davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Detroit times., 1916-12-05
Reduction Is COincident
With Starting of
Local Boycott
CLUB WOMEN
TAKE ACTION
Pledge Themselves To
FOregO High-Priced
FOOdstuffs

WASHINGTON. Dec. 5.--The
first step Of the department OF
agriculture toward a policy ex-
pected 10 reduce prices on food
staples was taken today when
the embargo on Canadian pota-
toes was ordered lifted.
Threats OF boycotts already havs
had some cffec. on the prices oi
eggs and butter. Beginning Tues
CCoptInued on Psge Three)
The Detroit times., 1916-12-05
A Pledge for Every Pag'

n The Times prints it, The Times believes it.
The commonwealth. (Greenwood, Miss.) 1896-1923, 1916-04-14
Laying Course, Poplar Springs Meridian, Mississippi

on unimproved grades and without
proper drainage, failure has neces-
sarily resulted. There are on record in
the department Of agriculture instances
showing where the so-called macad-
am roads have been built with
bond money by simply dumping
broken stone at the wrong time of
year ON muddy surfaces without
grades or alignments and without roll
ing or binding. Investment of money
in new roads does not become real
economy until provision is made for
keeping these new roads in condition
by maintenance and repair after they
are built.
Through a misunderstanding of the
essential principles underlying the es-
tablishment of a proper country road
system, conflicts of interest sometime
arise which cause the failure of the
bond-issue plan. The location of the
roads to be improved should not be
determined by argument, but upon
sound engineering and economic Irin-
ciples. Before community votes to
issue bonds for highways it is neces-
sary to study thoroughly what roads
ought to be improved, and the ap-
proximate cost Of their construction
The commonwealth. (Greenwood, Miss.) 1896-1923, 1916-04-14

The proper method of retiring rural
highway bonds is one of the serious
problems which must be worked out
by county commissioners and others
intrusted with the expenditure of road
funds. The three methods usually
followed for meeting bonds at maturity
are known as the sinking fund. annu-
ity, and serial bond plans
Sinking Fund Bonds.
The majority OF highway bonds now
outstanding have been issued as
straight terminable bonds to be retired
Dy sinking funds. The term of these
bonds varies from 10 to 40 years,
The fund to retire them is accumu-
lated by annual installments paid by
the taxpayers, and is supposed to draw
interest continuously and to accumu-
late a sufficient amount to discharge
the debt at maturity. The interest
which the sinking fund draws is usu-
than the interest paid for the s
Five per cent highway bonds arS<n.s
mon with the sinking fund calculated
to draw three and one-half per cent in
terest.
The following table shows the an
nual payments which, with interest al
three, three and one-half and four pei
cent. compounded semiannually, will
amount to $1,000 at the end of a tern
OF years.
The commonwealth. (Greenwood, Miss.) 1896-1923, 1916-04-14

or the various methods of financing
.oad projects the one most generally
,racticed for raising substantial fund
which will be available for immediate
expenditure is through the issuance of
bonds. Experience. say the road spe-
ciAlists of the department, has shown
good roads to be q sound investment,
both from . business and economic
standpoint. II properly proportioned
and managed bond issues are made for
their Improvement. the roads them
selves will pay OF the Indebtedness
thus create1 through the utility which
they afford and the saving which will
result In the cost Of hauling.
Some Reasons for Failure.
Instances are not lacking where
bond issues for highway purposes
have proved failures. These failures
,uro due to mismanagement rather than
- detective principle. Where coun-
4aAs have fssueds hil
\ ue0eetas ~ which 11ve 1Isea II
f8 cosdstF ten3 orary roa{ III sss:ss :s
The commonwealth. (Greenwood, Miss.) 1896-1923, 1916-04-14

is small at first and constantly in
creases while the interest charge de-
creases. The sum OF interest and prin-
cipal remain constant, and this is an
advantage as the tax Is then uniform.
Serial Bonds.
The serial bond differs somewhat
from the annuity bond, because. in
stead of keeping the annual payment
of both principal and interest constant,
the amount of principal that is re-
tired each year alone remains fixed.
This type of bond has become more
common for highway purposes in re-
cent years, and during 1912 and 1913
the number of serial issues exceeded
the number of issues for any other
single given term. The Office of pub
two years for SIS, ,300,S19 in the serial
highway bonds, which is over 20 per
cent Of the total county and district
bonds for which the period or term
Of, issue was rer.orted-. -he. first, re-
.Sre 3ment OF serial bonds is sometimes
aetSerred for number of years.
Nhe continued success of highway
bonds as means Of road improvement
will depend largely on whether or not
the county authorities follow these
principles of sound road financing:
(a) A steady and we'll administered
system of meeting interest and provid-
ing for the retirement of bonds on
maturity. whether by means of a sink
ing fund, by the annuity method, or
through serial payments.
(b) The limiting of expenditures for
road improvements to sums which are
warranted by the actual saving in
cost of hauling that the road improve.
ment will effect. In this item may
also be considered increased. tonnage
which follows road Improvement.
| (c) Expending bond moneys only
on roads Of such a character that a
The commonwealth. (Greenwood, Miss.) 1896-1923, 1916-04-14

many communities. it is now becoming
common for counties to adopt this
plan. In all engineering construction
it is customary to allow a certain per-
centage Of the cost for engineering
and supervision. There is no reason
why highway building should be made
an exception to this rule. At least
five per cent Of the bond issue may
well be set aside for engineering and
supervision alone. Money spent to
hire a competent engineer to make pre-
liminary Investigations before bonds
are issued and to plan and supervise
construction will be well spent. 1t
is not uncommon to find counties that
will repeatedly postpone the sale OF
bonds in order to obtain an increase
of one per cent in bid for 100000
or less and then proceed to construct
the roads in most haphazard and i'll
planned manner.
The commonwealth. (Greenwood, Miss.) 1896-1923, 1916-04-14

OF interest on the sinking fund to dis
charge the debt at maturity. The ex-
istence Of the sinking fund Is a con-
slant temptation to municipal officers
to use it fer purposes ether than the
purpose originally intended. II a
county, for example. issues bends for
q second object, it Is easy to argue
that the sinking fund already accumu-
lated may be used to purchase the new
securities and the finances OF the COM
munity are likely to become much con-
fused. This is particularly true since
the officers in charge Of such opera
tions are frequently changing. Sink
ing fund tax levies may be deferred
through carelessness or under pressure
Of other needs. The sinking fund al
ways requires careful attention, be-.
cause It does not progress automat-
ically In most cases. 1t has some
times been entirely neglected. The
total cost to the community OF bend
issue retired by sinking fund win
be considerably greater In the end
than the cost of the same bond issue
made by either the annuity method or
by the serial method.
By the annuity method Of issuing
bonds both the principal and interest
are discharged by constant annual or
semiannual payments. Tho amount
Of each payment or iuste1lment II do
ternined by the term cf the bond. Il
usually u necessary TO suhdfyide the
bond issue into individual bonds of
The commonwealth. (Greenwood, Miss.) 1896-1923, 1916-04-14

satisfactory share of this money may
be regarded as q permanent improve
ment. This means that the bond is
sue should not be spread so thin over
an exorbitant mileage that the i'm
provement will be largely superficial
and practically disappear in q very
short time.
1t means, also. that q large percent
age OF the bond issue should go into
building a satisfactory and permanent
foundation for the road which will call
thereafter principally for resurfacing
repairs, rather than for frequent com.
plete reconstruction.
(d) Provision for proper main
tenance and repair of q bond-built road
throughout the life Of the bonds, so
that when bonds are retired the coun-
ty viii still have an actual and valu-
able property to show for It's expendt-
ture.
(e) Limiting the term Of bonds 80
that the life Of the bond will not ex.
ceed the life OF the Improvement.
The commonwealth. (Greenwood, Miss.) 1896-1923, 1916-04-14

The problem of maintaining high
ways constructed with borrowed
money should be given as much con-
sideration as is devoted to the more
permanent features of the roadbed.
1t has not been customary for Off
cials to face frankly the cost of the
maintenance and repair of bcnd-buiit
highways at the time the bonds are
issued and before construction begins.
AS a matter of fact, investigations
made by the department show that in
the majority of cases where bonds
have been issued by local authorities
there has been no provision whatever
for maintaining the roads when built
This is perhaps the greatest defect in
the method of building highways by
issuing bonds.
Maintenance is necessary in order
to insure to the community the maxi
mum economic service by the road,
and also to preserve the investment.
The cost of maintenance and repairs
must, therefore, lbe studied at the
outset. In the absence Of general
data, the reports osn maintenance from
ments should be of interest to county
officers preparing to issue road build.
ing bonds.
Cost Of Maintenance.
The following opinions as to main.
tenance cost represent the results of
careful analyses of state highway re-
ports, as well as much first-hand in
formation gathered by the depart.
ment's specialists:
Well-constructed gravel roads will
sometimes sustain several years of
farm traffic without showing marked
deterioration, even when there has
been no maintenance. Such roads
sometimes actually improve during
the second season; more frequently,
however, they show ruts or chuck
= holes. It cannot be expected that the
average life Of gravel surface will
be greater than that of a macadam
surface, which in the New England
and eastern states is between six and
seven years. If a sum equal to two
thirds of the original cost Of the
gravel surface itself is provided for
renewals at six-year intervals, it
should be estimated at from $3.50 to
$3.50 per mile per year. If $50 is then
allowed for annual dragging and small
repairs, the total annual cost of re.
pair and maintenance for gravel roads
would be from $3.50 to $3.50 per mile
The annual cost of maintenance alone
is sometimes below $50. In Ben
nington county, VT, during 1912, It's
miles of gravel roads were maintained
at cost of 5000 per mile. The an.
nual cost of maintenance and repair
on sand-clay roads. including all nee
essary resurfacing at periodic inter.
walls, should not be fixed at less than
10 per cent of the original cost.
What Figures Show.
The cost of repair and maintenance
for water-bound macadam roads has
been determined with considerable ex-
actness from Massachusetts, figures
and checked by resurfacing charges in
other states and in Germany. Prior
to 1913, from 800 to $125 per year
ordinarily paid for necessary. small
The commonwealth. (Greenwood, Miss.) 1896-1923, 1916-04-14

and maintenance. Too frequently i'll
advised locations are adopted
Need for Highway Engineers.
Highway plans for bond issues re
Quire expert skill and professional
service. Before the amount of bonds
Is determined. q thorough study OF
the needs OF the county should be
made and careful maps of tho pro-
posed highway system should be pre-
pared. The sum to be issued should
not be fixed until it Is reasonably
known what 1t will accomplish. 1t is
customary for many counties to ap-
point a commission OF business men
under whose jurisdiction the bond
money is expended. In ether cases
The county supervisor or county COM
missioner has the dtroetier> Of expendi-
tures., The best results hay -ays
followed where such commpsslons =.
county boards have aecuFe1 t19 sel .
| - = 3 s:Ip sfsace 81 e
The commonwealth. (Greenwood, Miss.) 1896-1923, 1916-04-14

repairs, such as patching, cleaning
culverts, ETC., and frcm 800 to $425
per year was the necessary annual
charge in order to resurface at Pc
RODS varying from six to seven years.
The sum of $525 per mile. on an aver.
age, should therefore maintain mac
adam roads if changes and increases
of traffic are not excessive. It must
be understood, however. that In many
instances where macadam sumced for
the volume and character Of traffic
prior to 1906, it will not Withstand the
action of the motor vehicle traffic
which has developed since that time.
Many miles of ordinary or water
bound macadam road have been re-
surfaced with bitumfnous materials.
and many miles of new bituminous-
macadam have been constructed. Tho
logical maintenance Of such highways
is surface treatment Mn bitumi-
nous material and rock blooninRn
clean gravel, or sharp Ss9,44
of such surface j e
to l2 centA Rsf s. q - ~
may. beaexpeatas slass MI
three years, accorsa e.eS density
Of traffic and the stsf of the appli-
cation. theoretically, perfect surface
treatment would constitute absolute
maintenance for q bituminous-mac-
adam road. Such maintenance 10
seldom or never realized and bitumi.
nous-macadam roads doubtless require
resurfacing at intervals. The cost Of
such resurfacing is not yet known.
Repair and Maintenance.
The average cost for repair and
maintenance of 1900 miles of highway
in Connecticut, Massachusetts,, New
York, New Jersey and Rhode Island,
for the year 1912, was about $500 per
mile. A large part of this money was
expended for bituminous resurfacing
and bituminous surface treatment.
There is some question whether tho
expenditure correctly measures tho
average cost of repairing and main
tanning bituminous.macadam roads.
In the state of New York, however.
for the years 1911 and 1912 the aver
age cost for repair and maintenance
was 1924 per mile upon q total aver.
age of 1851 miles. The annual cost
Of repair and maintenance on Massa-
chusetts state roads for the years
1910, 1911 and 1912 was. respectively.
$642, $641and $676 per mile for about
$50 miles. For the most part these
figures for New York and Massachu.
setts represents the cost per mile Of
resurfacing with bituminous material
and of maintaining bituminous-macad.
am and .water-bound macadam roads
by surface treatment with bituminous
material. It is clear, therefore. that
for heavy traffic trunk line roads 500
per mile is not an excessive estimate
at present for the annual cost Of all
repair and maintenance on bitumi.
nous-macadam roads.
The commonwealth. (Greenwood, Miss.) 1896-1923, 1916-04-14
ORDER FOR ROAD BONDS ELEC-
TION, TUESDAY, APRIL Is

In the matter Of election for issuance
of road bonds:
Whereas, under the provisions of
an act, entitled, "An Act authorizing
and empowering the Board of Super
visors of Lefore County, Mississippi,
to issue bonds of said county to an
amount not exceeding $500, 100000,
for the improvement of the public
roads out of stone, gravel. ebert, or
combination of such other material"
approved March 81, 1916, it is neces-
sary that an election be held in said
county to determine whether or not
said bonds shall be issued as set forth
in said act,
Now, therefore, be it ordered by
the Board of Supervisors of said
county, in regular session, that an
election be held in said county on
Tuesday, the 25th day of April, A. D.
1916, for the purpose Of ascertaining
whether or not the qualified electors
Of said county, voting in such cleo
ton, desire that said bonds be issued.
And it is further ordered that the
election commissioners of said county
of Leflore, State of Mississippi, be
and they are hereby authorized and
required to hold said election on said
date after giving twenty days notice
of the date thereof.
1t is ordered that copy Of this
order be delivered to the Election
Commissioners of said county.
A. r. BEW, Clerk.
Board of Supervisors, Lefiore County.
The commonwealth. (Greenwood, Miss.) 1896-1923, 1916-04-14
Build Them Now,

Some day we will be unanimously Of
the opinion that the way to save
money on roads Is to build them now.
The cost per ton mile for hauling ON
hard-surfaced roads should not exceed
13 cents
The commonwealth. (Greenwood, Miss.) 1896-1923, 1916-04-14

The split log drag has contributed
more toward the economic mainte-
nance of public highways than any
implement of modern usage. A drag
can be built or purchased for $40 and
is easily operated by anyone who can
drive a team.
The commonwealth. (Greenwood, Miss.) 1896-1923, 1916-04-14

There are many objections to the
sinking-fund method of retiring high
way bonds. It may not be possible to
obtain continuously the required rate
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1916-12-07
"ROBIN HOOD" MAKES
A HIT At The COURT
TuNEFUL OPERA HAS LOST MOTH
ING IN ITS LONG EXISTENCE.
Will Be Repeated This Afternoon and
Tonight 1.-THE Serennde' WILL
Be Given

Delightful Robin Hood written with
an inspired pen by Reginald lie hUFel>
more than quarter OF ccnlur! aEo
proved its wonderful wearing QNaiItleS
by the enthusiasm accorded ITS rrFlFai
at The Court last night. 1t was greeted
by an audience tina: knew 1t ana !ovso
il before IL came. This was proven pS
the welcoming hands given cach thln!l
lar character upon it's first entrat'.S
Not a single member or the ola Iostn,-
ians remains in the cast. 50 1t was TIC
characters and not the players that were
given that applause. ~,.
After the play hal progressed DIT
the players as we'll as the characters
Iriumphed The cast is sp!cndid. IL III
rmdes IVY Scott. rene mhcred here from
The Merry Widow" and The Gill oi
he Golden Vest" James stevens, a
stock favorite in opera; Tillie SalinEer
and Phil Branson. old Tifoii tayoIres
and less known but extraordinarily Gouc
singers; lil; IKE po CGIa rr 1TaeTd' Os'
Tho chorus com bincS the good looks
of A musical comedy swayinG line WIN
The singing ability necessary 10 inter
nret this best Of comic operas since
"Ermine." The male chorus IS notapIS
settings and costumes are UP 10 d n's'
All his is aside from the superb
score which Is Robin Hoods chiel
charm. THE Milkmaids' Song; poTsc
Me- Mn Tailors," The Thinkers
Song" THE Armorers Song ana tnS
dozen othrr beautiful metoaies ,5 me!
arouse your memories Of Jessie Eari I
ict% Dayis Henry Clay Barnabee. WI
liam II. Macdonald, Helen Bertram
M Nan, Van Dresser CT the only George
rockingham, but they win not arouse rUn.
your regrets for those VINO ,b PAVE 6es so" %,
hands Don't be afraid to go 10 "RonlT
Hood HOOD because you have seen Il SO vel.
dona In. the past. 1t Is beautifully oons
now. IN, I. ,onaoted +bIs
afternoon and The sefehaue WILL "
given tonight.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1916-12-07
MAUDE ADAMS.

A Lady Babbic Maude Adams IS re-
ncatlng her former triumphs In INC Litr
10 Minister" and it is now mater u
wonder that her following ever aIio"eo
her 10 keep the charming con1Suy
long away from its members. Iheatr;i =,
r,aI neople have an unshakaole oeilet IN
me wisdom of change. They argue thIt
the nervous public demands new M i.
dents new people and new thrills. D"s
M oublic as a whole is not SO nervous >
"a ali that and 1t IS certainty thnI y.
does not relish seeing the things II iihEs
bcst hidden away in the oacKG
Miss Adams need never have la'd away
The Little Minister" she would alwas: :
have been welcome In It, ms muG.'
has been proved during her present iou o,.
Nov that she has brought the play naG >,
she is 10 be forgiven for having ia'i ~
awav for the fact remains that u shy
had not shelred it she never wouIu i,t'e
been seen as Phoebe Throssell IN 0Gat,
nv Street as the boy VINO woG.um
row up in "Peter Pan" or as the .oEa.
bie little Maggie Wylie in "What Lively
Woman Knows" And that TINS "out y
hava been a distinct loss TO the stage Is
a certainty. Miss Adams IS que al tnJ
court Theatre Saturday. motlnes n.L1
nirht, when she will be seen IN her oTiIi,
nal Al role Of Lady Babbie In The Lille
Minister"
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1916-12-07
RECLAIMED APPETITE
ASBY A MIRACLE
POPULAR RAILROAD ENGINEER
ATE ALMOST NOTHING FOR
OVER A YEAR.
GRADUALLY WAS
GETTING WEAKER

IF 1t hadn't been for my natural
ly strong and hardy condition, |
wouldn't have been able to stick on
the job, that's all there is 10 it," said
George Cheshire, 4708 Eoff ST., rail
road engineer.
For years my appetite amounted to
nil and during the past twelve
months simply ate nothing you might
say and was groing weak, and surely
needed a bracing tonic and appetizer
and l found it alright in Tanlac. be-
cause | want 10 say right now, | DO
certainly enjoy good meal now days.
l always am ready for meal time when
the clock points 10 the hour now be-
lieye ME and realizing Tanlac is a
jmeritorious medicine, tonic and appe-
tizer, | want to say don't think there
lis another as god and recommend IL
TO everybody continued MI. Ches,
hire, when telling of what Tanlac DID
for him some time ago.
Oftimes a catarrhal condition OF the
mucous membran OF the stomachc. IN
testinal tract or dust will cause the
system to become clogged up and per-
| init poisons and impurities to creep
lin. The digestion becomes democrat
lized, appetite lags and the whole sys'
tenn and general health will feel this
curtailment of the proper amount OF
InOurishment.
! Tanlac was created 10 remove the
cause OF such condition. Then build
lup and tone the WORKOUT. tired and
tagging vital organs Of stomach, kid
neyS and liver. How successful 1t IS,
has been proven in thousands Of tests
right here in this vicinity. Therefore
a thorough trial should be given Tan
lac at the first sign Of such trouble
| Get il today 81 per bottle al G. II.
Griest & Co.'S drug store, Market ST.
Whceling-Ady.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1916-12-07
RESOLUTION INTRODUCED BY
BROOKE e. ADAMS DEMAND
ING CHIEF TO APPEAR
But He Was Not In His Office When
Summoned-Pointed Questions To
Be Asked Official.

A surprise was sprung at the special
session of council last night when a
resolution was intoduced by Brooke p.
Adams, member Of the Second branch
ordering that Chief Of Police Thomas
Leyland appear before the body at
once and answer TO the charges that
open gambling houses exist in Wheel
ing. The resolution was passed and
Mr.. Adams, accompanied by police
officer. was directed to summon the
chief TO appear: Mr.. Adams went 10
the headquarters and returned, saying
that it was stated that the chiefs
whereabouts were unknown and that
he had not been seen since o'clock
last evening. The resolution as passed
directs that he appear at the next
meeting Of council.
The resolution as adopted in part
follows:
why has no action been taken by
him or his deputies to suppress gamh-
ling in the city of Wheeling, and
where the existence OF open gambling
houses is notorious, where gambling
is carried on in open defiance Of the
law?
why. If actual knowledge OF these