Arizona republican., 1915-01-30
FIVE MONTHS OF MAR


 When the Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Ans Iia was assasslnated at Sarajevo June 2S 191l the world little supposed that the spark of war had oeen dropped into the powder magazine Europe The explosion was delayed. The tragic event had almost passed from public thought when Austria presented its ultmatum to Servia, July 24 making demands that seemed designed either humate utterly her little neighbor to provoke strife Ser Vas answer although conciliaory in a measure exceeding expectations of unbiased observers was rejected, and on July 2s Austria declared war
 The last seven days of July were filled with anxiety for Europe. and diplomats and monarchs were busy in the interchange of notes To the last hour Of the last day peace hoped for or at ieast the restriction of to the two nations i'm mediately involved
 August 1 destroyed the last hope Germany de clared war on Russia There followed two days later declarations of against France and Bel gium, and on August Great Britain's decision tc enter the in defense of treaty rights and , neutral nations integrity
 From this point the war must be treated in ifs four chief divisions. First the western struggle be- tween the allies and Germany; second the eastern struggle between the Austro- German forces and l'ussia; third Servia's fight resist Austrian n- Nason. and, fourth, Japans attack on C;ermanvs colony in China
 Germany's first offensive was against Bel sium. She attacked Liege on August f. and three days later her troops entered the city At the same time she moved through Luxembourg against the French frontier and engaged the enemy near Longwy. Brussels entered August 20: Namur
 
 man army sweeping through western France down the Disc valley, toward Paris.
 As September opened Paris was in grave periI lhe French government withdrew to Bordeaux Sep. tember ,, and France resigned herself to siege of its capital city. Meantime the allies had reached the Marne. The Germans, thinking to draw in their far extended line for concentrated attack on the defenders of Paris, attempted to swing their right wing across the allies front. It was fatal move Suddenly the allies took the offensive and on Son. tember the almost unbelievable greeted Parls that the Germans were retrea:ing. For four days they fell back On September il they crossed the Aisne and turned to check their pursuers Then began the longest battle in history. It is still in progress. The month ended with the western wing of the opposing armies engaged in futile efforts each to outflank the other, and stretching always north and west toward the coast
 October opened with the siege of Antwerp The Germans realized that the menace of Belgian rear attack must be removed. Antwerp fell October g. Then began the second stage of the German cam paign-the effort to reach the Belgian and French coast cities. Ostend taken October I6 Dun kirk and Calais then became the obiectives The month closed with the allies resisting desperate Ger drives their front along the yser in Belgium and west of the Disc in France.
 November saw stiffenng in the lines of the allies and the beginning of offensive movement in Belgium. November 3 the Germans fell back from the Yser. The rest of the month witnessed constant of successes between the two sides In December the allies pressed their offensive still more vigorously and apprecable gains were
 
 tack and the line advanced north and east of this salient point. while from Neuport the allies crept toward Osend and Bruges. The month and the year ended with signs of projected French ad- vance between the Mouse and the Rhine. Shells hanmering Metz the German front was feeling the pressure at many important points
 The eastern campaign has been marked by a succession of Russian invasons of Prussia and of German nvasions of Poland. with an almost continuous Russian success in Galica.
 The Austro- German forces invaded Poland carly in August. Russa's first serious advance began August 16 As the month closed. she was pressing the offensive in East Prussia and had reached Lem berg in Galicia.
 Her first serious came early in Septen,- Der, when General Rennenkampf was djsastrousIv defeated by General von Hindenbburg at AIlenstein The reverse compensated month later by the defeat of the Germans at Augustowo Since then the Russians have been almost continuously on East Prussian territory.
 In Cialcia the campaign proceeded with few seri- checks until the threatening of Cracow brought the Austrians down from the mountains. forcing q withdrawal of the Russians from the bcsieged city The year ended with this movement completely checked and the Austrans again in retreat
 The first serious drive for Warsaw was made by the Germans in October. On October r they within eight miles of the city. By end of the month they were back their frontier. In the middle of November they began a second drive. This developed into what hailed for several days great Russian victory in the vii cihlty or LodZ Ihe 6ermans, however, recovered themselves avoided disaster, and began third d. vance that pressed the battle almost the gates of Warsaw. The year ended with their third drivc checked and the issue in doubt along the Plica and upper Nida rivers.
 The Servian campaign be told in three dates The bombardmcnt of Belgrade began July 29 the Austrians entered Belgrade December 2: the Aus trians were driven from Belgrade December r.. Since then they have abandoned the attack on Ser via.
 Japan declared Germany August g and occupied Tsngtau November [. Turkey entered the Oofob