davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1916-03-09
Canadians Attacking Ameri-
can Preacher Freed Under
Suspended Sentence.
INDlGNITiES ARE HEAPED
ON THOSE IN HIS FAMILY
Case of Rev. R. C. Tappert Is Laid
Before United States Consul
at Hamilton.

BERLIN, Ontario. March 9.-sentence
was suspended yesterday on the Two
soldiers who, with others. recently
broke into the home of the Rev. r. &.
Tappert, pastor of ST. Matthews
Lutheran Church. and dragged him to
the street Mr.. Tappert says he is an
American citizen. and protest against
his treatment at the hands of the SOL
diers has been filed by the American
consul at Hamilton. At the trial Mr..
Tappert said that when the soldiers
came to his home he locked the door,
fearing violence. The door was broken
open. and when the minister refused
to accompany the soldiers to the street
he was knocked down. While he was
being carried into the street by the
heels and the head, Mr.. Tappert said,
he was repeatedly kicked.
Called Enemy to Empire.
The two soldiers, Sergt. Mai. Blood
and Private Sam Schaefer, admitted
that the minister's story was substan-
justify their actions by saying Mr..
Tappert had shown by his utterances
that he was an enemy to the British
empire.
The crown attorney was not present
when the two men were brought be-
fore a magistrate for sentence. In re-
leasing them on suspended sentence,
the court said he assumed he was doing
so with the consent of the crown
Arrives in Buffalo.
NEW YORK, March s.-1nformation
that the Rev. r. c. Tappert had ar
rived at Buffalo with his family was
received today by his brother. the Rev.
G. H. Tappert of this city. The Rev.
R. c. Tappert was formerly pastor of
churches in this city and vicinity and
in Meriden, Conn. He went to Berlin,
Ont, three years ago.
His brother said that the Berlin pas
tor had never during his residence in
Canada caused offense by expression or
implication of pro-German sentiments,
but his trouble there began four years
ago when a statement regarding al
legged Belgian atrocities was attributed
to him.
of his congregation whether some fea-
lures of the Belgian charges were true,
and simply replied that he doubted the
truth of some of them, at least" said
prosecutions have never ceased"
Daughter Denounced.
He added that the Rev. r. c. Tap
pert's daughter had been denounced as
an american parasite after she de-
clined to contribute to fund for war
purposes. and that the Berlin pastors
boys had been invited to swear allie
Evening star., 1916-03-09
What to Do for
Itching Skins

Fczema. ringworm and other itch
ing. burning skin eruptions are SO
.asily made worse by improper
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1916-03-14
BY CAROLYN WELLS.

get 1t; I'll take you with me to-
night, and by tomorrow noon you
will be engaged. But you must
understand we're giving you the
chance solely that you may serve
us as well as Aunt Abby, by keep
ing your eyes and ears wide open
and reporting to us in strictest
confidence and secrecy anything
that doesn't look right to you."
"But-but but how-why
do you think you can trust me?"
the girl faltered. Knowing what
you do"
That's just the point. Don't
you see? We can trust you be-
cause you won't dare betray us. !"
But I've nothing to wear but
these things"
Don't worry about that" Mrs.
Standish treasured her. I've got
nine trunks on the way-and you
unquestionably fill my things out
like woman with a perfect fig
lure!"
Dut uOW Will yOu CApldih :
Who am | to be? You can't in
troduce me as shop girl out of
work whom you caught stealing
your clothes!"
ITO begin with, I'm going to
change your name. From now
on it's Sara Manwaring-Sara
without the h.
And the record of the fair i'm
postor?" Savage prompted.
That's very simple. Miss Man.
with a letter of Introduction from
Edna English. Edna sailed for
Italy last Saturday, and by the
time she's back Aunt Abby will
have forgotten to question Miss
Manwaring's credentials"
y .
Going upon the rather sketchy
suggestions of Mrs. Standish, the
girl had prefigured Aunt Abby
as a skittish female upward of
three-score years and odd; semi
irresponsible, and an overyouth-
full style of dress.
She found, on the contrary, a
lady Of quiet reserve, authorita-
tive Of speech. not lacking in
humor, of impeccable taste in
dress, and to all appearances not
a day over 45, despite hair like
snow.
Her reception of Sally was cor
dial, with reservations; nothing
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1916-03-14

but there wasn't anybody, and
| was so wet and miserable that
made myself at home-decid-
ed to take bath and-and bor-
row some things to wear until my
own were dry"
But why call yourself thief
for that?"
Because - because =" Her
overstrung nerves betrayed her in
gusty confession. Because that
what l was in my heart of hearts.
Oh, it's all very well to be gen.
erous, and for me TO pretend
meant only to borrow, and-and
all that! But the truth is, | did
steal-and | never honestly meant
to send the things back. At first
yes; then | meant to return
them, but never once they were on
my back. But you'll never under
stand-never. Men can't. They
simply can't know what it is to be
clothes-hungry = starving for
something fit to wear"
Perhaps | understand, though
he argued with an odd look. And
he was up before Sally had grasp
ed his meaning-on his feet and
bowling civilly, If with twinkling
countenance, to a woman who
swooped down upon him in a sud-
den wild flutter of words and ges-
lures.
Walter! Thank heaven I've
found you! I've been so upset
hardly knew what to do = when
you didn't show up"
What more she might have said
died instantly on the newcomers
lips as her gaze embraced Sally.
She stiffened slightly and drew
back, elevating her eyebrows to
the frost line.
Who is this woman? What
does this mean"
Without awaiting an answer to
either question, she observed in
a6Rnts that had all the chilling
force and cutting edge of a win
ter wind:
"My dress! My hat!"
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1916-03-14

warranted the assumption that
Mrs. Gosnold (Aunt Abby by her
Legitimate title) was not disposed
to make up her mind about Miss
Manwaring at her complete leis-
ure. Interim she was very glad
to see her, and would Miss Man..
waring be pleased to feel very
much at home?
| When, presently, Mrs. Stand
ish's maid appeared at Sally's
door with an armful of clothes,
she brought a message from her
mistress to the effect that the
latter would like to see her pro-
tege before she went down.
In a surprisingly short time,
Sally, refreshed and comfortable
in white linen, tapped at the door
that Emmy, the maid, had desig-
mated.
"Oh, it's you'll" said Mrs. Stand
ish shortly. She jerked an i'm
patient thumb at a telegram that
lay open on the dressing table.
Read that. 1t was waiting our
arrival"
Sally obeyed with an opening
wonder that swiftly gave place to
panic CONSERVATION. =
House entered by burglars last
night discovered this morning
forced entrance by scuttle extent
of loss unknown but desk broken
open safe cleaned out dining room
silver gone some clothing dresses
missing one of aang evidently a
woman garments left in bathroom
name indelible ink faded but ape
parently manners or manvers pO-
lice notified detectives ON case re-
turn please wire Instructions
RIGGS.
"But I don't understand" the
girl stammered. "Of course there
must be some mistake; you
haven't really lost anything"
"Oh, haven't l? | wish | could
believe that. Don't you see what
the telegram says-'safe cleaned
out, dining room silver gone?
Walter didn't clean out the safe,
and of course he didn't touch the
silver"
"Then-that burglar must have
come back"
That's our theory, naturally.
Walter was so excited that he did
not stop to make sure he had got
hold of the right jewels. AS a
matter of fact, he hadn't; every
thing | own of any real value was
left behind; what Walter brought
me was an old case containing
lot OF trinkets worth little or
nothing aside from sentimental
associations.
"Oh, am so sorry"
"I'm sure you are, but that
Continued on Page Three.)
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1916-01-31
PNEUMONIA CLAIMS
FRANK CASSELAS
FUNERAL WILL, BE HELD TOMOR
ROW UNDER AUSPICES OF
ElkS AND EAGLES

After ten days of suffering from
pneumonia, Frank Casselas passed
away yesterday morning at the Mine
Operators hospital, Everything pos
sible was done for him. two physi-
clans and two nurses being in atten-
dance, while his fraternity brethren
were unceasing in their efforts to ease
him and sustain his life.
Frank Casselas was born at Bar.
celona, Spain. where ne is survived
by two sisters, on May 2, 1876. When
a mere boy he ran away from home
to seek his fortune in the new world
He spent some years IN South Ameri
ca and Mexico. coming to Nevada
about fifteen years ago. He first
worked in the mines at Como for
Governor Boyle. between whom exis.
ted bond of strong friendship.
Thirteen years ago the deceased
came to Tonopah. He was at the
time of his death caretaker of the
Elks' home and also for the offices
of II. e. Epstine and r. Fred Brown
previously being engaged in a similar
capacity at the State Bank building
| and the Tonopah block which wa!
| destroyed by fire several years ago
Frank was man of exemplar,
habits and CHEEKY. kindly disposi
tion, He was member of Tonopal
lodge of Elks, No. 1862, and of To
nopah aerie of Eagles, No. 271. TIL,
funeral will take place at 2;30 tomor
row afternoon from the Elks' home
the two orders uniting in the service
The funeral will be public. The fla
over the Elks' home is flying at hal
mast in his remembrance.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1916-01-31
cAReuREToR JAKE ON JOB

Four automobiles were struck yes
terday between Tonopah and Gold
field in the snow drifts. Milton M.
Detch, chief counsel, with Platt 4
Sanford for W. w Booth in the libel
case. who had been at Carson City
on this matter for the past ten days
arrived by train yesterday morning
He found it imperative to reach Gold
field last night, but he could not Sc
cure a car that could make the trip
two attempts being unsuccessful owing
to the condition of the road until Car
buretor Jake volunteered to take the
charter They left about O'Clock
and ploughed through the drifts sc
successfully that Mr.. Detch phoned
his arrival at Goldfield a little after
o'clock
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1916-01-31
MAROONEO IN A SEA
...,.., OF B|ll0WY SNOW
-. fsnE STING, BUT RATHER UN-
PLEASANT, EXPERIENCE OF
THREE ToNoPAH HUNTERS

Returning from a hunting trip to
the Pahrump valley, where it is per
petual summer, a party of Tonopah
sportsmen underwent rather har-
sisted of NJ J. Clifford. James Mckay
and r. l.. Prouty. Several miles south
of Cuprite their auto. which had been
bucking the snowdrifts. became dis
abled and while Messrs. Prouty and
Mckay remained with the machine.
trying to bring II to life. Mr.. Clifford
set forth for Cuprite to telephone TO
Goldfeld for machine to come out
and tow them in.
This was 8 O'Clock at night and in
the darkness he was unable to find
the half way station, where there was
a telephone and he started for Gold
field nearly twenty miles further on.
All night he bucked the snow, at
times waist deep, at other times walk
ing on the crust. AT O'Clock in the
morning, in state of utter exhaus-
tion, he was pickec up, almost In
sight of Goldfield and taken to town
He was badly frostbitten, but rene
dies were applied and. aside from a
little stiffness, he seemed all right
when he arrived this morning by
train.
Mr. Clifford offered very attrac
tive sum to anyone who would take
out an auto and bring in his compan
ions. but II was pronounced impossi
BILE. He then telephoned TO the hall
way house near Cuprite and Mr.. Prout,
and Mr. Mckay and their effects wer,
taken, with the aid OF two pack ami
mails. to the half way house, returning
to Tonopah this morning by rail.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1916-01-31
ENGAGEGENT ANNOUNCED

The engagement Of Miss Marguer-
ite Raycraft of this city and Henry
NJ Rives of Reno was announced
from the home of the former yester-
day and the marriage will soon take
place. Miss Raycraft is native OF
this valley and is regarded as one OF
the bellies of Nevada and has long
taken a leading part in social affairs
Mr.. Rives for many years was promi
nent in business life in southern Ne
vada and recently became secretary
to the Mine Owners association at
Reno.-Carson Appeal.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1916-01-31
RIGHT CAFE READY
TO OPEN ITS DOORS

The Right cafe, which will occupy
the building between the Tonopah
club and the Tonopah. Liquor com
pany, will open its doors tomorrow
morning and will be in operation day
and night The proprietor is H. c.
Hanawalt. who has been a chef for a
number of years in Alaska and in the
northwestern states and enjoys an
enviable reputation in that line.
The fixtures of the cafe are solid
oak, the counter being A feet long,
The cafe will have private dining
This cafe will have the only open
kitchen in Tonopah.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1916-01-31
WILL HOLD NATIONAL
COLLEGE RIFLE SHOOT
ny associated PressJ

ny associated Press.D
WASHINGTON, Jan. 81. - Practi-
cally all of the big universities and
colleges this year have entered for
the intercollegiate rifle championship
of the United States which will be
contested for under the auspices of
the National Rifle Association of
America. Thirty-nine colleges and
universities have selected teams of
ten men each and series of thirteen
matches will be shot. These matches
begin January Is and continue until
April s. Each team will shoot on its
hame range against team shooting
elsewhere. The score OF the five high
est men on each team will constitute
the record for the team The regula-
tions call for the use of 20 calibre
rifles, each man shooting 20 shots
prone at SO feet The thirty
teams have been divided into three
classes. The championship trophy will
be awarded to the Class "a" team
having the highest score at the end
| of the competition and medals will be
given to the winning team. Medals
also will be given to the winning
teams of Glass "B" and Glass &C"
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1916-01-31
FUN ON GRAVEYARD SHIFT

The coasting last night on Brough-
er avenue was so excerIent that some
of the big bobs continued in service
until daylight. Although the hill was
crowded, no serious accidents occur
red. Late in the evening the course
became so CLASSY that 1t was impossi-
BILE to make the turn into Main street,
so the sleds continued up the grade
to the fire house. One bob with eight
or ten people aboard. essayed to make
the curve, but collided with an auto
mobile in front of the Mizpah. No
one was hurt, bent fender being the
only damage.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1916-01-31
MISS MIGRATE RESIGNS

At a meeting of the directors of the
Montana Tonopah Mining company
held yesterday, the resignation OF
Miss McCrate, as secretary and trea,
surer of the company. was most re.
luctantly accepted. Miss McCrate has
filled this difficult position for sew
eral years most satisfactorily and she
was urged to retain her place, but could
not be induced to do so. Her place
has not yet been filed. Miss McCrate
is the only woman to hold position
of this sort with ANY of the mining
companies of Tonopah.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1916-01-31
BLACK MOUNT AGAIN ACTIVE

The Black Mountain property, which
is located near Schurz, and which was
formerly known as the Beach-Yering-
ton mine, is being worked by force
of fifteen men under the direction of
Manager Kirchen, VIII known In the
Goldfeld and Tonopah districts. The
work, which consists of shaft sunk
on the vein below the old tunnel run
to tap II, is being pushed in anticipa
tion of the re-opening Of the smelter
for which operators are waiting i'm
patiently but hopefully.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1916-01-31
HAY WORTH s12

Hay is hay in Carson valley these
days. Last fall it VISA a a drug on the
market at 81 per ton, now 1t is sell
ing for $12 per ton in the stack and
hard to get at that. The ranchmen
of the valley had grown tired of de-
pending upon the big cattle com
panies to send their cattle IN for feed
and make the price for hay, so they
bought their own cattle, feed their
own hay, sell their own cattle. hogs
and sheep, make good profit all
around, and believe now that it is
the only system.-Carson Appeal.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1916-01-31
KILLING DOGS

Constable McMurtrey OF Elko has
reported that during the week past
he has killed 33 dogs that we're run.
ming the streets, all of them being
without muzzles except one. He is
enforcing the recent order of the
commissioners of that county and is
killing any dog found on the street
whether wearing muzzle or not.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1916-01-31
WILL BE OUT SOON

II was learned from the Mount
Rose hospital last night that the con-
dition of Attorney j G. Thompson,
who sustained a broken leg Monday
while attempting to extricate his
automobile from a snowbank, is as
favorable as could be expected, con
sidering the seriousness of the injury
The leg had been injured before and
the ankle necessitated the use of a
silver plate to fasten the broken
bones, Thompson, Il is expected
will be out of the hospital in a few
days.-Journal.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1916-01-31
DEATH OF A CHILD

Leo j. Lucas, aged thre and one
half months, died at 1920 last night
at the home of his parents, Mr.. and
count of the deep snow The autos
are only able to make point -four
miles from Spanish Springs, from
where the mail is transported on pack
animals the remaining IS miles tc
Manhattan.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1916-01-31
MEN ARE IN DANGER

The crew of men at the small
mining town of Fitting, a short
distance across Spring valley from
in danger of starvation. The town
is composed of miners of the Fed
eral Mining company. The recent
SHOWS have made it impossible for
anyone to make the trip into the
town and fear has been expressed
that the residents are suffering from
lack of food.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1916-01-31
w. II. MoFFAT AND
WIFE SECURE DIVORCE

w. H. Moffat of Reno has been di-
vorced from Mrs. Moffat. 1t is said
that he agreed to pay her $500 a
month alimony, besides making a
cash settlement of 100000. Moffat
is member of the Moffat- Humphrey
Cattle company, and has other ex-
tensive stock and meat interests.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1916-01-31
MURDER DONE FOR
MONEY AND JEWELRY
WEALTHY WIDOW AND Chill D.
Rem ARE HELD UP IN THEIR
AUTOMOBILE

BUFFALO, Jan. 81 - Mrs. Agnes
Teiper and son Frederick were mur.
dered, her daughter Grace sustained
a fractured skull and her son Edward
was beaten in an automobile holdul
on country road last night. Mrs.
Teiper is the widow of Conrad Tie
per. founder of structural steel com
pany. They took money and jewelry
and escaped.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1916-01-31
OCCURS IN
A CHINESE PROVINCE
TWELVE THOUSAND SOLDIERS
JOIN REvoLUTlONiSTS IN
kWElCHOW

PEKING, Jan. 31..-The province of
Kweichow is full of rebellion. The
governor was forced to flee and COM
munication are interrupted Luchow
and Tzeliutsing were captured by re-
volutionists, according to a report.
Twelve thousand soldiers from Wwei-
chow are roprted marching with
Yunnanez revolutionists upon Chung
King and fighting is expected.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1916-01-31
ROAD BADLY DRIFTED

Travel between Tonopah and Laun-
dry springs is very difficult on ac-
count of the snow, II requires as
much as two hours and three quarters
for the laundry auto to negotiate the
distance, which is less than four
miles.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1916-01-31
BOMBS FROM SKIES KILL MANY PAR|S|ANS
FLOOD CONDITIONS GROWING APPALLING
DEATH LIST MAY
CONTAIN 60 NAMES

thy Associated Press.)
SAN DIEGO, Jan. 31.-One hundred
thousand dollars is the amount re-
ouired for relief of the food suffer
ers in Otay. San Luis Rey and Tia
Juana valleys, it is announced. The
floods are reported as subsiding. The
Norma, Cuyamaca and Sweetwater
dams are holding. The list Of dead
stands at about sixty. Thrty-five
bodies have been recovered. Sailors
and marines from the Pacific reserve
fleet are assisting in the relief work.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1916-01-31
STILL IN THE HIGH GRADE

We learn from Alvey Miller that
his lease at Luckboy shows an Is
inch vein of ore that will net $3.50
a ton, some of which sparkles with
native silver He now has 200 sacks
ready for shipment Hawthorne Bul
letin
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1916-01-31
DRIVEN FROM HOMES
BY RISING WATERS
INDIANA TOWNS THREATENED
BY WABASH, WHICH is
BANK FULL

Wy N$sNtHteV t-FchNt
INDIANAPOLIS, Jan. 31.-lndiana
rivers and streams are bank full or
overflowing, due to the rains. Humid
reds of families were driven from
their home. Two car lines here are
out of commission and men are pat
rolling the levees of the White river
The Wabash is threatening Vincen-
mes, Terre Haute, Lafayette and Lo-
gansport
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1916-01-31
SITUATION CRITICAL
ALONG THE RIVERS
ENDEAvOR TO STEM FLOOD 2Y
STRENGTHENING LEVEES
IN SOUTH
my Associated Press. F,

LITTLE ROCK, Jan. 81 - The
churches at Newport last night aban.
doned service and the men worked on
the leyees. A thousand conyicts are
working on the leyees at Cummins.
The White and Arkansas rivers are
rising and the rain continues. The
situation in many towns is critical.
People have moved to higher ground
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1916-01-31
FEARS FOR SAFETY
OF SUBMARINE KS
Boat Had Wireless, But it Was
Not Heard From Since
Early Sunday


WASHINGTON 31-Every available government vessel
vicinity seeking the submarine KS, which
early Sunday Officials said perhaps
they having trouble with the machinery.
CHARLESTON 31.-The KS other submarines
West The others
ks They passed
consists twenty-five thirty 1t
had a wireless with radius of fifty miles.
) . q Q Q Q . . = .
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1916-01-31
VILLA SURROUNDED BY
FORCES OF CARRANzA
~, Associated Press,

CHIHUAHUA, Jan 31-Vila, ac-
cording to reports. has been driven
out of the Picachos hills and Santa
Clara canyon and is now surrounded
by Carranza forces near FL Vale.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1916-01-31
TEMPERATURE REPORT

Highest temperature yesterday, 1S;
a year ago, Al.
Lowest temperature last night. s:
year ago, 32.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1916-01-31
CAPITAL OF FRANCE
IS RAIDED TWICE
TWenty-FOur KiIIed and TWENTY
Seven Injured by an
Air ship Attack
my A.rocintcd Press.l


31.-Pas harm the second Zeppelin
in An o Sunday raid
that while ashp dropped number of bombs dam
Saturday nigh raid twentyour killed and
= twentyseven injured
Turks and Russians fighting Eerum Athens
received through diplomatic chan
lombard
= They having inflicted reshfeats on the Turks.
= 4 q Q q . q q Q
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1916-01-31
FLOOD SITUATION IS
BECOMING SERIOUS
KANSAS, ARKANSAS AND OKLA
H0MA ARE IN DANGEROUS
CONDITION
ny A.roclated Pre...,

KANSAS CITY, Jan. 31-The flood
situation in eastern Arkansas is ser
ious. In eastern Kansas and north
western Oklahoma the rising streams
have wrecked the telegraph lines.
The most serious situation in the his
tory of Arkansas is impending in the
valleys. The people are fleeing.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1916-01-31
A DIFFICULT TASK

The transportation of first class
mail. the only variety that is being
handled, between Tonopah and Man
haitian. is q very difficult task on ac-