davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1915-06-30
Coming Events.

Pleasant Ridge residents invite all
their friends to attend a picnic to
be held July 5, at Ed MCLEAN 8
grove, Pleasant Green, 6 miles west
of Lancaster. Bring a basket and
have a good time.
Social meeting of Gen. Calls circle
&. A. R. Thursday at 2 p. m. with
Mrs. Henrietta Woolstenhome, 253
south Monroe street.
The annual day for missions will
be held on July H.
Rev. H. "A. Studebaker will preach
at Platteville next Sunday night al
the ,Out-of-doOr union services. IS
Hear the. address on John Huse
next Sunday morning at Congrega-
tional church. 49, w.. - !.
Attend Chautauqua on Crosby lots
across street from court house.
Epworth League and Christian En-:
deavor will conduct a refreshment
stand at Chautauqua.
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1915-06-30
TIE QUIET VILLAGE.

Much fun is made of the town
where the train going through is the
principal event of the day. But it
Is IN these quiet villages that the
soul of man blooms. The people
there have time to know each other.
They take time to encourage com
mUnity happiness and contentment.
IL is in the big city that people be-
came submerged in the great stream
of metalized life that browns out the
heart spirit of man with determined
indifference in its rapid race to reach
the great gulf of gold-that gulf
which is so eternally fixed between
man ; spiritual and material posses
sIOns. True happiness is of the
spirit. 1t cannot be bought with
gOId-not with even gulf of gold.
Where thy treasure is there will
thy heart be also," said the Master.
The treasure of the quiet village will
not be Knocked. FRANKLIN Qnd.
Star.
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1915-06-30
Council Proceedings

At meeting of the city council
Monday evening two ordinances were
amended. The ordinance in regard
to water meters was amended to re-
duce the rate from 40 cents to 80 cents
the thousand gallons. The minimum
meter rate remains the same. Ordin-
ance pertaining to the licensing of
billiard halls, etc. was amended to
charge license fee of $1,000 per
table instead of $500 per hall, as
at present. The applications for
license to conduct billiard parlors,
presented by 1. S. Green and son and
August Wenzel, were granted. A
motion was made and carried to put
a cement curbing on both sides of
Washington street, from Maple to
Pine. Ordinances will be published
next week.
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1915-06-30
Rainfall and Crops.

Why are the crops of Wisconsin so
much more consistent than those of
many states-that is, why is there so
much less variation in yield here
than elsewhere? There is practical
Iy as much rainfall in central Illinois
as in Wisconsin, and yet the varia-
tion of yield there is UNNECESSARILY
greater than in Wisconsin. Why :?
Few give proper consideration to
seepage and evaporation in consider
ing this matter of the effect of rain
fall upon crops. Both of these ele-
ments are variable. In the warmer
climates evaporation is much greater
than in the cooler climates. A hot
wind in the southwest will often
evaporate as much moisture in day
as will escape in a month in Wiscon-
sin.
Not only is evaporation less in
Wisconsin, but the rainfall is more
seasonable here than in many states.
This applies especially to the upper
counties where the rainfall is much
less in early spring and much
greater in the heated period of
summer than in other regions. This
midsummer rainfall goes more ex-
tensively into the soil than at earlier
periods when the ground is already
saturated or perhaps frozen, and this
midsummer rainfall comes when the
crops are growing and ready to avail
themselves of it.
Still another reason why Wiscon-
sin rainfall is more effective lies in
the farm practices common to the
state in comparison with the corn
and grain states. Here we make a
practice of blowing under vegetable
matter. This results in the ac-
emulation of large percentage of
humus (decaying vegetable matter)
which has a water holding capacity
of several times that of ordinary soil.
This addition of vegetable matter is
consistent with the dairy and i've
stock industries. Another advantage
of the northern region is that the
frosts of winter loosen the ground
and open it for the reception of
water.
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1915-06-30
Marriage Licenses Issued.

Ralph A. Kraemer and Elma M
Walker, both of North Lancaster.
Lester C. Turner and Mabel A.
Martin, both of Waterloo.
Roy o. Walker, Tarpon Springs,
Florida, and Elma G. Glenn. Wyalus-
ing.
Clyde E. Dennis, Rewey, and
Susan F. Lambert, Town of Lima.
George Jones, Bagley, and Con-
stance Hill, Patch Grove.
Henry C. Kopp, Platteville, and
Ella c.. Cordts, Montfort.
Guy Hawkins, Dayton, Richland
Co., and Gussa KENNEL, Woodman.
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1915-06-30

Ideas are born; they have their
infancy-their youth-their time of
stress and struggle-they succeed,
they grow senile, they nod, they
sleep, they die; they are buried and
remain in their graves for ages.
And then they come again in the
gaTb of youth, to slaughter and slay
and inspire and liberate. And this
death and resurrection goes on for
ever. In Time. there is nothing
either new or old; there is only the
rising and falling of the Infinite
de.-Elbert Hubbard.
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1915-06-30

Judge Kenesaw Mountain Lands
who wasn't afraid to fine the largest
and most powerful corporation in the
world the biggest fine in history, re-
Gently fined a farmer by the name of
Harry Johnson the sum Of two cents
johnson it seems droveaa government
agent who investigating The foot and
mouth diseaee, off his farm near
harrington, Illinois. Judge Lands
% one Of the most picturesque figures
on the American bench and isn't sfreid
70 do what seems the human and right
thing to do regardless of precedent.
81 locked hands with this man." said
Lands: They were covered with
large knots acquired by working six
teen hours a day. He worked
twenty eight years to care for his
family"
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1915-06-30

The Herald wishes to thank the
people Of this community for the
very kind and helpful manner they
have shown in sending US items of
news We want our readers to feel
that this is essentially their paper
and IL they have any items of in
6erest that we are always glad to
receive them. Our Coming Events"
oO3 uEnn is maintained for the purpose
4 keeping our readers informed of
the meetings of the various societies
and we want you to avail yourselves
OF dG freely. Any social happenings,
cemings and goings of your friends,
weddings. obituaries or any other
hapQenings will be gratefully re-
ceIVed-
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1915-06-30
Farm For Sale.

The farm known as the George
Schultz farm containing 1929 acres,
situated on Sec. Fl, in the town of
Harrison, Grant County, Wis; IL
story frame dwelling, small barn,
orchard, good springs of water and
we'll on the premises. Will be sold
at a reasonable figure for cash.
Apply to Ben Schultz on the premises,
or to Geo. w. Schiffman, Mccartney.
1Sw3
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1915-06-30

Harry Thaw is again in the lime
light with one of his battles for
liberty, but the newspapers refuse
70 give Harry the front page any
longer. He and Pancho Villa, and
Jack johnson. ct al, should hold an
indignation meeting and demand their
rights.
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1915-06-30

: Corn will not be as big a crop as
usual in Grant county but the same
condition obtains everywhere else
and the prices for what we raise will
make Rp for the smaller crop.
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1915-06-30
Presbyterian Church.
nday school at 9 AS.

Sunday school at 3 40.
Morning worship 10 AS.
Hurricane Sunday school 2 80.
Divine service 3 80.
Boice Creek evening service 8 100.
Services at Rockville, Wednesday
evening at 500.
Saturday, choir practice 500.
The Ladies Aid Society meets on
Thursday with Mrs. H. Holzinger.
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1915-06-30
FOIk-D anCing.

All mothers who are interested in
the organization of class in folk
dancing for children, will meet at the
Orion studio, Friday, at 4 80.
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1915-06-30

Now is a good time to say few
words about a sane fourth. 1t may
not be as exciting or as noisy as the
Old-fashioned kind, but there are a
heap less cripples and fewer funerals.
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1915-06-30

FOR SALE-The pure bred registered
Jersey Bull, Alice's Captain. Sound,
sure, quiet; Dam is big strong cow.
Granddam a TBS pound cow. Just
passed two years old. Can't possibly
use him longer. Will price him
cheap to any one who can use him.
E. A. Cairns,
18w2 Mt. Hope, Wis. 3.
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1915-06-30

The Frank case has been settled by
giving him life Imprisonment and
the American public can breathe
easily until the next exciting trial .
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1915-06-30

A louisiana girl who put her name
and photograph in box of straw
berries received seventeen marriage
proposals. That's all right only ever
place doesn't grow strawberries.
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1915-06-30

The Old-fashioned man who used to
have his corn laid by July 4, hasn't
finished planting yet.
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1915-06-30
Congregational Church.

Rev. H. A. StuG:ebaker, Pastor.
1000 Sunday school.
HOO Morning worship. The pastor
will deliver an address on John Huss,
the Bohemian Martyr. July 6, is the
500th anniversary of his martyrdom.
6:45 Christian EndeavOr
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1915-06-30

An Iowa horse fell dead when it
saw an 'Uncle Toms cabin parade.
And it hadn't seen the show either.
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1915-06-30

The official summer began June
21-and the weather man obligingly
turned on the heat. Thank you.
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1915-06-30

FARM CHEAP-To close out, / will
make great inducements on 100 acres
Az miles S. w. of town on Pigeon
Creek. Quick sale wanted.-C. w.
Hill, Lancaster State Bank.
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1915-06-30

f. M. Wilmott and Joseph
Schmitz, of Potosi were business
visitors in Lancaster Yesterday.
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1915-06-30

SEEDS FOR SALE -Turnip, Rape,
Millet, and Buckwheat seeds, best of
varieties for late sowing.
]. r. Place.
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1915-06-30

FOR SALE: l have few good regis
tered Short Horn bulls left for sale.
Frank Smith, Roselawn Farm, Ian
caster, route 2. Is tfc
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1915-06-30

FOR SALE-Holstein Bulls and cavles.
Calantha and Johanna breeding. Fine
opportunity if taken at once as am
over stocked. l.. B. Roesch. Farm
ers' phone, Ri. 9 Lancaster. 17w4p
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1915-06-30

FOR SALE-Modern house 2 blocks
from court house. See j. H. Pugh,
Peoples State Bank Invite
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1915-06-30
Value of a Good Name.

''He is reputed to be worth a mil
lion" ga fine reputation to have, be-
lieve me."-Exchange.
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1915-06-30

FOR SALE---Strictly new
player piano frst-class. Will give
somebody bargain. Inquire at my
home in Lancaster. Marie Turner.
13tfc
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1915-06-30

FOR SALE-I hereby offer for sale
lots and 5, in Ryland's addition, to
the city of Lancaster, Wisconsin.
For terms write James Hudson,
Galena, Ill. 18w1Op.
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1915-06-30

FOR SALE-Dresser trunk, sanitary
cot and kitchen refrigerator, all as
good as new. L. A. Clark. 16wtf.
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1915-06-30

LOST-A medium sized light colored
female fox hound, dark ears, black
spots on small of back and dark spot
at point of hips. Reward.
Peter Wayne,
17w2p Lancaster, Wis r. r. No. 3.
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1915-06-30

PASTURE FOR RENT-8O acres
pasture, 3 miles west of Lancaster,
for sale or rent. Also about 10 acres
wild hay to rent on shares.
18tfc w. E. Lathrop, Lancaster, Wis.
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1915-06-30

FOR SALE, Story & Clark piano,
slightly used. Cheap if taken at
once. Inquire at this office. 13tf
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1915-06-30

HAVE IMPROVED farms and some
timbered lands in Marathon and
Clark Co. Write F. A. ALTAR.
11w10p Spencer, Wis.
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1915-06-30

FOR SALE:-Single buggy and single
harness, two lap robes and two
winter robes. One horse wagon;
also one dump cart and harness and
two wheel barrows.
William Barrows,
11tfc Lancaster.
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1915-06-30

FOR SALE-Thomas hay loader and
Tedder, for sale, cheap.
j. A. Vincent,
18tfc Lancaster, Wis, Ri. z.
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1915-06-30
WANT ADS.

FOR SALE-Thomas hay loader and
Tedder, for sale, cheap.
j. A Vincent,
18tfc Lancaster, Wis, Ri. z.
FOR SALE Single buggy and single
harness, two lap robes and two
winter robes. One horse wagon;
also one dump cart and harness and
two wheel barrows.
William Barrows,
11tfc Lancaster.
HAVE IMPROVED farms and some
timbered lands in Marathon and
Clark Co. Write F. A. ALTAR.
11w10p Spencer, Wis.
FOR SALE, Story & Clark piano,
slightly used. Cheap if taken at
once. Inquire at this office. 13tf
PIANO FOR SALE---Strictly new
player piano first-class. Will give
somebody bargain. Inquire at my
home in Lancaster. Marie Turner.
13tfc
FOR SALE-Dresser trunk, sanitary
cot and kitchen refrigerator, all as
good as new. L. A. Clark. levitt.
FOR SALE: 1 have a few good regis
tered Short Horn bulls left for sale.
Frank Smith, Roselawn Farm, Ian
caster, route 2. 15 tic
FARM CHEAP-To close out, l will
make great inducements on 16O acres
Az miles S. w. of town on Pigeon
Creek. Quick sale wanted.-C. w.
Hill, Lancaster State Bank
FOR SALE-Modern house 2 blocks
from court house. See j. H. Pugh,
Peoples State Bank Invite
SEEDS FOR SALE -Turnip, Rape,
Millet, and Buckwheat seeds, best of
varieties for late sowing.
j. r. Place.
FOR Holstein Bulls and cavles.
Calantha and Johanna breeding. Fine
opportunity if taken at once as / am
over stocked. l.. B. Roesch. Farm
ers' phone, Rt. 9 Lancaster. 17w4p
LOST-A medium sized light colored
female fox hound, dark ears, black
spots on small of back and dark spot
at point of hips. Reward.
Peter Wayne,
17w2p Lancaster, Wis. R. R. No. 3.
PASTURE FOR RENT-8O acres
pasture, miles west of Lancaster,
for sale or rent. Also about 10 acres
wild hay to rent on shares.
18tfc w. E. Lathrop, Lancaster, Wis.
FOR SALE-I hereby offer for sale
lots and 5, in Ryland's addition, to
the city of Lancaster, Wisconsin.
For terms write James Hudson,
Galena, ILL., 18w10p.
FOR SALE-The pure bred registered
Jersey Bull, Alice's Captain. Sound,
sure, quiet; Dam is big strong cow
Granddam a 725 pound COW. Just
passed two years old. Can't possibly
use him longer. Will price him
cheap to any one who can use him.
E. A. Cairns,
The Brunswick news. [volume] (Brunswick, Ga.) 1906-2016, 1915-11-11
TRUSTEES SALE.

In the District Court of the United
States for the Southwestern Division
of the Southern District of Georgia
In the matter of L. ID. Melton, Bank
rupt in Bankruptcy;
Under and by virtue of an o;deT
passed by the Honorable y. ]. Croyatt
Referee in Bankruptcy, of said court
on the 2Sth day of October, 1915, there
will be sold before the placa Of bus
mess of the above named bankrupt
at Nichols, Georgia, upon the 5th day
.os November, 1915, at the hour OF
aeon, twelve o'clock, all Of the FER
sonal property of the above named
bankrupt, consisting Of 4 stock of mer'
chandise, groceries. accounts, fnrni-
ture, fixtures, etc, located in that GER
tain store at Nichols, Georgia, eccu-
pied by said bankrupt.
Said property to be sold as a whole
Or in parcels free from any and all
liens, valid liens TO attach to the pro-
eeeds; said property to be sold to the
aighest bidder for cash and ten per
cent of said bid to be deposited by the
successful bidder with the trustees,
as an evidence OF good faith, the bal
The Brunswick news. [volume] (Brunswick, Ga.) 1906-2016, 1915-11-11

The Chicago Building trades strike,
which left its imprint on that city.
and which viii remain for years,
is as clearly an indictment of our pre-
vailng industrial system as the Euro.
pean war is of the prevailing diplomat
ic system, There is no more excuse
for the strike than there is for the
war.
The one like the other. affects and
injuries not only those Immediately
concerned, but great numbers who
have no direct connection with 1t.
Both are irrational and destructive.
Both call for REIMBURSEMENT to en-
able the warning factions to live
peacably, without mutual injury and
harm to their innocent neighbors.
Thirteen thousand Chicago carpen.
tiers. striking for higher wages, have
involved directly or indirectly more
than ZOE, O00 other workmen. Ii is said
that the strike means the enforced
idleness--the drafting into the ranks
OF industrial militarism--of $4,000
men engaged in the building trades.
All these men would normally at this
season be starting on period of sew.
eral months continuous and remuner.
alive work They with their families
reprS5ent perhaps 100000 people
whose livelsAce- l. .-t.y4.-. 81. off,
The Brunswick news. [volume] (Brunswick, Ga.) 1906-2016, 1915-11-11
TRUSTEES SALE.

In the District Court of the United
States for the Southwestern Divi-
sion of the Southern District of
Georgia
In the Matter of w. c. Butler, Bank
rupt, in Bankruptcy:
Subject to an order granted by the
Hon A. j. Crovatt, referee in bank,
ruptcy on October 81, 1915, the un.
dersigned trustee will sell, at the
court house of Ware county, Ga, at
twelve O'Clock, noon, on the seventh
day of December, 1915, subject to the
encumbrances thereon, the following
described real estate to-wit: An un
divided one-half interest in 405 (four
hundred and five) acres, more or less
and situated in lots of land numbers
81 and 80 in the eighth district OF
Ware county, Ga, being the same
property which was conveyed by A
F. Moore to W. c. and II. F. Butler
reference TO said deed is hereby made
for a more particular description oil
said property.
The successful bidder at said sale
will be required to deposit ten pei
cent of the amount of his bid with
the undersigned trustee, as an evi
dence of good faith, the balance OF
said price to be paid upon the con
firmation of said sale by the referee
Dated at Waycross, Ca, this 27tl
day of October, 1915.
A. f. Moore, Trustee.
The Brunswick news. [volume] (Brunswick, Ga.) 1906-2016, 1915-11-11
TURN OVER TIME
When Nature Hints About the Food.

When there's no relish to food and
all that one eats doesn't seem to do
any good then is the time to make a
turnover in the diet, for that's Ma
lures way of dropping a hint that
the food isn't the kind required.
For number of years | followed
railroad work, much of it being office
work of trying nature. Meal times
were our busiest, and eating too much
and to quickly of food such as is com
monty served in hotels and restau-
rants, together with the sedentary
habits, were not long i'll giving me
dyspepsia and stomach trouble which
reduced my weight from 205 to 100
pounds.
There was little relish in any food
and none of it seemed to do me any
good. 1t seemed the more | ate the
poorer | got and was always hungry
before another meal, no matter how
much | had eaten
Then ! commenced trial of Grape
Nuts food, and was surprised how a
small saucer of II would carry me
along, strong and with satisfied APP
petite, until the next meal with no
sensations OF hunger. weakness or
distress as before.
u have been following this diet now
for several months and my improve
ment has been so great all the others
In my family have taken up the use
Iof Grape Nuts with complete salts
faction and much Improvement in
health
Most people eat hurriedly. have
lots OF worry. thus hindering digestion
and therefore need food that is pre-
digested and concentrated in nourish-
ment"
There's a Reason"
Name given by Postum Co, Battle
Creek. Mich
Ever read the above letter. A new
one appears from time to time. They
are genuine, true. and full of human
interest,
The Brunswick news. [volume] (Brunswick, Ga.) 1906-2016, 1915-11-11
CITATION.

GEOGRIA-Glynn county
Notice is hereby given that the UNI
dersigned has applied to the Ordinary
OF said county for leave to sell land
and bank stock belonging to the es
tate of Henry P. Grantham for the
payment of debts and to make dis
tribution among the heirs at law
Said application will be heard at the
regular term of the Court of Ordin,
airy for said county to be held on the
first Monday in December, 1915.
Frank NJ. Grantham, Administrator
estate of Henry P. Grantham.
The Brunswick news. [volume] (Brunswick, Ga.) 1906-2016, 1915-11-11

CITATION.
GEORGIA-Glynn county.

.GEORGIA--Glynn county.
J. J. Lissner, administrator OF
James Donkas, represents to the
court in his petition duly filed and
entered on record, that he has fully
administered James Donkas' estate
This is therefore to cite all persons
concerned to show cause, if any they
can, why said administrator should
not be discharged and receive letters
OF dismission on the first Monday in
December, 1915, at the courthouse OF
said county.
This November 10. 1915.
EDWIN ". DART, Ordinary.
The Brunswick news. [volume] (Brunswick, Ga.) 1906-2016, 1915-11-11

one-fourth of the population of the
great city Of Chicago left without in
come. Their idleness and loss Of
purchasing power slow down all the
processes Of industry and commerce
in their community, and to some ex-
tent lower the prosperity of many
other communities. And this comes,
most unfortunately at the moment
when American prosperity is begin
ming to revive.
1t would be unjust to law all the
blame on those $4,000 carpenters, even
though il does seem unfair for them
to make 50 much trouble for a mere
increase from s. TO 70 cents an hour
when they are already better paid
than any other carpenters in the Unit
ed States. 1t would be unjust, too, to
blame the carpenters trade in gen
eral, or to blame unionism in general.
In our present stage of industrial
evolution, at least, unions are essen
tial. 1t would likewise be unjust to
lay all the blame on the employers.
We may assume that they are as hon
est and well-intentioned as the en-
ployes, and certainly they have as
much right to combine and act in
concert.
1t is best for both sides to combine
and deal with each other by collective
bargaining. But the trouble is that
there is no established method of en-
forcing fairness in that bargaining, in
Chicago or anywhere in the United
States.
Unionism is industrial militarism;
capitalism is the same thing. Blum
dering negotiations lead to war be
tween them just as laundering diplo-
macy leads TO war between nations.
Industry needs its Hague Peace
Tribunal. Capital and labor like the
Germans and the allies, need TO dis
arm, for the good of the world. There
has got to be some scheme estab-
lished for settling differences without
these deadly labor wars. There is no
more reason in the nature of things
why capital and labor should destroy
each other than there is why English
men and Germans should shoot each
other.
The industrial problem is bigger
than the international problem, for it
permeates every nation, and it grows
constantly more serious. While we
are thinking and planning for world
wide peace with justice, there is no
harm in doing a little thinking about
the establishment of industrial peace
here at home, through some effective
plan of arbitration or cooperation.