The Western outlook. [volume] (San Francisco, Cal.) 1894-1928, 1915-02-20

- Il the CeISOTS permitted, We WCulu
M be hearing frequently these days
Of battles in Herzegovina that
II would make us think of how Han
nibal fought his way through the
Alps, for down In that country there
are passes so narrow and slopes so
steep, just where desperate fights have
taken place, that even Napoleon might
well have been deferred.
Warfare Is bringing sad havoc in it's
wake to the folk of Herzegovina. Not
only are towns being ruthlessly de-
stroyed, not only are the men and boys
mustered into the armies of Franz 10
zef and away, but, among others, in
vading armies are living off the coun-
try and that means using up the great
herds of goats upon which the prov
lnce largely lives. In fact, the one
trouble Herzegovina has ever given
| the Austrian is its revolutionary spirit
over the goats. So true is this, so deep.
the feeling on either side, that the
place has often been dubbed "a nation
at war about the goat!"
| AC 6Onbt A06A Oh AhALLs eoFClhol VI
Herzegovina, explained in an inter
view in Mostar, lis the great factor In
| the life of our nanpla A anat ran9asy
In value from $3.50 to $3.50 and
mans wealth is often stated In terms
of his herd The state has long been
striving to suppress the goats, as they
destroy the vegetation which we feel
is the great essential for the rehabili-
tation of Herzegovina; while the peo-
pie who care nothing about reforesting
| the mountains, for the benefit of flu
ture generations, raise the cry that
the goat is to them everything, and
that we are no better than despots.
All of the Goat Utilized.
Their praises of the goat are, OF
course, well founded. AS the rein
| deer to the Eskimo, SO is the goat to
| the Herzegovina Hide and hair, meat,
milk, horns, all are utilized. Then,
too, the goat is hardy and hunts its
own food, wherefore the people ask:
"Why prefer the vegetation, which
there would be no animals to devour,
to the goats, who seem already to find
all that they need?'
Accordingly, to pacify them, the
goat-tax has been made very low and
it is regulated by the number of anil
mails man may possess, in direct
ratio. A peasant who has but ten
| goats returning to his barns from the
mountains each evening, pays eight
| . xr,hi hn uybn hnrd q
100 strong, it is felt, can pay more
per capita.
NOW this is the governments side
of the matter. Forests are absolutely
necessary to Herzegovina, to regulate
the climate, if for no other reason. We
need them, too, to yield humus, and
thus stop the spread of the Karst, or
| desert region, and we also need them
to regulate our water supply. We are
trying to reforest and make the noun
tains green in order to get all these
benefits for the peasant. But he
doesn't see 1t that way.
Different methods are being en-
| ployed to accomplish our purpose. One
of the commonest, is to blast, with
! dynamite, holes for the trees, then
carry soil to the pit and create here a
| forest reserve. Frequently what ap-
pears from the road as a mere slope
of rock is covered with tiny oaks and
other very young trees and is edged
with signs, prohibiting pasturage in
| the area. On the sly, however, and
frequently from mere laziness or spite,
the peasant will drive his goats into
the area and then, when he is fined
heavily for the destruction that re-
suits, he, too, becomes an opponent of
the government.
Creating Forest Reserves.
According as these plants thrive at
the outset, we judge if it will pay to
plant further in the locality and also
| in just how many years such tract
may be termed fertile Some places
have been covered by green vegeta-
ton in two years and are then held
| as reserve to the end of the third
year, when they become partly for
| ested. Sheep are the first animals ad-
| mitted to the new pastures, as they
| do not rise on their hind legs to de-
your the growing tops of the plants
Then, the year after opening to the
sheep, the cattle are admitted, as
these also do not reach the tops, and,
| finally one year still later, tho goat Is
admitted, the shrubbery being now
high enough to care for itself.
aporolIoJ rlntr of thaeo rosarvaa aro
laid out over the province, so that
when plot No. is entirely reserved,
| In the next there are sheep and its