davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The sun., 1916-09-26

fights in tho COUNTY, sOuVA OF fEeSD.
I.aLc ui,, bulgarian from EiLI,sta.
According "a a Reuter- despa.cn from
sa,orica' dated SUNDAY. al, the allied
.roons hopn, a strong offensive at z
n.e,n,, .ho mor,,,. Ron. viorina. The
l,,nrc,, 40 n.vr.d ti,s y~,rare.of petorak
ga ~. sa-hs .rossad .he %fr,ntier ror,h
g. r-,,agr.I t,,, encountered ierce on.
sa.n.m ~, ,,.sh.ni soon the serbs
US ",,, - u,.. ~ f,arn,nr
".sS Eon.i, .sr, mile. south Of
s,e''sN,"' "' "
''''""'
-.s.s.. .... s.u,..s
"
On the right wing the Brit'sh. who
crossed tho S:runa again yesterday.
wsrc successful In an attacl; on Jani-
ina,,. north Of Lake Tahinos. 4 detach.
mcnt OF French troops operating on the
right Of the British took a trench at the
poia. OF the bayonet n made prison.
the British attacks across the S:rurna as
raIos; no. az 'npor.sn. e.','rs. -,
a., 80" "a, ar,,ii.-,. ac,iyit,. ana
o"e -! - nairar .,,t,,,
. sp,ri'eu oo'n rnn ~ ~. nian.s ~
SGT w. wi ot rs.a,~sS marc y
puiso.'"' -" .sa. go .,,a
q 20. .S S.oau.s,.i.n
s.t. ~ ,,,,s. ,nr,h-
l.es"'; =. .s..r,s ,,,., "a.
1890 ~ c,r,,,,. y,src
,.. ~. 49, ~ 80, ~ 81. ..o.t.rJ ,,nrh
,.'OMn JIM" as"
- "s'.. 81, A.. .nsr, os,.r
Cn w ~. ar.,,i.., tn.
rIo.onscu p.eP. "a -
49,. .u.a ~, E,-I,,o.esy", Hs,~h.
r."'u a..a'n .sm.. sS,sn,.a anI
nv sns".s .n"' ~. 80. 49,, ~.
aau..n craW, ~. o.,.rs -, n,,r 20.
n...nm TIT. S",,Js.s wn.tot.niy ni.
sI.lou. " ....,,,, ar.
Io"cu ~ ."N.s '.s"nn.s ~ tnsr
Va 49, S,sp' .. la. 80 ~.
.eru.ssu "am ".um 80, go.
e"."s = ~. u.s. 49,. h.. ,.er
$50 y .ro,,,. ha.,,,,ons
100 .r .rains, ~ %v,,iaSss n,
wa. -Y "s.s "a $500,
Ne.os, 49,. -, ;. $500 ~, ,nron.n
49, W. "a. -: -, =, ~. riS.r"
""'' ~ '"e 's'' ~"
. -,.- c..
~ ~
, Although the Ruman.ans to-day report
successes In :he Dob-udla. as well rs In
T~-ansrlvanin. there IL every indication
ina. .hn TeutoYic army OF Won Macken'
acn is terrifying Itself so strongly that
soon tlc-c will he another front Of
trench warfare. Berlin. however. claim,
u success there. In Pennsylvania tht
Rurlan'aEs have thus far captured u
AYG,rin.t ,,ffiNerg and GS3S men. TIL
The sun., 1916-09-26

We could write a book
about our new Fall styles
and how we cut them to be-
come so many types Of men
but who's interested in
dry technique when the fin
ished product is all ready
to prove how we'll we know
our job. $780,!
Besides, Our customer
know from experience that
we're alive to acceptable
changes in fashion.
Fall suits and overcoats
"a la mode and a la carte
you order what you want
and you get what you or.
der.
Ready to put on to-day.
The sun., 1916-09-26
British s,es mship Dresden sunh.

BRIsToL, England. Sept. ?1.--rhe Brit
ish ste9nhship Dresden. sO7 tons gross,
owned by the Lefh. Hull and Hamburg
steam Packet Company Of Lsith. has
been sunk. y
The sun., 1916-09-26
1'hc French Statement.

suits achieved. OR loives have been 50
i.tf comparative small"
The Bridgeport evening farmer. [volume] (Bridgeport, Conn.) 1866-1917, 1916-11-20

ONE eighty miles from Santa Fe,
\ the ancient capital of New Mex
~ leo, is an Indian settlement, sit
mated in q rich vaJlnv wall wa
The Bridgeport evening farmer. [volume] (Bridgeport, Conn.) 1866-1917, 1916-11-20
NQAzT25, s5zzy20l2S IAsNlxZh posoaZ ao

Catholics and they have little WHITE
washed church on the reservation
where mass is said before they begin
their feast day ceremonies, and where
the priest baptizes, marries, and says
the prayers for the dead. yet after
witnessing one of these feasts one
finds little of the Catholic faith dis
played. Those who have lived near
the Taos Indians for years declare
that the adherence to the Catholic
faith is only sham and that their
real religious, rites are practiced in the
kivas with their prayer sticks as, OF
old. Indeed, it has been limited that
snake worship is still practiced by
some of the Pueblo Indians OF the
southwest.
The Taos Indians have their own
governor who is elected by vote, the
method being older than the white
mans ballot. The Indians enter the
kiva. A mark is made across the sand.
Two men are nominated. The voters
then signify their choice by marks In
the sand. Women do not vote. In
deed, they seem to know nothing
whatever of the votes for women
movement. The governor is known
to the Indians as the Cacique.e AS
ISOLATED with him are NUMBER OF
the older men of the tribe with whom
he takes council. These men give ad-
vice on all subjects even to advising
young men in marriage. Purity or
blood is almost as sacredly guarded
among the Taos Indians as among the
ancient Jews Although they have
been in contact with the whites for
several centuries, interim arrfage with
whites is practically unknown. The
population of about seven hundred
souls remains almost stationary.
Feast Of ST. Geronimo.
Taos has its folk lore and it's tradi-
tons and old customs, which are re-
vived on feast days For instance,
during the great feast of, st. Geronimo
the sun dances are revived-weird
dances where the men carry branches
of trees and chant in a doleful man.
ner. This is given at sunset on the
eve of the feast. Early the next
morning there is mass at the little
church after which some of the sa-
cred images are carried from the altar
and set up in a bower of leaves at
one end Of the north Pueblo. About
nine O'Clock there is another dance
this by the warriors who are to take
part in the races. They dance up and
down through a space which has been
previously cleared of people by the
medicine men. The ceremony Is
The Bridgeport evening farmer. [volume] (Bridgeport, Conn.) 1866-1917, 1916-11-20

to dry after which it is carefully
picked over by hand for any little peb-
bles or sticks which may be left, It
is then put in sacks and taken to the
mill.
Clothing.
The clothing of the women consists
of a loose garb of bright colored
American calico or cloth. Is belted at
the waist and gives the stout women
the appearance of a moving bag of
grain with a string about the center.
/ Occasionally on feast days she wears
4 finer dress made Of silk or velvet.
A shawl is invariably worn. Her moe
casins are made Of buckskin and are
knee where they are tied about the
leg. The sole is of rawhide. The men
make all moccasins and take, great
pride in seeing to it that their women
are well shod.
The dress OF the men consists Of a
common American-nlade colored shirt
either cotton or worsted. according to
the season of the year; a pair of leg
gings of cheap worsted goods or blue
and white drilling. Each logging is
made of a simple piece of cloth sewed
together so that it will fit close to the
leg. The 1eggings come half way I'D
to the thigh and are held by a string
attached to a cord passing around the
waist. The same string supports the
breech clout-a simple strip of cotton
cloth varying in width and length. The
blanket usually carried over the
The Bridgeport evening farmer. [volume] (Bridgeport, Conn.) 1866-1917, 1916-11-20

a little over 800 miles. The group
comprises five islands; the principal
ones, st. George and st. Paul, lying
about forty miles apart. are the chief
breeding places of the fur seals.
These two largest islands Of the
Pribilof group have been the stopping
places of large packs Of foxes which
live part of the year on the vast
numbers of birds (and their eggs)
which swarm over the islands in the
nesting season. The balance of the
year the foxes subsist upon the re-
mains of the slaughtered seals that
are killed for their skins; so, in this
way, the fox herd is closely related
to the sealing activities of the islands
Breeding Blue Foxes.
F'ur-farming came about THROUGH
the scarcity of fur-bearing animals:
and the blue fox was the first amin al
to be scientifically reared in this way.
Previous to 1914 the Government sup
piled a limited number of its blue
foxes for breeding purposes to other
Alaskan islands; but finding that the
condition Of the packs did not warrant
depicting them in this fashion and
that there was difficulty in transport
| ing the foxes. the practice was dis
continued.
In view Of the incongruity Of in
GLIDING strictly terrestrial animals in
the work of buerau devoted to ac-
| quatic animals and to fisheries, it is
believed that Congress will in due
time make provision for a change in
the administration of the laws per-
tanning to the minor fur-bearing ami
mails of Alaska. In the meantime.
Uncle Sam is going ahead. as best he
can, with his new business Of fur
| trader
The Bridgeport evening farmer. [volume] (Bridgeport, Conn.) 1866-1917, 1916-11-20

over a pole suspended from the CELL
ing complete the furnishing. Nine
out of every ten rooms in the Pueblo
are a counterpart of the one described
Outside in the court of the Pueblo are
the conical ovens built of adobe
where the women bake bread every
day.
The principal crop at Taos is corr
and wheat. A few raise oats. beans
peas. squashes and melons A part of
the crops is traded in at the stores for
sugar, coffee, syrup, cloth or what
ever the Indian may need.
Goats Used In Threshing.
In farming the Indian uses the or
binary American pillow, but his har-
vesting is with a sickle and is a labori-
Gus task. His threshing is done by
Mexicans who make a practice of hfr-
ing out goats for this purpose. A
circle of tall poles is set up and the
goats walk over the ground inside
until the space is as hard as baked
clay. A fence is then built and the
harvested grain heaped up within the
enclosure. Men stand on the pile and
pitch down the grain into the circle
outside while others drive the goats
around until the grain is -threshed.
1t only remains to remove the straw
and sweep up the wheat and chaff
from the hard floor. The women
winnow the wheat in the most primi-
tive fashion. They fill coarse basket
made of yucca blades with wheat and
put it in the creek. The water causes
the light chaff to rise to the surface
and be carried away by the running
water. The wheat Is then spread out
The Bridgeport evening farmer. [volume] (Bridgeport, Conn.) 1866-1917, 1916-11-20
animal that can be raised in this

animal that can be raised in this
country.
From time to time auction sales Of
furs are held at the Department of
Agriculture in Washington; but, com
pared with the st. Louis sales. thew
are small affairs. They hold, however.
an entirely different import, for they
are wholly the profitable disposal Of
by-product hitherto bringing in no
financial return
Last winter six such sales were held
during the season, selling approx
mately six thousand skins and netting
Uncle Sam $1,000. Notice Of these fur
sales at Washington are sent by the
Department Of Agriculture to dealers
and others Interested. The skins sold
are those of predatory animals con
demned by the Govdrnment and sent
in as evidence Of the destruction of
the animals that wore them.
They include the mischievous coy
ote, the thieving skunk, the badger,
bobcat, foxes of various kinds, racoons,
ring tailed lynx and opossums. The
most valuable skins are those Of the
skunk; the most numerous, those of
the yellowish-gray coyote. otherwise
known as prairie wolf.
The Bridgeport evening farmer. [volume] (Bridgeport, Conn.) 1866-1917, 1916-11-20

shoulder is ometimeS worn about the
loin as well. The men rarely wear
hats and usually braid their hair IN
two plats tied with bright colored
yarn, while the women bang their
hair in front and twist it into T
shaped knot in the back
Life at the Pueblos is simple indeed.
The women spend their time at house
hold labor while. the men farm or go
hunting. Doves, rabbits, deer and
other game are to be found in the
Taos Valley. The feast days especially
that of st. Geronimo, which occurs
on September 30th, are the best time
to see the real traits of the Taos In
dian. The day before the feast of ST..
Geronimo there is always rabbit
hunt in which at least one hundred
men participate. The rabbits are
rounded up and killed with arrows
stewed rabbit is served in the kivas
to the men who are to participate in
the races on the morrow.
These kivas or estufas as they are
sometimes called, are the circular
structures built underground for re-
ligious ceremonies and civil cere-
monies of a secret nature and few,
if any, white men know exactly what
goes on in these places. Wome en- are
only allowed to enter when carrying
food to the men.
Religion.
Outwardly the Taos Indians are
The Bridgeport evening farmer. [volume] (Bridgeport, Conn.) 1866-1917, 1916-11-20
UnderselIing The Market.

At sales so far held the bids ac-
copied ranged from one dollar for the
poorer pelts to $3.50 and $3.50 per
skin for the choicer ones, while good
quality skunk skins have brought IS
each. Realizing that such prices are
lower than those of commercial mar
kets, the Department is satisfied with
it's beginning, for it believes that as it's
recurring auctions of furs become
more widely known consistent rise
in prices will follow.
In the future the Department will
have many more pelts for sale, for
the $3.50, 900 appropriation made by
the last Congress for the extermina-
ton of predatory animals has enabled
the Department to double its force OF
hunters. Half of this sum will be
used in the destruction of the coyote
in one locality because Of the excess
sive loss of valuable stock there from
being bitten by coyotes, affected with
rabies.
The skins sent to the Department
are received in great bales. each pelt
bearing its own history on an attached
tag. This is recorded by the Biolog-
ica1 Survey, which then selects the
specimens it requires for it's work and
turns the balance over to be sold.
Concerning The Coyote.
Prior to these sales the skin of the
coyote was but little known to COM
merce; it is likely that it will be
largely used in the future under many
colors and, titles. Those killed in the
North have long, silky fur; those
farther south, shorter and thinner fur.
Coyote skins are being largely used
for automobile coats and rugs, and
were bought up last year in big guam
The Bridgeport evening farmer. [volume] (Bridgeport, Conn.) 1866-1917, 1916-11-20

of dyeing and dressing furs. At pres
ent Uncle Sam has lying in cold stor-
age several thousand seal skins.
Sales At st. Louis.
Only a few weeks ago Uncle Sam
held a public auction of furs in ST.
Louis and sold 1900 home-dyed,
HON addressed and home machined
seal skins at a price of $74,530, or an
average of 1922 per skin. Also, the
seasons take Of blue fox skins from
the Pribi1of Islands were sold-48O
of them at a price of $20,242 or an
average Of s4S.19 per skin. At the
same sale twenty white fox, skins, less
valuable than the blue fox, were sold
at an average price Of $14.25 each
In all, therefore, Uncle Sans recent
sale of furs brought in the tidy sum
Of over $4,000.
Sales At Washington.
Fox farming is merely incidental to
the main fur industry of the Govern
ment which is that Of seal raising.
Uncle Sam is careful, however, of this
side-product and is promoting it to
the extent of experimenting with the
rare silver fox, the skin of which is
the most valuable of any fur-bearing
The Bridgeport evening farmer. [volume] (Bridgeport, Conn.) 1866-1917, 1916-11-20

uncanny for the men scarcely more
than move from time to time. After
the dance the racers who represent
the two Pueblos take their places.
They are naked except for a kilt OF
some sort about the loins. Their
heads are decorated with feathers, the
emblem of swiftness. The crowd at
once takes sides, the women becom-
ing especially excited. The race is run
in a peculiar fashion. When the
judges give the word the men dart
from the course nearest to the Pueblo
and run swiftly to the other end. The
instant the leader reaches a certain
stone at the end of the course another
man of his clan takes up the race and
rushes past him on the home stretch.
This is kept up until all the contestants
have had trial-the final victory be-
ing victory for the tribe and not
for the individual runner. The Pueblo
winning the race is entitled to keep
the statue of st. Geronimo for the fol-
lowing year. The judges are selected
one from each Pueblo and one from
another tribe of Indians. After the
race there is another dance similar to
In the afternoon one sees the real
Indian nature in the antics Of the
Delight Makers Chiffonnettes (clowns)
who come from the kivas. Their faces
and naked bodies are smeared with
paint and their legs entwined with
corn husks. Their whole makeup is
hideous. They object to being photo
graphed and one of their chief de-
lights is smashing cameras. Nothing
is sacred to their touch and they VIII
steal food from the wagons of the
people who have come to the show
and beat tin pans behind horses caVs-
ing them to run away. They delight
in frightening women and children
and in torturing the dogs that infest
the reservation.
The climax of the day is the cliEs@-
ing of a creased pole at the top OF
which are hung such prizes as dead
sheep, cakes, bags of -four, etc. There
is a great number of antics before
they succeed in bringing down the
prize. There are several traditions as
to the origin of the feast, one being
that century ago the chief wandered
away in the mountains and never re-
turned and in memory of this. all abb
sent Pueblo Indians come home on
this day. AS there is legend Of st.
Jerome wandering and fasting in the
desert some authorities declare that
the Indians have mixed up their trn-
ditions with that st. Jerome.
The Bridgeport evening farmer. [volume] (Bridgeport, Conn.) 1866-1917, 1916-11-20
Manners and Customs Of This Tribe Of Indians Who
Reside in the Original Apartment Houses Of
the United States Their Feasts. #
Copyright, 1916, by The International Syndicate.

to lock up their apartment they simply
pull up the ladder and no one can
reach their home. The windows are
usually small holes about foot
square in the wall near the ceiling
and intended to admit light. Gypsum
Is frequently used in place Of glass.
Indian Home Life.
the interior Of the homes is very
simple and from the white mans
point OF view, very stuffy and I'M
healthy. Take for instancet the Pueblo
apartment of a family of five, man,
wife and three children It consisted
of one room about seventeen feet
square and seven or eight in height.
The entrance is on the north side
near the corner and one has to stoop
TO enter. In the center of the north
side is the fireplace where the family
cooking is done, a little iron frame
being used to hold the pots over the
fire. Two wooden boxes nearby be-
ing used for stools. Against the walls
on the east side are mattresses and
blankets rolled UP during the day,
ready to be spread out at night on
the oxhides which covered the floor
In one corner is small table with
shelves above It on which there is
some pottery, cooking vessels, some
coffee and oatmeal. In the middle of
the west side is the metate, the house.
hold necessity, a large stone about
two and half feet long by one and
one-half wide and set at an angle of
thirty degrees with the floor. box
is built around it so that none of the
grain will be scattered as it is being
ground. The whole is neatly plastered
with adobe. The slabs of stone for
grinding are set against the wall. This
corn grinding is d part of the woman's
work. A gun and a. bow and arrow
always hang on the wall, together
with a pair OF deer antlers and some
turkey wings. A few blankets thrown
The Bridgeport evening farmer. [volume] (Bridgeport, Conn.) 1866-1917, 1916-11-20

titles by dealers who shipped them to
Europe to be used as coat Innings for
the soldiers at the front.
The representatives Of the Bureau
Of Fisheries on the seal islands in
clans, school teachers and a store
keeper. This branch Of the service
has at present seven wardens and one
special warden, whose duties are to
see that the laws enacted by Congress
and the regulations Hereunder for the
protection of fur-bearing animals are
observed; to make observations and
Investigations concerning the abund-
ance, distribution and habits of the
fur animals, their food, their diseases
and the condition of their fur in diff
ferent localities at different seasons;
and to inspect as far as possible the
furs offered for shipment from Alaska,
and to enforce the regulations con-
corning shipment.
Seals And Seal Skins. -
With the increasing care bestowed
upon the herd in the Pribilof Islands
seals are increasing. The census Of
1915 showed an estimate of 354,687
seals, which is an increase of approx
mate1y $4,000 over the previous year.
Only the male seals and the old fe-
males may be killed, the proportion
of the young males being closely kept
with a view to their economic utiliza-
ton
The Pribilof Islands, the home Of
the largest herd of fur-bearing seals
in the world, are situated in Boring
Sea, and are Of volcanic origin. The
nearest land is Unalaska Island, PA
miles to the southwark; 220 miles to
the north lies st. Matthew Island. The
distance to the mainland of Alaska is
The Bridgeport evening farmer. [volume] (Bridgeport, Conn.) 1866-1917, 1916-11-20

- ONE eighty miles from Santa Fe,
the ancient capital of New Mex
~ leo, is an Indian settlement, sit
- uated in a rich valley well wa
tered by pure mountain streams and in
the shadow of the Taos range Of
mountains. Here for generations, in
fact, beyond the time of history, have
lived the Taos Indians, preserving in
large degree the manners and Gus
: toms Of their forefatliers and having
absorbed very little Of the refining in
f1uences of our civilization
Original Skyscrapers.
The Pueblo of Taos today consists
miles, the most being fertile and un-
der cultivation by the Indians who
reside in the two Pueblos. the orig
inal American skyscrapers. These two
great houses were once communal
owned by the people in common, but
this condition no longer exists. but
each apartment belongs to a family
who rule it as they please. Some
historians assert that the PuebIcs were
eight or nine stories in the early days
and give certain reasons for their be-
lief. Today however, the north
Pueblo rises to the height Of Ave
stories while that on the south Is four
stories high, the highest story con-
tanning only three or four rooms. The
material used in building was mud,
one layer upon another, allowing time
for each layer to dry. Today at dis
lance it might be taken for a. con-
crete structure. At one time the only
entrance to the first story was through
trap door in the roof, but within
the past ten years doorways~have been
cut in some parts Of the ground floor
The terraced form Of the houses give a
landing in front of the rooms on every
floor from which the people climb to
rooms above. The primitive ladders
are stili used and when family wants
The Bridgeport evening farmer. [volume] (Bridgeport, Conn.) 1866-1917, 1916-11-20
How the Government is Raising and Selling Furs :
Auctions At St. Louis and Washington :
Sealskins, Coyote, Fox and Other Pelts
!, Sold At Substantial Profit.
Copyright, 1916, by The Inter-

luIerudLlOual SynQ1cdCe.
Uncle Sam made his real debut as a
public auctioneer Of furs at St. Louis
In october, 1915. And, so far as seal
skins are concerned, the sealing privi-
leges of the Pribilof Islands were for
forty years leased to private COM
panies which paid the Government a
per capita tax on each seal killed; but
since 1910 Uncle Sam has himself
taken charge Of the business Of taking
and marketing seal skins.
Done At Home Now.
Until three years ago the Govern
ment sent its raw skins to London.
paid British agents to sell them, paid
British industry for dressing and dye
ing them, paid for their return to this
country, and paid duty on the fin
ished skins in addition. Hence, when
these original American skins reached
the United States ready to be made up
into fur garments, they cost over one
half more than had the raw skins.
The Department of Commerce took
it's first step toward changing such
conditions three years ago. Why
shouldn't Uncle Sam sell his own furs
So the first American sale Of Govern
ment furs was made by private auc-
ton and proved success. Today, the
entire business is being carried on at
home with an enormous increase in
profits to the Government
Not only has the cost Of sending
American furs out of the country for
treatment and sale been eliminated
but also enterprising Americans have
transported bodily from Europe and
established in st. Louis the business