davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1915-06-06

with South America, but all this is con-
jectural.
The exports of olive oil and kindred
products, and even of wines. NAV not
be materially lessened, but the tend
ency to conserve essential food sup
plies will limit the export of some of
the agricultural products. Argentina
for example, has been buying $500, 900
OF eggs from Italy each year. Those
eggs are likely to be wanted for the
Italian army from now on.
To what extent there will be loss
in the sale of manufactured goods Is
guesswork, yet the experience of
France and England forbid the as
sumption that there will be no loss at
all.
1talys largest market in South Amer
lean countries is for textiles. both cot
ton and wooden. This market includes
Argentina. Brazil. Uruguay, Peru and
Chile. Cotton tissues are the heaviest
single item. although wooden goods of
Italian make are in steady demand.
England has suffered interruption Of
her trade in ordinary cotton fabrics,
and France in her commerce in fine
textiles. Italy can hardly expect to
done. Her purchases of raw cotton
from the United States consequently
may be lessened.
Italian manufa cturers of rubber also
have an extensive South American
market. This may be for the most
part preserved, since it consists Of spe-
cialties in which there is no sharp
competition, or has been none since
oI, 90
American field.
Italy may maintain her market for
electrical goods, especially since now
she will have an ample supply of cop
per, but she is not likely to increase it
while a belligerent, as she might have
done while neutral
The United States. under the loss Of
commerce which countries engaging in
war are expected to suffer, might look
Evening star., 1915-06-06

forward to gaining what Italy will lose,
since there is no other country in a
position to take advantage of the trade
interruption. Yet, in the most inviting
field the United States is not equipped
to gain what Italy may lose. This is
in the market for cotton fabrics. The
Italian cotton tissues and other cotton
goods were manufactured especially
for the South American market, while
the cotton mills of the United States
have never seriously concerned them
selves with meeting the needs of this
market.
It is not unlikely that the United
States will gain some of the trade in
drugs and medicines that heretofore has
been Italy's, and it may be that in
creased shipments of cottonseed oil will
take the place of decreased South
Evening star., 1915-06-06

movement, rarely taking wing and
seldom eating. after four or Ave weeks
the insects fall to the ground again,
perhaps within few feet of the point
from which they issued, to be there
dismembered and scattered about, car
peting the ground with their wings
and leaving the eggs to hatch and con-
tinue the history of the race.
AS time goes on the broods of the
cicada are smaller. This is accounted
for in two ways Increases in popula-
tion, with the attendant clearing of
woodlands, has a tendency to decrease
the natural habitat of this insect. The
other, and one which holds especially
true in Washington as well, Is the vast
army of English sparrows. 1nvestiga-
tions have shown that the compare
lively small broods which still appear
in the cities are usually promptly de-
voured by this voracious bird. Excep-
tions, however, occur. One OF these
was in connection with the first brood
Plymouth in 1888, and which. upon it's
recurrence in 1905, was equally as
abundant. This is considered an abb
normality.
The cicada is divided into two groups.
those requiring thirteen years for the
completion of their growth and those
taking seventeen, although the broods
are otherwise Identical Geographical
ly the seventeen-year brood occurs in
the northern portion of the United
States, and the thirteen-year brood in
the southern part. Another division oc-
ours also among each brood, there be-
forming the majority of the brood. the
other considerably smaller, both, how
ever, being similar. When, in 1907,
there was a reappearance or the c1cada
brood was formed Of the smaller cica-
das, at which time Investigations were
carried on. The note Of this smaller
type was found to be more broken and
chirping, while 'shrill and loud. and to
the scientist easily distinguished from
the note of its larger brother.
Broadly speaking, the range of the
cicada is east of central Kansas and
north of northern Florida, while no
broods have been found in northern
New England nor west of the Missis-
sippi above Iowa. The range of the
present brood covers eighteen states,
being more or less scattered over the
entire area Of known existence. It's
last appearance occurred In 1898. No
exact locality is set for the appearance
of those broods due to hatch in Wash
ington, as IN past years their appear
ance has been marked by shifting po-
sitions. 1t is safe to assume, however,
that they will appear in wooded areas
rather than in those thickly settled.
Normally, the cicada makes it's ap-
pearance from the 25th of May to the
middle of June, although the continued
cold weather this season is expected
to postpone its appearance for coupe
of weeks, probably until the middle of
June.
OF all descriptions of the song of the
cicada, that by Prof. c. v. Riley. also
of the Department of Agriculture, is
probably considered the most accurate.
He distinguishes three important notes
as characteristic OF different seasons
or conditions of the aerial life Of the
male insect. The most important, loud
Evening star., 1915-06-06
BY CHARLES M. PEPPER.

0TALY involves foreign trade of
more than s1,O00.000 600 by her en-
try into the war. Much of it was
q already indirectly involved, but
since she is now an actual bellig-
erent the whole volume of her foreign
trade ceases to be neutral commerce.
Her interest in the shadowy definitions
of contra band and conditional contra
band becomes live one.
The query regarding the future is
with how much foreign commerce Italy
will emerge from the war" This is
partly a territorial question. If the al
lies triumph and part of the COM
pensation for becoming one of them
make important territorial allotments
to Italy. the commerce will be increased
proportionately. and possibly the pro-
portion will be much larger than would
have come from the addition of the an
cient Italian territory which Austria
Hungary was ready to yield.
The commerce with Germany, which
is now completely interrupted. used to
be nearly s200.000 900 annually and
with Austria there was another $780,
100000 There is also such trade as
existed with Turkey, which now be-
comes unsettled and undetermined.
The commerce with Germany was
largely one-sided. Italy buying from
Germany about twice as much az Ger
many bought from her. With Turkey
the balance was largely in favor of
Italy. since the very large number of
Italians in the Ottoman empire were
large buyers of home products and also
fhrnueh icb v
italian products We're sold With
Austria there was nearly an eauili-
brium of products exchanged. Should
the ancient Italian territory. as a re-
suit OF the war. cease to be Austrian
the trade would be domestic instead of
foreign.
The commerce of the United States
Will not be greatly affected by the new
situation. On the part of this country
1T will be commerce with a belligerent
instead of commerce between two neu-
trail countries. but since the allied fleets
control the Mediterranean it is not
likely to suffer interference by the Ger
man ships.
For the last eight months trade with
the United States on the part of Italy
has been largely that of a belligerent
buying munitions and supplies. be-
cause Italy all this time has been pre-
pairing for war. The only uncertainty
Is whether being actually engaged in
war she will buy as heavily in the
past. since she has so fully provided
herself with the war necessities.
The rate at which France and Eng
land have been using UP ammunition
indicates that after a very short time
Italy will be likely to put further
strain on the manufa cturers of muni-
tions in the United States by calling
for fresh supplies
The extent to which Italy has been
buying supplies in the United States, in
order to be ready for war, is shown
Evening star., 1915-06-06

1act, anything upon which they can
get above the level of. their recent
homes is ascended. The same instinct
whtcn caused them to burrow to the
surface or the ground seems to impel
tnem to climb as high as possible. and
tney seem to make up in activity for
thelr long subterranean periods and
weeks OF waiting near the surface.
me diHerent steps undergone by the
insects IN Transforming from the pupal
10 the adult stage has been described
by Prof. Riley as follows:
Inc unanimfty with which all those
a given tree crawl in a bee line TO III.
trunk OF that tree is most interesting.
To witness these pupae in such vast
NUMBERS that ono cannot step on the
swarm,np swami "o,nou. out II, .sa, crushing several
n0les and scrambling over the ground,
all converging to the one central point.
ana tnen In steady stream Chamber
ing up the trunk and diverging again
on the branches. is an experienced not
readily forgotten and affordine good
food Tor speculat tion on the nature NJ
lnstlnct. The phenomenon Is most
satisfactorily witnessed where there is
a solitary or isolated tree.
The pupas begin to rise as soon as
the sun is hidden behind the horizon
"
the bulk Of them have risen In about
an hour after rising and settling upon
the branches of the tree the skin smiths
down the middle OF the thorax from
the base Of the clypeus to the base of
the metanotum, and the forming cicada
begins to issue.
The colors of the forming cicada are
a creamy white. with the execution
nf "a ch
contrasting black patches Of the
prothorax and an orange tinge at the
base of the wings.
In about three minutes after the
shell splits the forming image extends
from the rent, Its members still held.
however. by their tips within the she'll
GRADUALLY the image bends backward
and the members are loosened and
separated, and the wing pads separate
They then gradually swell. and dur-
ing all this time the legs are becoming
firmer and assuming the ultimate nosi,
ton. Suddenly tho image bends up-
ward with a good deal of effort and
clinging with its legs to the first OH
ject reached, hangs for the first time
with its head up. Now the wings per
ceptibly swell and expand until they
are fully stretched and hang fatty over
the back, perfectly Transparent with
beautiful white veining.
The time required in the transfor-
nation varies, and ranges from twenty
minutes to four or five times that long.
But there are few more beautiful sights
than to see this fresh forming cicada
in all the different positions, clinging
and clustering in great numbers to the
outside lower leaves and branches of
a tree. In fhe moonlight such a tree
looks for all the world as though II
were full Of beautiful white blossoms
in various stages OF expansion.
Evening star., 1915-06-06

noted.
Most fascinating in the life of ci-
cada to the layman Is the transforms
tion of the pupa to the adult stage.
In escaping from the soil. the pupa
burrows directly upward, and under
normal conditions emerges directly,
leaving a small round hole about the
size of a mans little finger. Under
special conditions. however, the cicada
pupas construct little cones. or chin
neys of earth above the surface. con-
tinuing and Gaping them several
weeks before the time of issuing.
As soon as the pupa emerges, leprous
white, there Is a scramble for the
nearest bush, tree, or even weed-in
Evening star., 1915-06-06

100000. as against about S41.500,000 for
the previous year.
AS Italy has got closer to war the de-
crease has become more pronounced.
The result of her belligerency is there
fore likely to cause further loss in
the customs receipts of the United
States from the duty on imported COM
modities.
Italian exports to South America con-
sist both Of agricultural products and
of manufactured commodities. 1t is
given out that the Italian government
expects no material loss in the trade
Evening star., 1915-06-06


In electrical and rubber goods the
United States should get the increased
market that might have been Italy's
account of Belgium and Germany
being put out of business
Italy has one effective means of
assuring herself against a heavy loss
of foreign trade. This is her merchant
marine. While part of the merchant
fleet may be commandeered by the gov
eminent for military purposes. there
will still be vessels enough for main
tanning her trade with the United
States and with South America. This is
because Italy must depend on the
United States for certain food supplies.
and the vessels which come to get
these cargoes must have outgoing car
goes from Italian ports.
The Italian government imported
very large quantities Of wheat and
corn from the United States and from
Argentina as soon as the crops of the
two countries began to come on tho
market. 1t most likely has a reserve
supply sufficient to last until the next
crop season. Then it will begin to
make further importations and will
provide the vessels for the ports OF
the United States and for Argentina.
whenever the war shall be over and
the universal trade readiustment
comes. Italy, in spite of territorial ao-
cretions. may find herself handicapped
in world commerce. This will be be-
cause of financial conditions.
The italian debt already is a pretty
large one, and the cost Of maintaining
the army and navy through the pres
ent hostilities is likely to add very
materially to the total Whether Eng
land supplies the money. or whether
some of it comes as a loan from United
States bankers. Italy will be like the
other belligerents in the burden of
taxation that will be laid upon her,
and this burden will not enable her to
resume normal industrial and trade
activities all at once. The recupera-
tive energies Of the country are great,
based as they are SO largely on agri-
culture. but agriculture will be under
the burden just as will be manufac-
turing industries.
Evening star., 1915-06-06

More Than Dollars Now nvoNedPw
chas War Munitions the Trade With United StaM Further Interruption
the Principal
MaetValue Merchant Maneays Former OneSed
With Now Completely Interrupted Preparations for War Shown by
Her Imports During the Past Year.
Evening star., 1915-06-06

and which. from the attending dis
asters about that time, were looked up
on as ominous presages. One of these
was the appearance of a large comet,
another the flight of enormous focks
of pigeons. and the last "swarms OF
flies about an inch long and as big az
the tip of mans little finger. rising
out of spigot holes in the earth. which
Evening star., 1915-06-06
Lose Trade by Entering the World War

in the summary of the trade. For ex-
ample. in March of the present year
the exports from the United States to
Italy exceeded s23.50O,OO0, while in
only a fraction above s6,Ooo.OOo. For
the nine months previous, ending with
March of the current year, the exports
were close to s139.ooo,OO0. as against a
little less than $4,000. 900 for the same
period of the previous year.
Proportionately, the increase was
much greater than on the part of the
United Kingdom, Notwithstanding Eng
lands heavy order for war materials.
SO it appears that Italy, while she was
a neutral country, contributed even
more than any one of the actual bel
ligerents to the much-vaunted increase
in our foreign trade on the basis OF
exports.
The allies. until they were sure of
Italy's cooperation, maintained that
some of this trade was actually in
mmodities for Germany and Austria,
and they have violated international
law as defantly in holding up Italian
cargoes as in seizing cargoes shipped
from the United States to the neutral
Scandinavian countries.
Undoubtedly, some of these suppiles
shipped to Italy have found their way
TO Germany and Austria. and some
mddlemen and importing firms have
doubtless made the large sums or
money credited to them. Yet. in the
main. the bulk of the increased ltai1an
imports have been for the Italian gov
ernment and Italian firms which were
manufacturing war supplies.
Had Italy's decision been to cast her
fortunes with Germany and Austria,
the allies doubtless would have regret
ted that they did not further Interfere
with Italian commerce. but now that
she is definitely on their side they un.
doubt edly view the foresightedness OF
the Italian government in preparing
for war with satisfaction.
Some American commodities may find
increased sales in Italy on account of
the country becoming an ally of the
allies. Instead of interfering with the
shipments of copper they had been
doing, it will now be to their interest
to encourage Italy to get all the cop
per she can. and large quantities of II
will be needed for her war industries.
American coal will find a much larger
market, although the italian govern
ment already had contracted for 30o0,-
600 tons. The Italian navy. in the
midst of war activities, will require
much larger quantities of coal than
when engaged in peacefully watching
both sets of belligerents and in keeping
guard over the interned German and
Austrian ships.
The state railways. with their move
ments of troops, will also require more
coal, while the war industries, which
will he run at high pressure, will not
be content with merely normal sup
ply of fuel. Cardiff, and even New
castle. cannot be drawn on as they
have been in the past. and the United
States is the only country to which
italy can turn for fuel
AS a part of the war supplies, Italy
Evening star., 1915-06-06

eat the new-sprouted leaves from the
tops of the trees without harm, and In
a month left u.s."
Since that time the periodical cicada
mas been the subject of careful, scien-
tific research, and has fascinated some
OF the foremost entomologists in this
country. Yet out of a host of insects
around which cling but the driest. most
Evening star., 1915-06-06

has bought large numbers of horses in
the United States, both for cavalry and
for artillery purposes. These purchases
are certain to continue.
Taken altogether, it may be expected
that exports from the United States to
Italy will increase as consequence of
the country's becoming one of the bel
1igerents.
1t is given out from Rome. somewhat
soothingly. that the country is SO well
prepared for war that no interruption
Evening star., 1915-06-06

The para graph on the subject. written
nearly 25o years ago. runs:
1T is TO be observed that the spring
before the sickness t1633) there was
a numerous company of flies which
were like for bigness unto wasps or
bumble-bees. They came out of little
holes in the ground. and did eat up
the green things. and made such a
constant yelling noise as made all the
woods ring of them. and ready to deaf
the hearers; they were not any of them
heard or seen by the English in the
country before this time; but the In
dians told them that sickness would
follow. and it did, very hot in the
months of June, July and August of
that summer.
In 1905 an article was written re-
lating TO three prodigies said to have
appeared in Virginia in the year 1915,
Evening star., 1915-06-06

00 WASHINGTON is to be invaded
MAN. by an army. No dropping
W\Y of bombs from airships Will
" " mark the attack, nor the
roar of cannon give warning of a raid
by artillery. nor even the presence of a
gunboat in the Potomac announce the
enemy's approach. Instead, silently
and at night will this horde come
Washingtonians arising to go upon
their several ways one morning in
June will suddenly become aware that
the enemy is here. in full force and in
entire possession OF all that they de-
mand.
This year marks the temperance
OF the periodical cicada in the capital.
that ever fascinating scientific enigma.
more popularly known as the seven
teen-year locust.
Several years have passed since the
last appearance here Of this insect, and
scientists of the Department of Agri-
culture have already perfected their
plans for continuing their study of it.
The entire area of the District of Co
luriba will be more or less subject to
the invasion of this seventeen-year
locust, depending largely. however,
upon the abundance Of trees and other
foliage plants, these latter forming
necessary adjunct to the development
and continuation of the insect.
Although we'll known scientifically,
the cicada has never ceased to repre-
sent one of the most interesting phases
of insect life to the entomologist, while
10 the layrnan ii Is a source of per-
petual amaZement And this attitude
toward the cicada, In the year 1915, is
strangely reflection of the wonder
and awe created in the minds OF our
Pilgrim fathers when. in their early
struggles in this country they, too. en-
eountered it. One of the earliest no
tices Of the cicada, not then scientif1-
cally classified. appeared in 1869. when
Nathaniel Moreton, in his New Eng
lands Memorial. speaks Of the Pll-
grims finding the insects. of the specu-
lation aroused and of the Indians tell
ing them that the bug was a bad omen
and denoted sickness. The author men
tIons the discovery Of these insects as
having occurred in 1888, and strangely
enough, il that same year that
the 'pestiience" occurred in Plymouth
and vicinity.
Evening star., 1915-06-06
THE EMERGED PERIODICAL CICADA.

EMERGED
adult
I'M ngmaur
Evening star., 1915-06-06

00 WASHINGTON is to be invaded
MAN. by an army. No dropping
\V\v of bombs from airships Will
" " mark the attack. nor the
The Nome daily nugget., 1915-10-18
NOTICE OF SALE.

h the Unlted States Commissioners Court for the Cape Nome Precinct, Ter ritory of Alaska. In probate.
 In the matter of the estate of M. w Malmgren, deceased.
 Notice is hereby given that in pur- saance of an order duly made and en- tered by the above entitled court on .he l7th day of September. 1915, in the matter of the estate of M. W. Malm- gren, deceased, the undersigned admin lstrator of the said estate will sell al public auction, to the highest bidder for sash, and subject to confirmation of said court, on Tuesday, the 18th day of October, 1915, at 12 o'clock noon, o1 said day, at 'the front steps of the Uni -a States District Court House at Nome, Alaska, all of the right, title and estate of the said M. w. Malmgren de- ceased, at the time of his death, ol which said estate of said deceased has since acquired by operation of law ol otherwise, in and to tile following de- scribed placer mining claims, situated in the Cape Nome Precinct. Territor. of Alaska, to-wit;
 Nos. 1, 2, 3, anG Lou Fraction claims, below the mouth of Buff creek on Arctic creek.
 Said interest in said mining claims sc ordered to be sold being an undivided one-third in each of said claims.
 Deed to be at expense of purchaser
 FRANCIS J. KRICEK. of the estate of NJ W
 Malgren, deceased.
 Sept 20, 27 Oct 4, II, IS.
The Nome daily nugget., 1915-10-18
ENGLAND'S FISH FAMINE.
CNew York Evening Post.)

(New York Evening Post)
 Great Britain that the government is considering the experiment of import Newfoundland and Canadian waters. The review of retail food prices in the United Kingdom for the twelve months ended July 3l, just issued by the board of trade, shows that the greatest ad- amounts on the average to 75 per cent. The branch of the fish trade most which has been hit the hardest is fish frying, or the small dealers who sell fried fish and chip potatoes in poor neighborhoods In the industrial cen
 ters of the north so. enormous Is the number of workers who make fried fish one of the principal articles of their daily food that dealing in fish and chips" has become a vast industry. The business is now beset with serious difficulties. It is primarily for the purpose of relieving it that the fish cries division of the board of agricul- ture and fisheries is consulting with a view to the import of fish, in a chilled or frozen state, from North America.