davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Aberdeen herald. [volume] (Aberdeen, Chehalis County, W.T.) 1886-1917, 1916-02-04
!. :. :. :. :. :. :. :. :. :. :. !. ::
TOO MANY HUSBANDS

i Alvah Gardner, deserted in =
= December in Hoquiam by his =
:. wife, has filed suit for annul- !
!. ment of the marriage. Desertion !.
i and the fact that Mrs. Gardner =
!. has two other husbands from :.
whom Gardner alleges, she has !
!. not been divorced, are given as :
!. grounds. :
!. !. !. !. !. = !. :. !. !. !. !. !. !. !. !.
Aberdeen herald. [volume] (Aberdeen, Chehalis County, W.T.) 1886-1917, 1916-02-04
Issues 20 Permits

Seventy permits were issued by
Duncan Campbell, Grays Harbor coun-
ty auditor, for liquor shipments dur
ing January, and few have been
issued to date this month.
Aberdeen herald. [volume] (Aberdeen, Chehalis County, W.T.) 1886-1917, 1916-02-04
NATIONAL TO START

The National lumber mill, the larg-
est in Hoquiam, may resume opera
tions soon, says Manager A. L. Paine,
if present lumber market conditions
continue.
Aberdeen herald. [volume] (Aberdeen, Chehalis County, W.T.) 1886-1917, 1916-02-04

Forty-eight arrests made in Janu-
ary, 1916, by Aberdeen police, against
80 made in January, 1915, looks like
some benefits accruing from the dry"
regime.
Aberdeen herald. [volume] (Aberdeen, Chehalis County, W.T.) 1886-1917, 1916-02-04
RECRUIT HERE NOW

A naval recruiting station was
opened Tuesday in the Avalon block.
corner of Heron and H streets. Chief
Quartermaster J. E. Nostrom is in
charge. .
Aberdeen herald. [volume] (Aberdeen, Chehalis County, W.T.) 1886-1917, 1916-02-04
% WOULD BE CITIZENS

Final naturalization papers will be
tried for tomorrow at Montesano by
20 intending U. S. citizens.
Aberdeen herald. [volume] (Aberdeen, Chehalis County, W.T.) 1886-1917, 1916-02-04
WILL INSTALL TONIGHT

Semi.annual installation will be
conducted tonight by Wishkah lodge
No. A, knights Of Pythias.
Aberdeen herald. [volume] (Aberdeen, Chehalis County, W.T.) 1886-1917, 1916-02-04
Prosecuting Attorneys of
Counties Disagree
With Tanner
OR is OR, NOT AND
Sales of Malt Liquors
Must Cease Under
Interpretation

The conference this week at Olym-
pia between Attorney General Tan
ner and prosecuting attorneys Of
many counties resulted in some in
teresting "dry" law interpretations.
Aberdeen herald. [volume] (Aberdeen, Chehalis County, W.T.) 1886-1917, 1916-02-04

The Herald tells It all.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1916-03-11

our inactivity. A short sketch was civ
en- of lbscn S life by the professor,
which brought out the fact that Ibsea
was not Of pure Morse descent but thar
his parents were of mixed nltionalties.
Even as a child Ibsen was gloomy and
morose, unwilling to associate and
make friends with those about him. la
ms dramaturgy and theme Ibsen was
a reyolutionist, and an eXpounder Of
the doctrine Of individualitsm. His
primary object was to free humanity
from useless customs and traditions. Ho
was opposed to convention and mater
ialism.
Two great things which he constant
ly stroye for were Ideal marriage and
realization Of the value of the individ-
ual
Although not the originator Of tho
modern drama movement, he was !
great factor in its development. He
gave modern eXprtssion to old thought
and ideas, he knew life and endeavoreQ
to interpret it. lbsen IS characters seem
real and living, and their dialogue
throbs with humln life.
lbsen S best works are perhaps his
eplcs' Brant, Peer Gynt and Emperor
and Gallilean
The first presents character who is
the embodiment Of activity, he knows
no power to prevent him from accom-
plishing his end
The second Peer Gynt, is typical OF
the Norseman, a man Of dreams and
the embodiment Of the spirit stunned
by Brant,
The last, Emperor and Gallilean. is
the attainment Of the fullness of tho
entire man, and the asserting Of mia
iron will.
lbsen believed that every man should
establish his life ON truth, and the moro
he was alone the better Free one -
self from ghosts Of the past and thea
through evolution produce the super
man.
In closing the professor read the last
act from the popular drama of Ibsen 's,
Ghosts, interpreting the scene between
Mrs. Olyay, Oswald and Regina.
! Mrs. Clyde j. Carlton and small son
Clyde, Jr., Of Portland and Mrs. George
Butter, Of Juneau, Alaska, who hlvo
been the guests Of the former 5 sister
in.law, Mrs. Harry Elgin, returned
nome Wednesday. During their visit
they were also guests Of Mrs. William
}. Carlton and Mrs. II. II. Ridgway.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1916-03-11
ANGELUs UNIVERSITY

The Angelus university of Los An
geles, is closing up its affairs with its
patrons ana has authorized
the State Bank of Hubbard to repre-
sent it in this locality. The books are
being returned to the bank and the
amount of money paid on them refund
ed. The publicity given the misrepre-
sentations of their representative last
October is responsible for the matter
being taken up by the postoffice de-
partment and this settlement. The
agent promised so much and fell so far
below his promises in some cases that
they did not bear comparison. It is
thought that the affair will be all set
tied this week Similar statements
were made to prospective purchasers Of
courses Of study to citizens of Candy,
Aurora, and other towns and worked
fairly well foi time. but when the
day of fulfillment did not resemble
the day Of promise, trouble started. -
Hubbard Enterprise
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1916-03-11
Ferris Would Have
Puter Apprehended

Washington, March 1l.-While Rivin
head of the land bureau
Of S. A. D. Puter, who has located
many settlers on Oregon California
public lands, was testifying before the
house public lands committee in the
Oregon California land case today
Chairman Ferris told his fellow mem
bers:
81 believe it is essential for the de-
partment of justice to apprehend
Puter and the abstract company for
making an abstract Of this sort"
He referred to the abstract under
which settlers located by Puter hold
their places The documents were pre-
pared by the Title Guarantee and Trust
company, Of Marshfield, Oregon. The
first pages purport to be a full alb
stract of a portion of the Oregon-Cali-
fornia lands but the documents con-
tain only a certificate showing that
the land has been patented to the rail
roads, and that Puter was the first ap.
plicant for holdings
Ferris declared the purpose Of such
an abstract could only be to defraud,
hut Puter denied this.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1916-03-11
Congregation Prays For
ExOneratiOn of Minister

Oroyille, Cal, Mar. 11.-While there
was no session today of Rev. Madison
S trial on a cAarge of be-
traying Gertrude Lamson, 10 year old
school girl, members Of his church
prayed for his acquittal and Assistant
District Attorney Davids sought new
witnesses for an unexpected angle Of
the case.
This unexpected angle developed
when the defense in cross-eXlmining
the girl introduced a letter, admittedly
written by her, in which she declared
all her charges against Slaughter were
untrue. The district attorney claims
this letter was obtained by "threats,
persuasion and duress." Davids is
hunting witnesses tos upport this CON
tention when the trial is resumed Mon
day.
During the recent session, members
of Slaughter S church have stood under
trees in the court house yard, praying
for his exoneratiOn. Members of his
congregation, it is understood, will con
tinue such prayers during the holiday
recess. Slaughter plans to preach two
sermons tomorrow. He will not touch
on his trial.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1916-03-11
POSSIBLE MILITIA
MAY Be CALLED OUT
This Will Be Done Only In
Case Mexican Actions
Cause Of War

Washington, Mar 11.-Monday Pres
ident Wilson is expected to announce
whether he will 90 before congress and
explain his move against Villa, possibly
asking more authority and money. Such
a step is not believed necessary, now
ever, unless a need develops for more
xtnsiv opration than are contemplated
now.
SOlidly supporting and approving the
president, congress obliterated all par
tisanship and members promised to
keep "hands off.
The senate foreign relations com
mittee met specially today. A legal
basis for President Wilson s action, in
view of the treaty with Mexico, was
under consideration.
The war department recommended to
Funston that squadron Of eight aero
planes at San Antonio Immediately be
engaged in active service.
Chairman Hay of the mouse military
committee said today he believed the
militia would b called if the Mexicans
generally rebelled against tn American
expedition and joined Villa s forces. in
that event the national guard would
probably be required to act as second
line of defense along the border. Con-
stitutionally, of course, the guardsmen
could not be rdered into Mexico un-
less there was an actual declaration of
war against that nation and a subse.
quent call for volunteers.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1916-03-11
Invasion viii Make Villa
Hero Says Mexican

Columbus, N. NJ, Mar. 1l.-"An Am
erican invasion of Mexico will make
Francisco Villa national hero"
Captain Isador Farias, wounded vii
lista captured during Thursdays raid
made this declaration today.
"'Villa will probably retire before the
Americans for time, said Farias.
But when the interior is reached, the
Nilhstas will be strengthened hun
dredfold. All MeXicans will resent the
invasion. "
Villistas raided an American ranch
near Malpais, New Mexico last night.
Local troops were rushed to Malpais,
which is "a miles east of here.
Another wounded Villista prisoner
died today, leaving only six. They
probably will be sent to Albuquerque
for safe keeping.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1916-03-11
Teachers Institute
Held at WOOdburD

A local teachers institute was he
at Woodburn today and was attended
by a number of prominent educators
from outside Of that city. Prof. NJ
Pitman, Of Monmouth Normal, and Su.
perintendent w. NJ. Smith, of this couu-
ty, both attended and delivered
dresses Among the Woodburn teach.
ers who took part in the program wero
Miss May Cook and Miss Mable Simp-
son who gave class demonstrations 81
first grade work. Miss Jessie Irwin who
talked on Palmer writing, Miss Luella
j. Walsh who spoke on the fundamen-
tails Of arithmetic and Superintendent
J.. II. Collins, who talked ON supervision.
Prof. Sherwin Shoales, of Hubbard,
spoke on the control Of contagious dis
eases in the schools, and after all ~
the addresses the teachers held an open
discussion on the topics treated.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1916-03-11
BOY EMPEROR TO MARRY

San Francisco, Mar 11.-Well in
formed Chinese have advised Bishop
W. 5. Lewis, of Methodist church, he
said today, that the boy emperor Of
China, last of tne Using dynasty, is be-
trothed to one of Yuan Shi Kai IS
youngest daughters. According to the
bishops informant, Yuan, who is now
trying to establish a constitutional mon
archy in China, has 80 children. The
reported betrothal and the wedding,
which is scheduled to be celebrated in
two years, are for political purposes.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1916-03-11
DEATH OF JOHN MUTTER

John NIutter, whose home has been
in Gervais for the past two years, died
Saturday night, March 4, 1916 at the
home of mis- sister in Portland, after a
brief illness, aged q years Mr.. Nut
ter had been employed by the Southern
Pacific on this section for the past two
years and was well thought Of by his
employers.
A few weeks ago he was taken sud
denly i'll and DR.. Hickman was called to
his bedside and found symptoms Of sar-
coma Of the stomach and bowels and
advised that he be taken to a hospital.
He was taken TO Portland and was
placed in the hospital in care of the
Southern Pacific Co. doctor and after
ward taken to the home of his sister
but grew gradually wOrse.-Geryais
Gfar
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1916-03-11
CLAGGETT-DREHER WEDDING

Last Wednesday morning, March l,
Mr.. Clyde Claggett and Miss Louise
Dreher were married in Salem. Aft
er the ceremony they took the electric
for Portland, arriving in Hubbard Fri
day morning and returning to Salem
that evening,
Miss Dreher is the daughter of Mr..
and Mrs. L. Dreher and grew to young
womanhood in Hubbard, living in Sa.
lem the past year. Mr.. Claggett is a
prosperous young rancher living near
Salem. The bride has many friends
here who extend best wishes. - Enter.
prise.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1916-03-11
MADE GALLANT RESCUE

Santa Monica, Cal, Mar. 1l.-Fight-
ing a heavy surf, James Goodwin, aged
IA, high schol boy, dragged J. r.
McGee 80, unconscious from the ocean
here today.
McGee became exhausted $50 feet
from shore and cried for help. Goodwin
plunged in and rescued the drowning
man just as he started to sink. He was
rushed to st. GATHERINGS hospital where
physicians said he would recover.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1916-03-11
Earl Shafer, Mrs. Denton.
Thursday evening, March 8, at =,
O'Clock.


O'Clock.
Prof. Wallace MacMuuay delivered
a lecture on "lbsen, and the Modern
Drama Movement. A fair sized
crowd attended, but there should have
been more to hear the inspiring lecture
which the professor delivered. The lee
ture in its beginning surveyed the
ground upon which Gbsen began his
work, pointing out some Of the many
obstacles which confronted him in his
great movement 20 mOdernize the
drama. Traditions and customs were a
great hindrance rs people then believed
implicitly in them.
The main value Of traditions and Gus.
oms is when they serve to evolve some
thing better. Some Of the striking
statements made by the professor were;
Art, like life is enleavOring to find
the ennoblmg emotion. Life alone is
the moster Of ant. Aspects Of 4 liter.
art art Of today should serve as a pat
tern for the art of tomorrow. The task
Of life and art is to unity actions so
that they will harmonize conditions.
Literature has its foundations in So
cial movements, and the greatest liter
ature Of people is found to be at the
time when the history Of the people
marked their highest development.
Primitive literature portrayed only the
stronger emotions; modern art lppreci-
ates also the fainter and more complex
emotions.
Appreciation Of life and beauty broad
ems as the heart and mind develop. If
an artist is true 10 his work he must
reveal those things which will enable
humanity 10 see the center Of rythm in
order that they may be handed down to
posterity.
The duty Of art is to solve tne prob
lem of existence, in order to 10 this it
must necessarily shock our sensations
10 arouse MS to a realization Of its
work. Nature has its quiet, peaceful
woods, but II has also its rugged, grim
mountains, so there are the two ex.
tremes in human nature to be depicted
This was the great secret Of Hendrix To.
sen, he endeayored 70 arouse US from
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1916-03-11

effective in her number. Barbara
Steiner was especially artistic and dain-
ty in Chaplin S Valse in c Minor. Mil
dred Brunk is developing power and
expression and deserves special credit
for her work in "Clpriccioso," by
Mendelssohn.
Thelma Blessings friends were glad
to hear her again, she having been
away for two years. She has not lost
her winning style of interpreting nut
sic, the Mazurka by GODDARD was fault
lessly given.
Thursday nights programme was
given by the younger pupils of Mrs.
Denton. Too much praise cannot be
spoken of these young performers, who
brought forth enthusiastic applause
from their friends and parents.
Little Margaret Steiner was winsome
in her part in the symposium, reciting
perfectly the life of Bach, the great
musician. Sae rendered her piano num-
bers with perfect rhythm and express
sion.
Pauline Manach, Ethelwynne Kel-
ley, Margaret Lewis and Katherine
Noorhels were also winning ana tault-
less IN their numbers.
Among the younger boys, Donald Al
lison and Ebert Lachele, did excellent
work. There was not a number on the
programme but what deserves special
mention, each pupil rendering their
numbers in a finished manner.
Here are tle pTOgrammes.
Grand Gallon de Concert GAM
Grace Mccall. Mrs Denton.
Miserere from II Trovatore) Toneli
Tholna Johnson.
GLADYS Canatsey
Danse Arabesdue ..........,.... Renard
Ethel Swarts.
Ralancpllp Wache
Marglret Griffith
Cabaletfo .................... Lack
Charlotte Horninp.
Fifth Nocturne .............. Levbach
Nfargaret Goodin
Valse Brilliante ............. Moszkowski
Grace Mccall.
Faust Leybach
Clara Bretenstein.
ICllse Stvrienne -. Wollenhaupt
Mildred Brunk.
Then You II Remember Me ... Vos,
Karl Wenper.
(a) Yalse in G Sharp Minor .... Chopin
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1916-03-11
MAPLE-RIToHEY WEDDING

Mr. Len Maple Of Portland and Miss
Lettie Ritchey Of Gervais, were united
in marriage March ., 1916, at the home
Of the bridegrooms's 8 parents.
Mrs. Maple is the only daughter Of
Mr.. and Mrs, George Ritchey who live
near Gervais, and has many friends
here who wish her happiness
They will make their home in Port
Star.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1916-03-11
SIX MExIcANs KILLED

Columbus, N. NJ, Mar. 11.-Six Mex
lean prisoners who were released by the
Thirteenth cavalry yesterday were
found dead today mile east Of the
town. Their bodies had been riddled
with rifle bullets.
When the prisoners were freed, they
were ordered to leave the city Some
of them were alleged to have been
among the Villista raiders. Civil and
military authorities are investigating.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1916-03-11
Y. M. E. A. Juniors Defeat
Lincoln Junior Team

The Y. NJ c. A. Juniors defeated the
Lincoln Junior High school in a fast
game Of basket ball at Willamette
gymnasium for the junior city cham
pionship by the close score of IL to 10.
Line uD and score:
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1916-03-11

o. IT, Luck and W. NJ. Hamilton are
in Albany for the permanent organiza-
ton Of the Willamette Valley Develop
ment association.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1916-03-11

( Why are we popular7- Be X
( cause we tell you every day, 4
I the news Of the world. X
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1916-03-11

Score: Y. NJ. c. A. Juniors II, Linco
Junior High 10.
Referees: Berger and Gill.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1916-03-11

The Haunt Of the Fairies ..... Crosby
Ethelwynne Kelley.
Flowing Streamlet ..................... Peyser
Ebert Lachele
Spinning Wheel ........................ Schmoll
Donald Allison.
Lucia .-.......................... Arr by TOnelli
Helen Elmer.
Song Of the Birds ....................... Helms
Jennelle Vandeyort.
Invitation to the Dance ........... Bonn
Henrietta VOORHEES,.
Alpine Hut .....-.........................- Lange
Milton Steiner,
Con Amore ............................. Beaumont
Denzil Herrick.
Silver Waves .............................. Evans
Monford Adams.
A Song Of May -..................... Williams
Ruth Griffith.
The Silver Nymph .........,.............. Helms
Eugenia Brandhorst.
In the Flower Garden .......... Crammond
Florence Elgin.
Love in May .............................. Rolfe
Catherine Vincent
A japanese Romance ................. Moret
Earl Shafer
Spring Showers .-........................... Fink
Frances Hodge.
Symposium on Bach ................................
lrls ....................... Renard
Potosi journal. (Potosi, Mo.) 1894-1929, 1916-12-20
Do Not Plan. Trees Deep
N. U. Professor Advise.

| The beginner In tree planting
usually sets llS trees too dee.
rather than too shallow III tht
relatively heavy soils Of Nilsson
ri, J. {, Whit,sn OF the Depart
ment Of horticulture Of the Uni
srrsity oi Missouri says.
Young trees should be select
rd fox planting and ihey 6hould
be set ST the same depth at which
they stood in the nursery.
Trees turn 90 the uor1heas
and grow crooked because If the
warm south and southwest winds
during she growing season, The
3rsc should ba set with the heavi.
er aide 20 the southwest TO syoid
ihie.
The Toots should be grimmed
SC as not 20 be csampad and any
gagged wounds taken az.
E'each sxees should be prure,;
Moss severely after planting o!
any Of sha orchard fruits. Trim
oil branches OF, leaving . single
whip, .hen shorten the whip 70
. height Of about two and one.
half feet. Cherry trees should
be less severely trim med. II
well branched the center Of the
tree should be- cut out. The
japanese plum tree should be
shaped like the peach. Oshes
plum. sppl. and pear trces hA,
iuE only . single whip should he
trUated likewise. Older trees
shosld be treated like the cherry
with the exception That oil
bsanchss may BE- shor,ened 10
ono half or one third Of their No.
sural lcagth.
Potosi journal. (Potosi, Mo.) 1894-1929, 1916-12-20
Short, Bu, Good.

. lis only poor sror; tia
Crows after he has won.
No. \l!la ism, dead again. IL,
the other fellow, as usual.
! Just few more days 10. al.
/ wS MIL be busy cuss!ng the Nina,
balls.
/ II food stuEs keep on soarirl
we will soon bc calling i, the higl
cost of starving.
/ The butchers of Europe keol
right on hutchering regardless
u! IN" number Of squeals
lfprices continue 10 ndvsnC,
Il vii, soon hc cheaper to ride il,
an automobile than 10 wear on,
shoe leather.
Don I poo.hoo as som"thing you
DONE understand There's al,
ways some one wiser than you
who can see the point.
A!tca fellow has been mar
.!'l dozen or two times hc hr.
gins Ia realize thai variety in no,
always shc spice of life.
AHy price booster will gay q
thousand dollar iina when he can
clean M len thousand dollars by
doing ii. Send the cuascs 20
jail.
appropriate .chrissmaa pres.
enss Cor your wife 4 snew gown,
. p!ano, A. automobile, q shous
and do,las check. e poodle dog
aud 4 kiss. She'll be happy and
scascnably satisfied.
Potosi journal. (Potosi, Mo.) 1894-1929, 1916-12-20
Aeadins Que.siex.

Il colorad woman hs2 been
h&uieS before u police magistrate
oY soptherD eown charged with
inhumsH sreatmenS o2 hsR Of
spsinH.
Evidsnce vas ciear ahas she
hsd aeverely beaten she child.
about nine years oS age who vas
in court 30 sxhib,e his battered
person.
Before imposing sentence. His
Honor asked the womaD whether
she had anything 10 sag
kin ] ask yo' jes ono Qucs
ton. Jciges" inquired the pris.
Oner.
The jsdge nodded afsiirma.
lively.
We'll. Yo' Houai. ah'd like n
a>k whethA 20 Was ever the par.
ent of = purectly wuthlcss cul'
lud chile."
Potosi journal. (Potosi, Mo.) 1894-1929, 1916-12-20

The DeSoto Press is one OF ght
&oudesS psoclalncES Of lhe
grandesa prosperity" ahe coun
AIRY hss ever enjoyed. and il It's
editorial columNs were so be ba
sieved, one would say shat Jobs
were hunting men NJ almost any
pay shay sniGhs ask. Bps hox.
aver that may he. VS. are Sair a.
place more faith in it, news ool,
Nmns. and She statement recent,
W made sn that section of the
ssess, 60 fho effect thas she saii,
road repair shops at DcSosc had
just laid pn . NUN bsr Of metz Snd
seduced this working time Of al,
chs othsrss with = corresponding
cut in their pay. appears quite
convincing tha, all 10 not prosper.
isy il our noiRhboring burg.
Potosi journal. (Potosi, Mo.) 1894-1929, 1916-12-20
Uni!ed States Rae,ssiue,
Misssa'i s,hcoi Metkods.

Tie method o. training in Ole
men,ary sci,noi. f. 1.h, and con-
ceiyed by DR.. ; = Heri4n ii
the School of E.Lcat.on % ttA
University oil AiissoaU na.r been
recognized by Arthur ". UGau,
Sccaeta.y OF the Committee of
Social Studies ot saa bureau Of
Educatio1 OF t!ie Department Of
the Interior, IL 1:..e,.n, So
cial Studies in Secondary Edsca-
ton" Mr.. Dunn VISITED the Ex-
pcyimertal EieEe1tary School at
Colum biA, conducted oy tie
School Of Eiu oa..oa ias. ylar.
DR. Merriam : method il not
that Of teaching history, geoet--
ply. language. arithmetic, and
other traditional sclo subjects
rs such bat taAeS up presen: day
problems so thai the children
get real prac;.ce in all Subjects.
Dr. Merriam is recognized - orC
OF the bast .leMeLtary school
Authorities II tue United States.