davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1916-08-29

WASHINGTON, Aug. 20 -
President Wilson addressed the
joint session OF congress this aft
eInOon. He reviewed the strike
situation and recommended: An
mediate provision for the en-
largement Of the administrative
reorganization of the interstate
commerce commission, enabling
the commission TO perform its du-
ties with prOmptness now prac-
tically impossible: the establish
ment of an eight hour day for all
railroad employees operating
trains interstate; the authOriza-
ton for the presidential appoint
ment of a commission to study
the eight hour days results, re-
porting to congress at the earliest
possible moment without rec
concentrations: congressional ap-
prOvaI for an interstate COM
merce commission for the investi-
CATION of the proposed freight
rate increases TO meet the rail-
roads additional expeditures as a
result Of the shorter day: sthe
amendment of the federal law
providing for mediation by add
ing clause making full pub
lie inquiry compulsory before
strike or lockout may be declar-
ed: empowering the president in
event of military necessity for
taking control of the rolling stock
necessary for military service
OUTLINES HIS EFFORTS.
Wilson outlined in etaiI his
efforts to effect settlement. He
declared the negotiations had re-
suited in a complete deadlock
and asserted the country faces "a
great national calamity, with cit
les cut off from food and the ma
tiOn's commerce paPalyzed
He said: countless thousands
may be brought to the very point
'Of starvation"
The republicans indicated they
might need considerable time to
debate the program. Admins
tration officials believe all Iegts-
latiOn will pass within ten days.
DECLARES STRIKE NEAR.
Wilson also said: THE strike Is
imminent. 1t has been set for the
fourth day of September next. IL
affects men running freight trains
on practically every railway in the
country. 4 national tragiCal ca
lamity is imminent, to be added
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1916-08-29
NnoN ASKS LEGISLATION THAT WILL EITHER
AVERT RAILROAD STRIKE OR GIVE HIM THE
POWER Of MILITARY DRAFT IN CASE OF NEED
STRIKE LAWS
TO BE DRAFTED

After comforting with Presi-
dent Wilson senator NewIands
said the following legislation
would be drafted Immediately:
A law providing for an eight
hour day.
A law providing for a COM
mission to investigate all the
facts relative to the application
of the eight hour day to the
railroads.
4 law empowering the inter-
state commerce commission to
consider wage increases in fix
ing the freight rates.
\ law providing for a COM
mission TO investigate all dis
putcs and prohibiting strikes
and lOckOuts until the inquiry is
ended.
4 law empowering Wilson to
draft men into service for mill.
tary operation Of the railroads.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1916-08-29

Speaker Champ Clark is going to
make an extended stumping tour for
the candidacy of Woodrow Wilson but
he is not going to let the democratic
party pay even his travelling expens-
es. This surprising news was made
public when the democratic national
committee received from Speaker
Clark check which had been sent
him 10 defray his expenses on a
speaking trip to Maine.
Making speeches for the party
and paying my own expenses, is the
only way l can contribute to the
cause" said the democratic chieftain.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1916-08-29
.PENDLETONIANS TO
ACCOM- ANY QUEEN
President Brock Urges Local People
to Attend the Regatta Over Which
Queen Mur.el VIII Reign.

In order that Pendleton may be
properly represented at the Astoria
Regatta over which Miss Muriel Sal
ing queen OF the 1915 Roundup,
will reign, President Brock of the
| Commercial association is asking such
local citizens as possibly can to be
present at the 21st annual water fete
OF the "City by the Sea"
Without asking any money or Ell
fort from Pendleton people, Astoria
named Pendleton girl as queen o.
her festival and President Brock be-
lieves the best appreciation of this
honor would be a big attendance at
the Regatta from this city. The
Roundup and Commercial associa-
ton will both send official represen
tatives and number of others have
already signified their intention OF
going down. d. H. Nelson has been
named as one of the honorary seamen
OF the admirals fleet. He is now at
Seaside and will enlist the Pendleton
people there to join the delegation
going down for the event.
There are no special rates to the
Regatta but the roundtrip rate to Sea-
side may be used. The O.-W. r.. K
n. roundtrip rate is $1S.15 and the
Northern Pacific $1S.75.
Queen Muriel and her mother will
leave wednesday night for Portland
and the following evening will EN-
bark upon Admiral Cronan's flag
ship, IT. j. Potter" ror Astoria, The
admirals full staff King Neptune
and Governor withycombe, will also
be aboard.
+. {. Harley, chairman of the Re
gatta, will turn over his own beauti-
full home overlooking the harbor as
the official residence of queen Muriel
and her mother. The royal automo-
bile will he at her disposal at all
times.
Coronation Friday A. VI.
The admirals flagship will arrive
at the queens quay in Astoria at 5
a. III. Friday morning and big re-
ttItltH WILL Rt SlNNlA AAAN ~ "a t'N'A =
Queen Muriel will be crowned at $50,
the exercises to be in charge of Ad-
miral Cronan and King Neptune She
will then be taken to witness the boat
races and acQuatic sports At noon
she will attend a luncheon for the
governor and state officials. Follows
ing the luncheon she Will be taken in
the royal auto to see the sights of the
city At 2 p. m. Admiral Cronan and
start will pay formal call to the
queen at the royal castle. Al 9 in
the evening the admirals and queen
bali at the docks will be the big fea-
ture.
second Day.
AT 10 a. m. Saturday queen Murie!
and her attendants will pay a formal
call upon the admiral on board the
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1916-08-29
ASTORIA Halls QUEEN MURIEL
MERRY REGATTA is PREDICTED

ASTORIA, Aug. 2S.-(SpeciaD-
The Morning Astorian says editorially
today
Hail to Muriel. Queen of the twenty
first Astoria regatta, and hail to the
live city Of Pendleton in which she
resides. To use a rather unattractive,
but very expressive phrase therell be
a big time when Pendleton and Port
land Join the other cities of the CO.
lumbia basin at Astoria the first of
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1916-08-29

NEW YORK, Aug. 29.-ATrs Will
liam Einstein, a prominent sociolo-
gical worker is one of the committee
of twelve organized to combat the
vice problem in New York City, since
the marvellous revelations of Yushe
Botwin, who has confessed his part in
the operation of the white slave
trust"
The committee will aid in the prose
cution Of white slavers and take
steps toward the, establishment of
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1916-08-29

next month. Let the word go forth
that Astoria is prepared To do them
honor and to make their visit a merry
one. While there Is many a real dau-
ghter Of Astoria who would grace the
reigning throne OF the annual regatta.
the fates could not have ordained a
better order OF things than the eiec-
ton Of Muriel. four times queen "
northwestern carnival events a beau
tlful and gracious monarch and As
toria is happy 20 do her honor"
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1916-08-29
FOREST FIRE NEAR
MEACHAM; REPORT
DISTRICT FIRE WARDEN LEAVES
FOR SCENE-BLAZE SAID TO
BE IN DANGEROUS SECTION.

A forest fire is reported to be raging
near MeaCham. In response to a call
Frank w Connor district state fire
warden passed through Pendleton this
morning en- route to the scene of the
blaze, w. w, Cryder, Umatilla forest
supervisor, says that the fire is in a
very bad section since there is lots of
Gown timber because the forest has
been cut over at this place.
These forests are outside the domain
of the forest reserve.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1916-08-29

WASHINGTON, D. C. Aug. 2s.-It
became known this morning that
President Wilson planned to go before
congress at 2:SO with a complete plan
for legislation to avert a strike or to
check a strike if one should start.
The white house proposal is for legis-
lation requiring the eight hour law
en- railroads. allowing the commerce
commission to consider wage sched-
uleS when fixing rates and law en-
powering the president to draft train
men for the military operation of the
railroads if necessity should arise. 1t
is said the president conferred not
only with the senate and house chair
man but also with Attorney General
rGegory and Commerce Commissioner
Clark upon this subject.
1t is reported Wilson told the four
Brotherhood heads last night Il in,
tend to get through a measure EN-
power.ng me TO draft into the SER
vice men for the military operation
OF railroads You will be the first
ones I'll draft
Garretsou denied ,nat Wilson made
such statement. He also denied the
report that Wilson had criticised the
Brotherhoods for setting the strike
date for September 4 while negot.a-
tions were still progressing
1t is learned that tour Brotherhood
Continued ON PAGE
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1916-08-29
CONTINUED on Page :
PORTLAND FIRM BUYS
$4,000 BEND BONDS

BEND, Or, Aug. &c. E. Miller
& Co. Of Portland were the successful
bidders today for the &25, 900 bond is
sue voted last Friday by the voters Of
school district No. 70, IN which Bend
is situated.
The Portland concerns bid was at
par and premium of 3511, P. A. Gill
more represented the company.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1916-08-29
GERMAN OFFICIALS
QUIT THEIR OFFICES
JAGOW AND ZIMMERMAN SAID TO
HAVE RESIGNED BECAUSE OF
ROUMANIA'S ACT.

HAGUE, Aug. 29--It is reported
among the diplomats that Foreign
Secretary Jagow and Under Secretary
Zimmerman have resigned as a result
of Roumanias act. The report said
the German chancellor had accepted
the designations
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1916-08-29

to the other distresses Of the
period" He explained his own
position in the controversy as "a
friend of both parties. A repre-
sentative Of one hundred million
men, women and children who
would pay the incalculAble
price"
He advocated the eight hour
day and said: THE eight hour day
is judged by the thought and ex-
perience of recent years as the
thing upon which society is jus
tilted in insisting ON i'm the inter-
ests Of health. efficiency. cOhtent-
ment and the general increase OF
economic vigOr. The whole pre-
sumption of modern experience
favors it."
He declared the trainmens rep
resentatives had accepted his plan
but the railway representatives
had rejected it.
RAILROADS CRITICIZED.
Regarding the railroads wilson
said: They feel the hostile in
fluence of shippers, who would
oppose the increased freight rates
caused by readjustment. They
apparently feel no. confidence in
the interstate commerce commits
sion. They don't care 20 rely on
the friendly assurances of con-
gress or the president. They have
thought il best that they should
he forced to yield II they must
yield, not by counsel, but by the
suffering of the country" He
severely criticized the railroads
saying: THE railway managers
rejected my counsel feeling they
must. at any cost. stand for the
arbitration which the men re-
jected. To stand firm for arbi-
tratiOn and vet not get aPbitra-
ton, seemed to me futile, and
something more than futile. 1t in
wolves incalculable distress upon
the country and consequences in
some respects worse than war
war in the midst of peace"
After the speech the railway
brotherhood leaders indicated the
address had not altered their de-
termination to strike Monday un-
less an agreement was reached
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1916-08-29
TWO GAR. MEMBERS
DIE At EKCAMPMENT
Fifteen Thousand Veterans Already in
Attendance at Golden Jubilee>-TO-
tai Of 10. 900 are Expected.

KANSAS CITY, Aug. 29,--Fifteen
thousand veterans attended the fifth
eth Grand Army encampment. The
national council administration and
credentials committee, met Officials
predicted the attendance would total
forty thousand before the first general
session.
Two veterans died of heart disease.
There are Red Cross stations at several
downtown points. A semi-official
meeting will be held in the conven-
tion hall tonight Governor Capper
of Kansas, delivers the welcome ad-
dress
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1916-08-29

amusement centers under proper
chaperonage where young people
may safely congresate
The committee consists of Mrs.
William Eiustein Mrs. William Grant
Brown. Miss Alice G. Smith, Miss
Florence Guernsey, Mrs. Daniel F.,
Murphy, Mrs Walston Hill Brown,
Mrs. Charles Austin Bares, Mrs. Nor
timer Menken, Mrs Mary Masters
Needham, Mrs. Julian Heath, Judge
Aaron J. Levy and the Rev DR.,
Charles A. Eaton.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1916-08-29
PRESIDENT SIGNS
ARMY, ,NAVYAND
PHILIPPINE BILLS

WASHINGTON, Aug. 29.-
President Wilson signed the
army, navy. Philippine and bill
Of lading bills. The hundreds
of spectators Included Secretary
Baker, cOngressmen and prom
incnt Fflipinos.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1916-08-29

LONDON, Aug. 2S.-Eghty thou
sand ROumanlans are advancing
against Hungary. They are marching
in cIockwOrk schedule. The Germans
are also moving swiftly The gener-
al staff shifted its troops eastward 10
reinforce the Austrians and meet the
IlOumanian offensive hours before
ROumania declared War.
Bucharest dispatches declared the
ItOumanians had successfully attack
cd the whole TeutOnic front A Rome
wireless message said that German
and Turkish officers had been assassi-
mated in Sofia.
GERMANY MAKES PREPARA-
TIONS.
A Copenhagen dispatch said Ger
many was preparing 10 fight Greece
and the Greeks are leaving Germany
Diplomats believe the war is lneyit-
able Chancellor HOllweg receives
the Greek minister tomorrow
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1916-08-29
President Appears Before Congress This Afternoon
and Urges Quick Passage Of Strike Laws Would
Operate Trains by Military Compulsion # Walk
out Materialzes
RAILROAD HEADS PRESENT THEIR COUNTER PROPOSAL

Brotherhoods VIII Submit Decision
to wilson Today-Rail Officials
Seem Convinced of Strike-WOuidI
Let 1t Come and Show Nation the
Workings of Industrial World.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1916-08-29

Local.
Roundup program announced.
Road TO Pilot Rock 20 be strawcd.
Fire causes small loss.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1916-08-29
GREAT BATTLE IMMINENT.
CARL ACKERMAN.1


BERLIN, Aug, "a great battle
on the Roumanan frontier is immi-
nent Patrol skirmshes mark the be-
ginning Of an important engagement
The Tageblatt reported that Rouma-
MIA had been concentrating large
forces on the frontier for several days.
The Teutons are massed in heavy bod
les ready to meet the anticipated
smash Chancellor Hollweg conferred
with leading ministers,
GERMAN PAPERS CALM.
Berlin newspapers manifested re-
straint in commenting on the Rou-
manian declaration. German critics
generally believe Roumania will not
play an important part in military
affairs. 1t may possibly be necessary
to reProup the central powers forces.
The Local Anziger emphasizes that
Roumania does not affect the food
situation because Roumania has ex-
ported little food to the Teutons re-
Gently. The AnZger announces that
Mackensen is commanding the Teu-
torNc Balkan armies
Editorinlly II said THE people Of
the extended entente will find us ready
t. meet the new situation. Macken-
zen now begins his bloody work in the
Palkaus. The time has come to reap
the harvest of long months of quiet
preparation.
PROCLAMATION \ SURPRISE.
Kronstadt dispatches said that since
SUNDAY an unbroken procession OF
German and Austrian refugees had
been crossing the border from Rou-
mania. They asserted the war decla-
ration had completely surprised the
Roumanian people. The refugees said
a strong Russian army threatened to
invade unless the Roumanians Joined
the allies.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1916-08-29
Liverpool

Liverpool.
LIVERPOOL Aug. 2S.-Wheat--
Spot No. ! Manitoba, l5S ($2.lS per
buD; Ne. >. 14s lid; No. red vest
ern winter l5c.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1916-08-29
10000 ROUMANIANS ADVANCING
SWIFTLY AGAINST HUNGARIANS|
German General Staff Shifts Its Troops to Eastward
to Reinforce Austrians-Bucharest Dispatch Says
Whole Teutonic Front Was Successfully Attacked
GERMAA OFFICERS ARE ASSASSNATED At SOFIA

Fight Balkan
Country
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1916-08-29
NEWS SUNNI MARY

General
ROumanians start Hungary inya.
sion.
Two G. A. r vetenns die at en-.
campment.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1916-08-29

BERLIN, Aug. 2O.-It Is an.
nOunced u battle of TeutOns
against the Russians and ROuIna-
nLOns Is raging In the Carpathlans.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1916-08-29
AusTRIANs ARE WITHDRAWING

AUSTItIANS ARE WITHDRAWING
ROME, Aug. 29.--Italian critics as
serted complete Austrian evacu-
alton of Montenegro and Albania was
the first result of Roumania's decla-
ration. They predicted an early Aus
trian collapse.
Austria withdrew her whole army
corps from Montenegro and Albania
during the last six weeks to check the
Continued on Page 5.)
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1916-08-29
WHEAT UP THREE
CENTS CHICAGO;
PORTLAND ALSO

CHICAGO, Aug. 2s.-(Special TO the
East Oregonian) Range of prices to-
day;
Open High. Low. Close
Sept. S141 $l45 sl40is $l.43Z
Dec. $144 S1.4SS S1.+3S $l.4T4
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1916-08-29
Portland,

Portland,
PORTLAND, Ore. Aug. 29.-(Speci
ab-Club $l23; blueStem $l.2I.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1916-08-29
10 ADVERTISERS

The East Oregonan has the largest bona
hde and guaranteed paid circulation OF any
paper In Oregon, east Of Portland and -
far the largest circulation In Pendleton OF
ny newspaper.
The Lakeland evening telegram. (Lakeland, Fla.) 1911-1922, 1916-02-05
Gracious Manners,

The charm of gracious manners and
consideration for other human beings
is a quality that develops rapidly il
given half chance. The woman who
is always kind creates an atmosphere
of loneliness that is like halo about
her head. If you are naturally shy
and reticent, it is all the more neces-
sary that you should endeavor to shine
a bit. It is not lack of pleasant
thoughts that worries the self-con-
scious, but the fear of giving express
sion to them. You must try to make
yourself companionable to others.
The Lakeland evening telegram. (Lakeland, Fla.) 1911-1922, 1916-02-05
REED ROBSON .

I hereby announce myself as can
didate for reelection to the Office Of
superintendent of Public Instruction
of Polk County, subject to the action
of the voters at the forthcoming
Democratic primary.
In making my announcement for
this important Office, l desire to
thank my friends for their hearty
support accorded me in the past and
assure them if reelected l will con-
tinue to strive as in the past to make
the schools of Poly county second to
none in the State.
Yours for faithful service,
c. A PARKER.
The Lakeland evening telegram. (Lakeland, Fla.) 1911-1922, 1916-02-05
FOR TAX COLLECTOR

desire to take this method of
announcing my candidacy for the
office of tax collector Of Polk coun-
ty subject to the action of the DEM
ocraric primary.
II honored with this office, it will
be my most earnest desire to render
at all times effective, efficient and
faithful service.
Your vote and influence solicited.
Respectfully yours,
4914 J. c.. OWENS.
The Lakeland evening telegram. (Lakeland, Fla.) 1911-1922, 1916-02-05
TO THE DEMOCRATIC VOTERS
OF POLK COUNTY, FLORIDA

l hereby announce my candidacy
to succeed myself as clerk of the cir
suit court Of Polk county. Florida,
subject to the action of the Demo-
cratic primary Of June 6, 1916.
Should be favored with the nomi-
nation l will conduct the affairs of
the Office to the best of my ability,
as have done in the past.
Respectfully,
J. A. JOHNSON.
The Lakeland evening telegram. (Lakeland, Fla.) 1911-1922, 1916-02-05
Rather Hard on Father.

Among the Waiwai tribe of the
Amazon basin, as among several 9th
ers, the curious custom of the couvade
prevails; that is, when child is born
the father takes to his hammock and
remains there for a month. During
this time he refrains from all strong
food and the women wait upon him
as an invalid. Meantime the mother
Of the child goes about her work
Nature Life in the Amazon Wilder
ness" in Travel.
The Lakeland evening telegram. (Lakeland, Fla.) 1911-1922, 1916-02-05
FOR STATE AND COUNTY :.
TAX ASSESSOR

To the Voters of Polk County;
Gentlemen hereby announce my
candidacy for reelection to the Of
flee of State and County Tax Assess
or, subject to the action of the Dem
ocratic primary. II elected l prom
Use a faithful performance of the du-
ties required by this most important
position. stand for equal taxes for
all classes and l earnestly solicit
your votes. Thanking you for your
hearty support in the past, remain
Yours very respectfully.
1888 J. j. BOYNTON.
The Lakeland evening telegram. (Lakeland, Fla.) 1911-1922, 1916-02-05
FOR SHERIFF.

l hereby announce myself a can
didate for the Office of sheriff of Polk
county, Florida, subject to the ac-
tion Of the Democratic primary of
1916.
If honored with the Office will
render faithful and honorable SER
vics. JOHN r. VIRGINS.
The Lakeland evening telegram. (Lakeland, Fla.) 1911-1922, 1916-02-05
When Movino RuoS.

In packing rugs, when moving, al
ways sprinkle with powdered alum
and fold a few moth balls in when
rolling them. Then, If not used i'm
mediately, as is sometimes the case,
there is no danger of their being de-
stroyed by pests.-The Mothers Mag
azine.
The Lakeland evening telegram. (Lakeland, Fla.) 1911-1922, 1916-02-05
Political Announcements
FOR SHERIFF

l hereby announce myself a candi-
date for sheriff of Polk county, sub
ject to the action of the Democratic
primary election, June 9Th. If my
conduct of the Office has been salts
factory, l will appreciate the votes
and support of the citizens, promis-
ing them that if reelected, l will
redouble efforts to discharge the
duties of sheriff to the satisfaction
of the people. Respectfully.
JOHN LOGAN
The Lakeland evening telegram. (Lakeland, Fla.) 1911-1922, 1916-02-05
Too Much Enthusiasm for IdIeness.

Long ago Robert Stevenson sug-
gested that lad who played truant
might be doing himself more good
than he who never missed a lecture.
Now we hear a professor declaring
I'VE are prone to forget that the
twin gifts of youth are enthusiasm
and idleness." All our young people
are terrifically in earnest about some
thing or other. But they have not
much chance of idleness. Even their
games are SO organized that sport it.
self begins to be a systematic bust
ness. London Telegraph.
The Lakeland evening telegram. (Lakeland, Fla.) 1911-1922, 1916-02-05
FOR REPRESENTATIVE

To the Democratic Voters Of Polk
County, Florida:
hereby announce my candidacy
for the Office of representative from
Polk county in the legislature, sub
ject to the Democratic primary.
G. M. TRAMMELL.
The Lakeland evening telegram. (Lakeland, Fla.) 1911-1922, 1916-02-05
FOR COUNTY ASSESSOR

| hereby announce myself candi-
date for the office of Assessor for
Polk county, subject to the action of
the Democratic party. earnestly
solicit the support and votes of the
electors, promising the best service
OF which I am capable should they
honor me with this position.
Respectfully,
J. HARRIS LANCASTER
The Lakeland evening telegram. (Lakeland, Fla.) 1911-1922, 1916-02-05
FOR THE OFFICE
OF COUNTY ASSESSOR

To the Voters Of Polk County:
l hereby announce myself a can
didate for the Office of county tax as
SCISSOR, subject to the action of the
Democratic primary; and will appre-
ciate the support of all electors who
desire an equalization of taxes.
Yours to serve,
ARNOLD C. ARMISTEAD.
The Lakeland evening telegram. (Lakeland, Fla.) 1911-1922, 1916-02-05
The baIkans.

The Balkans proper form the boun.
dairy between Bulgaria and eastern
Roumania. The ridge is crossed by
some 80 passes, of which Shipka is the
most noted in history. In the war of
1877 it was the scene of desperate
fighting between the Russians and
Turks.