Norwich bulletin., 1916-06-30
THE WAR PRIMER By National Geographic Society

Lembera-Unless the Russians meet suddenly with a signal reverse in their drive along the Austrian east front, Lemberg seems destined to pass un- der the dominion of the Czar for a second time since the beginning of the great war. This, the fourth city of Austria, is described in tG1e follow ing war geography bulletin of the Ma tional Geographic Society, issued from it's Washington headquarters:
 When the Qualifications of the in ner city of Lemberg were dismantled in 1911 and the space which they oc- cupied was converted into promenades for the prosperous citizens of this habitants it was doubtless assumed by many that, having suffered the sling and arrows of outrageous for tune for the first five centuries of its municipal existence, fate would allot it a surcease from siege and capture.
 living 50 miles almost due east of PrzemySl, and more than 450 miles of Vienna, Lemberg is situated on the banks of the Peltew River, and afflu- ent of the Bug It nestleS in a small valley which opens to the north, and is surrounded by hills, the most pie turesque being the Fell-wooded Franz-Josef Berg, to the northeast. To the East, a distance of S7 miles, is Tarnopol, near the Russian border, one of the first points of attack when the Muscovites recently pushed be- yond the Galfcian frontier.
 "A description of the modern city of Lennberg as it existed in August, 1914, requires many notifications to- day, for the scars of war are to be found in it's many handsome homes 1; its broad, well-paved streets; its Roman Catholic cathedral. a hand some gothic structure completed in 1480 it's Greek cathedral, completed in 1779; its Armenian cathedral in the Byzantine style, dating back to 1437 and its magnificent monuments to such Polish patriots as King John Ill | Sobieski, who after having saved Lernberg from the same enemy 2, few years previously, in 1888 saved all Europe from Mohammedan invasion by routing an army of 300,000 Turks encamped about Vienna, his owr forces numbering only 10000.
 Called Lwow in the Polish tongue and LeopoTis in Latin, Lemberg was l founded by a Ruthenian prince iE 1859. Nearly a hundred years Inter | it was added to the domain of Casimil the Great, who bestowed upon the city | the charter and privileges widely known during the middle ages as the | Magdeburg Right.
 i Following the fall of Constantine pie. Lenberg enjoyed a revival ot l trade with the East, but it was caught | in the naelStrom of rebellion and l pillage which swept over the Ukraine 1 and Q part of Poland during the las half Of the seventeenth century, wher 1 the Cossaok hetman, CIlmielnicka, wa directing the infamies of the serfs l fury
 'Lemberg was one of the Polisl cities to fall before the arms O. Charles XII of Sweden when the ill advised Augustus II was drawn into 1 the Great Northern War, which de vastated central Europe for the frs l twenty years of the eighteenth cen. tury. In 1772, upon the first partition of Poland, Lemberg became an Aus
 trian possession, and twelve years aft CT this event Josert1 II established tn,
 University of Iemberg which, at tn, time of the outbreak of the presen
 war, bad more than two thousand stu
 dents.
 "One of the most attractive park
 of .Lemberg, and a favorite promen
 ade. bears the name of the Polish pa
 tIdot Jan Khnsld, a humble littl shoemaker who fought oravely in 179e
 was captured and taken to St, Peters
 burg. After his release he returne, to his st1oemaker'ss bench and in hi leisure hours wrote his recoIlections his country's history.
 Since the ablishInent of the Gal
 icaan Diet in 1861 Lemberg has en joyed increasing prosperity. 1t manufactures include machinery an
 iron ware, matches, candles, 1iuuelirs Echocolate, leafhar bricks and tile
 whiles itskc conIneec lis, largely in liner
 flax, hemA 1voo1 1aandg oil. ss~z
 Tn 1907. two interesting $5inds wer madek inss thes es Vtcfniky Of this scshy b, laborers boring for sof. The .bcdie
 of an elephant Sandfa I5ain0lceros wer
 unearthed in ' a TeEuariraHoie stats s
 preservation even Inc hides being \
 tact, due. proha bI to he apreserva tive squalft M 1a g6t fls aigV5aSicl
 they HsEs