davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Detroit times., 1916-05-23
oRPHEUM

4 WSmoo and Bonnie Thornton al
ISUt - . reception on the stage
H ~ Ogpheum theater. yesterday
oguooa. These two old-timers
100 greeted by host Of their old
nnGs, and Bonnie got many OF
Dm 70 5oin In singing annie Roo
80 - abe did Is years ago in
~ old Wonderland. She may be
~ pears old. as she says. but she
oosnt look II. Jim Thornton is a
1nooologue artist, and his stories
800 the audience roar. Monday.
Doo1ie sang some Of her old favor
~. danced. and the two joined in
- repeating old favorites of which
! ~ u tie composer. For those who
He good, old-fashioned vaudeville
tHedr cot has . strong appeal.
1he Orpheum bill, this week, is
g : varied nature. The Models De
Ll11e are the opening act. They are
Swo women and . man. who pose in
= ser1es Of statuary numbers, such
- ~ Iou8s0o 6fOops Inc uitch
1--WE" THE Dan ADance," apollo
warming the Shepherdess." and
cher classics. The Burke oohey
4 onpaay. Eve Irish fun-makers, fol.
- With playiet, ''Casey's Visit"
fhat combines humor with senti-
Iment. II is an unusual playlet. and
Toohey's playing OF the bagpipe is
nm art.
r. Tennyson Nicely lectures on VII
-. injects patriotism into his utter.
/ antes. and gives some closeup views
IN motion pictures Of the Mexican
4 reader and his bandit army. Nicely
spent Is years in Mexico and what
& "a says appears authoritative. He
has little use for Villa. After the
& upfHkons, Frank westphal. without
i makeup and in his street clothes
4 DFovides new form OF nut" com
5t0y, eAdine up with some songs II
Mhich he plays the piano In the or
chestra pit. westphal says he "isn'
i y regular actor" and his act is "dii
lersnt" from that usually found 1,
III Raudeville. The four la Dell
The Detroit times., 1916-05-23

"He profits most who serves
best"
AMI the young man or wo-
man with an efficient busi-
ness training will command
the best salary with opportun-
ity for promotion.
II will pay you to attend the
spring and summer term, either
day or evening sessions.
Phone Main 1884 or write
for illustrated catalog of
The Business Institute
t63-t6e cass Ave-. Detroit.
Largest. best equipped business
school in Michigan.
The Detroit times., 1916-05-23

$50 Had. celebrated French
o1iohne and musical comedy
1>n about whom 30 much has been
0 M written In the last quarter
onTy, 10 still trying To make her
1n6nleVous eyes behave. She is the
oenro1 attractiou on the Temple
H IN week. being one OF the sea-
!; SlrfD vaudeville stars.
nonobody, speaking with author
u ssid that women of France are
koroeting At so years. Anna Held
4 ~ not yet reached that age OF de
1Etfnl maturity, but she Is not as
4 6oung In years as her youthful ap'
!: 1oosance, vivacity and coyness
1Duld lead one to believe. Time
- been remarkably kind TO Anna
1lGod- She sings those saucy French
X 16aes with all the dash and style
gtHat helped her to stage fame. She
u 1so continues to wear those won
1effdl costumes that make the won
- folk gasp for admiration-and the
;D1n folk. too.
Anna Held entertains with a re-
me OF her old-time song hits. sew
ofAl Of which she helped TO make
{ fnnous. Her visit = Detroit is a
fonuine treat for Temple patrons.
Second on the program are the
HCriDps, London dancers. They
umuse with q diversified program,
'lncluding songs. stories and charac-
~ dancing, In which some remarka-
~ fast costume changes are made.
Al Shayne, formerly with Matth-
owo q Shayne. il back again with a
oow partner and some new songs.
He Il as funny as ever with his Jew
Nh "brogue" and his wild-Irish
rDones. When he wants to, he can
I; b1ug tunefully in q voice that might
hive been trained for better work
Franklin Ardell appears in new
6no-oct skit called THE Wife Saw
5un~ He appears as real estate
salesman, and some Of the droll
seh1nQ he has to say about suburban
DGuDsrty are especially amusing TO
sDotyottars who are In the midst OF a
znc6saching land boom. IL Ardell
'Wa1As 20 step on the vaudeville
G1nD FOR . few weeks. a fortune
nwo1tD him as q ''hot-air" merchant.
yfank Jerome and Emily Carson
@nMo m acrobatic act with varia-
- Jerome has devised several
x1v nsthods Of hurting through the
- on4 landing again without break
- ~ bones Il IL not often that
: 1Dn1ned ssal deserves special men
60. lut RAY q. Hnling's clown seal
- - otnnfs that seemingly require
- sAnn animal intelligence. far
lG111ng o. more common trained
- go
! - lnDsr9Al troupe Of cyclists do
'1rnzk x11nng a16 conclude their act
- u exciting game OF cycle polo
D - seags. The motion pictures
$3.50 war pictures from Mexico,
Z ru14g United States regulars on
= totGn soil.
The Detroit times., 1916-05-23

building has made the parL acces-
sible TO all who wish to. take their
vacation rest amid its charming
scenes.
The Detroit times., 1916-05-23
AMUsEM ENTs.
DETROIT-Today AT, Tonight ; a. =;

PRICES Mat. Orchestra. soc & 75c,
Balcony, 5Oct Gallery. 25cj Box seats.
ett NIGHT Orchestrs. 50c a 81, Hal.
soc a 81; Gallery, 25r, Box seats. -.
ID. W. Grifath's Gigantic Spectacle.
The Detroit times., 1916-05-23
OCEAN sTEA MsHIPs.

LAKE AND RIVER STEAMERS.
The Detroit times., 1916-05-23

Prfsting-tke plain neat kind--thpt
0. rfght-Times job Dept.-Mnir $50.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-06-23
William she'll.

Especial to The Times Dispatch
PETERSHtRG. VA. June CIVIL
liam Shell, Il prominent citizen and
farmer of Chesterfield County, died
suddenly yesterday ut his home at
Swift Creek. Mr.. Shell had snent tho
morning visiting relatives and friends
III petersburg. and was apparently in
good health. Soon after reaching home
he was missed and. search being made.
his body was found i'll tho yard Flo
was about fifty-thrce years old and is
survived by the following children:
Mrs. s. j. Ayscue, Misses Emma. Rosa,
Maudc. Clemine ana Cora Shell, and D.
r.. !. f.. and W. Il. Shell. all of Ches-
icrficld. He also leaves two brothers
Joseph Shell, of Chesterfield. and lack
Shell. Of Henrico. and two sisters. Mrs
Mandy Brown and Mrs. Alice Burnett
both of Henrico County.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-06-23
Mrs. Kate n. Mcbride.

lSpccla' TO The Timcs-Dispatch.
DANNlLLE. VA. juno 2@.-MrS. Kate
tiohson Mcbride. a native OF Henry
County. but for the past fifteen years IL
resident OF Hanvill", died late last
night ut The homo of hcI daughter. Mrs
w. X. Edwards, aged siHty-ninc years.
Mrs. Mcbride was stricken with
heart failure soon after she had retired
for the night. and died in fifteen min
utcs. she ~ survived by two tlIugh-
t"rs. Mrs. X; f.. Hardy, of Witt Va
and Mrs. W. l.. Edwards. She also
leaves four sons. Hohscn and Swanson
Mcbride. OF this city, and Reynolds and
Nelson Mcbride. ri Spray, y. &.
The funeral took place this evening
at . O'Clock, being conducted by Row
William L! ,IC:t
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-06-23

Especial ia The 'rimcS-D Dispatch
LYNCH UIG, VA, June 2o-Infor-
nation has been received here of the
death. at Dover. n. II. of Arthur Ben
nett. Il former resident of LynchburG
Mr.. Bennett went to New Hampshire
three years ago.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-06-23

Especial Ia Tho Times Dispatch.l ,
ROWLING GREEN, VA. June a2-
Mrs. Lo;tie SAMUEL wife of Andrew
Samucl died yesterday AT her home.
near Burruss. after an illness of sew
cral months. BESIDES her husband. she
is survived by one daughter. The ful-
neral took place this evening at )
o'clock and was conducted by Rev. J.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-06-23
widow of Thomas Howe. died

years. widow of Thomas Howe. died
at her home in Tome Bru"h. Shonan-
a"ah County. on Sunday. She leaves
two daughters Mrs. Emma Rndcr. Of
brunswick, Md. and Mrs Bculah kigcr.
~ salt Lake City. Utah; six sons. john
l. Howe. "f Woodstock: George and
samuel Howe. Of Charles Town. W. Va:
Ohcd Howe. Of brunswick. Md: Viii
liam Howe, Of Chicago, ana Elder Nir-
Eli Howe. Of the Mormon Church Of
ogden. Ctah. and ono sister. Mrs. sam
mrl W,mNlc. Of NlnMrrrInMn
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-06-23
Baker w. yfunu.

Especial to The Times Dispatch.l
PETERSBURG, VA, June 22-Baker
w Mann. aged scvcnty-tve years. Il
respected citizens and Confederate vet
cram. died yesterday afternoon at his
home in Grove Avenue He is sur
vived by six children: Mrs. John Curry
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-06-23

for many years resident OF Peterp.
burg. His de"th occurred at the homs
of his sister. Mrs. Cramcr. In West
Virginia. where lie was visiting. MIR.
pcrkinson was fifty-siX years Old and
Is survived by his wife and one daueh-
ter IIo was formerly engaged in tho
furniture business In PetcrshurG and
in recent years was in the same line
of business in Washington. The body
viii reach Petersburg tomorrow
afternoon for burial.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-06-23
Mrs. Inuir l.. Mcintosh.

CHARLOTTESVILLE VA. June 22.-
Mrs. jamie +. Mcintosh. AGED forty-six
years. Of WaynrSboro. Va, died ycstcr-
day at a local hospital The body was
taken to Warrrnton. where the fune-
raj and intcrmcnt will take place. Mrs.
Mcintosh is survived by her husband.
G.. j.. Mcintosh, and one daughter.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-06-23

PETERSBURG. VA. June 22.-Alrs
Mary ~. Johnson. wife OF r. l.. John
son. of Wavcrly. died yesterday in
the Petersburg Hospital after a brief
Illness Before her marriage. she was
Miss Mary Watkins, of this city. She
was ;wcuty-two years Old, and had
many friends here.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-06-23
L. L. HONNIcS.

Especial 20 The Times Dispatch
l-fNCiRuRG. VA. June 22.-p |.
Rowics died on Wednesday at his home
here. He was nfty-nine years old and
is survived by his wife and :, daughter.
Miss Ethel NIcy Bowles. lie also has
the following sisters and brothers liv-
ing: Mrs. G. f. Lincoln, Aberdeen Md ::
Mrs. Kohcrt McC;inniS, Norwood and
w. y. BowlcS, Pcdlar Mills
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-06-23

OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES. VA. June c2.-
John X. Hicks. a wcll-kuown citizen
of SpotSylvania County, and Il Confcd-
crate veteran. died at his home on
Tuesday after Il long Illness. He was
Scvcnty-SiN years old. He Is survived
by his wife and four children
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-06-23
Mrs. Mnry T.. Payne.

Especial to The Times Dispatch.l
CHARLOTTESVlLLE VA, June ga
Mrs. Mary T.. Payne. aged siXty-three
years. died Yesterday ut her homo.
The funeral will be held from her resi-.
dcncc at ( O'Clock tomorrow after.
noon, and intormcnt will he in Oak.
wood Gcmctrry. one son and one
l!uuchtcr survive
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-06-23

NNSHTNGTON. Junc .".-TNc in0i-
CatonS arc that In. weather will be
generally fair on Friday. becoming nm
settled on Saturday in the Atlantic
states. IN the East Gulf States. Ten
HcSSce and the Ohio Valley the weather
Will he unsettled with probably loca!
showers and thmdcrSt orlTS
The Temperature probably will rise
in the Middle Atlantic States on Friday
and Saturday
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-06-23
Mrs. Joseph II. Van I'cIt.
sneeial to .rhe nisnatch. !

Special to The Times Dispatch1
NARRTSoNBURG, VA, June 20
Mrs. Joseph l. Van rcit, OF Sanger
vile. sixty years old. died last night
IN Rockingham Memorial Hospital.
HarriGonhurg. She was Il daughter OF
the late Philip Arehart.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-06-23

Mrs. Martin Swenk' and Miss Mamie
Mann. of this city; Mrs. Luther Endaily.
OF Richmond: Clarence Mann. of New
York. and Clifton Mann. Of Ettrick.
lilo also leaves one bro,ue,. John T..
Mann, of Baltimore, and one slS,rr.
Mrs. RoSclla Wilson. of Matoaca Mr..
Mann was member OF y. L. IIin
Camp.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-06-23
Edward Wilkinson.

Especial to The Times Dispatchl
LfNClIBCRG, VA, June 2e--f:dward
Wilkinson. resident If Bedford, died
last night at his homo near Coffeys.
aged SercntysiX years. Ills death was
due to heart disease.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-06-23
William v. rerk

Especial to The Times dispatch
PETERSBURG. VA. June 22--h
telegram received last evening AN
nounccd the death of William V. Per-
EinSon. OF Washington, n native and
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-06-23

Especial 70 The Times Dispatchl
LYNCH tRG, VA. Juno "e-John NJ
ScrucCS died OH Wednesday ut his
home in Madison Heights. lie WAS
thIrtyS"Vcn years old.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-06-23
The Weather
by Z. y. W. ,thcr I,mrcnm.l
l'orcrnst; Virginia
-t'air on Friday, he
cunning unsettled on
Saturday.
y Ort u tarotinn---
Probably, fair on Fri
day and Saturday.
Forecast; VIrEInii,
Local Tc,upcrn,,rr
''hcr }turcnu.,

- noon temperature ....... 20
/. NJ. temperature. .............. -
"a" '''ii''l" '"i' u /. NJ Z!
minimum temperature 10 l. NJ 40
clean temperature. ......... 90
NoImhl temperature for this date. 81
Deficiency III temperature. 10
NuEl"ncN III temperature since
Marcn l;.;.s........... ..... laa
Accumulated deficiency since lanu-
AIRY Observation-Disclosures. II
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-06-23
! o-Day and Tonight
in Richmond

baseball international tcnrmr),
Rochester ". Rirhnond. ladies' day,
AIT Broad Street Park, i::iD 0'cioclS.
Wrestling match, Christensen ~.
Martin, at Hr0nd Street Park. FIRE.
iiminarics at - o'rIoriS.
i>ric-Popuiar NnudrN lille; matt
nee, !; might, :: 80 and q.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-06-23

GREENSBORO, " G.. June 22.-
Joseph NJ. Vaughn died at his home in
madison to-day. aged eighty three
years. He was tho father of President
x. 6. Vaughn. OF the American EN-
change National Sank, of this city.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-06-23
Mrs. Mildred osborne.

Especial to The Times Dispa,chl
I.fNCIlBtRG. VA. juno 22-Mrs
Mildred osborne, nfty-tWo years old.
died on Wednesday afternoon at her
home here. She is survived by her hus-
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-06-23

7'"TVU'TvT IFtUucod I" ae0 IeVaD,
\. ..:.;...;.. ..... ..... SOL
treduced 10 sea lcNcD,
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-06-23

form OF Bowel Complaint. Thousands AFRO
cured by taking DIR. SETH ARNOLDS BAL.
sNM Warranted by J. +. Bauer.--Ahv.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-06-23
DEATHS IN VIRGINIA
Nr>. Mary j. Howe.

tSptcih. Cable To The Times dispatch. I
Woodstock. VA, June o2--lI,,.
Mrs Mary J. Howe. aged seven,v.lsy
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-06-23
DEATHS

TEERY.--pled. ut Tho home OF Mrs. John
Burruas. SIG West Marshall. Iumc 81 at
: - J.. W. MRS. ELIZA +. TERRY, in the
eighty nth year OF hcr age
Funeral from CLAY stree, Church THIS
GRlpAYl MORNING. AZ II O'clock
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-06-23

:. ToMpc!Nturn, 10, humldit!. -. wind
direction, northeast, wind, velocity. ! !:
state of weather, clear.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-06-23

band. Frank Osborne. aud son. Joseph
Burnett. tho issue of her first marriage
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-06-23

Rainfall. II hours ending L. NJ.
deficiency il rainfall since March
.............. -
Deficiency IN rainfall since January
......... ................. Ia
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-06-23
.I0SNplI VI. Nnurhn.

). Ryland. lntermcnt was In the fam
lily burying ground
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-06-23

once of Collector OF City Taxes
City Hall, Room lo7.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1916-10-30
HEAR MEDICAL EXPERT

A speaker from the state laboratory
will address the Wayne County Med
ical society at the Commercial clubs at
2:30 o'clock Wednesday afternoon The
speaker will be either DR.. Will Sinner
or DR.. Schweitzer Dr. A. l.. Bran
camp will also speak
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1916-10-30
CUTS DOWN FEES

FOWLER, Ind, Oct. 30.-Judge Pol
lard of Logansport reduced the attor-
neys fees in the Fowler and Ambia
bank cases from $4,000 to $4,000
and ordered receiver Elliott, who al
ready had received $4,000 to repay
$1,000.
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1916-04-16
putrefaction which the parasite Of

putrefaction which the parasite Of
this disease set up. MIX contains q
quantity OF sugar whiOh Is acted upon
by certain fermentation organisms.
These bacteria counteract tho parasite
OF white diarrhoea. The feeding Of
sour milk is an important agent In
lessening the dangers OF great losses
from this disease.
On account of the ravages OF white
diarrhoea. especially during the first
few days OF the life Of baby chicks.
1t is importan to begin feeding sour
milk early where the presence of this
disease is suspected. Moreover, sour
milkshou Id be constantly kept before
the chicks until the dangerous period
or the disease has passed.
A poultry expert in Great Britain
has used catechu to prevent white
diarrhoea. Ten to fiftenn grains of
crude catechu were dissolved in one
gallon Of water. This was given to
the chicks as drinking water. They
drank 1t greedily and made rapid I'M
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1916-04-16
Best Methods of Protection
Against White Diarrhea

ually takes place during the first three
or four days of their life This is
the most critical period for the spread
OF the disease by external means. The
dropping of affected chicks are the
chief source of communicating soil,
food and water. BY this means the
grass on an open poultry run. or the
soil of pen or yard. is easily con-
taminated. When the droppings be-
come dry they crumble and are blown
from place to place by the wind. In
fected dust containing spores Is de-
posted on the food plants of chickens
or mature hens, and thus they become
diseased. II the spores drop into the
food or waterw here younger chicks
are kept, outbreaks of the disease will
occur among them. Forty days of ex-
pOsure OF white diarrhoea spores in
water does not destroy them. Since
young chicks arc more susceptible to
the disease than more mature BIRDS
protection of food and water against
contamination becomes OF the great
est Importance.
Infection is spread by older fowls
one to the other, mainly by coming in
contact with infected dropping. Birds
such as pigeons or sparrows, eat con-
taminated food, but the parasites pass
through the bodies of small birds un-
CiiaitScu. ino uIopPlHB VI tHeS6 DlfUS
in clean yards are liable to start new
centers of infection. The cysts OF
white diarrhoea also pass through the
bodies of flies unchanged or In any
way impairing their vitality. Even
such minute objects as the excre-
ment of flies become a means of in
fecting young poultry. The spread Of
the disease in these various ways rem
ders It absolutely necessary to take
the best precautions against It,
During the first week of infection,
the effect of white diarrhoea Is most
fatal. After this time. the deaths are
not so frequent. The chicks with
stronger vitality may recover. But,
as a rule. such chicks do not make
satisfactory growth. II they are fe-
males, they often continue to harbor
the disease and they become a con-
slant source of infection. These birds
are called "chronics." They spread
and rear. and constitute danger to
older fowls when replaced in the
yards.
Symptoms of the Disease.
There may be no prominent symp-
toms Of white diarrhoea. except weak
ness and lack of vitality. II death oc-
ours within few days after the chick
Is Matched. When the disease becomes
pronounced the victims soon become
listless, sleepy, and sometimes droop
their wings. II they are incubator
chicks they will huddle together un-
der the hover; II they are with a
mother hen, they want to be brooded
most of the time. They lose appetite
and do not eat much.
In severe cases the chicks stand
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1916-04-16

around with eyes closed. They become
Indifferent to everything around them
except that many will chirp constant
ty as If cold or in distress. Frequently,
when chicks try to void excrement,
they will utter shrill, painful twitter,
the breathing is labored. and they
gasp for breath.
In such cases the discharge from
the vent may be slight or abundant,
in color white or creamy, and Some-
times mixed with brown. This dis
charge frequently sticks TO the down
and may even stop up the vent. Dur
ing this stage of the disease, the chick
may die suddenly even while appar-
emily still strong. But IL the disease
is prolonged. the victims gradually
grow thinner and weaker until they
succumb. With few exceptions, tho
death of chicks from white diarrhoea
will occur within a month OF being
hatched. If chicks which have had
the disease survive. they are SO weak
ened that they fall an easy prey to
ailments which would easily be resist
ed by chicks with normal health and
vigor.
With a disease so weakening and 80
fatal in its effects as white diarrhoea,
every precaution should be taken to
protect flock against its ravages. It
affects eggs, young chicks, and ma
ture fowls. Evidently there can be
no protection unless every possible
avenue Of infection Is checked. Yards.
roosting places, and scratching pens
should be kept as sanitary as possible
as q preliminary precaution. But the
main efforts of the poultry keeper
should center around the protection Of
the flock as the primary source Of
cOntagion.
Breeding from Sound Stock.
The best protection against white
diarrhoea is to breed only from sound
stock. Violation OF this principle has
frequently brought financial ruin to
producers of eggs for incubation. For
the complete eradication of this dis
ease from poultry farms, stock which
give evidence of weakness or the least
signs of the disease should not be used
for breeding purposes.
The average poultry keeper may not
be able to determine whether all his