The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-02-21

attacking submerged is frequently only
half. or sven "A third, OF that of her
enemy.
The known as the "por-
poise divs'' u merely the auds~n RISING
o. . subriasfus in order TO enable her
commander to get "A better view of the
surface than hat afforded by the peri
scope. The submarine on approach
ing the object of attack rises quickly
to the surface by the action of her
horizontal rudders. then dives again,
only remaining above water for "A few
seconds TO enable her commander TO
get a glimpse of the enemy and TO
take bearings. The submarine can
then get within torpedo range with
simply the tiny periscope projecting
from the surface. This manuuvre IS
now seldom necessary owing to the
long and wide range Of vision Of the
two or three p~eriscopes fitted IN
modern submarines.
With the exception OF one or two
vessels, which II would be unwise TO
specify. all the submarines engaged in
the present war have what are called
fixed submerged tubes. This means
that the tubes from which the torpc-
does are discharged are fitted inside
the submarine on a line with the Ccn-
tire OF the boat and cannot he moved
or aimed In any way apart from ths
boat itself. II therefore becomes
necessary for the submarine to 10
aligned by the steering rudders on the
object OF attack before the torpedocs
can be discharged. In simpler vein
torpedoes an only be fired by a sub
marine straight ahead or straight
astern. Hence a submarine with A
hostile warship coming up on it, beam
Is compelled 10 turn and face its OPP
ponent tor turn It's stern toward
herr before delivering an attack.
II IL absolutely necessary for sub
marines acting in company to have
each its allotted task and for a vide
space OF water TO be left between each
boat, az II Is impossible at present for
one submarine to know the exact posi-
ton of another q both vessels are
submerged. Therefore II each boat
was not previously instructed how to
act there would not only be the likcli-
hood Of the greater portion Of an at
lacking hotilla firing their torpedoes
at one or two vessels OF the hostile
fleet n allowing the remainder either
to escape or to keep up a heavy and
dangerous fire unmo,ested. but also OF
collision and OF torpedoing each other
by accident. There Is no means ~
intercommunication between sub
marines when submerged and a battle
between submarines is almost inn
possible.
In this case invisibility IL the ele-
mont ~ a,tnraup Aarptval SIr C.,rga~
Bridge. q. 9. h. In a letter 10 the
author nee aid When submerged
the concealment Of the submarine %
practically perfect. II she has not
been sighted up 10 the m "
diving che Will almost certainly reach.
unobserved. tina point at which she
can make her attack And this
opinion, shared for many years by
all experts. has been amply proved in
h present war.
A submarine must, however. blend
with the surrounding sea In IT, ever
varying Colors. lights and shades in
order that she may he az invisible
rs possible when cruising on the sur
face. The French naval authorities
experimental on Toulon with a lumi-
nous paint OF a ea-green color, but
this, although causing the hull to be
almost totally invisible in certain
ves,hsr vas found n Ia ,,soross =,
IN hr,yb, d,y ,.t,b 49, 49,, -.
e-eon .hou,ad ur rroa- aaa.na. -.
hl,,tsh ,ir, ~ ~, .urrovn1trr
,.,er many mortbs ~ .xna,u..
ing "a pale ~sea-Ereen ronluminous
paint was chosen - n be., cnior 20,
French suhuerines RI Rr,,tsh a
mirslty also c,rriad ont, = ,ou, .vro,,-
monts ~ This a,re,t,o, ,rd 49,
he conclusion tha. dun va, 40.
he most inv,.,h,o ,ra,Ie ~ co-rn.,
brown.
When ,rayeu,,e suhrorg.S y-,.,
,n,, IN. tat, ,.r,s,,,,r .,,h. -
M si-fs,e b.. g., ~o,,,os. ;n,.s.h,. a.
deter, tho ,n,ro,.h 80 n I,t,.a.
h,forc sbo yets u,tpir ,,rr.J, ra,n
ANA wha, crui.i,g 90 ,no So"
- co,Ial,v inyisrb,. a, dls,aroo -
"a fow mics Thn.a ou,,i,tos anah,a
tra suhmari,c f., r.nr,v al, 80.
where nor snaad ,oruits - va,
.urr-,sa a,,acL az hos,Uo 80,
n mr. cr,,qar wror 49,, o,ona,,
screamed h,. f,st 5..,rovor, 80.
duty =. 4. ~ ho 80, -, ~.
A ~ tho ,oc,t,. uhtoh -
eupIoved Nv a s,,hn,arira or .a,,uoN
IN a~-tackinr a tos,iio uarsLin ~,
rce.) II "a ,mnossihle "a aay rnr az.
the ,np-onptn attacks ~ an ,,,nns