Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1915-08-01


Dardanelles and were acquired by Tur-
key. few German cruisers and CON
Ecrted merchantmen, including tho
Famous Emden. and tho Karlsruhe.
kronprinz Wilhelm and Prince Eitci
Friedrich, raided shipping Of tho allies
forced TO inform In neutral ports. Tho
Austro- hungarian fleet has remained in
the Adrtattc. and the Turkish fleet has
been Kept from the Aegean. Gcrmany,s
merchant marine has been swept from
tho seas.
SEVERAL NAVAL
hA1'TLEs OF IMPORTANCE
mere have been several naval hat
ties or Importance. however. In tho
first month Of the war Roar. Aam, ,,I :
i'eatty's squadron dashed into Hclpo.
lana Bight, near tho great German
l'aNai station, and sank three German
cruisers and two torpedo boat DESTROY
srs. In January occurred a battle in
the North Sea between British warsbins
and German squadron which nresum :.
ably was attempting a raid on the Eng
iish coast. In this battle the German
cruiser Bluecher was sunk.
ihe German Far East squadron de-
Ioated Vice-Admiral Cradock's British
squauron Off the Chilean coast on No
Sehloef l, sinking the Good Hope and
Monmouth. The British obtained their
revenge In December when. off the
falkiand Islands, powerful British
squadron defeated the Germans, sink
ing the Scharnhorst, Gneisenau. Leip-
Zig and Nuremberg
German squadrons have twice at
lacked tho English coast, causing some
loss Of life and damage TO propertv.
Ehslish towns, including London have
niso oeeh attacked by German aircraft,
"nich nave made several successful
Tips across the North Sea. raiding
points on the east coast
Methods OF fighting have been altered
iicaii! In consequence OF the lessons
learned in the first year of tho war. 1t
ii.'s peen pre-emincntly war OF ma
chlhes. The resources afforded by mod
ern scientific development have been
taxed TO devise new instruments of
ueath ana destruction more potent than
e,er had been employed 1t has been
. also war or surprises. New problems
nave, arisen. necessitating reconstruct
'ion or the theory Of war Plans and
heretofore approved by au-
.horities an military affairs were dis
carued' and the STATS of the various
a;,, were compelled TO grapplc with
SITUATIONS for which there was no
precedent
no hrst great surprise OF the war
was the German forty two centmcter
.sixtcen-and- one half-inch) gun. which
huTls FOR some fifteen miles a she'll
weiSninG almost ton. The great
iortincations, which were the pride of
helglum, and believed to be almost
impreEnabie, were battered into ruins
uE 'heSe guns In comparatively short
ume. Two of these guns, stationed
zen miles from Antwerp. wrecked it's
eiaoorate defense works. Liege and
Nnmur fell similarly
The use of artillery and machine
guns, in fact. has been one of the
principal features of the war. Great
execution was done by the new Krupp
eleVen-inch -howitZer weighing nearly
forty tons. with siX-mile radius The
austrian twelve-inch howitzer also has
proved exceptionally efficient. The
French seventy-five millimete. gun Is
regarded as one of the most effective
field pieces.
On all the European battlehelds ar
tillery has been the main reliance of
the various armies. Trenches bristle
with machine guns, which military men
say bid fair to relegate the rifle to
secondary place. 1t was with ar
tlliery that the Austro-German forces
blasted their way across Galicia few
weeks ago. making what was said to
be the greatest concentration of heavy
and light field pieces ever seen. with
artillery the British won at Neuve
Chapelle, the Germans at Scissors
Every considerable movement of in
tantry is preceded by a heavy artiI-
ieCS commandment, and frequently tho
infantry has little more to do than
occupy the positions of the enemy,
made untenable by artillery fire.
The deadliness OF machine guns
nccessitated recourse to trenches, for
no troops in exposed positions could
iive within the range OF the rapid
hrers. Consequently, trench warfare
has developed TO an extent never be-
fore seen. Whole armies moved into
underground quarters, with elaborate
labyrinths of passages and subterran-
can living and sleeping quarters
The result of machine warfare was
the use of ammunition on a scale for
which the world was unpreparcd Eng
iand recognized 1t as her greatest
problem, and made David Lloyd George
Minister OF Munitions. with power to
mobilize the nations workers for the
production of war munitions on q
colossal scale. France took similar
measures. Italy. which had ten months