dry out If you want them for seed pur-
poses. Pack them in boxes Of moist
soil until planting time in October.
Look out for sun scald on trees that
have not sufficient foliage to shade
their own trunk and main limbs A
little forethought will enable you to
shade the threatened parts in some
manner and thus stop the danger Of
damaged bark on the southwest side.
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1916-08-25

fore the young shoots for the next crop
get high enough to be cut off in moving
The best time to seed alfalfa is from
Sept. 10 to Oct. Is. Sow fifteen pounds
per acre if alfalfa drill is used ON in.
oculated soil and not less than twenty.
five pounds when sown broadcast. If
seed are sown by hand, sow half the
SEED one way and then cross the field
With the balance.
BE sure you obtain a firm seed bed
before seeding and W the seed light.
ly with smoothing harrow when sown
by hand.
Don't forget to thoroughly inoculate
the seed before sowing, and if inocu.
lated soil can be secured S at least
600 pounds per acre, covering imme.
diately. When sowing land to alfalfa
for the first time where there is no in
oculation in soil, SOW even thirty to
forty pounds of seed per acre.
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1916-08-25
Bird Fountains.

The interest in bird protection that
has this year led to the placing of
pretty bird houses in many private
gardens is also bringing into promi-
hence the bird drinking fountain as a
garden ornament. >.
These fountains are usually shaped
like a flat-bowled vase. They hold
either a little smooth pool of water OF
n troubled daintily by a tiny foun-
tain that wells from the center of the
bowl.
The fountains come in wrought iron,
In stone ami in cement. Often their
beauty is enhanced by water plants
floating in the bowls. r
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1916-08-25
Only One Tyroi.

II ia not correct to talk about the
An.+rian Tyror" or 1.-THE 1talian Tyrol."
NJ Raillie-Grohman, mi Of the great
IT. %anthorities on 1.-The Land In
the Mountains" condemns such errors
severely, insisting that there Is only
n Tyrol. He has denounced also ol inc
nse Of the article, declaring 1.-THE Tyrol.
to he as wrong as "the Scotland"
you'd be. Mr.. Coolidge, however,
nointed out to the present writer some
Years ago that, while Mr.. Baillie-Groh-
mans long residence in the country
not,ra,,v makes him take an accurate
AUSTRIAN standpoint, "the Tyror' Is
sufaciently established IN English
usage to Justify an English author or
tourist in using it.-London Standard
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1916-08-25
CUPS and SAUCERS
TABLE APPuRrENANcEs THAT
ARE COMPARATIVELY MODERN.
Originally Cups Were Big, F'arino A.
fairs, While Saucers Were Small,
Just the Reverse Of Those
Of Today.

The cup and saucer Is a modern In
vention unknown in the days Of the
sixteenth century. Bowls Of various
sizes graced the banquet boards OF
King Hal and Queen Bess, but cups
came in only with the Introduction OF
such drinks as tea and coffee.
The beverages Of the sixteenth CEN
In the middle of the next century came
tea, and with it the Chinese or "china"
tcacup. Strangely enough, the men
who imported it from the Orient did
not themselves understand the method
of its use, as possibly the conservative
Britisher preferred to invent a style
of his own.
The Chinese put a pinch of tea into
a cup filled with boiling water. and
thea inverted a saucer over the re-
%ceptacle, within whose rim it closely
fitted. The object was partly to retain
the heat. but chiefly to preventive
escape of the fragrance of the herb,
which Chinese OlfactOrieS found most
delicious. The infusion was permitted
to stand for five minutes, when it was
decanted into a second cup without a
saucer and daintily slipped therefrom.
John Bull, however, emphatically
declined to take his tea in Chinese
fashion. He liked the appearance of
the ornamental ware upon his table,
but he insisted on placing the cup in
<hn ~ lilo a njnjItl1rn ftlVpT
pot, and used exclusively to drink
from, preparing the beverage in a
common instead of an individual re-
ceptacle.
In course of time England began the
manufacture of cups and saucers, and
pictures which have been preserved
from the days of the Stuarts show
big, faring cups. four inches across
the top, with saucers less than three
inches in diameter. BY degrees one
dwindled and the other expanded, I'M
til in the middle of the nineteenth CEN
fury the opposite extreme was reached
and fashionable tea services had cups
only an inch and a half in diameter,
accompanied by five-inch saucers.
The handle of the teacup came from
Mediterranean lands. Originally it
was made of thick and strong earth
enware and applied to heavy jars and
lamps. It's decorative possibilities
populariZed it With Greek and Roman
potters, who extended it's use to small
amphors and flagons; but. as the word
"amphor" indicates. the handle was
double, like that Of the bOuillon cup
today. Single handles crept into use
by slow degrees and were probably APP
piled to drinking cups about the time
that coffee came into vogue in south.
ern Europe, the beverage being taken
almost at the boiling point, SO that
some device for lifting the cup with.
out burning the fingers was found de-.
sirable.
Travelling slowly northward, the one
handled coffee cup finally reached
Great Britain, where it's merits were
Immediately recognized. 1t was not
long before handles We're applied to
drinking utensils of every description.
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1916-08-25
Farm and
Garden
SEEDING alfalfa.

Early Fall 10 tho Best Tims-A Firm
Bed Necessary.
Farmers wishing to grow alfalfa
should first plant an acre or two and
learn how to handle the crop success
fully before seeding a large acreage.
says the Farm and Home. Alfalfa
should be cut for hay just as new
growth starts out near the ground, and
this is generally about or before the
time the plants are beginning to bloom.
Authorities differ as to time Of har-
vesting the crop. Some advocate cut
ting when in bloom, while others pay
no attention to the blooms, but cut be-
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1916-08-25
FARM ACCOUNTING.
A Necessary Adjunct to Successful
Farming.


Prepared by Kansas Station.]
The farmer who wishes to make
money out of his farming operations
rather than merely pay expenses while
waiting for land values to rise, finds
that something more than experience
is necessary. A proper system of ac-
counting for his individual farm and
adapted to his conditions. is conducive
to success. in the opinion Of Theodore
Macklin, instructor in rural economics
in the Kansas State Agricultural col
lege.
Farmers are finding they must be
certain that the balance shows up on
the profit side and not on the cost ac-
count" says Mr.. Macklin. ITO bring
about this favorable condition, account
ing must be adapted where it can be Of
service. In the city business men have
separate Offices, it is true. and the size
of the business increases the need of
a specialized Office. With the farmer.
however, it is only necessary that he
should follow a systematic method of
conducting his accounting work. As
little time as possible should be lost
in entering records.
"The farm inventory should include
a statement Of all the farmers land.
buildings and equipment, live stock and
produce on hand. and a list Of debts
that he owes other people or that others
owe him.
"Under certain circumstances farm.
ers may have little use for accounting.
but there are times when several crops
are competitive, and when the margins.
if close, make it almost impossible to
tell whether the farmer is profting or
losing without some kind Of an ac-
counting system"
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1916-08-25
kitchener,s Way.

It happened some years ago. London.
Regent street where it turns a semicir-
Gle. Two gamins are fighting. A
crowd. No interference. We hesitate.
We know how the Londoner loves his
fight in or out Of the fight. One boy is
some twenty pounds heavier than the
other. And two inches taller. A wo-
nan shrieks, "Why doesn't some one
stop it," 1t goes on. Then comes a
tall man, top hated, heavy stick, morn
ing coat, a sort Of squint in his eye.
He brushes us all aside. Drops stick.
Has a boy in each hand. Learn to
fight for each other, not against each
other,' said Lord Kitchener as he
walked away.-London Mail.
He gazing heavenward)-1 wonder
which are the evil stars?
She-The ones that wink.
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1916-08-25
Stone lmniement Found.

Chief of Police Hotter Of Whiteflsh,
Mont, found a strange relic of past
ages, about eight feet below the u
face, near the rifle range, west Of
town. 1t had the appearance Of a
pestle, an instrument used by pharma-
cists in the compromising Of chemicals.
It evidently was hewed from a stone.
The implement may have been used -
grind corn Of grain.
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1916-08-25
Safeguard Your Child

If your child is pale, dull at
times flushed, irritable and fret
full YOU should attend to this con-
dition at once as the chances
are YOUR little one is suffering
from worms. Kickapoo Worm
Killer is what you should get.
This we'll known remedy in loz-
enge form is pleasant to- take
and expels the worms at once,
the cause Of your child s suffer-
ing. Only 25c. at all druggists
Adv.
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1916-08-25
Ideal Advancement.

'You ought to propose to my sister"
simpered the young lady. "She is a
splendid cook, while I have nothing to
recommend me save what you are
pleased to call my good looks"
II want to marry you," maintained
the young man. "Still, I realize that q
good cook is q great boon. Maybe
your sister would come and cook for
u.s." he continued hopefully.
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1916-08-25
RRllllANTe.

onU6AbVUV Os -.
Did We not hate the necessary
toll
OF slow correction and the pain
full file
Illustrious youths with just con-
tempt receive,
Nor let the hardy poem hope to
Where time and full correction
don't refine,
The finished work and polish
every line?
From Horace's Art Of Po-
etry.
Some Of your griefs you have
cured,
And the sharpest you still have
survived;
But what torrents of pain
you've endured
From the evils that never ar
rived!
French Proverb.
1t fortifes my soul to know
That though l perish truth Is so;
That how so e'er l stray and
range,
Whate'er l do thou dost not
change.
l steadier step when l recall
That If I slip thou dost not fall.
Arthur Hugh Clough.
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1916-08-25
War News.

A good way to get ones mind of
the war is to go to a bah game, where
MI minor considerations r forgot.
ten Chicago News.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1916-03-03
ANY DOCTOR
CAN CURE Piles

Any doctor who has the courage, or
Observation-Disclosures, can cut off or burn
off your Piles. OF course, it is a
bloody, brutal operation; but il the
doctor hacks away with his knife long
enough he can finally get the Piles off.
He can thus cure your Piles, even
though you are laid up in hospital,
and may or may not have d satisfac-
tory condition when you recover from
the terrible ordeal. Who ever heard
Of surgeon who guaranteed salts
factory results?
There are few doctors in the world
who can cure Piles without any chic
reform. cutting, burning or injection.
and practically without pain. We are
probably the only doctors in this part
Of the country who are able 10 do so.
Our dissolvent method is far superior
to any of the old barbarous methods:
there is no danger of bad results, you
are not laid up in bed, many who are
too weak or aged to undergo sur
gical operation are quickly cured by
our method. We guarantee a satisfac-
tory cure in every case of Piles treat
ed or accept no pay. Examination is
free. We treat both men and women.
Drs. Kinsey & Allgoyer. suite 40, Day.
export Savings bank building, Daven-
port
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1916-03-03
OIL SHARES RISE
AS OTHERS DROP
Petroleum and Other Feature Show
Spirited Gains While Staple Spe-
cialties Decline.

New York, March 3.-A spirited rise
IN oils, American locomotive and some
other active industrials, followed a de-
cline in Baldwin today and prices on
the stock exchange recovered to or
above yesterdays finals. Mexican Pc
troleum and Texas company rose 49,
each and American Locomotive gained
almost three points.
Some specialties displayed greater
weakness, General Motors losing 10
and Consolidated Gas and Electric OF
Baltimore declined 524.
Bonds were steady.
Gains ranging from material frac-
tons to full point marked the open
ing OF today's trading, with a few Off
setting features, mainly in rails and
war issues. Speculation was moder-
ate and cautious, however, there being
plainly further disposition to await
the outcome Of development in Wash
ington. Commission houses reported a
cessation of out OF town liquidation
but public interest on the buying side
continued negligible Prices yielded
before the end of the half hour, with
special weakness in Baldwin Locomo-
tive and allied issues.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1916-03-03
PEORIA DEFEATS
AUCUSTANATEAh
Bradley Springs Surprise in IS to 81
ScOre-Millikin Quintet Is Also
Beaten at Tourney.

Bloomington, Ill, March 3.--Charles-
ton Normal handed Millikin a surprise
this morning, defeating the Decatur
university team, 20 to %, in the big
game of the minor college tournament
today. This does not put Millikin en-
tirely out of the running, as the meet
is being operated on championship
schedule Their chances for victory
are very small, however. Other re-
suits follow:
Bradley, 50; Augustana, 50.
William and Vashti, SO; Hedding, 80.
Afternoons schedule follows:
State Normal VS.. Mckendree; Hi
nois VS.. Augustana; Eureka VS.. MILL
kin; Wesleyan VS.. Bradley.
RESULTS YESTERDAY.
Illinois, SO; Carthage, II.
Charleston, So; Shurtleff, 20,
State Normal, %; Carbonate, 20.
McKendree, 81; Macomb, 25.
Illinois Wesleyan, 81; State Normal
10.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1916-03-03
DEMAND UPHOLDS
! HOG QUOTATIONS
shipping and Speculative Activity
Prove Sufficient to Keep Pork
Prices Up.

Chicago, March 3.-Demand from
shippers and spectators proved suffi-
GENTLY active today to uphold prices in
the hog market. Cattle offerings lack
ed quality. Sheep and lambs were
scarce
Hogs: receipts $4,000; slow; bulk
S.90Q9.05; light s.6O09.O5; mixed $40
OSLO; heavy S.60@9.05; rough 5000
STA; pigs 7.S5QS.3O.
Cattle: receipts 1000; steady;
steers 7.2509.7O; stockers and feed
ers 5.75@S.75; COWS and heifers 3.450
$40; calves S.50011.25.
Sheep: receipts 5000; strong;
wethers 7.900S.6O; lambs 9.25@1135
Kansas City Livestock.
Kansas City, March 3.-Hogs: re-
ceipts 5000; higher; bulk s.7O@8.95:
heavy S.90Q9.O0; light S.5O@S.S5; pigs
725QS.25.
Cattle: receipts 900: strong; steers
7.2oQ9.40; cows and heifers 5000
300; calves 6.5O@110O.
Sheep: receipts 1000; steady:
;
lambs 10.s0@11OO; yearlings $3.50
1000; wethers 7.7508.4O; ewes 1850
500.
st. Louis Livestock.
st. Louis, March 3.-Hogs: receipts
5000; higher; pigs and lights $500
$40; mixed S.S5@91O;' heavy 5000
$40.
Cattle: receipts 1900; steady:
steers 7,50@9.5O; COWS and heifers
5.O0Q9.5O; calves GOGGLES.
Sheep: receipts 1000; steady; year
lings wethers S00@1000 lambs 9.O00
11.40; ewes 6.50@S10.
Omaha Live Stock.
Omaha, March 3.-Hogs: Receipts
$500; higher; heavy 860@S.8O; light
S.4O9S.70; pigs 7250S.25; bolk $50
@S.7O.
Cattle: Receipts 1900; strong;
steers 100000; cows and heifers
55O@75O.
Sheep: Receipts $500; steady;
yearlings S.25@9.S5; wethers 1900
S.25; lambs 1O.5O@11.15.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1916-03-03
T@day'@ Market Quotations
LIVERPOOL WORD
LENDS STRENGTH
Higher Prices Quoted In Foreign Mar
ket Has Lifting Effect On
Wheat Quotations.

Chicago, March 3.-Higher prices
at Liverpool gave strength today to
wheat here. The bulls seemed 10 be
encouraged also by the prospects that
The submarine issue in congress
would be sidetracked. Opening quota
tons. which ranged from Il to 11kc
higher, with May at liz to 1.12 and
July at 1.09i2 TO 1895. were followed
nv a slight further gain and then q
moderate setback.
Word from Washington that the Gore
resolution had been tabled was sue
ceeded by hardening of wheat prices
here. The close was 23a to csc net
higher, with May at 1.137s and July,
l.l1E.
Crop damage from Argentina lifted
the corn market but there was g.
prompt reaction. The opening was I'M
changed to sc higher.
The market rallied later in sympathy
with wheat The close was firm at u
@sc net advance.
Oats paralleled the action Of corn.
Trading was scattered. higher prices
on hogs put little firmness into pro-
visions. The market was fairly active.
Chicago Grain.
Chicago March 3.-Nheat: No, 2red.
nominal; No. red. 1O9; No. 2 hard,
l,1OkQ112&; No. hard. 1.06@1.lOA
Corn: No. > yellow, nominal; No. 4
yellow, 6712 q Sc; No white, 6SH@
6Slac.
Oats; No. 3 white, 4O1k@411k; stand
ard, 43d4312c.
Rye: No 2, nominal; No 4, SEC; bar
ley, 62G11c; timothy, 4.50@7.0O; Glow
er, 10000 5000; pork. 19.75021.25;
lard, 1910; ribs, 11.12@1162.
Chicago Provisions.
Chicago, March 3.-Butter, higher;
creamery, 26Q34hc.
Eggs, lower: receipts, II, sol cases;
frsts, 2012c; ordinary firsts, 1870 at
mark cases included, 19@20Rc.
Potatoes, % cars; unchanged.
Poultry, alive, higher; fowls, 1910;
springs, 171ac.
New York Provisions.
New York, March 3.-Butter, firm;
receipts, 8.154; creamery extras, seize;
frsts, 34Q36C: seconds, 31@3212c.
Eggs, unsettled receipts, HIP.
Fresh gathered extras, 25026c; extra
frsts, 241ac; ffrsts, 231a @24c; seconds,
224G23c.
Cheese, irregular; receipts, 1874.
State whole milk fats held colored
specials, 1Sc; do, white. 17%c; do, col
Ored, average fancy, 171a@17&c; do,
white, 171ac.
Live poultry. weak; no market set
lied; but some sales reported as fol-
lows: Chickens, 16Q17c; fowls, 171a q
lsl4c; turkeys, 2OG25c; dressed, dull
and weak; chickens, 17@29c; fowls,
+ H2Q19c; turkeys, 26030c.
Kansas City Grain.
Kansas City, Mo, March 3.-Wheat
No. hard, 1O3@1OS; No. red, Oj
CLOS.
Corn-No. mixed, 6612667c; No
white, 6S12c; No. yellow, 6912c.
Oats-No 2 white, 441204512c; No
2 mixed, 41642c.
Rys, sec,