The Hays free press. [volume] (Hays, Kan.) 1908-1924, 1915-07-17

$KEESOJ have become, and the fragrance
& sEsEz5@- of the fields gratifes the olfac-
tory nerves of prince and pauper,
of the scuIlery maid and the pam
pered social butterfly, whose more or less remote
ancestors doubtless breathed in the perfume as
It rose from the dewcovered, tender grass they
moved with shining blade and gathered with
their own strong arms The attraction of the
perfume seems to have fingered even through
many generations.
New-mown hay not being always available, and
somewhat too bulky for aesthetic use even when
it is the art of the perfumer has been called
upon to crafty the sense of smell which longed
for this particular aroma; "new-mown hay"
was added to the varied perfumes of Araby"
used as toilet accessories in liquid FORM and now
milady" may inhaIe the delicious odor from her
cut glass scent bottle Mayhap she pictures to
herself the sturdy youth with big, bare
swinging his cleaning scythe and gathering the
sweet young grass which she fondy thinks is
the of the delicious essence she now in
hales But perfumes, like many other things,
are not always what they Grass, freshly
cut otherwise, has had nothing to do with the
production of the sweet-scented liquid labeled
"new-mown hay" The source of the essence is
really bean. Not the prosaic, everyday COM
monplace. edible bean of market gardens,
but a bean that grows in that section of the
world where once Ell Dorado, the "Gilded One"
was thought to rule in glittering splendor; that
tabled land in the fruitless quest of which so
many daring, gold-loving adventurers spent
'1oney time, and even lives most lavishly. It is
known the TOnQua, Tonka, or Tonquin bean
said to be so called because it was enormously
thought to have been first introduced into Eu-
rope from the Chinese province of Tonquin. How
ever it got its name, the real source of the bean
is to be found in the tropical countries of South
America, chiefly in the valleys Of the Orinoco
Caura and CuchiverO rivers in Venezuela and in
certain sections of Colombia
The bean is the seed of Dipterfx odora+a .
tree belonging to the leguminosae or pulse family
The genus dipterix comprises about eight species
all large trees to be found in the forests of Bra
I'll, the Guianas, Venezuela, Colombia and tror
ical South America generally, having no repre-
sentatives in northern localities. The tree grows
from go to 80 feet high, with a trunk sometimes
three feet in diameter. The iridescent pods are
about two inches long, almond shaped and very
thick; the single seed is over inch long and
shaped somewhat like a large kidney bean; it
has wrinkled skin of shiny black color when
ready for the market The odor, which is re-
markably strong, resembles that of sweet clover
or new-mown hay. and is due to the presence of
coumarin. a concrete crystallizable, volatile
neutral substance which is soluble in alcohol
and ether and somewhat so in boiling water
from which it crystallizes on cooling The beans
often frosted with crystals of this substance
which show distinctly on their black surface and
give them the appearance of being sugar coated.
AS stated, the tree is Indigenous to tropical
South America, but the section which produces
the largest quantities and perhaps the best va
riety of the beans is the region between the
Caura and Cuchivero rivers. The watershed be-
tween these two streams consists of several
considerable of which is the Serrania de Mato.
On the right bank of the Caura river mountains
of similar formation of which Turagua is the
highest also exist. The average altitude of these
ranges is between 5000 and 1000 feet, although
there are peaks high 5000 feet. Besides
the mountain ranges many isolated hills and
large open masses of granite, only little higher
than the surrounding country, scattered
through the forest. The land in the vicinity of
these mountains consists largely of granite grit,
and it is this soil that seems to be the most IA
vorabe for the growth of the tonqua-bean tree.
The trees are not usually found in groves, but
grow singly. though small clumps occasional
ly found. The gathering of the nuts is thus all
the more difficult and arduous. The wood of the
tree is remarkably close-grained, very hard and
heavy, and of a reddish color. In some respects
it resembles hgnum-vitae and is frequently mis-
taken for it. 1t is highly priced as a cabinet
wood. While cultivation of the tree has been at
tempted in Trinidad and other of the West Indies
to limited extent, the fact that 1T takes from
ten to twelve years to come into bearing has dis
couraged any systematic efforts along this line,
and the wild product is still depended upon to
supply the market Again the crops seem to
be very irregular and it is impossible to forecast
the yield of any particular year. As rule there
is perhaps not than good crop in every
three years, production in the intervals being
SO scant that it hardly pays to collect the beans
In Venezuela the tree is known as sarrapia, and
the men engaged in the collection of the seeds
or beans are called sarrapieros. Ciudad Bolivar
is the center of the tonQuab bean industry OF
Venezuela, and it is there that the sarrapieros
market their product.
One factor which has much to do with curtait
ing the tonqua-bean crop is the presence of birds
in the tropical forests where the trees grow
Especially the large macaws with their gor
geousIy colored pIumage and the many other
varieties of the parrot family to be found II