davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-09-05
INCREASE HEAVY AR TILLERY

Nm HE work of cannon building and
ammunition making goes on in
q every part of the world. All
facilities existing before the war for
such work are being utilized to the
full extent, and factories have been ex-
tended and developed at a greater rate
than thirteen months ago seemed prob
able or even possible.
The demand of the warning peoples
Is not only for more guns. but for big
ger guns. The artillery equipment and
artillery practice OF the European
armies has been the subject of critical
Investigation by a number of American
army officers and The Employment of
Artillery In the Balkan and in the
Present European War was the sub
feet of comprehensive lecture by
Lieut. Norman =. Morrow. 4th United
States Field Artillery. delivered at the
School of Fire for Field Artillery at
Fort Sill. Oklahoma. and published in
the Field Artillery Journal Part Of
the lecture dealt with the equipment
training, technique and relative eff
cheney Of the artillery In the Balkan
Turkish war. but that part of the lee
ture Of special interest today deals
win the European war.
Lieut. Morrow sand that in 1912-and
the figures for that year were the last
b:ainable-tiermany had about 1856
hight field guns: Austria, 1884 France.
e.63s. England. 1.170. and Russia. 4.432
Only Il certain percentage of the Rus
sian field guns were modern quick
firers. the others being old types Of
krupp construction No figures were
available as TO the amount of heavy
guns possessed by the belligerents, but
IL is certain that in this respect, Lieut..
Morrow said, Germany and Austria
were far ahead of their opponents
His opinion is that the German light
field gun is inferior to the famous
French IS. being simply the old breech-
loading type. to which modern mechan-
ism has been added to overcome the
recoil. The lower muzZle velocity and
consequently more curved trajectory
makes more precise ranging necessary
because of the smaller danger zone
from shrapnel burst The Germans had
about thirty-three horse batteries of
four guns each. They had no mountain
artillery. but II was reported that they
had borrowed six regiments from the
Austrians.
One of the striking features of the
campaign, Lieut. Morrow says, has been
the reliance placed upon their heavy
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-09-05
An Emperor's Human Side.

TT HE human side of the aged and
much harassed Emperor of Austria
Hungary has often been revealed in
his dealings with his peasantry. In
his earlier days the emperor had many
adventures in the mountains. since. as
he was undistinguished in his shooting
kit by any mark of his rank, the Tyro-
lese peasants often failed to recognize
him.
Once, when he was descending late
in the evening from one of these expe-
ditions, he met an old peasant woman.
groaning and grumbling under the
weight of a fagot. The emperor adj
dressed CHEEKY good evening to her.
His overtures were not at all well re.
ceived. for the old lady was in a very
bad temper.
eff 1 were a great strong man." she
observed, II should offer to help a body
to carry her wood home. instead of
passing her by as if she were of no &C.
count"
The emperor took the delicate hint,
shouldered the fagot and carried It for
nearly two miles to the nearest viii
lage, with the old woman grumbling at
him behind. 1t was only when she saw
the imperial foresters anxiously look.
ing out for their lost master that she
learned that she had shifted her bur-
den to the heavily weighted shoulders
Of the emperor.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-09-05

ture mediums. cultures, serrms and
chemicals in orderly profusion. each
sort carefully ticketed and packed Sc
curely in its own particular compart-
ment.
There is an incubator. a sterilizer and
a centrifugator. There are two high
more complete and comprehensive. The
Rertillon system for Identifying crimf-
nails is as nothing to this system OF
recognizing microbes. The unheard-ot
bacillus who could hide his identity IN
face of one of the French army's field
laboratories would be a bacillus OBJ
bacilli indeed.
Not the least remarkable attribute
OF the field laboratory is its compact
ness. its portability and its ability to
operate anywhere. anyhow. 1t can
be set on an auto truck tumbled
INTO the tonneau of a touring car and
carted for miles over rough country
roads to any danger spot in the lines.
1t can be flung down in the middle OF
a crowded camp or the depths OF a
second-line trench and set to work
with perfect facility. 1t is by no
means n particular, finicky sort of a
laboratory. 1t adapts itself easily to
conditions and makes the best of every
situation.
EacH MIGRATORY carries with IL A
personnel OF four specialist physicians
ana twenty-four assistants. Their
business is to proceed. upon call from
any regimental chief physician in the
army to which they are assigned, to
points in the line where diseases Of A
doubtful nature have been discovered
and to determine whether or not those
diseases are contagious.
Wherever they discover contasion
they Immediately proceed to an ex-
haustive Investigation of conditions in
the vicinity. They examine the SOL
diers. they inspect the sanitary ar
rangements. they test the food and
water supply. In the end they almost
always discover the source of con-
tagion and thus make its suppression
possible before 1t has time to work
any considerable damage.
Wherever a situation too vast for a
single laboratory to handle presents IT.
self-and this happens only once in a
blue moon in the French army-two
reserve laboratories. that are kept sta
toned at general staff headquarters,
may be sent to the rescue. A number
of portable chemical laboratories are
also held in reserve to lend a helping
hand to the bacteriologists in case of
need
Through the institution OF the field
Ia boratories 1t is possible to ascertain
within twelve hours after any disease
breaks out in the lines the nature OF
that disease. Evidently. against such
energetic pursuit microbes have little
chance to thrive.
KENNETH p LITTAUER.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-09-05

artillery in the field by the Germans.
AT the beginning Of the war the French
were sadly short IN heavy artillery. a
state of affairs due mainly to the con-
fidence they had placed in their famous
seventy FIVE -milHmeter field gun. They
had urged that many small shells ac-
curately placed would do more dam
age than few big ones. shorter range
bflity. Up to 1914 they had only
twenty-one batteries of the Rimailho
6.1-inch howitzer. In May, 1914, the
new army law provided for immediate
howitzer batteries and thirtyfour ALB
inch gun batteries. 1t Is fairly certain
that few, If any, of these, according to
Lieut.. Morrow, were available at the
outbreak of hostilities, but it Is likely
that they were at the front by the end
of 1914 and equally probable that a
great many more are in service now.
Lieut.. Morrow says that the English
expeditionary force which went to
France shortly after the outbreak of
the war was equipped with artillery as
follows: Three brigades or fifty-four
field guns. assigned one to each infan-
try brigade. three batteries or eighteen
4.5-inch field howitzers and four s.
inch heavy field guns. That they were
ill-prepared to cope with the German
heavy artillery is shown by the follow
ing excerpt from Sir John Frencb's
early reports: Our experiences in this
campaign seem to point to the employ
ment of more heavy guns Of a larger
caliber in great battles which last for
several days, during which time power
full entrenching work on both sides can
be carried out"
England Is building guns with the
To-,
tillery over Germany. At the beginning
Of the war. says Lieut. Morrow, the
Russian artillery was a very uncertain
proposition. The Germans felt confident
that they would be able to overwhelm
1t easily. But it's efficiency has been
one of the big surprises Of the cam
paign, and this the Germans themselves
admit. In material 1t is considerably
mixed. the older types being almost en-
tirely of krupp make. But the newer
type guns are of Frenc'. manufacture
the field gun, very hgh-powered
weapon being in some respects better
even than the famous French seventy
fve-millimeter. This gun. caliber three
inches, with a muzzle velocity of 1880
is of about the same weight as the
French gun. The Russian proportion OF
heavy artillery, though not SO great as
the German, was larger than the
French or English.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-09-05

Infinite pains were taken during the
mobilization. very dangerous period
from the physicians standpoint to see
that no bearer of contagion should
come into contact with the troops At
such a time, with the whole country
on the move. a single case of contagion
would have found every opportunity to
spread with terrible rapidity in all
directions.
tagious disease II mobi1ized at Mar
settle. fort instance, and allowed to
proceed north to the frontier. might
have contaminated half-dozen dis
have spread the disease among his
companions during the long stage of
stuffy confinement in the troop train.
But such contingency was foreseen
and guarded against by the medical
authorities of the army. Every center
Of mobilization in France was provided
with Its board Of medical examiners
and no recruit whose condition provid-
ed the slightest grounds for suspicion
escaped a long period of observation In
strict quarantine.
However. instances Of quarantining
during the mobilization were compare
lively rare. Neither cholera nor typhus
were present in the country at the
time. and with smallpox there was very
little difficulty, vaccination being COM
pulsory in France. Cases of typhoid
and dysentery were more frequently
encountered. These were rapidly rec
ognized and isolated. So, thanks, to
the vigilance of the medical examining
boards. France passed safely through
the mobilization.
Mobilization once achieved-and the
health status of the army simultan-
eously maintained at par-the military
health authorities attached to the min
istry of war at once came face to face
with the staggering problem of ward
ing Off the inevitable entertainments Of
disease along crowded battle front Of
hundreds of miles.
In attacking this problem the su-
preme consideration was not one of
stamping out disease, for there was
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-09-05
INTERIOR Or SANITARY 7hUuL
AND PORTABLE SHOWERS
SET Up prADI Ion USE.

free from epidemics would be complete
without mention of the work done by
the army field laboratories.
OF these there are twelve. one to each
army in the field. Each laboratory con-
sists Of seven modest, gray boxes
These boxes might be only so many
prosaic egg cases for all their preten-
sions to beauty amount to. But their
unimposing exteriors conceal a multi
tude of tubes bottles. jars and scien-
thing but the poultry industry. Every
thing the army bacteriologist requires
wherewith to isolate and identify the
nature Of any particular microhe with
which he may have to deal is here in
cluded. There are various sorts Of Gull
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-09-05

Frances fighters in the trenches ac-
cordingly get bath every week. Each
regimental cantonment behind the bat
tie lines has its rude system of shower
baths. Here the men. Hooking back by
relays from long vigils behind the
eight-foot earthen parapets. crowd to
their weekly ablutions and wash away
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-09-05
Special Correspondence of The star.


PARIS, France August 81 1918.
~ HOT.EEA and typhus have been
the terror of the eastern armies
W of Europe during this war.
Typhoid too, has slain its thousands.
and smallpox its hundreds on almost
every Slavic battlefield. Russia. Serbia,
Austria Turkey. and, in a lesser de-
gree. Germany. have all known the
ravages of disease.
In Austria and Serbia. especially.
company after company. battalion after
battalion, regiment after regiment,
have been decimated, and more than
decimated, by sweeping epidemics.
With these facts as basis for COM
parison, Frances medical record ap-
pears almost fabulous.
During over twelve long months OF
grueling warfare there has been in
the French army, an army that extends
through 600 miles of holly contested
intrenchments, not single case OF
cholera, not a single case of typhus,
not a single case of smallpox-and the
typhoid rate per thousand men has
been immensely less than in times OF
peace
Yet in her last war with Germany.
the famous tranCO-IruSSldn COHAiCl VI
1870 France lost more men by disease
than by bullet and bayonet combined.
1t is not, then, through any happy viz
tue of climate or situation that she mas
escaped this time, for France IS Just as
fertile a field for cholera today as she
was in 1870.
The armies of France have escaped
disease in the present war because they
have fought it with the same intensity
and skill-probably with more skill,
for that matter-than they have d.
rected against the Germans. Their sue
cess has given them room to wish that
they might have prevailed against the
Germans as they have against disease
Soldering. from the medical stand
point. is paradoxical mode Of exist
ence 1t takes men from the more or
less artificial conditions of modern
civilized life and brings them back to a
semi-savage state, putting them far
from the shelter of walls and roofs. 1t
subjects Them to conditions wherein
disease once given a foothold, thrlVes
rapidly.
Hence the physician and the bac-
terioIogist studying the problem OF
maintaining an army's health ind two
sets of forces working in the premises,
one set constantly increasing the SOL
dier's capacity to combat and throw
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-09-05

Remarkable Methods
by Which France Is
Preventing and Curing
Disease Among Her
Soldiers-Typhoid
Death Rate Is Less Per
Thousand Men Than in
Times of Peace-No
Chance of Repetition
of Epidemics Which
Swept Francein Franco
Prussian War-Hy-
gienic Measures in OPP
Grafton All the Way
From Paris to the First
Line Trenches-Baths,
Food, Clothing, Drink
ing Water and Treat
ment of Wounded Are
Ali Under Inspection.
Work of Army Health
Service and the Pasteur
Institute-The Labora-
tories in the Field.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-09-05
5ANITAnY TRUeK WHICH
STLRILlzEs BY STEAM 100
UNIFORMS NFETTIN
MINUTES AND PUMPS WATER
bPCRTAbLE SHOWER BAGHS

Off disease, the other just as constantly
conspiring to expose him to it.
Unfortunately for the soldier, the
forces which act to save him from
disease are not always able to cope
with the circumstances that tend to
expose him to it. The armies of Serbia
and Austria have learned this to their
sorrow in the twelve months fighting
Just past France has not suffered
their misfortune in this war. She took
to heart the lesson of 1870 and was
prepared
The problem of preventing a repeti-
ton of the epidemics that swept the
republic In the Franco Prussian war
was, in it's last resolution principally
a problem of keeping disease from en-
tering the country, for France Or
dinarily is one of the healthiest of ma
lions. Epidemics in time OF peace are
latterly unknown. Here and there
of scarlet fever. diphtheria, smallpox.
instances of meningitis, are recorded
from year to year
Only on the Mediterranean coast,
however, at cities like Marseil!e and
Toulon. where the swarthy traders
from the disease-infested orient and
the tropics come, are found isolated
cases of cholera, typhus. Maltese fe-
vera rare disease contracted through
drinking contaminated goats milk
yellow fever and, in a greater degree
than elsewhere in France the more
usual forms of contagious malady.
France. thus. entered upon the war
with the general health situation all
in her favor.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-09-05
SPECIAL Type Or Army
FIELD LABORATORY INVENTED
At nEPAsTEuR INSTITUTE.
m, USE In The DARDANELLEs

very little disease in existence, but of
nipping in the bud all possibility of
epidemic. For with contagion once let
loose in the army no power of science
could bring it to a halt until thousands
had been lost.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-06-04

the administration OF President Taft.
Acknowledgement wickersham and ex-
Judge Jacob VI. Dickinson. special as
sistant Attorney-Genera,. drew the Pc
tition Inc caused 1t TO be filed in Tren-
ton. y. ].
The petition. naming thirty-seven de-
PENDANT corporations. Ave men as trus-
tees and eighteen as officers of the COR
poration itself and subsidiaries. was
based on the Sherman antitrust law
The paper. comprising n~inety-three
printed pages. went into the history OF
the Incorporation OF the holding COM
pany.
II described the work and capacity
OF the companies that were gathered
together into the corporation. asserted
that they were rivals until they were
consolidated and that by the purchase
of the stock OF the companies competi-
ton was destroyed.
The bill referred to the Carnegie Steel.
the Federal Steel and the Naeona,
Steel companies. rs having been big
rivals in the manufacture Of steel rails
and various semi-in!shed product2 up
TO the absorption OF the stock OF those
companies In one holding company.
II was asserted further that the capt.
t~alIzation OF the United States Steel
Corporation was $500. 900. 900 in excess
OF the values OF the properties absorbed.
Criticism also was made Of the pay
ment of the big fee to The underwrit-
ing syndicate, namely J. r. Morgan a
Co. II was asserted also that too much
was paid by the syndicate for the Car
negie company stock.
Finally the petition alleged that the
absorption of the Tennessee Coal and
Iron Company was in violation OF the
Sherman antitrust law II charged
that President Roosevelt, who had given
his permission during the panic OF 1907
10 Judge Gary for the Steel Corpora
ton to buy the stock OF the Tennessee
Coal and Iron Company, had been de-
ce!ved and hat the taking over OF the
company further increased the monopoly
OF the Steel Corporation in the steel
and iron business OF the country. A
dissolution OF the Steel Corporation was
asked and also a decree declaring that
the combination n conspiracies and
monopolizations OF trade and commerce,
and all the acts done or to be done to
carry them out, are in violation OF the
sherman law"
The suit was filed on October 26, 1911.
A joint answer was filed In February,
1912. by the Steel Corporation and its
they had ever violated or attempted
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-06-04

the deal whereby the Tennessee Coal
and iron Company was absorbed ~ ,hc
United States Steel Corporation 'Sos
asked last night II he cared to say any
thing about the decision of the Federal
court Of New Jersey unfolding the Steel
Corporation.
Yes said Mr.. Perkins emphatically.
"I'd like you to ask Taft and Wicker
sham what they have to say about II
now. Roosevelt sanctioned the deal in-
volving the Tennessee Coal and Iron
Company and refused to bring suit
against the steel Corporation. but Taft
and Wiclersham thought they knew all
about 1t and brought the Government
action.
Roosevelt said there were good trusts
and bad trusts and that the Steel Cor
poration was morally right and an eff
Client business organization. Taft ana
Wickersham. however. TOOK the view
that the company had violated the Sher-
man law and brought suit. They brought
"A lot OF other suits too, and the financial
decentralization of the last few years, the
business depression and lack OF work
have been due to their action. II Is up
10 them now to explain II they can and
apologize. The business depression. the
condition whereby thousands OF men
WtTt ntoWn Out VI NOTh anu tue losS III
foreign rad are ch~argeable directly TO
their business policy.
81 regard the opinion OF the court
in the steel matter as far reaching and
| think II will bring beneficial results
to the whole country. 1t In the frst ray
OF light for American business In FIVE
years, because the Taft administration
and the Wilson Administration have in
dicated h a the sherman law meant
return to the old small units of destruc-
tive competitive methods of business.
They ireisted that the Sherman law
stood for that principle.
The business world has insisted tha:
the Sherman law does not stand for
that principle. The business world has
insisted that II a thing il morally right
and efficient II should be allowed to
exist. And now II is very gratifying
to find that the next TO the highest court
IN the land takes he business mans
view.
II regard the decision az a complete
vlndication o; Col. Roosevelt, aad myself.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-06-04

to announce at such a meeting the price
he intends to charge for his wares, We
are aware OF no law that forbids him
TO do so"
After quoting the testimony OF those
WHO were present the opinion added
Now to our minds the testimony
taken as n whole makes the conclusion
inevitable that the result Of these meet
iIgs was an understanding about prices
that was equivalent to an agreement.
I'VE have no doubt that among those
present some silently dissented and went
away intending to do what they pleased,
bat many. probably most Of the partici-
pants, understood and asseated 70 the
views that they were under some kind
Of obligation TO adhere to the prices
that had been announced or declared
~ the general sense of the meeting
The court then pointed OH, that a
large section q the trade paid little
attention. II any, to this effort a, CO.
operation.
at IL only fair 10 add the opinion
continues, that In our opinion the par
Elephants in this movement did not In
tend to act illegally. No doubt they
did not intend TO exercise their full legal
rights. but. of course, they could not be
wrong in so doing. and they believed
they had succeeded In keeping within
the proper MINUS ror INV reaso''s
given, we think they were mistaken. but
We acquit them OF thickness or at
tempted evasion"
In brief the conclusions OF the court
are those:
AS to some of the defendants II Is
apparent the bill should be dismissed.
Concerning the principal relief sought
against the corporation and its subsidi-
aries, We are OF opinion that the Gov
eminent has not made out a case that
should be followed by n decree of d!sso-
luton. and we are also OF opinion that
sufficient reasons have not been afforded
to Justify us in now awarding an inJunc-
ton.
But. as already stated. II the Govern
ment 80 desires tho court will retain
jurisdiction OF the cause for the purposes
above outlined"
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-06-04

10 violate the Sherman antitrust act or
any Of It's provisions"
Hearings before a referee were begun
10 New York on May s. 1912. and we're
continued for the greater part OF two
years. Hundreds of thousands OF pages
OF testimony were taken in the effort
Of the Federal Government to prove
its contention and in the statements OF
witnesses for the defence.
The defendant corporation called wit
nesses TO testify about every phase of
the steel and lro industry of the COM
pany. Witnesses were called and were
quizzed on points covering the develop.
ment OF the industry in the last nifty
years
II was shown that because OF the ire
mendous amount OF capital needed TO
build the tremendous plants required
for the turning out of stee! products
the course pursued by Judge Gary in
promoting the Steel Corporation was
the only economic way TO insure perma-
men success in the business.
Among the witnesses called was Col.
Roosevelt, who was examined by the
Government early in 1912. Among the
witnesses for the defence were Judge
Gary. Henry C. Prick. Robert Bacon,
ex-member OF j. +. Morgan & Co:
James r, Garfield, eN-Commissioner OF
Corporations: Lewis Cass Ledyard and
James A. Farrell, president OF the cor
poration itself.
Final arguments In the case were
made in Philadelphia In October, 1914.
Since then the court has had the case
under Amusement.