davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-04-12
JOBS APLENTY KEEP MEN
OUT OF NAVY, SAYS DANIELS
Prosperity Makes It Hard to Get 5000 Recruits Needed
Now-New Ships Will Increase Shortage,
but He Is Hopeful.

physical disability. The enlistments OF
a fourth Of the total strength. or about
$4,000, expire annually.
Assuming that IS per cent. OF these
men reenlist, there remains a shortage
on this score OF approximately 1000.
which. he said. added to 1000 more. rep
r~esenting wastage from other causes.
makes 5000 hat have to be enlisted
every year to keep the enlisted personnel
up to its present strength.
The Secretary pointed out only fifteen
Of the tw~enty-one dreadnOughts are able
10 be kept in full commission. though
the ships In reserve. ne said. are manned
for the most part by 40 per cent full
crews as compared with 80 per cent.
the old standard for ships In reserve.
soou 60 Need $1,000 Men.
1t II the purpose. the Secretary said,
with the new building programme to
keep twenty dreadnoughts In full com
mission. The hve additional battle
ships, not considering the additional
smaller craft to he constructed. will re.
Quire approximately 5000 more men, 81
that the number to be provided by en-
listments each year will be materially
increased. The first year that the add.
tional d~readnoughts are put In commits.
sion the Department. he agreed. would
have to raise $4,000 more men. including
the 5000 required TO I'LL up natural
losses.
Explaining that the difficulty II
getting men was principally due to the
prosperity of the country n the op
portunities for lucrative work outside
OF the navy the Secretary nevertheless
expressed the hope that by extraordinar!
| efforts the necessary increases could b.
obtained.
II have asked Congress- he said, so,
a special appropriation OF $4,000 e
| enable us to maintain more recruiting
stations n get out more literature Il
attract ecruits
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-04-12
BUNDLES SWAMPING
HEBREW CHARITIES
Collection Extended to Last q
Week, With 100000 Do
nOrs Hoped For.

Bundle Day started yesterday at the
industrial department OF h United He
brew Charities, 81 Greene street. out
before the day had we'll begun II was
seen thai instead Of a day a bundle
week" was needed. The time was ex-
tended accordingly. and the spring coll
lection campaign will last until next
Monday night.
Formerly the big bags collected from
the charitably inclined contained practi-
cally nothing but rag which were sold
as junk. the proceeds beng used for re-
lief work. Comparatively few are re-
ceived now. while gifts OF expensive
clothing. ornaments and jewelry pre-
dominate. These are sold and the money
is used to buy garments for the poor.
The organization takes care OF $500
families. totalling 1880 persons. For
merry It cost 100000 a year. but now the
industrial department is s~elf-supporting
and d mates to the relief work OF the
other departments William Hirsch.
of the department, hopes TO get
100. 900 persons to give two bundles a
year. Then the department can clothe
all its wards and have 100000 a year
surplus for rent n food. At present
there are about 80, 900 regular bag hllers
on the list. .
W. have forty wagon out collecting
said Mr.. Hirsch, and they are MOI
enough. It's not junk we're getting
either. Here's a collection OF 9th
from a certain wealthy woman-gowns
that cost from SIS up. We can't give
such things to our poor. hut ] a sci
them to theatrical agents and costumers
for enough To clothe "A dozen families.
over there are a woman's seai,kif
cloak and a mans fur overcoat. ~,
been offered $3.50 for the pair already
but I'm going to put them away unti
next winter. III get enough for then
TO keep "A destitute family for a year.
" average - per cent. of the oriSina
cost price on everything We get, ans
on such things as cameras. Opera
glasses. &c, we can get - per cent
We don't sell to dealers. but a littl'
advertisement in the n~ewspa pers vii
bring the ultimate consumer here 70
such things. ready to pay "A good price
There's nothing that puts h STAN
Of pauper on "A man. takes away hi
self-respect and handicaps him In o
ing for work like "A patch on his elbow
or knees. Ragged clothes We sell. ant
for good prices. but the people who &c
clothes from the United Hebrew Char
tiles get whole clothes. We keep tw
tailors in this building altering AIN
pressing them. VIC have cohhlers mend
ing shoes. but VI don't give out an
with broken uppers"
\ large stan was busy yestcrda
sorting the contents of the bags.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-04-12
COAL MINERS RATIFY
WAGE AGREEMENT
Referendum Vote Is Gl.t96 to
3.32O-TwO Year
Contract.

I>ri.&, roLts, Aprll 1.-THE wage
agreement adopted ut q conference of
the Officials OF the United Mine Workers
ot America and representatives of the
eoal mine owners in New York has been
ratified by - referendum vote of the
members OF the miners organization.
The announcement was made to-day by
William Green, International secretary
treasurer of the union. The vote was s%,-
'sh in favor Of tho agreement and 1880
against II.
The new contract Is for a period OF
NO wears, dating it's beginning from
april J, 1916, when the old agreement
expired II provides for the payment OF
mining coal on a mine run basis, an in
crease of three cents a hon and an in
crease Of ) per cent, for day labor. dead
work and yardage.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-04-12
100 ENGINEERS join
The SUBWAY STRIKE
1900 Others Will Confer TO.
morrow and Are Expected
to Quit Work.

One hundred engineers employed on
the Hoibrook. Cabot & Rollins section
of the new subway went on strike yes
to-day in support Of the general strike
movement. according TO members OF the
strike committee. General Secretary
C'arraher Of the International Tunnel
and Subway Constructors Union said
hat organization is nov ready TO ex-
tend the sympathetic strike until It X
In all the new subways.
Carraher said the strikers are taking
this means Of offsetting the action OF
the contractors In putting strikebreakers
to work. The Safety Engineers Union,
which has 1900 members at work on the
new subways, will meet tomorrow to
decide upon action. II Is CONSIDERED
likely by union men that these men Will
walk out. which will mean a complete
tieup Of the subway work, at least until
men can be found capable OF filling their
places.
According to Chairman Andrews Of
the Compressed Airworkers Union.
which Is on strike In the East River
tunnel. strikebreakers brought in by the
contractors have Joined the A
sympathetic strike had been scheduled
In the tunnel. to begin yesterday. nut
inasmuch as the contractors had not
been able to keep the strikebreakers
at work II was not necessary 10 call
out the other skilled mechanics. An
drews said physicians advised some OF
the strikebreaker> not TO work in the
caissons. and the workmen who were
passed by 'hc doctors refused to work In
compressed air.
The strike committee OF the car
cleaners on strike on the New York Cen
trail announced yesterday that the strike
breakers have Joined the strike move
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-04-12
MAX KLEIST LOSES
IN BREITUNG APPEAL
Federal Judges Hold He Has
No Basis for &25O,OOO Suit
for Alienation.
NOTE TO JULIET QUOTED

In an opinion written by Judge Coke
and concurred in by Judges Ward and
Mayer the United states Circuit Cour
OF Appeals held yesterday tina Man
Kleist. the unwelcome son-in-law OF Ed
ward N. Breitung, the banker. had no
basis for his S250.O00 damage suit
against his parents-in-law for
the affections Of their daughter. Mrs.
Juliet Breitung Kleist. TIL appellate
court therefore affirmed the action OF
Judge Charles VI. Hough of the United
States District Court In ordering the
trial Jury to return a verdict for the de-
PENDANTS, Mr.. and Mrs. Breitung.
In his opinion Judge Coke lays down
the broad proposition that In an aliena-
ton case Of this kline parents cannot be
held monetarrly responsible unless 1t has
been proved that their actions were
guided by malice for their child's matri-
monial partner. Otherwise, the Judge
rules, the parents have a perfect right to
advise their child In matrimonial af-
fairs. Even II the conduct of the par
ents Is unwise or mistaken and produc-
tive Of harm rather than good. the Judge
adds, there IL still no justificatiop for a
suit provided the means taken by the
| parents were in themselves legal and
INSPIRED only by solicitude for their of
spring.
| 1ne opinion sets fOfth that there wa
no testimony taken duHng the trial OF
the suit to show that Mr.. and Mrs
Breiiung felt any malice toward MaN
kleist. who had formerly been in their
employ as a coachman. such anger a.
they did eXhiblt when the news Of tho
secret marriage was broker to them was
Judge Coke says, the by-product Of their
agitation at learning hat their onl.
daughter had been married to a mar
who apparently had no means OF sup
porting her. Even Breitung's threat &c
have his son-in-law arrested for stealing
his socks. the opinion holds. could be At
tributed to Breitung's chagrin over h
he considered An Ill advised step on tn,
part OF Juliet.
II was possible, the opinion continues
tina, kleist himself might have ~aliena,ec
his wife's affections by his threats t.
bring suit. The evidence. Judge Cox,
says. shows that when kleist left FOL
the mines IN New Mexico TO take I
job which his father-in-law had pro
,idcd for him. Mrs. juliet Kleist enter
tanned d deep affection for her husband
Judge Coke then quotes from thes&tte
written by Kleist to his wife from New
Mexico In which the young man SAT-
: that although he loved Juliet dea rly. h
thought II would he better for them 4
get a divorce. He also reminded Julie
tina he had all her letters. and Will
he hesitsted to start any trouble. II
considered himself the victim OF ba,
treatment. This letter. Judge Coke be
lieves. may have turned the tide O
b .Iuliet's love.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-04-12
NO DATA IN MICHIGAN.
AsyIum Head Refuses 90 Give
RrcOrds Of Waitc'a Cousins.

GRAND RAPIDS. Mich, April u.--'N-
ing a recent Michigan Suirrin" court
decision. DR.. Herman ostranher, super
Of the state Asylum at khlh-
mazoo. TODAY denied Francis y. Man
cuso. Assistant District Attorney OF New
York, the privilege "t examining the
records of the Institution.
Mr.. Marwuso wanted the records of
Bert and Lille jackson, inmates and
cousins of Or. Warren Waite. ~ a plea
Of insanity is expected 4" ba made ia
New York at the trial, Mr.. Manc1iso
returned here Tonight and may go "a
Lansing on Wednesday to put the mat
ter before stat. officials. lie believes
that no direct strain of alteration cam"
to Waite through his own family
According To- Wlativcs Mrs Clara
Louise Peck Waite went to-day 10 4
81 nitartum at Battle treek, Where she
exports TO remain for several weeks.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-04-12

WASHINGTON. April iI.--secretary
Daniels admitted to-day that q grave
problem is facing the navy In It's efforts
to recruit men in the service up to the
humble which may be required with the
completion of the additional ships being
built and to be authorised.
At present, he said. the enlisted per.
sonnel il larger than ever before. the
total being 54.01i. While the present
law ixes the total strength at $1,000 An
amendment has exempted from this total
all prisoners and men assigned to SER
vice with the naval militia. The total.
the Secretary said. Is 6.664 more than
the enlisted strength OH March l. 1918,
the Increase being at the rate OF 3.22l .
year. During the previous three years
the enlisted strength wa Increased ny
only 3,27S. or at the rate OF 1893 q year.
'These figures" the Secretary said.
"are important as hearing upon the
various recommendations urged upon
Congress for largo increases In the en-.
listed personnel Of tiie navy. While I
myself have recommended an increase OF
$4,000 men II will require the strongest
possible effort to get the men unless
some national emergency should arise
to promote enlistments and most Of the
people who are talking glibly OF adding
IS, 900 or more men to the service DO
not appreciate how extremely hard II Is
to get the men,
Hard "a Get 10000 - . Tear.
Adding that Il would be marvellous II
| the navy could get as many as 10000
new men in a yea the Secretary ex-
| planned that before making the addition
| OF a single man the Department has to
provide for the shortage which develops
by reason Of expired enlistments. dis.
! missals for bad conduct. deaths and
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-04-12
100000 IS VOTED
FOR The EAST RIVER
House Passes &39. 608.4 APP
preparation by 210
to 1873.
5000. 600 FOR HUDSON

WAsuISGroN. April 1.-THE river and
harlpr bill. authorizing the expenditure
of S3s.sOs.+iO for river and harbcr work,
was passed by the House to-day by q
vote of 2i0 to l33. As a fnal TO the
ten day debate Of the measure the sys-
TEN followed in making appropriations
made 1t a target for various attacks
mostly from the Republican side. but
the majority rejected all proposed inno-
vations.
The final fight was centred on a mo-
ton by Representative T~readway. Re'
publican, Massachusetts. to send the Dill
back to the committee with instructions
to report 4 measure carrying "A lump
sum Of $50. 00o. 900. to be expended under
the direction of the Secretary OF war
and no chief engineers Of the army.
This proposal the HOUSE rejected by a
vote Of 200 to l4s, most Of those sup
! porting il being Republicans.
The only amendment adopted was one
offered by Representative Good Of low
%prohibiting the payment Of any sums
included in the bill TO private contractors
charging more thah 20 per cs"'' 49,
the estimated cost OF the ~ors as uo
by the Government MT uoou -
that the dredging con'rac'ors~ Wv ~,
ing eNorbitant pronts anu va. 49, ~,
existed for the DIVISION Oh r,as Nv,
work. The amencment "as "''P''" ~
a rising vote 81 113 to ~.
During the hhai oeoa'e "a..
~coil"auy occurred pe.ween .armav
tiNcs Moore ienhss a'n. ..uro,s whc
| champion. and Madden OF Illinois, wno
has opposed many items IN une un. y.
Moore aid that the iihno's n.s
fiv" WAS u 'kinhi! seht'ensAl ~,
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-04-12
RICH MAN AS CORRESPONDENT.
7. V. Elliott Asks $4,000 Fs0s'
Alberto Campanile.

%Tiaddeus V. Elliott. a promoter and
en'clency expert, has filed suit In the
supreme Court for $4,000 damages
against Alberto Campanile for alienat-
ing the affections Of his wife. Maria Nc
sienahan Elliott, whom he married at
Dillon, $. G, In 1895. Elliott also sued
MS wife for a divorce. naming Campanile
as correspondent.
The defendant, who IL wealthy and is
mead u tho Societa F~OnOgrafca Italiano.
a Monograph concern of 1859 Mulberry
street, IL accused OF showing attentions
70 Mr.. Elliott from 1908 until tho pres
eht time.
Mrs. Elliott came into public notice In
ivy and 1908 when she sought to free
from an asylum in Connecticut her
reond cousin. Miss Giles Gamble Nc
,Ienahan. who inherited $4,000 0 from
ser Father. Her efforts we're unsuccsss-
FrS ..
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-04-12

Attacking Secretary of tho May
nan,cl. Representative Gardner said
that III. "dc,ir. to defend the Treasury,
pfocrdstinatiou. ignorance OF the farts.
rtlucttucs to incur abuse and indiffer-
euce, all these factors have played their
part ~ causing our neglect Of the navy"
"i.,cr pw. after all this winters hear
'n-S. he added. I'VE do not know the
full ruth about ammunition or target
BRA .'i,, o. torpedoss or mines
Congress and the public have not been
.r'iivc the u hole story" he said. 81 do
ma mean TO say that We nave been get
-. MANY absolute mis~tateinents OF
',,i although We have had some. What
- hd'" suffered from il suppression and
r.'irtnrc- and cXaEgerations and boast
ful1..s.'
William " stanton Of New York said
tho United Ststcs should have a navy
h- enough TO meet any possible FOE. and
~ -c' back that wonderful asset we have
lost, the respect Of the Norld."
IT Charles \. Richmond denied that
There need ny any fear Of miliiarisn
N rroi~r p"c7aration TO guard our In
lcr,ian"' II democracy"
Tic Ro'. l'r. John y. Mccormick.
Episcopal Bishop Of IN" Western District
- Michigan. said 81 see nothing incon-
,-'rnt 'p ~" fact that | drafted a prayer
'"- peic, IN he ueed in my district and
,"" fac' that ! stand here to-day to
.1''h for adequate preparedness.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-04-12
WOODS PLEADS FOR AUTO BILL.
Police Commissioner UrGca LeGis-
IatOrs ~ Pass New Law.

polic, Commissioner Woods mailed q
nnal written appeal Yesterday to mem
hers Of the Legislature urging them to
support the Cromwell-kelly bill, which
provides for tho licensing Of every per-
SON driving a motor vehicle. The only
active opposition to this bill. he says,
comes from the automobile dealers. who
believe that its passage would materially
injure automobile sales.
Against tn, opposition of the deal
ers.'' Mr. Woods said yesterday, Eve
have the support of the Automobile Club
of America. the New York Chamber OF
Commerce and all OF the leading nan
facturers.'
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-04-12
100000 for \. y. Consta bulary.

ALBANY. April li.--rhe senate FIN
ancr Committee to-day reported favor
ably the state constahulary bill amended
to cut down the original appropriation
for two instead of o companies Of pu-
licemen,
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-04-12
DANIELS ATTACKED
IN The NAVY LEAGUE
Dean Gregory Defends Right
to Sell War Munitions
Abroad.
DENY FORD'S CHARGES

WASHINGTON. April 1.-THE right OF
the United states to manufacture war
munitions and export them to all ex.
cer, enemies Of the country was de-
Tended from an international law view
ro,nt by Charles Noble Gregory. dean
Of George Washington University law
schoo, at to.day's session OF the Navy
League.
Other prominent speakers were Henry
White. ex-Ambassador to France Rep
iesentativs Gardner Of Massachusetts
and DR.. Charles Richmond, president Of
Union College. schenectady.
Vigorous denial OF the charge made
by Henry Ford that the Navy League
and other defence societies are being
financed by or under the influence Of
the big munition makers was made by
n. II. Chamberlin Of Worcester.
Mass, representing the National Sc
,uiity League.
Dean Gregory said ne claimed the
right OF the business and laboring men
OF the United states to make n sell
munitions abroad because these rights
se lawful, because all nations have
tkIt'u W Sab 10y
10 the welfare not only OF u own
country but Of mankind, and are there
fore polite and right.
Chief Bulwark Of Defence.
The ability OF "A peaceful commercial
State to freely exchange her wealth for
war supplies in the worlds markets.
he said, sis her one great defence and
her one chief bulwark. II she could not
,~e her cash and her credit In the
worlds msrts to equip herself for de-
fence when attacked her wealth would
be merely a lure 10 the robber States
\ source Of weakness and not OF
strength.
"If a nation the moment she IL AS
sailed tinds all outside ports closed tt
her. II she must resist the preneditatec
and prepared attack with such munitions
A. she has on hand. then either tn
peaceful commercial nations must b
lapidly and hopelessly conquered an'
enslaved or they must change their who'll
type and adopt the military policy In 10
entirety. and to be safe keep always a
the top notch OF preparedness. with moth
ing lacking to d. feat any foe.
why tempt the secret preparation
and sudden aggression by greatly rcduc
ing the resources Of the d~efendin;
POWER" Why aid the wolf aud ham
string the lamb? Why by a change O
law and policy aid AMI cncourag. tn
predatory policy and icbilltate defence
such change must stimulate war and dis
D'uraCe peace."
Ambassador White spoke of III
harmful effect exerted abroad by IN
fac, that politics enters into the d'pin
matte, military and naval services, b
means of which the United States
brought into contact with other cou''
tries. lie said foreign nations 'kno'
,ha; political considerations or the l.ngt
Of purse strings usually outweigh an,
d.. known fitness in the selection OF oi
chiefs Of foreign embassies and leg
tons" II. declared that because OF pol
tic- our army aud navy are not In tn
, highest state Of efficiency, but very ,nur
the reverse, and that what Is know1 4
preparedness has become "A Democrat
: political issue
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-04-12
Iwmtsrstioa Bill Reported.

WASHINGTON. April 1.-THE House
literacy test immigration bill WAS or.
dered reported to the Senate without
amendment to-day by the Senate Immi-
grafton Committee. senator Husting
withheld his vote.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-04-12
M. WH1TEHoUsE w
Nephcw Of 4. '. Armour Falls Inte
Greek At watkins, n. Y.

WATKINS. ~. v, April h.--Meredyth
Whitehouse, son Of Mr.. and Mrs. ran
els NJ. Whitehouse Of New York, was
drowned in a creek here this. morning
II is believed that while taking an early
morning walk h slipped on the Ice and
fall over a cliff Into the creek.
Mr.. Whitehouse. who was
from Harvard University In 1919, came
with his parents to the Glen Springs
Hotel last week. On Friday his father
and mother left for Buffalo. AT b'so
o'clock this morning the young man lett
the hotel for q walk.
uis hodv was found In Glen Creek,
shout half way between Sentry Bridge
and Franklin street, opposite a I'D
His uncle, Allison v. Armour. arrived
later In the day TO look after the
body.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-04-12

From Norman de r. Whitehouse. a
cousin OF Meredyth Whitehouse. It WAS
learned yesterday that the young man
had been III from nervous disorders
for some time me had been In a sani-
tarium at Watkins.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-01-16

iI.,i,u .l.,.,tnl d., pt,,bar 81 Years
49,. -, ,,,bo, ~ ,bo nossih,e
- g., arn,a,t, oondi,i,,s - az
1T, 90, hor
.a,.,tna a. ,no uon,bor nv
t-,,,..an-,, H., ~,rn> a., ~cn,;H.o,on
a'J rrt.,,,o y,lo r,i,orsi,y prcs-
<a,. u,,o,, .rdo, ,nrs cors,r,,t in
,.nt,,,.i, AN, ~ hi. ov,, ris.e,Ioroous
,,.,.ornL,gir, vritiros tho theory ina,
,Lo o1,.,,o "a, r,,uLiud has hoo, 40
,a,,tr,I ,. ,,im,t. In -, marked a
.,. ,,., , s,,i,,l 49,.
c,,,,r - a,n,,I frnnrr,rco =, r,cn
-. ,h,,a.,or ,~ori.i.r r,y.rr.
- nhto,, ,.a.t,,n, .r, .,h.r
- ,.,'t'n ,ra ,i,,nr,,r, -, ,t,t
,,.a,i.n ,l. ,, o.u.,do,.,,, rho,
nWn,a,a ~ an .I,,nor, !, ,h,.,o,..
-. h,a "a. ,,,,,r,,,oo nht.l
w., ,,,,t. nn,,
80 -. ,
=, ~
,n. ,i. A..
49, -
'"0 - " We,
'"'S ,'' ''s
~" ~" - '
~ :" 49,
~ 800 ''" ~
l'r',' "'' '1'''' '''' Wv wv ~ f."
Wv" w. ,'' 49, 'E ~ -"
"""''"'' '''", ~ '''','' y" HI"-
!" P'' III NV H'''''" paw '"'
P"'' ~ " ""' P''''7 J" ',' '"'N
- n.y. P''p'' t'''''" = '"' N''S'' my
S''"'' "'s ""' " "'''"'"'" ny '"'
"u'"'' 'H''"'''' VI now "vII Known
MS ""rNS are ~ ll' P''""'' me "'o"S
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-01-16

As Governments rarely Condcscend
to make guide books for the travelling
public, ii was u little surprising. n few
months Z to ind hat the United
Siatcs theological Survey had entered
this useful field. 1t has now prepared
-four guide books covering four of the
older railroad routes west of the Mis-
sissippi River: Ihc overland Route
rmeaning the Union Pacific and Gem
trail pacihc), Thc Northern Pacific,
1hc Santa re- and Thc shasta amt
coast Lime from a Francisco North
The four volumes contain about 500
pages with many maps and illustra-
tiOns. Only one of them was ready
when the exposition travel was NJ it,
height last year; hut the books, pub
lished as Bulletins 6ll-6ll, will he
helpful to many travellers and will
he reissued every year as long as the
public wants them,
They are educational In
The design is 10 interest and edifN
the traveller IN villa, he secs from the
ear window II IL evident that objects
or scenes half IA mile or more frum the
train may often he best observed; but
the guide hooks call attention To MANY
things that are close at hand and are