davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-01-31
Loss Most Valuable Foreign Markets Threatens UsOu
Exports and German Substitutes for Copper. OIL
Cotton and Foodstuffs

its cargo examined, without respect for
American manifests. In short, every
thing Is done to discourage a trade
which is no LONGER prohibited.
Now all this may be war. but the
most serious aspect of the whole mat
ter is that It threatens to create a
permanent loss to our export trade to
Germany and Austria Hungary in the
fou- staples. II we lose this trade now
we are in danger of losing 1t forever,
for what one cannot obtain one learns
to do without: and when one cannot do
without one looks around for a sub
stltute. And It Is with substitutes for
our forbidden and hampered exports
that Germany Is at present very busy.
In fact 1t may DO said that the coun-
try's scientists and economists have
already found them.
Germany has already found a way
20 do without American copper; sho
has solved in large measure tho prob
lem OF doing without our oil products.
her scientists long ago discovered sub
stitutes for cotton; and as for food
stuffs, the question OF war famine
has been disposed of by German EN-
cheney. The nation will have TO deny
itself many Injuries, but so far as the
necessaries OF life are concerned they
will bo forthcoming till the end OF tho
war, whenever that may be, and not
at famine prices either. Some lnforma-
ton has already reached this country
concerning some OF the measures taken
the war bread" for instance, and
the German reliance upon potatoes.
More will be said about this. however
later on and II will be of interest to
tho American farmer and produce mer-
chant, the copper miner and tho Ameri-
can cotton grower. Before I proceed
to enter into details of tho Germa n
substitutes for American products
which we are willing to sell 10 them,
but which England forbids us TO ex-
port, or allows us to export under such
difficulties and with so much interior
ence and delay as to amount sooner
or later TO practical prohibition, It may
be we'll to recapltulate:
Once Germany becomes convinced
that our trade with her Is at the mercy
OF British naval supremacy and that II
may be interrupted at any time when
1t suits British policy. even when
tho two countries shall be at peacs
once Germany fully realizes all this
she will systematically set to work TO
make herself independent OF our ex-
ports and will never return to her de-
pendence upon them.
The German substitutes for copper
and cotton. and largely for oil products,
are not discoveries OF the last six
months. They have long been known but
have never yet been practically intro
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-01-31

with the result that a war tax became
necessary to make up for diminishing
customs receipts. The increase in our
sales of war materials to the Allies
with which we are invited to console
ourselves, is hardly worth mentioning,
the less so as the reserve stocks of our
manufacturers, which swelled these ex-
ports, are about exhausted now, and
hereafter they can only sell the maxi
mum output OF their plants from day
to day. We are also advised to recoup
ourselves by capturing Germany's
South American trade. BUT the dlffl-
Guilty with this counsel is that South
America, being neutral too, pays for
this war with a business depression so
great and wideprcad that II may lead
to panlcs. The Latin American repub-
lies are not in the market for large
purchases just now.
Our chief exports TO Germany are
copper. oil, cotton and foodstuffs. Out
OF a total OF s410, 900, 900, the amount OF
our exports to the empire in 1918, over
s250,00O.000 represented tl,I sale OF
these four commodities. Our bill for
copper to Germany and Australian
gary for that year was s53, 900 900:
took Sis, 900 of our cotton, or one
fifth Of our total export OF that staple;
our exports OF illuminating, lubricating
and parafiin oils amounted to s10,-
100000, not counting large amounts OF
benzine; and finally the value OF our
exports OF foodstuffs to Germany during
1913 reached the respectable sum OF
500 100000, OF which SAL 100000 was for
wheat.
This, then, Ia the loss confronting
our trade in these four articles alone
II this war lasts another twelve months
as seems to be the general expectation.
That England's elastic Interpretation OF
the meaning OF Conditional contra
band" will extend the list enormously
can hardly be doubted. To be sure, our
Government has succeeded in having
cotton removed from the list OF con-
traband. but even So its export is 50
hampered that little can be expected
from this exemption. There are differ
ent ways OF attaining a desired result,
and an indirect one is often the most
effective. American cotton, then, is
conditional contraband of war no lon
ger, but--all American ships carrying
cotton must seek insurance here; Eng
land insists that those destined for
Germany shall pass into the North Sea,
not by the northern course. but through
the Channel, where. in reality, the dan
ger from floating mines is far more
serious, and where, as a matter of fact.
several freight boats have already been
blown up. Every ship Is held up and
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-01-31
THE LATE J. @. wendell A FRI
BUFF.
ToHN G. WENDELL. who was in {

IOHN G. wendell. who was in con-
troll OF s50,000,000 worth OF New
y York real estate when he died re-
Gently, was a fire buff, even though 30
years old. For many years he was an
admirer OF the Fire Department.
He was especially interested In the
IRE horses and regretted TO see them
displaced by the motor. The shrek OF q
IRE engine whistle to clear lower Broad
way was always answered by his hurry
ing to the window Of his once on the
second floor OF 175 Broadway. The
weather never prevented him from
opening the window that he might get
a better view OF tho wild eyed horses
tearing through Broadway.
Policeman DAILY. who regulates trafio
at Broadway and Cortlandt streey.
noticed the interest Mr.. Wendell took
in fire engines several years ago and
ever after made II his business to add
TO tho thrill OF tho dashing horses and
steaming engine by rushing up the
street and driving aside wagons and
waving back venturesome persons He
set the stage for Mr.. Wendel's thriller.
Following such exhibitions the old land
owner would make II his business some
time before leaving for home 10 speak
TO the big traffic policeman OF the glory
the Fire Department added TO New
York.
"None finer," he would remark, and
then in a suppllcatlng voice he would
warn his stage manager against taking
too many risks.
After that he would start walking to
his homo at Fifth avenue and Thirty
ninth street.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-01-31

historian, but who either has failed to
comprehend or is absolutely blind to
the lessons which the very things he
now advocates have taught time after
time were nothing but egregiouJ
laundering Does Mr.. Wilson not know
that because the United States trusted
TO its "citizenry" IL has been compelled
In its past wars to Use at least two
and half men to every adversary
pltted against them? Does Mr.. Wilson
not know that the United States has
never in its history been prepared for
war and never will be until IL possesses
a sufficient number of trained soldiers?
Have his studies in history never taught
him how dangerous and expensive It
Is to to employ unframed material in
time OF war? Does he not know that
in the Revolution we used 231 III regu-
lars and 164,0S7 militia and volunteers
against Engands 15O,605. at n cost
Of s370,000O00 and $4,000, 900 in PEN
sions? Does he not know that in the
War Of 1912 we had b6.032 regulars ami
471,622 militia falnst the English and
Canadian forces OF only about IS 900
men? Trat war cost us S2,627,00O and
$45,95o,546 in pensions.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-01-31

ICED our past wars. How Iong would any
properly run company or corporation
tolerate any such mismanagement?
The survivors OF the civil war know
full well what unTcadiness means, and
they must realize that had the United
states possessed $4,000 trained regulars
at the outset the war would have come
to a sudden end.
Such arguments as tho President
brings forth in his message are too
puerile for words. one may as well as
sert that a business man can he made
in a day or a month as that one can
make a good soldier in that time. Why
arc trained men exclusively used in po-
lice forces and fire departments? For
the very excellent reason that the
world has found that unframed men
cannot adequately protect human life
and human property, and sound sense
requires that the same reasoning should
be applied to an army as to police
forces and fire departments
II would be difficult to bring forth a
better argument in favor of an ade-
duate army of professional soldiers than
the present war affords. We all know
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-01-31

T@HAT the war in Europe has en-
tered upon new phase Is
abundantly plain. The Ger
man expectation OF a whirl-
wind campaign in France has been
frustrated on the other hand the
French and English counter advance,
attempted n couple of weeks ago, was
stopped a few days after its start, and
has now been deferred, we are to I'M
derstand TIL the spring, when that
English army, which keeps on growing
in London dispatches, Will be landed IN
Belgium, in France-none knows where,
except the general STATS OF the Allies
and OF Germany and Austria Hungary
as well, of course. Clearest OF all is the
fact that Eng.ands reliance upon
Russian capture of Berlin--lt was to
have happened in December--has had
TO be aba ndoned for good and all. The
Russians, we are now eXultingly told,
are masters OF defensive fighting
which is not at all the task allotted to
them at the beginning OF the war. Eng
lands promise that her fleet would
drive the rats out Of their hole" has
remained unfulfilled. AS a matter Of
fact It now looks as II the British
fleets strategy had become defensive
rather than offensive. What II more.
the impression is gaining ground in
Russia and France that England will
not do any more fighting than she can
help. in order to be in a strong position
to dictate the terms OF peace when the
time shall come. 1t Is also becoming
plain that Great Britain is looking to
the future in other directions as well.
20 naplaTa
ton, for civilization and democracy. she
has already been forced by circum-
stances to take Egypt and Cyprus with,
in addition. an expectation In Palestine.
The English Government may even
be obliged, in the interest or Belgium
to take charge OF the Belgian Congo
Just as Japan has professionally taken
charge OF Kiao-chow. Such things
have always happened in the history
of England's unselflsh devotion TO the
highest good of humanity. 1t is des-
tiny. why struggle against It's inscru-
table ways? Thus did the atrtbilous
Treitschkean view OF British history
come into existence
So far as England is concerned then,
this is chiefly to be an economic war
upon her enemy-and, behold, neutral
nations are being made without their
consent, and as a matter OF fact much
against it, to pay the bills. The mer-
chants and industrials or the United
States, Italy, Holland and the scandi-
navian countries are the victims. Thus
goes the second stage Of this economic
war.
The first was direct and did not az
feet these neutrals 40 much. 1t was
begun on the day OF the beginning OF
hostilities. German maritime com
merce was swept from the seas. The
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-01-31

duced because in the regular course
of peaceful business it has been more
convenient to use American copper,
oils, cotton and foodstuffs than their
German substitutes. This has been
more particularly the case in the Ger
man textile Industry, where the spin
ming of the substitutes requires GER
tain changes in machinery. 1t may I've
assumed then that II the British en-
barge forces these changes in the me-
Chanical equipment of German mills
they VIII be permanent. Even with
return to an unobstructed supply OF
American cotton the German manufac-
turers will certainly for the sake OF
economy, continue to use the sub
stitutes, which, In addition. will benefit
German agriculture, as they can he
grown in different parts OF the empire
1t Is therefore not a question for us
OF a temporary loss of the German mar
ket during the duration Of the war, but
OF its permanent loss. or at least OF a
serious reduction of its annual require
ments.
England mas declared all copper, even
that for economic and commercial pur-
poses, TO be absolute contraband Of
"
thanks to various processes, can dis
pense with this metal has hitherto been
unknown, because, as 1 have already
said, with an uninterrupted supply, there
was no reason for introducing the sub
stitutes. In the first place, however,
It must be pointed out that the empire
is not entirely without its own source
OF supply. The Mansfield copper
mines, which could not compete with
the American product in an undis-
turbed market, have been reopened, and
fully suffice to supply all German mill
tary needs. Therefore the question re-
solves itself into one OF German in
dustrieS The recent discovery of a re-
liable method of making steel and iron
rustproof Is one answer. Here, then,
Iron at once takes the place OF copper,
which Is no longer indispensable but
has been continued in use because IL
offered the advantage of being more
mallelble, and therefore cheaper TO
handle. In the shipbuiding industry,
for instance. II is now possible to re-
place bronze with cast iron. The same
is true of brass. as in the building OF
locomotives. Aluminium and iron are
the substitutes for copper for electric
cables and high current transmltters.
Iron wire has been introduced for long
distance conductors from central sup
ply stations. The proper way of iso-
lating iron wire has been perfected.
The military telephone system of Ger
many mas been equipped for several
years with steel wire, because II is
more durable.
All those interested in American cop
per will understand what all this
means--a diminishing dependence of
German industry upon the metal. II
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-01-31

German cable was cut, interrupting all
commercial relations. Ger
man patents were declared void in the
British Empire and English manufac-
turerS are now using them at will.
The payment of commercial and other
financial obligations to German sub
jects was forbidden under heavy penal
ties. Marine Insurance by English
companies of merchandise destined for
Gcrmany-AmerCan goods included
has been prohibited; the transfer OF
German vessels to neutral flags has
been forbidden in order that Germany
may not profit by the moneys from
such transactions. All direct contra
band of war for Germany is confiscated,
OF course-a legitimate war measure;
but, in addition, England has arbitra-
rily extended the list OF conditional con-
traband to include articles and prod
ucts which are chiefly, and in fact al
most entirely, needed for industrial
purposes only. This, OF course. TO Grip
pie and II possible to destroy German
manufactures. England playing fast
and loose with the Declaration OF Lon
don, which she signed though she did
not ratlfy 1t, tries, Furthermore, to
starve Germany out. This may be
civilized modern warfare. To me II
smacks OF the Middle Ages. of war on
women and children, like the half ra-
tons doled out TO Boer women and
growing children In the South African
concentration camps because their hus-
bands and fathers and brothers per-
sisted in fighting for their country.
VIII this form of British warfare sue
coed? 1t begins TO look as II here too
England has made a miscalculation, as
she has in the case Of that Russian
march on Berlin. What 1 am going to
put down here Is based upon informa-
ton furnished me by number OF eco
nomic experts. The consensus of their
opinion il that Germany cannot be
starved out. German industry has al
ready adapted itself TO the checks placed
upon it both at home and in the for
eign markets that are still open to It,
There is no unemployment In the en-
pire; there IL plenty OF 1t in the neu-
trail countries which England forces Ia
pay most OF the cost OF this economic
warfare. German finances have con-
tinued on a sound basis. Industrlally
then and first of all, the war has failed
There have been heavy losses, to bs
sure, but the wounds are healing.
The point thar concerns the United
States however, is tho bill which,
though a neutral nation. 1t has already
paid and the still greater bill 1t may
have to pay hereafter unless 1t brings
about a change. In the very fist
month OF hostilities our exports fell
enormously, but our imports still more
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-01-31
Frederic L. Huidekoper Declares Chief
Executives Statements to Congress
Outrageous and Deserving Sc
verest Condemnation

what has happened TO Belgium be-
cause she was not strong enough to
defend herself II France had trusted
to any such broken reed as the PrCsi-
dent advocates. where would she be
to-day? Is anybody silly enough to
think that a "cltizenry" such as Mr..
Wilson describes could have prevented
the German army from crushing France
long before this? The French knew
better than Mr.. Wilson evidently does.
and surely events have proved the wis
dom of their course.
What docs the President mean by the
statement that We must depend in time
of national peril upon citizenry
trained and accustomed to arms? Does
he advocate in all sincerity a system
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-01-31

whose training is limited to one wee,s
ana seventy hours OF work per annum?
mat Is what the United States has
zone from It's very beginning and what
PRESIDENT Wilson proposes that we
should continue to do.
Here is a man who processes to be
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-01-31
Military Expert Criticises the Presi-
dents Policy Of Perpetuating a
vicious, Blundering, Crimi-
nal Military Policy

Frederic L. Hudekoper regarded by foremost
military the United States For striving
through his writings and otherwise people
knowledge the their
Mr. Hudkope has made the armies
and his writings have excited here and
abroad
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-01-31
~ FREDERIC l.. HUIDEKoPER.

~ I'D any human peing ever read
anything equal TO some OF the
- statements in that part of
preeidnnf Wilsnn's annual mes
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-01-31

Continued on Strth PGge. III.
Arizona republican., 1915-05-24
EMPIRE DAY
 IN PHOENIX
Local Sons of Great Britain Celebrate National Holi- day Today - CalcdOnian Society Will Enjcy Pic nic at Riverside Park.

IL is not often that a British holiday is celebrated in Phoenix; but for once at least Empire day will be the center of attraction. From all over the valley the sons and daughters of Britain. their relatives and friends, will come and to the festive music and the bagpipes of ;he Highland laddies, they will do honor Jo the mother country and make merry themselves. During the long reign of Queen Victoria, her birthday, May 24th. was celebrated all over the British Empire and after the good queen died the day was retained as a holiday and celebrated as Empire day wherever the Union Jack is flown More recently it has been observed in many of the larger cities of the United States by the various British clubs and societies and today the Caledonian So- ciety of Phoenix calls on all the sons of England to join with them in mak- Ing the day memorable. It does not matter if they have tranferred their al- legiance to America, they still have a warm spot in their hearts for the mother country. the mother land that is going through such a dreadful ordeal in Europe today and maintaining all
 
 make all Britishers proud, and they will show it at Riverside Park this aft ernoon and evening.
 Arrangements have been made for a grand picnic supper at six o'clock and after that there will he special pro- gram that will run well into the night lt will be real novelty and one which vii! appeal to all. The Highlanders will be there with their bagpfpes and their kilties, and there will be Scotch songs and dances and many other things to amuse and please. The ladies are expected to meet at First and Washington streets at 2:3O and pro- ceed to the park and supper will be served at six.
 Everybody is invited to journey to Riverside and join in the celebration and the committee in charge promises that no one will go home disappointed.
Arizona republican., 1915-05-24
CALENDAR OF SPORTS
 FOR THE NEXT WEEK
TODAY

Horse-Racing continues all week at Belmont Park. N. Y. Electric Park. Md. Montreal. r. O., and To- ronto, Ont Opening of German rac- ing at Hoopergarten. near Berlin. Race meet continues until Tuesday night at Edmonton. Alta.
 Fencing-In turnament at San Francisco Fair.
 Polo-Tournaments continue all week at Philadelphia and Byrn Mawr. Penn.
 Golf-Women's Metropolitan cham pionships. five days, at New York. Dog-Annual Dog Show at Vancou- yer. B. c.
 BoxingzJohnny Dundee vs Jimmy Duffy 10 rounds, at Buffalo, N. Y, Joe Rivers vs. Joe Uvanni, F rounds, at Chicopee. Mass.
 Tuesday, May 25
 Horse-Annual horseshow at Roger
Arizona republican., 1915-05-24
PAN,AMER|CANS ID CONFER

Continued from Page One)
 gram for the committee meetings. these are among the topics suggested.
 The present financial needs in na- uonal. state and local governments: nature and character of public loans: how secured; rates of interest thereon; where such loans have heretofore been placed. and the price at which they have been sold. possibility of pIac- ing such loans in the United States; effect of the European war on public revenues ana expenditures; relation of decline of public revenues to guaran- tees of payment of interest and prin- cipal rs
 The normal and financial needs of public service companies; present needs of such companies; character and nature of the bonds or obligations they have tO offer. how secured. etc; possible conditions of financing in the United States; effect of the European war on such companies: their financial condition and needs.
 Normal financial needs of commerce. such, for instance, as credit facilities; direct or dollar exchange; possibility of adapting commercial credits in the United States to the needs of the coun- tries of Central and South America; effect of European war on the financ- ing of foreign commerce.
 Transportation between the United States and the country or countries concerned: improved postal service in volved in money orders, parcel post, etc
 Sessions of the conference will be held in the n-American Union build ing. While the conference is in ses- sion the executive committee of the chamber of commerce of the United States will be in Washington to meet the visitors and give advice or assist ance. The get together spirit" which officials hope to foster will have an opportunity to show itself in full swing at the banquet in the honor of the wis itors the night of May 29. at which most of the prominent men in diplo- matic and official life in Washington will be present.
 The delegates will remain in Wash ington over the next day and then start on fifteen day trip which takes them between St Louis and Boston. The itinerary follows:
 Monday. May 31. to Annapolis: lunch
Arizona republican., 1915-05-24

con. Leave Annapolis, F noon, and ar rive Baltimore, l D. m.; dinner.
 Tuesday, June 1-Leave Baltimore, 1:3G a. m., and arrive Philadelphia (Broad street station), a. m.
 Wednesday. June 2-Leave Philadel- phia, l p. m., and arrive Pittsburg, 10 a. m.
 Friday, June 4-Leave Pittsburg. 1 D. m.
 Saturday, June 5-Arrive St. Louis 9 a. m.
 Sunday. June 6-Leave St. Louis. 3 D. m, and arrive Chicago, 10 p. m.
 Tuesday, June S-Leave Chicago, II D. m.
 Wednesday. June 9-Arrive Detroit, S:3O a. m., leave Detroit, II D. m.
 Thursday, June 10-Arrive Niagara Falls, s a. m., leave Niagara Falls, D. m., arrive Buffalo. } D. m.
 Friday, June 11-Leave Buffalo. 12 90 midnight: arrive Schnectady. N. Y, (to see General Electric Works). 8 a. m., leave Schnectady, 12:3O noon, arrive Boston (South station). 6 D. m.
 Sunday, July 13-Leave Boston tSouth station). 3 p. m., arrive New York (Grand Central station). D. m.
 The delegates will remain in New York Monday and Tuesday, June IA anG 15.