davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1915-10-10
DRAGGED ROADS IMPROVE
CONDITIONS IN WEST
Tourists From That Section. How
ever. Find Hard Surfaced Roads
of East Much Better.
WILL START NEW AGITATION
Effect OF Rain on Dragged Roads
Causes Abandonment of Trips.
Impressed With the Condition OF
Eastern Highways After Rain.

WASHINGTON. ID. G. October D.
The great Central West has been the
most consistent exponent of the
dragged road. and in no section or like
area are there so many miles of this
type. More than this. and OF really
large Importance. In the scheme of
road dragging, there has been carried
out the major principle Of through
highways that not merely serve locally
but have definite connections with
main Travelled and through routes en-
tirely across adjoining States.
The excellence OF these dragge ed
highways and feeder roads has so i'm
proved previous conditions that they
seemed to serve All needs and pur-
poses. While admitting their real value
the hard surfaced opponents have
pointed ont that after aH road drag
ginc was but an intermediates condi-
ton that must give away TO construc-
ton that would be permanent. 4 view
point that was not readily accepted In
the sections where road dragging had
been reduced TO an art.
There has been. of late, noticea BILE
agreement with this viewpoint, due
mostly 10 the large volume Of touring
that has been done in the East this
season by automobilists from west of
the Mississippi River.
These tourists in their calls at both
the Washington and the New York
Touring Bureaus OF the American Au-
tomobile Association, have without cx-
ception stated their conversion to the
hard surfaced road. These tourists
generally lived in sections where the
dragged road was both prominent and
excellent. but were impressed with the
one big diuerencc--thc effect of rain
They told OF many instances OF homo
trips that had been planned that ordi-
narily could have been made at good
speed and with comfort, in dry wealth
er, that had TO he abandoned because
OF an hours rain. In their trips
through the East. over the hard-sur-
faced roads. they found that rain did
not interfere with their plans, and
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1915-10-10
EIGHT-CYLINDER CADILLAC
SETS NEW MILE RECORD

DETROIT MICH, October 9.-ln a
test run just made on the Chicago
speedway under the supervision Of the
Automobile Club OF America. an eight
cylinder Cadillac touring car, fully
equipped and carrying n spare wheel
and tire, covered 100 miles In eighty
TWO minutes, 46 seconds. or at an az
eraCe speed OF 72.49 miles per hour.
Windshield and top were down. The
fastest lap was made in one minute.
thirty eight and two-.ifth seconds, or
at a speed OF 1917 miles per hour, a
new record for touring cars.
Two cars were tested. one n new
car out Of regular production which
had never been run prior to being
driven 10 Chicago from Detroit. 1t had
covered S15 miles when the tests be-
experimental work, but the first made
tho better time. although b. only a
small margin.
Both cars were put through 100 mile
runs, and their performance was strik-
inSly uniform. the new car beating the
older ono by one minute and thirty
seconds for the 100 miles. Each car
was also given a one-hour test, the
new car travelling 52.4i miles in that
period, which was l.35 miles more than
the other ran in an hour
The Older car Travelled the 100 miles
! in cightyfour minutes, sixteen and
! our-fifths seconds, or al the rate of
7l.io miles per hour The two cars
made a total of 200 miles in l57 minutes.
two and four-hfths seconds, also a
touring car record for this country
The drivers were members Of the Cad
/ lilac organization.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1915-10-10
EMPHASIZE NEED OF MORE
DURABLE COUNTRY ROADS
United States Department of Agricul-
ture Issues Bulletin of Two
Mo- Methods of Paving.
BRICK GIVES LONG SERVICE
No Brick Pavement Constructed In
Accordance With Best Modern
Practice Has Yet Worn Out-Con-
crete Also Proven satisfactory.

Now that road authorities generally
recognize tho need of more durable
country roads, two bulletins issued by
the Department of Agriculture, ono on
Portland cement concrete and the other
on vitrifled brick pavemeuts. are very
timely
Each bulletin deals largely with the
selection OF materials and approved
methods of constructing the kind Of
road II treats of. hut also contains som"
observations of interest to the layman
Although brick roads are expensive TO
construct, they are becoming common.
and are giving general satisfaction,
their principal advantages being dura-
bilitv under practically all traffic con-
ditions. easy traction and tho case with
which they are maintained.
No brick pavement constructed in ac-
cordance with the best modern prac
tice has vet worn ont. There is n brick
pavement on Sixth Street. Terre Haute.
Ind, that was laid in 1872 on broken
stone foundation, and on which the cost
of repairs has been only about $500.
due to two breaks caused by expansion.
This street carried heavy traffic on
part of its length. Another brick pave
ment laid on Ilolmden Avenue, Clcve-
land. in 1919. on natural soil f9unda-
ton in thickly settled residential
eection. has never required any repairs
due 10 wear, and its present condition
1uOlCItcS many Hl'I' Nth' ~ 80 49,
Most OF the concrete pavcmonts have
proved entirely satisfactory whore
traftic conditions were not unduly Sc
we're. The earliest pavement OF this
TYNE, constructed in Belletcntaino, o.,
in 1894. was put down on one side OF
the public square where It carries
heavy tranic, and has not cost moro
than 500 for repairs in its twenty-five
years Of existence
Concrete roads are durable under or
binary suburban and rural traffic: pre-
sent p smooth, even surface Offering
worry little resistance TO traffic: produce
practically no dust. can he maintained
at small cost. and serve M an excellent
base for some other wearing surface
when resurfacing becomes desirable.
Since Wayne County. Mich began
building concrete roads in 100? there
has been n rapid increase In such pave
mcnts. In that year $4,000 square
yards were built; in 1912 the yardace
had increased to $4,000. and In 1914
to more than 100000 yards.
The average cost OF three pieces OF
concrete road built In Illinois by the
State Highway Commission in 1912 was
So cents per square yard. including
preparation OF the subcradc but OK
elusive Of cost Of the use OF ma chlnery
and tools. This would make the cost
per mile of fftccn-fuOt surface $7.74i
California has built 500 miles Of CON
crete roads during the last three years
and New York state ranks second.
They are also being laid extensively in
Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin and Iowa
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1915-10-10

New Service to Owners
Every Choimsrs dealer gives to
every buyer Of a Chalmers car
Sstvics Coppos Book, each cor
pon being redeemobIe for q
defrits amount of service os ony
ChoImeys dtolsr's anywhere.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1915-10-10

d. loose connections
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1915-10-10
Causes of OycrhcntInE.

Improper handling OF the ignition
lever is not always the cause OF over.
heating in a motor with n we'll adj
Justed carburetor.
1t Is entirely possible for the mag
neto coupling in some cases to be-
come loose. and permit the Ignition to
lag, despite the advancing OF tho lover,
and the same thing can result from
loose connections between the lever
and the timer.
On the other hand. loose connections
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1915-10-10
ew designs for carbureters which will

new designs for carbureters which will
use heavier fuels.
1t is obviously useless to complain
that gasoline producers are obtaining
nigher prices than for, years EAST. and
1t would seem that scientific investi-
cation should be made with these sub
stitutes and when either of these can
DO used without difficulty 1t is pretty
safe to assume that the price OF gaso-
line Will not only cease to rise but Will
snow tendency to fall. In this direc-
ton lies the hope Of the motorist for
cheaper fuel.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1915-10-10

that the roads were travellable no mat
ter whether II raincd an hour or a day.
This was so unusual an experience
that each of them has gone back
home thorough convert who will
work with enthusiasm to spread the
propaganda. already started in some
sections or hard-surfaced roads
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1915-05-15
CIVIC LEAGUE HOLDS
ITS ANNUAL ELECTION
lsrrclAl oosassrososaes 10 aosaaa ,ou.n.l

ESPECIAL CONSEQUENCE 70 noeHlHa Jousnhll
Alamogordo, n. NJ, May 1.-THE
Aiamugordo Civic league, which.
through a long series of SUGGESTIONS,
mergers and cancellations Is the old :.
est organization of any Kind in Ala
mogordo, has held its annual election
Of officers. Mrs james NJ Riddle,
elected president made an address In
when she reviewed briefly the work
OF the organization The original orr
ganlzation was the Womnns scub,
which had charge Of THE library which
WAS to be established, 50 Jealous were
these charter members that they could
not wait for q building to be complet-
ed but held their first meeting In 4
bOxcar Since that time the scope OF
tile club has been extended until now
there Is public Improvements de-
partment and for nearly four years
has owned the cemetery The follow
Ing officers were elected and COM
mittees Appointed
Mrs. James NJ. Riddle, president
Mrs George L. Woodwork. vice pres-
ident; Mrs. G. Wai1schmidt. secretary
and treasurer. Directors Library
Mrs + G. ROLAND. chairman; Mrs
William r. Warren. cemetery-M
Walter II Reber, Mrs J I. Lawson
Public improvements Mrs c. a
Garrett, chairman. Mrs Charles IA
Mitchell. Committees. Library
r. Darbyshire, Mrs. Stone Wilburn.
Mrs. q ]. Buck Mrs. J. G. Cady. Mrs.
Alma Weigele, Mrs y. G. Jones, Mrs.
John snyder. Cemetery Tom Geren.
Mrs. \. n Porter. AIRS Il. y. McKih-
Icy Miss Allie Jordan. AIRS. J E.
Prather. Public lniprovements-.M Mrs
George Messef, Mrs Frank Rtsseau
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1915-05-15

years. Miss FELTON,, who viii have
charge of the primary and kinder
garten' department, comes TO this
school from the Flagstaff, Ariz.,
school. where she has taught during
the past year she was In charge Of
these grades in the Alamogordo
schools for a number Of years.
Mrs. Clunn, wife Of Hurry G. Clunn
Senator Fails private secretary, comes
to the work with splendid recommen-
dations, and relieves Miss Louise
Hodgton, OF DGming. who has had
charge of the music during the past
school year, but who expects to be
identified with the Deming schools
during the ensuing school year. Mrs
glunn will teach both yocal ana m
strumental music
The students Of the Lincoln county
high school, at CAPTAIN, win give q
class play at the closing OF this insti-
tuition for the year on MAY 2S. The
girls in the domestic science depart
ment will appear at the commence
ment exercises in dresses they them
selves made, Last Monday morning
they entertained their friends with re.
freshments Of their own contriving.
and for a lunch OF their own they on
the same day entertained their moth
ers. This school is In thriving condi-
ton and has done excellent work dur.
ing the school year Just closing
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1915-05-15
BOUNTIFUL HARVEST OF
FRUIT IS EXPECTED IN
ALAMOGORD0 VALLEY

SPECIAL coRRsspoaosaeg TO MORNING JOURNAL
Alamogordo. N NJ, May Twin
the danger of damage to the irult
crop BY frost practically passed, II is
estimated that the orchards In the
Alamogordo valley will yield the most
bountlful harvest that has ever been
harvested 1t will be the first time
in the history of this section that two
bumper crops have been grown in sue
cession and last years crop was the
biggest since 1908 The hail storms
Of a few weeks ago did some damage
TO the aprieots. but the other trees
are so heavily laden with fruit that
the branches are breaking under the
weight. Cherries are now beginning
to ripen, and the first shipments VIII
begin to go forward within the next
few days.
II Is said that the bearing acreage
this wear will show an increase or
more than 80 per cent over last sea-
son, and to take care of this big crop,
to have the picking and packing sup
ervised and the fruit marketed to adj
vantage, the owners of the orchards
have organized a fruit growers assoc
citation. O. G. Cady is president,
George r. Moffet vice president, O.,
l.. Tinkelpaugh secretary and treas
urer. Mr. Tinklepaugh says the value
of this years crop is approximately
Sf0O 600
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1915-05-15
Ell PAS0 CONFERENCE
MEETING AT TULAR0SA
ts-se,.l eo.rssroaotses 70 MORNING .ooss.li

tsrteiAl CORRESPONDENCE TO MORNING JOURNAL
Tularosa, n. NJ. May 14.--Delegates
were arriving all day yesterday, by
train and automobile, TO attend the
lei Paso district conference Of the
Methodist Episcopal Church (South)
Among the visitors from outside this
district Is Rev George Fl. Givan. pre-
siding elder Of the Albuquerque dis
trict.' Mr.. Givan was pastor Of the
church at Alamogordo for four years
and is well known here
The order of business for today is
as follows.
800 a. mi--Devotional--R r. M.
Smith
$3.50 a. IN. Address Of welcome
DR.. s. r. Mcdaniel Response--Col.
l.. q. Jones.
1000 a. m. Organization. Report
of pastors.
1880 a. m. Personal EVANGELISM
Rev, c. w Webdell.
2S0 p. m. Devotional
Missionary Institute-Rev George
II. Givan. missionary secretary.
The Relation OF the Missionary
Spirit to Missionary Contributions. .
r. D. Champion, Rev. ] e. Fuller
2. DO Our People Give to Mis-
sions Because They Want to Give?"
j. c. Ballard, Rev w. S. Huggett.
3. DO We Raise Our Missionary
Assessments on the Merit OF Mis-
sions?' d. Corley, Rev w w. Nell
son.
A. Do Anti Missionary Churches
Usually Prosper Spiritually" w. e.
Carre, Rev. J. A. Johnson.
5. What Principle Must Always
Govern the Missionary Spirit?" Rev.
J. =. prather, Rev. J ]. Golden.
8 What Undeveloped Territory in
This District Should We Take Care
or. y. S. Donaldson, Rev. G. X.
Campbell
400 p. m, and $500 y. m. Preach
iuo
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1915-05-15
Agent at Len,Itar.

santa Fe, May Nv. c. Reid. So
licitor for New Mexico for the santa
lie RAILWAY, advised the corporation
commission today that an agent Will
be placed at Lemitar, n. NJ, during
the months of July. August and sem
TENDER and II viii depend on the
amount OF business handled during
THESE months. IL the agent will DO
continued. The Wells, Fargo g. Co
have also been asked to establish an
agent at this point to receive the
fruit shipments during. the season
This complaint was filed by IT, o..
Bnrsunl and others from Polyndoru,
~ M.
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1915-05-15
wide Awake Fnrmer Prospers.

JIolene, y. NJ. May Ia. Among
the men in Curry county that nave
prospered is Ben Crawford. Begin
ming with little he has worked intelli-
gently and industriousy until today ne
has twelve sections Of land. This year
he grows section Of kaffir corn,
milo maize. and other sorghums and
has about two hundred acres In wheat
besides. He is doing his farming
largely with big traction engine
which also serves to haul his grain
to market lie brought in today to
Clovis a string of wagons loaded with
kaffir corn In addition to farming
Mr.. Crawford has two hundred head
of cattle that are grown in pasture in
summer and in winter eati the feed
off the farm.
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1915-05-15

slaion, Tex. May l4--one hundred
good Jersey COWS have been shipped
IN since the first Of the year ana die
ttibuted among the farmers around
here. There VIII be more shipped in
soon ns the demand for more COWS IL
inslstent Cream IN increasing aunn-
titles is being shipped from here, some
THE building of an up-to-datc crean-
cry is under discussion. ana Judging
from the push OF the leaders IN set
Ting up The country ana building the
town, II ~ likely that Che creamery
may be bult before long
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1915-05-15
Complains of Rate Charae.

SANTA Fe. Nav ia Complaint
was received today by the state cor
porotion commission from w. q
pdell Of portaies on account Of the
Santa re q Amarillo railroad charp-
ing an additional rate on a shipment
Of grain from Melrose To Phoenix,
Ariz. 4 quotation Of s. cents WIS
made on the shipment before il left
Melrose, but when 1t arrived at phoe-
nix an additional charge was made
50 as TO make the total rate 81 cents.
The complaint has been referred to
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1915-05-15
How Mrs. Harrod Got rid OF Her
Stomach TruubIn

II suffered with stomach trouble
for years and tried everything / heard
Of. but the only relief I got was tenn
porary until last spring saw Cham
berlaln's Tablets advertised and prc-.
cured q bottle Or them AT our drug
lltore. ! got immediate relief from
and from pain in the stomach" writes
Mrs. Linda Harrod. Fort Wayne. Ind
Obtainabie eyerywhere.
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1915-05-15

Santa ne. May li.---postmaster
James l.. seligman received a notice
that the site OF the postoffice OF liar
rlngton. Union county, has been
changed a miles northwest taking
II across the county line into Colfax
county Miss Pauline Riordan has
been appointed as postmlstress
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1915-05-15
Nrm Annoinfcn onnllrina

Santa Re May l4--Harry Z. pat-
ton, Of Clovis. today duaiifled as as
slstant United states attorney before
Harry f. Lee, clerk Of the Emitted
States court Mr. Patton takes the
place made vacant BY the resignation
OF r. c, Wade, IT, Mr.. Wade turned
over the Office to Mr. Patton today.
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1915-05-15

Without the necessary coupons, any
one desiring a copy of the SONGS
THAT NEVER GROW OLD" can So
cure same at the Journal office, ~
and 10 cents. respectively.
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1915-05-15
OYSTER COMPANY nissoIyes.

Santa Fe. May 1.-THE American
oyster Carrier company Of Albuduer-
que, today filed dissolution certificate
with the state corporation commission
George L. Brooks WAS president of
the companN.
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1915-05-15

Santa Re. May 1s.--State Treasurer
Q. n. Marion today received s355.sS
frona the treasurer Of Sierra county
covering the amount Of taxes collect
ed during April.
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1915-05-15

General lfreisht Agent ]. Brinker to
be adjusted and also TO have rate
made on future shipments from this
point
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1915-05-15
GENTRY,s Ecf,s

Fresher. cleaner, better. Every one
candled, stamped ana guaranteed,
Sold by Jaffa, Maloy. Hawkins.
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1915-05-15
Teachers Are Experienced.

The superintendent. Mr.. Mccurdy.
has been in charge OF The schools 1ere
Tor two years, and his selection for
third school year gives universal Salts
faction TO the patrons With the ex-
ception of Mrs. clunn and Miss Eel
ton. the teachers selected have been
teaching In the school here for vari-
Gus lengths OF time--from one to five
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1915-05-15
TEACHERS ARE
NAMED BY Ne Willy
ELECTED BOARD
Crrizozo Schools in Splendid
Condition. Superintendent
McCurdy Is Chosen for.
Third Successive Term.

ESPECIAL coEResporosncs 10 noEHlEs JOURNAL
Carrizozo y. NJ, May 1.-THE re-
cently-elected school board for this
city met at the office of Mrs. w. L..
Quinn last evening in the first meet
ing Of the board since the election.
The members arc Pete Johnson, a
hold-o and A. J. ROLAND and Jul.
ian Taylor, the new members. Julian
Taylor was chosen chairman and A.
j. ROLAND the secretary of the board
The business Of the evening was the
selection OF teachers Tor the ensuing
year, which resulted as follows:
Andrew McCurdy superintendent;
Mrs Il. V. Jewett, high school prin-
cipal; Mrs. Harry c. Clunn, music
Miss Mamie r. Humphrey. fifth and
sixth grades; Mrs. Nora Massie. third
aud fourth grades Miss Mildred Pet
crs second and third grades: Miss
Eva FELTON,. primary. The teacher for
the seventh and eighth grades will be
selected at q later meeting Of the
board.
The Mobridge news. [volume] (Mobridge, Walworth Co., S.D.) 190?-1917, 1915-06-12
OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS
OF the Board of City Commissioners
of the City of Mobridee, S. ID.

Mobridge, s. d May oath 1919
Regular meeting Of the Board of
City Commissioners. Mayor Smith
presiding. Commissioners present
at roll call, Horn, Cummings, and
Goodman.
Upon motion by Horn seconded
by Goodman that the bills as APP
proved by the Commissioner Of Fl
nance be allowed and warrants or
dered drawn for the same.
+. f Gress, labor on street $50. 30
A. Ii. Brown, labor on park SD -
Johp McNulty, labor on
7. J. Thompson, trees for
park .............. Lou
Forman Ford Co. raint used
on water tank. ........ $40 90
A. fl. Frazier hauling
sprinkler. .Slb bo
ii. c. Lieysner, dog tags s. POS
A. 5. Names, Svcs as city
engr ............... $50 %
w l.. Youngman, commiss
ION april. ............. $29. "a
} Kesler, painting water
tank ........... $50 90
Hooper d Rupbeck, adgertis
ing ing.........,............S 800
\. F. Miles, assignment Of
X. Weir................ S2'.J3
c. A. Smith, assignment of
X Weir...... ... $33 o.
Edw Joseph, salary may 500 90
l. II Divine, salary may $50 90
Ayes; Horn, Goodman, Cum
mings and Smith
Moved by Horn seconded by
Cummings that IA Catch Basin be
ordered installed at the instersect-
ion of Railwry Street and WiScon-
sin Avenue. .......... carried
Moved by Goodman secnded 10y
Cummings that the bond of oath OF
office of j, G.. Vawter as Police
Justice approved and ordered
placed on file. go. ..... carried
The Mobridge news. [volume] (Mobridge, Walworth Co., S.D.) 190?-1917, 1915-06-12

all labor and material for the con
struction Of four a. inch water
main along Nebraska Avenue from
Grand Crossing Avenue to Third
Street. Apply at the office Of the
city engineer for bill Of material,
plans and specifications, covering
the installation of said work. \
certified check for 5000 must
accompany each bid The board
Of commissioners reserve the right
to reject any or all bids.
w. l.. lOCNGMAN,
City Auditor.
ARTHUR :. NAMES,
City Engineer. 1t
The Mobridge news. [volume] (Mobridge, Walworth Co., S.D.) 190?-1917, 1915-06-12

In our last issue we forgot to
mention the address which attor-
new Clay Carpenter. Of Mobrldge,
delivered here on decoration day.
Mr.. Carpenters ability as speak
er is unquestionable, the manner IN
which he delivered his speech and
his splendid choice Of subjects was
alone worth going long to enjoy.
Generalization were extended the
committee from every one present.
at the exercises, on their judgment
in securing so entertaining and
able speaker. 1t is hoped he will
condescend to take part in the
program in futIre wears. The
Record is not alone in wishing him
back as all those present feel as we
do. .-Sebly Record.
The Mobridge news. [volume] (Mobridge, Walworth Co., S.D.) 190?-1917, 1915-06-12

a big 1000 W. light was placed
on top of the tank this week.
The object of the light being to
attract attention to the city as soon
as any one gets within ten or
twelve miles of Mobridge The
addition of the light to the lighting
system of Mobridge will be more
in the nature of an advertising
scheme than ANYTHING else.
The Mobridge news. [volume] (Mobridge, Walworth Co., S.D.) 190?-1917, 1915-06-12

The Yellowstone Trail associa
ton has hung up an offer of $50 to
the person max ing the closest
guess as to the exact running time
required to make the relay. All
answers must be received not later
than June l. by Secretary Coo
lev