Evening star., 1915-07-11

tarist. 80 :" z'.S o..
win BE borne in nina that clesle
idiy armed that sH aided a. him sGlansees so arrest
the conspirators Of CSaAline. Cicero's
.Catalinsires. or harRREues against
catalines conspiracy. classed the lat
their fortunes on the ruins Of their
country, and won for Cicero the tttle
OF father Of his country" -,
In truth. from ihe harangues there
as against war. But 1t is justice to
Cicero to cite what he has written:
There can be no patriotism withoaS
morality: no morality without human,
ity." .-sy
In the time OF Augustus Caesar tss
B. c. to II A. d. analogous opinions 10
those of Cicero prevailed at Rome. The
reign Of Augustus was. II not the most
glorious, at least the most brilliant Of
Roman history and left traces in the
literature OF all nations by whom II
was known as the century of Angus
tus." 1t was illustrated by Horace.
Virgil, Titus-Livy. Sallust, Ovid and
part afs of f' Whom e were ~ patron; patronisea By Me-
cena, the protector OF arts and sciences.
and by Augustus. - =
#s
Virgil expressed himself as having
great pride in patriotism and as having
a large spirit OIL nu-
Virgil on manity. The Aenead
patr;ot;,m was given by the
''Ths Exploits of Rome Virgil de-
clared that II his people were created to
command and govern all nations. he
would recommend them to teach the
science Of peace. Aeneas, who valiantlS
fights the Greeks at the siege Of Troy.
is not frenxied warrior. He copams-
crates on occasion the death of his ad-
versa ries. That which he achieves By
arms he would prefer much TO effect by
peace; he demands a small place for his
gods and when refused he is obliged to,
have recourse to arms. but victor, he
hastens to appeal to his enemies for a
reconciliation which will leaSs' them
their liberty and their name. Virgil.
however, is Of his time, which Is for war
or for peace as the occasion may require.
Titus-Livy Is national historian as
Virgil is national poet, Titus-Livy has
the same hesitations and tacking We
have remarked in Cicero, for whom he
to see eternized the glory of the peoples
king. and that the conquered nations
could not but incline before the tleci.
sions Of Rome in history as wall as in
politics. Titus-Livy, who is very severe
on the punic faith. has not a word Of
blame for the perfidies quite as bad
when committed by the Romans: Romu-
lus running off with the Sabine woman,
Camilla violating his word given to the
Gauls. Scipio burning the enemy'sr camp
by treachery. the rigorous measures
taken against Capona are proclaimed
pratseworthy from every point eF7 ~
Taine recognizee that that ardent des'
u IN y,tf 1v.e
'o1cero and for Virgil, 'the. real heroes
are certainly not those who forget the
| country. for humanity. but it is not
those who sacrifice humanity to coun-
try; it is those who work for both at
the same time" =.
Tacitus in his rude and concise way
would give to all allies the right Of
city ''The Roman domination is exefe
cised for the advantage OF subjects as
well as masters. Rome exacts what is
just to maintain peace-no tranquility
without an army. no array without
money. no money without taxes" These
| words Tacitus puts in the mouth OF
esrirs hsy sns ssaors ths the idea wss
prevailed then of the relations OF
Rome with the other peoples; IN as
socfation of duties and interests be-
tween the country victorious and the
universe conquered.
It ID thus the Roman leaders suc-
ceeded in conciliating and. confounding
the -easse Of Rome with
Confoundinr- that of the, world. AL
A. o.. ready Pliny, the NAT
sns oauSes. ura1ist, with almost re-
ligious emotion attributed to Rome 4
providential' l'and philanthropic mission:
''The will of the gods has chosen Italy
the customs. to bring together by unity
of language SO many different. and saw
age idioms. to give to men humanity"
Plutarch in many places. and notably
in his treatise on The Fortune of the
Romans" develops Pliny's idea: Rome
is the anchor which keeps in port the.
world beaten by the tempest. Rome Is
the eternal cement: due to which. are
agglomerated, .discordant elements.
Rome is the creative force which has
forced order from chaos" y
Aelius Aristides, addressing the Enf-
perora Marcus Aurelius. and Verus.
felicitated them for having adminis-
tered the universe as single and same
family SO well that the Roman name
ceases to be that of single city to
become that Of a collectivity.''
Rome. indeed. was considered the hu-
man race Of the universe; frontiers
were merely nominal. Behind the Rhine,
the Danube and the Euphrates there
were races hostile and threatening, the
right to conquer which Rome never
questioned. The crowd looked upon all
these peoples as strangers or enemies
as monsters-and had = constant fear
of invasion. When they were beaten
and captured and brought to Rome 70
grace the triumph of some Roman. they
were insulted The cultivated shared
the popular prejudices. In this conr
nection Tacitus recites the story of. the
bloody fray between two German!c
tribes: Was it the passion to conquer
that animated them, or the covetous-
ness of booty? 1t was rather the good
ness of the gods for us. for the gods
have not refused us the pleasure of
seeing the Germans fight themselves
More than $4,000 barbarians fell. not
under our strokes. but that which is
better for the joy OF our eyes. All!
May these people continue, IL not to
love US, at least to hate themselves.
Menaced as we are by the destinies or
the empire, fortune cannot give US any
thing better than diseord among our
enemies" -.
Nevertheless. Tacitus at times sees
the question in its two phases, and for
him the enemies of Rome are men as
other men, having their qualities and
rights, and not execrable adversaries
against whom everything is nermissi-
ble.
Along the march of centuries from
Cicero to the present day there Is
something identical in the PRINCIPLES Of
the Stole and the Christian Cicero
7 ,,ogp Capooo ond that m0Rt VirtuOuS