davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Hawaiian gazette., 1916-07-14
T. GATHER JONES GETS
SUSPENDED SENTENCE

Thomas Gather jones' known about
town as the man who was to get a
"fortune" on his marriage, received
suspended sentence this morning af-
ter hearing in the police court where
he was charged with failing to pro-
vide for his wife. The court was in.
formed that the commanding officer of
the company in which Jones is cor
poral, has arranged to see that bis wife
gets a portion Of Jones' salary month
w -. -
The Hawaiian gazette., 1916-07-14
CAUSES AND CURE FOR
DIARRHOEA

Overeating, a change in the tempera,
ture, upipe fruit, and impure water
are some of the causes of diarrhoea.
Chsmberlain's Cole, Cholera and
Diarrhoea Remedy cures these bowel
disturbances promptly. For sale by all
dealers, Benson Smith 4 Co, agents for
Hawaii
The Hawaiian gazette., 1916-07-14
HUSTACE VILLA MAY
CHANGE HANDS SOON

The Territorial Hotel Company has
an option on the Hustace Villa, just
Waikiki Of the MOana hotel, and may
lease or purchase the site. Frank
Hustace, Jr., in a statement made yes.
terdsy confirmed reports TO this effect
which have been current for some time.
The option is on twenty.year lease
which gives the right TO purchase at
any time during the first five years of
the lease. D.. q,
The Hawaiian gazette., 1916-07-14
Of naval. !. !. :.
FORCE IS APPROVED
ASSOCIATED Pres. BY Federal wireless,

WASHINGTON, July 1.-THE SEN
ate yesterday Afternoon approved with
out any opposition, the section of the
naval appropriation bill y which sin
creases the enlisted. men Of the navy
to $4,000 and provides for bringing
the number of apprentices up to 5000.
Indications last night were that the
upper house intends to make liberal in
creases in the provisions for the navy.
The Hawaiian gazette., 1916-07-14
PILES CURED IN 6 TO IA DAYS

PAZo OINTMENT 10 guaranteed to
cure blind, bleeding, itching or pro-
,truding PILES in s to "a days or
money refunded. Manufactured by
the PARIS MEDICINE CO., St. Louis,
u, A. .44a. u
The Hawaiian gazette., 1916-07-14
CROWN PRINCE HIRoHIT0
WILL SUMMER AT HAkONE

Especial cablsgram to Hawaii shinpo.) &
TOXIC, July l4.-Crown Prince Hi.
rohito, who has returned here from an
inspection trip of the islands Of the
empire, announced yesterday that he
will spend the summer in the Hakone
villa.
The Hawaiian gazette., 1916-07-14
HUGHES TO BE NOTIFIED

NEW YORK, July l3-The ceremony
of officially notifying Charles T..
Hughes of his nomination by the Re-
publican party will be held in Carne.
gle Hall on July 81, it was decided
today by party leaders.
The Hawaiian gazette., 1916-07-14
EMBARGO ON SHIPMENTS :
INTO MEXICO IS LIFTED
ASSOCIATED Press by Federal wirslsss.)

WASHINGTON. July 10. - Under
authority of Counsellor Polk of the
state department, permission is given
for the restoration to the normal of the
movement into Mexico of all commo-
dities except munitions Of war.
The Hawaiian gazette., 1916-07-14
BLISS HOLDS !.
CONFAB WITH FUNSTON
tA.soeia.ed rrss. by Fsdsral wlrsls...I

SAN ANTONIO, July IA. - Maj.
Gen. Tasker H. Bliss reached here yes.
terday morning. He denied that he
has come to take charge of the orguni-
za;icn of the militia on the border into
tactical units, declaring that ''that job
belongs to General Funston" He went
Immediately into conference with Fun.
ston, but nothing was given out regard
ing the nature Of the talk. Z" -. 4
The Hawaiian gazette., 1916-07-14
PARALYSIS KILLS MORE
~ CHILDREN m NEW YORK

ASSOCIATED Press by Federal wirslsss)
NEW YORK, July 13.-Twenty-two
deaths from infantile paralysis have
occurred in the last twenty. four hours
and III new cases have been reported
The Hawaiian gazette., 1916-07-14

"Straws show which way the wind blows"
Big business" is getting ready for the close of
hostilities in Europe, and forerunner the du
Pont Powder Company has dropped three thou
sand men from its plant at Hopewell, Virginia.
$500
President Wilson told the Associated Adver-
Using Clubs of America, at the Philadelphia con-
vention, that he felt in a fighting Woodland then
his typewriter went out of commission. Watchful
waiting is once more the order of the day, down
Jon the Mexican border.
The Hawaiian gazette., 1916-07-14
JUDGE J. n. CLARKE MAY
BE SUCCESSOR TO HUGHES

ASSOCIATED Press by Federal wireless.)
WASHINGTON, July 13.--John H.
Clarke, now federal judge in Cleveland,
is understood to be the probable choice
of President Wilson to succeed Justice
Charles Il. Hughes, resigned. s. at y
The Hawaiian gazette., 1916-07-14
BROTHER OF, SIAMESE
KING WILL STUDY LAW
Especial cShlssram to- Hawaii shinpO)

TOXIC, July l4.-Prince Nonkrena-
karin, younger brother of the King of
Siam, will pass through Honolulu in the
Tenyo Maru, which will leave here July
80. The prince is going to the United
States to study law.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-06-07
TRIO RUN ANYHOW,
OYSTER BAYS VIEW
Third Ticket Considered Sure
II Republicans DO Not
Name Him.
COLONEL KEEPS SILENT
Gen. Wood i'm Prominence
Again. but Compromise Can
didatc Is Secuted.

OYSTER BAY. l.. I. June s-Indica-
lions tonight are that Col Roosevelt
VIII head third party ticket II the Re-
publlcans nominate Justice Hughes or
any other person than himself. This
became apparent to-day. following closely
on the political developments. including
the cry OF Roosevelt or nobody" raised
in Chicago by George W. Perkins and
the flag speech made on Monday by
Justice Hughes
Col Roosevelts friends say II can be
stated positively that he is in the fight to
the finish that he hasn't fought his
hattie for Americanism and prepared
ness throughout the country for SO many
weeks with the intention OF quitting now
and letting some other man he named 10
run as the Republican nominee for Pres =
dent IN the contest 70 defeat President
Wilson
The Colonel 10 not going to Withdraw W
as candidate for the Republican nom-
nation IN favor OF anybody at this time.
and he is known to be encouraged in this
stand by favorable reports which came
10 him to-day. Col Roosevelt himself
Is keeping as silent on the third ticket
point as Justice Hughes has on prepared-
ness
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-06-07
$4,000 AUSTRIANS TAKEN
. AS RUSSIANS SWEEP ON
Teutons Admit Retreat of Three Miles-Invasion of
Bukowina Threatened-Czar's Troops, Heavily Re-
enforced, Increase the Fury of Their Attacks.

North OF Okna. after stiff and nuctuat-
ing battles, We Withdrew our shattered
hrst positions to the line prepared
nve kilometers to the south
Near JarlOwiec, on the lower Strypl,
the enemy to-day attacked aftc- ar
tillery preparation. He was every
where repulsed. al some places by
hand fighting.
At the same time a strong Russian
attack west OF Trembowla ,south of
TarnopoD broke down under our gun
nre. West-northwest OF Tarnopol there
was bitter fighting. Wherever the
enemy gained advantages he was
driven out
On one front occupied by one bat
talon there were $50 Russian corpses
Near Sopanow tsoutheast OF Dubno)
there were numerous attacks by the
enemy. with unimportant results.
Between MlynOw. on the Ikwa and
the regions northwest OF Olyka. where
the Russians are continually becoming
stronger, there is bitter fighting.
Amsterdam dispatches say that the
new Russian attacks are directed b,
Gen. Brussiloff and that he is employinl
the tactics pursued in the S'arpathians
making attacks in massed formation
with the view to breaking through a
one point or another.
The Austro- Hungarian forces opposinl
the Russian attacks are estimated at be
tween 5000 and 700. 900 men.
A despatch from Holland says tha
Field Marshal Won Hindenburg, the Ger
man commander in northwestern Russia
has been placed In personal command o.
the forces attacked by the Russians il
the southeast.
Petrograd advices indicate that thu
Russian offensive against the Austrians
was complete surprise to the Russian
public and infer that IL was equally un'
expected In Austria. The Austrian force,
had been reduced for the attack on the
Italians. The number of German troops
sent to aid the Austrians. II is stated. |,
thus far limited to two divisions
1t is anticipated that the Russian ad
vance will compel the withdrawal of part
OF the forces from Nerdun. as well as
part OF the Austrian troops on. the Tren,
tino. According To reports from Petro.
grad Gen. Brusilor has a tremendous
accumulation Of guns and munitions and
great MASSES of infantry.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-06-07
SPY WORK SUSPECTED.
London Paper Demands Intern.
mrnt Of All Enemy Aliens.

SUffTu tohie beSDHfrh 10 INF SI>
LONDON. June THE Morning Post
says:
"The circumstances Of the Hamp-
shires destruction point to espionage or
treachery"
The Daily MaH. strenuous cam
paigner against spies. recording the
popular suspicion OF espionage, SAYS:
''rhe fact that Lord Kitchener was
going to Russia was known to a very
wide circle. There Ia an intense and
general demand for the Immediate in
ternment OF all enemy aliens.
THE west and northwest Of London
harbor hundreds and perhaps thousands
OF German born whose sentiments are
Inconsistent with the certificates of
British citizenship they carry. This
applies particularly to the Germans
naturalized in the past three to Ave
years In addition to these between
10000 and $4,000 German subjects are
still allowed to roam Britain more or
less at their Wills. 1t is the unanimous
opinion that these ought to bs interned
forthwith"
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-06-07
HUGHES GAINING VOTES At
EXPENSE OF FAVORITE SONS
Tanner Pledges N. Y. Majority; Is New Jersey Dele
gates, Nebraska Is and Bulk of Illnoiss Sc Added
to Jurist List in Reports to Mass Meeting.

CHICAGO. June 6 - Hughes stock
climbed higher this afternoon as re-
suit of the second mass meeting OF
Hughes delegates In the sherman House
After reports we're submitted by state
Chairman Fred {. Tanner OF New YORK
Gov. X. Livingston Beeckman oi l'hooe
Island. Howard II Baldridge. leader OF
the Nebraska delegation, and delegates
from other States that are swayihs
toward Justice Hughes the leaders OF
the movement asserted that already the
blocks Of delegates held by favorite sons
are dlsintegrating and that the delegates
individually are pledrinS their support
10 Hughes on the second or third paiiot.
The news from Nebraska seemed es-
rcc!ally Significant to the hughes
workers The states delegation rs m
structed for Cummins. Leader Bald
ridge promised. however, that the SIN
teen votes will be cast for Justice
Hughes whenever the delegates are re-
leased T., Senator cummins, and he 'N-
pehts ,nat To occur on the second or th'rd
ballot
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-06-07
COLBY HITS JURIST.
cites Views on II lnnNaiIabititH"-
Talks Of New speech.

CHICAGO, June s-There was much
speech o' Yesterday. TIE regular Re
publican leaders thought Il would have
little effect one way or the other and the
prosress'Nes Mere dissatisfied With IT,.
Bisnh,dgc Colby issued a statement re-
ilecting tho view in the Bull Moose camp.
Here ii is
"a strong cand date must present a
record that cannot he successfully as
sailed. HIS record consists not alone Of
his acts but also Of his utterances. The
latter are often more important than his
acts because they disclose his point or
view and the habits OF his mind.
"AccusatioNs are frequently made
against candidate that do not luiure
him. because they can be refutrd or at
least denied hut where the accusation
Is one which a candidate has already ad-
mltted to he true refutation l. lmpossl-
bl. and denial j. in vain.
Justice Hughes * on record IN words
that are unqualified as to the absolute
unaV aNabiiity VI a Justice OF the SUI
preine Court for elective office liz even
has asserted that No - only 'nom!naIy'
eligible. He has called attention 10 the
ttc, that judicial ofice Is a disuualiiica-
tiou for any candidacy FOR electoral OF
nee from the moment Judicial office IL
accepted He has remarked the danger
that the judicial decisions of Judge
might be capitalized and that nothing
could he more ,io.atve % the spirit OF
the judicial institution.
18th. supreme Court. says Justice
Hughes In his authenticated and unde-
MED interview with Rabbi Wise. must
NOT he dragged into politics And the
Justice goes further. He brushes aside
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-06-07
YUAN SHIH.K'A Al DIES,
CHOSE A SUCCESSOR
Ii Yuan Hung. China's New
President. Will Take
Office at Once.
NAY END REVOLUTION
Hints Given That Yuan Was
Either Poisoned or
Killed Himself.
NAY END REVOLUTION
Special cable Despatch n Tnr srS.

PEKiN. June 6.-Yuan Shih-k'ai. hrst
President Of the Chinese Republic. died
here to-day after an illness OF several
days.
Hts death at this time will probably
mean the end OF the revolutionary move
ment which has gained great force In
the southern provinces OF China. Several
provinces HAD announced their inde-
pcndence Of the Chinese Republic, aud
The only condition on which the revolu-
tonary leaders would agree to come back
30 the republic was the a6dication Of
Yuar
Yuan Shlh-k'ai died or urpmia. du"
20 nervous prostratior. Three French
and several Chinese physicians attended
him. His illness was complicated by
'he varying treatments. tho 'nstruc''onS I
given hv the French physicians being
frequently ignored
II is rumored in some quarters that
Yuan did not die a natural death and II
is even hinted that he may have COM
mtted suicide.
The Presidents last act. " is said. was
to name Ii Yuar Hung as his successor
and to send word Ia all military and
civil authorities to recognize him a.
such.
Ii Yuan-hung will he protlaImcl
President tomorrow some ANXIETY is
felt over the situation Chang-Suu is
credited with the intention Of restoring
the Young Emperor to the throne The
attitude Of the Presidential hodyguard
Of 10000 also creates rcrVpusreS..
No disturbances took place IN rekin
when the death Of the Pre-, dent Nas
announced. Tuau Chi-juL the chinese
Premier. immediately announced the sue
cession of the Vice President. ii Yuan
Hung. to the Presidency.
Tho American and British com
nandants of legation guards sent word 20
| their citizens who live outside the lcga-
| tion quarter that II was safe for them
TO remain at their homes Some well Ia
| do Chinese. however are hurriedly en-
gaging hote, accommodations in the
legation quarter and bringing their
| vaiuahles from their homes
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-06-07

Whether or not he would consent %
give his views on the question or a
ihlrd ticket now, II * known that no
request has come to him from Chicago
To commit himself on ,ha; topic.
Tho Colonel denied to-nigh, the nm.
thorShip of any communication that he
would head a third ticket II Justice
Hughes is nominated When he WAS
asked about the report tha, ne had SEN,
Il message TO Chicago saying that he
would run al the head Of such a ticket.
he said
II haven't scnt any message on the
subject at all"
He repeated what he has said al
along. that he was neither for nor
against any candidate
Earlier in th' day ne said tho same
'hiS "lcu he Was n New York CITY
am WAS confronted with TIA. runlnr that
.e lad said he would support Nj tjor-Gen.
Wood 1s compromise candidate Col.
Roosevelt L. known to think highly of
Gen. Wood and his friends say d, il hy
NJ means inconcelvahle. IN vI.w nf this
liklnc and his intimate knowlelse Of
the man, that he would gladly give him
Ei~ support. hut he has not said so.
There was comment some time ago by
Progressive leaders close to COT Roos.-
Vet that Gen. Wood did not loom up As
4 likely candidate becdus. he would have
30 chance ~ winning However. the
ak Of Gen Wood was revived by the
call which the General paid the Colonel
AZ the metropolitan offices to-day.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-06-07
orally have counted on NuIu Shih-h al
as an insurance against instability.
YUAN A MAN OF ACTION.
BrOuEht About Dow nfnII Of Man.
Chu Dynasty.

Yuan Sh!h-kai. President Of the Re-
public OF China for two Years and two
months. had himself proclaimed En-
peror OF China in December 1915. but
afterward refused to accept the throne
and remained the head OF republic.
His proclamation AS Emperor six months
ago caused revolution. which at the
hour of his death still continued seri-
ously to menace his Government. l.lk"
earlier Chinese revolts. this rebellion be-
gan In southern China. II spread rapidly
to the central provinces,
When Yuan Shih-k' nj was reported ser-
ously Ill ten daysago II was rumored that
he had been poisoned, The Chinese lcgn-
tion in Washington denied this and said
that he was not seriously III. Ever
since the revolt OF last December there
have been rumors that the Chinese Presi-
dent would resign 1t was said that he
had placed the question Of his resgning
IN the hands of the peace plenipoten-
tiaries sitting in conference at Nankin.
There were ten OF these delegates, rep
resenting the ten provinces loyal TO Yuan
Shih-k'ais Government. They decided
that he must remain as President until
a new and properly chosen Parliament
could select his successor
There Is no doubt that Yuan was the
strongest and most remarkable man OF
China In modern times. He was born
In the province of Honan In 1859 OF mid
die class parents His father, an army
officer, was killed in action.
In 1898 Yuan was called to PelSin for
u discussion OF the needs OF the empire.
and two years later the Empress Dow
ager appointed him Governor-General of
the province of Shantung This was the
year of the Boxer troubles which had
been brewing for years. and Yuan took
decided stand against the Boxers.
Yuan was always noted as a man of
action. 1t was said of him that when
group of Boxers called upon him ia
explain why they believed all foreigners
should be driven out Of China, Yuan
gave them a dinner and then escortcd
them out into courtyard, where a
squad of soldiers, acting under orders,
shot and killed them all, Yuan was an
pointed Niceroy Of Chill In 1901 and
did much to build up an army along
modern lines. His administration nj :
tracted the attention of foreigners be-
cause OF the reform measures he in
augurated,
Yuan was appointed Grand Councillor
IN 1907 and In the following year he
became Senior Guardian Of the Heir An
parent. In 1909 he was dismissed by
the Prince Regent and returned TO his
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-06-07
Calder Lands Justice.
CONVENTION BETTING LAGs.
Hughes Men Ask 2 to I. COIonrl's
Backers Oner Evens.

Convention betting Jagged yesterday
In the financial district. and there were
no wagers OF special note.
According to Chester Thompson the
Hughes and the Roosevelt hackers are
having hard time agreeing on terms
The Hughes men are asking 2 to / and
the Roosevelt hackers are willing to
give even money.
The Roosevelt hackers say that II
their favorite Is nominated by the Re
publican party they will ofYer big odds
that he will he elected. the understand
ing being that these odds will run any
where from q to to to ;. Thompson
says that there Is much money waiting
to he placed that way.
Bets placed yesterday with Fred
Schumm in Brooklyn swung toward
Roosevclts chance for the Republican
nomination. The betting started with
3 to l that 7. II. would not be the can
didate. then the odds dropped to 2 to I,
then 6 TO s. and finally even money.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-06-07

To-day's mass meeting was held al
T. NJ. with John \. Janetzk" OF Mary
land as chairman. Mr. Tanner told the
DELEGATES that n. could positively
promise majority OF New forks
cighty-seven tor Hughes. The latest In
formation is that forty-seven or forty
eight OF these will vote for the Justice.
Mr. Tanner said he had heard ON eNc"l-
l,n, authority that Illinois would eventu
any cast '"e "'"'''"'
Tor tughes' ,,,. T.,
We naN' W. 50 -,
New iotH' s''o VI,
theSe' Mr' ''"f "'o, va pr,n,t,,,
NE no one oN" "'uo' ~ ,..,,
ism at'er h's sl'a. ,'n MH ~. ,,',,,, n r,,' ~,
IN 4'o,. VIZ" ~" ,u,,.a,,a,, al, 60 "a.
YOUNGSTOWN W." a. ~.
country 'oi VI a." 49,,
ltushes S'''.S'C W. =" Wv. '""'
Tor SIN !'a'h ~ NJ "'' VI f'
h'ica' con.'oN' ,., ,, 49,.
L. = hrennal' ".'es"'. r,o'' HS
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-06-07

On the eve of the assembling o' ~.
convention, the first session being sched.
ulcd for IL o'clock tomorrow morning,
the fayorite sons were Cuntendlug th'V
would control together more than 60"
votes on the first ballot, which wouii
make the selection of Mr. Hughes I'M
possible on that roll call. They wer"
not 30 confident as tu what viii happen
after the first ballot.
Developments Indicate a steady growth
OF the Hughes sentiment and unless tn
so-callcd State fayori'cs can get together
on some one candidate the drift Is pretty
certain to he toward the JustiC" after
the nrst ballot. Hughes managers ana
some " the old time leaders believe hs
will be nominated by the third ballot at
least.
The feeling among party leaders 's
that the Republican nomination will he
won by Justice Hughes or Fl!hu Root or
Senator Harding of Ohio. II the Hughes
strength disntegrates il is likely to 20
either to Mr. Root or Senator Harding
strong effort was put forth to-day in
the interest of both OF these men. but
II was acknowledged that little headwav
had been made for them.
A remarkable situation has developed
at Chicago. The so-called Old Guard
leaders want neither Hughes nor Roose
velt Some OF them. though, are looking
with greater favor upon Col Roosevelt,
than they are upon the Justice because
they believe the organization would re-
ceive better treatment at Mr.. Roosevelt S
hands.
But the fact of the matter is that the
old time leaders cannot deliver the Re
publican convention to Mr. Roosevelt
even II they desired to do SO Senator
Penrose. told George w, Perkins this
most emphaticaly when Perkins sought
the aid OF Penrose IN obtaining the
Pennsylvania delegates for Roosevelt.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-06-07

roller" the colored delegates out Of the
delegation because IL was known they
favored Hughes
They even threatened to hold back
our convention tickets he said, but
II won't work. There are five Georgian
votes FOR Hughes"
AT the close of the meeting Hughes
badges made their appearance for the
hrst time. Senator Fulton Of Oregon
mad 1000 made and they are 20 he
distributed tonight to as many delegates
as possible.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-06-07
Special Cable Despatch to TnE SrN


LONDON. June 6.--The Russian War
once tonight reports that the new
offensive along the $50 mile front Of the
Austro- -Hungarians has thus far resulted
in the capture Of $50 officers and $4,000
men. twenty-seven guns and nifty
machine guns.
Vienna officially admits that the Aus.
>trians were compelled to withdraw their
lines north OF Okna to positions pre-
pared a little more than three miles 10
the south" This means that the nrst
effective impress OF the new Russian
drive has been made at the tactically ana
politically most vital point OF the front
under attack. Just north OF the Buko-
wilma -Bessarabia border. II the Rus
sian success Is followed up. Cxernowitx,
the Bukowina capital. II once more seri-
cusly threater ed, and an invasion OF the
Galician crOwnland would 90 far towari
achieving the chief political aim OF the
new offensive. the entry OF Rumania on
the Allies side.
All along the front violent battle
RACES. The Austrian War ONCE empha-
sizes that the Russian forces are CON
tlnually becoming stronger between
Mlynow, on the Ikwa, and the are''
northwest Of Olyka. 1t is at this latter
point that the Russian line forms I,
salient in the Austrian front, the hea,
of which points straight at the Volhynia'
fortress OF Lutzk
Attacks Increase in Fsry.
Both here and on the Bukowina thu
Russians seem determined to preaN
through. Thus far the Austrian lin'
seems intact. but the fury OF the Rus
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-06-07
WASHINGTON ANXIOUS.
NURn's Death Expected to lnsettIs
Conditions In China.

WAsHISGroN. June 6.--Conhrmatlon
of the death Il Yuan Sh!h-ka. has been
received at the state pepal tmeut and
at tn. Chinese Legation here
The state Department IS deeply con-
cerncd over the effect which the death
NJ this foremost Chinese statesman Will
have on conditions IN China Il is rec
ognized 'hat Yuan Shih-k'ai as the
strong man of CHINA. has been able
10 maintain order and stability where
others failed. and foreign Interests gem