davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1916-03-14
Carranza Is Fayorably Impressed.

Washington, March 14-State department agents
along the border today reported that General Carranza
had received the American governments note accepting
his proposal for reciprocal agreement for the pursuit of
outlaws and was favorably impressed with It. War de
partment officials waiting word from General Fun
son that the first detachment of American troops is
ing into Mexico Latest reports showed that troops
mohizing.
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1916-03-14
Preparedness Measures to Be Rushed
Through as Quickly as Possible
President Wilson Also Urges Action
on the Naval Bill
+++#++*+**++*++++++++*+.
To Increase Army at Once.

Washington, March 14-Chairman Hay of the
house military committee prepared for immediate
introduction resolution to permit the president
to raise the fighting strength of the standing army
o120000 men at once.
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1916-03-14

One Of England's most beautiful
heiresses, Miss Gwendolyn Hague
Cook. has become engaged 20 wed
Capt Eric Long, son OF the Right
Hon. Walter Long. Captain Long Is
in London on a furlough from
Frence. Miss Cook Is n teC through
ont England for her beauty.
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1916-03-14

Chicago. March 14.-Federal Judge
Lands today decided the Associated
BIZ Posters of the United states and
Canada to be combination in restraint
Of trade.
Evening capital news. (Boise, Idaho) 1901-1927, 1916-03-14
OPPOSE BRANDEIS
FOR JUSTICE OF
SUPREME COURT
Former Presidents of the
American Bar Association
Send Protest to Senate
Judiciary Committee.

washington. March a. Former
President Taft and six other former
presidents OF the American Bar asso-
citation, protested today to the senate
judiciary committee against confirma-
ton of the nomination of Louis d.
Brandeis for the supreme court.
Taft and five others sent a letter
stating. Taking into view the repu-
tation, character and pr fessional ca
reer Of Brandeis. he Is not a fit person
to be a member OF the supreme court. :
Peter ". Meldrim wrote: My reason
for refusing TO approve the nomination
was that the reputation of Brandeis at
his home bar makes him an unfit per-
son to be appointed" Both letters
were read to the committee at the re-
suming Of the public hearings today.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-09-26
Dividends

Arizona Commercial Mining~lnitial
dividend Of so cents 4 share, payable
October 81 to stock Of record Octo-
Der 10.
Hanover Fire Insurance--Regular
quarterly dividend Of pa per cent,
payable October ? 70 stock Of record
September 25.
Irving National Bank.-Regular quar-
October to stock Of record Septem-
Der y.
Canadian Westinghouse. - Regular
quarterly dividend Of IA per cent,
payable October 10 10 stock Of record
September 80.
Champion Copper-Dividend Of $40
share. making s74.40 paid since Feb
rusry p, 1915.
ST. Mary's Mineral snd.-Dividend
Of 50 a share, payable October IA TO
stock Of record September %.
Detroit Edison Regular quarterly
dividend Of , per cent, payable October
Is 10 stock Of record September 80.
Union Trust Regular quarterly div
idend Of 4 per cent, payable Octo-
Der 10.
West Kootenay Power. Regular
quarterly dividends of - per cent on
the preferred and ~ per cent on the
common stock. both payable October :
10 stock of record September %,
American Chicle.-Regular quarterly
dividend OF I 2 per cent, payable Octo-
Der ? 10 stock Of record September %.
Cote Piano Manufacturing.-R Regular
quarterly dividend OF - per cent on
the preferred stock. payable October >
20 stock Of record September %.
Manchester Traction, Light and
Power-Regular quarterly dividend Of
~ a share. payable October Is to stock
Of record October >.
Public Service Company of Northern
Illinois. Regular quarterly dividend Of
q per cent on the common stock and
I y per cent on the preferred stock.
both payable November I 10 stock Of
record October II. This increases the
annual rate on the common stock from
20 per cent.
Hollinxer Consolidated Gold Mines. -
Regular fourth-weekly dividend or
per cent. payable October % stock or
record September 29.
Tuckett's Tobacco Regular quarter
Y dividend Of Ia per cent on the pre-
ferred stock, payable October Is TO
stock Of record September 30.
Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing.
Regular quarterly dividend Of per
cent, payable October II to stock OF
record September 50.
Bank of Metropolis. Regular quar-
.erlv dividend % ( per cent, payable
October 2 10 stock OF record Septem-
Der 90.
Penn Central Light and Power.-Reg-
ular quarterly dividend Of per cent
on the preferred stock, payable OCTOBER
90 10 stock of record September %.
Standard Screw.-Extra dividend OF
% ner cent on the common stock, pay
able October . 20 stock OF record Sep
ten,ber 25
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-09-26
Curb Market

Note.-The Tribune assumes no re-
sponsioility for the accuracy or au-
thentictty Of curb market quotations.
The New York Curb Association pro-
duces no official quotation list. Quota
tons are reported By individual. over
whom the association has no control.
Any one can make prices on the curb
and get them printed in the daily lists,
even without the formality Of first
submitting the shares 10 the Curb
Association for its approval. Some
securities are regularly listed-thst is,
they are approved for trading by the
Curb Association, and IL is required
that information concerning them will
be filed from time 20 time with the
secretary. Such information Is open to
public inspection. Some other securi-
ties, like the Standard Oil subsidiaries,
are admitted 70 quotation" without a
regular listing. A greater number are
unlisted. No one has any authority
over them. Unlisted stocks are marked
thus -. They are prime pally mining
stocks. ard most Of them are pros
pects.' but there is nothing 20 distin-
guish prospects" from operating
properties" in the unlisted group.
There are few listed mining stocks.
and among these prospects" are dis
tinguished b. the sbbreyiation "a pros
after the name. With this notice duly
given, The Tribune will hereafter print
all quotations without further respon-
sibility. Transactions ard prices yes
terday we're reported as follows:
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-09-26
Corporation Returns

New York, Ontario & Western.-Report
for the fiscal year ended June 80, 1916,
shows gross operating revenues Of So,
942,25l. as compared with sS,926,945 in
the year preceding. Net revenues,
after operating charges, were s2,739,-
$50. an increase of s355,380. Dividend
disbursements totalled 1851, 2s1, against
S2lO in 1915, and surplus amounted 20
s402,5e7, a decrease of s2O9,699. The
balance sheet as Of June 80 shows cash
on hand OF sl,1l9,7ss, as compared
with s557,s17 year ago.
Howard Elliott, chairman OF the
board of directors, commenting upon
the effect upon employees Of the re-
Gently enacted eight-hour law, says
that there are about 1000 men on the
Ontario & Western who will be az
fectsd and the payrolls Of the company
will be increased about 100000 a
year.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-09-26
Observation-Disclosures
NeUs Digest
Foreign

London Stock Market-London,
SEPT 25.-Although dealers on the
Stock Exchanges were largely occupied
With discussing the air raid. time was
found 20 transact a good deal Of bust
ness, mostly at higher prices. The
tore was firm and steel and copper
shares we're leading features on opti-
rstic American sdvices. Investors
rave their attention 20 colonial bonds,
rubber and shipping shares and con-
sol,. the latter advancing a quarter Of
= point Activity in the American
section was confined 70 United States
Steel and Canadian Pacific. The clos
ing was firm.
Money was in good demand and dis
count rates were steady. Money, AZ
per cent; discount rates. short and
three month bills, 5h65's per cent;
gold premiums at Lisbon, So
Paris BOurse-Paris. Sept. Is
Trading was quiet on the Bourse TO-
day. Three per cent rentes So francs
90 confines for cash; exchange on
London. q francs 90 centimes; per
cent loan. 90 francs.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-09-26


For the frs. time in nearly ten years
trading in the New York Stock Exchange
totalled more than 100000 shares.
This enormous overturn was reached
half hour before the close Of the
market. Nearly one-half the trading
occurred in United States Steel and in
copper shares, with a new high record
for Steel and for most OF the coppers.
Total sales at the close reached NOR.
than 2,25O.O0O shares. The market
throughout the day was strong, but
fifteen minutes before the close for no
apparent reason turned suddenly heavy,
Steel leading the decline, with fall Of
ga points from its high record Of 100
Gains of from TO 5 points in coppers
and other stocks we're partly wiped
out. The selling was In such tremer-
dous volume that the ticker was almost
ten minutes behind the actual elosa-
The tone at tho finish vas extremely
fsverish and unsettled. The feature
outside Of Steel and the eoppers vas
Reading. which made new high
record at 1854. closing at l13.
The last 1000, 900 share day occurred
March Il. 1907. when 1881 900 changed
hands. This is the twenty-third p
10000 share day since January. 1897.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-09-26

cago, Sept. 25.-Commenting on the
Pennsylvania Railroads entrance into
Detroit. Vice President Schoyer says:
THE Pennsylvania is planning an en-
trance into Detroit as business
proposition and in response TO demand
from the business interests Of the
city. During the last FIVE years De-
troit has increased in population from
about 100000 70 about 100000. Auto
mobile manufacturing is the largest
industry, and it is certainly immense,
employing $4,000 persons. The value
of the automobile output is about
$500. 10000 per annum.'
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-09-26
Open. High. Low. Last
TO PROTECT WALL
STREET WEALTH
Continued from page 10.

volunteer for this service should look
on aer work as part and parcel Of the
duty which they owe their firm.
As regards training it is suggested
that:
Two or three short drills should ~
enough. as the men need only 20 be taught
squad formation in order that they may ~
moved without disorder. A reasonable
amount OF pistol practice would greatly
add 20 the interest Of the service. and a.
the same time be valuable training 4
few lectures by selected officers from, Police
Headquarters on the subjects Of Riot
Duty Outline Of City Ordinances,
Rights Of Citizens" The Police Power
etc. would be interesting 20 the men aud
most desirable training. Il would Increase
the efficiency Of the organization Il each
man were assigned 70 sentinel post or
beat and permitted 20 study IL with ,hs
policeman who has il in charge \ coupis
Of hours Of night duty with police officer
would be excellent practical training foe
the personnel Of the organization.
An army service pistol and belt.
nshtstick and badge are recommend.
ed as the necessary eQuipmen, for each
man when on duty.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-09-26
FINANCIAL MEETINGS.
,ORFOLk 4 WESTERN RAILWAY co.

rhe annual Meeting o. ne stocEhliss y the
Norfolk and Western Railway company viii III
held AZ me principal once n tl. COMPANY IN Ne
DAY o. October 1915 a. 10 O'Clock A n. I
eIct Directors. ~ eject Independent auditors 10
audit fUs books and accounts 9f the Company ~
tho nsca yssT. 20 consider ths annual report -
me ID rec'ors Tor The year ended June son. 1910.
% rafifv AID approve all artlon ~ fhs Directors
set forfa Boz such annual report and II tie min
ules Of mo Company. and 70 transact such other
business a. may properly como before tns neetnz
Tie stock Transfer boqks viii BE- ciosed q
o'clock r " wednesday. September 11fh. 1915.
and reopened a. 10 O'Clock A. 81 FRIDAY Oc-
tober 18th 1915
BY order q no Board q Directors.
r. II ALDEN, SecrstaT
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-09-26
CHICAGO. SAINT PAUL, MINNEAPOLIS
AND OMAHA RAILWAY co.

NOTICE OF ANNUAL MLEIINI.
The Annual Meeting 81 the stockholders
81 th. Chicago. saint Pau. Mrusapoi,
and Omaha Railway Company VII - hst
a. the oliic- Of The company. Ia ths city ~
Hudson. Wisconsin, on Friday. october ..
1916 % nine clock A. r., for The election
of directors and the transaction OF sJch
meeting.
day. september IS. 1915, ~ the close q
business on that day. and vii be reopened
on Saturday. october 81, 1915.
Dated september I. 1915.
JAMES 7. CLARK. President.
JOHN . CALDWELL. secretary.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-09-26
CHICAGO and North Western Railway Co.

NOTICE or ANNUAL NEE iNG.
The Annual Meeting u The Stockholders
az the chicago and North western Raj.
vsy Company viii Je held a. the once q
the company. 225 West Jackson Boulevard.
in the CIV u Chicago. Illinois. on Thurs
day. October -, 1916, - eleven o'clock
a II. for the election OF Directors and
the transaction Of such other business al
may coma before said meeting.
transfer books will b. closed on Nontsy
September 20. 1915. AZ the close OF business
on that day and will BE- reopened On FrI-
dag. october 20. 1915.
Dated. September 7. 1913.
RICHARD II. ASHTON. President
JOHN D. CALDWELL. Secretary.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-09-26
Other Cities

Boston Coppers-Boston, Sept. %
Leaps and bounds marked the advance
II copper share prices to-day. Issues
q high and low degree shared in the
soon. A. the close quotations were
a. their best Of the day, In some in
stances aew high records. Calumet
4 Escla was up 20 points. Copper
Range, $50; AlloueI. ssi1; Old Do
nin.on, 70i1.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-09-26
Bonds.

$4,000 c De Cop ss.i'7 ~ ~ ~
5000 Geo new 6s..io2l, io2lIa io2ia 'o21z
100000 mid S,l IS. s7Is sra s7Is s7iR
10000 Rs Gv 6ias wi.foi io2 ioi ioil4
10000 Sulz &; 5 IS. ioo14 iotDs ioo14 1919
5000 'W P new IS 81 g. 81 81
Enlisted tSells cents per share.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-09-26


Tbs regular quarterly dividend - ors
and three-Gusrters per cent ~ AeeJ On
The Preferred stock Of this Company St
be paid - OFFENDER 80. 1915. % stOckholdsr,
OF record September 10, 1915. checks vii
oe mailed.
J A. McKENNA. Treasurer.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-09-26
y W RIIss COMPANY

Borough OF BrookIyn, NV YORK,
September %, 1915.
rhs Board Of Directors Of this Company
has this day declared quarterly dividend
OF one ard one-quarter per cent .Tsb
and an extra dividend Of one hundred per
cent G0Oes) on the Common stock Of tho
Company. 70 be paid from th. accumu-
isted net earnings Of the Company on
October % next. % holders n ths Com
mon Stock OF record on the books OF tho
Company at tho close Of business Sspteni-
Der Goth nest Transfer books Will 10
closed September 2Tth 70 30th. both dates
Inclusive HOWARD O. SEAMAN.
Secretary AMI Treasurer.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-09-26
B o n d S

Nsv York, Monday, Sept. 95, 1915.
Trading in bonds on the New York
Stock Exchange yesterday amounted to
s5,l6s, 900, against sl,sss,OOo Saturday.
sa17,. 900 a week ago and s6.iOl, 900 a
year ago. From January l to date,
s755.s24 900. against 1851, 22s 600 in 1915.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-09-26
Standard Oil Subsidiaries.
Other Oil Stocks.

100 'AlbPet.Ltd(prl 50 50 50 50
400 Barnett o d G pa q. "a. 2i4
1850 'Cos& c onRefJ 70 TO-. i5ss Is
1850 do Rts ....... z e Il
2050 'Cosden o < G. i21s 1919 i21. i21s
1880 Federal Oil o.. "a "a 10
100 Fisher Body Co - ~ 4ie -
$500 Gen Ref & Pr. "a q = 4
1910 Internal Pc. io1a y fol2 fo44
400 Kenova Oil pr = = y
300 Metropol Pet o.. 1874 y i5s. y
$500 midwest Oil Y ~ IS 10
$500 ~ Y-Oks Oil. - g.. - "a
1880 'tokla Oil. com q u iol, ~
$500 do pf ...-... u r. p y
$500 Okla Pr * Ref. g.. g.. ss
1900 -onar Oil & q. 70 70 IS 20
1900 savoy Oil ..... 70 iNz 10 ~,
500 Sequoyah & r IA 'ze ~ "a
200 Sinclair Oil o.. 1919 20 39ia 40
800 United Vest o "a - II.
$500 fUtshPetCo1 ~ - 20 4o
a000 Vac mG&O(pr) 50 80 IS 80
1900 Victoria OIL OIL. "a ~. "a "a
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-09-26

Salisbury Steel and Iron Company.
u. plan % reorganization has been
sssreon.d, according 20 an announce
zen, yesterday By the bondholdsrs'
committee, OF which 7. J. Brayson IS
chairman. Les. than one-third o. the
,onpsny's security holders subscribed
% he ulzn.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-09-26
DIVIDEND NOTICES.
z W. BLISS COMPANY

Borough Of BrochTNn, Wv 1oFN
September IS. 1918
The Board Of Directors OF this Company
has ths day declared quarterly dividend
OF two per cent (eGs) on the Preferred
stock Of tho Company. 20 be paid from
the accumulated nat earnings OF the Com
pany. on October I'd next. 10 holders Of thu
Preferred stock Of record on the books or
the Company at the close Of business sep
TENDER 2sth next. Transfer books will hs
closed September 2Tth 20 30th both dates
inclusive. HOWARD G.. SEAMAN
Secretary and Treasurer.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-09-26
Active Securities
S O c k S

Nsto York, Monday, Sept. %, 1916.
Total sales OF stocks Monday, 2,342,-
800 shares, against 1897 500 Saturday,
t,1S0,50o a week ago and 1,464,90o
year ago. From January I to date,
131,23a,6oo shares, against 1It,46s,700
a year ago. All quotations are in
dollars
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-09-26
Daily Imports and Exports.

Daily imports and exports Of general
r,sYchandise at the Port Of New York
we're:
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-09-26
New York

Consolidated Exchange - United
States Steel vas traded in on the
Consolidated Stock Exchange yester-
day as high as 1904, Anaconda at
lo9i.. Union Pacific az $50 and Read
ing al ll5'. These we're the highest
prices attained In Wall Street for the
prominent stocks named. They we're
z. Of point in each case above the
highest touched on the New York
Stock Exchange. On the heavy break
IN prices late in the day Steel did not
&c. under 1l5 on the Consolidated,
While Union Pacific did not get under
il7h.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-09-26

Deny Cuba Railroad Rumor.-A re-
port that the Morgan interests may
AXE over the railroads Of Cuba was
declared 20 be without foundation a.
u. oAices Of the bankers yesterday.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-09-26
CONSOLIDATED EXCHANGE.

The unit Of trade on this exchange il,
ten shares.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-09-26

P.nnsylvanla's New Extension-Chi-
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-09-26
Oil Stocks.

Motor Stocks.
1900 Chandler. 100 1o4 100
100 Fen Mot. 700 700 zoo 20
1900 Maxw NJ. SO go So.4- q
400 DO ! pr. SO olI2 oL7s
400 DO pr. 593s eo1s ooHs e
500 Saxon VI "a e3 s5 -
22SOO Stutz Mot 1879 Io12 g
1880 Studeb'r. i34I2 13oI2 loo'a-l
$1,000 WHY'S Ov 47I4 - 20 2
400 do pr. Io37s to37s Io37s- 3
'Ex dividend.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-09-26

Arizona Commercial Mlning~lnitial
dividend Of 80 cents 4 share, payable
October 81 to stock Of record Octo-
Der 10
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1916-09-26
Miscellaneous.

1900 Sears Rbk2t3 2lO 2i2 -3fs
100 stand Nil sal 2 90 sa' 2 p a
2tno lob Prod. 81 SPA 52'4- 3
5ooUn Gig MICS t03 1o3' q 2
ZOO Tn Fruit. 1863 1919 lol fs-rs
200 Woolworthi3s 1879 1913 -
Iowa County democrat. [volume] (Mineral Point, Wis.) 1877-1938, 1916-09-21
Bulgarian Village Is Taken.
PREACHER AND JUDGE FIGHT
Former Starts Trouble by Yankino
Cigar from Courts Mouth.

Bloomington, Ind, Sept 13.-While
the Rev. James G.. Pearson of Worth
ingtOn was being tied in the Police
Court here for blocking a street while
he was holding a street meeting, the
street preacher and Special Judge
Roy Buckley got into a fight and had
to be separated by policemen.
After the evidence was completed
Buckley told the minister he would
give him ten minutes to plead his own
case, as the preacher was not repre-
scented by counsel. The Rev. Mr..
Pearso narose, took out his watch and
began to talk. Buckley lighted a CT
gar. This aroused the preachers
wrath and he said: "You are doing
wrong in smoking in a judges chair.
! won't have it." Pearson jerked the
cigar out of Buckley's mouth and the
judge started after him. Then the
officers separated them. Judge Buck.
ley sent the minister to jail for thirty
days for contempt of court.
Iowa County democrat. [volume] (Mineral Point, Wis.) 1877-1938, 1916-09-21
HUNGARY FACTIONS UNITING
Coalition Cabinet to Be Formed, 1t
is Said-Tisza to Remain.

London, Sept. 13.-Reports from
Budapest indicate that an agreement
has about been reached between the
government and the opposition for
the formation of a coalition cabinet
for Hungary, according to a Reuter-
dispatch from Zurich.
The groups of Count Apponyi and
Count Andrassy, the reports state, no
longer insist upon The retirement of
Premier Tisza, the demand for which
has hitherto constituted the chief OBJ
stacle to a settlement. The party Of
Count Karolyi will not joi'l the coali-
ton, but does not oppose the project
for such q government, it is declared.
Iowa County democrat. [volume] (Mineral Point, Wis.) 1877-1938, 1916-09-21
LIFE OF THE GUNS.
1t Depends Upon How Long the Lin
ngs Can Resist Erosion.

The life of a gun depends upon the
progress Of erosion, which sooner or
later is certain to impair the accuracy
Of fire Erosion is caused by the action
Of the explosive gases at high temper
allure and pressure.
According to the Iron Age, the hot
gases cause a thin film Of steel to alb
sOrb heat. The film expands and be-
comes set. Upon the release Of the
pressure it contracts, which causes
minute cracks that grow larger with
every discharge. AS they increase in
size they form passageways for more
hot gas, and that tends to enlarge them
still further. The inner surface thus
becomes roughened and the bands be-
gin to corrode. Finally the bore be-
comes so enlarged that it allows the
gases to escape. The shell does not
then acquire its proper rotation, and its
flight becomes erratic.
All guns except small ones are now
constructed with Innings in the tube
which, when the bore is worn out, are
removed and replaced by new ones.
The cost of refining a gun is approx
mately 80 per cent of the cost of the
gun. There appears to be no limit to
the number Of times that a gun can be
refined.
The small arms used in this country
are considered to be worn out after
5000 to 1900 rounds have been fired.
Small naval guns can be fired about
1000 times before they are regarded as
worn out Large twelve inch and four
teen inch naval guns are considered to
have life on one lining Of from $50 to
200 rounds.
Low velocity guns, such as howitzers
and nOrtars, have CORRESPONDENCE
longer lives than high velocity guns Of
the same caliber, because the pressures
they develop, and hence the tempera-
lures, are lower.