davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-05-28

tuT,.Hg To lr. lie Bon. without the cX-
v"Ii lnowu views on Roman cathnl-
iDism may h. found expressed in "a let
ter II" ulCe wrote to a relative who Had
ilst become a convert: II hate this
l"iiGrun that you haN" just embraced
! consider IT, destruction th" supreme
'il Ul my life
After SNst,m aticallN dcu\ ing the acts
ni which they were accused, saNS br
he Bon. the Germans liHally Suugh.
Ia justify them lv alleging that tHry
wrrr merely INDUCING IN rrlyisals. and
they then accused the l;"lgianS and
Preach of similar crimes. The Ger
MAJ Chancellor, in tine li"irhs,ag, ac-
ruscd ia!rian girls and Belgian priests
uf ruli"ing ont tn" cNeS and cutting
of the fingers Of the wounded. These
assertions sounded improbable. \ par
ti-ular circumstance shattered them
entirely.
II arose from tho rivalry between
Protestants and Catholics which has
always existed in Germany, The lat
ter had founded II board of inquiry for
the purpose Of making Investigations
Of the alleged misdeeds of which they
were 50 often accused. Unable 10 adj
nit that Catholic priests had COM
mitted the crimes imputed to them this
agency undertook a series Of exhaus.
tive inquiries into all the misdeeds as
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-05-28

to be taken in the autumn. hut III"
way was blocked. Xcppeliu> were to
destroy London. l.rnd II Suffered
little, whereas the Zeppcit1s los, g.
great deal of their reputation. So,-
marines were to blockade EnIianI,
and England developed ~ new sport.
that of fishing for submarines, ~ o
Russian army was to Ice tra,pod, iirs,
in Warsaw, then in wilma, then In Riga
and doubtless c,scUhCrr. N,j IN
Austro-tierman armies are s,iil tryirg
to beat off the Russians,
DIR. lie Bon atiirIns that the most
glazing error committed hy the Ger,
man armies passing though belgium
L. found in the system al murder, in
cendiarism and loot!ng which marked
their progress. 1t was based upon II
cold blooded calculation of the Ger
man General STAFF and the basis
thereof was the firm belief hat such
ects would inspire terror, As excuse
TO- their acts Germans have alleged
that civilians fired upon them in Hell
GUM. but against this allegation Dr.
lie Bon produces the evidence of the
lruelties inflicted upon thousands of
Russians who at the outbreak of tho
war were in German watering places,
The destruction OF religious build
ings In L.Ouvain, Scissors. RheimS and
Arras could not have taken place, &C.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-05-28
A Federal ~breastwork.

rN!ns up earth in front Of the hole.
II opportunity offered the rife pits
we're developed into trenches and
tvery means tho; ingenuity could sug-
ses' was employed TO render the la;-
Ter defens.vely safe.
Thus, tor example. grea; numbers
o' trees we're cut down and laid in
feaps with :ht!" branches toward the
enemy. This, by the wl% 70 device
commonly used IN the t. an con-
hi't o. to-day. the branches b ing di-
vested Of their foliage and sharpencG
To points most disCnurucing 10 attack
RS. IL the civ!, war II was customary
% fasten the trees together with wire
'o-m!ng en;anglements. tho object in
view he!Hg, as IN Present day warfare.
- nod the foe as ,ong as POSSIBLE I'M
der the FIRE 81 the defenders.
OF course, In the days o: the civil
war there wos no ha:bed wire. The
Only wire available for such purposes
vas telegraph wire. Perhaps the first
Use Of the enhancement pure and
SIMPLE was mid" by the Union troops
ntSieging Fort S'nders. n, Knoxville,
outside the cp.t was n smooth slope.
or glac!s, which the Confederates had
covered with dcfenslv. chcvauN-i.-
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-05-28

effective. contrivance for throwing
bombshclls under such circumstancs -.
II "A a block Of wood with q saucer
shaped hole ia the top. \ small guam
tity of g,inpowdcr. readily obtained
from "A few cartridges, suil,ccd, When
n bomb was set IN the hole. to throw
ii into the midst Of the enemy. Tile
idea was SO obviously good that pres
entity the army engineers took IL up
and began making mortarS Of hoop"d
logs set on end, from which large
bombshells were fired.
The hombproof. which has attained
high and ingenious development in tho
present war. afording overhead and
other shelter to the soldiers not en-
gagged for the time being in actual
lighting, had it's origin during our civil
war. 1t was ordinarily "A pen Of logs
covered over and around It's Sides with
earth. One might say that j's IN st
complete development. in that con
flict. was achieved at Fort Fisher,
which suffered 50 friGhttul Il lombard
mont Ivy the Fedora fleet. \ whole
system of bombproofs was built there.
with guns mounted between each two:
and when the guniire from the ships
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-05-28

idea OF laying a log along the edge OF a
trench. beneath which. through a peep
ho'" . man could sight a rim. without
exposing himself to the enemy. II
was a happy thought that undoubtedly
saved the lives OF thousands OF SOL
dicrs. But unfortunately 1t happened
now and then hat a six FOUNDER shot
wei aimed struck the log and nearly
II not quite knocked the heads of ;lc
brave fellows behind il. To prevent
such accidents the expedient was
adopted OF driving stakes deep into tho
ground TO keep the log In place.
Speaking OF entanglements, there
was an occasion in the Cumberland
Gap when the Union picket line.
stretched clear across the gap, ex-
tended for a distance OF twelve miles.
Wires were run across a Dad along
witch Confederate cavalry were en-
pected 10 advance. Sure enough there
wGs an alarm oon afterward; some OF
the Federal pickets were driven in and
the enemy's cavalry galloped full upon
the unseen obstacle. being thereby
thrown into confusion and shot down
w Union troops who We're waiting for
this very thing to happen.
The cavalry then fell back to a small
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-05-28

Al - 49,. .lt. a.. V.. s1- 80
'" "r'''7' "'''
rn H"''''
- '''."" Wv
,,., INK -"
,or ,,,,r,hs ~, ,ha , s.o ~ ,
and Henri N.ssnn an ,Lyo.,.o -, 600
french Court Of Anu,,L. is nuot,d ~
lawn. valued AT SlUlUu0. 900 tho Lnss
suffered ny Belgium alone in the frs,
cghty-rwo days of the war.
"Tu-day." SAYS Dr. lie Bon. "l,cl
GUM has been completely dcuulcd r.,
the brutal devastation made AT tho
start there has been added , system
OF lou;iug hy means of rcouI,,t,nps
80 spread out as tn dcspnll TN, conn.
Ivy II It's very las, resources"
As bearing on the cos, of the war
Dr IT, hon records the f,rt that
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-05-28
Gen. Glenn Recalls How the Boys of 81 Learned to
Dig themselves In and to Use Wire Entangle-
nnents, Bombs and Bombproofs

frise Of pine trees. But the cutting Of
the trees, In the near neighborhood Of
the works. had left q corresponding
numoer OF stumps n foot and a half
nigh. A clever soldier boy suggested
the Idea Of stretching wire between
the stumps, which was done, the re-.
suit being that Longstreet's men, at.
tempting a sortie. were caught by the
WIRE and thrown into confusion.
II was either on this occasion or
elsewhere under similar circumstances
that n Yankee artilleryman, firing his
u Just at the m when an at
lacking force fell PROSTATE over an
unexpected wire entanglcment. cried
out In horror. My God! I've killed
a whole regiment"
As time went on the combatants on
both sides steadily improved the METH
DDS OF trench warfare. which In the
civil war may be said to have reached
their highest development during the
Atlanta campaign. The Confederat.s
would occupy n strong position and
fortify II in eNtempore fashion by dig
cling in supplementary ways. Tie
Federals would approach within mus.
N'A WAL NttS Woulu tIpTe-
upon construct trenches rs strong nnl
well protected as possible. devoting
themselves to the task Of watching
each other. Such a military situation
bore an obvious likeness to that OBJ
servable along the fighting lines in
Europe to-day.
One should remember that the civil
war wns fought by young men. A
marked characteristic Of youth Is in!-
tiative. which when applied to mill.
tary affairs means the originating OF
new ideas. Whatever the popular i'm
preston Ia the contrary. the fact Is
that It is the rising generation ,a,wavs
relied upon to do the real fighting)
that creates the fresh expeIients which
develop and improve the art OF war.
In all likelihood 1t was a boy soldier
who In our civil war first hit upon the
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-05-28

hill at a considerable distance and
shouted insulting remarks. Upon
which. as the story is told. a Federal
in%fantryman raised his rife To his
shoulder and shot one OF the cavalry
men through the body. killing him.
1t was the record long distance hit of
the civil war, so It Is said, the distance
being LOO yards.
One reads Of the killing OF men in the
present war with rifle bullets at dis
t3nces of a mile OF two miles. Such
things probably happen. through acci-
dent. but aimed shots with the modern
weapon are no more likely TO find t1..c.r
mark than in the civil war. the reason
being that 600 yards Il the limit OF
human sight for u shooting. In
a eatt.o t; is at 500 yards hat the bus.-
ness OF killing begins.
Ii goes without saying that siege
operations are governed by principles
wholly different from those concerned
with field fighting. There the trench
Is Il very ancient institution. At vicks-
burg n Petersburg the Union armies
employed methods that were familiar
to the Romans 1000 years and more
ago and TO the Greeks long before their
day. Just as the Romans advanced to
within arrow shot OF a place bes!cgcd
and then dug trenches to protec. them
selves against the fire OF the defenders
and worked forward by zIgzag bitches.
SO dill the Federal troops advance to
within muskct shot. dig themselves in
and proceed subsequently, in the same
name
Such siege trenches are called parai-
lels. The z!ezags are saIs. When tho
first trench Of the kind had been dug
the movement further forward WIS ac-
coinplishrd by digging zigzag bitches.
throwing up the dirt toward the enemy.
When this movement had been carried
for a suitable distance a second trench
parallel TO the enemy's outworks was
excava,ed. From the second trench
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-05-28
General Staffs UnWilingness to Adopt German Methods, Says DIR
Cost France Dear at the Beginning of the War

comes incapable Of admitting any con-
ceptions but his own"
Among the errors Of strategy which
had a psychological origin may be
cited the bombardment OF the Cathe-
dral OF Rheims. which town, by the
way. the French simply abandoned,
without any effort at defence. without
any explanation beyond the fact that
some one asserted that the forts could
not be held.
The most serious strateg.cal error
OF a psychological nature was the II
which a the outset OF the war caused
the French General staff to imagine
that the Germans would come by way
Of Alsace. While the enemy was pour
ing into France from the north the
French army was massed with its
front to the east. In vain were
the numerous French and German
memorandums to prove that invasion
would come through Belgium; In vain
were the maps Of the Times Of Len
don, which toward the middle OF
August showed SONS thirty German
army corps massed in the north OF
France and spreading toward the west,
whereas only three or four were In the
east, Nothing mattered; so powerful
are ideas that none OF the
conceptions OF the French General Staff
could he shaken, The consequence was
the dismal defeat OF Charleroi.
According to DIR. lie Bon, German
strategy did not suffer from errors In
psychology az serious as those COM
mitted by the Allies. and yet a num-
Der are cited. Promises were re-
peatedly made and not fulfilled. In
cluded among these was the fall Of
Paris in six weeks. The chance Of
arNdsnts vns nat admitted. CAhin WA
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-05-28
MEMORIAL DAY MEMORIES OF
OUR OWN GREAT CONFLICT

tnc advance was further continued by
ziGzags as before and the operation was
repeated until the besiegers arrived
close up to the defenders.
This process was employed AZ Nicks-
burg. until at length the Union force
were within twenty feet of the de-
Tenders. To give additional prot"c-
ton TO the diggers they used what
we're called flying gabions-bundles of
hay wrapped with vines to make them
compact, or sometimes cotton bales.
rolled in front of the advancin,
bitches.
They got SO close tos thcr that the
defenders would light the fuses of
bombshclls and throw them into the
excavations made by the attackers.
Often the latter would pick up the
bombs with their shovels and throw
them back. much in the same way as
the lighting mcn in the war Of to-day
throw back At the enemy ;hc g%rcnadrs
and bombs that land unCXploicd in
their trenches.
II was a ~youngs,cr in tho t&.oT
army who invented II primitive, yoj
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-05-28
~ JOHN L. GLEN,

0nssdisr.C General, u. s. Army.
I'M Drummer Boy Of Chickdntau0d.)
-RENcH warfare saw the begin.
ming Of its development, so far
40 field defences are concerned.
In our own civil war.
:. A Of course. conducted on rrin.
.,o,es far more simple than nowadays.
there we're no covered trenches and
,ssre was no question OF rendering
ram hab!table in a domiciliary way.
,o- troops did not live In them. But
,ssre were certain rather striking
,venesses OF method in the style of
sshting then and now. Even the wire
Management. for trapping and hold
.,s hack an advancing enemy. was
known and used.
Al the outset of the civil war moth
ing was known Of the trench as a
means OF defence In the field. Indeed.
during the first two years OF that
memorable conflict no defensive field
works OF any kind were employed.
Battles were fought in the open.
The first field fort!fications. IL such
they may be termed, were utilized by
The Union army at ChickAmauga
during the fighting OF September 10
and 20. 1869. The Federal forces.
driven back, were thrown on the de-
fensive and part II them. the situa-
ton being fairly desperate. piled up
logs. rails, stones and earth. seeking
protection from the enemy's fire be-
lind the barriers thus constructed and
successfully outstanding the attack
until the order came 10 retire.
After that. and especially during the
campaigns of 1864. the Union troops
could scarcely halt for as much as an
hours time without throwing up de-
fences. They Scared the whole Con-
iederacy with rifle pits. Advancing
as far as possible, they would dig
themselves IN, each man for himself,
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-05-28
In the trenches before Atlanta in 1864.

'fl'"" Il" inc htiGIah Clergy. ana in
consequence round MI" difh'ultN IN
i"I'li'| ''S ''rfi"h ''"N'IiNh'h' u"
"dhnlt that al in" accusations t-dlhst
I'VE h''E''i ''erE! were '"S"''sS
II ~ 10 p' h"p'', shNN i"' l." h'I
III " MAJ 'e''cW OF 'H'S matter th"'
'"' "''"'N '" az '''"' '''"'i'''N' ""''I
n'''p'.,'N r''N'"' WIN :" ',.'''''
~ Sr'n". ,"''''', III" r''"'t' III
""'," va" I'm i"'s a." .'un.,
,n'., ". 'u" '''"''I',
j., n.nn, hv G",m." "',' |I't
,h,v L,.n h.t,cr inf"rmcI ,In' w,',,i
r,r, i,si.,.d an .'~,Ia,,,.,o .,,nn, -,
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-05-28
VANITY KEPT FRENCH from FUIL PR
III. great commanders have
held the belief that war !s
\ As muoa a matter OF psy-

biology as Of strategy"
Napoleon said il; Or. Gustave IL
son cites enough evidence in his book
"a the Psychological Lessons OF the
EUROPEAN War" 10 show that the die
'lm holds good in the gigantic strug-
se Of to-day. Take some OF the
''rors committed by the French Cen
tral STAFF.
a certain vanity prevented them
rom following the German methods
anu there had been brought about
'e'eral defeats, which necessitated a
mango In French methods of warfare.
me french STAFF, says Or. lie Bon,
"agh' 10 have learned in peace time
.'a' 'he effect OF artillery Vas prepon-
'1tant and that trenches for defen-
I'VE purposes were invaluable. Had
.'sy earned these simple truths in
'eaeA tim" they could easily have
''e'Ned the German INVASION.
IL ~ necessary, DR.. lie Bon oes on.
~ conclude that the military education
~ I"e French army must have been
u'eo1'cre' for 1t repeated all the errors
"W'h proved so disastrous forty-f1ve
e'fs dso-lack Of scouts. inability
W seek cnNcealment IN the folds ~
~ 'and, attacks from a distance with
Ivy the support OF artillery. &c.
'"ahhs to N adaptiveness We man
"sed To correct these faults. but only
"''er they had cost us an immense
number Of men and several defeats.
ana yet We might have taken note OF
""h' "as done at the German man9u-
reg TO which our military attaches
had access.
u so many essential truths escaped
'"." notice il Is due. 10 that psyche
,'Hca! Phenomenon which prccludes
80. holder Of deeply rooted ideas from
.I''P'Ing anything which runs coun-
N' 10 them. So that the ~specialilt b..
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-05-28

pregnable. They can he captured onlN
after they have been torn to pieces
by artillery fire. II was very different
of course in the civil war. when high
explosive shells were unknown and
field guns were weapons relatively
feeble.
In the discussion of this matter.
however, it is both interesting and IN
structive to consider the fact that our
civil war really initiated the devei-
opment Of modern artillery. Up to
1861 the effective range OF cannon did
not exceed 600 yards. To-day the Ger
mans have guns that "a land a pro-
jectile with fair accuracy. 1t IL said.
az n distance OF twenty-five miles.
Which goes to show that war. like
other arts. progresses rapidly with tho
advance OF civilization.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-05-28

Germans. From Russia Poland and
the Baltic provinces were to lie seized.
This document found complete in
dorsement in another manifesto signed
Ivy u large number Of university pro-
f~cssors. who IN addition demanded
that France be stripped Of her colonies.
Whatever shape he given 70 peace.
Dr. Lee Bon continues. the chief din
cuity will consist in impeding some-
what the causes of future conflicts.
To succeed II. this supe1human wis
dom will no needed.
III the changes IL the map which
are forthcoming perhaps the principle
of ~natIonailsm will ~i"I,lacs tho old
dogma Of balance Of power. This
principle of n~ationaliS,n which allows
each nation 10 choose the regime
under which il shall live is. in theory,
perfect. But how is.i' to he applied
In countries where. as in the balkans,
n~ajionllities are Cioscly interlocked,
where Greeks. Sorbiaus. Bulgarians,
Rumanianr. IIunEarians, &c. lain the
same territory in the name of the same
principle"
what a number of apparently in
soluble pruulems'" DR.. lie Bon OK
Gains. Trieste. for example, il. an
Italian town entirely. snrrnwr,a1 h,.
Slavs, settled there since the days OF
Cba,I,,n,yra ana ,oyo. ~u..lIiro =.
conf Lii l,,nir,,ior
Dr. Le Rou dismiss,s IA childish
chatter thns. yl,ws of tho nacns,.
which uHnun tho reign ~ i.ac.
through the triumph e ,lght. He pro
diets more wars which. when su.'i-
cicntl! repeated 10 produce the indus
trIal and financial ruin az Germany.
VIII make the hell!SoIcnts ~ that
nation r"aliH" a few notions such as.
Tor instance:
J. u ~ not quite certain that the
Germans nave been chosen by God 10
rule 'h' world AFTER haNln first
devastated u.
I" massacre y mated h~cighh'r. 10
'urh h'S '""'N an" H. monuments
may E'F' '""'hN' JOY ."i u !" Il JOY
wiz" '"S'H very "'U'' !" mon al"
"io""S'
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-05-28

became too hot the garrison sought
refuge in them.
When 10y digging OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES
10y aud sdps-thC hcsirgors in the civil
war arrived close UP to the defenders
works resort q had TO mining. This
meant hurrowinS under ground aud
tho planting of explosives to blow 10
the adversary. There was also coun-
tcrmining bv the h~csicGed. with a
similar object in view. the methods
adopted, though less highly developed.
being TIN" SAM as those used in the
present conflict.
The trench warfare Of to-day has
been so far developed. with its Narhel
wire cntangl.mcnts. meats. pits with
stakes to impalc horses. and other
supplementary murder traps. that de-
fences of the Kind are practically i'm
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-05-28

sonlug. would have brought about an
immcdiIt" end Of the war.
With Paris captured Die Govern
incnt of France was to lc forced into
AN immediate peace So as to avoid 1
protraCted campaign in France. as in
1870. ~ thus there would hc released
1000 600 Gcruans for service against
the Russians. whose mobilization WAS
not completed.
To bring about this end the German
| General staff. according tn the in
formation uniformly furnished 10y Ger
| nan officers who had been made pr!i
| ou.rs OF war. had devised one method
| only. Paris. distric, by district. was
10 he set ou fire until the French Gov
| crnmcn, sued FOR peace. All details
| gathered on this point arc IN fun ac-
| c%prdance. The plan was to work as
] follow:
Par.S m The hands of tho enemy was
10 b' divided into seven districts.
Those were absolutely 10 he destroyed
each i'm turn, az intervals following
upon the refusal of the country 70
accept the terms of peace. imposed IA
an alternative TO the City's annihila-
ton. II France refused to make peace
Paris would ho absolutely wiped of
the face of the earth.
Had Paris fallen. Dr. Io Bon goes
on to saw. the rcsll, would have been
moro rot,ful than w,s tho c,ptur. of
Cn~ns,untirnnle hy tho Turks L, would
have surllnd the end OF IN. moral eX-
: istcuc, Of France. which. without a
! head would have fallen 10 tho lowest
rank nmnrr the Iovnrs-fau.n in IN.
sham, ana rcmurs. dIo 10 a lack If
rr.u,,,tt,r
nm, wby did rho G.rn,,n General
WIN n,I r,,rhc1 tho gates or PARIS
f,D ,o ,,,,,E IN, c,,,,,Ip The French
f,r,,s h,I u,en ordered ia faI, h,ck
r,~usil,rahly ia m, south of Paris an |
ro,hiur cn,,ll hay, prevented tho can.
,urn of t,c r,v Won Uniformed ,s tho
c.,,.rs vcr. ~ ,ho .rronr,merts
bcin,, n,,d. Lv th,ir cn,m> uhy ad
,h,v lov,,,. from thar MAN Ia seiz.
p,y,sp n, l.. pnn ..s.r,s tb,, III c
,,u,s,.,r cam only ho ,rsv.red hynn-
tn,.i,,uy L,t no n,,,s forth tho fol-
,nv.inr su,r,stinn.
I'm, E.-r,.r G,ror,I ,binLi,, ,h,,
:, ,h, ,,., ..,,,, 80 ,o,,,uri,y an nm
l.r.,,.i ,i,, h ,,,,h .dd ~, ,,r
,,,.,,r CO.,, - ,,..,,,r i,,. III, a.,
80 ,,,,r, ,mr u.ri.h ma boo, loo.
,.nl,,.d >, ,r, .,., 4, t,ri. Ja,,,,,i
/ ni. ,,n,,i ,,.r,n ,,,.rI w., .,.t and
nm, .,,,,..J -. oa,t 70 p,ris" Tbo
r,,or,,. 80 I,.r,, ,.,,L o., h,..u, ~
ur,vis.l ur,n, f,l imam this ,vu,s,
,,,,t o,1 .,,.r C,,r d.,. ,,uor,, in
vbi.h Won bIu,k,trial :, s,r,iuh:.u
! himself ne began ia fan hp Il. although
as Vet II is hard To- SAY exactly WHY.
Perhaps the future Will reveal lust
what did happen. But tho battle Of
the Mlrnr stands out not only as the
most impurtaut battle ~ all time.
wased asst was along n line of $50
miles for ten iaN>. hut having saved
Paris from destruction. II stands out
at the most important OF all events in
/ the annals Of FRANCE.
coming "a the problems Of peace Or.
10 Boa Is tar from "u '|ouruginE undue
optimism. After aiii!mlnG that an in
cuuc.ls!N" peace Nould doom Europe
"a u recurrence" 'f luSiliiti'S toy %"
fifteen years hence, n" Iues on To- say
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-05-28

Psychology has it, part in n adequate system of preparedness
for national defence. This fact is brought out in an impressive man
nr by Dr.. Gustave lie Bon. the French scholar. whose new book,
physiological Lessons of the European War" is regarded a opening
a rev field Of research. In the present article, the concluding Of
the series, the psychological error of the army chiefs n described.