davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-02

across American territory. This permits
sion has been asked by the Carranza gov
eminent and has been given on several
occasions
The army officers definition Of the bor-
der line as two thousand miles of trouble
simply meant that there were numerous
length there would always be a certain
amount of lawlessness and smuggling, but
trouble of this kind can be handled
Graver issues arose when the revolu-
tionary factions were fighting along the
border line. Before Torreon. Villas great
est military success was at Ojinaga, on
the Rio Grande. 1t was there that the
Huerta troops made their last stand and
were defeated by the bandit leader Then
they retreated across the river and were
informed by the United States. which also
had to provide for several thousand refu-
gees.
Ell Paso, as the largest city on the
American side, also has been the pros
pective theater of trouble. although
there never has been any serious out
break. To persons thousand miles
away from Ell Paso the suggestion of
border trouble there seems absurd.
They do not realize that more than
half the population is composed of ma
tive Mexicans. who find living much
better in Ell Paso than in JuareZ. They
are eXcitable and easily Influenced.
Fort Bliss is only a few miles out of
Ell Paso, and with the troops stationed
there the city would seem to be in no
danger of a military invasion by hos
, =
CarranZa was telling President Wilson
that the American troops at Vera Cruz
violated Mexican sovereignty and Villa
had not made his attitude known, the
possibility of a daring raid on his part
was not overlooked.
At that time Villa was in the flush of
success and had a large body of SOL
diers at Juarez. 1t would have been in
keeping with his methods to attempt
raid of this sort. Guns were mounted
on the hills of Ell Paso overnight, and
in the morning it was found that there
were also guns on the hills in old
Mexico. Villas play, however. was to
be friendly to Americans. and. in view
of the encouragement he was getting
from Washington. it was very good
play. He repudiated CarranZa's dec
laration and Ell Paso was satisfied that
the danger of foray was passed.
The New Mexican border has been
the scene of frequent raids, possibly
because 1T is exposed 1t happens
also that in New Mexico there are a
good many bad Mexicans. or, they
are better known, New Mexico Next
cans
Gen. lingo Salazar. who cut a leading
figure in the revolutionary movements,
now one side and now on another,
and who was for time a prisoner at
Fort Bliss. was the type of these New
Mexico MeXicanS who make the border
so dangerous. SalaZar was acquitted
on various charges of violating neu-
trality, but the juries which acquitted
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-02

would end the trouble experienced on
the present border. But there would
still be a boundary. and the people who
got down to that line would have the
same trouble and would want the bor-
der farther extended.
Another solution of the perplexity
has been the proposition for a sort Of
neutral zone which could be poiced
jointly by American and Mexican
troops. Under the Diaz regime there
was free customs zone, one purpose
of which was to prevent smuggling, but
the scheme did not work satisfactorily
to the Mexican government, ana ulti-
mately the free zone was abandoned.
The knowledge that a sentiment eX-
lists along the border for the United
States pushing its boundary farther
south should not be an excuse for ig-
noring the actual situation of the
Americans there. The possibility of
bandit raids across the line, such as
those which formerly took place in
Texas, and Villas raid at Columbus.
may now be eliminated, although it
must be recalled that it is no small
task to provide border patrol for
line of more than 1000 miles in length.
The live question along the border.
however. is the rights of the Americans
who went into Mexico Under the assurance
of protection from the then existing gov
eminent.
Citations of municipal law and the linn
tied rights of foreigners in another coun-
try have not satisfied the people of the
United States that the Americans who
went into Mexico should be treated as
trespassers, if not as actual criminals. by
their own government. The mines and
other industries they have developed, the
ranches they have acquired, the tracts of
land they have prepared for irrigation. the
settlements. such as the Mormon colo
MES. are all legitimate enterprises
In spite of the contumely heaped upon
them, most of the Americans who have
gone into Mexico are a very good class
of people. They have no unfriendly in
tentions. If the policy of Mexico for the
MeXicans," which is legitimate ma
tional aspiration. ultimatele shall be
worked out in Mexico there will still be
room for good many Americans.
In the meantime the border Americans
may be counted on to show restraint and
to cooperate with their own government.
But it must not be forgotten that the
fact of living along the boundary entities
their views to some weight in dealing
with the Mexican border question.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-02

and the former are in the infancy of their
development in power. riches and COM
merciai Importance.
The United States, in average opinion,
is al the stage of healthy mature youth
as a nation. The aim of the meeting at
Euenos Aires IS to bring the young and
progressive peoples OF the entire western
hemisphere into commercial union and
political sympathy. SO important are the
declared objects thai. even in the midst
OF the terrific struggle which holds
the future Of Europe trembling in the
balance, the statesmen of the old world
nave paused to watch and measure the
progress made at this peaceful gather
ing far across the South Atlantic ocean.
Trade is the lifeblood of nations,
and. as such. requires a most delicate
and complete system of arteries The
mechanism of exchange between the
thre" Americas, il has long been
known, stands very much in need of
Improvement. There are large prob
iems of finance, commercial law and
administrative regulation to solve.
nevertheless it has been demonstrated
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-02

is hoped, to the important problem of
unifying the rules of Interpretation of
the negotiable instruments in internal
tional trade. A vigorous effort will be
made to secure uniformity in the GUS
toms regulations of the several repub-
lies. to achieve effective sanitary regu-
lations upon imports, to make port
dues as little veXatious and burden
some as possible, and to secure as
nearly uniform methods of classifying
merchandise as possible as the prompt
publication and exchange of this type
of statistics. An effort will be made,
too. to secure reductions in postage
rates, as well as to further the policy
successfully inaugurated by the Post
Office Department for the extension of
parcel post and money order agree
ments throughout the Americas.
The problems of the improvement of
ca BILE service and the reduction of ca
BILE rates. as well as the related prob
lem Of the utilization of wireless COM
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-02
ial Correspondence of The Star,

Special Correspondence of The Star
LONDON. March 23, 1916.
a MAYOR of Belgian town has
~ issued a pathetic appeal to his
people; he asks that if any one
insists upon committing suicide he
either hang himself with a rope or use
poison.
A long time ago the German authori-
ties in Belgium issued orders that all
firearms in the possession of the in
habitants Of Belgium be delivered up
to the Germans. Failure to do SO would
be severely punished! In Belgium there
is scarcely a person who before the war
did not have a gun of one kind or an
other. for the Belgians were great
hunters. Many OF the weapons were
nothing more than sporting pieces. but
even these could be used, in a pinch,
against the enemy.
The German harvest was great and
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-02

munication for commercial purposes,
will be carefully studied by ti.os. ~.
fitted to deal with these somewhat
technical matters. Attention also will
be devoted to the conditions under
which commercial travellers are regu-
lated in Latin America and an effort
will be made to see that their opera
tions are hindered as little as possible:
liberalization of license fees and the
adoption of some semi official docu-
mentary guarantee of good faith for
the samples carried by travelling sales
men are two points upon which the
United States delegation will concen-
trate its efforts.
Finally, the United States section
hopes to have reaffirmed the princi-
pies laid down in the fourth pam
American conference in Buenos Aires
in 1910 upon patents. trade marks and
copyrights, and the ratification of these
conventions will be earnestly recon-
mended.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-02
GEN. SALAZAR, A BAD BORDER MEXICAN.

ton to create another Texas by setting
up the independent state of Chihuahua
and getting recognition from the United
States. 1t is doubtful if Villa himself
ever really entertained such an idea
and he certainly knew nothing of the
history of Texas except in the vaguest
manner. But some of the educated
MeXicans who were part of his follow
ing knew all about the history of Tex
as. So did the American financial in
terests which were credited with back
ing Villa.
The border Americans. who advocate
extending the line farther south. usu-
ally put it on the ground that this
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-02

dent that at the meeting of the high
commission we shall find ourselves
obliged to discuss the question of es-
tablishing or strengthening steady and
dependable markets for the securities
and mmodities of South and Central
America. We shall be able, of course.
to point that the financial community
of the United States has been making
rapid progress in its preparation to as
simulate in constantly growing degree
the securities of the Latin American
governments and public service corpo-
rations. Apparently, we shall not be
able to report so much progress in the
even more important question of Gre
ating here a market for the chief
products of Latin America. Our aSso-
clates on the commission will probably
point out that if we want to replace
Europe in furnishing South and Cen
trail America with manufa ctured prod
ucts we must be prepared to take a
larger proportion of her raw material
and also to invest our capital in her
private and quasi-public enterprises.
Foreign trade requires a strong. and
expanding merchant marine; and no
merchant marine can maintain itself,
much less expand. if the freight moves
in only one direction. England's hold
on the banking, railroad. grain and
other industries of the Argentine Re-
public depends not only on the invest
ment of British capital, but on the ex-
istence and conscious encouragement
of a British market for Argentine
foodstuffs.
You will. therefore. appreciate how
urgent it is that organized effort be
made to encourage the expansion of
our trade with South and Central
America. The United States section
of the high commission cannot, of
course, expect in the short time that
remains before its departure for
Buenos Aires to realize one or an
other specific program: but it can at
least be prepared to tell the members
of the other sections assembled at the
conference that this phase of CONNER
cial and financial relations Is receiv-
ing close and sustained attention of
the keenest minds in the American
business world"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-02

Definite hat
IVA Described 1.-TWO Thousand Miles oube-RWer Lines Boundary
Determined Which Shifts
spTowns Along BordBad Men of the Secton-he Railroads.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-02

The gateways leading into old Mex
leo from the United States are several.
At times Brownsville. at the mouth of
the Rio Grande, is most heard of.
Across the river is the Mexican town of
Matamoras. and from there the rail-
way runs to Monterey.
Matamoras has had a leading part in
MeXico's red history. Many revolu-
tionary expeditions have crossed the
Rio Grande near there When Porf1rio
piaz. after numerous thrilling expert
eItc"s as prisoner. got away from
Vera Cruz on American vessel he
Went to Brownsville. ard pretty soon
thereafter Matamoras was the head of
the military operations which ulti-
mately made him dictator of Mexico.
Villa. after the Madero government
allowed him to escape from Huerta,
who had Imprisoned him in the City
of Mexico. also made his way to
Brownsville. and with handful of
followers crossed the Rio Grande and
started the movement which, with the
support given him in the United States.
for a time seemed likely to make him
the dictator of Mexico.
Laredo is one of the best known rail-
way gateways and it is from there
that the short line runs through Tor
reon to Mexico City The Mexican
town across the river is known as
Nuevo Laredo.
Eagle Pass. further west is another
gateway The town across the river in
old Mexico for a long time was known
as Ciudad Porfirio Daz. When the
Madero revolution had its fleeting trI-
umph it was proposed to blot the name
of Diaz. if not from the history OF
Mexico. at least from the map; so the
name was changed to Piedras Negras.
or Black Stones. That is the name
which still appears in the dispatches.
FL Paso. however. is the most important
gateway into Mexico. especially for all
the western part of the United States.
The town Of JuareZ. across the river. ls
the head of the Mexican railway system
of that section. There are several inter
national bridges The national railways
of Mexico or the part which used to be
known as the Mexican Central system
start a Juarez. They furnish short line
to Chihuahua The Mexican Northwest
ern also starts at JuareZ and reaches
Chihuahua by roundabout route. This
line skirts the Sierra Madres and it is
the scene of Villas most frequent raids.
West of the Sierra Madres the only
line running south. except a few short
spurs is that from Nogales. which goes
through the heart of Sonora to Guaymas
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-02

that spirit of cooperation exists. and
material advance toward solution OF
the difficulties is assured.
The conference at Buenos Aires Is
the first general meeting Of the inter
national high commission established by
the Pan American Financial Conference.
That conference gave an unquest1on-
able stimulus In many ways to the ex-
pansion and strengthening of the finan-
ctal and commercial relations of Latin
America and the United States. Many
specific instances could be cited where
in investment and development plans
that will have lasting importance for
our trade here and for the prosperity
of the South and Central American re-
publics owe their origin to this first
formal gathering of the chief repre-
sentatives of the commerce and finance
of North and South America.
1t was found, however, that many OBJ
sta cles stood in the way of securing a
permanent basis for the desired COM
mercial alliance, and 1t was decided
that the obstacles could be overcome
only by an international body consist
ing of national sections. Hence the
conference last May provided for the
establishment of the joint high COM
mission. Sections of the joint commits
sion have been appointed by all of the
American republics except Mexico. In
nearly every case the sections consist
of nine members. with the minister Of
finance as chairman. These delegations
from all the independent American ma
tons save Mexico have carefully studied
the needs of their particular nations. and
ara now to meet and get down to BUSH
ness.
The preliminary organization of the
joint high commission was under the di-
rection Of the chairman of the United
States section of the commission, Secre-
tary McAdoo The members of the
United States section now at Buenos
Aires are: William G. McAdoo. Secretary
Of the Treasury. chairman; John Bassett
Moore. Columbia University. New York,
vice chairman: John H. Fahey, former
president Chamber of Commerce of the
United States. Boston. Mass; Duncan u.
Fletcher. United States senator from
Florida. Washington; E. II. Gary, chair
man Of the board, United States Steel
Corporation. New York; Archibald Kains.
governor federal reserve bank, San Fran
cisco. Cal: Andrew J. Peters, assistant
secretary OF the Treasury. Washington:
Samuel Untermeyer Of the New York bar.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-02

The urgency of the first topic Is
brought out by the fact that the Ar
gentine government has itself seen fit
to emphasize the shipping problem by
proposing the topic itself in another
wording. With relation to the second
and third topics, means are planned for
the adoption of a scientific and con-
structive program. In this connection,
February 8 last, Secretary McAdoo
wrote to the chairmen of the nineteen
permanent group committees organized
by him in pursuance of the recommen-
dations of the financial conference, as
follows:
I'VE desire now to have your assist
ance in still another matter. 1t is evil
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-02

~ OWN in Buenos Aires, the metro
uN politan capital of the Argentine
III III Republic and the fourth city in
q size upon the two American con-
tinents. representatives of eighteen of the
twenty-one American republics meet to-
morrow in formal session. Their purpose
is TO make closer political. commercial.
economic and financial relations between
the nations of North. South and Central
America 4 matter of practical accom-
plished fact The meeting constitutes a
long step ahead in the follow-up program
Of President Wilson ard Secretary Of TIE
Treasury McAdoo for carrying out the
plans for a confederation of the CONNER
cial interests OF North. South and Central
America laid down at the first Pan-Amer-
ican Financial Cor ference in Washington
last May.
In the United States only New York,
Chicago and Philadelphia exceed Buenos
Aires in size. The Latin American coun-
tries occupy approximately 5000. 900 and
the United States 1000 00G square miles,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-02

Negotiable instruments - bills of lading
warehouse receipts.
6-Uniformty of customs regulations and clas-
R.fcatbn of merchandise.
Postage rates; parcel post and money order
facilities.
s-Cable rates; wireless telegraphy.
9-Commercal travellers and their samples.
10-Patents, trade marks and copyrights.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-02
THE, SHORTAGE OF TUNGSTEN

largest part of this tonnage is mined in
India. where annually about 1000 tons are
taken out of the earth. Australia con-
tributed about 1000 tons and in Portugal
about 1900 tons are annually mined.
Tungsten is a metallic chemical ele-
ment found in number of minerals
and has been known for a much longer
time than most persons suppose. 1t was
detected in scheelite by Scheele and
Bergman In 1881, and the metal was OBJ
tanned out of wolfram in 1888 by the
Spanish chemists and metallurgists.
Juan and Jose d'Elhuyar Tungsten
has also come into extensive use in the
manufacture of electric light filaments.
and recently tungsten needles for pho
nographs have been produced.
According to the Encyclopedia
Britannica, tungsten is a metal with a
crystalline structure and melts at $500
degrees. The powdered metal burns at
a red heat to form the trioxide and il
is very slowly attacked by moist air.
1t combines with f1uorine at ordinary
temperatures and with chlorine at $50
300 degrees. Carbon. silicon and boron
when heated with it in the electric fur
mace give crystals harder than ruby IL
is soluble in a mixture of nitric and
hydro-fluorc acids and the powdered
metal in aqua regia, but it is slowly at
tackled by sulphuric, hydrochloric and
hydrofiuoric acids separately.
In the manufacture of tool steel
about Is to 20 per cent of tungsten is
used in the crucible process and about
half this percentage in the electrical
process. With the increased demand
the tool steel and other high-speed
steel makers in the United States have
been seriously embarrassed by reason
of the embargo placed by the British
government against exports of lungs
ten ore and the British financial con-
troll of the Portugal deposits. Thus.
Great Britain controls the tungsten
production of India, Australia and Por.
tugal. and there have been no importa.
tons of this metal. say the trade re-
ports. into the United States within the
Lass ] eaT.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-02

Turning to the remaining topics. the
United States section hopes to bring
about the general approval and adop-
ton of arbitration of commercial dis
putes recently successfully negotiated
between the United States Chamber of
Commerce and the Chamber of Com
merce of Buenos Aires.
Thorough study viii be given. toe it
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-02
BY CHARLES M. PEPPER.

oo oHAT is the Mexican border"
MAN. Many people are asking the
"\S question. Even the map
" " fails to give them an answer
sufficiently definite.
An army officer once defined the Mex
lean border as 1000 miles of trouble.
although he used stronger word than
trouble"
The actual boundary line may he
traced with little difficulty. but the
trouble zone rarely can be located def
nitely. because it is shifting one.
Roughly speaking. the boundary runs
from the mouth of the Rio Grande on
the Gulf of Mexico, to some miles above
the head of the Gulf of California. and
then forms the dividing line between
the state of California and the Mexican
territory of Lower California.
y
The Rio Grande separates Texas from
one section of Mexico far as Ell
Paso Then the line runs to the west
with some variation along lower New
Mexico and Arizona, to near Yuma,
and follows the ella river. The river
lines are easily determined. except that
In the case of the Rio Grande the river
bed shifts as does the Mississippi. and
it is sometimes a question OF What is
American territory and what is MeN-
lean territory. especially where the
/ islands are formed.
The United States and Mexico usually
have tried to arbitrate TINS question,
but even arbitration is a diflcuit prop
lem The latest proceeding OF this
kind which was known as the Chaml-
zal arbitration. in which the arbitrator
was Canadian jurist, resulted unsat-
isfactorily to both countries.
When the river beds are left lnterna-
tonal boundary commissions have estab-
lished boundary stones. but as they are
rather far apart il is dlfhcult TO Know
sometimes whether one is in Arizona. New
Mexico or old Mexico. In some places,
as at Nogales. Ariz.. there is no trouble,
since the street running through the cen
ter of the town is the dividing line In
the southeastern corner of Arizona the
mining towns of Bisbee and Douglass are
close to the boundary Naco is PRACTICAL
1y on the line Cananea, about which so
much is heard. on account of the big cop
per mines. is forty or fifty miles across
the line in Sonora.
Columbus, n. NJ. which was raided by
Villa. is two or three miles from the
boundary Along the Rio Grande there
are many small towns in Texas which are
just over the line. and there are also iso-
lated settlements In all these places the
actual Mexican population is larger than
the American population Some of these
Mexicans are good citizens. and some
have more or less affiliations with bad
People living comfortably thousand
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-02

Eighteen Republics
N Anes-To POLITICAL Commercial
Conference.-The
JJp
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-04-02
exican Border and Shifting Zone of Trouble

or more miles from the Mexican border
affect to make light OF the fears which
the people in these places from time to
time give expression to in their demand
for troops. The activities of the Texas
rangers also are taken lightly. This COM
Portable frame of mind is entirely natural
a thousand miles away. but while there
are occasional unfounded scares, anybody
who has been along the border knows
that there is Justification for the appre-
hension sometimes shown. If he did not
know it, recent events would impress him
with it.