davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-06-08
EAGDAD DRIVE HALTED.
Turks Brcak IN Russian Advance
In Three Columns.

'uSsrhSTISuPLE, via London, June :
THe attempt of the Russian army near
khtuktn, in Persia about ninety miles
northeast OF Bagiad 10 push forward IN
Three columns was broken up by the
fiN IA forces. according to an Official
sl''"Wcnt issued to-day by the Turkish
W. DMce.
The Turkish offensive against the Rus.
f0 army advancing on Erzingan. 100
nl', west of t.rzerum. again was sue
e'ss:ul IN r"pulsing the invaders.
The official statement is as follows
MesOpotamlan front Russian forces
~ the might Of May II advanced In
the direction of kasr-i- -Shirln and
khanikln. and in three columns at
tHcNrd our advanced detachmcnts near
kgaU.kin, while their troops tried to
~ around our detdChments on the
l.hi and left wing. They were, how
t"r. attacked by our reserves in the
f"'r. The troops on the wings of two
other enemy .nveiopiug columns were
dispersed, put 10 disOrder!y Night and
pursued for some time by our troops.
lu" enemy losses are estimated At
e." .Hnludiug TOO dead
East Of Nasyri"h, ON the f.uphratrs
v" captured thrcc large sailing ycS-
;" laden with foods,uffs, killing the
u'Ws.
Caucasus front: The situation nu
80 right wing Is unchanged, The
'H'uH. with two regiments attacked
h.li occupied by our far advanced
ti''d Two and Il half kiloincters norm
co. H'shckeyk. The attack was re-
''scd with enemy losses.
IJ the CeutT" our troops. in echclOn
formation, continued their successful
"1'ns. So ana pushed forward to within
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-06-08

Pat. nf IA,
h, o,,,o,,l ,i,,.n,t,,, -, , ar
r,o r,,ta,'a, ,',,,J,,,, ,t - ,t,',
.,,,,i,I ,,,.,t, vh, ,,,,l,,,,i -, .,is ~
so, -, ,h, ro,,nn,tn, >ttss ,,,a M
,,n and NJ. corr,iIus v,rLn,,,ii, -,
Er,. Vail ',,l ,t,n,, ~ r,., rharlas
n nm. h,4rr,,no, ,h, N',,i,,,aI ',,,,
n,,,,,. o.,,,n,.d ,ha Ur,, ,b,,r ,L. ,rs,
row ms, nnrt ~, T.,,n,r,,v ,,hnjrn,,,
uorainy and .x.snra'nr Nnrr,v cr,na
a, N,,s,ctus,,ts w,s i, r,s fayo,i,,
nIoco ius, h,cI ~, uIIos Torcbt,g
,Ln,,.s ,,t,b ,baoo ,,,,r, r,,,l,i,, Nurnh,
-, Tov Jors.y p,nd smnn, -, I.,ob
w,rra, n, Wvnmin, AND Mr. p1r,,s .,
~ VII /, w, moo, ,,J ha,,a,
,rr,,rr.mnnt for n hand az s,ra,a,y
Tho nl,,fn,n, w,s ,,,,nn.d fnr al,,os,
,,..,r, ,,,ysihi. ,,,.r,.,,,',, rai,,,hano.
ve,, rigr,d nm and w,thin easy roachinr
dis,,nca or ,he ch,i,,,,, ,n1 ,h, .o,ra7
,,rios A, ona -, ,N. Am .,acas 40 ~
rnrnir,s session ,hess nh0n,s yar,
n,iiiznd IA end ou, vb,, ,,a .o,rg an
N ,h, prnrr.ss,,a ,n,y.n,ior ,ba
Audi,orium Tba,,ro m. r,d .iohe N,
an inc,uIascen, I,,bt d,nc,o, a, ,ha s;, l.,
NJ the ,Iesk denntinp tho nl,rs ~ r,I,
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-06-08
FORT VAUX CUT OFF.
French Unable "a Get WOrd From
Their Troops There.

t,n,, ,,,,o Ior, v,ux "a, ,ha
Ht ,ha Nee uhirh bao heor
49,, ,hi.n,,ys ~ reneotod German M.
Wv -, ,.,oIar.a ,nr ,ha noe,
10 ,,,,bs and which has hoo, ,h.
-, -, aI,nos, ,,r,iruous aybtiny for
''ntIt 49,, 49,, -, n,,,, -,
v'"' i,E ,h' ras, -, ~. Erench lin.
' e"'lO' ,,,i, ,,,or,i,'c and tho rranrh
w osar, topiph, intinates the nos
M, Nm otu, ,ra, !, nns t,iian
., oor,,,,,ninua rho War or6ce
III hs '",.'.'.u'.,' ,., ''sai''i 49, 4.
quo,'s 'le We '',tn ,ha aToc, ,ha, ,ha ,nrt
Su'u lo1'"E y" ias, o,o,,u,
T., ,.a,,r,, ,bc war ofhce saws that the
III repIF i,, ' ,,a ~, ,,a Er.rob
'o'' wa a,'ti ~ ~. a., ~, s,no,
a. ,',,,,9o,,io, 49, Voc heor on,
Ia '''"e 80, -, ,to ,,to,on, ho,,h,rd
VII az '"'
"eaN , ......,,,,.,,. ,,.,,oa h,. ,h,
ne nIh''tl .o'n.'" - su,,os
N"' '"'''
on the leit bhhk OF 'h' Meuse '".'e
was great artillery ACTIVITY III 'he
region OF mn "uf -
ON the risht pahk the o~olhpar.'"en. ~
first and second lines from 'he region
rho C:ermans announced to-day that
49,, Wv fail into their hands on the
,a,,i,c of Iune & on June 4 AT
o,-A NJ Fort Vaux was still in our
h,,,d. since that time, as the result
~ ,he ,iolence of the bombardmcn,
i, mas NOT been possib,e to maintain
/ oor,nun,c,tiop with the fort.
In ,be Vosges. German reconnois-
sa,Ces directed against our positions
. .n,,tb az ,'elles. were repulsed by our
nrc
There was an intermittent cannonade
-, tho rest of IN, front.
conture OF Fort Vaux on March . IN III,
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-06-08

The leaders OF the party in selecting
senator Warren g. Harding OF oh" u"
deliver the opening addr"ss-tne cam
paign k.ynote-Wcr" sure hey Had
found the very man to illuminate en-
trusiasm. to lift the delegates and Nisi-
tur,, 10 great height Of zeal and party
devotion They were disappointed.
senator Ilardlng's : speech fell ilat,
The senator did his level best; no
doubt OF that He gave them good
old fashioned Republican speech with
a few new trimmings. but 1t was OF no
use. Practically all of the applause
arose from his own Ohio delegation. The
rest Of the delegate mass scarcely rip
MED He spoke for one hour and seven
minutes and at the end he was mildly
applauded for twelve seconds.
No one can exactly explain what was
,h. matter. Various attempts We're
made Some persons point out that
tn, general uncertainty after days and
da,s Of futile milling about was fatal
to conycntion enthusiasm. Others think
I that perhaps the Republicans are try
ing 50 hard for harmony that they nave
{ lost their spirit that they are AFRAID
IN make "A loud noise for fear of hurt
ing somebody's feelings. Another rea-
son offered touches upon the lack of real
s leaders The delegates are ready to
: march and cheer and act like live men
instead of mummes. but there seems 10
b, no one to give them the necessary cue
to tell them when to cheer ana what
about.
Then there was the weather. \ more
execrahle day never dripprd from any
set of 365 \ slashng rain blown from
an unfrieudly lake dampencd clothe'
and depressed spirits. II did not pre-
vent the Coliseum from being crowded
TO capacity. but II kent people from til,
streets, discouraged demonstrations
prompted desire to get the days Msi
ness over and done with ms rapidly a
possible. Rad weather for Republican
national conventions is an almost un
heard Of thing For the q, o, l.. thu
sun usually shines In June, whatever 4
may do in November To-day was like
"A particularly disagreeable slice o
January.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-06-08

-Four years ago in Chicago tner. was
born of mighty aspiration tn, new
Progressive party. untrammClled 10y trt.
dition and interrupted by power, with
the single design and determination to
bring to the nation Justice. fortitude AL
wisdom
Then We in this country turned
permanently our backs ON the past -:
blind partisanship. prejudice and sc,tish-
ness We turned our face To tn" grca.-
est thing iu the worlr-the achievement
Of "A practical work kiday brotherhood.
"ln the m DIST Of our lahors came the
shadow of the Dlhod red tide IN Europe.
Reaction swept across the world. politi
cal. economic and moral. 1t has been n
hard fight. but the true and the tried
progr. .ssivcs during the last four yea 5
have kept the faith
instantly every delegate was on his
feet. Interrupted by shouting, MI. Mug-
dock went on
They KEEP, IT down In the good old
4 state oil Maine and In thc uiadi- -,
liberty. Massachusetts. and all through
New England They kept 1t IN New iora
and PENNSYLVANIA. in Michigan. in OHIO
. and everywhere. Even out in the prair''
I state s-oh how We drank the deep dreGs
of defeat and stood by principle.
In the South there lived the new m
tlonal re-. ..liZation that those Who thin
alike should act together Down IN tl'
I southland how they fought Nud out ~
/ the Golden West lcheers for johnson
from the Sierra delegitcsl. out In mag
4 nihcrnt california, the best ana th'
brightest and the hravcs'. Gov
Johnson"
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-06-08

present 20 the eyes u' the tAruug an
attractive convention han interior. The
great spaces OF the Coliseum giowed
with the national colors. Flags wer.
draped along the two tiers OF galleries
Flags hung at regular intervals from
the ceiling Flags Were looped upon
the south wall as background FOR an oil
portrait OF Abraham Lincoln. life size
painting upon which the light from
shaded incandesccnts fell softly. /, was
the only picture % Republican leader
"t the past or present that had been
placed I'm the hail
The ceiling revealed a new fashion
10 convention decorations IN" steel
beams, stark and ugly. were hidden by
plain white Shecting. which curved il
sraceful folds from the sl<yiights 10 the
side walls The cross heans some ten
irrt apart IN the cUry.ng roof Of the
Coliseum, We're covered with pale yellow
cheese cloth, som, what more than
usual taste had hceu displayed in tn,
decorations Tor this convention.
The sneakers stand ~ the south end
of the building, raised seven feet above
IN" floor level is entirely cut of from
the auditorium. and access to II can
only be- had through ruuNlli hsgiuuiuL
, AZ IN" extreme rear Of the building
Projecting Ike tongue from the mair
body @; he stand Is - loug and narrow
platform for th. exclusive use Of The
chairman and ~" speakers. II divides
exactly the rows OF seats occupied hN
newspaper correspondents from all ove'
the United States
When senator Harding. the tempo
d rary chairman. made his address thj,
! morning he couN have leaned over II.
rim Of this narrow platform. { he ha,
desired, and shaken hands with the dele
gates from New York and from his owr
state seated in TIA" front rows of tn,
auditorium Directly over the pla'fo form
or captains bridge was suspended
gigantic. curiously shaped souudG:
board Imagine 4 calla lily with Sliar,
petals, and all somewhat larger than .
,aNiCab. aud one may have a fair motion
Of this device designed to project spcecl
10 IN. furthest corners of the hall
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-06-08
Look to Roosevelt to Pick Nominee.

discussed XPresi
privilege selecting the Republican
with Mr. Roosevelt the
him that he could he nominated
" the with their assistance
understanding with him regard to
appear and speak Republican
giving the chief credit to Col
Roosevelt
declared tonight that the event that COL
with them unity
plan Charles President by the
Repuh
that they had
the Hughes strength the first ballot
Hughes strength would be 800
Penroses
according indicated The
Roosevelt figures, declared. indicated "A deadlock
the Republican party who familiar with every deta
predictions asserted tonight
sufficient to him the
insisted he would be
by the possibly on the second roll call
other hand intends forward
Of Roosevelt probably by Friday the
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-06-08
Hands Are seldom Heard.

The doors of the Coliseum. which Is
the nearest thing to Madison Square
Garden that Chicago affords, were open
at o'clock and from then on there
was fairly steady stream OF dele
gates and visitors to the big building
on Wabash avenue, Tickets had been 40
hard to get and were at such price that
there was a natural desire to be early
ON the ground A band or two did it's
best to arouse dropping spirits but had
moor success, and the music makers
we're seldom heard from during the
short proceedings,
An especial effort had been made to
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-06-08
CONVENTION 4 WILD SCENE
OVER THE COLONEL'S NAME
Chairman Robinss Speech Stopped While Delegates
Dance, Shout, Sing, Romp and Parade About
Theatre With Roosevelt Banners

CHICAGO. June THE Progresslves
shouted I've Want Teddy for an hour
and thirty-six minutes to-day, and that
was the start Of their convention.
or course this isn't all they said or
did in the second longest splurge on
record that exploded with the naming
Of their ideal" by Temporary Chair
man Raymond Robins.
They marched and stamped and sang
and danced around the Goddess of Lib
crty they romped through every antic
known to the old prompt book OF con-
vention demonstrations" and invented
several lines for new one. /, was -
wonderfully picturesque show. aud Wa
essentially spontaneous
And the gis, OF it all, the message
flung from the Auditorium to the Repub-
licans at the Coliseum by the tire tried
band. which to-day revived the "On-
ward. Christian Soldiers. fervor of 1872
was. I'VE Want Teddy. Teddy" In
approved proclaimed that the Progress
sivcs were going to r.elect Wilson un-
less the Colonel was terminated
The demonstration for Rooseyeh 10y
the 5000 III the Auditorium broke tn,
endurance record set by the Democrats b,
, convention al Denver In 1905. when tn,
mention of Bryan's name by the tenn
porary chairman was followed by hula
baloo that lasted one hour and nfieeI
minutes. by keeping 1t up that Ions
the Democrats beat the demonstrators
at the Republican 1905 convention. which
lasted exactly forty mine minutes. aftei
Senator Lodge, the temporary chairman
mentioned the Coloners name. and ther,
/ began the organized attempt to STAN
/ pede the convention for Roosevelt a
/ against Taft.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-06-08
Foresee Repetition of 1912.

nomination Jus
Hughes Republican still matter of doubt The
of the Republican
Col Roosevelt he
the Republican ticket
President Wilson wi" have disap
peared, the leaders admit
Roosevelt has taken of
confidence
convinced that he obtain
Republican convention and he
play his cards o the last hand.
his followers engaged final effort
Republican by
repetition the 1912 The
breaking the Progressive
favor Of the partly due this plan.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-06-08

CHICAGO, William P Jackson Republican National Conn
tonight:
THEODORE ROOSEVELT, Oyster Bay N. Y:
The national demand the complete reunion OF the
which unhappy divided in 1912 believe that
Republican embed therefore most
Chicago Immediately to address this
and make in deiberaon II
willingness adopt this will
the privileges of the convention
floor WILLIAM p JACKSON,
Republican National Committeeman Maryland
in approval
OF the Republican leaders.
IN II last co ne
definitely
would
would reply it, however expected that Col Roosevelt
opportunity the Repub
lcans.
The between the Progressive and Republican
such na that Col Rooseves Chicago
there likelihood of bringing
nudde seriously discussed to-day Re-
designed bring about the of
The Jackson telegram tonight the
o
Progressive satisfied they do
himself forward their The Republicans likewise
being able reach satisfactory
understanding with the Bull Moes under present circumstances
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-06-08
Growing Strength of Jurist Leads to Predic-
ton That Nothing but T. RS Presence and
Aid for Harmony Can Stop the Nomina-
ton of the Justice and Threat
ened Third Ticket.
COLONEL WILL NOT GO, CHICAGO
HEARS, BUT WILL SEND MESSAGE

Roosevelt Still Fighting to Head Reunited Party; His
Friends at Midnight, Say Hughes Cannot Muster
Over 36O Votes and Foresee Deadlock-Test
Vote Expected To-day.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-06-08
Needed No lrRing.

In every delegation a self-appointel
eNhor,er got on "A chair and urged his
comrades on. The truth was they
needed no urging. All the eargerness
of the Progressivcs. all their resentment
toward the obdurate Republicans and
their loyalty to their own leader was
being expressed in this fantastic but
human and traditional way
Through a rift In the clamor the band
was heard again. II was playing Tho
Red, White and Blue" fortissimo IN
the second balcony "A woman was Wsv-
Continued on Second Page.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-06-08

such a movement, JNcrs arc oqually
emphatic in declarinS>NN Nj Eopfa.
welt will not desert the Ncu vlp .n.
lowed him in ia2 and thlr 4 'r"' .r.
At to call him M ne hrAr,,. . 3. %.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-06-08
T. r. Holds Key to C. O. P.'s Fate.

the Republican
the Republican
the general
from the delegates they arrived in Chicago
the the gloss over
the COL Roosevelt holds the fate
hollow his hand but they considering possibility trying
o the party through accepting him nominee
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-06-08

-. GREAT BEAR SPRING WATER.
Ve me ;ase OF six glass stoppered bottles
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-06-08

Two opinions prevail here in regard
to Mr.. Roosevelts attitude toward the
Progressive nomination. Several OF
his close friends insist he does not
want to run ON an independent ticket
again and that ne viii decline to head
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-06-08

vas elected temporary c'a tnl' = d'i
escorted to the stage by CO.. ,hHT"1
or California, Oscar StrdVs of New
York. Col John NJ. Parker Y Louisiana
and Thomas II. Martin OF Minuesctl.
Back near the boxes the hear flag
"f California waved FOR the Governor.
small Hays were tossing every .rher =
and the big ones along the walls of the
theatre and over the stage rustl'i ~
'hecrs beat against them.
II IS hard for Victor Mv"dock 'c hc
.olcmn. Laughter followed his 'pening
words as he introduced Mr. Robins
Members II the convention OF tire
National Progressive party--ard Chris
tian solders----
The delegates were tickled. They
don't want this Christian soldier busi.
ness to be forgotten They started
s.u-.uC the old gospel hymn Th,
band joined in. Flags were unfurle,
gain. As the singing ceased "A tlr
voice from Arkansas squ,aked -"-
mnder I'VE want Teddy. Mr. Mu--
dock nodded his head and went on.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-06-08

The town of Ashkala js about thirty
NJ ~',' Of the city Of lGrZcruiu
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-06-08

Continued on Fourth Page,
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-06-08

Confined IN FVth Page.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1916-06-08

COntinued on Second Page.
The Columbus courier. [volume] (Columbus, Luna County, N.M.) 1911-1920, 1916-12-22
sANTA CLAUS TO VISIT
POOR KIDS OF STATE
ailI be no empty stockings on
Christmas morning If DIR.
Lukens is notified

There will be no empty stock
;nCs hanging by the fire side in
New Mexico on Christmas morn
mo- if Dr. c. +. Lukens, superin-
.enden, of the Children's Home
Society has his way. No home,
however humble, will be over
Iooked by Santa Claus, nor will
here be a lack of Christmas
heer and Christmas plenty in
nv family in the state.
dr. Lukens has asked that all
who know of a needy family in
New Mexico, the members of
which face the prospect of a lack
If ,fyulctide merriment, communi-
ate the name of such family to
him. Especially does he want
the names of families where the
.hldrpn are likely to see moth
ng Of Santa Claus or his bene-
licences on Christmas morning.
lust the names and addresses is
al that DR.. Lukens wants. He
and Santa Claus will attend TO
NE rest.
KITS Kringle Incorporated"
Is what DR.. Lukens calls his So
,iety for the time being and il
IS the determination of the soci-
ETY. and its superintendent that
nobody shall feel the pinch of
want on Christmas day this
year and that there shall not be
q kiddie in New Mexico to wear
he wistful look of disappoint-
ment on account of the failure of
santa Claus to come down the
chimney. Everybody in the
state who wants to see Kris
Nringle Incorporated" do a big
business this year and score a
complete success is invited to
communicate with Dr. {. f..
Lukens, superintendent of the
Childrens' Home Society, Albu-
querque. New Mexico.
The Columbus courier. [volume] (Columbus, Luna County, N.M.) 1911-1920, 1916-12-22
FARMERS WEEK At THE
NEW MEXICO COLLEGE

Preparations are being made
at the state agricultural college
o provide for an unusually inter
sting program for farmers and
heir wives at the farmers week
md home-makers' conference TO
De held at the college at Mesilla
Park, January 8 to l3. The
week is to be devoted to the in
erestS of the farmers especially
although there will be many lee
ures, short courses and enter
amment features attractive to
he general public. A number of
prominent speakers, experts in
heir lines, from many parts of
ne country, have been engaged
or the program, which will be
.onducted under the extension
Ilylsion of the college.
The farmers week of last Jan
lary was a decided success, with
! large attendance. 1t is be-
Aeyed that the coming program
VIII be even more instructive and
Entertaining than the last one,
md that the attendance will be
much larger.
Those who may contemplate
attending can obtain complete
information by writing to the
extension division at the state
College.
The postofiice win be open BE-
,ween the hours of 8 and 10 am.
only, on Christmas and New
Years Day.
The Columbus courier. [volume] (Columbus, Luna County, N.M.) 1911-1920, 1916-12-22
WOMENS' {. T. L. ELECTS
OFFICERS FOR YEAR

The Womcns' Christian Tenn
perance Union met at the home
of Mrs. W. T. Ritchie on the 18th
instant for their annual election
Of officers. Mrs. 4. j. Evans
was elected president, Mrs. r.
W. Elliott vice president, Mrs.
W. r. Ritchie secretary, and
Mrs. /. J. Peach corresponding
secretary. Dainty refreshments
were served after the election Of
officers and the ladies adjourned
to meet at the parsonage on the
second Tuesday in January.
The Columbus courier. [volume] (Columbus, Luna County, N.M.) 1911-1920, 1916-12-22

Inc affidavit should also state
the desired loans added together
amount to $4,000 or more.
But farmers cannot ioin with
out buying shares in the associa-
ton. The value of each share
Is fixed at the low price of IS
each. Every farmer who be-
comes a member of national
idrm loan association also be-
comes a borrower and a share
holder at the same time. For
the law says that he must sub
scribe for stock to the amount
of > per cent OF his desired loan.
II he wants TO borrow SlOO he
must take one share of stock: if
$500 two shares; if $1,000 ten
shares; and if $4,000 one hun
dred shares
When tine charter has been
granted the association can Dor
10" money OF the land bank. The
mortgages are then prepared and
delivered to the secrctary-treas-
urrr who forwards them to the
federal land bank Of the district.
On its part, the land bank sends
the money for the loans to the
socretary-treasurer Of the asso-
clation. He i'm turn delivers the
proper amount Of money to the
respective borrowers and the
farm mortgage transaction is
closed. The farmer has thus
been enabled to borrow money
ON first mortgage with practic-
ally no trouble on expense on his
part.
Let it be plainly understood
that farmers can form their pre-
liminary organizations at once.
They can have their directors
chosen, as well as their president
vice president. loan committee.
and Secretary-treasurer. But
they cannot receive their charter
nor can they borrow money Of
the land bank until these have
been located and organized. This
may take several months.
But, if the farmers have all
The Columbus courier. [volume] (Columbus, Luna County, N.M.) 1911-1920, 1916-12-22
6lO-ACRE HOMESTEAD
BILL UP TO PRESIDENT

All the disputed points in the
Ferris bill to provide 5i0-acre
homesteads, principally for graz
ing purposes, have been smooth
ed out and the measure has gone
to the president for signature.
The bill has been supported by
the department of the interior
and all congressman from the
western states.