davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-03-14

7T may be that the strength OF Tur-
KEYS military establishment IS no
q secret and no mystery to men IN
other countries whose business II Is u
keep informed on such matters, out no
reliable information and no particular
enlightenment along the lines OF TURK
;sh military strength have come to the
attention of general readers since Tur-
kew entered the present war as an any
of Germany and Austria. Such lnfor.
nation as the outside world haa OF
Turkeys force and resources oeIoIe
that governments entrance INTO Inc
war was unsatisfactory and very prop
ably misleading, for the Turkish au-
thorities seem to have given out no
information on this matter since the
military reorganization which foiloWea
the Turkish reverses and disasters VI
the Turco- Balkan war.
The population of Turkey was con-
siderably reduced in consequence OF
the large loss of territory IN europe
Two-thirds of Turkeys territorial holo-
ings in Europe were taken from hel ~
consequence of her disastrous struggle
with Montenegro, Serbia, Bulgaria ana
Greece, and there are authorities VINO
estimate the Turkish population IN mat
territory at 100000. The present pop
ulation of Turkey is estimated IN Ine
AImauach de Gotha at 100000 and IN
Whitaker's Internal Almanac at H.,
$4,000. 1t should not be concluded.
though, say men ccnversant Win 1ne
situation in Turkey, that her popula tlon
dependable for military purposes Is TO
he measured in those figures. for the
figures include several millions VINO
would rather hight against than Tor
the government that holds them SUD
ject.
rha nonr,a,ion of Turkey in Europe.
and this. of course, is inclusive OF Con-
stantinople, is In round numbers two
millions, but considerable portion OF
that population Is made up OF Greeks,
Armenians and Jews.
The chief military strength OF Tur-
key lies in Asia Minor. the population
Of which is given as about eleven mill
lions. and when tho Ottoman empire
had good deal Of authority in MILL
tary sense, and in those times when
non Mohammedans were not enrolled
as soldiers In her armies, her nghtins
forces were mainly recruited In Asia
Minor, where the Turkish stock - said
The population Of Syria and Mesopo-
Something like 100000. and these
countries have become to q considera-
BILE extent non Mohammedan. In Ara
at most a very slack allegiance to Tur-
kew and are commonly In state OF re-
beilion against the government at Con
stantinople. The loyalty Of tho Arabs
seems hardly counted on by tho Otto
man government, and even II loyal the
Arab is not held in esteem as q soldier
for disciplined and Organized ops opera =
an Individual and Independent fighter.
This is also said to be true of the
Kurd. The people of Kurdistan num-
bar about one million. but the youths
and men do not take to the discipline
and training needed for efficient SOL
In the Balkan war Turkey seemed to
show itself lacking, say tho military
fully served artillery, munitions and
transport, though the courage of her
soldiers was above repreach. But war
10 matter of organization as
Of little avail In campaigns unless
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-03-14

posed to be embodied in the prece-
dents. naturally occupies the State De-
partment.
For the man in the street. it may be
said that the two fundamental con-
siderations for the United States, acting
through the State Department. is to
maintain neutrality and to sustain the
rights of the United States as neutral
nation. Offers of mediation and good
offices in softening the hardships of
war are merely Incidents.
The first duty, and the one which the
President as the executive of a neutral
nation performed at the outbreak of
the present hostilities, was to issue
proclamations of neutrality. There are
several of these, due to the number of
belligerents engaged.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-03-14

concerned. is chapter of cipher
cable communication.
The telegraph wires have brought
and borne their messages, which have
been deciphered and put into English
by the code experts of the department.
1t Is not unlikely that some of the
formalities usually observed in draft
ing important state documents have
been lacking in the present instance.
Ordinarily draft of a state paper Is
made by the officials having direct
charge of the subject to which is re-
lates, and revision by the President or
the Secretary of State is not expected.
In emergencies short cut may be
taken, and some of the formalities dis
pensed with, but the diplomatic bu-
reau will keep the form sufficiently dig
nifed in the official documents. The
record of what is received and what
goes out must be made through the in
dex bureau. 1t is a very busy bureau
at the present time.
The foreign trade advisers have
something to say on the numerous
questions relating to our commerce.
The solicitor, as the law officer of the
department. also has his say about
some Of the legal aspects of the sub
ject to be resolved.
A question in regard to the prece
dents would hardly be raised in the
Department of State without drawing
on the vast knowledge of Assistant
Secretary Adee.
The counselor of the department has
been charged with great responsibility
in the issues involving neutrality.
This Office was created under Secre-
tary Knox. 1t was intended to be in
Tho natura of a nermanent uQderSeCre-
tary of foreign affairs, but Congress
baked at anything that seemed to sa-
vor of European diplomatic methods,
and SO the position was designated as
counselor, and no idea of permanency
was allowed to attach to it. Counselor
Lansing, however, came he depart
ment with all the experience of a per-
manent official. and the President and
Secretary Bryan have not lacked for
advice based on profound knowl
edge Of international law.
While several hands and several
heads may be employed in drafting in
structions or notes to foreign govern
ments 1t Is the President in whose
name all these things are done. and no
important dispatch. of course. could go
out without his approval. His style
will also be recognized in some of the
most significant documents.
All these great questions also have
the personal attention of Secretary
Bryan.
with the working machinery of the
department thus outlined, the man in
the street may now come to more i'm
portant matter-the subject matter of
certain vastly interesting communities
tions to the British foreign Office and
the German foreign office.
In the intervals of peace it had been
thought that the world was making
progress, through The Hague. In hue
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-03-14
BY CHARLES M. PEPPER.

E1HE Department of State in war
times comes pretty close to the
III American citizen. In peace the
& latter looks on foreign rela-
tions as something apart from him.
This is mistaken attitude, but unfor-
tunately it is the prevailing one. Rela-
tions with other countries ought to be
interesting in peace as in war.
The man in the street-that is, the
ordinary American citiZen-wants to
know all at once the working methods
of the department in foreign inter-
course, and he wants to know also the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-03-14
War Activities Of the Department of


Emergency Notes Foreign Observation-Disclosures England
Accountability the Submarine Merchant Vessels Interpreting
Peope-No Brbanm
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-03-14

refusal to acquiesce in the German
plan of operations.
The notes to the British and the Ger
man governments which followed those
of February 10 are further expositions
of the American position. The Presi-
dent and Secretary Bryan in refusing
to acquiesce in reversion to barbarian
by the European belligerents and in
standing for the rights of American
foreign commerce as neutral commerce
are interpreting the will of the mass
of the American people.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-03-14

commerce and the misuse of the flag
make their usual mistake of charging
1t to the American love of the almighty
dollar German newspapers, too in
their criticism of the notes addressed
to the German government took the
same tone.
Both belligerents assumed that be-
cause commerce was the text of the
notes. it was the sole consideration of
the United States. The truth is that as
a neutral, bound to stand for neutral
rights, commerce is the leading point
of the contact of the United States
with the belligerents, and is. therefore.
naturally the subject of numerous off,
cia1 communications
The diplomacy of both the British and
German empires is the diplomacy of
trade. When they are interfering with
each others trade as legitimate mode
Of warfare, and trying to annihilate it.
they hardly have reason to complain
that neutral nations have SO frequent
occasion to base official communica-
lions on the rights of commerce.
The note which Ambassador Gerard
at Berlin was directed by telegraph,
under date of February 10. to address
to the imperial German government
was a much more pointed one. but no
ground of criticism exists on that ac-
count The emergency was greater.
Acting on the Initiative of Admiral
Won Tirpitz, the German minister Of
marine. the German admiralty pro-
claimed that the waters surrounding
Great Britain and Ireland, including
the whole OF the English channel. were
to be considered as comprised within
the seat of war, and that within this
zone neutral vessels were exposed to
danger since, in view of the misuse
of neutral flags, neutral vessels can
not always be prevented from suffering
from the attack intended for enemy's
ships.
This was the beginning of the Ger
man submarine campaign against mer-
chant vessels.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-03-14

The President, through the Depart
ment of State. promptly put the United
States on record as not acquiescing in
the right of Germany to institute sea
campaign of the character outlined by
the German admiralty. pointed dec
laration In this note was that the
United States had not consented to or
acquiesced in any measures which may
have been taken by the belligerent ma
tions which operate to restrain neu-
trail trade, but has. on the contrary,
taken in all such matters a position
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-03-14

Though no just estimate OF the situa-
ton of Germany is possible as to the
condition of her automobile transport
service, the opinion Of motormen Is that
The Monte Vista journal., 1915-09-18

The United States is changing from
a large debtor to that of great credit
or nation to Europe. The balance OF
trade will be more than a billion
dollars during the past year. AT
this rate few years will wipe out
all our foreign Indebtedness abroad.
Theodore II. Price, in the World S
Work says:
THE war has wrecked many of the
previously accepted theories of po-
litical ec,uomy. one tnat will soon
20 into the discard has hitherto
found expression in the belief that a
nation could live its economic life
unto itself alone.
"Out of this has grown the Ameri-
can faith in protective tarif1 that
would shut the rest of the world ont
of our trade, and the American atti-
tude toward Investments in foreign
countries, which seems to assume
that the United States is the only
place inwhich the money of its citi-
zens can be safely employed.
"If Europe had maintained sim
iliar attitude toward this country
much slower, and il is only because
we have had the use of offoreign money
that We are now in position to pro-
fit by ministering to the needs Of the
countries at war.
AS a result we are rapidly paying
off the debts accumulated during the
last century and are becoming the
worlds debtor nation.
The machinery of international
trade was so disarranged by the first
shock of the war that it almost
ceased to function from August l to
December /, 1914. BY the latter
date it had been put in partial order,
and during the seven months ending
June 80, 1915, the United States ex-
ported goods worth $1,S40, ,211,
imports during the same period be-
ing valued at S950,S25,492. The re-
was therefore $SS9,6Sl,7l9.
For the calendar year 1915, the
excess of exports will not fall far
short of $2,5O0,00O,O0O. Obviously
such a one-sided trade cannot keep
up very long, but it may continue
during the war If it does how is
tha hnlapca in our favor to ha od
justed?
1T is plain that Europe cannot
send us gold in any such amount,
and the supply of American securities
held abroad is nearly exhausted
THE aggregate stock of gold held
by European banks is only about
$500, 900, 200, and if any substan-
tial portion of this is surrendered
the entire European credit fabric
will topple.
There is a fatuous and wide
spread belief that Providence takes
care of the United States and that
since Europe must quit fighting and
starve unless she can get the things
that America has to sell, she will
somehow find way to pay for them
LAS shipments to Germany and
Austria are in very small amount the
balance of trade in our favor with
these countries will not amount to
The Monte Vista journal., 1915-09-18
Worth Their Weight in Gold

Il have used Chamberlain's Tab
lets and found them to be Just as
represented, quick relief for head
aches dizzy spells and other sympt-
oms denoting a torpid liver and n
disordered condition of the digestive
organs. They are worth their weight
in gold.' writes Miss Clara A. briggs.
Elba, N. Y. Obtainable everywhere.
The Monte Vista journal., 1915-09-18
PLENTY OF MONEY

There is plenty of idle money in
this country seeking safe investments
and loans. The National banks on
June 27, according to the reports to
the comptroller of the currency had
total resources of about $11,795,-
100000 with loans and discounts of
about s6,659, 1000 and time and
demand deposits of more than &c.
soc, 100000. There was an increase
in time deposits over June 30, 1914,
of about 100000 and of loans
and discounts of about 1929. 900, 600.
The Monte Vista journal., 1915-09-18
WHY THE UNITED STATES MUST FINANCE
THE EUROPEAN WAR

much. and, therefore. need not be
takcn into consideration.
"As England is bearing the finan-
cial burden of the Allies 1t Is proba-
BILE that we shall be asked to accept
her securities or promises to pay for
the balance due us against the great
volume of goods going to England,
France and Russia.
"If we decline to extend the neces-
sary credit what will be the result?
dent that a collapse of the national
credit of Great Britain would be fol-
lowed by worldwide deluge of
bankruptcy for which there would be
The magnitude of such catas-
trophe is unthinkable. The national
debts of Great Britain Russia and
France are now approximately $780,
25o,000,G00. The other debt of Eng
lish cities and dependencies Is about
$4,000, 200. The Governmental
Banks of England, France, and Rus
sia, have deposits estimated at s2,-
337, 100000. The private banks
hold much larger sum.
There remains, of course, the re-
mote risk of socialistic reputation
of obligations, but while this is to be
considered in the case of Germany
it is negligible in so far as England
is concerned, for she has already
possessed herself of more than L.
100000 square miles of German
colonial territory, and the mainten-
ance of her worldwide trade will de-
pend upon the integrity of her ma
tional obligations.
But whatever the risks OF the
venture we are practically forced to
accept them, for we must export to
prevent depression. We cannot ex-
port unless we are paid. Our Gus
toners cannot pay us unless we lend
them the money. Consequently we
must lend them the money.
What folly 1t would be for Amer
lea, who is the chief and almost the
only beneficiary of Europe's military
necessity, to hesitate ungraciously in
giving our foreign customers the
credit that we shall ultimately be
compelled to grant, because IL we re-
fuse it we will destroy ourselves"
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1915-04-26

WeH-dressed women have swoEni ithair allegiance to the box-pieated skirt, and it has quickly jumped into fashaenabla favor The model shown today locks especially well in cloth. face OF covert. serge, tailie. silk popl1n or the sporty suittnga It is a four-ptece skirt, with a box each side of the front and back gores. and has q high watst-1ine.
 If 54-tnch material Is employed in it's development. SIS yards will be needed.
 Box-pleats are much easier to ma nipulate in modernized dressma1dpg than they were years ago. especially when the skirt is gored. In cutting cut the design. the front and back geres are placed on a fold of material: so is the belt It will be necessary ta piece the side gore, and the pIseing. like the gore, is placed on lengthwtse thread Of the goods If preferred, the belt can be cut on a bias fold of the goods instead Of crosswdse. The small %" perforatfons on the lower edges of the gores show how the skirt may be cut of, if desired shorter than provided for in the pattern.
 The belt is one of the distinguishing features of the skirt, and. although the little. flaps are principally for orna- mental purposes, small change pockets may be inserted underneath theEns thereby providing a utilitarian value to the trimmings-
 Buttons of the same or contrasting material may be employed in the dec- oration of the skirt Braid also makes an exceedingly fashionable trimming.
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1915-04-26

What is the 90 called commission on
 industrial relations2 What does it do2
 The commission is composed of nine persons, not less than tilDee of whoSu shall be employers of labor and not less than three of whom shall be rep resentatiyes of. organized labor. The law provides that the commission shall inquire into the general condition of labor in the principal industries of the United States, Including agriculture, and especially in those which are car ried on in corporate forms; into exist ling relations between employers and employees; into the effect of Industrial conditions on public welfare and into the rights and powers of the com munity to deal herewith: into the conditions of sanitation and safety of employees and the provisions for pro tecting the life, limb and health of the employees; into the growth of associa- lions of employers and of wage earn CTS and the effect of such associations upon the relations between employers and employees; into the exbent and re
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1915-04-26
 DIED

IEzE.-In New York city. April 25. 1915, James Lee. aged AT years. Friends are invited to attend ths funeral from the resid ences of Mrs B. A Lee. 433 French street. on Wednesday, April 2s, at S:20 a. m. and from St Patrick's church, at a. m.
 Interment at st A1ichaers ceme- terry U26 b@ BLcINTYRE-In this city April 26th, 1915. at his home. No 1sO7 Grove street. William E Mcintyre.
 asp DUBORD Tn this city April z5. 1915. Adeline, wife of Arthur E. Dubord. aged 2s years.
 Friends are invited to attend the funeral from her late residence, 1887 seayfew ave, on Wednesday April 2S at s:15 a. m, and from St Anthpnyss church at a. m interment. St. Michael's cemetery
 S26 b* PURDON-Tn this city. April 24. 1915, Miss Ann Purdon-
 Friends are invited to attend the funeral from the resi- dence Of her niece. Mrs. John Gallagher, s6 Frank St. on Tuesday. April 2z, at s@30 a. ms, and from St. Patrick,s s church at a. n., with solemn high mass. Intermen4 St. MichaePs eemetery. D A bs
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1915-04-26
EMILY BRUNNER DIETz.

The death of Emily B. pietz oc- cured in springfs Mass. on Satur- day, was received with deep regret in ifais city where Mrs. Dietz was wfde- ly known. She was daughter of the late Revs Caspar Brunner, pas tor of the German Reformed church for many years, and was years of lage- Until her marriage two years ago she resided in this city where she at one time attended the Bridgeport high school She was a very active member Of the church of which her faeher was pastor and was for 12 yeafE tffe secretary of the Young La dies Society of the church. She was also Sunday School teacher and a member of the choir. She was lnusicallys inclined. possessing an ati tractfve and well trained voice. Her ] pleasing personality had gafned for her an unusually large circle of friends both within and without the church. Surviving her besides her hasbands are her mother. Mrs. Pau line Brunner two sisters Efulda, wife of Rev. John T.. Chatlos. of wisccn- sin and Lulu. wife of Rev Rudolf fChatlos of MaryIand, and two broth CTS. Henry who is in the M. c. A Training school at Sprlngf cid, Mass
 and Paul Brunner of this city.
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1915-04-26
Connecticut D. A. R.
 Members Win Chance
 To Buy Hallowe ed Land

Members of the D. A R. of Eon- necticut won at an auction for patrio- tie purposes several days ago at the Continental Congress of the Daughters Of the American Revolution, which is being held in Washington. There is friendly rivalry between D. A R. chap ters from various states to see which will buy the most ground surround- ing Continental hall. At a friendly contest. in which one promise out rfvaIIed the other. for many minutes, the Connecticut delegation won when it was offered to buy 100 feet.
 The Sing Sing prison baseball team won the second game of the season, defeating the team of, P. K Wilson & Co. lace importers of New York. by a score Of Il to 3.
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1915-04-26
And now 8 new Double Service suit.

Here it is a novelty among Doubles Service suits for boys.
 Blue serge coat, one pair blue serge trousers, one pair white serge trousers. Goat is Norfolk with fine p1eated back and patch pock7 cts.
 Each pair of trousers is lined.
 The new member of the family is going to be a great summer favorite. $6-
 Front basement
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1915-04-26
ROWLAND DRY GOODS 70.

possible for the embassy to aid the delegates to reach The Hague All shipping to Dutch ports had been stop ped, he explained, and if was not even possible for the members of the eu- bassy to make the trip
 Paris, April 2ss-A friend and brother of Peppino Garibaldt has in formed the Petit Journal that CSari- baldi gained the impression from 5n- tervieVvs with King Victor ErlEna.15lal. Premier Salandras Foreign Minister Sonneno and prominent politician that Italy would enter the war on the side Of the allies before parliament convenes in May
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1915-04-26
JAMES TURNER.

Simplicity marked the funeral this 1fsernoon Of Jemes Turner, one of the best known of the older residents of inc city, whose death occurred Thurs : zsy night Rev. H. ID. Gallaudet, stor of the North CongT egatienal church ofHeiatsd at theaserVices which we're held at O clock from the ato11ae of the deceased. 734 Ha.nistan avenae- There was an e1c peional1y large attendance of relatives and friends The floral tributes were nu-
 aerous and of great beauty. Infer
 aaent was n Mountain Grove ceme-
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1915-04-26
1OWLAND'S
fin Street, Avenue ste
Bridgeport, Conn. Monday, April 26, 1915.
The weather-Fair and warmer bo- night and Tuesday. Moderate winds.
'Different' : coats for young folks--S9. 50.

Distinct novelty gives extra attraction to small lot of coats for young folks; a lot just arrived.
 They made from the short lengths of fine Woolens that of makers had hand thus there hardly more than two of any pattern.
 They made with little individual touches of style that do not appear coats made in large numbers
 Nearly all have rich collar contrasting color Smart buttons used for decoration Materials of fine quality and of rich pattern.
 Black-and-whte checks, unusual plaids quiet stripes of white, subdued checks of gray andwhte, Bel gian b1e-such are the colors
 Tailoring is thorough; it makes each coat have air of genuine s1nartness.
 Sizes A. 16 and 18 match up with the coats been selling through the season at $l25Oz- $950 Second