davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1915-04-23
WOMAN FALLS
DEAD AS SHE
DANCES IN CAFE

Stricken while dancing in the
Edeiweiss cafe. at IL O'Clock. Thurs.
day night. Mrs. Grace Burdick. wife
Of Harley Burdick. Saginaw mer
chant. died few moments later
Coroner Rothacher found that death
was due TO natural causes. Dr.. A.
NJ Sterling. who was present in the
cafe. and who attended Mrs. Bur
dick. said that dilation Of the hear,
was the cause. Mrs Burdick had
recently suffered an attack of grip
Mr.. Burdick was notified of his
wffe's death by telephone. and LEI,
Saginaw for Detroit.
Mrs.. Burdick came TO Detroit Ave
days ago to visit Mrs. Theodore
Cobb. No. s63 Brookiynave.. q
friend OF schoolgirl days. Her son
walter. 20 years old, accompanied
her. Mrs. Burdick was dancing with
Mrs. Cobb when she was stricken
The crowd was informed that Mrs
Burdick had tainted. and the dane
ing went on. while In an adjacen,
room attempts were being made "a
revive her with q puimotor.
Mrs. Burdick was IS years old
She was a member Of the An, Euter
pean and woman's clubs Of Saginaw
and orsanist in the First Congresa
tional church. She leaves her hue
band and two sons. Walter and
Frank. Is years old. Mr.. Burdick
formerly q commission merchant,
now . dealer In seeds, lives At No
$40 Hoytst.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1915-04-23
iory between the Meuse and the

80 49, %.A~sCN e-e N1N
Moselle.
II Ia understood here that the
newer units OF the British expedi.
tionary army are now gradually 70
ceiving their initial baptism OF nre.
Gen French taking the present op-
portnnity TO season his volunteers
without exposing them to the great
rtsk that win come when the otfen.
sive Ii directed against the miles
and miles OF German trenches which
stretch like a gigantic spider web
from the British front TO inside Of
German territory.
While interest In the land encoun-
tiers Is intense the nation IL also
expectantiy listening for great news
from the North sea and from the
Dardanelles. The great feet batter
ing NJ the Turkish positions which
block the gate TO Constantinople has
been augmented by several new
warships. chief OF them the War
sprite, equipped with is-inch guns.
The orders TO the land and sea
forces are that the straits must be
forced and Il seems certain now
that the offensive again has been
begun.
But n Is on Heligoland that Brit
ish hopes most center. There Is
now no attempt 10 conceal that part
OF the British strategical campaign
planned for the next few weeks In
ciude an assault by heayy-gunned
ships on Germany's Gibraltar OF the
North sea The recollection that
Germany euchred Britain out OF this
-crumbling island now one Of the
strongest fortresses In the world.
does not ~set well with British sea
men. and there IL unconcealed Joy
over the belief that at last the navy
win Try to bring the German feet
into the open.
Despatch OF an Angio-Freneh feet
10 the entrance to the Skager rak
means. officials hint. that n the Ger.
man feet does come out from be
hind the shelter Of the land fortin-
cations and the mine fields an Al
tempt win be made TO surround Il
II Is accepted that the German nav,
Ii much stronger than Il was AZ tho
outset Of the war. And it IL nc
cepted that guns OF greater pene
trating power and range have been
substituted for the 12-inchers on the
new battleships and armored cruis
Iers- This being 80. IL the clash OF
the fleets comes, and II Is certain
now that with Great Britain attempt,
ing the offensive on the sea. IL must
come, the battle should be decisive,
PETRoGRAD. April a3.-The Rus
sian dirigibies are now being used
TO harrass Gen. Won Hindenburg's
lines of communication. An offcial
statement issued today says that
one Of them bombarded the German
positions near Flock on Thursday.
dropping Is bombs on the enemy's
transports, badly damaging them.
Several German boats on the Wis
tuia also were sunk. Two other
dirigibles also dropped bombs on
the railway station at NIlawa and
on the German aerodrome at Min
Milky. causing great damage.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1915-04-23
EARTHQUAKE
SHAKES TACOMA

TACOMA. Wash, April PA
very severe earthquake. lasting nve
seconds. rocked buildings here and
drove hundreds of persons into the
street panicstricken at 1:25 q. IN.
today so far as known no serious
damage was done.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1915-04-23
AVIATORS RAIN
BON BIS ON
GERMAN LINES


non1n today and were also attempt
- ! drive against the British lines
~ n Bassee and along the bank
Z ~ canal there. Yesterday they
roo1ed two mines but without do
~ any great damage. according to
- ollcfal report. In all OF their
fafi6ns along the British front
= uslgium. the Germans are utiliz-
- ehelr sappers. II 10 plain from
>o vast number engaged that the
hr1ous regiments from the eastern
Ut must have been robbed OF
49, trxinsd experts as mining
ceu&lons are reported from the
1op>h ssa well down into the terri
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1915-04-23
cold~.ter Edltor pIs..

COLDwATER. Mich, April "a
Seth w. briggs. aged IS, a resident
OF CoidwateT since 1884, died sud.
DENLY OF heart disease late wednes-
day night. He was the owner and
publisher Of the Coldwater Sentinel
ia the ifties.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1915-04-23
a., 100000. wabash Price.

ST. LOUIS. April ,s.-Ths sale Of
the Wabash railroad for t71. 900. 900.
instead OF for sa4,ooo,ooo, the mini
mum fred In the foreclosure de-
cree. viii be permitted By the FEEDER.
al district court, the receivers we're
informed by Circuit Judge Adams.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1915-04-23

Bowman, secretary. II has officss
in the Grindley arcade, No. SCI
woodward.ave.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1915-04-23
Albion Meets Eseihsm.

Albion. Mich, April 2s.--Albion
snd Earlhsm colleges viii debate on
the question Of public ownership at
Richmond. Ind. Friday evening.
The Albion team. which has the A..
hrmstive. r. composed Of q. For.
rest Walker. OF Jaokson; Hale
Brake. OF fremont, and Paul Besbs,
% Ithaca
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1915-04-23

WASHINGTON. April as-rhe
condition Of the United states treas.
rry At the close OF business Thurs.
Day was: Net balance IN general
fund. 1881, o3o; total receipts. o..
al $50; total payments. et.so7. oss.
The dencit this nscai year 10 900,
lsssfs. against q dsAcit Of eso.i<1..
7is last year, exclusive Of Pznama
canal md public debt transactions.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1915-04-23
Minnesota Legislature Adjourns.

ST. PAUL. April 2s.-Ine thirty.
ninth Minnesota legislature adjourn
cd sine die Thursday. after being In
session since Jan. 4 last. The most
important measures passed were:
County option; bill lesalizing 10
round boxing matches IN Minnesp-
oils, 81. Paul and Duluth; teachers
pension bill and measure placing
telephone companies under the FUR.
isdiction OF the state railway and
warehouse commission.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1915-04-23

s..si.s. VIE srsks late tns he..
x.rrtak-svs. While msmssrs Of
.s me. f: .Ssy y. ss,:1. % r,sSs R,s
30 and s.sIry ana si.s.vers
S1 worth OF bonds that lay IN .
The Birmingham age-herald. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 1902-1950, 1915-07-25
|LAUNIUS-DOUGLASS
WEDDING SOLEMNIZED

On Wednesday afternoon. July IA. at 5
o'clock at the First Presbyterian church
in Newberne. one Of the most brilliant
weddings of the season occurred when the
marriage Of Miss Jennie Lindsay Douglass
and Mr.. Paul Nolan Launius was beautl-
fully solemnized In the presence of a
large gathering of relatives and friends.
The church was most deliberately and ar
tistically decorated with ferns, palms and
cut flowers in tones of pink, with large,
silver candelabra. burning tall cathedral
candles. placed on the altar forming a
very lovely setting for the bridal party
A nuptial musical programme was rem
dered before the ceremony: Miss Flor
ence Gilmore Fitzpatrick sang, "At Dawn.
ing" Miss Alma Sadler and Miss Fitz-
patrick a duet, II Love You Truly and
Miss Sadler THE Hour That Gave Nj
You
As the sweet strains of Iohengrn's
| wedding march sounded the bridal pro-
cession entered, led by Mr.. William
| Hogue of Marion, Mr.. William True. Mr.
Bryant Allen. and Mr.. Bradford True
The Birmingham age-herald. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 1902-1950, 1915-07-25

Following from opposite aisles were the
bridesmaids, Miss Elizabeth Douglass
youngest sister OF the bride. and Miss Sal
lie Evans OF Montgomery. The brides
maids wore lovely costumes of white and
carried shower bouquets. They were fol-
lowed by Mrs Val Pollard and Mrs. John
Dunaway as matrons of honor; Miss Val
Douglass, sister of the bride. daintily
gowned in pink taffeta with lace trim
minRs and carrying an arm cluster of
beautiful flowers, was maid of honor
Master Jack Hardenbergh, bearing the
ring, and little Miss HELEN Dunnaway as
flower girl, strewing the pathway of the
bride with beautiful flowers. preceded the
father, by whom she was given In mar
riage. They were met at the altar by
the groom attended by his brother, Mr..
Denne Launius. as best man.
The brides wedding gown was white
duchess lace over white satin, with white
satin court traine fashioned empire eff
feet at the waist line. Her veil was ar
ranged cap STYLE caught with orange bios
SONS. She carried a shower bouquet of
brides roses The ceremony was most
impressively performed by the Rev ID. w.
Hollingsworth. The bride the eldest
daughter OF Mr.. and Mrs. A. S. Douglass,
is young woman of charm and culture,
and a fine musician. A large circle OF
friends regret that her marriage Will
take her to another state The groom
comes from one of the Oldest families In
the state of Georgia, and Is prominent In
social and business circles in Monroe, Ga.
Mr.. and Mrs. Launius left Immediately for
a wedding journey. and after several
weeks will return to Monroe, their future
home.
The brides going away gown was
beautiful blue cloth suit with lovely hat
to match.
The Birmingham age-herald. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 1902-1950, 1915-07-25
Photos by Stephenson

! woman, appeared in the Woman's New
Idea Magazine:
I'm a garden quaint and stately
Grew these roses fair.
They have gathered all their fragrance
In the morning air.
And they breath vow that's true, dear
Ever old and ever new, dear.
All. they'll touch the lips of you, dear.
When 1 would not dare.
There's a secret they will telliyou
Ii you say they may.
There's question they will ask you
If you'll not say nay. M
For a lesson they've been learning
To lecite my fondest yearning
And an altar fire that's burning
In my heart Away tf
The Birmingham age-herald. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 1902-1950, 1915-07-25

organizing permanent writer's club here
Mrs. Heads call was answered with much
enthusiasm and the meeting was well at
tended. Thus the Birmingham Writers
club was organized and a constitution
and bylaws, similar to those of the
League of Southern Writer'S was written
by a committee, selected from the men,
bership and adopted by the club
The officers of the club are as follows.
President, Mrs. j. \. Rountree; first vice
president, Mrs. j. B. Reid; second vice
president, Mrs. j. d. Head recording
secretary Miss Myrtle Miles: correspond
ing secretary, Mrs. j. ID. Elliott; philolo-
gist, Mrs. Flournoy Rivers; treasurer,
Mrs. Ned McDavid, and critic. Mrs. SUM
ter Bethea
Mrs. Head was selected as chairman OF
The Birmingham age-herald. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 1902-1950, 1915-07-25
MRS. BROWNS DANCE
FOR VISITING GIRLS

Mrs. Henry C. Brown, Jr.. was hostess
at an enjoyable dancing party THURSDAY
evening at her home. when Miss Minnie
jackson of Bessemer and her guest, Miss
Doris Brown of Gulfport, Miss. and Miss
Marjorie Williams and the young folks
attending her house party shared hon.
ors
The house was made lovely with sum-
mer flowers and an orchestra furnished
music for the dancers. Light refresh
ments were served late In the evening.
Mrs. Brown invited 20 guests to meet her
honorees.
The Birmingham age-herald. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 1902-1950, 1915-07-25

guest of Mr.. and Mrs. John Miner Cald-
well.
Mrs. Culpepper Exum was a charming
hostess at luncheon party at the Tut
wiler at | clock complmenting this love-
~ visitor and number of friends of the
hostess and honor guest were included In
! the courtesy.
| Another entertainment for Mrs Cath
| cart was a dinner party at the Country
| club last evening, when Mr.. Erslklne Ram
say was host.
The Birmingham age-herald. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 1902-1950, 1915-07-25

the programme committee, assisted by
Mrs Lee Moody. Mrs. Bethea, Mrs. Riv-
ers and Mrs. G. c. Ball. An interesting
programme for the years work has been
arranged and meetings are held on the
first and third Tuesdays of the month
The club members will make a study
of constructive and original work.
The membership of the club is limited
to so. Those enrolled as members are
Mrs. John D. Head Mrs. j. A Roun-
tree. Mrs. G. c. Ball, Mrs, II. S. Ryall
Mrs. Sumter Bethea, Mrs Roberta Har-
ris VIM. Mrs. J. D. Elliott. Mrs. r. NJ !.
Jenkins. Mrs. Lee Moody. Mrs. Julia N.
Finch. Mrs. H. s. Fulwood, Mrs. j. E..
The Birmingham age-herald. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 1902-1950, 1915-07-25

Penney, Mrs. Chappell Cory, Mrs. r. F.
Johnston, Miss Myrtle Miles. Miss Alma
Rittenberry, Mrs. j B. Reid, Mrs. Ned
McDavid, Mrs. Howard Holmes. Mrs. Sid
ney Ullman Miss Flora Miner Harrison.
Miss Nettie Beall, Miss Louise Glass,
Miss Jane Sibley, Miss Winnie Freeman,
MS. Orline Arnold Shipman, Mrs Alex
ander CARRIER, Miss Ella Polk Hubert,
Mrs. Robert Il. Smith. Mrs. Florence Il.
Buck, Miss Edith Sparrow, Mrs. R. C.
Lewis Mrs. Flournoy Rivers, Miss Maye
Holder Mrs. Flora H. Buell..
Mrs. John ID. Head, under whose diree-
ton the Birmingham Writer'S club was
organized, has achieved much success
both as a writer of prose and poetry The
following poem entitled THE Whisper of
a Rose by this charming Birmingham
The Birmingham age-herald. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 1902-1950, 1915-07-25
MIR. AND MRS. DRENNEN
ENTERTAIN INFORMALLY

Mr.. and Mrs. Felix Drenuen will enter
tain a few friends at dinner at the Koe-
buck Golf and Auto club this evening, to
honor Mr.. and Mrs. john Caldwen ana
their guest. Mrs. r. S. Cathcart.
The following will Compose the con-
genial party: Mr.. and Mrs. CALDWELL Mrs.
Cathcart. Mr.. Erskiue Ramsay and Mr..
and Mrs. Drennen
The Birmingham age-herald. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 1902-1950, 1915-07-25
MISS HELEN JACKSON
INFORMAL HOSTESS

An interesting event Of the past week
was heart dice party. at which Miss
Helen Jackson was dainty hostess at
her home. The rooms were adorned with
(Continued on Page Twenty-two)
The Birmingham age-herald. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 1902-1950, 1915-07-25
INFORMAL AFFAIR
FOR CAROLINA VISITORS

Two delightfully."- informal affairs of yes
terday were given complimentary to Mrs.
r. S. Cathcart of Charleston, S. c., the
The Birmingham age-herald. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 1902-1950, 1915-07-25
BY JANE SIBLEY

held in Chattanooga. Upon the sugges-
ton of Mrs. Marie Bankhead Owen OF
Montgomery, president of the league
Mrs. Head asked the newspaper women
and other prominent women writer's OF
Birmingham to meet at the Birmingham
Newspaper club. and discuss plans fol-
The Birmingham age-herald. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 1902-1950, 1915-07-25
VOLUME XXXXV

Sketch of Birmingham Writer'S Club-The Clubs Or
ganization Officers and Plan for Notwithstanding
Happenings in the Socia World During the Past and
Present Week-Engagements Announced Lunch
and Dinners of Yes terday-Entertainmen for
Visitors-Announcement s-Notes and Personals
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1915-05-17
An Embargo on Arms.

The embargo on arms and ammu-
rition asked by friends Of Germany is
by no means the simple matter which
many we'll meaning people believe il
TO be. AS has been pointed out the
President and his advisers are loath
to establish precedent which would
prevent nations friendly to the United
States from selling to this country if
the United States should become en-
ton. But there is another reason
which appeals strongly TO public men
who have studied this subject. The
existence and the support Of private
institutions competent to manufacture
arms and ammunition is great
source of strength to the country in
which they are located when an emer-
the demand of the Allies for muni-
tions of war many factories in the
L IItti Ntdlts nav bNcA CHOippcd "
turn out such material. They nov
have both the skilled men and the
machinery, and the advantage of this
situation to the United States should
it be compelled to go to war is by no
means small. In the case of Ger
many her trade in munitions of war
was immense before the present war
broke out. The great Krupp institu-
ton was in full blast, manufacturing
munitions of war for foreign nations.
and great quantities of supplies were
on hand when the present war came,
and ali at no expense to the Govern
ment. So, wholly aside from the
profit to the manufacturers and tn,
good wages to their employees which
this trade insures, an embargo on the
export of arms and ammunition Wouli
merely add to the unpreparedness of
this country should war occur.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1915-05-17
YOU CAN'T RUB IT OUT

The pain of rheumatism is some
thing that you cannot rub out. Every
sufferer from rheumatism has been
advised to rub this or that on the af-
fected part but after all the rubbing
the pain remained.
Thin blood and rheumatism come
together and if they are properly
treated they will go together. One
prominent medical writer says that
there is no acute febrile disease III
which an anemia occurs with greater
rapidity" Anemia means thin blood
and thin blood is something that can
be corrected so why not build up the
blood until the rheumatic poisons are
driven out?
This is exactly what is done in the
treatment Of rheumatism with DR..
Williams Pink Pills. Acute, muscu-
lar and articular rheumatism all show
Improvement as the thin blood Is
built up and when the poisons in the
blood are burned up and driven out
the rheumatism does not return as
long as the blood is kept rich and rel.
Care in the diet Is important during
the treatment and every rheumatic
sufferer should have two booklets pub
lished by the DR.. Williams Medicine
Co, Schenectady. N. Y. called Build
ing Up the Blood" and What to Eat
and How to Eat" They are free on
request. Your own druggist sells
DR.. Williams Pink Pills.-Adv.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1915-05-17

tors if there was anything l could
take to help me and they said there
was nothing that they knew of. ! am
thankful for such a good medicine and
will always give it the highest praise. "
Mrs. C. H. GRIFFITH, 1853 Constant
ST., Cleveland, Ohio.
Hanover, Pal suffered from fe-
male trouble and the pains were so bad
at times that could not sit down. The
doctor advised a severe operation but
my husband got me Lydia E. Pinkham'
Vegetable Compound and / experienced
great relief in short time. Now l feel
like a new person and can do a hard
days work and not mind it. What JOY
and happiness it is to be we'll once more.
l am always ready and willing to speak
good word for the Compound. Mrs.
ADA WILT, 303 Walnut St, Hanover, Pa.
If there are any complications you
do not understand write to Lydia {.
Pinkham Medicine Co. (c0nfidentiaD
Lynn.Mass. Your letter will be opened,
read and answered by q woman and
Gr'a =. stv:r - pontdnrce.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1915-05-17

fellows believe them honest and en-
titled to standing as good citizens. but
the yellow streak in them all usually
extends beyond the limit Of hiding
sooner or later, and neighbors become
wary OF them while onetime friends
begin to shun them. The rumseller
who peddles from pocket OF from dive
is criminal enough. but not one-half
SO despicable a criminal as the silk
nosed individual who smiles over his
drug counter with a confident and
wouid-be respectable smile while his
clerk dispenses in the back room. He
is criminal to be despised; his ac-
ouittal of himself does not elevate
him
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1915-05-17
Monday, May II, 1915.
States Adopt Compulsory Laws.


With South Carolina and Texas en-
rolled on the list Of States that have
compulsory school attendance laws as
a result of 1915 legislation, the States
without compulsory la US are now re-
duced to four-Alabama, Florida,
Georgia and Mississippi.
While the South Carolina and
Texas laws are not as comprehensive
and strict as those Of some Of the
other states that have had COM
pulsory laws for many years, they
are a distinct recognition of the COM
puIsory principle and represent biz
step forward in the two States.
The Texas law requires all children
tend school-60 days the first year, SO
days the second year, and 100 days
thereafter in every school year. L.
provides for attendance VI officers,
fixes penalties for violations, and pro-
vides for the esta blishment of par
entail or truant schools where nece.;-
sary. The law goes into effect Sep
TENDER i, 1915.
The South Carolina law is optional,
but the State authorities are hopeful
that a large proportion of the districts
will vote to have the law apply 10
them. state Supt. Swearigen is
urging that every local tax district
circulate its compulsory attendance
petition at once, hold its election, and
put every child in school during 1915
10"
Officers Of the L. S. Bureau oi
Education believe that the action Of
Texas and South Carolina in enactins
compulsory school attendance laws
will have an effect not only on the
four states still without such laws.
but also on states where the school
attendance laws operate only in part.
Vigorous campaigns are under way
in several states to make compulsory
education effective throughout all the
territory Of the State and for longer
periods Of attendance.
In Ala bama, where school problems
are receiving special attention this
year, the need for a compulsory at
tendance law as one Of the most i'm
portant steps in progress is keenly
recognized. Present and former
State superintendent Of education
have urged the enactment Of a suit
able law. State Supt. W. F. F'eagin
declares in his annual report: IN.
one would question for moment
that the state has the right to com
pei the parent to feed and clothe his
child, and to carry the laW-breaking
child to the reformatory or the Jail 10
protect society. Has not the state
an equal right to require the parent
to send his child to school in order ~
that Jail and to make him a producer
rather than mere consumer Of the
wealth Of the state? Alabama needs
a form of compulsory education which
should be as rigid and as progressive
as our ability to cope with the situa.
ton will make possible
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1915-05-17
Maine Men in the War.
portland Argus.)

The news from HalloWell that
Lawrence Brokenshire, son of Rev. W.
H. Brokenshire of that city, has been
wounded in the war, having enlisted
at Montreal last year in the Fiftn
Royal Highlanders. is reminder that
several Maine men have gone to the
front. Young Brokenshire is the sec
ond Hallowell boy to meet this fate.
Frank Goodrich of that city having
been wounded at the battle of LANCE
mark near Ypres. 1t would seem
that there is quite a contingent of
Maine boys on the firing line in
Flanders and Western France.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1915-05-17
Editorial Comment
Switzerland Is Nervous.
Bangor Commercially

1t is said that Switzerland greatly
fears that in spite of her mobiliza-
ton of troops. and the expenditure ii
sums Of money extremely large for
that little nation, she may not Dc
able 10 maintain her neutrality. The
Gange- would, Switzerland thinks. oe
imminent if Italy decides to join the
Allies, the view being taken that such
action would very likely be followed
by German and Austrian invasion
of Switzerland with the object of u
descent upon northern Italy.