The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-09-26

u%alistic is excluded from crowds. The
most primitive and widely spread in
stinct in man Is the instinct Of self
preservation. In natural connection
to the instinct Of self-preservatlon Is
the predatory instinct, the instinct to
appropriate by force the fruits Of the
work or plumber of others. The ac-
cumulation in this way of booty and
human tools develops a cognate in
stinct, h lust Of power. a factor
which often accompanies self-asser-
ton or fear in crowd is cruelty. We
see enough OF this daily to understand
how the passions of the crowd easily
degenerate into blood ecstasy. All
wars are a Iiyely exhibition of his
form Of degeneration. Mr.. Christian
sens volume vas evidently written
before the outbreak of the present
European war. but he brings forward
many examples Of the horrors to
which "A bloodthirsty crowd mag t~
driven from the Balkan wars.
In h chapter on THE Sovereign
Crowd' he shows how history, which
was once a history of personalities.
has become a history of votes. States
''Ff'lllANt ililllltS dIb IdlItT Il uTIN-
back for a man who wants to 20 into
politics. The quality which the poll.
tician cannot dispense with Is the
power IT, lead the crowd. Political
propaganda consists of abstract dog
mas Of exciting effect, abuse Of the
opposing side. the indication of the
fitness Of the leader himself and OF
his party, more or less yelled prom
Uses of material benefits. 1t may be
wondered why. with all this modern
cult of incompetence, the world has
made such conspicuous advances. Mr..
Cnrlstiansen clearly points out that
we cannot take 1t for granted that
there is any Causal coincidence be-
tween democratism and the
Of civilization in the nineteenth CEN
fury; history indeed traces the be-
ginnings Of the development of mod
ern civilization back to times ante
Cedent TO the Introduction of the new
political forms. That introduction re-
suited, first and foremost, in the grant
OF frecr scope to the fresh, fermenting
forces which a been evolved in
modern times, The stress does not
lie on any inherent excellence in de-
mocracy OF parliamentarism, but in
the negative fact that an absolute
power. based on a totally obsolete
form of society. was shattered. The
fact remains static nat every spirit
ual force and every idea loses in
ideality in proportion as its position
of influence gains in strength and
security.
Noltaire says: The lion OF .Esop
once made "A treaty with the neigh.
boring animals. 1t was a matter Of
dividing a pear into four equal parts.
The lion for excellent reasons which
he explained and elaborated TOOK
three parts Of the pear for himself
first and then threatened to strange
whoever should touch the fourth part.
Here We have the very apex OF poll
ties" In politics, says Mr.. Chris
Hansen. might goes before right"
Politics, as the practical expression
Of crowd morality. nus always lag
heht1d ethics. Politics and ethics are
not mutually exclusive. they only
seem so BECAUSE individual morality
has o%utstripped crowd morality. 1t
was compliance with the principal
claims Of the popular will which was
the secret of the greatness and sue
cess Of Darius, Alexander. Louis XIV,
Napoleon. Bismarck and Gladstone.
The political methods Of interstate
politics which Mr.. Christensen an
alyzes are annexation and peaceful
penetration. BY annexation he means
the complete appropriation Of a for
eign country with the intention Of ex-
plotting Il TO the c~onquering country's
1NraWnt "a ~ A. }, 81 40 - At.
method he gives Russian methods in
Manchurla, Japan's methods with o.
rea and EnEland's methods through
out with all her colonies. BY peace
full penetration he designates a grad
ual appropriation OF the economic
possibilities of a country. While the
C"Nquering State keeps alive the fc-
tons of the country's independence
and sovereignty II is apt to assume
the role Of dlsinterested protector.
But peaceful penetration is a transit
ton stage To be observed only so long
as practical ease make IL advis-
able.
The more severe methods of an
neNation are the more to be- CON
dcmntd, as the subject people are
more cultured and conscious Of ma
tipnal individuality. Indeed the an
ncNatiun Of a land Of culture always
gives rise to the doubt whether. from
the point IF view Of world culture,
il Is not attended by more damage
than profit. \ European civilization
grated on a non-European culture
gives. in most instances, discordant
results, and discords in the history OF
nations result in revolutions and
wars.
Mr.. Christensen makes n distinction
between ideal politics and real pol
tics. The theorist in ideal politics
sees reality in a false light; the the
or.st IL real politics sees reality
rightly, but puts a false value on 1t.
IL" sees the oppression OF the weak
by the strong a matter Of course, a
Jaw OF nature. II is n case Of Darwin
and Nietzsche in the seat Of honor in
politics. A law of nature refuses L,
submit to a moral evaluation. Politics
is beyond good and evil. Might
stands before right because IL cannot
do otherwise, The theorist in real pol
iticS Is 50 closely %entangled in the sug-
g"stion Of the present hat he cannot
picture any future development. He
forget that nature acquired in mar a
,.N, rl,t.LGpn1 Ta,tnr Don,aIy 49,