davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1915-02-16

Interest In the tnNesti9ation -
probably greater than any hear
ina ever conducted In the local
Federal court room. From the
time OF opening the hearing yes
terday morning. until closing
time last night. every seat In the
large court room was occupied.
Not only were there attorneys
present 20 watch the proceedings,
but business men and Workmen
In almost every walk Of life. The
regular section for spectators was
crowded and extra chairs were
placed inside the rail, occupying
all Of the space, up to, an almost
touching the chairs occupied by
the attorneys who are conducting
the case.
Many Visitors.
In addition TO the many local
persons in attendance, there are
a number Of others from down
In the state, anxious TO watch the
proceedings. Those taking part
in the case are: for the prosecU-
ton: Hon. a. NJ. Beleher, Of
Charleston, Hon. Thomas Bledsoe
Of Charleston. Hon. Raymond
Hudson, Of Washington. D. c. and
Hon. Samuel 3. Montgomery, Of
Kinswood, w. Va.
Judge Dayton IS represented by
Hon. John A. Howard Of this city,
his son. Hon. Arthur Dayton and
Hon. John J. Cornwall, Of Rom
ney, W. Va. The Judge was pres
ent throughout the greater part
Of the day, and at times displayed
much emotion as the several wit
NOSES testified either favorable
or unfaVorabIe for him. In some
instances smile would fit
across his face. only 20 be fol-
lowed a few seconds later BY
frown. and = rapid change con-
tinued throughout the day. " an
answer pleased him. he nodded az
firmatively. but N Il was displeas-
ing. he nodded In the negative,
and az times very foroibly.
Al the morning session three
witnesses were examined. Each
testified that he heard Judge Day
tor say:
~ John p. White were here
with you I would give him twelve
months In jaii." White nd been
charged with eontempl before
Judge Dayton. but had not been
arrested or arraianed, and the
witnesses said the court was pass
ina Judgment without having In
vestiaated the case. Van Bittner
said Judqe Dayton said before
him: The United Mine Workers
of America 10 = criminal conspira-
ey" He also accused Judge Day
ton of saying 20 him: ~ will sent
enee you 20 siS months on general
principles"
Refuse Interpreters.
Each o. the three witnesses tss-
tifed that Judge Dayton refused
20 permit the assistance of an In
terpreter for witnesses who could
not understand or talk English
fusntly. When counsel for the de-
tense tried 20 bring out that the
foreigners named had been acduit-
ted. members o. the congressional
commission explained that they
cared not about ths outcome Of
the case, but that what they want
ed % know was Whsther the de-
PENDANTS were entitled 20 inter.
preters and were given such con.
cideration By the court as they
deserved.
Van Bittner was very careful
witness. Ne ls not only q coal
miner. but is an attorney az we'll.
Ne Insisted that Judge Dayton
said IN open court: 20 was q dis.
grace 20 the vyomanhood % the
nation that Fannie Seilins should
h- associated with the United
Nine Workers % America" Ae
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1915-02-16

REFUSED TO PERMIT FOREIGN MINERS PRIVILEGE OF
INTERPRETERS AT TRIAI-SHOWED OUTBREAK
OF TEMPER SEVERAL. TINES
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1915-02-16

WITNESS OWENS EXPLAINS HIS TESTIMONY AND REPIDI.
ATES HIS SENSATIONAL STATEMENTS MADE
ON STAND LAST THURSDAY.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1915-02-16
DETAILS OF
PANAMA FIGHT
REACHED WAR DEPART MENT
YESTERDAY SHOWING AMER
iCAN SOLDIERS UNARMED.
when They Were Fired Upon by Pan
sman Police and Moh-No AMI
mus Shown by Soldiers

WASHINGTON. Feb. I5-Details
OF the Panama carnival riot. in which
Panaman policeman was killed and
% persons-23 American soldiers and
civilians were wounded Saturday.
came TO the war department today In
report from Brigadier General Clar-
ence Edwards. commanding the Canal
Zone
All the wounded are expected TO re-
cover. the general said. and no fur
ther trouble Is expected. He explain
ec mat the Americans, all unarmed.
were hred on by police and a mob aft.
ei individual alterations had precip.
itated a general row.
The report follows in part.
me row started In the red light dis
trlct with two or three small personal
aItercatlons between the Panama no
nee ana American soldiers and civil
ians. The soldiers were without arp,s
OF any kind. animated by carnival
spirit entirely and there vas clearly
no animus on the part Of tho soldiers
a. any time. The town was NOR.
heavily provosted than CUSTOMARY bu,
The disturbance started al O'Clock
and spread like wildfre. though the
American patrol did everything nos
sible.
Americans Fired On.
Americans, both soldiers and civil
lans. were fired on by the Panama DO.
ice and mob with Remington rifles.
with bayOnets fixed. and with bIgh-
powered cartridges and pistols. few
soldiers took their small .22-caliber
target rifles from a nearby shooting
gallery In the tenderloin. and fired a
Few shots. They were Immediately
disarmed by Lieutenant Edgerly. who
turned them over TO the police and
then summoned all on-commissiOned
Officers and. with small provost
guard. locked arms and pushed All
soldiers and Americans backs The
police and mob moved the other way.
but continued firing and throwing
rocks, though there were no answer.
ing shots from the unarmed Ameri-
cans. The Panama national officials.
az soon as they arrived aided In
every way. az well az the local on
cials"
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1915-02-16

MAJOR RANDOLPH STALNAKER FORCED TO MAKE DAMAGING
STATEMENTS CONCERNING DAYTONS CONNEC-
TION WITH THE b. o. RAILROAD.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1915-02-16

LEDvINKA STATES JUDGE SAID HE WOULD SEND HIM TO
JAIL FOR SIX MONTHS ON GENERAL PRIN-
CIPLES - CHARGES ILL TREATMENT.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1915-02-16

WAsHfuuTou. Feb. ~ - Fsrecastf
ohios western Feunavivanfa - Cloudy
Tuesday, "wednesday fafr.
West Wirrinia-Partiy cloudy Tues
eay' colder IN ths uaountainsi Wsdnsa.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1915-02-16

CHARGED THAT JUDGE DAYTON SAID HE WOULD SEND
JOHN p. WHITE UP FOR A YEAR, If HE WERE
PRESENT IN THE COURT ROOM
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1915-02-16
Many Sensations Fl 10th HEARINGS Yesterday
STARTLING DISCLOSURES
MADE IN DAYTON HEARING

MINERS OFFICIALS ACCUSED OF ACTING ARBITRA ARI Y
IN HEARINGS BROUGHT FOR CONTEMPT OF
COURT FOLLOWING GOLFERS STRIKE
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1915-02-16
STATE SCORES HEAVILY
IN THE GAS HEARING
DEVELOPMENTS OF A SENSATIONAL DAY FAVORABLE TO
DEFENSE REMARKABLE LETTER WRITTEN BY
JUDGE OGDEN INTRODUCED

SHOWING THAT OFFICIAL TO BE NOT EVEN ON INTIMATE
TERMS WITH GOVERNOR HATFIELD WHEN
GAS DECISION WAS MADE
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1915-02-16

SENSATIONAL CRITICISM ATTORNEYS OF THE SPECIAL
MASTERS RULINGS-LATTER STILL PERMITS
IRRELEVANT TESTIMONY
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1915-02-16

NEVER MEANT TO SAY THAT OGDEN WAS CONTROLLED BY
GOVERNOR HATFIEI.D-ADMTTS THE CONTRARY
WAS THE REAL FACT
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1915-02-16

The outstanding features Of the
dny's contest were.
First The Introduction Of
strikina letter or paper written
by Hon. y N Ogden. . member
o. the Public Service Commits.
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1915-12-02
FUNERAL.
Of CIV. Palmer, Well Known
Farmer of Simpson, District
Will Be Held Friday.

Funeral services over the body of
CIV. Palmer, aged sc years. a7well
known and prosperous farmer of
near Bridgeport, who died at his
home at $3.50 o'clock Wednesday af-
iternoon following a lingering illness
OF complication of diseases, the i'm
mediate cause being dropsy and
heart disease, will be held at ] O'clock
Friday afternoon at the home. The
Rev. w. M. Davis. OF Bridgeport, will
conduct the services and the burial
will be in the Smith cemetery at
Bridgeport. & 1. .,e<is 80 -. 4 &
Surviving relatives OF the deceased
man are Mrs. Atha Palmer. his
widow; Mrs. Lafe Hinzeman, OF Sandy
Vile; Mrs. Charles Hickman, of
this city; Mrs. j. ] Johnson, Of
Weston; Mrs. G. w. Cork, and Mrs.
Frank Corbin. OF Meadowbrook,
daughters; WV. Palmer, Of Mt
Clare: Upton and Vance Palmer, OF
this city, sons.
Mr.. Palmer .wasia lifelong resident
OF the county and. had q host OF
friends in Simpson district who were
panied to learn of his death. He,was
a member Of the Methodist Episcopal
church and took an active part In all
church work until his last illness 4
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1915-12-02
CAPITAL IN SHIT no
BE BURIED FRlDA. "a

Company. Captain Smith worked on
the old stage coach which .used to run
between this city and Weston When
the West Virginia and Pittsburg
branch Of the Baltimore and Ohio
railroad was completed to Weston. he
was the first conductor on the line
and later when the road was extend
ed to Redwood his run was from this
|citytto Redwood. He stayed In the
employ OF the railroad company until
old age and failing health forced him
to retire.
Since retiring he lad been enjoying
fairly good health for a man Of his
Iages but recently he fell while en-
.joying q short walk near his, home
and in falling he struck his head,
causing serious injury. 1t was app
parent after the fall that he would
not live long and all his relatives
ndSfriendsfwere at his bedside when
no passed on sas.
| The deceased man was q member
Of Adelphi lLodg e, independent Order
OF Odd Fellows. Of this city, but the
Weston lodge, among whose mem
beers are many Of his friends, will
have charge Of the services.
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1915-12-02
SIX MORE BODIES
" ARE BROUGHT OUT
OF the Boomer Coal Mine
Binging Total Casualties
to TWenty-Three.
tsY Assoe,aTmssess,

BOOMER, Dec. Six more bodies
were today brought out Of mine No. 9
Of the Boomer Coal and Coke Com
pany additional victims, Of the explo-
sion which last Tuesday. fred an en-
try a mile from the surface. One OF
the men rescued soon after the acct-
dent died last night which, with the
sixteen; dead found yesterday, brings
the total Casualties to twenty-three:
The bodies recovered today were
found under; piles OF fallen slate some
distance from the point where the
blowout shot occurred and indicated
that more damage than anticipated
had been done to the property.
Mine officials said that every room
and ontry Of! the workings had now
been explored and. that there were
no more dead In the mine. En-
gineers from the United States Blu
reau OF Mines and state mine In
epectors are rosecuting their investi-
cations IN an effort to locate respon-
sibility for the expIosion and the
property WIN not be worked until
their work hSs been completed. 4
Funerals 81 the victims took place
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1915-12-02
Services viii Be Held at Home
at Weston and Burial Will ]
Be at L ost Greek. 81 /.

The funeral of Captain John Nv.
Smith. aged SO years, one OF the old
est,retired railroad conductors In this
section Of the country. who died at
his home at Weston at. 4:15 O'Clock
Wednesday afternoon after few
days illness from fall The received,
will be held lat the Smith home at
Weston at II o'clock Friday morn
ing and the burial will be in the
Brick church cemetery at Lost Creek.
The Weston lodge Of Odd Fellows
will be I'm charge OF the funeral.
Surviving relatives of the deceased
man are w. II. and r. E. Smith, OF
Weston. sons; and Miss Mary Smith.
OF Weston, a daughter. Captain
Thomas Smith and iArmstead Smith.
Of Weston, are brothers. (.
Captain Smith was born in Eau
quier county. Va. and lived part Of
his there and at Lost. Creek and
Weston. :. Before entering the employ
Of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1915-12-02
DETECTIVES TURN
COAL ''7.RIlNlNERS
As Result Of Belief That Chem
/ icaIs Are Mixed with Coal
for Use on Ships.

NEW YORK, Dec. ACTING upon
suspicion that, the fires which have
started in coal bunkers on several
steamships leaving here with muni-
tons OF. war for the Entente Allies
were caused by chemicals mixed with
coal, federal and city detectives are
working as coal trimmers in the bunk
ers of some of the steamships now
loading here. 4,,....a.5
One Of the steamships whose coal
supply was carefully inspected by de-
tectives is the French liner Rocham-
beau, which caught fire on its last
eastbound voyage and which leaves
here Saturday for Bordeaux. II
The Investigators are said to have
received information from an undis-
closed source that a new chemical
compound is being tested by persons
seeking to prevent the movement Of
war munitions and that coal iimpreg:
mated with this compound will take
fire spontaneously.
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1915-12-02

~ 81 toeGetAt TO ifNe fxlktshAh1 ~
WASHINGTON. Dec. 2.Aroused
by what they regard as the extraordi-
nary gains made by the suffrage cause
in the East this year when they! polled
more than a million votes, the lead
ersi OF the National. American Woman
Suffrage Asspctat ion linonn nos their
Intention of turning the ahnuA II COM
vention to be held In washing On, Dc.
cember 1 A to 49, into q study9of the
''psycholog icals MON ant In the history
Of suffrage" ~. !, Z, !. (. ~. i .
The phrase is Dr.. Anna Howard
sshaw's. and It is. intended to cover
the conviction Of the women leaders
that the time is. ripe for a big, adj
vance; both In state cam aigns and
for the federal amendment, and that
the convention must be prepared to
review the present plans and meth
DDS and devise new ones to meet the
changing conditions. Many. OF the
discussions will be behind closed
doors. Is 80 ~,
DR.. Shaw has herself accepted the
Craftsmanship Of the program commit;
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1915-12-02
CHINA Denies
That It Has Considered the
Possibility of Joining the
Entente Powers.
I az AsseciArRp psrss,

PEKING, Dec. 2.IThe Chinese
government made formal denial to-
night that it had considered the pos
sfbility of Joining with the Entente
powers or had been requested to do
so. g
The statement issued by the for
eign Office follows:
1.-THE Chinese government has new
er considered the possibility OF aban-
doning neutrality and joining any
belligerant or. group Of belllgerants.
"The Chinese government has not
received proposal to that effect
from or opened such negotiations
with any power or group Of powers
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1915-12-02
EUTONIC FORCES REIRE
FROM THE SER BIS FRONT
BOARD or TRADE
COMMIT TEE CARD
To Boards Members and citi'
.zens Generally Concerning
Gas Rate Hearing.
The following signed article ex-

The following signed article ex-
plains itself:s
To the members Of the board OF trade
Il and the citizens OF Clarksburg: a
There seems to be considerable
misunderstanding as to the attitude
Of the board Of trade to the gas hear
ing now in progress. both with regard
to, the full duty Of the board OF trade
in the premises and the good faith Of
the special committee appointed by
the board Of trade to direct this in
vesugation. &
When this matter. was first consid-
cred by the board Of trade at its reg
sular, meeting on the eighth OF October
a committee consisting Of Arthur Par
sons, H. 3. Travis and Robert Morris
was appointed to conduct an investi-
cation and report back its recommen-
dations for the further action Of the
board. The whole idea and purpose
Of the board of directors at that time
and throughout these proceed ngs has
been to protect the best interests Of
the whole community.
At a special meeting called October
81 the above named committee report
ed that in its opinion the proposed in-
crease would be detrimental to the
best interests OF the city OF Clarksburs
and this district, recommending that
the board take definite action opposing
the increase and that counsel be en-
ployed to file formal objections to the
petition Of the Clarksburg Light and
Heat Company and take such other
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1915-12-02

lands hIins Nonn Gsle. ~
SAID pr. shaw. That seems almost
lincredible to those OF us who have
been at It n long time. But there is
no doubt 4 hat an Ell tn dinary. change
has eomtes ever public opinion on this
lqaes ti0n: and We are going to review
;AystAnat icslly orr present methods,
OH prsaent literature our organtza.
ton scheme We are going to give
our whole propaganda an overhaul
ing twill be q convention for suf-
fragists only; indeed. many Of the
sessions Will be secret.
s.I am not 4 caandidate for president
OF, the associat ton. At present no one
Is; SO far as u can see. At any rate.
the annual election, while It will ex-
act and receive the best thought Of
the convention; will probably take
less time and energy. than It has in
some previous years. 4
That1wili leave.us plenty Of time
toSdeyote to the pressing problems Of
enhancement. It will be good con-
.vention for note books and sharpened
pened pencils. :"
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1915-12-02
CONTINUED on mage 9, tirst sectfon.l
MURDER TRIA[
IS Beauns with Beverly CHARGED
with Killing Matte Harris
July Is.

criminal court for the murder Of
Martha Harris. He stands indicted
for killing his wife. Stella Beverly,
and Martha Harris. by shooting At
Bridgeport. July 10 last, where he;
found them in an alleged house of'
bad srepute In the company Of d man.
The trial Is likely to prove more than
ordinarily interesting and It may con-
tinue day or two. Frank Exans'
testified as a witness 10 the shnotffr
Is "A jury failed to- agree ii the IoSse
Of John Epperscns tried Tor selling III
utior e !. y, II !, /, y IA X - y
James Msson was found guiity 81
snilinE liquor \
Jim Johnson was found suiity Of
tskihr orders for liquor.
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1915-12-02
|7AlY.AGREES
With the Entente Alles3N to
Conclude a Separate
Peace.

PARIS, Dec. Italy gave its adj
herence on Monday to the London
agreement OF the other Entente Allies
not to conclude separate peace,
says Milan dispatch.
ssLieutenant-Gener Cadorna, chief
OF the Italian general; staff, who was
to have visited France for a confer
ence with the French and British
commanders and for an inspection
OF the western battlefront, has been
compelled to forego his trip, the dis
patch says, because Of the intensity
Of tho lighting on the Italian front.
especially along the Isonzo. General
Porro, under. chief Of the. general
staff, will be sent asa substitute and
will arrive in Paris December 6.
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1915-12-02
IBUL CARS CON CENTRATEs
NEAR -FREN c H FRONT
tor A.sls;oel:l,lA,r.orsrssl

PARIS. Dec. 2-Telegraphing from
Athens under date OF December l.
the correspondent Of the Havas news
agency says: 80 E
The Bulgarians have not yet oc-
cupied Monastir. The Serbian army
has evacuated the city. leaving only
q few, officers and a small detachment
sof troops to preserve order. It ID
H1pposed the Bulgarians are waiting
Tor reinforcements before entering
the city. IS
The Serbian commandant at Mon
.Gstir posted notices throughout the
ely advising all the inhabitants who
fsSred the treatment they might re-
Taiye at the hands Of the sBulgars to
leave the place and that Serbian
troops would be engaged in protect
ang their flight toward the Greek
frontier. Serbian refugees who con-
stinaie to ARRIVE at the Greek border
gre suffering frightfully from cold.
the weather registering ten degrees
Faheenheit above zero.
Fresh Bulgarian, forces are con-
centrating toward the French front. /"
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1915-12-02
s,y 4 ,,,sI, ],

= n tsX AssociArgo PResa, y,
LONDON, Dec. .2.-The latest re.
ports from Monastir state that Ser.
bians reinforc which are ad.
Sancing to the aid Of Colonel Won Bias.
stitch from the north are nearing
Monastsr says a Reutre dispatch from
iSalonilA. sls. &, y. ls.4
II he arrives In time the dispatch
adds, the Serbians will be able, In
the opinion OF. Colonel Bassitch to
obtain possession o fthe town, the de-
Tense of.wilic:a in the face OF tren1en-
dous odds already has evoked admi-
ration.
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1915-12-02
[ARGEICR0WDS
Gather around Reicfstag and
Dernonstrat atoms, Are Made to
Settle Food Question.

BERLIN, Dec. - Yesterday as
usual" says the Overseas News
Agency, "at the opening OF the Reich
stag. large crowds gathered around
the building in the sneighboring
streets. Standing among the throng
were some who made del tons
In favor Of q settlement Of the gov
eminent regulation. Of the food
prices and distribution Of food. !,
: ..serMany's enemies no doubt will
again spread all over the world
ridicplopsSreports about Berlin street
riots and make other insinuations
watch In no way correspond with the
truth"
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1915-12-02
ssy ..,sIs,e.,s: p.sss,

9 LONDON, Dec. Military events
In the Balkans are apparently in a
transitory stage, which may presage
another German offensive but whether
this will be made against the Franco
British troops which hold all that, re-
mains Of Serbia or against the Rus
Ssiany should they launch an attack
sagainHts Bulgaria from the east, the
spresents situation gives no indication.
>A saloniki dispatch reporting with
aIftwal Of Field Marshal Won Macken-
lS&usss forces. from the Serbian front to
Bulgaria Is interpreted In some quar-
tefs as confirmation Of the second al
stefnative. islg g. ~. Isl ,5issssJ !
both the Austro-G errians and the Bull
both the Apstio! Germans and the Bull
sarians have formbally announced the
completion Of their Serbian campaign.
Vienna officially estimates the capture
OF more than 60, 900 Serbians by Cen
eral won Koezess's army during the
month OF November alone. Moreover
It seems certain that the Serbians in
their retreat over Albania mountain
passes encountered ny civilian refu-
gees and made more difficult by win
try weather, were forced to leave be-
hind them a large part of their equip
ment including most Of their heavy
artillery. motor cars and other trans
ports:
The Germans are now engaging the
Montenegrins on the Montnegrln
frontier and at heavy cost have .pene-
trated some distance beyond the bor-
der. Yet, this struggle Is. not COM
parable to the serious and sanguinary
fghting. which marked the Serbian
campaign last month, and which has
nowealmost ceased. i. N
Notwithstanding all the. entente's
negotiations at Athens the Greek sit
uation today remains much. as it was
a month ago.. It Is now clear that
Greece had determined not to demo-
bolize or withdraw its army from Sa-
loniki, so deadlock seems to have
been reached, negotiations are still
under way. so
No cnange OF Significance was re-
ported on either the western or the
eastern front during the last twenty
four hours
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1915-12-02
MISS. adams
Is Not in Alarming Condition
though Nature of Illness is
Not Yet De terrnined.

CHICAGO. Dec. 2-Aithough the
nature OF the illness OF Miss Jane Ad-
dams, head Of Hull House, who was
taken to hospital Tuesday, remains
undetermined. her condition is not
alarming, according to the reorts OF
her physicians today. Miss Adams
IS resting comfortably. It wild be
several days before Il can. be determ-
ined whether. an operation is neces-