davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Dermott news., 1916-08-03

of tlr petition
 4anF hs passed requiring n
 fignaturCs upon Peti of the counties or other la ! lf tho Stltc. nor to ,erk ksou or rcrsouS from siN- h compru~attou for cir | ts. nor tu prohibit the sSvttGons nor iu any way
 ,th. Freedom uf the pea-
 Petitions. but laws may
 thiting and penMi1tus
 practice. such as per
 any other n sleuieauor
 nr filiug of petitions
 submitted to a vote or hettinns uulcr the pro ~t.Uou shall he publish
 r may hereafter be pro bu bills. initiated by the nitt.d under the proNis- -cuou. shall be. Be it fDA people or the state of +1 tittpat county as i, b In submitting meas n Iplc. the Secretary of Sthcr officials shall he
 general law $ until ud
 ton shall be prov tdcd fof the vote upon any , shall be declared by the
 Election Comm s~leaers Iate thercforA, and the re- Ton any city ar town meas declared by the City Cen is or Town Council Cor \ thereforl
 Dnnent shall he self-eNc- h. Legislative Assembly w to facilitate its oper- ik legislation shall be en- uct. hanp,r or impair tn" | h. rights herein reserved kislous of this amendment k.d as mandatory
 heudment to the ropstt- State be. and the same hbstitution of the initla- tepdum Amendment. Rp- 19fN ", AHt. H@ the ta inc Nc Acts of Arkansas for l i22a and l@40 of the filming the same; and that ndmcnt taud the act of AA ss,mhly to carry out the ea Juno 90. iatt, SO far as 8r tlrHt NereN ttht be nrs hereby repealed.
 eruuoscl Amendment was
 of tht Secretary Nf
 @3. t9l9
 may vote For or H.te proposed Amendment
 official signature this
 1916
 EARLE w HODGES,
 Secretary Of State
The Yale expositor., 1916-03-09
Is Doing Fine

Detroit. Mich, March =, 1916-The
Receivers for the Pere Marquette to-
day mailed to those creditors whose
accounts cover material furnished prior
to July /, 1914, the sum of Sl9l,000 in
payment on their accounts. This is
the third payment made since July 1,
last, on bills which were incurred for
supplies and material furnished to the
Receivers for the operation of the road
previous to the appointment of Re-
ceiyer King.
In discussing the matter Mr.. King
stated that the money for making this
payment had been taken from earnings
and that il revenues continue as at
present 100000 more on these obliga.
tons will be paid June |, 1916. In all
90 per cent of this Indebtedness has
been paid.
These accounts are In addition to
the monthly payments totaling more
than $68,O00, also out of the earnings,
for the retirement Of equipment notes.
Receiver King estimates that at the
present rate of earnings the creditors
of the Receivership as now constituted
could be paid in full and the defaulted
equipment notes retired within anothes
year.
The Yale expositor., 1916-03-09
NORTH RILEY.

An interesting meeting was held by
road officials and committee recently
in the interest of new railroad.
Mrs. John Griffin has gone to Detroit
to visit relatives.
John Burns sold fine team to De.
troit parties and delivered same to Mt
Clemens Wednesday.
Edw Doherty spent Sunday at the
home of his parents at Yale.
Tom Doherty, of Brown City. visited
at the home of his brother Edward a
few days last week.
Tom Haggarty has gone to Detroit
on few days visit to relatives.
Mrs. Alex Braidwood is reported on
the sick list and was taken TO DR.. Bur
ley's hospital at Almont.
Mrs. Ida Granger visited at the home
of Freeman Snyder at Riley Centre
Sunday.
A number of people of Port Huron
attended the funeral of Mrs. Henry
Douglass who died very suddenly this
week.
James Cunningham and daughter
Lottie, of Detroit, are calling on friends
here for a few days.
Eva Murphy, of Port Huron, spent
Saturday with her parents here.
The Yale expositor., 1916-03-09
SCHOOL REPORT.

Report of Lutz school for the month
ending March 3, 1915:
Number of days taught, 20
Total attendance, 403
Average daily attendance, 20
Number of boys enrolled, Ia
Number of girls enrolled,
Total enrolment, 81
Those not absent during the month
were:-Frank Carter, Malcolm Evans,
Roy Ferguson, Hilton Ferguson, Har-
vey Lett, Leona Lutz, Susie Noll, Mike
Noll, Anna Sanderson, Maurice Sander.
son, Vernell Todd, Ethyl Ulrich, Alger
Ulrich, Harry Cole.
Cornelius Duequette is our new di-
rector, appointed by the district board
to I'LL the vacancy made by Mr.. Dunn's
moving to Detroit.
Bernice Lutz taught Thursday while
the teacher attended Maccabee con-
vention in Port Huron.
Mabel Phillips, teacher
The Yale expositor., 1916-03-09
GET TO THE CAUSE
Yale People Are Learning the
WAY

w dy
There is but little peace or comfort
for the man or woman with bad back.
The distress begins in early morning
keeps up throughout the day, It's hard
to get out of bed, it's torture TO stoOp or
straighten. Plasters and liniments may
relieve, but cannot cure ii the cause is
inside-the kidneys, When suffering
so, use Doan's Kidney Pills, the tested
and proven kidney remedy, used 10
kidney troubles for over so years
Doan's Kidney Pills are recommended
by thousands OF justsuch cases Proof
of their effectiveness in the testimony
Of this Yale resident:
A. McLarty, farmer, K. +. ID No. ..
Yale, Mich, says: II was constant
sufferer from backache and sharp
twinges through my loins had head
aches and dizzy spells and my health
was poor. Nothing brought me relief
until | procured Doan's Kidney Pills
at Grant Holden's Drug Store. The
hrsi box benefited me aud | was so
pleased that | continued their use.
-Four boxes drove away all the kidney
trouble and my health has improved
steadily since | give Doan's Kidney
Pills the credit Of making a complete
cure"
Price soc, at all dealers Don't simply
ask for kidney remedy-get Doan's
Kidney Plils-the same that Mr. Nc.
LaIty had Foster Mllturn Co, Props,
Buffalo n. Y. Adv.
The Yale expositor., 1916-03-09
AUCTION SALES.

The Undersigned, having sold his farm,
will sell by public auction at the prem
Uses three miles east and one and three.
quarters miles north Of Yale, or two
miles south of Roseburg, on Friday,
March IL, all of his farm stock and inn
plements. Sale at one o'clock sharp.
Usual terms. q. w. Bell, auctioneer.
.Gottleib Mihlethaler, prop.
The undersigned, having decided to
quit farming, will offer for sale by pub.
lie auction at the premises, three miles
east and one mile south of Avoca, on
Tuesday, March IA, beginning at one
o'clock p. m. sharp, all Of his farm live
stock, some seed corn, etc. Usual terms.
Geo. w. Bell, auctioneer.
G. w. Menzies, prop,
The undersigned will offer for sale
by public auction to the highest bid
der at his farm, located 4 miles
north and u mile east of Yale or "a
miles west of Roseburg on Wednesday,
March 10Th, cows, young cattle and
hogs. Sale to begin at one o'clock
p. m. sharp. Usual terms. G. w. Bell,
auctioneer. John Evans, prop.
The undersigned will offer for sale
by public auction at the Orchard Grove
Stock farm, Jeddo, on Tuesday, March
2lst, some farm live stock, all kinds of
agricultural implements, small tools,
etc. Sale to begin at 100 a. M, sharp.
Usual terms. &. w. Bell, auctioneer.
X. Schomberger, prop.
The Yale expositor., 1916-03-09
LINER COLUMN.

FOR SALE-Twenty acre farm, one
and one.half miles north of Yale.
Good buildings, lots of small fruit,
cherries, plums, berries, etc. Will
sell for 1920 if taken at once. For
further particulars call on l.. A.
Sperry at premises. 1912
FARM FOR RENTED acres known
as the Isaac Menerey place, located
one mile west and one mile south of
Yale. For further particulars call on
or write Expositor office, Yale. 43-S
WANTED-Old rags, rubbers, boots
and shoes. Will pay 3 cts a pound
for rubbers, ct pound for rags.
Bring in your old iron for which we
will pay $500 per ton.
45-S John Sexton, Yale.
FOR SALE-Two lots in Alta Vista
addition to the city of Yale Will
sell cheap if taken at once. Mrs. IL.
Steenburgh, Yale. 45-4
POULTRY = Hides and Tallow we
want any day in the week. Yale
Market Company, L. j. Minnie. 4o-4
SEED OATS-I have 400 bushels of
improved Johnson variety, free from
smut. Price 60c per bushel. Call on
or write Robert Carson 3 miles west
and = mile south of Yale. 47-4
LOST-Somewhere on the, streets of
Yale, a gold cross. Return to Expos
itOr office and receive reward. A.
LonQway, 1872
FOR SALE-House and two lots on
Third street, Yale. Seven rooms,
cellar underneath, all in good eOndi-
ton. Cheap for quick sale. n. Ii.
Herbert, Yale. 46-4
TO RENT-For a term of three years,
the S0.acre farm of Chas. +. Kennedy
known as the Lester Clark place To-
Gated opposite the race track. 1OO-ton
silo, buildings in good shape and
everything in first class order, Apply
to Il j. Minnie, Yale. 1872
BARGAINS in building material,
sheathing, joists, timber of every
description. Apply to Bert Brown,
Yale. or phone i27. So
CORRUGATED CULVERTS, all
lengths made to order on short no
tice. Will sell any length culvert al
&c per foot cheaper than any make
shipped in. Chas. Rounds. 2
FARM FOR SALE-S0 acres, all but
10 acres under cultivation, house and
barn, we'll of pure water, good orchard;
located q mile from school, 2 miles
from X II station. For further par
ticulars and price inquire of j. G.
Davis, Yale. Phone "a. 1872
FOR SALE-Three work horses, 3, ~
and IL years old, weight about 400
each. win take good bankable pap
er. Inquire of John Manns, Yale,
on the JAS Ii. Martin farm, OF phone
I53 n Is H. 1879
FOR SALE-One cow giving milk, one
calf 4 months old, one spring calf.
Call on VIM. Sayles, Yale, for further
particulars. 4g-2
FARM FOR RENT have 40 acres
located one mile south and ga miles
west of Yale All fall blowing done,
two acres of wheat. Will rent from
one TO three years. Apply to Robert
r. Barr, Yale. 49-4
FOR SALE-Some good tested seed
corn, S100 per bushel; also about 500
bushels good feed corn. Inquire of
Edw. Sheehy, Yale. 49,
The Yale expositor., 1916-03-09
Work of County Agriculturist

A large part of last week was spent
at Lansing attending Farmers Week
and the Country Life Conference. This
program has been inaugurated to take
the place of the annual State Round
up Institute, and the schedule consists
of one week courses in the following
subjects:-Silos and crops, dairying and
veterinary, animal husbandry, poultry,
horticulture and Bookkeeping, farm me.
chanics and highway engineering, and
home economics. These courses are in
charge of the different departments of
the college assisted by special instruct
ors employed for the occasion. Under
this arrangement, everyone can select
the line of work in which he is most
interested and have the benefit of a
series of closely related lectures and
demonstrations concerning 1t. This
instruction is free to any resident of
the state and is patronized by goodly
number of people who can leave their
business for only short time during
the year. In addition to the regular
courses, there was conference of the
County Livestock Agents with the Live
stock Sanitary Commission on Tuesday
and the Country Life Conference Tues
day, Wednesday and Thursday. 1t
was mainly with these last mentioned
activities that the st. Clair County
Agent occupied the time. At the
meeting with the Livestock Sanitary
Commission, methods for the control of
hog cholera and other contagious ami
mai diseases together with plans for
the coming season were considered
In addition to attending these meet.
ings arrangements were made with the
Extension Department for help with
various lines of work which have been
requested Of this Office by the people of
the county including pruning and spray
ing demonstrations, household water
and lighting systems, potato and bean
seed selection. and tile drainage. Dur
ing the week beginning with Mar. 18th
Mr.. Carmody will give number of
pruning and grating demonstrations
His time being limited to few days,
it will not be possible to visit everyone
who has requested assistance along this
line, but meetings will be held in orch
ards in various sections Of the county
that are deemed most convenient for
the people to reach. Tentative arrange
ments have been made for holding
meetings at the following farms: Alvin
Baden, Capac; Chas. Stevenson, Kim
ball township; +. J. Young, Fort Graf
lot township; Allen Atkins and Edw
Robbins, Clyde township; Alex Young
Grant township: II. ). Hydorn, Yale;
and the China Farmers Club at the
home of George Bugge, st. Clair.
Owing to the number of seed associa
tons in the county and the increase in
the work of this Office, it will be i'm.
possible for the County Agent to keep
in as close touch with these organiza-
tons as was the case last year, and the
associations wishing to continue with
the pedegreed seeds the coming year
should send in their orders to Secretary
V. NJ. Shoesmith, East Lansing, Mich,
at an early date together with their
dues for the present year. These were
raised at the last annual meeting from
twenty-five cents to fifty cents per
member.
G. l. Brody, County Agent
The Yale expositor., 1916-03-09
To the COLLEGE Bow,

When you enter college keep in mind
the sound advice that wise college
president has offered to such as you.
Follow the preparatory school rules
for the first year." he says. Keep up
the momentum that the school has CIV
en- you rather than take advantage Of
your new liberty all mt once. Watch
the upper class men. See how they
have improved or abused the freedom
of the college life and the opportuni-
ties at the college and then deliberate
ly make up your mind what kind of
man you want to be."-Youth's Com
panion.
The Yale expositor., 1916-03-09
Sanilac County Jurors

The following jurors have beef
drawn for the March term of the San
lilac county circuit court. The juror
will probably have the distinction o.
listening to the first trials i'm the new
court house,
Albert Fetting, Watertown
Bert Gingrich, Washington
John Campbell, Sanilac
Omar Wixon, Lexington
William Schroeder, Bnel
Claude Miller, Elk
Frank Harrison, Flynn
Bert Steinhoff, Maple Valley
Jobe Briggs, Speaker
Frank Marshall, Fremont
William Dingman, Worth
Mark Gray, Croswell
Delmer II. Dawson, Sandusky
Geo. Burkholder, Brown City
Charles Klause, Delaware
James BeZemick, Minden
Samuel Robinson, Austin
William Lepla, Greenleaf
Marvin J. Elhers, Evergreen
Cliff sanford, Argyle
John Innee, Wheatland
Isaac Graham, Marion
William Ferris, Forester
Frank Kelley, Bridgehampton
Merton Huslander, Custer
The Yale expositor., 1916-03-09
Can't Ra Dona-

Mrs. Giddy has invited all the men,
bers of the sewing circle TO a luncheon
and matinee party"
Doesn't she know they have been
gossiping about her something awful2"
IF course she does. That's the rea-
son she's trying to square the CIRCLE
New York World.
The Yale expositor., 1916-03-09
ANNOUNCEMENT.

Owing to the confusion in the names
of two Doctor FraZers on Military St.,
DR.. II. G. Frazer, specialist on Eye,
Ear, Nose and Throat diseases wishes
to announce his Office on the ground
floor of the Yokom Bldg, opposite the
Harrington Hotel, l0ll Military street,
Port Huron, Mich.
The Yale expositor., 1916-03-09

Simplicity Wins Over Expense.

Sometimes, as most Michigan horse
owners know, simple liniment may
cure an external iii, whereas an ex-
pensive treatment may fail. For in
stance, James Miller of Pottstown, Pa,
cured horse of pollevil with three
bottles of Hanford's Balsam of Myrrh.
lie says; "The veterinarians had ieen
trying to cure the horse for years"
The Yale expositor., 1916-03-09
CUT THIS OUTFITS WORTH MONEY

DON'T MISS THIS. Cut out this
slip, enclose with &c to Foley q Co,
Chicago, ILL.,, writing your name and
address clearly. You will receive in
return a trial package containing Fo-
ley's Honey and Tar Compound, for
lagrippe coughs, colds and Group, Foley
Kidney Pills and Foley Cathartic Tab
let's. Ii. L. Hennessy. adv
The Yale expositor., 1916-03-09
ChangeabIe Weather Brings Sickness

The changeable weather of March
causes cough, colds, Group and grippe.
There is no such thing as a slight
cold"-none that a person can safely
neglect. Foley's Honey and Tar is a
heals inflamed, congested air passages,
stops coughs and eases breathing. Ii.
t. Hennessy. adv
The Yale expositor., 1916-03-09
!: !; !: !:
- ~ - - n0ffaad our raUuaafo

to square up, have either called or sent
the money in by mail. There are many
others who are vet in arrears. We will
feel very grateful to those who answer
this call for cash at earliest conven-
fence. Please remember that cash is
required to operate newspaper as well
as any other legitimate business.
The Yale expositor., 1916-03-09

Hobson-I never in all my life saw
a man who could so readily guess rid
dies and conundrums as that Henry
Peck. Dobson - No wonderl Just
think OF the practice he has. His wife
keeps him guessing all the time
puck
The Yale expositor., 1916-03-09

Well send you a sample copy of
the Expositor n you wish one.
II you know OF any news items be
kind enough TO let the Expositor
know of them. We will appreciate
favors OF this kind.
The Yale expositor., 1916-03-09

In Siam men of the high and middle
classes as well as women wear long
cotton stockings reaching high above
the knee.
The Yale expositor., 1916-03-09
Make Enc Most Of rIme.

Time is precious. so let us do the
best we can, and when the time is
passed We shall not regret our past
days.
The Yale expositor., 1916-03-09
OUT OF THE RACE.

When one wakes with stiff back,
pains in muscles, aches In joints or
rheumatic twinges, he cannot do his
best. IL you feel out of the race, tired,
lanquid, or have any symptoms of kid
ney trouble, act promptly. Foley Kid
ney Pills help the kidneys get rid of
poisonous waste matter that causes the
trouble. H. L. Hennessy. adv
The Yale expositor., 1916-03-09
CANNOT PRAISE THEM ENOUGH

Many sick and tired women, with
aches and pains, sore muscles and stiff
joints, do not know that their Kidneys
are out of order. Mrs. A. q. Wells,
Box 80, Route 5, Rocky Mount, n. g.,
writes: 81 am taking Foley Kidney
Pills and cannot praise them enough
for the wonderful enefit ! derived in
The Yale expositor., 1916-03-09
Township Caucuses.

A large and enthusiastic Republican
caucus was held at Brockway Town
Hall this afternoon at 200 O'clock. Con
tests were on for supervisor, treasurer,
highway commissioner. and member
board Of review. Below we give the
votes
Supervisor
John l.. Patterson ........ 76-7
Elston Huffman .............6 so
Treasurer
John Edgerton ............ 1OO-36
John w. Donaldson. ........6l
Clerk-Earl Rose, unanimous.
Highway Commissioner
Nd. Meharg. .S3-2S
Walter Kilbourn. ..........55
Justice-Robert j. Ellar, full term.
Justice-Hugh Hodgins, to Gil vacancy
Board of Review
Kaufman Dds
Jas. Middleton.
Constables-Albert Mckay, John j.
Jackson, Chas. Ferguson, Srm Edger
ton.
The Yale expositor., 1916-03-09

Are you an Expositor subscriber?
II not, why not? We give you all
suits.
Many lost and found articles find
their way TO the original owner
through liner in the Expositor. Try
The Yale expositor., 1916-03-09
10 ~ IL. ME RRILL
cHIRoPRAcToR
Office. Main Street Yale. Mich.

For Sale.
Groom house, 2 lots, barn, shed, hog
pen, hen coop, some berries and fruit
on lots; desirable place located on
Mechanic street, Yale, for sale. For
particulars and terms. call on OF ad
dress DIR. w. q. Wight Yale. SO
The Olneyville times. (Olneyville [Providence, R.I.]) 1887-1917, 1916-02-04
GRANITEVILLE.

Foster & ellison have purchased a new
Studebaker truck.
John Barber of Pine Hill, has purchased
a fine draught horse.
Mrs. ]. w. Charnley is able to be out
after her recent illness.
Ambrose Boulton is confined to his hom'
on Langley avenue by illness
Buy your coal aud wood of A. "
Capron at Centrddale, X. ADV.
The Narragansett Electric Lighting Com
pany are lowering their wires in this sec
tion.
A, NJ. Capron has opened the coal an'
wood Office, formerly occupied by w IL
Sweet
Mr.. Harvey Searles entertained larg
number of friends at his home on PIN
Hill avenue last Sunday.
A very successful necktie show was hel'
at the Social Club last Sunday. Mex
Sunday, post card show will be held
Mr.. and Mrs. John Wilson OF Chicago
are visiting Mrs. Wilson's father, Mr. X
Norris at his home on Orchard avenue ih'
week.
The Olneyville times. (Olneyville [Providence, R.I.]) 1887-1917, 1916-02-04

had heard and dropped the note to
Dorothy. Dorothy was also mystiiied.
but she decided TO take a chance ana
sent an unsigned note to Tom advising
him To see what there was TO be dis
covered at the hop joint ut the address
given by Dunn.
What Dunn had actually told Stone
was the address of the place where
Bin Bean. the eccentric and half mad
inventor. was usually TO be found. IL
was hang out Of his, II was ex-
planned.
Stone and Carney meanwhile had
seen Bean and concluded certain ar
rangements with him lie had invent
cd wireless transmitter Of extraordi-
nary power. so diminutive that II was
capable OF being carried In a waistcoat
pocket.
at looks good TO me-" said stone
when Bean at Carney's request had
explained the principle Of his inven-
ton. "I think it's safe to try IL out to-
night Carney"
"Yol understands" asked Carney.
1--WE want YOU to give us convincing
demonstration. III IL Is satisfactory
we stand prepared 10 pay you 100000
In yearly installments of $4,000 for
the rights to your invention"
The Olneyville times. (Olneyville [Providence, R.I.]) 1887-1917, 1916-02-04
EsMoND.

Mrs. Dexter Steere of this place Is VISIT
ing relatives in Maiden, Mass.
Miss A. f Soucie has returned home
after all operation on her arm.
Miss M. Z. Taylor of Natick, K l., was
visiting friends here on Saturday.
Buy your coal and wood OF A. M
Capron at Centredale, K. ADV.
Mr.. II. l.. Crocker of Bethel, Maine
was a guest of Dexter Stevens OF this
village.
Miss Bette Smith of Bernon street,
Providence was guest of friends here on
Wednesday.
Edward Regap, shipping clerk at the
Esmond Mills, visited relatives in Woon'
socket on Sunday.
George Picard of Esmond, has returned
from the Rhode Island Hospital, after AN
operation for appendicitis.
Mrs. II. Armstrong, former resident "l
this village, died at the Rhode Island Hos
pital on Tuesday morning.
The Girls elect Club held their regu az
meeting on Tuesday evening at the District
Nurse Rooms on Main street.
Miss Ella Cote, assistant Posmistress at
the Esmond Post. office, is confined to her
home with an attack Of the grippe.
The Olneyville times. (Olneyville [Providence, R.I.]) 1887-1917, 1916-02-04
FRUIT HILL.

Mrs. William X. Angel is confined
her home by illness.
The ladies of the North Providence I'm
provement Association held their regular
whist at the home Of Mrs. A. j. Rose on
Bellvedere avenue on Tuesday with 8
tables. A very pleasant afternoon was
spent. The prize winners were Mrs
Charles Sbardlow with score Of ~, first
prize with Mrs. Willard Hall and Mrs. l.
Carmack with tie cut for choice, Mrs.
Hall won and and Mrs Carmack third,
consolation, Mrs. Charles Pennell at Auc-
tion Bridge, Mrs. James Miner, hrst ana
Mrs. William Dewey, consolation. The
next whist will be held at Mrs. Charles
Atteridge's February 18th. All ladies' are
cordially invited to attend.
The Olneyville times. (Olneyville [Providence, R.I.]) 1887-1917, 1916-02-04
"I'd do anything for that" said the

I'D do anything for that" said the
Bean.
Then give me two of your prepared
magnets" said Carney, land tonight at
s o'clock go to a certain dock-I have
written down the location for you
and set your current to work"
"Why at the dock?" asked Bean.
81 could do it from here"
Because you are to wait for sig
nal; something might go wrong with
our plans. From the dock you will
see small boat. Three flashes Of an
electric torch will tell you to go ahead"
"All right" said Bean.
Carney believed in doing things him.
self; he took no chances with helpers
who might fail him. Therefore he pre-
pared two packages Of explosives with
good deal Of care, attaching to their
Illuminating caps by means Of a fine
wire the magnets Bean had given him.
One of these packages he left with
Mrs. Larnigan, Bruce's mother. He un-
derstOod that Tom was to return home
little before o'clock and asked her
to give him the package as soon as he
returned. This, entirely unsuspicious,
she promised to do. The other package
Carney meant to fasten to the stern of
the interred warship as she lay at her
| anchorage
Bean had obtained some money In
advance upon his promise neither to
drink nor to visit hop joint until he
had completed his work. But he could
not resist the temptation, and by the