The sun., 1916-08-20

to channg against the lamp or bad in
sulation.
A, the lighting and starting switches
grounds may be due 20 bad connections
at the switch or a defective switch
short circuits at connections In the
switch come from bare wires which
touch each other. loose strands in multi
strand wires bridging across the ter
minals, or bare wires touching parts of
the switch. Defective switches may
have short circuits in the working parts
or through some condition OF construc-
ton or mounting may be grounded.
Shor, circuits In the councillors can he
traced to either faulty wiring connection
or defective connectors. the faulty wir-
Ing may have allowed bare wires OF OPP
posite sign q e.. plus or minusl In con-
tact. loose strands OF wire across ter
minais or wire connections In contact
with metal frame or body giving either
a short or ground. Defective connectors
have an internal shor, circuit which can
he readily detected by substituting a
perfect connector.
Defects IN the wire itself are due TO
bare wire caused by rotted insulation.
worn insulation or poor connections
Where wire passes through metal parts
the chahng must be noted. A .;round TO
lletal DtTtG OF NV ~ may pV Wv w.
worn or rotted insulation or by some
metallic connection cutting through the
wire Insulation.
BATTERY short circuits may be internal
or external. II they are internal the bat
terry itself may he worn out, the plates
warped or bucklcd or n collection of
sediment al the bottom OF cells due To
disintegratin& plates. although the lat
ter Ia rare because OF the height Of the
plates above bottom Of Jar.
External battery short circuits may b.
due to acid on the top OF the battery
forming an electvolyte between terml-
mails battery terminals stipulated or in
contact with top OF metal battery box or
battery wire connections acid soaked.
Circuit breaker short circuits may he
due to the contacts being held closed by
reason OF being dirty or worn by a re-
versal OF generator or battery wire con-
nections or by a kickback OF the engine.
The circuit breaker might be grounded,
also due TO defective insulation. A cir
nit breaker short allows current to dis
charge battery through generator at less
than charging speeds.
A grounded generator can be caused
by an accumulation OF dust worn from
the brushes or a defective insulation Of
the armature or field coils. located by OK
animation,
A discharsed battery can also be due
to an overload on the starting or light
ing system. which may he caused by the
leakage Of current from short circuits or
grounds as described. by increasing IN"
lamp load through tho adding of higher
candle power or lower efficiency lamps.
by adding additional apparatus to the
lL,hting system, By the improper opera
ton OF the starting motor or by burning
the lamps much lonSer than normal. A
discharged battery can also be due 10
m!s;iandlirS in winter storage or injured
plates or cracked cells. using starter OK
ccssively. ALLOW ing car TO stand with
lamps burning, or simply using more
current FOR LAMPS M starter than the
generator can replace.
Open circuits are caused by some
~breakage Of wire or contact throughout
the current path. They form n break in
lie electric circle. Loose connections or
s%ulphated battery terminals should be
looked for first. Points especially to he
noted are switch terminals. lamp con-
hector terminals and lamp sockets.
Burned out and unscrewed bulbs are
the most common open circuit troubles,
Bulb bases may not make good contact
In lamp sockets, or In the switch poor
contact may he made. Broken wire at
points subject to vibration or where
joints ave been made In . common open
circuit trouble. When the points >spa-
rate IN . contact breaker . wilfui open