davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-07-31

Commander-in-chief of French armies.
feet realization in BerliR that Austria
Hungary could not permanently deal
with the Russian armies single-handed.
Since the French frontier from Lux
emburg to Switzerland was fortified
strongly, German military chiefs rec
ogniZed that IL could not be forced
without delays that might make IL pos.
sible for Russia to dispose of Austria
before France had been put out. Ac-
cordingly, the invasion of France by
way OF Belgium was decided upon, and
at least 100000 men were sent in
three armies through Belgian terri
tory, while three more Of about
equal strength were employed through
Luxembourg. Lorraine and Alsace.
Planned to Destroy French.
In thinking of the first campaign 1t
10 well to remember always that the
Germans had but two things IN mind,
to destroy French armies utterly and
to do this within the first six weeks of
the war. The capture of forts, cities,
the success in incidental engagements,
was of no real meaning If the great
decision was not to be had. The Ger
man strategy aimed at humiliation, ex
pected TO achieve 1t and conducted the
opera ton with a disregard of all ex-
pense of life and equipment, which
was only conceivable as the price Of a
supreme success.
Conversely, the sole problem of the
French in this same period was to keep
their armies in being, save Paris and
escape the annihilation planned by
their great foe. To meet the German
avalanche they had little more than
half as many troops, with British sup
ports. which were, however, insignifi-
cant in numbers. The French We're also
handicapped by the fact that their
mobilization was based upon the as
sumption that Germany would come
through Alsace-Lorraine and not
through neutral Belgium. and plans Of
mobilization could not be changed aft
er 1t had begun. Thus it was necessary
for France to execute a complete re-
campaign had opened. But - is neces-
'Sary to recall here that the single
necessity for the French was to sur
.vfve the first avalanche. This was Jof-
tres problem, as that of Won Moltke's
was to annihilate the French On
these terms it Is possible to estimate
Pretty exactly the results of this first
campaign, the greatest the world had
ever seen in numbers. in the size of
bsttlefelds and in the losses that were
Suffered by all contestants
The Belgian Phase. (Aug. 4-22.)
The first shots on the Belgian from
German troops reached the forts of
1asge. The army was commanded by
Cen. Won Emmich and numbered about
10000 picked troops. Despite the CO.
temporary impression, the Belgian re-
distance. while heroic. was wholly in
effective. Liege was occupied August
=. For a week the Belgian commander,
\ Gen. Leman. held one or two of the
fprts west of the Meuse. but these were
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-07-31

decision had also failed. They had been
unable to crush Austria, as Germany
had failed. to crush France. 1t was
now time for a new German effort
To complete the review of events in
the east 1t is necessary to mention the
great German victory in the Mazurian
lakes region February 10, which termi-
mated Russian counter offensive in
East Prussia, designed to relieve Rus
sian armies in Poland and Galicia by
recalling German troops. A huge num-
Der of prisoners were claimed by the
Germans, who once more demonstrated
their complete superiority to the Rus
SLAMS in the field
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-07-31
Italian Operations.

Italy declared war upon Austria Nav
%. The nature of her frontier. hemmed
In by the Austrian mountains from
the 1sonzo to Switzerland, her north
ern provinces open to attack from the
fortified places of the Austrian Tyrol
made it inevitable that her efforts for
many months would be confined to at
tempts to clear her own frontiers of
the Austrians and close the gateways
leading to her own regions and held by
her foes. Such offensives as she could
undertake in addition would naturally
be directed at Trieste and the Italian
eaking districts east of her frontiers
At the close of two months of war
Italy Is still striving to penetrate into
the Trentino about the fortress of
Trent, to cut the railroad lines serving
the Austrian Tyrol by the PusterthaI,
to surround and reduce the whole Tyro-
lean salient south of the Bremen pass.
So far she has made slight but unim-
portant progress, and is still outside
the first lines of Austrian defense in
the Adige valley. along the Pusterthal
and south Of the Stelvio
Hard Battle at Gorilla.
Between the Julian Alps and the sea,
on the front from Tolmino to Nabre-
sina, Italian troops have In several
places passed the Isonzo, have taken
MontfalcoHS and Gradisca, and are now
pressing in upon Gorilla. Here italian
troops have encountered the first line
of Austrian defenses, and have for
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-07-31
The Great Retreat (Aug. 22-sept. g..

August 20 the German armies were
in full pursuit of the allies from Switz-
erland to the Sambre. The great prob
lem was now whether Won Kluck could
destroy the British army on the ex-
treme left. interpose between Paris and
the whole allied battle front. cut off
the retreating armies and roll them UP
in such an development as had won the
war of 1870. For the allies the single
effort was to escape the net. get south
to a point where they could again put
a line in front of the Germans.
All this week the British army occu-
pied the danger point, was almost en-
veloped. escaped only by retreating day
and night. lost heavily in men and
equipment. but finally escaped after
fighting number of rear guard battles.
The French armies. on their part. re-
treated with greater elaboration and
were never in great danger
By September ! the French and Brit
ish were once more in line from the
Vosges to the walls of Paris, but all
northern France was now In German
hands and a victorious German army
was assailing Nancy. 1t was no longer
possible for the allies to retreat with
out abandoning Paris, and the Germans
still on schedule time, were within
sight of the outer forts of the French
capital.
Battle of the Marne (Sept. 7-1O).
At the opening Of this great battle
the French held a line from Paris to
Verdun. curving deeply to the south.
On this line Joffre had been concentrate
ing his forces since the opening de-
feats. Now the Germans were, in turn,
threatened with development from
Paris and from Verdun, and about Paris
a new French army had been collected,
which energetically struck east upon
Won Kluck's flank.
But the decisive point In the battle Of
the Marine was about La Fere Champe-
noise, and the first heavy blow was
struck here by Gen. Foch. September 9
the whole French line. after two weeks
of steady retreat suddenly struck back
defeated the Germans in a number of
terrific engagements and drove all the
German armies from Lorraine to Lagny
back in complete defeat, which
amounted to a rout at certain points.
At the moment when Berlin was wait
ing to hear of the fall of Paris all tho
German armies were in retreat France
was not to be overwhelmed. In this
battle more than 100000 were en-
gagged. the losses were not less than
100000. and the battle front was nearly
200 miles long.
On the A1sne (Sept. 13-Oct. 81.
In the opening days Of the second
week in September there was hope in
allied capitals that the Germans might
be driven out Of France. but It. proved
vain. Between the Marine and the Aisne
the Germans rallied The fall of Maui
beuge freed German army which
came south and reinforced Won Kluck,
Allied advance was stopped at this
stream. and in the next few days the
Germans established a line from the
Disc at Noyon to the Argonne. All allied
efforts to drive them failed.
The French then made a desperate ef-
fort to turn the Germans out by at
lacking their right flank and turning 1t,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-07-31


artillery. But It is necessary to point
out that 1t was the Germans who
finally defeated the great Russian
effort to crush Austria
Allies Gains Slight.
OF the allied offensive in the west
little need be said. The simple fact
seems to be that the trench fighting has
shown the extreme difficulty of making
successful advance: the Germans
have simply dug themselves into north
ern France, and are able to supply the
men and ammunition TO meet any Of
fensiye. The greatness of the French
losses and the concomitant failure of
the British to get up men or feed their
guns explain allied failure in this field,
and there is no present promise of
change German defense here has been
as brilliantly successful as the opera
ton against Russia.
OF the fourth major campaign. that
against Russia, 1t is only possible to
say that il is still going forward, and
that in its earlier stages il has been as
successful as was the advance on Paris
before the battle of the Marine. 1t is
chiefly noteworthy now as demonstrat-
ing the enormous resources of Germany
in men and munitions, the folly of
earlier predictions of approaching Ger
man exhaustion and the comparative
soundness of German confidence that
victory for them Is still possible or
even likely.
In its first year the great war has
been Napoleonic in character, but no
Napoleon has appeared. Germany has
displayed the same ability to meet Eu-
rope in arms that France displayed
from 1892 to 1914. All prospect of
early peace seems to have been dispos-
ed of by the absence of any really de-
cisive result in any field Only
Russian disaster can now
modify the general expectation that
the war will continue for one or two
years.
Finally. it is accurate to say that in
the military operations in Europe all
the real advantage has lain with the
Germans. They have failed in their
greatest undertakings, but they have
cleared their own frontiers, and are
now fighting in Poland, Belgium and
France. Their armies have shown no
sign of exhaustion or loss of morale.
They have won victories which will
forever be memorable.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-07-31
!. Germany Against France

The first phase of the world war was
comprehended in tremendous effort
Of the whole German military estab-
lishment, save for, perhaps 100000
troops sent to hold back the first Rus
sian columns in the east. to crush
French military power. take Paris. re-
move the French as a factor in the
present war, achieve a decision exactly
similar to that won in the Franco
Prussian war and obtain 1t in the same
time 1t was of prime importance to
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-07-31

coming in about st. Quentin. But this
failed, and in few more days the line
had begun to mount toward Belgium,
each general staff meeting the others
efforts with new battalions. Meantime
the Germans directed their attention
toward making their position in Bel
gium secure by besieging Antwerp,
which fell after a ten-day siege on Oc-
tober 9.
Just before this surrender the Brit
ish had been taken out of their trenches
along the Aisne and sent north to NIL
the gap between the French battle
line and the sea. Their objective was
Antwerp. but the fall of this town ruin
ed their plans and they were again
left to face an overwhelming attack by
new German armies, supported only by
the beaten Belgian army, which had
escaped from Antwerp and come south
through OStend to the User river north
of Dunkirk.
Battle of Flanders (oct. 21-Nov. 15).
German effort to crush France had
ia lied. There remained the chance OF
capturing the channel ports, Calais
Boulo9ne and Dunkirk; STRENGTHENING
the western front and shortening it.
preparing the way for submarine and
Zeppelin campaign against England
and completing the conquest of Bel
GUM.
Accordingly, vast new forces were
sent into the line between Lille and
Ostend and a general German advance
in masses was begun against the thin
line of British and Belgian troops on
this front. a month of desperate
fighting followed. The Belgians,
heavily attacked. just managed to cling
to the User line, after opening the
sluices and flooding the region. The
British held Ypres despite a so per cent
loss and against three or four times
their number. The struggle was over
by November IS.
In sum, then, the first German often
sive was decisively beaten at the
Marine. France was neither destroyed
nor seriously crippled. Her losses in
captured and killed and wounded COM
bined probably equaled those of the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-07-31
Allies, However, Unable to Make Sub.
stantial Gains After Marine and
Flanders Conflicts.
(Bv FRANK H. SIMONDS)
Copyright, 1915, by the New York Tribune

The purpose this briefly the
military phases this per-
haps simplest the supplied by the three major
pagn Germany against France against AUSTRIA
against Russia which going forward
the attempted OF the
allies the unsuccessful in the larger the Oar
danees the fields invaded by Italy, where again the
without real meaning
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-07-31

their flank toward Germany protected by
strong defensive works behind the Dun
ajec- Biala rivers.
The first operation was directed against
this flank, which was suddenly struck by
q huge army under Mackensen, provided
with an enormous artillery train. In a
few days the entire front crumpled UP,
uncovertng the rear of the armies in the
Carpathians. Along the Dunajec the Rus
slams suffered a real disaster, losing thou
sands OF prisoners. In the first stages Of
their retreat more thousands were cap
was threatened in front by the Austrian
armies coming from Hungary, in flank
and rear by the German troops coming
east in Galicia.
Efforts to stand at the Wislok. the
San and at the Grodek lakes failed. AL
though the Russian resistance steadily
stiffened, the German advance could
not be checked. Jaroslav, Przemysl,
and finally Lemberg were recaptured
and the Russians were driven north
into Poland and east toward the Bess-
arabian frontier. All but a thin strip
of Galicia was reconquered, after hav-
ing been occupied by Russia since Sep
TENDER.
Russian disaster was explained by the
lack of ammunition and by the great
superiority of German artillery. Prob
ably this explains the rapidity of the
debacle, but the Russians were clearly
OutnumDeTeu, outBeHeTdleu and OUT
fought.
Third Drive at Warsaw (July).
Once Galicia was cleared the full ex-
tent of German purpose was revealed.
Glance at the map, and it will be seen
that Russian Poland extends into Ger
man and Austrian territory. which grips
it something like a pair of. jaws. War
saw the WeSternmoSt fortress of the
Russian defensive line. is outfianked by
German East Prussian territory and by
Austrian Galician districts.
Very shortly it became clear that the
plan of the Austro-German command
ers was to attack Warsaw in front,
along the familiar Rawka-Bzura front,
and at the same time to attack the de-
fensiye lines that covered the railroads
from Kiev. Moscow and Petrograd to
the Polish capital. If these lines in the
rear fell before Warsaw was evacuated,
all the Russians west of the closing
jaws would be cut of. surrounded. ulti-
mately captured the greater part of
Russian military strength would be
eliminated.
If Warsaw were evacuated in time
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-07-31

Germans, who, as the attacking force,
lost heavily. Not less than million
men were put out in this opening
phase But at the end the Germans had
won only few thousand square miles
of territory in France, they had failed
to take Paris or the channel ports and
they could no longer afford to neglect
the Russian menace. From November
Is to July 25 the western campaign
from the German side has been defen-
sive, save for local attacks. 1t has be-
come mere war of trenches.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-07-31
w. Allied OffensiveS.

The first campaign in the west ended
with the battles of Flanders, Novem-
Der Is. 1t left the allied armies vic
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-07-31
Tannenberg (Sept. y.

While Russian and Austrian mobi
lization was still incomplete the allied
disasters in the west drove Paris and
to ask Petrograd to invade
East Prussia to compel Germany to re-
call troops from France. Accordingly
two Russian armies, one from War
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-07-31

sent into East Prussia. Both won
initial successes, and the Niemen army,
having defeated the Germans at Gum
binnen, approached Koenigsberg. But
the second, having reached Allenstein.
was enveloped by Hindenburg in the
swamp districts, forced !. into the
marshes and practically annihilated
More than 100000 troops were put out
in this fight, and the second Russian
army escaped only by rapid retreat.
The disaster Of Tannenberg took
place September /. 1t was q defeat
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-07-31

which supplied the German
front west of Vouchers. Slight prog
ress and actual failure to attain the
object marked this effort. A fourth
venture about St. Mihiel brought back
only Insignificant profits.
The most successful French advance
was made in May. north Of Arras, and
resulted in the capture of the Lorrette
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-07-31
CERMANIC CAMPAIGN
AGAINST THE RUSSIANS
Z HIGHLY SUCCESSFUL
Berlin's Forces Save Austrians--- Blum
ders Have Handicapped Allies in
Dardanelles Operations.

heights and a number of villa ges west
or Lens. But once more the main OBJ
1ective was not attained. Tl-Sty
of Lens did not fall and the herman
lines, thinned to reinforce the eastern
armies, were not broken. In fact, the
Germans were able to organize a coun-
ter offensive and win back consider
able lost ground These various Of
fensives cost the French not less than
100000 in casualties and achieved no
material advantage, necessary as they
were
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-07-31
British Failure (Nov. to JULY.

y
AS to the British efforts since the,
battles of Flanders, they may be COM
pretended in the simple statement that
the British army has been unable to
accomplish any serious offensive result
since the middle of last November. The
single ambitious bid for success at
Neuve Chapelle in March ended in a
terribly expensive local victory, but
the gain here was offset by loss of
trenches in the second battle of Ypres
in April. A determined effort to sup
port the French operations about Arras
failed completely because of lack of
ammunition.
Since March the British, now number
ing perhaps half million, have held
their ground with little but trench
fighting, in which their losses have
been heavy. Not less than 300 600 Brit
ish have now been killed, wounded or
captured in the western field. But the
failure of the government to provide
ammunition has halted and still holds
up any British offensive. All talk of
a spring drive" has proved mere moon
shine, and there remains some doubt
as to whether the British will be able
to undertake any serious offensive be-
fore next spring.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-07-31

destroyed by the first shots of the Ger
man heavy artillery August IA or Is.
In the meantime German mobiliza-
ton was completed. concentration took
masses were setting out on their dash
to Paris. All this time there had been
steady diminishing between the field
forces of the Belgians and the screen
of German cavalry which was prepar-
ing the way for the coming of the
armies. These skirmishes were magni-
fed into battles by Brussels reports,
but were of no real Importance and
of the Belgian army.
once the German advance was begun
it swept irresistibly forward. One
force under Won kluck moved straight
low, crossed the Mouse at Huy and ad-
vanced upon Namur and third came
through the Ardennes and struck at
the line of the Mouse above Namur
Brussels fell August 20, the Belgian
army fled to Antwerp and the German
army, having passed the capital, started
south for Paris. The Belgian phase
ended August % with the abrupt fall
tween the German armies and the
Anglo-French forces of the north.
French Disaster (Aug. 4-1s).
While the Germans were coming
through Belgium the French had at
tempted to invade A1sace- Lorraine, had
been successful at the start and then
heavily beaten east of Metz and driven
In disorder into French territory about
Nancy. second French offensive
across the Mouse into Belgian Luxem-
burg had met with another defeat At
the moment when the German forces
of the north struck the allied armies
along the Sambre and the Mouse from
Mons to Givet the French armies from
Switzerland to the Belgian frontier
were retreating In disorder.
To meet the German advance through
Belgium the French and British took
their stand in the angle between the
Mouse and the Sambre rivers. The po-
sition was naturally strong. but was
based upon the Belgian fortress of Ma
muir. To the utter Amusement of the
world Namur fell within a few hours,
the British about Mons were struck In
front and flank by overwhelming forces
and the French were driven out of their
positions west and south of Namur.
The opening battles of Mons and
Chartered were between some 100000
allied troops and $50. 900 Germans Both
battles were broken off before they
reached a decision. both were allied
defeats and they opened the way to
the possible destruction of the whole
allied forces in the north at the mo-
ment that the French armies in the east
were retreating after having been
routed.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-07-31
Galicia (May and June).

offensive against Russia the armies of the
car in Galicia were in the Carpathians,
The day book. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1911-1917, 1915-04-23

sible. As God has created thee, so
shalt thou stay. My advice to rich
and poor is, beware of the fake
beauty specialists; live within the
laws of hygiene. Do not overindulge
in eating or drinking, abolish the use
of alcoholic liquors, avoid an chemi-
cal face creams and your beauty will
be preserved by natures process,
which is the most reliable and mex
Observation-Disclosures Louise CUthbert.
1929 CIybourn aV. =
The day book. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1911-1917, 1915-04-23

that they are not in it for financial
gain.
Do you know, Mr. Patriot, that the
bigots of the warning nations have
ceased to make charges against the
nuns because the nuns are doing
such good work on the battlefield,
tending to the sick regardless OF their
belief, and doing work that is I'M
equaled by any Red Cross society.
Yours for square deal from the
so-called Patriots.-N. w. n.
The day book. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1911-1917, 1915-04-23
BEAUTY SPECIALISTS

er article regarding the biggest fake
is the beauty specialist. Many of our
wealthy men and women invest large
sums of money to have their wrin-
.kles and crows feet removed and
even venture as far as believing they
can have their features changed.
They are foolish enough to think they
can have wide nose changed to a
Grecian type, a large mouth made
small, thick lips made thin, a long
chin made round. They will tolerate
indescribable suffering undergoing
operations having a little bone or
flesh removed here and there. The
fool patient may be informed that it
requires a years treatment to obtain
good results. This gives the doctor
time to fleece $4,000 from wealthy
woman. OF course, a poorer patient
can get the same treatment for 5000
in less time.
Then you are in hopes of regaining
25 years. That is, the specialists
guarantee if you are so. Money will
not regain lost beauty due to old age,
for nature must take its course in
spite of all fake specialists. The
changing of facial features is impos-
The day book. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1911-1917, 1915-04-23
INFORMATION WANTED.-1

INFORMAL TON WAN TED.-WhO
oppose the adoption of the single tax,
and why? There does not seem to
be any difficulty in proving its i'm
mense superiority to our present tax
laws, and dissatisfaction with the
present inchoate tax laws seems uni
versal Why, then, does not society
substitute the single tax for the con-
glomerate tax?-Veritas.