davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1916-03-19
HEALDTON UMPIRE
RESIGNS HIS OFFICE
Vernon NJ. Calvert Has
Proved an Efficient Man
in a Difficult Place.

RINGLING. Okla. March 1s-No
other man in Oklahoma knows quite
80 much about oil and gas production
in the Healdton field as Vernon NJ.
Calvert. who until recently served as
assistant state conservation officer
under Arthur l.. Walker. Mr.. Walker
coupled with his general knowledge
Of conditions the scientifically and
practically acquired knowledge Of Mr..
Calvert. and the two were enabled to
produce the results Of which the
country has heard much production
based upon pipe line runs and the
prorating Of producing in the interest
Of small indepe producers.
1t was the duty Of Mr.. Calvert to
gauge every well in the field when
il entered the producing class. TO keep
a complete and accurate record Of
all important details Of drilling. to
make reports OF prorating and to
keep the books and records Of the
conservation office.
He entered the oil business thirteen
years ago in the employ of the Ma
tional Transit Pipe Line company of
Pennsylvania. a branch Of the Stand
ard. He remained with this and
other branches Of the Standard until
he came TO Oklahoma two years ago.
He knows as much about drilling as
any professional driller in the HELD.
He is an expert gauger and knows
every detail Of the oil business from
the time oil comes from the well un-
III IL is delivered to tanks or refin-
cries. He is acquainted with sands
and clays and rocks that are en-
countered in drilling. and has a prac-
teal knowledge of other phases of
geology
He knows the systems Of reports
and accounting. and for eight years
was telegraph operator in West Vir-
ginia. Ohio and Pennsylvania for the
the Healdton field as an employe of
the Dundee Petroleum company. the
property Of which was sold to the
Roxana Petroleum company.
In the spring OF 1914, when It
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1916-03-19
NJ PERRY.

PERRY, March lS.--This week
closes with a Wild scramble and un-
usual activity IN leasing and drilling
for oil and gas in Noble county.
Tho Noble County oil Y Gas Co. is
drilling smoothly in its test in section
1s-20-ie.
Tho Fortuna oil company spudded
,n week ago and are now down 400
feet on northwest quarter OF section
4-G2-lc.
The Watchorn No. has It's derrick
up and gas connection from the No.
well for thciT test on the Altifer place
on the northeast quarter OF section
3. 2l-3e and the Fortuna company has
its derrick up and hauling material
TO its location on south half Of north
west quarter OF section 33-23.3e.
The big Watchorn sasser Is fur
nishing fuel for all four new tests.
Material is being hauled out from
Perry for the test In 20-2w and the
rush for leases Is on from there north
to the gas well on the Hoover place,
section s2-23-2w,
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1916-03-19
At Ell DORADO.

The Wichita Natural Gas company's s
No. 3 on the Hegberg farm in section
2s-25-5 is good for 1000 000 feet of
gas in sand found at 1.195 feet and
the gas will be used in drilling other
wells.
Wrightsman and Fosters No. 3 in
section 3l-25-5. which is making
100000 feet Of gas at about 500 feet
has been shut in and will be used
for fuel.
The test of the Wilson farm in Sec
tion 27-25-5 has been shut down for
casing at about 1900 feet.
The Prairie Oil & Gas Co. is spud
ding in for deep test in section
i-25-5
r. Z. Frazier is spudding in his test
on the Grimes farm in section 25-25-4.
c. b. Shaffer's test on the Robson
farm in section 1885 is drilling at
l,l0O feet.
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1916-03-19

looked as though the Independent oil
operator with small capital would not
have a chance in the Healdton field
the corporation commission under
took to come to their relief against
an apparent monopoly that was be-
ing created by subsidiaries of Stand
ard oil. The commission appointed
Mr.. Calvert as umpire to equalize
production. His duties were similar
to those that later We're performed
by Mr.. Walker They were to hold
down production among operators
who were not able to build storage
tanks and to enforce the commits
SION order that the pipe line COM
panies should receive and transport
oil from other than their own wells
Mr.. Calvert served as umpire for
IS months. and when Mr.. Walker was
appointed conservation officer he
knew more about conditions in the
Healdton field than any other man.
The commission therefore instructed
that he be retained as assistant to
Mr.. Walker. Calvert for q year has
done most of the detailed field work
for the office Nearly every figure on
the states books is his. He has at
his command practically as much in
formation as any person would need
about any completed oil or gas well
in the field.
Calvert is among the many opti-
mists of the Healdton field. His ex-
rerience in other fields mas taught
him that under shallow producing
sand there is likely 20 he a deeper
pay sand. Il believe" he says. that
there is deeper pay in the Healdton
field. OF course there is no telling
how valuable II is In the shallow
area we have producing sands over
three hundred and fifty feet deep. It
is possible. of course. that deeper
sands would produce to that depth or
greater depths"
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1916-03-19

br. G. f. Ferner. whose offices are
in rooms ilO-l1. new Daniel build
ing. wishes TO notify his patients that
his office will be closed during week
beginning March 10 to March %.
Or Ferner Will be In attendance at
Tri-S'atc Dental convention at kan
sas CITY Mo.
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1916-03-19
Ed Grassland
General Practice of Law
ROOM 203-2O4 CLINTON BLDG.
PHONE 4649
DR. DUDLEY W. DICKSON
Osteopathic Physician
Graduate Of Kirksville School
3Oi Bliss Bldg. Phone 511 Res. $3.50

oned at 1890 feet when they struck
salt water, to a location about four
miles east of CARRIER This makes
the third test to begin operations near
CARRIER within sixty days, besides the
Hoover test which is down a thousand
feet.
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1916-03-19
IN THE OSAGE.

The Okla. Springer and Kennedy
No. Z in S-2S-S which was drilled
about IA feet into the Bartlesvlle
sand n month ago is still making 29
barrels an hour and holding up re-
markably well. They will probably
deepen 1t little this week The rig
is up for No. s on this same LEASE,
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1916-03-19
SOUTH oF MUsKoCEE.

Jolly and others are drilling again
at 1870 feet after fishing job in
section l7-l4-ls.
krcps and others are still shut down
at 1880 feet In their test in sect on
33-l4-ls
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1916-03-19
Congress i Reyiylug Prop
o-l'Iou 10 Tax OIL Prod
uct> once More.
NEED QUICK ACTION
OIL Men and Others should
Write or Wire a Protest
10 Their Congressman.


rl -.r ~ cents .-.Ulr on
....-. ...-..
.+ -.'-
''-
.i' If'i
~. -...-.. Ell. ...--.r .. -...-
f-t- r.ft .f..1 tl r.I trs treasury
q ftt fsl ara r rg tt- er-
tr-.- q rr.rar.. .- r.a bong
t ,lf ways and means
.H.rr.--sa .f -ta house. ord one .f
r. ~ rf.-r- or
..r- fE f.- gallon .r
10 -..s.a-F t.r ffr .. people
a .r Hr- and oppose frIs
with .I r-- .l-.- The
r4r- rr..r r. ...f lrHr ftr
-E EcarfI.
-la-. dbl. monster ta ta att4 st1
I' Il.g Ir.a realizing f."
-f an. important aye fte ram flra-
t..rs w. fte Hi business outside nt
ft- STANDARD oI
The adm rraf-.n ~ washington
r-.r.-.. f. pose revenue f.E m
n.. F.r.-sra and gasoline ar
r. .r antonio.
rr .f cent O. gallon rr far.-
-.-. and ea..r, n.l amount 'n
.1--.-. H-....r $40 100000 a Task r.
Oh. cent. barrel or cr.de rI would
r.ra..t. .- least $4,000 .lD. AND
rex .t ~ 90 each automobile would
mean t-g--H IUH ur . total q abe
--.... $4,000 600
what eru. hove the-. usrre rf
petroleum. .ra !-- rraalr's committed
'.at tha. Hr 80 dI,rr.flinafel ae1.rs.
,.-,t.,,,., >,-.,--i,,
''-'''''"
'-''n n' ta- become Amos, %
UH.t 0i fa.4y n"e'-s.'t o. "heai
y i- ~ power. IDi H-hl Jog
.ra'. ~ fnHH. i'f u"ll inc. IN 400
-" af's lh 'hc mar -iecl1ie nt NOR
'tar ih'--and d-ilt nee es--li'-. All
itese articles are .filshea the pm
.-. af ltDallt a- 'htf can p"--lNl'
t" iHle ty AhDIia ih' ~. 'Ih-
mert impose q tax that would n
crease tt" cost of these articles from
lN fc 81 per cent Inc consumer III
he enn pays ~ all Would the gov
eminent think of placing such a rev
enlt tax on wheat
There are approx mately Z. .V"V
. motor cars % the United states. Ihey
} rse about 'uU gallons of Eas'ilne a
year each. therefore, auto owners.
. hes.deg paving A tax on their cars OF
) fl5.' 'o,'VV. "onld De compcu"a ~
% pay eas'Ihe taH "i Nl''vVV,'Vu- IN
s. add luDn - thls they Wou!d nave 20
q paw "" his end oi lhe N-'t"VV'"V'
= - 'H ~ N"''
d tn" autowohile horsepower alone
y amounts 10 more than an olheT morse
D power n ms country. us iuei is gas
o. cline To levy "A TAX on R'sohue q
/, would Doe 70 burden one OF me great
O. 'si sources oi lhdusiilal power WIZ. !.
"HHhi 70 le teo from t'NhlI"H. }.
e ~" ,-.VV'.'Vu all"il ,'lI' yN H.IS oi
W., ,,.,,,,,,i.,.o ,rt .be
roraa ways and mean. committee a'
WASHINGTON they could bv their very
rrrrI.r make these legislators think
twice before imposing such tax.
r. Farmer. Affected
u ,,... .....-...,
NliN'h- "' Iii't'i cars are ID.
. ~ farmers. lhrre are more llil "
l'V".''V ti-.'lh. 'l-.'.- "n HIilt' ].
e1H iaii iNI u'5.'is
u OF th' M's'i---p -fI,'oS lI' 10.
p owners aye '"iHpIalHIht "i we ''7l "a
"ptituni lh.,r E1s"Ilh, on. On ma
- 'hlhcs ana 'he mere men ,'Ch Oh d
70 TAX oi OF Genus alaI ,l.i'ai per gar
i, Jon Is Hkc waving reg nag u. 'Hf;'
ID faces. Ihere are Hlll,ohs OF on
burning Stoves IN IafIn houses. tLN
. IN kerosene as ir.p9s.d' Noulu IN
p. Cost
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1916-03-19

For Sale acres proven OH land.
well pumping l. years. room for
dozen more Might lease
JOHN MQIISTON
lud,perd,u,e. Kan.
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1916-03-19
AT CARRIER

CAREER, Okla. March 15.-Con-
tracts were signed Friday with Glenn
I. Bradon to move the rig used In
the test at End. which was aband-
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1916-03-19
Oil Operators.

See us for workmens compensation
insurance. Lowest rates for Oklahoma
and Kansas. Carr a French, IL East
Fourth. Phone 1888.
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1916-03-19
AT WANN

The Wichita Natural Gas COM
pany's No. 5 on the Joe Gamb farm
in SS-2S-13 is completed and 1925
feet and showing for 100-barrel
well.
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1916-03-19
Oil and Gas
leases, supplies, Production. Etc


Twelve miles of four-iuDh and eight
miles Of three-iueh secondhand line
B ips Address southern OH corpora
fI.u. Tulsa. Okla ADV
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1916-03-19

Christian Science lecture at the
Grand Monday. March 20. at $50
O'Clock Admission free. All are in
yIted ADV.
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-02-15
BOYS START
 BAND OF THEIR owN-A
 BENEFIT DANCE TOMORROW

A number Of the Finnish boys Of Juneau have organized @ brass band, have secured instruments and are in- duiging in regular practice under the direction Of competent leader. The band has been organized about month. but the instruments only ar rived Saturday. over S40o worth be- ing in the shipment.
 The band is to be known as the Fin nish Independent Band. of IS pieces, and will be entirely separated from any other organization. The band is under the leadership of Matt Johnson, an employee Of the city and a former member of the Juneau Municipal Band. Frank Nlckoi. connected with Market. alsos former member of the Juneau Municipal Band. has been elected manager.
 4 benefit for the band will be giy- en tomorrow night at Moose hall by the members and several novel stunts have been arranged fer the entertain ment Of the guests.
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-02-15
WILL ANNEX EGYPT
 is WHAT TURKEY ls
 NOW PREPARING TO DO

PARIS. Feb. 15.-General Charles Ibanez de Ibero. famous Spanish scientist. geographer and astronomer, recently interview Turkish War Min- ister Enver Pasha, on behalf of the Echo dc Uarls. In the interview En- yer Pasha, who is the leader of the Young Turks. said:
 France has attained her maximum strength. She expended the greatest efforts of which she was capable In the battle of Champagne. France is declining. Once the Balkan campaign of our allies in the Balkans is victor. lously ended the Germans will strike terrible blow on the Western front.
 "Our offensive against the suez can al territory of our enemies and against India is delayed by the lack of every sort of supplies. But with Germany's aid this contingency soon will be met. Then our armies will march.
 "we intend not only to make the suez canal useless to the British, but we Intend to sweep every Englishman out of Egypt and then annex that country"
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-02-15
FIRE COMPANY wiLL
 COMBINE FOR RETIREMENT
 DOUGLAS FIRE PROTECTION


 DOUGLAS. Feb. 15 - A combined meeting of Fire Companies No. l and 9 was held in No. fire hal Inst night and Q vote of the two companies on the question Of consolidation. After Q spirited contest tho question carried and consolidation was ordered by Chief Langseth. A compromise was made, however, whereby each com. pany retains .ts identity although nom inaily under tho same head. The mem bera of No. will still retain posses sion of the fire apparatus on Front street and in cases of fire will report to their own station.
 It was also decided to delegate cer- tain members of both squads whose duty it will be In case of fire to reach the scene with fro extinguishers as soon as possible Pyrene fire exting- uishers will be placed in the school house on the City dock, in the fire houses and In Inc salt water pump house.
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-02-15
LARGER PACKING FIRMS SHOULD BE INVESTIGATED
 SAYS CONGRESSMAN

WASHINGTON, Feb. 15.-z reso- Iution directing the Federal Trade Commission to Investigate and report to the House the facts relating to the violations of the antitrust laws by the Armour. Cudahy. Morris sulz- berger. Swift and other large packing companies, was introduced today by Representative Borland of Missouri.
 Most consumers" he said. "are paying the high prices caused by the extra demand aboard, but the cattle producers appear to be at the mercy of some high-handed combination. It is claimed that the buyers represent ing the great packers refuse to bid on cattle until a certain hour Of the morning. indicating that they receive orders from some common source d. rect.ng the control of the market for that day
 Tt is also contended that only one bid can be secured on a particular bunch of cattle. and that they must be sold, if at all to the buyer. who bids on them"
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-02-15
YAKUTAT NATIVES STILL
 MlsslNe-ARE GIVEN UP

The party of three Yalutat natives who left Hoonah in October for Yak utat in the gas boat Swan and who wero reported missing just before Christmas, are stin unaccounted for and have been given up as lost by their friends and relatives.
 The party was composed of George Young. Tom Martin and Robert Full ton. They left sitka for Yakutat by way of Tenakee and Hoonah. They are reported to have stopped at Ten akee and secured @ quantity Of whis- key. The boat was a new one and was equipped with a new 10 h. D. Fris- co Standard engine.
 The mother of George Young arriv- ed from Yaxutat yesterday on the Ad- miral Farragut and reported to the customs hause that all hope of ever seeing the party alive has been aban- doned.
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-02-15

clared Senator Walsh. Democrat. of Montana, to the Senate. assailing Great Britain's interference with neu. tral commerce of the United States. In advocating retaliation. he did not favor an embargo on munitions. but he insisted that Great Britain and her allies were planning to make even more intolerable the invasion of the American rights to trade freely
 'If a fixed determination to goad this nation into retaliatory measures or to cry coercion were entertained by the Allied powers 1t would find quite fitting expression In the course of conduct which our government has so respectfully, but so forc.bly and justly, complained. Whom the gods would destroy they first make mad"
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-02-15
ISLAND NEws NOTES



 DOUGLAS. Feb. 15-Yesterday al- ternoon the general committee in charge of the opening Of St. Ann's hos pital met and made final arrange ments for the opening next Thursday. A musical program win be held and refreshments win loo served. Al- though invitations have been sent out. the committee states that the invi- tauon to the opening is general and that all arc welcome.
 Capt A. Hart, of Tenakee. is in town and win spend few days vis- itlng friends.
 In honor of the first anniversary of their residence in Douglas. number of friends surprised Rev. M l.. Lar son and family at the.r home on Third street last night A musical program was rendered and an excellent lunch. con was served. Rev. Larson was given an oil painting oc Talu Gla. cler and Mrs. Larson was presented with an electric percolator.
 The dance announced in yesterdays Empire will be given by the Alaska Catholic club at the Douglas Nata. forum and will take place on March 17th. This Is their annual St. Patrick's day ball.
 The city dock Is entirely out of coal. but the LaTouche is expected in from the south today with consignment of 25O tons.
 The mid-term examinations are be- ing gwen this week at the Catholic ParochlaI School. These examina- tions should have been held during the first week in January. but were post poned on account Of the cold weather.
 The women's pioneer society of Douglas win hold a meeting at the home of Mrs. Jack Livie tomorrow afternoon at 2 o'clock
 A regular club dance will be held at tho Treadwell club tomorrow night
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-02-15
, , : ]. : ! 2 , 2 , : ! J , , ]. ,

Mrs. Thornton. who has been con- fined to her home for some time on account of broken arm is again able to be out. although 1t .s not yet com pletely mended. Mrs. Thornton slip ped on an icy step during tho carly part of the recent cold snap and broke her left arm In two places.
 Harry l.. Wolonberg, chief engin- ger for the Alaska Gastineau company. returned from Annex Creek today. He has been there for the past week to inspect the blowing of the tunnel and to inspect the workings of the plant afterwards.
 Marcus Stroud is leaving on the Spokane tonight on his way to Kansas City where he will attend school.
 Julius Stewart. who has been in charge of the repair and construction work for the Juneau-Douglas Tele- phone system for the past two years, is leaving on the Spokane tonight for the South. He recently resigned his position with the company.
 Mr. and Mrs. Howard R. Ward, ac- companied by their son. will leave to- night on the Spokane for the south. They VII travel through to Michigan where AIr. Ward has accepted bus mess opening with one of the large engineering companies.
 P. D. Quigley, of Seattle, is a re- cent arrival at the Occidental.
 l.. Wnlson. of Seattle. is a recent arrival In Juneau and is registered at the Occidental.
 Marion Crawford. of Jualin, arrived from there last night on the St. Nich- olas and .s registered at the Gastin- eau.
 NIT and Mrs. ". H. Cleveland leave tonight for the south on the Spokane.
 Philip G. Funcke. vice-president and general manager Of the Alaska Fish Salting and By Products Co.,. of Kills moo. will leave for there tonight on tho Georgia. Mir. Funcke went south Dec. 12 and visited along the coast and returned north yesterday.
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-02-15
CITY REGISTRATION BOOKS WILL BE OPENED ON
 MONDAY, MARCH SIXTH

DOUGLAS. Feb. 15.-An Important meeting Of the city council was held at the city hall last night and 1t was decided to open the registration books on Monday March 9th, for the coming city elections. i2
 Tho tax ordinance, that has been drawn in conformity with the terr.- torlal tax law, was passed to tho third reading and will be either pass ed or rejected at the next meeting on February 2s.
 Authority was granted to Fire Chief Langseth to consolidate Fire compan- les No. l and g.
 Routine work was done and reports of the different committee were heard.
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-02-15
KErcHlKAN POPULATION
 SHOWS RAPID INCREASE

KETcHIKAN. Feb. l2.-An eight and half pound boy was born to Mir. and Mrs. S. L. Myers last Monday night. The youngster and mother are doing fine. Mir. Myers is the cashier of the Citizens Light, Water & Power Company here.
 Mir. and Mrs. Percy Baker were al. so presented with Q baby boy last Monday morning. Tue youngster weighed seven pounds and is fine specimen. Both mother and child are doing well.
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-02-15
THANE PARTY GOING
 ON PROSPECTING TRIP

THANE, Feb. 15.-captain Lamb ert, owner of the gasoline yacht Dora, and an old time prospector of South eastern Alaska, has been busy for the past several days drawing plans for an extended trip along the south coast on a prospecting trip. The cap- tain is very enthusiastic over his com ing trip and has secured the services of Jay Hardman, former chef at the Thane boarding house, and second en- glneer Bin McGibbon to a.d him in his search for the precious metal The residents of Thane wish the party good luck and hope their efforts will be crowned with success
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-02-15
GOAT NAV BE LOST.

Grave fears for the safety of the cannery tender seakist, of Hawk In- let, are felt. The boat left Seattle Feb. 1st, and has not reported at Ket- chlkan. It is feared that she may have been lost during one of the re- cent gales which have been raging along the coast
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-02-15
oRPHEuM THEATRE
DOUGLAS

Tuesday and Wednesday. Feb. i5. 16. First show. 7:SO; second show. S:45
 Admission lOc and 25c
 Hearst Selig News.
 Goodbye Summer" two act drama by the vitagraph.
 'In the Bank" two act Essany lea. ture with Charlie Chaplin in the last picture to be released by the SEA Go. for some time.
 Coming Thursday and Friday. "The Rosary" seven acts.
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-02-15
RIDDEN REPORTS WEATHER
 HARD FOR SEA PRODUCT

Henry Roden returned last night from Glacier Bay where he has been examining mining property. He re- ports that during the recent cold wea- ther ducks by the hundreds were fro- zen to death along the bays and sloughs of Icy Straits. The ducks would get caught by the ice forming on top of the water and would be un- able to extract themselves. He also reports that clans by the thousands have frozen. Clans in the sand be- tween the high and low tide marks would be frozen solid while the tide was low.
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-02-15
FIGURE SEVEN IS IN ON LABOR STATISTICS
 IN NEW YORK STATE

BROOKLYN, Feb. 15.-The factor. ies of the State of New York in De. cemberi carried IT per cent. more em- ployes on their payrolls and paid out 27 per cent. more wages than in De. cember. 1914.
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-02-15
JEROME JUMPS BAIL.

Jerry Jerome. who was arrested at Douglas Monday and who was ar ralgned yesterday on a charge of sell ing liquor without a license, failed to appear for trial this afternoon and his cash bail of S65 was ordered for feited.
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-02-15
LgcruRE Al TRINITY oHURoH

The subject of the lecture at Trim ity church tomorrow Wednesday, evening, at 8 o'clock, will be: "The Episcopates as CD the Fount of the Ministry, C2) the Guardian Of the Truth CS) the Bond of Real Unity, (N the Pledge and Instrument of Grace"
 The other two lectures Of this series will sketch the history of the Angit can part of tho Holy Catholic church, from apostolic tines down through the much-mlsunderstood 'Reforma- ton" period.