davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Alaska citizen., 1916-08-21
Colorado Geo|ogist Writes On Tungsten
 Tells Prospectors Where to Find Metal

color is pink to pale red on weath cred surfaces Fresh surfaces of the same rock may be gray to pale pink When black mica and horn blende are abundant the rock has a grayish pink to red when weathered
 In texture all the granites vary from coarse to fine. but the grains of the different minerals may be seen without a lens.
 Pegmatite is very coarse gran. and mica may be in chunks or blocks from an inch to foot or more in diameter. This forms the spar dikes' of the Nederland dis trict. In many places the veins are near. or follow, the spar dikes
 When the minerals in a granite are arranged imperfectly ill lines or layers by themselves, giving the rock streaky appearance, it is called a gneissOid granite.
 LENSES NEEDED FOR FELslTEs
 Felsites-The felsites are light colored rocks of such fine texture that the mineral grains cannot be distinguished without the aid of q good lens. The colors range from white to gray, buff, brownish-yel low, pink and greenish-gray When surfaces. which frequently are some what curved. They are commonly so hard that sharp edge or point will scratch glass.
 Felsite- -porphyries-The felsite DOT phyres are, in all ways, like the felsitGS except that they are SDrin kled with large grains or crystals of one or more of the minerals composing the rock. By far the commonest minerals to form large crystals are quartz and feldspar. It is the presence of these large S plho ol u III q llIlV Sloullu mass that makes the rock DOT phyry
 ?. Metamorphic rocks-To this ground belong such rocks as gneiss, schist, slate, quartzite, marble and others The term metamorphic is applied to rocks which have been greatly altered from their first con- dition. Thus most of the gneisses are derived from common granites, and differ from the granites main ly in the fact that they have been crushed, folded and kneaded until i in planes or groups more or less completely by themselves This ar engagement is especially noticeable in the micas, and the rock shows tendency to split easily along the planes containing the mica.
 DESCRIPTION OF scAlsTS.
 Schist is a rock in which the as sorting of the minerals into groups and planes by themselves has gone on to such an extent that the rock appears to be made up of layers of the different minerals It splits readily along these planes.
 Mica schist is one in which the conspicuous mineral is mica. The other minerals may include quartz hornblende, some feldspar and oth- CTS.
 Hornblende schist is one in which hornblende is abundant. The other minerals are likely to be quartz and mica.
 Chlorite schist contains much greenish flaky chlorite which may have come from the weathering of mica.
The Alaska citizen., 1916-08-21
By R. D. George. (Colorado State GeoIoqist.

kSOlOTdOO Sldle 0COlOSIot'
 Tungsten is where you find it." A similar statement might be made for all ores and metals, but it is equally true that almost every ore has its peculiar habits, companion ships and surroundings. The find ing of an ore may be hastened or made more probable by a knoWl- edge of these habits, companion ships and surroundings. Animals are found in localities favorable for the particular kind of climate, shelter and food they require One would not look for a polar bear in the tropics or a fish on the desert sands Minerals are also, in large measure, the products Of conditions and surroundings, and the man who understands these facts will avoid seeking in impossible places. In their original form most ores were deposited from water solutions. The conditions necessary for the depo sition of one ore from it's solution may be just those which will pre- vent the deposition of another, or may even cause one already depoS- tied to go into solution again and be carried away. From this brief statement it must be plain that it Is almost as important for the pros pectOr to know the habits of min erals as it is for the hunter to know the habits of game.
 WHERE TO SEARCH.
 If We should examine all the pro- ducing tungsten areas of the world we would find that 95 per cent of the veins occur in one of the fol lowing kinds of country rocks:
 1 Rocks rich in quartb or silica.
 2 Metamorphic rocks
 8. Rocks overlying one or the other of these two types.
 field use the rocks rich in quartz or silica would be the granites, the felsites and the felsite porphyries.
 Granites-The principal minerals of granites are feldspar and quartz. Most of them contain one or more of the minerals-mica, hornblende, pyroxene. The feldspar commonly forms from one-half to three-fourths of the rock. It varies in color from white to gray and pink. On weath- cred surfaces it becomes dull and earthly in appearance, but in the fresh rock it shows bright flat surfaces (cleavages) Quartz is easily recognized by it's elassy ap- pearance and tendency to be trans parent, and by it's irregular fracture, which practically never shows per fectly smooth faces. It rarely forms more than one-quarter of the rock mass. Mica may be black (biotite) or white (muscovite) It is readily recognized by it's perfect splitting into thin, tough flakes, it's bright luster when fresh, and it's softness Hornbiende is usually nearly black and resembles black mica when fresh, but does not readily break into thin, tough plates. The grains are commonly two or three times as long as they are wide, while the mica grains are commonly near ly round Some granites contain but little quartz and feldspar.
 COLOR DEPENDS ON WEATHER
 ING.
 The color of granite depends upon the colors of the minerals and the weathering. By far the commences
The Alaska citizen., 1916-08-21
OF A SPORTING NATURE

| fly thrown by a halfnelson leg or body hold.
 RAH. RAH. EAh FOR BOSTON Boston is fond of culture. baked beans and brown bread. but il is
 upon its ball clubs that the Hub fairly dotes And there are many good reasons why she should. Here Hughes, of Solida, Cal, twirler eN- traordnary for the Braves. won par tlcular distinction recently by pitch ing the first no-hit. no-run game
 of the season. A few days later George Foster, one of the heroes
 of last years worlds series. worked
 through nine innings against the
 Yankees and permitted them to make nary hit nor a run. George
 also pitched a hitless engagement
 in 1911 when tossing for Fort Smith
 in the Western association. Me Nally won al least a small nlChe
 in the Hall of Fame when. in q
 double header between the Red SOX
 and Senators he was placed at sec
 ond to substitute for Jack Barry
 and in six times at bat hit safely
 four times. scored as often and ac-
 cepted fifteen chances flawlessly,
 one play being double play
The Alaska citizen., 1916-08-21
MOTHER HATES FALSEHOODs

Now. Willy said the mother. you told me falsehood Do you know what happens to little boys who tell falsehoods ."
 No, ma am" replied Willy. sheep ishly
 Why" continued the mother, "a big, black man with only one eye in the center of his forehead comes
The Alaska citizen., 1916-08-21

along and flies with him up to the moon and makes him pick stick for the balance of his life. Now, you will never tell a falsehood again, will you? It is awfully wicked
 You can always get what you want in the stationery line f you gc to the right place, and that's The Citizen
The Alaska citizen., 1916-08-21

Slate is a rock made from clay or shale by processes similar to those which developed the schists. but as a rule the mineral grains cannot be seen and the rock is fine grained and dense It splits readily into flat plates. Roofing states and school states are familiar to all
 Qua1tzite is formed from sand stone The sand grains are so firmly cemented or welded together that the rock is as likely to break through the grains as around them. It may be broken into fragments, but does not easily yield sand grains as does a sandstone
 Marbles and crystalzed limestones are formed from common limestOnes as a result of the action of heat pressure and moisture by which the substance of the limestone is crys- talized and often bleached
 WHERE TUNGSTEN IS FOUND.
 3, Rocks oyerlying rocks of groups l and 2.-Tungsten veins sometimes occur in rocks other than those mentioned above. but in such cases the veins come up from below through rocks belong ing to one or other of the first two groups. The upper parts of some of the tungsten veins of the Black Hills are in limestone, but the lower parts are in rocks of group ?, and the ores had their origin In or be low them. Near Deming New Mexi- co, We have another example of the same kind.
 In Colorado the Boulder county veins are in granite, gneissoid gran ite, gneiss and schlst. In many cases they are near or follow peg matite dikes. In others they are in or near granite which shows very little dark mineral such as mica or hornblende. The feldspar of this peculiar granite is often earthly white to greenish in color,
 In the San Juan the tungsten veins are in the felsites and felsite porphyries. The geological map of the Silverton region gives special names to these felsites, such as rhyolite, andeste and latite but in field study they are all felsites or felsite porphyries.
 A little tungsten occurs in the schists near Salida
 In the Leadville district the ores occur in limestones and quartzites but associated with the felsites and felsite porphyries (white and gray porphyries)
 ORES OF TUNGSTEN.
 The only tungsten minerals known to occur in sufficient quanti ty to form profitable veins and mines are hubnerite. wolframite, fer berite and scheelite. The first three range from dark brown to jet black and resemble ores of iron. Sheelite varies in color from colorless and transparent to gray, pale yellow and brownish.
 The first three grade into one another in color and composition and are almost alike in their crys tai forms.
 The most important part of all the dark tungsten minerals is the oxide of tungsten, known as tungstic acid but with this are combined the oxides of iron and manganese. The oxide of tungsten united with the oxide of iron forms ferberite (the principal ore of Boulder county The oxide of tungsten united witt the oxide of manganese forms hub nerite (the principal ore of the Sar Juan tungsten yeins) But ferberitc and hubnerite are rarely pure. The ferberite usually contains some hub nerite and the hubnerite generally contains some ferberite. When the quantity of hubnerite mixed witt
The Alaska citizen., 1916-08-21

is called wolframite In the same way. when the quantity of ferherite mixed with the hubnerite Is large the mineral is also called wolfra- mite.
The Alaska citizen., 1916-08-21
FRENCH BLIND ARE
 TAUGHT TO F

TAUGH 1O 0 FENCE Under the auspices of the Society of Paris, many of the blind Of the French capital are being taught to fence by George Du Bois, cham innovation. Steel ribbons on the ground, forming a triangle, guide the steps of the blind fencer It is splendid physical and mental exercise and most popular with sol diers who were unskilled in the art before they lost their oyesigIt at the front
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-07-13
"COLD" LIGHT DISCOVERED
Makes Possible Substitution Of Paper
Rolls for Ce1IuIoId Films I'm
MovirR-Picture MachInes

PARIS. July 1.-THE substitution Of
paper rolls for celluloid films in NOV
Ing c-picture machines. made possible by
the new cold" light discovered by the
French engineer, Dussaud, which is
described to the Academy of Science
hy Professor Branley, with whom Dus-
saud studied the new light. is obtained
by automatic separation of heat rays
from luminous rays which occur to-
Gcther In all sources of light hitherto
known to science.
The quest of an absolutely pure
light, devoid OF all heat, long has been
one OF the great problems of modern
physics. The electric light is the
nearest approach to this ideal, but far
from 1t, as 1t gives off a certain amount
Of heat.
NJ. Dussaud has been working on this
problem for many years. The light OBJ
tanned by his method is so intense
that 1t is possible to throw images
from newspaper illustrations, picture
postcards and Photographic print on
a. screen even in lighted room as
clearly and sharply as If they were
glass lantern slides.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-07-13
NAY ORt.A NIZt: GtARDSMES
INTO TACTICAL INIT!

SAN ANTONIO. TEN. July l2.-Army
officers here were convinced to-day
that the coming Of Major-General Bliss.
assistant chief of stan. would result
in organization of the national guards
men into tactic,l units. Fifty thousand
OF the State troops now arc near the
border. but with the exceptions Of the
divisions from New York and Pennsyl-
vana the big addition 10 tho Federal
army is listed in units from brigades
70 companies. General Bliss will make
a study OF this service, and will super
wise the concentration Of the scattered
units on a divisional basis.
Such action is in line with the suG-
gestion OF General Funston. who recon-
mendcd 20 the War Department few
weeks ago the division OF the border
command into three parts, each part
TO 5a commanded by a ma ajor- general.
Strengthening OF the border patrols.
especially that Ia the Zig Eend dis
,rct, was we'll under way to-day. Two
bartslions Of PENNSYLVANIA Infantry
from FL Paso. and one squadron OF
Texas Cavalry. now atI.aredo. were pre-
par.d TO move 10 Marathan, from where
they will be sent to the Rio Grande
-Four companies OF engineers were sent
to Brownsville, Laredo and Eagle Pass.
a searchlight company. one OF the
army's more recent acquisitions. also
left for border service to-day.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-07-13
PLAN
TO SETTLE BORDER
DISPUTE FAVORED
Informal Negotiations Re-
ported as Progress
ing Favorably."
ARREDONDO AGAIN
CONFERS WITH POLK
Scheme of Action for Permanent
Relief of Conditions Will
Be Formulated.
FORMAL ANNOUNCEMENT SOON
Whole Subject, Including Financial
Stress in Mexico. to he
Reviewed.

WASHINGTON. July l?.-fnformai
disputes between the United States and
'hc dc facto government of Mexico are
Progressing favorably." Acting Sccre-
tary Polk said TODAY. after his second
conference with Elisco Arredondo.
eNican ambn ssa dor designate
g%,eps now being taken. il is under
stood here. forcEhadow appointment Of
commissioners by each government to
formulate plan OF action for tho
permanent relief Of border conditions
Mr.. Arredondo has not disclosed what
his instructions are. but from other
sources it has been learned that the
commission plan was favored by Cen
would not be opposed at the State De-
partmcnt
y formal announcement is expected
soon.
General Carranza's latest note said
the reasonable anxiety Of the United
states. on the one hand, over the
security of it's borders. and the feeling
Of the de facto government. OH the
ether. that the continued presence Of
American troops in Mexico mcnaccd
friendly relations, constituted the prob
lem to which a solution must be found
IT is believed probable that the
whole subject. including the financial
stress. in Mexico would be reviewed. in
order that some more far-rcaching
plan might be proposed than one en-
hTacinG conditions only.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-07-13
.RETAKE GROUND
|. LOST TO GERMANS
ON TUESDAY NIGHT
Teuton Attacks Against
COntalmaison Are Re-
pulsed by Allies.
NOTABLE ACTIVITY
IN VERDUN SECTOR
Crown Princes Troops Driven
Back in Attacks Near
Dead Mans Hill.
ITALIANS PUSH OFFENSIVE
:tustrianS, According to Unofficial
| Report From Paris, Evacuate
| ToiminO.
ITALIANS PUSH OFFENSIVE
.AuStrianS, According to Unofficial
Report From Paris, Evacuate
Toinino.

Fighting desperately in tho face OF
determined German attacks. the forces
under General Hnig succeeded on We'd
nesday I'm gaining control Of the entire
MamctZ wood, which had been entered
the previous night by the Germans
In the same region. north of tho
Somme. the British made some prog
rcss in the Trones wood and rcpulsed
two heavy attacks against Contal-
maison. The Germans arc reported to
have lost heavily in their attacks on
Trones wood
The French and German forces south
Of the Sommc apparently arc resting,
as there has been almost no activity
I'm the region OF Picardy since the first
of the week
Around Ncrdun, however. and espc-
cnny on the right bank Of the Mouse,
bitter and heavy lighting is In prog
rcsS. The Germans. following up their
success In the region OF tho Dam
loup battery. have undertaken a strong
offensive toward Fort SouviIle, the
possession of which would strengthen
their position for further advance
on Vcrdun.
GERMAN GAINS At COST
OF ENORMOUS LOSSES
sttldCklnS III mass formation from
the village OF Fleury and the Chapitre
and VauX woods. the Germans gained
ground at the intersection OF tho
l'leury and vaux roads. The gain.
however. Paris asserts. was made at
tho cost OF enormous losses" Violent
bombardmcnts continue in the region
OF Souvillc. Chenois and La Laufee.
There was relative calm on the left
bank OF the Mouse.
The fierce fighting which has marked
the Russian advance across the Stols-
hod River toward Kovel appears to
have quictcd down. Petrograd says
there has been fighting on this sector,
but mentions only two minor attacks
by the Germans. which, it adds. were
rcpulsed. There has been some activ-
ity north of the Stokhod region, but
In Bukowna and Galtcia the advance
OF General Brussiloffs troops seem to
nave halted for tho moment.
CAPTURE OF MAAItKHATUM
REPORTED BY RUSSIANS
The Russians have met with success
In Armenia, and report the capture OF
Mamakhatum, fifty miles west OF
Erzerum and about the same distance
from Erzingan, the objective of the
Russian drive in this direction. The
Turkish forces. in retreatinS from the
town, which was taken by assault, set
1t on fire.
Fighting continues at isolated points
on the Austro-Italian front, and Rome
reports some successes in the Adige
Valley and the recapture in part of
positions on Monte Corno There were
artillery bomhardments by both sides
At other points on this front. Vienna
claims the repulse of strong Italian
attack on Monte Rasto. south OF tho
SuSna Valley.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-07-13
TO OPEN BRANCH IN CHICAGO
Chairman Mccormick. Of Democratic
National Committee. Announces
ItcndQunrtcrs'

CHICAGO. July l@.-Dranch national
campaign headquarters will be opened
in Chicago and. in all proba bility, on
the Pacific Coast. Vance Mccormick
chairman OF the Democratic National
Committee. announced here to-day
The Chicago headquarters will be
opened on August /
II am working on the selection of
the campaign committee" Mr. Nc
Cormick said, and expect to have it
ready in few days"
Chairman Mccormick declared the
Democratic national ticket would re-
ceive the support of all Progressives
who sincerely believed in fighting for
principles. and who would never re-
turn TO the Republican ranks as long
as the party is controlled by reaction
airy influences
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-07-13
FINAL RULING on ADVICE
OF NEUTRALITY BOARD

WASHINGTON, July 1?.-Although
state Department officials virtually are
convinced that the German submarine
Deutschland is strictly merchant YES
sci. the ndvice Of tho neutrality board
probably will be sought before final
ruling is made.
Acting Secretary Polk indicated to-
day that the ruling would not be de-
layed and may be announced to-mor-
row. 1t is understood he considers tina t
there is nothing lacking to establish
the Dcutschlands status as a peaceful
merchantmen, and desires to consult
tho neutrality board only In order to
give added weight to the departments
formal decision.
The detailed report Of Collector Ryan.
at Baltimore. holding that tho sub
marine could not bo ccnvortcd !nto u
war vessel without extensive ,struc-
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-07-13
Begin Preparations
for Return Voyage
of Supersubmari17e

tural changes" was forwarded by the
Treasury Department to-day to MIR
Polk. IT probably will be mado public
tomorrow.
Tho allied embassies hero added
nothing to-day to the representations
they have made suggesting that the
Deutschland is potential warship. and
Mr.. Folk said he anticipated no serious
opposition from that quarter to the
departments ruling.
NEUTRAL MERCHA NTMAN
CONVOY TOR SUBMARINE
Diplomats OF the allied countries re-
ceivcd Information during the day in
dicating that the Deutschland was
conveyed from Bremcn almost to the
Chesapeake capes by neutral mer-
chairman, presumably Norwegian
swedish or Dutch, which aided in
shielding her from detection by enemy
warships and also acted as a tender
This information may be communi-
Gated later to the State Department
and investigation requested Allied
warships are said now to bc searching
for the convoy ship
Various rumors that the submarine
might have had a convoy have reached
the State Department. but none was
given credencc. One was that Brit
ish steamer which put into the Ma
deria Islands had sighted on June "a
IN the Atlantic large submarine
bound eastward in convoy OF n steamer
The State Department already has
begun consideration OF questions re.
Earding departure OF the Deutschland
To prevent violation of neutrality by
forwarding OF military information
from this country regarding the
Deutschand's movements. officials are
considering whether the government
should prevent dissemination Of news
Of her sailing
OTHER TROUBLESOME
QUESTIONS WILL ARISE
Other troublesome questions prob
ably will arise from the visit of the
Deutschland, officials realize. but they
VIII be considered as they develop.
The State Department to-day for
mally denied published reports that it
would not be concerned if the Deutsch :
iand should be attacked and sunk in
violation OF international law by hos
TIC warships after leaving the United
states IL was stated that this gov
ernmcnt is Interested in all matters
aHcctinS the conduct of the war and
methods of rcprisals by any OF tho bel
lScrcnts. even though no American
citizens should nc immediately in
volvcd.
interest in reports that other Ger
man merchant ships may visit the
United States was indicated by dis
patch sent by tho department to-day
10 the American consul at Bremen, in
Guiring why he did not conidcrtially
advise the Washington government OF
the sailing OF the Deutschland.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-07-13
:. s. DEPUTY MARSHAL.
HELD BY MEXICANS

NoGALES. ARIZ.. July 12-w. II.
sehweibz. held here in connection with
an alleged violation OF the neutrality
laws. escaped across the Mexican bor-
der to-day. and Brad Duncan. deputy
United States marshal. who pursued
him. was arrested by Mexican authori-
ties and is being held in Nogalcs, So
nora
Schweibz, who claimed to he A for
mcr German army officer, was walking
near the line in Ouncan's custody when
suddenly he jumped across the from
tier. boarded waiting railway motor
car and made his escape TO rhe sonth,
while a Mexican soldier detained Dun
can.
Colonel Sage, commanding the United
states troops Immediately instituted
negotiations for the release of the
deputy marshal
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-07-13
GERMANS ATTACK CALAIS
Aeroplancs Drop Bombs on Channel
Port and Army Fin
Cnnipmcnts.

BERLIN. July 12 (by Sayville) Two
German aeroplanes made an attack on
the channel port of Calais on Monday
night. it was announced officially to-
day. They dropped bombs on the port
and on army cncampments.
The Admiralty gave out the fol-
lowing:
Two German naval aeroplanes on
the night Of July 10-l1 dropped bombs
on Calais and the troop camps at
Bray Dunes (near the Belgian from
tier). The aeroplanes returned un-
dana ged."