davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Colorado statesman., 1916-05-27

In communication to the Balti-
more News. w. H. Holtzclaw, princi-
pal of the Utica Normal and Industrial
institute. Utica, Miss, writes:
I have read your editorial of No
vember is. entitled, Booker T. Wash
ington's Field" have found it very
interesting, but there are some points
in 1t which l feel ought to be ampli-
lied, to say the least. 1t is for this
reason that l venture to write you
this letter.
for instance, you make a compari-
son between the Northern Negro and
the Southern Negro, and you state
that the southern's Negroes progress
IN 30 years has not been relatively
commensurate with that of the North
ern Negro during the half century of
his freedom. You were kind enough
however, to give some very valuable
reasons for this. The facts which
have at my command, however, and
which can be had from the United
states census. convince me that TAX
ing everything under consideration
the Southern Negroes progress during
the past so years has far surpassed
that OF even the Connecticut Negro
OF whom you speak. We ought not
overlook the fact that the Southern
Negro is making progress under tre-
mendous diff ficulties-among them is
the matter of education. The Con-
necticut Negro has paid, on the edu.
cation of each of his children, out of
public funds, for any given year, more
than 15 times as much as we Negroes
of the far South receive per capita.
Besides, he has educational facili-
ties For SO years the Negroes have
had here in the South the poorest
kind OF opportunities to educate them
selves-school terms being from three
to five months in length, and the cot
ton fields taking up the remainder
OF the time of our children. Besides,
when they do attend school, the ia
cilities are often so poor that it is al
most equal to no school at all. II
requires a boy 26 years to complete
a common school course under the cir
cumstances. There is often no more
than the wreck of a log cabin with no
heating apparatus. and but the DOOR
est improvised blackboards, and little
or no protection from the elements.
The teacher presiding over such a
school is often paid as low as $40 a
month (that is the case in my own
county, for five months, and out of
which she has to pay not less than 81
month for board. If this sounds
extravagant. have only to invite your
/ attention to the latest annual report
of the superintendent of education of
this state and Louisiana. 1t cannot
be expected under such conditions that
the Negroes will make satisfactory
progress.
But this is not the worst. There
are, according to the United States
census. about 100000 Negro children
in the South who cannot get into even
the poor schools that l have just men,
toned That is to say So per cent of
the Negro children of the South, ac-
cording to the United States census,
attend no school at all.
The Colorado statesman., 1916-05-27

Electrical machinery is used almost
exclusively in a Philadelphia ice
cream factory that turns out 10000
quarts day.
The Colorado statesman., 1916-05-27

Sudan grass yields from one to
eight tons of cured hay an acre.
The Colorado statesman., 1916-05-27
FEARFUL CARNAGE MARKS THE
DRIVE OF 6AvAkIANs IN
DEATH GRAPPLE.
KEY To VERDUk DEFENSE
IMPORTANT STRONGHOLD LOST
BY FRENCH AFTER SERIES
OF FURIOUS ATTACKS.

Newspaper Union News Service.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-12-11
MAY BUILD WHOLE FLEET
OF MERCHANT SUBMARINES

WASHINGTON, December lo.-Coiu-
cident with word OF the safe arrival
OF tho mcrchan; submarine Deutsch-
land off IN. Weser. IL was learned here
to-day that she will start back to
America almost immediately. Her de-
parturc on another transocean voyage
is expected soon as repairs made
necessary by her collision with n tug
off New London shortly before her de-
parture for Germany. are completed.
In fact. il was noised around in the
Capital to-day. that so successful have
the Two voyages of the Deutschland
been. that an entire feet OF commercial
submarines plying between Germany
and all neutral ports of Importance is
an early possibility.
II was learned to-day THAI the 81
100000 carGe OF tho Deutschland on
the voyage just completed was COM
posed OF rubber. nickel. silver and tin.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-12-11
Labor for Pay Increase
to All y. S. Employees
tnv Aasnciatch rrcss. l

~.
WASHINGTON. December iQ.-An
organized effort, directed by tho
American Federation Of I.nbor. to
Induce Congress- to grant wage md
nalRr! increases to all employees OF
the United states government, from
President Wilson down to tho hum
hlest lnbOrcr. WINS planned at n
meeting here to-day presided over
hy samuel Gomper-, president OF
the federation.
RESOLUTIONS ucrc adopted settling
forth thnt government sninries have
not kept pnc~ with tho COS, of me-
rrs~itIrs Of life. mud directing thnt
tonErcrs b~ p-titioncd to Ernnt in
rrcHscs ranging from 10 Ia 33I-:l
per cent to government employers,
whether In or out Of tho ciyiI srr-
Nirr. Mr.. t.Onpcrs WINS authorized
to appoint committees to urge the
cnusc before ConErrss. The reso-
iuti0ns nRrcrd to inciudc n scnI~
of inrrensr- which will he embodied
In the pInn to be prcrsed. II would
provide 33 I-3 prr cent increases for
those receiving less than ST 900 mr.
nnnum, % per cent fur thosc re-
c~IvinE S1.000, but less than $1,000,
20 per cent for those receiving
Si.5tn. hut less than $4,000: 10 nor
cent for those receiving $1,000 or
more. No employee paid by the day
should receive less rhnn 81: II pnid
ny the month. less than S8O, or
si.OSo IL pnid by the ycnr.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-12-11
WAR SEEMS QUESTION
OF EORTN-EIEII'r HOURS

AMSTERDAM, December lo.-War
between Greece and the cntcntc allies
tonight seems 4 question Of forty
eight hours.
On The eve OF the great climax to
the endless series Of crises. 4 climax
that will at last see the Hellenic ma
,ion plunged into the world-war,
though not on the side to which II has
SO often been reported as leaning, King
Constantine has turned to Garrett
Droppcrs. United states minister at
Athens. The monarch has just hidden
farcwcll-pcrhaps for the last time in
pcace--to the British and Russian min
listers. after an extended audience.
when he sent for Mr.. Droppcrs.
There is every indication To support
an unofficial dispatch that the repre-
sentatives OF the allies had handed
Constantine an ultmatum.
What passed between the King and
the American diplomatist probably will
he the secret Of the Washington state
Department for some time. Tomorrow,
however. Mr.. Droppcrs may he called
upon to take over the representation
of entente interests in Greece.
IT is assumed here that in his talk
with the American minister the Greek
ruler made one last attempt TO make
clear TO the neutral world. through
the United states, the case OF Greece
in the greatest crisis of her history.
Meanwhile, reports from German
sources continue 10 predict Greek in
tervention on the side of the central
empires. one dispatch states that
wireless communication has been re-
established between Greece and Turkey.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-12-11
TEUTONS STILL. MAKING
PROGRESS IN ROUMNNIt
Try Associated Press !


Little iGntinG. except by the artii-
lery. is in progress On any of the
fronts eXccp, in Roumania. Here the
Tcutouic allies. according to Berlin.
are still making progress in Eastern
Wallachia.
Fetrograd asserts. however, that the
Ronmanians northeast Of Bukh;. ~cs.
along the road running from Ploechti
to Ruzcu have turned Oh the offensive.
and driven the Austro-Gcrman forces
back westward. TO the north. along
the Transylvanian Roumanian frontier.
PetroGrad reports progress for The
Russian troops, and Berlin admits the
capture by the Russians OF a hsigh,
south OF the Trotus Valley.
y move by the RulSarians, which
maH prove 4 menace 10 the Roumau-
ians retreatnE eastward from the
bucharest region. is reported by Bc,-
lin. This is the crossing OF the Danube
between Silistria and TchernavoGu
southeast and east OF Eukharest II
ii was made in large force seeming
ly an impediment will be placed in the
way Of the retirement OF the Rournan-
ianS. and possibly some Of them may
oc caught between the Austro- German
forces moving east and the B.Ilgarians
uiINlEE noTln across their line of re-
treat.
Scmiohiciai advces from Berlin saw
that ;h, Roumanians have lost approx
imatcly li2.Go0 men made prisoner
since Rounania's entry into the war.
and suffered casualties estimate at
about 100000.
Aside from Cerman attack in the
"osges region near Col Sainte Marie
which was repu!sed by the French.
ana the recapture by the Germans OF
a sap in Champagne the French had
entered after its evacuation only bom-
bardments. ana rGnpr engagements
have taken place along the line in
France and Belgium
Berlin records the rcpulsc by tho
Tcutonic allies OF heavy attack bv
the entente troops north and east OF
Monastir. Serbia, while Paris reports
the capture 10y the British south OF
Seres. Greece. of Turkish positions.
violent bombardment is in prog
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-12-11
PLACES HIMSELF
IN POSITION CLOSE
TO DICTATORSHIP
Lloyd George Gives Out Of
fetal List of New
Cabinet.
ONLY FEW MINOR CHANGES
FROM UNOFFICIAL FORECAST
Far More Power in Hands of
Prime Minister Than British
System Has Ever Known.
FIVE MEN on WAR COUNCIL
Policy OF New Government to I,c Dc
clared In House Of Com
mons on Tuesday.
France Also TO Have
Small War Council

PARIS, December iO.-Frnncr
Will have small war council AMI
smnll~r Cabinet. probably by
Iuesdny. This IL announced In
scmioii iilniRi note issued Tonight.
which snyr. however. nothing nhout
changes I'm high military commnnd.
The notes reads:
"After the adoption hy tho cham
b~r Of Deputies of resolution OF
confidence I'm the government. which
cloned the deliberations In secret
session, the Premier WAX con,pciIcd
70 c0nRfd~r certain numbcr OF
measures drstinrd to rrnItzr the
Indications contained In the rc,o-
lutiona.
at II expected thnt n definite dc
rision VIII he rench~d on T,,rs,lny.
resnitinS In diminution in the
number OF m-inhrr. ~ the Cabinet
"nd the Constitution OF restricted
national committee ~ Ia EnrInnd.,-
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-12-11
No Offer Of Peace
or Mediation Made
to European Nations
New Warning Sent Out
10 Er tente Shipping

NEW iONk. December tO.-t
heavily nrmcd steamship. 6ttcd with
torpedo tubes, hns becn sIEi,tcd
about 500 miles north Of tho Azores.
In tho middle Of the xtrnmship lane,
according to wireless wnrninE
flashed Tonight to merchant vessels
OF the entente Miles by n british or
French cruiser lying of sandy
Hook.
The mcssnEe. w hich wns FIRST scnr
in English nnd then In Italian. snid:
.SiEhted 4. VI. December &.
longitude dS.I3 north. latitude 27.5.
west. a steamer OF nbnIt I.pnO tons,
310 feet long md forty-HV~ feet
beam. Vessel well armed and fitted
with torpedo tubes. Had one short,
broad funnel and two mn.ts.
Steamer probably high speed. Take
nil prccuutions.''
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-12-11
ENTENTE ALLIES
WILL NOT BROOK
FURTHER DELAY
King Constantine Must De-
eide Course He Pro-
poses to Follow.
ULTIMATUM ALREADY
MAY BE IN HIS HANDS
American Minister Called to Con-
ference With Ruler
of Greece.
CRITICAL MOMENT At HAND
German Sources Continue to Predict
Intervention on Side Of
Central Powers.
IRy AssnciateI rrce..l

LONDON, D"cnmber l0."It is un-
dcrstood ON reliable authority that an
entcntc ultima,um will 10 presented 10
Greece ON sunday" says Kcu,cr'a
Athens correspondent, t"lcgraphing
under Saturdays date.
The Eritish and Russian minister's
had an audience with the kiug to-day
and subsequently, the King summon
cd tho American minister. The p.r-
sonal baggage OF the entente diplo-
matis;S has been sent to riracus''
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-12-11
MCCORMICK AT WHITE HOUSE
Accompanies President mud Mrs. Will
son to Church In Morning mud on
Auto Ride In Afternoon.

WASHINGTON. December 10.--Prcsi-
dent and Mrs. Wilson were accom-
panied to church this morning by
Vance Mccormick. chairman OF the
Democratic National COMMITTEES. who
has been q guest al the White House
for the last four days.
In the afternoon. the President and
his wife. With Air. McCori lick. went for
long automobile ride through the
iocnl parks and along the Maryland
roads.
Mr.. Mccormick is expected 20 re-
main At the White House until the
middle of the week, when he plans to
go to New York
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-12-11
STTI ALTON ~ ATHENS
AT CRITICAL. STAGE
IRy Associated Press. ]

fN NSSo'ih'th E'SsI
ATHENS Saturday. December tvil
London. December lo).--The situation
here is believed to he approaChin u
critical moment Garrett troopers. the
American minister. was in conferences
with King Constantine more than an
hour to-day. The Spanish minister
has left for Valencia. oSt"usitly on
leave OF absence. placing tn" legation
in the hands OF the charge daftaircs.
All tn" entente nationals have been or
dercd by their legations TO quit Athens
to-day.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-12-11
WILL WATCH OrpOHTt NITN
no OFFER MEDIATION

The government will watch an op-
portunity to offer mediation with a
Zcaiousness that could not fail 20 come
from the chance To put an end TO the
most calamitouS war in history. When
official reports from all sides indicate
that such movement might succeed
1t will hc scrutiniZrd very carefully be-
fore being attempted. tntil then. un-
founded agitation by persons not in
position To know the Fundamental and
decisive attitude OF the bclligcrcnt ma
tions is regarded as best calculated to
defeat the very ends in view
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-12-11
MCCOY HEARING TO-DAY
Charged with Conspiracy to D"frnud
Government Out Of Whisky
Revenue.
IBy Associated Press |

JACKSONVILLE FLA. December 10
-rhonaS G. Mccoy. originally from
Ash"Nillc. y. e.. who is charged with
conspiracy 10 ucfraud the government
OUT of revenue from whisky distilled
H. Fort Smith. Ark. viii hc given n
preliminary hearing here tomorrow
before the United states commissioner.
Mccoy is under q 81 900 bond for his
appearance here. THE defendant, /: is
said. will fight cxtradition to Fort
Smith.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-12-11
tBy A.rocIn,.t prc.s

LONDON. December lo-The onct.I
rs, nr IN. ,o,. ~
"'"''''"' i"re'hs'
NJ" W." or three minor changes.
Lloyd George, Lord Miner. Earl cur
zon. Ron,r I.,u ,ud ,,h ,I,
,o
'"e war
""'''e'' VIM" me others who ordi-
nartlv have h.cu dcsiun,tc1 n. f.,h,
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-12-11
EARL CURzON TO WED
Engagement Of Former Niccroy OF
India TO Mrs. Alfred DugEan
Announced.
TBy Associated Press. !

LONDON, December l0.-The engage
ment is announced of Earl Cur2on OF
kcdicston. former Niccroy OF India.
and Mrs. j. Evilina DuGGan. widow OF
Alfred DuEgan. If Buenns Aires. Mrs.
DuGgan is the eldest daughter of The
late j. Munroc Kinds. formerly Ameri-
can minister to Brazil
Earl Curzon is n widower In 1895
he married Mary Victoria. daughter OF
the late Levi Il. Letter. OF Chicago and
Washington. Lady Curzon died in 1905.
Three daughters were born OF this
union.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-12-11
OPERA CHORUS ON STRIKE
Male Singers In Chicago
Company Refuse to 60 On for
Second Act,
GBy Associated Press.l

CHICAGO. December 10.--Eorty-three
singers. French, Italian, Russian and
English, composing the male chorus of
the Chicago Grand Opera Company
oveEwhelmed, they said. by the high
cost Of living. went on strike Tonight
Just before their entrance during the
second act of "Gotterdammerung" The
opera proceeded without the male
chorus.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-12-11

Of The mouth OF the Wcscr
The above wireless dispatch from
Heriin means tho successful conclusion
OF tho second transatlantic round trip
"f the Deutschland, under the COM
mand or her plucky captain. Paul koe-
niG. The Deutschland left New Lon
oon on November 81. at 2:3O O'Clock in
the afternoon. Her return VOYAGE to
Rrcmen was thus made in nineteen
days. two days longer than il took her
70 make her trip from that port to
New London. Her nrs, voyage to this
side OF the Atlantic. which ended at
days
Th" D"utschland's return from New
London vas delayed nvn days bv A
disastrous culmination OF her original
start. The submarine freightcr slid
out Of her pier in the dead of the
night. and in the carly morning hour,
In The treachcrcus waters known as
tho Race. she coIided with the 7. \.
Scott. her cscorting tug Five lives
we're lost
1t Is expected tn" Deutschland will
go into dry dock in Brenerhavcn. and
permanent repairs made TO her bows
She Will also be completely overhaul
ed in preparation for her next west
ward voyage This probably will be-
gin in the second week Of January
The peutschla cargo OF this voy-
age Is estimated to he worth at least
s2.00o.ooo. II consists of crude rub
her. tin, copper and other metals.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-12-11
CONGRESSMEN ARE
PRESSING FOR ACTION

Meanwhile. under strong pressure
from their constituents, members Of
the Senaic and House are pressing for
action by the various committees to
which their bills designed to lower
living cost have been referred. The
administration is counscling slowe.',
Surcr method. though. aud the commit
tee chairmcn are studying the bills be-
fore them with the idea Of bringing
out the one considered most desirable
by the governments legal experts.
The committee chairmeu arc also
awaiting suggestions from the White
House and tho Departments of Com
mcrce, Justice. and Agriculture. where
mass OF evidence is being considered
in an EFFORT to determine the real
causes Of soaring prices.
Administration leaders still are di-
vded on the embargo question. The
opposition OF the White House to such
legislation has not changed and there
is hardly even an outside chance that
such legislation will f.. brought before
either house OF Congress r'r action.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-12-11
EMRiRRASSINt: ron ALLIED
STATESMEN To KEt'I:DE


Two cardinal factors stand out II
the minds OF officials. First that many
such proposals original, in German
circles, and. second. that their rcitcra-
ton has been driving allied :tatcsmcn
TO an extremity of refutatiun from
which it would he very embarrassing
for them to reccde.
Without in any way passing on the
ultimate outcome OF the war il is felt
here that Germany has largely achIev-
ed her objectives, and that she is in "A
position To treat ON the basis of her
present gains without subjcctinr her
self to III" inevitable losses of men and
money caused hy further Ii t:lities
The allies on tho other hand. have
shown that they are absolutely oppos-
ed To peace now. They have left not
tho least doubt that they would regard
mediation at this lime as unfricudly
1t is firmly believed here in of,lci.!
circles that such AN attempt by this
government would subject the United
states TO tn" charge OF partisan in
reference in the war. Most cmbar-
RAISING Of all the rumors, perhaps. IS
the constant rciteration that Ambassa-
dor Gerard is returning to Germany
with peace proposals from the prcsi-
dent. This is declared. not only 10 he
false. but TO be actually dangerous.
II is said TO have created a very un-
favorable feeling in both belligerent
groups. a feeling Of intense irritation
among the allies and of unfounded
hopcfulness amongst tho German peo-
pie. who appear to be well satisfied
with the wars results and eager for
it's end.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-12-11
MEETING OF PRINY COUNCIL.
FOR SWEARING IN OF MINISTER'S

For practical purposes the govern.
m"nt VIII he by a Cabinet OF four. \
meeting Of the privy council will be
held tomorrow for the swearing in Of
the ministers
The Prime Minister Will make a
speech In tho House of Commons on
Tuesday In which he Will declare the
policy OF tho new government. and a
bill VIII he introduced enabling tho
members 10 take their seats without
going through the fornality cc a new
election. which the law demands when
n member accepts position under the
crown.
The complexion OF the new govern
nent Is twelve Liberals. fifteen Union
lists. three I.ahori,ss and the presidents
Of the Boards Of Trade and Education
and the Shipping Controller who have
been attached to no parties.
Sir Robert Finlay's renunciation OF
the pension attached TO the Office of
Lord High Chancellor will be popu-
lar stroke. The Lord Chancellor draws
10000 In Office and pension OF e. 600
after his retirement There has been
much discussion over the cost Of this
largely ornamental office recently. Four
retired chancellors are now drawing
pensions.
T. =. D'Connor gives notice Of mo-
tion in the House of Comomns for the
formation OF a series of commissions
in Parliament. on the French model.
for cooperation with the ministers in
prosecuting the war
OFFICIAL ANNOUNCEMENT
OF NEW BRITISH CABINET
Oncial announcement was made to-
night that the government had been
constituted. with War Cabinet COM
prising the following:
Premier. David Lloyd George: lord
president OF the council, Earl Curzon.
who also will be government leader In
the House of Lords; Arthur Hender-
son. minister without portfolio; Lord
Miner. minister without portfolio, and
Andrew Bonar Law, Chancellor of the
Exchequer. who has been asked by the
Premier to act as leader in the House
Of Commons and also as member Of
the War Cabinet without being cx-
pected to attend regularly.
The other members of tho ministry.
who are not In the War Cabinet, are:
Continued on Second PageJ
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1916-12-11
CONVENTION WOULD
RAISE LIVE ISSUE
fractional Candidates Stand to
Lose or Profit by State
Powwow in June.
COMMITTEE ALONE CAN ACT
1ndecision May Cause Guberna-
torial Aspirants to Delay An
nouncement Of Platforms.


h"soiN"d. 'hat this convention re-
quest tho state Democratic. ,.on,,,.i.
10. Ia call 9, S,,o
In ,be or., 49, - ''
purpose of adopting . rI,,rnr,,
crinc state issues"
This is the languaE" that ,,.s used
by IN" state Democratic Convention
which met in l;oanok" ON June -.
with respect 10 tn" matter uf calling
1917 meeting "t the party delegates
"a subject concerning which State
chairman koror y. James. of Dam
WIS" was freely iut"rrogatcd Hast
week and which Mr. James dismissed
Win the statement that The question
WAS on" for tn" committee alone TO
determine.
While on ih" surfac" it would APP
pear tnat n" great import attaches to
a decision OF tn" convention question.
Keen political observers profess TO see
an element of disturbance oven the
fact that such convention ray he
called. Such a convention. according
to the party platform. is l" adopt :;
platform concerning Stat" issues"
obviously. 1t VIII II" 20 the advan-
tagc Of each Of the gubernatorial and
other candidates who viii b" in the
field next summer 20 square their own
pa rticular platforms AS nearly as nos
'., "A p"S
the conventions
MN, pI.r.,ouN M, ,r
.rn x.r,n>.,
~
49, 90 ""'''"'' las
'''' ",''''' 'N''"H'N"
= " ''''' W W. 40 u 'h"
national administration. The only
references to affairs at homo were
the Endorsements given in general
terms to the administration OF Cover
nor stuart ana 10 the acts OF the last
',"'' '"e'e "'.
'' Wv
p'' "a ,'' p''''"' III -'""
''
20
'."'oen ,,, ""
- '" Wv ,"s
,., ,n.'o"'
,,, ~, "',n'''
,,a,,o-, ~ ,.,,ioh ,,.ii, a,, 49,.
49,, M
"p'"'
"o MD-'" WY ''sN ~
,,igh, no .hi,,red hx tho S,,,e con~sn
ton. AS a matter of practical poli,ics
such a develoD,nort would bo in tho
highest degree damaging
on tho other hand. should any Of tho
candidates make known their platforms
in an effort TO obtain a fr.. discussion
of issues bv the public. a convention
called after the puhlication of such
platforms might conceiyahly u. mad.
an instrument to further the political
fortunes of some one cnndidat. nv re
pudiating certain issues already raised
by rival candidates
Aronp tho S.o,. ou.e,io,s u.,i,,
...-, ,,, =, =.