davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Spectator., 1916-03-21
Ozark, Arkomsos, Tuesday, March 21, 1916.
Contest for Auditor of State
 Indicates Retirement of Dr.
 Dickinson---Oliver Gaining

Since the gathering of the political lea1egs ef the State Ssr the Broush- De1gss debate here lAst Monday. | is be1Ag 6sely DrsAisesa tAat Aea. No 0aA 0tvsS, candidate 1pr State AAui. tes. w0l dsesAt hh e1Dsnsat hg An overwhelming 0A3oFfty. LsAAsss vsrs Asse fro0 practically svOy county A tAs 0eats cd slese1on 1preeasesss Aal aa opportunity to feel out the sit
 uation pretty tAsro~ghly. AlthougA srsd one o6 minor i0postanss. k has Developed unusuAl intsrsst recently oa account of the PovolatSens made by
The Spectator., 1916-03-21


 tAe report of the Legislative Csans4s- teo. and the sSvore arraiSnment of Dr. Dickinson. incumbent. by AY. Oliver
 Nr. Oliver comes into this raee al- ter eight years continuous ssrvios = . seuAty ohlosf of his native county. Ashley. and with practically the selid enforcement e( his home Dssose They SAy hs has made aA eaviabls record e n o0oe9. both e oeuAty clerk aad as shselR. Nc hAs never bsen defeated for omes, and thus far his opponent has fouAA nothing in his e0. s1al record te assaii. k is needless to say that Y there vers anything crooked about Mr 0hver's service e an e@eer. Dr. Dtek1hson would Aavs seunl 1t long ase. e hs hAs had nsa h Ashley county for soas tlns trying 0 A1g uD something a0ainst hin. Any rsport that the Doctor might circulate against Mir Oliver new. however. wenld doubtless % received by the people with suspieioa. for they realise nat eleventh hour reports against . candidate are gsAseally based on fahshoed. and cannot bs relied uDon.
 0a the othsr hand. Ar. Olivers op- poaeat, Y. '. Dickinson. comes into the raes with . very questionable rec orA e . public onesr. and with little support from his home people He was frequently in the limslight while the Legislative Investigating Committee sf the Legislature of 1915. was aadit. ing tho books of the State o6lcess. and the notortsty he got at that time was very adverse to him. The people of the State have not forgotten these thiASs. and the sentiment is strongly in favor of retiring the Doctor to pri- vats life. whore he will no longer have opportunity to play fast and loose with the peoples interests
 Dr. Dickinson's only hope seems 70 ns in his efforts to fool the people aAl make them think he is running for . second term. On the circulars and cards he is scattering every whore. hs poses a . candidate for re election" or for "second term" The people generally know that his claim Is false. and doubtless will re- sent 1t on election day. He has never boon elected to any state office He was superintendent of the State Rock Orusher by appointment He was sec retary of. the State Highway Depart. ment by appointment. And when State Auditor CofYman resigned about . year ago, Governor Hays appointed Dr. Dickinson to all out his unexptrsd term. He says that by Democratic pre- csdsnt he is entitled to second term, bat there has never been any Dome cratic precedent in this State, whereby an o1lcsr who 10 merely appointed to Au out the unexpired term or one vAe hes resigned should succeed hinself. The fact that he was able to pull DO litieai wires and get himsslf appointed anditor when Co6man resignsd does ast saeseis AAn . say mora eoasilwa- - q A1s assG4so tAaa ~ sas aes vhs nAgAt aaolRs e the eAss.
 0S. Oliver AAs beeaGhs nanAeous sAargss ef vtslaAlea s1 s0sial svst sOAlnss Ds. nlashssa, anA sAus ~ Os Dssasr hAs As1oAss laa1sA Hse - 1aAAnal tAass GAAsoss. II tAav vv> nSs NUs As Asoho3oas voual AeWU c, nosl AAA. ss ' tAav ssaA bs - UaAlne1 As voal1 ha~e spaninel NaA xAs iAst tAa1 As AAs nsatAae
The Spectator., 1916-03-21

train No. 1O6 that night. Though some were painfully in- jured none were hurt seriously. Several of the septet of injured returned Sunday from the hos pital and will be able to go to work again.
The Spectator., 1916-03-21
Seed Potatoes.

Northern Bliss and Trium ph seed potatoes at $1.75 per bush- ell. Northern Burbank, Peerless and Early Rose at $1.6O per bu.
 Edgin Bros.
The Spectator., 1916-03-21
Free Band Concert.

The Ozark Merchants Band will give 8 free concert on the courthouse lawn Thursday night. Every body invited to come out and hear the music.
The Spectator., 1916-03-21

Mrs. J. s. Haynes and John went to Russellville Friday and returned Saturday.
Vermont phÅ“nix. [volume] (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1834-1955, 1916-10-20
$500 Bed Blankets $1.9S per pair
Csc White Pique 15c yd.

Thirty-six inches wide and in wide range
wide vale suitable for skirts. The fine cords
are very much used for collars and cuffs and
for children's garments. Day-Pollard price
25c. Economy Basement Price only 15c
yard.
Vermont phÅ“nix. [volume] (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1834-1955, 1916-10-20
15c Curtain Scrim 10c yd.

Thirty-six inches wide, white and ecru
handsome Mexican borders on either side,
made from best Sea Island cotton giving
great strength and long service to the fabric.
Day-Pollard Co. price 15c. Our Economy
Basement Price only 10c yard.
Vermont phÅ“nix. [volume] (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1834-1955, 1916-10-20
75c Scrim Curtains 4Sc pair

1t will hardly pay you to wash and do up
your old bedroom curtains when you can buy
pretty new ones at our low prices. This lot
we tell of here are 2 II yards long, made
from fine quality scrim in white and ecru,
insertion edges combined, wide insertion on
others; 15c is low price, but our Economy
Basement says 48c pr.
Vermont phÅ“nix. [volume] (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1834-1955, 1916-10-20
Csc Turkish Guest Towels 19c each

weave and coloring in this lot of Day-Pollard
Turkish Guest Towels-plan white with deep
scficolored borders, white with pink and blue
borders, hemmed and scoloped ends, also fan
cy checked, in color. Every one a good 25c
value. Economy Basement Price 19c each.
Vermont phÅ“nix. [volume] (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1834-1955, 1916-10-20
Best American Prints sc yd.

lust when most stores are obliged to charge
you Sc yard for the best prints we come to
your aid and save you &c yard on same goods;
greys indigo, cadet browns, etc. Recover
your old comfortables with some of these
neat washable prints. DayPollard Co. price
Sc Our Economy Basement Price only sc
yard.
Vermont phÅ“nix. [volume] (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1834-1955, 1916-10-20
Fur Coats

A good assortment to choose from.
Pony skins, coon skins, Australian
calf skins, Thibet lamb, etc. Our
Furs were bought early, hence these
low prices. $500 up to $4,000.
Vermont phÅ“nix. [volume] (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1834-1955, 1916-10-20

The assortment was never better
than now. S1.48, $1.95, $2.45, $500,
$500.
MEMS CAPS-48c, Csc, CSC, $1.48.
Vermont phÅ“nix. [volume] (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1834-1955, 1916-10-20
Csc Gabardine Suiting
Price only 12lzc yd

A grand, good 25c suitng and skirting for
the autumn and winter season; 81 inches
wide; colors are black, tan, grey, brown,
white, etc Woven for service and wear as
well as style. Day-Pollards low retail price
on these new fabrics was 25c. Our low Econ
omy Basement Price only II 1-2c yard.
Vermont phÅ“nix. [volume] (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1834-1955, 1916-10-20
Fall Top Coats

Come in the conservative colors of
Oxford, greys and blacks at $3.50,
$500, $4,000.
The Detroit times., 1916-02-11
PARTIAL.
TO DETROIT CAR

Prince Paul Troubetskoy. member
OF the Russian nobility and world
famous as q sculptor, claims that
his only real recreation during the
past 10 years has been derived from
motoring. Prince Troubetxkos is
paying Detroit months visit in
connection with an exhibition OF
his works IN the Detroit Museum of
Art.
my experience sith motor cars
dates back TO the days when they
we're still In an experimental stage
and driving with me has always
been one OF my favorite pastimes.
said Prince Troubetzkoy. recently.
IL have owned At various times,
cars of every well-known European
make. but ] did not discover the
really comfortable car until ! came
to America. You know. . tall man
ought to have plenty Of room in the
front compartment OF his ear, espe.
cially II he does bis own driving.
Having seldom employed Q chauf.
feur. was determined to nnd car
with a comfortable driving position.
Three years ago purchased .
The Detroit times., 1916-02-11
UNKNOWN MAN I I +
DROWNS in RIVER

Martin Bucholc. OF River Rouge.
told the police that strange man
either fell or leaped into the river.
Thursday night. from the dock OF
the Detroit Lumber Co.. At the foot
OF Junction-ave.
Bucholc. declared that he heard
the splash OF the body striking the
water and ran 70 the mans assist'
snce. He threw several large planka
to the man. whom he could family
see struggling In the ICY water. The
man came TO the surface twice. Bu
cholc said. then threw his arms ~
and sank. .sF m g ts'S
+ Patrolman Earl Switzer found {
cap lying on the dock which 10 said
to belong to the drowned man. The
harboSmastsr n drassiag bstweer
Ice hoes for the body. A nArticu
larly strong current 1t that point
the harbormaster says. makes il
difncu,t to nnd the body.
The Detroit times., 1916-02-11
NEW BOOKS IN
PUBLIC LIBRARY

New books received In the public
library are as follows: "Theism and
Huruanisn,." A. J. Balfour; "Princi-
pies Of Composition" y. II. Boyn-
ton; Journeys TO Bagdad." c. 5.
b. ooks: Romance OF Old Belgium"
Mrs. r. w. champney and Frere
Champney; Richard Wagner" II. T.
ccoper; Thirty Years . Boxing Ref
cree" Eugene Corri: History OF Me-
d.aeval and Modern Europe" w b.
Davis and ~ .. McKendrick; Eng,
ks,s sI.S., De 3, s,nsoSr'w m FHS:f Fs..,mons any
Art Of Henry Woods. X. A." James
Greig; .AoMroe Doctrine" a. b.
Hart: 'TowArds International Gov
crnment" J. A. Hobson: Our Ameri-
can cnderiapds," G. w. James;
"bTttish, War Finance. lsI4-1e15." W.
y Lsyso1; c.x nrt OF The sSy,ss srs T,ms, p,s,
Growing Garden" J. II. Mcfarland;
.yasloY ana Bssehcombsr. a. safro-
ssr..s asafIssSs fsesus. .sii:ri.. Esther sim. I'm.
Aisten; .MAeter Qlof." August Strind-
Il. haIght; |; fT'iiSfim KINGS and Other
Poems" Thosaan WAlshi 'story-life
of washiS Etcn. Wayne whipple
munity study for Cities" w. II. VIZ
~ .s...l -aa.s "a -.
Pvassine-ske pusiA seat hs.a--that
SAYfaghN-Tsnses SCI DeDt~-mafs ]S30
The Detroit times., 1916-02-11

20 inipossible thst any llvsag tAins
could endure In that hell. And II
the airing stopped suddenly or seem.
sd to hesitate and \ french infAntry
attacked followed. then out Of the
hoDows. from half-destfoyed shelters,
from torn sacks Al sand. our bssvs
uiusketeers, grenadiers. or fusthsrs
rose. AGED their weapons. wiped the
dust from their eyes, and repelled
the attack. And not only once, bot
dozens OF times did they do this!
But II It ehnnced that one of our
trenches uuder hre was emptied In
order to diminish our losses, come.
times French infantry attack uh.
Ger protection Of the artillery car
ricd the empty trench, especially
since there was no longer any hin.
drsnce. Then straightway our brave
rnes In nelA-sray lsaped cut ol the
nenrest trenches with bayonsts and
hand krenades Fixed for attack. and
nearly always threw out the enemy
with heavy losses Or killed them.
but. II this attack was for some
season postponed for one or two
hours. the result was not 20 sure,
and ua.aliy cost : great deal al
blood; for this short time sumcsd
tor the french. who are very clever
at mnktng any rort Of defeuses. 10
seize quickly tor their purpose the
captured trench and TO build II up,
TO brins Up several machine guns, "a
erect or each side q barrier and
sand bags--and the so-calied French
nest" was realy.
Then our regiments had the heavy
task OF again taking this nest.
after . Ions hard battle, sometimes
insting several weeks. We went a
the enemy. with mines. while hs
threw from above shells, haAd
srcnades and bombs. Yaen II We
thought the nest was ready, . gropv
uf volunteers made ready to storvu
II. led by oficers. at the head OF {
group Of pioneers armed Sith greu
ades and implements 10 ttar away
the sand bag protection. enl % both
sides the stormins began ct tbs
sane time. J.
Usualiy these sttscks took plac<
at night. Wleu' ths ,ereRades hat
exploded. our troops sfornied up With
utter disregard OF death. and therv
arose q raging hand-tokand battis
wherein bayonet and hstchets, bost
heels and spade edges carried On Z
murderous work, until the enemy
was killed or surrendered.
With what terrible bitterness 4
The Detroit times., 1916-02-11
HAND.TOHAND NIGHT BATTLES TERRIBLE DAYS
IN TRENCHES DESCRIBED BY PRINCE OSCAR


a..s:a. h u rs:s: S:s.s r: Il isss, rss:
chanSSsns. n is . story of the 6gSt
i.x tkst rsxsd aSccs; M!ll ns sss and -, :,
40 tho 1rsatast "ceNtinued battle" II
hIstory. The l4at tnstsiiment OF thtl
vcyal narrative o. the great war vii
appear In this paper tonorrow.-Edi'
tfhis translation made especiall,
eIstisn and eepyysghtsd, isis)
sy psIMcg oscAR or PRUSSIA
Avths r-ssn % kalssr Wilhelm.
Hut II was not the infantry n
lacks that made the great winter
battle Of the Champagne for Us, moi
me hand to hand struggle In the
trenches. man against man. where
the German, being the stronger, at
ways overcame the Frsnchman
No, The terrible artillery which
The French brought up and the
endlcss mass Of munitioos which
they had 1t their disposal
these made tho stay IN our trenches
q hell and turned the difiiculties bi
eur troops into unforgetable deeds
of heroism.
In q proportionstely small space
the French threw In a single day
100000 grenadcs! We found q
French order ri battle. wherein the
writer allowed Is grenades for each
nuster OF trench st the place Of at
lack. And those were not divided
throughout the whole day, but fo'
perhaps one Or two hocrs.
The speed of firing was like that
of . machine gun. excepting thai
these were not infantry shots. bu,
yrcnadss Of every calibre. Drum
Are" we called this kind OF artillery
Are, and its results were foarful
rhe wire sntanglements were totally
destroyed. as II wiped out, ths
trenches were turned into Nal
sroushs. the shelters we're broken tc
pieces, no method VI fertilization wal
able TO hold ont even for . shori
time against snch hre.
One thing only did hold out Ger
eian dtscipline. German faith, Ger
b.an courage: Whenever such Z
drum ore began. there rose from oul
mounds q gigantic wall OF smoke
chalk. dust and fragments of shell
which cut on the outer world. Seer
from the rea- IL was picture ol
ahudder At
y IN addition there was an iater
snit.ent rolling. laundering. crash
ing, which even miles away sounded
like q heavy thunderstorn. II seem
The Detroit times., 1916-02-11

was tou8nt, tne to1i0wlp8 oxampies
will show: .44
A puskstssr from . Rhinish in.
fsntry rsainsnt had his thumb corn
pletSly bitten o6 BY q Frenchman. Il
wss the hand IN which he carried
hla Ratchet. rhs brave man con
tsAleA hiS pain. took his hatchst IN
his left hand. and with II smashed
the head Of tho Freshman and the
man tsAind hisr.
In another regiment three men
asd come 80 close together that
they looked Ike, { clover leaf. The
middle one. the strongest carried
N his left hand two hooked together
shislds Intended a. a protection
against machine guns, and In his
right hand n hatchet. Right ana
left close behind him followed the
other two, one OF whoai carried 4
soodly rmeunt .of srenades. whi!o
the other was armed with q bsysuet.
This strange cioverleaf went a:opS.
making bloody way by stabbln9
and hurting grcuades.. to the terror
Of the French, and IL did us . won.
|derful service, The shield.bearee
announced himself every evening
willing to DO this dangerous duty.
When asked 1t he did rot want a
respite. or whether he wanted TO
work with baycast or srsnades. he
me rely said that no one could serve
with the shell ~ well a. he could,
,sat tina; was bis DUTY: that Others
rould do the other things as well q,
he.
So cur brave regiments had 10
night in close night conflicts. but
during the day they had 10 let the
inhun,an nre from grsnsdss pass
over them and In the pauses Of the
nrinE they had to Ashf CT the at.
tacks Of the enemy: but this was
not all. for ths positions that were
shot to pieces during tho day had
10 be ieblaced during the night as
far ~ Was possible and with oil
their available strength. And the
reserves too had 20 help In this
work. men vino really should have
had q chance to relresbsn them
selves farther back. In sdditi0n to
this thoy were often alarmed during
The night In order to bring their
bsyonets 10 some endangered spot
end their rest In the rear shelters
vas cf little duration.
We can divide the French attack
methods into divisions anc mass at
tacks. The first msntloned always
vent In advance Of the latter; hs
strength Of the troops thus related
nuxuated from company to division
strength; their real aim was 40 fol
lows: After shattsrinS drum Ore
they attacked 4 position In order tc
get possession Of q trench. II they
got themselves securely into one
they theL trie.l 10 take another one
few hundrei meters Oh. and then
by fighting along the sides. they
tried to unite these two trenches, or
else they used the captured trench
~ the SPOT for 4 mass attack. which
had as its aim the making Of Z
breach. n thing which the division
attack rever tried to do. with these
rafs attacks the French acted 90
cording to tbcir well known scheme
Tor making breaches; q close line Of
defense a. guard, a hundred metres
behind them companies and columns
The Detroit times., 1916-02-11

"Havs you any faiss teeth for
sais!' inquired . customer u Jacob
Laedou's secondhand stsrs IN Belle
fontaine. o. Mr.. Lssdol remember
ed he had Z set Of teeth IN stocA
that hs had kept for IL ySsrs. The
teeth were brought out and suited
the customer. y
The Detroit times., 1916-02-11

IN close maoU K0fm0xy00s Inooe ~
teinpts ut attack. which thay always
sssd. msant \ fearful laev fDr them.
II 10 probALly no e1eegsyAtion TO
say that the iossss u aa, attacking
french regiment ere - "a % per
cent: rrasQAsrr have vcrt0ed these
essimatss. Therefore the. French
seldom uss The sane regiment twice
fer nukiAs - stAsk. af
! In this matter the msutsl effect
produced On them By their being
iorcsd 10 - over the dssd bodies
OF their comrades may have played
> copsideyabis role.
An Imprisoned French ofacer told
VI that the effects Of eur artillery
on the .sspArstel Aivisions had been
fltshtfui. He added.
-.rhes< attacks cause insane
slaughter; ~ IL net 20 nush sn at-
tack a. . .dA0cs ever cemsteriss; /;
but We VIII keep ea dotng It until
the French cSmEsnders see the
eurpossisasnesy q such . thing or
until, Es win thrpagh"
Aad- later me 2 comnsAdsrs,
through fores ~ sxDevlenos were
brousht to this viewi !, .. ,at
Al the bsginniny Of the time We
are considering here tAs FSsach At.
,acks were directed sSaisst - most
ly ct psrthss imldela and lett wing
Of the seventh army csspS- Then
the French turnSd yp0ewhat TO
wards the outcrmpst ish wjng of the
Acventh, aud the rfgAt Swing' q the
eighth reserve oosps and. st iensth
the French attacks lstsrsefatsd into
wild dsspeirins cop1ict around the
famous Hiii 1876. ~
AZ hrst the ruling thought sppar
emily wsS 10 capture the Rsight 70,
the take Of the artMlSyy pesttioa Il
afforded. Then. kswsver, . com
msnd seemed 70 come. 70 take thu
height no matter 1t what cost.
An dit I'D cost soestnins, fol
they brought to the task all Their
strength aaA snsTsy.s they suffered
annihiixiiAg losses. aad' left there
hecatomss Of Victims, But all II
vain. They were not nsARt 70 gain
the hill, end they Gid not gain 1t
thsnks 10 the vnsarDasss1ls courage
OF sIi tho regi,uents 1SAtiAs there!
In this, the most deAoeroUs spo,
OF all, the guard vas DlAcsl which
In common with RAiniSh. Frussiar
and saEoa men saEusd for them
selves immortal laursls. True Il
thcir traditions, they stood like Z
braser rock IN the hlsxs Of thu
French mass attacks, where aSair
and again fresh regiosnts wsrt
brought UP. Attack aftsr 'attacl
vas shattsrsd. All that did moi
break TO pieces n the artillery and
machine gun hrs fsll undsS the clubs
and bayonsts oe the Csrnsa infan
try. M
|
The Detroit times., 1916-02-11

Chalmers car, mainly because ,oe
this feature. ! have since bought
two others and they have given ne
the keenest sort o. satlsfactiohyr 2
The Detroit times., 1916-02-11

The last installmsnt Of Prince Os.
cAr's wonderful stery ef the 9plRtest
OF ali dSfsnsive battles u fhSttory
VIII appear In this papef t0morfow).
The Detroit times., 1916-02-11

r.a.e,.s-shs ..sis ssss ....--sn:. ~.
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1916-05-24
THE DALLAS NEWS URGES ALL
EDITORS TO VISIT Ell PASO

HiusborO Mirror The erstwhf1e
Ellis county pencil pusher, ". J Buie.
assures all editors that 10 viii be per-
fectly safe 10 come 10 Il Paso during
the Press Association. saying that
business is carried on between El
Paso and Juarez Just as freely as be-
tween Dallas and Fort Worth and
secretary sam Z. Harden attests the
statement
Any member Of the Texas Press as
ISOLATION who purpOsely fails or re-
fuses TO attend the forthcoming con-
VentiOn at Fl PasO Will be courtmar-
tailed for cOwardice- He viii be con-
victed Of having been afraid to go near
Senior Villas erstwhile stamping
grounds Besides. he may be sus-
pected OF being Indifferent to the com
pansiOnship Of his fellOwcraftsmen.
an accusation that no sensible editor
could endure and live. Let every
vacillating member bear in mind that
the roll viii be called hard by the Rio
Grande. and every absentee put under
the Surveillance Of sam Harbeu's Sc
cret service sleuths- This is not a
prediction It is a threat-Dallas
News
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1916-05-24
ONLY HALF A REGIMENT
SAYS NEW MEXICO CAPTAIN

Albuquerque, X. NJ May 24-"We
know that SO far we have modified
only one-half Of a regiment at Column
bus" said Capt. j. H. Toulouse. COM
handing company c. New Mexico ma
tionaI guard. who Is here eudeavOr-
ing to secure 80 recruits for the two
Albuquerque companies Down on the
border we don't understand, can't un-
derstand. why our appeal for more men
was not responded TO- Our service
may mean 80 days. OF il may mean
years. we do not know. but we do
know that we are having difficulty
in raising just one complete regiment
OF infantry. while other northern
states have offered full recruited, fully
equipped organizations Shall we have
to saw that the citizenship OF New
Mexico was so far below par that we
were unable to raise the necessary men
TO protect our own border from Mexi-
can raids2'
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1916-05-24

buds had been kept in cold storage for
months before grating.
The CRAFTS are OF the English and
French walnut and they were made up
on the native walnut stock in the re-
gions. In this method. the domestic
nuts are grown upon trees already
made hardy by years OF adaptation 10
the soil and climate Of this section
Mr.. Trum5ull believes that these wal
nuts viii some day prove q big COM
mercial factor in this section.
The grating was done by Mr. Trum-
bull and O. r. Biedermau. Of Arizona.
the pioneer walnut grower Of the south
west Some OF the stock was taken
from Mr. Biedermau's trees near Fort
Huachuca. Arizona. and some came
from the best stock In California. All
the Biederman stock came originally
from France near the foot of the
Pyrenees- where the altitude is higher
and the winds colder and longer than
IN New Mexico.
Most OF the gratis were made by
saving off limbs two 10 four inches
thick and placing the gratis around
the limbs. under the bark. after which
they we're bound up and covered with
a coating Of wax to keep out the air.
in one case limb eight inches thick
was sawed off and the graft placed
around it. This limb is shown in the
accompanying photograph. which in
dicates the method followed in an TIE
grating.