davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1915-04-04

Bowen. George F. Gulick, B. B. French.
George X. Ruff, Charles V. Morris,
James Kelley. William p. Ferguson.
S. p Brown, DR.. G. H. Nichols. Henry
Addison and William II. Tenney, di-
rectors.
Honorary members representing each
of the states were added and the an
nouncement was made that ut is hoped
to secure a national subscription to the
end to raising Il monument at the Ma
tlonal Capitalize most suitable place
properly commemorative of the life
and character of the lamented de-
ceased"
Other cities began to promote Lin
coin monuments of local character
and it was found SO difficult to secure
outside contributions for a national
monument at Washington that this
part of the plan was given over and
the citizens of Washington shouldered
the work and the cost of IL monument
to Lincoln which they considered as
a national monument, because it was
raised at the National Capital and was
the outcome of the work of the Lin
coin National Monument Association.
The commission for the execution of
the memorial was finally given to Lot
Flannery and the monument was raised
to the top of the shaft and dedicated on
April Is. 1868, that being the third
anniversary of the death of Lincoln.
There was civic and military parade
led by the Marine Band and participate
ed in by the Grand Lodge of Masons.
the Sons of Temperance, the Good
Templars. the Good Samaritans and the
Grand Lodge of the United States
knights of Pythias. Artillery salutes
were fired. Among those present on
the platform. which had been erected
at the base of the monument, We're
President johnson, whose impeach
ment trial was then in progress; Gen.
Hancock, Gen. .. o. Howard. Gen.
Mitchell. Gen. Emory, Gen. Carr. Gen.
Morris S Miller. Admiral Radford, Gen.
5. F. Carey, Col. Capron and many
members of the diplomatic corps and
Representatives of the civil branches
of the government. Gen. Grant was
present, but did not take a seat on
the platform, preferring to stand in
the crowd to witness the ceremonies.
President johnson unveiled the statue,
T. b. French delivered the principal
oration and Rev. DIR. Gillette rendered
the benediction.
1t is believed that this monument is
not only the first Lincoln monument
of national character erected in the
United States, but that it was dedi
Gated at an earlier date than any of
Evening star., 1915-04-04
VICE is NOW, FOR FIRST TIME, A MOBILE FORCE

change is an exceedincly hard task.
Hence the new law appointing consul'
and consuls general to classes and per
mitting the President to assign an"
reassign them to posts where he niio>
they are most needed.
There are five classes of consuls gen
eral provided for in the new law, rang
ing in pay from S4.500 for class five to
$4,000 for class one. and nine classes
of consuls. ranging in pay from s2,o""
for class nine to $4,000 for class one
Consuls enter the lower grades by ap-
pointment after examination, and theli
are transferred and promoted on thclt
demonstrated efficiency.
In the recla ssification of the service
under the new law. sixteen cohSisat'S'
where the need for them no ionS"i
exists, were closed six were removed
TO other cities six new offices were
created. the salaries of eighteen con-
suls general were Increased, aud the
salary of one consulate, that at No'-
tinSham, England. was decreased.
For example. the post AT bue!loH
Aires by reason of the increased mn
portance of that city and the greNtn
of the work there, was increased rom
a s4500 classification TO SH'ooV. Tue
most at Callao. for the same reason
from $4,000 to $500: slhce -nn'o,i'
xasta. chile, in its relations with the
United states, is becoming of large
importance. new consulate was 20
tabIished there in the Si,o"o cla oao
Paulo Brazil, also Il new sreat
canter gets a new consulate also. at d
&, ooo ella assifica tion. Another new con
suIate was established at thansSi"'
china. in the center of a deNeioplhs
coal and iron producing region.
X
Natural law and natural demands, IN
other words. have been supstitu'eu io-
tbe edict of Congress as to where con-
suls are needed.
There has been much shifting about
of consuls and consuls general unde;
the reorganization. Here rs an eA-
ample: In one capital, large COM
mercial center. there was a s4,ooo con
sui general. He was sood man, NO
ence and maturity that an ofiicef
should have for that particular polnl
Tnder the new law he has been taken
away and assigned to point where
he can be more useful, and a second
grade consul general. especially quail
fed for that capital. assigned there
And the cost of it all2
Put this question to Mr.. carr and
watch the proud smile that spreads
over his face.
The net cost of the consular service
to the United States is just bout Sis'
900 a year The gross cost is S2,oS3,-
OOO but as an Offset to this the con-
sular officers abroad collect official
fees and turn them into the Treasury
to the sum OF S-,Ufu,VVp- III tiic bio~P
cost are included not alone salaries,
but travelling expenses and all other
items of expenditure.
The consular fees collected, in other
words, practically make the service
Most of these fees
come from consular certificates at
tached to invoices of goods. Notarial
services, certifying to bills of health
and landing certificates and fees for
other statutory services make up the
total.
So the consular service OF the United
States can be said to be one depart
ment of the government that earns.
directly in dollars and cents. its keep.
ASHMUN BROWN
Evening star., 1915-04-04

work on the Washington aqueduct
which would bring the date up to 1859,
the dam at Little Falls branch created
such a reservoir there by holding back
the water of that stream and other
little branches that supplement it that
the water was turned into the conduit
and did its part in supplying Wash
ington until December, 1863 when the
water came down from Great Falls.
No question was raised about the
water of Little Falls branch until in the
eighties. when the upper part of its
valley and its watershed on the east
erly side began to attract numerous
settlers The water of this branch
polluted all the water which Washing
ton drank, and the necessity for dl-
verting Little Falls branch from the
receiving reservoir presented some en-
gneering difficulties.
The receiving reservoir was put out
of commission for several years. Lat
tie Falls and two or three tributary
branches were collected behind new
dam, turned into shaft eXcaVated IN
the valley of Little Falls branch and
from the bottom of this shaft the
water passed through tunnel 1000
feet lonf under Dalecarlia hill and
under the Washington aqueduct, ana
was discharged into the gorge by
which it had previously flowed into the
Potomac. The work was begun in 1919
and completed in 1895.
:: x
One of the tributary branches of Lit
tie Falls branch is Mill branch, which
turned the wheel of Murdock's mill,
the ruin of which may still be seen,
and about which the Rambler has pre-
viously presented all the facts he has
been able to obtain. The Rambler be-
lieves that a long time ago Little Falls
branch at a point on it's lower course
operated a mill called the Melton mill.
which belonged to one of the Lough-
boroughs Little Falls branch appears
on some old maps as Powder Mill
branch, and that opens up a chance for
inquiry as to when and where a Pow
der mill was situated in that valley.
One of the houses which the Rambler
photographed near the crossing of the
River road and Little Falls branch
boasts of a breach in it's walls made
by a cannon shot during the civil war.
The forts along the ridge on which
Nebraska avenue runs and on the ridge
west of the valley of Little Falls branch
exercised their men and guns at target
practice, and it was one of these shots.
probab bly, from Fort Reno or Fort
Bayard, or perhaps from Fort Gaines,
Evening star., 1915-04-04

ters far more closely and efficiently
than ever before.
To them, in these modern days of
great interchange of travel and sWlft
communication, they are charged with
duties and responsibilities which. in an
earlier day, fell only on diplomatic
officers They are the real, active,
hard working agents of Uncle sam
abroad in all his diverse business
A man might have the highest rating
in the discharge of his purely com
merc,al duties, and still fail as con-
sui II he were not qualified to deal
with the many and complex problems
outside Of the dealm of commerce
which come to him daily.
To be a consul today a man must be
something Of an international lawyer,
an expert accountant. linguist, a
business man and business observer,
a shipping agent, and. In China. Iur-
other non-Christian countries. judge.
Usually once a year, in January, the
Department of State conducts exam
nations for positions In the service.
Many. are called--or call Themselves
but few are chosen. Here are the sub
jects and their relative weights-on
a scale of twenty-in which applicants
and commercial law, 3; political and
commercial geography, 9; arithmetic.
2; modern languages. 2: natural. In
dustrial and commercial resources and
commerce Of the United States, l.;
political economy. 2: American history.
government and institutions. 2: mod
ern history (since 1850 of Europe,
South America and the far east, 2.
Under these headings the examiners
ask questions like these:
Distinguish between citizenship and domieile.
Name three ways 10 which citizenship may be
terminated.
Discuss tho question Of the right Of a neutral
power to have commercial dealings with beilig-
erent.
Name five seaports on the east coast Of Asia
north OF Singapore and exclusive Of japan.
Name eight bodies Of water through which q
ship would pass u direct voyage from Balti.
more to Odessa.
Discuss, in not less than 900 nor more than 800
words one OF the following industries of the
United States Petroleum, bituminous coal,
leather goods. With reference, particularly, 10
volume, expectation and centers of production and
Discuss International trade in regard to its
origin and its influence upon international pol
tiles.
serve as medium OF exchange.
Describe Wofes campaign against Quebec and
state the result.
Discuss the Boxer war.
Then the examiners give the candi-
dates a lot of disassociated items in
imaginary business transactions and
make the applicants ener them all as
q ledger account. Also. they require
the applicants TO translate from Eng
lish into some foreign language sam
Evening star., 1915-04-04

knew something of the properties of
this plant. Hamemalis is a peculiar
name, but it fits this peculiar shrub.
George r. Emerson, an authority on
such matters. in writing of witch hazel,
said: The union on the same indi-
vidual plant of blossoms, fading leaves
and ripe fruits, not very common in
any climate, and occurring in no other
instance in ours, led Linnaeus to give
this American plant a Greek name.
significant of the fact of its produc-
ing flowers together with fruit. -
1t is hard to look at one of these
shrubs, so plentiful around Washing
ton, without thinking of the burns and
cuts, bruises and chapped hands and
close shaved faces to which this old
bush has ministered. 1t is easy to look
on them with kindly eyes because they
are sympathetic and useful friends Of
the race of man.
Evening star., 1915-04-04

This is the foundation of service
to the business interests of the United
States that is rapidly becoming of
great value Trade reports from con-
sular officers. by an arrangement with
the Department of Commerce. are
turned over to the bureau of foreign
and domestic commerce of that de-
partment, and selected ones are print
ed daily in Uncle Sans daily news
paper, until recently entitled Daily
Consular and Trade Reports but now
called Commerce Reports
The reports are not only statistical
relations of the movements of COM
1nerce in various lines. but are the re-
suit of carefully studied examinations
into various classes of business, con-
tanning suggestions as to the expan-
sion of American markets abroad.
Many of the reports are the result of
direct orders. For example, a manu-
facturer asks the bureau of foreign
and domestic trade for information re-
garding markets in numerous coun-
tries for his products. A blanket call
is sent out to the consuls in all those
countries. and the results. brought to-
gether. are of large material benefit.
Among the other activities of the con-
sular officers, aside from the chief ones.
are reporting weekly to the United
States public health service the health
and sanitary conditions of the ports
at which they reside: with a view to
having quarantine measures establish
ed against those ports when the need
comes. Also the consuls assist the I'M
migration authorities by reports from
the ports at which the consuls are sta
toned.
In the consular service of the United
States there are 2S9 consuls general
and consuls. With consular agents and
employees, the total personnel is be-
tween 500 and 900.
What is the directing force behind
this little. highly trained and widely
scattered army? In every organization.
of course. there is a directing head, a
man who has put his genius and power
and personality into the body of sub
ordinates.
Naturally, the Secretary of State Is
the man at the top. He has the power
to make or unmake the efficiency of the
force. Fortunately for the country, !.
considera BILE succession of Secretaries
of State have been heartily in sympathy
with the efforts of the consular SerN-
ice to increase it's efficiency.
But the man directly responsible,
through this and several preceding ad-
ministrations has been Wilbur J. Carr,
director of the consular service, the
Secretary's right-hand man, his adj
ministrator and his adjutant in this
branch of American foreign affairs. 1t
is Mr.. Carr who is the keeper of that
book of efficiency records. 1t is he who
is directly over all the conSulS and con-
suls general A great map of the world,
hanging over his desk, thick studded
Evening star., 1915-04-04

with colored pins, gives at a glance
the manner IN which MS army Is uis-
tributed.
Always ne is IN close anu iiiliiiia +.
touch with the force When the war
first came there We're weeks Wheh me
maintenance OF that touch KEPT nm
chalhed TO MS oesk eiShteeh houis 4
day.
x r
modest. retiring. imperturba bic
man 10 tbis. wbol,v devoted to his
-, -
work, fired with hlsh ideals OIL service.
Always stunning the limelight of pub
licity he is of type of permanent
official of the government found here
:; u-.,;.. ,e ;f,,,.,
"'u ''ele -. e ~ 80
ton regarding the consular service he
is prodigal; of direct interviews he is
stinev almost beyond belief. In his
;aa, e sa,;c. ,,,,sou,, n,,h,ici,y
VI
plays no part. lie ASKS no pIace III the
picture of public i1fairs
Still. such secretaries or STATE as Jonfi
W. roster, Wafer u Gresnann. hicn
ard olney, John sherman, Wlliiam X.
Day. John Hay, Ellhu Root, Robert
Bacon, Philander {. Knox and William
Jennings Bryan all have FOUND hinl
an apie lieutehall,' d depenuapi eAecu
~. 49,, - oonsmI, .ar,,t.a thoIgb
each Secretary and several congresses
have contributed their efforts in their
days.
A native of Ohio, twenty years old,
just graduated from the Kentucky
university at Lexington, Mr.. Carr came
to Washington a quarter of century
ago. In 1892 he entered the service OF
the Department of State as a clerk
While working he carried on his stud
ies SO that in 1894 he was graduated
from Georgetown University as an
LII b.
For ten years his rating in the de-
partment was merely that OF clerk.
Evening star., 1915-04-04

pie letters. and then other letters from
a foreign language into English.
And after all this they size the candi-
date up to get Il line on his character,
habits. associates and tastes, all with
view to determining his adaptability
to the service.
1t takes more than a solid page of
fine print in n booklet on the subject
merely to catalogue the duties now
required Of a consular officer. One para
Evening star., 1915-04-04

does, then? The answer is: The eff
cheney record
Tucked away in the lower right hand
drawer of spacious desk in a spacious
room in the spacious Department
of State at Washington is this
efficiency record. 1t is nothing but
loose-leaf binder, packed fat with
typewriter sheets, and it looks not at
hopes and fears, the glory and the dis
credit, the ambitions and the might
have -beens" Of all the army of Ameri-
can consuls on the far-fiung line of
American interests abroad.
When a man enters the service his
name. age, details of personal history
and of his examination were tyDeWrit-
ten at the top of a sheet, which then
is placed in the binder. If he handles
"a Situation" well. the fact is put down
on the sheet. If minister or ambas-
sador commends him to tile department
for something he has done, down that
goes. Does he write a report that
evokes just criticism, that fact also
is noted.
In the scheme of the consular service
there are five inspectors. one for each
Of the arbitrary divisions into which
the department divides the world
North America, South America. the far
east, the near east and Africa and
Europe. Each inspector must inspect
all the consulates in his jurisdiction
at least once every two years.
general in charge. his ability. his
standing in the community. his meth
DDS of work, the personnel of his Of
flee, and all the multitude OF things by
which efficiency Is tested. All this, N
brief form, is written down on the Off
GERS record and put away in this loose
leaf binder.
But most of the entries are not from
the inspectors reports. Entries nave
crowded thick and fast into the book
since the European war began: ana
what is more, most of those entries
have been Of the most favorable char
acter.
This war put a strain on the con-
sular service such as IT never before
had to stand. How the service was able
to stand that strain. the excellent work
IL did in assisting marooned Americans
in the war zone. Its many notable in
stances of personal self-sacrifice in act
ing as Uncle Sans agents on the
ground are all matters of very recen
history. Pages in the efficiency recort
book were filled with chronicles o,
commendable efforts. the use of re.
markable powers OF initiative. of rea
diplomacy, of common sense and sin
cere patriotism.
And all this is true. because being ar
American consul now is a real job, no
stop-gap, not n side issue to n privat.
business conducted by the consul in tn,
city to which he is accredited.
Consuls, tradition and the books say
are not diplomatic officers. They, in
stead, are presumed to deal with mat
ters CT sordid commerce. The refine
ments of international intercourse are
left to the more exalted members OF
the diplomatic corps. But In this mod.
ern day and generation, American con.
suls arc something more. Looking
after commercial matters is only :
part of their duties, although. by tho
way. they are looking after those mat
Evening star., 1915-04-04

~ ENG an American consul today
UDO ia a profession A commission
I'm as consul is certificate that
~ the possessor has passed a Sc
we're test and has demonstrated that he
has peculiar ability and fitness for his
work. Once it meant simply that he
had political influence.
Further, the American consular serv-
ice this year. for the first time In It's
history, is a great mobile force. It's
personnel is not tied to particular
posts, but may be nnassed. as occasion
arises-and the occasion is constantly
srising-at strategic points.
man is not merely American consul
pt Annoy, China: he is a member of a
permanent service, subject to dispatch
where his services are most needed.
Briefly. he Is a member of what
amounts to a new corps in the service
demonstrated efficiency. of high stand
ards. Step by step, bit by bit. In the
past nine years this new corps has
been built up. Permanency is it's
foundation stone Men go into it now
for lifetime service, with promise of
rewards in promotion and pay for
proved worth.
There were some good consuls In tho
cid days before tho reformation of the
service; scores of them. The mixing
pot of political preferment sometimes
brings good men to the top. But there
was no particular reward for excel
tence Of service. The good were often
the under paid. the poor the overpaid.
And all. good ard bad alike, were sub
sect to removal with the change Of ad-
ministration. Standards of service con-
sequently were not high.
This. beginning with the new con-
sular regulations issued by the Pres
Ident in 1906, has been changed Per
rnanency was established by those reg
uiations. Now, by act of Congress ap-
proved only February last, has come
the other great change, the establish :
ment Of mobility of force.
-
The essential thing in this new law
is the paragraph: That hereafter all
appointments Of secretaries in the
diplomatic service and OF consuls gen.
sral and consuis shall be by commits
sion to the Offices of secretary of en-
bassy or legation. consul general, OF
consul. and not by commission to any
particular post. and that such officer.
snail be assigned to posts and trans.
ferred from one post to another by
order of the President, as the interest.
OF the service may require"
Heretofore when the State Depart.
Inent wanted to advance mans sal
ary for especially good work done, ii
had to get the President to appoint hin
10 some other post and then get the
senate to confirm the appointment.
Today men are transferred from pos
10 post without having to secure sena.
1orial confirmation. When, however
man is promoted from one grade e
another higher, his new appointment
has to be confirmed by the Senate, jus
as army and navy promotions have t.
ne confirmed by the Senate. The con
sular service thus has been put OF
precisely the same basis with regard
10 promotion as the military services
with this difference: mere seniorit,
uoes not weigh in promoting. Wha
Evening star., 1915-04-04

graph, however, is particularly signif1-
cant. 1t reads:
a duty Of prime Importance is the
promotion of American commerce by
reporting available opportunities for
the introduction of our products, aid
ing in the establishment of relations
between American and foreign COM
mercial houses. and lending assistance
wherever practica bic to the marketing
of American merchandise abroad"
Evening star., 1915-04-04

rne city local monuments IN OtneT
parts of the United States.
+ X
The Witch Hazel.
NMANY persons have read the first signs
AVA of spring in the greetings of the
chckweeds. of which large number
of varieties abound along the roads
and paths around Washington and in
the sprouting of the skunk cabbage in
the moist places, in the fuzzing of the
pussy willows and in the lengthening
of the catkins of the alders. But it
was the witch hazels. that in the dank
and dour days of late winter were tell
ing of the near approach of spring,
and they were giving out this informa-
ton before receiving any encourage
ment from the airs or from the sun.
Several varieties of this hardy,
though not over-large, tree or shrub
grow and glow in the wet places and
the woodland fringes near Washington,
as we'll as in some of the public gar
dens of the capital Everybody knows
the name of witch hazel, and every
body has heard of the uses to which
twigs, especially forked twigS, have
been put in seeking a favorable spot
to sink a well. good many persons
are on terms of acquaintance with the
name of the plant, and also take the
liberty of calling 1t hamemalis, but it
is surprising now and then to find Il
city man who does not know the plant
even when dressed in its yellow in
fiorescence
The common witch hazel in this
neighborhood is hamemalis Virginiana,
but there is western cousin, some
times found in the east, which is called
hamemalis vernalis. Not many sea
sons ago this was included under the
name of hamemalis Nirginiana, but it
is now classified as a species. Botanists
are SO Industrious in dividing and sub
dividing species that a layman finds it
hard to keep pace with them.
The medicinal uses of witch hazel
are widely esteemed, and have been so
esteemed for many centuries. In an
old book. entitled Treasury of Botany"
by John Lindley, it is said of witch
hazel: Its seeds contain quantity
of oil and edible; while it's leaves and
it's bark are astringent. 1t is employ
ed in various ways by the aborigines."
Which shows that the American In
dians. before the coming of Europeans,
Evening star., 1915-04-04

Tends CpBng Consul Profess
Was Reward Political Services Rendered.
Classification With Have
the Svt Pays Its Way and Costs Uncle Sam Little