The Parma herald. (Parma, Idaho) 1903-1917, 1916-08-10

ASSOCIATED Press.
In another theater Of the war the
year was marked By other and m
portant Russian successes. Following
the disasters on the esatern front in
the c'oaing months OF 1915 the Grand
Duke Nicholas was removed as com
mander IN chief Of the Russian arm
Is and sent to take charge Of the
operations against the Turks in the
Caucasus After months Of prepara-
tion he began great drive across
Armenia n January, 1915, which re-
suited in the capture OF Erzerum and
the port of Trezizond and expelled
the Turks from the greater part OF
Armenia. After a comparative lull
OF some months the grand duke re-
suned his advance simultaneous with
a serious uprising against the Turks
by the Arabs in Arabia The Arabs
took the sacred city of Mecca, Jid-
dab and Ta.f and besieged Medina,
the city where Mohammed was bur
led and one OF the hoIiest spots OF
the Mohammedan world. In the
meantime the Russians took Mamak-
hatun and Paiburt. but these opera
tions have not yet reached a definite
conclusion.
In connection with the Turkish
campaign the year saw serious re-
verse for the Franco-Brit'sh arms
and less important. but highly dra-
matte, disaster for the British. The
disastrous attempt of the French and
British to force the .Dardenelles and
seize Constantinople was definitely
abandoned in November, 1915, and
the allied troops withdrawn from the
Gallipon peninsula About 150, ,000
troops had been used in this venture
supported by a mighty fleet. Six bat
tleships, five British and one French
we're sent to the bottom as well a.
some minor craft and the casualties
were unofficially reported to be al
most equal to the original number o
the expeditionary force. This was tn,
result of six months of the most san
culinary fighting Of the war.
Tie second disaster of the Britisl
was the surrender OF 10000 troop
under General Townshend to tn
Turks at Kut-El-Amara on the Tigri.
4 This expedition had made a sensation
al dash more than 800 miles up tn
river in an attempt to seize BagdaC
J It was within 10 miles OF the cit
: when it was decisively defeated b
, the Turks and forced to fall back 10
miles. Here it was surrounded an
forced to surrender after a relic
force had made several vain effort
at rescue.
Two new nations entered the rank
of the belligerents during the veal
On October 13, 1915, Bulgaria thre'
in her lot with the central powers an
on March 8, 1916, Germany declare
war on Portugal after the republi
had seized all German ships inferno
in her ports
The entrance of Bulgaria into tn
arena was signalized by combine
assault on Serbia by Austria. Gel
many and Bulgaria which resulted /
the complete overwhelming of tn
hopelessly outnumbered Serbians an
the subjugation of their country. TIL
remnants Of the Serbian army >wer
driven across the frontier into tn
wilderness of Albania whence the
1 we're rescued by the British. Frenc
and Italians. They were shipped
Corfu where they were reorganize
and re-equipped and later. to II
4 number of about 100. 900, joined IL
| Franco-British forces at Saloniki. tt
survivors of the Gallipoh campaie
were also gathered at the Grecis
I seaport as well as large Britil
army from Egypt This combine
force is estimated at 100000 ms
] and is presumably being held for ;
1 attempt to wrest Serbia from the Bl
Il garians.
Il TIE principal success won by Al
| trian arms during the year was
! great offensive undertaken again
l Italy in May. The Austrian fore
4 swept the Italian invaders back oy
G Ia wide stretch of country in t
southern Tyrol. reconquered abo
270 square miles of Austrian ter
y tory and carried the battle into Ita
z The Italians rallied, however. and
9 the close OF the II months had
, gained large portion of ground a
: we're vigorously pressing a counts
z offensive in accordance with t
: plans of the entente for concerted ,
4 ton.
( On the sea the year Witnessed
I event OF surprising interest. 7
: German grand fleet. steaming c
: from its mine fields and impregnal
Z harbors at KieI and wilhelmshav'
3 engaged the British fleet in I
! mightisst naval battle of history.
= The battle was fought off the. CO
. of Jutiand on May 81 It's results
so obscured by the conflicting clai