davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1915-01-03

three months and In the face OF all
their imagined possibilities, the facts
show that she remains menace,
serious menace.
AS a harbor defender the submarine
is power to be reckoned with-a
power that has in the past three
months been demonstrated beyond
question, but it has been determined
under the most favorable conditions,
almost ideal conditions, for the under
sea fighter. The North sea has good
bottom, not too deep; hence these craft
may lie there at anchor for a day Or
two lost to the world, out of danger
from storm or the enemy's fleet.
Rains, mist and fogs prevail, SO that
it is very difficult for the enemy to see
the warning periscope as she ap
proaches. and the fighting area is so
small that she easily can IN urn to her
base.
But the successes these boats have
won do not prove that the day of the
battleship is over. They do establish
Evening star., 1915-01-03

eral hundred miles from its mouth at
the Atlantic.
He started this road way back In
the fifties, but it never reached the
mountains, and did little more than
connect the silver mines of Copiapo
with Caldera. Meiggs, another Ameri-
can, also had schemes for crossing the
mountains. but his chief work was
done farther northward In central and
southern Peru. The present road orig
mated with twv brothers, Juan and
Mateo Clark, who got a concession
along back In the seventies. and who
started building on both the Chilean
and Al gentne sides about 1889. The
work went slowly. being stopped again
and again, but it was finally completed
as far as the ends of the tunnel on
beth sides os the Andes, about 1899.
TEen the construction stopped. The
engineers seemed afraid of the tunnel.
and the money could not be raised until
w. X. Grace Il Co of New York
took the contract and began to work
on both sides of he mountains. The
gangs pushed their ways in from the
frontiers OF the two countries. and
late in 1910 they came together.
he PiaiiS were 50 cireluliy Tldue thal
for some time the workmen in Chile
could hea' the workmen in Argentina
digging the way through the thin veil
OF rock that was left. Then Il dyna-
mite charge was set off. the wall fell
an the mountains were conquered.
The tunnel goes through the noun
tains at an altitude of 10.46S feet. and
1000 feet lower than the top of the old
pass by which the mule trains now go.
and near which stands the famous
statue, THE Christ of the Andes" The
tunnel has length of 10,3S5 feet, and
all the way is through rock.
The Christ of the Andes" is not
Evening star., 1915-01-03

short time cargoes of fruit will be
crossing the mountains on their way,
via the canal, to New York. The pas
sengers rates are high at present. The
fare from Valparaiso to Buenos Aires
is about s65, and the distance is not
greater than from New York to Chi
cago. This might be cut down one
third or one-half. and the increased
traffic would make the road pay.
The time of passage can also be cut.
The continuous trip now takes about
thirty-eight hours. We make the jour
ney from New York to Chicago in less
than twenty hours, and even with the
delay in crossing the mountains. all of
which is included in distance of per-
haps 175 miles, the journey from port
to port may some day be made IN
thirty hours, or. with the fast trains
of the future. within one full day.
My trip over the Andes began at San
tiago. l left there at about o'clock
in the evening, and two hours later
had passed out of the great central
valley of Chile and climbed to the sta
ton at Los Andes, where the narrow
gauge railroad begins. Los Andes is Il
railroad town with little more than Il
hotel, where passengers stop over
night. The hotel is rambling struc-
ture with several hundred large rooms.
Each room has hot and cold water,
which is uncommon in this part of the
world, and the beds are comfortable.
The rates charged me were SEQ for
lodging, including coffee and bread in
the morning. And the coffee was good.
X
We left Los Andes about o'clock in
the morning and wound our way
through a narrow valley walled by
steep rocky mountains. The road was
a steady climb, with an average gauge
of about ) per cent, and Il maximum
grade, after the rack and pinion sec
tions We're reached. of about per
cent. The valley was that of the
Aconcagua river, which has its rise in
Mount Aconca qua. not far away. The
stream was the color of putty, and it
reminded me of the glacial streams of
the Alps. The river iG fed by the
glaciers of Aconca qua, and it is load
ed with the earth washings of the
Andes. The valley widens in places,
and here you find irrigated patches
with little fields of alfalfa and barley
and beans. Now and then you pass a
mud hut thatched with straw. and
where there is room there is village
of similar huts. The most of the
Evening star., 1915-01-03

altitude of several hundred feet the
moving shape Of the submarine be-
comes visible to them at practically
any depth below the water, If the day
is clear.
II the submarine be seen close to the
ship she is liable to attack either by
gunf1re or ram before she can maneuver
herself into position to discharge her
torpedo to destroy her enemy, or sub
merge herself into a position of safety
If she is at a distance and is herself
unseen her only chance of success is
for her navigator to reckon the speed
of the vessel to be attacked-for it will
be steaming ahead-lay his own course
TO meet the enemy at a certain point,
steering her slightly downward. SO her
periscope will no longer show
Then. with the men at the engines
holding them as steadily as possible,
with the gunners ready to discharge
Evening star., 1915-01-03
STATION ON THE TRANsANDEAN ROAD.

people live on the lands which they
till. Some of the fields are not bigger
than bed quilts. They have horses and
cattle feeding upon them. All Of the
holdings are exceedingly small. ! saw
farms of four and five acres, and on
one near a station 1 counted an acre
of corn. half acre of barley and three
pasture fields of an acre or SO. Near
the track on the edge Of the grain
field the farmers were threshing. They
had spread out the sheaves of wheat
inside a ring of hard ground, and near
them stood a half-dozen horses. wait
ing to be driven over the straw to
tread out the grain.
little farther on | saw the threshers
at work. The threshing floor was sur
rounded by line of posts and wire fence.
inside three cowboys We're driving twenty
horses around and around One boy
stood in the center of the ring and the
others at the side. Each had a long
whip in his hand, and they kept the
horses on a dead gallop. After time
the horses were driven out of the ring,
and the straw and chaff were thrown
up against the wind so that they were
blown away and only the grain was
left The grain was then gathered
up and bagged for the market. and at
the same time another carpet of sheaves
was laid on the floor. l am told that
some of our harvesting machine max
ing companies have recently invented
small threshers for use in the noun
tains. and that even now some are
being sold in these highlands.
AS we travelled on up the Andes we
could see the old trail which for hum
dreds of years has been used in cross
ing the continent. We passed trains
of donkeys. loaded with freight and
driven by men. There were also droves
of horses and cattle and pack mules
taking freight from one side of the
range to the other. The mountain trail
goes over the Andes at almost one-half
mile above the railroad tunnel. 1t is
much longer than the railroad; but the
freight rates OF the latter are SO high
that these mule trains compete for
much of the traffic.
The altitude of the mountain trail is
1906 feet or a little higher than the
top Of Fujiyama. Japan. 1t goes over
the Uspalata pass above the railroad
tunnel, which is two thousand feet
lower. The tunnel is two miles in
length, and it's altitude is just about
two miles above the level Of the sea.
Evening star., 1915-01-03

the fact that in the submarine it has
found, whether in attack or in defense.
a new and efficient adjunct. But the
undersea fighters will not supplant the
battleShipS until means are found to
enable them to see while fully sub
merged.
Interesting recent experiments have
been made that may lead to method
of guiding a submarine to the objec-
tive by some electrical device, and no
one can tell what the future may bring
forth. But, until that day comes, one
need give no heed to the fear that
some feel that the battleship is no
longer necessary.
This country. next to France, has in
proportion to the size of it's navy much
the largest number of submarines. AS
nearly as one can estimate there are
built or building for the navies of the
several great powers, the following
Evening star., 1915-01-03
Over the Andes Mountains From Chile to ArgerA

visible from the railroad. but Il is well
worth a trip up the mountains. 1t is
one of the wonderful statues OF the
world. and there is none that compares
with it in the nobility of the sentiment
il commentaries. 1t is greater monu-
ment of civilization than Andrew Car
negies famous Peace Palace at the
Hague, or that other peace palace
which he erected in Costa Rica, which
the earthquake threw down.
The peace monument on the top OF
the Andes is bronze figure of the
Christ, placed on the boundary between
Chile and Argentina. to commemorate
the treaty of peace made between the
two republics in 1908. 1t marks the
settlement of a dispute which involved
a territory large our state OF
Kansas, more than oue-third as
large as either Germany or France.
The statue was cast from old Argen-
tine cannon. 1t is twenty-six feet high
and 1t stands on a granite pedestal
One hand of the Christ is outstretched
in blessing, and the other upholds tho
cross. On the pedestal are engraved
these words:
sooner shall these mountains crun-
BILE into dust than the people of Ar
geutina and Chile break the peace
which they have sworn to maintain at
the feet of Christ. the Redeemer."
The English, the French and the Ger
mans are inclined to look at the coun-
tries of lower South America as a part
of the backwoodS of the world, and
some of them are prone to sneer at
their lack of culture and morals. In
these days, when organized murder has
become a national virtue and written
bligationS between countries are
merely scraps of white paper. is it not
refreshing to think of The Christ OF
the Andes?
FRANK G. CARPENTER.
Evening star., 1915-01-03
THE CHRIST OF THE ANDES.

and other openings, which are not
tight against water. If for any reason
the vessel is forced sufficiently below
the water level to expose any of these
openings, water will quickly flood or
fill the vessel. destroying the margin
of safety, and the vessel will sink.
The hull of the submarine is designed
without openings. other than those
which are sealed when she is ready to
dive. and when she is under water her
degree of buoyancy is not disturbed.
When on the surface she has very little
freeboard that is. an exceedingly low
margin of safety.
X *
TG submerge her the valves in tanks
along her bottom are opened to the
sea and water rushes into the tanks,
displacing the air until its added
Evening star., 1915-01-03
They Are at Disadvantage With the Enemy.

The submarine at it's present point OF
development can remain under water
for twenty-four hours without dlscoW-
fort to her crew; and while after that
time the air is no longer agreeable
she car remain tWenty-four, or even
forty-eight hours longer without per-
manent injury to those aboard.
What those three days would mean to
the devoted men In the boat buried
without light of day under the wall of
water, with no means to see anything
outside, realizing the dire results of a
leak, or contact with a hostile mine,
and with little to occupy them, is
known only to those who have gone
through the experience.
The surface ship is commonly driven
by steam engines. and burns coal. oil
or other fuel in it's furnaces, but
this method obviously cannot be used
to provide the power for an UNDER
water boat. Instead. very light in
ternal combustion engines of the Diesel
type, burning heavy oil for fuel, are
used while the boat is on the surface,
and when she Is below and these can
no longer be used, second set of en-
gines driven by electricity obtained
from storage batteries Is brought into
use.
The speed of these boats varies with
the size and type, but the best make
about fifteen knots an hour when
above and ten to eleven knots an hour
when below water.
The United States Navy's submarines
have made long voyages under their
own power, although usually accom-
panied by mother ship which acts as
their base. Some of the best of them
could. if required. easily make the voy-
age to Europe They carry a wireless
outfit, enabling them to send messages
many miles and to receive messages
from a still farther distance. Their
armament consists of torpedo of i'm
bow or snout. Some Of the larger
seagoing submarines carry one or two
light quick -firers.
Under these conditions, the question
suggests itself, why might not a first
class submarine steam from Canada
or much nearer port to the North
sea, where it would find hostile ships,
dive under the surface before it was
seen, approach its enemies and destroy
them one by one with its terrible tor
pedoeS?
There are at least two good reasons
why this cannot be done. The sub
marine is extremely vulnerable, and
when under water is blind.
Her construction Is of steel, and is
necessarily very light, and consequent
would penetrate her hull and put her
out of service. Under water leak is
fatal. and If she comes to the surface
she is helpless under attack.
1t is true that when a short distance
under water she can to some extent
see by means of her periscope, which
is tube about five inches in diameter
going perpendicularly from her deck
about fifteen feet and containing a
camera obscura arrangement Of lenses
and mirrors by which there are thrown
Evening star., 1915-01-03
THE UNITED STATES SUBMARINE ca.

at the risk of instant destruction, to
make one more sight before taking the
shot.
:: !:
The ships defense to this attack is,
if close to the submarine, to destroy
her with guntire or to run her down.
If she discovers the submarine at
distance she steams away, changing
her course, for she knows the mole
cannot catch her BY way of precau-
tion, when cruising on station she fire.
quently changes her course.
IT, like an assassin, the submarine
could approach unseen, herself seeing.
and deliver her fatal blow she would
be the most dangerous vessel in being,
but now, in spite of all that has been
accomplished by them during the past
Evening star., 1915-01-03

our canal is completed it will form the
quickest way from our country to the
southeastern part of the hemisphere.
1t takes thirty days to go by steamer
from New York to Buenos Aires. When
this war is over and the fast shipping
service to Chile has been inaugurated
we shall go through the canal to VAL
paraiso in less than ten days and be
in Buenos Aires well inside of two
weeks.
At present the freight rates over the
Andes are so high that the sending of
Argentine freight to be shipped north
ward on the Pacific is out of the ques-
ton. There is no reason why they
should not be reduced, and within a
Evening star., 1915-01-03

tions of propeller at the stern, steered
to the right or the left by vertical
rudder at her stern, the same as any
other boat, and up or down by hori-
zontal rudders or planes at her stern
or in pairs along her sides. In actual
work the submarine is ballasted to a
point a little above fotation. the hori-
zonta1 rudders being quite sufficient to
keep her to her course under the water
when under the force of her propellers
Evening star., 1915-01-03

upon a table at the periscope's base
pictures of the outlook ahead: but to
be available the top of the periscope
must be Above water, where it is easily
picked up by the observers on the
ship prepared with glasses and search
lights
The air scouts in their aeroplanes
are looking for them, and when at an
Evening star., 1915-01-03

Frank G. Carpenter Writes of the Transcontl-
mental Trunk Lne-A Trade Route to Argen-
tina Through the Panama Canal-Eleven
Days to the Pampas and Two Weeks to
structed-Its Mighty Tunnel Built by Ameri-
cans-Views of Aconcagua and Tupungato.
''The Christ of the Andes'' Versus the Great
War in Europe.
Evening star., 1915-01-03
REAR ADMIRAL RICHARD NJ. WATT, U. $. n.

weight reduces the margin of safety to
any point desired--a few degrees above
the point of flotation If she is to be
propelled under water. or to Few de-
erees below it, If it be desired to let
her settle to the bottom.
To bring her to the surface, the
valves in the tanks are again opened to
the sea, and by means of air COM
pressed many times the water ballast
Evening star., 1915-01-03

the missile containing high explosive
of guncotton, or some other form of
explosive equally or more destructive,
he goes ahead into utter darkness with
his stop watch before him, and just be-
fore the instant he calculated to meet
his foe he gives the word and the tor
pedo is discharged. or, taking a des-
perate chance. he rises to the surface,
Evening star., 1915-01-03

is forced out of the tanks into the
ocean, until the weight of the subma-
rine is decreased to a point where
fiotation is restored and the boat
comes to the surface.
She is driven forward by the revolu'
Evening star., 1915-01-03

Previous even to this time the Dutch
had conceived Il similar idea, although
no attempt had been made to put it
into actual use. J. =. Holland of Pat
terson, y. j.. constructed the first of
The modern type of submarine. His
boat and all subsequent to it are based
upon the same principles, the only diff
terence being ia the details of their
application
The principle on which the sub
ma srine boat is kept under the water
without going to the bottom is very
simple il is merely one of gravitation
Any boat floats at such water line that
ITS hull displaces an amount of water
equal to the weight of the boat. In the
S>lrface boat the part of the hull above
ihe waterline provides a large reserve
sof buoyancy or margin of safety To
SubIuerge a ship this margin of safety
must he reduced to zero by increasing
the weight within it until She goes
under.
An ordinary ship of the sea is con-
Structcd with watertight sides and
bottom, but her uppermost deck. usu-
ally high above the water level, con-
taius many hatchways and ventilators
Evening star., 1915-01-03
UNITED STATES NAVY, NEXT TO FIR


Work Considerable AtenhonRr Admiral Richard N
and Their Powers Submarine
IA Al.a Eos
Evening star., 1915-01-03

HE successes of the submarines,
about which so much has been
said and written of late, carry
q with them a glamor. Inc de-
struction of the Cressy and Abouklr oy
the U-9 and the blowing up of the Rus
sian ironclad by the Bill are fresh In
the public interest.
There is an attractive, mysterious
something in an unseen foe approach
Ing unnoticed upon its enemy, levia-
than of the deep. a superdreadnaught
containing in herself stored power
enough TO annihilate ten thousand like
the little attacker, that arouses the ad-
miration and attracts the interest or
coubatant and non-combatant.
\ boat so stealthy, able to destroy
n squadron is an object of dread, and
if all that is claimed for it be true, the
navies of the future will consist OF
large numbers of submarines.
proper view of this situation is not
only of interest, but. in view of the
possible necessary use some day or the
United States Navy. one of much more
than ordinary interest.
The following is statement, as given
by Rear Admiral Richard NJ. Watt,
chief naval constructor. L. :. n, of the
facts in regard to submarines
submarine is neither mysterious
nor new. Robert Fulton. who produced
the first practicable steamboat. also
constructed Il boat that could be ope-
rated below the surface of the water
AS there was engine that could be
used for the purpose, his boat had to
be propelled by hand power and pos
sessed no speed, but it was. neverthe-
less, a submarine that could be sue
cessfully operated while submerged.
His method of attack was to drive
his little craft under the bottom of
the hostile ship, which had to remain
conveniently at anchor, and by means
of an augurlike arrangement. TO be
turned by a crank from within the
boat bore into the ships bottom until
the augur was secured. To the augur
was fastened n torpedo containing a
heavy explosive with clockwork ar
rangemeut to discharge il after time
enough had elapsed for the submarine
10 get away
During the war of 1872. the attempt
was made by this method to destroy a
British frigate, but the boring device
failed to penetrate the copper sheath
ing on the ships bottom, and the at
tempt failed.
Evening star., 1915-01-03
Copyrighted. 1914 br Frank G Carpenter

q CROSS the Andes by railway,
IN Climbing by rack and pinion
~ over the highest range of our
q x hemisphere.
Shooting through the darkness of
the two-nile tunnel from Chile into
Argentina.
Ascending almost straight from the
Pacific ocean to peaks lost in the
clouds. and coasting from the SHOWS
down into the bread lands that reach
on and on to the Atlantic,
This. in a nutshell. is the story of my
trip over the great Transcontinental
railroad. which now ties the oceans to-
Fcther. 1t is already the chief South
american trade route between the At
lantic and the Pacific; and now that
Evening star., 1915-01-03

-HE successes of the submarines,
about which so much has been
said and written of late, carry
I'LL de-
Askov American. [volume] (Askov, Pine County, Minn.) 1914-current, 1915-01-28

short dresses aad very slim legs. Tou
failed TO Join his class.
The iongauffering minister was i'll
ut case. The exercise failed in some
way 70 appease the hunger OF the soul
within. lie looked ont OF the open
window nervously, and watched q
saucy little sapsucker hopping up and
down tree; first up one side and then
down the other, suddenly disappear
Ing near the roots. and a. suddenly
surprising him with 4 mischievous
pecking near the top fork. He thought
OF his poor, hayward boy, with a
vague. vague hope that he might yet,
In some wiso ruling Of q gracious
Providence, escape the gallows: and
with q deep sigh turned TO the noisy
quiet of tho school room; he did not
even smile as he took up Tod's geog.
raphy, opened at the boys latest
work--ss picture OF the stats seal.
where staiwart pioneer IN his shirt.
sleeves hacked away at gnarled and
stubborn looking tree, without deign-
Ing to notice o stampeding herd of
buffalo that dashed by in most alarm
ing proximity Tho nonchalance OF
the sturdy yeonlan was intensified by
Tod's graphic pen, which had mount
cd each plunglng monster with dar.
Ing rider, holding a slack bridie-rein
In one hand, and with the other swing
ing plug hat In the most exnitant
and defiant manner. This piece OF
grotesaue art and others equally aug-
gestiye Of the outcropplng genius OF
their author. were put YEARLY aside,
only serving, as II seemed, to deepen
rather than dissolve the gloom en-.
shroudlng the good fathers face.
And so the exercises wore along till
recess came, and with It came the
missing Tod.
@I'n In time, am III Goody!" shout.
cd Tod, Jumping over small boy who
had stopped TO pick mp a slate pencil,
and stopping abruptly in front Of the
teachers desk.
why Tod; what In the world."
Tod's features wore a proud, exult.
ant smile, though somewhat giamoured
with network of apitefuilooking
scratches; and his eyes were more
than usually bright. although their
lids were blue and swollen TO size
that half concealed them. His head.
held jauntily erect. suggested roth.
Ing but boyish spirit; but his hair,
tousled beyond ali reason, with little
wisps OF II glued together with clots