davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-09-03

spread 1t broadcast among well children
il he is allowed to be with them. 1t
is. therefore, recommended that all dis
charges of the nose and throat be re-
ceived in cloths and that these be
placed in paper bags and burned. The
virus of the disease may also leave the
body of the patient in the bowel dis
charges. which should be disinfected
and disposed of at once.
Up to the present time the most
essential rule appears to be the prompt
isolation of child suffering from any
symptoms of illness, however slight,
if the disease has made its appear
ance in the community, or nearby
communities, until the doctor has
seen the case and determined the
nature of the illness. If it is impos-
sible to secure prompt medical atten-
ton. it will be well to keep any sick
child away from the we'll children for
some days. This cannot in any case
do harm and may prevent serious con-
sequences.
In a community where the disease
has already appeared children should
as far as possible, be kept at home,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-09-03

the privilege Of stopping work on the
Saturdays of summer. at s o'clock in
the afternoon.
After eight years of agitation. the
ten-hour day was established in BoS-
ton. During the same year. 1870. Mar
tin Van Buren,. President Of the United
States, ordered a en-hour day at the
nevy yard in Washington. The ma
tiona1 government having acted in the
matter. the shorter day was slowly
adopted, but not without many strikes
and great deal of comInotion in pol
itics.
Candidates for public office were
elected and defeated on the issue Gov
George F. Fort of New Jersey declared
and his words were caught up and
are still being used by 1abor's speakers
and writers-that constant and unre-
hitting toll prevents intellectual I'M
provement and leads to physical and
moral debasement." Fort was a physi-
clan, and what he said had great
weight among the people. Working
men came together throughout the
east, made speeches and adopted reso-
lutions.
Seth Luther, a mechanic and an in
telligent man, in his pamphlet publish
ed during the year 1882, said that the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-09-03
A Hard Ideal.

G6TTs HE new ideal of patriotism
patriotism and preparedness-is
a hard ideal to reach up to-"
The speaker was Representative
Gardner of Massachusetts,. He con-
tinued:
Yes, before this splendid ideal the
soft and selfish citizen Is like the farm
boarder.
"I guess the farmer said to his new
boarder from the city--I guess ye
won't want to get up very early in the
morning, hey?
"No. by heck, said the city chap
with a laugh: I think I'd prefer to
sleep late
"'All right said the farmer. In that
case. then, we won't have breakfast till
4:30 am"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-09-03
MISS MARIE l.. oBENAUER.

tives OF the women's Trade Union
League and the National Consumers
League that the bill was introduced,
and the General Federation of Wom-
ems Clubs has heartily Endorsed it.
These organizations comprise almost
three million women.
One Of the strongest women among the
advocates of the bill is Miss Marie l..
Obenauer. Since 1911 woman's division
has constituted n part of the bureau of
labor statistics of the Department of La
Dor, with the duty of supplying practical,
statistically honest and impartial data on
which to base reasonable reforms of Ia
Dor conditions that affected women.
Miss Obenauer was the chief of this
division: the majority of the compilations
of statistics relating to female labor were
written and gathered by her. She re-
Gently resigned to accept the assistant
dictatorship of private organization for
investigating economic conditions and has
Joined hands with that large group of
women who are making an effort to Gre
ate new independent federal agency. en-
doWed with greater authority to deal with
the situation.
The present time, Miss Obenauer claims,
is a most urgent one for advocating this
government creation; and that as an an
ticipatory measure alone, it recommends
itself For, not the least important phase
Of the problem deals with the need for
action which will accompany the impend-
ing ructions that American labor will feel
at the close of the European war.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-09-03
BY JAMES B. MORROW.

F1HE case-and there Is none
greater, perhaps-was summed
up in striking fashion by Ar
- thur f. Holder. the practical
and philosophical machinist who tells
Congress and the legislatures Of the
states what labor wants and does not
want in the matter Of national and local
statutes.
During the month of September.
1893" he said, the corner stone OF tho
Capitol in Washington was put in place
and work on the building was. begun
Immediately thereafter. British me-
chanics performed most of the labor.
Their day started at sunrise and ended
at sunset and the average Of the wages
paid was so cents.
"One hundred and eleven years later.
which makes the date 1904, ground was
broken in the city of Washington for
building that was to contain the offices
and committee rooms of the senators in
Congress. The work. which continued
three years. was almost entirely done
by American-born mechanics. Their
day was eight hours long and their
average pay was 81.
In other words. the workman OF 1904
received in one hour as much money
as the workman of 1893 received in q
day that came in with the dawn OF tho
morning and only ended with the twi-
light of evening. Labor's progress in
the United States in the nineteenth CEN
fury can be accurately measured, 1
think by the landmarks have noted"
The year after the signing of the
Declaration of Independence. the select
men of Newburyport in Massachusetts,
the colonies being at war and work
men being few-thought 1t advisable to
establish scale of wages. A carpenter,
by their action, in no instance was to
he paid more than s1.33 a day, the
length of which was from sunup to
shutdown. Carpenters now, in some To-
caiities receive 81 for eight hours
work.
AIasons at Newburyport were pre-
vented by law from demanding more
than $3.50 a day. The wages of brick
layers. stonemasons and plasterers in
1915 range from 81 to 81, and they pull
of their overalls and hide or lock up
their trowels at o'clock in the after
noon.
The day laborer of l777 was given
10 cents day and his board, or 81 If
he boarded himself His hours, too, were
from SIN to sun Railroad section
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-09-03

and conductors, whose hours were I'M
limited, were once paid from So to So
They are now paid from $3.50 to 81.
The railroad fireman or trainman or
switchman who was glad formerly to
get $50 month Is making from $2.45
to 81 day photographers. with old
$50 month. are asking and receiving
from $55 to $3.50 month.
In some instances. coal miners are
earning $e a day. Long ago a miner
often died in debt to his employer, and
his sons had to pay it II they wanted
employment in the mine themselves.
They rarely earned over 81 day.
The minimum pay Of coal miners now
Is $685. and their hours have been re-
duced from ten, twelve or fourteen to
eight. Farm laborers were paid SIS a
month not many years since. They can
find plenty of places today, and better
treatment than ever indoors and out at
double that amount.
So triumpha1 host. with music and
notices, will march this year on Labor
day through the principal! business
streets of every American city. The
wages of workers. with a temporary
backset now and then, have been going
upward. on the whole. sometimes slow
ly and some times fast, ever since that
great little ship brought the seeds of
liberty. equality and opportunity across
the Atlantic and planted them on the
granite ced shore of Massachusetts,
Workingmen were passengers in the
Mayf1ower. King James of England,
when asked to give q protective char
ter to the Puritans. inquired: But how
are they to live when they get there"
by fishing. probably said man
nearby.
Very good; it was the apostles own
calling" the king answered.
Thus the Pilgrims came with work in
their minds and willing hands TO do it,
OF the hundred, one more than a half
died the first winter. Those who re-
manned. although enfeebled by Illness
and a scarcity of food. built fortress
the next summer. finished seven houses
cleared tuenty-six acres of land and
planted crops of grain and vegetables
It might be said. therefore, that this
continent was actually dedicated to
labor by the Puritans.
a year after their landing, another
ship, the Fortune. arrived from Eng
land. On her return voyage the For
tune carried "a little cargo of beaver
skins to quote John Fiske, and choice
wood for wainscoting to the value of
800 pounds sterling" The second dedi-
cation, consequently, was to trade and
industry.
In the Fortune, too, were a carpenter
and a saltmaker Later, from the Eng
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-09-03
zHERE are few mothers of young

E7HERE are few mothers Of young
children in the eastern section
of the United States who are
not anxious at this moment for
the afety of their own flock against
the scourge of infantile paralysis.
So far, the origin and certain mode
of transmission of the dread disease
has e1uded medical science: but the
profession is working hard to find the
cause and prevention Of the ma1ady.
The United States government has from
the first evidence of the epidemics
alarming persistence thrown itself into
the work of relief, and the public
health service is investigating and ad-
visinS in the interest Of prevention
and cure of the disease.
The ehildren's bureau has also taken
up again in this connection the Ques-
ton Of home hygiene as its share to-
ward protecting children in time of cpl
der!lic Women are in charge of most
Of the work of this bureau, which is
an important branch Of the Depart
Hlent OF Labor Miss Julia c. Lathrop
Is its chief. with DR.. Grace L. Meigs
as head OF the division of hygiene.
At the outset il is somewhat reas-
surfing to learn from the bureau that
only & bout one IN one thousand Oh tHe
population. even during epidemics in a
large aggregation of people, is at
lacked by the disease
Poiomyelitis. or infantile paralysis.
is IAN infective communicate disease"
which is readily conveyed from the
sick to the well. and there is reason to
believe that tAose who have it may
give il to those who have not in the
earliest stages of the disease. Chill
ireu under five years of age furnish
ny far the greater number of cases.
The children's bureau directed the
attention OF the inquirer to the follow
ing statement of the United States pub
lis health service: There Is at present
Experimental proof of the following
sources of infection: The secretions of
.onvalescent from the infection, and
passive carriers'-that is. persons APP
pareutly well who are harboring the
specific virus and discharging it in
their secretionS.
The public health service further
says: THE evidence in regard to the
contagiousness Of poliomyelitis may be
considered from two points Of view.
First, from the incidence of the disease
among persons known to have been in
tirnately associated with poliomyelitis
patients. and. second. from the proper
ton Of recognized cases in which evil
dence could be obtained of association
with previous cases"
The virus of infantile paralysis leaves
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-09-03
A LESSON.

MFRS. FRENCH VANDERBILT was
Avn talking, at luncheon in New
port, about young matron of great
wealth who had deserted her husband
for handsomer but by no means bet ;,
ter man.
when Blanc married Helen with her
thirty millions" said Mrs. Vanderbilt,
he thought he was stepping straight
into paradise.
I'm sorry for Blanc. He has now
learned that the richest girls make the
poorest wives"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-09-03
A Question.

~ EN-. LEONARD WOOD was praising.
VI at dinner in New York, certain
fighting general
Daring? Auda cious?" said Gen.
Wood. Yes, he is all of that A GER
tain strain of audacity. you know, is
no datriment to a soldier.
Cautious soldiers, prudent soldiers,
don't, as rule, go far. In short, the
man who looks before he leaps-does
he ever leap
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-09-03

Along these lines Miss Obenauer talked;
it is a colossal subject and the interview
er asked her to discuss it in general be-
fore any Opinions" were sought. Ac-
cordingly, a vivid picture was painted OF
the woman workers of this country,
great bulk Of whom appear to be laboring
under conditions that are thoroughly pref
judicial to health and morals. The situa-
ton seemed bad, and there appeared also
a r.enacing cloud of chaos to follow the
close of the European war. Miss Oben-
auer was asked to consider these threat
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-09-03

WILLARD FILLMORE WAS A
WOOL CARDER.
1ish county of Kent, came a number of
ship carpenters. They built ships for
the fishermen. each of whom was given
his share of the profits of the catch, or
corn from. common store put aside
for his support if fish were scarce and
he needed it. Every one worked. In
dustry was promoted and protected.
All Of the colonists were working
men and their wives workingwomen.
The first inhabitants were farmers.
trappers, carpenters, blacksmiths and
shoemakers. Cloth was woven and
made into clothing by their mothers,
wives and daughters. Lynn, in Massa
chusetts, now a stirring center of the
shoe industry, boosted in the year 1884
that Philip Kirkland had opened a shoe
making shop for the accommodation
of the public.
Fishing. the first industry of the New
England PuritanS, was carried on in
ships. In consequence, as an incident,
another industry was established.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-09-03

Local ructions in Europe have at
times eNerted very marked influence
ON the bread winning opportunities of
American women. For example. take
the attempted ASA ssination of .Alexan-
der III of Russia. which resulted in the
enormous exodus of Jews from the do
mains of the ear to America In Ger
tain of our large cities great numbers
of Jewish men crowded into the cloth
ing trades. materially reducing the
relative number of women employed
until the subsequent influx of Italian
women restored the normal propor-
lions.
But there will be a great difference
between the stream of bread-winning
women starting toward our shores
after the war and that which came be-
fore August. 1914. Before the war
women came padded with traditions
and customs which restricted sharply
the field of occupation for female Ia
Dor. The women who will come to US
after the war will have had these pad
dings largely stripped away by service
during the years of struggle, in occu-
pations once regarded as wholly I'M
suited. if not impossible, to women.
aside from the effect that the influx
of such women will have upon the
men. it Will have a tremendous effect
on the woman wage-earners already
established in American industry
For example, it will make easy or
into many of our industries before
adequate provision is made to eltmi-
nate therefrom or reduce to a mini
mum therein such conditions of EN-
hazard to the Health of women.
Let me say right here"-Mfss Oben-
auer marked her earnestness with a
measured delivery of her words-that
it is this impending situation. together
with the growing complexity OF mod
ern industry, which gives especial sig
nificance to the Jones Casey bill, now
before Congress. providing for the
creation of an independent division
within the Department Of Labor to deal
with the problems confronting wage
earning women.
This bill carried no reflection upon
any existing agency; it is but an intel
ligent and effective recognition of the
fact that. as the Secretary of Labor
himself put it in statement TO the
House committee of labor indorsing the
bill--'while there are no sharp lines OF
demarkation between women in in
dustry and men in industry. so far as
certain phases are concerned, and While
the same machinery which is estab-
lished to collect and compile wage
schedules of men could, with superior
efficiency, be utilized for collecting and
compiling the wages of women in the
same industry. there is vast field for
investigation and study which specially
and peculiarly affects women in in
dustry which could be more effectively
handled under the immediate direction
of women than under the direction of
men. l have particular reference to the
physical and mental effects of certain
lines of modern industry upon those
who are to be the mothers of the fu-
ture generations and the effect of that
effect upon those generations them
selves.
These words" Miss Obenauer went
on to sa.- in conclusion. "cover the sit
uation. In short, a new division for
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-09-03

an effort will be demanded by the sit
uation which will, in all probability, be
created here by the establishment OF
peace in Europe"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-09-03


workers. The woman in industry
that is, outside OF the home-is a
modern development; the world has
not known her long enough to get
well acquainted with her and her
needs. She Is such a new element in
fact and such distinctly different one,
that she has experienced no small
amount of trouble in adjusting her
self.
Senator Jones of Washington has
already introduced a bill into the Sen
ate-which is being fathered by Mr.
Casey of Pennsylvania in the House
calling for the creation of woman's
division within the Department of La
hor, Independent of any bureau. 1t
was at the instance of representa-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-09-03

the interest Of women will. in addition
to caring for them under present con-
ditions, make reasonable preparation
for emergency conditions. And such
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-09-03

the body of the patient in the dis
charges of the throat and nose, and is
spread about by n coughing. sneezing
splitting ard kissing. 4 single child suf-
ferins from any form Of the disease may
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-09-03

A scrupulous application of well under
stood rules for keeping children well in
summer tand at all times) constitutes the
chief resource Of parents. few of the
more important rules laid down by the
childrens bureau are AS follows;
l. Children need plenty Of good food. properly
prepared OF kind and quality adapted 10 their
age and condition. During the hsat OF summer
IT is especially important to guard against Civ
Ing them anything which may Head to diarrhea
and other digestive troubles.
= Children need plenty Of sleep. When they
cannot sleep the early part OF the might on ac-
count OF hot bedrooms they should lie allowed
II il doubtful whether any growing child should
lie Weakened early In the morning. out-of-door
sleeping Is excellent.
3; Children need frequent baths, both for
health and comfort
4. They should be protected against sudden
chill when oyerheated.
). They should be kept out Of the sun in the
hot part Of the day. and should dress very
lightly during hot weather.
u. Houses should be screened against flies and
mosquitoes. both for comfort and for safety, AZ
insects are known to carry certain diseases
about. and it is possible that poliomyeIitis is
carried by insects.
:. Clean milk and pure drinking water are es-
sentiai to the health Of the family.
). Cleanliness is Of the fundamental rules
or health. This means clean premises. clean
houses. clean persons clean clothing. clean food
and drink.
q. Children need TO be kept quit. Excite
bicn's Of all kinds. too long continued harm.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-09-03
What Wage Farmers Have Accomplished i'm Armeric

workers day in tho mills OF New Eng
land RANGED from twelve to ffteen
hours In length. Even so late as 1874
tho day started at o'clock in the
in the evening. Thirty minutes were
allowed for breakfast and thirty min
utes for dinner. eaten at noon.
Women md children In the mills at
gan work at 4:a0 o'clock in the morn
ing. Furthermore. textile operatives at
some places were taxed to support the
churches. and II a. man were regularly
absent from divine services on Sun
day he was IN danger of losing his en-
ployment.
Handloom weavers in Baltimore COM
planned that they could earn only from
So to II cents in a day of twelve hours
and that they were unable ito pay for
the schooling" Of their children. 1t was
not long before the workers of Balti
moro left the benches and looms. and
with ME and drum paraded In protest
through the principal streets. They
won their battle inside of a week, and
tho ten-hour day was accepted by the
employers of that city.
Although the contest over the length
of the working day dragged on for
years, it was gained at last by labor.
And capital probably made more money
than was the case before the change
occurred. Better management of fac
tories and mills followed. The slack
was taken up in many directions. Grog,
for instance. vanished from shipyards.
where, by long practice, 1T had been
served twice daily. When Thacher
AIagoYn notified his men that no more
grog should be drunk in his shipyard
they wrote the words, NO Rum on
all his timbers and on the sides of his
carpenter shop. Some of the workers
struck. but the order stood
Capt Richard F. Trevellick-"Dick - as
he was known in all parts of the United
States-was ship carpenter in New York
when the days work began just as 1.-The
first sunbeam gilded the tallest spire in
sight He has shown the waste that
marked the old twelve and fourteen hour
system.
Aunt Arlie Mcvane. he has written,
came to the yard at $50 o'clock in the
morning with baskets of doughnuts. gin
gerbread, turnovers and cookies. The
men spent from ten to fifteen minutes
refreshing themselves with her dainties.
mo one ever hurried" Capt. Dick has
stated during cake time
Two hours later, Johnny Grogean ap-
peared with huge board of stick candy
and taffy. 1t required fifteen minutes
for him to sell his stock and take his
departure. At II o'clock there was a
general sailing out of the yard and into
convenient grogshops after whisky" :
The afternoon was much like the morn
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-09-03
MISS JULIA c. LATHROP,
Chief Of chfldren's bureau.
photo by Buck !

away from places where children con-
gregate, such as picnics. excursions,
journeys by boat, train or even on
street cars, from theaters. day and
Sunday schools. They should be for
hidden to use public drinking cups and
especially guarded from paying with
children who are ailing and fretful and
show definite signs of illness.
Where the disease has not yet APP
peared, parents will do well to remem-
Der the safe rule that a healthy, we'll
cared-for child has greater resistance
to disease. and to the effects of disease,
than one whose condition is below nor
NAL. and whose vitality is low
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1916-09-03

The contest to shorten the hours Of
labor was begun in Boston eighty -four
years ago. McMasters, in his History
Of the People of the United States says
that the first strike OF American work
men occurred In the city of New York
in 1902. Sailors. were being paid $40 a
month. They demanded s14.
The increase being refused the sailors
left their work and marched along the
waterfront, headed by a brass band
They coaxed or compelled other sailors
to join the procession. The con-
stables" however, were soon in pur-
suit. arrested the leader. lodged him in
Jail and SO ended the earliest Of labor
strikes"
Thirty years later the master car
penters, masons. painters and skaters Of
Boston met to debate whether or not
the ten-hour system is a benefit The
movement spread to other cities and
strikes followed at several places. The
building trades asked for a ten hour
day. three hours instead of two for
their meals during July and August and