davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-05-20

Use a copper or bronze wire strainer
Of Is meshes to the inch. Do not
put copper sulphate or Bordeaux mix
ture into tin or iron vessels: use wood
or copper containers. Mix the Bor-
deaux as needed and apply at once. 1t
Is never SO good after 1t has settled.
Everyone who uses Bordeaux mix
ture frequently and in quantity will
find 1t convenient to keep concentrated
stock solutions on hand, as these keep
Indefinitely II the water which evap-
crates Is replaced. Psi.
Build an elevated platform to hold
the barrels. Suspend so. pounds Of
copper sulphate to dissolve in So
gallon barrel Of water. Stake so
pounds Of lime in another barrel. Add
water to make so gallons of lime milk.
When Bordeaux mixture is needed
stir both stock barrels and take from
each as many gollons as the formula
calls for in pounds. Dilute the copper
sulphate in one barrel and the lime
milk in another, each with half the
water, and let the two run together
into the strainer of the spray tank.
To those who expect to spray on a
large scale a more detailed instruction
about fungicides and their applica-
ton than can be given here is avail
able In Farmers Bulletin No. 243,
United States Department Of Agri-
culture, Washington. D. C..
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-05-20

people it may not be feasible to leave
such a large open space for each tree.
In such cases an iron grating can be
placed over the area that is not paved.
This will prevent the soil from be-
coming impenetrable to surface water.
Literature on the subject Of shade
tree protection will be Of the most
value when it serves as r'eans for
preventing rather than curing Injuries.
By far tho greater part of tn, injuries
from which trees suffer can be pre-
vented. When once inflicted, how
ever, it is often very difficult or even
impossible to remedy them adequately.
In many cases the existing laws ara
quite sufficient to give all the protec-
ton desired. The people should know
the laws, and have interest enough In
the preservation Of trees to insist that
they shall be obeyed. The most sue
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-05-20
BY 4. p. METCALF.

may be taken as an example of this
stage in the development of insects of
this class. TIL. larvae is the active
growing period, and is followed by a
resting period which Is known, tech
nically, as the "pupa" or "chrysalis.'
From this pupa, after>a length of time,
the adults emerge.
It is necessary for the farmer to
know the details, the life history, of
the insect he Is trying to conquer In
order that he may fight it intelligeatly.
Many insects are practically uncon-
trollable except for q very brief
period or q short stage in their life
history.
Take, for instance, the grasshopper.
OF all the insect pests which are
found in some sections of the west.
this is the most destructive, 1or there
1t Injuries the most important indus
Observation-Disclosures and stock raising,
by invading the alfalfa fields.
They usually do the greatest damage
to the second crop Of alfalfa, for
though they hatch in spring from
eggs laid the previous autumn, the
young hoppers do very little apparent
injury to the first crop. AS soon az
it is cut, however. they are deprived
Of their abundant supply Of green
food. The few leaves remaining are
quickly destroyed. and with them
every opening bud and newly-formed
leaf The second crop cannot make q
start for the new growth Is eaten Al
fast as it appears The injured fields
sometimes look as bare and brown In
midsummer as they are early In
spring. In many cases this means
the loss of many thousands of dollars
worth Of hay.
In some states very little has beer
done toward preventing this loss; bu
in Minnesota and Nebraska, grass
hoppers are fought systematically with
considerable success. Before we car
adopt means for holding this pest IL
check, we must understand some
thing of its history in the alfalfa
| fields.
Every year great numbers of grass
hoppers gather along ditch-banks ant
roadsides and along Httle-used roads
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-05-20

through the fields. In such places a.
these the females lay their eggs,
thrusting the abdomen an inch or
more deep in the soil and laying
pod or mass of oblong light yellow
eggs. Both sexes die with the coming
of winter. The eggs in the frozen
soil hatch when the ground grows
warm in spring The young hoppers
make their way to the surface and
at once begin feeding on the tender
green leaves and grass.
AS the newly Matched young are
small and weak 1t Is a dimcult matter
for them to make their way to the
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-05-20
The Burberry.

Fight green lice with tobacco-tea
and the rose-slug with lime-water
Or try busting air-slaked lime on the
infested rose bushes
Plant cannas one to two feet apart
depending altogether If they be dwarf
or the tall-growing sort. They like
very rich soil and plenty Of water dur
ing the growing season. A mulch Of
strawy manure will help to conserve
the water that is given them. Cut off
all the seed-pods as they form.
If you want brilliantly colored and
oddly shaped flowers, plant some
Tigridias or Mexican summer bloom
ing bulbs Don't set them out until
settled weather, for they are tender.
The Japanese are still working to
perfect the Ipomoas, or moon flowers.
They are most satisfactory annual
vines. They are gross feeders and
demand cultivation during the grow
ing season. They come in many beau
tiful colors and shades, splashed,
marbled, striped, spotted and blotched.
Plan to have a winter garden of
shrubs with brillis ntly colored berries
or twigs which will make your place
look cheerful the year round instead
Of cold and bare The Japanese or
common barberry Is invaluable for
hedges, boundaries, and for founda-
ton planting. Their bright red ber-
ries make a beauty spot all winter
long. ~a##. go.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-05-20
BY A. MURRIL.

perature, Is likewise promoted by
trees properly pruned and arranged;
while the air Of Easements and cellars
is rendered less humid by the removal
Of surplus water from the surround
ing soil through the medium Of roots
and foliage Thus 1t has been shown
that trees better the health conditions
Of a city. And what Is true of the
city Is equally true Of the country. A
hom estead barren of trees and shrubs
does not appeal to the occasional Wis
itor, nor does 1T influence the family
which dwells thereon as it would If
the home yard had been adorned with
trees, beautiful in form and color,
which inspire constant appreciation
Of nature.
The trees on city streets suffer most
often because of a naturally poor soil
and a lack of sufficient water supply.
City streets that are macadamiZed.
paved, or concerted present a surface
layer that shuts off almost completely
the natural means by which water may
reach the roots, and directs all of the
surface drainage into catch-baslns
and sewers. Thus, trees on such
streets are subjected to the extreme of
adverse conditions. and their natural
vitalit. and soil adaptation must be
such that they can withstand the alb
normal strain on their vitality or they
are certain to meet with an unnatural
and premature death.
Along city streets, where conditions
are SO often unfavorable to tree
growth, the holes for newly planted
trees should be filled with loamy soil,
and they should be large enough to
provide for future root development.
A bed feet wide by feet long and
2 feet deep is none too large. In
streets which are often congested with
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-05-20

In order that the farmer may sue
cessfully combat the different insects
which injure his crops, it is necessary
to know something regarding insects
in general, their life-histories. habits,
enemies, and the remedies that may
be used against them successfully.
Briefly, insects may be divided into
two classes. One develops. from the
egg to the adult without any resting
stage. Insects belonging to this class
are said to ha' an incomplete change
of form. The other class has resting
stage in its life-history, and insects
belonging to this class are said to ha e
complete change of form. In in
complete chal. of form there are
three stages in the life cycle of the
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-05-20

anthracnose. and IL caused by para
site fungus related to theHs which
produce the apple bitter-rot and pod
spot Of bean. The fungus causing
watermelon anthracnose attacks Gu
cumbers, cantaloupes and squashes.
but probably not, as rule any other
cultivated crops. Warm and moist or
rainy weather isA especially favorable
to the spread and development OF
anthracnose and for this reason it
was more prevalent than usual last
season. The losses were particularly
severe in some districts where melons
are grown on a large scale for carload
shipments.
The Department of Agriculture has
found that the disease can be con-
trolled by spraying with Bordeaux
mixture, and trials of this treatment
are recommended. The methods to be
employed are substantially those in
use FOR potatoes, cucumbers, and other
truck crops. The following points
should be observed to insure success:
Use fresh homemade Bordeaux
mixture. In preparing 1T, follow
directions exactly, as much depends
on the way the ingredients are COM
bined. Use a good spray pump,
operated at a pressure of 100 pounds
or more. Spray thoroughly. The
time Of application depends on the
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-05-20

Washington, D. c., is considered the
most beautiful city in America. This
ID due to the prominence and grandeur
OF It's trees. These trees form attrac-
tive Backgrounds, which enhance the
dignity of every statue and frame
every residence in a fringe Of green.
The people of this country are de-
veloping a finer sense for the beauti-
full, which finds expression in various
activities. These efforts have devel-
oped higher appreciation Of beauty
and art In the home and with this
love Of better homes comes the de-
nand for more and better trees,
which will make the home more at
tractive all the year.
Trees add to the healthfulness Of
city by cooling and purifying the air.
Besides cutting off the direct and re-
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-05-20

insects. First the egg, which is laid
by the adult and from which an active,
usually rapid glowing "nymph" is
Matched. This "nymph" is wingless,
and from it, without any intermediate
resting stage, the winged adults de-
velop. Grasshoppers may be taken
as an illustration of insects Of this
class. The wingless young are famil-
lar objects to every one. 1t Is this
stage of insect with Incomplete
change of form that are known as
''nymphs.'
Insects belonging to the second
class have four stages in their life
history. Eggs laid by the adults de-
velop into larvae, or worms, as they
are commonly known. Horn worms
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-05-20
YELLOW RASPBERRIES.

There Is also yellow raspberry
This Is a very perishable. buff-hued
fruit, large. soft and Of a rich and
distinctive fla or. 1t is a pleasant
addition to the house garden, as can
bear witness from memories of my
youth, for we used to raise them In
abundance They are delicious. but
are not commonly found in the catal-
ogues, probably because they are so
perishable that they are Of little or
no comm rcial value.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-05-20
FOR POTATO E-!ENIIES.

The Colorado beetle, the flea beetle.
early blight and late blight are the
four enemies that threaten the potato
crop. Spraying with Bordeaux mix
ture, with Paris green or arsenate OF
lead added, will get the best of all
four. This treatment must begin as
soon as the plants reach q height of
six or eight inches, and must be re-
peated every fortnight until the pota-
toes are ready to dig.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-05-20

/ fiected rays Of the sun, foliage, by
evaporating large quantities Of water
from it's surface, exercises a marked
effect on the temperature. The re-
duction OF the temperature in this
way is greatest on dry. hot days when
such reduction is most needed. Leaves
also absorb impure and hurtful gases
and manufacture the oxygen needed
by humans for respiration. Circul :
ton Of the air, due to unequal tenn
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-05-20

HUNIUS NECESSARY.

A soil may be called fertile in that
it contains plenty Of plant food. such
as nitrogen, phosphoric acid or
potash; but If the humus content Is
low good crops cannot be raised.
Humus is decayed organic matter and
the amount Of humust in the soil can
easily be controlled by the farmer.
He can get it into the soil by blowing
under or working into the soil Or
ganic matter in such condition that it
will readily decay. 81.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-05-20
FARMERS INSTITUTES HELP.

Do not allow the idea to get into
your head that farmers Institutes are
Of no use. There is no single feature
of educational work that has done
more to advance sound thinking
among farmers than the institute. If
we do not benefit by it, it is our own
fault. We can generally learn ,some-
thing even from the foolish talk Of
people whose ignorance points the
way to truth in the minds of those
who hear them.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-05-20
Grating to Cover "Well."

cessful plan for cities and large towns
seems to be to place the car" of street
trees directly in charge of commits
sion or park board empowered by
special ordinances to carry out Its
plans. This gives opportunity for \
systematic development of tree Gull
ture throughout thc entire community
and makes it possible to employ ex-
perts to direct the work. Similar ar
engagements can also be adopted IN
smaller communities with such changes
as are necessary to suit local condi-
tons.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-05-20
PROFITABLE MARKETING.

Marketing the peach at a profit Is
the biggest problem In the business.
After considering all of the necessary
operations in commercial peach or
chard it is apparent that considerable
money must be invested in labor.
That money is tied up in the crop
until marketing time and a large crop
often means a. large labor expense
and a small price per bushel for, the
fruit. ..
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-05-20
Tests Of insecticides
Foliage Injury to the Peach and Bear
BY Arsenicals and Lime.sulphul
Solutions.

number OF tests to determine the
effect Of different arsenicals on the
foliage OF peach trees and Of arseni.
Gals combined with lime sulphur solu.
ton on peach and bean foliage hav.
recently been conducted by the ento.
mologists of the U. s. Asricultura
Department. The arsenate of Lead
was used to so ana ! to 50 and tn,
arsenats of calcium was used 1 TO 80
A number of poisons were combined
with lime 3 to 50 and with lime-sul.
phur u to SO.
Following are tho conclusions OF
the entomoloSists:
"Of the arsenates Of lead, the al
plumbic form had no burning effect
on bean foliage and burned peach
foliage very slightly. Arsenats OF
lead. consisting of mixture Of the
diplumbic and triplumbic forms
burned peach foliage slightly, but nc
injury resulted on beap foliage. The
commercial No. l.. consisting of the
triplumbic form of arsenate Of lead,
did not injure peach or bean foliage.
The commercial (2) burned the peach
so badly that all the leaves were shed
and produced moderate burning on
the bean, about IS per cent of the
leaves being shed, but no burning
where 1t was combined with lime OF
lime-sulphur. The commercial &c,
produced no burning on bean foliage
and very slight burning on peacE
foliage.
"Arsenate of calcium caused about
15 per cent Of the leaves to drop or
peach, but had no burning effect or
bean foliage.
THE arsenates of iron, chemical,
either bean or peach foliage.
"Arsenate Of zinc did not burn bean
foliage, but seriously injured peach
The homemade form Of arserate Ut
zinc produced very slight burning on
peach and no burning on bean foliage.
Arsenic sulphid and arseri. ter
sulphid produced severe hL-ning in
all tests. - E-4
arsenic trioxid burned severely n
all cases except when combined vi Il
| lime. in which case the burning VAS
! slightly less. -
Arsenic of lime: .onien,ut,a
burned the bean foliage mode e'J
when used alone and in cCmtinat. \
! with lime-sulphur. However &c
burning resulted when extra line wa.
added. The peach foliage was severed,
burned by this nater:a. causing ali
! the leaves to drop.
| Arsenic of;,zinc, Gile.ns &a'.S. pure
burned severely in al. cs:@5|s axcepi
where lime was used. in ~. i case
| no burning resulted @.,,-s ,..,is
Arsenic Of zinc powder cG:nmc,.
cial, burned moderately on ~;ns ex.
cept where lime was add G, n which
case no burning result ted. Il acuu.et
all Of the peach leaves to Gro ::
| Paris green produced moderate
burning in all the tests c:, kean foliage
and burned all the leaves eff ,hs
/ peach
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-05-20
Heaves Of Horses
$3.50 ~ Faulty Feeding and Work
Su Com nlete Cure Impossible
symptoms May Be Relieved.

u.aves il a very common ana an
disease of horses, interfering
.sr,ously with the usefulness OF tne
sa,rna1 and consequently detractins
,rnn, its value. Mainly a disease VI
oId horses, 1t is essentially the result
~ raulty feeding and working espec-
Ially hard pulling or fast drlv'ns ~nen
~ stomach is overloaded. Gross
,nsaar. arc frequently subjects OF
heaves.
while in old. established cases
,s.ra NAV be alterations in structure
- the heart and stomach. the prin-
.ira1 changes are observed In the
,mrg. These consist first In an en-
largemsnt Of the capacity Oh INC a.
cells through dilation OF @tne'r ~al.s
followed by passage OF tho .H in.o
the lung tissue between the ar ools
O,vtA9 to such structural chanses' ~ 10
Inaccessible to prevent progressive oe-
vnicpment Of the disease, which, now
aver. under proper care, may 80 on
sSowly. the animal remaining Service
Aba for certain kinds OF work 1or
pears.
Except in tn, very carly stages tho
disease Ii readily detected. The symp-
toms are those which would naturally
~ manifested in a condition where
the lungs are involved. A peculiar
short. rrunt-like cough II usually pres
Ant. and when tho animal Is exerteo
q vheezing noise accompanies the
breathing. The principal and char
acteristic symptom, however, Is the
1arfty or double movement OF the ap-
AnnAn In an effort to force air from
the lungs. Tho air passes into them
freely. but the power to expel 1t Is
lost to q great extent; therefore the
Abdominal muscles are brought into
play. t4
II INDIGESTION is frequently observed IN
,fhess cases, and tho horse may have q
depraved appetite. as shown by a de-
sire to eat dirt and soiled bedding;
and there IL q tendency to the cond,.
ton commonly termed "pot-bellied.
The animal, though a heavy feeder'
becomes unthrifty and emaciated.
4 poorly ventilated stable. humid
Weather, severe work, and overlooking
with coarse, Try feeds tend to az
xravate the trouble.
AS in this condition structural
changes have taken place in the
lungs, treatment, dS d AuAo' S"AA OAA-'
be directed to the relief OF tho sym :
toms, and 1t Is not possible to erect
q complete cure after the disease Is
esta blished. :.
In the case Of an affected horse 1t
will be an advantage to dampen the
food with a mixture of one part OF
molasses to three parts Of water, so
that no dust may arise while the AMI
NAL il eating. It is also desirable to
restrict the amount Of hay or forage,
as large quantities of bulky feed
which distend the abdomen increase
the difficulty, and an animal with
heaves should never be driven OF
worked when full Of such material.
In these cases Fowler's solution OF
arsenic may given in doses Of
ounce In the drinking water three
times daily. Ordinary lime dissolved
In drinking water (limewater) will
be found beneficial. Lime may be
added to a barrel or cask of wat :
ana after the resulting mixture has
become clear through precipitation
OF undissolved portions of the lime the
.limewater may be used freely in water
Ing the animal
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-05-20

Top-grafting is done in the spring
before the breaking of the leaf or
fruit buds Late in the spring just
before the buds are breaking is the
proper time to saw off the main limbs
and place the scions in position.
No farmer can \call himself indie
pendent who must rely on others to
furnish him with such simple farm
products as apples, peaches. plums,
pears and cherries.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-05-20
PRUNING SUGGESTIONS.

Sterilize all wounds made in prun-
ing An ounce Of copper sulphate in
a gallon of water is as good as any
thing. this solution being applied with
paint brush. AS soon as the wounds
are dry, paint them over with good
coat of pure lead and oil paint, and
renew the paint each season until the
wound is healed over
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-05-20

surface. If the eggs can be buried
few inches In the soil this becomes
mpossible.
Grasshoppers In alfalfa fields ma,
be held in check in ordinary years b,
blowing late in the fall the waste
lands where they breed and by disc,
narrowing badly infested fields, thus
destroying the eggs in the soil.
Sometimes. however, the ground IL
so full of eggs, that blowing and har-
rowing do not destroy enough to pre-
vent great numbers from Matching In
such cases two remedies remain. to be
applied just after the first crop has
been cut. These are poisoning and the
use Of hopper-dozers.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-05-20

Five operations enter into produce
tion OF apples: Pruning, fertilizing,
spraying, cultivation, and thinning.
The finished product, the fruit is
judged on five points also: Color, size'
freedom from blemishes. quality. and
uniformity.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-05-20

During hot. dry weather when flies
are troublesome, 1t pays to let the
calves stay inside all day and let them
run in the yards ar nastnra at ni9ht
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-05-20

Sweet clover, as green-manure
crop, will be more widely used and
better appreciated when its virtues
become known.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-05-20

Sixty million dollars q year Is about
the price the farmers Of the United
States are paying for the privilege Of
tAAnina rats on their premises.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-05-20
Seasonahle Suggestions

Rest the house plants. Do not en-
courage growth by fertilizing and
overwhelming. Cut back and pinch off
all the buds as they appear.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-05-20

ting Of the cherry orchard the trees
should be kept sprayed. p-unecl an.
nually, and cultivated the frs. hall
of each season. ss..s
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-05-20

Cane rust Is the torment Of beth
raspberries and blackberries. There
is only one cure-cut off the tops at
the surface of the ground.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-05-20

Nitrate OF soda and organic matter
supplement each other IN furnishing
the soil with plant food.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-05-20

Allowing eggs To Is aa - tae. 3i1esu
in the cold days of spr.aS- - a sou9cs
for lack Of fertility III eggs.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-05-20

Avoid leggy sheep; it will take
aaarr To Ret rid Of them.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-05-20

Every farmer who plants a tree Is
q public benefactor.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-05-20

DO not plant fruit trees, then forget
all about them. They need care.