davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-10-09
THE BON STALL.

The production Of manure in the
box stall is probably the best Of the
old methods, since it requires the
least expenditure CT labor. However,
more bedding is required to keep the
animal clean and the accumulated
manure furnishes an Ideal breeding
place for flies. The manure so pro-
duced. if kept evenly distributed over
the floor, will be thoroughly COM
pacted and will sustain only small
loss of nitrogen SO long as the animal
remains upon it, but If the manure Is
allowed to remain in the stall after
the animal is removed there will be
considerable loss of nitrogen both as
ammonia and as free nitrogen. due to
the drying out and breaking up Of the
uric acid into ammonium carbonate,
and to the action of the bacteria on
the organic nitrogen compounds
j. N. A.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-10-09

forced on every side: otherwise they
might break In a manner somewhat
similar to that in which the wooden
post bends when the reinforcement
Is not on the proper side Of the post.
IN the effort to be safe it is common
fault to insert more reinforcement
than Is absolutely necessary. This
adds needlessly to the cost of the
post, for concrete posts become
stronger as they grow older.
Metallic reinforcing materials are
divided into two classes, smooth end
corrugated The general result of the
many tests carried on in testing
laboratories seem to indicate that in
strength of bond, If the concrete is
sufficiently rich and we'll mixed
smooth surfaces give satisfactory re-
suits. Two kinds Of reinforcement
are much used-bars and wire.
Round bars three-sixteenth or one
fourth of an inch in diameter, are
the size and kind most used in posts.
The development Of the wire fence
has produced material we'll suited
for reinforcing purposes. Single No.
or two No. II wires twisted are
sufficiently strong for reinforcement
of ordinary line posts. Straight wire
can be obtained from dealers in the
same manner as baling wire-either
single or twisted into two or three
ply cables and of the length desired.
The plain. ungalvanized wire is the
proper kind; galvanizing adds nothing
to the strength and the metal will not
rust when incased in the concrete.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-10-09

In his endeavor to cope with the
ordinary insect and fungus pests
which injure his crops, the vegetable
grower. whether on the farm or IN
tho garden. should first identify his
enemies. AS a general rule it will
be found that thorough tillage Of the
soil, short rotation of crops, ample
Dlanuriny and clean cultivation are
the best of all remedies. All refuse
remaining on the ground after the
crop has been removed, such as stalks.
roots and leaves, should be got rid
Of by burning or burying In order to
leave no shelter for wintering insects
and no diseased material for the
spread of fungus diseases. This is
work that must be done in the fall
and 1t can not be neglected or the
farmer will pay dearly for his negli-
gence.
Weeds Of all descriptions, especially
in fence corners and waste places,
should be cut down before going to
seed, or plowed under from time to
time; they harbor many Of our worst
pests in summer and winter, and often
afford convenient breeding places for
enemies which the vegetable grower
Is endeavoring to combat on his cul-
tivated plants. ..... -.4.s..
There are number of kinds Of
insects that are general feeders, not
limiting themselves to any particular
variety of plant, but attacking almost
everything that comes in their way.
On this account they are the most
serious insect foes that we have to
contend against and in many cases
the most difficult to keep under con-
troll Among these are the aphids
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-10-09
BIG THINGS ACCOMPLISHED.

Scientists have learned much about
soils and plants and animals. They
have classified the soils and know
about their crop adaptation. The eff
fects Of manures, fertilizers, lime,
drainage and cultivation have been
studied. Varieties OF the various
grains, grasses. legumes. fruits and
vegetables have been compared The
production of fruit and vegetables
demands great skill. Science has
enabled the orchar1ist and mar
ket- gardeners to combat successfully
some Of the worst fungus and insect
foes. In dairying and poultry hus-
bandry the results Of research have
immense value for practical men.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-10-09
ROTATION IN SEVERE CASES.

Recent experiments have shown
that in certain sections of the country
the soil of field producing a crop
of smutted wheat this year may har-
Dor enough smut spores to cause the
appearance Of smut in next years
crop if the field be reseeded to wheat.
This sometimes occurs, where smut Is
very bad, in spite of the planting of
treated seed, and shows that in such
localities crop rotation should be prac-
ticed in addition to seed treatment.
Bunt or covered smut of wheat at
tacks no other cereal crop, but other
cereals have their own smut diseases.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-10-09
BIRDS AND THE FARMER.

Dr. G. Hart Merriam says that the
popular notions about hawks and birds
for the slaughter Of which many
states gave bounties, are altogether
erroneous. Ninety-five per cent Of
their food was found to be field mice,
grasshoppers, crickets. ETC., which
were infinitely more Injurious to farm
crops than they. The charges against
crows is that they eat corn and de-
stroy eggs. poultry and wild birds
Examination shows that they eat nox-
ious insects and destructive animals,
and that although Is per cent of their
food is corn, 1t is mostly waste corn
picked up in the fall and winter. With
regard to eggs, it was found that the
shells were eaten to a very limited
extent for the lime
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-10-09
: g GOT WHAT HE ASKED FOR.

A certain meat dealer was noted for
his cleverness in playing jokes on his
customers. One day five students went
into his establishment, intending to
turn the tables on him.
One of them said: please let me
have a yard of pork for dollar.
"Give me the dollar first replied the
meat dealer. The student gave him
the dollar, and he went to the iceboX,
amid the laughter Of his customers,
and returned with three pigs feet.
Handing them to the student, he said:
Three feet make one yard" The stud
ents retired somewhat crestfallen over
the failure of their joke
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-10-09
DIED OF BROKEN HEART.

Almost human intelligence is at
tributed to a horse which has just
died at Hanley, Stafordshire, Eng
land, apparently of a broken heart.
The animal, which belonged 10 a
London railway company, always re-
fused to pull more than its fair load
of trucks. If three trucks were coup
led together it would simply shake Its
head and refuse to move, but when
given its proper load 1t would care
fully draw the wagon over the intri-
cate points without guidance. Recent
ly the horse was taken off Its favorite
work and put to drawing heavily
laden dray to the town. This must
have broken the animals heart, for
on the j lrney it collapsed and died
where it fell.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-10-09
AMERICAN MEAT PRODUCTS IN
CHINA.

The Chinese people very rarely eat
beef, and it's use Is practically confined
TO the foreign residents of the empire
The Chinese are extremely fond OF
pork, but it would be impossible for
American firms to ship barreled pork
to China and meet the competition Of
the native-grown article. Good Chi
nese pork sells at retail at a far cheap
er rate than it can possibly be put on
the market in the United States, to say
nothing of the freight cost half wa1
around the world. The new trade In
Chinese pork which has sprung up be-
tween southern China ports and Eng
land is a profitable one, owing to the
cheap price of the hog. Pork grown In
south China is said to be very good
article, comparing favorably with
American pork. Consul General Sam
uel 8. Knabenshue.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-10-09

Fresh fruits are divided into two
classes Flavor fruits" and food
fruits according as they are valued
For their flavor or as q food. Those
that are 80 per cent or more water.
fail under the first classification zap
Piles, pears, peaches, and most Of our
common fruits), while those contain
ing less fall under the latter bananas,
pound of dried fruit is. Of course.
much greater than that of pound OF
fresh fruit A pound Of the latter
will yield an average of about 8
ounces dried, but the amount Of
water in the original fruit is no guide
to the food value of the dried
prodDct.
Tbe main change which takes
PLACE dt'rng drying is the loss or
waite" III other changes also occur.
Very site, the right degree Of heat
produces changes not unlike those
NA.ca occur tlu: ing natural ripentng
GU tie plant.
IN soruc cases the crude fiber which
ferns the BASS of the plant structure
Is .'1uuced in amount or softened.
Much Qf HE starch Is changed to
S me n uf sugar The change In
faTtr s cue a. thy to the proportion
At, Increase of sugar from loss of
w tC~ and to absolute increase from
cceu.iC changes.
To q t rhine which of two fruits
is more economical, not only must the
cost Pr pound be known. but the
ar.c-nt # oddly fuel that makes for
encrc% "nd protein (muscle- building
n1ater;&D i pound Of each would sup
u. NEe must also consider what
expense i ecu red to prepare each
fo: tiNa tali@. Grapes commonly cost
lc, $ Z o;nd then raisins. but a given
S I'm ne for grapes will buy a
s.EGli"" amount of nutritive mate /
ra'. II a,t:,e Iroportion Of water is I
n ;cjl II 'htr than in the raisins
On lie otsc" hand, low-priced fresh .
fruit is sometimes as economical as
a somewhat cncap per dried fruit, since
the latter H'3u,d require sugar and
fuel o rake it ready for the table.
attention ahould, also be directed
u tn a mt Of inedible material.
- al .'roUuc,s in general contain
] Ne otl ia, but rs sources Of energy,
( i've! almost entirely from their
s13ar. urted fruits are decidedly
, 4eaoer than meats and compare
! voranly with dairy products. They
Z; g, however. more expensive than
tcrea 8 and starchy vegetables. such
~ dried beans and potatoes.
Under no circumstances should
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-10-09
SKIM MILK FOR PIGS.

After weaving. plenty Of. skim milk
fresh pasture and a grain ration In
addition are necessary for best re-
suits. In no case will 1t be found ad-
yisable to expect pigs to make profit
.ble growth on pasture alone. At the
ige Of weaving the pig should be
making very rapid and his most prof
table growth. 1t takes so per cent
more feed to put pound Of grain on
! 150-pound pig than to put pound
IN one weighing 40 pounds. and SO
per cent more feed for 350-pound
pig. Keep the pigs gaining while
roung on pasture and dairy products
available, always supplemented
With grain ration.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-10-09
Dairy Hints.

Many mixers object to brushing a
cows sides and washing the udder
because it requires ten minutes time.
Such men have no business handling
cows.
Milk containing los than 20 per
cent of butter-fat cannot be churned
at a temperature below fifty degrees,
but milk containing 35 per cent or
more can be churned at lower tenn
perature with good results.
A 1ve-dollar bill will buy a de-
tective in the form Of a Rabcock
tester which will show up every COW
in the herd that does not earn her
keep.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-10-09

(plant lice), cutworms, grasshoppers,
white grubs. wire worms, flea beetles,
and others. OF these we will describe
only the flea beetles. ..-
There are several species of these
minute insects which attack a large
variety of plants; some confine their
attentions to one or two kinds, while
others are general feeders. The beetles
are about one-tenth Of an inch In
length, oval and convex in form,
usually shiny black or bronzed in
in color, sometimes ornamented
with broad, pale stripes along the
back; they all possess enormously de-
veloped thighs on the hind legs, by
means of which they are enabled to
jump with great agility and hence
have acquired the name of flea
beetles. They appear in the spring,
often in large numbers and eat small
holes In the foliage of young plants,
preferably the thick seed leaves The
larvae, feed for the most part on the
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-10-09

sour stage. If milk Is fed to calves
when it Is in this changing condition,
it is almost certain to cause indi-
gestion. 1t should not be half sour,
nor sour one day and sweet the next,
but always one or the other.
Clean feeding pals must be used,
otherwise the germs Of fermentation
and diarrhoea will be brought to the
infant COW from the slime Of the dirty
drinking dish, and with young calves
it is important that the temperature
at which the milk Is fed be nearly that
Of the body. Older animals may re-
ceive milk of the temperature of the
WITHHOLDING tank.
While it Is very important that
heifers should have free access to
pasture during the second summer, to
develop srong bodies, the calf need
not have pasture the first summer.
In fact, for calves Born after the first
of the year, pasturing may be a dis
advantage. Most young calves in this
country are better off chewing tender
hay in the quiet and half-dark stable
than fighting flies, painting from the
heat, and cropping tough grass in the
pasture.-R. M. Washburn.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-10-09
Peace Is Best.

The farmer has no greater enemy
than war. He has no greater need
than peace. And peace is the mission
and the duty of a republic. A repub-
lie is a form of government fitted for
minding it's own business. Its busi
ness is mainly justice sanitation, edu-
cation and peace. With fair play,
good schools and security, the farmer
can do all the rest for himself
starr Jordan.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-10-09
Neat Butter Prints.

The most attractive package for
butter is the pound print, which car
be wrapped in a parchment paper,
and the whole enclosed in a PASTE
board carton. This kind of package
is convenient to handle and the cover
Ing keeps out dust, dirt and foreign
doors. Some customers, however,
prefer the butter packed in their own
jars or crooks Printed should be
worth l or 2 cents more per pound.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-10-09
Miniature Trees,

Miniature trees such as tho Jan.
anese produce in perfection. the
youths Companion" says, can be
grown by the simple process Of plant
ing a seed In half of an orange skin
in which fine soil has been substituted
for the pulp. The outside Of the skin
Is covered with shellac. and when tho
tiny roots force their way through
this they are carefully out OF. Tho
pairing off Of the roots, 1t II claimed,
stunts the tree.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-10-09
Rules that Pay in Picking Apples.

r. S. Macintosh. horticultural
specialist of the Agricultural Exten-
sion Division, Minnesota College of
Agriculture, has prepared these
profitable rules to govern picking and
packing:
Pick by hand.
Cool before packing
Grade carefully.
Put only one variety, grade, and
size in 4 package.
Pack tight
Mark on outside the variety, grade
size. and growers or packers name.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-10-09
FRUIT TREES BY THE ROADSIDE.

J. H. Taylor recommends the plant
ing of fruit trees for shade along
country roads. He suggests that the
owner Of row of maple trees gets
no fruit from them, and that he might
plant fruit trees in the same spirit,
letting travellers have what they de-
sired as they passed along. 1t Is not
uncommon to meet with nice apple,
pear and cherry tree now along coun-
try roads, but in the vicinity Of cities&
where boys are numerous, they play
havoc with such trees.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-10-09

Nine thousand, three hundred and
six square miles of territory In four
states-Mississippi, Alabama. Georgia,
and South Carolina have recently been
released from quarantine. as free
from the cattle tick.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-10-09

Be cautious In feeding very hot or
tired horses.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-10-09

No farming Is scientific and pro-
gressive that is not practical. The
most practical farmer is the most pro.
gressive farmer, and the most pro.
gressive farmer Is the most scientific
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-10-09

Wild fruits can be preserved nxSrly
as well as cultivated fruit
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-10-09

Sell your surplus canned fruit; there
Is always demand.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-10-09

GOOD advice--if you have anything
% say to mule. say it to his face.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-10-09
FUNGUS AND INSECT ENEMIES OF VEGETABLES

the Vegetable Grower Mer
He Who What His Enemies
andT Fights Them nelEgenly.
Milford chronicle., 1915-06-25

A half-scared to death and half
starved hen will never be a prolific
layer. Treat the fowls with kindness,
give them attention and care, and
plenty of good wholesome food, and
they in turn will reward your pains
by keeping the egg basket well filled
at all seasons of the year.
Milford chronicle., 1915-06-25
Questions and Answers.

Q.-I have been advised to keep the
growing stock from the roosts at
night in order to prevent crooked
breastbones, but it is a rather hard
matter. How old should theyoungsters
be before they are allowed to use the
roostF M. H. r.
Al can appreciate just how hard
is your job, where they are kept in
the same house with the older birds.
If you cannot provide quarters for
them without rOosts, thus compelling
them to remain on the floor, don't give
the subject any worry. The best time
for them to take the roost is usually
determined by the birds themselves.
Allow them to roost when they have
The inclination, and you viii have but
few if any specimens with crooked
Milford chronicle., 1915-06-25
THINNING PEACHES FOR PROFIT.

/ 1t is a common mistake for Orchardists
to assume that in seasons when fruit
| promises to be plentiful it is unprofta-
bic to give that attention to the trees
which will insure the best grade of pro
duct. In a season of abundant produc-
tiOn, as the present one seems likely to
be with respect to the peach crop, the
high grade product is the only one that
will command reasonable prices. while
in poor years any kind of stock is saa-
BILE. As applied to fruits this year, this
rule means that fruit of superior quality
may prove to be the only kind that will
pay for the picking.
Peach trees properly thinned in June
are apt to produce as many baskets of
fruit as similar trees unthinned, because
the fruit left to mature grows to a much
larger size. Trimmed fruit is less ant to
suffer from the brown rot than fruits
that touch each other on the trees, even
when no spray treatment is given, and
spray treatments designed to control
the rot are more effective because they
take effect on all parts of all the fruits.
The expense for picking is less per bas-
ket and still less in proportion to the
selling price per basket. Trees thinned
this year are more apt to produce full
crop next year, because the strength of
the trees enters more largely into the
pits than into the flesh of the fruits. so
that when fewer fruits are produced
the trees have more energy to devote
to bud formation for next year. On all
accounts thinning has proved desirable
from the standpoint of the production
of better fruits, and in the experience
of orchardists of other States has not
been too expensive to be worth the cost.
1t is possible that more general thin
ming of fruits would help to bring back
to this State its former reputation as
the home of the famous Delaware peach.
Thinning is best done as soon as the
June drop is over. In this county it
should not be difficult to hold some of
he berry pickers for this work. Fruits
should be left three to six inches apart
IN the limbs, according to the size of
he fruit of the given variety. Workers
Who have no direct interest in the crop
nay do better work than the owner
imself, because the latter is likely to
elax the spacing rule and thereby lose
ONE of the benefits that should rightly
ONE from proper thinning.
w. c. PELToN, County Agent.
Milford chronicle., 1915-06-25

tors if there was anything l could
take to help me and they said there
was nothing that they knew Of. am
thankful for such a good medicine and
will always give it the highest praise. "
Mrs. C. H. GRIFFITH, 1868 Constant
St, Cleveland, Ohio.
Hanover, Pal suffered ron. fe-
male trouble and the pains were so bad
at times that / could not sit down. The
doctor advised a severe operation but
my husband got me Lydia E. Pinkham's
Vegetable Compound and / experienced
great relief in a short time. Now feel
like a new person and can do hard
days work and not mind it. What joy
and happiness it is to be well once more.
] am always ready and willing to speak
good word for the Compound. Mrs.
ADA Wilt, 3O3 WalnutSt., Hanover, Pa.
II there are any complications You
do not understand write to Lydia Z.
PiRkham Medicine Co. (cOnfldentiaD
Lynn, Mass. Your letter will he opened,
read and answered by a woman and
held in strict confidence.
Milford chronicle., 1915-06-25

The little details in poultry raising
are the ones that insure success.
Give them your attention and you will
get your share of the big rewards.
Milford chronicle., 1915-06-25
Poultry Pointers.

1T cost but little to build poultry
houses is the cry heard on every side
nowadays. This may be true, for in
deed many good houses are built that
are inexpensive, but remember that
this is not always the case. Cheap
houses are generally bad ones for the
feathered family. do not blame any
one for getting them constructed as
cheaply as possible, but do not stint
the house for the sake of saving a little
money, at the expense of the health
of the birds. Cheap houses are often
poorly constructed. See that they are
comfortable and convenient, with
plenty of fresh air, without draught,
and so built that they will admit sun
shine. If this can be attained in a
cheap house, all well and good.
Milford chronicle., 1915-06-25
HOW WOMEN
AVOID
OPERATIONS
By Taking Lydia E. Pink
hams Vegetable
Compound.

Cleveland, Ohio = my left side
pained me so for several years that l