davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1916-03-18
First Steamer Passes
Up New Channel In The
Neches At Beaumont

BEAUMONT. Texas, March la.---11,1
American steamer vesfa, drawing iwrnty-
three feet of water, arrived here today. ArElI
= the first vessel to pass up The n+w .htIs
channel IN tho Neehes river 10 Rrar,a.s.I' !
The channel was completed after txn v.1r Y
OF dredging, and gives direct c.s.n4etl12
with the Sabine river and Ssh.ne I.e{
channels TO PORT Arthur and fhenr< a.
gulf Other ships will follow tAs NJ
shortly.
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1916-03-18
Ca,yUncisfas And Villistas Battling In
1OyvPOn RegiOn--"Pacifics Acfive

ToHkEoN, Mexico, March ls--Fieht
'ne has been IN progress since ye>ter,la \
Canon Cherlto~, IN ihis rerion. The Villa
commander l. said 10 he Juan Madrid.
Reliable reports said that twenty liz
were killed ~ a battle between Carraneis-
ia~ and ~o-called "paclfisis" somewhere
near Durango. The Paciti~ts are SAID to
h- undrr the leader. General Miguel Her
nandrz.
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1916-03-18
Philadelphia Mas Motable Wrdd,na

FHiLAI'tIPHiA. Mafch ls.-Mss A
Efh.~ta pranker. descendant Of ph,bo
u'hkef. sad t. have been the first .h,ld
s"rn ia th,s ctfy. i the bride ,odav -,
William Balilt Jr.. also of n,om,o.n,
i'h'iadeirhia family. The ceremony talas
place to-day AZ The home 81 the hrda.s
.r"'hsf and >i>ier-,n-law. Mr.. and NJ.
henry ; D1nker. al WynueWooa. and IN.
guests are limited 10 members Of the ,mms
diate fasmiles.
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1916-03-18
Duluth Banker Weds Chicago Girl.

CHICAGO. March ls.-Mi-- Ruby Vim.
fn-r will b- married today to Maurice VI
braden. Dulnih banker, al the home oi
her uncle. William D. Sutherland Tn,
bride y the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. j
H. WINNER of Wabash. Ind. and tor some
time has made her home here. Sh. has
taken an active part In social life, and \.
devoted TO outdoor sports.
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1916-03-18
DECISIVE HOUR
REACHED,' END
OF WAR is SEEN
FRENCH MINISTER OF FINANCE so
DECLARES IN ADDRESS TO THE
CHAMBER DEPUTIES.
Won TIRPITZ RESIGNED BECAUSE
GERMANY WOULD NOT PERMIT
NAVY TO ATTACK ENGLAND.
ll.v .NSsnciafed I,ress. }

PARIS, March lS.-'We have reached
The decisive hour. We can say without
vain optimism that we can see the end OF
tins horrible war;" said Ribot, the French
minister of finance. speaking III the French
chamber al deputies last night.
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1916-03-18
Officers And Lookouts
Swear Torpedo Sunk
The Steamer Tubantia

WASHINGTON, D. c.. March lS-Two
officers and the lookoui> of the DESTROYED
Dutch hner Tubantia swear the steamer
was torpedoed." according to report to
the American consul al Amsterdam today.
lie added that the passenger, had the same
opinlon.
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1916-03-18

,Ry Assnciafed Press. !

LONDON, March lS.-An Amsterdam
dispatch says the resignation of Admiral
Won Iirpitz, head ot the German ministry
~ the marine. followed an Official yetoine
81 his plan Ia attack Great Britain with
the entire German navy
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1916-03-18
Mystery Explosions
In Autos Caused By
Sparks Ia Gasoline

WASHINGTON. ID. r.. March Ie.--Manv
unexplained automobile fires ard explo-
~ions can be- charged 10 electric sparks pro-
duced IN flltcrIng gasoline. according to n
statement from the bureau of standard, to-
day Many explosions were ma H. in ma :
chimes whose tanks were filed through
wire and chamois ~trainers.
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1916-03-18
Wilson And Cayyduza Loudly Cheeyed
In Street Parade At Vera Cruz

gardng the mutual concessions for the
pursuit cf the outlaws. An imposing street
parade was held with patriotic speeches in
which President Wilson's and Carranza'
name were inndly cheered
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1916-03-18
Last Member OF Gang
That Assassinated
\. Vireinians, Killed

ROANOKE. Va. March Is Jack Alien.
last member OF the Allen gang which as
sasSlnated officials Of Carroll county court
two years ago. was killed last night near
Mount AIRY. y. Z. VIII McGraw. fellow
m"anisineer. - suspected of committing
ihe crime
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1916-03-18
Cerman-Amencans Of
Iowa Opposed To Col.
Roosevelt And Wilson

DAVENPORT. Iowa. March 1S.-The
German American Alliance of Iowa in an
nual convention here. today adopted reso-
lutions calling on its members 10 oppose
President Wilson or Colonel Roosevelt if
either or both should be presidyiial can
didate.
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1916-03-18

VERA CRUZ. Mexico. March lS.-A
popular demonstration was held here last
night to celebrate the agreement reached
between the United States and Mexico re-
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1916-03-18
Three Times Owner OF
Millions, c. II. Connell
Dies $4,000 In Deb,

CHICAGO. H., March ls.--Chsrles VI.
Council died here today IN his seventy fifth
year. lie had made and lost two fortunes
aggregating million dollars, and built .
third after he was fifty wears old, and was
$1,000 la debt when be- died
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1916-03-18
Dutch Steamer T0rpedoed

LONDON March ls.-The Dutch steam
er Palembang has been torpedoed All The
crew were saved. The vessel wa, OF 1000
tons capacity
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1916-03-18
Pablo Gonzales Is
10 Head Expedition
. Against Zapaiistas

GALVESTON, Texas, March ls.--t;en-
eral Pablo Gonzales was made chief OF
the military expedition against the Zapata
forces IN Southern Mexieo, according 10
consular information today.
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1916-03-18

Correspondent Held
Responsible For Own
Dispstchse By Order

COLUMBUS. y. NJ, March 1s.-New or
ders issued today here hold every news
paper correspondent accountable for his
dispatches. The orders were issued under
the national defense act.
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1916-03-18
Deny Germans Hold Hill.
,Es Assoolatei ffesa1

PARIS. March ls.-Thr French EN-
hassy On instractions frosa Fsyis enh,hsti,. :
ally denied that the German forces are
holding any portion of Deadman's Hill.
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1916-03-18
House Military Bill
Wilson's Own Bill,
House Is Informed

WASHINGTON. ID. g.. March lS.-The
house military bill j. President Wilson,
own bill, Chairman Hay Of the military
committee informed the house today when
debate on the measure was resumed.
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1916-03-18
Americans EncampAt
CaSaSGrandeS Suburb
ThusAvertingDispute
Latest Reports As To Villas Location
Place Him At Las Cruces, 40 Miles
To South OF C0SaS Gyundes Citv
BY Aseocia ted Press

Trouble il the
il The of the etr,ub bcoudnot he
fled other there said - be a
Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, 1916-03-18


WACO. Texas, March lS-T. : NichalS
was seriously. wounded on farm near Ne
Gregor yesterday while cleaning pistol.
Evening star., 1916-08-06
BY JAMES B. MORROW.

I'M HoUGH they have been buried
to their eyes with rich orders
from nations at war and do
mestic consumers, American
steel makers are vigorously planning
defensive and offensive campaigns for
the future. Peace in Europe. they
realize. will bring serious business
problems TO the United States.
Three mighty manufacturing coun-
tries-Great Britain, France and Ger
many-while struggling out of their
own ruins. 1t is gravely predicted, will
attack every market in the world for
the recovery of the gold that poured
out of their treasures while they were
fighting among themselves. Impover-
ished. they will be desperate. Small
profits, in their philosophy. will be
better than none
Men like Judge Gary. Charles NJ
Schwab and William Z. Corey. together
with their large stockholders. directors
and bankers. are not quarreling with
one another over the question of ade-
quate preparation for the protection
OF their own interests. but are getting
ready to defend the properties that
have been given into their management
and care. Their new combinations,
their massing OF immense sums of
fresh capital and their projects for
vast improvements show that they are
both game at heart and sure of sue
cess.
Steel is woven into watch chains and
20 be the chief weapon upon which
the largest nations will make trade
wars on one another in the days to
come. II is the standard metal not of
value. which is the function Of gold.
but of everyday living throughout
civilization.
Needles are made OF steel; so are
battleships. Nails are made of steel:
so are skyscrapers. Watch springs
are made OF steel. SO are the bridges
across the Mississippi The housewife
In her kitchen Is surrounded by steel;
her range, gas fixtures, sink cans
pans and pots are OF that metal And
SO are the weights in her windows.
not to mention her knives. buckets and
refrigerator.
All tools and machinery are manu-
factured Of steel. from tack hammers
to locomotives. Farmers plow with
steel. harvest their crops with steel
and inclose their fields with steel
fences Millions of people are daily
riding in steel railroad cars and auto
mobiles Pens are made of steel and
so are trolley poles.
Steel Is woven into match chains and
cast into huge chains for ships and
steam shovels- Ones umbrella even
10 part steel. and there 10 steel in ones
shoes. And. at last. man Is buried In
q casket of steel. after being hauled to
the cemetery IN steel hearse.
More than thirty establishments in
this country are engaged in manufac-
turing steel doors and shutters. Be
meath every city street there is a net
work of steel pipes. Wars are fought
with steel. And steel works themselves
and rolling mills and blast furnaces
Evening star., 1916-08-06

Steel has actually become the meas
ure Of material progress. 1t has added
billions to the wealth of this nation.
Steel rails. cars and bridges, for ex-
ample. have wonderfully reduced the
price Of transportation. Sixty years
ago the $4,000 miles Of railroads in the
United States used iron rails A car
then contained ten tons of coal. Fifty
tons can now be hauled in a steel car
over steel rails and across steel bridges
by steel engine weighing 800 900
pounds.
Water transportation has also been
completely changed by steel The
under steam and sail covered $50 miles
a day. The steel ocean liRers of the
present. 300 feet in length, can travel
nearly 500 miles In twenty -four hours.
Iron ore was brought down the great
lakes in small schooners a half century
in the past. The schooners were slowly
loaded and unloaded by men with show
els and wheclbarrows.
The United States Steel Corporation
now operates a feet of its own. in
vessels. Some of the vessels are 500
feet long. IS feet wide and 80 feet
deep. Twelve thousand gross tons can
be hauled in one load. Such a cargo
chinery has loaded s.ss2 tons Of ore
into steel ship in twenty-five min
utes and steel machinery has unloaded
$40 tons In three hours and fifteen
minutes from steel shi, at a steel
dock. from which steel cars carried the
ore to steel works in Ohio and western
Pennsylvania.
The distance by water and land from
Evening star., 1916-08-06

Eddyviile iron works, the swanee fur
mace and the Union forge. on the
Cumberland river in Lyon county.
Iron which he manufactured was
used principally in the making of
sugar kettles for Louisiana and Cuban
planters. His charcoal blooms were
sent to rolling mills in Cincinnati. The
him. in 1s47. to begin experimenting
with current of air as means Of de-
carbonizing iron and turning 1t into
steel He neglected to apply for a
patent until after he had heard of
Bessemer's invention. Both claims
went into the patent office about the
same time Kelly won the contest
with Bessemer and a patent was issued
to him
company was organized in 1863
and works were built at Wyandotte.
Mich, for the manufacture of steel
under Kelly's patent; 1t was at this
plant that William F. Durfee estab-
lished his analytical laboratory. He
had previously tested the ore of the
Lake Superior district and found that
1t was suitable for the production of
steel.
Ingots made under his direction were
rolled into rails on May %. 1865. These
were the first steel rails manufactured
in the United States. 1t is said that
Commodore Vanderbilt having been
told that steel rails were stronger and
better than iron ones. contemptuously
exclaimed: 'Bosh! Stuff! Nonsense"
This Durfee-there WIRE two of them
-afterward built furnace at An
sonia. Conn. where copper was re-
fined by the use of gaseous fuel. He
was a brilliant engineer. as well as an
architect and surveyor. Among his
achievements was the moving of
brick chimney. eight feet square at
the base and 100 feet high and Weighing
ITO tons. a distance of thirty feet. from
an old foundation to new one.
The second Durfee In the Wyandotte
enterprise was Zoheth s.. who learned
the blacksmith's trade in his fathers
shop at New Bedford. Mass. Indeed.
he was the organizer OF the company,
having obtained control OF William
Kelly's invention. He also attempted
to purchase the Bessemer rights in
this country, but was not successful.
1t is said that he did more than any other
one person to cheaper the manufac-
ture of steel in the United States.
While the Durfees and their asso-
ciates were experimenting with and
developing the Kelly process at Wyan-
dotte. other enterprising men were
trying to establish the steel industry
elsewhere. Among them were Erastus
Corning and John Flack Winslow.
Corning, born at Norwich, Conn. went,
at the age Of thirteen. to clerk in the
hardware store OF his uncle~ BENJAMIN
Evening star., 1916-08-06

in possession of the somewhat scanty
natural resources.
Warsaw, according to some accounts,
is still a pretty lively capital, with
business going on about as usual, but
other accounts have not been SO favor
able and a dark picture has been drawn.
In the economic and industrial sense
1t is not a question whether the Poles
of Warsaw are as oontented under
German military rule as they were un-
der Russian absolutism. The question
is whether the industrial and CONNER
cial activities of the past can be re-
vived.
cupied by the German and Austrian n
troops after the fall of Lemberg has
a great variety of agricultural re-
sources. but with contending armies
sweeping backward and forward this
Evening star., 1916-08-06

and later studied the railroads of
Europe and wrote about them for tech
nical journals and daily newspapers.
1t was in 1855 that he went to Eng
land. at the request OF Winslow; and
The same year. he built a Bessemer
plant at Troy for Corning. Winslow &
Co.. and Bessemer steel was made
there for the first time in the United
States The plant was enlarged in 1867.
Holley also built the steel works at
Harrisburg and planned those at North
Chicago and Joliet. ILL.,: the Edgar
Thompson works at Pittsburgh and the
Vulcan works at St. Louis. He was
gineer for the plants at Johnstown,
Bethlehem and Scranton.
The history of his career after 1865"
a man who knew him has said. "is sub
stantially that of the Bessemer manu-
facture in the United States"
During Holley's life-he died in New
York thirty-four years ago-the ca
pacity OF the American steel plant was
a month. The Kelly patents and the
Bessemer patents. conflicting seriously
in this country and somewhat check
ing the development of the steel in
dustry. were at last combined. Holley
took part in this important trans
action. which occurred in 1866.
Thus was brought about the first
steel merger in America. Zoheth S.
Durfee became secretary and treasurer
of the combination, which was known
as the Pneumatic Steel Association,
and held both ofices until his death
at Providence in 1880.
Such. then. were the strong and ad
venturous men who began the manu-
facture of steel in this country. Not
least among them was William Kelly.
whose name Is now seldom read or
heard He emerged from the patent
office. possibly in 1852 or earlier, with
hying colors. In 1871 he again was
sustained by the same authority.
When he began making pig iron in
Whether such labor was unsatisfac-
tory or contrary to his principles 10
Evening star., 1916-08-06

Smith. at Troy, N. Y. He inherited the
fortune of his uncle and became one
of the richest hardware merchants in
the country. Then he went into an
iron works at Albany, helped to or
ganize and consolidate the New York
Central railroad. of which he was pres
ident for twelve years, and. dying
forty-four years ago, left fortune of
$4,000. 900.
Winslow and Corning were partners
for thirty years and, through the pur-
chase of the patents by the former,
controlled the Bessemer invention and
put 1t into operation at their Troy
iron works. Winslow. born at Ben
ntngton, VT. spent nearly all OF his
life in New York He was manufac-
turing pig iron in New Jersey as early
as 1898. His firm built the Monitor.
the first ironclad in the navy. OF the
United States. 1t was completed in five
months and sailed away TO sink the
Merrimac and to change naval archt-
lecture in America and Europe. Winslow
likewise was president of the company
that constructed the high bridge over
the Hudson river at Poughkeepsie.
The agent who negotiated in England
for the patent of Bessemer was Alex
ander L. Holley, acting. as has been
said, for John F. Winslow. Holley was
a metallurgist, also a Connecticut man
and a graduate of Brown University.
He learned the machinists' trade at
the locomotive works in Jersey City
Evening star., 1916-08-06

of Turkey into that Of Russia and that
commercial intercourse will be largely
a matter of Russian policy. 1t also
presupposes that the Black sea is to
become Russian lake.
The soundness Of this opinion need
not be discussed now. Cotton does not
bear directly on the import OF Ameri-
can manufactured goods.
Some Of the fnanciers who recently
visited Russia in connection with the
f1fty-million dollar loan have been
credited with the view that the estab-
lishment of branch factories there will
be one of the chief means of pro-
noting trade between the two coun-
tries.
The government of the United States,
in a general way, heretofore has not
favored the establishment of branch
factories in foreign countries, on the
ground that this means the closing out
of industries at home, but the tendency
has been recognized as an economic
one, which is not entirely in the con-
troll of governments. Other countries
have protective tariffs in order to en-
courage the building up Of native in
dustries, and Russia is one of the
countries which believe in protection.
Evening star., 1916-08-06

production The wheat basin Of the
Volga produces as abundantly as ever
and Russia, with her enormous surplus
wheat crop, which. on account of the
war, cannot find an outlet, has no lack
of means of supporting her own popu-
lation.
The point of real interest back of the
Russian military movement is that the
steps, not only for the industrial re-
velopment of the country. were taken
before the present military movement
had made SO great progress
The building of the railways to Arch
angel in which the Russian govern
ment drew on the United States. both
for material and for skilled labor, was
undertaken primarily as military
measure. The White Sea port was the
had. and the disadvantages of port in
the Arctic circle were made manifest
in a thousand ways. Yet, they were
not insuperable, and the railway con-
degree which only students Of the mill
tary operations have followed. This has
served, and is further serving, peace
purpose as well. 1t shows what Russia
expects to do in the way of railway
construction after the war.
Some time ago a conference of the
Russian ministers of agriculture, in
dustry. commerce, finance and war was
held in Petrograd. The presence of
the minister of war was due to the
military situation, but the significance
was that in the midst of hostilities the
officials charged with the peaceful ac-
tivities of the country were prominent.
This conference decided that 1t would
be necessary to build some $4,000 miles
of railroad in order properly to de-
Evening star., 1916-08-06

disturbed over this prospect. They rsa-
son that the machinery and material
for the plants will have to come from the
United States, and even when these are
in full operation there will be con-
slant demand for various American spe-
cialties in order to supplement the output
of the native factories. That has been tho
experience in many other cases where
the market has been increased for Amer-
can manufactured goods as a consequence
of the establishment Of branch factories.
Even with the adoption Of a pronounced
protection policy. Russia for many years
will be a splendid field for an infinite
variety OF American manufactured goods.
Two questions have a marked bearing
on Russia's future advantages as mar
ket for manufactured goods. One Of these
relates to the position the country will
occupy in the proposed economic alliance
of the present allies against the central
powers. The other bears directly on the
possibility of a trade treaty with the
United States, which will leave the Jewish
question to be settled in connection with
the political relations of the United States
and Russia. 1t is a little early to get
much Of line on either Of these subjects-
Evening star., 1916-08-06

mills is being increased and that 1t will
soon reach 100000 tons yearly.
Even when only 10000, 900 tons were
produced the mills were not working to
their capacity nor was the home mar
ket taking all of the steel that was be-
ing made Nearly 1901 900 tons were an
nually sold to the export trade.
If all the mills in the United States
are to be operated fully after peace
is restored in Europe. a large quantity
of steel will have to find market in
foreign countries. SO far. the United
States Steel Corporation is the only
concern that has seriously made an
effort to get foothold in the markets
abroad. 1t is believed in Washington
that late combinations in the industry
were entered upon with the incidental
object of engaging in the export trade.
The American manufacturer of steel,
SO the reasoning runs. now feels COM
petent to compete with the rest of
the world. He has an abundance OF
ore. limestone and coal. intelligent and
ambitious labor. resourceful chemists
known processes. Moreover. he Is both
able and daring himself.
Formerly It took 5,732 pounds of ore
to manufacture ton of pig iron. The
quantity has been reduced to 4.o0S
pounds. The fuel required was 6,44s
pounds. this has been cut to 1902
pounds Instead of using 1887 pounds
Of limestone. the ironmaster now
makes better product with 752
pounds. The chemists of Germany
have been much esteemed. especially
those who have been engaged in the
dye-making industry. while American
chemists, although as constructive in
some lines as any on earth. rarely
read, outside of technical publications,
any words of praise for themselves.
1t was William Franklin Durfee.
once a student at the Lawrence Scien-
tifc School of Harvard. who estab-
lished the first laboratory for the
practical analysis of steel in the
United States. This he did at Wyan-
dotte. Mich. in 1863
Sir Henry Bessemer. the Englishman.
has been honored by kings and nations
for having discovered the modern method
for making steel. William Kelly. plain
man from Pennsylvania. always claimed
that Bessemer's ideas were carried to
England by a workman who had seen
Kelly himself turning pig iron into steel
by what was called his "air-boiling
process"
The United States patent ofice
twice passed on Kelly's invention and
gave 1t priority over the invention
claimed bv Bessemer. Kelly. ingenious
even as q small boy, was business
man in Pittsburgh. but nre having de-
stpoyed his property. he znoved~fo