davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-04-29

Is worth IN to 2 loads Of manure a.
usually stored. Moreover, with con-
crete pits the supply Of manure Is in
creased by all the liquid manure, tho
richest part from the barn cutters and
feeding floors.
Shallow manure pits do very well
where the manure can be frequently
hauled to the fields. The walls and
floor should be five inches thick. The
clear dimensions Of convenient pit
are: Depth, 8 feet; width, 6 feet;
length. ~ feet. Dig the trench
it. 5 in. x #. 10 in. IL It. 10 In.
BY keeping the sides vertical only an
inside form will be needed. Have
enough woven wire fencing ~ feet
long to cover the bottom Of the pit.
Lay the wire with an even division
Of the extra length, so that 1t may
project upward into the side walls.
The wire is laid after inches thick
ness of concrete has been put In. The
remaining three inches should b
tamped in after the wire has been
placed. Remove the forms after the
concrete has set four days. The pit
may be used after 10 days.
Where manure Is to be stored for a
considerable length of time larger
pits or basins are required. Such pits
are seldom made over feet deep Gin
the clear at the deeper end) and are
wide enough that the manure may be
loaded or spreader in the pit and
drawn up roughened concrete in
cline or run. The slope for such a
run must not be sleeper than 1 foot
up to 4 feet out.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-04-29
Lost Three Months
Going to Water

The following account is taken from
an oklahoma paper:
How many unnecessary steps do
you take each day in your routine OF
work? Just listen to this story Of an
Oklahoma farmer who lost more than
three months In leading horses to
your own part.
I'm Hughes County, oklahoma, q
farmer watered his horses from q
spring 200 yards from his barn. Every
time his work horses got drink the
farmer and his horses walked 400
yards out of their way. One day the
county agricultural agent, T. A. Mil
stead, visited the farm and noticed
that the farmer was taking many un-
necessary steps. The agent suggested
that we'll be dug near the barn.
1.-THE agent believed that water could
be struck at twenty-three feet. The
farmer doubted this, but said he was
willing to dig fifty feet If he could be
assured of finding a plentiful water
supply. Finally he proceeded to the
digging of a well, and to the surprise
alike of the farmer and the county
agent a bountiful supply of water was
struck at only eight feet.
"Then the agent and the farmer got
to figuring how much time was saved
by the well. The farmer found that
he spent thirty minutes on each trip
to the spring and back. During the
time he had lived bn the farm he had
days of ten hours
day leading horses to water, The time
of the horses was also lost; so the
farmer figured that his eight-foot we'll
was about the biggest investment on
his place"
How many farmers could ehect an
equal saving by putting in a pipe line
and tank or by digging we'll?
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-04-29
BY F. HI. CHITTENDEN.

range, and it's injury is more wide
spread now than formerly.
There are several methods by which
the catalpa sphinx may be readily de-
stroyed. The caterpillars may be
gathered by hand, the foliage of the
trees may be sprayed with arsenical
poisons, the pupae may be destroyed
by spading the ground around the tree
trunks in the fall, and, indirectly, the
sphinx may be destroyed by protecting
the parasitic insects which attack IL.
Owing to It's large size, the caterpillar
is easily seen and can be controlled
by hand picking. A long ladder and
a 12-foot pole primer or similar de-
vice will be necessary in this work.
Where hand picking Is difficult the
application of an arsenical spray or
combination Of arsenicals and Bor-
deaux mixture is the best method Of
their control. The proper arsenical
spray would be made with either I
pound Of Paris green or pounds Of
arsenate Of lead to SO gallons Of water.
When the combined spray Is used the
same quantity of arsenical should be
mixed with SO gallons Of Bordeaux
mixture instead Of the water. The
danger that free arsenic may burn the
foliage Is lessened and the Bordeaux
mixture may control leaf spot and
other similar diseases which affect
the catalpa. The spray may be ap-
piled with a small outfit for young
trees or with large high-power ma
chine such as is used in spraying high
trees along city avenues.
The caterpillar is attacked by a
number of parasites and the entomol-
ogists advise tree owners to encourage
the propagation of these natural enc
mics of the sphinx. One of these, a
minute four winged, wasplike fly, lays
its eggs in the sphinx caterpillar. This
is the same fly which attacks tobacco
and tomato hornworms. The eggs Of
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-04-29

can be easily gathered, it may pay to
pick them from the leaves and trans
fer them to barrels or large boxes COW
cred with wire netting. This will pre-
vent the caterpillars from getting out
or falling prey to birds or other
animals and will Insure the issuance #
the parasites through the meshes. A
few holes, small enough to prevent
tn. caterpillar from escaping, should
be bored in the bottom Of the barrels
to prevent the accumulation of water
which might drown the insects or
cause them to putrefy.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-04-29
DO YOUR HORSES ,. ..-
.. EARN THEIR BOARD?

Statistics in Minnesota on q number
of farms indicate that the horse is a
costly item Of equipment on the farm.
Assuming average State yields of grain
and hay for the last five years and con-
sidering e-amount of feed fed an
nually to horse It is apparent that
the average farmer is giving close to
45 acres Of his best land to each work
horse. This is besides the straw con-
sumed and the pasture, which also
may be very productive land. Be sure
the horse is giving you back an equiva-
lent in productive work on sufficient
acreage.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-04-29

Do not forget that dtss ~ cha ndls
crete may make q poor walt 20 h tn
top Of the saEthsn vail tends 81
crumble, hold It back with arann8
boards bracsd against the lorma Is
Keep out Hood water, the pit may b
extended inches above the ground 81
using the lower half Of 1-foo& boav2
to hold back the dirt, by allowing TIA
remainder to project above the ground
level. and by adding 8 inches u thS
height Of the inside form.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-04-29
PLEASURES OF THE HOME FRUIT GARDEN
The Maintenance of Fruit Brings Hehu Employment
Growing Plants This Employment Instead
Of Proving Hardship Will Become Source of Pleasure.

urban. and country residences can be
explained only on the ground thai
those who would be most likely to
give attention to their care and main
tenance have no object lessons OF
literature at hand to guide them In
laying out such gardens.
Most persons engaging in tho cult
walton of a home fruit garden will
have as their chief aim the production
of fruit for the family table and the
pleasure 1t affords; others will go a
step farther an find an added source
of pleasure in the problems Of cross
pollination and the production of new
forms. II a majority Of cases, how
ever, the aim will be the one first
mentioned, and it is to assist such that
the suggestions contained in this article
are offered.
In order to prove a source Of con-
slant pleasure and qualification a fruit
plantation must claim the attention
Of its owner from early spring to late
autumn; it's products, too, must be so
planned as to cover the greatest pos
sible portion of the seasons between
frosts. The problem presented involves
succession of fruits, from earliest
to latest as well as a. combination Of
light-loving and shade-enduring plants
The intensive culture and the liberal
feeding to be given demands thatsall
plants be of types which bear early
and heavily In proportion to their size.
The question Of longevity Is Of no
moment; immediate fruit production
is the object. With this view of the
question, taken in connection with the
great variety of conditions presented
both by the extent Of the country and
the manner of life of those interested,
general statements. ...
The interest of a fruit garden may
be greatly enhanced by growing there
in plants not adapted naturally to the
climatic region in which the garden Is
located as, for instance, the growing
of figs as far north as the latitude of
Philadelphia. The summers of the
region are sufficiently long and warm
to induce strong growth in the f.,
but as the fruits normally require a
long period in which to mature, the
plant becomes useless as a fruit pro-
Queer unless sufficient protection is
afforded to carry over winter the i'm
mature fruits set the previous fall.
This can be successfully accomplished
in several ways. The most hardy sort
should be selected. in addition to which
the fruiting shoots may be wrapped in
mating. covered with straw, and tie
fruits thus successfully protected; or,
If it seems desirable, temporary sheds
may be built over the plants, and these
matched with straw or fodder suffi-
GENTLY to protect them from frost.
Then, again, semihardy sorts may be
tipped over by cutting the roots on
one side, bending the branches close
to the soil, pinning them down, and
then covering the whole plant with
mating and earth or a straw thatch
and earth. At the extreme northern
limit Of fig culture 1t has been found
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-04-29
Straw berries and Currants Between
Grapeyines.

Far7sn. In distinction from an orch
srd the uit garden is more restricted
! 81 area. i is intended for home rather
8t5isa isafke. purposes, and conse-
osa3 fir.ccn1nrises much greater var
Il f"pits.
Steering the general desire for
tS:st lpceciatltn IF fruits by people Of
81 SEES. il $ a.nazing that even
Il I MAO have suitable situations and
siit es for saising them, and who
3r ( 80 p!irchas them because of re-
y s otsEess from markets, have not
e. Al I'D home fruit gardens
TIE Growth % the commercial
II HI I: scgest% # the United States the
. ga .iis. garden has been lost sight
u f}aiy fsw years ago the owners
i.t ~ me gardens not only led in the
y ;i; (. !! u fruits. but were our au
: siises IS ~ how and where to grow
q .'"-day these gardens, while no
,ls.,Hgpis CA important, are over
81 sd ks.; p! tEe orchards where fruit
= ?t'r@commercial purposes.
i, hr n the home garden and the
x Sid 1. Il !, tss entail to the good Of
dts, t.ley bear very differ
"a Sti Ns 10. the fruit interests Of
: G.f.; Z Us Il whole. The home
~. S always the forerunner of
sss j - 81 Development, and even in
Il sss>a a:ities where climatic and soil
- are adverse to conducting
AZ !. uSt~ies on an extensive, scale
..z& fruit garden of the enthusi-,
sfl..&ur is certain to be found.
55 49, st.cc.ss attained today by the
iyH. -res,s of the, United States has
.,t,t ~ the persevering efforts OF
J; So. whose home fruit gardens
e OF only as testing stations for
l.liag the fitness Of given sorts
81? untried localities, but they
erppagating grounds from
ss :y.s of the highest quality and
H; comm ercial value originated.
sting Of varieties in new To-
q ss1s,l the development and dis
II il Of new sorts by the anna
an important work, but the
sssas sssS trst good accomplished by him Is
Il ss i5und in the wholesome influ-
t3.s8 a!lich he eXerts on the cOmmun-
S9s which he lives. A community is
5ess:.,aiT to profit aestheticaily as well
as financially from the influence of
si,eh growers, and it Is to them that
We eve cur appreciation for high
DUAL X. A discriminating taste de-
svolopel in neighborhood creates a
deH,sna which t pays we'll to crafty,
and the amateur who grows fruits for
quality will find q ready market in
such q section.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-04-29

dif,loult to sell the squads from snaAll
flock at profit II they have to be
shipped to commission mon. Az the
period at which SQUAD u right for
market - not over ona week, u 70
necessary to have 2 good-sissd floak
to have over ono dozen squads ready
for market At ono time. 4 local mar
ket which will take any number Of
producer. Whore one has . small
flock 1t usually pays best to bnild
1t up until 1t 10 large enough to make
however, requires . constant outlay
without any return for some time.
The production Of squads from sau2
pair Of breeders varies from or 4
to a. high rs 10 or IL pairs ysar, bnt
an average of from 8 to pairs 4 .
fair estimate, although some squab
breeders do better than this. Squads
usually sell at the highest prices dur
Ing cold weather. a. pigeons do not
breed - freely during the winter -
during tho spring.
Provided breeding stock was healthy
when secured, cleanliness In pens. ny
ways and yards il the best preventive
against canker and "going light" the
most common diseases Of pigeons
There Is very little chance Of making
money from squads unless through
cleanliness in yards and pens II prao-
ticed and pigeons can DO kept oom-
paratively free from diseases and In.
sect parasites.
The stock should be carefully
watched and any nick birds SAmoYNA
from the breeding pens. The house
should be kept dry, clean. we'll vspfi-
lated, and free from drafts. The yards
should be kept clean either by scrap
ing the surface and adding fresh sapA
or gravel or by cultivating the land ana
planting It to grain II possible oaly
good, sound grain should b fad.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-04-29

pens or boxes, 80 to SO per cent Of its
fertility is lost. This loss is brought
about in two ways: First. by teaching
or washing due to heavy rains; sec
ond, by fermentation or heating caused
by lack of sufficient moisture. Since
c>ncrete pits are waterproof manure
may be kept in thenr~as moist as may
be necessary a-ld such an enormous
waste in the fertility of the manure
may thus be entirely prevented. One
load Of manure from concrete pit
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-04-29

these parasites hatch into white, mag
got-like larvae which develop in the
body of the caterpillar and then eat
through its skin and spin little white
cocoons attached to the outside Of its
body. AS these parasites are mostly
In evidence in September and October
and largely destroy the last generation
Of caterpillars, 1t is unwise at such
times, especially If the white cocoons
are visible, to kill the caterpillars by
other means. W. re beneficial para
sites are in evidence and caterpillars
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-04-29

The use of concrete on the farm Is
long past the experimental stage. 1t
is a necessity. The first cost of con-
crete Is higher than for structures
built of wood, but concrete Is much
cheaper in the long run.
For maintaining or restoring the
fertility of the fields, there Is nothing
better than barn-yard manure. BY
the ordinary methods Of piling manure
on the ground r storing 1t in wooden
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-04-29

In laying out tho las8s pia pA4y q
mind that the concrete valls and A
should be inches thick and snakS
duo allowance for Same whAR d16E1nA
With = spade trim the si6ss and fho
deep END vertical.
In order to form suznD hs1o nou
which tho liquid manure can IS
pumped, in ono ooEnsr a& thu hsSa
end OF tho pit dig = hole Il 4ueAaj
deep by ~ feet in diamsaes,
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-04-29
FEEDING CHICKS.

For the first three days chicks may
be fed mixture Of equal parts hard
boiled eggs an6 stale bread, or stale
bread soaked In milk. When bread
and milk are used, care should be ex-
ercised to squeeze all milk out of the
bread. From the third or fourth day
until the chicks can eat wheat and
cracked corn. commercial chick feed IS
a good ration.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-04-29
"DoNTs' FOR THE SmKrRa ],

Don't put the can under thA cor.
until her udder is clean.
Don't tie It too short.
Don't put your fingers in the NTH.
II you want to soften the teats. milk
drop into the palm Of your hand ana
rub them with this.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-04-29
DEPTH FOR Oats.

The best depth to sow OATS vasea0
with the soil and the season. In any
case they should be covered With hail
an inch to an inch Of moist sotA They
should be sown deeper In sandy Soi0
than in loans or clAys- DeepeF sesd-
Ing is also necessary when tho irounl
10 dry than when It n moist. On the
average tho best depth - froanet 70 ~
incheA
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-04-29

A fruit garden consists of an as
semblage Of fruit-bearing trees and
shrubs, maintained for the purpose of
supplying the family with fruits. In
its general purposes. then, the fruit
garden Is intended to accomplish re-
suits similar to those Of the vegetable
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-04-29

In western Oregon and western
Washington red clover is more gen.
orally grown than alfalfa and In the
mountain valleys Of the Hockey Noun
tain States 1t is very generally used.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-04-29

Our native species Of catalpa are
comparatively free from insect attack
but there is one insect, however, the
caterpillar of the catalpa sphinx
which feeds normally and exclusively
on the foliage of these trees and in
some seasons does very considerable
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-04-29
KEEP THE LAWN CLEAR.

Do not put flower beds on the lawn.
They should be at the rear in the gar
den, or at the side Of the lawn. A
good open lawn is better in every way
than one Uttered with shrubs and
trees
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-04-29

reasonably large supply Of or
ganic matter cannot be maintained
In soil until soil acidity is neutralized
by the application OF lime.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-04-29

that the covering of earth is prefer
able to any other method, while at
the South, where only slight protec-
ton is necessary, bending down and
covering with pine boughs or matching
with corn stalks has proved most sue
cessful.
BY the use Of one or the other OF
these methods of protecting plants
the peach has been grown and sue
cessfully fruited in the southern CEN
trail part Of South Dakota, along the
Missouri River. Fl
Besides these protective devices,
sheltered places, where growth Is re-
tarded in spring, may be taken ad-
vantage Of In order to hold back such
early blooming plants as apricots,
Japanese plums, etc. Apricots planted
and trained on the north wall OF q
building are frequently sufficiently re-
tarded at blooming time to insure q
crop, while If planted in the open AMI
trained as standard" the fruit crop
will be killed l. l. te spring frosts.
For commercial purposes tho use of
most of these protective measures Is
precluded on account Of expense. The
commercial grower can not indulge In
such expensive devices unless he has
the assurance Of obtaining fancy
price for his product In a home fruit
garden, however, 1t is different. The
expense Of protecting half dozen
plants is trifling, and many amateurs
will incur it for the sake Of the novelty
of securing fruits naturally adapted to
other climatic regions.
For specific recommendations a. to varieties
of fruits adapted to- the various fruit sections
b. C., for Farmers Bulletin No. 2Os Varieties
of Fruits Recommended for Planting -
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-04-29

The most intensive system Of grow
ing strawberries is to set the plants
about fifteen inches apart in the rows
with the rows sixteen inches apart
and to cultivate both ways.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-04-29

Manure Is just IS valuable on the
dry farm as on the irrigated farm. but
must be handled more carefully.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-04-29

Small fruits Will give returns N
soils IN which vegetables will not do
their best. -.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-04-29

Olt. raspberry canes, that Is. canes
which have once orne fruit, may be
cut out as soon as the crop is off.
These canes never bear again.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-04-29

Wood ashes are Of much value in the |
garden and fruit plantation. They
supply potash, which some plants
iced. .,5
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-04-29

Various Stages of the Catalpa Sphinx.
injury, often completely stripping the
leaves from individual trees and some-
times from an entire grove. Owing,
doubtless, to the increased planting of
these trees outside the regions in
which they are found in the wild state
:hfs insect has extended its natural
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-04-29

'For specific recommendations a. to varieties
of fruits adapted to- the various fruit sections
Of the United States, send to Washington
b. C., for Farmers Bulletin No. 2Os, "Varietie.
of Fruits Recommended for Planting"
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1916-09-23
HELPS MEN WHO sTAMMER.


PETROGRAD, Sept. 22.-So far as
I know the world holds only one no.
bleman who puts in the most Of his
time teaching stammerers how to
cure themselves.
He is S. Izawa, member Of the
Japanese house Of peers. The go
ahead colonizers Of South Manchur-
"a have recently induced him to yoy-
age across to Darien and tour the
Manchurian cities, leaving cured
stammerers everywhere in his wake.
His opening class consists OF a ten
day course at the Chinese primary
school in the Fushimidai section
There are thirteen Chinese boy STAN
merers in the Darien schools, forty
seven japanese boy stammerers ana
five Japanese girl stammerers.
Izawa studied in the United States
in his youth. Since tnen his versatile
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1916-09-23

talents have led TO his serving as
principal Of the Tokyo musical amad-
emy, principal of the institute for the
mute and blind, councillor Of the jap
anese department or education, direc-
tor of the department Of education
director of hte department Of edu-
cation of the government-general Of
Formosa, director or the higher nor
NAL school of Tokyo and director OF
other educational enterprises.
The emperor Of japan honored
him in 1897 with admittance to the
house Of peers and decorated him
with the imperial fourth class order
at the close of the Manchurlan war.
The emperor subsequently decorat-
ed lava with the third class order
in appreciation Of his services.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1916-09-23
{, o7= RICH BLOOD
PREVENTS DISEASE

ad blood is responsible for more
cats ,aan anything else. 1t
Is calarrh, dyspepsia, rheuma-
weak, tired, languid feelings
worse troubles.
rod's Sarsaparilla has been
-erfully successful in purifying
curichiag the blood, removing
e:la and other humOrs, and
ne up the whole system. Take
i 1--WE ii to all the family 50 as TO
void illness. Get it today.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1916-09-23
UNIDENTIFIED MAN
DIES ON SIDEWALK
Workman Expires As Assistance Is
Being Rendcred-BOdy Is Taken
20 Morgue-Was About 90 Years
Old.

PORTLAND, Sep1 O.-Yesterday
morning Mt 5:45 Patrolman A. L.
Long. at Nineteenth and Washington,
saw a large man sitting on the curb
fall over. and upon reaching him dis
covered the man to be dying and un-
able to speak. He died while the pa
trolman tried to revive him. The
body was taken to the morgue and
has not been Identified The man
WAS about so, with gray cropped hair,
unshayen face, carried bamboo
lunch basket in which was pint
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1916-09-23

flask of coffee and the only scrap OF
paper on him was u transfer from
Fulton street car He was dressed in
a light gray suit and had no vest;
black shoes and soft hat.