davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1915-07-11

quantities of compound fractures
caused by schrapnel and broken
Well. Du Bouchet, the Philadelphia
boy. found the glue.
EARLY in September DIR. Du Bouchet
asked me to make cotton flannel strips
to be used for an extension with the
glue. From his idea / worked out the
first appliance that was used. Then
he asked for pillow filled with ex-
celsior to take the place of padded
splints. Like everything in my de-
partment, it was an evolution, and
todaly we make FIVE kinds of stock
splint pillows and I have made six
other kinds for special cases.
For both the Blake and Du Bouchet
splints we use the cotton flannel ap-
pliance. We have had to deal with
so 1 applied the cotton
flannel to an extension for the skin
to help in granulation. This strip is
glued about the leg SO as not to inter-
fere with the dressing. The ends are
buckled into the cross-piece. A cord
is fastened to the center and runs over
a pulley and the extension is caused by
weight. Using so many extensions
and weights, 1 have made one-half-
yound and one-p6und bags Of shot. to
be put into larger bags as needed
For pul1eys we use large spools"
STERLING HELLO.
Evening star., 1915-07-11
Keeping Warm With Ice.

THIS sounds like a paradox, but the
process is simple enough. 1t con-
sists in the furnishing of a double
lined car with four galvanized iron
cylinders reaching from the floor al
most to the top. In summer these
cylinders are kept filled with ice and
salt in order that the car may be main
tanned at a cool temperature; in win
ter they are filed with ice in order to
keep the contents of the car from
freezing.
Ice is nominally at a temperature of
80 degrees Fahrenheit, and it is sub
stance that changes its temperature re-
Iuctantly, being a bad conductor of
heat or cold. Hence, when zero
weather prevails without, the cylin-
ders of relat lively warm ice prevent
the escape of heat: in other words, so
it is claimed. they maintain the tenn
perature within the car.
Still another device whereby ice is
employed for protection against cold
consists in throwing upon the car when
the weather is near the zero point, a
plentiful stream of water, which, freez-
ing at once, forms a complete coat over
the car. The action of the ice is said
to be the same as in the other case.
A similar plan is sometimes adopted
in the transportation of bananas, a
fruit that is especially susceptible to
cold. The bananas are put in paper
bags inside of heavy canvas sacks and
covered with salt hay when the temper.
ature is dangerously low.
Evening star., 1915-07-11

who are anxious to marry her on ac-
count of her property. The young men
are the surrounding nations of Ar
gentina, Uruguay and Brazil. They
covet our lands and would like to con-
troll us for their own interests. The
truth is we are at present compare
lively poor, although we are potentially
rich
l asked his holiness as to along what
lines Paraguay would develop. He re-
piled:
Along agricultural lines Here will
some day be the great orange and lem
on orchards of the nations about The
country will also produce vast amounts
Of tobacco and coffee and some kinds Of
grain. I am interested in such deyel-
opments and I have just sent out a
letter to all parts of the republic, ad-
Vising my people to devote their atten-
tion to modern methods of farming and
to the use of modern farming machin-
cry. That letter will be read in the
churches and I hope 1t will start
movement toward better tillare-
then asked his holiness if he
thought Paraguay would be good
pace Tor Roman Catholic immigrants
from the United States. He replied:
we should be glad to have Catholics
come, but we want immigration with
out regard to religion. We shall wal.
come Protestants as heartily as Cath.
olics and will make them at home.''
Speaking of the mission work going
on in the country. the archbishop said:
The Roman Catholic Church is doing
what 1t can to christianize the savage
tribes. We have now a colony of $50
families, who have given up their no.
madic life and are tilling the soil. They
have established a village Of their own
and their children are going to school.
This is in Paraguay proper The chief
is situated about 120 miles away in the
Chaco. 1t is on one of the large es-
tancias and the owners of the estan-
cias pay the salaries of the mission
aries. do not know what success they
are having"
FRANK G. CARPENTER.
Evening star., 1915-07-11
TRANSPORTATION
PARAGU bonn

over one hundred and fifty thousand
acres of pasture.
X
* X
American goods seem to be popular in
Paraguay. l see many things here that
come from the United States. There are
wind mills from Illinois and Indiana
standing out upon almost every land
scape, and the forests are being cut with
American axes Walking along the
wharves / saw several score Of little steel
sugar mills which came from Cincinnati,
and the bank notes of the country are
printed in New York.
Just now much of the imports from
Germany and England have been cut off.
These two countries have had the great
bulk of the trade, and the war gives the
United States an opportunity for the in
PRODUCTION of it's hardware, textile goods,
Evening star., 1915-07-11

a rock. These bales are shipped to
the factories.
I saw about 1000 bales of this kind
when i visited the great mate factory
of Asuncion. and in the warehouse
were thousands of bags of mate
stacked up ready for shipment down
the Paraguay river and to other parts
of South America. There were also
piles of boxes and packages of yerba
leaves The boxes were of two and
one-half and five pounds each. The bags
weighed about 200 pounds and there
were other packages of various sizes.
I went through the mill and saw the
men preparing the tea. There were
great machines for grinding the leaves
When they come in they are mixed
with twigs They are first run through
a hopper and cleaned. They are then
ground to a powder. The powder is
put into presses and squeezed into
shape, as l have seen brick tea made
at Hankow in China. In one room
they were sewing bags upon an Ameri-
can sewing machine, and in another
they were stamping the tea into the
bags with machines that made me
think of so many dumbbells. / asked
as to the value of the tea and was told
that it sells here for about 20 cents gold
a kilogram. This would be about
cents a pound.
Some of this tea is now sold in the
United States. 1t can be drunk either
hot or cold, and the common American
way of using it is to brew it, just as
we brew Japan or China tea. Here in
South America the tea is prepared by
placing two or three spoonfuls of the
powdered leaves in hollow egg
shaped gourd or mate cup and pour
ing boiling water upon it, After few
moments it is ready for use. 1t is then
sucked through a tube. called bonn
billa, which admits the liquid, but
keeps out the dregs. Many like it
hot that the brass or silver bombilla
almost burns ones lips as it passes in
to the mouth. The ordinary cup will
hold about four or five ounces of liquid,
not much more than an after-dinner
coffee cup, The gourd is stained jet
is about the size of a thermometer tube
Evening star., 1915-07-11

or silk. They make handkerchiefs,
shawls and embroideries and weave
hammocks of cotton thread SO strong
that they will outlast generation.
rom nature and the cobweb is copied
20 life. In making the lace the pattern
is first outlined in pencil on a ground
work of cotton, linen or silk. This
groundwork is put into a frame and
che lace stitched to the cloth. When
completed it is released by cutting the
threads In times past the best lace
was made by the fashionable women
Of the higher classes. II is now made
by the common people everywhere, and
little children work side by side with
heir grandmothers in stitching it.
There is a town about twenty miles
from Asuncion called Itaugua, which is
considered the center of the industry.
find the prices for Paraguay lace
have trebled and quadrupled since I
was last here decade and half ago.
This is so in Asuncion and also in
Buenos Aires, where the lace is sent
for sale. There are woman peddlers
who go about the hotels and ask the
tourists to buy. There were a half
dozen in my hotel today. They had
hammocks of cotton thread. for which
they asked SIS apiece. collars and cuffs
at from three to five dollars each. and
lace scarfs at SIS. 1 bought a beauti-
full handkerchief for $3.50. Among
other things shown were parasol COW
ers made of cobwebs in patterns.
examined one that~wa priced at $500
Paraguayan. The girl told me 1t took
six months work to make it.
Wages ARE low in Paraguay. 1t Is
true a man NAV get $500 month and
q likely girl may receive as much as
800 for thirty days work. The wages
seem high. but when you remember
that a dollar is worth only cents and
oftentimes only 5 in actual money, the
$500 shrinks to SIS and the 5000 to SO.
Common laborers in the country dis
tricts are paid about 25 cents day,
and in the remote parts of the country
the wages are often about SO month.
Common laborers on the railroads re-
Evening star., 1915-07-11

or lead pencil and it has bulb on
the end about the size of hazel nut.
The bulb is perforated with holes, so
small that the powder cannot go into
them and so far apart that the liquor
cannot be rapidly sucked One. can put
a second and even a fourth and fifth
allowance of hot water to one charge
of tea, as the tea swe1ls and continues
to give off it's strength for some time.
Some drink mate with milk. In this
case they pour hot milk on the yerba
leaves, and others add sugar to taste.
The chief Paraguay tea factory of
Asuncion has recently passed into the
hands of the Farquhar Syndicate. This
is. an organization of American and
English capitalists, the head of which
is Percival Farquhar of York, Pa. The
syndicate has large yerba forests and
1t employs several thousand hands. 1t
has also timber lands, and it is sup
posed to be one Of the chief owners of
the Paraguay land and Cattle Com
pany, which owns a tract of country
almost as big as Ma assachusetts, and
has capitalization of a million and a
half dollars. The syndicate also con-
trolls the Paraguay Central railroad
and the electric light and tramway
system of Asuncion as we'll 1t is also
interested in the big cattle movement
in Matto Crosse, Brazil. and is con-
nected with the Brazil Railway Com
pany. which is pushing It's lines west
ward into the highlands of Matto
Crosse. I am told the company has
also investigated the oil regions or
eastern Bolivia.
This will give some idea of the in
terests Americans are beginning to ac-
quire in this part of the world. The New
York and Paraguay Company has about
a million acres Of land in the Chaco 1t
has built a little town in which it has
company store, a school. a post office
and Jail. 1t has also a hotel and pub
lie bakery. The police service is author
lied by the Paraguayan government, but
the company pays the policemen. and so
it is supreme in its locality This COM
pany is exploiting some of it's quebracho
forests. 1t has built railroad about
twenty-five miles long to bring out the
timber, and this is to be extended. The
Evening star., 1915-07-11

great power in all things that have to
do with the government and develop
ment of the country.
During my stay here ] have met his
Most Illustrious the Archbishop. That
is his title. His name is Don Juan Sin
foriana Bogarin. He is a tall. fine look
ing man of perhaps forty-five years of
age. He has a magnificent head.
brunette complexion and kind and
beautiful eyes. 7 met his holiness
through an introduction from Dr. Hec-
tor Valesouez, the minister from Para
quay to the United States. l was re-
ceived at his house and we chatted to-
gether about Paraguay and its future
AS to the latter he said:
My country is like beautiful maid
en-, the heiress to n large fortune
which has yet to be dug from the
ground. and who is surrounded by a
number of courtiers. lusty young men
Evening star., 1915-07-11

agricultural. pastoral and forestal. We
produce in the United States nearly every
thing that is produced here, with the ex
ception of quebracho wood and extract,
which is exported to our country for tam
ming.
There is one industry in Paraguay
that might find a large market in the
United States. I refer to the making
of Paraguay lace. This lace is called
Nanduti, pronounced Nyandutee. The
word means cobweb, and the cobweb is
the most common design in which the
lace is made. although there are others
such as the butterfly, the rice stalk
and the star and cross patterns. This
lace is as beautiful as any that comes
from Europe. 1t is made by the women
of the country, who have always been
famous for their needlework. They
spin webs as delicately as though they
were spiders, and everywhere they sell
these beautiful cobwebs of cotton, linen
Evening star., 1915-07-11
NATIVES TAKING MATE.

ing what 1t can to protect the 1aborers-
but much of the work is far away from
the railroads and that of the lumber
men is often far back in the forest.
Much of the labor is made up of In
dians who in some cases do not under
stand the contracts they make and are
imposed upon by their employers.
The first developments of Paraguay
were brought about by the Jesuits.
They used the Indians as laborers,
Christianizing them and giving them
the beginnings of civilization. They
had schools for them and compelled
them to marry. They laid out great
plantations and built yerba mate fac
for sale and shipment to other parts
of the country. Their plantations at
one time employed 100000 laborers and
it is said that they had 100000 horses,
$500 sheep and about a million cat
tie. They set out great orange or
chards and also began the cultivation
of yerba mate.
The work done under the Jesuits was
systematic. The laboring population.
which was composed mostly of Indians.
got up and went to bed by the bell.
They had prayers before going to
work and they sang hymns while at
labor. During the work the sexes
were kept apart. There was no time
for flirting, and the boys and girls
were made to pull weeds for the sake
of the Lord. One-half of each week
was given to laboring for the society
and the other half to the support of
the workmen. After a time the Jesuits
were expelled from nearly all the
South American countries. Those in
Paraguay had trouble with both Spain
and Portugal, and they were finally
driven out In 1869.
The Jesuits did much in the civiliza-
tion of Paraguay. They gave the In
dians the Christian religion and today
practically all of the people belong to
the church. Roman Catholicism is the
esta blished religion. and there is
union of church and state. Asuncion
has a national college, the professors
of which are almost all Catholics. and
1t has an archbishop who is man of
Evening star., 1915-07-11

sponsible for it TO the Fench govern
ment. The little permanent is a can
dy box. a bower. The big war hospital
has it's flavor.
A war hospital of bad cases. Amer
ican physicians with the field ambu-
lances-like DIR. Edmond Gros. former
ly Of San Francisco-take pride to pick
out delicate cases for their brethren of
the university units. A center Of
American emulation.
The university units come. stay three
months and rotate. says Grace. "At
present We hace the Harvard unit DR.
Harvey c. Cushing, the brain special
list of Cleveland now with the Harvard
Medical School, headed them. He has
gone back and Dr. Grecnough of Bos-
ton is i'll charge"
Previousi, it was the Lakeside Uni
Evening star., 1915-07-11

chief of the hospital. and DR.. Joseph
Blake of New York city. head two of
these services. Then come two French
surgeons, Maj. Mingot and DIR. Heitz
Boyer. A remarkable jaw department
is directed by DIR. Georges S. Hayes.
formerly of Canandaigua, N. Y. and
Y. and DIR. Scarlett of Erie. Pa, for
the eyes. There are many delicate Jaw
and eye cases.
The bandage room makes all for all.
1t is on its second million.
Nevertbeless, we wash, sterilize and
use over again all our gauZe bandages
'and dressings" says Grace. Even the
paper in which our packages are done
up serves three times being cut over
when returned to us.
l asked why such economy.
Evening star., 1915-07-11

his soldiers in the Paraguay war. The
soldiers carried 1t with them on their
forced marches. and it is claimed they
could go for days without other stimu-
Iants and with almost no other food.
Authorities here tell me that the liquor
takes eway hunger, and that the aver
age gaNcho or cowboy of the pampas
has nothing else but cup of mate on
rising, and that he can work the great
er part of the day before his first meal.
The drink Is also a safeguard against
insomnia, and it is said to build up
the nervous system. 1t was recon-
mended to our government in 1889 Tor
the soldiers In Cuba and the Philip
pines.
Yerba mate is now the chief drink of
more than 100000 people in this
part Of the world. 1t is used regularly
by the Inhabitants of Paraguay. Brazil,
Uruguay and Argentina. and there are
people who sip a cup of it every hour
or 30 throughout the day. The tea
comes from the leaves of a shrub about
the size Of an orange tree. The tree
grows from twelve to twenty feet high.
Its botanical name is Ilez Paraguayen-
sis. and 1t might be called South
American holly. The leaves are a lit
tie like the holly. The blossoms are
yellow. and the fruit is a tiny berry OF
q purplish black.
The yerba forests are found In parts
Of Paraguay and also in northeastern
Argentina and also in Brazil. In all of
these countries a great industry has
grown up in gathering the leaves and
prepafing them for the market. The
CONSUMPTION in Brazil alone in some
thing like 25.0o0.000 or 3o,o00.o00
pounds per annum, and the exports
from Paraguay amount to more than
tmfiiion dollars a year. There are yerba
tracts here belonging to one company
that cover more than 100000 square
miles. These are chiefly wild forests in
which the yerbe is gathered by poems
and brought out to the markets There
are also plantations which have been
recently set out. / know Of one that
has 90. 900 plants. and there are other
estatee in the course of preparation:
The mate leaves are gotten out by the
oeons. They chop off the branches and
Sring them in bundles to their
Evening star., 1915-07-11

war. DIR. Frank Gardner came to us In
October and made the first metal
sp1ints we used. They were modifica-
tions of what 1 have since learned was
the Thomas splint. When DR.. Gardner
left the work was turned over to me
to see that the things were made. My
artists knowledge of anatomy helped,
of course, and before he left DR..
Gardner had said to me that he would
like to work out a splint for field use,
to transport men with broken legs,
and he wanted to accomplish it with
out weights. 1 had already made
little anklet for the hospital when
fractures were too low to admit gluing
the strips on. So l imagined a gaiter,
making the splnt straight, with
buckle at the bottom and placing
straps in such a manner that they
could be strapped above and below
the fracture. This had not been done
before he left One day DIR. Blake
Evening star., 1915-07-11
SLIDING CRADLE FOR LEG PULLING
DFORB

wise. while dressing the bone might
slide back Half the limps of the past
aone day" says Grace, "Dr. Mingot
brought Il mobile splint which was
used in his Bordeaux hospital. 1t was
complicated to make and had several
disadvantages. 1 tried to accomplish
the same result more simply. The
surgeons told me that had fallen on
made it ADAPTABLE to arms as well as
legs and obviating the cradle for the
bed clothes"
Her next triumph was the American
ambulance field splint.-
1--WE all had a hand in it, says
Grace, generously. Things used in
times of peace did not seem of much
use for the terrible problems of the
Evening star., 1915-07-11
Carpenter Writes Of a Novel Industry in

camps. Here they have drying houses.
each consisting of framework of
poles upheld by posts. The house has a
floor of clay well hammered down. The
branches are woven in and out of the
poles of the roof and then a slow fire is
built on the clay floor. This is kept up
until the leaves are perfectly dry.
Sweet smelling woods are used for fuel
and great care is taken that there
should be but little smoke.
After the leaves are perfectly cured
they are packed up in ls,gs of green
hide. An OK is skinned and the skin
sewed up into a bag like a square pill
lowcase about three feet long. The
leaves are put into this and so pounded
down that when the bag rs full it forms
a solid bale. 1t is now placed in the
sun. AS the skin dries it shrinks. The
mate leaves are pressed tighter and
tighter until the whole is as firm as
Evening star., 1915-07-11

ceive from 50 to IS cents day. and the
highest paid mechanics get s1.50 or 81.
There is a great deal of peonage in
some parts of the country. Money us
advanced to the laborers and they work
their debts OUT They are allowed cred
it at the plantation or timber camp
stores. Many of the lumbermen, or.
rather, wood choppers and sawyers. are
hired in the towns along the rivers.
They demand an advance and take as
much as they Gan get and then go in to
work it out. A common advance is
$50. The man gets his goods at the
company store and his purchases are
credited on his own books. where his
wages are also credited. If he stays
until the end of his Job he is sent back
has earned the amount of his advance.
If he tries to escape he is arrested and
brought back. The government is do
Evening star., 1915-07-11

came to me with the same proposition.
1 said l thought 1 could do it. and told
him what / had devised. He said it
looked all right and told me to make
one. This l did, and it is now what is
called the American ambulance field
splint."
Two other splints are much used in
the hospital: one similar to the field
splint used on DIR. Blake's service, and
for that reason called the Blake splint !:
the other, used principally in the Du
Bouchet service, and called the Du
Bouchet splint. 1t is open at the top
and rigidity is obtained by two iron
bands over the leg instead of under,
thus not interfering with the wounds.
The reference to glue is an innova-
tion of Du Bouchet.
Nowadays they glue, you. Exactly
glue instead of adhesive plaster. which
aggravates the skin in long cases.
can our cases are LONG," says Grace,
"and aggravated of themselves. with
Evening star., 1915-07-11

dent of the Commercial National
Bank" she said. when war was de-
clared 1 quit New York, commissions
and all. 1 arrived in Paris in mid
August, glad to find mother TRANQUILITY
holding the fort in the fiat. That night
l wrote Dr. Gros. offering my services
in any capacity. BY return mail he told
me to come TO the Lycee Pasteur. The
building was almost ready, the beds
were being carried in and IA few nurses
getting things in order. In the oper-
ating rooms the head operating nurse,
Miss Doane, set me to rolling bandages.
I asked if she needed more help. and,
as she said she did, ] began looking
for women outside. At that moment
the trained nurses, waiting for wound
ed to arrive, actually" came into what
10 now the principal surgical Dress
Evening star., 1915-07-11

drugs. perfumery, jewelry and all sorts Of
machinery. Our machinery has a good
ground to show how to use it. We need
also drummers to push American trade
and to create agencies for the sale of
American goods. The foreign trade of
this country amounts to something like
ten million dollars a year, and will rapidly
grow with the development that is sure to
come in the future Our business so far
has been chiefly made up of hardware
and machinery. We take but few Para
guayan goods, and there is not much she
makes that we want. The country is
Evening star., 1915-07-11

men, They lose legs and arms what
will thew doo They will get along some
way. No complaining or repining.
So they make vast efforts to save
them. My eye fell on a lot Of wooden
frames with a sliding cradle INSIDE
each. Her face lit with prlde.
.'The leg puller," she said.
She explained. The next worse
thing to losing a leg is to have 1t KNIT
wrong. The bone should knit end on
end to make strong support, but the
Contraction of the flesh risks the
broken ends knitting side by side
whence weakness. pain and limping on
a short leg forever; when leg pull
ling. gentle, continuous-to keep tne
broken bone in alignment. The leg Is
put in the sliding cradle and the
cradle is pulled-traction by weight.
Also, by having continuous traction
they are able to dress the wounds
without letting go the weight. Other