davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-06-06
Answers to Yesterdays Quiz

/. The nearest equivalent of our Secretary Of
State In England II the Secretary of State
for Foreign Affairs.
e. The Lafayette Hotel stood on Broad street
directly north OF the Union LenEue.
g. Lincoln, In 1861; Mckinley, in 1000. and
Roosevelt, in 1904. were nominated by ac-
clamntien.
4. Tho Black Prince was the warrior son of
Edward III.
g. 'Ilbrrty, Equality. Fraternity" Is the
motto OF the French Republic.
O. The Andes range along the whole Pacific
coast OF South America
T. In Florida the temperature occasionally
falls for n short time below freezing
point.
g. The Simplon Tunnel, through the Alps, Is
on the Swiss-Itallan frontier.
0. The Pones for a time resided at Avgnon.
In France.
10, Superdreadno ughts, dreadnoughts, battle
cruisers, armored cruisers, tOrpedObOat
destrOyers, submarines.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-06-06

TNHB drum, with its terrible and glori.
i GUS thunder, is very excellent in
strument. Like Kipling's drumming
guns that have no doubts" 1t has no
uncertainties But the drum is dead with
out the right tune. The Republicans in
1912 had the votes to win; they had the
drum. But they did not know which tune
to play to 1t.
In a few days we shall know what
tunes the Republican and Democratic
bands want to play, and then will come
the drums. The finer and subtler argu.
ments will all have been made. Logic
has already had It's day In court Wen
all be Missourians, and II will be a case
oe SHOW me!' Show me the votes--not
so much who could, should or might win,
but who will win. That is the terrible
logic of the drum.
The Republicans are going to have q
fight buff 1t results in unity-it will
no more hurt the Republican chances
than the fight in the convention which
nominated Wilson, which nearly came to
blows, hurt Wilson's chances. Indica-
tions now point strongly to a united Re-
publican party with a single candidate,
as acceptable to Progressives as to old
fashioned Republicans. In that event
there will still be doubtful States, as
there always are, half a dozen or so,
including New York, which with the
Solid South would give the Democrats
victory. These half dozen doubtfus went
Republican with cheerful steadiness in
election after election, and even in 1912
the combined Republican and Progressive |
vote in those so-called doubtful States |
was greater than the Democratic vote. |
But in 1912 there arose the strange |
phenomenon of 27 Republican and doubt |
full" States which went Democratic, al |
though the divided Republicans had a
majority over the Democrats. Those 27
Republican States will not be doubtful
in November, If the Republicans split
they will be certainly Democratic, and
this table is printed to give that truth
the keen edge of facts and figures:
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-06-06

in the Arsenal are ell for devout adher-
ence TO the principle and to the fact Of
preparedness. The simple fact is that
Philadelphia and a great part OF the
country realize that preparedness in
some form wilt be in both party plat
forms, win be much spoken Of and bene-
fited during the campaign. and can be
taken for granted in some measure. Con-
gress was not much affected by the great
turnout in New York, although that did
something TO counterbalance the apathy
Of certain other sections OF the country.
II the time came for a test the nation
would find that Philadelphia, wherever
her feet may and may not parade. has her
heart in the right place.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-06-06

What is it?" blurbed the New York
Tribune on its Veryfrst Page yester-
day. Last Monday Haywood Broun
wrote about consclences and postage
stamps. We haven't the slightest idea
what he is saying this morning and
we wouldn't tell you here IL we did. 1t
Is the delightful unusualness of his
theme that carries a lot of the charm
of his Monday morning Sport or
Thereabouts.' So let's turn the paper
over together and see what we draw.
Page IA"
90 WE turned the paper over, but all we
~ drew was something we knew before
which is this: When feller's got piece
to speak you gotter watch i'm all the
time or he'll sneak off the stage alto.
gether. Anyhow that's what Haywood
done yesterday mornin', Amt he the bad
boy?
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-06-06
Whatever happens there ChIcao

has the grand show. Probably nothing
50 spectacular as the convention of four
years ago will happen, but there is al.
ready tenseness in the air. The CORE
spendence which the EVENING LEDGER
printed yesterday and which will con-
tinue through the convention tingles
with political and with human interest.
The suspicion that the Republican con.
vention is really democratic and repre-
sents the faith as we'll as the doubts of
the people is beginning to prevail. That
is why the individual delegates are as
Stunning some importance. 1t may turn
out a fond. foolish dream, but it is worth
dreaming. Eventually the bosses will
wake up to the fact that. the dream Of
popular control is a reality.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-06-06
Made by wars and mined b:

Made by wars and ruined by the
greatest OF them, Horatio Herbert
Kitchener came to strange and terri
BILE end which bids fair to immortalize
him. The war did not spare him to see
HIS work duly appreciated. His "mob,"
the greatest volunteer army OF history,
has not yet proved itself. and in the
struggle against sloth and indifference
he. who fought most valiantIy. suffered
the deepest reproaches. The clamorings
for his dismissal were loud a week ago.
he was dismissed by a higher agency
IA an element not his own. He should
have died In battle, or as Lord Roberts
died, with his Iast act victory and his
last words warning to his country.
England suffers terrible loss, OF which
she must be conscious whether one is
found to NIL the place of K. Of K or not.
Every tribe in the British Empire
knows the name OF Kitchener, most of
them from experience with the ruthless
ard andacious leader who saw England
and her imperial destiny at the end OF
waste places devastated by cruelty and
across rivers flowing with blood. He
Was without heart IN war because his
heart vas always England's. BY a tragic
eoIncldence. he joins. after brief time,
tie victim OF his famous march to
Fashoda. General Aarehand another type
pf soldier and OF man. He Is the nrss
n4n Of predominant influence 10 60 in
l.|s var ana his passing. fllogically bur
inautahly. brings the terrible utility OF
Is e'Qsa 10 every heart
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-06-06
Tonight. weather permitting. tn,

AonlBht' weather permitting, the
University Of Pennsylvania assumes the
role of impresario with an open,air per.
formance of Aida" The work chosen
has often been called an ideal opera and
the circumstances under which the Penn
production will be given are faultless.
The progress of pageantry in recent years
has been extraordinary and Philadelphia
has had and has done less than her
share. The work at Franklin Field par
takes of the nature of pageant, 'but is,
in addition. a tried and tested work of
art. 1t is doubly acceptable. It deserves
unlimited recognition.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-06-06
Philadelphia. June 3. ward
TWAS A FAMOUS VICTORY

TO the Editor OF EpeniHO Ledger:
Sir-Your inimitable cartooner s,,l,.g o.,
day depicts the British lion as badly usSd
up. Whyf Does Mr. Sykes read the news.
papers2 If he does he must know M :
the fight on Jutland was a glorious vic.
tory for England, victory SURPRISING that
the Dardanelles. -'''''
Some thlek-headed people seem 10 thlnl,
that the Turks won in GallipolI ana ths
Germans in this sea tight Nothing ~ ~
sort. Neither Is It true that the Prussians
won at sedan, and what is popularity known
as the surrender at Yorktown wns hnt a
personal compliment paid washington bv
CORVALLIS "
The British were Vietors in this sea nsht.
so were the Danes In the battle OF cofen'
hagen and the confederates at Gettysburr
Philadelphia, June s. f'4A
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-06-06
PLAYING WAGNER BAcKwARn

Down az Pisnatellis. where they toss ~
grated cheese on the spaghetti viii = JavIsh
ladle-only that isn't the name. because 1t Il
interesting restaurants-the crowd l'.s astsa
feg pit of music, and old Giuseppe Duf =
roll into the automatic plane ana let ~ ~
He said i was = piece written by I,ohsn.
grin We All wondered when those elm
but they never came. He had evidently, ,,,,t
In the wrong roll but Il was a mighfy n.
teresting selsctlon, full OF strange mslodx
and intense harmony. Il ended presently
with some weird ponndlngs on the lowest
bass notes. Some new composer vgs tho,ishf
and booked az the roll .I.ohengrln's7 Was
printed on i, sure enough. But the mystery
aas soon explained. Giuseppe had uaf ~
ron IA not only backwards, but also upside
down. And YET Z made sense. that bif u
tapay-tarFr Hasnef Then ~ started put
ting Al The rolls Ia backward aa1 unalde
aaNn. znd nearlz Ueaz cfaz8
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-06-06
QUIZ

I. who Is President of Select Council?
2. What President of the United states was a
Pennsylvania?
8. To what does ArmaEeddon refer In the
Bible?
4. What Is the normal pulse beat per minute
of an adult?
8. What is the second largest city In New
England?
Q. Who were the Druds?
Z. What IL n satellite?
8. what Is the object of "Iegal aid bureau?
o. What precious stones next In value to
diamonds?
TO- How did the term "Bull Moose" as np-
piled to the ProEressives, originate?
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-06-06
Rupert BroOke's Sonnet

Editor Of "What Do You Rnotp. win
YOU kindly publish the famous sonnet OF
Rupert Brooke, the English poet who died
in the Dardanelles campaign. In which
'ocsurs the line. "Glyes somewhere back the
thoughts by England given" H,G,A.
II I should die think only this OF me:
That there's some corner OF a foreign
That is forever England. There shan bs
In that rich earth richer dust con
cealed.
A aust whom England bore. shaped. made
aware.
Gave once her flowers to love, her ways
70 roam.
A body Of England's. breathing English air
washed BY her rivers, best BY suns Of
home.
And think this heart. ali evil washed away
pulse N the eternal mind. no less
Gives somewhere back the thoughts bv
England given,
Her sights ana sounds. dreams happy
as her daYs
Ana laughter learnt Of friends. aiaa gentle.
II hearts 4 pezeo .EhdsF az Hz.Iah
ae4Fza.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-06-06
STATE OF GLENwooD CEMETERy

TO me EDITOR OF EUenin1 LEDGER.
Sir-I beg leave TO call your attention 70
the disgraceful condition of Glenwood Gem.
etery on Ridge avenue near 9th street. i
had occasion to go there on Memorial Dav
and was shocked at the condition Of arrairs
which was told had existed for some time
past. l saw number OF lots from whicb
persons had removed their dead as ,ha,,
We're ashamed to let them lie In such q
place. The old mansion is in a diapIdated
condition and looks like an old ruin. he
windows are broken and the house falling
INTO decay, l was told that some of the
other cemeteries in Philadelphia were
neglectful OF some locations in the Rrounds
but most of them take pride In keenins tha
grounds in good condition. ''e
p,,,, WILLIAM WARD.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-06-06
THE WoMANls Parity

To the Editor OF EUeniH0 Ledger
Sir-Because certain points in the policy
OF the Woman's party about 10 be formed
here have been misunderstood am yentur-
ing to send you a statement Of our exact
position.
In forming a WOman's party there Is no
thought of ''segTegating women politically" ("
nor is there any expectation OF uniting
a OOO. 600 women voters" We do not need
to unite 4,OO0, 900. The women voters are
organising for one purpose, only, to secure
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-06-06
Tom Days Column
BALLApE OF THE SEA.

BALJADE OF THE SEA.
Mark and char my midmost foam;
Catch and hold mn spirdrift's shoto.
Is there under Gods 1eide dome
Anything doth treer 90
Than mn puisino to and froH
Sdve for the eternal one,
Unto tohom my all otoe,
Lord or mistress huve none.
An the grandeur that 'cds Rome
Barely set mv face aoloto;
Earth 10 ICON and made ITS home;
But mn toaves, unbridled so,
over buried cities fo1o
Sdve for the eternal one
Unto tohom my all oiCe
Lord or mistress haze I none.
Spanish Philips vdant the gloom
OF mn coral depths beioD
Holds IN age e-for1otten doom
Me ndD other brd01drts knoD
Their most sure and potent foe.
SdUe for the eternal one
Unto tchom mn all otCe
Lord or mistress hare ! none.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-06-06
Why a Guy" Is a "Guy"

Editor Of "Whdt Do You Rnoto"-Kindly
tell me the origin of the word guy"
b. s.
Guy is a good old English name dating
from very early times, 1t became con-
temptuous epithet after the gunpowder plot
of November 8, 1905, when Guy Fawkes all
but succeeded in blowing up King James
and the assembled Lords and Commons
The 5th of November was for long time
a day of rejoicing because of the discovery
of the plot in time and the execution of
Guy. The popular form of this rejoicing
was the burning OF Guy Fawkes in effigy,
and It is done to this day in England. The
figure that is burned is called Guy and,
like all such efigies, is fashioned to appear
as ridiculous as possible
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-06-06

BY "recessing" from Saturday un-
til Thursday the Senate violated the Con-
stitution and in the House Representa-
tive Mann demanded an explanation. The
merry jest is that outside of Mr.. Mann
no one knew and no one cared.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-06-06

There has been no irreslstibls de-
ad Ior preparedness parade Ia this
- anH the exampls of Rev york. fol
|eze1 a chlcaso ana Boston. calls up
- violent desire here Obviously the
t||eE e1ald no oFEahesd. We have Broad
HHst fhe men ana sho latent enthust-
4ne Tsasoa no parade Is Ia sight
|Aes FhIaae'pHa e Indifferent 10
e4s aQr zaat s lies les *.
4z.aN N |Iaef Heslen or
I1z city ara
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-06-06

T F THE careless merchant who has this
l. sign in his window doesn't correct 1t by
Wednesday we'll denounce him by name
from this Pulpit of Poymathy:
Send us your summer oder and we
will give It our prompt and careful at
tenton and 1t will be on your break
fast table If within so miles.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-06-06

THE good ship Acres sailed for South
i America last Friday and among her
passengers was Louis Louvau. one-time
chief engineer for the United States Gov
ernment in the Philippines. He'd be that
yet, in fact-as he told his cousin, Mrs.
Juliette Thoma of Germantown-if he
hadn't happened to meet a Hindu
soothsayer about year ago aboard
ship plying between Manila and Hong.
kong. This Hindu told Mr.. Louvaus
fortune, told him that he had been one
Of those on the shipwrecked Minnesota
and spoke OF many other more intimate
things in his past. Among other things.
he said: "You have rejected good offer
from a certain firm; they will make you
another, and IL you don't accept youn
be sorry" A few months later he was
asked to take charge OF the building of
railroad across Brazil. He had rejected
this firms overtures before. but remem-
bering the Hindu's warning he accepted
this time. That's where the Acres is
taking him.
Sir: This decorates the front wall OF the
Painters Union at 41O Christian street
WI wANTA STRONG PAINTERS
UNION 8 hours WORK DAY Is
OUR PRESENT DEMAND painters
union of phila.
NJ s. j.
AND at this 1uncture. our fellow worker,
"A r. F. s., steps in TO present:
The typical New York thing, abso-
lutely. II is the voice OF the Metropolis
On Fifth avenue I saw a most ornate
and "swell-looking' sign. which read:
THE IMPROVEMENT ON THIS
BUILDING is BEEN DONE. BY. ETC.
VLTE COULD not expect you to believe,
w dear reader. that Democrats have
erept into the employ Of our own dear
paper. so we would fain conceal that from
you. but We cannot pass over In silence
the fact, brought 10 our attention by X
NJ, that the Wilson Voting Machine Co.
Is entrenched In Room 7Os OF this very
1uiIdinsi
The first Sunday IN June was master
piece. Whatever he did. the Philadelphian.
as a New Engiander said about the eoun.
tries At war had fine day for IL.
o. O. dear paper
| WAS. sub. II sho' wuz one OBJ US Moo
i IngIanders. Dis hyaris de way Adarss
Irv. Cobb done tole de story fust;
Moo Inglander--Morufn'. Colonel
CoIonel-Good morning. Uncle Tom. OF
keourss you know that Russia ana Japan
khave declared var.
l Moo InglandeF MOI You doan' tole mes
Well sun. ass sAa' hab sot ans day
|. ~ IA
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-06-06

balances the bad.
1t is sometimes diff
hcult for the man
In the street, who
has to walk while
his rich neighbor
rides in his automo.
bile, to realize that
the man Of millions
is still human and
moved by like emo.
tions with himself.
Tho pop,iln rity nf
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-06-06

The strategy of the naval battle
last Wednesday shows that the Germans
won, If they won, by not taking place
in the sun. The British did that and
were fair marks for the invisible Ger
mans. 1t begins to look as If all Ger
many wants is a place in the headlines.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-06-06
RObespierre and the Terror

Editor OF "Whdt Do You RnoiO'-I have
read an old history of the French Revolution
in which the author says that Robespierre
was chiefly responsible for the Unnecessary
butchery on the guillotine during the Ter.
ror. Is this the view of all historIans2
o'C.
In the last seven weeks of the Terror,
when that system had passed into frenzy
Robespierre was regarded universally as its
author. As matter OF fact, the documents
OF the last seven weeks show that he would
not sign the lists of the condemned. that
he protested against nearly all the prosecu-
tions, and that the Committee OF Public
safety regarded him as danger in 'at-
tempting to put curb on the Revolution"
He gained the reputation of being the arch
murderer OF the Terror because he happened
10 be the most prominent man at the time
when It existed
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-06-06

CIR-Throughout Philadelphia and its
~ immediate environs we wish 1t to be
known generally that we are a woman
hater. Thoroughly to establish this fact,
We say this:
Inquisitive Man-''who supplied the ma
terial for the first talking machine?"
Silly Man-"Adam" w. S. B.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-06-06

Much to the disappointment of Ger.
tain patriots Mr.. Justice Brandeis did
not grace the proceedings of his inaugu-
ration by throwing bomb.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-06-06

The question is whether Mr.. Roose.
velt's ak is for the candidate or for hew.
ing the platform planks clear and
straight. No one doubts that he has an
ak in hand.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-06-06

The Government says we are all
eight cents ric er than we were month
ago. Most of us feel that we deserve
little more for our 20.some days work
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-06-06
L,ENVOT

Prince. thy pride mdy get thee tOoei
Sdve for the eternal one
Unto t0hom mn all 7 otCe
Lord or mistress hare none
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-06-06

Mr. Wilson is stalking much on pre-
paredness II Is the only really stfons
card in HIS hand. In effect he confessts
10 the face IN many things he says ana
s.--Washington Star.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-06-06
HOW LEHIGH
WAS FOUNDER
Asa Packer Made His Own Wa.
and Then Smoothed the \
Road for Others to
Follow

TN SPITE Of all the cynics' prattIe a..
4 is something fine in human natuys
There is SO much good in the worst :,
us that the best pf,us in our rare judIcs,
moments must admit that the sooa ~.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-06-06
NoW,s THE TIME

II Is a hns tradition Of the Republics
Party that 10 the face o. a great test
a united battle front.-chicsEo. EYenfe
Post. H.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-06-06
What Do You Know?

Queries Of general interest tUI be dnsioered
IN this column. Ten questions. the anstUerS to
mhioh eUerv 1ell-inJormed person should knoD.
are asked duilv,
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-06-06

Hughes seems to be able to be silent
in all the languages there are and then
some.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-06-06

The men who are planning to make
Philadelphia the first city of the country
in 1880, as It was in 1880, have the right
spirit.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-06-06
UNITE AND BE STRONG

The non-Democratic vote is rs much
greater than the Democratic vote in
1919 as IL was In 1919. The Demo-
Gratis won by n Huke, and they will win
again by n nuke unless party unity
triumphs at Chicago.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-06-06

This Department Is free to all readers tOhc
toish to express their opinions on subjects oj
current interest. 10 Is an open forum; and tht
Evening Ledger assumes no responsibility fol
the OieUs Of its correspondents.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-06-06
A Libel

The Pilgrims wore holes In their breeches
Collecting gre It barrels Of riches;
But the boys blew the wealth
And rotted their health,
And the grandsons are back digging
bitches. G. G..
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-06-06

have the best right to name n, hut ~.
question. Who are the victors? has not been se'a
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-06-06
What's Your Sword of Damocles?

Mine Is that I
won't beat G. v. S.
to you with his.
which, in turn, is
that somebody will
put across the one
he thought of be-
fore he does.
Du B.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-06-06

DEP-PBP.PEP-PAR our stammer-
l. ing, but pep-pep-putting pep" in pep
pep-printing sounds to us like impep-
pep-pediments In the pep-pep-presses.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-06-06

Within one minute II is possible to
print, cut, fold and stack in neat piles
one thousand big newspapers To do
that is putting pep" in printing, and
Henry A. Wise Wood Is the man who
did it.-Sunday Magazine.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-06-06

The upright judge condemns the
crime, but does not hate the criminal.--
Ganern
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-06-06
Conrad

The latest novel by Joseph Conrad is
victory, "chance" preceded II,
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-06-06

Sir: This decorates the front wall OF the
Painters Union at 410 Christian street
WI wANTA STRONG PAINTERS
UNION hours WORK DAY Is
OUR PRESENT DEMAND painters
union OF phila.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-06-06

AND at this 1uncture. our felIow-worker.
"A r. f. s. steps in TO present:
The typical New York thing, abso-
lutely. It is the voice OF the Metropolis
On Fifth avenue I saw a most ornate
and .swell-looking" sign. which read:
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1916-06-06

THE IMPROVEMENT ON THIS
BUILDING is BEEN DONE. BY. ETC.