davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1915-11-28
Lessons From Germans
I'm Machim@-Gwm Tactics

are now talking about infantry being
the business arm" the arm that de
cides the battle" etc. The call of those
countries that were put to sleep by
fresh date on them is for more cannon.
more shrapnel and more shell, especial
ly more shell. And in the matter of
shell may be found another reason for
criticism of the professional soldier
outside of Germany or France. The be-
lief was that the-shell was not of much
good. It's effect is too local. is what
was said of 1t. You might try 1t against
hind a house. or against a battery In
position. but for anything else shrapnel
was the thing. A United States battery
carried so per cent shrapnel and 20
per cent shell.
It Is encouraging to Americans to
know that United States field artillery
of today is awake. 1t Is different from
the artillery of even ten years ago. The
alert officers sensed the situations They
caught the drift of military opinion in
France and Germany. A school of fire
was Instituted at Fort Sill. Okla, the
Tobyhanna reservation was opened up,
and target ranges were opened else
where. Some money, but not enough.
was obtained for ammunition. Instru-
ments like the b. C. telescope, the cor
rector scale, etc, were found ineffec-
tive, firing regulations were made over
and today United States artillery, man
for man and gun for gun. is certainly
as good as. perhaps better than. any
other artillery in the world.
AS American and English opinion was
wrong on the matter of held guns.
it was wrong on machine guns. The
Germans grasped the idea as to how
the machine gun could be made most
effective. An English military author
ity has lately written: "One would
s,,,, ofr, hof n
troduced to such a gun, would wish to
order as many for hia army as pos
sible. But the German did more than
order guns. It did not take him long
to see in what the weakness OF the
machine gun lay We saw it, too. But
we dubbed 1t "a weapon of opportunity
and left 1t at that. The German did
not. He agreed that 1t was . weapon
Evening star., 1915-11-28

principal symptoms are high fever, a
Characteristic rash and nervous de-
rangements peculiar to the disease. 1t
is an old disease. and because Of its
prevalence among persons confined in
crowded quarters, it was formerly
known as Jail or ship" fever. and
from the peculiar appearance of the
rash 1t is still sometimes called spotted
fever.
One of the strides of progress made
in this war Is that which has led to an
understanding of this ancient plague.
Not long ago it was thought that ty-
phus was transmitted by the exhala-
tions from the lungs. 1t has now been
learned that typhus Is transmitted
through the bite of vermin, which act
as a carrier in transmitting the dis
ease from an infected to well person
in exactly the same manner that mos
quito transmits yellow fever Vermin
are common among troops campaign
ing. especially An winter. and among
men or women huddled together in
crowded and insanitary quarters
Evening star., 1915-11-28

of opportunity. though he used WORD
of somewhat different significance, put
he thought it a weapon we'll worth It's
opportunity weapon, tnat Is, ior
ut did not take him long to devise
a means He did for it precisely What
had been done more than century
ago for artillery-ceased to regard II
as an infantry adjunct and gave ~
being of its own. That may seem
trifie to the unprofessional mind, but
it accounts, far moro than do their
numbers. for the amazing successes OF
the German machine guns, especially
in defensive operations"
So long as the gun was attached to a
battalion it proved very naturally and
properly its attachment to the battalion
by looking after 1t. 1t tried to cover
its front, as far as possible, or to Sc
cure it's f1anks. The two guns which
the battalion owned thus did their
hest and occasionally proved their
worth as weapons of opportunity-that
is. they killed the enemy when he hap
nened to come up against them. So
long as the guns were tied in pairs to
THAR infantry units, no combined
scheme for the protection of front
was nossible. Guns were often posted
in consequence where they were not
wanted, guns were lacking where they
were wanted.
The German military mind conceived
the idea of putting all the machine
guns of brigade under one hand and
under hand that had been highly
trained in the art Of ground reading.
1t has been written that in Germany
central schools were established for
the teaching Of officers and men and
the formulation of machine-gun tao
tics, it being realized that no great
end would be achieved without unity
of thought on the subject and oppor-
tunity for the comparison of ideas. In
appreciation of what the machine gun
might do in warfare Germany stood
alone, and her alertness has produced
an organization which makes practical
ly new arm of the gun-tactical
training which prevents mistakes in
the selection of positions. the study Of
machine-gun tactics by superior OH
GERS. thorough understanding as to the
necessity of cooperation. expert in
telligence in obtaining the support OF
cross fire and the arrangement and di-
rection of the organized IRE OF many
guns by single brain.
Evening star., 1915-11-28

traffic artery of the city. The uni
versity is situated on this street one
established a fare Of cents from the
business section of the city to the uni
versity. and an additional penny for
the ride from the university to the
suburbs.
The trans had been charging 5 cents
fare for any part of this ride, an
amount slightly in excess of its money
equivalent in this country, since the
Uruguayan currency~fs on a gold basis,
that makes it's peso worth about $1.05
of our money.
AS soon as the government buses were
successfully in operation the tram con-
cession reduced it's fare to cents nat.
This reduction. however, was made only
on the Diez Ocho de Julio line. On
the many other routes In the city the
fare is still cents. Moreover, the
motor bus competition on the other
lines is impossible at present. since
car line thoroughfare paved with as
phalt. An attempt to operate the gov
ernment motors in competition with
other tram lines ended unsuccessfully
shook the heavy vehicles to pieces. and
the cost of repairs ate up the profits.
Battle, however, is not discouraged.
but is now advocating asphalt pave
who know his tenacity of purpose say
that he is certain to accomplish this
end. The government buses will then
run everywhere In the city and the
British concession will undoubtedly or
der a general reduction of all fares.
These are typical instances Of the
way in which the benevolent. political
despotism of Jose Battle is working out
in Uruguay. He is also proposing the
referendum, and may eventually adopt
the initiative as a policy. He has be-
friended labor, and through his In
fluence most of the industries in Uru-
quay are compelled by law to give
their employees an eight-hour day.
Battles enemies call him a state social
ist.
In Buenos Aires, across the River
Plate, he is cordially detested by busi-
ness interests. who declare that Monte
video is the breeding spot for most of
Argentina's labor troubles: that the
asgisators desesnd upon a;.se nuenos osd aires
Evening star., 1915-11-28

have come as suggestions from the
leading statesmen Of Uruguay. His at
titude was that of the sage, living
apart and weighing the value of the
suggestions.
The plan in brief Is to substitute for
the present president a college of nine
members. which body shall assume only
those duties which now devolve upon
the president. In this respect the plan
differs radically from the Swiss COM
mission government. which undertakes
all executive functions.
In Switzerland the federal bundles
rath of seven members is also the min
istry, each member holding a govern
ment portfolio the man chosen as presi-
dent acting as the foreign minister as
well. In Uruguay it is not proposed to
usurp the duties of the ministry, but
the commission will have it's cabinet
just as the president .as today.
Under these circumstances there
would seem to an American to be small
need for the change. but the necessity
becomes more apparent when one
studies the highly centralized govern
mental institutions which have been de-
veloped in the Spanish countries of
South America. In Uruguay the presi-
dent possesses great powers. even to
Therefore, the contest for the presi-
dency is likely to be severe. DR.. Battle is
said to expect the commission to be-
come a sort of government stabiltzer.
In the animated national elections,
because of the very power which the
successful candidate will win. partisan
bitterness is likely to be aroused to a
high pitch. Today this bitterness CEN
tralizes upon one individual. the man
who is elected. Consequently among
the volatile masses there is always
more or less danger of armed uprisings
to effect what peaceful voting cannot
accomplish.
Battle expects that the hatreds
aroused in political campaigns will no
longer be concentrated upon individuals
when the commission supplants the
president, and that the result will be
for Uruguay guarantee of lasting
internal peace in the future. Should
the change have this effect, commits
sion government would undoubtedly be-
come attractive to other nations OF
South America.
The details Of the plan are all to be
left to the constitutional convention.
Evening star., 1915-11-28
ReprisaIs.

A FORMER member of our diplo-
~ matte corps. accredited to London,
said at a dinner In Washington:
THE English like to make fun of our
American or Yankee twang. Why don't
we, by way OF reprisals. make more
fun than we do of the awful cockney
twang? For example:
Il once attended some exercises at an
East End board school A little chap
was called up to answer some natural
history questions.
Now Joseph, can you tell US what an
American bison is?' said the examiner,
with kindly glance toward me.
"A American bisia. please, SIR
Joseph answered. is what the Ameri-
cans wash their hands In"
Evening star., 1915-11-28
Noble ScintiIIations.

THE Marchioness Townshend. 1t is
rumored, will soon come to Amer
lea to play in film dramas Of her own
composition.
The marchioness, who Is pretty,
paints, writes and generally scintil-
lates Here are the latest OF her scin-
tillations to go the rounds OF Anglo
American circles In London:
Men compare women to lilies. but
remember that there are tiger lilies"
"A cup Of tea is often reservoir Of
scandal
Evening star., 1915-11-28

archist are the mildest terms applied to
Uruguay's leading statesman by the
conservative interests of Argentina. II
is perhaps a bit cynical to call atten-
tion to the fact that Battle. for all his
radical beliefs, has never seen At to
adopt the single tax as a doctrine. Uru-
quay is a nation of large landholders,
whose united opposition could probably
overthrow any politician.
A typical illustration will serve as an
index to Battles character. Spanish
labor agitator came to Buenos Aires
and Immediately there was trouble.
His agitations became so obnoxious to
the Argentine authorities that he was
condemned for deportation under the
Argentine law. He was taken by the
Buenos Aires police and placed on
board a steamer bound for Spain. The
steamer left Buenos Aires at night and
touched at Montevideo for few hours
the next morning. There the anarchist
attempted to leave the ship, but was
prevented from doing so by the Uru-
guayan police.
The matter was reported to Battle a
few hours after the ship had left and
he went into a towering rage. The
next stop to be made by the steamer
was at Madeira. the Portuguese island
on the other side of the Atlantic. Battle
set the governmental machinery in mo-
tion, with the result that the next day
an official cablegram went to the au-
thortties in Madeira instructing them
to communicate with the deported agi-
tator upon his arrival and offer him the
opportunity of returning to Montevideo
at the expense of the government of
Uruguay
The Spaniard availed himself of this
opportunity and was back in Montevi-
deo within a month. Battles enemies
say that the agitator repaid this ex-
traordinary courtesy by inciting a par
ticularly riotous strike of dock labor
ers in Montevideo a few days after his
arrival. The friends of the Uruguayan
statesman, however. deny this charge,
but say that the longshoremen's strike
was independent of the presence in
Uruguay OF the Spanish agttator.
Copyright. 1915. by Robert F. wilson,,
Evening star., 1915-11-28

taken to visit DR.. Battle at his country
home on the outskirts of Montevideo.
I wish l had the power of words to
give an adequate picture of this re-
marka BILE figure in South American CO.
temporary history. The first impress
sion that one receives when he enters
the room is of his intense animal vital
ity. Although he is approaching the
is one of almost fierce strength. He
stands well over six feet. and has a
great. bulky body supporting a leonine
head, with an unkempt name of hair:
His piercing eyes look under tangled
thickets of eyebrows. which interlace
over his nose. Great falls of flesh hang
down from his jaw and cheek bones,
molding his face into strong lines. The
heavy. struggling mustache scarcely
conceals his full lips, and when he
speaks he shows two rows of teeth
which appear large and strong enough
to crack bone.
When Battle speaks one realizes that
his body is the tenement of an intelli-
gence as vigorous as his physique. No
doubt it is this combination of mind
and body that has made him the su-
preme dictator of Uruguayan politics
for the past fifteen years. 1t perhaps
characterizes him best for American
understanding to say that he is exactly
the type of man in which Mr.. Roosevelt
takes greatest delight.
The latter stopped in Montevideo on
his memorable journey into the heart
of the South American continent and
paid the customary call that all dis
tinguished visitors make to the resi-
dence of DR. Battle. MIR. Roosevelt no
doubt anticipated that this call would
be but perfunctory courtesy. but the
visit lasted nearly the whole of the
day. and the two men WED with each
other in exchanging their opinions on
government and many other topics, al
though the conversation was necessari-
ly hampered by the intervention of an
Interpreter. 1t was after this inter-
view that Roosevelt characterized
Battle as the greatest Latin American.
Uruguay will adopt commission gov
ernment il Battle continues to maintain
his belief in it. 1t is one of the char
acteristics of this statesman that he
Evening star., 1915-11-28
EFFORTS TO FIND RELIEF
FROM BAD CHECK EVIL

have dealing with them is astonishing
ITO be sure we fix hard conditions
month. and if bill is not paid BY
the 18TH of the month following. a
notice Is sent, and at the end of the
second month. II 1t is still unpaid, the
woman is informed that her credit Is
stopHed until her account is settled
But considering the great numbers
OF women with whom we deal, il is un-
mfstakably to the business credit OF
the seq how infinitesimally small in
lose by our customers"
1t must be said, however" the mer-
chant continued. that IL women on
the whole are good pay, they could
promote efficiency in shopkeepine and
thereby reduce the cost of what they
buy.
The idle shopping women do to kill
time occasions expense to the merchant
which prices must equal Having
goods sent home on approval on friyo-
lous pretexts. which Is really dallyinp
with tho temptation to buy what one
cannot afford. often leads to the trou-
BILE occasioned by overdrawing bank
accounts. or II the goods are returned,
all that makes great deal of expense
to the merchants, and customers have
to pay for 1t in higher prices. Tho
more systematic women are in shop
ping the less will be the cost of living.
This bears with distinct Importance
on the item of the cost of the delivery
of goods. Intelligent cooperation be-
tween housewives and merchants should
make it possible to organize the de-
livery of all merchandise as a separate
and distinct service, with great econ
omy in business and in the home"
II might seem visionary to propose
a union of the Retail Merchants Asso-
citation Of Washington and the House
keepers Alliance. but certainly Joint
meeting OF those two bodies should
constitute an obviously sensible and
much needed arrangement-the union
Of business and the home.
AROLv.
Evening star., 1915-11-28

N no experiment in democracy any
IN\U where is more remarkable or
II Nj more interesting than the
proposition now under serious
discussion in Uruguay to substitute
commission government for the single
executive which that nation now has.
Government by a commission is the
latest step in the evolution of the po-
Itical economy of municipalities, both
in the United States and Europe, but
American nation nor by any nation in
Europe except Switzerland.
In Uruguay it is more than fanci-
full theory advanced by some dreamer
with only an audience and not fol-
lowing. 1t seems at this writing to be
almost an assured outcome of the near
future; and this statement is made con-
fidently because the chief advocate of
this revolutionary change in Uruguay's
form of government is DR.. Jose Battle
Ordonez.
X
To any one who has visited this most
progressive of all Latin American re-
publics the intelligence that DR.. Battle
is advocating this innovation in gov
ernment is sufficient guarantee that
the change will be made. 1t is doubt
full If any individual in--either South
or North America possesses political
power to the degree of absolutism OF
that enjoyed by DR.. Battle.
His position, too. is unique in that
at present he holds no political office
OF any kind whatsoever. but, on the
contrary, lives in almost herrlit-like
seclusion on his estate. Yet his word
is infexibie law 10 the governing au-
thorities Of his country, and this is
true both of the executive and legis-
lative branches.
Theodore Roosevelt called him the
great man of South America" Theo-
dore z. Burton, after an interview with
him. was equally enthusiastic. Every
distinguished visitor to Uruguay is
Evening star., 1915-11-28
Boss Of Uruguay Fav0rs Government by Commission

DR. JOSE BATTLE Y ORDONEZ,
- Whose Word Is Law to the Governing
Authorities, Will Bring About the Change.
He Is ''the Great Man of South America %
Has Controlled Uruguay for the Past Fiji
teen Years-A Remarkable Man, Twice
President Of His Country Why the
Change Is Favored-One Day of Rest in
Each Six for Workers-New Ideas on
Divorce.
Evening star., 1915-11-28

~ URGERY is learning many lessons
~ in the war one Of the interest,"
~ ing and important pieces OF WORK
xr,.a o,t, has been that series OF III
.,ia.,to,. bv the research laoora-
attached TO the general hospital
pnuroppe into the bacterlology oil
.a,,,c or infected wounds. II was oo-
.a,vs5 that nearly all the WOUNDS were
Az. 20 bullet fragments or shells. that
-, ssIdorn remained sterile ana that
n,eces OF mud covered clothing were
usually carried deep into the wound.
rhss. facts led to an examination OF
.hs ,sIa-Ious between the infections
>oura In wounds and the bacteria car
,,.5 N, tn. clothing of the wounded
men II is reported that small patches
:, IN. clorbjng were cut off at places
On the garment far enough removed
from the wound TO be free from any
contamination from its discharge.
Thes. bits of clothing were planted
fr brotn tuaeS In twelve tests the
bac'Hi Of te'anus were iouhd IN ignr'
and dangerous organtsms IN all lHe
frequellCy Of tetanus has been men
toned in some Of the dispatches, ana II
is Significant that in an examination
of the clothing worn by twelve wouho-
ed soldiers the germ OF this dFead maj
adv should be found in one case OUT Oh
three.
DR. Alexis CarreI. who has been con-
Quoting experiments with ahusepiCs
at the chemical laboratory OF the hoch-
efelier Foundation at Compiegne, mas
said that 1t is plain that II Is not
wounds, but infection caused through
the carrying OF soiled bits OF clothlhs
into wounds by proiectiles that brings
about the majority of deaths
There has been developed by DR.. Car
rel. according to reports, a new anti
septic. which. under test IN the French
military hospitals. has met the re-
quirements for washing deep wounds
those wounds where infection is most
violent. This antiseptic. which repre-
sents the Joint labor Of DR.. Carrel and
Evening star., 1915-11-28

Continued from Second Page)
dence, and the merchant in telephoning
to Alexandra found that there was ac-
tually an account in the bank to the
credit of the lady named. So he took
a chance and has been sorry ever since.
for the lady took the suit and SIS in
change, and up to date nothing more
has been heard Of her.
A pathetic chapter of the bad check
business is that outside the criminal
class which engages in 1t. the largest
group of individuals are children who
forge the names Of their fathers or
mothers to checks, which they present
In shops to get cashed. The evidence of
this is of youth going wrong and the
exhibition it makes of the sorrow or
neglect of parents Is trying to the
merchant.
cashing a check for $50. drawn by the
daughter of a man he knew very we'll
After several days the check was re-
turned to the merchant from the bank
marked signature not satisfactory,
This was in the Sunday morning mail.
The merchant went at once to the home
of the girl The father was just start
ing for church. The merchant told MIN
he had a serious matter to present 10
him.
when the story was told the father
broke down and. weeping, admitted
that this was not the first time such
disgrace had befallen him. The girl
with the $50 she got from the merchant
had run away to New York. leaving
word that she intended to become a
movie queen. The father. Of course,
promptly made good the check to the
merchant, and similar cases are not in
frequent in retail business. However,
ali the merchants agree that the cul-
nrit in such cases is less often a girl
than a boy.
Evening star., 1915-11-28

There has been an amazing change
in the way women attend to the busi-
ness of shopping" says the head Of one
of the big department stores. "Prac-
tically all our customers are women
and the percentage Of bad business ~
Evening star., 1915-11-28

n no experiment in democracy any
IN\I where is more remarkable or
M more interesting than the
g nropoSitiou now under serious
Evening star., 1915-11-28

Continued from Second Page.)
The Hickman courier. [volume] (Hickman, Ky.) 1859-current, 1915-07-01
NAMES CORRESPONDENTS
FOR AGRL. DEPT.

Hon. Lucas Moore, Of Louisville
representing the U. ). Dept Of
Agriculture IN Kentucky, WAS
here Tuesday looking ever the
crop conditions Of Fulton county
While here he named a num-
Der Of correspondents for the de-
partment, who will be asked 10
furnish monthly reports ON the
crop conditions Of Fulton county
Heretofore Fulton counys crops
have not figured IN making up
the State reports, which arc val
liable 10 all farmers and plant.
ers-and are furnished free
The gentlemen named by Mr..
Moore are j b Townsend. Her
schel johnson, Jno. Wade, j p.
Thomas. Jesse Mcneil, y. l..
Dodds. Jno G. Lawson and W a.
Johnston
The Hickman courier. [volume] (Hickman, Ky.) 1859-current, 1915-07-01
FULTON CoUNTY's BIGGEST
WHEAT TRANSACTION.

Probably the. biggest wheat
transaction ever recorded IN
Fulton county was contaminated
Monday when John G. Greed,
of Hickman, representing the
Dahnke- Walker Milling Co, son.
tracted for the purchase of ap-
proximately $4,000 bushels Of
wheat from c. T. Bondurant, one
of our big local planters. The
price, We understand, Is something
in excess Of 81 a bushel.
Tins crop, yet unthreshed. "a
river bottom wheat, and is the
first crop in that section on a
large scale. Mr. Greed believes
this wheat will grade No. 2,
which is m good as any 10 be
found south of the Ohio river,
and the yield will be far above
the average for this year Last
year this ground was in cotton.
The Hickman courier. [volume] (Hickman, Ky.) 1859-current, 1915-07-01
THE FOURTH Is A BAD DAY

for the man without insurance.
Every time rocket bursts over
his house he has heart disease. Ii
you aren't insured, better have us
issue you a policy today. The
freedoa from worry il will afford
you is alone worth the cost of in.
surance.