davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-08-29
THREE MEN INJURED.

Gilman, Aug. %. Three men were
injured, two probably fatally in col
lision between an automobile and q
gasoline railroad handcar on the Min
neapolis and st. Louis railroad near
here last night. The most seriously in
Jured were: J. L. Smith and Harry
Freez Of Clear Lake, who occupied the
automobile, while N. Knutson, section
foreman, who operated the handcar.
was the third.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-08-29
"SiNG" ON FINGERS,

Chicago, Aug. 2S. Sever. '-,--,
deaf mutes raised their ha,,'s
night and sang MY Country '
Thee" on their fingers. III
was the celebration of lIa +shca Il i;
day. the deaf mutes annual fea !.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-08-29
Formal Declaration of War
Upon Austria Hungary
Adds a Belligerent
HARD FIGHTING ON +.
MACEDONIAN FRONTS
Little Change in Situation
ON the Somme, Partly Due
to the Bad Weather

Berlin, Aug. 20. Fighting has
begun between Rumanian and Teu.
tonic troops on the .TranslyvanIan
frontier, the OFFICIAL announcement
Of today Indicates. The statement
says Rumanlans have been taken
prisoner. <. s-1se. ~.
The announcement says the Ru-
manians were captured on the
Transylvanian frontier.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-08-29

<e:ontinued on Page 81
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1916-10-21
MINERS Demand
For a New Scale of Wages /
Turned Down by the Coal
Company.

PUNXSUTAWNEY, Pa. Oct. 81
p. NJ Clark. assistant to the presi-
dent OF the Rochester and Pittsburg
Coal and Iron Company, today issued
statement refusing the demand OF
the company's 1000 miners for a
scale to displace that agreed upon
several months ago with the United
Mine Workers OF America. This was
answered by the strikers committee
in statement which said they had
never ratified the scale. The men
demand an eight-hour DAY for all
outside workers with time and half
for overtime; an increase Of five
cents ton for all miners and extra
compensation when certain classes OF
work are to be done. They also slip
mand that where the company stip-
ulates the use OF electric light the
company shall provide it. The mines
have been idle for several days. All
OF them are guarded, officials say, to
prevent damage.
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1916-10-21
COAL FAMINE
Is Being Faced by the Railroads
in the PittSburg District,
a Coal Country.

PITTSBURG, Oct. 21-Railroads
in the Pittsburg district are facing
a coal famine and it was stated here
today that for the first time in years
an agent has been sent to Chicago
in the hope OF buying coal. Prices
also are advancing but consumers say
they would be willing to pay If they
could get coal. The shortage is laid
to the extraordinary deamnd apd the
car shortage. Associations OF coal
operators reporting that the output
OF mines in the biturllnous district
of western Pennsylvania and eastern
Ohio Is seriously curtailed because
of their inability to got cars. Official
reports to the Kanawha Coal Opera
tors Association at Charleston, w
Va, yesterday were that only 100
cars were available whore 500 were
needed.
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1916-10-21
Mrs. Sarah A. CASTOR
Is Dead of Paralysis

stroke, she had been unconscious most
of the time. Following the third stroke
week ago she gradually grew
weaker until she passed away Friday
afternoon.
Mrs. CASTOR was daughter Of Sol
onion and Mary Ward and was born
October rs. 1888, on the Ward farm
near West Milford. She resided there
until December 81, 1865, when she
married James w. CASTOR and they
moved to Duck creek. where they had
since resided. Mrs. CASTOR was a life
long member of the Baptist church at
West Milford.
Surviving relatives of the deceased
woman are her husband, James w
CASTOR; Gertrude, wife OF D. NJ. Davis
of this city, a daughter; H. D. CASTOR
son. who resides on Duck creek;
Ebenezer Ward, of Redwood, Martin
Ward, OF near West Milford. brothers
and Mrs. Druzilla Allen. of Weston
a sister.
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1916-10-21
Ohio Man Quotes an Interview
Given by AdamSon Himself
to Support Contention.
HUGHES WILL SWEEP WEST
Brig S. Young, Republican
Speaker, DenounCeS the
Railroad Bill.
"a deal had been made and the
goods had to be delivered. -

"a deal had been made and the
goods had to be delivered"
In these words Brig s. Young. OF
Ada, o., who Is stamping the state
for Charles II. Hughes, summed up
the situation which caused the pas
sage OF the Adamson railroad law.
To support his statement, Mr..
Young quoted from IN interview Civ
en- by Congressman Adamson and
published In the Atlanta Constitution,
Democratic newspaper, ON August
%, In which the congressman is quot
ed as saying that the administration
ana the brotherhood chiefs had on
understanding and that II had been
agreed that President Wilson would
be given an opportunity to make po-
ltticnl capital out of the strike.
West IL for IIughcS.
Mr.. Young made the above declara-
ton to representative of tho Tele-
gram. The Ohio man, who spoke at
Grafton Thursday night and at Flem-
ington last evening, is here on a visit
to Republican state Headquarters, He
VIII speak at Spencer Monday night.
The Democratic claims that Wilson
VIII carry Ohio, Indiana and several
other western and middle western
states were exploded by Mr.. Young.
who has travelled extensively in
these sections since the opening OF the
campaign.
Il have heen In California, Ore
ron, Washington and practically ey-
rrv one OF the weston statcs. I have
been in Indiana for the last three
weeks. The political situation, not
withstnndlng the Democratic claims.
Indicates that all these states are alb
soiutely and unQuestionubly for
Hughes Indiana Will give the presi-
dental ticket majority OF 10000.
will elect Republican governor and
both Republican candidates for Unit
cd States senator and Will send Re-
publican majority to the lower house
OF Congress.
democratic Claims Bunk.
"'flc Democratic propogandists are
claiming Ohio. So.cnlled straw votes.
largely taken In cities, indicates
-->-N---~----~--S->---~-~~
CONTINUED on page 81
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1916-10-21
nv c. @. Coulter.

Does organized Interstate labor un-
derstand and appreciate that 1t has,
by President Wilson's initiative sur
rendered It's rights OF private con-
tract with employers Of labor used
In Interstate commerce? Do the
four brotherhoods appreciate and
know that II President Wilson's leg
islation is found constitutional that
the first step has been taken by the
Congress of the United States, where
in the rights OF private contract has
been abridged? Does organized la
Dor throughout the nation appreci-
ate and realize that, by President
Wilson's activities in causing the ex-
istence of the Adamson law, that II
has voluntarily surrendered Its rights
OF private contract to a legislative
body, to-wit: Congress? and, II
surrendered to Congress in Interstate
commerce, 1t has also surrendered
the right OF contract to the several
state legislatures in interstate COM
merce. That Is to say, organized la
Dor has surrendered. by the Adamson
bill, the only weapon, the only Of
fective instrumentality the right OF
private contract. which has its fullest
expression in the absolute freedom
to use the strike. The strike" Is
but a refusal to work for an em-
ployer on terms not satisfactory to
the employer. If this right is taken
from the employee, he is without a
remedy.
The Adamson law was unfair la
Dor legislation. 1t was a political ex-
pedlent, by the enactment of which
President Wilson hopes to have de-
ceived organized labor until after
the November election and thereby
secure his return to power. Organ
lied labor cannot afford to retain in
Office one who is either false to the
very life of organized labor or has
not sufficient intelligence to enact
protective legislation for employees
engaged in interstate commerce. In
either event, organized labor should
cast its vote sclidly against President
Wilson, because he has led organized
labor into one complete and perfect
condition where organized labor
becomes utterly helpless and pros
trate, and which, pursued to its log
OF all organized labor and shbstitu-
ton therefor of board of the will
OF a majority of legislative body,
over which organized labor has no
control and at the mercy of which,
organized labor will have and possess
no purpose for organization.
Congress has enacted laws con-
trolling the freight charges and all
the matters relating to the relation
ship between shippers and carriers
and for the purpose Of determining
between them mas created the Inter
state Commerce Commission. Does
organized labor wish to submit its
differences with the interstate COM
merce corporations to the Interstate
Commerce Commission or any SINH
lar body created by Congress or any
legislature? Assuredly. organized la
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1916-10-21
LILLY MANAGER
TAKES UP WORK
At Republican State Headquar,
tiers Here and Will Stay
to End of Campaign.

DR.. S. S. suthpin. of Beckley. ar
rived at Republican state headquar-
tiers here today, where he will remain
until the close of the present cam
paign, giving his service for the ben
eft OF the party. DR.. Suthpin is ag-
gressive and experienced in campaign
work. He has proved that time and
again in his home county of Raleigh,
and in the congressional district of
which ii is part. He proved 1t in a
larger way more recently as the man.
ager Of Attorney General A. A. Lilly's
campaign for the nomination for gov
ernor. pr. Suthpin was at the head
of that campaign as the trusted intl-
mate personal friend of General Lilly,
and political expert in whose judg-
ment Geenral Lilly reposed the ut
most confidence.
II have offered my services to the
party without solicitation" declared
Dr. Suthpin today. Il want to have
an active part in bringing about a
sweeping Republican victory in West
Virginia. shall do all can to pro-
mote party victory, which feel alb
solutely confident will be achieved
~~-S~~~->--~-~-
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1916-10-21
TUG SVAED
BY the Heroism Of Its Aged
Captain and Two Members
of His Crew.

DETROIT, Oct. 21.-Manned only
by its aged captain and two members
of his crew, the tug Shaun Thue, of
Detroit, was brought safely to Pelee
island. Ontario, this forenoon. The
vessel was disabled in the terrific
storm on Lake Erie last night. When
tug came to the rescue early today
1t is claimed five members of the
Shaun Rhue's crew left their ship and
were taken aboard the rescuing tug.
Captain Robert Names, IS years OF
age, refused to leave his tug, and ac-
cording to reports received here, his
engineer and cook decided to stay
with him. The skipper steered his
ship through the gale to Pelee island,
while the other ship proceeded to
Kingsville, Ontario.
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1916-10-21
CHINESE TERRITORY
is SEIZED By FRENCH
Chinese Police Are Arrested
and Frenchmen Are Substi-
tuted for Them.

PEKING. Oct. PA square mile Of
territory adjoining the French con-
cession at Tientsen has been forcibiy
seized by the French consul with the
assistance OF troops. The Chinese DO
lice were arrested and Frenchmen
substituted for them. Replying to a
protest from the Chinese foreign office,
the French legation at Pelin said il
assumed the responsibility for the nc.
ton.
The district occupied by the French
is thickly populated and the Chinese
are threatening violence as they have
stubbornly resisted for many years
annexation to the French concession
ad in its protest TO the French lega-
ton the foreign office gave warning
that it would not be responsible il
violence resulted.
The Chinese press is violently as-
sailing the action OF the French de-
claring that 1t 'surpasses Japanese
tactics and Is actual warfare against
defenseless China
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1916-10-21
Wife Of James W. Castor, q
Well Known Resident of
Duck Creek, This County.

Mrs. Sarah A. CASTOR, wife OF James
W. CASTOR, died at AIS o'clock Friday
afternoon at her home on Duck creek
following a long Illness due to par
alysis. Funeral services will be held
at o'clock Sunday afternoon at the
Methodist Protestant church. The Rev
Mr.. Satterfield. pastor OF the church.
and the Rev. B. P. Holden, pastor OF
the Baptist church at West Milford
of which the deceased was member
will conduct the services. The burial
will be in the church cemetery.
Mrs. CASTOR received first stroke
of paralysis in August, 1915. She
partly recovered from this and en-
joyed fairly good health until last
August, when she received a second
stroke From that time until about a
week ago, when she received third
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1916-10-21
CREW ALL DROWNED
EXCEPT THE CAPTAIN

but marine directories show no barge
Of that name, 1t may be the d. u.
Filler, owned by the Hines Transpor-
tation Company, of Chicago.
A later wireless message from the
Western States confirmed the name
Of the lost barge as the Filler and
said that OF the crew OF seven all
were drowned except the captain.
John Mattison.
After being left by the tempest al
Bar Point the Filler dragged It's
anchor six miles in the storm and
then foundered.
The Filler was ship of 3S9 tons
and hailed from Michigan City and
was loaded at Buffalo with coal.
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1916-10-21
WHAT A LABOR LEADER THINKS
OF The ADAMSON RAILROAD BILL
Opinion Of c. Coulter, Editor the City Railway
Employees Journal

Dor has no such intention, and above
all things. does not desire such legis-
lation. Nevertheless, President Will
son, by the Adamson act. has placed
organized labor in the exact position
that the shippers bear to the carrier,
and If the Adamson act is found CON
stltutional, the next legislation will
be to place the hours Of day and the
wages of the employee in the hands
OF this governmental agency called
the Interstate Commerce Commits
sion. or state railway boards or other
similar boards.
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1916-10-21
RESCUE CREW
Resumes the Work OF Recover
ing Bodies from the Jam
iSon Coal Mine.

FAIRMONT. OCT. 2I-Thc work
OF recovering the bodies Of the nine
entombed miners in Mine No. OF
the Jamison Coal Company was re-
sumed at 2;30 o'clock today, A
cage has been constructed and placed
In position and rescue party will
descend into the mine. II Is thought
the body OF Matthew Allison, chief
electrician, will be located at once,
other rescue parties having seen his
body. It is thought more difficulty
will be experienced In locating the
bodies Of the others.
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1916-10-21
EGGS SEIZED
BY the Municipal Authorities at
Milan in Order to Prevent
Speculation.

ROME, Oct. 21.-The municipal au-
thorities at Milan have seized 100 cars
containing 100000 eggs as result
Of campaign to prevent speculation.
Milan, Rome and other centers have
been eggless for the last week not
withstanding the existence OF immense
stocks. II is expected that the govern
ment will fix uniform price of three
cents throughout Italy and sieze and
sell all eggs at this price.
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1916-10-21
DEFENDERS OF VILLAGE
LOSE IN AN ATTACK

PETROGRAD, Oct. 2l.-An attack
on the Russell oumanian lines in Dob
rudja by Field Marshall Won Macken-
sens forces yesterday resulted. in the
loss to the defenders OF the village OF
Kokardja, the war office announced
today. Later attacks on the Entente
line in the same region were repulsed
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1916-10-21
LIFELONG DEMOCRAT
Comes Out for the Entire Re-
publican Ticket and Makes
a Speech for 1t.
msreIAL 70 ras rELsssAs,

HAMLIN, Oct. 2l.-The Rev. Pet
Porter, a widely known minister OF
Lincoln county. caused surprise by
announcing that he had seen the light
and had been converted to Republican
principles. He has been lifelong
Democrat, but in a statement made
public he says he will support the
entire Republican ticket this year
from Hughes down the list of candi-
dates. At big club meeting held
at BranoAfield, he made formal an
nouncement of his change of parties,
delivering an address which stirred
a large audience to frequent enthus-
iastic demonstrations.
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1916-10-21
FOOD PROBLEMS
OF Germany Are to Be Consid-
cred at a Conference of
Ministers in Berlin.

BERLIN. Oct. IA conference in
which all leading ministers OF the Ger
man federal states will participate
will be held in Berlin today. Invita-
tons for the meeting were issued by
the imperial chancellor. Or. Won Beth
mann-H ollwog, The conference will
deal with food problems. mainly the
question OF providing the empire with
potatoes for the winter
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1916-10-21
NOT GUILTY
Verdict is Returned by the Jury
in Trial of a Railroad
Engineer.

WESTERLY, Il. l.. oct. PA
verdict of not guilty of granddaughter
was returned by jury here early
today in the trial OF Charles H. Mans
field. engineer of the Gilt Edge ex-
press of the New York, New Haven
and Hartford railroad, which was
wrecked at Bradford on April ~,
causing the death OF Ave persons.
The jury was out more than eight
hours.
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1916-10-21
Do NOT KNOW
Officially Whether Carranza
Has Named New Member
of Commission.

ATLANTIC CITY, oct. 21-Mem-
bers Of the Mexican-Amcrlcan joint
commission said today they had re-
celved no confirmation of a report
from Mexico City that General Pablo
Gonzales, minister OF communica-
tons. had been named by General
Carranza to succeed Lewis Cabrera
as one of the commissioners and that
Mr.. Cabrera would become Mexican
ambassador designate In succession
to Ellseo ArredondO.
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1916-10-21
STATES SHARE
In Federal Appropriations for
State Troops is between
$4,000 and $4,000.

WASHINGTON, Oct. 21.-There are
2S,l69 enlisted men OF the national
guard not yet called into federal ser.
vice, but who have taken the dual en-.
listment oath required by the army
reorganization bill and therefore may
share in federal appropriations fol-
state troops.
Pennsylvania share of the appro.
priation is less than $4,000 and West
Virginia's share is from $4,000 tic
$4,000.
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1916-10-21
When Barge Known as the Filler
is Wrecked OFF Bar Point
on the Lake.

CLEVELAND. o.. Oct. 21-The
Detroit and Cleveland Navigation
Company's office here today received
wireless message from the captain
OF its passenger steamer Western
States. which left Detroit for Cleve-
land this morning, that he was stand
Ing by the wreck of a barge off Bar
Point. that six of the crew had been
drowned, one was rescued and that
one was still in the rigging. The
barge is said to be the d. L. Fisher,
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1916-10-21
MRS. FARNAM
New York Woman is Decorated
by the Crown Prince of
Serbia Personally.

VoDENA, Greece. Oct. 21.-Crown
Prince Alexander of Serbia has deco
rated personally Mrs. Charles Farnam,
of New York, with the order Of ST.
sava for her services in Serbian re-
lief work. Mrs. Farnam was the first
woman of any nationality to enter re-
conquered Serbian territory. She ac-
eompanied the crown prince when the
serblans crossed the Cerna river above
Dobroyeni and stormed the Bulgarian
stronghold OF Brod.
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1916-10-21
SCHOONER WRECKED.

NORFOLK. Va. Oct. 21.-Seven
members OF the crew of the four
masted American schooner, Sannie C.
Brown, of Fall River, Mass. were
brought here this morning by the Nor
wegian steamer, Aeon, after Captain
Carter and the first mate had been
lost when the boat was shipwrecked
in midOcean.
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1916-10-21
loss OF life
In Connection with FoundeHng
of a Steamer on Lake
Erie Not Known Yet.

CLEVELAND, O., Oct. 21-The
steamer F. G. Hartwell. with eleven
survivors of the wreck OF the steam
er Marshall S. Buffers, which foun-
dered yesterday afternoon of south
east shoal in Lake Erie had not ar
rived at Fairport harbor, near here.
today, as anticipated, and no word
had come from the craft so that there
still is doubt as to whether or not
there was any loss Of life when the
Buffers went down.
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1916-10-21
STEAMER IN DISTRESS.
tpy Assee,.yre psrss,
MAsHINGToN. a.. al.

WASHINGTON, Oct. 81. - The
American steamer Seward, vessel
Of 1850 tons, was reported In dis
tress yesterday on reef of Cape
Haitien. Hayti, and the navy trans
port Prairie and the tug Pontiac were
ordered to its assistance. Rear Ad-
miral Pond today reported by radio
to the navy department.
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1916-10-21

Louis Blazer was fined 81 and
costs by Magistrate Jackson V. Car
ter Saturday morning ~ being
drunk and disorderly at the Balti-
more and Ohio passenger station
Briday evening. Blazer paid the
fine and costs and was released. He
was arrested by A. E. Bryant. rail-
road policeman.
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1916-10-21
BLACK SEA TOWN is
CAPTURED BY TEUT0NS

BERLIN. via London. Oct. I'll
German troops have forced their way
into several points of the main posi-
lions OF the Russians in Roumania
south of Rachova on the Danube in
Dobrdja. The troops of the Central
powers captured the Black sea town
of Tuzla after stubborn fighting and
stormed the heights northwest OF
Toprai Sari, On the heights north
west Of Nufcioca some 5000 Russian
troops have been captured by the
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1916-10-21
MARRIAGE LICENSES.

Marriage licenses have been issued
to Charles A. Johnson and Oracle
Lee McCracken, Llewellyn L. Davis
and Lettie Maud Flint. Robert L.
Barnes and Leliah A. Ashcraft,
Frank Thomas and leila Stewart,
John Willis Wright and Margaret j..
Gill. and Harland L. Mccartney and
Louise f. Schrader.
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1916-10-21
SERB ARMY CAPTURES SEVERAL VILLAGES
BRITISH MAKING
MORE HEADWAY
MUST BE CORRECT.

We want to see order in Mex
leo restored. Why. they have
nothing, no semblance OF gov
eminent, except a military die
tatorship. and the people OF
Mexico are starving and bleed
ing. We want to help Mexico.
But we cannot help Mexico un-
less we are correct in our in
ternational policies and II We
are to have the tcem Of the
world instead of the cnmity OF
the world.-C II LES L.
HUGHES.
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1916-10-21
4++4A+4 &c : = : J. !. .
HUGHES CLUB MEETING.

There will be meeting OF
the Harrison County Hughes
Club at 8 o'clock Monday night
in the organizations headquar-
tiers in the Gore building OH
Second street. Business of i'm
portance will be transacted and
a full attendance OF the mem
bership is urged.
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1916-10-21

LONDON, Oct. 21.-The British
on the Somme front have made addi-
tlonal Roadway in their push on
Bapaume along the main road from
Albert, according to today's an
nouncement by the war office. which
records gain OF ground near Butte
de-Warlencourt.
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1916-10-21
Serbian Forces Which Cross
the Cerna River Thrust the
BuIgarS Back.
OFFENSIVE is CONTINUED
On the Somme Front the British
Troops Push Forward on
Main Road.

PAKIS, Oct. 2I.-The OfllclaI ac-
count of operations on the Macedon-
ian front issued here today says that
the Serbian forces which crossed the
Cerna river. thrusting back the Bull
garians and capturing several villages
are continuing the offensive move
ment and have made further progress.
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1916-10-21
PRINCE APPOINTED.

AMSTERDAM, Oct. 21.-A Vienna
telegram says that Emperor Francis
Joseph has appointed Prince Henry of
Prussia, brother OF Emperor William,
a grand admiral of the Austrian navy,
an honorary title.