davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1916-09-28

tried TO do, and what he nearly sue
ceeded In doing in the White House
conferences would put such face
upon the matter that Republican eff
forts to make an issue of 1t would
fall entirely fiat.
But the people do know, for it was
before them in the Presidents address
to Congress, that he proposed, not q
single emergency act, but a broad
program Of legislation to meet a pub
lie need and permanently remove q
public danger.A 1t was a program
which we are convinced the railroads
would be very wise to accept in its
entirety.
Certainly it seems to us that they
are i'll advised to pray for the cleo
tion of Mr.. Hughes, who, If we take
him at his word, would have brought
on the strike, with all its irreparabe
injuries to the country's business and
peril for the couptry's peace"
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1916-09-28
IN SPORTING CIRCLES
CAMPFIRE LEADING
HORSE or SEASON

tBy Hamilton, United Press Staff
Correspondentl
New York, Sept 2S,.-campsire Rich.
ard T. Wilson's great twoyearold
colt which started nine times in the
1916 racing season in New York, was
the most consistent winner on the bis
tracks in the state. Out of his nine
trips to the barrier he finished in the
lead six times.
Wilson was the biggest winning own
or OF the season and his winnings
came for the most part from his won,
dorful colts efforts.
Among Campfire's victories We're
tho $i7,S4o Futuaty the SIS.S5o Hope
fal, tho S2.S5O Sanford Memorial, the
Sa,625 Saratoga Special and the Great
American. which netted $500. Camp.
fire won. all told, approximately S4S,.
900. In addition to six first the colt
twice was second. and once came IN
AAlittNN1t AZ t4itN ANAttA FAAN' AA'
youngster got away to so bad start
that his rider admitted ne u It.
knowing It to be useless 70 at. 3t
overhauling the field.
The record OF Friar Rock. the ear
old recently sold by August q, sout to
John 7. Madden for $4,000 r's IS him
first among the seasons s.yearolds
His greatest accomplishment was win.
ming the Saratoga Cu SOM the Finn
and Roamer. He m .cmg history
in winning the Broc adlcap. the
Suburban handicar ia ho belmont
handicap. somethin6 ran ar a Swear
old. He undoubtedly wou.d have won
the Realization stakes had Ne been al
lowed to start but hts row owner r,
cided 10 retire him > She sta3 siss
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1916-09-28
Bones and Teeth.

The existence in infants and older
children Of simple malnutrltion Of the
bones, common malady in young
farm animals, is not well established /;
and the prevalent imperfections Of
children's teeth are not certainly re-
lated to deficiencies in the diet. hut
seem rather to be caused by lack of
exercise (due to the fine milling Of
our cereals and the chewing of our
meat with a sausage mild. the increas-
Ing use of SUGAR Ga readily ferment-
able, aeid-nroduclns food) and increas-
ing use of fruits ihe organic acids of
which soften The tooth en.anel.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1916-09-28
DEMOCRATIC PROMISES
TO FARMERS FULFILLED
Benefits Under Wilson Set Forth in
Official Pamphlet.

The Democratic platform Of 1917
made this promise to the farmers Of
America:
"0f equal importance with the
question Of currency reform is the
question Of rural credits or agri-
cultural finance. Therefore we rec
ommend that an investigation Of
agricultural credit societies in for
eign countries be made. so that it
may be ascertained whether sys-
tenn of rural credits may be de
vised suitable to conditions in the
United States; and we also favor
legislation permitting national aanks
70 loan a reasonable proportion Of
their funds on real estate security.
ave recognize the value Of vo-
cational education, and urge Federal
appropriations for such training aud
extension teaching in agriculture in
cooperation with the several states"
These pledges. with many other
services to the farmer. have been COM
pletely fulfilled in the legislation Of
the present Administration. The rec
ord of Democratic Performances is Of
fered in comparison with the Repub-
lican record OF broken promises TO the
farmer, in an attractive pamphlet is
sued by the Democratic National Com
mittee. Copies have been furnished
TO every Democratic State Commit
lee fer free distribution.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1916-09-28

To news stand came near-patron,
who seemed to have but hazy ideas of
just what he wanted. He looked at
stationery and he looked at pencils
and he looked at playing cards. He
asked the price of this magazine and
that and looked over postcards and the
books. The young lady who was in
charge of the counter became some
what wearied answering questions
without making a sale. At last the
prospective customer asked: "Have
you any nypaper?" "Yes, sir" was the
prompt reply. We have the Aeroplane
Journal and the Avlator's Gazette. -
Rehoboth Sunday Herald.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1916-09-28

The Moston Braves raised an awful
howl recently when Lew McCarty was
traded to the Giants by the Robins
and then allowed to take part In
games between the two clubs. McCar
ty had been promised share OF the
worlds series money IL the Dodgers
were fortunate In their race for the
National league pennant. and Boston
players intimated this might be an In.
ducement for McCarty to play against
the interests OF the Giants.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1916-09-28

ont running the risk OF injuries II
what would have been his final race
When the National League magnntei
lo.d their annual meeting IN New
York next December the chances arc
\ attompt viii be made TO make radi
cl changes IN the playing rules. Some
ldy being considered are: Aboli
OF the spisball, prevention OF the
of any foreign substance on thf
1iiv pitchers and changing the fol
ke rule 10 that either the first OF
aee fould win not be a strike.
10 Of the magnaies too. are n
ol Of giving Philadelphia a ground
.fale making fair hit ball which
hounces over the short and low left
Hold fence az the Philadelphia bail lot,
two bagger instead Of a home run
as at present II lR possible that 9th.
or parks viii be considered for sim.
lar change
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1916-09-28
"WATCHFUL WAITING HAS
SAVED A NATIONS LIFE
Mexican Enjoys Tribute to President
Wilson'S Policy.

Convincing testimony to the wisdom
and Justice Of President Wilson'S
Mexican policy is brought from Mex
leo itself by Luis Cabrera, one of
Mexieo's commissioners at the joint
Mexican-American Conference now in
session at New London, Conn.
Il do not care to discuss political
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1916-09-28

on rainy DAYS. and also on other
occrsi which are not unconnected
Nl.h Use posman's visits we tind the
whole ~ truth IN this from the
p, asvine (Ga) Times: II you see
ciitor WAC pleeses everybody,
arre Niii be a glass plate over his
and he win not be standing up.
OILERS Weekly.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1916-09-28

''your hoy Josh keeps practlcin' at
eoH." "Yes." replied Farmer Corntos-
sci. '1m encouragin' him all kin.
Maybe he'll work up the muscle an
the proper stroke for swinein' a
scythe."
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1916-09-28

The highest spot casn price win be
paid for some clean cotton rsgs deliv-
cred at once to the Daily Express 0f-
flcs. ssltf
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1916-09-28

Boston at New York.
Philadelphia at Brooklyn.
Only two games scheduled.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1916-09-28
Games Today.

Washington at Philadelphia.
New York at Boston.
Chicago at Cleveland.
Only three games scheduled.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1916-09-28
NATIONAL LEAGUE
STANDING.
Results Yesterday.

At New York 3. ST. Louis ..
AZ Brooklyn ?. Chicago o, .
At Boston /. Pittsburgh 0.
Only three games scheduled.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1916-09-28
Results Yesterday

AZ Philadelphia 3, Washington IS,
At Boston 3, New York Q
Only two games scheduled,
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1916-09-28

, Good Franklin auto Tor sale.
= Easy terms. fIarden-Roche
= Mtg. CO.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1916-09-28

; = - 80 &4 : go
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1916-09-28
ApVlcE 10 RAILROADS.

'The people OF the United States
are not going 70 be put on with the
miSinformation as to what the Presi-
dent did 10 avertra strike and TO pre-
vent the threat Of future strikes. We
have reason 10 believe thst the fun
revelation of What he did, what he
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1916-09-28

subscribe for The DAILY Express.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1916-09-28

*%++* *~~@ IS
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-10-11
FRENCH LINER GETS
WARNING or RAIDER

New York, Oct. 1.-THE French
liner Espagne anne into port with an
exciting story of Its experience sun.
day night and Monday. when Iiefboats
were swung out and all precautions
taken for an encounter with the Ger
man submarine raider.
First word reached the Espagne
Sunday by wireless that the German
raider was in nearby waters.
All precautions were taken immedi-
ately, but only the officers of the ship
were aware OF the danger. though the
precautionary measures soon gave the
passengers an inkling of the facts.
The course of the Espagne was
changed sharply to the southwark. IL
had been heading about due west. ex-
pecting to reach New York Monday
night. but the changed course south
ward heightened the voyage another
twelve TO fifteen hours.
All l%ifeboats were swung clear from
the boat deck and prepared for an
emergency.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-10-11
IS THE BEGINNING OF
ORGANIZED CAMPAIGN

washington. Oct. lot was openly
declared here hat the operations OF
German submarines on the New Eng
land coast marks the opening Of an
organized campaign in the waters ad
jacent to America against all com-
merce of the allies In general and es-
pecially vessels carrying war NUM-
tons. Ii Is expected that attacks also
will be directed at transports carry
ing troops from Canada and at Brit.
ish and French warships on patrol
duty off the coast.
Diplomatic representatives Of the
central powers declared emphstically
that they knew the assurances regard
ing the conduct OF submarine warfare
given to the United States would be
strictly adhered to and that no yes
sells would be sunk without warning.
A diplomat OF rank attached TO one
Of the embassies OF the central pow
ers, who, I'm accordance with the gen
eral practice declines to permit the
use OF his name, said:
The U-53 and other German sub
marines, II there are others operating
with her, are engaged In doing to
commerce of the allies just what the
British tried to do TO the Deutsch-
land when she left America. IL is a
plain case of what sometimes is known
as commerce raiding."
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-10-11
Company's Certificate OF Authority

Whereas, The State Farmers Mutual
Hail Insurance Company, a corporation
under the laws of Minnesota
has filed ia this office a sworn state
ment exhibiting its condition and busi-
ness for the year ending December 81.
1915, c~Onformable To the requirements
of the laws of this state regulating the
business of Insurance.; ana,
Whereas. The said company has filed
in this office a duly certified copy of it's
charter. with certificate Of organiZa-
tion, in compliance with the require
ments OF the insurance law aforesaid
Now. Therefore, J.. NJ. Harry OfBrieu.
Commissioner of insurance i'm the state
OF South Dakota, pursuant To the pro-
visions OF said laws. do hereby certify
that the above named compan is fully
empowered, through it's authorized
agents, TO transaC it's appropriate
business of Hail Insurance IN this state
according TO the laws thereof. until the
last day of February, 4. II. 1917.
In testimony whereof, / have here
unto set my hand and official seal 8t
Pierre. this first day Of March. a. ID.
1916.
NJ. HARRY O'BRIEN.
Commissioned of Insurance.
tSeaD BY II. c.. MUELLER.
Chief Clerk.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-10-11
MADISON GRAIN r
SIOUX CITY LIVESTOCK MARKET

Sioux City, Oct. l1.-Cattle re-
ceipts were of fair volume for a Tues
day, some 100 ears or $500 head, as
against 1.343 a week ago and 2,749
the corresponding day a year ago.
Trading basis for fat cattle dupli-
Gated Mondays in most quarters as
the smallness of the assortment at
hand tended TO offset the weaker
news from outside centers.
There was not the breadth to the
demand for stock cattle that was an
outstanding feature yesterday and
soft spots appeared among the sales
of the medium and plain classes of
both steers and she stuff as a result.
An effort by the hog salesman to
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-10-11
U-BOAT REPLENISHES FUEL
Seamen Assert Diver Took OIL From
Doomed Ship.

New York, Oct. 11.-Sailors of the
British freighter Strathdene, sunk by
a submarine, said that after they had
pulled away from their ship they saw
the submarine approach the oil steam
er Christian knudsen. The subma-
rine then turned and t%orpedoed the
Strathdene and again steamed to-
ward the oil ship and apparently re-
plenished its oil tanks.
officers of the r~escuing ship assert
ed the Strsthdene's officers told them
that the submarine was made fast to
the tanker for three-quarters of an
hour, taking oil. before that vessel
was sunk.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-10-11
GERMAN STEAMSHIPS
SUDDENLY TAKE COAL

Baltimore, Oct. 1.-THE North Ger
man Lloyd steamer Necker, which was
stationed in dock beside the subma-
rine Deutschland during its stay here,
left the piers of the Eastern Forward
ing company at Locust point and went
to anchor in the river.
Then the Rhein. its sister ship, got
busy c~oaling at Locust point by TAX
ing alongside two lighters of coal and
had their contents put on board as fast
as machines and men could work.
No explanation was given of these
sudden movements. and the agents re-
fused TO discuss it.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-10-11
FoIled In Attempt TO Escape.

Salem, Ore, Oct. 10.-Willard Tan
her, serving a term for the murder of
Ray Wallace in Portland In 1912, and
Hazel Edwin. his ~accomplice. made a
sensational attempt to escape from the
Oregon p%enitentiary. The break was
foiled by Mrs. Carrie Kersch. serving
a term for manslaughter. Mrs.
was trying to choke her into submits
sion, and, by screaming. summoned
the guards.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-10-11

reverse the price trend in the hog
division was partially successful.
prices being quoted as steady to as
much as 10c higher. Absence or
choice light butcher hogs handicap
ped sellers in securing a new top
price, best for the day clearing at
$3.50, but the bulk of the sales
showed strength. 5000 @9.15.
The sheep house drew a fair con
tingent. but demand from all quar-
ters proved urgent and clearance was
effected at 10 15c higher figures
than yesterday. Top lambs brought
1885.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-10-11
Chicago Live Stock.

Chicago, Oct. l1.-Cattle-Receipts,
$4,000; steers, 81. 60G11.35; cows and
h%eifers, S3.50@940; calves. ss.G0Q12..
SO. Hogs-Receipts. $4,000; light. So
05@9.95; mixed, s9.00G995; heavy.
$S.9569.9O; rough. sS.s5G9.2o; pigs,
s6.75QS.s0. Sheep--Receipts 80, 000;
native. sS.60ds25; lambs $3.50
1880.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-10-11

South St. Paul. Oct. IL. - Cattle
Receipts. 10000; steers, $425610.00;
cows and heifers, s4.50m 100; calves,
81. 00Q1l.00; stockers aid feeders. So
25M7.50. Hogs-Receipts. 5000; range,
sS.50G9.15. Sheep-Receipts. 81 1000;
lambs, s5.5Od9.OO: wethers. $5.GoQ7.-
25; ewes. s3.00Q6.50.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-10-11

Petrograd, Dot. 11.-An ofncial Rus
han statement says: ION Oct. s our
torpedo boats made a raid on Samsun
and Sinope on the Black sea coast, de-
stroying ffty-eight sailing boats OF
various sizes and bombarding the har-
bors. One steel boat was brought to
Sebastopol and forty men were made
prisoners"
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-10-11

London, Oct. 10.-The sudden death
OF Paul Beothy, president of the Hun
garian diet, is reported In a Budapest
dispatch to the Reuter- Telegram COM
pany. Herr Beothy formerly was min.
lister OF commerce.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-10-11
Rear Admiral Cook Dies.

Northampton, Mass, Oct. 10.-Rear
Admiral Francis A. Cook, u. s. NJ, re-
tired, who was commended for 'emi-
men conduct in battle" while in com
mand of the cruiser Brooklyn at the
battle OF Santiago de Cuba, died sud.
denly at his home here. Admiral Cook
was born here in 1843.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-10-11
Minneapolis Grain.

Minneapolis, Oct. 11.-Wheat-Dec.,
s1.70%; May. Sl.65h. Cash close on
track. No. | hard. s1.79N No. l North
ern, $1.75% d1.77% No. 2 Northern,
$1.65%@173%; No. 3 Northern. 81
60hs Q1.69% No. 3 yellow corn, s9lk
690iac; No 3 white oats. 4412 444%c;
fax. S24
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-10-11
Chicago Grain and Provisions.

Chicago. Oct. 11.-Wheat-Dec., 81
57A May. s1.56A July, s1.33h. Corn
Dec, 76Lc; May. 7sAc. Oats-Dec. /.
4S1Ac; May, Size. Pork-Oct., S27.-
80: Dec, s~23.371a. Butter-Cream-
cries. S0d341ac. Eggs-2Sh q2912c.
Poultry-Springs, tic; fowls, 16hc.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-10-11
$4,000 Fire in Seattle.

Seattle, Oct. 10.-The hay and grain
dock and the gravel bunkers OF Gal
braith. Bacon & Co, at the foot OF
Wall street. were destroyed by fire,
ers at s120. 900. The 1re started from
an unknown cause In the gravel
bunkers and spread rapidly to the
dock warehouse.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-10-11
Banks Assets Cannot BE Found.

Chicago, Oct. IA s%hrinkage Of
$3.50, 900 in the assets of the Industrial
Savings bank, a private concern which
recently went into liquidation, has de-
veloped. Assets had been estimated
at $1,000, 900.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-10-11
Three Doctors Gave Her Up.

Pittsburg, Penn" Your medicine has helped
me wonderfully When | was a girl IS years old l
was always sickly and delicate and suffered from
irregularities. Three doctors gave me up and said
| would go into consumption. | took lydia r.
Pinkham1s Vegetable Compound and with the third
bottle began to feel better. / soon became regular
and l got strong and shortly after / was married.
Now | have two nice stout healthy children and am
able to work hard every day. Mrs. CLEMENTINA
DuERRINe, "a Gardner St, Troy Hill, Pittsburg, Penn.
All women are invited to write to the lydia e.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-10-11
ST. Paul Grain.

st. Paul. Oct. II. Wheat - No. /
Northern. s176% m177%; No. 2
Northern, S1.65% 6l73@s No. 2 Mon
tana hard. s16Oss 61.63@s corn, s912
@9o16c; oats. 44hd44%c; barley. Csc
dsto2; rye, $1.20@1.2f; FAX. s244.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-10-11
GRAIN AND PROVISION PRICES
Duluth Wheat and Flax.

Duluth, Oct. 1l.-Wheat-On track
and to arrive. No. / hard, s1.sOh No.
l Northern. s1.7SA Q1.7sH; No. Q
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-10-11
CARRANZA PUTS BAN ON
BULL FIGHTING.

Washington. Oct. IA de-
cree signed by President Car
rama prohibiting bull lighting
and announcing a campaign
against bandits and robbers is
published In Mexican newspa-
pers.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-10-11
nICH LIVING COST
A CRAVE PROBLEM
Congress Held Probe, but Did
Nothing For Relief.
SITUATION NOW INTENSE.

Embargo on Food Shipments May Be
Uraed. but There Is Little Likelihood
Of Legislative Action In That Direc-
tion-Democrats Have a New Cam
psian Issue.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-10-11
tseal)

Northern. $1693s @1.725s. Flax-On
track and to arrive. sal.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-10-11
WomenGnce
Qnpalid5
Now in Good Health Through Use
of Lydia E. Pinkham's Vegetable
Compound. Say it is Household
Necessity. Doctor Called it a
Miracle.

All women ought to know the wonderful effects of
taking Lydia L. Pinkhamhs Vegetable Compound even on
those who seem hopelessly i'll. Here are three actual cases:
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-10-11

Anwomen are invited to write to the Lydia e. Pinkham Medi-
che 20 lynn, Mass. for Special adyice.-it will be CONFIDENTIAL
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-10-11

The French said former Senator
Blackburn of Kentucky, ARE the heroic
people Of the European war" Black
burn saw four years of fighting on the
Confederate side and has always taken
= great interest IN military matters.
1.-THE French" he continued. are n
wonderful people, but they showed
more stability than We ever thought
possible by the manner In which they
stopped the greatest military machine
the world has ever known"
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-10-11
Hardly Able to Move.

Albert Lea, Mimi For about a year / had sharp pains across
my PACK and hlps and was, hardly able to move around the house.
MY head would ache and | was dizzy and had no appetite. After
taking Lydia T.. Plnkhamls Vegetable Compound and Liver Pills, l
am feeling stronger than for years. / have a little boy eight months
old and am doing my work all alone. / would not be without your
remedies IN the house as there are none like them Mrs. +. Z.
YosT, Gil Water st, Albert Lea, MINI.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-10-11

Harrisburg, PENN When / was single I sui
fered a great deal from female weakness because
my work compelled me to stand all day. / took
Lydia 4. Pmkham's Vegetable Compound for that
and was made stronger by its use. After | was
married | took the Compound again for a female
trouble and after three months | passed what the
doctor called a growth. He said it was a miracle
the knife to have them removed. | never want to
be without your Compound in the house."-Mrs
FRANK kNoBL, 1912 Fulton St, Harrisburg, Penn.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1916-10-11
Wisconsin May Decide.

The state Of Wisconsin may be able
TO decide this fall the political status of
Robert nj. La Toilette. Although class
cd as a Republican, La Toilette has
been found voting with the Democrats
On many vital issues. In the campaign
now going on In Wisconsin the reports
{ ay that La F0llette's political classic
cation II somewhat in doubt.