davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Elko independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1915-current, 1916-05-29
nGvAoAs,tAs tNs
FARMING FUTURE
Southern Pacific official Prosh.sIes
Great Possibilities In tn. Auri-
eusturai Field q state.

Nevada has always been great
mineral state. a great cattle state and
a great sheep state. but few have ever
considered It a great agricultural
state. said @. L. McFaul. district
freight and passenger agent of the
Southern Pacific company at Salt
Lake City. in the Reno Gazette. II
The Tupelo journal., 1916-11-24
Paul Thomas

Died. at his home in BALDWIN
al nine O'Clock Sunday morning,
Paul Thomas. aged % years.
Mr.. Thomas had b4en il deli
cate health far more thau a yesr,
but his condi ion only became
serious a short time hefnre h $
death. He nassed away quiesk,
surrounded bv his wire. Parents
and other relatives aid friends
Deceased was the youn yest
The Tupelo journal., 1916-11-24
son of Mr.. and Mrs w. e

son of Mr.. and Mrs w. e
Thomas aud was a young man of
exeentionallu briyht promise. No.
young man of the community in
which he was reared was held II
CHER esteem and his high anal-
ties Of mind and his goodness of
b art crew people to HIM in the
closest ties of friendship. Very
early in life he became a member
of che Bantist church and led q
consecrated christian life to the
end. He leaves his wife. father,
The Tupelo journal., 1916-11-24

mother, sister and brother and
mady friends to mourn his I'M
timely deash.
The bereaved relatives have
the sympathy of many friends in
their great sorrow.
The funeral services were con-
Quoted by r v. ]. E. Berry, of
Tuoeio. and Revs. Armour and
Boyd, of Baldwin.
George Ballard, Of .B~allardsville, wss
over on business Monday.
The Tupelo journal., 1916-11-24
The Charter of incorporation of
The C-arter-Arnold Company

The Carter-Arnoid Company
The c~orporate title Of said corpora
ton is the Cartec-Arnold Company.
ano the names of the incOrporators are:
T.. G.. Garter, Jr. Mrs Il. IT. Carter
ard Z H, Carter, al of Turet1. Miss.
and the dOmicjle of said corporation IS
in the City OF Tupelo, Lee co0rtr,8 Miss.
Ana the capital stock il Twenty FIVE
Thousand Dollars divided mo two tur-
dfed and fifty shares OF t7e par vaiue
Of one hundred do'lars ($I00 COZ ach.
Bur said corporation NAV commerce.
business when ten Thousand d5llars OF
sad capital stock IS paid ID.
Tne period of existence Of said cor
poration is fifty years, and the pur-
pose to~ which it is created is the
handling of cotton and ~lirters IN bales.
either by purchase and sale thereof. or
IN commission.
And also the handling either by pur-
chase and sale or on commission. of
cotton by-pro6ucts. such rs cotton seed
oil, hulls, meal and s o forth in the Civ
of Tupeio Miss, and elsewhere, and To
this end said corporation may establish
branch agencies at other points otber
than the City of TupeIo for carving
VII II DboalSoos anu lot Tie purpose o.
carrying on said business it will exer-
else all such rights and powers as nav
be exercised by 1t as is conferred on
similar CORPORATIONS by the provisions
of Chapter "a of the Annotated Code
of 1906, and such amendments thereto
as have been made by the Legislature
as are applicable,
This November 16. 1916.
L. G. Carter, Jr,
Mrs E.. H. Carter.
+. Il. Carter.
Stata of Mississippi. Couatv Of Lee.
Personally appeared before me, the
nnde, signed authority in and for sad
county aud stale, E. H. Carter. and
also Mrs. E.. HI. Garter and T. G. Car
ter. Jr., each OF whom is pc, sonaily
known TO me and each Of whom ac-
k~nowledges that they signed and exc
cuted the above and foregoing Charter
the Day AT datr therein mentioned
as each of their own acts and deed.
and who further make afidsvittll4 hat
the facts stated therein are true as
Witness my hand and seal of Office.
this November Is. 1916.
(seai) v. S Whitesides,
Notary Public.
The Tupelo journal., 1916-11-24
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.

State of Mississippi. County of Lee.
This day personally appeared before
me, the undersigned authority. NJ. r.
Leake, S j. High. S. P. CLAYTON, jim.
Berry, !. M. Thomas. j. @. Robins,
w. w. Trice. incorporators OF the cor
poration known IS the Tupelo Building
and Loan Association, who acknowl-
edged that they signed ard executed
the above and foregoing articles OF in
corporation as their act and deed, %
this the 22d day of November. 1916.
(seaD G. E. Goodiett.
So Clerk of:City Of rupelo, Miss
The Tupelo journal., 1916-11-24
Mrs. Geo. Spencer is the guest of
Mrs Oscar Doty this week.

Misses Lille May and GIydys Kyle
and Miss Threlkeld, of Salltillo, spent
Wednesday in the city.
Mrs. Eliza Robins who spent the past
ten days with her daughter, Mrs. Goar,
in Birmingham, has returned home.
The Tupelo journal., 1916-11-24

pany is Tupelo Building and Loan AS
ISOLATION.
2. The of the incorporators
are:
j. N. Berry, postofice. Tupelo, Miss.
J. @ Robins, postofice, Tupelo, Miss.
S. j. High, postoffi 20. Tupelo, Miss.
j. NJ. Thomas, p~ostoffice. Tupelo, Miss
S. p. Clayton, postoffice, Tuuelo, Miss.
M. T. Leake. postofiice. Tupelo, Miss.
w. w. Trice, postoffice, Tupelo, Miss.
3. The domicile is at Tupelo, Miss.
a. Amount of capital stock Fifty
Thousand Dollars $3.50, 000.)
s.. The par value of shares is One
Hundred Dollars $500. 00)
g.. The period of existence mot to
exceed fifty years. is when the last
series Of stock issued shall mature and
not later than fifty years from date of
Charter.
Z. The purpose for which iC is ere
ated is: The accumulation of funds by
the issuance of certificates of stock TO
be paid for in installmentJ, interest on
loans, collection of premiums on funds,
the collection of funds, fo%rfeitures and
penalties. Such funds to be loaned at
interest and upon Real Estate to mem
bers of the Association or other per-
sons. to enable them to purchase Real
Estate, improve the same and remove
encumbrances therefrom or to erect
buildings, dwellings and otherwise i'm
prove such Real Estate, or for business
or manufacturing purposes.
The said Association shall have DOW
er to borrow money and secure same
by pledge or hypothecation of it's Sc
curities and property; to purchase own,
improve and sell Real Estate (where
not in conflict with the laws of this
state); to adopt a constitution and by
laws, such rules and regulations as may
be prescribed by the Directors and
Board of Directors or other controlling
officers that may he chosen by the
stockholders; to enforce the rules and
regulations so adopted by enforcing
f~orfeitures. penalties. fines that NAV
be provided for and prescribed by such
bylaws, rules and regulations.
Said Association shall have tull pow
er, express and implied, Necessary to
conduct what is ordinarily known as
The business of the Building and loan
Association in so far as said business
does not conflict with the Constitution
of the State of Mississippi and the laws
thereof. particularly Chapter 1877 of
the laws OF 1912. a. amended by Chap
ter 2l6 OF the laws Of 1914.
No member OF the Association is TO
De held liable for the debts Of same be-
/ yono the amount Of mis- subscription Of
stock
3. The rights and powers that may
be exercised bv this corporation are
those conferred by the provisions of
Chapter "A, Mississippi Code, 1896.
NJ. E. Leake,
S J. High.
E.. p. Clayton,
j. N. Berry.
J. N. Thomas,
j. Q Robins,
w. w. Trice,
lncOrporatOrs.
The Tupelo journal., 1916-11-24
The Charter of incorporation of
TupeIo Building and Loan
Association

/. The corporate title of said com.
pany is Tupelo Building and Loan As
ISOLATION.
2. The names of the incorporators
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-09-13
APPELLATE COURT
 SUSTAlNS JENNINGS
 IN THLlNGET CASE

Word has been received at Ju- neau that the United States Circuit Court Of Appeals has sustained Judge Robert W. Jennings in the case Of the government against the Thlinget Packing company.
 This was the case in which Judge Jennings fined the Thlinget Packing Company $500 for not open ing it's trap the full % feet required by law. Several other companies were fined at the same time; all paid their fines except the Thlinget Company. who appealed their case alleging that errors were committed by tho court in the trial. The de cision of the Circuit Court of Alp. peals holds that no error was com mitted by Judge Jennings.
 Wmn and Burton of this city and Judge Munley of Portland. represent ed the packing company while the governments interests were handled by the District Attorneys office.
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-09-13
Two Days Campaign Is Result Of French in Securing a New
 Right of Way.
COMPLIES IS CUT OFF
Germans Placed in Bad Position by Counter Attacks in the
 SOalme.

PARIS, Sept. 'S.-In one of the great moves made so far in the of fensive campaign Of the SOmme, the French, after two days hard fight ing captured Bouchavesnes today from the Germans assuring them possession now of the highway to Peronne, the German stronghold.
 Following closely on this advice from the Somme front came the in- formation that by a counter move ment the French have cut the Ger mans of from COmbles on the south and all positions are strongly com manded.
 Grown Prince Rupprecht, who has been appointed to supreme com mand of the German forces, is re- ported to have arrived in the Son. me region today but too late to take command of the engagement which resulted in the French vic- tory in the PerOnne and COmbles regions.
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-09-13
STEAMER MOVEMENTS
and Mail Information
NOW BOUND NoRTH.

NOW BOUND NORTH. Prince Rupert will be due from the south tomorrow night City of Seattle is one the way north and will be due here Friday
 SCHEDULED sAlLlNGs Humboldt is scheduled to sail from Seattle tonight. Admiral Evans is scheduled to sail from Seattle Thursday Northwestern is scheduled to sail from Seattle Fride. Jefferson Is scheduled to sail from Seattle Friday. Spokane is scheduled to sail from Seattle next Monday. Alameda is scheduled to sail from Seattle next Monday. Prince George is scheduled to sail from Seattle next Mon- day
 , Princess Alice is scheduled to sail from Vancouver next Saturday.
 soUTHBoUND sAlLlNes Princess Sophia will be due southbound Friday morning. 1 Alaska will be due southbound on Friday.
 Admiral Farragus is expected southbound on Friday.
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-09-13
LISTER VICTOR
 IN DEMOCRATIC
 PARTY PRIMARY

SEATTLE, Sept 1S.-The lack of contests brought out very small vote in the Democratic primaries yesterday, and the greater interest n the hot Republican fights has delayed Democratic returns. How ever. Gov. Ernest Lister. the present Democratic governor, has won by an overwhelming majority over Dr. w.. E. Cass. of Vancouver.
 Indications are that former Sena- tor George Turner has been nomin' ated for Senator over Robert Bridg- es.
 Former Mayor George F. Cotterill has been nominated for Congress in the Seattle district. and Edward Cudihee, three times sheriff Of King County. has been nominated again. and will head the Democratic coun- ty ticket
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-09-13

 PLANS FAIL
 IN NEW YORK
President Shont VIII Not Agree to Any Oyer- lures Made in
 the Strike.
POLICE KEEPING ACTIVE

NEW YORK, Sept. 1S.- Presi dent J. w. Shonts of the lnterbor- ough Rapid Transit Company an nounced this afternoon that he would not consent to any arbitration in the present street car employees strike as outlined by Mayor Mitch el. This statement was issued after the arbitration plan had been laid before him by ,influential citizens
 Traffic today was practically sus- pended on all surface lines Many minor disturbances have been re- ported but the pcEce. on account of their activity are holding the riots down to the minimum.
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-09-13
HUMBOLDT SAILING
 TONIGHT WILL HAVE
 GOOD CROWD ABOARD

SEATTLE. Sept. 1S.-The Hum boldt will sail north about II O. clock tonight and the following pas sengers have already purchased tickets for Gastincau channel ports; For Juneau-Mrs. D. Mclaughlin
 Miss Katherine Mclaughlin, Mrs. s. F.. Edmundson, John R. Cox ana wife. and Frank Fremming. For Douglas-lirs. M. J. O'Connor, C. W. Galwas. Mrs. E. Kirkpatrick, Mrs. Jennie Moss and ten steerage.
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-09-13
PolNDEXTER CARRIES
 SPOKANE AND PIERCE

SEATTLE, Sept 13.-Returns tab ulated at 2:90 D. m. indicate that Poindexter is running Humphrey nevk and neck for first choice votes in King County, including Seattle, and leading with first and second choice ballots. But he has carried Spokane and Pierce (Tacoma) counties on first choice votes, the lead in Spo- kane county being about two to one. Humphrey is third fin both Spokane and Pierce counties, the second and third largest counties in the State. Poindexter's big lead in these coun- ties will probably nominate him on the first choice ballots. If second choice ballots are counted pr. Bry- an becomes a serious contender.
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-09-13
ZEP COMMANDER IS KILLED AFTER MANY
 RAIDS OVER ENGLAND

ESZJERG, Denmark, Sept. 1S. (via Londom The Courier of Han. over Germany. says the commander Of the German airship which was brought down in England during the raid of a week ago, was Captain Schramm. a native of Hamein, Prus sia. The captain received the iron cross of the first class for various raids over Nancy, Dunkirk, and Eng land.
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-09-13
GERMAN TROOPS ON
 NEW FRONT GOING
 FROM VERDUN FIELD

LONDON, Sept. l3.-Three Ger man divisions arrived at the Ruman- ian frontier from Verdun according to the Exchange Telegraph correc- pondent at Petrograd. Germany has completely furnished the Bulgarian army with heavy cannon, he con- cludes.
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-09-13
SOLDIERS FOR THE
 INTERIOR LEAVING
 ON THE HUMBOLDT

SEATTLE Sept 13-Steamer Hum boldt sailing tonight for the north will have IS soldiers aboard and al' so one United States signal Corps man. an bound for Fort Gibbon on the Yukon The men will catch one of the last steamers from White horse down the river.
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-09-13
A STRIKE
 WHICH INVOLVES
 ABOUT 5000 MEN

BOSTON. Sept. 1S.-A strike at Putsfeld, Mass, the plant of the General Electrical Company has been called, effective next Saturday About 5000 hands are employed and the labor leaders claim that $500 of these are union members. The Un- ions claim that the failure of the management to recognize their or ganizations in their demands for an increase of 10 per cent. in wages is responsible for the strike order.
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-09-13
THOUSANDS OF MEN
 SOON PUT TO WORK

BOSTON. Sept. 1S.-Col. W. S. Pierce. commandant of the Spring
 field armory, announces that 1000 men are needed in the immediate future and 2,5OO men probably will be taken on by the first of next April. He estimates that 5O,OOO riff les will be turned out by Oct. l, 1917.
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-09-13
PREDICTION MADE
 LABOR WILL VOTE
 FOR THE DEMOCRATS

NEW YORK. Sept 13.-Olfcials at the Democratic National head quarters express the confidence that the labor vote will go to the Demo crats. The membership of the Amer ican Federation of Labor comprises 2.5OO. 900. New York state alone has 5000 organized unionists.
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-09-13
 VIOLATED BY
 THE BRITISH
Steamship Is Held Up in Philippines by a British Torpedo
 Craft.
WILL ENTER A PROTEST

WASHINGTON, Sept. ts.- Viola tlon of American neutrality by a British torpedo boat which held up and examined the Philippine steam ship cebu within the territorial wa ssrs of the Philippines was reported to the War Department today by Governor General FrarNis Burton Harrison. lt was announced today shat the facts presented would be made the subject of an immediate vigorous protest to the British gov ernment.
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-09-13
RUSSIANS IN
 GARPATHIANS
 TAKE GROUND
The Capture of Important Heights Is Reported
 Officially to
 War Office.
TAKE MANY CAPTVES

PETRoeRAD. Sept. ts.-New sue cesses for the Russians in the Car pathians were announced today by the war office. Several heights in She region about eialyeheremsch, near the eukowina border were ta- ken and held and many prisoners captured.
 One moutnain to the south of the heights was also captured today with LOGO prisoners.
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-09-13
GREEK KING APOLOGIES.

Athens, Sept. 1S.-Regrets of the King for the violation of the French Legation by rufians who fired shots there during the meeting Saturday of the Entente ministers, was ex- pressed today to the French mini ster by Count Mercati, the Kings Grand Master of Ceremonies.
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-09-13
GIGANTIC PLOT OF SMJGGLERS
 IS DISCOVERED
A Prominent Official of Government of the Chinese Is Under
 Arrest.
MANY ARE INVOLVED

SHANGHAI, Sept. fs. - Chang Yao Teeng, the new Minister of Justice, was arrested today in con nection with a gigantic opium snug gling case.
 It is stated that the disclosures threaten to aisrspt Che present cab met of the Chinese Empire.
 As the details are gradually an nouneed, it is conclusive that many prominent men of China will be found to be involved. Most astound- ing revelations are promised.
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-09-13
NEW YORK SCHOOLS
 WILL REOPEN NEXT
 WEEK-ATTEND MOVIES

NEW YORK, Sept. 1S.-Thc pub lie schools of this city will be re- opened on Sept 25. Beginning last Monday children over 12 years of age were permitted to attend nov ing picture shows. It is now be- lieyed that the infantlle paralysis epidemic has been mastered.
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-09-13
SOUTH AFRICA SENDS
 NATIVES TO FRANCE

PRETORIA. Union of South Af- rica, September 1S.-General Louis Botha. Premier of the South Afri- can Union. announced today that an arrangement had been made to send 10000 natives to France for dock labor. The natives will be recruited voluntarily. General Botha said the scheme was the result of a request made by the natives to be allowed to assist in Europe.
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-09-13
ARE AFTER MINES
 IN NCRTHLAND

NEW YORK, Sept 1S. - Copper mining concessions in Alaska are be- ing sought for Japanese interests by Baron Otiiro Mikami, mining engineer with special commis- sion from the Mikado, and Jun Tageso. professor of mining in Tokio University. who are now in Washington.
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-09-13
MANY CITIES ASK
 TO BE SITE OF THE
 U. S. ARM0R FACTORY

WASHINGTON, Sept 13. - One hundred and twenty-five cities Of the United States have sent in ap- plications asking to be designated as the site for the proposed government armor plate plant This fact was made known today when a public announcement was made.
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-09-13
HIS CHILDREN DID
 NOT GET ALONG WITH
 THEIRS; HE SUICIDES

SEATTLE, Sept l8. - When his present wife told him this morning that she could not live with him any longer because of his children by former marriage, did not agree with their children, stephen Nurtit- ner. an engineer. committed suicide by sending bullet into his brain. The deed was committed in the presence of his wife.
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-09-13
DEPUTY MARSHALS WILL WATCH MEN
 OF A RAILROAD

ST. LOUIS. Sept. 1S.-Fiye deputy United States marshals, one for each member of the train crew, will ride on trains operated by the St. Louis ,G San Francisco, Missouri Pacific. Iron Mountain and Missouri, Kansas & Texas. now in the hands of re ceivers.
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-09-13
PRESIDENT SIGNS JUNEAU SCHOOL
 BONDING BILL

Mayor B. D. Stewart received telegram today from J. P. Tumulty. Secretary to President Wilson. say ing that the President had slgnel the Juneau school bonds bill Sep tember 7th
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-09-13
POTNDEXTER N WINNER OVER HUMPHREY
POPE IS NOT GOING MAKE ANY EFFORTS TO
 END WAR

ROME, Sept. IS. - It was an nounced at the Vatican today that the Pope will not make any more efforts to attempt to end the pres ent European struggle until he has been convinced that one side or the other is approaching a stage of ex- haustion. This statement came from an authoritative source direct from the inner circles of the Vatican.
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-09-13
MANY CANDIDATES CONTEST
 REPUBLICAN, PRIMARIES

SEATTLE. Sept. lS.-There were six contestants for the Republican nomination for Senator; eight for Governor; ten for Congressman in the Seattle district, and from two to a half dozen or more for every oth- CT office Only for Attorney-General and State Land Commissioner and two or three minor county offices were there no contests.
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-09-13
NEW YORK IMPORTS
 OF GEMS SET HIGH

NEW YORK. Sept 13.-Gem i'm ports to New York in August were valued at S5.535.714. the highest in the history of the city. The total for eight months of 1916 is about S26.OOO,OO0
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-09-13
VOW HlMDENBURG IS
 REPORTED TO BE ON
 THE WESTERN FRONT

AMSTERDAM. Sept. 1S. Accord ing to Berlin adyices received here. Field Marshal von Hindenburg. the new German commander. has arrived for the first time on the western battle front and will inspect all the principal positions on the western lines in company with Grown Prince Frederick William.
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-09-13
WICK IN wRANGEII.

WRANGELL, Sept 1S.-Delegate Wickersham and campaign Mana ger John Rustgard arrived in the city yesterday. The delegate was given reception, dance and sup per last night
 Both men leave for Petersburg in gas boat today.
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-09-13
AccEPrs zAIns REsIsNATION

Athens, Sept. 1S.-The King has accepted the resignation of Pre- mier Zaimis and 1t is believed that before the day is out other mem bers of the Cabinet will resign and their resignations accepted. The cabinet members are firm in the be- lief that they cannot continue to serve in view of the present public unrest.
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-09-13
PolNDEXTER CLAIMS STATE
 BY 5000

SEATTLE, Sept 13.-At noon to day. Howard Rice. secretary to Sen ator Poindexter, gave out a state ment claiming the State for Senate Poindexter by 5000 plurality an' the nomination on first choice bal lots. His statement added:
 "Poindexter will carry Spokan by 5000 over Humphrey. or couv' v,e will get Walla Walla and Pierc counties. Humphrey may get tw thousand lead in King county, but hardly think 1t will be that heavy The results are coming very slow It is hard to get the country pre- cincts"
 Continued on Page Eight
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-09-13
PROGRESS IN vERpUN.

Paris, Sept. 13.-The war office announced today that much pro- gress has been made in various sec tors of the verdun. It is known that many of the best troops have been withdrawn by the Germans and sent to the Balkans.
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-09-13
SENATOR PAGE WINS
 IN VERMONT PRIMARY

BURLINGTON, Vt, Sept 1S. -- Senator Carroll $. Page was success full at yesterdays Republican primary in the triangular contest for the Re publican nomination for the seal that he now occupies in the United States Senate.
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-09-13
HUGHES TALKS TO SOLDIERS

PLATTSBURGH. N. Y., Sept. 1S. Charles F. Hughes talked to the citizen soldiers and others last night and declared that the Maine elec- ton showed that the Republicans and Progressives had reunited.
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-09-13
TO CAMPAIGN FOR HUGHES.

NEW YORK. Sept. 1S. - Col. Roosevelt has decided to abandon his study at oyster Bay for a vigor- ous campaign for the election of Charles E. Hughes.
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-09-13
Miller Leads Slightly.

Over 100 precincts in the City of Seattle give Miller. for Congress, 4,OO6; Landon, S.S5S; Ballaine, B. 663.
 Whitney may not even reach fourth place.
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-09-13
PRoeREssVEs NAME
 BRADFORD FOR GOVERNOR

SEATTLE, Sept. 13. - The Pro gressievs have nominated Walter J.. Thompson, of Tacoma, for Senator and James F. Bradford, of Seattle for Governor
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-09-13
THIRTY MILLION
 DOLLAR LOAN IS
 THRUST AT CHINA

SAN FRANCISCO, Sept 1S.-Pe- kin advices say that SS0,OOOOOO loan from Japan is being thrust al Chinese officials with the salt mon opoly as security demanded.
The Alaska daily empire., 1916-09-13
WILSON'S SISTER LNGERS.

NEW LONDON, Conn, Sept 19. Mrs. Anna W. Howe. sister of President Wilson, is still lingering between life and death.