The Tomahawk., 1916-09-14
V YHEN the Notifications Of
~ the inner city of Lemberg
v " were dismantled in 1911 and
tho SDace which they OCcu-

M the inner city of Lemberg
Wv were dismantled in 1911 and
the space which they Occu-
pied was converted into prOmenades
for the prosperous citizens of this
modern Galician capital Of 2OOOOO IN
habitants, it was doubtless assumed
by many that, having suffered 1.-The
sling and arrows Of outrageous for
tune" for the five centuries Of Its
municipal existence, fate would allct
It a surcease from siege and capture,
SAWS the bulletin Of the National Geo
graphic society.
Lying 60 miles almost due east OF
Przemysl, and more than $50 miles
northeast Of Vienna, Lemberg Is sit
uated on the banks of the Peltew river,
an affluent of the Bug, It nestles In a
small valley which opens to the north,
and is surrounded by hills, the
most picturesque being the WILDWOOD
ed Franz-JOsef Berg to the northeast.
To the east, Il distance of miles, is
TarnOpol, near the Russian border,
one of the first points of attack when
the Muscovites pushed beyond tho
Galician frontier.
| A description Of the modern city of
Lemberg as it existed in August, 1914
requires many notifications today, for
the scars Of war are to be found in It's
many handsome homes; its broad, we'll
paved streets; it's Roman Catholic
cathedral, handsome gothic structure
completed in 1880 it's Greek cathedral,
completed in ITO; its Armenian
cathedral in the Byzantine style, dat
ing back to 1887, and it's magnificent
monuments to such Polish patriots as
King John III Sobieski who, after
having saved Lemberg from the Turks
few years previously, in 1853 saved
all Europe from Mohammedan lnva-
sion by routing an army Of 100000
Turks encamped about Vienna, his own
force numbering Only 10000.
Nearly 700 Years old.
Called Lwow in the Polish tongue
and LeOpOlis in Latin, Lemberg was
founded by Ruthenian prince in 1859.
Nearly a hundred years later 1t was
added to the domain Of Casimfr the
Great, who bestowed upon the city
the charter and privileges widely
known during the middle ages as the
Magdeburg Right.
Following the fall Of Constantinople,
Lemberg enjoyed revival Of trade
with the East, but it was caught in the
maelstrom Of rebellion and p1llage
which swept over the Ukraine and Il
part Of Poland during the last half OF
the seventeenth century, when the Cos
sack hetman, Chmielnicka, was direct
ing the infamies of the "serfs' fury"
Lemberg was one of the Polish cities
! to fall before the arms Of Charles XII
of Sweden when the ill-advised Au-
g1stus II was drawn into the Great
Northern war, which devastated cen
trail Europe for the first 20 years Of the
eighteenth century. In 1772, upon the
first partition of Poland, Lemberg be-
came an Austrian possession, and IL
years after this event Joseph IL es-
tablished the University Of Lemberg
which, at the time of the outbreak Of
the present war; had more than 1000
students.
One Of the most attractive parks Of
Lemberg, and q favorite promenade,
bears the name of the Polish patriot,
Jan Kilinski, a humble little shoe
maker, who fought bravely In 179G,
was captured and taken to st. Peters
burg. After his release he returned
10 his shoemaker's bench and in his
leisure hours wrote his recollections,
valuable record of this period Of his
count-y's history.
Since the establishment of the Ga
ucian diet in 1861 Lemberg has en-
joyed increasing prosperity. Its manu-
features include machinery and iron
ware, matches, candles, liqucurs,
chocolate, leather, bricks and tiles,
while its commerce is largely in linen,
fax, hemp, wool and oil.
In 1877 two interesting finds were
made in the vicinity Of this city by
laborers boring for Oil. The bodies of
| an elephant and rhinocerOs were I'M
| earthed in remarkable state Of pres
ervation, even the hides being intact,
due, probably, to the preservative quail
| tiles of the oily soil in which they were
buried.
Brody a Commercial Center.
| Only about two miles beyond the
| Russian border, the Galician town OF
Brody is point Of great strategic i'm
| portance on the eastern war front be-
nuse it controls an important railway
line leading from DubnO, 80 miles to
the northeast, to Lemberg, which is
anly 81 miles to the southwest