davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1916-08-03
BIG ESTATE is DIVIDED.
VIII of c. c. Cakes, of Oxford. Disposes
of Property Valued at S20o,00

Special to Times-Repubiicaa
Iowa City. Aug. 3.--One of the richest
estates in Johnson county. valued ~
something like 100000 left by c. C.
Cakes, of oxford, is to be distributed
under mis- will, probated here by Judge
John T. Moffit. of Cedar county. act
ing for Judge r. P Howell today. To
two sons be bequeathed 500 acres: 70
one daughter, Mrs. Miriam Cakes
Brewer, $4,000: to a grandson, s15. 900.
and to five grandsons, $1,000 each,
among other requests
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1916-08-03

While General Brusiloff Is In supreme
against the Teutons, dispatches men
ton his subordinate generals many
times. They are SakharoK, Letchitzky,
Kaledines and others. To Sakharoff the
Russians award the credit for the cap
ture Of the important city OF Brody.
The Russians at Brody are at present
nearer Lemberg, the capital city OF
Galicia, than Won Bothmers forces,
which are intrusted with Lemberg's
defense, and altho the country between
Brody and Lemberg is very difficult, 1t
becomes a question whether the evacu-
alton Of both Kovel and Lemberg will
not soon become necessary.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1916-08-03
FAIR PRICE FOR LAND.
Lee County Half Section Sells
-. For SAB 900.

Keokuk, Aug. 3.-Three hundred anu
sixty acres of Lee county land neal
Sugar Creek have been sold for $4s,0Ol
according to a transfer on file in the
office of Ed. G. Vaughn, county record
err The deed which was filed this
morning at o'clock. was decorated
with S31 worth Of government stamps,
and the deed shows four mortgages
aggregating $lL03j. The considera-
ton, however, named in the deed is
$4,000
The purchaser Of the land is Frank
O.. Hobbs, of Pontiac. H.. and the SELL
ers are A. R. Anderson and wife, Of
IIaissf5uTg.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1916-08-03
GOES TO FUNERAL; ESCAPES.
Prisoner Permitted to Attend Obseouie.
For Mntber NioIa+ee CopfIepee

Fort Dodge, Aug 3.-Tom Cahill,
brought TO Fort Dodge from Knoxville
IN handouts after pleading TO be pres
ent at his mothers funeral. escaped
without waiting for the services and
has NOT been heard Of since.
Cahiil was sentenced 70 Knoxville
several weeks ago by Judge Wright
and. was given permission 70. attend
his mothers funeral services this
morning. He was accompanied by an
attendant who did not remove the
handouts until Yesterday evening
while Cahill went to the washroom Of
his mothers residence on North Sew
enth street. The attendant was watch
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1916-08-03

: 81 = r-# 81. e
jutant. I'VE all know there must be
big fighting. and lots OF it, to finish
this war; and there can't be big fight
ing without proportionately big casual-
ties. On the basis on which were
fighting just now, I wouldn't care il
our casualties were ten times as num-
erous; and do you know why? Be-
cause, on the present relation of gains
to losses. Of what we sell to what we're
getting for it: II our casualties were
ten times what. they are. the war
would be over before the summer is
over, and Germany would be down and
out"
And III toll you another thing"
said the other officer. "A rare lot Of
these present casualties will be fight
ing fit again within month from the
time Of landing: and you watch their
smoke when they get out again."
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1916-08-03

ing him thru the door when suddenly
Cahill stepped out Of sight presumably
reaching for towel. When the guard
reached the room he had fled thru the
rear door and was out of sight among
the maze of buildings at this place.
A watch was kept at the funeral SER
vices this morning but the missing
man did not put in an appearance.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1916-08-03
Salary Raise For k.-of c. Officials.

= Davenport. Aug. 3.-The salaries OF
the supreme knight and supreme sec
rotary were increased from $4,000 to
$4,000 a year at today's convention of
the Knights Of Columbus. The salary
Of the supreme treasurer was also in
creased from $500 to $4,000 and the
per diem of delegates was raised from
S. to $40 per day and 10 cents mileage.
Old Point Comfort Va. was chosen
as the place for the 1917 convention.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1916-08-03
HEAVY RAIN AT LOGAN,
Abundant Moisture Assures Corn and
Alfalfa Crops.

Special to Times Republican.
Logan. Aug. S.-One and three
quarters inches OF rain has fallen here
in thirty-siX hours and the corn and
alfalfa crops are assured. The wheat
crop is not only Il good yield but the
wheat is OF exceptionally fine quality.
Oats are running from 80 to 10 bushels
to the acre. a&'
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1916-08-03
Fine For Gold Feet.

A novel French heater for rooms con-
sists of a carpet in which are woven
wires to take current from a light SOCK
ct and distribute the electric heat
evenly
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1916-08-03
DELICIOUS DRINK

Horsford's Acid Phosphate.
Without alcohol or habit forming
drugs, it satisfies thirst and soothes
the nerves. Buy q bottle.--Adv.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1916-08-03

Stirrups were unknown to the y an-
clients, who had posts. erected ut the
side of their roads to.+assist horsefnen
to mount.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1916-08-03

Teaehlno by Example.
That which we are, we shall teach
not voluntarily. but involuntu'ily.-
Emerson. ~ 100.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1916-01-21

years old next month. l have worked
at stenography ever since was 16 and
am now earning $l2 a week. am not
pretty and my clothes are very plain
and unattractiye. / have a little sister
who is now IT. She is exceptionally
pretty and everyone likes her-espec-
tally boys. My parents and I spoiled
my sister from the first. | went to
high school year and stopped be-
cause | thought ii took too much
money and that l ought 10 be earning
something. took course at business
college and then started work. The
money | made l handed right over to
my mother. She bought my clothes
just as she had done before. I worked
and the money | made was spent to
make my little sister more attractive.
Things have grown worse and worse.
She is unbearably selfish and demands
so much that scarcely anything is
spent for me. She is ashamed of me,
| too, and won't let me come in the room
to meet her friends and she will not
be seen with me, Mother humors her
in whatever she does. | feel now that
! ought to have money to improve my
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1916-01-21
LAURA MARQUIS CIRCLE ENTER.
TANNED.

Sixteen members of the Laura Mar
quis circle of South Park Presby-
terrain church braved the weather last
evening and went to the home of Miss
Grethel Ausbrook, 416 Eighth street,
for the monthly meeting. The presi-
dent, Miss Ruth Clevenstine, conduct
ed the opening devotional services and
presided at the business session, when
plans were made for an entertainment,
to be given in the early part of Febru-
airy. The roll call was responded to with
Newt Year sentiments and letter was
read from Miss Laura Marquis, the
organizer of the circle. Miss Dorothy
Johnson gave a solo, Miss LaVerne
Wood and Miss Dorothy Algie gave
readings, the hostess entertaining with
selections on the piano player. The
young women had brought their fancy
work and were busy with that, and
their hostess served a nice lunch.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1916-01-21
DIR. NORMAN TELLS OF WAR
NURSING,

Dr. Estella Norman of the Moline
sanitorium addressed the January
meeting of the Graduate Nurses of the
Fifth district, held yesterday in the
local Y. NJ. c. A. The attendance, de-
spite the weather, was large, and DR..
Norman talked in most interesting
way Of nursing in connection with the
European war, She told of the methods
that are practiced, of the medicine
that is administered and of the new
things that have come to the atten-
ton OF the medical world through
problems brought out on the battle
field. She read letters written by Red
Cross nurses telling of their expert
ences and also related the experiences
OF men who have returned from the
front. During a time of sociability
lunch was served and the afternoon
proved as enjoyable as 1t was profit
able. The February meeting will be
held in the visiting nurses room in
Moline.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1916-01-21
NO "FRILLS"
Just a Statement About Food,

Sometimes a good, healthy CONNER
cial traveller suffers from poorly Sc
lected food and is lucky if he learns
that Grape-Nuts food will put him
right
A Cincinnati traveller writes: About
a year ago my stomach got in a bad
way. / had headache most of the
time and suffered misery. For several
months l ran down until lost about
10 pounds in weight and finally had
to give up a good position and 20
home. any food that l might use
seemed to nauseate me.
my wife, hardly knowing what to
do, one day brought home a package
Of Grape-Nuts food and coaxed me to
try it. | told her it was no use. but
finally to humor her tried a little
and they just struck my taste. It was
the first food that had eaten in near
ly a year that did not cause any suf-
fering
We'll, to make a long story short,
began TO improve and stuck to Grape
Nuts. / went up from 1876 pounds in
December to 1874 pounds the following
October.
My brain is clear, blood all right
and appetite too much for any mans
pocketbook. In fact, l am thoroughly
made over and owe 1t all to Crane.
Nuts. I talk so much about what
Grape-Nuts will do that some of the
men on the road have nicknamed me
'Grape-Nuts,' but l stand today a
healthy. rosy-cheeked mana prett,
good example Of what the right kind
Of food will do.
You can publish this II you wan,
to. 1t is a true statement without any
frills."
Name given by Postum Co, Battle
Creek, Mich.
Ever read the above Ietterl A new
one appears from time to time. The,
are genuine. true, and full OF human
interest--(Adv.l
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1916-01-21
RECEPTION TO DIR, PEARCE,

What proved to be an affair of I'M
usual interest was held last evening
when II couples out of the 102 that
have been married during his resi-
dence in Rock Island county, rendered
a reception to DR.. R. G. Pearce, taking
this method of showing their esteem
and high respect. The reception was
held In the annex Of the First Methodist
church and in the early evening the
company was screwed in the church
dining room with a chicken pie supper.
A table was appropriately decorated in
red and white and suspended above the
| table and under which the bridal cou-
pies must walk were many wedding
bells. After supper the company and
other friends went to the Sunday
school room Of the church and held an
informal reception. NJ. E. Sweeney in
behalf of the married couples, present.
ed DR.. Pearce with handsome loving
cup, which will be suitably engraved.
DR.. Pearce responded fittingly and
feelingly, expressing his appreciation
thanking the donors for the lovely gift.
William Lavender recited very appro-
! priately That Old Sweetheart Of
Mine" and Mrs Violet Doney-Freeman
sang a suitable selection. Various let
tiers from those whom DR.. Pearce has
married were read, each expressing the
high regard of the writer for the ven
cradle pastor. Attending from out of
the city were number Of people who
started on their matrimonial journey
| with Dr. Pearce's benediction, one cou-
pie coming from Kewanee. one from
Taylor Ridge and one from Moline. The
rain and slippery walks prevented
many who had expected to attend from
being present.
DR.. Pearce came to Rock Island 80
years ago and has resided in the coun-
! ty since that time and during this pc
riod he has united in marriage 102 cou-
pleS
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1916-01-21
MRS. BRYAN HOSTESS MISSION
SOCIETY.

Mrs. c. E. Bryan, 1925 Tenth avenue,
was hostess at the January meeting of
the Woman's Missionary society of the
United Presbyterian church yesterday
afternoon when the first chapter in the
new text book, The Kings Highway
was taken up and Egypt and along old
mission trails" occupied the attention.
Miss Ella Mulack read a paper on The
Awakening Among the Mohammedans Z"
Mrs. H. A. Ralston told of The Awak-
ening Womanhood of Egypt" and Mrs.
j. Sanborn spoke Of The Attitude of
the Egyptian Church Towards Her Mis-
sionary Task" An informal discussion
followed the program, and many in
teresting facts were brought out con-
corning conditions in Egypt.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1916-01-21
WNDTo ono
HOME
pQeBLEMS
ms ELIZ AEITN TLeNpSQN

Dear Mrs. Thompson: % I am a
girl Is years old and am five feet tall.
l weigh 12O pounds and would like
to have you tell me how to reduce.
ca Is it proper for a girl to write
to fellow first and not know him?
90 Would the fellow think the girl
was silly or crazy about him?
"a l got letter from fellow and
he wanted me to go to dance and ask
ed me to answer at once. AS l could
not dance and could not get the let
ter to him in time to go, ! did not an
swer promptly. When / did write he
did not answer. Would you feel like
being a friend to him?
(5) If he should ask to go with me
again should let him?
(6) Are people going to wear ruff
fies this summer? SHORTY.
Il you are not much too heavy.
Get plenty of exercise, don't overeat
don't drink water with your meals
and you will reduce enough.
(2) No.
go He would think she was both
silly and crazy about him.
"a Your letter to him required ne
answer. You have no reason to be
angry because he did not write.
90 Yes, if you want to go.
go The new spring dresses are
showing ruffles.
Dear Mrs. Thompson: l will be 2
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1916-01-21
THINGS WORTH KNOWING.

To Dry Sweater-After washing a
sweater. instead of hanging on the
line, place it loosely in a cloth bag or
pillow slip and when dry it will fit like
new.
Stain Remover-Use lemon peel,
after the juice has been partly squeez-
ed out, to rub stains from silverware;
also to remove fruit stains from your
fingers.
To Hasten Cooking-Add pinch
of baking powder to meat or vege-
tables which you wish to hasten cook
ing. It is much better than soda for
the purpose, as there is no danger OF
giving the food an alkaline taste.
Knife unprecedented Of rub
bling knives over crooks, get piece Of
wood. Two or three strokes of the
knife across this will put surpris-
ingly keen edge on the tool. Dull hal
pins, needles, etc, can be renewed or
this handy instrument.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1916-01-21

own looks. but my mother won't con-
sent to give me what l earn, What
can | do? | am very unhappy.
BIG SISTER.
Find out how much board and room
would cost a week somewhere away
from home Then offer just that sum
to your mother and say that you are
going to keep the rest OF your salary
If she will not consent to let you live
at home for that amount go some
where else. 1t is only right that you
should have the money you earn ana
you owe it to yourself 10 look as at
tractive as you can. Your mother
will probably be glad to have what
ever you give her when she learns II
must be that or nothing.
Dear Mrs. Thompson: am 10 years
old and in love with a young man three
years my senior. He came 10 see me
seven times and seemed TO love me
very much. Now he doesn't come any
more. l let him kiss me and now
wonder if that is the reason and II ne
holds me cheap. What can do to WIN
him back?
BLUE EYES.
Boys like girls who are hard TO get
Ii you had not let him kiss you, ne
would have respected you, and with-
out doubt you would have been
friends yet. There is nothing you can
do now to make him like you again.
and If you tried to do anything you
would only cheaper yourself further
in his eyes.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1916-01-21
COURTS PLAN MASQUERADE.

At meeting of committee repre-
senting 10 tri-city lodges OF the Court
of Honor, held last evening in the
home Of C. E. McCollister, 17fo
Twelfth avenue, plans were completed
for a big masquerade dancing party to
be held Friday evening, Feb. 4, at Odd
Fellows hall, in this city. Mrs. B. J.,
Hoover of Moline was named chair
man OF the committee having the af-
fair in hand, and Mrs. Johanna Miller
oil this city was made the secretary
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1916-01-21
MRS. LATTIG HOSTESS AT PARTY.

Mrs. c. A. Lattig OF Winona, Mimi,
who is a guest at the home Of Mrs.
]. F. Grotegut, 800 Fifteenth street,
invited a company of % ladies to the
Hotel Harms yesterday, entertaining
them at cards and dinner. The game
of 500 was played at five tables with
the high score favor going to Mrs. T. NJ.
Green, Mrs. Fred Green taking second,
Mrs. J. F. Grotegut the all-cut favor
and Mrs. B. Ainsworth the BOBBY prize.
At 5 o'clock a course supper was serv-
ed in one of the private dining rooms,
fine course menu having been pre-
pared Mrs. Lattig was surprised
when she was presented at the close
of the afternoon with a handsome cut
glass vase. After supper the entire
company went to the theatre to round
out most enjoyable afternoon.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1916-01-21
40 COUPLES AT KNIGHTS TEMPLAR
PARTY.

Rock Island commandery, knights
Templar, entertained at another of the
winter series of dancing parties last
evening at Masonic temple. 40 couples
attending and enjoying the affair. A
feature of the evening was the music,
E. R. Herlocker giving number OF
vocal selections. A light lunch was
served during the course of the even
ing. The next of the series will be held
Thursday evening, Feb. II. The Cri-
terion orchestra gave the dance pro-
gram.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1916-01-21
TIE TABLE,

Nut Bread for Sandwiches-Onee egg
beaten light, one cup sweet milk, one
cup graduated sugar, one cup rolled
nuts, four cups -four, 21a teaspoons
baking powder. Bake 40 minutes in
moderate oven.
Salad Dressing-Two tablespoons
sugar, one heaping tablespoon -four
one-half teaspoon mustard, one tea.
spoon salt, two eggs, one cup of diluted
vinegar, few drops OF red pepper ex,
tract. Cook mixture in double boiler
and mix with WHIPPED cream, one par
dressing to two parts cream.
Lemon Pie-Make pastry and fl
with lemon filling, using whipped
cream on top in place of the custom
AIRY meringue.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1916-01-21
PUPILS MISS SHEAR IN RECITAL.

fUPfIS MISS SHEAk IN RE(lI ALI
The piano pupils of Miss Grace
Shear will appear in recital Friday
evening, Jan. IS, in the home of the
teacher. 1928 Fifteenth street. Master
Edward Klow, violinist, will assist
and the program to be presented fol-
lows:
March of the Little Sages," Who'll
Buy My Roses" (Mathewsl, Milton
Iglehart.
Waltz, (SchmolD, THE Charming
Shepherdess," Charles Pickens.
Duet-"Babes in the Wood" albert
BiehD, Elizabeth Blacksmith, Irene
Campbell.
"vesper Hymn" Holiday Excur-
sion" Mathews. Donald Wallace.
Violin "Barcarolle," (SchilD
Dancing in the Moonlight" (Sawyer)
Edward klow.
Sing Robin, Sing" (Spaulding)
Waltz, (Gurlitt). Murl Wallace.
aBlack Forest Clock" (Heins), Eliz-
abeth Blacksmith.
Duet-Galop, Franz Behrl, Edith
Gutzweiler, Stella Bloomquist.
Happy Farmer THE Huntsman' g
Som (Schumann), Mrs. Pickens.
Duet-"First Violet of Spring,
Charles Pickens, Mrs Pickens.
ivy" (Spindler), March, (Schar-
wenka), Irene Campbell.
'Fleecy Clouds" (Spindler), Min
uet Don Giovanni" (MozarD, Darline
klow.
Duet-Spanish Dances, No. l, No, 2
tMoszkowskD, Fred Helpenstell
Charles Motz.
Simple Aveu," CThome), Scar,
Dance" (Chaminadel. Charles Motz
a"Austrian Folk Song" (Pacher, "Tht
Butterfly" CMerkeD, Stella Bloom
quist.
"The Mill" (Jensen), Sylvia Ben
nett.
"Nocturne," Borowski), "Serenade,
(Jeffries), Fred Helpenstell.
"Sonatine, No. g." (KuhlaW, Stell;
Bloomquist
"Valse Caprice" (Newland), Edn;
Lumberg.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1916-01-21
SOCIAL EVENTS

Mrs. Hedberg and Mrs. Lattner, who
assisted in receiving and in the din
ing room. In connection with the cof-
fee there was bargain booth and the
proceeds from the afternoon amounted
to sos.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1916-01-21

treasurer. This will be one of the
series of affairs being given by the tri-
city organization and will be on an
extensive scale. Prizes will be given
for the best costumes and good music
will be provided. Members of the
order who come not masked will be
admitted as spectators without charge
of admission.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1916-01-21
BUSY BEE SOCIETY COMMITTEE
CHAJRMEN

At the regular meeting of the Busy
Bee Sewing society held yesterday in
the home Of Mrs. D. w. Hathaway, 701
Seventeenth street, the president ap>
pointed committee chairmen for the
year as follows:
Rugs-Mrs. George Barker: social,
Mrs. F. H. Stran; aprons, Mrs. ]. L.
Ehmen; fancy work, Mrs J. S. Milton.
The ladies occupied their time with
sewing carpet rags for rugs and their
hostess served them with a delicious
lunch. The next regular session will
be held in the home of Mrs. Joe John
son, 1884 Fifth avenue.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1916-01-21
HOUSEHOLDER,
HINTD V@{:I,

Sweetbread Patties-Make patty
shell of regular pastry dough An
outfit for cutting dough for pattles
consists of small size cookie cutter,
for foundation, and another cutter
making rings of the same size. Brush
each piece with melted butter, place IN
pan carefully and bake. Then put three
pastry rings on the foundation pieces
all with mixture, and for lid use one
of the centers of the rings.
Sauce-Beat one-half cup of heavy
cream until stiff, add one-quarter tea
spoon salt little red pepper and grad
ually stir in two tablespoons OF vinegar
or lemon juice then add one cucum-
Der or chopped olives.
Crullers-Two eggs, one cup sugar,
/ cups sweet milk one,half teaspoon
salt, one teaspoon baking powder.
Flour enough to roll out. Cut with a
knife and twist. Spice if you like.
Nodded Salmon-One can salmon
i one-half tablespoon -four one teaspoon
mustard, dash of cayenne, yolks OF
two eggs, one-half tablespoon butter
! three-fourths cup of milk, one-fourth
cup vinegar, three-fourths tablespoon
of gelatin soaked in two tablespoons
cold water Make same as cooked sal
ad dressing. Then add gelatin and mil
with salmon. Before mixing pour no
water over salmon and drain. Put II
individual molds and serve with Gu
cumber or olive sauce.
Veal Pot Pie-Cut about two pound!
of fat veal into small pieces and pu
over fire in cold water. Cook abou
one hour; do not boil rapidly as tina
makes the meat tough. At the end o
the hour add salt and pepper and {
handful Of rice. When it boils agail
add several potatoes and drop dump
lings.
Nut Pudding-One cup molasses, on
cup suet (chopped), one cup swee
milk, two and one-half cups -four
one-half teaspoon nutmeg, one tea
spoon soda, one-half teaspoon salt
one pound English walnuts (chopped)
one-fourth pound figs Chopped
Steam two and one-half hours.
Nut Loaf-One cup brown sugar
one egg, two cups sweet milk, tw
cups each white and graham floul
baking powder, half cup nut meats
Sift baking powder with white foul
Mix we'll and bake one hour.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1916-01-21
WORKERS CLASS NAMES Off.
GERS.

Former officers were rechosen by
the workers class of the First Baptist
church last evening at a meeting held
In the home of Mrs. Warren Anderson,
1903 Sixteenth street, the following TO
again serve:
President-Mrs. E. D. Stapp.
Vice president-Mrs. W. H. Kelley.
Secretary-treasurer - Mrs. George
Lee.
Reports from the committees and Of
ficers were heard and plans discussed
for the future work. During time
of sociability Mrs. Anderson served
lunch.