davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-23
A CORNER OF DURANGO MARKET.

peon population-rank fairly well with
the poems of other sections, possibly
little higher than those OF Chihuahua
The testimony of foreigners who have
lived in Durango, as il has been given Z
to me- was not unfavorable to the poems
under proper guidance. Nor have they
been guilty of many excuses as
those who came from adjoining states
during the different periods of the rev.
olution.
While the property of the rich was
taken, there have not been so many
murders. and the poems, in some places,
have shown "A tolerant if not a kindly
disposition toward their former en-
ployers.
Most of the bandit chiefs who, in the
early days roamed over the states and
plundered were from other sections.
This was especially true of the bandit
army which took and sacked the city of
Durango in June. 1913. The leader,
however, was entitled to be called a
citizen of Durango. He was Gen Tomas
JTrbina whose citizenship had been ac-
quired by a residence III the Durango
penitentiary under sentence of murder.
Villa killed MIN few months ago 1e-
cause he would not give up the treas
ure he had plundered and concealed.
Lately the report has come that he
Carranzistas have discovered this treas
ure. If So their find is rich one.
for Jrbna literally carried away mil
Other bandit chiefs who acquired more
or less fame in the early days wee
Gems. Pereira and Contreras. Pereira
had sense of humor. On Selling
fine hacienda lin the name of the state,
but for his own personal benefit. he de-
clared that he was merely entering into
the ancient patrimon%. since the French
family which had held it bore name
similar to his own.
Canuto Reyes. who has been roaming
around with squad of bandits of his
own, and who at times is reported to be
arranging "A truce with Gen. Obregon,
and at other times is said to be joining
his army to villa bandits was not ore
of the known chiefs in the early days.
1t is the Arrieta brothers, Domingo
and Mariana, however. who still hold
the center of the stage in Durango.
These extraordinary individuals are The
product of extraordinary circumstances.
That is about the only explanation that
can be given of their continued domi-
nance.
On meeting them, neither seems to
have any of the qualities of Villa or
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-23
AND COUNTRIES ARE;
ABOLISEIING DEATH PENALT Y

"A MASSACHUSETTS, may soon be en-
iWlI tered in the list of states which
SVS do not prescribe the penalty of
death for murder Gov. Mccall has
urged the Legislature of Massach usetts
to abolish capital punishment The ar
eument employed by. the governor with
the view of influencing the legislature
is the usual and familiar one that CAPT
tai punishment does not prevent or de-
crease crime, and that it is therefore a
needless and indefensible relic of bar
barism.
Capital punishment, or the death pen
atty. has been done away with in the
states of Kansas, Maine, Michigan,
Rhode Island, Washington and Wiscon-
sin Death by the electric chair is pre-
scribed as capital punishment IN Ar
kansas. Indiana, Kentucky, Massachu-
sets, Nebraska. New Jersey, New YORK,
North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania,
South Carolina and Virginia. Hanging
is the mode of infiicting the death pen
atty in the states of Alabama, Arizona,
California, Colorado, Connecticut Della
ware, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois,
Iowa, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi,
Missouri. Montana, New Hampshire,
New Mexico. North Dakota, Oklahoma,
Oregon, South Dakota, Tennessee. Tex
as, Vermont, west virginia anu wynn
ing.
There are two states which give the
condemned criminal the choice of being
hanged or shot. These are Nevada and
Utah.
In Alaska, the District of Columbia,
Hawaii and Porto Rico capital punish
ment takes the traditional form of
hanging.
In South Carolina arson in the first
degree is punishable by death or not
less than ten years Imprisonment. The
death penalty may also be inflicted for
the crime of arson in Virginia, West
Virginia, Alabama, Delaware, Louis
lana. Maryland and Mississippi. Crime
against women is punishable dy death
in Alabama, Arizona, Delaware, Flori-
da. Georgia., Kentucky, Louisiana.
Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, North
Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee,
Texas. Virginia and West Virginia.
Various criminologists and penolo-
gists point out that a man contemplate
ing a capital crime never moves from
a capital-punishment state into nom
capital-punishment state because he
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-23

own Durango. The United States dur
ing the last three years has shown
so much liberation toward bandit lead :
ers that if the circumstances demand
it easily could make an arrangement
with the Arrietas without any moral
scruples to interfere.
On the whole, they have done no
we-se for Durango than Villa did for
chihuahua. Zapata for Morelos or sew
eraI of the Carranza commanders for
the territory which they have taken
to themselves as private preserves
There is a foreign element in Du-
range which would regard anything
in the nature of the United states
military occupation, temporary though
it might be, with favor. This is COM
posed chiefly of Spaniards. but there
are also Germans and English and
French.
The Spaniards are the most numer-
Gus and the most influential. More
animosity was directed against them
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-23
can State Of DURANGO and Its Prospects
The Mexican

some question as to the value OF the
ore There is no coal in the vicinity
and the rail transport to the border.
distance of 500 miles. even had there
been favorable conditions anywhere
for establishing iron and steel indus
tries was prohibitive.
c. T. Huntington built the railway me
down to the city of Durango, and the
exploitation of the iron mountain was
one of his purposes. 1t did furnish more
or less freight.
An Iowa family for many years held
the title to part of the mountain, and
some progress was made in utilizing It's
ore but never on the big scale which
was expected. 1t may be that some
time in the future the ore will prove
commercially valuable enough to justi-
fy the exploitation of the iron noun
tain on large scale, but so far as
known none of the great companies
which are looking for reserve beds OF
ore have sought to acquire the owner
ship.
The silver mines of Durango, in the
early days. were exploited ny the SPAN
iards on the lavish scale that was Gus.
tomary without regard to the lives OF
the native Indian workers. IL was OF
one Durango silver mine owner tnat
the legend was created OF aShlhS per
mission from the Spanish crown 10
build solid silver balconies around MS
house The crown, according to the
legendary story, rejected TINS request
as for something that was the pre-
rogative of royalty, though 1t is not Oh
record that in the sixteenth and sew
enteenth centuries many of the Spanish
sovereigns were rich enough to AFFORD
silver balconies on their palaces.
The mine owner, according to the
legend. gratified his love of display by
paving one of the streets between MS
house and the church with silver brlcks
when one of his children was chris
tened. There are many churches IN Du-
range, and the distance from the mine
owners house to the particular edlnce
in which the christening took place
may not have been great. or more
likely, the whole story was the product
of n vivid imagination. There are TOO
many places in Mexico where silver
bricks are said. to have been used to
give Durango any special claim to pre-
eminence in this incident.
Its agricultural wealth is one of Du-
rango'S most valuable assets. All sorts
of crops are raised. and there are. or
WERE many splendid ranches Until
the Madero revolution came, the Du-
range livestock industry was d most
fiouriShing one.
1t is the possession of these agricul-
tural resources apparently that has
enabled the people of the state to exist
during the period of revolution and
anarchy. There have been fewer tales
of hunger and starvation from Durango
than from most other sections of Mex
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-23

and / were in Paris when the war
broke out. Our home there was IN
the Rue de Tivoli. right opposite the
beautiful Tuilleries garden, and the
Louvre. 1t was also close to the fcole
Militaire, to which. perhaps you know,
came young officers from almost every
European country for the admirable
training it gives them.
Our drawing rooms were the weekly
rendezvous for many of these young
men. representative of the best youth
of France, Germany. Russia. Turkey,
Denmark. Italy, Austria. and other
countries. When war was proclaimed.
these young nen gathered every day
for three days at our house. They
came to meet us and each other once
more, and we saw many of them part
from one another. and those partings
brought war conditions wildly before
us.
when Paris faced the possibility of
siege my mother and I were advised
to leave the French capital, and we
made our preparations to return to
our home in New York city. Our Jour-
ney to the coast brought before us
most painfully the conditions imposed
upon the people at large by the war.
In the compartment with us were four
whittier One of them was a farmer,
for some reason incapacitated for serv-
ice. We entered into conversation with
him, and he told US he had lost his
farm, and that for two weeks he had
been drifting thus from place to place
under orders. and with no evident pros
pect of destination. He was but one
of hundreds.
"In the same train was a carload o.
women and children packed in literally
from floor TO ceiling. No one could
have entered that car when it stopped
at a station. but man, deformed IL
one shoulder. reached In at window
and drew out a little child. Going from
one compartment to another with thi:
baby, he explained that 1t had not hat
morsel to eat for two days, and thai
ii must soon perish IL no food were
given it: and il also was only one OF
hundreds upon that train.
Needless TO say. every passenger
who had food contributed what hi
could to the starving women and chill
dren. We mad brought with us all thai
we could carry. and we emptied oul
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-23

supplies in the endeavor to relieve the
suffering. This practical illustration OF
the awful need Of the war sufferers i'm
PEELED my resolve to do all that 1
could for those in need.
VERY soon after our arrival in New
York ! rented a house, the old home or
our dear friend. Rev. Charles H Park
hurst. d. D.. and "A number or women
met regularly twice every week TO
make clothing for the Serbian babies.
/ had left Serbian friends behind me in
Paris and 1 had Serbian friends in New
York, and the need of their country
seemed the greatest. That work yet
goes on, but have passed 1t on to oth-
err hands while l am devoting myself
exclusively to the project or directing
the destitute of America and war-torn
Europe toward the great unoccupied
lands of this country
And that is the aim of our endeavor
TO provide homes in America Tor as
many of the destitute az we can care
to help-to give the second start IN
life to perhaps thousands of the mil
lions of Europe whom this war mas
Impoverished. 1 am asking for land.
and already thousands of acres have
been offered We have already ac-
duired by gift for the purpose almost
FIVE thousand acres in North Carolina
and Tennessee, and only today wom-
an in the government service mere OF
fered me a 340-acre farm in Oklahoma.
X
I'VE have people in the various coun-
tries abroad who are looking for the
most suitable cases for our work. AL
ready we have a group of several fam
lilies in North Carolina. thrifty Belgian
farmers and foresters. who seem to be
assimilating the new conditions very
satisfactorily. Among our refugees
are three French sisters, master plumb
ers. brought up to the inherited trade
of their family They stand very
good chance for success in this country.
This is not an enterprise for the pro-
motion of charity, but for independ-
ence. The men and women and the
boys and girls will pay in time. and as
they can, for land and for homes, but.
penniIess now. they must be given
credit. The children will have the best
that vocational training can give them.
and all will be given a start that Will
make them in time independent Amert-
can citizens.
our work is Of necessity varied. For
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-23

nature of a police force. or state con-
stabulary.
One reason why the Arrietas have held
their troops together well is their
apparent fairness in the division of the
spoils. They take literally for them
selves, but they do not as in the case
of many of the other military chiefs.
become too greedy at the expense Of
their followers.
1t is not unlikely. too. that the local
tribal sentiment has something to do with
the success of the Arretas in maintaining
their army. There are some recruits from
Sinaloa, on the other side of the Sierra
Madres but the great mass is composed
of the natives of Durango, or those who
have been settled there long enough to
be considered as natives. There is no
separatist sentiment, such as exists IN
Sonora. but simply the almost uncon-
scious determination that Durango is for
it's people and that no outsiders snail
run it's affairs.
Nominally. the Arrietas acknowledged
Carranza as the first chief of the consti-
tutional cause. but they never yielded
their own control Neither cajolery nor
threats could induce them to withdraw
any considerable portion of their troops to
take part in the campaign They never
refused outright. and they were always
just getting ready. but somehow their
bandit army never got away from Du-
range.
= *
villa, "flen ne was IN need OF rem
forcements at Torreon. sent imperative
orders for the Arrietas to bring their
troops to him But Gen Domingo Arrieta
found that his health would not permit
him to go, and he did not care to send
his troops with another commander. His
brother was equally indisposed.
Villa threatened. after the campaign of
Torreon, to take a division of his army
D.. to Durango and hang the Arrietas. but
he never was strong enough to carry out
his threat. 1t is the knowledge of this
incident which leads those who know the
situation to doubt all the rumors about
the Arrietas joining forces with Villa.
If he should turn up with a few hun
bred followers they would not oppose
him, but it is certain that they would
not support him If he appeared with
only a handful they might afford him
refuge, bandit sanctuary. a s it were,
but they would make it clear that Du-
range is not Villa territory.
The attitude of the Arrietas toward
any flying column of American troops
or even toward forces of a more per,
manent character using the state as a
military base is matter of Suesswork
'butythe chances are that it would be
sconciliatory. They are really pac1fists
who want trouble with nobody, but
only. to have their own way in their
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-23
photo by Bachrach,

many children left orphans by the war
we provide in various ways. Some Will
go on the farms and will be provided
with foster parents of their own ma
tionality and religion Again, we have
had several requests from individuals
for children for adoption. One woman
asks for little sister and brother, for
whom she can provide happy home
and assist to an independent future A
family will take mother and child
into their home and care for them until
a way is opened for them to become
independent. 1t is particularly the
women and children we wish to help
those who are left without a wage
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-23
YOUNG WOMAN stood


IN large drawing room in Wash
LS\ ington and talked TO a group
q - of men and women about a
work for which she asked their aid.
She looked very girlish to be deeply
engrossed in a great international well
fare movement.
This young woman was Miss Caro-
line Dawes Appleton of Massachusetts
and New York and Paris. and she is the
founder of the international society of
the Friends of Childhood. whose mis-
sion Is TO help those who have become
Impoverished by the European: war AS
the name betokens. children are the
chief object OF relief, but the welfare
of children in many cases involves
help for an entire family. Miss Apple
ton, who intends TO make Washington
the permanent headquarters Of her
work, is at present making a tour Of
some OF the cities throughout this
country TO make her work known TO
men and women who are willing to
lend their aid TO her projec. of mercy.
More money is necessary" she said
TO her hearers that afternoon will
Won not be responsible. as a foster
contribute to our fund in aid of help
less childhood?
"Oh, the cry of the children" is her
shtbbolcth. "All the world over their
cry goes up 10 heaven, and woe to the
nation OK the government or the
dynasty that does not hear or heed it,'
Miss Atp1eton's object is TO procure
land in this country for as many as
possible Of the war sufferers abroad
SO that children may have the chance
for healthy and vigorous Development
of body and mind, which through the
exigencies of war has been denied them
in Europe.
Her scheme. although not yet full,
organized. is now IN operation, aud she
has already given relief to several fam
lies, who, through her efforts, have
been rescued from restitution an6
probable death. and are now trying u
rehabiIitate their family life and make
homes an the new Land.
Asked what inspired her toward This
work. Miss Appleton said: My mother
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-23

Garner at the head of the household.
1T goes without saying that our
work being international applies to
the needy of every nation involved in
the war. The embassies and legations
are interested and anxious to CO.
operate with us. and many of the gov
errors of states are keenly interested
in our project and anxious to further
1t. Senators and Representatives are
lending their aid in every direction, and
railroad Officials are doing their part in
the matter"
= In answer to question. Miss Apple
ton said
1.-THE Friends of Childhood have no
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-23

seldom thinks of discovery and punish-
ment. 1T is doubtful" says one writer.
IF the degree of possible punishment
ever deferred A man intent on murder.
Sifted down, il may be that. after all,
society's demand for vengeance against
the miscreant is the strongest reason
for .the retention of capital punishment
in civilized states"
italy, Rumania. Norway. Portugal and
Holland have abolished capital punish
ment, and it is reported that in none
of these has been noted an increase in
crimes formerly punished by death.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-23

I-rbina, or of the CarranZa bandit gen.
erals They are mild hammered persons.
and they take no delight in murder for
the sake of murder. Nor are many
atrocities charged to them, although
some of their subordinates undoubtedly
murder as the occasion arises.
1t was only unusual conditions IN an
unusual environment that enabled the
Arrietas to create their bandit army,
that for four years, with rare interval
in which the brothers found itsexpedient
to withdraw to the mountains,s haSsrtIted
Durango absolutely. The-army Is now
said to number 5000 and to be in the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-23

promised to write berceuse. which he
will present as an appropriate offering
to the cause of the Friends of Child
hood.
Miss Appleton inherits her fathers
gift of writing. and during stay in
upper Egypt she wrote the scenario
for a ballet called THE Lotus" its
scene laid in the old Temple of Luxor.
it's music composed by Adolphe Bor-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-23
Europeans Impoverished by War

chard and its interpreter to have been
Thamar karsavina of the Russian
ballet.
Now. with many OF her gifted COM
patriots anu foreign friends, Miss APP
pleton, the descendant through both
father and mother of a long line of
New EnEland's best pioneer stock. is
devoting time. strength and means to
the cause of humanity.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-23

Durango is not Villa territory.
Though he was born somewhere up in
the northwest corner, roamed as Il
bandit and was put in jail for one of
his murders, nevertheless Villa never
got a strong grip on Durango.
The state is one of the largest in
Mexico. 1t has all the varied products
mineral, timber and a gricultural-that
go to form rich commonwealth.
Comparatively a small section of it IS
desert. although there are arid regions.
Durango is pretty well in the heart
of the country. but is much nearer the
Pacific than the Atlantic It's great
timber resources are chiefly in the
Sierra Madres. The silver mines are
its principal mineral resources More
is known. however. about the great
iron mountain which lies on the edge
of the city of Durango. TINS is called
the hill of Nercado.
The name comes from one of the
original Spaniards The legend was
that he discovered mountain of silver
ore At that time iron ore was of little
consequence. The early discoveries
sought only for the precious metals,
and were not concerned with the baSer
minerals
The iron mountain is said to contain
hundreds of millions of tons OF ore
Numerous attempts have been made to
capitalize this undeveloped ore. 1t used
TO he said that at least once a month the
Durango iron mountain was sold in the
United States or Europe. Promoters. in
constant procession, sought options on
It, and then carried their schemes north,
but commercially there seemed to be
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-23

ECUON Villa rtoThe Varied
- Commonwealth Mountain of honea
Brothers With Their OwnRefd Join Villa When
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-23

leo, although it is known that there
has been considerable suffering due to
the Indifference of the bandit army to
planting fresh crops.
The people of the state-that is, the