The Hawaiian gazette., 1916-08-01
TWO. YEARS Of BIG
STRIFE REVIEWED
Allies At Last Have Gained Often
siVe and Are Attacking
Everywhere

British, however. but by the Russians.
On June 4 the troops Of the Emperor
| Nicholas opened n tremendous assault
| on the AuStrO-(i"rmnn lines on a three.
hundred mile front extending from the
Pripet marshes to Rumania. The leu.
ton lines held firm in the north but to
the south General BrusslOif swept wit
irresistible force through the Austrian
defenses, tearing great gap about 100
miles in extent Through this the Rus
SLAMS poured, capturing Czernowitz, the
capital of Bukowina and Overruuning
the crownland. The Austrian losses are
declared to have been enormous, q
month after the offensive began the
Russians making an official announce
ment that over 100000 prisoners has
been taken and at least an equal mum
Der killed or wounded.
AS the offensive developed the Rus
slams won new successes further north,
and at the close Of the war year are
engaged in mighty struggle for Lem.
berg, the capital of Galicia. The fight.
ing has also extended to the extreme
north, in the Riga Dvinsk region, but
here the Germans have held their own
and no decisive result has as yet been
gained by either side.
Successes in Turkey
In another thratpr Of the war the
year was marked by other and impor-
tant Russian successes Following the
disasters on the eastern front in the
closing months of 1915 the Grand Duke
Nicholas was removed as commander
in-chief of the Russian armies and sent
to take charge of the operations
| 81 hn
After months of preparation he began
a great drive across Armenia in Jan
| uary, 1915, which resulted in the cap
ture of Erzerum, Erzingan. and thu
| port of TrehlZond and expelled the
Turks from the greater part of Arme-
| mia. After a comparative lull of some
months the Grand Duke resumed his
advance simultaneous with serious
uprising against the Turks by the
| Arabs in Arabia The Arabs took the
. sacred city of Mecca, Jiddah and Taft,
| and besieged Medina, the city where
MohRmmed was buried and one of tn"
hottest spots of the Mohammedan
world. In the meantime the Russians
took Mamakhatun and Baiburt.
In connection with the Turkish cam
paign the year saw a serious reverse
! for the Franco British arms and a less
important but highIX dramatic disaster
for the British. Tht'disastrous attempt
of the French aud British to force the
Dardanelles and seize Constantinople
was. definitely abandoned in November,
| 1915, and the Allied troops withdrawn
from the Gallipoli peninsula About
10000 troops had been used in this
venture, supported by mighty fleet
! Six battleships, five British and one
French, were sent to the bottom, as
well as some minor craft, and the cas-
ualties were unotfcially reported to be
almost equal to the original number of
the expeditionary force. This was the
result of six months of scme of the
most sanguinary fighting of the war
Big British Disaster
The second disaster of the British
V was the surrender of 10000 troops un-
der General Townshend to the Turks at
| Kut Ell Amura, on the Tigris. This ex-
! petition had made a sensational dash
more than 300 miles up the river in an
j attempt to seize Bagdad 1t was with.
in ten miles Of the city when it was de.
i cisively defeated by the Turks and
i forced to fall back 100 miles. Here 1t
was surrounded and forced to surrcn.
4 Ger after relief force had made srv-
\ eral vain efforts at rescue.
/ Two new nations entered the ranks
Of the brIIigrrcnts during the year On
October Is, 1918, Bulgaria threw in her
4 lot with the Central Powers, and on
4 March ., 1916, Germany declared war
on Portugal after the republic had
/ seized all German ships informed in her
4 ports.
The entrance Of Bulgaria into the
arena was signalized by combined Ms
sault on Serbia by Austria, Germany
and Bulgaria, which resulted in the
complete overwhelming of the h"prl, IS
| ly Outnumbercd Serbians and the subju.
! cation of their country. The remnants
! of the Serbian army were driven across
| the frontier into the wilderness Of Al.
bania, whence they were rescued by
the British, French and Italians. They
were shipped to Corfu, where they were
reorganized and re-equipped, and later,
to the number of about 100000, Joined
the Franco British forces at Salonika
The survivors Of the Gallipoli cam
paign were also gathered at the Gre.
clan seaport as well as large British
army from Egypt. This combined force
is estimated at 600 900 men and is
presumably being held for an attempt
to wrest Serbia from the Bulgarians
Austrian Offensive
The principal success won 10y AUS
trian arms during the yenr was great
offensive undertaken against Italy in
May. The Austrian forces swept the
Italian invaders back over wide
stretch of country in the Southern Ty.
r0l rcconqurred about go square miles
Of Austrian territory and carried the
battle into Italy. The Italians rallied
however, and at the close Of the
twelve months had regaincd "A large
portion of ground and were vigorously
pressing IL counter offensive in accord
ance with the plans of the Entrnr for
concerted action.
On the sea the year Witnessed an
event of surprising interest. The Ger
man grand fleet, steaming out from it's
mine fields and impregnable harbors at
Kirl and WilhelmshaVen, engaged the
British fleet in the mightiest naval bat
tie of history.
The battle was fought off the coast
Of Jutland ON May 81. Its results are
80 Obscured by the conflicting claims Of
the combatants that they will probably
not be definitely known until the war
il over, il theu. The Germans assert
| Al