davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Parma herald. (Parma, Idaho) 1903-1917, 1915-01-07
Local News Items

Albert AIbertson Of Moths was
in Parma today.
Come IN and get acquainted.
Tanner Nero. Co.
You can get more for CASH at
Tanners than any place else.
We are agents for NJ. Born Il
Co, merchant tailors.
Tanner Nero Go.
II. Il. Fisk has received the APP
pointment Of seargant-a alarms
In the Idaho senate.
The Parma orchestra played
Tor a big New FEARS dance at
Nyssa Friday night.
DR. Il. 0. Humphreys, resident
dentist Office in bank building.
ground floor. phone AZ.
born Friday. january /,
1915. 10 MrS Henry stark, OF
Roswell. a ten pound bov
Mortgages aud notes bought
and sold A |, MYERS. Caldwell,
l1apo. over Baker 4 Harris
~fore. II
DR. Leon Rubins returned
TneSdn, evening" from a holiday
visit ~Ith friends and relatives
al Denver. Colo.
Sam Webb returned to Cald-
we'll Sniur'in, evening to resume
his position a. night clerk ut the
Saratoga Hotel
Miss Ostella Andersen left Sun
'ias evening Tor Eden, Idaho.
after spending The Cnfistmas hol
days with her parents here.
! For SaIe:-Oue Smith Premier
typewriter. model l0-A. i;
good condition For further in
formation inquire at Herald
office
The Parma herald. (Parma, Idaho) 1903-1917, 1915-01-07
AnaeI Of the eattIetIeld.

Mrs. Maria Magee of Tipperary. who
Is, according to records. the second
oldest Crimean veteran OF her sex In
the world. WAS one of the veterans
present at the coronation dinner Civ
EN- in Belfast She has been in the
firing line in many q hard fought and
historic battle. and has soothed the
last moments Of scores OF British
soldiers dying in foreign lands Sns
Travelled with her husband through
ILiia, Egypt, New Zealand and the
Msditer ean stations. Asked what
her SEE were when in the thick
Of the ug with the bullets
whistlii und. Mrs. Magee said:
Il didD think of it, was looking
after he poor wounded fellows
Everyone was shouting for his moth
er. or his wife, or lis children. That's
what the dying soldier always cries
Tor. and he loves to send them a last
message"
The Parma herald. (Parma, Idaho) 1903-1917, 1915-01-07
eHe sherman WI.

IaldwelI-A petition has been
filed with Judge Harger for the
probate OF the will of Anna NJ,
Sherman. who died rerentlv in a
Boise hospital Decreased was
the vile of Arthur l.. Sherman, a
prominent rancher residing near
Noius The estate IN probate
consists OF u half interest in con-
munitv property 70 the estimat-
ed value OF $4,000.
The Parma herald. (Parma, Idaho) 1903-1917, 1915-01-07

A widow lost a hog. We do
not refer TO the death OF her hus-
band. She lost q real hog aud
advertised for it. The hog must
have read the paper, for he came
hiking home on the run as soon
ny the paper left the postctfice.
This il not the first instance
where a hog has read the news
paper-nnd incidentally forgot
To pay for it Huntington News.
The Parma herald. (Parma, Idaho) 1903-1917, 1915-01-07

Bolse Project Serial ol767
NOTICE FOR PUBLICATION.
DEPARTMENT Of the Interior. U 5.
Land ofice at Boise. Idaho, Dec. II.
1914.
Notice 10 hereby given that Herman
" Ohendori. Of Parma, Idaho. who, on
March 3. leo8. made Homestead entry
No l058S. Serial No. 0l7s7, for Wa SEA
Section "a, Tosnship N, Range W,
Boise Meridian. has hled notice Of in
,cntion to make iinal ave year Proof. to
establish claim 10 the land above de-
scribed. before Alfred =. Stone. U S.
Commissioner, al Caldwell, Ida, on
the 3D. day Of Feb. 1915.
Claimant names as witnesses,
Archie Wisbey, Judson NJ. Taggart,
Bert E. Peck. Hugh Smith, all OF Par
ma, Idaho. FRANK S. HER,
l2-24 Les Register.
The Parma herald. (Parma, Idaho) 1903-1917, 1915-01-07
Notice.

Owing to difficulties we have
experienced we will not be able to
furnish seed and grain during
the spring OF 1915.
This notice is given in order
that those who were depending
upon us may secure their seed
from other sources before it is
too late.
Parma Milling 4 Elevator Co
The Parma herald. (Parma, Idaho) 1903-1917, 1915-01-07

Boise Project Serial No. 0i7e6
NOTICE FOR PUBLEATION
Department OF the Interior, U s.
Land Office at Boise, Idaho, Dec.
M, 1914
Notice Is hereby given that Henry
Man. OF Parma, Idaho ~no. on Feb.
%, loos, made Homestead entry 40.
luo50. serial No o47ed, Tor M SCI
Srctian %. Township N, Range 8 W,
Boise Meridian, has hled notice II in
ssnslon to make anal i've year proof, to
establish claim 10 the land abcve de.
scribsd. helore Alfred + Stone, U. s.
Commissioner, al Caldwell, Ida. on
the saa day O, Feb 1915.
Claimant NAMES as witnesses,
Lawrence Wamstad. Lewis Lent,
Robert rclers. Andrew McCornick, an
OF Parma, idaho
FRANK s. HER,
~ "a ! % Register.
The Parma herald. (Parma, Idaho) 1903-1917, 1915-01-07

Geo. humans, the regular car
rier for Rural Route No. 2, was
on the sick list yesterday. Fred
Jurries acted as substitute mail
carrier.
The Parma herald. (Parma, Idaho) 1903-1917, 1915-01-07

The one who wins in business life
q the one who keeps temper under
guard and gives no sign Of feeling
that there is anything to endure when
lnnoyances break In upon the peace
hi events Of busy day.
The Parma herald. (Parma, Idaho) 1903-1917, 1915-01-07
Production ofTdsho.

The output ofpold, silver, lead,
copper aud zinc from Idaho
mines during 1914 was S24. &c.
O56 80. an Increase of $4,000
33 over 1918.
The Parma herald. (Parma, Idaho) 1903-1917, 1915-01-07
scholars as caers and Walters.

Boys Just out of school are trained
by the London county council to be-
come chefs and walters. Not long ago
luncheon to one hundred visitors
,yes cooked and served by the boys
who are being 80 trained.
The Parma herald. (Parma, Idaho) 1903-1917, 1915-01-07
Named ResIdeness.

In England one is taxed for calling
ones house by pet name. Some Of
tenders ought to be taxed a lot; for
instance. "Happiholme" is the name
of one dirty. decayed, originally cheap
little house.
The Parma herald. (Parma, Idaho) 1903-1917, 1915-01-07
Bonehead PLAYA.

The exchange that suggests adding
another column to tabulated baseball
scores for the purpose of recording
bonehead plays is justifiable. but IN
practical. The papers are using all
the space they can afford, already.
The Parma herald. (Parma, Idaho) 1903-1917, 1915-01-07

After a woman has spent twenty
years trying to make man of her
son, along comes another woman who
proceeds to make fool of him in
twenty minutes.
The Parma herald. (Parma, Idaho) 1903-1917, 1915-01-07

a ennfn wnsrsns IDAHO Phsss AssS.
81 RsTrs. prpa, Pres.
~ r hAix. Ontario, Vice Pres
BrnHouenu. Caldwell. Sec Treas
The Parma herald. (Parma, Idaho) 1903-1917, 1915-01-07

Hf itIf 1frtf Hs
INtn itHt tttf. 4 a. 81 0us
~ t't ItN.NH tIat teIturE f1 1ecu
1pit i3irtlc ~ WI Ia Stages and 10
AtaLi -tlI @AtAtr1 Cure Is q oily
-1siftt rtIe NOW known % the IIcll
tftvr4lfr. f4frfr1 being u consiII NnaIi
uiAtNtf| rtquIIrI q constitutional re1t-
mont ElIs r4iarrh Cur1 - tai IN
tfrusfY acting directly upon tn luod
rrd Mucous surfaces Of the system In1re-
~ destroying the foundation 81 dis
az. And Twins he patient strtrI1 by
1Iiidinr o. The fonalifuu1n ard 81 ting
nature II uc|nG ~ work Tie urnI tors
hefe % much faith ~ rs curatn pow
lIH fhFf i1fV rrrf one Hundred liars
t1r |ff tf .aFttfncuInfn
A9tF+tt r ! fHEitEf a co. Tolo. Ohio
Az ur1orl0fs. 1fr.
iA-s a4lls Family tiiis for tonsllpnilou-
The Parma herald. (Parma, Idaho) 1903-1917, 1915-01-07

tpr rn-roincr at Parma, Idah
81 second e'aae matter.
The evening herald. (Klamath Falls, Or.) 1906-1942, 1915-01-11
NEW MANAGER
ASSUMED CHARGE
WELL. KNOWN LOCAL LAD WILL.
GUIDE THE DESTlNlES OF THE
KLAMATH FALLS STE A NJ
LAUNDRY IN THE FUTURE

ID. d. Campbell has retired from
the klamath Falls Steam Laundry
and turned the business management
Of the institution over to Ciarenc,
schenbacher.
With this move In view. about 1
year ago Mr.. Campbell engaged T.
II. Morrow. one OF the best known
practical laundrymen on the Coast
to take charge OF the plant and In,
struct his boys" in the business
Last week Mr., Morrow returned t.
San Francisco. satisfied that his work
was completed. and MIR. Campbell
gracefully stepped down and out. and
the boys" are now In charge.
These boys are Joe Myerscough
who Will have charge OF the wash
ing; j. Seeds. who Will have the
starching under his supervision, ana
Clarence Motschenbacher. In charge
Of the. front Office"
And 1t Is a nice plant the young
men have. One OF the improved
machines that the institution boasts
OF Is a sock darner." While some
claim that this machine Is an added
incentive to bachelorhood, others In
sist that in this age OF new woman
hood" 1t but restores a long lost
art. However that may be. the sock
darner" finds lots OF friends among
the hall roomers.
Another machine that will be In
operation this week Ia what IL called
the collar machine" This preven.
tative OF cussing is an instrument
that opens tho collar OF the dressy
man In such a manner that the ad-
1ustment OF a necktie becomes q
pleasure, instead Of the most dread
ed mornings task.
Taken altogether. the plant is one
OF the most complete In Oregon, and
is equipped to handle the laundry
work OF a city many times the size
OF Klamath Falls.
The evening herald. (Klamath Falls, Or.) 1906-1942, 1915-01-11
Give the Papers the
News" Says E. {. Allen

'.It b not enough for live com.
munity that advertising should be
correctly used to stimulate business
and to promote general prosperity.
The home newspaper is a social and
intellectual thing as well as a med
ium Of business.
''0ne cannot serve the community
better than BY seeing that interest
Ing items get to the editor. The
editor 10 no mind reader; call him
up and tell him. To do so is the
neighborly thing. the kindly thing
courtesy not to the published alone
hut to everyone in the district who
mikut be interested in your little
ITEM
whenever Eric w. Allen. head of
the department Of journalism at the
Univeraity Of Oregon, speaks in
town. he urges the citizens to get
behind the home paper in both
business and a news way ON the
ground that the newspaper can be
made wonderful agency for build
Ing up . community.
BY . ''successful community" Mr..
Allen means not merely the COM
munity whose business men are pros
pering. and whose laborers are all
at work. but the community that
b . real social and intellectual CEN
ter. He looks to the home paper as
the most powerful means within
reach Of bringing about this kind
Of success"
III you can once get all your
people into the way OF voluntarily
pouring these interesting scraps of
news into the paper. you will add
immensely to the general friendi- !
ness Of the community" says Mr..
Allen. you will be helping to make
your town the kind of place where
people want to stay and to which
former residents will want to come
hack.
30 try and get ideas into the
Daper. Write . little for it once in
The evening herald. (Klamath Falls, Or.) 1906-1942, 1915-01-11

a while. Don't let the editor do all
the thinking for the town. II you
publish ideas. you start others to
thinking, and you raise by just so
much the general level of intelli-
gence.
Encourage the home paper to be
business, social and intellectual
center of the community. 1t will
richly repay"
The evening herald. (Klamath Falls, Or.) 1906-1942, 1915-01-11

Sidney Ayres. who for two years
was leading man with the Baker
Stock Co. in Portland is in thrilling
two reel western feature of his own
writing at the Orpheus theater this
evening. which received much COM
ment when it appeared last night.
Brown and White in vaudeville
tickled some Of the. audience. and the
rest Of the bill is a western story Of
real human heart interest, and side
splitting joker. with Max Asher in
one of his Teutonic screams.
The evening herald. (Klamath Falls, Or.) 1906-1942, 1915-01-11
New Engineer on Project

irwin Watson, reclamation serv-
ice engineer. is here from Portland
10 be connected with the surveying,
cross sectioning and other preliminary
work on the Griffith lateral enlarge
ment
The evening herald. (Klamath Falls, Or.) 1906-1942, 1915-01-11
Town Topics
Leave for New Home

Mrs. Switzer left this morning for
Dunsmuir, where she will join her
husband. who used to be on the KIam-
ath Falls run, but is now conductor
running between Dunsmuir and Sac
rament0.
The evening herald. (Klamath Falls, Or.) 1906-1942, 1915-01-11

HOUSEHOLD furniture of all Kinds
Tor sale at Mrs. G. o. Morgan, 20
me street. 11-tf.
The evening herald. (Klamath Falls, Or.) 1906-1942, 1915-01-11

FIFTY per cent Of the female work.
ers In the United States are under
I2l years OF age.
The evening herald. (Klamath Falls, Or.) 1906-1942, 1915-01-11

10 YOU NEED occasional help In
your house work? II so, call ur
SA'"' 11-0ts
The evening herald. (Klamath Falls, Or.) 1906-1942, 1915-01-11
Down From Reservation

Garfield Jack prominent Klam.
ath Indian, is here from the Ressrya-
tion on business trip.
The evening herald. (Klamath Falls, Or.) 1906-1942, 1915-01-11

Miss Miriam Van Waters. who is
superintendent of the Detention
Home in Portland. Oregon, has three
college degrees.
The evening herald. (Klamath Falls, Or.) 1906-1942, 1915-01-11
Mid-TerIn Exams

Mid-TerIn Exams
The mid-term examinations are be-
ing held at the grade schools this
week. Next week the high school
tests will be held.
The evening herald. (Klamath Falls, Or.) 1906-1942, 1915-01-11

Several women are employed in
the Swedish mines.
The evening herald. (Klamath Falls, Or.) 1906-1942, 1915-01-11

Miss Anne Morgan, daughter of the
financier. and Mrs. John Jacob Astor
widow OF the rich New Yorker, who
went down on the Titanic nearly 8
years ago. are at work to help the
French soldiers In the field. This
The evening herald. (Klamath Falls, Or.) 1906-1942, 1915-01-11
Home from, City

Home from City
Lawrence Mehaffey. assistant carh.
Ter of the First State & Savings bank,
has returned from a short sojourn
in San Francisco.
The evening herald. (Klamath Falls, Or.) 1906-1942, 1915-01-11

Subscribe for the Herald. so cs,ts
a month.
The evening herald. (Klamath Falls, Or.) 1906-1942, 1915-01-11

Don't Throw Them Away.
Old chairs, Just because the seat
Is broken out. don't have to be
throw away. Get chair bottom
from
WILLIS-JOHNSTONE co.
The evening herald. (Klamath Falls, Or.) 1906-1942, 1915-01-11
DULL, SPLITTING,
SICK HEADACHE
Or. Jameo' Hoadsohe Powders n
Nsvs at ouoo-10 cents
pao)eage.

You take . d.. James HssdsseI.
rowael and In just Q few momse1
IuI nesd clears and all neuralgia -
u'.s'ese vannhes. Its the quie1e*
s sn@ surest relief for hAadaehs. whsenS
Jul, throeblng, splitting Of ncsw
rsckins. Send so9sons 20 ths dso
H.. Csose aad ~ . dims package -
Quit suasslas-its 20 sssdjcss. %
SURE you 81 Dr. ja.~i Hesda(b
psiss.ssa' issSsss1'A'a sA''' vm b 70 ~
The evening herald. (Klamath Falls, Or.) 1906-1942, 1915-01-11
Advertised List

The following unclaimed mai
matter. advertised on January 9
1915, will be sent to the dead lette,
oflce at Washington. D. c.. on tn,
23rd OF January:
Bowen, II. r.
Barrett. Mrs. VIM.
Courvoisier. e. B.
Finch, Mrs. A. w.
Green, J. G..
Island Investment Co.
Mueller. W. G..
Neshay. Mr.. G.
Ream, Mrs. Clara.
Boyce, H. e. (2).
S1ogvest, Christine, Norway
Simpson, Belle.
.Trumbel. George.
Williams, Mrs. Ida.
A charge of one cent will be made
on all letters delivered from this list
In calling for letters please say "ad-
vertised." w. A. DELZELL. PM
The evening herald. (Klamath Falls, Or.) 1906-1942, 1915-01-11

photograph, which is the latest taken
OF either woman. shows them In the
rooms OF the Lafayette Fund, a crea-
tion OF New York society women who
have sympathy for French soldiers.
They are collecting clothine and other
necessaries for the men in the field.
The evening herald. (Klamath Falls, Or.) 1906-1942, 1915-01-11
Out Again

MISS Bernice Walling Is again up
ana about, following a seige of la
grippe.
The evening herald. (Klamath Falls, Or.) 1906-1942, 1915-01-11
Back from Valley

Mrs. c. Kaler. who has been visit
ing her sister in Medford, returned
last night.
The evening herald. (Klamath Falls, Or.) 1906-1942, 1915-01-11
Insurance tina, pays. Sec Chilcotc.
835 Main street.
Herald want ads brius results
(No. no
REPORT OF THE CONDITION
OF THE
Bank Of Bonanza

At BONANZA. In the State OF Oregon.
at the close Of business December
81. 1914:
The Wrangell sentinel., 1915-03-25

Mineral Application No. 01733 In the United States Land Office, Ju neau, Alaska.
The Wrangell sentinel., 1915-03-25


 on the shore of Fl Capitan Cove; thence N. 27' 45' k. along the shore of Fl Capi. tan Cove 7l0 1t. to cor: No. 10, a cross on a marble outerop, properly wit aessed; thence N. 39' 45' ". along the shore of Fl Capitan Cove 257.l5 1t. to cor. No. II; thence N. 17' 2s' 30'' E. along the shore of Fl Capitan Cove l17s.3S it. to cor. No. l, the place of beginning, containing an area of 149.- 0S6 acres.
 Fielden Smith Claim.
 Beginning at cor. No. l, identiea! with cor. No. 4, R. L. Fox claim, from which U. s. L. NJ. No. 2a bears s. e9o 56' 35' E. 40sO.72 ft.; thence north 1920 fit. to COT. No. ?, identical with cor. No. 3, a L. Fox claim; discovery bears s. 65 j9' 40" w. 401. 2S it.; thence west 1920 fit. ts cor. No. 3, identical with cor. No. 4, J. c. Rathbun claim; thence north 2640 fit. to cor. No. f, identical with cor. No. 8, J. c. Rathbun claim thenee west 1920 fit. to cor. No. 5; thence south 3960 it. to cor. No. 6; thence east 2640 it. to cor. No. ], the place of beginning, containing an area of 160 acres.
 Ridge Claim.
 Beginning at cor. No. l, from which J. s. L. M. No. 29 bears s. z 40 07.4' ". 272244 it.. thence north 96i9 it. to or. No. 2; thence west 1920 ft to cor No. 8; thence north 1920 it. to cor. No !, identical with cor. No. 3, George Kelly claim; thence west 1920 ft to cor 70. 5, identical with cor. No. ,, trcorgt Kelly claim; thence south 2640 1t. tc or. No. 6; thence east 1329 it. to cor No. z; thence south 1920 it. to cor. No }, from which discovery bears N. 32' 3 50" F. 1399.S4 ft.; thence east 132l t. to cor. No. l, the place of begin ing, containing an area of l6o acros.
 Seattle Claim. Beginning at cor. No. 1, on the shers f Fl Capitan Cove, from which [. S ;. Nj. No. 22 bears s. 57' 37' ,.23" t 4s49 ft.; thence east 252,7 fit to cor 10. 2; thence north 264O it. to cor. Nc ,, identical with cor. No. l, Ridge aim thence west 1920 fit. to cor. No
  laim; thence north 1920 it. to cor. No ,, identical with cor. No. 7, Ridge claim; thence west 1920 it. to cor. No 6, identical with cor. No. 6, Ridge claim; thence south 3330 it. to cor. Nc [, on the shore of Fl Capitan Cove identical with cor. No. l, E. l.. Fo, claim; thence N. 30o E. along the shor, of Fl Capitan Cove SS0 fit. to cor. No 8, properly witnessed; thence s. 59' 20 E. along the shore of Fl Capitan Cove, 7s35o fit. to cor. No. g; thence s. 42' 20' E. along the shore of Fl Capitan Cove, 851.S5 it. to cor. No. 10, a hem lock post of legal dimensions and properly witnessed; thense s. 62' or 20" E. along the shore of Fl Capitan Cove, s07.42 fit. to cor. No. 1, the place of beginning, containing an aera of 159.439 acres.
 There are no adjoining or conflict ing claims.
 Posted upon the ground this 31st day of August, A. D. 1914.
 F. M. GORDON,
 By w. 8. BAYLESS,
 Agent and Attorney in Fact United States Land Office, Juneau, Alaska, November 27, 1914.
 It is hereby ordered that the fore going notice be published for the statutory period in the Wrangall Sen tinel, a newspaper of general circula tion published in the vicinity of the land applied for
 c. B. WALKER,
 Register. -First Publication Dec. =, 1914. Last Publication
The Birmingham age-herald., 1915-08-15
NO MIDDLE GROUND
 NOW SEEMS PROBABLE

There is no question, therefore, but that the members of the committee will pit their energy against the resoureefulnese of Senator Lusk. And it is now re- garded as certain that the bill, as pre- pared by the committee, will be enacted into law. the bill as revised through amendment by Senator Lusk and com pletely changed to its visible and in- visible features, will be successful. Ii is scarcely probable that a Dill repre- senting an actual compromise, will be adopted.
 The senate beginning next week, will consider first of all the sections of the bill on which no sharp disagreement ie probable. When these sections are com. rleted, tho points Of controversy viii be considered These are the exemption clauses, the manner in which members of the state board of equalization shal be named, solvent credits, and the fran chise taxation of foreign corporations The senate will eventually pass the revenue bill with amendments. The meas ure will be sent forthwith to the house The house will not concur in the amend ments, and a committee on conference | will be raised
The Birmingham age-herald., 1915-08-15
WILL MAJORITY REPUDIATE
 ITS RECESS COMMITTEE2

The most interesting feature of the sit
 uation is not whether the state shall ex-
 empt from taxation infant industries for
 a number of years is not whether tha
 legislature or the governor shall appoint the members of the state board of equali- zation, but is decidedly the issue between the recess committe which prepared the bill and Senator Lusk, who revised and practically rewrote the measure.
 Respecting the action of the senate committee, which cut the bill to pieces, the members of the recess committee are disgusted and, it is believed. infuriated. They point out the fact that they were appointed for the purpose of making a statewide study of matters affecting revenue, that, serving as patriots and to the detriment of their business, they did make this study, that their report repre- sents the consensus of opinion, the view
 point of the people of the several sec- tions of the state. and that as such. It's provisions would meet the approval of a majority of the people, They contend, furthermore, that inas- much as the legislature commissioned them to do this work. the legislature must sustain and make effective that work otherwise, that Senator Lusk in the be- | ginning should have been commissioned to write a bill not digest of popular expressions directly secured, but a sym | posium of his individual views and opin- | icns
The Birmingham age-herald., 1915-08-15
WOULD SUBJECT MAJORITY TO STATEWIDE DIVISION

When the rub comes, the development will be watched with ever-increasing in- terest. The prohibition majority of the legislature is jealous of the work of its
 recess committees, for that majority,
 when 1t raised these committees, played it's big card it's trump. If the work of the committees Is not sustained, then the prohibition majority will be subject to derision for having devised a fruitless scheme. and having spent the money of the people, prodigaly, and to no purpose It is believed, therefore, that in the long run, the bulk of the committees report will be sustained. and that as result, the revision of the bill by the senate com mittee, repudated.a
 While this Is the view of the conserva- lives, there are those on the scene who predict a struggle so acrimonious that 1t will be impossible to reconcile both houses, and that there will be produced chaotic situation. Let the report of the conference committee be rejected, for instance, they say. and tho situation would be so ominous of peril thata' Henry Clay could not pacify the contending faction.
 There is no question but that the un- usual situation growing out of the con- sideration of the revenue bill is the most interesting preciptated during the ses- sion of the legislature The clashes of next week will be bitter and spectacular and will result in the complete immolation of one or the other of contending forcev.