davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-01-22
PENNSYLVANIA LITTLE CORPORAL
c. Knox Been in Washington Before Is Said to Be
Planning Return Engagement-Since Boyhood He Has
Broken Several Success Rules but Has Made Others

on the Supreme Bench. But Mr.. Knox is the
only person in the entire history of the United
States who has ever been called away from
matinee performance of a musical comedy
at theatre to have such an honor thrust
upon him. on a sunshiny November after
noon, ten years ago, Mr.. Knox resolved to do
a thing he had not done i'm many years; to go
to a matinee at Washington playhouse. In
the middle of the second act, usher came
tiptoeng down the aisle with whispered
message that Mr. Knox was wanted at the
White House at once. There was nothing to
do but obey the summons. outside the thea
tire Mr.. Knox learned that President Roose-
welt had been trying to find him at the
Capitol and at his residence, and that the
messages from the White House were insist
ent and urgent. The Senator hastened across
Lafayette Square and into the Presidents
office. There Mr.. Roosevelt told him that he
wanted him to accept the vacancy caused by
Justice Browns retirement. Mr.. Knox de-
clined as Mr.. Taft had previously declined,
leaving the way open for Attorney General
Moody to scale the dizzy height.
Mr.. Knox has two attributes of genius. He
has to a marked degree tho ability to get at
the heart of a problem and to set forth sim
ply, lucidly, clearly and in orderly array the
essentials of involved complicated,
tangled and generally muddled up case or
proposition. The processes of his mind
orderly and advance by wel-defined steps
from premise to conclusion. His intellectuals
at work give out light without heat; a steady,
clear, constant light, marred by no sputter-
ings or meteoric flashes. 1t has been described
as a light 'in which it is easy to read assured
Interpretation of law"
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-01-22

President to succeed
Mr.. Wilson, and it's
we'll to r @ IN in d our
sleeves how old he Is
and how tall and to
recall Il few other facts
about the we'll l-known
arm er Of Valley
Forge, lawyer of Pitts
burgh and general all
round Pennsylvania.
To begin at the begin
ming with t h c m n n
himself, he was born
at Brownsville, Fay
cite County, May 6,
1858. If you're not good
at Il ure s, you may
nara for tbn ipfOry,,o n
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-01-22

Mr. Dudley Field Malone. Collector of the
Port or New York, a visitor in our
midst" on Thursday night. While the Colonel
spoke before larger audience Mr.. Malone
broke precedent of the Glover Club. He
made the members listen to his speech.
which was on non-partisan support of pre-
paredness. Now, II the country would Just
as easily break another precedent and give
that support. what a pleasant surprise IL
would be-!
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-01-22

American diplomacy hasn't been batting
above .s46 recently, except through it's rep
resontattves in few countries. But the
State Department hit three Dagger when
it persuaded the Allies TO restore TO free
dom the Teutonic and Turkish Consuls at
Saaonica. There is some virtue in a neutral,
altar all,
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-01-22

For some reason more practical results are
expected from the activities OF William
Sunday than from the activities OF less ener-
getio and less advertised workers. IN his iels.
So Mr.. Sunday can put a feather IN his cap
with the announcement that one of his "hit-
tsrs'' win hit up salaries In his Factory No
backsliding pleased
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-01-22
Dios. Sch lDhR set lDeR Non EspSdt
Facts. Pets Fsen Potsst Pact Non Convent
crrdss lAod. Credit Audn . ICredn Feri Nar Pote.
Expended Hab~s Expendet fab lExpendetl Non Hsbst
tudiee. IVfss IJudioat lVldst IJudlest Mon Est
Non loaodeumque Nam oui looodsurnqut ssepe ouod

Beginning with non, then going to dicos at
the top Of column one, then quodcumque,
then Scis and so on, 1t gives neat little
series Of notices Non dicds quodcumquo
scis, nam qm dtcit quodcamque scit sdepe
dicit qpod non e1pedit
Then read non to tactas, to quodcumqUe, to
potcs, and so on.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-01-22

leave the question Of preparedness, upon
which virtually every patriotic man Is
agreed, to the nercies of agitators and to
the imaginations Of the inexpert is folly
worse confounded II must not be done.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-01-22
GET THEIR ORDERS ELsEwHEHs

II is understood that the Kaisers Sar.ssa, ss,rsv
passport order barring aliens from ,s,.,ss ovts i
isn't taken seriously by the Frenen. pnssnpt
Russian armies.-Boston Evening IIHH1s
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-01-22

Yesterday was Rabbi Krauskopfs birth
Maseltoyi land a reporter mot one OF
our bright young men. We hope) interview
ing him over the telephone. asked: by the
way. Mr.. Krauskopf, what church are you
minister OF"
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-01-22

Magistrate Harris hates a wife -beater but
Is annoyed when women have their husbands
arrested and then fail to appear in court to
prosecute. His Honor should realize that an
arrest is only a friendly warning and that
prosecution in court might really upset the
dignity ana quiet Of many happy homes.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-01-22
GA NJ u Ell ].
~ STERRETT, Of


- sTERRETT, of
Germantown, re-
Gently caught Walt
McDougall in a
good humor and
got from him for
his autograph al
bum the more or
less pretty picture
TO our left.
II can think" he
wrote u n d er the
drawing, "of Moth
ing m ore auto
graphical than a
portrait Of myself
playing on the hag-
gis, a Gaelic in
strument OF torture.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-01-22

DHILANDER CHASE KNOX, as they say
L on occasion, needs no introduction. Mr..
Knox however, is said to be on his way back
to Washington, either as United States Sena-
tor to succeed Mr.. oliver or as United States
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-01-22

Mayor Smith picked the right man when
he told Mr. Roosevelt that he Cthe Mayor
though an Organization man, was for the
city first Mr. Roosevelt, too, has had his
experiences with BOSSES
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-01-22

The president of the Cunard Company ap-
parently thinks that British ships could be
employed more proftably for the nation
than in the service of the brewing and dis
tilllng commands. Perhaps he is right.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-01-22
Tom Daly's Column

ct AM sending you" says the Rev. DR..
L Peter Guilday, "a little mnemonic for
virtue copied from an old book OF the Middle
Ages. Tho classical scholars among your
readers may enjoy it,
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-01-22
QUESTION OF AUTHORSHIP

To the Editor Of Evening Ledger:
sir-Under the caption. 20 Where Do Fairies
Hide Their HeadsT' a pretty little piece Of
postry appeared Ia this days EVENING IEDGER.
credit for It being given 10 Thomas Havnss
Hayly In the Wisconsin Farmer" The writer Is
e2zie1s TO know Mr.. Bayly's age II he 4
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-01-22

Whom was Teddy driving at when he said
that the longer he lives the less he cares for
oratory? One Mark Antony once said that
he was no orator and then proceeded to sway
the mob with all the arts that concealed their
purpose
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-01-22
THREE CANDIDATES

Bryan says he hopes the Republicans will run
their weakest man this year. No doubt he
hopes the Democrats will, too. but they already
have three times.-Detrot Free Press.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-01-22

There was once a popular song entitled
"waltz Me Around Again, Willie" 1t should
be revamped. according to certain political
far-seers to read Teddy"
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-01-22

Mr.. Roosevelt says that the 1. w. w. does
not flourish in Germany. Neither does 1t
precisely flourish" anything but the red
flag in the United States.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-01-22

Goal strong at Chicago" says headline.
II can break a man in Philadelphia.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-01-22

Why shouldn't the. Republicans and Pro-
gressives get together? Democrats, Social
lists, Prohibtionists and all others would have
to II war came.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-01-22

The suggestion that wealth be conscribed
to keep pace with the conscription of men
met with little favor in the House Of Com
mons. Incrediblel
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-01-22

As they say in Atlantic City, he is truly a
Riddle to Slough.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-01-22

The citizens OF Philadelphia anticipated
Mr. Roosevelt's benediction on the head OF
Mrs Jane Deeter Rippin, whose work as
chief probation officer OF the Municipal
Court has been public honor and a bless
ing.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-01-22

It is reported that census at Palm Beach
shows PA lapdogs for every child. A case
obviously, Of more than one family going to
the dogs.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-01-22

1t is good thing for Senator Ware that he
knows more about his own business than he
does about Mr.. Porter's
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-01-22

The success of the garment workers
strike has apparently been inspiration
to the cap makers. But they must not for
get that the best thing about the garment
workers strike was the prompt settlement
OF it.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-01-22

Man Is not a creature Of circumstances
Circumstances are the creatures OF men
DisrdeH
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-01-22

MO, gentle reader we won't translate 'em
IN for you. our motto is Non fdciaS quod-
cU,nquc poteS nam qui fdcit qUodcumque po-
test sacpe tacit quod non conrenit. And all
this ut Gicit orator post prdnGtum, reminds us
o a story Many, many years ago, when we
were reporter on the Record, we were
sent to write up the case of lunatic who
had barricaded' himself in restaurant on
Vine street and refused to open the door to
the police. The crowd outside was full of
helpful suggestions Get some asafoetida,"
said one "and stick It under the door"
Where dye get it?' asked the Irish police
man, who leading the besiegers. Drug
store" said the man. So the policeman
called one of his men and said he: Go TO
the drug g-store an git pound n quart OF
assyfettidy." "Of WHAT" says the other
taking out paper and pencil. "Assyfettidy."
How do you spell it?' "'A-s-as-s-y-see-
Assy-' Ochl Jist go an spake II to the
druggist Sure, that's a Latin word; only
priest could spell It,"
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-01-22
DEEDS AND WORDS

The blessedness assured to the peaesSsn1sashI Rms.
not guaranteed TO the peace talAer'
ton Star.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-01-22

can 10 uphold international law as u es
when the war broke out. The value Value a vsa
services TO civilization will be meaAaS bsnel
largely by our success in that great an
icent task.-Indianapolis News
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-01-22
GREECE AWAITS THE EARTHQUAKE

The existence Of Greece ns n nation to-
day is due to the benevolence and pro-
lection of the Entente Allies. Her enc
mics have always been Turkey, BulFnrin
and the Teutonic Allies. Her King has
shattered the Consultation Of the country
and broken the covenant with Serbia, TO
hnd himself between two fires, and his
crown ready for pnwnbrokers.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-01-22

care 1Or tne lntOrIna-
tion that he is now 63 years old, pretty
near It, and you don't need to be told that
he's not too aged to be President. Roose-
welt once called him "a sawed-off cherub,"
and there's still something cherubic about
the man, with his round face and dapper
body, and as for his being a sawed-off, no.
body could count the times he's been COM
pared with Napoleon. Knox doesn't like big
furniture any more than Napoleon liked tall
generals
Now, after Knox was born he was chris
tened, and on that occasion received the name
of a friend of the family Philander Chase,
who Bishop of Ohio in the first part of
the nineteenth century, a pioneer who per-
formed many good works. Bishop Chase, by
the way was an uncle of Salmon p. Chase,
at one time Chief Justice of the United States
Supreme Court. Knox is a good name, too,
a famous name in Scottish and American
history, but it's worth mentioning-in order
to correct an error-that our former Secre-
tary of State is not descendant of certain
general of Revolutionary fame. He doesn't
need to be. The father of Phiander Chase
Knox was cashier of the Monongahela Bank
in Brownsville and one of the influential and
highly honored citizens of the town.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-01-22
NATIONAL POINT OF VIEW

The world is short-sighted when II ~ hop.
conditions to exist which curtah its ons mos
for the future years-the jewels whlch w
as ehildren.-Dayton Journal
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-01-22

Mr.. McAdoo has been reminded Inat 80 - son.
a growing sentiment in Congress .'a,s ~. :
partisan consideration Of tann aues
Rochester Post-Expre5s.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-01-22

Roberts, Kitchener and Wolseley we sss sro1z Z
and an the world kaows that today. re X
the Congress OF the United States WIN ~ - npul
that this country Is fully prepared - - 4 lns
land and upon sea, for such prepefeoa
very strongest guaranty of peace
Enquirer.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-01-22
Answer, "Ot Course They Does"

Sign in a glove-shop window asks: Does
quality elegance and style In gloves appeal
to you?'
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-01-22

The layman is somewhat bewildered BY the
variety Of military plans offered for his
choice. and is no less put out by the acerbity
with which the advocate OF any one treats
the proposers Of all the others. II seems that
when the President cast aside his noble
thought about "a eitizenry trained 10 arms
he opened the hoodgate to everything from
q eoatinsntal army 10 the Swiss system, not
10 mention compulsory service. So long as
this country IS democratic il viii insist upon
citizen control and viii look with suspicion
upon specialists vko are prone 70 become
oRfEsQsRgslaftls aRagIs .RslF nsld- Bat e
Haes e ~ q bses1sI1ds asge 81
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-01-22

President Wilson and President Taft both
vetoed an immigration bill bearing the lit
eraey test. Although the test requires ability
10 write and 10 read. not English but the
Immigrants own tongue, the veto was well
taken and the effort to reintroduce the test
is bound TO fail. President Wilson wrote that
It was a measure OF opportunity not of
ability, and the whole essence of American
ization is IN that phrase. Not for what they
are, but. for what they may become. does
Aneriea welcome its irnnhgrants
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-01-22

'our friend, the compositor, hrst set this "fami'
Gated" and felt like letting It stand thus creating
nobody would believe one could "famicate oneself In
restn
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-01-22

MO college could of course, for j. j. Audubon
IN is dead; but it could do better We
never met John j. but we know something
about his work, and are satisfied that
Louis Agassiz Fucrtes, of Ithaca and Beach
Haven. could tell bunch Of students more
about birds than Audubon and do 1t more
entertainingly.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-01-22

Just supposing college could hire John
James Audubon to tell It's students about
birds He would be worth more than the
costliest building at any university.-Girard
in NnstnrdnY,s DrnIIC LEDGER.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-01-22
Neither Rich Nor Poor as Boy

AS perplexing as anything else in the his
tory of Mr.. Knox's rise in the world is the
discovery that he has not adhered rigidly TO
the conventional copy-book maxims and pre-
cepts for attaining success. He did not have
the inestimable advantage OF being born of
poor but honest" parents. He has over
come this disadvantage of his early youth.
James McNeill Whistler used to say, apropos
of his West Point days, IF silicon had been
a gas, l would have been soldier" II type
setting machines had been invented in the
early seventies, Philander Chase Knox might
have been a printer. He learned the trade
after he graduated from college. but he was
not tall enough to set type at case" with
ease With the money he earned at the trade,
however he studied law. Once he got started,
he was never headed on So, after all, there's
a success story in the career of Mr.. Knox.
And that remark isn't based on the fact that
his fortune is something like 100000. It's
based on the record of his public life,
While a student at Mount Union College at
Alliance, Ohio, Knox made the acquaintance
of William Mckinley, member of whose
Cabinet he later became. Mckinley was then
the prosecuting attorney OF Stark County.
A college debating society TO which Knox
belonged held open meetings every Friday for
the discussion of public questions, Those
meetings were ATTENDED, ny JuuBSSi lawyers
and physicians of the neighboring country,
and Mckinley was frequent guest taking
part In the debates. Though he was ten years
older than Knox, the two struck up last
ing friendship at that, time
or course Knox has come into close rela-
tions with most Of the men prominent in
American politics and craftsmanship in the
last decade or two but in several Instances
the association has been OF particular In
terest For instance. when Knox became
Secretary Of State he left a senatorial seat,
while Elihu Root, whom he succeeded in the
state Department entered the Senate. The
two men who thus swapped jobs have made
a speciality Of brains. The thing Mr.. Knox
does best is TO accomplish what he sets out
10 do. II has become habit. The practice
may be confidently recommended to any
young man who desires, to achieve fame and
fortune.
Mr.. Knox ana Mr. Taft have the distinction
OF being the only two men now living who
! have twice refused an Associate 1usticesaip
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-01-22

PHILADELPHIA. SATURDAY JANUARY IL, 1915.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1916-12-26
ADVERTISEMENT

SEALED PROPOSALS will be re-
ceived at the office of the Clmmis-
sioner OF Light and Water. Room
<03, City Hall, Tacoma, Washington,
until 2 o'clock p. m., Monday. the
18th Of January, 1917. for furnishing
and delivering T. o. b. Cars, at the
Factory, q years supply OF Chlorine
Gas in accordance with the specitt-
cations on file I'm the office OF the
Commissioner of Light and Water,
A minimum quantity of eight
thousand $4,000 pounds Will be
contracted for but the City reserves
the right to exceed this amount as
their interests may require, at the
price bid per pound.
a surety bond, In amount equal
to twenty-five per cent OF the esti-
mated amount of the contract price
will be required.
Proposals must be made on the
printed form furnished by the Com
missioner of Light and Water and
accompanied by a certified check for
five per cent of the estimated
amount of the proposal, made pay
able to the order OF the Commits
sioner of Light and Water. Check
of the successful bidder Will be re-
turned upon execution Of contract
and approval of bond All other
checks will be returned immediate
ly upon award of contract.
The Commissioner of Light and
Water reserves the right to reject
any and all bids as the interests OF
the City may appear.
Commission Of Light & Water.
Dee. 26-27-2S-29-30. 1916.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1916-12-26

NOTICE is hereby given that on the
9Th day of January, 1917. in the
County of Pierce, state of Washing
ton, an election will be held for the
purpose of submitting to the electors
OF said County the following propo-
lsition:
Shall Pierce County incur indebt-
edness not exceeding two million
dollars, for the purpose of acquiring
approximately seventy thousand
acres of land in Pierce County and
conveying the same to the United
states, said land to be used by tina
government for mobilization. train
ing and supply station, said indebt-
edness to be evidenced by negotiable
bonds OF Pierce County, payable In
not more than twenty years, with
interest not exceeding five PEE
eentum per annum, payable annually.
said election will be opened at
eight o'clock IN the morning and will
continue until eight o'clock in the
afternoon of the same day. except
That In precincts outside Of fncor-
pofated towns and cities said cleo
ZION VIII be opened at nine O'Clock
In the morning and will contin,Ie
until seven o'clock In the afternoon
of the same day
IN WITNESS WHEREOF. bava
hereunto set my hand and sea, thss
18th day of December. 1915.
,n THOS. n. MORRIS.
tShALl County Auditor.
by "A, Campbell, Deputy.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1916-12-26
STOCKS SAG
United Press Leased Wire,

NEW YORK, Dec. &c. - The
stock market this afternoon made
only moderate response to the
publication of Germany's reply to
the Wilson peace note.
United States Steel sold at
los rs during the afternoon and
had dropped to 107 "a at 2
O'Clock. Only 225.000 shares were
traded during the l to 2 o'clock
period.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1916-12-26
RECORD SNOW

SALT LAKE CITY, Dec. 26.-
The record snow storm in the his
tory of Utah is now raging, more
than IL inches having fallen in
the past PA hours. Only the main
lines of the railroads are open, and
on them all trains are many hours
late. Branch lines have practical
ly suspended service and all sub
urban towns are isolated.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1916-12-26
NOT A REPLY

WASHINGTON, D. c., Dec. 26.
-Germany's reply to President
Wilson's peace notes. does not
augur for very rapid advance in
the progress. toward peace" Brit
ish officials at Great Britain's en-
bassy said when shewn the text
of the United Press dispatches.
The officials said: There IA
nothing new in the message. nor
does it answer the presidents or
Lloyd-George's request for a spe-
cific definition of terms"
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1916-12-26
FOR SALE
MISCELLANEOUS
GROCERIES AT
WHOLESALE

IA lbs. extra fine Granulated
Yakima Apples, up from, box 75c
I cans SardineS ............... zoe
Reg. 15c cans Hominy, 2 for 15c
Del Monte Asparagus Tips, can zoe
Large can Del Monte Asparagus
Del Monte Peas, 2 cans for 80. 25c
Empson's Cut Stringless Beans,
2 cans for ..............:. 25c
Home made Mincemeat.- per lib. Toe
Bring your own container for
Peanut Butter, lib. ..........1O Toe
No. / Walnuts, 2 lbs. for ..... 35c
No. / Mixed Nuts. 2 lbs. for -. .35c
No. l Almonds, per lib. zoe
3 pkgs. Matches .............. 10c
3 sc sacks Salt ................ 10c
7 lbs. Dried Onions .......... zoe
Home grown Potatoes. just a few =.
sacks left, per sack ....... $l.50
5 lbs fancy Japanese Rice .25c
California Bacon, per Id. .... 17&c
DON'T FORGET to stop in and get
a cup Of our Country Club Cof-
fee free. Served every afternoon
this week.
Get our prices before you buy. j..
FREE DELIVERY to all parts OF
the city. Wholesale and retail
Hotel and restaurant supplies.