davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-05-25
TWO HUNDRED
q COLTS ARE ENTERED

Des Moines, May "a. Nearly 200
colts were entered in the national
draft horse breeders futurities to be
contested at the 1915 Iowa state fair
when the entries closed May 1, accord.
ing to a report made by Ivan Whitfield
of the state department of agriculture.
The futurities will be a prominent
feature of the horse show at the ex.
position. These contests have grown
popular with the draft, horse breeders
also very profitable. About $4,000 in
prize money will be distributed in
these classes. -.
Ofthe 1877 colts entered in the futur.
tiles, the division follows:
Percheron 80; elgians Ct; Clydes 25,
and Shires Is.
- From Six States.
Entries have come from six differ
ent states" says Mr. Whitfield, 'but by
far the greater number have come
from Iowa breeders, demonstrating
once more Iowas> unquestioned lead
and supremacy in the draft horse
breeding industry OF the sixty breed
ing establishments represented in the
entry list no less than forty-six are
located in Iowa s,--.' -,~s a..,
For a number of years past the
drift horse show at the Iowa state. fair
has eclipsed anything of the kind to be
seen in the country, but the show this
year, even thus early in the season,
promisesAto exceed. any and all exhib'
it's made in the past
Big Chance For Iowa.
THE draft horse industry has been
brought suddenly face to face with en-
tirely new conditions. The original
source of supply has been all but elm
mated by the European war. A new
source will have to be developed in the
future, and Iowa, more than any other
state, Is in position to reap. the ben
Gifts, financial and otherwise, that will
come through the demand from other
countries. ...-,--
"This !. is especitlly true of the Bel
gian breed.,s Iowa today owns more
choice breeding studs than all other
states combined and in the future will
be recognized as the real home and
source of supply for choice Belgian
draft horses"
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-05-25
CASE VS.. SQUIRREL +.
BROUGHT TO END

Keokuk, May 24.-The case of the
Mississippi River Power Co., VS.. the
squirrel has resulted in conviction and
the, death penalty for the defendant
and all his relatives. The engineers
of the company have been forced from
time to time to solve many difficult
problems in connection with the oper-
alton of the long distance transmission
circuits which radiate from the power
house at Keokuk and supply light and
power to distance cities, villages and
industrial centers throughout the pow
er zone. But this case taxed all OF
of their ingenuity.
1t was during the first inspection
made over the thirty-eight miles or
double circuit 900 volt line which
runs north from Keokuk to Burling-
ton, in 1913, that the first evidences
of tamperipg were noticed. In some
instances the conductor cables had
been loosened from their supporting
insulators; the small aluminium ste
wires" as they are called, which
| bind the main conductors to the por-
celain in several cases being cut In
two, apparently from the scraping of
first hard to believe that any one
could maliciously have done this sort
of Job, and of course, as the wires
were at all times alive at potential
of 1900 volts, contact with these
tie wires and conductors would in all
probability prove fatal. y
, Consequently a careful watch was
kept by the patrolmen along the line.
But this watch failed to find the
cause for trouble and the engineer
ing department at Keokuk was ap-
pealed to- ''E}
One afternoon a short time ago,
however, one of the lamps on the
Burlington circuit burned brightly
for minute, then went out. An.
other did this, and then all burned
at their normal candle power, but the
operators suspicious were aroused
and he told all the patrolmen on this
circuit to make careful inspection.
The next noon the patrolman at
Weaver called in. ,
He reported that the guilty party
had been found and the mystery
solved On the wooden cross arm
at the top of one of the poles,
stretched cold in death, was a large
gray squirrel Apparently he had
started to gnaw the aluminium tie
wire on the insulator near which he
was found. s@
The finding of this squirrel made
it clear that all previous trouble had
resulted from the same cause. SPUR
rels, like rats and mice, sharpen their
teeth on metals. There will be no fu-
ture trouble, the officials are sure,
because of the death current which
is turned into the little gray bodies
the minute sharp little tooth
touches the tie wires of an 1000
volt circuit,
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-05-25
BERTYVILLE.-

At the city election last week the
following were elected: Street commits
sioner D. T. Boley; health officer, r.
B. Stephenson; marshal, viii Hawk
ms. ......, .....
Dorothy and Elizabeth Coleman re-
turned home Saturday to Richland aft
er a weeks visit at the Charlie Riggs
home.
Miss Edna Pollock OF Cedar Falls
visited over Sunday with her parents.
The w. H. M. s. Of the M. e. church
met with Mrs. Harlie Yost Tuesday
afternoon. . ~.
Mrs. Harry Patterson and son Rob-
erty of Keokuk Mrs. e. w. Ireland and
Miss Ruth Of Fairfield visited one day
at the J. O. Boyd home. .,.,-a
Mr.. and Mrs. Carl Riggs and Mrs.
Gilbert Swanson were shopping in OF
tumwa Monday.
Mrs. Hiram Davis entertained the
Rebekah Embroidery club Thursday
afternoon at her home here. Refresh
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-05-25
AGENCY.

Mrs. John Newell visited in Eldon
last week with relatives. .
Mrs. Frank Humphrey was shopping
in Ottumwa Monday afternoon.
Rev. Jones of Ottumwa is in town
this week in the interest of the Amer.
lean Home Finding association.
Misses Juanita and Ethel Warner
who have been teaching school at Can.
tril arrived home Monday to spend
their vacation here with their parents
Mrs. N. Lambert of Ottumwa visited
at the A. F. Humphrey home Tues
day. +,
Miss Watts of Birmingham visited
here with her father, Prof. Stanley
Watts Monday and Tuesday.
The play given at the opera house
Tuesday evening by the senior class OF
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-05-25
BlAkES BURG.

J. w. Kephart was county seat Wis
itor Saturday.
E. L. Vaughan WHO died at his home
northeast Of here last Friday. was bur-
led at the Brooks cemetery Monday
afternoon. Funeral services were con-
Quoted at Pleasant home by Rev. Jon
,athan Lee OF Ottumwa.
S. c. Snow and family are moving to
Ottumwa where Mr. Snow has pur-
chased an interest in the Snow Auto Co.
Mrs. W. e. Walden, of Council Bluffs,
was called here by the serious illness Of
her mother. Mrs. Cyrus Koorftz
Carl Sheets who had his leg cut off
by freight train a few weeks ago.
came up from Ottumwa yesterday.
Rev. E. L. Hunt. Of Eldon has accep-
ted the work as minister at the Flakes
burg and Union Chapel Christian
churches. He filled his >appointm-r.$ at
Union Chapel last Sunday morning and
evening.
Rusha Knapp is working at Grover
Ross this week.
James townsend and family are'visit
ing his mother Mrs. Margare Townsend
this week.
Andrew Lanes. candidate for sheriff
visited here yesterday.
Mrs. Jay returned home on Monday
from a three weeks visit with her par
ents Mr. and Mrs.NP. e. Pilner at Des
Moines.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-05-25
STOCK BUYER BADLY HURT.

| Creston, May 24.-Mike Jordan, the
well known stock buyer of Creston, is
In Unity hospital at this place suffer.
ing with a broken knee cap. Mr.. Jor.
dan met with the misfortune at Corn.
ing about week or ten days ago
while getting off of a stock car. He
fell in such manner as to break the
knee cap in two places and otherwise
injure the knee.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-05-25

American baritone; lilly Koehen, con-
tralto; Hugo Kortschak, Austrian vic.
linist and Thuel Burnham, pianist Of
international fame, have been secured
to appear in concert program. ..
Following the afternoon entertain
ment, the annual May day exercises OF
Penn college will be given on the col.
lege campus. Alfred Michenor, editor
Of the Penn Chronicle and Miss Susie
Edwards, daughter of President David
M. Edwards, both members of the sen.
ior class, have been chosen as cardinal
and May queen, the highest honors
that can be conferred by the student
body upon members of the college.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-05-25
NEW SCHOOLS FOR MANCHESTER.

Marshalltown, May Manchester
is to have two new schools, and they
will be erected during the coming
summer. Bonds for the Improvement
were voted for at an election.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-05-25

infant child Of Mr. and Mrs. Alvin
Loney Of Liberty township to Ottumwa
Friday where the little one underwent
surgical operation.
Mr.. and Mrs. E. H. Perry departed
yesterday via automobile for Lowell,
Mich, where they will spend two
months on their ranch.
J. w. Jamison and family have moved
to this city from Garden Grove. Mrs.
Jamison is sister Of Mrs. c. Q. NC
Neer. 49,.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-05-25

ments were served and pleasant aft
ernoon spent. Mrs. Catherine Roda-
baugh will entertain the club Friday
afternoon May 26th. ..
The Big Sisters will meet with Mrs.
Lew Fordyce Thursday afternoon May
Is Mrs. Lew Fordyce and Mrs. Lawson
will be the hostesses.
Miss Wilma Sellers Of Fairfield is
spending the latter part OF the week
with her aunt Mrs. Loren Foster.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-05-25
PENN COLLEGE is +
. HAVING FESTIVAL

Oskaloosa. May "a. The May music
festival at Penn college will assume
new form this year, and the entertain.
ments held afternoon and evening Of
May "a will be given by leading must
clans and solists of America, taking
place of the former plan Of concerts
given by the Minneapolis or New York
orchestras. Charles w. Clark, eminent
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-05-25
he Batavia high school was well a

the Batavia high school was well a..
tended
Mrs. ]. NJ. Sirles was business call
er in Ottumwa Tuesday afternoon.
Miss Daisy Rodibaugh visited last
week with friends in Eldon.
Miss Hazel Reynolds who has been
on the sick list is able to be out again
Mr.. and Mrs. J. L. McCleary ct
Abba visited here over Sunday with
their daughter, Mrs. NJ. D.. Cox.
Benjamin Springer who stopped off
here on his way home from England
to visit his parents. Mr.. and MrsC. ".
Springer, left on No. Tuesday even
ing for New York from where he: ey
poets to soon sail for China to aagi;l
take up his duties as wireless opera.
tor. '.'
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-05-25

No one disputes the fact that with
the adoption of the constitution of the
United States, a new nation was born
Yet many people in this country now
feel that they ere away ahead of that
constitution.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-05-25
POsTMAsTERS MEET.

Marshalltown. MAY 24.-J. A. Ryan
of Des Moines. was elected president
of the Iowa State Association Of AS
sistant Postmasters at the closing ses.
sion of the associations convention
here Tuesday. Following are the other
officers elected:
First vice president-W. G. Wood,
Abba. ~
Second vice president-Mrs. Abbie
Allen, Corning.
secretary-treasurer-H. E. Sprinkle.
Newton .s
Des Moines, Clinton and Ottumwa
are trying for the next convention, tho
location Of which will be decided late
this afternoon.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1916-05-25

,r.M
Er,.rchf
EetsirrEE
|Iu,n,opaaI,
|;Arie Il
aud IL
sLuc
|!Icien,G
ILL., 81
Like
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1916-05-05
SECOND SECTION

On Sunday suburban New York young girl took
small done regularly for some time
She osensby TO another
where Sunday waited for her
She left the church
the earth had opened and swa
Her father de- that she had love affair and there was no known
why the girl should voluntarily have left her home
few weeks New Jersey girl disappeared in an equally
according
parents why she should have from home
precisely that She found
Aborng working domestic service The only she for
her flight dull she onged for adventures
Occasionally real tragedy happens girl wayla ued
her DOOM Police records OF the country bear witness this
But the majority disappearance traced nong
old-fashioned fever
"Whanne
mlonth birds
Then pilgrimage Pilgrimage
love, wild freedom
be demonstrated Most of the girls
with
in
children
We built
children
dren aead reluctantly and
We childhood
of arbuu begins call from beneath
the sky just the defraude
Copyright, Evening Mail Syndicate,
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1916-05-05
.DARKEN YOUR
GRAY HAIR
Look Young-AII Your Gray
Hair Changed to an Even
Dark Shade by Q-Ban
HarmIesS-No Dye.

You can easily turn your gray,
lifeless, dry, faded or streaked with
gray hair beautifully dark and lus-
trious II you'll apply, few times @
Ban Hair Color Restorer to hair and
scalp like shampoo. Q-Ban is a
harmless, ready-to-use liquid. not
sticky nor dye, but darkens all your
gray hair SO evenly that no one can
tell 1t has been applied, naturally
changing gray hair and entire head
of hair to that soft, even, dark luster,
flufiness, beauty and abundance
which makes the hair so fascinating
and attractive, besides preventing
dandruff. itching scalp and falling
hair. After applying Q-Ban not even
trace OF gray shows, making you
look young again. Guaranteed to sat
isfy or money refunded. Only 500
for big TOE. bottle at Wells-Hay.
raaker Company's Drug Store, Clarka
slied by parcel post.-Advertise-
burg. w. Va. Out Of town folk sup
S3Gnls -
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1916-05-05
Freckle Face.
sun and Wind Bring out Ugly Spots.
How to Remove Easily.

Here's a chance. Miss Freckle-face,
TO try remedy for freckles with the
guarantee OF reliable dealer that II
will not cost you penny unless 1t re-
moves the freckles; while II It does
give you clear complexion the ex-
pense is triting.
Simply get an ounce OF othine-
double strength-from any druggist
and few applications should show
You how easy it is 10 rid yourself OF
the homely freckles and get a beautt-
fui complexion. Rarely is more than
one ounce needed for the worst case.
Be sure to ask the druggist for tho
double strength othne as this Is the
prescription sold under guarantee of
money back Ii 1t falls to remove
rreckles. Advertisement.
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1916-05-05
Nourishing
Delicious
Digeshble
The
Original
Matted Milk

The powder dissolves in water. Nee
Rich Milk, Matted grain extract in powder.
For Infants, Invalids and growing children.
Pure nutrition, uPbuilding the whole body.
Invigora,es nursing mothers. and the aged.
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1916-05-05

In the days OF Solomon there were
houses ten stories high.
No cold that science has been able
to produce will XIII the germ spore.
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1916-05-05

DIS no eooking-Keep it on hand.
The Original Food Drink for all ages.
More nourishing than tea, coffee, etc.
In the home, or at Hotels and Cafes.
Substitutes cost YOU Same Price
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1916-05-05

The timber and other lands owned
by the United States are source OF
profit which is growing yearly.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1916-10-12
CLIFTON

$+"$.
Richard Flint is hulling clover in
this vicinity and reports the crop
better than an average.
Mrs. T. Voorhis and daughter
Doris of st. Paul spent the week
end with Mrs. T. M. Manion.
A party of young men from Glen
wood City motored over in the
morning and spent Sunday with T..
j. Manion. They were Roy Ward,
Lyman Payne, Ray Hogberg and
Howard Augustine. In the after
noon they were pleasantly surprised
by Misses Evelyn Ford, Bessie
Buck, Ruth Huntecker, Florence
Kemp and Marie Laue, with John
Knopp and Earle Hunter. All re-
port good time.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1916-10-12
Had His Title All Ready.

Disraeli's first novel affords a curl
Gus instance of intelligent anticipation.
Among the host of characters in "Viv-
ian Grey" most of them slightly yelled
portraits Of celebrities of the day,
Lord Beaconsfie1d is one of the most
important in the secondary rank. The
novel was written in 1926, exactly fifty
years before the writer assumed the
title he had invented. 1t is usual for
novelists to portray themselves in their
first book, but no other instance can be
found of an author christening char
acter with a name subsequently to be-
come his own.-London Spectator.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1916-10-12
Subscription $3.50 Per Year

| Chas. Bourn was down from st.
Paul Sunday.
Harry Wears was home from Som
erset over Sunday.
Theo. Nopp 'is assisting at the
Carisch establishment.
C. T. Ritchey is spending a few
days in northern Minnesota.
Fred Morrow and family have
moved into town from their farm.
Mr.. and Mrs. Thos. Lauder have
returned from a visit with their
daughter at Jamestown, N. d.
Mr.. and Mrs. Walter Elliott and
Mr.. and Mrs. Roy Hyatt motored to
Owen Saturday and visited relatives
until Monday.
Office stationery or all kinds
printed on the best of stock, at
the most reasonable prices 1T the
Journal office.
Mrs. Charles Bjersted died Tues
day at her home in Mann Valley, at
the age of u years. The funeral
services will be held Sunday.
The w. R. C. entertained the G.
A. R. at dinner today. This after
noon Miss Helen Chatterton of
Basco, this state, will hold an in
spection of the local w. r. C. corps.
The remains OF Mrs. Kate White,
who died yesterday at Whithall. will
be brought to this city for burial.
The funeral will be held Saturday at
the home of Mrs. Whites daughter,
Mrs. A. E. Chapman.
X
Senator Geo. B. Skogmo left Mon
day for Madison to attend the specia
session of the legislature, called by
Gov. Phillip to enact Legislation
which will allow soldiers on the
Mexican border to vote. The law
was passed during a 7-hour session
|
F. D. Ensign left on Wednesday
evening for New York City for fur.
Their medical treatment under DR.
Robert Able, senior surgeon of st
Luke's hospital, Morningside Heights
Mr.. Ensign's friends are pleased tx
know that the radium seems to be &C
complishing the desired result.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1916-10-12
&annerEntt
5tnntn
Salty Yourself!

Properly tailored clothes from
your choice of our handsome ia
brics, with skilled workmanship.
Will stand the test of service and
the critical eye of fashion. Leave
your measure for a suit at a price
within your means. Let's. talk it
over.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1916-10-12
INDIAN SIGN LANGUAGE.
Members of Every Different Tribe Car
Read These Signals.


Read These Signals.
A white man who visits a foreign ma
ton finds it hard and sometimes i'm
possible to make his most ordinary
wants known. The red man has no
such difficulty. The problem of uni
versal language was solved centuries
ago by the savage inhabitants of this
western world.
Should an Indian from northern Alas
ka go to Patagonia he could by means
of this universal language converse
with his southern brethren almost as
easily as he could with his neighbors
at home. That would also be the case
if he visited Central America or met
the tribesmen Of our own western prai-
ries and mountains.
When this language was invented no
one knows, but every Indian learns it
in addition to his own. Recently two
chiefs of different tribes met in the
Geographical society rooms in Wash
ington and held a conversation that
lasted nearly three hours, and yet nei-
Their one knew word of the others
language.
This universal language is, of course,
made up Of signs. For example, if an
Indian is passing through a strange
country and sees other Indians at a
distance he makes the "peace sign
that is, he holds up his blanket by two
corners so that it covers his whole fig
ure. The same thought Is expressed
by extending the hands, palms out
ward, slightly inclined from the face.
Any Indian would understand either
one of these signs.
Then there are the abstract signs by
which these "savages" can express
their thoughts with regard to the
Great Spirit, heaven, good, evil, life
and death, sickness, health, riches and
poverty. Life is expressed by drawing
an imaginary thread from the mouth
and death by chOpping this thread off.
Another sign for death is to hold the
tips of the fingers of one hand against
the palm Of the other and let them
gradually slip downward and at last
drop beneath the palm.
Most white people think that the In
dian word of greeting, "How," is mere
ly the abbreviation of the question,
"How are your But that is not so.
The word is really "aou," which means
brother" or friend" So when he
comes up and growls out his seemingly
inQuisitive How he is not asking
after your health, but telling you that
he is friend.-Youth's Companion.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1916-10-12

GILMAN


/: 1: /: /: l: 1: !: + I: +
Alfred Hanson is home from Min
neapolis.
Most of the farmers in this vicin-
lily have started blowing.
Mr.. and Mrs. Fred Hojem called
at John Hojem's Sunday evening. !,
]. Rice and family visited with
her parents, Mr.. and Mrs. Mikelson,
Sunday.
Mr.. and Mrs. Carl Hojem and MIR.
Fred Hojem motored to River Falls
Monday.
Chas. Hanson and son of River
Falls called on H. L. Hanson last
Thursday.
Mrs. F. Hojem attended the sur
prise party in honor of Mrs. r
Christensen near Beldenville Wed.
nesday.
P. Ofstie and j. B. Ofstie were in
River Falls Wednesday.
Ladies' Aid at A. Arneson's last
Wednesday was we'll attended.
John Finsted and son Carl of w
Martell are finishing R. M. Olson's
house.
Miss Ruth Danielson and Emil
Wolden called at ]. B. Ofstie's Fri
Gay evening.
Mrs. Carrie Rockstad of River
Falls visited at P. Ofstie's from
Wednesday until Sunday.
]. 3. Ofstie and family and Isaac
Ofstie were entertained at dinner at
the L. Olson home near Viking Sun
day.
Mrs. R. M. Olson, Roy, Ethel.
Kenneth. Thor Olson and Isaac Of
site spent Sunday p. m. at J. B. Of
sites.
Lars Madison and family, Henry
Nelson, John and Carl Finsted and
r. M. Olson and family spent Wed
nesday evening at ]. 0. Grinde's.
Mr.. and Mrs. A. Jacobson enter
tanned the Hovde families and Mrs.
Clara Mathison Sunday in honor of
Carl Hovde of Washington, who is
visiting relatives and friends here.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1916-10-12
MORE LOCALS

Secondhand Sale Oct. Fl Odd Eel
lows Hall.
Mrs. r. P. Colwell visited friends
in Hudson Saturday.
Miss Dora Allen of Minneapolis is
visiting Mrs. Mary Eldred.
VIM. O. PIERCE has rented the
Rawson house. on the South Side.
Postmaster A. w. Stiles and Edi-
tor A. E. Reese were Ellsworth Wis
itors last Friday.
Mr.. and Mrs. John Lindley of
Minneapolis visited at the K. L..
Lien home Saturday.
4
The Dougherty Stock Co. played
to large audiences here on Friday
and Saturday evenings of last week.
Keep watch for DR.. Coughs
dates. He is the man who fits you
with lenses that are right at prices
that are right. adv.
A son was born to Prof. and Mrs.
r. A. Ketcham Oct. at Oak Park.
a suburb of Chicago. They have
christened the boy Newton Hallett
Ketcham.
The Stewart Mercantile Co. and |.
/. Lusk have about completed the
work of installing their respective
stocks in the new Smith building,
and both advertise a grand OPEN
ng" for Saturday.
An increase of about 3 per cent in
the enrolment of the University of
Wisconsin this fall is shown in the
latest figures from the registrars Of
fee. 1t seems likely that late regis
trations will carry the total above s.
900 this year. The final total last
year was 1858.