davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-01-26
kEOSAUQUA.

Howard the two year old child OF
Mr. and Mrs, Roy Beatty was buried In
the Fellows cemetery Saturday AFTER
noon He had been patient little SUI
ferer for over ten months. There was
large attendance at the funeral. Among
those in attendance were Mr.. and MIS-.
John Miller, Mrs. Chloe Ferguson ana
Mrs. Gertrude Sloan, all Of Ottumwa.
Edward Hanan died at the home OF
his father Granville Hanan on Satur-
day morning and was buried in Center
Chapel cemetery Monday. He was q
single man about 80 years of age. The
cause Of his death was tuberculosis
Mrs. Elmer Price and little son OF
Farmington and Miss Thera Lining OF
Wells, Mimi, are visiting at the nome
of DR.. Sherman.
The cantata '"The Coming or the
King" given by the singers Of the Con
gregational church on Sunday evening
was enjoyed by all who were able TIC
find a place in the church. About fifty
were turned away for lack of room
The singers had been trained by Ralph
Petty who has q fine baritone voice
and has been a member of the Dunbar
company Of chautauqua entertainers
The choruses were exceptionally hne
There were twenty-five besides the d.
rector and they sang as one voice. Miss
Olive Thomas. Caroline Weisgerber,
Mrs. Ethel Price. c. K. Miller and Fred
Wilson each had solo parts. A beaut1-
full trio was sung by Mesdames s. w
Manning, J. A. Craig and c. X. Miller
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-01-26
MOULTON

Rev H. e. Warren of Drakesville is
conducting a revival at the Christian
church and there have been several
conversions.
Ira Quinn, of Dean, fell on the ice
and fractured one Of his legs.
Mrs. Inez Jayne, who has been Wis
ting her father, DR.. Downing, for sew
eral weeks, has returned to her home
in Minneapolis.
Rev Fenton OF Oskaloosa was
in town this week looking after the
orphans home in his city.
Pearly Lind, a prominent Queen CITY
merchant, was in town Monday, look
ing after his interests here.
Burt Jennings of Gardenville,N. Y,
who has been visiting his father, de-
parted Monday for Moberly to visit
relatives.
In the Wabash wreck last Friday,
near Runnels, in which nineteen pas
sengers were injured and one man
killed, several Moulton people aboard
escaped without scratch.
Ora Woods, an Ottumwa street car
conductor, visited his father the past
week.
Roy Coulter and Clell Ware were
taken before Mayor Bouard by Marshal
Hoeurten and literally fined for ex'
ceeding the speed limit.
Mrs. E. E. Doran of Germania, Ia
en- route to Oklahoma, is visiting her
niece, Mrs Budd.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-01-26
TURKISH REPORTS
TELL OF VICTORY

Constantinople, Jan. 23.--An official
communication regarding the fighting
in the Caucasus has been issued by
the Turkish government as follows:
THE Russian main forces, which
failed in an attempt to encircle our
left wing, have retreated before our
counter attack. Our troops are now
pursuing the nemey."
previous Russian and Turkish Of
fetal communications have indicated
that the latest fighting was around
Kara Urgan, in Transcaucasia, just
over the Turkish border.)
Speaking of the fighting in Arabia,
in the region Of, the Persian gulf, the
Turkish communication continues:
con Thursday the British forces, as
sisted by three gunboats, attacked our
troops near Kurna Qocated at the
junction of the Euphrates and Tigris
rivers) but were completely defeated
and forced to retreat with severe
losses while our losses were insig-
nificant.'
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-01-26

overland staging was naturally being
shortened on the main line, Mr.. Trot-
ter kept moving west until finally in
the early seventies he drifted to the
Pacific coast. In California he con.
Quoted several hotels, spending one
winter at Bakersfield, Kern county,
since which time he has become quite
noted as landlord in the great north
west, having during the staging days
entertained many high officials, civil
and military.
During the palmy staging days in
the sixties he was simply known as
Bill Trotter. but since he quit staging
and has become veteran western no
tel keeper he has been known as
Colonel Trotter For twenty years
he was a stage driver and estimates
that he has driven a distance of at
least 100000 miles, or far enough to
make ten trips around the world. A
more warm-hearted, jovial, good natur.
ed fellow never handled the reins OF
stage team.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-01-26
HILLsBoRO

The Cochran property on CONNER
cial street was sold this week to =.
F. Hoaglin.
Mr.. and Mrs. Ralph Edwards Of Of
tumwa are visiting her mother, Mrs.
Emerson Farley.
Curt H. Thomas of Tyrone, Okla,
came in the first of the week to visit
| his mother, Mrs Lizzie Thomas.
J. B. Jordan and wife of Mount Pleas
ant are visiting relatives in town.
Mr.. and Mrs. Merle Campbell, accom-
panied some relatives to their home In
Nebraska for short visit, making the
trip by auto.
| Mrs. Bert Sherman of Birmingham
was visiting relatives here part of this
| week
Rev. c. w. Cochran and wife Of
Bussey, who were called here by the
death of Mr.. White, are visiting with
relatives.
Mr.. and Mrs. Will Eyre of Osceola
are spending this week with relatives
here. ---
Large crowds are attending the re-
vival meetings here, which are being
held this week at the Baptist church.
Silas Teter received word of the
death of his aunt in northwestern
Iowa and leaves tonight to attend the
funeral.
Levi Morley is reported to be very
SICK
Mrs. White died this morning after
short illness. Funeral services will
be held Monday morning at the Friends
church at Salem
The three upper classes of the pub
lie school and the Hillsboro band were
special guests at the union meetings
last night Mr.. Harper offered prize
of two dollars to the class having the
highest percentage Of attendance at
the meeting. The seventh and eighth
grades tied for first place, so he gave
one dollar to each of the three classes
The school sang song and gave the
yell. On motion of Mr.. Harper the
evenings collection was turned over to
the band.
The high school basket ball team
will play Birmingham at Stockport
next Monday evening. as there is no
building here suitable for the game.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-01-26
TO STOP IMPORTING
SEIZED PROPERTY

Washington. D. C.Jan. %. = Hope
that Representative Kahn's bill pro.
hibiting Importation into the United
States of goods, merchandise and 9th.
er property seized from Americans
and other foreigners by Mexican auth
critics would be adopted by congress,
was expressed today by state depart
sment officials. 1t was pointed out
that the measure would deprive the
Mexicans of the chief means of con-
tinuing their campaigns.
Confiscation of gold, cotton, copper,
cattle, horses, hides and rubber from
foreigners in Mexico have netted the
native authorities huge sum-pos-
sibly $1OO,OOO.OO0.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-01-26
CHARLTON.

Mr.. and Mrs Albert Parsons left
Tuesday for Weldon to attend the fun.
eral Of a friend, Chas. Sanders.
DR.. F. G. Stote left last evening for
Ottumwa to attend a dental associa-
ton meeting.
Miss Josie Baker of Alton, until re-
Gently Of this city, came Tuesday even
ing for few days visit with old
friends
Mrs Carrie Cooley of Valley juno
ton returned home Tuesday evening
after few weeks visit with her sister
.1rs. Ben Sparks.
Mrs. Mollie Taylor of Cleveland, o.,
who had been visiting In Charlton with
her mother. Mrs. Wiley Young and
brother Chas =. Fluke, left Tuesday
evening for visit in Des Moines with
her sister, Mrs. Dora Marchand, and
brother Grover Fluke.
Mrs. B. 3. Conner and daughter
Helen, of st. Joe, Mo-, formerly of this
city visited in Charlton Tuesday night
enroute to Osceola to visit her sister,
Mrs. Bess Rarick.
Mrs. Ida Adcock and son Hugh, and
the latters little son, Ellsworth of
McGrew, Neb., were visitors in this
city yesterday morning enrOute to
Russell where they formerly resided,
to visit friends and attend to business
matters.
Mrs. Glenn Wright who has been in
ill health the past few months, was
taken much worse last Sunday and has
since been in very serious condi-
ton. Her many friends hope that she
will speedily improve.
Mrs. Chas. McVey was taken to the
hospital at Clarinda on Tuesday for
treatment.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-01-26
BONAPARTE.

Miss Blanche Scramlin of Dubuque,
is visiting here with the T. A. Vickers
family.
Mrs. Rex Houser who has been Wis
iting relatives here was called to her
home in Ferndale, Wash, because OF
the illness of her husband.
Mr.. and Mrs. A. H. Cummings are
rejoicing over new boy born Thurs.
day, Jan. IA.
Rev. and Mrs. L. T. Hughes were
recent visitors with Keokuk relatives.
Mrs. Alice Shriver of Mt. Sterling, is
visiting her daughter Mrs. O. ]. Lor.
ton.
Mrs. Laura Dulin is enjoying a visit
with her daughter at Fremont.
Mrs. Cora Mcdonald of Abba, is
visiting her daughter, Mrs. w. B. Tade
Mrs. M. D. Foster Of Milton, visited
here recently at the J. Fl. Williamson
home.
Mr.. and Mrs. w. B. Tade are the par.
ents of son born Tuesday, Jan. II.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-01-26
Big Horse Day in Ottumwa
Friday, January 70
GREAT MoNTH.END SPECIAL sALB
-EVERY AVAILABLE STALL
WILL BE FILLED,
Artillery Horses, Cavalry Horssa
Choice Draft Eastern Chunks, Ohio
and Pennsylvania Feeders, Farm
Mares, Drivers, Big Blsmishsd Work.
ers and Plugs from SO Up.

ers and Plugs from SO Up.
And buyers-Well IL there are any OF
them who are not going to be here they
have failed to send me word to that eff
feet.
England, France and Italy will all be
strongly represented. | also have rea-
son to expect buyers from the east,
Ohio and Pennsylvania from Michigan.
Wisconsin and Minnesota; from Kan
sas and Missouri. The last two states
will be represented by mule buyers as
we'll as buyers for army horses. Will
also have special customer, city re-
tail dealer in fat plugs, and buyer
for business chunks to ship to Maine.
No sale like 1t has been held in Iowa
this winter Everybody will be here.
and possibly others.
On account of the unusual size Of the
sale we will hold an electric light sale
on Thursday evening. Buyers should
arrive on the afternoon trains Thurs
day.
Dealers from over Iowa will find
this big special not only the place to
be with all the war horses obtainable.
but also an opportunity to clean up and
cash in all other varieties from the
cheapest plug to the choicest draft.
BY all means send me word as TO
your coming and the sort you'll want
and as to your shipment and the kind
you'll have. That helps everybody out.
NORRIS WILLIAMS.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-01-26
What $40 Will Do

that make
times highly will de-
veop practice when work and opportunity less
plentiful The of and at least
little all the time putting oy large amount when earn
height AS nation taught
which France banker of the world
OF natural
combined savings consistently
tinued year after Ly the French people whole
would 1915
$40 capita the total at the end of the first
magnificent billion
it become hereditary
a
the saving
perences shall teach thrift will be STRENGTHENING of
H H. Windsor in the POpu-
lar Mechanics Magazine
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-01-26
REAL ESTATE

A so acre tract of land with room,
house and nice little barn, located aboul
3 miles from Ottumwa. Priced ut Slz0
per acre to exchange for Ottumwa
property. There are some good Things
about this land that we want TO tel
you about and if you want a small tract
of land near Ottumwa it win be worm
your while to investigate this
A farmer with "a acres of well I'M
proved land near Douds- Leando WISHES
to move to Ottumwa and send his emil :
dren to the new academy north ol
town. Price $50 per acre. This man
means business, is anxious to come 10
Ottumwa and VIII give you good DEAL
~ acres of level, rich land. room
house, with shed and outbuildlngs
Price $4,000. $3.50 cash, balance SloV
per year.
We have large list of properties for
sale and exchange. If you have prop
erty of any kind to sell or exchange
list it with Roth Bros. No sale, no pay
ROTH BROS REAL ESTATE CO.
Telephone 1900. 1909 W. Second st.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-01-26
LIRERTYVlLLE.

Mrs. Clyde Morley entertained the
Rebekah Embroidery club Friday
evening at her home. Refreshments
were served and a good time report
ed
Mace Clinkenbeard is seriously i'll
at his home In Fairfield.
Mrs. L. Green Is reported ILL.,
Misses Jessie and Inez Hoffman and
Miss Grace Glotfetty visited with
relatives in Batavia Saturday.
The ladies of the Rebekah En-
broidery club will entertain their hus,
bands Wednesday evening at the
home Of Mr.. and Mrs. Hiram Davis.
James Crisenden of Tarkio, Mo-, and
Miss Lena Loer of West Buser, Mo-,
are here visiting with Mr.. and Mrs.
Claude Heston.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-01-26
SELL FALKENBERG
TO BROOKLYN FEDS

Urbana, ILL.,, Jan. 23.-Fred Falken-
berg, pitcher of the Indianapolis Feds,
was greatly surprised Friday night by
a report from Indianapolis that he had
been sold to the Brooklyn Federals by
Indianapolis. Falkenberg was inclin-
ed to discount the report, especially
since it is said he had been offered a
1915 contract and he is under three
years contract with the Hoosiers.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-01-26
Farm Property For Sale

FINE FARM FOR sALE-2so ACRES
= fine black soil with clay subsoil. 80
acres timber, balance tillable. Lays
nice and level. Well fenced. AZ miles
from county seat. Good road, good
room house, good barn 30x70, ce-
ment floor. Other buildings good.
Well of living water Spring in cattle
pasture, also in hog pasture. Electric
line for light and power passing
farm. Price s125 per acre. Write to
Theo DOebbert, Preston, MINI.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-01-26
RUMANIA NOT YET
MODELLING ARMY

Berlin, Jan. 23.-The Rumanian lega-
ton has not received any official con-
firmation of the Swiss and Italian re-
ports regarding Rumanian mobiliza-
ton for which, it is stated, the neces-
sary royal decree has not yet been
ssued
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-01-26
For Exchange

FOR EXCHANGE-NICE ROOM
cottage in Ottumws for farm i'm
plements or live stock. See Ralph T.
McElroy Main street, second stair
way west Of Ottumwa National bank.
Both phones
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-01-26
WANT ADS ,sc PER WORD. 15c MINIMUM.
Eggs and Poultry

FOR SALE--WHITE PLYMOUTH
Rock cockerels, pure bred. 81 each.
Farm raised. Mrs. Chas. Gilbert,
Douds-L eando, Iowa, r. 2.
FOR SALE-A FEW GOOD BUFF
Orpington pullets and cock birds G.,
D. Giltner. New phone 5S4-W, OF
tumwa, r. No. l.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-01-26
PUBLIC SALE
sela at Murray three
OF
Saturday, January 80

oclock m towt:
old
road coming ayearod black sd'ng one
spring horse mule
head coming syear hei win bring calves
heifers
yealng shorthorn late summer calves
weighing $50 lbs
NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS. snh Emerson pow o& cutyator with
ladders 1
probably some hay
$40 and
drawing from date OF
removed premises
sc church. &
Having decided to leave the state will sell at public
sale at Willis Blanchards, Saturday. January 3d. 1915
Head of Horses - One year old mare weight
4 AGO. two coming year old files, two coming year
old geldings, one coming year old fy, dandy good
one, weight 1900; one weaning colt
3 Head of Mich Cows - One with calf by side;
to be fresh Feb g. and good mixer to be fresh in
spring, giving about gallons of milk day - all good
ones cannot be beat.
Head of Brood Sows - Three head full blood
Poland China sows good Ones weight about 300; four
giltsbred to farrow in April bred to Hanna male hog
Twelve dozen chickens, or less, Case sulkey
plow, one two-leaf harrow one Surfles cultivator
SIN. HUMBLE
Willis Blanchard, Prop.
Cooper, Auc Watson Enyart Clerk
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-01-26
Money to Loan

MONEY TO LOAN ON FIRST FARM
mortgages See Ralph T. McElroy,
above Cullen's Store second stairway
west of Ottumwa National Bank.
Both phones.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-01-26

Col. W. n. Cooper, Auct.
The Kendrick gazette. [volume] (Kendrick, Idaho) 1892-1968, 1915-01-01

The name OF Captain keayne has q
secure niche in history as the founder
Of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery
company. He was a merchant tailor
and had been a member Of the Honora.
BILE Artillery company of London. and
bis Boston company had to overcome
the opposition of Governor Winthrop,
who feared the establishment of a Pre-
torian guard. Perhaps Keayne would
have failed entirely had he not been
distinguished for his piety and benev.
olence" In the practice of his art as
tailor he ran foul of the laws for the
regulation of business and was fined
f200 by the great and general court for
exacting more than sixpence in the
shilling profit on foreign goods. He
died in Boston March %. 1856. and his
will, in which was a substantial be-
quest to Harvard. is one OF the longest
on record. New YORK Sun.
The Kendrick gazette. [volume] (Kendrick, Idaho) 1892-1968, 1915-01-01
'sNo Smoking" in Kentucky?

The Flying Squadron, which will
soon make whirlwind campaign
through the state of Kentucky, will,
it is thought, take up the matter of
a statewide law prohibiting the use
of tabacco in any form. At the re-
cent annual meeting of the Ken
lucky Woman's Christian Temper
ance Union, held in Winchester,
Clark county, strong resolutions
were passed by the convention, OPP
posing the use of the weed on the
grounds of morality and general
benefit of the people. The. Flying
squadron will probably follow this
lead and it is-likely prohibition of
the use of both liquor and tobacco
will be discussed and advocated.
Many states have anti-cigarette laws
practically all of which are dead
letters as far as enforcement is
concerned, but no state has yet
passed a sweeping law against the
use of tabacco in any form. AS
Kentucky is one of the great tobac-
co-raising districts, it will be in
teresting to watch the results of an
attempt to prohibit its use in that
commonwealth.
The Kendrick gazette. [volume] (Kendrick, Idaho) 1892-1968, 1915-01-01
Odd Bits of News

Worcester, Mass. The Rev
Frederick Nicholson, pastor of the
First Spiritual Church, recently
appealed to Chief of Police Hill for
protection against love-sick maid.
ems and scheming mothers" He
said his life has been made misera-
BILE by love letters and telephone
calls.
Milwaukee, Wis.-That Wiscon-
sin will not become a prohibition
state, in this or the, next genera
.tion, whether woman suffrage pre-
walls or not, was the prediction
made by Mrs. Sophie Gudden, of
Oshkosh, at the press session last
week of the Wisconsin Woman
Suffrage association, held at Mil
rwaukee.
Clarinda, Ia.-Mrs. Martin Lucas
Offered to crank an automobile for
Mrs. Abbie Gilmore and in doing
so broke her arm. Mrs. Gilmore
helped Mrs. Lucas into the car and
started to crank the machine. She
too, broke her arm.
Merrill, VISA house was sent
to the fair here recently by parcel
post. The house was Of the take
down variety and was sent piece by
piece.
Atlanta, Ga.-Several people
here have been afraid to eat oysters
recently because when the oysters
were put into hot water they turn
ed a brilliant pink. Health officers
say the oysters are perfectly good
but they cannot explain their
"blushing" Of the bivalves.
Somerset, KY Miss Lena Hamm,
/. Kentucky's first policewoman, start
ed duty recently. Her uniform is
of police blue trimmed with white
braid. .., 49,. ,,..--s..--......
The Kendrick gazette. [volume] (Kendrick, Idaho) 1892-1968, 1915-01-01
POULTRY
qna. EGGS
CARING FOR POULTRY.
Dropping Boards and Roosts Should
Be Cleaned Frequently.

Dropping Boards and Roosts Should
Be Cleaned Frequently.
In my hen houses the dropping
boards occupy the back north end of
the building and are three feet above
the floor and three and oneh half feet
wide and extend the width of the pen.
writes correspondent of the National
Stockman. The perches are made of 2
by rs planed and with the edges
rounded These are six inches from the
dropping boards and are hinged to the
back of the building so they can be
raised and fastened when cleaning off
the dropping boards.
Dropping boards should be cleaned
at least every other day. If one can
not attend to this duty regularly it is
far better to dispense with the plat
form entirely and set six inch board
sufficient distance away from the
side of the house to retain all the drop.
pings and ill the intervening space
with several inches Of dry earth. which
acts as an absorbent of bad odors and
into which the denominations can be
raked once in while, thus obviating
the necessity of cleaning the house
oftener than once month. But | am
In favor of the dropping board 1t only
takes me very little time to take my
basket and shovel every morning and
collect the droppings. and my houses
are always sweet and clean.
The roosts are great breeding places
for lice and should be well taken care
of. preparation is made of coal oil
ana carDolic acid. and this is applied to
the roosts every week This does not
take long, and by so doing you will
Keep the lice and mites down and out
The Kendrick gazette. [volume] (Kendrick, Idaho) 1892-1968, 1915-01-01
THE RAM IN WINTER.

Head Of tho Flock Should Not Be Al
lowed to Run With Ewes.
Every man with a bunch of bred
ewes on his hands knows II is bad
policy to allow the ram to run with
them through the winter. says the Ma.
tional StOckman. He crowds them at
the feed trough, worries them at other
times and by using his superior
strength in bunting and pushing may
cause costly abortions 1t Is no place
for him, but still too often he Is found
there because II Is too much bother
to keep him by himself Nor should
he run with the fattening lambs to hog
the feed and keep them from making
the best OF gains. On some farms he
will be found with the cattle. running
to the strawstack- But here. besides
filling his fleece with chair and other
filth. he is likely to be underfed unless
special provision is made for him
We can't expect our sole investment
in service fee for use Of q ram to be
his cost price. He will not care for
himself, and II he Is not worthy OF his
hire better send him to the butcher
and secure one that Is Generally a
place for him can be found close to
the other sheep. where he will not be
lonesome and where he can be fed
handily Perhaps as good place as
any will be an open lean.to against the
regular sheep shelter that affords a
dry place for him overhead. His lot"
may well be an acre or ten acres that
may happen to adjoin the sheep yards.
Here he can keep dry-the most essen
tial thing-and here he can get plenty
OF exercise and be easily fed as the
other sheep are. And please do not
forget pail of fresh water every day.
and some salt when the ewes get
theirs 1t won't pay to neglect the RAW.
The Kendrick gazette. [volume] (Kendrick, Idaho) 1892-1968, 1915-01-01
PROFIT IN FEEDING
ROUGHACE TO CATTLE

Renewed interest is being taken in
the marketing Of rough feed through
feeding it to cattle. says the Kansas
Farmer. Ordinarily the method Of hg-
uring profits on such operations IL to
charge the cattle market prices for the
feeds consumed. and what ts left above
cost of this feed and the tabor involved
Is regarded as profit It IL difficult to
figure in this manner and secure the
real profits where rough feeds only are
involved Quite often this rough feed
has no market whatever away from
the farm. Even where the feeds con-
sumed by cattle barely return actual
market prices at the nearest station It
is possible to figure profit from the
standpoint of increased fertility on the
farm.
On many farms the future productiv-
lty of the soil depends absolutely upon