davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1915-10-31
What Makes the "Detector" Possible

The submarine detector made possible by the fact
mat every object in motion sends forth by its viha
'lons, definite and dominant note. This note is the
sum total OF all the factors which contribute to the
vibrations. An instance viii make this clear If you
I'VE near railroad You will notice that every train
mas us distinctive rush and roar" il approaches
and passes the head OF Your roar or note
is made up OF every particle OF the train--the To-
COmotve the cars the whcels-wnile /, is ener.
modified by the rails, the character OF the roadbed
character of the country, and tho structure
height OF the buildings which proXimatc to the
moving train The express has sound, the local
another. the first milk train another and the second
mix train still another. Every trolley has own
distinctive, dominant note.
Objects such vessels moving water has
It's own dominant note. Among the vessels the sub.
marines compound Of vibrations has a very dis.
submarine is deeply submerged. They carried by
the water which carries sound more clearly and
easier than air. to great distance.
These sounds the submarine de.eCtor gathers in
magniiies and transmits to the the listener
How the submarine is located after il Is heard will be
told later.
'detector' works is very simple and merely that n
vessel in motion transmits sound through the
water which circulate in all directions
Far more sensitive than the human ear drum, how.
ever is the ordinary microphonc which is used in the
ransmitter OF telephone and which constitutes the
basis OF the detectOr noise which would be naudibe
to the human because far away would readily
SCI mp vibrations In a microphonc much further away
than the human
In connection with the micrOprouc used In the
detector however is another remarkable electrical de.
vice. known as the De Forest audon which ampifies
the sound communicated 0 The microphone no
less than 10000 times!
The mechanism OF the dcecor consists primarily of
microphene enclosed in cylindrical casing
about twelve inches long. which is attached ia STA.
onary steel rod twenty feet below surface of the
The front of this casing consists OF diaphragm OF
steer aoOut one-thrty-seCOnd Of inch thick which
vibracs result OF waves transmitted at any
point within radius OF twenty-five miles The ybra.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1915-10-31
me zeca0H1cat kars 7Hat Can Submarine
x10ny51ue Ates AWGy; The Nets That It,
e Destroying Bombs Of the Submersibe Hunting

the nations call to defend or 10 DESTROY their
enemies it Is the expert who is consulted and of
whose discoveries and inventions the of war are
equally the servants and the prey.
And at any moment. from laboratory or another.
may come discovery invention which will he so far
IN advance of anything now being employed In way
n offensive or defensive equipment that the war will
he broueht to speedy conclusion
Certainly sensaionsly scientific as ANYTHING tho
MAR has brought forth has been the submarine as il
has been used by Germany i'm her warfare against Eng
land Germanys avowed intention 10 cut off Eng.
land from the rest OF the world by ring of under.
sea boats thrown around the islands. sinking every
vessel that they could and. if possible. starving out
the entire population OF Great Britain.
At first it%scomed rs though Germany had fair
chance to succeed The hatcshrs. the desroyers and
all the complex assortment OF Sighting ships that
make mp navy were more or less helpless.
Then science. which had submarine 10
1T Is certain that within the last months from
seventy to eighty Of Germanys Uboas, these under
sea rovers called have becn destroyed by means
OF various devices which the scientists Of the allies
nave found and put into practise. These devices are
ahElho aicei nets which catch the submarines like
hSh the floating o)s;ructions the mines but the
scientific of all and the efficient is little cleo.
trlcai device which can be carried in ones and
which has been described for this per hy Dr.
William Dubiller. American electrical engineer who
has attained great scientific distinction through his
"chlevcments In wireless research whose aid was
sought by the allies TO perfect the in cues.
ton and who has just returned TO America after in.
siainG the device along the France and of
England ~ "
This device is known tho Submarine dctcctor"
lis object is to discover the approach OF submir
and 10 locale il definitely s in fact p mechanical
car which catches and nagnncs sounds or vibrations
mat the human cannot catch. In It's present state OF
development 1t hear an area Of TWENTY-FIVE
miles. but it is quite probable that before long the
approach OF submarine one hundred miles away may
ne definitely revealed and its exact location fixed by
this mechanism.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1915-10-31
HO1o the "MeChanical Ear"
Has Crushed Submarine War

AS 1t is however. the "detector" has accomplished
wonders glance at the map of Eurore viii show
that there are only two by which German sub
marines can reach the Atlantic Ocean the sea lanes
traversed by the bulk of Engands maritime commerce.
one Is to the south of England by way Of the English
Channel and the other Is the north of Scotland
through the North Sea- either between the Orkney and
shetland Islands or north of the latter.
Inc most direct route. OF course. is the former That
avenue has now been absolutely closed to Germany BY
means of the submarine deector." The passageway
10 me north stu remains Open but here the won
derfu little instrument has been good purpose
IL mas been Installed on the Orkney Shetland Islands
ana no hostle submarine safely pass between
then and II has narrowed the passageway between
the Shetland Islands and the Danish coast that the al
cS patro boats have now but very restricted area to
~
It has been asked how aeroplane can destroy
submerged submarine, the point being made that
bomb dropped from the air would strike water with
such force that the impact would be sufficient to ex.
pIo0e The bomb on the surface before ever reached
the Submarine perhaps thirty forty feet below
There Is little difficulty in that direction
bli!ffr explained "ln the first place. the explosion
po"cul hoinb on the surface of the would prob
aoy De sufficient in itself crush submarine IL
II were an eggshe. though 1t were submerged
thirty or forty feet below the surface.
But as matter OF fact. they using In Europe
specially constructed bomb. which Is designed over.
come the very condition referred to. and 1t works
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1915-10-31

One Of the clevercst was suggested by an English
scientist who has made particular study Of color and
optical effects British battleshp painted
It's skyline disguised that distance several
miles 1t would readily be mistaken merchant yes
sell IN This way enemy submarines were lured into
coming within range Of it's big guns long before they
u'sco'ered the trap into which they headed.
on land, the effects of color and form have proven
OF even greater value The Germans gave US the first
Indications Of their reliance upon phase of modern
warfare by clothing their in lghtgreen uniform
whose color easily blended with the prevailing land.
example by abandoning their traditional red trousers
ana dark blue tnncs for uniform OF sky blue
hese things are Of particular Importance IN v;en
me vitality important part which the aeroplane scout
is playing in the war. To keep out of range of tha
ntaircat guns these scouts who besides spying UPON
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1915-10-31
How Color and Optical Effects Are Used to Lure to-
Ambush and to Protect

r. AZURE nses many 10 protect its creatures
~ One of the most common among wild animals is
" protective Coloraton 4 large number Of ami.
mails which nfest The jungle for instance, colored
and patterned in srh way that they naturally blend
with the landscape and thus escape the observation Of
ther enemies This is true also of many birds, fish,
reptiles and insects.
Science has taken its cue from nature in this re.
Spect IN many OF the ruSes which it has introduced into
me present war in Europe. As has hcen explained
elsewhere on this page science is playing an mpofant
ahouSh ihconspcious, part in the the great
CONNECT ana one OF the directions in Which has proved
most valuable is in devisinG and OPTICAL Of.
fcctS 10 confonnd the enemy.
Both on and land, the employment OF sucb rucos
mas proven very effective both sides Obsolete r,er
chant vessels have been rugged up ana painted to re-.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1915-10-31

place they have been used decoys 10 invite attack
from enemy submarines in the event OF which supe
ror naval force is Immediately notified by wireless and
rapidly brought to the scene and in the second place
these vessels have been AS scare crows" to
brighten off approaching enemy vessels
Early In the war. for instance, the German cruiser
Emden accomplished most spectacular feat by adding
an extra tunnel and making various other changes in
It's general appearance so that 1t closely resenbled
a Japanese war vessel. Under this guise il calmly
sailed into Asiatic port and before the deception
was noticed destroyed French and Russian war
vessel and made its escape unscathcd
The English navy used similar rses with great
chect against German submarines The principal oh.
slacie IN the way OF meeting the submarine menace
course. lies in locating these vessels, and TO induce
them to come TO the surface England has tried various
plans.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1915-10-31
Hose Submarines Are Melted" lie Fish

The nets which have beer referred to as guarding
the Channel attached floating buoys which ere
more or less stationary While cy do not completely
close the Channel to submarine navga ton the open
lnSs or passaGeways iE the known ONLY To tho
Admiralty officials. and it is impossible for a submarine
10 navigate The Channel safely without the aid of an
Admiralty pilot. who knows just where the openinrs are
Capturing a submarine which has become eusnarcd
In one OF the Channel nets is simple matter The
nets are made OF also rope about one and
nall incnes thick. If piece OF this rope gets around
submarines propeller the submarine doomed even
though the vessel succeed in extricating itself from the
net.
AS matter OF fact. howeter. the vesse, usua y re.
mains In the net like fly in spiders web the fact be.
ing made known to The Allies patrol boats the con.
sequent disarran OF the surfaced uoys from
which the netting is suspended"
Another Of netting the submarine quite different
from that practced in the channel Is being on in
me open sea The submarines great weakness its
dependence for sight periscope greatest
range OF the perscope when It is running with the
surface is about eleven miles. There all abou, the
submarine zone number Of swift dcstroyers these
boats ride higher In the lookout can see sub
marine much further off than the submarine see the
boats II would be impossible. however. for the
stroyers TO creep up the submarine into effective
hiring distance without being seen.
The destroyers do not try to- Instead they carry
strong steel nets with mcshes about twenty feet apart
These nets are attached to buoys. and the sub
marine Is sighted It's is charted The de-
stroyers, working pairs carefully steam around
the submarine toward the point where bound being
careful TO keep out OF OF the periscopc
they reach certain distance ahead of the course the
undersea boat Is plainly following the nets which have
been suspended from special booms between the two
vessels dropped
BY the time the undersea boat the place where
the nets nave oeen dropped the weight the
carried the nets down to about the depth that the sub
marine is travelling The undersea boat runs in them
and. ineXtricably tangled turtle and sinks or
and in that the destroyers patiently chart tho
course and throw over still other nets.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1915-10-31
A Diagram IlIust,
an I'm

the enemy's movemeIS
the gun-fre during er
paratively great hetgl
To confuse the eI'
Of the country, and T.
munitions and the loo,
portance, and the sci
been repeatedly Gallo
these lines. /
To render yalueleI
enemy, whole forests
localities, and famous
and reconstructed onI
covered so that to Il
above they resemble i
and streams his map
Flying at O compJ
very distorted viey
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1915-10-31

splenddly This bomb is pcarShaped and falls with
the more bulky end downward. The lower end of the
bomb is provided with cap nose. which unscrews
when 1t strikes the water exposes needle or per
cuss1on pin. The bomb cannot explode until tina, per.
cussion pin Is struck heavy blow such as follows
from contact with heavy object The bomb Is
equipped with fms. which carry It downward through
the water at great speed and to strike what
ever 1t encounters with great force
The principal reliance Of the allies IN guarding the
English Channel against hostile submarines after they
have been located fleet speedy motor boats armed
with Finch guns AS soon submerged submarine
has been located By OF "deecor" aotjlla of
the5e boats Is sent out TO trail the intruder until
comes up for air to generate energy for It's storage
battery. or is driven into of the nets which have
been strung across the Channel q, various points
1T might be explained here that a submarine is nro.
PEELED while on the surface by intcrna, combustion
engine but while submerged il receives power from
storage battery which Is charged by the combustion
engine when tho boat is above the water.
Nhen a submarines storage battery runs out there
lore the vessel mast either r.otioa!ass be
meath the water mp reDenish the battery
oS means OF its internal combustion engine in the
his event the motor boats have only wait and in the
second event they make short work of the sinh.
marine with their Finch projectiles
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1915-10-31

yTFT !ilCIiENER side wins or whichever side loses
W. in she great war being fought in the battle
fields of Europe, generals. admirals wise gen.
ercl STATS and the lighting men will no be resoon.
sible for either victory defeat. Victory or defeat
Will come from the Laboratories the scientists OF the
nations struggling with each other
From the first II apparent that this war WAS 10
he not only the the has ever known hut
that il to be fought entirely different lines than
any ether war During the forty years of peace which
preceded Tie conflict had developed with
astonishing rapidity and ruled the When peace
ended science stepped naturally in MS the genius nj
WaT as II had been OF peace
Men became SecoDdary--agents only wicd the de.
SJuctiEe forces that science put into their hands or
units TO be destroyed by other destructive forces
which the science OF their opponents directed against
them
Science put into the field poisonous gases LIQUID FIRE
1SphEyiatng bombs and shells. electrically charged de-
ftnses which STAY like lightning engines of var
TIC gunbearng. bombdropping scouting acropancs
enc the venonous submarines.
Having done this, science necessarily had to devise
means OF combating the deadly things she had invented
Ant so We now have the astonishing spectacle of
Sccucc continually fighting in The most crualy
"!cnthc war the world has ever known.
lad therefore il is that for the first time porhaos
history generals. admiral3 and as has been said
en- the fighting men themselves subordinate in
At they waging. Not even Nelson STANDING
n lis bridge could have devised ways TO combat the
''ih'rine. But little paefaced apectaclcd man who
..A not know one naval gun from another, WORKING
Nv "' quiet OF his laboratory, is the be called
ION W devise ways TO destroy the submarine.
'o' wen Napoleon could have gained victory in tho
VI NE poisonous gases, liquid fire and the asphyxi
'"nhs. But a stopped shoudercd, weak.eycd little
..'s' Who would collapse at the first sound OF the
., . he one to be called upon devise defenses
s'"tS and liquid names, and perhaps invent far
". ores in retaliation.
'' "''a Of war on land and the ones tina.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1915-10-31

AN Minute French Soldier, Who Looks Very
Different Indeed from Any Other Soldier Of Any
Other War. On His Head Is the Skull Can of
Steel Which Protects Him from CHANGING Shrapnel
and Bullets. Across His Chest, Protecting His
vital Organs, Is Fairly Servceablc Bullet
Proof Cuirass He Carries in His Hands Gren-
AIDES, and Grcnadcs Of Another Type Are Fastened
Ahont His Waist. His Revolver Is Sung from
His Left Wrist. Hanging Down His Back Slunr
from His Neck, Is His Resprator Mask Which
Protects Him Against Poisonous Gases
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1915-03-25
Case Against Votes for Women
Why the Ballot Should not be
Imposed upon Women

BY Mrs. Arthur NJ. Dodge.
President, National Association OPP
posed 10 Woman Suffrage.
The greatest political issue before
the voters in 1915 is the question OF
woman suffrage. New York, New
Jersey, Massachusetts,. and probably
Pennsylvania will decide whether
women shall have the vote. Based
on the Presidential vote OF 1912, the
political status OF the six and hall
million women in these four states
will be determined by the votes OF
three million, seven hundred thous-
and men. at most, and yet neither
mffragist nor anti-suffragist will
contend that The women are voice.
less. as well as voteless, on this
question.
siiice the man, the voter. Is TO de-
eide this issue, both sides are ad-
dressing and attempting TO influence
his ballot for or against woman SUI
frage. On the suffrage side, we have
pleas and promises covering many
phases Of the subject, but which re-
duced TO their simplest terms are
these:
4. That woman has right TO the
ballot, or at least more right TO u
than man has 10 withhold IL from
her.
2 That without the ballot, one
sex. or "one-half OF the human race
or OF the people, as they put 1t mas
no representation in Government OF
legislation.
3. That the world" - when
seems TO mean politics TO a sufiraelst
needs its women, in order 10 in-
.roduce more efficient public house.
keeping" clean streets, pure iood'
better milk for babies, etc.
4. That thousands OF women pay
taxes and yet are not voters
seemingly unjust interference WIN
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1915-03-25
ITALY NOW READY FOR WAR
Navy Now at Full Strength; New
Submarines Added.

Rome, March 23.-The feeling is
growing throughout Italy that Austria
has been assembling for some time in
the negotiations concerning Italian
neutrality. and that the reason no con
clusion has been reached is that Aus
tria wanted to delay and gain time In
which to complete her preparations for
war with this country.
II is reported. but not confirmed,
that traffic between Italy and Dalma-
tia has been interrupted and that the
commander of the Italian feet has de-
clared that he will arrest ships OF any
nationality which he finds in the Adri-
attic conveying supplies to Austria.
The navy is now near full strength.
Twenty submarines have been added
during the past six months, and 22O
aviators have received pilots certin-
Gates recently. The army now has
800 aeroplanes and 2s dirigibles.
CONTINUED on page rwol
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1915-03-25
CONTENTS

PAGE Editorials, Return OF the
Birds, Improving the Govern
ment, Mothers Word. Case
Against woman's Suffrage,Loui
: Own State News,-United states
7 News,-world and War News.
PAGE a-Temperance Notes'-inter'
national Sunday School Lesson
PAGE 3-Mountain Agriculture,
ALetier and Report from Robert
Graham, Lexington, Ky-- How
10 Handle Prize Winning Poultry
PAGE A-Local Items.
PAGE 5-College and Other Items
OF Interest.
PAGE 6-serial Story. Waitstill Bax'
ter. - The Problem, - Citizen
Want Column.
pAGE7-In the Home,-The Kitchen
Cabinet,-Children's Column.
PAGE s-East Kentucky News, =
Poem.
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1915-03-25

their right 10 be represented.
5. That woman suffrage has been
tried in various - somewhat remote
- countries Of the world, and in
eleven Western States in America
without producing any decidedly
evil results such as some OF its op-
ponents prophesied, and without ex-
citing among the people themselves,
any strong movement for repeal OF
the grant Of "votes for women"
All these pleas and promises, es-
pecially when put forth by the aid OF
feminine arts OF persuasion that the
woman has cultivated through the
centuries, seem reasonable. But did
you ever hear OF a political platform.
Republican. Democrat, Progressive,
Populist. or Socialist, that seemed
unreasonable, until you heard the
other side, or had acquired the data
and the knowledge necessary 10
answer its arguments? Deciding
wisely on a question is not q matter
OF intelligence, but OF information.
The intelligence OF men and Of
women-average pretty much alike.
The same sort OF instruction will de-
velop a surprisingly average educa-
tion on the minds Of Hottentot or
Hindu. German. American, French,
or English. Once in a while a genius
arises who blaxes the trail for
humanity by the discovery Of new
idea, but the fundamental average Of
intelligence is demonstrated by the
fact that no invention. no art, that
has once been left TO the world
as the legacy OF genius has failed
because the rest Of the race was not
intelligent enough 10 understand
and use il. An Edison might make a
poor umpire OF ball game, but not
from lack OF intelligence. A judge
OF the Supreme Court might rend-
tLontlnued on page Two)
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1915-03-25
BOMBS DROPPED
BY zEPPELINS
and sunk-Shot Stops
German Steamer.

Western Newspaper Union News Service.
Paris.-Zeppelin airships raided
Paris and vicinity and dropped half
q hundred bombs, but the damage
done was unimportant. Seven or eight
persons were injured, but only one
seriously. Several of the aircraft
started for the capital, following the
Valley OF the Disc, but only two
reached their goal. Missiles also were
dropped at Compiegne. Ribecourt and
Dreslincourt, but without serious re-
suit. Paris remained calm while the
aerial invasion was In progress and
residents OF the city exhibited more
curiosity than fear as to the result.
Trumpets gave the signal that all
lights must be extinguished as soon
as warning was received Of the zepps-
Inns approach. Searchlights we're
turned upon the clouds. antiaircraft.
guns opened fire and aeroplanes rose
to attack the Germans. but their op-
erations were hampered BY O heavy
mist.
British Steamer Torpsdosd.
London.-The British steamer Cairn-
torr was torpedoed on Beachy Head
in the English Channel, and sank, ac-
cording to a Central News dispatch
from Eastbourne. Her crew escaped.
When the steamer was struck rescue
boats put out to her and attempted
TO town her into port. She sank eight
miles out, however. The Cairntorr
was bound from New Castle for Genoa
with coal. The Cairntorr was q yes-
sci OF 1928 tons and was built In Sun
derland in 1904. She was owned by
the Cairnn Line OF New Castle.
Shots Stop German Steamer.
San Juan. Porto Rico.-The German
merchant steamer Odenwald. which
attempted to leave port without OBJ
tanning clearance papers, was stopped
as she was passing out the entrance
to the harbor by two shots across her
bow from a fye-inch gun and direct
shots from a machine gun. She then
turned and was taken In charge By
the American Collector OF Customs.
Permission to sail was refused the
odenwald by the Collector. pending
instruction from Washington. The
steamer has been at San Juan since
August. She was bound for Euro
pean ports from the West Indies with
freight and passengers, and sought
refuge here.
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1915-03-25
Improving the Government

We supposed to have here in America the best
government in the world but there is plenty OF chance
to make it better. For thing it costs than
needs to- We have too many oice-holders, and pay
many OF them too much Ohio has just abolished the
Office of coroner for example. BY little study it
lust as well by other officers