davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-07-25

even of the enemy may not be de-
stroyed without judgment in prize
court, except in case of necessity, aris-
ing from an exceptional situation, an
outside cause, marine or military dan
ger, not a cause normally and constant
~ inherent in the structure of ship
whose nature is such that the available
space in it is necessarily narrowly linn
tied. If the unratified Declaration OF
London, which is nevertheless very
lenient toward destructive measures,
were actually in force, such opinion
would not be doubtful in view of Ar
ticle 40: "As an exception neutral
vessel captured may be destroyed II
non destruction would involve danger
to the ship of war, or the success OF
the operation in which she IS at the
time engaged" Furthermore, even in
the case Of violation of blockade, the
crew and passengers even OF hostile
shin may not be put to death. History
relates that Demetrius hanged the cap
tain and the pilot of a vessel carrying
provisions to blockaded Athens. For
a long time the confiscation of the ship
and cargo has been the only penalty al
lowed in case of an effective continu-
Gus blockade: still more should this be
so in the case of an ineffective discon-
tinuous submarine blockade. Finally,
it is a fundamental principle of law
that in war juridical power keeps pace
exactly with military power. The au-
thority of belligerent over neutral
commerce increases in proportion as 1t
is supported by increasing force. A
submarine, therefore, inferior TO the
cruiser by its very organic nature,
cannot be allowed 10 derive an adVan-
tape from this inferiorlty.
III.
In the conflict between invention and
law neither the one nor the other ought
to WELD its proper place. Law must
not forbid invention TO enter INTO war,
neither must invention attempt TO ex-
clude law from war. With mutual re-
spect, invention and law must accord
without, on the one part, deprlvlng IN
vention of its military significance, or,
on the other hand, depriving law OF It's
we'll established authority.
A careful analysis distinguishes in
the laws of war fundamental principles
and matters of detail.
Which part of this law must inven-
ton respect? Evidently the principles
Which part of this law may inven-
tion modify. or even annul? Evidently
the matters of detail.
This must be the theory or which
any great conference at the close OF
the present war will reconstruct the
edifice of international law. blu: already
we may adapt, by new rules of detail,
the progressive principles of the law
Of Justice and humanity TO the military
conditions created by technical lnven-
tons.
The first principle of international
law in peace and war is the freedom Of
the sea. To reconcile the use of mines
with the freedom of the sea it is suf-
ficient TO limit the laying of mines 70
territorial waters, with the precautions
necessary to render them harmless as
soon as they break their moorings.
The most important of the inviolable
principles of international law OF war
is the distinction between combatants
and non-eombatants. A submarine or
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-07-25

it is, it does not allow belligerent to
place mines in the high seas where he
cannot control them. The Institute OF
international Law, whose motto IS
PRO justitia ct pace" formally con-
demned such action at Paris IN l9lO.
After the illegal action OF Germany
the neutral governments failed TO pro-
test. but neutral science could not Keep
silence long. On the 21st of February
1918. one Of the most noted American
authorities in international law, fIo-
lessor John Bassett Moore, made the
following declaration In speech on the
problems of war and commerce at lhe
second National Foreign Trade Con
vention at st. Louis: I'VE may sa1eiy
affirm that the employment OF contact
mines in the open sea is forDloueh ny
international law. The seas OUTSIDE
of territorial waters are the common
highway of nations, and none of them
has the right to render the use OF that
highway insecure. Few days pass IN
which one does not read report OF
the blowing up of merchant or hsh-
ing vessel by contact with mine. AS
q method of warfare this must be re-
Carded not only as an atroclty when
no nation is at liberty 10 .perpetrate'
hut also as a direct violation OF
clear international right which gov
ernments are justified IN asserting on
all occasions
Aerial BOmbardment.
Has aerial bombardment rlGnt 10
DEFY all the rules that govern pom
bardment by land or sea! May II as
nense with preliminary notice to the
inbabitants of the bombarded city
Are dirigibles and aeroplanes allowed
IN expose TO the effects of their muir
derous fight buildings devoted TO
charitable, scientific or religious use
which. indeed, they seem TO prefer IN
time of invasion to military eStaD-
Gshments? We must answer all these
questions in the negative, Tor TINS
aerial bombardment must occur eltner
in conjunction with an army or
fleet. or alone. In the first case. the
rules applicable TO land and naval
forces apply also TO the aerial forces
acting in conjunction with them. An
article Of the rules annexed 10 Inc
Hague convention on land warfare,
first published in 1899. was revised IN
1907 TO make this principle more clear:
"Bombardments are subject 10 the
same rules in irhdtCrer icdy conducfcd.'
art. 26) But this revision was su.
perfuous. The general principles OF
law suffice for the case. A rule passed
relative to bombardment cannot be
changed by simply changing the form
of the engine which throws the pro-
jectile.
Finally, the destruction of prize.
neutral or enemy. without the salvage
of crew and passengers cannot be de-
Tended on the ground that the sub
marine is prevented by its very nat
ure from an official visitation Of the
intended prize. or has not sufficient
men TO furnish a boarding crew. or.
finally, has not room on board, after
having decided TO destroy the prize. TO
receive its crew and passengers.
rhe text Of the law, both ideal and
positive, is categorical on this point.
Not only the passengers and crew. of
a merchant ship must always be taken
of, but the property of neutrals or
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-07-25

Of the blockade in this age of subma-
rines and mines ought not to be so
strictly interpreted as at the time OF
the Declaration of st. Petersburg in
1880 and of the Declaration of Paris IN
1856.
But more than this. Scientific in
vention is calculated to further juridi-
cial invention. After having relaxed
the number of ships required for an ef-
fective blockade, tactical necessities
tend to introduce by the side of the
real blockade resulting in confiscation
of ship and cargo less strict eco
nomic pressure" at greater distance re-
sulting in mere sequestration of the
cargoes. In reducing the rigor of the
blockade il seems as though the belllg-
erent ought, at the same time, 10 acquire
the right to deploy a force less impos-
ing and 70 station the ships in a forma-
ton more open when establishing the
blockade. Midway between the block
ade by cruisers which, as it does not
demand greater force than that neces-
sary for the search, cannot give rights
of seizure of merchandise not contra
band, and the effective blockade would
appear n new form OF stoppage of neu-
trail commerce whose effectiveness would
be measured exactly by the military
force employed. A blockade followed
by sequestration does not interfere with
the commercial enterprises OF neutral
nation as much as blockade followed
by confscatiOn. The less the punish
ment the more ready is neutral com
merce to assume the risk. "If | could
trade with hell | would redden my
sails" said bold Dutchman in the
eighteenth century. II one risks, in
trade. not the hell of confscation, but
the purgatory of sequestratlon, the
psychological effect of the stoppage OF
commerce threatened by the blockade
of confscation will be necessarily d.
minished. While in the blockade by
cruisers, the extent of the stoppage
of commerce that is 10 say, the sac
rifice imposed upon neutrals), sur
passes the measure of military actlv-
ity chat is to say. the sacrifice i'm
posed on belligerents) in this new form
OF the stoppage of commerce by
blockade at long distance. or by
blockade by Gordon, the sacrifces I'M
posed on the neutral will be exactly
proportionate 20 the military activity
directed against the belligerent. SO,
by the side of the blockade appears
weak reflection of the blockade. Just
as WORDS nave lItll Fdi lhillHs ~ w
juridicial institutions have theirs. BY
the side of annexation the protectorate
has established itself; by the side Of
war, pacific blockade. Just as in lar
guages a mild word develops by the
side of a harsh one. so in polity Of war
a mild form appears by the side OF the
harsher Hence, the measures taken
b the Allies are not without justltca-
ton. Observing the distinction between
combatants and non-combatants, re-
specting not only the life but the prop
ertv of neutrals, these measures bring
innovations into the application Of the
laws of var without changing their
principles. They demonstrate to US
clearly how scientific invention can
bring juridicisl reformation in It's
wake. And thi.y reveal 10 our prophetic
sight the hlr'ionious progress of sci
ence and law through the coming ages.
A. DE LAPRADELLE.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-07-25
Russia's National Hymn,
God Save Our Gar"
Inspired by British

anthem. According to one story Latin Song
beginning 40 Deus optime Salvum nunc tactic,
Regem nostrum" was sung in the chapel Of
James H. in 1858. The French claim is based
upon a fantastic tale, which has nothing sub
stantial to back it, printed in 1919, which tells
of song sung by convent girls as long ago as
the time of Louis XIV. This is the tale which
makes Lully the composer of the music, and
the words of the song are said to have been:
Grand Dieu, sauvez lie Roy,
Grand Dieu, sauvez lie Roy,
Vengez lie Roy!
Que toujours glorieux,
Louis Victorieux
Voye SEES enemis,
Toujours soumis!"
For some time before "Boshe Zaria chrani"
was written Russia had followed the example
of Prussia and the other German Kingdoms and
princpaities in making use of verbal para
phrases as well as the music of "God save
the King"
The despotic character of the Sultan's gov
eminent stands in the way of permanent
Turkish hymn (for each Sultan must have his
own ascription of praise), but one written by
Syrian to a Syrian tune held its own some
years ago during two reigns, we believe, and
it showed English influence in the first line,
"Our God, our God, save to us our Sultan"
and another, "Save him, o God, forever, and
destroy all his enemies"
THE COMPOSER OF THE RUSSIAN HYMN.
There are some national hymns which
true folksongs, conforming to the scientific
definition in that they are the products Of
peoples rather than individuals; that is, they
are not the creation of musicians working for
artistic ends and on consciously artistic lines.
Their authors are unknown. In these songs
racial characteristics are always found in the
melody as well as the words. Serbia and
Japan have given us fine examples in this class.
In other cases the elements grew gradually,
and were collated and modelled into an effective
and appealing form by some musician impelled
by fortunate inspiration-like God save the
King" These songs, like those of the first
class, are adopted by the people and thus re-
ceive the stamp of authenticity and perma-
nency. In another class the songs are the fruit
of conscious purpose and effort on the part of
poet and musician, prompted by emulation
like the hymns of Austria, Russia and Hawaii,
the last written by King Kalakaua and
German bandmaster named Berger (also on
the model of the English hymn being well
worthy of consideration. Songs belonging to
this class may be subdivided into those whose
The Mankato free press. [volume] (Mankato, Blue Earth County, Minn.) 1879-1924, 1915-05-21

Milwaukee. Wis. May 15.-Rutil
Soper. whom James Morrison Darnell
was convicted Thursday afternoon OF
transporting from Owatonna, MIMI
TO Kenosha, Wis. I'm violation of the
Mann act. stated yesterday that she
would apply personally to President
Wilson for a pardon IL Darnell is SEN
fenced to federal prison.
Use girl. who has stood steadily by
Darnell throughout his trial. was en-
fident, however. that the marrying
parson" would obtain new trial and
that he was sure of acquittal in that
case. Federal Judge Geiger Will
make his decision next Thursday re-
garding a new trial and II II is al
verse he viii sentence Darnell nj
once.
!, Miss Soper with her mother and
her nine months old son. James
Morrison Darnell. Jr." left last night
for Owatonna.
Keep those Soper people away
from me. don't want ever to see
them again"
This is what Darnell said when he
realized that the efforts of Ruth So
per and her Owatonna family have
failed To save him from federal prison.
lie refused to see thin. though they
were departing for their home. and
did not even say goodbye to his baby
who he held in his arms before the
jury during the trial.
The Mankato free press. [volume] (Mankato, Blue Earth County, Minn.) 1879-1924, 1915-05-21

, will be anchored I'm the Hudson and
will be open to visitors. President
Wilson and his cabinet will be here
while Mayor Mitchell has arranged
an interesting civic program. with the
aid OF prominent citizens.
Ordered the Wrong Pipes.
Paul Henckel. the ''pawk chop" man
has a room decorated in chop house
with long clay pipes. The other day
he decided TO get some new ones.
Somebody told him OF a factory on
Long Island that makes them. but
he couldn't find its number i'm the
telephone book. He did find the
name OF pipe company located in
this city. so he called up and ordered
two gross OF clay pipes without do
ing any excess explaining. The same
afternoon a truck stopped before the
cate and the driver began TO unload
pipes such as are used to construct
sewers. That's all. except II you'd
like to see faul Henckel get red I'm
the face ask him the next time YOU
drop i'm his place IL he doesn't need
some clay pipes.
Hats OF to the Ants.
Officers OF the National association
Opposed to Woman Suffrage have
formulated plans for the campaign
against the granting of the franchise
to women i'm Pennsylvania. New York.
New Jersey and Massac husetts al
the election this fall The suirragists
have called the antis Home. Heaven
and Mother" party. And the ants
have decided TO accept this designa =
ton as campaign slogan. adding
those who are going our way come
along; those who are going the other
way please join the suffs''
Great Town For Movies.
Fort Lee. which is directly opposite
Grants tomb. on the Jersey side. has
developed into one OF the largest
studio towns this side OF California
They stage there more motion pic
lures in day than Broadway stages
In legitimate productions i'm Il month
Fort Lee is what you may call topog
raphicaily versatile. II has most
adaptable landscape. with a little bit
OF everything at easy making dis
lance. Just tn the north is the rock
bound coast of Maine. or another
way are the vineyards of sunny Italy
and the cactus vineyards OF Mexico
Every day some part of this section
Is being used as picture background
and anywhere from 1873 to 400 profes-
sional and amateurs are in the fore
ground. Seven motion picture con
Germs are interested in this film com
innnity. The studios are huge glass
affairs. which does away with shad
dows. The largest studio ever built
is now nearing completion there.
The Mankato free press. [volume] (Mankato, Blue Earth County, Minn.) 1879-1924, 1915-05-21
From Saturdays Daily.

One of the prettiest lawn parties
ever given at the normal school took
place last evening. when the junior
i'm celebration of Junior Day. The
large entrance was strung with Jap
anese lanterns. and throne chair
was fitted up for the May queen. who.
with her attendant maidens. ruled the
festivities of the evening. A May pole
stood I'm readiness nj one side of the
lawn, and colored candles were plac-
ed around il TO illumine the dancers
F., The program was opened with Choir
us song by junior girls. and the young
ladies then trouped down I'm process
sional, and the ceremony of browning
the May Queen was performer. Miss
Hazel Cain having been chosen queen.
a., One of the most effective acts of the
evening was the May pole dance. The
junior girls were attired in white cos
tunes in Greek effect. and danced very
nicely as they circled around the May
pole. and wove the streamers i'm the
| dance. Henry Roust. as spokesman
for the juniors delivered an amusing
and apt toast to the seniors. after
which light refreshments were served
by committee of junior girls. The
latter part of the evening was
! devoted to dancing party on the
lawn. the music being furnished by
Miss Ruth Paulson and Lois Rath as
alternates upon the piano. and Miss
Charlotte playing the violin accom-
lpaniment
The primary pupilsc Of the normal
school model building. under Miss
Helen Reynolds. gave an entertain
ment program yesterday afternoon, a
large attendance OF parents and
friends OF the young performers being
present and enthusiastically applaud
ing each number. The hall was pref
tily decorated with spring flowers. in
GLIDING purple lilacs and green foil
age and the little pupils were daintily
gowned and gave their selections In
a winsome way that was very pleas
ing. Each class under their student
teachers. gave, songs and dances. ant
their clever little acts were greatly
enjoyed by the audience Miss Flor,
Wise. assistant teacher preceded a
the piano, paying the accompani
ments for the pupils.
Normal school students held tract
meet on the playground at the reai
OF the normal school yesterday after.
noon. commencing at four O'Clock. an,
continuing for about an hour. The at
fair was given by the Junior class
Miss Dorothy Scott being In charge
and proved q very enjoyable event
Musical selections and amusing stunts
we're given, and light refreshment
The Mankato free press. [volume] (Mankato, Blue Earth County, Minn.) 1879-1924, 1915-05-21
From Saturdays Daiiv.

Washington, May 15.-Dr. Bern
hard Dernburg, often referred to as
the unofficial spokesman of Emperor
William In the United States, has
made plans to leave the country on his
own initiative within short time. II
became known I'm official quarters to-
day that In view OF the limitations
OF President Wilson and his cabinet
that they ere displeased with Dern-
burg's speech justifyig the sinking OF
the Lusitania and some OF his other
public utterances. which they believed
might be calculated to array the SEN
timent of Germans in the United
States against the Washington gov
eminent. friends of Dernburg per-
suaded him to leave the country.
Just when he will leave or where
he will go Is unknown. but Il is be-
lieved he will sail for Cuba or South
America. II has been repeatedly de-
MED by the German embassy as well
as by DR.. Dernburg that he was the
spokesman for the German govern
ment or had any official status.
The Mankato free press. [volume] (Mankato, Blue Earth County, Minn.) 1879-1924, 1915-05-21

this city. Mr.. Bair Is working on
plan Of soliciting advertising for a
Mankato edition of monthly publ
cation, entitled THE Railway En-
ployees' Journal"
n sufficient advertising matter can
be secured. free copies of The Journal
will be sent to all railroad employees
i'm the part of the state coverd by
the brotherhood. the territory extend
ing half way TO the twin cities. Wi
mona and Sioux Falls. The June edi..
ton of The Railway Employees Jour
nal will start with n thousand num-
bers.
Mankato has always had a friendly
interest In the railroad boys, and Is
glad to have this city the headquar-
tiers of their organization. The only
other similar Headquarters in the
state are at Winona
F,rr, Saturdays Ua,iy.
The Minnesota state supreme court
has rendered an opinion in the case
of Johanna c. Brown, Administrative.
respondent. VS.. Chicago and North
western railway company appellant.
i. cause Ol dCtlOu LOT UeItn d.
wrongful act survives under the laws
of Iowa. belongs TO the estate of the
person killed. and the administrator
of his estate may maintain an action
TO recover thereon.
2. Having the right or action I'm
that state. the administrator duly APP
Pointed under the laws thereof. may
maintain the action i'm this state.
}. Section 1929, G. 8. 1919. relating
to the admission in evidence of GER
titled copies OF records and proceed
ines when certified rs therein re-
Qnirea. has no application 10 foreign
records and documents when uuthen-
ticated and certified in accordance
with the act of congress Merz. VS..
Railway company. SO Mimi -. dis
tinguished.
4. Evidence held to support the
verdict to the effect that the death
of plaintiffs intestate was caused by
the negligence OF defendant In oper-
ating a train over and across pub
lie highway without warning or sig
nal OF its approach. and also To the
effect that decedent was not guilty of
contributory negligence.
5. The record contains no error in
the instructions or refuses TO instruct
the jury.
Order affirmed
The Mankato free press. [volume] (Mankato, Blue Earth County, Minn.) 1879-1924, 1915-05-21
From SATURDAYS Daily.

In letter To G.. G.. Schulz. state SUI
perintendent of education. J. A. o.
Preus. state auditor, yesterday said
that his ruling of March % relative Ia
the paying of bills incurred previous
tn the date upon which the appropri
alton becomes available had no ref =
erence whatever to the paying OF
state aid to public schools.
Such aid" says Mr.. Preus, lis not
I'm any sense the paying OF an indebt
edness incurred. The state aid TO
schools is i'm the nature of a gratuity
or contribution on the part of the
state to the school districts. TO ac-
crue in the event certain conditions
are met
In reference to the payment of the
$4,000 appropriated for summer
schools this year. but not available
until August /. Mr.. Preus calls at
tention to the opinion of Attorney
General l.. A. Smith. which holds that
IL Is for the auditor to determine
whether such debts will be contracted
within a reasonable time before the
appropriation becomes available.
Seeks Some Information.
1T is important. therefore" says
Mr. PreuS in his letter. that you ad-
wise me in detail as to the circum-
stances surrounding the mourning OF
such debts. including the established
custom of your department in dealing
Herewith, that ! may take them into
consideration i'm auditing the bills
which may be submitted for payment
after August L.
The letter is taken TO mean that
the auditor is inclined to allow sum
mer school appropriations to be paid
cut after August / for work done
prior to that time If the facts to be
submitted by Mr.. Schulz lead him to
believe that he Is warranted by law in
so doing.
The Mankato free press. [volume] (Mankato, Blue Earth County, Minn.) 1879-1924, 1915-05-21

were served. The class colors of sill
yer gray and purple were used IN dec
orations, and the young ladies wore
floral wreaths I'm their hair. The
swings. teeters, and slides. with which
the playground is equipped. furnished
amusements for many of the students.
The Mankato free press. [volume] (Mankato, Blue Earth County, Minn.) 1879-1924, 1915-05-21

opened by the city of Paris. Texas.
I'm 1909. and had been run successfully.
Mr. Soaring read a letter from a
city official of Paris. stating that there
was general satisfaction with the
plant and nobody thought OF such a
thing as abandoning il. The plant
cost $4,000. Mr.. Soaring also had
information in regard to public plants
at Grand Forks. Bridgeport. Dubuque.
Nashville and other cities. MIR. Scar
ing invited the committee that had
been appointed To come TO his Office
and look over any of the correspon-
dence that he had on file giving in
formation about public slaughter
houses.
DIR. Schmitt remarked at the open
ing of the meeting that he believed
every meat market in the city was
represented. Those who spoke includ-
ed n. NJ. Hermanson. G. NJ. Roberts.
Jacob Schorn. William Hottie. Otto
Schwender. ]. NJ. Karmany and Chas.
Wagon. Besides Mayor Meyer. Coun-
cilmen Eichstaedt. Lack and Bekie
were present on behalf OF the munich
pal law-making body.