davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-04
GERMANS EXPLAIN DEFEAT.
south African Force Cut on Before
Surrender to HOthn.
Special Cab'e Despatch TO Tnr srv.

LoNpoN, Aug. 3-The Berlin cor
respondent OF the Central Ncws reports
that the General STAN has given out an
official report from the Governor of Ger
man Southwest Africa and the Com
mander of the German troops there The
report. which was sent to tho Kaiser
through the American Ambassad dor.
reads:
I'VE were compelled to surrender our
troops. numbering 1900 to General
Botha near Koral, between Otavi and
Tsumet. every chance of successful re-
sistance being excluded. After Otavi.
Cant. Grootfontein. Tsumo and Hamo-
toni had been taken by the enemy We
were cut off from our base. Any at
tempt to break through was impossible.
as our horses had not eaten any oats
for months and were completely ex-
hsusted."
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-04
PACIFIC MAIL TO QUIT NOV. 2.
Japanese VIII Take Business
Killed by La Toilette Law,

SAN Francisco, Aug. 3.--The first
definite announcement OF actual discon-
tinuance OF trans-Pacihc service was
made by the Pacific Mail Steamship
Company to-day. The company Will
withdraw its five liners from the Pacific
on November 2 next. Its last vessel
to leave San Francisco for the Orient
will be the Mongolia. sailing on that
date. The reason given for this is that
effect on November 4. making 1t i'm
possible financially for the ships to
operate.
This gives the Japanese lines a mo-
nopoly OF trans-Pacihc business out of
this port
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-04

Officials IN Washington regard the
British statements a. weakened, how
ever, by certain references to Germ iny's
conduct mentioned by Great Britain IS
Justification of her policies II is felt
that Great Britain has to an extent low
cred her case toward the level OF the
position of Germany, in so far rs she
cites German violations OF the law as
excuse for her own act,
Unlike tn" German Government, how
ever, the British are careful not to 20
so far as to admit that their blockade
Is reprlsal and therefore without basis
In law, on the contrary, they contend
that il is legally 'Iustitiahlc measure
for meeting Germ tnN's illegal acts
ON the other hand they go SO far as
10 intimate that as long as ncu,rals toll
crate the German submarine warfare
Great Britain ought not to he pressed
to abandon "A measur" undertaken in
consequence of the submarine campaign.
such appeals the United States Gov
ernmcnt has already sharply repudated
in correspondence with Germany on the
submarine issue There is no doubt
that the same treatment will be- afforded
the use of a similar plea on the port of
/ Great Britain
The British contend that as the issue
with the United States IL one of law
the United States should be content to
await judicial Interpretation OF British
acts by the prize courts now sitting.
1t is argued that even II the rourts'
decisions are unsatisfactory to Amnri-
cans interests they may appeal to the
I priVy Council, and that IL the decision
of this court is still unsatisfactory they
may invoke the aid of their Government
toward effccting an ARRANGEMENT hy
which the cases In dispute may no re-
ferred to an International tribunal for
review, as was done by the United States
| and Great Britain in the civil war cases
II is declared that at any time any
American claimant may challenge before
the prize court the existing orders in
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-04
LEGION MISSES 5 AMERICANS.
Fate Of Kelly, Lawrence. ScnnIOn,
smith aud Weeks In Doubt.

PARIS, Aug. 3.--The headquarters OF
the Foreign Legion at Lyons. where all
information from the organization is
reported, is still without news Of the
Americans Kelly, Lawrence, Scanlon,
Smith and Weeks, who have not been
heard from for some time, officials are
inclined to believe the men are prisoners.
The Colonels orderly who was captured
on June 10, has been ullowed to return
to France after having had leg am
putated. He reports that some other
prisoners were taken at the same time,
but he could not learn their namcs.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-04
Won MncL-n,en Checked.

Gen. Won MackcnSeu Is merely fol-
lowing the Russian troops in their re-
tirement toward the north. His army at
this moment appears incapable Of any
vigorous offensive.
Heavy fighting l. expected by the
Wicprz and the Bug rivers. Here the
Germans probdbl" will make one more
effort Ia draw the Russians into a gen
'ral engagement. from which they hope
tc rye victorious and then be In "A
position TO transfer a large number OF
guns from the west
THE Duma has passed resolution
demanding that legal proceedings be
taken against all responsible for the
shortage OF shells and other needs OF
the army, irrespective OF rank or Of
ncial position. out of 900 members
present 3i5 voted in favor OF the reso-
lution.
at was clear when the Duma met on
sunday that "A demand would he made
that the late Minister OF war. NJ Souk-
omlinoff would lie prosecuted. This un-
doubtedly represents the indignant de-
sire OF the nation. The Deputies are
griinly determined 10 make the punish
ment of the guilty their first business
Everybody feels that unless this Is done
the nation cannot be sure that the
rlunders viii not be repeated
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-04
WAR SERVICE IN LONDON.
10 Attend Anniversary
Meeting In -. Paul's.

LONDON, Aug. 3.-1he Cabinet has
been summoned for tomorrow after
noon, when most OF the Ministers will
attend the special service at 81. Paurs
Cathedra, In commemoration OF the first
anniv versary Of the war.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-04
HIGH COST OF CONQUEST.
$500, 100000 Per 1000 square
Miles Is Cost to Germany.

LoNpoN. Aug. 4 "wednesday. The
Daily Mali publishes a map and dia-
gram showing that every thousand
square miles occupied on the western
battle front cost Germany $500,O00.00O
and evefy thousand square miles on the
eastern front cost her Sl65. 100000.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-04
Conforming to the spirit.

&c, The only question then which
can arise in regard to the measures
rcsorted to for the purpose Of car
rying out a blockade upon these eX-
tended lines is whether. to use your
Excellency's words, they conform to
the spirit and principles Of the cs-
sencc of the rules Of war and We
shall he content To apply this test to
the action which we have taken in
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-04
NAVAL BATTLE IN BALTIC.
Got hIandc Iienr Heavy Firing
East of Island.
Specia, Cablr Despatch to TnE St

Special CdbYT Dtsp0fcN 10 THE StN
LONDON, Aug 3,--The Morning Posts
correspondent at Stockholm telegraphs
that the Gothlanders heard a violent
cannonadlng to the eastward yesterday
and It is supposed that a battle was in
progress in the Baltic.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-04

This is Great Britdin's reply TO ;he
United States no,e nj March NJ in
,,b;,b ,hs ,..,.,,, s,,. .,..,.,., a.,
'""'" ''"''' '''
ooJechohs 10 certain 'ntcJerenccs
Nth neutral trade upparcntiy con-
tcmDfated bu Crrot R,i,o;, ,,ndcr the
II, =,
"'" '" co""c"' i"'S "o'c 'o"S''
fhtcs Great Britdin's chtef defence OF
the practices aodinst uhich he United
s,,,cs co,,,,,,,..
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-04

IT," United States will announce at
me beginning Of its endeavors to restore
'ed'' if Mexico that it has no thought
ID. territorial conquest. II already has
sl'"u such assurances to the ok Latin
N'' 1p republics that it has invited TO
ass H the enterprises as regards
Me- o.
Nnn' of the military leaders now
promuon' In Mexican affairs will have
opportunity 10 attain the Presidency Of
.n' republic under the plan of paCiica-
10, 'ns' perfected hy President Wilson
o'' secretary of State Lansing. Car
''"@t' Villa Iapata and all the others
.' p" Do" eliminated and Il group to be
.-.N'H ~ men who are 10 be entrusted
ES'U 'H" task Of setting up, If possible, a
'.''Nmeut that the United states and
w. lowers may in conscience rccog-
"I' a" constitutional sovereignty.
h formulating the new Mexican pol
resident Wilson has sought for a
means which will permit Mexlcans them
= ~''7 to right affairs In Mexico, the
'''.I states merely 10 stand by and
"' mat there Is no interference with the
"1r'tu'2ation Officials here say the
was thought out before the Presi-
ued his proclamation on .oine Q
t,,5'1 the factions To compose their
'inos, falling I'm which the United
''i''' would act, villa and Xapata at
"''" ''nii"d willingness to discuss
'la '' peace with Carranza, but Car
'''@f ivc notice that he would not
enc" Utp u"gotia,ions with his enemies,
VI. Tune 30 the Secretary OF state. by
,.'''.nr of the President. sounded Ar
~. 'hf Brazil, Chill. Bolivia, Uruguay
."' Guatemala 10 determine whether
'l'! would join with the United States
Continued on Fourth PAGE.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-04
ENGLAND BANS COAL EXPORTS.
FOrbids shipments Except 10 Brit
iah Possessions.
Special Coble Despdtch 10 TnE Sun.

LoNpoN. Aug, 3.--An order in council
was gazetted to-day forbidding the ex-
portation OF coal and coke, beginning to-
morrow. except to British possessions
and protectOrates.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-04
TEUTONS CAPTURE Il,lOO.
berlin Reports Gains on All Fronts
In East.

Special Cable Despatch to TnE Sun.
BERLIN (via Amsterdam). Aug. a.
The following official statement was
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-04
C. w. GRENFELL KILLED.
Lord DesbOrOURh's second son
Loses Life Rt Front.
Special Cabh Despatch 10 Tur srN.

""'' NF''VV7' T" fr'T 'V-''
LONDON, Aug. Sc, w Grenfcll.
second son of Lord Desborough, noted
oxford scholar and athlete, has been
killed in action, II was learned to-day.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-04
CHECK TEUTON DRIVE.
IN WARSAW REGION
Russians Stop Onslaught and
Take Thousands of Prison
ers, PctrOgrad Hears.
GERMANS SHORT OF MEN
Cars Ex-War Minister May Re
Prosecuted for Munitions
Shortage.
specini Cnbie Dsspnich 10 Tnr srv

Special Crbie DsSpdfrh 10 THE StN
LoNpoN. Aug 3.--Thc Petrograd cor
respondent Of the Daily Mail. in des-
patch received tonight. declares that
the Russian fight to cover general re-
treat with rear guard actions has al
most succeeded and that the German
offensive is being checked in several
fronts. He says:
''The news received from the battle
front to-day indicates that the rear
guard actions which the Russians have
been lighting TO cover the general re-
treat have almost achieved their pur-
pose.
THE furious German efforts to secure
crushing victory have failed. The
enemy has not managed to crush any
read guard. and indeed In several en-
gagements the Russian troops have been
calamity holding their own and captur-
ing thousands ot prisoners
"'rhc German armies almost all seem
In need OF rccnforcements and com
mandcrS are asking each other for as
sistance. Gen. Won Woyrsch. on the
Nistula, was expected to strengthen the
Narew front. but has just been pushed
back himself and desires every company
Of his forces to prevent any further
mishap.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-04

-. need scarcely dwell on the
obligation incumbent upon the Allies
to take every step IN their power 1"
overcome their common enemy III view
Of the shocking violation of the recoG-
ni2ed rules and principles OF civilized
warfare Of which he has been guilty
during the present struggle. Your
ENCellcncys attention has already
been drawn To- some Of these proceed
ings in the memorandum which |
handed to YOU ON the 18th Fcbru-
airy Since that time Lord Brycc's
report. based ON evidence carefully
sifted by legal experts, describing the
atrocities committed IN Belgium, the
poisoning OF wells In German South
west Africa. the use of poisonous
gases against the troops In Flanders
and finally the sinking of IN" Lust
tania without any opportunity To pas
senCrrS and non-Coinbatants To save
their lives. has shown how indispcn-
sable il is that we should lcaN" unused
no jus;iuable method of dcfending our
selves.
- Your Excellency will remember
that In my notes of the 18Th and l5th
OF March | explained that the aiI!eh
Governments intended to meet the
German attempt to stop all supplies OF
every kind from leaving .. entering
British OF French ports bS them
selves lntercepting goods going TO or
from Germany. | read the communi-
cation from your ExcellcncN's Gov
ernment not as questioning the neCes-
sitN for our taking all the steps open
to US TO cripple the enemy's trade, but
AS directed solely TO the qu, S'lon OF
the legitimacy o. the particular
measures adopted.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-04

Special Gable Despatch 10 THE SIN.
LONDON. Aug. 3.-The Duke Of Nor
folk Is to undergo "A serious operation
and will be confined to the hospital for
several months.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-04
Methods Have Varied.

- There are various particulars ~
which tn" exact method OF carrying
u blockade into effect has from time
To time varied The need Of public
notification the rouuisit" standard ot
effectiveness. the locality of the block
aiding squIdrons. the right Of the in
divdual ship 10 a preliminary warn
ing that the blockade Is in force and
tn, penalty to be inflicted on a cap
tured blockade runner are all subjects
on which different views have pre-
vailed IN different countries and IN
which the practice Of particular Coun-
tries has been altered from time Ia time.
The one principle which is fundl-
mental and has obtained UNIVERSAL
recognition IL that BY means OF block
dde a belligcrsnt is entitled TO cut off
by effective means tn sea borne COM
merCe of his enemy.
ID 1t is the same with contra band.
The underlying principle is well estab-
l.shed, but as to the details there has
been wide variety OF views. As for
unneutral service. tn. very term is
of such recent introduction that many
writer's OF repute on International law
do not even mention it, 1t Is impos-
sble in the view of his Majesty's
Government In these circumstances to
maintain that the right OF "A belleerent
10 intercept the commerce OF his enemy
Il limited IN the way suggested in
your Excellency's communication
''l6. There are certain subsidiary
matters dealt with in your Excel
lency's communication to which
think IL well to refer. Among these
may he mentioned YOUR citation of the
Declaration of Paris. due no doubt To
the words which occur in the memo
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-04

- In the various notes when | have
received from Your ENSel!encN the
tiSht I bell,gcrent TO establish
blockad, of the enemy ports Is ad-
mltted. a right which has obviously
no value save in SO far as II gives
mower to a bell gerent TO cut off the
sea borne exports and imports of the
enemy The contention which !
understand the United states Govern
ment now puts forward is that "
belligerent is so circumstanced that
his commerce can pass through ad-
jacent neutral ports as easily as
through ports in his own territory,
his opponent has no right 10 Interfere
and must restrict his measures of
blockade In such a manner as To leave
such avenues OF commerce still open
to his adversary
This is contention which his
Majesty's Government feel unable tn
accept and which seems to them un-
sustainable either In point OF law or
upon principles of international equity.
They are unable to admit that a bell
ligerent violates any fundamental
principle OF international law by ap-
plying a blockade in such "A way as to
cut out the enemy's commerce with
foreign countries through neutral
ports n the circumstances render suSh
an application of the principles OF
blockade the only means OF making ii
effective.
"rhe Government of the United
States indeed intimates its readiness
to take into account the great
changes which have occurred In the
conditions and means OF naval war
fare since the rules hitherto govern
ing legal blockade were formulated
and recognizes that the form of close
blockade with its gordon of ships in
the immediate offlng of the blockaded
ports is no longer practicable In the
face OF an enemy possessing the
means and opportunity to make an
effective defence by the use OF sub
marines p,incs and aircraft
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-04

I'VE are interfering with no goods
with which We should not he entitled
to interfere by blockade II the geo.
graphical position and the conditions
of Germany at present were such that
her commerce passed through her own
ports, We are taking the utmost pos
siblc care not To interfere with COM
mcrce genuinely destined for or pro-
Cccding from neutral countries. Fur
ther1nore, We have tempered the se-
verify with which our measures might
press upon neutrals by not applying
the rule which was invariable in the
old form of blockade. that ships and
goods on their way to or from the
hlockaded are liable to condemna-
ton.
~ The communication made by
the United States Embassy on the
2d of April describes as a novel and
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-04

~. II Is not necessary TO discuss
the extent to which the second rule
of the Declaration Of Paris is affected
by these measures or whether 1t could
hc held to apply at all as between
Great Britain and the United States,
In actual practice, however. we are
not OBTAINING goods on the aole ground
that they are the property OF an
enemy The purpose of the measures
We are taking Is to intercept commerce
on it's way from ana TO the enemy
country. There are many cases, in
which proof that the goods were
enemy property would afford strong
evidence that they were of enemy orr
gin or enemy destination. and II is
only In such cases that we are de-
tanning them, Where proof of enemy
ownership affords no evidence OF such
origin or destination we are not in
practice OBTAINING the goods
us. His Majesty's Government have
been gratihed to observe that the
measures which they are enforcing
have had no detrimental effect on the
commerce of the United States. Fig
ures OF recent months show that the in
creased opportunities afforded by the
war for American commerce have
more than compensated for the loss
OF the German and Austrian mar
kets.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-04

so far as 1t has necessitated interfcr-
ence with neutral commerce.
-. II may he noted in this con-
nection that at the time Of the civil
war the United States found them
selves under the necessity of declar-
ing a blockade of some 1900 miles
OF coast line. "A military operation for
which the number of vessels available
was at first very small. II was vital
to the cause of the United States in
that great struggle that they should
be able to cut off the trade of the
Southern States. The Confederate ar
mics were dependent on supplies from
overseas. and those supplies could not
be obtained without exporting the cot
ton wherewith to pay for them.
ITO cut Off this trade the United
States could only rely upon block
adc. The difficulties confronting the
Federal Government were In part due
To the fact that neighburng neutral
territory afforded convenient centres
from which contraband could be in
troducrd into the territory of their
enemies and from which blockade run.
ming could be- facilitated
ola DWtrinr Applied.
Your ENcelency will no doubt re-
member how. IN order to meet this
new difficulty. the old principles re-
lating to contraband and blockad"
were developed and the doctrine Of
continuous voyage was applied and
enforced, under which goods destined
for the enemy territory were inter-
cepted before they reached the neutral
ports from which they We're to be re-
exported.
"S. The difficulties which imposed
upon the United States the necessity
of reshaping some of the old rules are
somewhat akin to those with which
the Allies are now faced In dealing
with the trade OF their enemy. Ada
cent to Germany are various neutral
countries which afford her convenient
opportunities for carrying on her trade
with foreign countries, Her own ter
rituricS are covered by network of
railways and waterways. which enable
her commerce to pass as conveniently
through ports in such neutral coun-
tries lS through her own. A blockade
limited TO enemy ports would leave
open routes by which every kind Of
German commerce could pass almost
is easily a. through the ports in her
'"Wu territory. Rotterdam Is indeed
the nearest outlet for some OF the in
dustriai districts OF Germany.
80. As "A counterpoise to the freedom
with which one belliger"nt may send
his cOmmerc" across a neutral country
without compromising its neutrality.
the other belligerent may fairly claim
TO Intercept such commerce before IL
has reached, or after IL has left. the
neutral State. provided OF course that
he can establish that the commerce
with which he interferes is the COM
mercc OF his enemy and not commerce
which Is bona fde destined for or
proceeding from the neutral state
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-04
Villas Aid Expected.

This group will have at its back the
Military forces commanded by Villa. and
,aHiideuce l. expressed by Washington
C!hcials that within "A comparatively
short time the Cdrrailza movement VIII
collapse by reason of its failure 10 get
war supplies from the United States.
IaTraAZdS refusal to enter into peace
Y@rltys with those who are willing to
cooperate in establishing government
VII. - followed by AN embargo on arms
which viii De applied TO him alone.
Thus the policy of "watchful waiting
is 10 he thrown into the discard and
programme of affirmative action substi-
tuted. Leaders OF the Administration
admit that If the new policy does not
bring about order In Mexico the only
Other alternative is armed intervention.
They admit also that the concert Of the
seven republics may lead to intervention
or al least TO the occupation OF part
Of Mexico by an American army pend
!Hg the establishment of stable gov
eminent
u is realized by the authorities that
Carrli1ds refusal to discuss peace with
ne other Mexican leaders would be fol-
loved FOR a time by great disorder in
publ. In this event the United States
may hc obliged to send "A relief column
20 Mexico city. If American soldiers
One again enter Mexico they un-
doun'ed,y will remain there until all
pr0uannIty of an immediate recurrence
oI revolution has disappeared
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-04

1t seems. accordingly. that II i; be
recognized that blockade is In certain
cases the roprIate method OF inter-
ccpt.ng the trade OF an enemy country.
and II the blockade rau only become
effective by extending ii 20 enemy
commerce passing through neutral
ports, such an extension is defens!ble
and in accordance with principles
which have met with general accept
ance.
ia. To the contention that such
action is not directly supported by
written authority. it may be replied
that it Is the business of writer's on
Internal ional law to formulate existing
rules rather than to offer suggestions
for their adaptation Ia altered circum-
stances. and your Excsllency will re-
member the unmeasured terms IN
which Il group of prominent interna-
tioual lawyer, at all nations con-
dcmned the doctrine which had been
laid down by the Supreme Court Of
the United States in the case Of the
Sprinehuk. IA doctrine upheld by the
claims committee at Washington in
1873
But the United States and the Brit
ish Governments took n broader view
and looked below the surface at the
underlying pfih'ipleS, ana the toN-
crnment OF this country, whose ma
tionals were the sufferers by the en-
tension and development OF the old
methods Of blockade made by the
United States during the civil war.
abstained from all protest against the
decisions by which the ships and their
cargueS were condemned,
I'll. What is really important in
the general interest is that adaptations
Of the old rules should not be made
unless they are consistent with the
general principles upon which an ad-
mitt"d belligercnt right Is based. II
Is also essential that all unnecessary
injury to ncutrals should be avoided.
with these conditions. II may he safely
affirmed that the steps we are taking
tn intercept commodities on their way
to and from Germany fully comply.