davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-03-25

soil bacteria, but also many other
forms of low plant life hosts Of simple
animal organisms, and likewise more
highly developed creatures, such as
earth worms and many other forms.
All of these exert a profound influence
upon the soil and its relation to plant
production.
The root OF tho plant spread
through the soil by growth and sub
division. forming a network Of fine
branches, the extremities of which are
the delicate. minute root hairs through
which food and water are absorbed.
Air Is also required by the root as we'll
as by other parts of the plant. The
activities Of the root are therefore
entirely dependent upon the physical
texture, moisture supply, temperature
and chemical composition Of the soil.
The specific food substances taken
from the soil by the root are: Nitro
gen, hydrogen, sulphur, phosphorus,
calcium. iron, potassium, magnesium
and oxygen. All of these elements
are absorbed by the plant through the
root In the form of a solution In
water. In other words, the water Of
the soil is q weak solution Of these and
any other soluble substances which the
soil may contain.
After being absorbed by the root the
soil solution, or as we may now call
It, sap, passes upward into the plant
from the smaller into the main, larger
roots, on UP into the trunk. The par
ticular path of this upward stream
is located in the woody portion Of the
conducting f1bres. In woody trees Of
considerable size this upward flow Of
sap from the roots is most active in
the newer, outer layers Of wood or
what we call sap wood" Very large
amounts Of water. with food materials
in solution, pass up through the stems
Of plants in this way, as may be
readily seen when we consider the
amount of the soil elements which
plants contain, and the fact that the
solution in which they come into the
plant from the soil Is an extremely
dilute one.
The relation Of the plant to the
atmosphere which surrounds It is of
supreme Importance, it's relation be-
ing expressed most largely through the
leaves, which act as organs both Of
absorption and excretion. The water
supply coming from the roots with its
food elements In solution, comes into
the leaves and there the larger por-
ton Of the water is evaporated off into
the air by a process called transpir-
alton.
A varity Of complicated chemical
processes goes on all over the plant in
which use Is made Of the various
materials taken from the soil, and the
various substances formed build up
the growth of new parts, the fortna-
ton Of fruit, or are otherwise made
use of in the activities of the plant.
Respiration goes on in the leaves in a
manner chemically similar to that in
animals, oxygen is taken in and car
bon dioxide given OF.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-03-25
TO GET FANCY PRICES.

To secure fancy price for eggs,
you must be absolutely certain that
every egg sold Is fresh. Don't leave
an egg in nest for nest egg. You
might accident1y get one In gathering
and send it to your best customer
then goodbye customer. When the
breeding season Is over sell all the
roosters, or If you have few good
ones you wish to keep, pen them up.
Then you can get fancy price for
infertile eggs, which are in great de-
mand in hot weather. Clean all soiled
eggs with damp cloth and dry we'll.
SO they will not shine. Keep all small
and imperfect eggs at home. Fill
each layer with eggs Of the same size,
they look so much better that way,
Pack carefully, so they will reach ths-
customer in good condition, and abso.
lutely guarantee every egg to be fresh.
You will not have any trouble In get
ting and holding customers for all you
can produce, at several cents abovs
the market price.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-03-25

designs that may be available In the
future perhaps will be as good or bet
ter than those now on the market.
Three things are required Of good
trenching machine, namely, CD 1t
must operate efficiently through var
ious kinds Of soil; (2) it must be
capable Of cutting true to grade; (s) 1t
must work for long periods without
breaking or otherwise getting out OF
order. The first of these requirements
Is the hardest to fulfill, the second is
the easiest.
Probably none of the plows or
scoops cut accurately to grade, and
some hand work is necessary to make
the trench smooth for laying the tile
properly. However, their low cost
makes it profitable to employ them on
work that would not Justify the use of
more expensive machinery.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-03-25
STRAW AS A FERTILIZER.

A large amount of straw is shipped
from a county in Missouri to a near
by paper and strawboard factory. This
straw brings the farmer about SO
cents per ton. A county agent re-
Gently found pile of about 1000
tons at Sikeston ready for shipment.
He computes that as fertilizer this
straw, Is worth $3.50 per ton in addl-
ton to it's value as a means of adding
organic matter to the soil. He is
making a campaign Of the county IN
an attempt to show the individuality
of the farmers selling their straw and
urging it's more extensive use as bed
ding in stables and feed lots. Straw
used as top dressing on fall wheat
has been found to practically insure
good stand Of clover on lands where
clover is otherwise grown with great
difficulty.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-03-25

A cool growing eoAoon b eeeonsaaS
for the field pea High Temperatures
are much more injurious than frosts,
which are disastrous to the crop only
when they occur Just ut the period
when the pods are setting. These OLE
matte requirements Of the hSld pea
limit its successful production - =
summer crop to the Northern States
and Canada and TO high attitudes in
the mountains Of our Western States.
1t may, however, be grown with profit
a. winter crop in the Southern States.
Its moisture requirements are lass im-
rortant than those Of temperature. but
other things being equal. it does best
where the rainfall - fairly abundant.
A 16-inch rainfall In western Canada
10 sufficient to produce . good CROP
while 20 inches of rain in Kansas, Me-
braska or Colorado are inadequate.
It u a common practice In some
localities to harvest the crop ~ Dos.
turing with hogs or sheep. This 10
done more largely in Colorado than in
any other part of the United Staten
There Is no doubt, however, that the
crop can be fully as we'll utilised this
way In other Western States in local.
tiles which are near large sheep
ranges. When intended for pasture.
the field pea 10 sown alone or With but
little grain, as 1t Is not necessary In
such cases that 1t be supported by
some more erect : growing Drop.
Animals pasturing on field peas should
be confined to ono portion Of the neld
by means Of movable fences, or else .
herder should be employed for this
purpose. If sheep or hogs are allowed
to roam about over the entire field'
they waste a great deal Of the crop
by wandering around aimlsssiy - soon
az their hunger has been satisheds
The animals should not be turned into
the field until the seed becomes hard.
Lambs will fatten on field-pea pasture
in from 70 to 90 days, ana GOOD
crop will usually fatten from 10 to II
lambs per acre, each animal ga4ain8
about 8 pounds month. HosD In .
thrifty condition will fatten in from
so to 90 days, and II not obliged to
gather their food over too large an
acreage will make an average daily
gain of 1 pound. Alfalfa or sweet
clover pasture used in connection with
field peas noticeably increases the
rapidity OF gain.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-03-25
Farm Management

Certain fundamental principles OF
arm management are advanced by
specialists as having been brought out
81 Or substantiated by thorough agri-
Il cultural survey Of an old and repre-
N sentative farming section of Chester
County, Pa. These principles are sum-
4 married as follows:
S Farming conforms to local soil, eli
y mate, labor, and market conditions as
sSwell as to the business conditions of
II the Individual farm.
y When conditions remain unchanged
for a long time farming becomes ap-
& proximately what it ought to be to
Y get the best results, provided that
/; practice which is i'm mediately the most
profitable does not deplete soil fer
Il tility
Success in farming. measured in per
cent Of profit on investment, does not
& depend on the magnitude of the farm
u business, but measured in terms of the
d standard of living of the farm family
|Sit is directly proportional to the mag
snitude of business.
%s Profits increase as yields per acre
U Increase until the yields are consider
& ably above the average for the locality,
are obtained at loss
ri In quantity of product per dairy COW
\ the point of diminishing returns is not
'sreAched In ordinary farm practice.
It IL easier and more profitable to
4 increase low yields per acre than high
zones, and small product per cow than
Il large product. In other words, profits
can be increased more easily by at
Atention to the weakest points in a
farming system.
There is a way Of grouping the en-
ssterprises Of farm that Is more profit
@able than any other way; that Is, there
4 Ii certain most profitable acreage for
leach crop and a most profita BILE pro-
Il portion Of income from any one
hsource.
M Some enterprises, such as poultry
u Keeping, may easily be made profit
4 able as side lines, yet are difficult to
smake profitable when made a main
Efeature of the farm business.
s Production costs much more per
sbushel or per ton on the small farm
than on the large farm of the same
TYPE.
Diversity of business is an impor-
astant factor of success on the average
Warm. A moderate degree Of diversity
SSSis better than either extreme.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-03-25
BE NEIGHBORLY.

The telephone is a great thing to
cure loneliness on the farm, as it en-
ables us to talk to our friends and
neighbors in all kinds Of weather and
regardless of bad roads. But it does
not take the place of actual visiting,
and we ought to do more Of that This
Is true as applied to the young people.
Encourage them to visit around as
often as possible, and keep your own
latch-strings out for others to come
and call on your own.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-03-25

matter. but the best results can prob
ably be obtained by studying the needs
of ones flock and supplying them al
first hand.
Exercise Is of course very essential
to laying hens when confined during
the laying season. To obtain this
many methods are resorted to in adj
dition to scattering grain among the
straw as for instance suspending q
cabbage or a bunch Of beets about
two feet above the floor In order to
induce the hens to jump up to reach
it., If the hens are very hungry for
this sort of food they will get more
exercise by jumping after it, but our
experience Is that when fed a mod
crate amount of clover or ground
alfalfa they have no taste for any
other kind Of green food.
We have suspended cabbage and
other tempting morsels in the manner
described but have yet to discover that
our hens ever got any exercise in that
way. In fact the cabbage would, in
most cases, go entirely untouched and
even If 1t was chopped fine and scat
tered among the feed it seemed to
have no attraction for the fowls.
This Of course is only an individual
experience and cannot be taken as a
universal guide, but we believe that
scientific experiments will show that
better results can be obtained by sup
plying green feed in the shape of
ground clover or alfalfa.
For winter feeding nothing Is better
than corn and wheat. Many success
full poultry raisers do not crack the
corn but feed it whole. On this point
there Is a great difference Of opinion
but to be on the safe side, corn, par
ticularly the large-grain variety, should
be cracked before feeding. In very
cold weather 1t should be parched or
warmed.
Some poultry raisers advocate the
feeding of all sorts Of green stuff dur
ing the winter such as cabbage, car
rots, potatoes, turnips. onion tops and
the like, but as these feeds are COM
posed mostly Of water they are of little
practical benefit except to make the
rations more palatable by adding to
their variety Many cases of disease,
particularly securing can be traced to
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-03-25

waited has imperfections or undesirable
characteristics, whether the health or
thrift Of the plant Is injured or not.
OF the organs mentioned, the root
commonly grows in the soil and the
remainder Of the plant in the air.
The soil has two general purposes
in relation to plant growth. First, 1t
furnishes a medium through which the
the root Is able to accomplish its
mechanical function Of holding the
plant upright in the air and exposing
its parts to the air and sunlight.
Second, the soil Is a storehouse of food
and moisture, both Of which are in
dispensable to plant growth. NJ
Far from being an inert mass of
dead mineral and organic matter, the
soil is likewise the home of uncounted
myriads Of living organisms. not only
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-03-25
GOOD DUCK FEED.

Cooked vegetables, thickened with
equal parts cornmeal and bran is a
mixture that Is equally good for both
growing ducks and layers. Equal parts
oatmeal cornmeel and bran, with
enough "middlings' to make 1t cling
together, is a good feed, but this re-
quires the addition of an equal amount
of green stuff.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-03-25
HELPS FOR THE FARMERS WIFE

Don't leave matches, knives, hot
water or other dangers within reach II
there are children in the house.
Cookies should be put into a cloth
lined stone jar when hot, If you would
keep them melting and crumbly
When silver has become discolored
with egg, dip a damp cloth In sal:
water. rub the silver; the stain will dis
appear.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-03-25

there are records of it's being grown in
Virginia as early as 1886. The cult
walton Of the field pea did not spread
rapidly in that section of the United
States, but as the country developed it
gained more and more favor inCanada
and became a staple crop in the
United States only in the New England
States, New York, Michigan, Wiscon-
sin, Minnesota and the eastern
Dakotas.
The cultivation of the field pea
throughout western Canada has In
creased with the settlement Of that
territory. In Washington, oregon,
Idaho and western Montana 1T has
also been found we'll adapted to the
climate and soil and is steadily In
creasing in Importance as farm crop.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-03-25
Endless Chain Machine.
DON'T WORRY.

The man who is always behind IN
his work and frets and worries be-
cause he has SO much to do, is work
ing without a system. No use trying
to do more than one thing at a time
and if one will adhere to this rule and
have time for doing everything day
after day and month after month, tho
kinks will soon straighten out and he
can do his work easily and without
friction.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-03-25
Feed Poultry for Profit

Hens will be better on mixed feeds
than on any other. A quart Of corn
meal alono will not give as good re-
suits as y pint and a half Of corn
meal mixed with some other food
such az cooked potatoes.
A great variety, of chicken feed Is
manufactured, consisting of mixtures
Ct various grains. dried ground bone
dried blood, beef scraps and such
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-03-25

The farmer and his family, as well
as his stock, accomplish more when
care-free and in happy turn of mind.
All nature is fresh and cheerful. It Is
profitable for us to be likewise!
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-03-25

The euinea-hen is proud and makes
more noise than any other olro on the
place, but the commonest ola men ~,
the barnyard lays more EGGS ana
makes no>fuss about 1t.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-03-25

The droppings from the swine. and
the nitrogen gathered by the forage
crops. build up soil-fertility rapidly.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-03-25

Until we get perfect animals we
should search for sire that in some
Nparticulars is superior to the cows in
gOur herds.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-03-25
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AN ABSORBING STUDY

Combination and the
Climate and the II
at Some Requiem Are
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-03-25
THE FIELD PEA IS A GOOD FORAGE CROP

o Il
Northern of tat sand Also
Fh o n h
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-03-25

In planting currant bushes use only
good, sturdy plants.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-03-25

n A well prepared soil bed Is necessary
With bush fruits.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-03-25

Don't talk while you are milking.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-06-09
TWENTY YEARS
AGO TODAY
Items Taken from the Daily
Leader Files

Mrs. T.. Kramer and children went
to Omaha TO visit friends.
Miss Jennie G.. Hutchinson, assist
ant principal in our high school, went
home to Cherokee, Ia, to spend her
vacation.
Miss Katherine ID. Dopp, of Mo
line. Ill, has been appointed by the
Normal school board of trustees prin-
cipal OF the training department.
Final papers in the land entries of
Walter Dyce, tree claim Sc "A 12-
107-51, and Carl Hanson, homestead,
seA ~11-10S-51, have been received
at the clerk of courts office.
w. A. Orton, of Delmage, was
among The Daily Leader callers yes
terday. Mr.. orion recently returned
from a visit to the home of his boy
hood at Perry, o., after an absence
OF t~wenty-nine years, having gone
thither to attend the golden ami
versary of the marriage of his par
ents which occurred on the 30th of
April. Mr.. Orion has been a resident
of the west all these years, thirteen
OF which have been spent in Lake
county.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-06-09

Watertown Chief of Police Makes
Floatefs Work on Get Out
of Town.

Watertown, June 8. - Hoboes,
tramps and floaters In general are
finding WATERFOWL an unpleasant
spot to wander into. under the
regime of Chief of Police John Kee-
gan and his small but highly eff
cient force of patrolmen. keegan is
familiar with many of the "yeggs"
and kindred element of the north
west and occasionally detains some
Of this class i'm the local Jail in an
effort to get In touch with the au-
thorities desiring to secure cutsody
of them. They can't stop here while
I'm chief" Is the warning given them
at the outset. Common hoboes are
closely scrutinized and given the al
tentative of going to work or hitting
the ties. A recent vigorous cane
rush" conducted by the chief and
Officer Olaf Opheim established a
precedent for the treatment that
would be accorded the inhabitant of
the side door Pullmans." During
the harvest and t~hreshing season the
vigilance of the force will be en-
HANGED, while the chief will conduct
an employment bureau for the pur-
pose of aiding those who come into
the city to seek work in the fields
during the fall.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-06-09

The readers or this paper will be
pleased to learn that there is at least
been able TO cure I'm all it's stages. and
that is Catarrh. Halls Catarrh Cure Is
the only positive cure now known to
the medical fraternity. Catarrh being
stitutionAl treatment. Halls CalArrh
Cure Is taken internally. acting directly
upon the blood n mucous surfaces OF
the system. thereby destroying the
foundation OF the disease, and giving
the patient strength by building up the
constitution and assisting nature In do
ting its work. The proprietors have so
they offer One Hundred Dollars for any
case that IT. fails to cure. Send for list
OF testimonials. Address: II. ]. Cheney
& Co., Toledo. o. Sold by all drugg1sta.
v5c. Take Hall'v Family Pills for con-
ot1patfon.-Adv.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-06-09
Weather and CROPS
COOL AND SHOWERY-SMALL
GRAIN CONDITIONS GOOD.

Huron, June 9.-Report of wealth
er and crop conditions in South Da-
kota for the week ending June s, is
sued by the u. S. weather bureau:
The weather was moderately cool
and quite showery. The rainfall
locally heavy in the northern
part OF the state and very light in the
southeast. There is sufficient soil
moisture for present needs generally
and where heavy rain has fallen the
amount Is superflous. All small
grain is growing nicely. The corn
crop is backward for the weather
continues too COO for this crop. In
certain sections wet weather also was
detrimental to corn. The stand is
generally good, though some replant-
ing was necessary. Little cultivating
has been done. The alfalfa crop is
excellent and in some sections is
nearly ready to cut. Crop prospects
generally are excellent if favorable
weather prevails. Stock and pas
lures are In first class condition.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-06-09
PROFIT BY THIS
Don't Waste Another Day.

When you are worried by back
ache;
BY lameness and urinary disorders
Don't experiment with an untried
medicine.
Follow Madison peoples example.
Use Doan's Kidney Pills.
Here's Madison testimony.
Verify IL II you wish:
j. t. Todd. carpenter, ZOE West
Eighth street. Madison, says: II
had pains and weakness In my back
and the trouble grew worse until /
became almost helpless. / wasn't
able to get around and to add to my
misery. the kidney secretions became
highly eolored, were too frequent in
passage and contained sediment. l
finally procured Doan's Kidney Pills
at +. c. Smiths drug store and be-
fore | had finished the second box,
| was greatly helped. Three boxes
made me feel like a different man.
The pains and aches left my back
and the kidney secretions cleared
up. l have scarcely felt a symptom
of kidney trouble since"
Price so cents, at all dealers. Don't
simply ask for a kidney remedy-get
Doan's Kidney Pills-the same that
Mr.. Todd had. Foster-Milburn Co,
Props. Buffalo. N. Y.