davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1916-09-30

Drink Cereo, the liquid food, the
health drink. Ask your grocer. If
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1916-09-30

DR.. Mendelshon wishes to announce
that owing to- remodeling his office he
has been unable to take care of his pa.
irons; but will have them in shape so
as to resume his practice next week.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1916-09-30

No finer stock anywhere than at
Hartman Bros. Co, jewellers and sill
versmiths. State and Liberty.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1916-09-30

The following were registered yes
terday at the Capital hotel: E. f,
Groshong. Silverton; l.. L. Loree, Chas.
Ray and ]. d. Belt of Willamina; H.
d. Tedford, Hillsboro; August Leonard,
Turner; !. l.. Dunn and wife of Kings
Valley: G. J. Walker, Monmouth.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1916-09-30

DIR. F. H. Thompson has his offices
remodeled and specializes in Ear, Nose,
Eye and Throat. 414 Bank of Com
merce. If
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1916-09-30

The spaulding Logging company now
has 10 men working on the extension
of its railroad near Black Rock, This
road will reach the mill 5 holdings at
the headwaters of the Little Luckia-
mute in the Coast range mountains and
will he ready for operation early next
spring.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1916-09-30

You will be satisfied with the change
try Hygrade cigars for Sunday-Sa-
lem made } cents.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1916-09-30

Leading jewellers ana silversmiths
Hartman Bros. Co., successor to Barr S.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1916-09-30
Under the direction of the Industrial

Under the direction Of the Industrial
Aid society of the church, the Baptist
church is undergoing. general renova-
tion and repairs, preparatory to the
meeting of the Oregon Baptist state
convention which viii come to Salem
October 1920. Miss Minnetta Mayors
who is in charge of the music is pre-
pairing special music for the occasion.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1916-09-30

Have you registered at the city hall
for the city primary Nov. 9th | would
like your vote for city recorder. Earl
Race.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1916-09-30
The regular 1 o o'clock meeting of n

IHe ItSUIdI CLOCK meeting OF the
W. G. T. L. will be held in the Ramp
building, Commercial and Ferry streets
at the usual hour Sunday afternoon.
An invitation is extended to all.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1916-09-30

DR.. B. Meuric Roberts, osteopathic
800 Masonic bldg, phone 409
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1916-09-30
The First Baptist church of this city

The First Baptist church of this city
will rejoice Sunday in a renovated and
improved building Under the direction
of the Woman 5 Industrial society the
building has been cleaned throughout
and several floors painted. The floor
in the main auditorium has been fin
ished in oil and varnish and new
Brussels carpet is being laid in toe
aisles and around the margins of the
pewS. The main auditorium was clos
ed last Sunday but will he in use next
Sunday. A newly organized choir un.
der the leadership of Miss NIinnetta
Magets will have charge of the music
al part of the services. The church and
Sunday school and young people So
eiety are planning for rally day on Oc-
tober s.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1916-09-30
The latest asrirant for citr

UTTTOTdI
honors is f. W. Stubs, who filed with
the city recorder yesterday notice OF
his candidacy for alderman from the
9TH ward.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1916-09-30
Next Monday is the day that regu

lar fall work begins at the Capital
Business college. There will be new
classes in all departments. \ large en-
rollment is expected
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1916-09-30

DR., Stones Drug Store for trusses.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1916-09-30

Although there has not been much
talk about the five cent loaf of bread
getting smaller in Salem, there is u
more serious thing than the advance
in bread looming low ON the horizon,
although on account of its Glow visi-
bility' it cannot he clearly seen ut
present And that is, the Thanksgiving
turkey is likely to he roosting high
and along with ii the high price of eat
ing the national bird. as a Portland
commission house is already offering
from % to "a cents on foot. and ~
cents dressed.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1916-09-30

The opening of the fair gates Gu Sun
day moves the Rev. Carl II. Elliott of
the First Presbyterian church to change
the subject of his evening sermon TO
- Keeping Holy Day. y
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1916-09-30

state organizer will address the meet
ing.
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1916-11-25

CONSTRUCTION AND ACTION STORAGE
EXPLAINED EXPERTS MOTORISTS

cause the electrolyte to expand and
the gravity will decrease from 1870
to 1869. II the temperature of the
electrolyte had decreased instead Of
increasing. the electrolyte would have
contracted in volume and the gravity
would have increased.
Doesn't Change Strength
Owing to the fact that a change in
the temperature OF the electrolyte
does not changa the strength Of the
electrolyte but changes its specific
gravity only. there should be correc-
ton made in the gravity readings OF
one point for each three degrees
change in temperature Just as a mat.
ter of convenience. 20 degrees Fahren-
heit is taken as standard tempera-
ture.
The electrolyte may be prepared so
that it will have any desired density
by combining definite portions OF
water and acid either by weight or
volume, as indicated in Figure 8. The
following precautions should always
be observed In mixing the electrolyte:
Use a glass or earthenware vessel;
in no conditions use a metal one Al
ways pour the acid into the water;
never pour the water into the acid.
Str the liquid constantly while mix
ing with wooden puddle or glass
tube, and allow it to cool before TAX
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1916-11-25

peroxide and reduces the lead perox-
ide to spongy lead.
This process results in a thin layer
of active material being formed on
the surface OF the plate. which is
quite porous. and firmly attached to
the grid. The area OF the surface OF
the lead plates may be increased by
cutting large number OF narrow
grooves in their surface or By CORFU
eating the plates In one particular
type OF construction for stationary
batteries the area OF the plates is in
creased by forming buttons OF narrow
strips Of corrugated pure lead ribbon
and forcing them into circular open
ings in the framework
Storage Cell Discharging
In discharging a storage cell the
electrolyte H2SO4 is split up by the
action of the electric current into ny.
drogen, HI, and sulphion, 500. The
hydrogen, which passes in the direc.
ton Of the current, is liberated at the
cathode and combines with some of
the oxygen in the lead peroxide, form
ing water, H2O, thus converting the
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1916-11-25

lead peroxide into lead oxide, Pho.
The lead oxide is supposed to COM
bine immediately with a part of the
electrolyte, H2SO4, forming lead sui
phate, PbSO4, and water, H2O. Lead
sulphate Is also formed at the anode
by the sulphion, SO4, combining with
the spongy lead, Pb. The cell will
continue to deliver current until the
plates are entirely reduced to lead
sulphate, when all action will cease,
as there is but one kind of material
in contact with the electrolyte and a
cell requires two kinds. In practise,
however, the practical limit of dis
charge is reached before the surfaces
of both plates are reduced to the same
material
The lead sulphate which is formed
during the process of discharging is
more bulky than the active materials
themselves, and as a result there is
an expansion In the surface of the
plates of the cell. The lead sulphate
has a higher electrical resistance than
the active materials, which causes the
internal resistance Of the cell to in
crease as the discharge continues
There is also a decrease in the density
Of the electrolyte as the discharge
continues on account Of the absorption
of the sulphion, SO4, by the active
material.
Chemical Action When Charging
The chemical action taking place in
lead storage cell when it is discharg-
ing is shown 6iagramatically in Fig
ure 1. The direction of the current
within the cell is from the negative
plate whose active material is spongy
lead, ob, toward the positive plate
whose active material is lead perox-
ide, POE. The sulphuric acid in con-
tact with the negative plate is broken
up into SO4 and HI, and the positive
ly charged hydrogen, H2, carries its
charge over to the lead peroxide plate,
where ii gives it up and combines
with the oxygen of the lead peroxide,
forming water. The SO4 part of the
acid in contact with the negative plate
combines with the spongy lead and
forms lead sulphate, PbSO4. The acid
in contact with the positive plate is
also broken up into SO4 and HI, and
a part of the oxygen in the lead oxide
combines with the hydrogen, H2, form
ing more water, H2O. The sulphion,
SO4, instead Of going over to the mega.
tive plate, combines with the lead of
the lead peroxide to form lead sui
phate, PbSO4.
The chemical action may be written
in the form of IN equation as follows:
Action at positive plate, cell dis
charging PbO2 plus HI plus H2SO4
produces PbSO4 plus H2O.
Lead peroxide plus hydrogen plus
sulphuric acid produces lead
sulphate plus water.
Action at negative plate, cell dis
charging Pb plus SO4 produces
PbSO4
Lead plus sulphion produces lead
sulphate.
There are two things which are TAX
ing place when the cell is discharg-
ing. First, the acid is continually
growing weaker, and, second, the ac-
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1916-11-25

A complete set OF positive or mega
tive plates fastened to a bar or strap
of lead Is called group, and 1t will
be spoken Of as positive or negative
group. depending upon whether the
plates are positive or negative.
A combination OF 3 positive and q
negative group Of plates together with
the separators constitute what is
called an element.
The container for a storage cell Is
the vessel containing the electrolyte
and into which the element of the cell
is placed. The contalner should al.
ways be made from material that is
not acted upon by the electrolyte. and
its mechanical characteristics should
be sucn that 1t will withstand the ex-
cessive vibration of the motor car and
ordinary abuse in handling Rubber
is generally used in the construction
of the container for storage cells to
be used on motor cars, as 1t readily
meets the above requirements.
The container is usually constructed
with stiff ribs across the bottom and
en- the inside, which serve to support
the element and at the same time pro-
vide a space below the element into
which any sediment or loose material
resulting from the operation of the
cell may accumulate.
The containing case is usually pro-
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1916-11-25

within the cell is from the positive
toward the negative plate. Two parts
of oxygen combine with the lead part
OF the lead sulphate in the positive
plate and form lead peroxide, PbO2.
The SO4 part OF the lead sulphate on
the positive plate combines with two
parts of hydrogen and forms sulphuric
acid. Two parts Of hydrogen combine
with the SO4 part of the lead sulphate
on the negative plate and form sui
phuric acid, while the lead part of the
lead sulphate on the negative plate re-
mains on the surface of the plate as
the active material.
The chemical ection may be written
in the form Of an equation as follows:
Action at positive plate, cell charg-
ing PbSO4 plus H2O plus o pro-
duces PbO2 plus H2SO4.
Lead sulphate plus water plus oxy-
gen produces lead peroxide plus
sulphuric acid.
The changes taking place in a lead
storage cell when it is charging result
in the lead sulphate on the positive
plate being replaced by lead peroxide,
the lead sulpnate on the negative
plate being replaced by pure lead and
the elactrolyte becoming stronger.
Every storage cell contains two
kinds of plates, positive and negative
In some very small cells there are
only two plates, one positive and one
negative. In .he majority of cases,
however, there are number of both
positive and negative plates, and they
are arranged alternately with respect
to each other. All of the positive
plates are connected to lead bars
which form the positive terminal of
the cell, and all of the negative plates
are connected to lead bars which form
the negative terminal.
Since there is a greater chemical
action taking place at the surface of
the positive plate than is taking place
at the surface CT the negative plate,
1t is customary to arrange the plates
both sides OF each positive plate,
which results in practically the same
action taking place on both sides Of
every positive plate. With this ar.
rangement there will be required one
more negative plate in a cell than
there are positive plates.
Containers for Lead Storage Cells
The plates are prevented from COM
ing into contact with each other by
means of what are called separators,
which are generally made from wood,
treated to remove all acids and other
injurious matter. Other materials are
used in the construction of separators,
the principal one of which is rubber,
but not to anything like the extent
that wood is used. In some makes of
cells the plates are held apart by
means of special mechanical devices.
The separators are made quite thin
and they are usually ribbed vertically
on one side. The ribbed side is placed
next to the positive plate, which read
lily permits the comparatively large
amount of active material which is
loosened from the surface of the plate
during the operation of the cell to fall
to the bottom CT the CELL
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1916-11-25

tive materials, lead peroxide and
spongy lead. are being replaced by
lead sulphate This lead sulphate is
more bulky than the active materials
which 1t replaces, and as result the
pores in the surface Of the plates be-
come more or less flied, which to a
certain extent prevents the acid and
active materials coming into contact
with each other.
In charging a storage cell chem
ical action takes place which is just
the reverse of the chemical action TAX
ing place when the cell is discharg-
ing. The lead sulphate, PbSO4, on the
positive plate is converted back into
peroxide of lead, PbSO2, while the
lead sulphate On the negative plate is
converted back into spongy lead. The
density of the electrolyte increases,
due to the fact that the SO4 part of
the lead sulphate combines with by
drogen and forms sulphuric acid.
The chemical action taking place in
a lead storage cell when 1t is being
charged is shown systematically in
Figure 2. The direction of the current
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1916-11-25
SALES OF REos SHOW
80 PER CENT INCREASE

Stockholders OF the REQ Motor Car
Company and REQ Motor Truck Com
pany met at the plant in Lansing,
Mich, late last week in completing
the merger of the two. companies,
which now is accomplished. and were
presented with a report showing that
the business of the car company in
creased 33.OS per cent over last year,
and of the truck company 1888 per
cent, making the total increase Tor
the two REQ companies 1924 per cent.
During its 1916 fiscal year the car
company delivered 23,753 pleasure
cars, with a gross sales total OF Sz4,-
1853, 600. The truck company delivered
2551 trucks, with a total of $3,5zl,OOO
in sales, making total of ST 1884, 600
for the two companies.
The new machine shops of the COM
pany, which we're delayed in erec-
ton due TO difficulty in securing the
necessary materials, now are being
proceeded with at full speed. One
building alone is 40x175 feet.
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1916-11-25

vided with a suitable cover, which is
sealed into position after the element
has been put in place by means OF
some kind of ritch compound Spe-
cial means are employed by the differ
ent companies in making tight seal
around the top of the cell and term
inals of the groups where they pass
through the cover of the cell.
Each cell must be provided with a
suitable vent through which the gas
formed during the operation of the cell
may escape and through which the
electrolyte may be poured into the cell
and electrolyte or distilled water be
added as may be required from time
to time
The various cells forming the stor-
stantial wooden tox thoroughly coated
with an acidproof paint and provided
with suitable handles for carrying the
battery and also for anchoring it in
position on the car. In the majority
of cases layer of sealing compound
is placed over the entire number Of
cells after they are all in place in the
containing case. while in some makes
the sealing of each individual cell is
ample TO prevent any seeping of the
electrolyte out into the wooden box.
When the sealing of each cell is en-
tirely separate 1t is possible to re-
move any one OF the cells from the
battery for inspection or repairs a
great deal easier than it is where the
entire battery is covered with layer
of sealing compound.
Electroiyte for Lead Storage Batteries
The electrolyte for lead storage bat
teries consists of pure sulphate acid
and water Concentrated sulphuric
acid is a heavy, oily liquid having a
specific gravity of about 1885. This
acid is diluted with water until its
gravity is in the neighborhood of 1.270
to 1900 for a fully charged battery,
as the best results are obtained in
the operation of the battery with acid
of this gravity.
By the term specific gravity is
meant the relative weight Of any sub
stance as compared to water. Pure
water is taken as standard and its
specific gravity is taken as /, usually
written 1000 and spoken of as ten
hundred Thus, If you were to weigh
certain volume of water and then
weigh an exactly equal volume Of
some other material, the specific gray.
ity of the material would be equal to
the weight Of the volume of that ma
terial divided by the weight of the
same volume of water.
The specific gravity Of material is
not constant, but will change with
change in temperature. If the tenn
perature of sulphuric acid is increased
there will be an increase in the vol
ume of the acid, and although there
will be no change in the strength OF
the acid due to beating, the expansion
will cause it to have a lower specific
gravity at the higher temperature.
The decrease in specific gravity is ap-
proximately equal to .001 for each
three degrees Fahrenheit increase in
temperature. For example, if the cleo
trolyte n battery has specific grav-
ity of 1870 at 20 degrees Fahrenheit
and the temperature OF the electrolyte
is increased to 73 degrees Fahrenheit
his increase in temperature will
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1916-11-25

ing a reading of the specific gravity
or before placing it in the cells.
The specific gravity of the electro
lyte may be determined by means CT
device called a hydrometer This
consists of closed glass tube with a
! small quantity of lead shot or other
heavy material sealed in one end,
which serves to keep the tube in an
upright position when 1t is placed in
the liquid, and provided with a suit
able scale marked on the glass tube
or on a piece of paper inside the tube.
The depth to which the hydrometer
sinks in the liquid whose specific grav-
ity is being determined, as indicated
on the scale of the instrument where
the surface of the liquid is in contact
with the tube, is a measure of the
specific gravity of the liquid. The
temperature of the electrolyte may be
determined by means Of a thermome-
ter AMI corrections made in the spe-
cific gravity as has been explained
above.
Using the Hydrometer
For convenience in using the n.y.
drometer it is usually placed inside Of
larger glass tube provided with a
rubber bulb at one end and suitable
nozzle or short piece Of hose at the
other. This combination is known as
the hydrometer syringe II the bulb
be squeezed and the lower end in
serted into the electrolyte, through
the vent opening of the cell, electro
lyte will be drawn up into the large
glass tube when the bulb is released
1t will Of course be necessary to draw
up sufficient electrolyte to float the
hydrometer. The specific gravity
should be read at the surface Of the
electrolyte when the syringe Is In a
vertical position and there is no pres
sure on the bulb.
Care should be exercised in return
ing the electroiyte to the cell to make
sure that it is not drawn from one
cell being weakened, as water even
tually would~be put in to replace the
electroiyte, while in the cell to which
the electrolyte was transferred there
would be an increase in specific grav-
ity.
The temperature at which sulphuric
acid freezes depends upon the Speclnc
gravity. There is little danger of the
electrolyte freezing unless the battery
is discharged, in which case the spe-
cific gravity will be relatively low.
The specific gravity of the electro
lyte in a cell will change when the
cell is being charged and discharged,
increasing while the cell is being
charged and decreasing when the cell
is being discharged. This change in
the specific gravity of the electrolyte
offers quite a reliable means of de-
termining the condition of charge OF
the cell Assuming the electrolyte
has a specific gravity approximately
1900 when the cell is fully charged,
the specific gravity will drop as the
cell dis charges.
Capacity of Storage Cell
The normal ampere-hour capacity
of storage cell is equal to the guam
tity OF electricity in ampere-hours that
the cell will supply when it is dis
charged at such a constant current
that the terminal voltage of the cell
will fall to Ii volts in eight hours
Of example, cell is said to have an
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1916-11-25

ampere-hour capacity of 60 ampere
hours, which means that the cell will
supply current Of rs amperes con-
tinuously for eight hours at 20 degrees
Fahrenheit without the terminal volt
age decreasing below 1T volts The
ampere-hour capacity of a battery
formed OF a number of cells connected
in series will be the same as the am
pere-hour capacity of a single cell, but
the pressure producing the current
will be equal to the pressure of sim
gle cell multiplied by the number Of
cells.
II the cells be connected in parallel
the ampere-hour capacity of the bat
terry will be equal to the ampere-hour
capacity of single cell multiplied by
the number of cells, but the pressure
producing the current will be equal to
the pressure Of single cell. The am
pere-hour capacity of each cell de-
ponds upon the total area of the plates
exposed to the action of the electro
lyte.
The watt-hcur capacity of storage
cell is equal to the ampere-hour ca
pacity multiplied by the average volt
age during dis charge. The watt-hour
capacity Of any number of cells con-
nected in parallel or series will be
equal to the watt-hour capacity Of a
single cell multiplied by the number
of cells connected in circuit, assum-
ing they are identical
The capacity of given storage cell
is not constant, but depends upon
number OF Z, conditions, such as the
temperature of the cell, the rate at
which the cell is discharged, the spe-
cifc gravity of the electrolyte, the at.
tention the cell has received and the
kind Of service to which it has been
subjected.
The higher the rate OF discharge,
the lower the ampere-hour and watt
hour capacities of the cell, and the
lower the rate of discharge the higher
the ampere-hour and watt-hour capaci-
ties of the cell.
This decrease in capacity is due to
the fact that the electrolyte has not
ample time to penetrate the pores Of
the active material, and, as a result, !
some OK the active material is not
available. If a cell be discharged at
a high rate to the minimum voltage
allowed for that rate, and then al
lowed 10 stand for some time, it will |
be CAPABLE Of delivering an additional
quantity.