davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-07-02

principally corn and pork. Farmers
could take their guns into the woods,
however. and shoot squirrels. raccoons.
deer. bla ck bears and turkeys. There
were millions of geese. ducks. pleas
ants, wild pigeons and quail along the
seaboard and the rivers and in the
bays and lakes and the streams were
filled with fish. An English writer has
said that he saw wild turkey in Vir
ginia that weighed sixty pounds.
The turkey. and not the eagle, Ben
jamin Franklin thought. should have
been the bird of freedom. 1t was, he
said. a native of the United States. and.
though a little vain and Silly, but
none the worst emblem for that" was
bird of courage that would not hest
tate to attack a grenadier of the Brit
ish guards who should presume to in
wade his farmyard with a red coat on"
Succotash was a favofite colonial
dish. Gen. Richard Prescott, a British
prisoner. on his way to Washington's
headquarters, ate dinner at Capt. AL
denis hotel in Connecticut. Mrs. Alden.
striving to please her distinguished
guest, placed before him a steaming
bowl of corn and beans. The general
looked at 1t moment. and then, call
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-07-02

each man: Twenty ounces of fresh
beef or its equivalent in mutton. bacon.
canned meat (when fresh cannot be
had), hash or fish: Is ounces of -four
in the shape of bread; beans, rice or
hominy; 20 ounces of potatoes. onions.
tomatoes or other fresh vegetables;
prunes or dried apples. peaches or jam;
coffee. sugar, milk, vinegar. lard. but
ter. strip. flavoring extracts. with va
rious substitutes and spices
This food Is cooked on camp wood
burning, sheet iron stoves, by men
carefully trained for this especial
work, and it is nourishing and whole
some. The daily ration was not a Sc
lection made because 1t seemed good
to some cook. but was determined by a
commission OF officers and members of
the army Medical Corps for It's nu-
tritive value. 1t was then tried out
carefully In camps and barracks of
tho regular army. 1t cannot be kept
up in all respects when the army is
In the field, but 1t may be said that
the national forces now on the border
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-07-02
BY JAMES B. MORROW.

n RARsH grasses, flags and reeds
IMMI grew on the sodden banks of
UWJl the Potomac. where after
SVo ward the city of Washington
was built. when the fifty-six patriots.
stout of heart. signed their names to
the Declaration of Independence.
Inland. on the red hills. grew oaks.
chestnuts, tall poplars and Towering
dogwoods. Seven miles away was
Alexandria, with a tavern, a church.
yard, a warehouse and brick houses on
the bank of the river. There George
Washington, the planter, traded and
worshiped and, on occasion, logged a
neighbor.
Philadelphia. population $4,000, was
the largest city in the thirteen colo
niles. The number Of New York's in
habitants was 10000 less. Chicago was
non-existent. 1t was only a swamp on
the shore of Lake Michigan. Pittsburgh
was a group of log cabins. Cincinnati
was not to be founded until a dozen
years later. Detroit was no more than
. crude British fort.
Ships brought tropical products to
Baltimore from the West Indies. They
took cargoes of -four back and carried
oargoes of tobacco to England. Balti-
more's population. six years before the
bell of liberty rang in Philadelphia.
had reached 10000.
Charleston, the fifth city of English
America, with $4,000 inhabitants, sent
nee. indigo, corn and cattle to Great
Of freedom and commerce. was becom-
Ing opulent through its fisheries and
shipping. Its trade was mostly with
the West Indies. where sailed Goldfish
and lumber were exchanged for sugar,
rum and molasses.
Oak ships were built at Gloucester
and Salem at a cost of s24 a ton. The
cost was more than double that sum in
England, France and Holland. The
skill and thrift of the Puritans in New
England soon gave them the leadership
In all the works of material construc-
ton. "A leadership they held for many
generations.
The territory now known as the
United States was settled only along
its eastern rim on the 4th of July,
ITS. In front of the people, as they
looked toward their old homes, or the
homes of their fathers. on the other
side of the ocean. was an armed enemy.
At their backs were forests. the haunts
and dwelling places of Indians and
wild animals.
Who were the people? Their states
men and generals have been named, de-
scribed and honord by history. Little
notice, however, has been given to the
people. though the men and women of
the colonies are, in their human as
poets. of great Importance. Thomas
Paine. the famous pamphleteer of free
dom. limited the colonists Of English
descent to less than a third of the popu-
1ation- Even so, the revolution was
war against Englishmen by English
men. in which the Scotch Irish, the
Dutch. the Germans, the Huguenots, the
Swedes. the Swiss and the Jews took
determining part as officers, fighting
men in the ranks and monetary con-
tributors.
There were several Germans in vir
ginia as early as 1908 among the 200
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-07-02
Skin Deep.
B. DURYEA. a millionaire sports

B. DURYEA, a millionaire sports
90 man, said at a field dog trial at
Letohatchee. Ale:
Beauty may be only skin deep IN the
case of human beings. but. in the case
of dogs, beauty-or FORMS the whole
thing.
IAN ugly dog is nothing. chap once
went to a dog dealer and said:
=" L want to buy a dog about this high
and this long. It's kind OF greyhound.
but 1t amt a greyhound. because it's
fatter round the waist and its tails
thicker, and its nose is shorter ard kind
of turned I'D like a bulldogs, but, OF
course 1t amt a bulldog. but more like
hound, though longer and lower, with
rougher coat and handler legs. Do
you keep such dogs?'
"'No, said the dealer. We drown
EN-"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-07-02
SOUTHERN GENTLEMEN PLAYED RIDDLES THE


adventures at jamestown, which had
just been settled the year previous. The
German immigration, however, did not
really begin until 1893. There were
thousands of Germans in the Mohawk
valley, in Pennsylvania, Maryland.
South Carolina and North Carolina on
the 4th of July, one hundred and forty
years ago.
The Scotch Irish. on the other hand,
had gone into all of the colonies. They
were the dominant race in North Caro-
lima at the opening of the revolution and
constituted third of the population in
Pennsylvania and sixth of the total
population in the thirteen colonies. The
immigration of these hardy. courageous.
liberty loving Presbyterians was well
under way in 1719.
In the forty years between 1870 and
ITO a half million FISHERMEN found
homes in America. Ulster thus lost one
half of its Presbyterian population. They
went to the frontiers, where they cut
down the forests and kept the Indians at
bay They were farmers and mechanics.
and nearly all of them, even in that IL
literate age. could read and write.
From Pennsylvania they spread south
ward to the two Carolinas. They built up
Kentucky and Tennessee. Small farm
ers, owning few slaves and having demo-
cratic social and political opinions. they
made, as John Fiske. the historian says,
profound notifications in the life Of old
Virginia They helped to fight the
battles of the revolution, and afterward
they and their descendants became
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-07-02

them will remain in the concentration
camps until further forces-from 2oo,-
900 to 400. 900 men-are ready TO move.
To judge how long that viii take one
must consider this fact: 1t took weeks,
the efforts of a number of especially well
equipped men and considerable sums OF
money to organize and launch the pre-
paredness parade in Washington from
the Capitol to the White House. Many
of the marchers were well organized
departmental employees. No uniforms
transportation, food. munitions, lodg-
ing tentage. drilling or training mao
to be provided. How long Will II take
to turn out an army of at least 2oo,ooo
men ready in all respects to take the
field?
When the answer TO that question
is made one may reckon how soon after
declaration of war the bulk of the NIL
litfa now going to camp may begin TO
invade a wide and rough hostile coun-
try. 49,
In any event. those who have the
experience and return will be mace
over into seasoned. alert men, to whom
patriotism has a new and real mean
ing. -
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-07-02

m VERY mother of national
In guardsman will want TO know
- all that can be told or foretold
60 about her son who has been
ordered to the concentration camp and
all are assured that he will be well
cared for
when President Wilson made the
call upon the state governors for the
National Guard. which can only be
done by him when war is imminent IT
became their duty, acting through
cruit the organizations to their war
strength and gather them with the
equipment heretofore furnished by
the federal government, in their
armories or recruiting stations. The
government. when necessary. provides
transportation for them to the concen-
tration camps. forwards uniforms and
equipment for the recruits. but assumes
no authority or direction over the or
ganizations and no responsibility for
their care or their pay during that
period.
After they are gathered at the camp
the gusrdsmen take the oath Of allie
glance to the federal government,
cease for the time being to be national
guardsmen and become federal soldiers,
to be regarded and treated in all mat
tiers OF discipline and care like other
soldiers in the federal service during
the war or until a term equal to his
militia enlistment expires.
When the bands began to play and
the boys In khaki poured out of the
a-mory. formed 70 march down tho
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-07-02

judges and legislators. merchants, oank
ers and manufacturers - and Presidents
of the United States.
The Dutch of New York, farmers ana
small merchants. as well as innkeepers,
grew rich in many instances and gave TO
Manhattan Island characteristics that
have continued to the present. Holland
ers long before the writing of the Dec
couraged to come to America. Their
passage over the Atlantic cost them
nothing, and on their arrival IN thls
country they were each given the use OF
an annual money rent of $500 and eighty
pounds of butter.
They planted orchards of peach and
cherry trees and built breweries. One
fourth of the buildings in New Amster-
dam. as New York was called before
Manhattan Island became British
possession, were inns and tap houses
or saloons, as such places are known
in these days. At the time or the
revolution there were Dutch. Hugue-
notS, Scotch, English, Germans ana
Jews in New York.
The Swedes lived in Delaware. There
were Huguenots in all Of the colonies.
The first Jews in America, twenty
seven in number. WERE Portuguese,
who had originally gone to Brazil.
year 1854. There was Jewish syna-
gogue in that city in 1891. By 1850
Jews owned stores, country estates
and number of sailing ships.
Jewish immigrants settled in Rhode
Island. New York, Pennsylvania. South
Carolina and Georgia. A great many,
relatively. lived in Philadelphia and
heard the bell proclaim the rebels
challenge to Great Britain. Among
them was Haym Solomon. merchant
and banker, who loaned the new gov
eminent of the United States 100000
in specie and lost a third of 1t because
Congress was never fair enough to pay
it back.
Most of the people in all the colonies
were poor, exactly as most of the peo-
pie anywhere and at any times are
poor, although there were rich men in
the cities, on the estates along the
Hudson, on the tobacco plantations of
Virginia and the rice plantations far
Their south. Redemptioners were nu-
merous in Pennsylvania and elsewhere.
Commonly, they worked four years to
pay the cost of their passage from
Europe to America. At the end of
that time If they had been Industrious
and obedient, each was given a suit
of clothes and a set of farm tools,
which included scythe. shovel. an
ak and so on.
The revolutionary army contained
hundreds of redemptioners. Gen. Emory
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-07-02

By depicting every camp and garrison
in the country some 10000 regulars,
constituting the entire mobile regular
army. is now in the south. and the
probable course of the army will be to
use them in guarding the border until
additional troops can be raised. organ
lied. drilled. equipped and transported
to the place of action. AS soon as the
militia is made ready such numbers as
may be needed to assist the regulars in
the task are selected from the militia
forces most advanced in their training.
The others are held where they may
round into form quickly.
Therefore, IL there IL no war the
bulk of the militia. as soon as 1t Is evil
dent that it 10 not needed. will go home
without taking the trip to Mexico. II
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-07-02

main street to entrain, or perhaps to
hike" If not too far away. they made
martial show. They advanced between
lines of friends. but they did not get up
acterized their exhibition drills and
holiday parades, for each man carried.
in addition to rifle. bayonet and car
fridge belt. his blanket roll and pack
weighing in all over forty five pounds.
While each of the young fellows
knew the manual of arms. most Of them
were not husky. The extra weight on
their shoulders was sure to tell before
they marched far in the sun. The pale
faces Of many told of indoor life and
sedentary pursuits Smooth palms. un-
used to handling a spade or pick. fore
told blisters. Muscles. even OF the ath-
letic. which are unaccustomed to con-
tinuous labor, were certain to ache at
setting UP tents. driving tent pegs, dig
ging bitches. handling supplies and
drilling hours at a stretch under an ex-
acting sergeant
Boys who on Tuesday night had found
bed with the sheets turned down by
loving mothers. on Wednesday were glad
to drop on canvas cots under canvas
tents, almost too exhausted to wonder
how 1t had all happened. Their mothers
had not raised them to be soldiers. and
30 they were going through a hard ex-
pertence In order to become men, self
reliant and capable. skins had to be
toughened. muscles to be hardened and
the boys had to learn to take care of
themselves.
Unfortunately. owing to the antiquated
system under which the militia II or
ganized. very few Of the oficsrs, espe-
ciaily the non-commissioned. who come
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-07-02

Upton. in his book on the military
policy of the United States. has shown
that bountfes of money and land had to
be paid to recruits even in the first and
second years of the revolution. Many
a redemptioner thus obtained farm
of his own and opened the glad way for
his descendants to point backward at
him as the original aristocrat and pa
triot of an ancient and honorable
house
Agriculture. of course, was the main
support of the colonists. no matter
where they lived. All manufactures,
bought their furniture. clothing. pic
lures. silver. porcelain, carpets. books
and wines in England and France. They
made their own bricks and sawed their
own lumber, and away back IN 1919 the
picturesque Capt. John Smith had in
troduced soap-making, with the help
of experts brought over from Poland.
Pennsylvania, in late colonial days.
exported wheat. corn, timber, pig iron
and furs Five hundred ships, employ
ing 1000 sailors. were engaged in this
trade. Their cargoes from the West
Indies and Europe were made up prln-
cipally of manufactured articles, sugar.
wines and strong spirits. There was a
paper mill near Philadelphia and glass
was made at Germantown.
The fur trade was a source of great
profit. Mention Is made in the early
annals of New Amsterdam of a single
shipment of 5000 beaver skins. Farm
ers cleared a little land at a time and
went forth in the woods during winter
after foxes. deer and raccoons, the pelts
of which they traded to the merchants
near at hand for sugar, tea, spices, iron,
tools. rum and other necessities.
Alcohol, in the view of the patriot
fathers of America, was one of the
standard items of life. The rich drank
imported brandy and wine. The poor
guzzled rum and often got drunk at
funerals, where 1t was served before
and after the sermon in generous and
repeated drains. Merchants kept it on
their counters as a sort of coupon or
trading stamp for their customers.
Every employer of labor. indoors or
out. was required to have jug of
rum, and sometimes a hogshead, for
the refreshment of his field hands. car
penters, sailors. shoemakers, timers.
woud choppers and what not. 1t was
made of molasses, obtained in the West
Indies. for which were traded such
honest odds and ends as Goldfish from
Massachusetts, wheat from Pennsylva-
MIA and cattle from South Carolina,
Yet the colonsts We're pious people.
and in New York, New Jersey, North
and South Carolina, Virginia. Maryland
Though three-fourths of the inhabi-
taxed for the support of the Church of
vania and Delaware were all sects So
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-07-02

1000 fruit trees. and seventy horses
were in his stables.
Tobacco planters in Virginia and
wheat planters in Maryland and rice
planters in South Carolina lived like
the barons of old England and in man
sions of from ten to twenty rooms that
usually overlooked n river. They had
china, glass and silver and huge chests
of linen. Slaves cultivated their fields.
Their amuSements were fishing. hunt
ing. dancing and horse racing.
Horses in those quaint days ran two.
three and four mile heats, best two in
three. When races were between horses
evenly balanced as to speed, the winner
at times had to cover twelve miles in
a single morning or afternoon. Only
the rich could race: the common peo-
pie" were never more than spectators.
Also there was cock-fghting and it
was the custom of gentlemen to gamble
at cards. Many Virginia aristocrats
played the fiddle. Their wives and
daughters had harpsichords which were
brought over from London and were
scription balls in Philadelphia in 1T4a
Dancing began at o'clock in the even
ing and continued until midnight. The
Dutch in New York made calls on New
Year day and the custom spread to
other cities.
Visiting was especially a pastime OF
the south. Thomas jefferson was eaten
poor by the hordes that came knocking
at his door. His daughter, Mrs Martha
Randolph. was once asked What was
the greatest number of persons ever to
remain at your fathers house overnight"
Fifty, l believe" she replied.
In the north. in the cities and on the
Hudson river. .he houses of the wealthy
were finished in carved woods and hung
with tapestries. Candles of beef or deer
tallow or of the fragrant wax made from
myrtle berries were burned in the homes
of the rich and poor alike. In German
town, then some distance from Philadel-
phia, there was street two miles long
with stone houses either side. Back
of the houses were orchards and gardens
and in front Of the houses were we'll
kept grounds ornamental with vases and
statues imported from France. There
We're slaves in every colony when George
Washington was called to the command
of the American army. Those in the
north were used mostly as house serv-
ants. Three fourths of the inhabitants
Of South Carolina were black. In the
south negroes were employed on indigo,
rice. wheat and tobacco plantations.
Africans were bought and sold in the
city of New York. Through the influence
of the Quakers slaves were no longer
brought into the colony of Pennsylvania.
and in 1915, the year of independence, all
belonging to the Quakers were given their
freedom.
Farms in the north and in New England
were cultivated by their owners or by
tenants. Domestic servants. when not
negroes. were convicts from Great Bri-
tain, or poor persons kidnapped in Eu-
rope and sold into A kind of slavery, or
redemptioners. who were working out
their passage to America.
The food of the common people was
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-07-02
The Bad Dime.

TIT ENRY FORD. at a picnic in his ma
III tive Dearborn, condemned the policy
Of reprisals
There is always something futile and
ridiculous about reprisals" he said. RE-
prisals make me think Of the man to
whom the minister said. sternly:
d "'Smith. my friend. that was q bad
dime you put in this mornings collection
for the heathen.'
yes parson.' Smith answered. In q
firm voice. I owe the heather one Tor
eating . missionary uncle OF mine.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-07-02

\XIORK in the Concentration Camps
w Of the COMMUNICATING Out the
Unfit-Food and Equipment Provided by
Uncle Sam-Government Ready to Sup
ply Great Quantities Of Supplies-Treat-
ment to Prevent Typhoid Fever - The
Daily Ration-Army Tents and How They
Are Carried-Men on the March.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-07-02

cially and politically equal. Catholics
could not vote in Rhode Island.
Congregationalism was the off1cial re-
ligion in Massachusetts, New Hamp-
ters were paid from the funds in the
public treasury Catholic priests were
outside the law in Massachusetts, and
eight years before the writing of the
Declaration of Independence three Bap-
fist ministers were arrested in Virginia
for preaching the sort of gospel that
was declared by statute to be per-
nicious.
Elders in New England hunted the
streets and roads and even the houses
Sundays for delinquents, who, absent
Ing themselves from services in the
churches. were sitting quietly at home
or profaning the Lords day by walk
ing in the woods or visiting. Persons
who disputed the truth of the Scrip
lures or denied the deity of the Savior
were in danger of being fined and sent
to jail There was a Methodist church
in New York ten years before the Dec
laration. but there was not Catholic
church in New England until three and
twenty years later, when one was dedi-
Gated in Boston.
Nevertheless there were a number of
weekly newspapers. eight colleges
Harvard. Yale, Dartmouth, Kings.
Brown. William and Mary. Princeton
and the University of Pennsylvania !:
and the other in Philadelphia: two pub
lie libraries and theaters in Charleston.
Philadelphia and New York. Theatrical
performances, however, were prohibit
til four years after the Constitution
had gone into effect and the United
States of America was a harmonious
and respectable nation.
Bleeding was commonly recommended
by physicians for practically all of the
diseases prevalent In America, for fe-
vers. colds. tuberculosis, cancer, collie,
fits. and so forth. BARRIERS often per-
formed the operation, and blacksmiths
frequently pulled the teeth of suffering
colonists. Physicians then and for
many years later were the only sur
geons In the country. Anesthetics were
unknown, and 1t was the practice of
doctors to call in three or four strong
men to hold the victim down whenever
any cutting was necessary.
In New York and the southern colo
MES the eldest son inherited all the
property on the death of his father.
The rest of the children received moth
ing modification Of this ancient
tribal law gave the eldest son but a
double share in New England. New Jer-
sey. Pennsylvania and Delaware.
The revolution made all churches free
and swept away the idea that only the
eldest son was worthy to uphold the
honor of the family, perpetuate its
name and lead its male members to
battle.
Country people. unless they were
plutocratic landowners, lived in log
cabins. Villagers had frame or brick
houses. More than hundred years be-
fore the tea was spilled in the harbor
at Boston. the aristocratic Sir William
Berkeley dwelt on a great estate near
jamestown, Va, He had an orchard of