Pocahontas star herald., 1916-02-11
ORCHARD ANo GARDEN CROPS.
No, 4 Fighting Insects and diseases.
Ry J. 8 knox Extension Horticulur.
isL University OF Arkansas.


isL University OF Arkansas.
Tho man who expects 10 grow a
first class crop OF fruit under pres.
unt conditions must be prepared 10
fight the various kinds OF Insects and
diseases that attack the crop. Every
year there are thousands or orchards
over the country being killed or dam.
aged TO such an extent that they viii
nevoy yield a profitable crop 10 the
owner, just because he has not used
the proper precautions TO keep these
diseases and insects under control.
Kinds OF Insects: All OF the or.
chard insects come under one OF two
heads First there is a type OF insect
which takes It's food supply from the
| plant by means OF a sharp beak or
! proboscis like that OF the mosquito.
| In order 10 control insects OF this
/ type Il is necessary TO spray with
some strong solution which when Il
comes In contact with the body OF the
insect will stop up the breathing pores
and thus cause death Insects belong.
ing 10 this scale are San Jose Scale,
| Aphlds Of various types, Oyster Shell
Scale, Harlequin or cabbage bugs and
some Of the Squash bugs, The sec
ond kind Of insects take their food
| supply by eating portions OF the fruit
or leaves and this type OF insect Is
killed by spraying with a poison Eucn
as lead arscnate or Paris green. This
kind o, insect Is much more apt 10 be
noticed than the other because the
damage Il does IS much easier seen
| than is that OF the sucking insect.
However, either type OF insect can
and often does enough damage to pre-
vent the growing OF first class fruit
This ig especially true I'm orchards
where no effort IS made to control
fhom Among tho insects which take
their food by eating the fruit or the
! leaves eco l3d'I1r moth, CaukCr
wor-r. webb worms, caterpillar cur
ICuTua and others.
. Kinds OF Diseases. There are hun.
Irods OF different diseases that attack
| The different kinds Of plants, but only
a comparatively small number do any
serious damage 10 the fruit crop and
often two or three OF these can be
controlled by the same kind Of spray
material Among the most serious
diseases attacking the fruit crop are
blotch, sCab, bitter rot, rust, brown
rot of stone fruits, and black rot and
uJldew Of grapes. The most serious
! diseases of the tree itself are cankers,
rust, bligh,, leaf spots, crown gall,
root rot
Spray Materials: There are as
many different kinds Of spray ma
terial on the market as there are dis
eases TO control. yet there are COM
par,iycly few Of these which are used
90 any great extent in our orchards.
Lead arsenato either in the form OF
paste or powder is the principal poi.
son used, However, Paris Green is.
used TO a considerable extent in some
| instances. Bordeaux mixture, which
is q solution made Of lime and cop
per sulphatc or blue stone, is one OF
the best fungicides, and lime sulphur,
q solution Of lime and sulphur OF diff
fprent proportions, is used both as an
linsoctitude and as a fungicide. Coal
oil emulsion is a solution of coal oil,
soap and water Of varying proportions
is also quite commonly used as an
inscctiCide as well as are various
kinds Of tobacco preparations.
Spraying: For best results spray.
ing must be thoroughly done. The
spray is only preventive at best and
does not replace or cure damage al
ready done. II protects only the part
Of the fruit or tree which is covered
by the solution, hence the Importance
Of thoroughness. II one leaves only
a portion of a twig uncovered when
spraying for San Jose scale, this
small limb will be the means Of
spreading the scale over the whole
tree before the year is over and pos
sibly get It started on other trees.
Sometimes several sprayings may be
necessary in order to eradicate DIS
ease or insect and this is not infre-
quently the case with the most com
mon Of the orchard pests. Some Of the
orchardists spray from five TO eight
times each year for scab, bitter rot,
codling moth, etc. In order to have
the desired effect, the spraying must
be done at the proper time. Often a
! days difference in time makes a big
diffrence in the results obtained, so
promDtness as well as thoroughness
counts in the spraying business. The
thing that appeals to every orchardist,
: however, is that by doing the work
thoroughly and promptly he can grow
crop Of fruit that is a credit to any