davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1916-10-05
COL. ROOSEVELT
SKINS EN- ALIVE

New York, Oct. 5.---Colonel Roose.
welt today put the nnishing touches
on the second OF his series OF skin
'em alive" verbal broadsides no will
deliver against President Wilson. The
speech will be made at u big rally In
Chicago the latter part OF next week,
probably one week from Saturday.
Between now and Saturday. Roose.
welt will prepare three or four more
addresses. to be delivered at st, Paul.
Denver. Louisville ana III Paso. II
those stops are retained on tho pre-
sent tentative schedule, III Paso was
named today as the far southern oh.
jeetive In the eolonel's big push,
At least two OF the Roosevelt
speeches will deal with President VIII
sons foreign policy. In them Roose-
welt will attempt to show the kaiser.
and not tho president. kept us out
OF war"
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1916-10-05
PRES. WILSON TALKS TO
OMAHA BUSINESS MEN

Omaha. Neb.. Oct. 5.-President
Wilson, In spirited address to the
business men Of Omaha, today de-
clared the time has gone when the
big new things facing America can
be done In the old way; those. he
said. who hesitated to break tradi-
tions and who did not confront the
new age with new ideas are going
to be left at the post"
For the next decade we have got
to serve the world" he said. And
this situation has altered every poll
tical and domestic question"
Heretofore the work OF America,
he said, has been done by those who
wished to exploit the world" Here
after. 1t must be done by those wish
ing to maintain the confidence OF
the world"
President Wilson challenged cri-
ticism Of the legislation under his
administration. saying:
Give me the verdict OF the next
25 years. / care not a peppercorn
for the verdict OF 1916"
He brought tremendous applause
when he added:
I've known men who tied up their
ideas In their head. same as an old
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1916-10-05

bringing the total road and bridge
expenditures managed by the states
to $So.5l4,6s9. This amount is
greater than the total expenditures
for roads and bridges from all
sources in 1904.
The cash road and bridge sxpen-
.ditures OF the United States averaged
only $2s per mile OF rural roads in
1904. In 1915 this average had
grown to sl0s per mile, New Jer-
sey led all other states. both In 1904
and in 1918. with 3221 and $475 per
mile respectively. Nevada made the
least expenditure in both years
$S.72 per mile in 1904 and ST per
mile In 1915.
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1916-10-05
! y y y = = ~ = = = ~
OREGON WEATHER
BUILDING A COURT HOUSE.


The building of new court house
for Josephine county will give an
other opportunity for the use Of the
varied resources OF southern Oregon
In the way Of materials and labor.
The people Of the county are paying
the cost OF the new structure. The
bnlk OF the outlay can be returned
TO them II all possible materials are
obtained at home. II there are ma
terials not obtainable in Josephine
county. but which can be purchased
IN Douglas or Jackson county, let
southern Oregon have the credit.
Josephine has marble that should
have q prominent place in building
the entrance to the new capitol build
ing. The wood and stone used can
be found here, while there Is ample
sand and gravel for the construction
work. The local artisan who helps
pay the cost should have the first
chance to supply his wares and his
skin. While there may be differ
ences Of opinion as to the type OF
architecture selected, there can be no
difference when It comes to giving
the home man a chance--or even a
ssheaa sfart."
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1916-10-05
THE NATIONS HIGHWAYS.

The coming Of the automobile and
the auto truck has caused the United
States to view road building from a
different angle. and at least to attach
to good roads the Importance that Is
due them. So long as old Dobbin
was the motive power, any kind OF q
road would do. especially as the high
ways were little used except by those
who lived in close proximity to them.
A quarter Of a century ago the man
Who made an excursion over the high
ways of more than 40 or so miles
was plunging into realms that for
him we're unexplored. Today little Is
thought of a trip covering a couple
OF hundred miles between breakfast
and supper. and thousands OF tourists
make the transcontinental tour. This
has made a demand for better high
ways, and the nation has now taken
a hand in the work in earnest. The
office OF public roads Of the federal
department OF agriculture has recent
'1y compiled some interesting figures
concerning the growth OF the good
roads movement.
The total length Of public roads in
the United States outside the limits
OF Incorporated towns and cities was
about 2,452,000 miles on January J.,
1916. OF this. about 277000 miles,
or 1l.3 per cent, were improved with
some form OF surfacing. The mileage
OF surfaced roads has been increasing
at the rate OF about 900 miles a
year, and in 1915 approximately one
half OF this increase was made under
the supervision Of state highway de-
partments. In addition these depart
ments supervised the maintenance OF
nearly $1,000 miles of main and
trunk line roads.
The increase in expenditures for
road and bridge work In the United
States has been from approximately
$4,000, 900 per year in 1904 to
about 1882, 100000 in 1915, an in.
crease Of more than $50 per cent.
The expenditure of state funds during
this same period increased from
about s2,55o,0O0 to more than s53,-
100000 In addition, more than
s27 900 900 of local funds was spent
under state supervision in 1915,
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1916-10-05
PORTLAND MARKETS

Portland. Oct. 6.-.-Today's mark et
quotations were.
Wheat - Club. i,3l; bluestem,
l.39.
Oats No. white feed, 2S.
Barley Feed, 1850.
Hogs Best live, 0,7Om9.75.
Prlm" steers, Z; fancy cows. rs;
best calves, 750.
Spring lambs, $50.
IIntter CITY creamery, 81; coun.
try. 2S,
Eggs Selected local extras, 40.
Hens, 10 broilers, iGm17; geese,
ll@llia.
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1916-10-05
TIME CARD
The California and Oregon
Coast Railroad Company

Tho Oregon Caves Route)
Effective Monday. May 1. 1915.
Train lv. Grants Pass. ......7: 90 am.
Arrives Waters Crcek.....S:0 90 Am.
Train 4 lv. Waters Creek. ...5: 90 I'm.
Arrives Grants Pass.......6:00 pm.
Daily except Sunday.
All trains leave Grants Pass from
the corner OF q and Eighth streets.
opposite the Southern Pacific depot.
For all information regarding
freight and passenger service call at
the office OF the company, Public Ser
vice building, or phone 1871 for
same.
Train will stop on flag at any
point between Grants Pass and
Wa'e-" Creek. PassC:g", .srvirn
every da, In the week.
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1916-10-05
GLYCERINE AND BARK
PREVENT APPENDICITIS

The simple mixture Of buckthorn
bark. glycerine, etc, known as Adler
l-ka, astonIshcs Grants Pass people.
Because Adler-i-ka acts on BOTH
lower aud upper bowel, ONE SPOON
Full relieves almost ANY CASE con-
stipntlon. sour stomach or gas. II
removes such surprising foul matter
that n few doses often relieve or pro-
vept appendicitis, A short treatment
helms chronic stomach trouble. The
INSTANT, onry action Of Adlcr-i-ka
rs Astonishing Tho National Drug Co.
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1916-10-05

woman may tie up her savings In
her handkerchief--and when they un-
raveled the knot they found their
ideas were no longer currency. |
have known such men in politics"
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1916-10-05
To EXCHANGE

so ACRES. two miles from growing
town. with good irrigation water
rights, WIN exchange for stock Of
merchandise or u going business.
Write owner. VIM. Sullivan. 600
nth street. Modesto. Cal. SOS
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1916-10-05

Gold weighs nearly twenty times M
much ns go or'n lgt w wntcr
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1916-10-05
GRANTS PASS WEATHER

Following Is a summary Of the
weather observation at Grants Pass
for the month OF September, 1915.
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1916-10-05
Classified Advertising
Noa sALs

al 1Iaa a - a o.
lANGEL CAKES--phone orders to No,
1901. 7s7u
wINoNA BERKsHIREs--if you
want tho most pork per ID. OF feed.
get q Winona Berkshire for your
next herd boar. Spring pigs aver
aged 100 lbs, each at four months,
r. r. Steel. Winona Ranch. Rural
Route No. l. ssotf
i%-RooM house. partly furnished. lot
7bxio0. on Sixth streot. for sale
real cheap. or will trade. For par
tculars Inquire d. A. williams. 3ss
@ street. SIS
FOR SALE--?0 head young cattle at
q bargain II taken at once, A. u,
Dixon. route 3. Grants Pass. AZ
Jones Creek bridge. S6s
FOR SALE--Two small mules. light
wagon and harness. $l7S cash, In
quire p. J, Rush, Takilma. Orc. 6S
FOR SALE--Good six-room house
near Riverside school. two lots.
fruit Price reasonable, Or would
lease unfurnished or partly furh-
ished to responsible party, Ad-
dress No, iT7l. care Courier, s6s
aar-s-n-u7r'a-a'--
APPLES FOR SAtE--Hand-plckod
seconds Newtowns. Spitfenbergs.
and ortlcy. Leave orders at Wine
trout's implement house, S7i
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1916-10-05

toh printing NJ every description
at the Courier ONCE.
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1916-10-05
VETERINARY sURCEON

DIR, r. j. DESTUL, Veterinarian.
Office In Wlnctrout Implement
Bldg Phone 1l3.J Residence
Phone 305.R.
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1916-10-05
DECORATORS AND PAINTERS

PAPERHIANGlNG, graIning, paint
Ing, For the best work Mt lowest
prices phone 99j-i G. G. Plant,
South Park street
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1916-10-05
PHYSICIANS

. o. CLEMENT. N. D,--Praotics
limited TO diseases Of the eye. ear.
noso aud throat. Glasses nttsd.
Once hours ola. rs. or on A.
pointmenL once phone. 81: rssl-
denco phone sts-J.
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1916-10-05
AsSAYEIB

h. H. CkoUCh.---Assayer. chemist.
petallurgist. Roms 201-203 Pad.
dock Building. Grants Pass.
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1916-10-05

s. LoUGHRID0E. N, D.. Physician
and surgeon. City or country calls
attended day or night, Rssidsaos
phone sss: once phone iss.
Sixth and II, Tuffs Bldg.
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1916-10-05

WANTED TO BUY---Young milk
cows. fresh or about to be fresh:
must be good size. Phone
6l2-F-23. $40
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1916-10-05
- 71'7IaI|I17I7II777II7I77777
STRAYED
MISCELLANEOUS

TAXI STAND at the Mocha Cafe. Any
where In town l0c. Phone Isl.R,
Residence phone 242-L. Il
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1916-10-05
WANTED

WILL CONTRACT for your beet pulp
at Grants Pass sugar mill. Address
Clinton Cook. Murphy. Ore, $50
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1916-10-05

to do light house.
keeping six or eight hours u day
and sleep at home. Inquire J,
Pardee. SCI
Rogue River courier. (Grants Pass, Or.) 19??-1918, 1916-10-05

], p, rruAx. N, D.. Physician and
surgeon. Phones: once ass: rssi-
deneo 9a%. Calls answered st sil
hours. Country calls attended to.
Lundbury Bldg,
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1916-02-08

Rochester. MIMI, tho place I
call home. was on the map long
before my pusliIssic ambitions
were seriously considered because
OF the surgical deeds OF the Mayo
brothers. but hope 10 bring the
city more fame.
Rochester people never turned
me down In the days when was
broke and hungry. Those are
things man never foroets.
In Rochester I took UP the piss-
terinp trade. NY slxc made u easy
for me 70 get work. | seldom had
20 use . ladder. ! piastered In win
tors and worked on farms In tho
summer.
Finally I went 20 Minneapolis
and landed a Job As policeman.
They put mo out In tho sticks
where IL was lonely. Tho job was
all right and paid regular money.
but was always figuring on big
ger things.
went back TO dear old Roches-
ter.
had always read sporting pages
and now ! decided To tako up ath-
letics. began boxing. had al.
ways been conceitcd enough to
think was as strong an any ono
and knew I had n longer reach
than any fighter. sfh inches. !
knew my weight 22o pounds.
would help.
had tried myself out como
Year, PREVIOUS when my brother
and myself were forced TO battle
about IS rouchnecks In o road
house. ! recalled then I could HIT
and hn straight That wac the
time found could hit hard
enough 90 knock out any man In
the world. I spilled ten Of those
fellows and the others ran.
II takes a lot OF patience for a
fellow 10 knuckic down In the box.
Ing game and attend to business
You must lead an absolutely clean
life and hold yourself beyond temp
tation. You have TO overcome pub.
lie opinion because some people
think fighter In tough and IN.
genticmanly.
Some figure q fighter II swell.
headed. II being fighter In ego
tism. ! wish TO be placed on record
m having the biggest case Of the
kind. Egotism IL often confidence
and the fellow without confidence
Is like a ship without rudder.
When started boxing ! didn't
know a left hook from q right
cross. only knew that ~ you hit
man on the chin hard enough he
sn'll not get up for some time. But
d the strength and the deter
min. on.
When | met the girl who IL now
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1916-02-08
M AC MATES
M EET AND
TALK BALL

NEW YORK. Feb. s.-The best
baseball year In the recent history
OF the game is at hand, according
TO the opinion OF magnates who
gathered here today for the con-
unuation OF the annual meeting OF
the National league.
Where the club owners year
ago were forced 10 discuss only
war measures" against the Fed
erals. all was serenity and opti-
mism today because OF the recent
ending OF the baseball war. The
spirit Of trading was In the air ev-
erywherc in the Hobbies OF the Wal
dorf hotel before the magnates
went into formal session there.
The demise OF the Federal league
has released a whole flock OF play
ers OF the first order OF talent and
nearly every club owner was Toad
ed up" with material for effecting
advantageous trades.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1916-02-08
High School
Athletics
Bv JIM my GRANT

With the first half OF the basket
ball season gone. the rival schools
arc preparing for tho hardest part
Of the tussle. Broadway has \
chance to tie Queen Anne for tho
lead when they meet In tho Broad
way gym.
Should Broadway beat tho Quay
school, then Lincoln, Broadway
and Queen Anne would be- tied for
the lead. Lincoln should defeat
West Seattle with ease.
The result OF the Franklin-Bal-
lard game will decide which team
is tho holder OF third place.
Tn, Midway and Queen Anne
game the center OF attrac-
ton. no viii win this game
ia hard SAY. but from present ac-
counts the Quay squad is the IA
vorite.
Broadway had better keep watch
on Johnny O'Neil, the Quay star
In the last garae O'Nell scored 16
OF the Quay's 3s points.
Charles tanning. who played
second on Broadway's champion
ship ball team. is thinking OF turn
ing out for track. tanning was the
fastest high school player in get
ting from home to first.
Mclaughlin, the dlmlnusivs Bal.
lard guard, Is going 20 prove q
stumbling block 20 the Franklin
forwards In tho Frankiln-BsllarG
game.
Why can't Franklin turn ont n
track team, as vol as the other
schoolsg II Ia true that they have
no track field near TO practice on.
but when II Is known that the track
candidates out at Lincoln got up
nj G o'clock TO 20 out 10 the uni
versity and train. there Is no rea-
son why the Franklin men can't 20
down 10 the Columbia playfield to
do their practicing.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1916-02-08
HOCKEY IS
on BILLET
At A R E N A

Victoria and Seattle will again
furnish the attraction Tuesday
night on the Ice Al the Arena.
kostsr Patrick has been putting
/ kU lads thru some stiff pacss. In
Ire hope Of rsven0in0 himself for
oeattis's Victory Of 6 20 ; on Friday
Iasx. On the other hand, Pete MuI-
doom has not been overlooking any
bets. and the locals will also take
The Ice with determination TO
win.
The Arissocrass have been Seat
lies easiest pleklnos on the local
Ne all season. Out, Of the five
oames which the two teams have
played, four have ended In victories
for the IocaIs- The one game which
Seattle lost was played In the 10
land city.
II looks like Ed Savage's Uncle
Sans have the edge on the pen.
nant. They surprised every one
the other night by walloplng Van
couver.
4 tough tussIe will be on the bill.
let Friday night. On this suspi-
cious occasion the battling Uncle
Same will meet Seattle here This
game should pack the Arsns to
everfiowine. re Portland team 10
10 biggest drawing card In the
league this year.
nxcuny Box. the Victoria player.
who has been out most OF the sea-
aon with . broken coliarbone.
would have been q great help to
Lester Patrick Seattle can be
thankful Box has been out Of the
gams.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1916-02-08
HERE 1T IS
Here, There and Everywhere
Short Sport

Six more players have been cut
adrift by Fielder Jones. Art
Kores. the former Portland infield.
or. In among the list.
The n. OF c. basketball squad
took q lacing at tho hands OF the
Collins quintet Monday. 20 to 81.
Six teams are still grinding
away in tho Chicago six-day bike
festival.
Eddie Rousch. star QutfIeidsr
with tho Newark Feds last season,
has been purchased from Harry
Sinclair by the New York Giants.
Tho Lincoln high nIdoets defeat.
cd team composed OF ex-
midgets Monday night. q 10 81.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1916-02-08
GIL TO RUSTICATE

Gilmour Dobis, who Monday af.
ternoon signed To again coach the
Washington football squad. will
spend tho majority Of his time in
Seattle until time 20 turn out with
the moleskin warriors.
Il intend doing a little hunting
and fishing" said Dobie. but at
the same time will keep in pretty
close touch with tho university"
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1916-02-08
WILLIAMS AND
HERMAN DRAW

NEW oRIEANs, Feb. a.
Kid Williams, bsntamwclght
champion, and Kid Herman,
local boxer, fought n 2oround
draw here last night. Tho de-
cislon, q popular one, was rem
dered by William Recap, Phil
adelphI sport writer.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1916-02-08

Portisnd's pride In the festh-
sr~eloht class. BILLY Msscott
who claims the Northwest
fesshsr,~eleht title after trim
ming Tex Vernon In . sls.
round mill In the Ross City. 10
out with . challenge 70 all
North~estern bsntams and
feathers.
Billy 10 anxious 20 show that
he has . Just clair, on the title
and writes The star that he
will prove he 10 the champ by
meeting any boy who may DO
pitssd against him. Ne would
prefer that the bout be staged
In ossssis. No 10 anxious 20
show HE wares before the To-
cal fans.
Billy has fought two 20.
round bstsies. sny number ~
four-round bouts and about 20
sis.round tits. No 10 coming
20 Seattle shortly along with
his manager. Bobby Evans, the
former lightweight.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1916-02-08
M'eINNITY TO BUTTE

TACOMA, Feb. s.--Joe McGin-
nifty and Bobby Blewett will depart
shaortly for Butte. While there,
they will 90 into the matter of hav-
ing the local ball club transferred
TO the Montana city.
II is understood that transfer
ring OF the ball club from this city
will meet with opposition.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1916-02-08
nAsKETBALL STANDING

Games Friday, February II
Queen Anne at Broadway. ISIS
.. m
west Seattle at Lincoln. Sis
,. m
Franklin AZ ballard. SIS p m.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1916-02-08
WHITE IS CHOSEN

II. d. White was ted presi.
dent OF tho Seattle At tic club at
the annual meeting. I'D Monday
Tho board OF directors will be made
up az follows: A. s. Goldsmith. w.
NJ. Inglis, A. r. knott. l.. A. Good.
fellow, l.. G. Palmer. H. w. John.
son and A. G. Dsyoe. At night the
members made merry with eats and
entertainment.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1916-02-08
KANSAS
1870 ..A. A..s,

KANSAS CTTY--Ad Wolgast's
eye was swollen shut today and
Frankie Burns had broken nose
as the result OF their sIx-round
slnggIng match here last night. II
as a draw.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1916-02-08
TO NAME d. o. COACH

BERKELEY. Cal. Feb. "a
baseball coach for the University
Of California will be chosen to-
morrow night by the executive
committee OF the student body.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1916-02-08
CHASING THE CHAMP
aolsss By Fred Fulton
The Story OF a Boxers Rise

my wife. explained my ambitions
TO her and she encouraged me. I
really entered tho ring In the hope
Of making money enough TO buy a
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1916-02-08

nth the report that Joe MeGinniy and Bob Blewets
w will leave shortly for Butte to look the baseball
situation Tacoma begins wonder where will get off
baseballically this
70 %
At the present writing looks like the Butte people have
made McGinnity pretty good offer and that he
should take up.
The old Iron Man. should be treated with consideration
by the league. He a famous character in baseball in
his day and after sailing nice little pile he planted
in Tacoma expecting to sit in easy chair in his de-
Ginning years and let the Tacoma ball club make him
living Instead he might well have thrown his lfe's
savings into the sound for all the good the
did him.
q q
The Tacoma fans didn't support ball club when they had
and should receive much consideration despite all
their bowling. that McGinnity has chance to
haps get back little Of the coin he blew in the City
Of Destiny"
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1916-02-08

From now on We win have to for
bear our little pleasure of asking
when the U. of w. IL going To
name football coach. Tho bew
little mentor In the biz IL back
on the JOB.
= q q
The London authorities having ssl5
he was q bad actor. Tod Sloan
now announces he is going on the
stage.
q q q
u strikes " that II was q whole
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1916-02-08

lot easier for some players TO
Jump to the Feds than Il has been
for them TO hop back TO o. ID.
again.
The amateur golfer who pIveks .
little loose change by betting on
the hole has not yet been dcclar-
ed pro. we note.
% % g
Those Portland decisions must cre-
ate quite a stencil. II IL noticed
that tho Rose City club closed TO
re ovate the place after Frank
Farmer and Al sommcrs put up
their stall.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1916-02-08

Ed ririch. tho Franklin tennis
star. In In fine form and HIS friends
predict a good season for him.
TaÌˆgliches Cincinnatier volksblatt. [volume] (Cincinnati [Ohio]) 1885-1919, 1916-04-13

ipesen aneeblider SreiuloIidJfeit Sen
slmerifnnern geaeniiber erifoiien
lporoen ieieu, iino ned nift beitd.
tiat.
geinabe jeoermann In OF Raio Be.
iist cine sarte BON gierito, ali pel.
der er fat tdgli6 einen neuen 2lui.
eitgaltacrt oes fliidtigen @anoiten
narfirt. Die 3i,rerldiiigite 9nformn-
ton gebt inoeiien onbin, 0nB gilln
iid inl n0roIibcn Durango beiinOct
uno oerfndt, cine aor5entriring Der
inter Ganiito gfepes operirenoen
Ganeen III beluerfiielliaen.