New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-05-22

nit placidly TO government by a Ger
manic bureaucracy. In 1920 the people
of Naples revolted against the rule OF
King Ferdinand. Austrian troops sup
pressed the rebels and frightened the
hold Of the empire on the peninsula.
First Blow for Unified Italy.
1t was in this revolt that the Car
bonari, the famous patriotic fraternity,
struck its first blow for unified Italy:
This secret society was composed OF
men who dreamed Of and worked for
Italian nationality. They claimed
Christ as their Honorary Grand Mas
ter" They worked "to deliver the
lamb Gtaly) from the wolf AUSTRIA.
Their red, black and blue ensign was
their native lands first emblem OF re-
volt.
This standard they raised in Pied
mont and forced Victor Emmanuel 10
abdicate. He was succeeded by has
brother, Charles Felix. who put down
the rebellion with a stern hand.
In 1880 the Carbonari instituted an
other uprising in the Romagna. Here,
for the first time, the red. white and
green standard which later became the
Italian flag was raised. One member
of the Carbonari who took part IN TINS
revolt was a nephew Of the great Bona
part, Louis Napoleon, later founder OF
the third empire.
Charles Albert succeeded Charles
Felix on the throne of Piedmont. In
ls4S all Italy was ahame with revolt
against Austria. Venetia and Lom-
hardy threw off the yoke, defeated the
Austrian regulars and proclaimed them
selves Independent. Urged on by Count
Camille Cavour, son of merchant and
then editor Of a newspaper, but des-
tinued to become the moulder. OF the
Italian nation, Charles Albert declared
war on Austria. All Italy flocked to
his standard, but, unskilled IN war, the
King was no match for the Austrian
forces sent against him. His irregular,
unframed army was utterly defeated,
and the beaten monarch abdicated IN
favor of his son, Victor Emmanuel ii,
the Italian liberator.
The Pope had been driven from Rome
by the revolutionists. France, then IN
the throes of the Second Republic, re-
stored him, despite the efforts of Gu
seppe Garibaidi. who held the Holy
CITY against the attack of combined
force of French. Neapolitans, Austrlans
and Spanish until all hope was lost.
Then he fed to America. :.
Cavour was called to the Cabinet or
Victor Emmanuel in 1850. Under the
nurturing hand of his craftsmanship
the project of Italian unity grew rap
idlv. Casting about for some ally VINO
might agree to assist Piedmont IN her
coming struggle against Austria, Ca
YOUR was offered golden opportunity
in the Crimean War. For no apparent
reason $4,000 Piedmontese troops
sp,enddly equipped, were sent TO the
aid of France. When the war was end
ed Cavour made a proposition to Ma
poleon III, offering to cede France
Savoy and Nice if the Third Empire
would assist Italy in her struggle
against Austria.
Napoleon accepted these terms after
some deliberation. and in 1859 war was
declared on Austria by France and
Piedmont. Italian patriots throughout
the entire country came to the ald OF
the King. Many of these were enlisted
in the legion commanded by Garlbaldl,
who had FASTENED to his native land
at the first rumor of conflict.
The allied forces defeated Austria
in the great battles of Magenta ana
Solferino, and then Napoleon, tearing
that the election of the Pope from
Rome for a second time would infiame
the French Catholics against him, with
drew his forces, leaving Venetia still
in the hands of Austria.
Victor Emmanuel was forced TO CON
clude a hasty peace, by which ne
gained Lombardy. A French garrison
was placed in Rome by Napoleon, VINO
demanded Nice and Savoy as his price
for his half-hearted aid Of Italy. These
ha pFn+ngfa
Garibaldi, who was a Savoyard.
II was Garibaldi who brought South
ern Italy under the control of Pied.
mont. He fitted out an expedition OF
the Young men Of Italy, and with
thousand of them - the Immortal
thousand" of Italian history VINO, IN
lieu of uniforms, each wore bright
red shirt, invaded Sicily in 1850, con
quered it, and, pressing on TO the
mainland, captured Naples.
Thus the southern and northern parts
Of italy were now controlled by Pied
mont. There remained the Papal
States about Rome. guarded BY French
soldiers, and the province OF Nenetla,
AZ the head of the Adriatic, still heId
bv Austria, Trieste, Dalmatia and Trent.
Venetia was gained through a treaty
made between Victor Emmanuel and
Bismarck on the eve of the Prusso-
Austrian War as recompense for her as
sistance in pushing the conflict to a
victorious conclusion for Prussia. Italy
received this one of her lost provinces
by the treaty Of peace.
When Prussia attacked France the
garrison was withdrawn from Rome,
and the Holy City was carried by as,
sault in 1872, and declared the capital
Of the new nation. $50.
Italy's step into the Triple Alliance
occurred in 1882, when, made jealous
by Frances ggression in Africa, which
the Latin kingdom had always consid-
cred her own field for expansion, she
Joined Austria and Germany in their
alliance against that republic. Twice
since that time the alliance has been
renewed, but of late years it has had
practically no popular support: Aus
tria's appropriation Of Bosnia in 1908
and her mischievous interference in
the Balkan War were steps which alien
ated Italy and blazed the way for her
present action.