davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, 1915-11-07

THE horrors Of war are increasing
Now 1t seems that the German in
vasion Of Russia has imperiled the
years caviare output. Practically all the
caviare comes from Russia, which favored
a million and quarter dollars from the
sale of the raw product. Needless to
say, merchants. shippers. shipping men,
importers. wholesale and retail dealers
and other "middlemen" enjoy a much
larger income from the epicurian's fond
ness for the Russian delicacy. for the
caviare sold in America alone every year
brings in many millions Of dollars.
Caviare is the roe or eggs Of the giant
sturgeon. the huge fish which abounds in
the rivers and smaller seas OF Russia.
The Russian sea fisheries are not an asset
of any value, for the Baltic and the Black
sea are so land-locked that their waters
are practically fresh. Further. the Black
sea, owing to its great depth, which be-
gins at the shore line, offers no conditions
favorable to the sustenance Of edible hsh;
while the Baltic is chiefly remarkable for
the small size of such fish as are to be
found there. Far otherwise is 1t with the
Caspian, the Sea Of Azov, and the Aral
sea, which in their productiveness stand
pre-eminent among the fisheries OF the
world, and amply compensate for the lack
of profitable sea-hsheries.
The fish which stands out above all
others as the Russian fsh IL the sturgeon,
which Ii represented by several species.
II Ia q remarkable fish from whatever
point Of view 1t may be surveyed. Gristle.
not bone, forms its skeleton; but It pos
sesses q very effective armot- plating OF
curiously futed. bony bosses running
down each side Of its body, and closely
interiocking bony plates form q protec-
ton to the head.
During its infantile stages the jaws
possess minute teeth, but long before
adult life has been attained these dis
appear, and the mouth becomes trans
formed into q tubular structure. which
can be lowered and raised at viii. 1t
works, In short, on the principle Of the
vacuum cleaner, being thrust down into
the mud to suck up worms and hidden
shell-fsh; but such crustacea and fish as
haunt the bottom are also eaten, as also,
1t is said, are waterfowl when oppor-
tunity offers! Sight plays but q minor
part In the discovery Of food, which Is
The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, 1915-11-07
NooW AAN A0 N1nMaW 6lWAnE ~ =

detected by the aid OF delicately sensitive
"feelers," or ''barbels,' hanging from
the corners of the mouth. This arrange
ment is due not so much to the defec-
tveness of the eyes as to the fact that
much OF its food has to be obtained by
stirring up the mud with its pointed
snout, which of necessity creates kind
of liquid fog. II is from this habit that
our Anglo-Saxon forebears named this
fish Syria, the stirring one" a name
which has come down to us In the form
of sturgeon. 1t is really a marine fish
which, like the salmon. comes up the
rivers to spawn, though some species are
now entirely freshwater jewellers. The
eggs, which are extremely minute, are
encased in a gelatinous envelope, and
deposited in sheets on the river bed.
Each of such sheets contains about s.
600, 900 eggs. This irresistible desire to
secure a fresh-water nursery for their
offspring, which under no circumstances
will they ever see, man has turned to his
own advantage, staying these potential
parents by the thousand before they
have achieved the purpose of their being
The rivers running into the Baltic
(like the Vistula and the Niemen) are
inhabited only by the western or Royal
Sturgeon which may attain q length Of
fifteen feet and a weight Of nearly 500
pounds. But this is a mere pigmy COM
pared with the big sturgeon, or Beluga,
Of the Black and Caspian seas, and the
rivers running into them; for q full
grown fish may attain q weight Of about
three tons.
This is the fish which forms the staple
of the sturgeon fisheries Of Russia.
though the common sturgeon. and the
The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, 1915-11-07
Artificial LIGHT
Makes Hens Law

EXPERIMENTS have shown that the
egg output OF hens can be tripled in
winter by the simple process of pro-
viding artificial daylight. Eyeryon
knows that hens don't lay as we'll in win
ter as in the longer summer days. The
reason is that the hens don't forage
around so much for food, their hours be-
ing governed by the amount OF daylight
The easiest way to make the hens lay
more is to install electric lights in the
coops. Then about o'clock In the dark
winter mornings the lights in the hen
houses can be switched on from the
house. The chickens Immediately become
active. The lights are switched OF after
dawn. to be switched on again Just be-
fore dusk in the afternoon. Then about
s o'clock the lights are switched OF. with
the exception of a few to simulate the
dusk. The hens Immediately go about
preparations to roost. In about fifteen
minutes, when they are all In place. the
remaining lights are turned OF and the
coops are dark.
By following this plan, It was found
that the usual winter supply Of eggs can
be increased threefold. An increase In
the output is noticeable the first day tbs
experiment Is tried.
The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, 1915-11-07
Green Operating
Rooms Favored

THE immaculate white" of an oper-
ating room and everything in It, has
long been byword, but 1t ID more
than likely that this will soon change to
"verdant green" or some other shade
of natures fsvorite color. British ply
sicians, who have lately had an ampli-
tude of practice in operating rooms, are
finding that white is too wearisome TO
the eye and causes fatigue. 1t also de-
tracts from the value Of light on and
within the wound Light Ii now being
focused on the wound, not around II.
with much better results.
One eminent surgeon Of Leeds has
fitted up an operating room entirely OF
green and It is likely his example, VIII
soon be followed by many others Green
is q restful color, offers no sharp con-
trast to the colors of the, wound sur
faces, and allows litagurs and sutures to
be clearly seen against It. After paint
ing the walls, ceiling and door OF his
operating room green. the physician was
so pleased with the results obtained that
he has now Installed for exclusive use
green towels and shestA
The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, 1915-11-07
WAR CUTS DOWN the SUPPLY of Cavare

still more highly priced sterlet, play a
very important part in such fisheries.
The largest and most carefully organized
OF these fisheries is that at Rubinsk, on
the Volga, where, on the breaking up of
the ice, as many as 10000 people
collect to await the arrival of their
victims. Notice is given Of this from an
outlook on a height, and as soon as the
approach OF a shoal Is announced nets
are spread across the stream, and spears
and gaffs are seized. in eager anticipa-
ton of the strenuous work about to
begin. The task of landing such fish
must be indeed difficult, for. though
specimens of the maximum weight are
rare, the spear may well be thrust into
a monster weighing q ton. Thousands
may be landed in a single day.
The victims are sometimes sold alive,
few are eaten fresh, but the bulk Of
the catch are either frozen or sailed and
dried in the sun, as circumstances de-
termine. When fresh, at any rate. the
flavor Of the flesh is said to resemble
combination between that of veal and
eel, with a twang of lobster.
The roes are taken out, spread on
boards, and washed in vinegar. Salt Is
then rubbed in. and the mass is then
portioned out and packed in bags, to be
sold as cavtare. The inner lining OF the
air-bladder is carefully removed and
dried, when 1t becomes isinglass. Finally.
a preparation is made from the spinal
marrow which is known as Vyaziga. II
is estimated that the value of the stur-
geon fisheries OF Russia amounts to
about 100000 per annum. OF this
amount s1,125,0oo is made up by the
sale Of caviare alone.
The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, 1915-11-07

mately 5000, 000, 900 feet OF merchant
able timber, estimated to be worth about
s3e.O0O.0o0 when made into lumber.
Ths river furnishes the only practicable
means Of getting the timber out. Thi:;
involves taking the logs around or over
the Arrowrock dam, and delivering them
in good condition in the river below.
This problem has been solved BY the
construction of an apparatus that Is
capable of handling 100000 feet dur
ing the 60 days of each summer when
the water is As feet or less below the top
Of the dam. This equipment is at the
extreme south end of the dam. With it
the logs will first be taken out of the res
ervoir.by means of a cable lift and de-
posted on a concrete deck on the top of
the dam. From this deck they will be
fed, one at q time, by a stop and loader
to power-drfyen spiked rolls which will
take them across the dam and deliver
them to a bull chain which is provided
with spurs or teeth to prevent the logs
from sliding. This chain will take the
logs at a speed of eighty-fve feet a
minute down slope having a fall of
50 1-2 feet TO 100 feet and will finally
deposit them in a gravity chute through
which they will slide into the river be-
low.
Another important accessory to the
dam is the spillway at the side to dis
pose of the surplus water when the
reservoir is full. This has a length OF
402 feet. In the excavation for this
100000 cubic yards of rock was re-
moved.
And already Arrowhead dam has
proved its worth. Water from the part
ly completed dam this year saved the
crops on 100000 acres of land. This,
alone, was almost sufficient &c nay for
the total cost of the work
The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, 1915-11-07

Ooth SIDES OF the site OF the proposed H.
rigation dam. Preliminary work was
started in 1905, but the construction OF
the dam proper did not begin until 1911.
The excavation for the dam extended
91.5 feet below the bed OF the river to
solid granite. The dam is anchored also
in solid granite on both sides. All the
work was done under the direction Of F.
Z. Weymouth. supervising engineer for
the United States reclamation service
with Charles E. Paul. construction en-
gineer. In direct charge. and James
Mum. superintendent OF construction.
Incidental work included the erection
OF a model city for l 500 inhabitants on
the banks OF the Boise river. the con-
struction Of a standard gauge railway
seventeen miles from Barber, on the Or
egon Short Line, to Arrowrock, and the
erection OF 3.000-horsepower hydro
electric plant twelve miles down the
river
Every gallon OF the regular flow OF
the Boise river throughout the irrigation
season. from April l 10 October 81, had
been appropriated by early settlers, and
neither the federal government nor any
enc else could infringe on these prior
rights But in the late winter and early
spring, before water is needed for irri-
cation. the river is a torrent. and this
valuable surplus simply rushed away
year after year TO swell the volume of the
Snake and Columbia.
And in all these years there was lying
right at hand this magnificent body of
land parched and useless.
This, then, was the problem of the re-
tlamation service-to capture this food,
to hold 1t in reserve until needed for irri-
CATION in the hot, dry summer months.
and then to pay 1t out as a prudent bank
er throws his money into circulation.
In the basin OF the Boise River, above
the Arrowrock dam, there Is approx
The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, 1915-11-07
Ever Eat SnaiIs?
Are BETTER
Than OYSTERS

CNAILS are more or less familiar to
y Americans. from childhood fables
and certain everyday figures of
speech. but 1t is doubtful II they have
ever been seriously considered as part
of the diet. Yet in Europe snails are
considered as great a luxury as are
oysters IN the western hemisphere.
About fifty tons a day are eaten in
Paris alone at the height of the season
and 1t has been estimated that 00,000,-
900 are disposed of during the "r"
months, from September to April, for
the snail might be termed the land
oyster. 1t is edible about the same time
as is the oyster and greatly resembles
that bivslye in taste and nutritive value.
But here is where the resemblance be-
tween the oyster and the snail ceases.
The snail is actually a safer and cleaner
food. 1t feeds daintily on only the
choicest Of vegetation, moving about at
its well-known speed until it finds the
kind of food it will consent to eat
The oyster, on the other hand, is not
able to move about in search Of food
The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, 1915-11-07
NETS to CATCH Submarines
USED by ALL BeIIigerents

AIETS have proven successful against
submarines, each of the belligerent
nations says in speaking of the
enemy's submersibles. Still yelled in the
deepest mystery is that huge steel net, or
rather set of parallel nets, said to form
lane across the English channel for the
transportation of troops and supplies to
France.
The fact that German submarines have
not operated in that vicinity lends ap-
parent proof to the existence of this vast
steel-lined roadway, but those at all
familiar with the vagaries of the English
channel, the strong current, high, choppy
waves and sudden squalls have good
reason to doubt the existence of this
barrier. Far more probable is II that
lane was safeguarded across the
channel by means of an endless line of
torpedo boats, destroyers, gunboats and
small cruisers, of which the British navy
has hundreds.
But now comes writer In Popular
Mechanics with the story of another huge
net stretched across the Narrows to pre-
vent submarines of the allies reaching
the Sea of Marmora to prey on the Turk
ish transports and supply ships. This
net is specially described as stretching
from Chanak Kalessi on the Asiatic side
to Namszieh on the Gallipoli peninsula.
This distance is approximately a quarter
of mile. and indeed 1t seems more prob
able that a net could be stretched. that
far than across the twenty odd miles Of
the English channel. According to this
writer, the barrier across the Narrows is
composed of q number of great nets, each
approximately 500 feet long, moored end
to end by means of buoys and anchors.
That there is little tide in the eastern
Mediterranean is given as one OF the
reasons the net across the Narrows was
practical But there is q strong current
running through the Dardanelles, as was
proven when the allies tried to send their
battleships through, only to have them
blown up by mines liberated at the Mar
rows, raced down the straits by the
current and hurled against the great war
ships.
Still another system OF combating sub
marines is described. The British adj
miralty is given credit for literally SEM
ing" hostile undersea craft. The nets
used for this are made In lengths OF
The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, 1915-11-07

about ITO feet with heavy iron wire They
are usually about twenty-seven feet In
width and Of fifteen-foot mesh. When IN
use they are stretched between the bows
Of two oilburning destroyers and buoyed
by means of large blocks of wood at
tached to the binding cables along the
top. When an enemy submarine is sighted,
the fast destroyers cut ahead of the
vessel and moor the net directly in the
path 1t is pursuing.
The rough condition of the water in the
North sea greatly restricts the range of q
periscope, making 1t effective for dis
lance of only about a mile. This permits
the destroyers to set the trap, after OBJ
serving the course a submarine is taking,
and escape unnoticed. The result is that
the submersible proceeds, ignorant Of
danger, and drives its nose into the net
ting, the top Of which is about eight or
ten feet beneath the surface.
The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, 1915-11-07
APPROACH Of
THUNDER and
LightningTOLD
bvX.STORMS

q TRAYS or "X"-storms, the greatest
foe Of wireless telegraphy. are ac-
curate and certain forecasts Of thun-
wireless experts for some time, but hith-
erto It has been believed that the TX"
storms were merely resultant from thun-
der-storms in the vicinity which in due
time would reach the area affected by
the strays.
But careful research on the part Of
wireless experts the world over has con-
WINGED them that "X"-storms are caused
by the atmospheric conditions resulting
in thunder-storms and that the strays are
due to these conditions in too weak form
70 cause thunder and lightning. In other
words, the wireless records the beginning
OF conditions that eventually will cause
thunder-storms. About twenty-four hours
generally elapse between the first trouble
with "X"-storms in the wireless and the
coming of thunder and lightning.
Periods of severe strays or 'X"-storms
coincide with periods of low barometer,
high wind velocity, rapid change Of tenn
perature, great rainfall and especially
rapid barometer fluctuations. When the
''X"-storms are first felt By wireless in
struments, these atmospheric conditions
are just forming and developing. So
sensitive is the wireless that 1t is warned
by "X"-storms twenty-four hours before
the weather conditions become so acute
as to cause thunder and lightning.
Sometimes the "X"-storms affect the
wireless without the resultant thunder
storms, although rain falls and the tenn
perature changes. In such cases the at
mospheric conditions indicating thunder
and lightning fail to develop in sufficient
force to cause the electrical disturbance.
These conditions are known to wireless
men as secondary or "V" depressions.
The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, 1915-11-07
FOOD Tasted
Through NOSE

q IR RAY LANCASTER, British scien-
list, maintains the favor Of food
does not come through sense Of
taste. but through the effect on the Oh
factory nerves In other words, he says,
We do our tasting with our nose.
The sense Of taste, he says, furnishes
only sensations that correspond with the
chemical composition of the substance
presented. These sensations, while al
most infinite in their shadings, are few In
number. Taste distinguishes only sweet
ness, bitterness, sourness, saltiness and
their innumerable intensities. The dis
tinctive flavor of various foods Is not the
result of chemical action and not per
ceived by the taste nerves. F1avors ex-
cite the olfactory nerve instead and are
transmitted by 1t to the brain.
A person whose sense Of smell Is i'm
paired is unable to detect the flavor of
the food he eats, although he has the
taste sensation that 1t stimulates. cold
often has the effect Of nulling the flavor
Of food
The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, 1915-11-07

and must accept anything that comes
its way. Only too often it fattens In
water impregnated with bacteria-laden
sewage and acts as carriers Of typhoid
and other diseases.
1t has been pointed out by no less an
authority than the United States depart
ment OF agriculture that snails could be
raised In the Mississippi valley and the
middle west at little or no cost and sold
very probably on the American market
providing such a market could be
persuaded to exist A very limited num-
Der of snails are sold in America to
foreign born residents. but these are i'm
ported from France
The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, 1915-11-07
Cook by Electricity

wellesley college girls will eat cleo
trically prepared food in their new CEN
trail dormitory. The new wing is
equipped with q special three-oven
twelve-foot range and q bake oven with
q capacity of ninety one-pound loaves.
The equipment will serve 250 students
and help.
The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, 1915-11-07
Big Electric Range

The largest electric range IN the world
has been placed In the Montana stats
hospital at Warren Springs, Mont. The
range is more than thirty feet LONG. Is
Is equipped with eight ovens and win
prepare meals Tor more than 1.5oo pae-
sons daily.
The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, 1915-11-07
Sl2OOOOOO DAM Recams AREA ONETIRD as Large as the
LAND AREA of the
State OF Rhode Island

will
the in New
Is q roadway Is feet wide
the irritation will
a o
1850 reinforcing steel
tn
the of
The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, 1915-11-07

II Is more profitable to wear an impie-
ment out In continuous productive labor
than to stretch its life over term of
years By Intermittent service
The daily star-mirror. (Moscow, Idaho) 1911-1939, 1915-04-06
~ Daddy sBedtime
H12fS&ENAW> O. The Doggies
Asssv oIO1 -- Ano' i-'S
The TrotO
the

-
the world
like dogges
like woyou remember wolf that
Riding smaller than
a white
the
kfddies place of the
sail northern
what the white do:
south
When sailed
which reached they
supplies
of
wonderful and lots OF people much
like to finds of the world 81
sometimes they don't They
like the Ice
these holes they would be killed
Then their
sleep while the
rather comfy dog right in village
The daily star-mirror. (Moscow, Idaho) 1911-1939, 1915-04-06
Photo by American
Press Associa ton

of would think right the beginning force
and to live together husband and wife who had
love for another STILL perhaps had nothing but
contempt and hatred for another This would be nothing
reveron the barbasm marriage by family
We have already got to the point when condemn the joining
marriage relations when the of affection does not Why
should condemn the
OF affections for another has Disappeared WE
CANNOT TOO OFTEN REMIND OURSELVES THAT THE ES
SENTIAL THING IN MARRIAGE IS NOT THE LETTER, BUT
THE SPIRIT; NOT THE LEGAL FORM BUT THE SPIRITUAL
UNION, AND THIS BEING THE CASE, WHEN THE SPIRIT
DEAD AND UNION OF AFFECTION is NO MORE THE DISSO
LUTON OF SUCH MARRIAGES. is LESS IMMORAL THAN
THEIR CONTINUANCE
believe that the process of divorce and
difficult the original
should be made difficulties reawaken
sponsiblity and thus rehabitate the family.
DIVORCE is STILL INsIsTENT SOCIETY MUST CONSENT.
The daily star-mirror. (Moscow, Idaho) 1911-1939, 1915-04-06

Speaking to the members of a press
association, Sam Blythe advised then
to specialize on folks" That, he said
is the greatest, the most interesting
the most pliable, the most numerous
the most fascinating, the most I'M
usual, the most satisfying subject in
the world.
Similar advice might well be given
to men who hope to be successful in
any line Of endeavor that will bring
them into contact with people or their
affairs Whether he wishes to be a
salesman, a professional man, teach
er, or an administrator, a man must
be student of folks" if he would
be successful His success will be
measured by his progress in study
ing people. He must understand the
points of view and the economics of
the affairs of the people with whom
he is to deal, and he must have
friends. Without these, he is certain
to fail