davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Der Deutsche correspondent. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1841-1918, 1916-11-24
9etdiiai:
iiua. Grui,Scnt hsr g5nirali gcborSe.
(NoNog o1l
@enaiiaf:
Nnfran bcr eirahensnrdbfnde. .0ommIIiare.

Snreon ocr northumberland
NufttmOrc, 2. Huuenlhcr 1915.
nie Observation-Disclosures GOnlIliiilure IN oct
Glaoi Baltimore mudDen bicrntii heinilflt Dab
nngboem lie brc Iaocllc iiber bic 6nilmdoiQus
ocn unfoiicli mo g9eribcrD0bunqen iilr COn'
oemuiruna uu6 Grdiinnng Der 1illroc 9'pao
nit cjncr GrctTc Ocn Sc 7,di, bon Der Ncilicr5s
inuu Aion0 bis 2iberiO oeiabis glUelihe iieht
6eli oaraui be5lgliohcn enogilliigen mo corris
orien crfldrenfcn 4yunen repioirt OdheL 9es
niuB Den &orbrilien 0es CHARTERS Der Si0of
baltimore nilo oer an %. ,5ebrunr 1Ol6 me
ier5ciMncicn @crcromlrg 9lr. 80 oeS Wia0orS
uio 5iapirniOe,
fe 6icrmii g{oii5 eebcu. oob bclagie Gabcue
lro Narie dit oieie 9Seiie Ooucnocl mo be-
Quubli poroen ilt nHo o0B Der WlnOor iliio
St0oiraib bon Baltimore, oner irGco ipclbe
EerUn obcr Reripnen, Gorpornlion oocr Sot'
porolionelt, Die nit ocm 3uprlb ocr gntlmd'
oqungcr o0cr bciaeien uuieregien gSerber'
b6bunpeil u5uirieocn lito, nnerbalb orciBig
(30) GdgcL bonn oriiten Tnge in Ncpcmbet
im SGbrc 1916, Dem @num Der criiell bon uiis
crldlicneH Bcrdncnili6uug oieier Holi5, o0ac'
Gen orrh idriltlide Bciilon an o1a baltimore
eiooiqeriobi qppclliren nioaeil inocm lie oaS
Scridll I'm cine &erllon ocriebeu anaeDen.
Subu S. Mnbiucttc,
ScmrD W. Nihcl
Narn ". 9lcnien,
Nonunilldrc.
Guscue q. glOoGcre,
(qlpbg 10 II oi)
Der Deutsche correspondent. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1841-1918, 1916-11-24
garean aes olrpanse.9nicpllars.

~ IOOciNbet lVlO.
gnqcboic perocH bon Der Gontrai Neb1roc
Der Staoi Baltimore anaenommen lr Abdn
neriuOeH oes &umbna Citizens Der iiioiuell
iden @oli5eiiaiion. Calhoun. mo graii Stry
ir oCn Wauor lui6 5taoirniD bon baltimore
glngcbote nlel. In NupliIat ousgclerlidt
an 6en AodrO ii slgares oi Baltimore GtD"
aoreiri iCln. ole Iuiidrit ,FropOial Jar
ALTERATIONS to 9lumbiug eGtem, sOutb Ncttru
Ro!ice stnilon, Calhoun ann &rntt streets"
itaQcn lmo bel Dem Stdots&egiiiraior Sru.
Nidldro G5tuEn In ieincm Niirenm IN oem
M0ibbduie uOr ooer I'M II llbr Gormiiidns
an 9fitiwodl, 6. Se5embcr 1916 clngerei1t
mcrfen
Sie 9luaeboie miiien bealeiiet iein bon elnem
bcQlnubiQieu 0bed oce 9ieters aul eine CLEAR
ina oouie 9anf1 i'm 9eirdae bon 5weibunbcrt
nnb iRni5in tS25000) Dollars, aui ole Srocr
oes WONurS mo Sinoraibe bon Baltimore
5nhlbag ..
Ser crfolqrcide @cicr mus cine eilrai6ait
iteaeu mo oie Sori6riieu PES Siaoi.GbnrierS
In Be5nQ ni 0onrnie erhuen;
8ldne rno Gpciiliatioucn oHrcr I'M Nii'
rcnn beS Gcbduoes NuipCiore am mn unD ocit
o. glphcmbcr 1915 belihiiqi mcr0cu.
Die 0onirnfi Ncb6roe bebdli iit cas- Rcht
Dor. iracno Elm ceer ale NH0fooie iufndiu'
wcilcu. - = w,...
EtehnuNa. NufNrflnr
Der Deutsche correspondent. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1841-1918, 1916-11-24
Californian feat scr G6rIidJfcit Ser @rusrciiucl

lin scr @oltif fciu oltcs 3cuGriB uIs. Naerbono
llure0emGBgfciten ino in Oieicnr bon Ocl ~9uIl'
moocrn bcbcrri6ien stootc BEL ocr eeten FrdiiOel'
cnpobl Dorgetomren
Der Deutsche correspondent. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1841-1918, 1916-11-24

6nSlidJ fat Charles IS. Snsbcs Dem YrdiiOenten
g8on 5u oeIicn g9eocrruobl 0rotnlirt GS bot etuas
lang oeoouert bs or icnc orud &oolcueIt mo icre
eacnc ar56tigfeit berbeigciiibrtc Nicoerlogc 6uec
gcbcn bat.
Der Deutsche correspondent. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1841-1918, 1916-11-24

u9rOsrcnpitat" in Der Eulhi iOatc ia i9uOuuul
lein nit cbritbeu Ssa1eu.
Der Deutsche correspondent. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1841-1918, 1916-11-24

Gorl Der OrIc bedt Der nenc Wlonardl Oer Sop,
pclmouurdic. Nolcutlid wlro g uaf 8u0e'" Su''
Der 2etic fem. -.-.-,---
Omaha daily bee., 1916-11-01
Germany Orders ReprisaIs
On the Russian Prisoners

Berlin, Oct 3l.--(Via Wireless to
Sayville. )-Meashres of reprisal upon
Russian prisoners have been ordered
by the German government pending
the Russian governments acceptance
of German demands for improved
treatment of German prisoners OF war
in Russia, according to the semi-of-,
ficial North German Gazette.
This newspaper states that the Ger
man government asked Of the Rus
sian government that it put all end to
conditions which were causing SUI
fering to German prisoners of war and
that the period given by the German
government for compliance having
elapsed without satisfactory answer
from Russia, the German government
has ordered reprisals. To this end, il
is stated, number of commissioned
officers belonging to crack Russian
regiments have been transferred to a
special camp where the discipline is
especially severe and where they will
remain until the Russiarr government
complies with the German request
Omaha daily bee., 1916-11-01
Woods Has Figures
Showing Republicans
Will Control House

Washington, Oct. 31.-A republican
majority in the next house of at least
twenty-seven is predicted in a state
ment issued here tonight by Repre-
sentative Woods of Iowa, chairman of
the republican congressional campaign
committee. Mr.. Woods also declares
Hughes will be elected by salts
factory majority and that the re-
publicans have better than an even
chance of controlling the senate.
These figures are not a mere
guess" says the statement They
constitute summary of the final re-
ports made to this committee to date
by hundreds of careful, experienced
workers, who sent their information,
non with the idea of making as flatter-
ing report as possible, but in order
to give the exact situation in their
respective communities on the eve of
election.
4 am confident of the soundness of
my information and, therefore say
that there is practical certainty OF
the election of MI Hughes and re-
publican house, and better than a
fifty-fifty prospects of republican con-
troll of the senate"
Omaha daily bee., 1916-11-01
Platte Republicans
, Plan Big Meeting

Columbus, Neb., Oct. 3l-(Special)
for the biggest and best re-
publican meeting of the campaign are
on foot for Thursday night, when Nor
ris Brown, ex-United States senator
from Nebraska, is scheduled to de-
liver the principal address.
Preceding the meeting the Hughes
and Fairbanks club will assemble at
their headquarters and march in a
body, headed by the fife and drum
corps, to the Orpheum hall, which has
been willingly decorated for the occa-
sion.
Progressives in Platte county are
to a man for Hughes. This meeting
will be presided over by {. N. Nc
Elfresh. present chairman of the re-
publican county central committee,
and Roosevelt delegate to the June
convention. Among others is John
r. Lueschen, who is devoting time
and money toward Hughes success.
Omaha daily bee., 1916-11-01
Fellow Citizens: Behold the Democratic Boss Of Nebraska
political

took hand in dealing out the gov
ernor's patronage That he had his
troubles even then, due TO his slip
perry methods, is evidenced by let
ter printed at the time in the home
democratic paper, over the name OF
S. Simmons, who had been the demo-
cratic choice for county judge and
who then accused Mullen OF double
crossing him and throwing him down
in seeking the deputy wardenship of
the penitentiary,
Sample of Mullen Smoothness.
Simmons had submitted endorse
ments along with his application bear
ing the names of all the well-known
Holt county democrats. II also asked
Arthur Mullen ior his support which
was promised" he wrote, and he in
my presence. dictated a strong letter
endorsing me for the position" Sim
mons made the trip to Lincoln.
Here | found" says he. that the
letter Mullen had written in my pres
ence endorsing me had not been sent;
that he had wilfully and knowingly
deceived me; that he had written a
letter for and was supporting another
man for the place. 1t was quite evil
dent that my appointment would have
interfcred with other appointments
from Holt county in which Arthur
was personally interested Such de-
ccit, political trickery and dishonest
political Juggling as Mullen deals in
is not in the interestlof Progressive
democracy,
No little thing like this, however
could seriously interfere with Mullcn's
progress toward the goal. As Chief oil
Inspector he continued TO be Cover
nor Shallenberger' right hand man, III
fact il is said he had NO, e to do than
any one person with engineering the
l8 o'clock closing law onto the stat
ute books. One report had it he ex-
! pected to stop it at the right time
on proper representations. Later he
persuaded the governor that 1t would
be good politics to go back on the
brewers who had helped them into
office and throw hook out for the
support of the other end.
Goes Right Up the Ladder.
When vacancy occurred through
the resignation OF Attorney General
Thompson Arthur Mullen got Cover
nor Shallenberger to commission him
to be attorney general for the uncx-
pired term and Attorney General Mul-
len actually made a trip to Washing
ton To appear in the supreme court of
the United States as the attorney tor
the state in then pending case
When his time was up aud a
| Continued on Page Four. Column One.)
Omaha daily bee., 1916-11-01
Kennedy Uses
Newspapers to
Aid Campaign

E (Erom starr correspondent
Washington, Oct. 3l.-(Special Tel
legram. )-Unlike his opponent for the
high position of United States senator
from Nebraska, Gilbert M. Hiteheoek;
John L. Kennedy received no contri-
buttons for his campaign. His formal
statement, made in pursuance of law
and filed today with the secretary of
the senate, states that Mr.. Kennedy
thus far has expended in his campaign
$4,8o8.l7 and that he has promised to
spend $3.50 before November 7.
The report of Mr.. Kennedy is
unique in that it sets out in detail the
amount of money expended with
newspapers throughout the state for
advertising and possibly subscriptions.
1t is almost a recapitulation of Ayers
newspaper directory so far as Ne
braska is concerned and with that trait
which is Mr.. Kennedy's strong claim
for election he signed each sheet of
typewriter matter with his own sig
nature.
Believing the efficiency of printers
ink, Mr.. Kennedy employed the news
papers of Nebraska to tell the people
where he stood on the big questions
now uppermost. He paid w. M.
Maupin $l00 for space in his maga-
zine. He gave the American Press
association $224.50. He paid his CAM
paign manager sums at various times
and he paid newspaper writer's for
copy" In short, Mr.. Kennedy testi-
f;es RI the effectiveness of the news
Omaha daily bee., 1916-11-01
Who Was 1t Kept Us Out Of War?

Mr.. Bryan telling the people that President Wilson
kept out of few months ago he explained to the
same people that he quit the cabinet because Wilson
headed straight for war. sfgsFf E4BWf
believe the republicans should remind the people Of
the historical facts they happened few months ago;
how Mr. Bryan bound for the south found it necessary to
catch train for Washington to hold conferences with the
members of to them to the necessity of op
posing the president who then not trying keep out
of war; but on the contrary tried hard as he could to get
into it. Tens Of thousands of letters and kilograms
then sent from all the country to senator's to remind
those gentlemen of their responsibility in regard to
declaring
Neither Mr. Bryan the country in general did then
think that Wilson trying to keep out of Mr..
Bryans conviction of this fact out after the demo-
cratic national convention, and also Mr. Wilson found out
how good he when his friends there praised him to the
skies for keeping the country out of war.
l am only farmer and have not the time to put all
these facts into good readable FORM but think you should
lose time to show every voter that the president wants
to get his election under false preenses.
To the Editor of The Bee. RJ.R.
Omaha daily bee., 1916-11-01
Fifty y-Thousand-
Word Message Is
Going Over War

Mercedes, Tex, Oct. 3l.-A tele-
graph message said>to be about $4,000
words long, claimed to be the longest
telegram ever handled by telegraph
company, has been going from Llano
Grande, Tex, where Minnesota
guardsmen are encamped, to St Paul,
Mimi, since Sunday night, and is not
yet finished.
Two operators are sending the
name and address /of every member
of the Minnesota Guard on the bor-
der, together with other information
desired by the state of Minnesota in
its preparation of ballot to be sent
to Llano Grande and on which the
guardsmen will register their/votes in
the national election
Omaha daily bee., 1916-11-01
TEUTONS REPULSE
ENTENTE RUSHES
Attempt Of Britons and Franks
to- Gain Ground or Somne
Fails, Says Berlin.
MORE ARTILLERY FIGHTS

Berlin, Oct. 3l.-(By Wireless to
Sayville. .)-Attempts of the French
and British troops on the Somine
front, near Les Boeufs and La Mais-
onette, to advance yesterday were
defeated by the Germans, the war Of
flee announced today.
French attacks in the region of
Ablainecourt and on both sides of
the Chalnes-Lihons road also were
without success, according to the Of
ficial statement issued today, which
follows:
THE activity of the fighting on the
Somme was limited by unfavorable
weather. Detachments OF the enemy
which advanced against our positions
northeast and east of Les Boeufs
were driven back by our fire. An
attack OF a French company against
La Maisonette failed. Equally with
out success were attempts OF hand
grenade squads to enter our new
trenches south OF Biaches. Attacks
of stronger French forces against
Ablainecourt and on both sides of the
Chaulnes-Lihons road were not car
ried out, owing to our defensive fire.
IN the Meuse sector (Verdun
'front.' it was queter than on the pre-
ceding day. Only in the district OF
St. Mihiel did the artillery fire in
crease temporarily to greater vio-
lence."
Generally Quiet Says Entente.
Paris, Oct. 3l.-The war office re-
ports that there was no event of i'm
portance on the Somme or Verdun
fronts last night, except for active ar,
tillery fighting in the vicinity oi
Douaumont before Verdun.
London, Oct. 3l.-"With the excep.
ton of intermittent shelling on both
sides there was nothing to report dur.
ing the night" reads today's official
British statement regarding opera.
tions on the Franco-Belgian front.
Omaha daily bee., 1916-11-01
HUGHES WOULD
SURRENDER NOT
ONE OF RIGHTS
Tells Columbus Heckler Privi-
leges Of Travel and Ship
ment on Seas Should
Be Maintained.
THANKED BY QUEsT1oNER
Republican Candidate Says He
Favors Maintenance of Every
American Right.
DAYS IN INDIANA

:. Columbus, Ind, Oct! 3l.-Charles
he. Hughes today told heckler that
1he was in favor of the maintenance
h of every American right, including
the right of travel and the right of
shipment" Mr.. Hughes has been
asked if he favored an embargo on
munitions or the passage Of a reso-
luton by congress warning Americans
off merchant ships flying the flag of
belligerent nations.
Mr.. Hughes spoke in the open air
here before crowd that had come for
miles to hear him and choked the
streets around Commercial park. He
was speaking OF the competition
American enterprise will have to meet
from Europe after peace when man
in the crowd shouted: -
Mr.. Hughes, as personal admir-
er, may ask you question" There
was the usual confusion resulting
from all attempt to heckle. The
nominee asked the crowd for quiet so
thu. the questioner might proceed
Reply to Heckler.
"In the event of your election" the
man asked, will you or will you not
favor or oppose an embargo against
the shipment Of munitions from this
country to Europe or the passage OF
"a war. resolution warning Americans
not to travel on ships owned by ma
tions at war?
Il, SIR the nominee replied, "am
in favor OF the maintenance of every
right, including the right of travel and
the rights of shipments. 1t is a very
important right that we have as a
neutral nation and it is very impor-
tant that at this time when the great
war is raging we should vindicate neu-
tral rights and maintain the integrity
of international law. To my mind it
is very thoughtless policy that
would surrender any of these impor-
tant rights because of any sentimental
consideration when we have the vast
necessities-efAaeutral commerce and
Z the importance Of the rights of neu-
trails to consider with respect to the
future Of the United States"
The crowd cheered Mr.. Hughes and
the heckler shouted, Thank you"
"The foundation of American pros
Omaha daily bee., 1916-11-01
Britain Seizes ~
Dispatches for
Swiss Minister

New York, Oct. 3l.-Jules Metzger,
who says he is Swiss courier, de-
clared today on his arrival here on the
steamer Noordam that Swiss official
documents beating the seal of that
government which he was bringing to
the Swiss legation in Washington and
to the Swiss consul general in this
city were seized by the British au-
thorities when the Noordam stopped
at Falmouth. Metzger said the pack
ages bore the addresses to which they
were destined, and that he informed
the English boarding officers of his
efficial capacity, protesting against
the seizure, The Noordam sailed from
Rotterdam.
Omaha daily bee., 1916-11-01
Subsea Deutschland Supposed to Be
Nearing u. S. On Its Second Voyage

Washington, D. C., Oct. 3l.--The
Deutschland, Germany's submarine
merchantman, is believed in quarters
here which should know TO be now
on its second voyage to the United
States. knowledge of the date the
vessel is supposed to have started
from Germany is disclaimed.
News dispatches from Switzerland
reporting that the Deutschland as
we'll as the Bremen had been lost
and that the former started for the
United States during September were
discredited. 1t was emphatically de-
.clared that the Deutschland Yas in a
German port all Of last month.
1t also was said today that in the
future all German submarines coming
to the United States. whether naval
Omaha daily bee., 1916-11-01
Remarkable Story Of the Rapid
Rise Of Att Mullen to His
Present Pps ion Of Pull
and Power in
acs Politics.

Soince Arthur Mullen's boast that
he had "the only official acceptance"
from President Wilson for the Ne
braska semi-centennial, people have
been wondering "Who is Mullen,;'
and democrats who have known him
have been asking Upon what meat
doth this, our Caesar, feed?"
The rise of Art Mullen from bare
foot boy in O'Neill to The position of
boss" of the democratic party in
Nebraska is indeed an interesting
story of push, perseverance, willy
craft, resourcefulness and political
cunning. Mullen began as poor
Irish lad who trained with the gang
that ran things in Holt county, under
the leadership of Mike Harrington, in
the early '90s. 1t was in the stirring
times of the Barrett, Scott and BARLEY
episodes and Mullen evidently made
the most of the icsson deciding then
to become a lawyer in order to be-
come more adept in the art OF poi.
tics, When he entered law school he
WIS older than most of his fellow
students were at graduation. He se-
cured his law school diploma from
the University OF Michigan in 1900,
being admitted to practice in Ne
Draska shortly afterwards This was
fifteen years ago when he was n
years old and the HORIZON of his use
fulness confined to the town Of
O'Neill and its surroundings.
Mullen's Political Apprenticeship.
But even then Mullen apparently
had visions of reaching the pedestal
OF political boss" He continued to
ally himself with the Harrington
crowd, although calling himself
democrat, while Harrington was
populist and the two worked both
ends to the middle. Cashing in OIL
his accumulated political capital Mal-
len became county attorney for Holt
county and several peculiar pages of
court history were written during his
incumbency.
At this time he began to spread
into state politics.
While Harrington fixed up Holt
county delegations to the populist
conventions, Mullen arranged the
Holt county delegations to the demo-
cratic conventions, not forgetting to
Omaha daily bee., 1916-11-01
PASTOR RUSSELL
DIES ON THE TRAIN
Meets Death on Santa Re In
Texas While on Way From
California to New York.
PREACHER, EDITOR, AUTHOR

Canadian, Tex, Oct. 31.-Charles
T. Russell, known. as Pastor" Rus
sell, an independent minister, editor
Of the Watch Tower and author, died
this afternoon on an Atchison, To-
peka & Santa Fe train en- route from
Los Angeles to New York. Heart
disease was given as the cause.
Pastor Russell complained of feel
ing i'll soon after leaving Los Angeles
and gradually grew worse. Death
came while the train was stopped at
Pampa, Tex, near here. The body is
being sent to Kansas City, Mo-, on the
train on which the minister died.
Pastor Russell was born in Pitts
burgh, Pa, February 10, 1851. He
was president of the Watch Tower
Bible and Ttract society of Pennsyl-
vania, the international Bible Stu
dents association of London and the
Peoples Pulpit association of New
York.
Omaha daily bee., 1916-11-01

or merchantmen, will make their
New London or Newport their port
Of call No more submarines will
enter Hampton Roads because of the
danger Of nets being Dropped to trap
them off the Virginia caps.
American submarines are usually
operating in the waters off New Lon
don and Newport at all times OF the
year. British nets dropped there
might endanger American vessels and
the lives Of American sailors. Ger
man officials do not believe that the
British would take the chance of
netting American vessels. Conse-
quently German submarines will take
advantage of the better opportunity
for clear paths off the Connecticut
and Rhode Island coasts.
Omaha daily bee., 1916-11-01
BUCHAREST TELLS
OF GREAT VICTORY
IN THE MOUNTAINS
Roumanian War Office Claims
Austro- German Forces De-
feated Decisively in
Szurduk Pass.
CENTRAL ALLIES REPULSED
Lose Much Artillery and Many
Prisoners, According to
+ Reports of Foes.
SHAKEN ALL ALONG LINE

London, Oct. 3l.--The battle that
has been in progress in the Szurduk
pass region on the Roumanian Tran
sylvania frontier has ended in a brill
liant victory for the Roumanians, .ac-
cording to wireless message from
Bucharest. The Austro-German
forces, it is declared, have been re-
pulsed from the frontier after having
lost much artillery and many prison.
ers.
Along the whole front of the Tran
sylvania Alps on the northern Rou-
manian border the Teutonic lines have
been shaken by the Roumanian at
tack, the dispatch adds. ~
Bucharest (Via London), Oct, 81
The war office issued the following
statement:
., Northern and northwestern fronts:
From Tulghes to Bicaz the situation
is unchanged. At Bratocea small
detachment surprised and repulsed
the enemy on Mount Rosca, causing
him heavy losses In single trench
we found two officers and forty men
dead, We have occupied Mount Ras-
ca, making some prisoners, and cap
turing a machine gun and search
light.
".At Prdelus the bombardment has
slackened In the Prahova velley and
in til region of Dragoslavle, north of
Campulung, we repulsed several Of the
enemy attacks. To the east of the
River Alt the action is proceeding. In
the jul valley (region of Vulcan
pass), the pursuit of the enemy con-
tinues. At Orsova ION the Danube)
the bombardment was less violent"
Omaha daily bee., 1916-11-01
Jury Is Still Out in
Black Murder Case

Galveston, Tex, Oct. 31.-No YER
dict had been reached tonight by the
jury considering the evidence in the
case OF John Copeland, charged with
the killing of William Black, an anti
Catholic lecturer, at Marshall, Tex,
February 3, 1915. Twice the foreman
has announced that the jurors were
hopelessly disagreed, but the trial
Judge has refused to discharge them.
Omaha daily bee., 1916-11-01
Demos Steal Shield
And Slogan, Charges
Council Bluffs Man

Wilson campaign buttons were de-
signed by Herb Rogers of Council
Bluffs and appropriated by the demo-
Gratis without paying penny to the
designer That, at least, is Mr.. Rog-
ers' contention set forth in his letters
to Secretary Tumulty and Vance Nc
Cormick, chairman of the democratic
national committee.
Mr.. Rogers claims that not only the
shield, but the slogan, Peace, Pre-
paredness, Prosperity" were protect
ed by copyright issued to him before
July, 1915.
Omaha daily bee., 1916-11-01
Forty Die Daily Of
Hunger in Zacatecas

Laredo, Tex, Oct. 3l.-Forty per-
sons die daily in Zacatecas, Mex,
from typhus fever, according to the
statement of passenger here today,
who arrived direct from that city. He
said buriels were made in trenches,
ard that wardrobes and other articles
of furniture are used for coffins.