The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-04-25

right hand offend thee. cut it of, is a
would be a violent means Of remedy
ing the lack of police power" in the
society of States. That IL Is not Il
practicable means Professor Westlakc
shows in a section on The Society of
States Compared with Other Socie-
| ties:
Possessing little Organization and M
officers. never indeed performing truly
collective act, the body Of states Nigh.
at first sight he likencd to what is com
monty called society" consisting Of per
sons interested In maintaining the rules Of
! good breeding" In that loosest of all
| forms OF association rules are maintained
by the Independent though concurrent
| action Of individual members In stunning
| Intercourse with those who do not oh
| serve them and by the support which the
| members give to one Of their number who
| shows resentment against a person by
| whom the rules have not been observed
/ toward him. states. however, do not To
any great extent use the stunning of in
, tcrcourse a. means Of enforcing inter.
national rules. The populations of differ
! cnt countries are too closely united by
commerce. travel. intcrmarriage. and even
by the lines Of religion crossing political
boundaries, for public intercourse between
! them through their International organs
to he easily dispensed with. The
| exclusion ~ state from the intcrna tlnnal
| society Is scarcely more thought Of than,
| within a state. the expulsion Of subject
| H. thought Of as a means OF enforcing the
| law Of the land
The state may imprison, disfran-
| chise even inflict capital punishment
| on its subjects who violate the code of
the society it represents. but no State
| has such authority over another any
more than one citizen has such power
over another, and the defect of interna-
| tional LAW" Is precisely the absence
| OF organized society" with natural or
delegated central governance. Nom
| intercourse could imaeinably he de-
creed 10y coalition Of Governments.
but revolutions would bc generated by
such unrcprescntative action. The
true collective interest would be more
seriously damaged by it than 10y any
act of the offender against Internal
tional good breeding"
II was in 1870 that Prof. Westlake
addressed To- the Social Science Assoc
citation profound paper on Export ~
tntrdbdtlu bl W tT. If ptT1lltU
press vchcmcntly denounced as a
breach Of neutrality the export Of
weapons and munitions Of war from
Enga nd To France. and Germany filed
rcmonstranCe with the British Gov
eminent. Some British newspapers
also demonstrated with tho Govern
mcnt for its refusal To- heed the Ger
man protest and urged the passing of
an act to- make Illegal the export az
Contraband. The situation. with other
combinations of helligcrent and ncu-
trail nations. * repeated to-day, as it
invariably Is IN war time. \ defeated
hclligercnt, or one suffering the. disad-
vantage OF an interrupted supply.
ever as a result of the encmy's control
Of the seas. is pretty sure to acquire
in such situation very hearty dis-
like for the neutral supplicr or with
holder. even though the neutral sCru-
pulously observes the requirements Of
neutrality and proceeds so far as Is
possible precisely in the commercial
ways of peace. The duties # ncu-
trial Power are exactly calculated to
excite its own subjects or citizens to a
moral or even sporting" view of the
hut in no other respect is the distinc-
, tion between national right" and
wrong" more clearly matter of in
tclcctual, not sentimental definition.
I'rof. Bernard + o&furd said: Ar
ticlcs of military use. when trans
ported oversee to the ports of either
bclligcrcnt in neutral ships, are dur
| ing their transit designated contra
band and may Ice captured und the
neutral Nag. the neutral carrier suffer-
ing the loss of his freight and getting
no compensation for the interruption
OF his voyage and the breaking up
of the cargo Russia. he pointed
out If at war with Franc could not
be prevented from getting guns from
manufacturers in Berlin across the
frontier Eut if she tried io get them
fr m England French cruisers could
capture and ContisCatc them If trans
ported under the English flag no less
than under that of the enemy. The
neutral ship owner runs the risk. His
Government is under no obligation to
rcpresS his enterprise. And The fact
that by virtue of ia military situa-
tinn II may he possible for him To de-
business with one bolIigcrcnt VIII II ~"
| cannot trade with the other does no;
affect the propriety of his business,
| always nj his own risk. Pres don't
! Pierce embodied similar statement
! in his message To Congress in 1851.
| Chief Justice Chase pronounced. in the
case If the Bermuda: The princiu,
| exceptions To this rule are that ncn-
! trails must not sell tn one belligercnt
| what they refuse to sell to the other:
and must not furnish soldiers or sailors
To either, nor prepare. nor even suf-
fer to be prepared, armed ships or
military or naval expeditions against
either" In these premises uSaga
rules, not sentiment or opinion
In the crimoan war Belgian and
Prussian manufacturers and mcr-
| As the goods were transported over
| land tho French and English navics
! had no opportunity to perform, with
| respect to this traffic, tho b,ockading
and cOntraband intcrccptinG part uf
| their normal function. In that war
American citizens traded extensively
! with both sides. In the civil war
both North and South went into the
| British market; that the North Was
able to draw upon it much more
| Blockade runners got into the SOUTH
ern ports principally from the West
| Indies. Northern resentment, says