davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Der Nordstern. [volume] (St. Cloud, Minn.) 1874-1931, 1916-07-20
Kinder Schreien
MACH FlETCHER'S
ITO RIA
6eGen=MaHa1t.

@u9 6 e II. Ser &ran=
fenidmelter Sennp 5tiebel bon bier
tpur6e sic MeoaiIe 6es &otben &reu=
5eS b%erlieben.
@eiImuniter.- 9ieier Gage
pur6e @egemeiiter Sa1nior in Ser
Mabe Ser &rameri9er @egelbabn toM
in Ser @eiI gefunoen. 8ie 6as nnz
gliid gei6eben fonnte Bis iebt no&
ni6t feltgelteut mer6en.
2imburg. = Ser Wonte11r
@eorg 8oltmor pom bie5igen @leftri-
5itGtsmerfe mur6e beim Mnebmen
Ser often eleftril9en 2eitung o1f
@dloB 9eben 6ur@ 6aS nmitiir5en
eines MealteS ldtper berlebt.
&beinpfa15*
@urfbeim. = Ser 8or1tan6
6es @e3irfsamtes Difrfbeim, &egie-
rungsratb Ybtlipp 56ubo@, borber
BON 1896 Bis 1902 Mmtsporitan6 in
5pntbofer, itebt m1f Elm ber6ienit=
pones 30jabriges @irfen als Ser
tpaltungsbeamter 5urid; als Miiei=
lor par er Sen Mernter1r 8egnib, &1t=
fel atn6 @aiierla1tern 5ugetbeilt.
8irma1ens. - Ser Mifeiior
oes &e11tamtes Birmaiens Otto Si=
mon i1t int 80. 2ebensiabre geItor=
ben. = Ser inn Streit tpegen elmer
&eameri1t o11r1 einen MeIferlti6
idtper berlebte, berbeiratbete S9loi=
1ergebiIfe @miI Sleii6bamer lit 11111p-
mebr ge 1torben.
3meibruden.- &ier mur6en
611r9 @erfdnferinnen m1sfibrte
@oarem6iebitdble em6eH nn6 gel tob=
Ienes Gut int @ertbe bon 11abe3u
oreitauieno @arf feitgeiteat. Oils ser
Softer zines Ger betbeiligten Ma6=
diem, Ser Al SATIRE olte &Ifer &arl
Shmi6t, bon ser Sa6lage &enntniB
erbielt, modte Ell ieinem 2eben 6urb
@rbdngen Elm @n6e.
@irttemberg.
&entIingen.- Mit &mdit6t
namentlt@ arf 6ie groBe 8idtigfeit
unierer &an6elsbe5tebungen gum
Mnslan6 ma6 8eer6tgl1ng 6es &rte=
ges un6 CUR @orbereita1ng Ser bamit
acknowledgement tpirtbl6aftliben
Sragen beab1t6tigt sic @ammer in
&eutltngen cine o6er mebrere @om=
miiiionen o11f5uitelIen.
&obIingen. = Sem @rena=
6ier Ni6or 8olter bon bier, bel Ser
6. &ompagrie 6es @reno6ier=&egi=
me1ts $50. 1913, 1pel6er int Sabre
1915 sic iilberne 8er6ienftme6aile
erbiet, tp1r6e ont g. MpriI 5. S.
6as @iierne &reu5 2. &Iaiie berlie=
fen.
@mI5 a. 81. = gu @atniten oes
&otben &reu5es ma1r6en bon bieiigett
goIfsfdiilern 40 3entner @opier ge-
iammelt, tpel6e on 6as fg. 8e5trfs=
fommotp6o &orb abgeliefert tp1r-
sen.
@@ramberg. = Die Sirma
@ebri6er Sa1ngbmas M.<@. bier lteB
% Mrbeiterrr nn1 Mrbetterinnen fir
25iabrtge 11111trterbrodene Ebatigfeit
I'M @ei@Gfte e 100 Marf 511fommert.
@6menntngen. = Mit Dem
@iiernen &re15e tp1tr6e nisge5et@-
net: Nbilipp 5brem, @efreiter Ser
M%inentperfer &onpognie 81, nad-
BENT 6er1elbe borigen &erbit Sic ftl=
bernie @ilitdrber6ieut-W ee6otue Ell.
balter batte.
Der Nordstern. [volume] (St. Cloud, Minn.) 1874-1931, 1916-07-20
Seine 6amt fpututt bon tn1e1t.

Sc lit Gborbeit 5u 6enfen, 6aB STR
cine quite refine @eit@tSfarbe 6urd
Sen @ebrau@ bon @eiidtspuoer er'
langen fonnt. @ebt an 6ie @ur5el
6es nebels un6 reinigt SOS Gpitem
griin6lid nit elmer @ebonolung bon
Or @ngs Meuem 2ebenSpiuen. &ubiq
un6 milo in Mftion, fneifen nidt,
aber ite erleidtern 6ie 2eber 6urd
tbr @irfem ouf 6ie @tngetpeibe. @1t
fir Sa1nge, @rtpodiene un6 Mlte
9orgt fir cine refine @ei@tsforbe
beute. 25f bel Gurem Mpotbefer.
Nr5.
Der Nordstern. [volume] (St. Cloud, Minn.) 1874-1931, 1916-07-20
SC6meOens Uertreter.
@eine Qlufgabe in @afbin8tom e.
fprbert arpfen Salt.

Inter ben 0tplomatiiden @ertretern
neutraler Md@te in Waibtngton bat
@. q. s. @tengren, Der i@meoH@e
@efanbte ptelei@t Sic i@pierigite uno
betfligfte @tellung. @@meoen TT ia
3tpar immer np9 neutral, aber 6te
Der Nordstern. [volume] (St. Cloud, Minn.) 1874-1931, 1916-07-20
wie in 1ub(ano.
aauabas @fili5minifter umter idbtpe
ref 8efdnlbtauna.

Mublan6 i@etnt nt@t 6as ein3ige
@ntentez2 anb gu fem, tpo 0te &orrupz
ton Bis In bic b0@ften &egierun9sz
treiie georungen lit. General Sir Gam
Qugbts, Der mtli3mintlter &anaoas,
,ptrb be{9ul6igt. benin @ergeben bon
Der Nordstern. [volume] (St. Cloud, Minn.) 1874-1931, 1916-07-20
Spie(t 9robe 8oGe.
Gattta bee bulgartfher @efanbten
tu @afbiuatpa beliebt.

Inter ben pielen t%ntereHanten nnb
an3iebenben 9amen Ser biplomatii4en
arei1e @aibingtons ipielt Maoame
Panaretoff, sic rei5enbe @attin bes
bulgarif9en @%eianbten, etne berDorraz
qen6e Mone. Sic 1T cine 9ame bon
Der Nordstern. [volume] (St. Cloud, Minn.) 1874-1931, 1916-07-20

Rontratten fir Munitior unb onberes
&riegsmaterial unerlaubte @erguni til
gurgen bemiltgt gu baben, bur4 tpelhe
es 1einen @unflinsen m0g1i@ muroe,
pien MftGionen gu getptnnen.
Der Nordstern. [volume] (St. Cloud, Minn.) 1874-1931, 1916-07-20
Maoame @anaretuf.

,1ngem0bnli9er 8il6ung unb groBer
2iebensmiir6tgfeit uno 1T felbit IN oen
&retfen Der @ntentez9 tplomaten aub GER
or6entli@ beliebt. sic beberrf@t mebz
rere @pra9en unb 1T febr mufifalH@.
Der Nordstern. [volume] (St. Cloud, Minn.) 1874-1931, 1916-07-20

Ser b0dite bisberige 8allonauf<
itieg errei9te 5000 Meter iiber 6em
MeereSipiegel.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1916-01-08
1ItE\IillD NOR DIst NkEN !
MEN BURN AND kILl
CONTINUED FROM PAGE oNg)

bindings and two buildings of the
Youngstown Sheet a Tubs works were
urned, and a mob of 5000 people
oattled With private police at tho
liant last night as the day shift a.
he mills in East Youngstown lefG
work.
Reports this morning we're that yes
terday's rioting was caused by the
importing OF strike breakers.
It was estimated today that the
.ounded would reach one hundred.
Mayor Thornton of Youngstown
wo miles from the burned town, or
io.od all saloons closed. OF the
.wonty saloons in East Youngstown
lniy two remain, and these two were
ootcd and supplied drink for the
rioters.
Spectators OF yesterdays scenes de
ciares the mob was In a great frenzy
ne eman danced and sang; women
oined them. Liquor was passed
round freely aud those who had nc
ups scoopcd il up in the hollow ol
their hands from the looted saloons
.othing stores were also looted and
the rioters even changed their ole
iothes for new IN the flare OF III,
'imes from scores of structures.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1916-01-08
CITY SCHOOLS SUFFERING
FROM GRIP EPIDEMIC
CONTINUED FROM PAGE ONE,

A et Marquardt Rachel Charleston,
Mrs. o. ". Walgomot. Mr.. and Mrs.
). A. Van Netta. Mrs. Sam Lyons. Mr
!. 4. fleekenstlne Mrs. Cecil Park.
aam. DR.. Pauline Barker. Mrs. Dawny
q. B. Burton's baby. Mrs. John Avery,
Dr. and Mrs. n. o. Barker. Banks
Hughes. llr. c. +. Cottcral. Mrs. Fred
Nenncr. Flora Adler Mrs. Emma
Miller. Gathering Ogle, Mrs. Tom
trown. Grandma Cotton %. Il. Cot
IONS motherl. Miss Goodnight OF
MARSHALL. Mrs. A. A. Ewing. I'D Mich
is. James Grisby.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1916-01-08
1000 TO Be ENROLMENT
At STATE UNIVERSITY

Norman Okla. Jan. S--Not less
than hundred aad nfty new stu
coais enough 20 raise the totai en-
ollmcht II uplrua.male.y fwo thou.
lnd. are exfec,-a - the University
b 0slahama at the beginning Of the
second semester o. the school year.
Acsisifatlon sill be held Feb. 4 and 5
WORK al the University Of Oklahoma
lesas anew wiih the spring semester
almost as completely as It does a, the
.ea.ln.nr oi year. in September. Tho
reason ior this IS that many wish to
attend iae University Tor only half a
year al o time. and it gives them the
Opportunity to begin work inst as ad.
wants georsly tae first Of February as
IA September.
Resinn.ng courses will be given dur
ing the second semester In Spanish,
German. English. mathematics, his
tory. chemistry geology public speak.
hg and other subjects ordinarily TAX
"A hy first year men. Even in the
Lass school the years work is divided
Into two semesters so that one can
~ roll Tor college work on Feb. and
lust as We'll rs on Sept. = and %
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1916-01-08
MUCH DATA IS ASKED TN
NEW BANK CALL MADE
CONTINUED FROM PAGE ONE ,

CONTINUED FROM PAGE ONE,
Georgia. directing the Comptroller to
.ubmit to congress all information re
yarding usurious interest rates by na
ionai banks OF this country II this
resolution passes congress the comp
roller wishes to be in position prompt
ly 10 submit to the House the infor.
nation II may desire.
There is discussion in Washington
that the banking interests will ask
congress to repeal the interiocaing d.
rcctorate provision of the Clayton Act.
they claim that II deprives the banks
1f the services OF men who have been
Identified with their institutions for
years.
In today's call, the Comptroller asks
ior a list of loans by all banks during
1915. upon which interest was charg-
ID or collected. either in the shape Of
interest. discount or commission. at
-ates which would amount to more
han the equivalent of 6 per cent per
annum."
"Banks are cautioned.' says the
sall. TO prepare this statement with
care and accuracy. When this report
shall have been received national bank
examiners will be instructed to verify
The reports submitted by some banks.
and ii error or discrepancies should
be discovered. which may make II
necessary in order to secure accuracy
TO verify the reports submitted by all
banks, the examiners will be given in
,tructlons accordingly"
The call also asks banks to state
il is their custom to require
borrowers to carry deposits when
loans are granted. how much they are
now loaning TO nondepositors and how
much is loaned and not secured by col
lateral. 4
The aggregate OF amounts which
borrowers have refused to pay banks
because Of alleged usury is asked and
also the total payments made by banks
as penalty for usury.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1916-01-08
sLANS BATTER DOWN
GREAT TNTON FORT
tcoNrlrlvso FROM PAGE ONE,

tCON IlflDrO FHOM NA0G ONcl
Russian operations in this theatei
herald big general offensive move
nent of all the Russian armies from
he Baltic to the Rumanian border OF
merely indicate diversion of unpar
llleled magnitude and fiercedess. de
signed to waiken the pressure of the
central powers in the balkans
incidentally on the Italian front the
ighting has been OF the most hitter
character, according to both the Aus.
lrian and Russian reports. Few
prisoners are being taken and the In.
antry engagements are largely in the
nature of hand encounters.
All the Russian operations thus far
eyealed are being pressed along the
-ailway lines, which simplify the prob.
ems of the winter supply of food. am
nunition and fuel.
The situation along other fronts Is
comparatively quiet.
The loss of a British submarine by
mischance of navigation off the
Dutch coast makes total OF eleven
British submarines lost since the be-
ginning of the war A majority of
hese. however. have been of the
mailer types.
An echo Of General Sir Ian Hamil-
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1916-01-08
BILL FOR SALE Of
ASPHALT AND COAL LANDS

Washington. ID G. Jan S.-Con.
gressman ". W. Hastings is propa--
Ing bill providing for The sale o.
the coal and asphalt deposits under
hing the segregatei mineral lands oi
tie CAoctaw nation. Secretary OF the
Interior Lane in his annual report
urged that some disposition OF the
minerals underlying the segregated
lands be made by congress-.
II is understood that bill Is also
hclng prepared at the Indian Office TO
provide for the sale OF the undcrls ing
Cloctaw mineral.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1916-01-08
Knen unr Bodies Warm.

Pure. rich. red blood is a necessity
IA the production Of animal heat II
keeps our bodies warm, We all know
very well that when the arteries that
carry Il to limb are bound or tied,
he temperature Of the limb Is imme'
liatcly lowered
There Is suggestion IN this that
at this time OF wear especially, We
should take Hoods Sarsaparilla' Il
our blood is pure Impoverished or
pale Hoods Sarsaparilla makes the
blood good in quality and quantity
II has an uneQualed record for radi'
callv and permanently removing
blood diseases, scrofula, rheumatism
and catarrh. and giving strength ana
tone to the whole system r is a sci
entific combination of roots. harks'
herbs and other medicinal substances
that have long been used ht success
FIJI physicians. Get it today.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1916-01-08

iha line of canning was simply eN.
loilcnt and the women deserve great
credit Who have accomplished So
uAeh hy Tie way OF domestic econ.
omy.
Among those Nho contributed a.
the depal tmoais OF domestic science
ard art WAS Mrs. y r. Scales who
alone cNeellod ly far all olhcir i0
quantity Mrs. vinie Notify bad on
dsplas a bed spread which she -.
lmeliuny eroehoted and sod Tor Sior
Nr George Godfrey, farming In an
adiacent vicinity to Guthrie, led in
lssraultral productions. Articles ia
iart wore fresh turnips and greens.
era sweet potatoes.
Mr. A. 4. Williams exhibited Globe
iurnips and corn variety lbloody
u tcher)
Mr. ~. 4. pendioton exhibited fine
rep corn ana Giant white Held corn
Prof aarlAman contrivcd a 10y
cabin wli0a represented the log cabin
mere iageer II Washington was
rorn.
The program for the afternoon was
carried ont in very profitable way
sat the feature Of the afternoon scs
on was the address by Prof D. &.
Horton. whose address who logical
progressive humorous and most elo
euently delivered, Prof. Horton urged
his hearers to be latriartic and ho
leyal to racial ideal Although ire
cuently interrupted by applaads. he
continually urged his people TO never
he ashamed Of their color but rather
ae proud of the Fact that we are mem
bers of a dark skin race
MIR. smltherman, editor Of the Tulsa
star who spell bound his audience for
en hour. during the evening session
Among those who worked faithfully
to make the celebration a success
verc Mrs Ed LYLE, Mrs Scales the
Misses Palmcrs. Messers GreenNell
r. r. Williams Horton. Pendleion
aud Mrs Horton.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1916-01-08

already have made money for Tie
farmers around shawnee Who snip
ped through our county clearing hoass
Come and Investigate and see wha,
doing, then yoa Wiil know how 70
lsi at tb!s meeting Every larme-.
.er person Interested in farming
-aonid no, ian 20 attend this meet.
.isg. Il means much to yoa and your
Iismas
All parties ~ho oxnet 20 attend
Ais meeting are requested to sen
'aeir nImcs 10 address below. 80 that
be can sec tlat all can be faraished
With MONS Ali locals sending dele
gates viii also send aim a list OF dele
.stes selected to attend. There 8.
promise OF a large attendance.
We ask all papers in tho state "a
sfuf the above notice and send cop,
S! same to IA. llilsiaAiAN.
shawnee Okis.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1916-01-08
.sxzx @EEI zxHz gzs
An Appropriate Celebration =
IKE zAxx xizz KEN n q

This daS ore xeek ago marked an
enthusiastic celebration among the
ciorc1 citizens Of Gathric
Tho ciiY liall Aas secured for the
f,ere.ses vaiah was decorated ,ers
fllaoratelf eith bunting and banners
ieseiher eiih a large statnte d Ab.
aham Lincoln
beside these elaborate decoration
ihare mere many beautiful designs O.
eel.e work including emasoideflng
rofhcsus titllns. band painting and
lsa4insl showing natural landscape
snd ripping brooke There we're
aaiils ol most every conceivable IL,
s.eu from one 70 fortg years old.
The fruit department. gbien lesis,
eed of toe skgl Of our women alons
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1916-01-08

ton imtOrtalt reFicR q the iiaTdan-
elles' operations is found In a report
published Friday that General Sir
Frederick stoslord. Vho vas recall
sd on account oi his conduct in the
suyh bay operations has demanded
an inquiry by the war office into the
whole circumstances OF the landing OF
troops in the Dardanelies.
IN eonnection xiih the submarine
activity IN the MediteraDean sea an
Athens dispatch notes that alarm Is
felt there. owing 10 the fact that none
Of the nine slIips laden with grain pur-
chased in America either has arrived
or been signalied
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1916-01-08
WILLIAMS WILL REFUSE /.
REQUESTS Of LEGISLATORS

Oklahoma City. Jan. S.--'I don't
care what they say, this is going to
tc 30-day extra session--no more
,ehemently said Gov. Williams. I'm
rot going to recommend ANYTHING for
legislation but an election bill usury
law and work for conycts. d.eeislar
tors may howl and threaten. to ston
administration measures unless l.
yield, but shall refuse to budge."
The vanguard OF legislators is already
coming in. Joe Huckins is partictts
llly pleased. There will be no extra
iobs, the force of the regular session
will be used so persons wanting
niaces need not apply.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1916-01-08

nIGiINAiWsN L0n1S nlli-
CtR on SOUTHERN pNtllf-
r. AND ESCAPES

sen Antonia. Texas. January S.
rtteecn $4,000 and Sl5.0uo in car
ency probably was obtained LAST
eft b me bandit who single hand.
90 robbed the mail car attached to
tAo Resttound Sunset express OF the
uthorn Pacific Railroad
This cstimi ie vas made tonigh,
eaen It was learned that the regist.
etcd mail aboard the car contained
i package 81 United States eurrency
amountius to Sglo0. and a package
ol Mexican currency valued at Sioo'
~ United states money. both shipped
from Houston 10 Del Rio. Tex.
IN addition to the money packages
Inc train carried registered mail
athered at New orleans aud Houston
nd ten packages from Laredo. Tex
Postal authorities said the value OF
lhc robbers loot could not pe esu
watcd with any cxactness un'il re-
orts we're received from all shippers
3 missing packages. which doubtless
# m require several weeks.
The robbery was committed in The
ten minutes during which the train
taund from New Orleans to san Fran
lsco. was trasersing the san Antonio
Yards to "A crossing txo miles Nesi
p. tho city
Morton +. Banks, mail clerk th,
onlg person IA the ear was discovered
tied and GAGGED when The train
cached Nacdona, seventeen miles
nom San Antonio.
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1916-01-08
ACID IN STOMACH
SOURS THE FOOD
SAYS Excess Of Ilydrochlorie Aeid
rs Cause OF Indigestion.

A weli.known authority siaic' that
stomach trouble sui indigestion IS aclt-
a always due 10 aeldiy -acid siQnMei
land not. as most folks believe ffnts
: lax 81 digestive juices Tie states.
thn an excess oi hydrochlorle acid III
ihe stomach rciards digestion and starts
iood fermentation, then our meals 'ont
lae garbage in a can. forming acrid
auids and gases which initiate ihe
stomach like j toy balloon. We then
ru that heavy. lempy feeling m the
chest. we cfnctaic sour food belch ga
an have heartburn. aaiulcnce, watef-
lrash. or nausea
He tell, ms 20 lay aside ~ digestive
aids ana instead. 81 from any pharmacy
four ounces If lad salts aud take a
tablespoonful "a a glass OF water before
breakfast while Il is eiicryessng and
furthermore. TO continue this for one
week While rclet follows The hfss
dose. It is imporian, 20 nenifalize 'he
ariditv. remove the gas-maknr mass
start The liver stimulate me kidney
and thus promote free flow OF pure
dire.tive juices.
lad Salis is inexpensive and - mace
from the acid of grapes and lemon
mice. combined with lihia and sodium
phosphate This harmless salts IS use.
by thousands Of people for stomach
trouble with excellent results,
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1916-01-08
TRIAL OF CRIMINAL
CASES BEGINS JAN. ~

CONTINUED FROM PAGE ONE,
charges The complaining Witnesses
ale all young girls under age
Gus schmidt. the Coyle man who
tried to kin Deputy Sheriff Grant
Aedman and who In turn came near
being killed bv that officer in a fight
Ia the upstairs lobby OF the Elks ha
tel several weeks ago. will be tried on
a charge OF stealing an overcoat.
Schmidt had the oyereoat on when
Redman arrested him.
Paul Levy. on two counts and Lou
Matthews on single charge. win be
tried for having booze in their posses
sion with intent to sell, Several burg
larry cases of minor Importance will
be tried at this term.
After hearing testimony in the
charge against Curtha Robinson. the
young Meridian negro. charged with
completely In the murder Of Newt Al.
len. County Attorney Swank dismiss
ed the ease late yesterday evening.
THE evidence indicated that young
Robinson was trying only to prevent
further bloodshed" said Mr.. Swank.
Ralph Christy, charged with at.
tempted burglary. was held by Justice
tIornaday yesterday evening for trial
| IN the district court. Chrisiy Is
thought to he an unusually bad actor
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1916-01-08
FARMERS STATE
FEDERATION MEETING

There will be meeting OF farmeri
ard farm organizations. including the
locals of the 4. II. T. A.. for the pur'
Csc OF forming a state marketing
5, stem for cooperative marketing o.
al farm products.
u Is now time to organize and be
ready to handle the potato crop, which
will be one a the first farm crops to
Rove. SO don't wait until the crop Is
ready to move before You organize.
as you won't know where to ship. We
The Guthrie daily leader. [volume] (Guthrie, Okla.) 1893-1996, 1916-01-08
GUN PLANT PROMISED
FOR OKLAHOMA CITY

WASHINGTON, D. C-Coneressman
Zoe Thompson has introduced a bill
ir congress asking for Slooaoooo 10
s;oct a munitions plant at oklahoma
CITY. lle said with reference to the
bill Oklahoma City is the logical
place .or the plant as it IS close TO
tie gas fields and can be operated
cheaper than at any point