davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The evening herald. [volume] (Albuquerque, New Mexico) 1914-1922, 1915-12-08
LONDON PAPER URGES
BROAD VIEW OF WAR

london Doc 7 II-HI y m v
sorting that the Monroe doctrine.
which President Wilson rehsscrts Bee
the most probabl, cause OF the next
war" the Westminster Gazc'te says
81 Do presidents message 10 cone
rrcss
"Wc hope from President Wilson s.
message that the American people
are |hogiruius co understand that this
Is Not mercls "a war between Great
Britain and Germany. or France and
Germay. boat o. conflict between two
kinds OF CIVILIZATION
The evening herald. [volume] (Albuquerque, New Mexico) 1914-1922, 1915-12-08
M OF MEN WHO
R ARMS IN THE
STRIKE AREA REDUCED

IN Paso. Texas. Dec. k.-Thc nan
ayers of the Arizona. shannon and
Detroit copper companies. whose cm-
ployos az clifton. Mofonti and Mc'-
calf. Ariz.. are ON strike. received a
report today that sheriff Cash oi
GrceulcC county revoked the conn
missions of many deputies and reup-
iointod them guard TO property. stat
ing TOO many men were carrying fire.
urrne
The evening herald. [volume] (Albuquerque, New Mexico) 1914-1922, 1915-12-08

tories DO vls learned from federal au-
tUuiItiy. here today
Ih" sfuud jury which Has .o,u .u-
-vcstipltlug the activities Of Captain
90 EIut,icu l- expected ln recon-
N,uD ut the end 81 this w,yk ~HuI-
u"l GompDrs president cot tho Amer
lean Federation OF labor I- th, only
remaining witness IL Is believed who
Viii Doc ,ill"d
United states Attorney Marshall de
Clarcd today that DE had no expect O
ton that 900, Strand jury would take
o. ,U]pulzau.y uf the alleged M'N.-
Uuu iutrigurs of Won Nlutcltu.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1915-10-29
THE STATE PRESS RISES TO AN
OCCASION

ME STATE PRESS R18ks8 10 AN
OCCASION
Duluth Herald: Last week was
newspaper week" in Minnesota. I'm
der the auspices and direction Of the
Minnesota State Editorial association,
many-apparently most-of the coun-
try papers devoted their issues Of hat
week to "boosting' Minnesota.
We we're pround Of Minnesota g
country press before, but we are
.prouder of it now for the splendid
manner in which it rose to this occa-
sion to be of service to it's state. If
it were possible, we would like to be
more specific, out so many we'll writ
ten and we'll printed special Minnesota
editions are at hand that space will
not permit a review Of special in.
stances among a remarkable uniformity
of excellence.
OF course every week is newspaper
week. in Minnesota. The country
newspaper that does not boost its
town, its county, it's section, it's state
and it's country in every issue is q
dead one, and there are no dead ones
in the Minnesota list.
But last week the country press Of
Minnesota outdid itself, and if the
thing works out as it should the ma
ton will be flooded with special edi-
tions celebrating eloquently the glorles
and and opportunities Of Minnesota.
The enterprise is complete success,
and great credit to the rural press
of the state.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1915-10-29
CLAIMS WAR INlPEDES CHURCH
Methodist Divine Tolls Denver Audi
oncs eupreme Humiliation is For
European Christianity.

Denver, Co... Dot. %. - The Euro.
Dsan war has seriously impeded the
advancement OF Christianity and the
growth Of socialism, B. l. Triple,
Dgesident OF the Methodist College
ct Rome, told detDontes to the con-
ference In oonnss1foa with the nation.
Wide laymsn's missionary campaign.
u session hGgA
Tho supreme huQtlation," he
said. rs for barepsax Christianity.
Those millions Of Europe that are
playing each other have been reared
nnder 4 CAristta4 civilization, they
pse Christian forms, they speak the
Christian language, invoking the aid
Of the Christians God.
Socialism at It's nrst real test
hauls down its 1ag and marches to
kneel before the 1ettsh Of blood and
iroo."
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1915-10-29
CUT GLASS TUMBLERS AT {
EACH AT TOMELTY'S-Adv.
SWANVlLLE

Oct. 27.-Miss Mildred Wilmont,
who is attending high school at Sank
Centre, arrived here Saturday for q
visit with her parents.
Miss Mae Cox left Wednesday for
Grey Eagle, where she will visit few
days.
Gust Sarff of Browerville was bus
mess caller here Monday.
Miss Grace Shipman was a Little
Falls visitor on Monday.
Miss Ruth Martin returned home on
Saturday from week visit at Min
neapolis and Hopkins.
Mrs. G. E. Stith and son LYLE, were
callers at Little Falls Wednesday.
Otto Goetz returned Tuesday from
a business trip to Minneapolis.
Robert Peterson left Wednesday for
Duluth, where he will work this win
ter.
Mr.. and Mrs. Lee Biteman, Verne
Raft, Flossie and Alta Buelow, autoed
to Holdingford Sunday for visit with
relatives and friends.
Mr.. and Mrs. W. H. Cox and chill
dren Harold and Hazel, returned Sun
day from two weeks visit at Stan.
ley, N. D.
F. Spencer passed awar Friday eve
ming, Oct. %, at his home in East
Swanville. The funeral was held at
the Congregational church here Mon
day at 2 O'Clock, and interment took
place in the Spring Brook cemetery.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1915-10-29
THOMPSON Is SENTENCED
Doposed Cashier Of Ossee state Bank
Volunteers to 90 Before Grand
Jury and Tell All.

Minneapolis, Oct. 22.-The whole
story of the wrscking Of the Osseo
State bank has never been told, 40
oording to Joseph B. Thompson, de-
posed cashier, who has Just been sen
fenced to tho state peaitentiary for
4 period not exceeding 80 years ter
his part in the wrecking and he 10
SONG to tell the rest Of the story
which may involve other men. He
has volunteered, now that his own
punishment 10 fixed, to testify before
the grand jury.
After Thompson pleaded guilty and
said that the full truth should 10
known, District Judge John H. Steele,
who sentencetd him, ordered County
Attorney John NJ. Rees to ilvesti.
gate fully.
That Thompson was not alone to
blame was the statement of his attor.
ney, Marley l.. Fosseen, who wept ~
10 spoke in the prisoners behalf t.
Tho court.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1915-10-29

Says Negligence Caused Loss Of "a.
Washington, Oct. 2s.-A statement
Issued here by Henry R. Carss, presi-
dent Of the Electric Boat company,
designers of the submarine F-4, at.
trfbuted the loss Of the boat with her
crew in Honolulu harbor to the fact
that ballast tank air valves had been
left open. Corrosion of the lead lin.
ing OF the batteries and OF rivets
eound by the naval board of inquiry
20 have been tho primary cause Of
the disaster, the statement said, indi-
eeAsd lask Of care, but could not, have
- @Qll fhAA j eanttDa&eIy eanoa
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1915-10-29
MOTLEY

Motley Mercury (22): Mrs. Earl
Cottingham left Thursday for Staples
for a visit with relatives.
Mrs. VIM. Allen, who has been Wis
iting her mother, Mrs. L. A. Seaton,
returned Thursday to her home in St.
Paul.
c.. NJ. Broom returned Thursday
morning from a business trip to Re-
we're, n. D., where he has been spend
ing a few days.
The Misses Florence and Alice
Broom, Mabel Nelson and Hazel Co.
vert walked to Staples last Sunday
morning, took dinner there and return
ed on the afternoon train.
Mrs. Jennie Carlisle, Of Russell, and
Mrs. C. P. Eastman Of Pequot. have
been visiting at the home Of Mr.. and
Mrs. o. G.. Jones, northeast Of town.
Mrs. Eastman returned home Monday.
C. A. Fenske and daughter, Miss
Ida Fenscke, who have been spending
few days at the home of Rev. and
Mrs. Geo. G. Fenscke, returned Thurs
day to their home at Fairfax. They
made the trip in their auto and Rev.
and Mrs. Fenscke accompanied them
as far as Brainerd and returned home
on the noon train.
A. A. Cavanaugh was found Tuesday
night by his wife at their home in Viii
lard township in an unconscious con-
dition. DR.. McCullagh was called and
after an examination decided that Mr..
Cavanaugh had had light stroke Of
paralysis. At the time he fell he ap-
pears to have been carrying a. bunch
of shingles although he has no recol-
lection of it. He has recovered con-
seriousness but otherwise is not improv-
ing much.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1915-10-29
ALLIES HAVE NO HOPE OF Suc-
SE8S IN BALKANS THIS
FALL, SAYS BRIT.
1911 CAPTAIN.
SERBIA MUST GIVE IN OR
Make BEST TERM SHE CAN
British Diplomats In Turkey and
Balkans Blamed for "Lettina
Down. Nation in the Near East
Germany Would Give Con-
stantlnople to Gear.

London, Oct 28.-Fears that Russia
h about to conclude q separate peace
with the central powers, as stated in
late dispatches, were enhanced here
when Captain Ellis Asmead- Bartlett,
British press representative in the
Dardanelles campaign, told a lecture
audience that there was no hope of
allied successes this fall in the Oar
danelles, Serbia, or anywhere in the
Balkans.
Captain Asmead-Bartlett said that
while the Allies were firmly establish
cd ut the Dardanelles, there was lit
tie chance of a further advance; that
Serbia must give in or make the best
terms possible, and that it was non-
sense to say the Allies would hinder
the march of Germany through the Bal
kans.
Gar to Get ConstantinopIe.
Russia, according to the rumored
peace terms, is to get back all her
territory except Poland, in lieu of
which Germany 10 to deliver Constan-
tinople to the car, Turkey to be CON-
pensated by Egypt. Since the failure
to achieve better results in the Bal
kans was named rs one of the chief
reasons why Russia was listening "a
vorably to the peace argument, Cap
tain Ashmead-Bartlett's talk did not
encourage Londoners.
THE Turks are too numerous and
ekillful," said Captain Asmead-Ba
lett, discussing the Dardanelles situa-
ton. Despite their losses there are
now not less than 100000. Turks I'M
der arms and the longer they fight the
more formidable and experienced they
become in the methods Of defense.
With the participation of Bulgaria We
can no longer hope to get through to
Constantinople."
British Diplomacy Fails.
Discussing the work of the British
diplomats in Turkey and the Balkans,
the lecturer, using an expressive Brit
ish slang phrase, said the nation had
been badly let down" by it's diplo-
macy in the Near East.
"The Turks" Captain Asmead-Bart-
lett continued, were most kindly dis
posed toward us until q year or q
year and q half ago. It would have
beon important and easy to get Bull
garia on our side at a certain stage
when we had not suffered any severe
losses"
Referring to the Serbo-Bulgarian
situation the lecturer said:
Nothing is more deplorable than
inability to redeem z pledge solemnly
made, but at the present we cannot
redeem the pledge made to Serbia,
for we are not in a position to save
Serbia this year. Serbia will be forced
TO give in or to make tho best terms
possible.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1915-10-29
DESPERATE iIjI Battle 1 FOR LIFE
GRAPHIC STORY OF LAST HOURS
OF SUBMARINE "a.
Fifteen of Crew Met Death In Engine
Room Of Vessel, Says Final
Report. :.

Washington, Oct. 2S. - A graphio:
story of the battle for life waged in
vain 800 feet beneath the surface AZ
the sea by the 81 men who persisted
In the navy's submarine F4 last
March at Honolulu is told in the final
report on the loss of the vessel sub.
mitted by a board of inquiry headed
by Rear Admiral Busch and just made.
public. Examination Of the wrecked
hull after it had been brought to tho,
surface and placed in dry dock con-.
vinced the board that the disaster was.
caused by q leak resulting from a cor
roded battery lining and the failure:
Of the boat through poor diving quail
ties to respond promptly to the rudder
change which should have returned.
her to the surface.
that chlorine gas brought quick relief
In death to the crew, the board, from
signs within the rnsted and battered
hulk, pieces out III its report q dra-
matte account of how the doomed men.
strove desperately to save themselves
rs their vessel sank to the bottom
Fifteen Perish In Engine ROOM
Fifteen met death in the engine
room where they sought refuge at the
last; six died at their posts in the
flooded forward compartment
All members Of the ships company
were absolved from blame in this trib-
ute:
From it's examination of the valves!
Of the automatic device which was set.
to expel water from the vessels bal.
last tanks at depth OF 100 feet, as re-.
Quired by departmental regulations.
the board found that the accident
which started the F-4 on her down.
ward plunge had occurred before the
100-foot mark was reached.
THE most effective procedure for
sending the boat to the surface was
promptly carried out, diving rudders
were set to send her upward, valves
opened to empty the forward ballast
tanks, and the electric motors started
to drive her upward, all without avail
Crew Lived Short Time.
1T was then some members of tho
crew rushed into the engine room
compartment and the door Of tho
bulkhead was closed"
Fifteen bodies were found there and
from this fact and the position Of
valves and rudders the board conclud.
ID that:
Some member or members of the
personnel were alive and capable Of
action for at least a short time after
the occurrence which led to the dis
aster.''
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1915-10-29

Three Arrests In Murder Mystery.
Dodge City, Kan., Dot. as.-Three
more arrests were made in counec-
ton with the investigation Of tho
murder Of Miss Nellie Byers. tho
young school teacher who was killed
In Grant county Friday. The three
men arrested are Jared Hensen, en-.
ployer Of Archie Sweet, the farm hand
arrested Saturday: Alva Hensen, his
son, and third young man reported
to be Clint Hansen,
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1915-10-29
y. s. Trade Protest Sent to Britain,

y. s. Trade Protest Sent to Britain.
Washington. Oct. 8.-Tho long con-
sidered protest against British inter.
ference with commerce between the
United States and Europe has been
dispatched to London and will b pre-
scented by Ambassador Page at the
British foreign office next week. Al
prepared originally at the state do.
Dartment the Document was under.
stood to be vigorous in tone and 70
plote With objections to Great Brit.
etn's policy. No intimatien ~ to
WHISTLER tho document stnoe - -
9alfael Ml1 4Eai1lhlA +... ST.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1915-10-29
Northern Lumbermsn to Advertise.

Milwaukee, Oct. 2S.-In IN effort to
halt trade decadence, members of tho
Northern Hemlock and Hardwood
Lumber Manufacturers association Of
Wisconsin and upper Michigan, have
decided to subscribe 3125,000 for ad-
vertising purposes. Members at 4
meeting pointed to the inroads being
made upon their business by Canadian
lumber admitted to this country free
under the tariff laws. It was agreed
that the products Of members Of The
association should be mere eztensiva
ndv0rtsod ,s.e@E:
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1915-10-29
Peace Rumore Given credence,

Washington, Oct. 2s.-Rumors Of
impending peace in Europe again I'LL
the air. This time the reports have
been received with slightly more cred
e1ce In diplomatic circles here. whore
there is genera expectancy Of decis.
i've developments in the Balkan theater
Of war before snow dies. The report
that has been received from abroad
from mere than Que embassy here, 10
dat AmpeToF william Of Germany,
within the last week has renewed lis:
ovssturos to Russia 1ee Tho eonolaasioa
~ flDag1Ao DoaaA -. >.S'Ssss = i - y
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1915-10-29
ALaANIANs IN kossovo DISTRICT
BEGIN HosTILITiEs AoAlNeT
sERBIANs, SAYS SOFIA
DISPATCH.
NORTHERN PART OF SERBIA
DOOMED, IS FEAR Of ALLIES
Military Conspiracy Against King
Ferdinand 10 Unearthed In Bull
na:ta and Leaders Are Shot,
Many Inhabitants, Loyal to
8iavs, Refuse 10 Fight.

Sofia, Bulgaria, Oct. 25, via London,
OCT 2e.-AIbarians In the kossovo
district Of Serbia (the Prizrend re-
sIon) have begun hostilities against
tho Serbians, according to the official
statement by the Bulgarian war Of.
dee.
Pstrograd, via London, Oct. a.
British submarines have sunk four
more German steamers In the Baltic.
This announcement 10 made In the
Russian official statement.
London, Oct 2S.-The German army
which crossed the Danube at Orsova
has Joined hands with the Bulgaians
who invaded Serbia near Prahavo and
the central powers now have an open
road through northeastern Serbia and
Bulgaria to the Aegean sea and Con.
stantinople.
They are thus in position to send
guns and munitions by river and rail-
way to their Bulgarian and Turkish
allies, who will be greatly strength
ened thereby.
The invasion Of the northern por-
tions Of Serbia by the Austro- Germans
continues apace, while Bulgaria is
putting forth a strong effort to secure
control Of additional sections of the
Belgrade-Saloniki railway.
Serbia in North Doomed.
So far as the north is concerned,
Serbia, it is feared by her allies. is
doomed, but in the south, REINFORCED
by the British and French who arc
now fighting by her side, Serbia Is
using all her strength to throw the
Bulgarians back. After the French
victory at Krivolak tho Serbians, &C.
eording to tho Athens report, were
able to reoccupy Veles, an important
railway and road junction just south
Of Uskup, where a big battle is still
In progress.
It is argued here that If the Bull
garians can be held I'm the south until
Anglo French retenforcements, which
are now on tho way, arrive, Bulgaria
may yet be robbed Of Macedonia, on
which she has set her heart. But the
Allies will also have to make an at
tempt to block the German. road to
Turkey and their big attack may ho
directed elsewhere
Conspiracy Against Ferdinand.
The internal situation Of Bulgaria.
which IL reported serious, may have
some effect on tho campaign. A milf
tary conspiracy against King Ferd1n-
and, Athens dispatches say, has been
uneartlhed and the leaders have been
shot. Many Of the Inhabitants of Bull
garia are said to be still loyal to Rus
STA and are showing Discrimination to
Join the colors. The Roumanians, too,
are displaying some uneasiQess % to
the inactivity Of their government ana
"a agitation in favor Of the Allies il
being carried on, according to unef-
Acial reports, by influential leaders.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1915-10-29

Morrison county received but 80
cans Of wall-eyed pike fry during 1915
10 for Fish Trap, 8 for Platte and 5
for Fish lake. This is small amount
in proportion to that received by most
of the counties of the state, which is
no doubt due to the inactivity of our
SpOrtsmen
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1915-10-29
6eIqIans Victorious In Africa.

6eIgIans Victorious IN Africa.
Havre, Oct. 28.-That there has
been heavy fighting between tho Bel
gians and the Germans along tho
boundary line Of the Congo Free State
and German East Africa, IL indicated
by advioes Just received by the Bel
giaa minister Of the colonies. These
dispatches say that the German troops
were beaten, with heavy loss, and put
to flight by the Belgians on septem-
Der II near the Rusisi delta and on
September 20 near the frontier section
Of LavinEi.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1915-10-29
THE BOYS VACATION

THE BOYS VACATION
I took him to baseball game
And let him shout and yell,
He seemed to have bull time,
And I liked it pretty well.
took him to the football
He got out On the line
And rooted for the home team
While II thought twas fine.
I took him to movie show
applauded it like kilo,'
But when he got excited,
said,-''Be calm, my child!''
%~H S"i~su< - .sts! III II n ]
I took him to circus,
My little boy, and My!
That kid seemed to enjoy it
Almost as much as Tx.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1915-10-29

The volume Of money raised in Hib-
bling by taxation may be great, but the
rate is one that a whole lot of towns
would be tickled to get away with->
mills on the dollar of valuation. Most
towns around Hibbing's size levy a
rate from three to six times as much.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1915-10-29
Sentimental Computations.

SentImontaI IomPunctS0nSs
Cant you learn to call me JimT
I'm afraid l can't
"Why not? That's what all my best
friends call me-
Yes. / know. But it would be 80
unpleasant We've used to have a
dog named Jim, and every time hear
his name cry" - Cleveland Plain
Dealer.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1915-10-29

The editor If the Herald joins with
the other newspaper men Of the state
in extending deep and sincere sympa-
thy to Editor C. F. Mcdonald, the
veteran editor OF the st. Cloud Times.
in his great bereavement in the loss
of his dear wife, who passed tc the:
Great Beyond during last week.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1915-10-29
Public SORTED.

"Why doesn't somebody build on
this vacant lot? You seem to be short
"n civic enterprise"
"Quite the contrary. stranger. The
man who owns that lot has. too much
public spirit to build on it,
How do you make that outT'
That's where the circus shows
when it comes to tow1."-kansas City
Journal - .7Ss -
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1915-10-29

c. B. Buchanan has named as his ex-
ecutive committee in his campaign for
the republican nomination for con-
gresham, E. NJ. LaFond, T. G. Cor
don and W. H. Ryan, all Of Little
Falls. It is understood that Mr.. Buck
man will soon file for the office.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1915-10-29

According to the returns from the
California election of Tuesday that
state is not quite ready for non-parti-
san election Of all state officers, the
proposition being defeated by 10000
in very light vote.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1915-10-29

Looks as though the Minnesota re-
publican standpatters were going to
attempt to give Minnesota's vote in
the presidential primaries to Standnat-
ter Root, although some regarded as
such do not speak overly enthusiastic
of the New Yorker. It is said the pro-
gressives of the state will get behind
the candidacy of Cummins of Iowa.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1915-10-29
Fioht Haitien Drioands,

Care Haitien, Haiti, Oct. 28:-The
American naval forces are sending
$50 men to Grand River to reinforce
the garrison there, which has been
attacked by Haitien brigands, and the
commander Of which has been killed
In q sktrmish at Balon, the terminus
Of the railway line q short distance
from Cape Haitfon.
Little Falls herald. [volume] (Little Falls, Morrison County, Minn.) 1889-1950, 1915-10-29
WOUNDED BULCARS RETURN
5000 BROUGHT FROM SERBIAN
FRONT 70 SOFIA.
Austro-0ermans Graphic With Terri
j., bio Obstacles In Narrow Valleys
Serbian Losses Small.

Rome, Oct. 2s.-Roports from Sofa
state that several trains have arrived
bringing 5000 wounded from tho Ser.
bian front.
The wounded, according to these
reports, related terrible stories OF
hardships.
A telegram from Serbian deputy
ut Athens who left Nish four days ago
states that tho Austro-Ger In
their Offensive have had to grapple
with terrible obstacles. In order to
conquer several dominating positions
firmly occupied BY the serbians the
German officers pushed great masses
Of troops along the narrow valleys
where the artillery and machine guns
of the Serbians did frightful slaught.
q.
1euton Losses Serious.
The Austro-German soldiers rocoil-
Cd, but the officers with revolvers and
riding whips drove them forward. The
Austro German losses were serious.
Those of the Serbians were very
small.
Despite their alleged victories, the
Bulgarians really have gained very in
significant results. On the Timok
river front they have been able to
occupy only a small part of the tor
ritory voluntarily abandoned by the
Serbians owing to lack Of suflicient
forces.