The Sunday telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1914-1927, 1915-08-01

obtaining ports on the Sea
ON Asiatic soil Russia Is at war
with Turkey in the Black Sea region.
Neither side has employed large num-
bers of troops in this campaign There
has been fighting in the Caucasus and
Persia, with no great accomplish
ments. Further south, in Mesopotam mia,
there has been sporadic fghting be-
tween Turkish and British troops.
Turkey sent an army to attack Ine
Suez canal, but the main body OF
troops failed to reach its objective.
In Africa French and British troops
occupied Togoland and part OF the
Kamerun, German possession. A Btu
ish attack on German East Africa was
defeated. .s
The insular possessions of Germany
in the Pacific were captured by Great
Britain and Japan. .
Tsing-tau, the German fortress IN
China, was captured by the Japanese,
aided by a British contingent
No Great Sea Battles.
On the seas there have been no
great battles. Great Britain's suprem-
acy. owing to the overwhelming size
of her fleet, has not been disputed to
the ultimate issue, the main German
feet having remained in. home wat
ers. Two German cruisers which were
in the Mediterranean when war be
gan went to the Dardanelles, ana
were acquired by Turkey. A few
German cruisers and converted mer-
chantmen, including the famous En-
den, and the Karlsruhe. Kronprinz
Wilhelm and Prinz Eitel Frederick,
raided shipping of the allies for a
time. but were eventually sunk or
forced to intern in neutral ports. The
Austro Hungarian fleet has remained
in the Adriatic and the Turkish fleet
xk,z Gnr-
many's merchant marine has been
swept from the seas.
There have been. several naval bat
ties OF Importance, however. In the
first month of the war Rear Admiral
Beatty's squadron dashed into Helgo-
land Blight, near the great German
naval station, and sank three Ger
man cruisers and two torpedo boat de-
stroyers. In January occurred bat
tie in the North sea between British
warships and German squadron
which presumably was attempting a
raid on the English coast. In this
battle the German cruiser B1uecher
was sunk.
English Coast Attacked.
The German Far East squadron de-
feated Vice Admiral Cradock's Brit
ish squadron of the Chilean coast on
November i, sinking the Good Hope
and Monmouth The British obtain
ed their revenge in December when,
off the Falkland islands. powerful
British squadron defeated the Ger
mans. sinking the Scharnhorst. Leip-
zig, Gneisenau and Nuremberg.
German squadrons have twice at
tackled the English coast. causing
some loss of life and damage to prop
erty. English towns including Lon
don have also been attacked by Ger
man aircraft. which have made sew
eral successful trips across the North
sea, raiding points on the east coast.
Methods OF fighting have been al
tered radically in consequence of the
lessons learned in the first year of the
war. It has been pre-eminently
war of machines. The resources af-
forded by modern scientific develop
ment have been taxed to devise new
instruments of death and destruction
more potent than ever had been en-
ployed. /, 1t has been also a war OF
surprises New problems have aris-
en-, necessitating reconstruction of
the theory of war. Plans and meth
DDS heretofore approved by authori-
ties on military affairs were discard
ed, and the stats of the various ar
mics were compelled to grapple with
situations for which there was no pre-
cedent.
was the German forty-two centimeter
Sixteen and one-half inch) gun, which
hurls for some fifteen miles shell
weighing almost a ton. The great
Qualifications which were the pride of
Belgium, and believed to be almost
impregnable, were battered into ruins
by these guns in a comparatively
short time. Two Of these guns, sta
toned ten miles from Antwerp,
wrecked its elaborate defense works.
Liege and Namur fell similarly.
The use of artillery and machine
guns, in fact, has been one of the
principal features OF the war. Great
execution was done by the new Krupp
eleven inch howitzer, weighing nearly
forty tons. with six mile radius.
The Austrian twelve inch howitzer
lent. The French seventy-f1ve milli-
meter gun is regarded as one Of the
most effective field pieces.
Artillery Very Effective.
On all the European battlefields ar
tillery has besf the main reliance OF
the various armies. Trenches bristle
with machine guns. which military
to secondary place. 1t was with ar
tillery that the Austro-Germa forces
blasted their way across Galicia a
few weeks ago. making what was
said to be the greatest concentration
of heavy and light field pieces ever
seen With artillery the British won
at Neuve Chapelle. the Germans at
SCISSORS. Every considerable move
ment of infantry Is preceded by a
heavy artillery bombardment. and fire.
quently the infantry has little more
to do than occupy the positions of the
enemy made untenable by artillery
fire.
cessitated recourse to trenches, for no
troops in exposed positions could live
within range of the rapid frers.
Consequently trench warfare has de-