davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-06-03
On Demand and Supply Basis.

M officer OF one OF the largest banks
~ Wall Street remarked yesterday that
we country has just about completed
vac digestion and assimilation of the
toid received from Europe and the I'M
ppeSsed surplus released by the Federal
pesefNe banking system. and is now
SSseH on straight demand and supply
sss's. This. IN his mind, augured high
rates IN the future. As regards the
present surplus, this banker said, in
rs mind the present excess OF cash
I,T the is per cent reserve required
~ Jaw was largely fictitious. inssmuch
- most Of the banks figure IL good
~ sihesS 10 maintain reserves Of 20 to
:, per cent. II reserves of 25 per cent
IRE now required. as under the old
,tAlhg law, there would be good
''1ef dehcit az the present time.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-06-03
Many New Highs.

Before the news from Berlin start
Cd prices going in the other direction
the stock market presented many feat
ures Of pronounced strength The list
Of stocks touching new high prices
made quite an impressive showing, in
Guiding WHY'S Overland, American
Beet Sugar, Norfolk & Western and
Chandler Motors. On the curb White
Motors and Chevrolet achieved new
tops The early strength Of the motor
shares was largely a response to def
mie reports OF another impending
merger Of important automobile and
motor accessory companies, including
Nlllys-0verland, Chalmers Motor, Hud-
son, Auto Light Company and possibly
Inc Fisk Rubber Company.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-06-03
| GIANT AUTO-CAR
MERGER PLANNED
To Include WiIlys-Over-
land, Chalmers, Hudson
and Other Companies.

A giant merger Of independent su-
tomobie concerns and supply COM
psnies is brewing The consolidation,
which may be capitalized At s2000 o0-
GEO. according TO present plans, will
include the WHY'S Overland Company,
the Chalmers Motor Company, the
Hudson Motor Company. the Auto-Lite
Company and possibly the Fisk Rubber
Company. The new concern may also
acquire a large interest IN the United
Motors Corporation. in which v. {.
Dursnt. OF the General Motors Com
psny, is dominant.
The Chatham and Phoenix National
Bank is financing the Consolidation.
Mr.. Kaufman will probably be chair
man of the finance committee and John
y. WHY'S, president Of the Willys-
Overland Company, is slated for the
presidency.
Talk OF the merger attracted partieu-
lar attention in financial circles yes
terdsy, in that IL will bring together
two Of the dominating personalities IN
the automobile industry to-day-Mr.
WHY'S and Nr. Duraut, the latter hav-
ing Just been elected 10 the presidency
Of the General Motors Company, as tho
result Of his successful fight 20 get
back control after II had been Srestcd
from him In 1910.
The profits Of the constituent COM
NAMES OF the proposed union for tho
current year were estimated yesterday
as folloWs: WHY'S Overland, $4,000
I 900; the Chalmers Company, $1,000
/ 600: the Hudson 100000, ard the
I
making an aggregate OF approximately
/ S3O,0O0,000. II was reported that tho
Peerless Truck and Motor Company
may be included in the combination.
Charles W. Nash, whose resignation
as president Of the General Motors
| Company was accepted at Thursday,
meeting of the board Of directors.
/ asked Yesterday TO make a statement
on his retirement, said:
II have resigned the presidency in
accordance with a decision I reached
some time ago My personal record
and the record Of the administration srs
written in the results of the company.
| In 1913 General Motors earned S7,+59.-
! al, in 1914 S7,249 1888, in 1915 Slf.-
/ l57,s03. In 1916 General Motors will
earn S25,000,0OO.
81 have been happy in the work, for
/ IL has been of absorbing interest. |
! have no plans TO announce other than
that a fishing camp is fairly beckon-
/ ing to me, and as | have not had a
real vacation in ten years | am going
/ fishing"
The resignation Of Albert Straus, 81
]. & W. Seligmsn & Co., from the
/ General Motors board at Thursday 5
meeting after Mr.. Dursnt's election 10
; the presidency, il was limited in well
informed banking quarters yesterday,
may soon be followed by similar action
by James j. Storrow, Of Lee, HiggInson
& Co.
1t was these two banking firms that
financed the company in the reorgsni-
zation of 1910, when they sold Sl5,-
600 900 of per cent notes 70 supply
new working capital. The expiration
OF the voting trust last fall. which wa,
controlled by the bankers, gave Dursn'
his opportunity TO win back control
In this contest he was backed by the
du Pont interests. largely represented
in this city by the Chatham and Php
nix Bank.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-06-03
WARNER WEATHER
AIDS RETAIL TRADE
General Business Shows Mid
Season Slackening.

Commercial agencies report improve
ment in retail trade with the warmer
weather, but business in general con-
tinues TO shrink from its recent high
record levels. This between seasons
period normally sees a slackening m
trade. and the present volume IS sull
far above that customary at this time:
"Dun's Review" says: Augmented
activity characterizes mercantile op-
erations az the weather improves, re
tail trade rejecting enlargement IN
nearly ali sections and branches. Ow-
ing TO various causes. new orders are
below the recent phenomenal record m
some lines. vet a certain hesitation m
business, with shrnkage in its volume,
is not unusual nor unnatural al TINS
period. especially in a year OF Pres
Dental nominations. IL IS sull the fact
that consumptive requirements are III
excess Of available stocks.
Commercial failures this week IN the
United States are 292 against 3l+ last
week, 34S the preceding week and 34h
the corresponding week last year. Or
these, 100 were in the East, SO South,
G7 West and 81 in the Pacific States,
and 100 reported liabilities Of $4,000
or more. against IS last week"
"Bradstreet's" has the following:
"Feverish buying has subsidized. but m
us place has come steady, more or
DERBY and yet very large volume Of
business, and the virtual arrival OF the
between-seasons period sees trade as
well as industry moving along at a
rate far above the seasonal normal.
Optimism. though tempered by high
prices. is not one whit less marked
than II was at the height of the boom,
the plain fact being that tie country
is solo up and therefore can afford 10
sit back for 2 breathing spell. Warm
weather has improved retail trade as
we'll as crop conditions"
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-06-03
PUBLIC UTILITY NOTES.
General News and Earnings Of Various
Corporations.


Gross operating income Of the Puget
Sound Traction, Light and Power Com
rany. which amounted 10 S655 1862 in
March. showed an increase of $40, l52
over 1915. Nearly all Of this advance
was lost 10 net earnings, which totalled
S2l4.S9i. and surplus after interest and
other charges was S30.522. a loss OF
81, S65 from April OF last year.
Detroit United Railways.
Announcement was made yesterday Of
the resignation Of j. c. Hutchins as
president Of the Detroit United Rail
ways Company, and he is now chairman
Of the board of directors, a new posi-
ton. Frank W. Brooks. vice president
and general manager OF the company
has been elected president and general
manager.
Dallas Electric.
Earnings of the Dallas Electric Com
pany. as reported by Stone e. Webster
made some Improvement in gross and
net for April, but for the twelve
months ended April 30 fell under those
Of the year preceding. Total gross rev
enuos in April amounted TO sl5l ,269. al
increase Of Sl9.324 over that month q
year ago; net earnings were increased
1858 TO S54,595. and surplus was sl9,-
99s. gain of S6.755. Gross for the
twelve-month period totslled sl,S70,9 66
decrease of Slel.9li. and net de
clined Sl6l ,30i TO s71S,751.
Blackstone Valley Gas and Electric.
The Blackstone Valley Gas and Elec
tric Company reports gross revenues oi
Sl33,359 for April. an increase of s20.'
1874 as compared with the same month
Of last year. Net earnings from opera
ton were S5l.7S9, a gain Of Sl0.363
and surplus after charges totslled s29I
Gas, an increase Of S7,402.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-06-03
CHICAGO PRICES.
COFFEE.

The coffee market was again heavy. and
prices closed 14l0 points net lower. Total
sales for the dag were 25.2j0 bags.
Santos ~ sold here late on Thursday at
1860 for July shipment. cost and freight.
and again yesterday at lO6oc for June ship
ment, and were offered at 9.s5g Toe for for
ward shipment. b. all London credits.
he worlds visible supply statement was eX-
pected to show a large falling of during
May but the loss will probably be mostly
in Europe. and. in fact. the statistical po-
sition in the United States Is rather bearsh.
as supplies of both Brazilian and mild cOifees
are considerably in excess Of last year.
The spot market was very inactive and
prices were unchanged az 9asc for Rio NO !.
Range OF prices:
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-06-03
Bank Clearings Heavy in May.

Ividcncc OF the rcmaTkabIe ACTIVITY
u business throughout the country is
provided by the enormous volume OF
bank clearings in May al the Leading
cities in the United States, the total,
according 10 "Dun's Review" which
includes returns from l3l centres.
amounting TO S20.iiJ, 769Al7. an in
crease OF 405 per cent as compared
with the same montl last year snd OF
SCI nor cent - contra sted with tn:
corresponding month in 1914.
New York City reports gains Of
1873 and 12l per cent, and cities out
Ada o. 1913 md $40 peE ceaL
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-06-03
BOMB PLOT WITNESS HELD
Wettig Is Accused OF Keeping Gems
Baroness Intrusted TO Him.

Baroness de BeckenGorfs suit against
Carl l. Wettig. q government witness
in the recent German bomb plot trials,
TO recover three diamond rings and a
bracelet which she says she intrusted
to him for ssfekeeping. resulted yes
terdav in Magistrate Cornell In the
West Side court holding Nettlg in ST.
900 bail on a charge OF grand larceny:
Wettig was sent to Il cell, rs ne could
not find a bondsman.
Wettig said he had returned the Jew
elry to the baroness three weeks after
he had received il. and termed her COM
plant an attempt al blsckmail.
The baroness lives at the Hotel Sey-
mour and Wettig at the Vanderbilt.
She is the wife OF Russian army Of
fcer, whom she has not heard from.
she says, since August. Wettlg and
she were close friends until recently,
according TO the statements OF both.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-06-03
Capital Increase Approved.

Shareholders OF the Central Trust
Company authorized yesterday the pro
posed increase in the capital stock
IRON s3.O00.0O0 10 100000 They
further approved tlc plan TO offer me
additional 10000 shares 20 STOCK holder,
OF record Jun" D at par hll ubsCrr-
lions must b. paid on or before The
close OF bgzIncss Oh JUL J.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-06-03
Roosevelt Luck

another example Of Roosevelt
.,ck" some Of the stock market poll
cians considered the reported British
..yal reverse. They made II bull
.,,.ument on Roosevelt common,
.hey said, on the theory that the re
Nh OF the battle would greatly
.rene.hen the campaign for prepared
.e,s i'm this country, and lncloentaiiy
..p the Roosevelt boom.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-06-03
Stihening Money Rates.

Money rates are stiffening percepti-
ply. Fixed date funds are fractionally
higher, and bankers say the end is
io' yet IN sight. This does not mean,
however. that they are looking for d
period Of tight money ahead, but rather
general trming up of rates to keep
pace With the Increasing demand and
ne falling surpluses Many OF the big
osHAs are said 20 have let it be known
mat they prefer to loan funds for
,sN'y days and less, rather than foc
..Vnser maturities, presumably believ-
as that the fall will witness substan-
"Siiy higher quotations.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-06-03

Special Liverpool cables-Spot cotton mod
crate demand sales 5000 bales population
and EXPORT 600. American 900. Imports
900. none American. Nid-uplsnd. s.i3d.
Futures opened quiet. 20 points lower.
Closed steady a. net decline Of 3U4i-
points. July-Aug. sod. Oct-Nov. l.79 I'd :;
Jan-Fcb. SIS ID Mar-Apr. i.66led May
June. 1.6r.d. Manehcster yarns steady !;
.Infhs nnIcl.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-06-03
SUGAR FUTURES.

Trading in futures to-day has been dull.
With price changes very narrow. After open
ing generally I point higher TO points
lower the market continued inactive. with
traders watching for developments in actual
sugar Late in the day little covering
sent values up a couple Of points. with The
close net unchanged to an advance Of
points sales for the day. o'l00 tons. Rage
Of prices.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-06-03
GOVERNMENT BONDS.

resolution of welcome and also extend
ing "the freedom OF the city TO the eX-
tent Of their pOcketbooks. The women
spplsuded and waved their hsndAer-
chiefs.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-06-03
METALS.

Conner was quiet. with electrolyte quoted
- 2sM2sf,c for ssppmber and later deliv-
en- on the New Iorh Metal Exchange TN
was -asy. with mot IN I've ton lot. quot-f al
Nor. rot and .-sc Ia - Lcui-. spell
rcri3aI The American smelling and Re
hnins Company quoted cad At s.Soe for New
Yo.k deliycry ard at las Last ~ Le.--.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-06-03

In London lead closed a, f32 for epot and
at sol "a sd for futures. Spelter. spot,
so. and futures. $50. Tin. standard spos,
gis5 l6s and futures Gls5 los. with sales OF
90 tons spot and 20 tons futures. Copper,
standard spot. 500; futures. Sis. and cleo
irnlvtic snot fllO. with no salcs reported
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-06-03
Range OF prices:

The local market Tor spot cotton vas quiet
and points lower at l2.65c for middling up
land sales nil.
Reeeipts at ports and interior points to-
day and for the week. compared with the
totals 81 last week and OF this week last
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-06-03
CoTrONsEED OIL.
Yestr

The market for cottonseed oil was easier
with closing prices AZ about the low Of the
day. showing net losses OF sgl3 points.
Range OF prices
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-06-03

FRIDAY. IIINE .. 1916.

Trading Friday amounted
S9320 Thursday 7oo0 and s3ooo
date siSs75oo against s3'jsooo In 1915
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-06-03
Railroad Earnings

,,ue Following comparative railroad
l'spO''S Tor April have been made pub
10 ~ Ftciec-Gross $3.50 oss incrcas.
tsel str''' hri after taxes se11flc6. Increase
t1s,r Rio Grsndr Cro.s 81 also0 fn-rea~
Ha.I err istes SO e7f. ircrssst S..6 -
tteti Msnnaitsn.-Gro.s $50 go iHrrcasc
l,ss oouihff1 iiorls-Gfoe ii1l .htq. boz.
t.z.. ''sfis. oct after talcs ssS.ltf. lucrc4ss
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-06-03
New York. June ?. 1915.
BEENES.

Receipts. l.s2o head: q cars on sale
Stecrs rather slow and barely steady bulls
we're active and firm choice lat cows ruled
firm: others foil steady. Tn. yards were
about cleared Ordinary 20 fairly prime
steers sold at SS.75m Sio25 per 100 oxen al
s5.251 $50. bulls al s6.1jus9.l0. cows a.
SASS. a car Of extra prime stable FED
$50 Dressed beef steady az lid sc for
city dressed native side.
CALVES.
Receipts. l.5o1 head l.lo6 on sale Ma
het active and prices firm % higher. The
pens were cleared, Common 10 choice yesls
sold ~ sgdSl2.62ts per 100 10 culls at s.
uses skim milk calves a. SiM S.. Dressed
calves we're firm AZ l5ei lsi.c Tor city dressed
veals and choice as high ~ isc country
dressed At i2'smlic.
SHEEP AND LAMBS.
Receipts. 6,5oG head "a cars on sale sheep
GLOW. uith prices barely steady lambs weak
20 25c lower and closing heavy ycarlinrs
also lower. Common ~ prime sheep levesl
old At t5HS per 100 III culs At 1850
lambs At tlt.2jnsia.25; 3 decks choice a.
sl2.50 yearlings a. s7nt 1.5o. a few head
tunshorni AZ 50. Dressed mutton lover ~
iOM &c dressed lambs weak az i7d22c
dressed ycarlirg' al l3Wlsc.
noes.
Receipt. 1885 bead shoat carload On
s,le Price nc'd up 10 last Nedr, ,dsy b
-sles Good medium weights sold at $40 10
per 100 10. roushs at ss.50Ass.io.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-06-03
PRODUCTs.
LIVESTOCK MARKET.

CUCUMBERS. No /, doz. 15c No .. boz
$3.50: MUSHROOMS. i-lh basket. slGs2.ZS
The Caldwell tribune. [volume] (Caldwell, Idaho Territory [Idaho]) 1883-1928, 1916-10-06
Josh Billings on Life Insurance.

kun to the conclusion lately that
life was SO unsartin that the only way
for me to stand a fair chance with
other folks was to get my life insured,
so | kalled on the agent of the Garden
Angel Insurance company, and ans
wered the following questions which
were put to me over the top of a pair
of spectacles by slick old fellow with
as round a gray head on him as was
ever owned: Are you a mail or fe-
mail? If so, state how long wi have
been So Had yu father or mother
If so, which? Are you subject to fits,
and, if so, do yu have more than one at
a time? What is your precise fitting
waite? Did you ever have an anccs-
tors, and, if SO, how much? Do yu
have any nightmares? Are you mar
ried or single, or are yu a bachelor
Have you ever committed suicide? II
so. how many times and how much
did it effect yu? After answering
these questions like a man, in the af-
firmative, the slick. little fat old Teller
with gold spectacles on, said was in
sured fer life, and probably would re-
main SO fer years. | thanked him and
smiled and retired.
The Caldwell tribune. [volume] (Caldwell, Idaho Territory [Idaho]) 1883-1928, 1916-10-06

rectly or indirectly. The legislature
shall, at the earliest practicable period,
provide law that the general grants
of land made by Congress to the State
shall be judiciously located and care
fully preserved and held in trust, sub
jeCt to disposal at public auction for
the use and benefit of the respective
objects for which said grants of lands
were made, and the legislature shall
provide for the sale OF said lands from
time to time and for the sale OF timber
ON all State lands and for the faithful
application of the proceeds thereof in
accordance with the terms of said
grants; Provided, That not to exceed
One Hundred UOOO sections of school
lands shall be sold in any one year and
to be sold in subdivisions of not to ex-
coed Three Hundred and Twenty 800
acres of land to any one individual,
company or corporation.
Section ,. The question to be sub
mitted to the electors of the State of
Idaho at the next general election shall
be as follows. to-wit: That Section
Eight (S) of Article Nine (9) of the
Constitution of Idaho be amended 50
as to permit the sale of One Hundred
10O) sections of school land in place
of twenty-five (25) sections, to be
sold in subdivisions of not to exceed
Three Hundred and Twenty (320)
acres of land to any one individual
company or corporation.
Section 3. The Secretary of State
is hereby authorized to make publica-
The Caldwell tribune. [volume] (Caldwell, Idaho Territory [Idaho]) 1883-1928, 1916-10-06

Try Tribune Classified want ads.
The Caldwell tribune. [volume] (Caldwell, Idaho Territory [Idaho]) 1883-1928, 1916-10-06
!. E. LAUGHLIN
Optometrist &
Jeweler
713 Main St.
Phone 400
Our Visit to the City Hall.

\NdiSud SOlllNOy.)
The ga Civics Glass of the Lincoln
school went on a visit to the City
Hall, Thursday morning. We first
went to see the city clerk. He well
coined us gladly and was very kind to
us. He answered all the questions
we asked and was not like some men
who always say that they haven't
time. And | am sure that all of the
boys and girls feel proud of their
city clerk.
He first showed US the map of Our
own city and pointed out the differ
cnt wards. He said that there are
three wards. The first ward is on the
northern side of the 0. S. l.. R. R.,
the second ward is on the eastern
side of the Kimball street and south
of the 0. S. L., and the third ward is
on the western side between the rail
road and kimball street. Our teacher
had each one of us try to find our
homes but as few of us had never
seen the map before we had hard
time in finding our homes.
After showing us the map he took
us into the council room. To my
opinion it is very small room. He
showed us where the mayor, city
clerk, councilmen and spectators sit
He told us that the councilmen were
the representatives from each ward
There are two men in each ward
| and altogether there are six men
| Their names are, 1st ward, James
Dement,, Chas. Sanberg; End ward, H
H. Hayman, James Forbes; and thu
3rd ward is o. R. Ackley and Gran
Ward.
At the meeting of the council if tn,
mayor is absent the president take
his place H. H. Hayrnan is thu
president At these meetings the,
make the laws or ordinances for thu
town. An ordinance must be reat
three separate days and becomes
law as soon as published.
The mayor either signs or vetoes il
If he vetoes it he must give his reason
for doing so. There has to be fiv
members to suspend the rules an,
pass an ordinance with one reading
The city clerk then stamps the sea
on the ordinance. The city clerk CAV
each of us a stamp of the seal and O.
it has the following words: City Q
Caldwell, Canyon County, Idaho, In
corporated Jan. IS, 1890
We enjoyed the visit very much an
would like to go on such an interest
ing visit again. We also appreciate
the information that the city cler
gave us.
The Caldwell tribune. [volume] (Caldwell, Idaho Territory [Idaho]) 1883-1928, 1916-10-06
HOUSE JOINT RESOLUTION
NO. 8.
By Shattuck.

AN ACT
A JOINT RESOLUTION PRO
POSING AMENDMENT OF SEC
TION 8. ARTICLE OF THE CON-
STITUTION OF THE STATE OF
IDAHO; SUBMITTING TO THE
ELECTORS OF SAID STATE FOR
THEIR REJECTION OR APPROX
AL THE QUESTION OF WHETH-
Err SAID SECTION SHOULD BE
so AMENDED AS TO PROVIDE
FOR THE SALE OF ONE HUN
DRIED (100) SECTIONS OF
SCHOOL LANDS INSTEAD OF
TWENTY-FIVE (25) SECTIONS
AS NOW PROVIDED FOR, TO BE
SOLD IN SUBDIVISIONS OF
THREE HUNDRED AND TWEEN
TY (320) ACRES OF LAND TO
ANY ONE INDIVIDUAL, CON-
PANY OR CORPORATION.
BE 1T RESOLVED BY THE
LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE
OF IDAHO:
Section /. That Section Eight (S)
of Article Nine (o) of the Constitu-
ton of the State Of Idaho be amended
to read as follows
Section g. 1t shall be the duty of
the State Board of Land Commission
ers to provide for the location, pro-
lection, sale or rental of all the lands
heretofore, or which may hereafter be
granted to the State by the general
government, under such regulations as
may be prescribed by law, and in such
manner as will secure the maximum
possible amount therefor; Provided
That no school lands shall be sold for
less than ten (1O dollars per acre
No law shall ever be passed by the
Legislature granting any privileges tc
persons who may have settled upon
any such public lands, subsequent tc
the survey thereof by the general gov
eminent, by which the amount derived
by the sale, or other disposition Of
such lands, shall be diminished, di
The Caldwell tribune. [volume] (Caldwell, Idaho Territory [Idaho]) 1883-1928, 1916-10-06
Rules for Measuring Hay.

The Tribune has been requested to
give the rules for measuring hay in
the stack. Two rules are used as
follows:
One-Measure the stack and get the
length. width and distance over. Then
from the lover" subtract the width
and then divide the remainder by 2.
Multiply this by the width, and then
by the length and divide the result by
5l2 Cor 422) as the condition of the
hay, the variety and the length of
time in stack may require.
Second rule is, after measuring the
stack as above instructed, add the
width to the over and divide by A.
Square the quotient; multiply by the
length and divide by 5l2. Hay of the
same kind varies so much in texture
cleanliness, solidity, ETC., that there is
no absolutely correct method of meas
uring, but in the absence of scales
either of these rules will give reas-
onably near estimate.