davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1916-10-26

brewed the potions that transformed
 men into swine. Most notable of her victims are the companions of the
 clutches when they visited her island
 home on their wanderings.
 The Witch Of Endor.
 The earliest account of a witch at- tended with any degree of detail is
 that of the witch of Endor; her story is related in the first book of Samuel
 of the Old Testament. Here, we are told that she was endowed among
 other things with the power to call
 up the dead. She conforms in general to the type familiarized by the witch
 mania of the Middle Ages; but this
 may be accounted for by the fact that many of the later Christian practices
 were descended from the early Hebrew superstitions.
 The witch, however, has never been able to progress very far in the good !Upinion of the\ Christian. As soon
 as the last of his prosecutors had laid
 away the sword, he at once seized it
 and set about at once harassing the
 witch with a zeal that has never alto
 gether relaxed. The pagan had chas- tised the witch with rods for her in jury, to man. but the Christian at-
 tackled her as an enemy to God. Con- sidering the vast and ever-increasing ng population of witches in the Middle Ages, it seemed an almost impossible task to exterminate them altogether:
 nor indeed was it until after the thir- teenth century that the Church at-
 tempted the task on a universal scale.
 The ever-increasing prestige of witch
 craft at that time raised 1t to a point
 where it could be made an apt weapon
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1916-10-26

Bureau standardizes the measures by which he makes his product; and upon his request the product itself may be tested. Again, the Bureau endeavors to serve as a bureau of information and clearing house for the many technical problems referred to it by manufacturers.
 Special Conferences At Bureau.
 Growing appreciation of the vast waste due to defective materials and their misuse has raised the whole question of efficiency. Adequate test ing or measurement is the keynote to the solution of the central problem The development of specifications has been made the subject of special con- ferences at the Bureau, attended by Government experts, manufacturers and users. Said Secretary Redfield re- gently in referring to the work of the Bureau of Standards:
 "We are engaged regularly in the task of doing certain work for Ameri- can manufacturers out of materials which they do not use; we take the finished product to them and show them 1t can be done-and how to do
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1916-10-26

AN NCE again comes the night of \ wild fancies and eerie events.s ev In the trail of boisterous au- V tumn wind come skirling the witches of Halloween to spread abroad their charms and spells. The twentieth century is made to forget its realism, it's scientific verities and its contempt for superstition-andt the magic broomsticks fly fast; but not so fast that the small boy is deprived of his evenings amusement in mysteri- ously performing f1ighty pranks, nor the young lady her opportunity to fol- low the time-worn formulas for induc- ing visions of the future. And not so fast but that one may pause and won der about the whole subject of these Halloween witches and how they came into being.
 The witch has existed since the earliest days of history. The Bible even, is not without its witch story; mythology, nursery lore. the Middle Ages, and also the comparatively mod ern happenings in our own country at Salem-aI contain some characters which satisfy the popular conception of a witch.
 The witch draws her attributes from the pagan enchantress as well as the old bag who dwelt in a mysterious cavern and brewed mysterious love philtres and curative potions to swerve the course of nature. In fact, the pop ular witch of today-the decrepit, broomstick-riding hag-is a more modern form than the fair sorceress with power over men and beasts; she
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1916-10-26

g has increased to a degree unprece- dented and of profound import alike in America and in Europe. And Uncle Sam is doing much to boost the game along.
 The Department of Commerce is strictly on the job of finding oppor- tunities for the expansion of Ameri- can trade. and of aiding to set the in creased business on permanent basis. The Secretary of Commerce, himself a business man, maintains that no other department of govern ment is in closer touch with business men throughout the country or has greater opportunity for the effective promotion of the Nations trade.
 Get Business For Manufacturers.
 The Bureau of Foreign and De- mestic Commerce. of this department, oabors to promote commerce and man.
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1916-10-26
Work of the Department of Commerce At Home and Abroad Bureau of Standards Active = Sta tistics from Census Bu- reau of Value = Other Helpers.
Copyright, 1916, by The International
 Syndicate.

"MONG nations, the good old U.
 S. A. is now the greatest cred b itor. Within the past two years the balance of trade in its favor
The Sunday telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1914-1927, 1916-02-06
THE SUNDAY TELEGRAM oLARKsBURG

Locomotion is supplied in the
same manner as in biplane. The
blast Of air which is drawn over the
cylinders and which keeps them cool,
furnishes the motor power OF the
aero-sled. This blast of air is behind
the passengers, and causes them no
discomfort. The speed of the motor
is regulated by advancing or retard.
ing the ignition spark. Speeds OF
from one mile per hour to the maxi
mum can be obtained simply by a
slight turn of the lever.
Any fair grade Of gasoline or kero.
sene may be used to operate the motor.
The motor is equipped with an
ordinary detachable crank. such as
furnished with automobiles. A few
turns OF the crank, the motor is hum.
ming, and the aero.sled is dashing
away. There is also a specially de-
The Sunday telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1914-1927, 1916-02-06
Real EFFECT Of FEAR
On HEALTH and DISEASE

psychoneurotic, that he Is on the
verge Of insanity Sidis writes, that
the main source Of psychopathic dis.
eases is the instinct Of fear with Its
baneful manifestations Of anxiety.
anguish and worry. Darwin writes
that II we expect to suffer We are
anxious, James regards anxiety as
morbid fear! Balm, the anxious con-
dition Of mind q sort Of diffused ter
ror.' In other words, concludes sidis,
anxiety Is nothing else but the work
ing Of the instinct Of fear. Religious.
social and moral lapses and superst'-
lions associated with apprehension
Of threatening impending evil, based
on the fear-instlnct, form the germs
of psychopathic affections
Death from fear is very rare, but
the writer narrates an interesting,
although painful, incident in the ex.
perience of a noted New York sur.
geon-the late DR.. Robert H. NJ. Daw.
barn:
Some is years since, patient,
young and apparently vigorous and
sound man, was referred to me at
one Of our city hospitals for opera
ton in a perfectly simple case OF
hemorrhoids. Due preparations for
the procedure we're made, and he was
left in a private room to wait his
turn in the number Of cases detailed
for that mornings routine work. The
case. however, did not come to op.
GRAFTON; in fact, not even to. anes.
thesia. ,ry .. .t--.
"As the nurses passed the door Of
his room during our work on cases
which were scheduled to precede his.
he would call each into his room and
inquire with Increasing earnestness
and obvious expression Of anxiety
whether in their opinion the ap.
preaching operation might not en-
danger his life. Finally nurse re.
ported to us that In spite Of efforts
to reassure the patient that the OPP
Grafton was absolutely safe one, he
had grown almost incoherent with
fear or fright; she thought that l had
better see him. I had been scrub.
bing up in an adjacent room. but
went to him at once and found him
at that moment dead. Careful at.
tempts at resuscltation were at once
Instituted and persisted In, but with.
out avail.
ut developed that the young man
carried several life insurance poll.
cies. Because Of the anomalous con.
dition as to the diagnosis Of cause OF
death, representatives, of these com.
panies were at the autopsy which
was thoroughly and properly made in
our presence by careful specialist.
Not gross leslonwas found. The final
diagnosis was death from fear
The Sunday telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1914-1927, 1916-02-06
Restoring Fatigued Muscles

A VERY Ingenious physiologl-
Afal method Of increasing the
= = yield of labor from any given
group Of muscles'is described in the
Deutsche Revue. According to an
abstract in Die umschau the author,
TIL. Weber. claims that IN practice
gain Of from "a to. 40 per cent. is
obtainable in the amount of work
done. The device is extremely sim
Pile. When the given group. OF
muscles has reached the point Of
exhaustion, due to the accumulation
OF the products Of fatigue, they are
allowed to rest, while an entirely
different muscle group is set to work
vigorously. The energetic contrac.
ton of these muscles causes an in
crease in heart action and circula-
ton, and the strengthened current
of blood thus sent to all parts Of the
body partially restores the working
power Of the first group Of muscles
by carrying away fatigue toxins and
supplying oxygen.
The Sunday telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1914-1927, 1916-02-06
Showing the Action Of Cattle Whp-Figure Shows Direc
ton Which Force Set in Notion Figure the Direction
of Recoi and Figure the Impact Of Air Currents Causing
Explosive Sound

different cartridges. Everything
cracked from O.30 caliber up to 0.40.
Below 0.30 CALDER, the crack van
ished with the O.22 calibre long rife
cartridge. The 0.25-O.2O cartridge
cracked good and plenty. In fact,
there seemed to be no difference be-
tween it and the powerful O4O5 cali
bre Winchester elephant cartridge.
But when got down to the 0.22 call
bers the crack disappeared.
Cracking" Cartridges.
II began feeling my way among
the different 0.22 calibers. As have
said, the O.22 long'rifie smokeless or
black powder did not crack. The O'22
callber Lesmok long rifle did crack.
The O.22 Winchester automatic did
not crack. The 0,22 long, both smoke
less and black, did crack.
about half the cartridges in a
box of O.22 caliber w. R. f. Winches-
ter make would crack, whereas all
of the cartridges in box Of 0.22 W..
R. F. U. NJ. G. make would crack.
The o.22 short, smokeless or black,
would not crack, whereas In some
cases the O.22 Leslnok would crack
Justify.
Immediately l suspected that ve'
locity had something to do with u
I wanted to make sure, SO | made
bullets by hand of various designs
Some had holes all the way through
the centre to break up the suspected
vacuum at tho base of the bullet.
"a gas check sealed the hole while
the bullet was in the barrel, but fell
off after the bullet left the barrel.
made bullets shaped like a cigar, OF
The Sunday telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1914-1927, 1916-02-06
AERO- SHEDDING
Newest Of Thrills
In WINTER SPORTS

fresh air, for with an aero.sled tho
Zest and exhilaratlon which result
from an outing on winters day.
may be enjoyed by practically every
one, so simple is the operation OF
this new device.
At some OF the northern winter re.
sorts this season "aerosledding" bids
fair, to a very great degree to take
the place Of ice boating and coasting.
Ice boats formerly relied entirely
upon the wind, and their users were
compelled to await favorable condi-
tons before they could enjoy the
sport. Only snow or ice are neces.
sary for aerosledding.
Following is description of an
aero-sled:
The aero-sled is stoutly construct
cd of wood and steel. with comfort.
able seats. The engine is cranked IN
much the same manner as Chat OF an
automobile. and the sled is propelled
at almost any desired velocity, from
few miles an hour up to an almost
The Sunday telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1914-1927, 1916-02-06
whiplash Bullet Emerging
from a "Silencer."

1%-inch diameter and six inches
long up to twoinch diameter and
three feet long. The largest silencer
was a final heroic effort to control all
noises by providing an enormous ca
pacity.
"of course such sllencer would
be utterly impractical, but it served
to dispose forever of the doubt as to
the sllencer's being big enough to
take care of all the noise.
This mammoth silencer left the
same crack that the normal silencer
left. l then suspected that the noise
was not made by the gun. My sns'
picions had been gradually crystal
liking by the. different cracks which
The Sunday telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1914-1927, 1916-02-06

This critical velocity conceded with
the velocity of sound. When the con-
dltions were such that the velocity
Of sound was 1855 feet per second,
bullet travelling at 1854 feet per
second was practically silent, where.
rs q bullet travelling 1855 feet per
second made a crack.
at made no difference whether the
velocity exceeded the critical by one
foot per second or 1000 feet per sec
ond, except that with the latter ve-
locity the bullet continued to give off
cracks for n longer time; in other
words, until its velocity fell below
1885 feet per second.
This was followed by photographs
of the bullet, and these photographs
distinctly showed the sound wave. !
am showing some of the best photo
graphs have and in the title will be
found the description of the air wave.
I'VE now come to the whiplash,
about which all this anecdote re-
wolves. The reason the whiplash
cracks is because the snap causes
the tip of the lash to exceed the We
locity of sound. The air is then dis
turbed to degree which sets UP the
wave. This wave causes the crack
sound.
While all this pretty conclusively
explains the phenomenon of the
crack Of the whiplash, 1t also shows
the limitations OF strictly noiseless
shooting. We can never hope to &c
quire strictly noiseless shooting 4
the bullet velocity exceeds 1855 feel
per second. In fact, we know thai
all shooting to be silent must be be
low this velocity"
The Sunday telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1914-1927, 1916-02-06

when first began shooting fire.
arms with Maxim silencers, | noticed
that l had peculiar sharp crack
noise when | used certain cartridges,
regardless OF the size Of the silencer
used. / remember on one occasion
experimenting with the Springfield
rife, in which Is used the high We
locity 0.3O calibre pointed bullet.
was assisted by an army officer in
these experiments and our attention
became especially directed to this
peculiar crack.
81 made silencers all the way from
The Sunday telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1914-1927, 1916-02-06

nous development OF external
nrmor. The creatures become
transformed into numbering forts,
scarce able to drag themselves along.
Such today are a large number Of
turtles, tortoises and shell.hsh, and
the wreckage of extinct forms in
fossll-bearing rocks of every age
shows how frequently and how I'M.
successfully this method of armor-
plating has been adopted.
Quite apart from the heavy drain
upon the resources OF the animal to
produce the support this massive
defence, 1t is by no means so effi-
cient as 1t would seem. An oyster or
n scallop seems securely protected
The Sunday telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1914-1927, 1916-02-06

against those external enemies who
attempt crudely to break into the
shell. But throw a starfish Into n
tank in which scallops are resting
apparently immovable In tho bottom
mud. By smell. or perchance by
sight, they recognize their enemy,
and with ungainly splashing leaps,
like drunken butterflies, they at
tempt to flap their heavy bodies to q
securer spot. For the starish Is
able to conquer tho shell. holding on
to its surface by a thousand sucker
like feet, he averts his stomach as
q corrosive pad against the shell.
and soon reaches the nutrient flesh.
1t is better to sally forth against
The Sunday telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1914-1927, 1916-02-06

THE baby Negro IS hoI poii
black. Even so long ago as
1865 LIE Cat noticed that the
newlv.born Negro is Of a reddish
color. That observation has since
been frequently confirmed; and II
is now pretty widely known that
though the baby Negro begins 10
follow in the footsteps Of his parents
as regards color within few days
after his birth, yet at the moment OF
birth he shows disposition to aspire
towards the Caucasian race, being
white or at worst, red in hue. It IS
generally assumed that the CHIEF
OF all the causes of a Negroes black
ness is the hot sun beneath whose
more or less vertical rays he Is
doomed to live. There is, however, a
physiological condition OF the SKIN
which differentiates that organ from
the integument Of the white man.
In other words, there is difference
in what Is known as augmentation"
"The Negro" says scientist,
possesses more developed vascu-
lar sudoriparous system than we
DO" In other words, he has more
and larger sweat glands, and they
are more literally supplied With
blood. By means of these he per-
spires much more abundantly. This
condition is possibly a contributory
factor In his blackness. 1t is an I'M
portant element in the investigation
to remember, however. that the
blacklist OF all black people are al
most invariably found under certain
very definite climatic conditions
The Sunday telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1914-1927, 1916-02-06

~ CARED to DEATH" an expression
heard nearly every day, more
- frequently may express the
truth than is realized. How fear and
disease are the alternate links in 9
sort Of an endless chain Of cause ant
effect Is set forth in all interesting
manner by scientific writer. Fear
Is described as "one Of the basic In
stincts Of animal life, subordinated
and not abolished by civilization"
1t is still "a constant detail Of life,"
the writer says, and fortunately 90
since 1t drives US to acts of self-pro'
lection that save our lives. Did not
dread keep the burned child from
the fire, we would be singed race,
like the moths. And most Of all do
we owe our lives to fear OF disease,
in which is rooted all our modern
knowledge of hygiene and prophy'
laxis and probably many Of our ideas
OF treatment But not only does
the fear inspired by disease tend to
curative acts and thus curb Itself,
but it may also produce disease in
Its turn.
The influence Of fear upon the
health is not discussed in the text,
books, nor is 1t considered in the
management Of the sick, except In
the most cursory manner; but, It is
asserted, few mental states add more
to the burdens Of the physician, or
make his problems more difficult.
"That fear is q potent factor in
producing abnormal conditions, or at
least in accentuating the baneful ef-
fects Of disease" says this writer in
recent number of American Medi-
cine, "is a fact established beyond
controversy; and yet in spite OF It's
harmful tendencies, fear in some re-
spects is q benefcent force, benef.
cent in that had we not been pos
sessed Of fear, self-preservation
would not be the moving impulse it
ever has been and is today In our
life: without fear the human race
would probably have persisted. Cour-
age and fear are antithetlcal; cour-
age lncltes to extinction, fear to self
preservation. We believe courage
rarely II ever exists without fear:
such a mental condition, alone and
unchecked by the caution naturally
engendered by fear, would have pre-.
vented the survival of mankind as
well as all ether forms Of animal life.
"a morbid fear of disease contrib
utes largely to an unbalanced men
tality, it disarranges the bodily func.
tious, to be later followed by organic
dissolution. THE psychopathic be-
IIeyes himself afflicted with some in
curable physical malady, such as
cardiac trouble or tuberculosis; the
The Sunday telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1914-1927, 1916-02-06
How the DRIVEN SLED Built and Steere Real Ice Sport

signed silencer which mules the ex-
haust, and makes the aero-sled as
silent running US multi-cylinder au'
tomobile.
To prevent anything from coming
in contact with the propeller an Ell
ficient guard Of steel entirely en-
circles that part Of the mechanism.
Simplicity is the key note OF the
construction Of the aero.sled. There
are no pumps. gears. valves and
water jackets to get out OF order.
The motor is equipped with printing
cups in the cylinders as a measure
Of safety, for no matter how cold the
weather may be, there is seldom q
time when the aero-sled Will not
promptly respond to few turns OF
the motor crank. and speed away as
gracefully as swallow skins
through the air.
The Sunday telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1914-1927, 1916-02-06

CoMB1N1NG the thrills OF aero
planning with all the excite
ment and delights OF ice boat
ing and coasting, "aero-s.eddlng,' the
newest Of winter sports, offers lovers
Of the great outdoors every opopr-
tunity fully to crafty their desires
for all exhilarating amusement.
Heretofore winter sports In Sec
lions Of the country that have snow
and Ice have been confined to skat-
ing and coasting in the majority Of
cases. Ice boating has been looked
upon as something almost beyond
the reach of those who lived III the
large cities, or who did not live near
some lake or river where ice boating
was in vogue.
With the advent of the "aero.sled,"
flying over the frozen surface OF lake
or river, or snow.covered ground, at
from 30 to 60 miles an hour and even
q greater speed. has become real
ization New Joys and pleasures are
now open to thosewho love the crisp,
The Sunday telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1914-1927, 1916-02-06

that they avoid unpleasant attentions.
More subtle are the devices of
the creatures which, naturally en-
dowed with unpleasant flavors, ad-
vertIse, their nauseous taste by the
brightest Of colors. Regard my
orange and scarlet coat" they would
seem to say to the lizard or bird
who was cycling them hungrily. II
am like my bright colored brother
whom you swallowed yesterday.
Pray remember how sick he made
you" And thus few die for the
race. Most subtle Of all are those
who are not unpalatable themselves.
but simulate the appearance Of
creatures that are unpalatable.
The Sunday telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1914-1927, 1916-02-06

THE life of animals and plants
is a continual struggle against
surrounding conditions, and
the more closely Il living creature
is studied in relation to It's envi-
ronment, the more marvellously de-
tailed seems its protective armor.
Against the heavier sllngs and mr.
rows Of fortune, the attacks of
stronger or sharper-toothed crea'
lures, the defence is usually obvious
enough, a naturalist points out.
The most direct and apparently
least successful fashion is an enor.
The Sunday telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1914-1927, 1916-02-06

the hard usage Of several seasons.
The engine is a two.cyllnder, air
cooled, horizontally opposed motor.
Both cylinders fire at the same time.
The piston and all opposed parts OF
the motor are Of the same weight,
which eliminates vibration.
The Sunday telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1914-1927, 1916-02-06

the enemy than to lie behind walls.
Many creatures defend them
selves. more successfully by weapons
Of offence. Horn and hoof, teeth
and claws, invisible poisonous las
soes, stings and dart, and devices
almost innumerable. may serve
simply as defences.
Another method equally in vogue
with nature is the simple device Of
running away. Sharpened sight,
smell, and hearing act as sentinels
10 warn fleet creatures when to fly.
Others, again, escape danger by
avoiding It; they live under stones
or in caves, or they Initiate sticks
or leaves or inanimate objects, so
The Sunday telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1914-1927, 1916-02-06
Air Waves in the Wake Of
a Bullet.

trees beside the line Of fight Of the
bullet before 1t reached the distant
tree. surmised at once that each
of these clumps caused the second
airy cracks l had heard.
~ then became possessed with a
desire to fire down long straight
railroad track beside which there
would be-, at regular intervals, tele'
graph poles These poles would offer
rejecting objects Just as the clunps
OF bushes.
I'VE searched around and found q
spot where we could safely shoot