Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-12-31

telegram from the Hutukhtu himself
had reminded the Monaghan ruler that
his country was weak and that the
course he was taking would likely end
in state similar to that OF Korea and
formosa- The Hutukhtu replied that
he realized the weakness OF Mongolia.
but that China was a long way OF. and
her whip. however long. could scarcely
reach 70 Outer Mongolia TO drive or
Yuan replied in a conciliatory way.
II was true Chinese provinces in 1911
had declared their Independence. hut
that all had reunited and were then
working together. and that IL was the
aim of the republic to unite the fv.
races, destroy all racial prejudice and
seek TO promote the welfare OF each
and all. He would send the Hutukhtu
a special envoy to discuss matters.
80
The Hutukhtu replied promptly. No.
vemberr &c. that It was better not 20
send an envoy, but
Mongolia Turns to use the medi-
Toward Russia. a a,,om OF ns, tn s,r
Russia. Yuan failing thus TO deal d.
rectly with the government OF Mon
golia. the Hutukhtu turned. on March
s. 1913, to Russia. November 5. 1913,
an agreement was signed between
China and Russia, in the first article of
which Russia acknowledged the suzer-
ainty of China over Outer Mongolia.
China on her part acknowledged the
autonomy OF Outer Mongolia, which.
for fact, was nothing more than the
status quo ante, but it served to re
assure the Mongols. 1t was satisfac-
fn IN n on amt Ia .,t,
had other irons in the fire at that
time. It was satisfactory to Russia.
since the convention of 1913 expressly
ratified the principles set forth in the
Russo Monaghan agreement of 1872.
and assents to all the stipulations re
garding Russian commercial privileges
contained in the protocol to that agree
ment. Besides, both Russia and China
agreed to hold conference. in which
Outer Mongolia should participate. for
the settlement of questions of a polit-
ical and territorial nature.
Russia entered into another agree
ment with Mongolia September 80, 1914.
in which the former obtained control
over all railway systems In Mongolia.
Thus Russia not only increased her
political power In the country, but
strengthened her frontiers. Also, Rus
STA obtained the privilege to advise
Outer Mongolia in all matters of rail-
way construction and tneir administra-
ton.
The three nations. Russia. China and
Mongolia, met in conference and en-
tered into the tripartite agreement OF
June Z. 1915. which is the keystone to
the whole arrangement. By this
agreement. Outer Mongolia recognizes
the Sino-Russian convention of 1913.
which establishes China's suzerainty
over Outer Mongolia, and agrees not to
negotiate treaties with other powers
in matters political and territorial;
matters commercial and industrial,
however. are permissible.
Russia and China mutually agree that
they will not interfere with Outer Mon
golia's internal ad-
Administration ministration. Impor-
tations into Outer
nespecteu. Mongolia from China
are to be free Of all duties. and all
goods Of foreign fabric may be import
ed into China from Outer Mongolia on
payment of the tariff provided In the
treaty of 1881. Russia's right to free
trade in Outer Mongolia is thus con-
firmed, and the customs stations for
merly on the Siberian frontier have
been removed to a point between China
and Outer Mongolia.
Jurisdiction over Chinese residents
of Outer Mongolia is retained by China,
but Chinese-Mongol mixed cases are
held to be adjudicated by chinese anu
Mongol authorities acting conJolntly.
In Russo Chinese mixed cases the Rus-
sian authorities will adjudicate even In
actions brought in Chinese court: ana
when a Chinese is defendant. chinese
officials may appear in Russian courts
where Chinese are plaintiffs and hus-
SLAMS are defendants. but such appear
ance is merely one of courtesy. for they
NAV not participate in the action.
Article " of the agreement OF June
I. 1915, confirms the title of the HUI
tukhtu, the ruler of autonomous outer
Mongolia.
The restrictions of authority con-
tanned in article II of the notes ex-
changed between China and Russia
November S, 1918. do not vitality i'm
pair Outer Mongolia's pretention TO
empire contained in the title OF en-
peror conferred solemnly upon the
Hutukhtu in a public coronation a.
of Outer Mongolia, it appears. Is pro-
vided with. all the functionaries OF a
court, including first of all premier
the president of the council OF minis
ters-so that the protocols OF all ma
tional capitals of the world may not be
surprised by a ceremonial visit from
the duly authorized delegation from
his majesty the Emperor of Outer Mon
golia.
. 4
At this hour, when there has risen
from the sandy deserts of Arabia the
empire at Mecca; when
Origin of the there mas risen IRON,
Empire. the empire at Urga.
both as by the maRician's wand, we
should trace here, however summarily,
the origin of this empire of the Mon
gols, which is recreation.
The empire of Mongolia was founded
by Ghenkis-k Khan 1206-122l, reconst-
tuted by Tamerlane or Timour-Leng
1336-l4O5, refounded by Bahour 1505-
1880. and finally by Aureng-Zeyb 1868
1907 after which the empire fei INTO
decadence. ,.,
Mongolia is actually geographical
term denoting all that vast stretch OF
territory lying between the organized
a, t,a he