davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1915-04-12
CALLAHAN MAY MANAGE
NEWARK INTERNATIONALS
Reported Club Has Been Sold-Mag-
mates Meet Today.

NEW YORK, April 1.-THE annual schedule
meeting OF the International League is to be
held today In addition to the adoption OF the
schedule. several other important matters are
expected to come before the magnates. While
President Edward q. Barrow would not make
any statement on the question, II was reported
that the Newark Club had been taken over by
a Newark syndicate, the members of which
We're to be made public today.
An unofficial report had James Callahan, for
several years manager OF the Chicago Amer
lean League Club, as the new leader or the
Newark team.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1915-04-12
McGUIGAN TO REFEREE BOUT
Officiates at Langford-Jeanette Battle
in Boston Tomorrow.

Jack McGulgan, local promoter and ref
cree, will officlate in the l2-round bout
between Sam Langford, the Boston Tar
baby. and Joe Jeanette, of New York.
at the Atlas Club, Of Boston. tomorrow
night.
McGulgan announced this morning he
would leave for the Hub tonight While
in Boston Jack will try TO hook up Sam
Robideau and Jack McCarron for bouts
In that city.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1915-04-12
DUNCAN AGAIN HEADS
NATIONAL BOWLERS
Philadelphian Reelected Presi-
dent of Association-Stand-
ing of Players in Tourney.

NEW YORK. April 12.-A PhiladelphIan
was chosen at yesterdays meeting 20
head the National Bowlers' Association.
Elmer e. DUNCAN, OF Philadelphia. was
reelected to the presidency, while will
liam H. Valentine, president Of the New
York Bowling Association, was made first
Vice president In place Of william
Cordes the Brooklyn alley owner.
II was a distinct rundown for one OF
the two organizers of the National Bowl
Ing Associatlon--one who has gone back
on years OF effort and Of falthfulness
TO an ideal on tho part of the associa-
tion.
Other officials were chosen as followsi
Second vice president, Elmer 10. Wood,
Newark; secretary. Major M. w. Gage,
Brooklyn; treasurer. Thomas Canon, Jr.,
Philadelphia.
The governors, in addition to the on
GERS, will be as follows:
Albany. Or. f. ~ Tate; Baltimore,
William Sweiger; Newark, William w.
Weingarth and Car Klelber; Newburgh,
H. a. Pepper; Philadelphia, George NJ.
Moss. H. c. Beidman and Henry ]. Berg
man; Paterson, Ferdinand Roth and
Jacob Tamboer; Rochester, Frederick j.
Meier New York, Charles A. Parker
Maurice c. Wyman. James A. Wilson,
Robert j. Maher, S. Winston Gould and
]. II. Madden; Richmond. s. n. williams;
schenectady f. Henniman: washington.
]. Il. Fields.
The standing of the bowlers in the
national tourney today is:
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1915-04-12

lteE may play hrst base for the
80 1isn the coming season. Fred
Ivy up - Nm u " ~ titimaf. a. a.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1915-04-12

asss a, y 'Donnell, catcher for the Beau
49, ieAas League) team, has been re-
- 70 the Louisville Club, OF tho
as =, Association, which had an op-
q bis services.
Evening star., 1915-02-14
SYMBOLIC SIGNS ARE PASSING

a DVERTISING signs are multiply
~ ing. but the character signs
q - or "symbelic signs" show a tend
ency to pass away. Some OF these
have conf 'etely disappeared. and
others are not SO prominent and IN
sistent as they were. Under the ciassl-
fication of character signs" would be
included the bush that once stooo De-
fore tap rooms, the white horses. blue
dragons, swans. owls. golden eagles
and green pheasants that stood or
swung in front of, or on top or taverns'
the red and green lights In apotne,
cary shops. the red and whlte str!pea
pole in front of barber shops. the giant
watch swinging in front of the Watch-
makers, the giants boot OUTSIDE tne
hootmaker's, the wooden lndian WIN
upraised tomahawk, bow ana asto~; stood
guard in front of tobacco shops. the
gilt horse that pranced or trotteo on
the weather vane of the stable, and
ure of a bootblack boy which used to
be found outside shoe-shine shops De.
fore they became shoe -shine parlors.
Some of these Symbol signs persist,
but though the shops themselves nave
been greatly increased in number. the
character signs" are becoming scarce.
The usual taproom or saloon sign
in Europe two or three hundred years
ago was a green bush IT was some-
times pine, but was nearly always one
of the evergreen varieties. On GER
tain festive occasions oak boughs we're
used, and the custom at Christmas
was to substitute holly for the pine or
oak. In the case of some OF the
olden saloons the bush" was planted
and growing at the taproom door. 1t
was the bush or brush sign before
taprooms that gave cause for the say.
ing that good wine needs no BUSH"
That saying probably came into use
as cities grew larger, and it becoming
more difficult for alehouse and wine
shop proprietors to obtain green
Evening star., 1915-02-14

bushes. the custom of having such a
sign began to decline.
The red-and-white striped barber pole
dates back to the time when the barber
was also surgeon and the principal
part Of surgery was bleeding or "blood-
letting" recourse to which was had for
many OF the ills that the flesh Is heir
to. The red-striped band around and
around the pole symbolized bloody
bandage. In those times the striped
pole stood on a concave or basin-like
base, which represented the basin into
which the patients blood flowed.
The barber's pole continued as the
sign of his trade after he had ceased to
now he sometimes let's the blood of his
customers. good many BARRIERS.
either because they resented the asso-
Citations and memories of the red-and-
white spirally striped pole, or because
they sought new fashion in BARRIERS
umns striped with other than the Gus
tomary colors. and hence sometimes one
sees these poles striped white and
blue, or blue and gilt, or black and gilt.
When apothecary shops dealt only in
herbs and drugs and "phisiks" in the
years before they became department
shops and general stores. bottles and
jars In the window were their only
sign: Next, to emphasize themselves,
apothecaries set up In their window
oOetAoo vi DIillidHI-COAoICu -
or dyes. and this Is the genesis of the
red and green globes in drugstore win
dows, though, as one can now fnd bar
Der shops without barber poles, he can
find drugstores without the traditional
drugstore globes or colored fluid.
1t Is not often that one finds a big
boot in front of a bootmaker's shop or
a shoestore. and the cigar store does
business without partnership with a
wooden Indian. Horses live comfort
ably in some stables and MUNICH oats
and hay while no gilt horse caracoles
on the weather vane or prances above
the entrance.
Evening star., 1915-02-14

6ROYS and tinsel, tiny colored pic
lures and decorative bits of this
q and that, in use for entertain
ment of various Ainds, very often are
made in Germany" according to their
labels. There is one such industry,
however, which will not suffer in the
least this year on account of the war
in that country, and that is the maxi
ing Of valentines, England and Amer
lea manufacturing and using the entire
output. Only English-speaking peo-
pies celebrate Valentine day, and the
first valentine offered for sale in the
United States was patterned after one
that was sent from the British Isles to
a girl in Massachusetts, in 1S49.
This girl was Miss Esther A. How
land. daughter of a stationer in Worces-
ter. and she piled up fortune from
the business started in 1850. She was
graduate of Mount Holyoke Semi
nary. had Travelled quite little and
had some friends in England One of
these mailed her very elaborate val
entine. Rowland decided at once to
import the novelties, but before he had
given an order his daughter had quiet
1y, and without disclosing any such in
tention, procured the materials and de-
signed valentine. Her father was
HuCu plcdScu over CnlS eHOrt, ana one
Of her brothers. a travelling salesman
for the firm, on his next trip through
the country took the sample and one
or two others which encoura cement
soon called forth. 1t was thought he
might secure orders to the amount of
500. but he came back with orders for
$4,000 worth of these valentines.
Both firm and family were astounded,
but the young woman who had started
the thing determined to see it through.
She had her father send for embossed
paper from London and then he went
to New York and purchased small COL
ored prints from the one manufacturer
of Miss How1and came to her assist
ance. and they set about together. each
one taking one particular detail as her
part in filing the order, considered
stupendous at that time. The next
year Miss Howland cast about here and
there, studied her new field of work
very carefully. and her brother set out
this time with large variety of sam
pies. Most of these were expensive.
Something had to be done to lessen the
cost of part of them, so in another
year a firm in Germany furnished the
ornaments. which are now made by the
million in the Un ed States.
Quite naturally the Howlands being
the only manufacturers of valentines
on this side of the Atlantic, their out
put became famous, and Miss HoWland,
recognized as the head of the indus
try, was soon supplying the annual de-
mand for 100000 worth of these bits
and ribbon. Many offers were said to
have been made for the control of the
industry, but until death intervened
all offers were refused. The oldest
valentine in this country Is said to
belong to q private collector In Cleve-
Evening star., 1915-02-14

go abroad even to friends. Steps al
ready have been taken to conserve the
Roumanian wheat crop for Roumania
herself.
Neither Russia nor Roumania there
fore can be considered as sources Of
supply for the bread basket while the
war lasts The deficiency must be made
up elsewhere.
The British colonial possessions re-
quire special consideration.
India is pretty steady factor In the
British break basket year in and year
out. Famines are now infrequent. and
there is ordinarily a large surplus
which India's teeming population does
not need or is too poor to buy. The
Punjab, or the fve-river region. which
is the great wheat field of India, also
shows increased productiveness from
year to year due to bringing larger
areas under cultivation through irriga-
tion. Karachi. on the Arabian sea,
counts on steady wheat traffic.
In phenomenally good crop years
India is able to supply the United
Kingdom with 5O.oO0.o0O bushels of
wheat, although that Is not the aver
age. Forty million bushels would come
nearer the mark. In 1912 there were
about 100000 bushels. and in 1913
Al, ,OO0,0 900 bushels.
So far. the allied fleet has been able
to keep the Suez canal and the Medi-
terranean free for their own traffic
with India. Should Germany and Tur-
key succeed in closing the canal for
a long period this would mean that the
United Kingdom would receive little
benefit from the wheat fields Of India.
but this does not now seem as likely
to happen.
Australia is somewhat variable
means of filling the mother country's
bread basket. Usually. however. she can
be depended on for upward of 2U,0UO,-
900 bushels. In some years the guam
tity goes up to 25,000,000 bushels. That
is the most, however, that could be ex-
pected while the war lasts.
Evening star., 1915-02-14
MEANING OF WORD "JUNKER"

ho- completely the war has rlaosd
the reichstag, the social democrats and
all the rest Of the civilians In their
mon Sense About the War;" which
brought down the wrath Of the British
people and brought forth replies by
wells, G. K. chesterton, A. Conan
Doyle, H. Rider Haggard, Jerome x.
Jerome. John Galsworthy. Christabel
Pankhurst and host OF others. treats
Of the junker. He wrote:
What is a junker? Is it a German
officer OF twenty-three. with offensive
manners and a habit Of cutting down
innocent civilians with his saber?
Sometimes. but not at all exclusively
sort to the dictionary"
After finding the dictionary defini-
tion of junker. Shaw continued:
no means peculiar to Prussia. We may
claim to produce the article in Q per-
fection that may well make Germany
despair of ever SURPRISING us in that
line. Sir Edward Grey 10 a junker
his toes. and Sir Edward Is charming
man, incapable of cutting down even
an opposition front beneher. or Of tell
shot. Lord Cromer is junker. Mr..
Winston Churchill is an odd and not
disagreeab!e compound Of junker and
Yankee: his frank anti-German pug
nacity Is enormously more popular
than the moral babble (Milton's
phrase) Of his sanctimonious col.
leagues. He is bumptious and jolly
junker, just as Lord Curzon is an up
pish junker. / need not string out
the list In these islands the junker is
literally all over the shop. The
foreign office is a junker club. Our
governing classes are Overwhelmingly
junker: all who are not junkers are
riff-raff. whose only claim to their po-
sition is the possession Of ability OF
money"
Evening star., 1915-02-14

= N the discussion of the causes and the
progress of the war great emphasis
- has been laid on the word "junker." :"
Men opposing the German view of things
have placed upon the tunker or the 1unker
class the blame for much OF the misery
due to the war. In some ways the word
is used as though 1t were an opprobrtous
epithet. ,. =.
nearly everybody in any way familiar
with it is that 1t represents the landhold-
ing class, the great landlord class or the
landed aristocracy of Germany and Aus
tria. This class in nearly all-perhaps in
aIl-the countries OF the world Is In nor
NAL times a conservative and artstocratic
class satisfied with the existing economic
and social order and quite well convinced
on the subject of its superiority to other
classes. Take the history Of all countries
and the German landholding aristocracy
would seem not to be exceptional in its
pride and in its opposition to new ideas
and conceptions of democracy.
Gently in the scribner magazine on
'Militarism and Democracy in Ger
many" and treating especially of the
charge that caste rules the army in
Germany. said: "The army is narrow
a T medieval character serupuIously
maintained in the face Of modern prog
ress by the ruling clique. From its
crown prince, as well as it's kaiser.
the army takes its tone as a bulwark
OF the privileged classes, to whom
anything that smacks of democracy
is anathema 1t is the chief pillar of
the great landlords, the junker, and
the aristocrats, as 1t is of the throne.
When the reichstag passed a vote OF
censure on the government because
of the Zabern AFFAIR, an almost unheard-
of thing, the government simply ig-
noreG the vote. Doubtless the imperial
chancellor and Gen. Won Falkenhayn.
the censured ministers, smile today II
they think Of this incident and reflect
Evening star., 1915-02-14

holds thousand pounds of ice. 1t Is
compactly arranged and lighted by
electricity. and SO far has met all re-
quirements. But when the parcel de-
livery service is enlarged to the pro-
portions 1t has reached in England,
larger plant will have to be provided.
Not only do the hospitals and charl-
table institutions profit by perishable
matter sent as valentines, but all
through the year sample packages OF
sort-unless the sender provides for
their return-reach the same destina-
ton.
In the early centuries valentine send
ing was a luxury indulged in by the
rich who could afford a messenger or,
at later period, postage for delivery.
In Shakespeare's time the sender wrote
his valentines and pinned them to
trees. or he carved two intertwined
hearts on the trunk Of tree, with an
Evening star., 1915-02-14

wheat she needed from her own colonies.
1t is not necessary. however, to discuss
the political question.
Should the British possessions during
the war period be able to supply England
with about as much wheat and flour as
they have provided during the peace times
Of the preceding five years they will be
doing very well.
England will still need to draw on the
rest of the world for the other half Of the
bread basket, and to do this with the
knowledge that Russia and Roumania
cannot be depended on 1t is fortunate for
that in this food emergency there are still
plentiful sources Of supply open to them
These sources are the Argentine Republic
and the United States.
-
Argentina always has been a granary
for England. She has been able to vie
with most of the British colonies in
helping to fill the bread basket.
Bahia Blanca, the great wheat port. 400
miles south of Buenos Aires, sometimes
is called the Liverpool of Argentina, on
account Of the wheat traffic. Rosario, the
ocean port on the Parana river, takes care
of the wheat fields of northern Argentina.
Buenos Aires itself provides for the ex-
port Of large part of the production Of
the central section Of the country.
Argentina is subject to crop vicissi-
tudes like those of all wheat-growing
regions, but usually she can be counted
on to supply England with $4,000, 600
bushels and upward. In 1913, when
there was a serious crop shortage, the
imports were only about 27.000. 900
bushels, but the previous year they
had been 100000 more.
Conservative estimates are that the
Argentine crop just harvested will be
about 200,000,000 bushels. In ordinary
circumstances, England would take for
her own consumption possibly 40. 000, 900
to 45,O00,O00 bushels of this crop. In
the present emergency circumstances
she will take all she can get, which
will be 50,O00,000 bushels and upward,
and If she can find ships for the cargo.
Chile in some years sends England
wheat from the port of Valdivia.
The wheat fields of the United States
are, after all, the main reliance for
filling England's bread basket In tAe
present war time. The British import
statistics are safer guides In this mat
Evening star., 1915-02-14
THE FIRST VALENTINE MADE I'm AMERICA

seemed to keep the people at home with
domestic responsibilities In Grecian
temple near the emperor's palace there
name was Valentine. He frowned upon
the unnatural decree forbidding mar
riage, and defied it one day by uniting
a couple.
The news spread to everybody but the
king, and soon scores of people had
been married. After time. of course.
Claudius heard of this. and he had VAL
entine, while in the very act OF per
forming ceremony, dragged OF TO
prison and put into dungeon. There
he died, and each year on the annlver-
sary of his death the people of Rome
met to celebrate in honor of the occa-
sion, many young lovers being mar
died on this day.
Perhaps the reason this theory is en-
tsrtained is that it SO fits the onserv-
ances of the day and any sentiment
connected Herewith. The origin, most
likely. getting away from sentimentai-
Evening star., 1915-02-14

ity, is that the day was originally a
feast day celebrated in Rome In honor
of Pan and Juno. and the Christians,
of allowing this festival, but changed
its name, which their converts did not
object to. for various causes.
In literature, Valentine day has been
touched upon for several hundred years.
AS far back as February IA. 1867. the
famous Pepys made entry in his more
famous diary that he had been able to
escape buying his wife valentine py
buying her a ring she had long wanted,
and he would have had to get anyway.
Charles Lamb wrote a sort OF invoca-
tion to Bishop Valentine" and sammy
Weller of the Dickens family of char
acters forges Mr.. Pickwick's name to
a lovelorn housemaid, hoping for val
entine "1n the hesh." st. Valentine
died In 27e AID. and his tomb is IN st'
Praxed's Church in Rome. more famous.
perhaps, as the tomb Of Brownings
'Paracelsus."
Evening star., 1915-02-14
%CUPlDS MORGUEy" WHERE GO ALL
LOST AND STRAYED VALENTINES

Perhaps the Oldest specimen Of a val
entine in existence is addressed to one
Friar Thomas, who seemed to have in
dulged somewhat in sentiments of a
lighter sort than his cloth might war
rant. 1t is written in delightful Chau-
cerian English, and runs:
Thow 1t be ale other gyn,
Godys blescyng have he and myn,
My none gentyl Volontyn,
Good Thomas the frere.
"Cupid's morgue" in the city post Of
fee is not the grewsome place of
blasted hopes and affections that ono
might imagine it to be, but is in real
ity the most interesting and cheerful
department in the mail service; the
greatest amount Of trouble Is taken in
discriminating where the different mat
ter shall be sent, and no books or
printed valentines are distributed with
out first being carefully looked over.
Evening star., 1915-02-14

~HE failure to dot an 'i' or cross
It" helps to fill .Cupid's
Il morgue" and often places in
jeopardy the real romance of many
man and maid who go through life
thinking that the anonymous outpour-
ings of their hearts were not appreci-
ated, or that the intended recipient
lacked intuition Thousands of these
votaries of st. Valentine lose out every
fourteenth day Of February and won
der why, little thinking it was only the
slip of the pen In addressing the val
sntine to the chosen one that caused it
to 20 astray and finally reach "Cupid's
morgue," as II Is called at the dead
letter ONCE.
Or II may be the lost valentine was
sent to a Mike post Office" which
sounds like a place for only mysterious
letters which are sent to little brown
les, pixies and fairies by small chill
dren, but Ia in reality just flag sta
tion on the railroad, and not a post
once at all In this case it is left at
the nearest post office. and If the ad-
dressee falls to claim it the valentine
then reaches "Cupid's morgue" here. or
at some one of the other fifteen di-
vision headquarters of the railway mail
service.
b =
When II reaches the morgue, II II
pears a written message. every means
Is resorted to to find for whom it was
Intended, for Uncle Sam has lot Of
yentiment, SO sometimes by the post
mark and a wonderful astuteness in
unravelling the secret intentions Of
people which characterizes the clerks
In the dead letter office through whose
hands IL passes the fair one or gallant
il reached. As real valentines are
aeyer signed-for that Is their mysteri-
ous eharm--it takes a kindred feeling
and the cleverest sort of detective work
% unravel the mystery of their desti-
nation In the event of failure, he
who thinks these messengers of senti-
nent and love are ruthlessly destroyed
or sold at auction in one of the sew
erai dead letter sales which take place
each year is mistaken. for in the case
Of valentines. with some exceptions,
what is ones loss is another's gain, and
while u trifie belated reach happy
destination where they are thoroughly
appreciated.
On the 14th Of February all over the
country the mails Increase about 10 per
cent, and while this is not as large an in
crease as at Christmas and Easter. IL is
very noticeable. requiring a longer time to
sort and deliver the valentine matter. The
special delivery and parcel post service
this day, and the latter Is particularly in
teresting In the variety and uniQueness
Of the articles II carries as souvenirs
Of The celebration.
With each year styles change, ant
the old-fashloued. large, lace paper val