South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1916-12-24

breathing and reproduction and
their functions has received consid-
erable attention BY scientists, which
has formed a basis for the study
and treatment OF disease. In this
article there will be given some
OF the ways 20 discriminate between
healthy and diseased organs, also a
description OF the passage Of the
feed.
An autopsy should be performed
as soon after death as possible, as IN
hot weather IL very quickly stats 20
decay. which impairs the progress
Of the work.
Lay the bird on a table with its
head from you; pluck the feathers
from the under side Of the body, and
with a sharp knife cut through the
abdominal wall 20 the side of the
breast bone. Garry this cut forward
till you strike the bone. then make
the same kind OF cut on the other
side, then grasp the breast bone
with the hand force it forward,
breaking out most OF IL. The organs
are now exposed for observation.
First, note the conical-shaped
heart. cone up, In the chest portion,
and above this the lungs. which in
"a healthy state are a pale pink. If
they are congested or infiamed they
will appear dark and more or less
solid or marbled when cat open.
Back of this point. in the middle OF
the cavities. you will see a large sol
III brown organ, which is the liver.
OF all organs the liver is most often
diseased in the fowl. We have found
that the fowl, unlike mammals, does
rot suffer from abscess of the liver.
though many times x is in a state Of
Inflammation, which gives IL a gray
ish notified appearance. Again, IL
may be highly congested and en-
larged, when IL will appear dark red
10 clay colored. Fatty livers are
common. especially in overfed fowls.
In black head in turkeys the liver
las decayed spots which appear yell
lowish-wiite. In fowl cholera the
liver is large and very dark red.
Now remove the liver and heart
and note below, extending from the
crop, the second portion OF the es-
ophagus. This long tube terminates
Just before the gizzard, in a slight
expansion, the stomach. The gizzard
is the large organ, about 21R inches
in diameter and 1 inch thick. lOcat-
ed . trifie TO the left and rest dag
onally in the abdominal cavity. IA
is in this organ the feed is ground.
There IS seldom any diseased condi-
ton OF the last three named organs.
Extending from the upper and an
terror part OF the gizzard we note
the beginning OF the small intestines
in the form Of a loop. This loop is
about 4 inches long and passes to
the outside OF the mass OF intestines.
The interesting part noted here is
the long whitish-yellow. lobulated
strip lodged between these two por-
tons of the Arst part of the small
intestines. This is the pancreas, one
Of the most vital organs of digestion.
II secretes a fluid that contains fer
ments which digest various nutri-
ents. From this point the balance
OF the intestines are supported by a
delicate web-like structure. We note
in this delicate web many blood
vessels and nerves which have been
traced from the large trunks under
the back bone to the intestinal wall.
At a point 4 inches from the anus,
two blind pouches are given of. in
which there is often found a small
white worm. IL these intestinal
worms are found the birds should
be given one grain thymol each, and
EPSON salts at a dosage OF one ia
blespoonful 10 the dozen fowls. Dis
solve the salts in water and use the
water TO moisten bran or mash and
thus feed.
Some think a fowl has no kidneys,
which Is the wrong idea The kid
neys are two in number and are
lodged I'm irregular cavities in the
under surface OF the back bone. They
are made up OF three lobes or knots
and the entire mass is about one
and One-half 20 two inches long. At
the anterior point in the male bird
we notice a white oval body lodged
against the backbone, which Is the
reproductive organ. In the female
at this point We find the ovary, and
extending from the ovary on the left
side a long tube about eighteen or
twenty inches long. called the owl
duct. TIE yoik OF the egg is formed
in the ovary. and as it is fully devel-
oped II IS discharged into the an
terror portion OF the oviduct. Pass
ing down this duct there is formed
around * first. the albumin, next the
branes. and finally, the shell.
Diseased conditions OF the ovary
and oviduct are rather common. also
ruptureC membranes. which cause
on accumulation OF eggs in the alb
dominal cavity.
Course OF the. Feed.
The feed passes through the first
portion Of the esophagus or gullet 20
the crop. which is ia reality store
house. The crop Is located anterior
and "a trife 20 the right OF the cen
ter OF the chest. From the crop the
feed passes through the second por-
ton OF the esophagus 20 the stom-
ach. which is sometimes called the
pTOyentriculus Here. the feed is