davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1915-02-09
Attention Odd Fellows.

Regular meeting of Ardmore Lodge
No. 6, l. o. o. F., will be held tonight
at 1880 o'clock. There will be work
in the initiatory degree. All members
are requested to be present promptly
at opening. Visiting members in the
city are cordially invited to meet with
us.
FRANKLIN BOURLAND, N. g.
GEO. DYER, Secy.
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1915-02-09
Coed Price for Cotton.

r. A. Fox has recently made a sale
of 56 bales of cotton to Love & Thur
mond of this city, at cents. The cot
ton was in the warehouse at Purcell
The price of Sc was given for all the
bales taken together, and some of
them were of very low grade. This is
encouraging since it shows that cot
ton is coming back to what is almost
the normal price of the staple.
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1915-02-09
Holds Up EXPENSE Bill.

Austin, Tex, Feb. Ex-Governor
Ferguson announced today that he
will hid up the punch and salad ap-
preparation of Governor Colquitt's ex-
pense bill, pending an investigation
by the attorney general Ferguson
asks for a quick examination.
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1915-02-09
Justin Kinu Killed,

Muskogee, Okla, Feb. S.-Follow-
ing a quarrel between Paul Wilson
and Justin King, the latter, who is
a prominent Creek Indian. was shet
and killed near Hitchita, Okla. A
warrant charging murder has been
issued for Wilson.
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1915-02-09
FIVE PACKERS
FOUND GUILTY
IN MISSOURI
FIVE LARGEST PACKERS OF
COUNTRY GUILTY OF VIOLA
TING ANTITRUST LAW - MAY
REMAIN.

Jefferson City, Mo, Feb. 9.-The
Armour, Swift, Hammond, Morris and
St Louis Packing companies, five of
the largest in the United States, were
today found guilty of violating the
state anti trust law by the Missouri
supreme court.
An custer order was issued, but
the companies will be permitted TO
remain in the state. il they pay
fines.
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1915-02-09
Close Wireless to Public

Amsterdam, Feb. 9.-The German
postal authorities announce that the
German wireless system has been clos
ed for the transmission of private mes
sages, including even private COM
munications from warships and ves-
sells at sea.
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1915-02-09
Neuro Shoots White Man.

Lawton, Okla, Feb S.-Clifford
Harrison. bookkeeper for an oil mill
at Snyder, was shot by negro, who
was in the employ of the mill. Har-
rison will likely recover. The negro
was taken to Hobart for safe keep
ing
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1915-02-09
SLAYER is EXONERATED.
Grand Jury Frees Man Who Killed
AssauIter of Daughter.

Georgetown, Tex, Feb. 9.-The
grand jury today eXonerated David
Bell of Goldthwaite, who recently
came here, got an automobile, hunted
Sidney Browning, and then killed him
for attacking Bells daughter.
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1915-02-09
Not Peace Representative.

Washington, Feb. 9-President
Wilson said emphatically today that
Colonel House did not go to Europe
to try to bring about peace. Wilson
denied the reports that the United
States, Russia and Austria have ex-
changed communications on peace.
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1915-02-09
ARMIES ARE LOST IN DEPTHS
OF THE ARC0NNE FORESTS

Armies of Both Sides Got Lost in the Fighting Yesterday
in Battle in the Densest Part of the Forest, but
Both Maintained Their Lines There-Berlin Reports
But Little Fighting Except Some Minor Victories
Over the Russians-Petrograd Reports Capture OF
German Women in the First Line Trenches on the
Bzura They Were Armed With Rifles-City OF
Hamburg Purchasing Food to be Ready for
Eventualities- Press Expect American Gov
ernment to Protest to Germany Against Restric-
tons Placed Upon Neutral Vessels-LOrd BeresfOrd
Demands that German Air Raiders Be Hanged as
Pirates.
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1915-02-09
LIMIT BOOZE IN ALABAMA.
Anti Shipping Bill Became Law To.
day Limiting Shipments.

Montgomery, Ala, Feb. 9.-The
anti shipping bill today became a
law automatically when the governor
failed either to veto or sign it. After
June, no company can deliver more
than one quart of liquor per month
to the same person.
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1915-02-09
Claim Capture of Monterey,

Laredo, Tex, Feb. 9.-The consti-
tutionalists claim that they captured
Monterey yesterday is reported un-
true. Villas troops defeated them
there yesterday.
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1915-02-09
Appropriate for Foodstuffs.

Hamburg, Feb. 9.-Three million
dollars has been appropriated by the
city council for the purchase of food
stuffs so the city may be prepared for
any eventualities.
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1915-02-09
Would Hang Air Raiders.

London, Feb. 9.-Lord Beresford an
nounces that he will demand of parlia-
ment tomorrow that England hang as
pirates the German air raiders who
kill women and children by air or sea
attacks.
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1915-02-09
Canal Operations "SuccessfuP'

CONSTANTINE NOPLE, Feb 9-The Turkish army
headquarters that the Suez canal operations
from which they retreated yesterday were successful
reconnoterng march, They claim several companies of
Turks actually crossed the canal The announcement is
made that the main Turkish forces will attack later
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1915-02-09
Berlin Reports No. Fighting.

BERLIN, Feb. 9.-An official report says, import
ant fighting has occurred in the east west but that the
Germans several minor engagements against the
Russians.
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1915-02-09
Women Fight in Trenches.

PETROGRAD, Feb. ga Warsaw dispatch says
that the Russians the Bzura river captured number
of German in the first line trenches with rifles in
their hands.
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1915-02-09
Brought Down Airship

PARIS Feb. 9-Near the Aisne, the French artl-
lery today brought down German aeroplane which
landed flaming in the German lines
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1915-02-09
WEATHER FORECAST.

New Orleans, La. Feb. 9.
The weather forecast for.
Oklahoma for tonight is fair
and warmer; Wednesday part
ly cloudy.
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1915-02-09

u II 81 y y s y II II /. u y y % . :;
Farmers' champion. (Elgin, Okla.) 1912-1922, 1915-11-10

time and some trouble o. course. bu;
Il pays
Many farmers have the idea that
after sheep are shorn. the ticks will
abandon them Certainly they do to
some extent. but they Immediately 60
TO the lambs. where the, lnd com
Portable nest and make life a burden
to the youngsters Buy a dipping tsns
ana dip regularly twice year
Farmers in the South who "a, g
their lambs come along In February
always find a Fat market for them in
June. and II they are articularly for
ward they are marketable a month
earlier.
The best breeding ewes are those
that are rather rangy. with good feed
ing capacity. This sort q an animal
will prove a better feeder and a bet
ter mother than the short pudgy type
In buying ewes for breeding pur
poses do not pick the best lookins
ewes IN point OF flesh. man must
know how 20 choose breeding ewes
jus, as he should know how 10 Judge
q ulfF1lIE rpN. VI hlf NiU+F an lfIal
on the farm. but 10 too many farmers
all sheep look alike.
Whenever eve is discovered &c
have an unscUnd mouth she should
be fed at once for the market n
there is any prof, in grade ewes u
ccmes from the use Of pure bred
ram
While good breeding has much TO
DO with a tendency TO early breeding
good feeding Is also a very important
factor Ewes that are well feshei
and thrifty will. as a rule. take serv.
ice Of the ram al almost any period
OF the year
Early maturity ~ the lsmb is where
the big profit comes in In raising them
FOR market It's another case Of the
early bird catching the worm.
The value % eve can be more
nearly determined when SIZE weans
her lamb II the youngs;er is strong.
% good size. and well aeshed. be
sure that the mother ir worth keep
ing
Farmers' champion. (Elgin, Okla.) 1912-1922, 1915-11-10
DETAILS COUNT IN DAlRYlNG :
Heavy Mixer Must Possess Strong
OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES OF Pure
Water 10 Prime Necessity.

Prepared By the Dairy Division OF Glenn
son College,
Good dairy cows yield greater re-
turns for feed consumed than either
swine, sheep or beef animals.
heavy mixer is avery hard
worked animal and must possess a
strong constitution.
The most reliable testimony In a
bulls favor is the satisfactory perform.
ance OF his offspring.
Skim milk buttermilk is the equal OF
natural buttermilk in practically every
important respect.
An abundance OF pure water is q
prime necessity with a dairy COW.
Where cows have no access to flow.
ing water. they should be watered re-.
ularly morning and night.
Whenever possible. record the dates
OF service and calving. This enables
a dairyman to avoid many mistakes
that might prove costly.
Legumes should be grown on every
dairy farm. Where q liberia! quantity
of rich leguine hay is fed with corn
silage. little grain or concentrates will
be required.
Farmers' champion. (Elgin, Okla.) 1912-1922, 1915-11-10
School Fairgrounds.

Every country school could have It's
playgrounds-some place for the kid.
dies to play: and gradually. as the
need arose and the interest increased.
equipment could be added and much
could be done for tne betterment Of
the children OF the rural school. With
the proper teacher tor perhaps o
neighborhood volunteer day or SO
a week. games could be added TO the
regular school program. and who shall
say that the boys and the girls are
not each learning through their games
and play the most valuable lessons In
citizenship and their future work In
the world Mary Layman
Colorado Agricultural College. Fort
Collins, Colo.
Farmers' champion. (Elgin, Okla.) 1912-1922, 1915-11-10
FALL LITTER IS PROFITABLE
Peanuts and Soy Beans In Fall
Pasture Through Winter.

Properly managed. the fall litter OF
pigs may be made as profitable. II not
more SO, than the spring litter. The
spring litter must be pushed along
rapidly so as to be ready for market
or slaughter by the time they are
eight to ten months old In order to
avoid carrying them through the win.
ter: but the fall litter can be fed
through their mothers on peanuts
and soy beans in the fall and then
carried on winter pasture and a little
grain feed until snr!SS.
by springtime they are at an age
to get along with a minimum Of grain
until the cheaper feeds are available
In 1.-The fall. by this plan they are
not marketed until a year to fourteen
months old. but they have been pro.
duced more chcaply.
They have been fed most grain
when they were young and could
make the best use OF H. and thoy
were old enough when June and July
cane to get along without much
grain. These are the most dificult
months TO furnish grazing, and
younger pigs must have more grain
or they are stunted.
Farmers' champion. (Elgin, Okla.) 1912-1922, 1915-11-10

Why are pure bred sheep the best
for mutton, because both lambs and
sheep Of the medium grade lack the
condition and quality necessary TO
bring the best prices on the market
Poorly bred sheep as a rule. have
long loosely coupled bodies with little
spring OF rio and rough outline. and
are coarse and often paunchr. This
class Of animals is not desirable. and
market buyers make the best o. their
bad points
good thing to remember when
lamblrg time comes on A lamb that
IS so badly chilled that Il appears %
be dead may be revived by pouring
down its throat a half pilt OF warm
milk. into which a tablespoonful Of
gin has been poured II there is no
gin in the house. dip the lamb N
tubful Of warm water. dry {; OF with
rough cloth and place II near the
stove. Get some warm milk into its
stomach II possible. and IN few min
utes II will be as frisky as ever
A bunch Of sheep ~iil clean Up the
cornneld in which the stalks are left
standing. in fine shape. They strip
Of the blades and pick Up every ker-
mel OF stray corn left on the ground.
The grea, loss OF lambs is. in some
instances. due almost entirely to the
fact that the ews are allowed 10 run
down and become weak before wean.
ing time
Ewes with larnb need good attention
now. They should not be fed enough
10 make them oyerfat. but should be
kept In gaining condition. so that
at weaving time they will be strong
and sufficiently feshed TO supply plen.
~ OF milk
The quality OF the market lamb de-
pends largely upon the first four week :
o. its life Given a good boost then.
he will. with reasonably good care,
prove very satisfactory at market
time
n sheeprnen will take the palms 10
dip their sheep al least twice before
the winter sets IN they viii save much
loss from ticks snd scab. This takes
Farmers' champion. (Elgin, Okla.) 1912-1922, 1915-11-10
[ftIIyIEI IR1NNE
R[Hl[EL[PS y
SKIS
o|S@
DESIGN MUST FIT THE SITE
House Improperly Adjusted viii o..
ten Mar tre Effect ef Otherwise
Pretty Street

A type Of house that IS suitable for
almos; any suburban locality is the
frame house. with the exterior walls
Of clapboards or shingles In building
q frame house. however. 1t is neces-
sary to have 4 design that is fitted
for the site With either clapboards
or shingles. an exposed foundation OF
brics or stone is correct. Solid con
crete. as well as the stucco finish on
a wooden frame. also lend themselves
to certain styles OF architectural work.
Another sttrs sr'irc combination Is
the first story o' concrete or stucco
with an upper story Of shingles. A
good combination is q dark red s;ucco
lower story with green or weathsred
shingles above The roof Of this
type o, house should be tile and
should be OF a sloping and rambling
construction SO as 10 bring into play
all the color in the roof material 10
orse, the upper story Of the house
Building Age.
Farmers' champion. (Elgin, Okla.) 1912-1922, 1915-11-10
Corroboratec.

Tell ME MOO. Jamie. what was the
most wonderful thing you saw at
sea ?"
Il think the strangest thing ever
saw was the flying fish
Moo. laddie. dinna max a fule O.
yer mither. Wha ever heard o fish
fieein'?"
Another strange thing ! saw when
crossing the Red sea. We dropped an.
chor. and when we raised ii again
there was one OF the wheels Of Pha-
raoh's chariot entangled on II.
Aye. laddie, ! believe that. We've
scripture for that. London Tit.Bits.
Farmers' champion. (Elgin, Okla.) 1912-1922, 1915-11-10

as he crosses any one OF the inter.
secting streets in walking his beat.
The lamp is so arranged that 1t is
visible by day as well as by night.
The signal post is provided with a
telephone and also with a citizens
push button" with which anyone need
ing policeman can turn on the light
and summon ore TO his aid.
Farmers' champion. (Elgin, Okla.) 1912-1922, 1915-11-10
Move for Cleaner Towns.

More than 5000 towns are said "a
have enlisted in a cleanup and paint
up" movement originated In st
Louis two years ago. Particulars are
furnished by Allen w. Clark. chair
man OF the national clean-up-and
pain;np bureau. St. Louis. Mr.. Allen
credits the editors OF tho local news
papers with being the one most i'm
portant factor in spreading the gos
pei OF cleanliness, thrift and civic
pride in the campaigns OF last year.
Farmers' champion. (Elgin, Okla.) 1912-1922, 1915-11-10
NetnInQ DOING.

"Can ! sell you a copy Of thr latest
edition OF the unabridged dictionary
1t is a work that should be in every
home"
Does II contain any words that
are not In the older editions?"
Thousands OF them
Then ! don't want IL in my home
My wife has quite enough words at
her command as IL is"
Farmers' champion. (Elgin, Okla.) 1912-1922, 1915-11-10
Platinum.

The worlds supply of platinum
comes mostly from the Ural noun
tains. In Russia. and has been de
creased by the European war. In 1908
the worlds output OF crude platinum
was lss,33o troy ounces, OF which
lso,os7 came from Russia. Platinum
II found also In Canada. New South
Wales, Colombia. Borneo and Sumatra,
and in the states Of California. Oregon
and Wyoming. ne annual output OF
crude platinum n the United States
y about 700 troy ounces.
Farmers' champion. (Elgin, Okla.) 1912-1922, 1915-11-10
Bugs.

Isn't this AWFUL" exclaimed Mrs.
Gabb as she looked up from her pews-
paper.
Isn't what awful?" demanded Mr..
Gabb.
Why. here's woman who com
plains that the insane asylum is filled
with bugs" replied Mrs. Gabb.
Well" growled MIR. Gabb. what s
the blame place for. anyway"
Farmers' champion. (Elgin, Okla.) 1912-1922, 1915-11-10

York city. reports
Popular Mechan-
les. The post lie
placed az the
street corner so
that II can be
seen down each
OF the intersect-
ing streets. 1t is
equipped with an
electric light hay.
ing FIVE lenses,
one lens being di-
rected along each
of the streets and
one toward the
pavement under
the post. In case
the headquarters
wishes to com
municatc with a
patrolman. the
light IS turned on
by means Of a
connection en- .ae
switchboard at
headquarters. and
Is practically GER
tain 70 be seen
by the patroluan
Farmers' champion. (Elgin, Okla.) 1912-1922, 1915-11-10
Efficiency.

The answers to correspondents edt
tor was in a quandary.
Here's a communication from .
woman who wants to know how lons
It takes to do up a shirt" he said.
THAT depends on the laundry" vol
unteered the sporting editor. THE
one patronize Wall do up shirt In
about three washings. Judge.
Farmers' champion. (Elgin, Okla.) 1912-1922, 1915-11-10
In the Swim

Your daughter is studying art. I
hear Is she making any progress?"
"Oh, yes. She has been invited to
the annual frolic OF the illustrators
and has bid to the Art Students
league costume party"
Farmers' champion. (Elgin, Okla.) 1912-1922, 1915-11-10
Another Sian,

Sarcasticus ito friend who is ex-
hibiting his new I'D car)-Cute little
thing ! suppose you wash 1t III the
sink.
Farmers' champion. (Elgin, Okla.) 1912-1922, 1915-11-10
Wise Beyond His Years.

Teacher tof geography class)- -
Johnnie, how is the earth divided?
Johnnie-Nobody will know until
the European war is over.
Farmers' champion. (Elgin, Okla.) 1912-1922, 1915-11-10

Don't ask truthful man for his
honest opinion OF you unless you are
prepared for a Jolt
Farmers' champion. (Elgin, Okla.) 1912-1922, 1915-11-10
lust IL.

Il see by the papers old Tompkns
has failed for half million"
why, | had no idea he had half so
much"
lie didn't"
Farmers' champion. (Elgin, Okla.) 1912-1922, 1915-11-10
SIGNAL CALLS THE POLICE
New Idea That Seems to Have
Practical Value.

The use Of signal post for calling
the patrolman TO the telephone for
Communication with headquarters is
an experiment now being tried in New
Farmers' champion. (Elgin, Okla.) 1912-1922, 1915-11-10

For obstinate sores nee Hanford's
Balsa0. Adv.
Farmers' champion. (Elgin, Okla.) 1912-1922, 1915-11-10
Not Gray n.irs bus Tired Ey.s

make us look older than VIC are. Keep your
Eyes young and you will look young. After
the Movies always Murine Your Eyes-
Don't tell your age.
Farmers' champion. (Elgin, Okla.) 1912-1922, 1915-11-10

There Ia room for everybody ia this
big world--but We can't all have front
rooms
Farmers' champion. (Elgin, Okla.) 1912-1922, 1915-11-10

For genuine comfort and lasting pleas
ure use Red Cross Rail Blue On wash day
All good grocers. Adv.
Farmers' champion. (Elgin, Okla.) 1912-1922, 1915-11-10
Williamson. Halsell. Frazier Co.
Oklahoma City, Guthrie, Elk City,
Chickashs, Shawnee and Altus.

When a man tells a widow that she
is the only woman b. ever loved she
takes Il with a pound of salt.
Farmers' champion. (Elgin, Okla.) 1912-1922, 1915-11-10
For spralned wrist rub on and rub in
Hanford's Balsam thoroughly. Adv.

A woman's greatest need in life is
love.
Farmers' champion. (Elgin, Okla.) 1912-1922, 1915-11-10
Excellent Hoo 0eddIno

An excellent bedding for hogs 70
marsh hay or pulp from sugar.csne
neal. This gives out very little dust.
Farmers' champion. (Elgin, Okla.) 1912-1922, 1915-11-10

A man must make his way In the
world. while q woman merely has her
way.
Farmers' champion. (Elgin, Okla.) 1912-1922, 1915-11-10
Outlet for Dairy Produets.

The increasing demand OF cream for
family use. Ice cream and cooking.
forms . particularly desirable outlet
for dairy products.
Farmers' champion. (Elgin, Okla.) 1912-1922, 1915-11-10

The amateur actor always believes
that the worlc 10 full Of possibilities.
Farmers' champion. (Elgin, Okla.) 1912-1922, 1915-11-10
DON'T oAMUle

that your hearts all right. Make
sure. Take "Renovine" heart ana
nerve tonic. Price soc aud 81 .OO. ADJ.
Farmers' champion. (Elgin, Okla.) 1912-1922, 1915-11-10
Magic Washing Stick

This is something new to houseuives-
something they nave wanted all their lives,
out never could get before. II makes II pos
ess than one-half the tine IL .cok by old
methods. and IL eliminates q r5xsno and mus
.ulnr effort. No ~ashing msehne II needed.
Nothing but this simple LITTLE preparation.
~hite, colored or wooden. II makes the
hardest task Of the week y pleasant pastime-
. delightful occupation. You will be de
lighted at the clean, spotleAs, sDow.vh vhite
.lothes that come out Of the rinsinR wafer
snd all without ~ EFFORT on your part. The
Magic Washing Stick eess Sand rememter.
~ithout injury To the most delicate goosis.
soiored or white, woolens, blankets, lace cur
,ains, etc. Contains no s4.ids, no slkajies. no
poisonous Ingredients to make its use dan
gerous. 3 ssshhes Is sssts
eoid BY all Druggists and Grcrers every.
where. II yours doesn' handle II, show hiu
this ad-he'u get Il for you. or send Sc II
stamps 70 & 6caA0es CO. shsraaaI lena
Farmers' champion. (Elgin, Okla.) 1912-1922, 1915-11-10

Made since 1sls-Hansords Balsam
Adv.
Farmers' champion. (Elgin, Okla.) 1912-1922, 1915-11-10

The man who is an expert with the
.arSen hoe seldom plays golf.
Arizona sentinel Yuma southwest., 1915-12-30
VICTORY FOR FREEDOM
 OF SPEECH ACHIEVED
Associated Press)

LONDON, Dec. 2S-A victory for liberty of thought was achieved when the Stafford Council by three to one majority refused to countenance an attack made on a teacher in the tech nical school, namer Hudson. It was held that the teachers private views did not in the least interfere with the efficient discharge of his duties even if his views, as an extreme pacificist, were unpopular.
 If he were a flat-earther," com ments the Manchester Guardian, i've could understand people wanting to get him out of a secondary school, for that heresy might affect the quality of his scientific teaching; we cannot see, however, why his views on con- scription should, or for that matter,
  how they could"
Arizona sentinel Yuma southwest., 1915-12-30
DICTIONARY PLAYS HE
 LEAO'HG ROLE
Allies to Seize All Mail
Associated Pressj

BERLIN. Dec. 2S.-English short comings in the mater of linguistic abiL ity are the subject of an amusing edi- torial in the Frankfurter Zeitung. In Flanders. it says, 'the English general 3taff and the English commanding of ficers have as little knowledge of French as the French generals have of English. It adds:
 At a recent conference of Allied Ministers in Paris, this barrier of lan- guage caused the greatest difficulty The dictionary played the chief part in the conference, since the four Eng fish ministers who went to Paris-As- quith, Lloyd-George, Balfour and Grey -only the first is in a position to speak few French words in a hardly ineligible English accent. MT. Lloyd Georges ignorance of French is natural and pardonable. Mr. Balfour can man age at need to read some French with out being able to utter single French word intelligibly. Sir Edward Gray is much too proud to learn any other languages than his own. So in all the diplomatic business between Paris and London, the Anglo-French dictionary plays the leading role.