The Seward gateway., 1916-09-09
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 Drawing lessons from the European War, Congress laid special stress on field artillery; kept many U. S. army officers as observers in foreign trenches; appropriated $18,OOO,OOO for aeronautics; and laid in a supply of armed cars and motor trucks.
 Government ownership advocates pushed through two projects; a $2O,- OOO,OOO plant for the manufacture of nitrates for explosives and fertilizer, and a $11,OOO,OOO government armOr plate plant. The nitrate plant is de- signed to extract nitrogen from the air by hydro-electric power. Chilean nitrate beds have been the United States sole commercial source of sup ply.
 Naval officers are to be promoted, in grades above commanders, by exam ination and selection rather than length of service. U. s. navy yards are equipped to build battleships En- listed men in both army and navy are to be given increased help and op- portunity to rise to commissioned of ficer-ships. For those who wish but one enlistment, trade schools are to be established with officers and speci- ,lists as teachers.
 Both Annapolis and West Point were enlarged, and the number of cadets to be appointed each year in- creased by over 90 per cent.
 The need for heavy revenues was seen early. Sugar was stricken from the free list. The Supreme Court having validated the income tax, the heaviest burdens in the general rev enue bill were laid on incomes, muni- tions and inheritances. An unsuc- cessful fight was made to make public income tax returns, to prevent alleged extensive lodging"
 At President Wilson's instance, a tariff commission was created; d pro- tective tariff on dye-stuGs levied; and a law passed to prevent traders of foreign nations from selling products in this country more cheapIy than they did at home.
 Just after the Democratic caucus had agreed to lay the national child labor act over until next December, President Wilson paid the Capitol an unannounced visit and declared he had no intention of beginning his cam paign until the measure was passed it having been part of the party plat form. The caucus hastily reversed itself, and the bill was passed by br- partisan vote.
 Filipinos all but won their immedi- ate independence. The Senate ap- proved bill giving them their free dom in four years at the most. But House Democrats-m TammaW men-bOlted the party caucus and with Republicans aid, defeated this. A measure was passed granting larg- CT self government in local affairs, and promising freedom when "a stable government shall have been establish ed"
 The Moss-Hollis rural credits law, creating a system something similar to the federal reserve, and guarantee ing loans to actual farmers at moi more than per cent was approved by tremendous majorities. As high as 36 years are given to repay loans. Though voting for it, the Republicans declared the bill faultily drawn.
 The Shackleford good roads bill, ap- propriating $S5,OOO,OOO for federal aid to states which will contribute equal amounts, became law. About $6,- 100000 will be spent next year and increasing amounts thereafter This federal aid to local communities was assailed as unconstitutional, but de- tended on the ground that it aided in the upkeep of pOst-roads. Auto or ganizations backed it strongly.
 Late in the session, the Danish
  governments treaty to sell it's West Indian Islands came the senate for confirmation. Though $25,000,OOO was declared too high a price, the pur- chase was approved.
 Almost emasculated of all govern