The Yale expositor., 1916-09-07

w @ ns @ %Isma Gty Of in I isIi %nG
the space which they 0ccu-
pied was converted into prOmenades
for the prosperous citizens of this
modern Galician capital of 100000 in
habitants, ii was doubtless assumed
by many that, having suffered 1.-THE
sling and arrows of outrageous for
tune" for the five centuries of its
municipal existence, fate would aliot
il surcease from siege and capture,
says the bulletin Of the National Geo
graphic society.
Lying 60 miles almost due east of
Przemysl and more than 400 miles
northeast of Vienna, Lemberg is sit
uated on the banks of the Peitew river.
an afIluent of the Bug 1t nestles in
small valley which opens to the north,
and is surrounded by hills, the
most picturesque being the weliwood-
ed Franz-Josef Berg TO the northeast.
To the east, distance of Z miles. is
Tarnopol, near the Russian border.
one of the first points Of attack when
the Muscovites pushed beyond the
Galician frontier.
A description of the modern city of
Lemberg as 1t existed in August, 1914,
requires many notifications today, for
the scars of war are TO be found in its
many handsome homes; its broad, we'll
paved streets; it's Roman Catholic
cathedral. a handsome gothic structure
completed in 1850, its Greek cathedral,
completed In ITO; its Armenian
cathedral in the Byzantine style, dat
sng back to 1887, and it's magnificent
monuments to such Polish patriots as
King John III SObieski who, alter
having saved Lemberg from the Turks
few years previously, in 1858 saved
all Europe from Mohammedan inva-
sion by routing an army of 100000
Turks encamped about Vienna his own
force numbering only 10000.
Nearly 700 Years Old.
Called Lwow i'm the Polish tongue
and Leopolis in Latin, Lemberg was
founded by a Ruthenian prince in 1888.
| Nearly a hundred years later II was
/ added to the domain of Casimir the
Great, who bestowed upon the city
| the charter and privileges widely
known during the middle ages as the
Magdeburg Right.
Following the fall of ConstantinOple,
Lemberg enjoyed a revival of trade
with the Fast, but il was caught in the
/ maelstrom of rebellion and pillage
which swept over the Ukrnine nnd y
/ part of Poland during the last half of
the seventeenth century, when the Cos
/ sack hetman, Chmielnicka, was direct
ing the infamies of the 'serfs' fury"
Lemberg was one of the Polish cities
| to fall before the arms of Charles XII
/ of Sweden when the ill-advised Au.
gustus II was drawn into the Great
! Northern war, which devastated cen
trail Europe for the first 20 years of the
eighteenth century. In 1772, upon the
first partition of Poland, Lemberg be-
came an Austrian possession, and l.
years after this event Joseph III es-
tablished the University of Lemberg
which, at the time Of the outbreak OF
the present war, had more than 2O0C
students.
One of the most attractive parks OF
Lemberg. and a favorite promenade
bears the name of the Polish patriot
Jan Kilinslli, humble little shoe
maker, who fought bravely in 1876
was captured and taken TO st. Peters.
burg. After his release he returned
10 his shoemaker's bench and ia his
leisure hours wrote his recolections, a
valuable record Of this period of his
country's history.
Since the establishment of the Ga
llcian diet in 1861 Lemberg has en-.
joyed increasing prosperity. It's manu-
features include machinery and iron.
ware, matches, candles, liqueurs
chocolate, leather. bricks and tiles
while its commerce is largely i'm linen
flax, hemp, wool and oil.
In 1907 two interesting finds were
made in the vicinity of this city by
labOrers boring for oil. The bodies OF
an elephant and a rhinoceros were un.
earthed in a remarkable state of pres
ervation, even the hides being intact
due probably. to the preservatlve quail
tiles of the oily soil in which they were
buried.
Brody a Commercial Center.
Only about two miles beyond the
Russian border, the Galician town OF
Brody is a point OF great strategic i'm
portance on the eastern war front be
cause II controls an important railway
line leading from Dubno, 80 miles tC
the northeast, TO Lemberg, which II
4 onlv 90 untIao IN fho coufhuvoaf