The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-02-07

vested record crop 81 chilblains, not
20 mention other results
There was also a hasty cOmmuter
who had a house put up on cedar
posts. Afterward he found II neces-
sary to have all the ground under
tho house dug out and proper founda-
tons and cellar put in, which cost a
great deal more than It would have
had the job been done right at the
start. II is highly desirable To have
a complete cellar under every house;
that is all the space beneath should
be eXcavated and walled and f1oored
with concrete.
In the bungalow style a basement
with substantial walls may take the
place OF cellar, but the foundations
in any case must go below the frost
line. In the neighborhood OF New
York a depth of about three feet. de-
pending on the nature OF the soil
makes the foundations safe from frost
outside grading or banking up OF
earth may save some digging within
An exposed north side of house needs
more frost protection than the other
sides. Clay freezes more readily than
sand. A well drained soil is safer than
a wet one.
Foundations are usually Of concrete
placed In a form. At the bottom there
should be a footing 90 inches wide
and above that 10 inch wall to the
ground level: an inch thickness may
| be used above the ground. The con-
creto should be a good mixture of one
part Portland cement, three parts
sand and five parts crushed stone or
! gravel. with not too large stones laid
| into tho mixture in the form. Cemen nj
/ is cheap, about one-third Of a cent
! q pound, so there Is no excuse for
unduly economizlng It. Within q mile
Of a sand pit or quarry sand should
/ be delivered at 81 "A cubic yard and
/ crushed stone at $3.50 a cubic yard
| Cnders should never be used. although
/ they are constantly used in founda-
| tons. The place for cinders Is beneath
a four inch concrete floor for the
/ cellar. The walls should be water
tight. The floor should be drain sloped
around the walls. A remedy for wet
ness in old cellars and preCautior
/ in new ones is a blind drain OF broken
stone around the interior OF the walls
II you buy house look at the cellar
in wet weather: II building don't pay
for cellar until It has been tested
by rain
Cellar window frames should bc
painted one coat before placing il
wall; same with all window and door
frames IN any except a wooden house
All wooden houses to-day are bull
on the same plan, the only difference
being in materials and workmanship
which includes skipping the job. Tina
plan Is called balloon construction
There is no heavy, rigid skeleton, a.
our grandfnthPrs made, but a frame
work OF light timbers, which IL brace'
chiefly by the outside boarding. Tn,
house is like a box. light and We
substantial II properly put together
A wooden mansion costing $4,000 4
built essentially the same as a cot
tage costing $500.
Upon the foundation wall is lai'
the sill, q heavy timber which Is tn
base Of the entire superstructure Flo
an ordinary house It should be b,
s inches HemlOrk Is used, spruc
or long leaf yellow pine is better bu
costs more. The sill should no wei
bedded in mortar and no cracks al
lowed, H. is a common defect TO hav
cracks or CrevlCcs between sin an
wall which makes the cellar and tn
whole house cold. A beam by
inches or larger--sometimes compose
OF several by - spiked together
is laid lengthwise tho centre OF Tn