davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1915-01-18

sHORE PLOTS Select place for your summer home in the most necticut. high and dry, pure air. beverage system and everything in sanitary condition: all city improve m1ents. beautiful water frontage and woodland Prices most reason able along the. shore and terms as low as 91O down and $5 per month. Address F.. Farmer Office
 P . do
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1915-01-18
Merchangse xchange

RUBBER STAMPS made by us are reliable, we carry a complete line of stamps. supplies, ink pads, daters
 r1Ibber tvpe. etc The Schwerd dtle Stamp Go, Al Cannon St O 16 de
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1915-01-18

COTRTNEY,-i1e wan street An outside, olsasantly furnished rooms for gentlemen. Center of City. Moderate R4a
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1915-01-18
Hotels

THE ROYAL, State Lafayette, War ren and Courtland Sts. Rooms by day, week or month. Single or in
 suite Use of baths, electric light and steam heat. Low moderate rent. State, Lafayette. Warren and scourtland Ets. U 2s eff
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1915-01-18
Laundry
Male Help Wanted

MALE HELR WANTED-salesm in every county for highest grade garden and grass seeds, Permanent situation. good pay. Experience unnecessary. Cobb Co., Franklin, Mass. G 26 d"
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1915-01-18

WALL PAPER 6S and a00 the ron Oatmeala. iyaEnfah t1les. I0o1 Bread BG 3 go etf
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1915-01-18

WANTED--You Men The largest Auto school in the gtate. Full course $26 at easy terms No nm- tied time. VVillnanR Garage opp. cemetery. Stratford Ave.
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1915-01-18

DOES YOU4 sPEEDONGETER need attention. A speedometer requires attention just like a watch does. We are the service station for Stewart warner Speedometers. Tell uB your troubles. Waldorf Motor and Machine Go. 18s Cannon, St
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1915-01-18

HOTEL AsroR, sz John Street. All rooms light and airy. first class cafe eonnect@a rates $1.s0 per day; best
 modern priced hotel in New England X John D. Downing. R g ale
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1915-01-18
wan Papem

LARGEST aND MOST COMPLETE LINE in Bridgeport. VVhOlssals aa-4 retail painters supp1ieA Jamss Conlin. 70 and 13 Elm st., Bridge port. Conn IS all'
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1915-01-18

to. learn the auto mobile business; special rates given to secure chauffeurs to fill thes0 positions offered. We guarantee to qualify you to make good. AS0 gtratford avenue. Phone 4O4e.
 U 1 d2e
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1915-01-18

FOR aAHB-Aaa4n Street property,
 corner loe G1 bY 90. Two family house, twelve rooms Paved streets.
 Good location for bunaneeG George ". Finn. IS Arcade s 3 ell
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1915-01-18

SHORE COTTAGES sl. 900 to s4.6Oo: shore lots $50 to &1.6Op:. New Ha- wWn cottages: tenements. also farms. wMI@ and exchange. Warrington. S9 Center St. New Haven. Conn
 D 1e at1
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-10-10

Secretary Gurison's letter to Alan
X, Hawley follows:
II have received your lettef of Sep
TENDER Z, in which you invite my atten-
ton to the efforts hat are being
made by "a number of our generous
and public spirited citizens working in
cooperation with the Aero Club of
America To promote efficiency and uni
formiiy in the organization of the
aviation corps OF the National Guard.
Il am myself deeply impressed with
the importance OF developing this ele-
ment of the national defence and
greatly appreciate the generosity and
patriotism of those who have expressed
a desire TO contribute substantial do
nations in money to aid In this work.
THE complete organizational scheme
for the militia as planned by
the War Department calls for
tho formation ultimately of twelve
aero sGuadrons, one for each MI
ltia division; hut owing to existing
Deficiencies in the more fundamental
requirements of organization which
have seemed 10 demand prior a,ten-
ton, and to the great cost OF aero
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-10-10

plane equipment for which no funds
have been specifically provided by
Congress, no progress has been made
IN this branch Of militia instruction.
The relation 81 the militia to the
regular army is such that the instruc-
iion OF TIE former must conform to
that Of the latter, and this principle Is
recognized by Congress IN the law that
has been enacted providing Cor the
attendance of officers and enlisted men
or h organized militia at the United
states army service schools. Under
this law 1t would Ice admissible for Of
flCers and enlisted men of the organ
lied militia to attend and receive IN
struCt!un at the United States army
aviation school NJ san Diego, Cal.
Provision Is made for mileage, SUBJ
sistence and quarters of those who
may be authorized by the War De-
partmcnt to attend. hut pay from Fed
eral funds during the period OF at
tendance is not authorized.
According to the provisions OF the
ini'ltia law referred to, authority 10 at
lend service schools may be granted
by the War Department upon ~
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-10-10

Hemisphere. Santo Domingo city
founded In 1896 by Bartholomew CO.
.umbus. was the first civilized munich
pality in the Western world, and until
about 1920 was the capital OF Spanish
America.
1t Is a walled city. this ancient capt.
tai OF the republic. II Is extremely
medieval in appearance. Its pictur-
e%saueress is seen in the distance in the
fort at the entrance OF the Ozama
River, a surviving citadel Of the
Spanish Main, more than 400 years
old. now used as a fort as we'll as a
prison.
Until ten years ago the circum-
valuation of Santo Domingo was per-
feet, and gates and tho sentry boxes
overhanging the sea were, apparently,
AS they had been left by the hand of
sixteenth century builders. The grow
ing population has burst through
these restraining bonds, and on the
land side of Santo Domingo city to-
day the old wall is preached In many
places. Here is a rich Geld for anti
quarians, and ii is a field that has
never been investigated by modern
methods of scientific research.
From this town. sleeping in the sun
Of the tropics, sailed Cortez for Cuba
and Mexico. Here iiourished Las
Casas and Ponce de Leon, the dis
coverer of Florida and the conqueror
of Porto Rico. From this city went
the people who settled st. Augustine
and Santa Fc.
-,,ar.nr ~. z,aa1f.rt ortz- e....a
by the mouth of the DIANA River II
does not require a great effort OF imay-
nation to harken back to the olden
days Of conquistadores. The large
fortress frowns from the western bank,
browning a jutting headland at the
rivers mouth. This fine old masonry
citadel. with its Moorish tower, was
erected In 1909, and although the ma
tives firmly believe that within its
dungeon Columbus was imprisoned,
this seems to ~ u~nfcunded, for his in
carceration was in 1900. and he was
confined In a smaller tower In the old
settlement across the river. This
fortress Is row usually filed with po-
litlcal prisoners. who occupy the same
stone cells wherein the old conquerors
thrust their prisoners four centuries
ago.
As the vessel docks one sees directly
In front the ruins of the castle OF
Diego Columbus, son Of the Admiral,
standing not far from the palace OF
the President. The vista IL one Of
ruins. amid which are the low smaller,
modern houses and high palms. AS
the visitor leaves the boat, not far
from the Custom House. he Is shown
the gnarled Old cottonwood or ceiba
tree to which tradition says Columbus
moored his c%aravels. The tree certainly
seems old enough 10 have served such
a purpose and is preserved 10y careful
treatment and coverings of tin.
To reach the city proper one must
pass under the ancient gateway. and
once inside there opens up to view old
houses with ornate doorways. beau
tiful Spanish dwellings, and more
modern houses constructed OF wood
and palms. Nearly every house is
provided with iron bars over the win
dows. Aside from the churches. very
fcw glass windows are to be seen.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-10-10
Widening Of Trade Influence Through
Panama Canal Brings Problem
of Financial Protectorate

, there will be opposition to ratifica-
lion of tho treaty with Hayti in the
United States Senate. yet the situation
IL so filled with possibilities of trouble
with foreign Powers as to indicate
that 1t will finally be accepted. In
the next six months the United States
is likely to have the entire island
under its protection.
The same problems met with in
Hayti and Santo Domingo have also
arisen In Honduras and Nicaragua.
The Central American republics have
sought the fnterposition of the United
states. The financial supervision OF
these three republics must come soon.
and with II will naturally follow ex-
pansion OF American trade in those
republics. American ideas and meth
DDS are rapidly dominating Santo Do
mingo and all hat is eeded to divert
the entire trade of hat republic to
the United States is the adoption of n
better credit system between the bust
ness men of the two countries.
Hayti. Honduras and Nicaragua find
IL impossible to extricate themselves
from the thraldom Of civil strife and
financial difficulties. They quite nat
urally look 10 the United States for
guidance and their appeal can no
longer he refused any more than we
refused to heed the cry of Cuba or
that of the Dominican Republic. With
the Monroe Doctrine as a tenet Of our
faith we cannot refuse those republics
that measure of assistance which will
render their governments stable and
protect them from foreign interfer-
enyc.
The control of the customs Of Santo
Domingo by the United States has
proved "A success. II has produced re-
suits beneficial to the debtor and cred
tor alike. lpstead OF producing for
eisn cntanglements the treaty rela-
tons have had precisely the opposite
effect because they have done away
with the discomfort and clainor Of
foreign creditors. insuring prosperity
and making for peace. This protec-
ion exercised by the United States
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-10-10
Growth Of America
Duties in Caribbean

welded the power of almost every Eu-
ropean Government.
Though fire, sword, cruelty, persecu-
ton and bloodshed have afflicted this
island, yet to-day 1t rests upon the
bosom of the tropic seas as beautiful,
majestic and fruitful In all its natural
gifts as when Columbus first discov-
cred 1t. waiting only the assistance of
law and sound government, accom-
panied by intelligence, industry and
enterprise, to take its true place in the
world.
The trip to Santo Domingo. five days
from New York, the boat touching at
Turks Island. famed for its salt mines
and sponge industry. is an agreeable
prelude to the delights that abound In
the island discovered by Columbus.
The first stop Is at Monte Cristi, and
as the ship touches at the other ports
on the north of the island, and finally
enters SANTANA Bay, one of the great
est harbors in the world. the beauties
Increase. Mountain ranges skirt the
shore line. with palms and tropical
trees reaching to the waters edge, and
the scenery is truly tropical. The
climate, even In the summer months,
is not oppressively hot. and one can
leave the boat. which usually remains
two days at each port for loading and
unloading. and see much of the inte-
rior end all that Is Of interest in the
seaport towns.
ON the north coast OF the island
th@re are scores of natural harbors UNI
developed and uninhab.,ed. Many If
them are surrounded by large tracts of
fertile and and immense forests Of
hard wood. Very few hard wood trees
are standing near the coast. although
In the interior are to be found virgin
forests OF mahogany and iignum vita.
Only two lines of railroad attempt to
reach into the rich interior sections,
and one of these lines Is IN such bad
repair-the one running u of Porto
Plata TO Santiago-that passengers
will not risk their lives on il.
From the sea Santo Domingo APP
pears to be "A mass Of mountains. in
this respect resembling the other i'm
portant islands in the West Indies. In
reality there are several distinct
ranges, between which are fertile val
In one respect the island
possesses superiority over the more
easterly islands Of the West Indies
there are no volcanoes, and hurricanes,
come occasionally. are not
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-10-10

rondered on how he wns going TO
get II 20 New York and Barn,rm.
Shin Creek was between forty and
nifty miles away from the Erie Rail-
road at Ccchocton and roads over the
mountains between the two points
were not calculated either for speedy
or comfortable negotiation. but Bill
loaded the washboiler on his buck
hoasd, started early in the morning,
and 10y changes Of water along the
way arrived with his prize all right
at Cochocton in time for the night
train for New York.
Poppy Ayers. ono ~ Erie's pioneer
conductors, was IN charge Of that
train, and at once took Eli Harding
and that giant trout IN the washboiler
!rto his particular care that night. and
his trainmcn We're kept busy %livenins
up the trout with fresh water all the
way to Jersey City. Bin Harding
landed in New York at Duane street
with his five and "A half pound trout
still alive, hut, AZ Bill said. I'm rather
Il weak and travel worn condition
"i'Ll had often been down the Della
ware River On RATS to Philadelphia.
and on his return trip home by way
Of New York had become familiar
with IrceSc's Commercial. a popular
hotel Of that time, IN Park Row, oppo-
site the .\stor House; u hotel later
known as the International, on the site
Of which the tall Park Row Buiidin.
now stands. lie lost no time in get
ting to freese's and housing his trout.
Then he hunted up Barnum at the
museum, just on the corner below.
and Informed him OF what he had
brought down from the wilds OF Della
war" county.
"'l|arnum,' said Bill. in recalling
the interview, said he hadn't never
made such al offer for a trout, and |
saws to the willy old Snowman, righ;
on tho spot, that I'd hot him n hun
dred dollars that he had made the Of
fer, and produced the money, but he
wouldn't take me w. but said all
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-10-10

There are many relics of Columbus
in Santo Domingo, many medieval
edifices and much Spanish architec-
ture. The Cathedral is as much a
fortress as a church, and has served
long for both purposes. In It's tiled
roof there still remains a cannon ball
fired by Sir Francis Drake, who be-
sieged the city.
In one of the chapels in the Cathe-
oral is shown a mahogany cross, which
Is said TO have been raised by Column
bus upon Cerro SantU-the first cross
raised upon this island. In every
part OF the city are great churches,
far more than are needed for the
population, some in n good state Of
preservation and others in ruins that
tell OF an earlier age and q more fer
ven: faith.
As the visitor goes into the country
he finds the natives all decked as II
for war. carrying firearms and threat
ening machetes.
Santo Domingo Is literally n land OF
saints. crosses and churches. They
meet you at every stream. in every
valley and at every turn in the road.
The churches which were early erected
in parts of the island were upon a scale
OF magnihcence hardly surpassed by
ecclesiastical architecture in Spain it.
self. From the ruins of these ancient
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-10-10
just north of Gold Hill

which provides that the State shall
he liable for all damage for which
an individual or private corporation
would he liable under the same cir
CumstanCes.
Although the authorities on the
subject are not numerous, / think 1t
may be considered we'll settled that an
individual or private corporation oper-
ating n canal is only liable for dam
ages resulting from failure to exercise
reasonable care in the operation Of
such waterway.
In my opinion tho principles Of law
applicable To common carriers have no
application whatever To the manage
ment OF a canal. The owner Of a canal
is in a position much more nearly
analogous to that of a wharfinger than
To that of a common carrier. II is well
settled that a wharfinger is liable only
for the exercise of reasonable care to
keep his wharf safe for vessels. He
does not guarantee the safety Of his
wharf but only undertakes to use rea-
sonable care To keep it safe.
The whole qestion here under con-
sideration is in "A way covered by
IltEe IipuS1 or tne lnlte0 states DIS
trict Court for the southern District OF
New York In the recent case of the
Pacific Mail Steamship Company
against the Panama Railroad Com
pany. This was an action for damag.
To the steamship Newport and her
cargo owing to "a landslide which oc-
CURED while the steamer was lying at
"A wharf in Balboa, in the Panama
Canal Zone.
1t was held that the
which maintained the wharf was not
liable for damage on the ground that
the slide occurred without; any negl!-
gence on its part. Tho suit was
against the Panama Railroad Com
pany. but any Judgment recovered
would, IN reality. have been paid out
Il the funds of the United States.
which owned the wharf. The case
was very recently decided. having been
handed down on September IA last.
The following extracts from Judge
ITough's opinion are Illuminating:
THE case has been conducted as
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-10-10

militia, this proposal on the art OF
Secretary Garrison Is of particular
Importance.
Sixteen States have become inter-
cstcd through the Aero Clubs efforts
and are now ready TO take up the work
Of developing aviation corps for the
militia as soon AS they can get funds
for aeroplancs II for the upkoep Of
the corps, The states are ARIZONA,
California, Illinois, Iowa, Florida,
Maine, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jer-
s"y, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma. Penn
s%N'vania, TEXAS, Vermont and Wiscon-
sLn,
II IS doubtful whether any officers
uf IN" militia can be trained ut pres
eut at the United States army avia-
ti"n school at Sal Diego, the school
hc.nS already 50 short Of aeroplanes
that Instead of having two or three
a'ruplauoS for each officer pilot, as
they have IN European countries, a
number of United States army officers
haN" i"H"thcr only one machine IN
whic. To train, Consequently a NUM-
Der Of officers. because of lack Of euuip-
ment, cannot get sufficient practice.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-10-10

| the Kroonland 81 900 a day.
While shippers are divided in ieir
opinions as to the Governments liabil-
!ty, the admiralty lawyers who We're
questioned on the subject indicated
hat there was little chance of their
obtaining redress.
Il would not give one dollar in one
thousand for a shippers chances
should he bring suit against the Gov
eminent for damages claimed To have
been sustained through delays in
passage through the Panama Canal
caused by landslidcs." is the way one
lawyer put It.
d. Roger Englar Of the firm Of IIar-
rington. Bigham 4 Englar. admiralty
lawyers, said:
1T IS of course elementary that no
recovery can be had against the
United states Government for damage
or delay sustained by vessels either OF
this or OF other countries by reason or
slides IN the Panama Canal.
The Government of the United
States. being a sovereign, is not SUBJ
ject to suit either in its own courts or
in the courts of any other State or
NpHi.b HANIlbuN liN CONSENT. me
United States Government has estab-
l!shed the Court Of Claims. in which
II permits Itself to be sued on certain
classes OF claims, which. however. do
not include claims of the character
above mentioned. The Government,
however, nay ana frequently does by
special act OF Congress submit To the
Jurlsd elton Of its own courts other
than the Court OF Claims.
The real question presented 20 ship
oWne's and shippers who have sus-
tanned damage through slides in the
Panama Canal is whethes a private
individual in the position of the
United States Government would be
liable TO suit. In my opinion "A private
individual would not he liable for such
damage unless il could he atirib-
uted In his negligence. tina Is to
say, a failure on his part t. use rea-
sonable care to keep the canal safe for
navigation.
Even If a slide could he attributed
to the negligence Of the owner of he
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-10-10

niger had notice. either actual o. in.
puted by law. Notice of any fac: F.,
imputed IL the person notified neelec,s
to ascertain the truth. or knows MAJ.
tiers from which the ultimate fact may
reasonably bc inferred. The foreg ~
statement of law az applicable to tn.
case has not been denied nor doubted
in the course Of the argument
Judge Houeh's decision contains a
admirable statement of the law rem.
ing to the duties and obligations ut .
w%harfinger. and in my opinion Y !
equally applicable to the owner Of a
canal. Accordingly, even ii the Tinted
states waive Its exemption from sit 3
follows that It would not he liable *.
cepting for actual negligence
Willard L. Taylor, n member a. thA
firm OF Macfarland. Taylor n Cote.
and a former president Of tie MARITIME
Exchange, also believes that sh.fr'.
who suffer damages through do.ays
caused by slides in the canal and Al.
might seek to sue tue Gov'ruMc'
would have no standing I'm court he
explained that the act provides f.
the opening, maintenance, pruteo'.o.
and operation Of the Panama can.
and the sanitation and govern nl,u' NJ
the Canal Iore makes no pr,y., .
for any damage which may Ice ~uN,re!
by either the oWnCr Of loSsr.~ pr ~
owners OF cargo from n do.lt. ~
to landslides ~ other cause. Oh, Gov
eminent merely assuming l.Ih .i'v 'or
Hl ma &,hfrh ,,o,. .,y-. .. ,---'z
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-10-10

EfI.ETAltY OF WAR GARliI-
son has advised ihe Aero cub
~ Of America that militia officers
can be trained IN military aero
Nautics at the United States army
aviation school at san Diego. cal, At
IN" expense of the War Department.
IniS was in reply to "a letter written
10 Secretary Garrison hv the Aero
cub recently, when the club received
q contribution of $4,000 from a woman
20 start an aviation corps Tor the Ma
tional Guard Of NeW York, and $4,000
from another anonymous donor for
training officers of the militia of New
York and Massachusetts in aviation.
Uniformity in training Of military
aVlatorS IL q necessary element of CI-
'ic!ency. therefore training OF militia
officers under the War Departments
supervision is highly desirable. Where
as ihefe Is an enormous amount OF
work to be done in order to develop
cvIation corps for the fOrty-c!pht
States. and as the sums collected
through the National Acrop,anc Fund
could he used for the general EXPENSES
u developing GvMlion corps in ths
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-10-10
ny CHARLES q. MICHAEL.

TN tho West Indies and Contra,
America. brought into more in.
innate relations with the United
states hrsugh th, Panama
Canal. is arising our next great prob
lem. Here Will be the scene of poli,-
ical and commercial activities of this
country. in the ncxt quarter of a con-
fury and the practical test applied Ia
the principles of the Monroe Doctrine.
These islands and countries. many
Of them colonial possessions of Eng
land and all of them seeking an outlet
for their commerce. chiefly with Ger
many and England. ore coming rap-
idly under American trade Influences.
This influence will he extended as the
financial protcctoratc of the United
States widens. as ii must in n very few
months. To include IIayti. and possibly
Honduras and Nicaragua.
The United States. # is contendcd.
must redeem those countries inn