davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-09-11
German War Finance
Review and Discussion of Conditions without
Precedent in Modern Times.
NV PROF NORTH JULIUS BONN---

These articles arc urtten for The New York Tribune oy
Professor Julius Bonn Dr. Bonn IS me PeSoe =" '
Commercial University the City of Moch which cas organ
lied by him in 1910 professor Of political economy at the
Iujrev Of nich Since the outbreak Of the European wdr
he has held the Schz profcssorsp at the University o.
WISCONSIN lfadon and Jacob Schf eceShp at Cornell
Truirersiy Hhacd.-Ed
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-09-11
Wm.A. Read&CO.
New York
Chicago Philadelphia Boston London
FINANCIAL MEETINGS.
CHICAGO. SAINT PAUL, MINNEAPOLIs
AND OMAHA RAILWAY co.

notice OF ANNUAL MEETING.
Tho Annual Meeting OF tho Stockholders
% tho Chicago. Saint Paul, Minneapolis
and Omaha Railway Company viii be held
=, the ONCE OF the company, In the city u
Hudson. Wisconsin, on Friday, October 20.
1915. AZ nine o'clock A. NJ, for the election
% directors and the transaction OF such
other business as may come before SAID
meeting.
transfer books will be closed on Mon.
day. September IS. 1916. a. the close Of
business on that day, and will be reopened
on Saturday. October p, 1916.
Dated. september :, 1915.
JAMES T. CLARK. President.
rnIIN y. CALIWEl.L. SECRETARY.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-09-11
Allies Foreign Resources.

England and her Allies have used
their foreign resources freely. They
have compelled their citizens to sell
their investments. The proceeds abroad
are used for paying for goods. (D They
have raised far more than $1,000, 100000
abroad by pledging their material and
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-09-11
Nc Foreign BorrOsins

Nc Foreign BorrOSlns
On account Of the blockade 9r'
is not tempted 20 borrOT :
What good TO her would be az
100000 credit in New York h'a
not ship the goods she bousi'
She has to live on her own 9'''
to pay for them only. In d0is :
doubtedly d certain pereen'aS
material wealth is spent ~ |
conner stock Of German ind''1a
slowly used up. Cotton gc''' .,
ting scarce and have 70 be S'1
again for second use. Inc ~
cattle has decreased BY abe"
cent. But the money val"
locks has risen; so has the l,''.. !,
the capital OF the owners. We, 1,
comes they will be Gar richer y /. |.
are to-day. Il will be easier I, !,
to replace abroad the losses ,. >.
when the general boom n''
and when prices and freight n'- :,
be normal once more. Wh'' v,
has spcnt SIS 100000 in S'I',s
per the money has gore
pockets Of the German o'''. ~
have got the cash and ,'' s
profit; they have had 'A''S - :.
talizc their savings. They W. I 4
when peace rates prevsiL !, - ,,e'
have to buy the goods aST''d' w :
war profits to foreigners VITO =
them or spend them. Th,' - -
row the money to buy ''
to pay interest abroad
70, Tho concerns from ssk'
buv abroad have to be pA'- 10; y
low exceptions neither thS ~ M,
are willing 20 be- paid. let U .nsx =,
;rr,aSnrv bills. The great ',sr,s
- - -, whilst the manIiass,
M, ,nateriai ge, The cash and ne ., s,s .
NAB Gbi Is 4 good deal Of r 7.,sI.,ris. :.
placepartly due 10 inc '""
tai.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-09-11

by a good deal OF self-deni,. n
ton and consumption have b,s
gained as they never were \
Capital Is mainly restricted 70
Industries. Tho object o. a,
financing is 10 allow rs circar.
the quickest and easiest wil a
vent waste. The amount sFSlE,
Germany has been ample not 81
her own needs and the needs {
producer. IL has enabled her n
port her allies moderately, b.
hciently. The o@cIal German d.
rate average. 1913, was s.; ~
in England Il was All per O.
France .t was Z per cent Io'er
lin pays . per cent and Lort'' :
per cent. and even at that rate q
is unable 20 provide for all -
end must try 20 attract nc'G
New York.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-09-11
Finance Economics

GARET GARRETT Editor.
OFFICE: Telephone;
Mills Building Is Broad St hanover ooI'.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-09-11

about fifteen times the size OF Great
Britain and Ireland. 1t is inhabited Dy
five times as many people.
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1916-09-29
Water Waa coatly.

one dollar and half for water for
a ilivyer Is pretty expensive drinking,
but then. the owner said II was good
little flVver and deserved the best Of
waters. That Is what guest ut
New York hotel paid Zoe water for his
auto, Give me pail OF water In a
hurry" WAS the request ~ the mun at
the bar. The hurkccp ret out biz
glass OF charged watey II want a
pail or pitcher or something" said the
guest. 1T is for my auto. The rudl.
otor Is warm ana | believe II needs a
drink" "I'l call u boy 10 get IT," said
the bartender, ut viii take too long,"
said the guest i've got To catch a
train. Give me few quart bottles Of
any kind OF water" Four quarts were
seat out aud cmpticd The guest
paid for them, gave the waiter tip.
tipped the bartender aud then or no
sped.
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1916-09-29

Peter e. Klncaid. veteran New Yorl
diver, said. apTopos OF the LusItanlt
anniversary:
III diving was as simple and cas-,
a thing as the public seems TO think
tho LusItRpia aud Titanic and ever,
other sunken ship would be raised In
no time.
The popular idoh OF diving In re
Elected In the story about the man who
employed two divers to hunt for
treasure chest.
The divers went down together ev.
cry morning. they only came up for
their incoming, they were paid high
hourly rate, but they didn't find the
chest.
The treasure hunter got the Idea
they were soldering on him. so he
hired a diver detective.
The diver detective sneaked down
and found the two divers seated I'm
comfortable nrmchOlrs In the wreck
playing poker, md using the treasure.
chest for u card table"
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1916-09-29
COLLECT MILLIONS
FOR WARS VICTIMS
NEARLY TWENTY-NINE MILLION
DOLLARS COLLECTED BY AM
ERICANS FOR EUROPEANS.
Largest Single Fund Raised by Amer
lean Jewish Relief Society, While
Red Cross Has Raised over
Three Million Dollars.

Washington.-Ame gifts to the
sixty principal war relief societies
are estimated at 2S,S96.277 by the
ment for international Peace, now be-
ing distributed.
Seven million dollars of this amount
went into the $S0,OO0,O00 raised from
all sources for the commission for re-
lief for Belgium. In addition, the Bel
CLAN relief fund raised $3,O85,OOO and
other societies added $1S4,000 max
Ing grand total for Belgium Of &c.,
100000, or over one-third of Americas
total contributions.
Twelve organizations raised more
than $4,000. 900 for France specifically,
while $4,000 was raised for England,
$4,000 for Russia and $4,000 for
Serbia. This, with the Belgian total,
makes a grand total for the entente
allies OF $l3,000.OO0, not including
some 100000 of American Red Cross
funds which were largely used in al
lied countries.
The German Red Cross received
$2,750,000 from this country, with
three German.American relief bodies,
bringing the entire central power con
tributions to $3,750,00O.
Contributions for dependent nation
alities affected by the wars ravages
total over 100000, By far the larg-
est single fund OF this sort is that of
the American Jewish relief commit
tee, $4,0O0,00O to which should be add
ed almost 100000 more from the cen
trail committee for the relief of Jews
and $323,000 from the peoples relief
committee for the Jewish war suf-
ferers.
The Poles have received $473.0 900
and the Syrians and Armenians $780,
900.
The American Red Cross has re-
ceived from all sources 1921 900. in
GLIDING $65l.OO from It's New York
state board.
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1916-09-29
AIM TO CONTROL
WORLD SHIPPING
ALLIES ADOPT MEASURES TO
MEET SHORTAGE DUE TO SUB
MARINE OPERATIONS.
Entente Allies Will be Given First
Call on Use Of Available Tonnage
and the NeutraIs Will be Given
the Next Consideration.

Loudon.-The continued depletion OF
the worlds supply of tonnage as re-
suit of the operations OF the suDna-
rines of the central powers VIII Dc
met by an increase in stringent meas
ures by which the entente allles ue-
sign to control shipping, SO as 10 III
sure its being used to the best adVan-
tage of the allies and prevent 1t even
indirectly aiding their opponents, &C
cording to a statement made by Lord
Robert Cecil, minister of war trade.
Lord Robert declared that it could
not be expected that British facilltles
should be expended on ships carrying
goods to blacklisted firms, and that
the entente allies will increase their
shipping measures in making the pest
use of available tonnage in proportion
az the Germans succeed in destroying
merchant ships.
The minister said that as matter
of course the entente allies would De
favored as regards the use OF tonnage
and that neutrals engaged IN entente
allied trade or in unsupported neutral
trade would be given the next consld'
Grafton.
Lord Robert said that the answer OF
Great Britain to the American gov
ernment's protest against the seizure
of mails would be sent to Washington
almost Immediately and that the reply
to the American protest with regard
to the blacklist imposed by the entente
allies would follow shortly.
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1916-09-29
THE COST OF LIVING
GREATLY ADVANCED
FURTHER INCREASE IN PRICES
FORECAST BY MERCHANTS
AND PRODUCERS.
Believed That the Cost of Living This
Winter Will Reach an Unprecedent-
ed Scale and Will Affect All
Glasses on Everything.

Chicago.-The cost OF living this
winter will reach an unprecedented
scale and will affect every person, no
matter what object may be purchased,
according to a table Of comparative
prices compiled here Wednesday.
Food prices, it is said, vary accord
ing to quality and quantity, but it is
the small purchaser at retail who
must pay most. Wholesalers say
canneries throughout the country
have informed them that fall and win
ter deliveries will be only one-third
normal, while the last vegetable crop
is said to be only half the quantity
expected
Canned fruit will be 80 per cent
higher and canned vegetables are ex-
pected by wholesalers to increase 20
per cent in price.
Paper bags in which the housewife
carries home her market purchases
have increased in cost from 50 cents
in wholesale lots to $1.55. This ad-
vance is typical of all paper products.
Cotton goods have advanced be-
tween % and 80 per cent. Woolens
have kept pace with cottons.
The best lines of women's shoes for
fall and winter will cost twice as
much as the same article last year,
dealers say.
Even collars, that two-for-a-quarter
staple which men have known for
generations, will be thing Of the
past. Collars now have been ad-
vanced to Is cents each, and the
laundries which have for years laun-
dered collars for 21a cents have an
nounced that 3 cents each will be the
future cost.
Cigar jobbers raised their prices
this week to between 81 and S. a
thousand to the dealer.
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1916-09-29
cANvAssERs COMPLETE WORK
Announce Result of Recent Primary
Election In Idaho.

Boise, Idaho.-The state board OF
canvassers has completed the canvass
of the vote cast at the recent state
wide primary election.
1t makes certain the defeat of the
chief justice, Isaac N. Sullivan, the
nomination of B. M. Holt as Republi-
can candidate for lieutenant governor,
the nomination of Ernest L. Parker
as the Democratic candidate for lieu
tenant governor and of William T.
Dougherty as the Democratic candi-
date for secretary of state.
Miss Ethel Redfield of Lewiston was
nominated by both the Republicans
and Democrats for state superintend
ent of public instruction. State Treas
urer John w. Eagleson led the Re-
publican ticket and Governor Alexan.
der the Democratic ticket.
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1916-09-29
CIVIL WAR MAY
FOLLOW STRIKE
SOLDIERS MAY BE CALLED OUT
TO PREVENT RIoTING IN
NEW YORK CITY.
Labor Leaders Given Formal Warning
by Mayor That He Intends TO Use
the City's Resources to
Enforce Order.

New York.--Labor leaders were
given formal warning by Mayor Mitch
eli. Thursday night, that he would EN-
ploy the "ful civil and military pow.
ers" conferred upon him by law to
prevent disorders II the threatened
general strike OF trade unionists Is
called 10 aid the street car employees
who quit their places September 6.
The mayors communication was ad.
dressed TO Hugh Frayne, chairman OF
the conference committee of labor
leaders, after a final effort to arrange
a peaceful settlement had failed and
following the declaration that a gen.
eral strike was inevitable. The mayor
made IL plain that for the union Off
Gals, TO call these strikes will be to
assume full responsibility for all that
may follow"
The communication, which was con
CURED In by Oscar Strauss, chairman
OF the public service commission, re-
viewed at length the causes which led
to the present crisis. 1t stated that the
Interborough Rapid Transit company
which operates the subway and elevat
ed lines. violated verbal agreement
with the labor leaders by refusing to
arbitrate Issues arising subsequent to
the making OF the agreement.
II stated. on the other hand, that the
employees of the New York Railway
company and the other surface lines
affected by the strike. were guilty of
a breach" OF contracts they had made
with their employers. which ended in
tie.up on the surface roads in July.
The conference was attended by
Mayor Mitchell. citizens committee
and the labor leaders. II ended In a
deadlock. The mayor later declared
there was mo solution in sight" while
members OF the citizens committee
described the situation as hopeless"
adding that ut would appear that both
sides would have to fight It out"
Ernest Bohm, secretary Of the Cen
tral Federated union, later asserted
that plans we're completed for a sym.
pathetic strike OF 100000 workers in
other trades.
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1916-09-29
TO SEEK MISSING EXPLORER
Russians Who Went to Arctic
1912 May Yet Be
Living.

Apparently hope has not been absr
doned entirely of rescuing the men
bers, or some of them. of the Russia
polar expeditions which sailed in 10I
In the steam schooner Saint Ann
under command of Lieutenant Brus
loft of the Russian navy, and the nd
tor vessel Hercules, which was \
charge of the geOlogist, NJ. Bonsanod
Traces may be discovered in the nortI
ern Arctic, in the vicinity Of Greed
land, and of the North American srch
ipelago.
Through the consul general for Ru
STA appeals are made to all commerce.
enterprises, navigators, and Seientd1
expeditions cruising in the polar SCI
and engaged in research work in Ties
regions, and also to the inhabitanl
along the coastIine, to devote ehorI
to the discovery Of traces Of The mis-
Ing explorers.
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1916-09-29
Ancient Blue Law Invoked

For the first time on record in on
gon, so far as is known, the anciel
Sunday-clOsing law, which recent
was held valid by the state supren
court, was invoked to prevent "
holding Of a dancing party. Disth(
Attorney Liljequist notified person
who had arranged to hold a dance
Marshffeld on a Sunday night that \
had received complaints and wOuld y
constrained to prosecute those respOn
ible if the dance We're held. The pr
posed dance was abandoned.
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1916-09-29
MAKING ONES WAY IN LIFE
Every Man Is the Architect OF His Own
sueeesa, However He May Be
Assisted.

How many OF Us pass our time In
waiting for life TO give US something
instead Of trying 10 find II for our.
selves We even go 50 fur ns TO think
that life owes us always more than We
receive, that we fulhll our mission on
earth by simply living II harmless en-.
istence aud that fame and fortune
should be ours by right. II Ii for this
Inter reason TINT we so often resent
the good fortune OF others and allow
ourselves to believe that we have been
disseminated against by Providence,
We do not seem 10 realize that IL IL
well worth our while 40 do something
more than walt for what may or may
not come 10 pasa. that we are the
architects In large measure OF our
own success ana that we must make
The best OF what Is before us In order
10 learn the rights to fulill the dcsirei
Of our hearts, Ii we make but little
Roadway We are quick with our ex
Cuses and IRE always ready 10 plac,
the blame upon others who can In NJ
way be held responsible. II. on the
other hand, we do succeed, II SEEM
quite natural to take the credit our
selves whether we deserve Il or not
The chances are, however, that II ",
amount to very much In this world tn,
credit belongs TO us more than to any
one else, even though we do receive as
slstance ut times from those who tax,
nn interest IN US. The point Of tn,
matter Is that we must fortify our
selves to meet conditions as they com,
and 10 do our best TO shape them int,
happiness and prosperity for ourselves
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1916-09-29
EXAMINING EIGHT HOUR LAW.
Railroads Conducting Inquiry Into
Adamson Measure.

New York.-A statement issued
here Friday on behalf of the railway
executive advisory committee, repre-
senting the railroads affected by the
Adamson eight-hour law, explained
the purposes of its investigation put
under way with a view to meeting
the problems presented. The objects
are ito ascertain, if possible, first, the
effect of the law as practical operat-
ing problem; and second, its legal
status"
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1916-09-29
CORRECT OCEANS CHARTS.
Scientists on World Tour Touch at
san Francisco.

San Francisco.-The non.magnetiC
yacht Carnegie, carrying party OF
eastern scientists on world-tour OF
research work, put in here Thursday
from Lyttleton, New Zealand.
The scientists made corrections In
many ocean charts. which they found
wrong as result of their inyestiga.
ton, Charts OF the Indian ocean
which they cruised, they found six.
teen or more degrees wrong, they
said
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1916-09-29
Want to stay on Border.

San Antonio. Texas,--The request of
80 members of the Second New York
infantry to remain on border duty af.
ter they had been ordered home re
suited in an announcement by General
Funston that guardsmen who wished
to stay could transfer to other regi.
ments, releasing men who wanted to
return to their homes.
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1916-09-29
Sugar Plant for Montana.

Hamilton, Mont.-Utah capital and
Utah men will build beet sugar fac.
tory here, construction work on the
plant to begin at an early date. A COM
pany has been Incorporated known as
the Montana-Utah Sugar company.
with capital sufficient to care for a
plant.
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1916-09-29
Personally Influenced.

Charley, dear" said young Mr.
Torkins, II am going to be in favor
government ownership"
"Have you given the matter az
thoughtT
eyes, indeed. If we had governmeI
ownership of railroads I might be all
to tell any conductor who didn't n1
me seat on the shady side Of n
car that l wouldn't vote for him nei
election"
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1916-09-29
Peculiar Name Llnh,hnns.

Far on the coast OF Maine is Jagged
ledge Of rock. known as Suddleback Is.
land. on which the only means OF land
Ing is by derrick TO which "A sort OF
chair Is attached. A lighthouse is main.
tanned on this ledge, managed by a
keeper and two assistants with ten
men Gu duty at all times.
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1916-09-29
HoRoEs BATTLE WITH CITIZENS
Men Elected From Train Engage In
Fiqht With Montanans.

Lewistown, Mont-Three men were
wounded Friday in rife and pistol
fight between citizens of Judith Gap,
fOrtylfve miles southwest of here,
and a band of thirty men who had
been elected from a Great Northern
train. About fifty shots were ex-
changed. Kenenth Hay, brakeman,
was struck but was not seriously
hurt. Two members of the band were
the other victims, one receiving a Sc
we're wound in the back and the other
being wounded in the leg.
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1916-09-29
FIERY RED PIMPLEs
soothed and Healed by cuticura a..
and Ointment Trial Free.

Smear the affected skin with cu,,cr,,
Ointment on end of finger. Let y =
main five to tep minutes. Then va'1
of with plenty Of Cuticura Soan ~
hot water. Dry without irritano,
Nothing like Cuticura for all sL,l
troubles from infancy to age
Free sample each by mail with poo,
Address postcard, Cuticura, Dent 4
Boston. Sold everywhere.-Adc
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1916-09-29
Good Omen.

$50 the actor made no deInur aoo
taking the house when You told a
it had the reputation OF Oell
haunted?"
"No: said he was only too gIsa
get any place where the sn0
walked"
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1916-09-29
Bryan talks 70 u,ahns

Salt Lake City.--william Jennings
Bryan, former secretary OF state.
spoke to an immense gathering here
Tuesday night The crowd not only
iammed the big structure. but approx,
imately 2.OCo persons were unable TO
gain admittance
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1916-09-29
Wyoming Troop Ordered Out.

"ashington,-Two Wyoming ma
uonaI guard infantry battalions.
Troop A of the Kansas cavalry and
Troop B of the Wisconsin cavalry.
were ordered to the Mexican border
Friday by the war department
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1916-09-29
Ask for and Get
SINNERS
THE HIGHEST QUALITY
MACARONl.
IS RSr Recipe Book Fe.
SKINNER MFG. CO.. OMAHA IIs.I
LARGEST hAcARoM factory IN EMtaleS
No Sinecure.
NRoEsT NAcARoN FACTORY N Epsralc,N S'''IN

tive been visiting some relations !,
fhe country"
Grating summers vacation oh j
That's what l thought when va.
up there, but after they had put ma j
work in the bayfield, on the nrst.s
that the exercise would do he pooS !
came to the conclusion that the g,o.
ing was on the other side.v
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1916-09-29
wi Wreuaht BY es.vl,hn.,.

FseY'Shaeda may DO considered the
eahE"r OF lie. that deatToyR It's yIRor
anu rheeEa ita improvements, that
s ~ 10 with hourly depredatio
-. Ala1 ana ntiates what Il can,
a0' sOasums.-JOhns
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1916-09-29
German AYIa,ors Victory,

Berlin.-Captaln Boelke. Germaay's
most famous aviator, on Wednesday
erough, down two entente aeropianes,
making his record twenty.eigh ma.
chimes disposed OF during the war, 1t
D reported here,
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1916-09-29
GENERAL WALKoUT ORDERED.
Six Hundred Thousand Workers In.
VolVed in Strike Order,

New York.-Organized workers In
virtually every industry in Greater
New York has been formally called
upon TO cease work at s O'Clock Sep
TENDER p, in sympathy with striking
traction employees. Labor leaders
assert that approximately 100000 men
and women are involved,
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1916-09-29
Railway crIsIn passas-

London.-~The railway crisis arising
out OF the demands OF the men Tor
an increase OF 10 shiilings week In
their wages has been settled on the
basis of doubling the war bonus, This
is Q compromise.
The Idaho recorder. [volume] (Salmon City, Idaho) 1886-1927, 1916-09-29
SOLDIERS MARCH IN REVIEW.
e. PaSo Military Parade Ranks Next
to Review at Close Of War

q Fa1o WIIItaTy FaFaue NuHNs WeNE
TO Review at Close Of War
El PAso, xas.--National guards
men and regulars-26,000 of them in
duststained khaki-swung through
the streets OF III Paso and past re-
viewing stand at Fort Bliss on Thusr.
day. In the tirst parade and review of
an infantry division at full war
strength ever held In the United
States. Military men said also that a
larger number OF troops were In line
than at any other time In the history
OF the country with the exception of
the grand review In Washington at
the close OF the civil war. May 23 and
"a, 1865.