davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1915-12-27
Success Requirement, IN Du,r,inr

Under the strained circumstances OF
these days. To succeed in dairy work
you must know how to think aud
that means that YOU must have put
, yourself through some process OF
| training. either on your own hook or
by proxy. that is. with the help of Il
school OF working for some practical
:iairyman. II does not matter at all
| how YOU &c; your information, just 50
you get II. but to begin dairying with
! ont it is as hopeless as To jump into
a deep river without knowing how to
swim.
For instance. YOU should know that
. there is - vast difference so far IA
the profit i'm dairyiur is concerned be-
:ween raising your own COW feed and
buying i, from the store There is
also II great difference between feed
ing big ration TO good COW or Il
poor COW. Tie good COW has that
magic gift; OF turning Whatever she
eats into dairy products. while the
poor dairy COW is one that has some
.atcnt power in her makeup that has
another way OF dispoSing of her food
she may make II into beef or We find
many Of them that do not seem to
nave amy object in life except only
|" live ana eat. There are altogether
TOO many OF that kind OF cows eating
their heads of ia all the dairics. and
the wonder is how the average dairy
man can hay" tia" patience - keen
them going.
TO keep out of this class of dairy
men YOU must brush up Your brain
power. Learn To read and to study.
II YOU are young then there is no ex-
cnSe for yon 10 be afraid o. books
All young people must make them
selves familiar with the books that
relate 10 the business they propose TO
follow in life ana especially the dairv-
man IN these days. Ii YOU are too law
or indifferent 10 read and study then
iet me tell you that TO Try TO make
Il dairyman Of yourself will simply be
waste OF time that you had better
use IN working for some other man
VINO IS not afraid to use his brains TO
the hest advantag.
i'ersin lies the difference between
an up-to date man ana :, back uu,n
Der between the bright. energetic man
ana the SLOW coach. who has no ,lesir.
10 he abreast with the times. For
instance. the earnest young man who
desires To learn dairying while dojuy
IN" ordinary farm worS-how easy for.
MN 20 Erappic with the most i'm
por'hnt OF all dairy work in producin.
INC economical dairy ration from tho
crops OF the farm. Let hin tiyur.
th'tt out and his dairy education il
half learned
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1915-12-27
U. S. MERCHANT MARINE
MAKES UNEQUALED GAIN
In Tonnage and Value Is Surpassed
Only by That Under British
Flag.
SIZE or VESSELS INCREASING
Under Ship-Registry Act Total OF
ifS Ships, Valued at S33.3D2, 700,
Are Transferred to American Flag
and Register.

WASHINGTON. December 21.-.Ac-
icor1ing TO the aunuaI rcnort OF the
Commissioner of Navigation to the Sec
rotary OF Commerce for the fiscal year
ended June 80, 1915, which has just
been issued. the merchant marine OF the
United states. including all kinds or
.documentcd shipping. comprised on
June 90 last, 2G.7Gl vessels of S.3Sa.i2a
gross tons. as compared with 26,3i2
vessels Of 1.o2S.6SS gross tons one year
earlier. The years absolute increase il
tonnage. tG0,14l gross tons. has never
rcen cqualed ia our history While the
total tonnage has increased The number
of documcntcd vessels has decreased
:+2. sailing vessels alone decreasing 5a3
lin number The decline in the number
,of vessels with an increase iii The total
tonnage is a normal result OF the dcyol-
opment OF water transportation 'rh.
size OF vessels has been steadily N
creas sing since steel and steam came
into general use. in tonuaS. :tiIL valu"
the merchant Shipping under :h. Amer
ira, nlr Is surpassed only - that m
der the British flag. aud in tonnage
lit equals that under ANY othc" two
foreign flags combined except tn" Brit
ish
American shipping registered !or the
foreign trade. included III the figures
above. numbered on June 80. 1915. 2,T9t
vessels OF l,S1l.5i5 gross tons. AN in
icreasc during Tho yen" Of IS: vessels
anG 1891 gross tons. This incr"ase is
three times az great as the increase IN
registered tonnage during amy previous
year in our history
Tonnage enrolled and lice nscd for tn.
ON y
1915. numbered ESQ, vessels OF cot.
$50 gross tons. decrease OF G3l vessels
ana 33t65o gross tens sine. June SO
81
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1915-12-27
MtRI>E:r MUST CONTEND
AGAIN WITH HOLIDAY!

NEW ORLEANS, Dccembc 2G.-Thc
cotton market this week again viii
have 10 contend with holidays since
Liverpool does not open until Tuesday
morning. and all markets viii close
Friday evening. There is some promise
OF activity. however because OF the
fact that Monday j. iirs'-uoticc day for
January. l.ars" tenders seem 10 be
expected ia both the New York and
tnis market, where the combined stocks
% the actual staple arc in excess of
5000" bales,
The trade VIII watch closely the
spot situation in the South. and thy
ocean freight market for in both quar-
tcrs developments may arise at any
time which VIII determine ;hc course
OF values in cotton futures Weakness
among southern spot holders would
stimulate short sales. willie continued
nrmncss would encourage buyers.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1915-12-27
Grain saved by rcedinr-r,oor.

EnoSc who have used feeding doors
Ter their hogs haze found them 10 be
good grain savers, and concrete feed
jng-ioorS a:c coming into favor
such . floor should he six inches
;hi"k. niid. if no, laid against the
BARNARD pavement, should have n curb
extending from twelve to eighteen in =
chs hcloN til" surface OF the ground.
THUS Will prevent the hogs from root :
IL unGcr the floor The iioor should
s'"rc slightly toward one corner in
order I" carry off rain. or water used
in washing. \ rim around the outside
eds" Will prevent grain from being
Rushed OF INTO the mud
For feeding floors concrete should he
mixed in the proportion OF one sack
Of Portland cement, two cubic fee: Of
fourth OF IN inch. and three cubic feet
stone from c-fourth OF an inch Ia
one :nch in diameter Eleven sacks
OF cement will make enough concrete
for ib'' square feet OF feeding floor
The concrete should be thoroughly
mixed. and should contain enough
water 10 make the mass uuaky so thai
ih- concrete will nattcn ont Of its
own weight II should he lightly
i"i0rcd. however. then lcvclcd off with
a straight edge. and finished with {;
wooden noat. Tie floor may be laid
i'm Slabs each six feet square, two.
inch lumber being used FOR forms
Feeding floors should be large
enough to give each hog eighteen
square feet OF space
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1915-12-27
Damage by white Ants.

y typical case OF the serious dam
age worked by white ants was re-
Gently reported in tailoring cstab-
ltShmcnt III Washington. II. G. \ par
quot Nooring was found each year TO
he honcycotnbcd TO such an extent as
to ncCcSsitate the repair oc the dam
aged sections at considerable expense.
examination by specialist showed
that abou; onc-half Of the flooring
WAS invaded. This was taken up. and
IL was found that the oak paruuet
floor had been laid ever Il yellow pine
suhnoor separated Ly building paper.
the latter directly on yellow pine
"striu%crs' set on concrete laid OH the
ground. and the spaces between the
strinECrS filled with concrete, leaving
no air space between ground and floor
ing. Although the space between the
flooring WAS thus Con.nlctcly filled up.
the termites managed to penetrate it.
probably through cracks in the CON
crete near the pine stringcrs. which
were found damp and dccaNcd The
pine and oak flooring, as well as the
base boards. were found honeycombcd.
y larlr colony. consisting OF approNi-
matcjy 900" members, was located in
the ,ioorn" and the earth beneath il.
AS the infested floor was taken up.
the insects exposed were killed by
drenchiug with Kerosene oil. The con-
crete had 10 be dug out. the dcvaycd
Strn"crS removed. ana the c:rth soak
ed with kerosene in order To reach the
colony and insure it's eXtirpation. The
infested wood was removed To be
burned. because previous experience
has shown that drcnching infested
wool with Kerosene does not kill all
the ;crmitcs in it,
Wl'h View 10 preventing vcinfeSta-
ton. yellow pine stringcrS imprcpuat-
Cd with coal-tar crcosote. demonstrate
Cd 10 he the most effective and laStin,:
preventative against tc-mitc attack.
were obtained tat a cost OF about Sl00.
including tn. frcight. 10 replace those
removed. Concrete was laid. these
stringcrs place.. and az air space two
feet Nigh was left between ground and
flooring. Finally. the und"rside Of tin.
flooring received brush treatment
with coal-tar croSote
Til" total damage in this case. en-
'rcly due 10 the work OF the tcriuitcS
amounts 10 Approximately $1,000. This
is bu, ono Of many similar cases in
various parts Of the country. many
Of them due 10 the laying Of untrcat-
cd strinrerS directly on the ground or
in moist concrete
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1915-12-27
INCREASE IN VISIBLE
SUPPLY is LOOKED FOX
movement Of Whrnt to Primnr, nm,
Northwestern Markets In k-cpinr
Up We'll.

Especial TO The Times Dispatch
'ifitAGO. December 26--A goodl
increase in the visible supply OF wb.,
Is looked for Tomorrow The ,uo,I
mcnt of this grain to prinory
northwestern markets has ken, , |
Soodly proportions, but there :. /
p'oh''se OF Il falling OF In the recent
III All positions. While the Southwcs.
crh wheat Is selling more freely an
port account. cable adviccs from ;,,rnv
the waters say there urc many c,,,,
paints as to its quality The Norih
Western movement of wheat is claimed
Wy many 10 have spent IT'S force 49,,
inns Is proved by the smaller stool,
Oh mat grain III country elevators I'D
total now being less than % ,ooo. ooC
nusheis, which is somewhat smallnI
'nlh LOT TN" corresponding time last
years. 'o's
one Of the larger cXportors sail .,
inc writer on Friday last that tho url
ScilcE IN the demand for what .hrn,, 4
X hhrdiS known by the trade on lid
Wholc. that Great Britain and it's allies
nave purchased wheat for Jan,Ia,., ,nI
rcpruhfE Shipment and this has been
largely taken in Australia iut lid
NcSStt question is now one tina, can
not d" overcome. and that vessels are
scarce IN all positions. There hnl
peei NOR" wheat sold north of the I'm
tcrn;t'ionai line than has been repori i!
ed, and this viii b" shown with mo
fcopciihS OF navigation rcXt spring
lhc public is stili IN wheat on "a
large scale, AS shown by the fact that
the market is taken away from tbs
larger spectators almost every day.
mere nav" been many unsuccessfuI
attempts 10 brcuk thr make, on
Whlch 10 nIdhc large purchases in or
der To secure profits. hut those who
nave put out short lines have zen
orally suffered. The export business
last week was heavy, and II is likely
10 con,lnu" on Il big scale as long as
the grain is available, and there is any
chance 10 secure facilities Ia the way
OF ocean frcirhts TO seud the grain
abroad
The corn market presented n strong
trout nearly all Of last weel' with the
hu!Is again taking mold ia liberal
manner. The weather ha! favored
both the bulls and the bears, with con.
diti"nS ideal during the frat part of
last week. bat unsettled conditions
were reported on Thursday ami Friday.
tntaEorabie husking returns continue
I" come forward. but this il partly
balanced % the genera! lack Of buy
inr on shipping ana export nc count.
An cNpor; business has devcl Jpcd I'M
oats, and that has helped val les no
little. The country is not selling any
great amount OF this grain, Lu, ia hold
ing mainly AZ higher prices,
IL ~ expected that the run Of hogs
at Chicago viii no, only keep up
around tn. present high levels. but
during next month. The cash de-
nIaid for meats continues liberal. bu,
the buying OF lard has shown scVe
falling or
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1915-12-27
liutl Spots In Iion,Is.

Don't try to fill mudhole without
first draining out the water and re-
moving the soft mud. Don't try Ia
iii II with lare. stones. because il
this is done there will soon bc two
midholcS instead Of one Don't try
I" fiji q mudholc with sodS or similar
material which absorb water readily
ON an earth or gravel road luts are
best treated with the .lrac. Don't b,
afraid az dragging too often during
rainy spell. If a thin Goa; Of sand
or gravel be spread over tht road sur
lace when il has been softcncd 10y
vain aud then worked in by traffic
aud liberal use % the drag. a poor
earth road can be much improved auG
made 10 carry Surprisingly heavy
traiic for 4 short time
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1915-12-27
\ Practical Wonnn.S Nny.

She asses salt to rcmov" The stain
mad" on silver by eggs
She takes the trouble to examine well
the canned goods she buys Ii the
cans bulge outward il is a sure sign
thht they have not been properly sealed
ana that the air has got in
she washes tablcclnths and napkins
before hcmmins, Threads for evening
are then easily drawn ana the linen is
soft and easy 10 sew
She uses Kerosene III the water with
which she washes woodwork and is
prodiGaI ia the use OF ammonia for
cleaning the kitchen sink
She has Il pair W scissors hung ON
one side Of the sewing ma chine and
snspends an open mouthed bag on the
other FOR SnippinSs.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1915-12-27

summer crop Among rotations that
nave been suggested the following
seems desirable
First year. cotton: bur clover sown
''et"ecn the rows Septembc, l.
Second year, corn or soy beans fol.
lowed by hur clover.
third year. cotton
y less simpl" rotation j. the follow
ny,
First year, cotton. bur clover sown
between The rows September
second year. corn, followed by yin.
ter oats.
Th:rd year; oats. followed hv SOY
ht"nS or cowpcas, preferably in rows.
Eur clover sown in the rows Scpte,u.
are hroaGca sted. The bur clover should
: not 10 so"m before tn. crop is hnr-
vested
Fourth >e"r; Cotton.
Afie1 the clover IL once well cs,ab-
hShtd, stands al bur clover can gen
orally lie secured in such imtcrti!lcd
shWmer crops as cotton. corn. soy
crops. howevGr, snch as S So% hr,n 81
milI't ana cowpcas. the shade is so
9ehs" HAT the yount; bur clover plants
FOR tn" most part perish
't"Gitcaiiy all Of the CONNIE rcial
seed OF spotted bur clover. Is rh:,,
grown in The cotton states. and The
supply mas usually bc.u much below
the demand Thus far tho seed has
oeen marketed only iu the bur. I'm,
'h'r" seems no good reason way clean
"u!lcd seed should not be produced i'm
commercial quantities. Hulicd seed !,
inuch more easily sown. and one. In,
Iann IS inocu!atcd the regular Seeding
OF hir clover IN cotton would ..placc
:" large degree the dcucn4,1ce ON
volunteer crops
Hakins O. sweeping tho ripcned pod.
ron ~" ground - the only method
bsed ia harvesting spotted bur Glove,
seed When Ia. pods are not u.rf.c,ly
":N care must he exercised I'm curing
as otherwise the piles viii heat viii
, consequent injury To the seeds {, i.
/ probably due to such heating that IN,
/ commercial seed SO often shows Iuv
, termination. Every Southern rarnc,
! can easily grow his own supply OF hr,
/ clover seed At small expense
Horses and mules ordinarily rcIus,
10 cat bur clover. Even Other Earn
animals 90 not eat Il readily nj first
n"i soon acquire q taste FOR tn" miami
ana then cat II Grccdily Bur ciov.r
h"S also been objected to on accom-,
81 tn" small growth. TINS objection.
however APPLIES mainly to poor soil.
ana 10 the Northern portions OF III,
cotton belt. Even where tho urowt,
as very small! 1t is practicany AWAY.
sunicient TO prevent the Washing q,
the soil and This. together with tn.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1915-12-27

..t,,,o Nos. c,cy.r aids Nitrogen ana
,,,,r,,s 10 IN, soil. and is = good FORAGE
an aiutc~ cover crop for tho South.
r.neri,liy" snys MIR. II. Mckee. and he
,,,n VIM o,,.,h. 70 ;nnv II, AN
.laoorn,o treatise on The subject MIR.
Mckee soys
rur ,,oycrs ar. valuable a-ricri,ur-
allv IN those states where the winters
ave- mild enough for thc,, 10 Withstand
.h.p, In ,hn I.ni,cl Stutcs this en-
traces The cotton growing area of the
$3.50 80 Al, r ~ p,,.:,i, .,,., ,r,v.
o. The C.,ra.l@ and Sierra Nevada
Mountain ranges
The value 90 sur clover as s, forage
non is Incoming NOR. appreciated in
sections where tho w;i~,rs are iuild
according To : nov bulletin issued =,
cuntl, Each wear IL can he dcrcu,l, q
uror 10 add humus ana nitrogen ia
NC soil w!,hou; sacrificing Inc regular
sl.,nlner crop az ,h. farm n ,h.
South +, is The clean.s, lorun. ma,
serves as a ,vinicr cover rron nr.ys,, =
irr tho washing OF IN. soil I'm nddI.
ZION TO its value for This purnosc. il
furnishes some pastu.as. and Improves
the soil Py The U.S.. of hur clover
alone many instances ar. reported
where the cotton crop hus been ma.
tvria,!y Increased each season omo
of tho advantages of bur ,Ioyer over
mos: other leeumcs j. thc fac; that
good stands eau often i, obtained
from YEAR 10 year without additional
seeding On pasture lands whr,! once
established bur clo,cr viu rrsecr i,
SELF indefinitely.
The spotted or southern bur clover
is The variety best adapted 10 con,li-
tons il Tie south ana gives SatiSfar.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1915-12-27

the previous year. which WAS tho larE
est then OH record. Reports submitted
from the Held force show a m,rkcd in, :
prorcm"nt OH the part Of all classes of
vessels IN complying with the naviga.
ton laws. Tho Increase in the mum i.
Der OF violations reported is due To the
Increased facilities for inspection and
attention given to the work
During the year the motor vessel
.iarraEon was employed alon; the New
england coast during the summer and
In the oyster fleet in chesapeake I:ay
during the winter ON the waters GOV
cred by the Tarragou it is cstimuto,
That she was able to inspect approx
"h'clF pes cent OF the vessels The
'Hcct Oh the work last year. however
, Is apparent At that time approximate.
, ~ one out Of every three vessels in
Spected was founu without some hen.
OF equipment During the jcar 1915
the average was raised so that npprox
imatcly one out OF every five was with
OUT some item of equipment. AN i'm
iprorcmcnt Of 80 per cent In som,
: oistrictS this average is very much
better.
material Improvement in the ccndi.
''oh OF the crews Was observed from the
work in the oyster fleet. The quarter;
weather. and tie food furnished. NOV.
aouh"ant aud OF better quality.
Z During the year the bureau clnulov.d
SiNtN-on" navigation inspectors 10 tro
Nfht Inc oNcrcrowdinS Of PASSENGER y.s
seis Thcs" inspectors served j., ,o,,-
Hect'oh with the regular customs in
.Spcc'orS, ",o"l counts Involving lI3S -.
passengers. being made by The unyin,
non inspectors. while the cus,o,,c M
hcers ma"c .'.i>G counts OF lsIaata mas
*erE":'S: total. lc.tiT counts OF a.oax
as passengers In addition tn hi.
N""k tie ravis.ttion inspectors 70
ported 80" violations Of the nayi.,.i,,
AVS work never before ,,rder,,,..,
by these men
me total number of scanlcn shinnea
'eSh'pped aHd discharged ry the slim.
PINE commissioners was il4.7i. com.
pared with $7S.752 during The prcv,n,,s
'tscal year, the increase heinz o,,ri
butatie almost wholly to tho ship.rep-
istry act.
F. App"ndiNss include numerous ~.
'st'"a! tables showing details Of ,L..
work OF the bureau FOR. the fiscal ,o..,
1915 >'''
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1915-12-27
THE STirSII N FINE.

80 long as good weather continues
and IL has continued in Virginia UNI
usually long this winter farmers are
prone TO put off things too nlurh. How
ever. the exercise OF little Thought
and the expenditure Of a Very few
minutes AT this season will often save
not only hours, hut days later on when
the weather and roads get bad and
outdoor work is impossible.
Then the odd iobs OF ovcrhaul!ug
Inc farm equipment repairing, paint
ing. etc, which have been put off until
q slack season, Will require attention:
nni all TOO often the necessary ma
rrrtaiS Will not he on hand and the
"'"rk will toe delayed until !, Is possible
:" make trip to town. and not infre-
'i"mtlN II remains Tndonc until the
Hus% season the following yea. when
uct c:isity demands It.
list should bc made OF the things
that viii he wanted for this work. II,
VIII only take few minutes 10 jot
them down as they are brought to
mind, and ,hcn on the next trip to
town they may be bcu"h; and set
aside they will be ready when
wanted The condition Of Tho different
machines which will. or should bc.
oNerhnuled, should ne noted. ana the
parts which viii need TO bc replaced
purchased, Then there are The odd
jobs of repairing buildings fences.
gates. etc, which will rcuuiy.. lumber
and nails There is no need TO max.
an extra trip tor them when wanted
they may be brought home the next
4! tune load is taken - toxin. Like
wise the lumber and hardware for
. The small jobs OF construction which
should he done before spriug. Also
tn" paints. oils. putty and brushes
which vii! he required in painting the
various farm wagons. implements in
side woodwork. furniture. c;c. and.
above al. the necessary materials for
the improvements planned for The hous.
should be obtained 50 that they can
be completed this winter and not have
10 wait another wear.
Every one knows how much more
satisfactory II is 10 have the nccesSar,.
equipment ready TO perform 4 piece o.
work when AN opportunity presents.
than 10 get started on il AMI then find
That ii VIII have 70 be postponed until
iIir can be made 10 town: which.
even ~ the roads are good. and The.
trip can be made at once. means a loss
- tim" and added expense. 1t il
astonishing how much can pe accom-, :
plishcd on rainy days or during slack
times, when the tools and ilntcrials
are at band.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1915-12-27

lie
ne cost OF road is dependent lpon
not only the type OF construction. bur
Inc amount and character OF cr,dinn
|" be done, the cost of labor and ma
t'''his the width and thickness of
SUR facing, the character and amount Of
drainage required, ana other factors OF
equal variability. Based upon general
averages. i, has been ascertaincd b,.
hi.hwaN specialists Of the department
'hhi under average conditions mac
Huaih roads can II" built IN Southern
states at from $1,000 To $1,000 per mile.
gravel roads at from Si,5Uo to $500
per mile. and sand-clay ana ,opsoil
lads at from $500 TO Sl.J0u per mile
IN New I'm. land aud other Eastern
states inacadam roads are reported at
from $4,000 to $4,000 per mile gravel
roads ~ from S@.20o to $1,000. and
oituiuino"S macadam from 5000 to
$1,000. according to the character of
constructions. whether Surftcc-trrutc,I
penetration, or mixing method The
nituininouS type IS quite general in the
Eastern states. As indicating costs i'm
ether sections of country. the Stat.
Highway Commissioner ~ Michigan r,.
ported that i'll 1919 the average cost for
ina Cat;iin roads was $4,000 per mile
clay gravel roads Sl.JG0 per mile. and
concrete roads about $4,000 per mile.
The average cost Of Stat" highways
constructed in Ohio two Years ago was
!S.%H3. According I" types. in 1912 the
brick paved highways averaged SI4.G5V
per mile and the mHcIdaIn highways
S5."J". In California the first $50 miles
81 the state system of highways cost
Hn average OF SS,l+$ per mile and con
sisted principally OF thin concrete with
% THIN coat Of Dituincn. The maximum
and minimum figures given are not ab
SolHtc. Bat are intended TO present the
nela! range OF costs. The rates given
include grading. drainage. surfacinS
and engineering costs.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1915-12-27
8, to Climbing Roses.

III the latitude OF the South. say
below the I'otomac River, climbing
roses usually need no protection during
the winter unless they are n parIicu :
!1"lI tender variety Farther North
these roses need protection similar 10
thni given 10 the tea and hybrid tea
roses.
Who're 1t is possihl" To do So. remove
climbing roses from their supports and
cover INC branches with a little dirt \
hito fall trimming might be desirable
l" lessen the space occupied by the
htanchHs on III" ground Such side
branches as are not to be needed for