The Nevada County picayune., 1916-02-10
ORCHARD AND GARDEN CROPS.
No. 4. Fighting Insects and Diseases.

ist, University Of Arkansas
 The man who expects to grow a first class crop Of fruit under pres. ent conditions must be prepared to fight the various kinds of insects and diseases that attack the crop Every year there are thousands of orchards over the country being killed or dam aged to such an extent that they will nevey yield a profitable crop to the owner. just because he has not used the proper precautions to keep these diseases and insects under control
 Kinds Of Insects; All of the or chard insects come under one of two heads. First there is a type of insect which takes it's food supply from the liant by means of a sharp beak or proboscis like that of the mosquito In order to control insects of this type 1t is necessary to spray with some strong solution which when it comes in contact with the body of the insect will stop up the breathing pores and thus cause death, Insects belong ing to this scale are San Jose Scale Aphids of various types. Oyster Shell Scale. Harlequin or cabbage bugs and some of the Squash bugs. The sec ond kind of insects take their food supply by eaa.ne portions af the frut or leaves and this type of insect Is killed by spraying with a poison such as lead arsenate or Paris green. This kind or insect is much more apt to be 1atct1 flan the other because the damage 1t does is much easier seen than is that of the sucking insect lfewover either type of insect cau and often does enough damage 10 pre- vent the growing of first class fruit This is especially true in orchards where no effort is made to control [ .u Anon" t&c insects which take r z. ( I hv catjNv the fruit or the leaves are tOdilng moth cankcv worms. webb worms, caterpillar, cur nd others
 Kinds of Diseases; There are hun. dreds of different diseases that attack the different kinds Of plants, but only comparatively small number do any serious damage to the fruit crop and often two or three of these can be controlled by the same kind of spray material Among the most serious diseases attacking the fruit crop are blotch, scab, bitter rot rust, brown rot of stone fruits. and black rot and lAildcW of grapes. The most serious diseases of the tree itself are cankers rust blight. leaf spots. crown gall root rot
 Spray Materials: There are as many different kinds of spray ma terial on the market as there are dis eases to control, yet there are com Fartively few of these which are used to any great extent in our orchards Lead arsepate either in the form Of paste or powder is the principal poi son uSvd However. Paris Green is used to considerable eNten, in some instances Bordeaux mixture. which is solution made of lime and cop. per sulphate or blue stone, is one of she best fungicides, and lime sulphur :, solution of limo and sulphur of diff tDIcnt proportions, Is used both as an insectitude and as a funEieide Coal oil emulsion is a solution of coal oil soap and water Of varying proportions is also quite commonly used as an insecticide as well as are various
 '.'" '' '1h'eco prepa atious
 Spraying For best results spray ing must be thoroughly done The spray is only R preventive al best and does not replace or cure damage al esdy done Ii protects only the part of the fruit or tree which is covered by the solution. hence the importance tf thoroughncSs lt one leaves only portion oe twig uncovered when spraying for san Jose scale, this small limo will be the means Of spreading the scale over the whole tree before the year is over and pos sibly get il started on other trees Sometime several ~u.avlnrs Way be necessary in order to eradicate a dis, ease or insect and this k not infre. quently the case with the most com mon of the orchard pests Some Of the orchardsts spray from five to eight times each year for scab bitter rot eodling moth etc. In order to have the desired effect, the spraying must be done al the proper time Often a days difference in time makes big diffreBce in the results obtained. so promptness as well as thoroughncss counts in the spraying business. The thing that appeals to every orchardist however, is that by doing the work thoroughly and promptly he can grow a crop of fruit that is a credit to any section.