davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-03
Zeppeiin's Gunner at work.

Almost simultaneously flashes OF
artillery FIRE come from below The
rudder swings round. and. steering past
the attacking fortress the airsh.p is over
the yards. a~rsenais and munitions fac
tories The alrship's gunner Is living
on mis- face BY the sighting apparatus
aud fires at the targets over which he
i being stsered.
There are o flashes beneath us
which do not proceed merely from the
enemy artillery. The displacement Of
AIR. due TO a tremendous explosion. IL
fe.t In the %sondolas. Below us a large
factory IL seen to collapse.
The windows OF the other work.
shops suddenly become dark. The men
in the gondolas are under the impress
sion that they see policemen hu-rying
through the streets to give warning. and
house after house is suddenly swallowed
In darkness until the town and suburbs
are IN complete obscurity.
But the work IS done. After nhser-
vstions have been made for half an hour
the return journey Is begun The
weather Is clearer, but bitterly cold.
The skipper sinks 70 an altitude OF
only 300 feet above Helgo!and and IL
helped by the moonlight along the Ger
man coast. Above Norderney the mans
are again requisltioned, and then the
airsh.p sails straight overland i.r IN.
hangar
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-03
URGES BIGGER NEUTRAL SIGNS.
Germany Has Difficulty seeins L
:. Flags on American ships.

WAsHISGroS. Aug. 1.-The frst re-
Spouse from Germany 20 the last Ameri-
can note on submarine warfare has Just
been received at the State Department
from Ambassador Gerard at Berlin. This
communication makes the request that
American ships have American flags
painted on their side large enough 10
be recognized at considerable distances
by submarine commanders. Officials to-
day expressed qualification At this evi-
dence OF a desire on the part OF Ger
many TO avoid making attacks upon
American merchantmen.
A paraphrase of the despatch received
from Ambassador Gerard was made pub
lie at the state Department to-day as
follows
The American Amba ssador at Ber-
lin has been Informed by the German
Admiralty that merchant vessels wish
ing To indicate their neutral nationality
by painting their national colors on the
ships sides often commit the mistake
OF painting these signs too small Sc
that they cannot be recognized at some
distance, The Foreign Office requests
American ship companies be accord.
ingly informed
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-03
REGIMENT WIPED OUT,
SAYS ITALIAN REPORT
kaiScriaegcr Force Said to Be
observation-disclosures Me-
delta Captured.
Special Cable De.pntch 10 Tn. .rs

ROME Aug 2-The humiliation Of a
katserjaeger regiment and the capture
OF Mount Medetta. In the carnic re.
gion. after several %sall.es. are reported
hy the Official announcement made by
t-e War ONCE to-day. The announce.
mert says
ON the night OF July 81 our Ar
tillery bombardsd Riva ON the next
day our guns shelled the station at
Rovereto, where Austrian troops were
arriving.
Following the lifting Of the fog We
resumed our bombardmeat od the
N.ehbo'te. Sandro and Sexten tortiA-
cations.
In the Carnic region. following A
brilliant action. u troops captured
Mount Medetta. northeast OF the Cue
staltrs crest. The Austrians we're
strongly !ntrenched and their position
vas almost inaccessible. After NAM
attacks and count attacks the crest
remains in our hands
In the Csrso region. on the morning
Of July 81, strong Austrian con-
tingents which attacked our positions
at Monte Sci Bus! were repulsed. We
delivered n counter attack. in which
we captured $50 prisoners. including
SIN officers. A Kais% rlaeger regiment
was entirely DESTROYED.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-03
GERMAN DESCRIBES RAID
BY ZEPPELIN ON ENGLAND
Dockyards and Arsenal Damaged by Bombs-Explo
sions Felt on Observation-Disclosures on Guardships
Eluded by Flight at a Height of 900 Feet.

particularly attacks his feet. He also
ras 10 protect his ears from he noise o.
the motors. so nerve racking Is their
throb. No matter how long the cruise
lasts. the officers never Tut their posts.
and although hanmocks are provided
for the crew IL Is seldom that they are
used.
Already In the ascent the ship has
cieaved It's way through banks OF clouds.
The sun shining through them on the
sea facilitates steering With MS eyes
on the sha dow OF the vessel and A piece
OF wood hanging loose at the end of a
string. the skipper is able to reckon the
speed Of the vessel and the condition OF
the wird.
III the weather Is dull and the alrship
Is above open water without any land
marks In sight only practice and sea-
manlike instinct can help the commander
to a knowledge Of his position. He mus
also reckon not only with the prevailing
wind but with threatening changes \
. rong current from the direction OF home
might make his return difficult.
This time. however. the vessel af.
vances In a straight line to the north.
west. A number OF fishing vessels can
be seen at sea. all flying the Dutch rag.
but the skipper thinks his own thoughts
He knows that British fishermen. even
close under their own oasts, now seldom
fy anything but the Dutcn colors.
by 3 r. VI his mission IL at an end
He had received orders 10 be back at the
hangar before dusk. but the weather
being 50 favorable he asks permission BY
wireless to act on his own Initiative and
profit by the favorable opportunity.
Agreed is the reply.
Continuing his flight TO the north
west he determines TO deliver a blow
against the English coast. II is yet
twilight when he approaches England.
and he ascends TO a height OF 1000 feet
in order TO keep out OF sight Of the
wa;ehfu! eyes on board E%ngland's guard
ships.
Through a rift in the clouds a de-
stroyer could be seen making the round
OF the qua rdships. There Is nothing Vet
10 be seen OF the land. but a back .sh
mistiness on the distant horizon Is
recognized by trained eyes as smoke
from the chimnevs OF an industrial dis
triCt.
The skipper now knows that he mas
steered Il true course and that his
destination. a harhor with enemy dock
yards. is before him. He remains above
the clouds unit. 1t is dark then. ap-
proachins the coast. he detects the
two moles marking the mouth ~ the
river which he Is seeking
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-03
THREE BIG RAIL WAYS JOINING WARSAW
TO RUSSIA OBJECTIVE OF TEUTON DRIVE
Invading Armies, Advancing
Conformity, Aim to IsO-
late Cars Forces.
WOULD CUT OFF SUPPLIES
Campaign Started With Aus
trO-Gcrman Advance
Toward Brest-LitOvsk.

II Is becoming apparen, that the pres.
ent German objective 10 to intercept
the Russian retreat. capture a large
part OF the army and prevent the rem
nant from forming a new consolidated
line from kovno. south through Brest-
Litovsk. and stretching to the Bug into
Galicia.
Three great railways make Jointly the
key to this strategy. Warsaw was sup.
piled from the east by three lines, the
WarsAw-Petrosrad the warsaw-Moscow
line. running through Brest.Litovsk. AMI
the warsaw-Kier line. running through
Ivsngorod. Lublin and Cholm to Rowno.
This latter railway has already been
cut and can no longer be considered
as An venue either Of supply or escape.
The Petrosrad railway. soins in a
northeasterly direction. touches the
cities and towns of B~ielstock. GrodnJ.
wilma and Dwina. and toward each OF
these places Russian drives are now In
progress. The Germans In Courland
have already reached Poniwessi. Won
Buelow Is moving toward wilma, and tho
Suwalkl-Lomza offensives are toward
Grodno and Blelstock.
The Moscow railway passes through
Brest-Litovsk. toward which Gen. Won
Mackensen and the Archduke Joseph
Ferdinand Of Austria are moving with
armits reaching at least 500. 900 meN
The strongest forces OF Russians are
making q stubborn resistance and are
holding up the invaders approximately
sixty miles south Of the city, along the
Bug River.
The Austro-German drive toward
Brest-Litovsk. which would destroy the
new Russian certre. began In the FIRST
week OF July. when half the troops under
the Archduke and the other half under
the German commander. began their
operations. The Austrians from krasnik
started north toward Lublin ard the
Germans toward Cholm, from Zamosc.
The Austrians were turned and defeated
on July 5 at krasria. losing some 50.-
900 in killed, wounded and prisoners.
The check was only temporary. for they
held the heights around the city. Gen.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-03
TEUTON GRIP TIGHTENS.
Vienna Reports Hard Fighting,
but steady Gains In East.

Special cable Despdfch 10 TuE SrS.
VIENNA. Aug. 1.-THE following oAicia
statement was made public by the Wa
once tonight
In the Russian theatre on Sunday
our allies gained fresh successes near
Emanoff. opposite the mouth Of the
Radocke.
West OF Ivangorod the TRANSIT
vanian resiments wrested from the
enemy at the point Of the bayonet q
position with concrete points of ppo
Four OF these were captured single
banded by the Fifteenth Infantry
regiment.
The semicircle around Ivangorod is
continuously being drawn narrower.
Our prisoners include is officers and
$500 men. Twenty-nine guns. lnclud-
Ing III OF heavy cslibre II machine
suns, ! large pioneer park and much
ammunition war material were
taken.
Just east of the vistula one OF our
divisions stormed the station OF Novo
Alexandria and some positions near
b..
Near Gorow the Germans after cap
turing two lines on Sunday pene-
trated the third line OF the enemy.
In a more easterly direction as far
az the Wieprz the enemy still main.
ta!ns his positions.
Between the Wieprz River and the
Bug the pursuit OF the enemy con-
tinues.
Between Sokal and Krylow our ad-
vaHced troops are moIln: In the
direction OF Observation-Disclosures.
The situation In eastern Galicia is
unchanged.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-03
KAISER AMAZES ROME.
Use ~ Phrn. God Is with ="
Termed "stuprt>ing."

ROME. Aug 2-Th- manifesto 3D.: =
German Kaiser 10 his PEOPLE on tl- .-'
anniversary OF the outbreak ot '.s --s'
var was received here ye-'sr!l. as
TODAY wit. a spirit u C|-,t.ct, >.,
The k4iser's relteration ot the lr. t-.,
GOD : w.tn Us ana 4 di gu- '
tie war are characterized as S'.r-.
us" hy Italian newspapers
It : incredible that after : .-t. q
he war Germany has wage ..r p
peror should stl,! ,rN - l.-' -.
"aus- is a frequently heard .1g" t
Germany can never Tree Mr-
Ger gust in the present UdI - f--s
the GiOrldle dIfdli0. "pv s..t'~- 4
responsibility upon God ur .v e
the unavoidable trend Of u',t1r = N.
ever much the Austro-GerMt., t''- p
TO justify themselves tat.- i.-..- .
Will ever be crushed hv me array ~
facts which they themselves save 0.'
pared
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-03
KAISER WARNED OF LUsITANIA.
Knew IN Advance II Attack, Pas
sage In BOOk Indicates.

LONDON. Aug. 2.-"The Public and
Private Life Of Kaiser Wilhelm H." a
new book by Edward Legge. contains a
passage which purports 10 show that
the Kaiser himself was cognizant be-
forehand OF the attempt TO be made Upon
the Lusitania.
This passage says that al American,
an Intimate friend Of the Kaiser's, who
is Interested in relief work abroad,
wrote personally TO the Kaiser request
ing that his SON, who was coming to
Europe. might be permitted 10 20
through Germany without h%indrance. In
reply ne received a letter in the kaiser's
W handwriting imploring him not to
permit his son TO take passage for Eng
and or the Lusitania-
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-03
WEAKENING, SAYS PARIS.
French Editors Detect les. ON.
ndent Tone In kai>er's word.

PARis, Aug 2.-The press here Ga.
orally IN IL comment on the Manifesto
OF the Kaiser ON TIE auu:'ersiy. .. '-
war expresses the op.uI.. 'r4. .. .
not show the confidence whl.a r.-.si
his previous u~trerances. Al example Z
the tone OF the papers ae.e .s o.. .l..
lowins from the Temps.
1t would Ne vain t. sees 'r--- \
the emphatic. infatuated tone Nr..- =
dlc'ed a month ago that The .lu. 1a.
already VISIBLE When German V,
re lgn in al It's glory Tne Kaiser 1904,
far lougei than i usua. for Aiu uu as
pacific sentiments
The Journal dcs Dsbd's saws
Thu Kaiser turns the minds OF rs
people toward certain moderate .4.
thoughts. markedly cnntrdstlus H.a -
theatrical despatch he sent the queen
Of Greece. lie no luuEer prom .-~ :,
the Germans Paris and London. bay 3 p
its himself p~rudently 10 congratulate,
that the Allies are not tn BE I'm. PetA
he shows. l. not i trIuupaal pes .
Nhetedfter Germany VIII dictate I. e
entire world, hu' that FOR the moment
honorable peace vi! suffice II the Ter.
mans lad he-l told q year ago Vae1
they began tie wll to hnHsn II 'nor r.
ably they would have though, better
and not provoked it
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-03
100000 GERMANS
FED BY GOVERNMENT
So Declares British Solicitor
General in Arguing Pack
crs Cases.
Special Cattle Despatch 10 TUE ST.,

Lospos. Aug. 2-Thirty million per-
sors. at least. out OF GermAry's total
population OF little more than 10000. 900
are ~dependeu> upon the Government for
their food to-day. according 10 "A state
ment by Frederick T. Smith. solicitor
General. at to-day's session % the meat
cargo cases before the Prize Court. They
are living upon Government rations,
which the Government must supply, and
this Is done. he said, by a vast con-
spiracy 10 smuggle c~ontrabarl across
the borders OF the empire from the
United states and elsewhere.
The Solicitor-Genersl. In his opening,
submitted an estimate from a member ~
the war Once which says we esti-
mate tina, 10000. 000 persons in Ger
many are directly under military con
troll. including soldiers and various
workers.
When the number OF dependents upon
soldiers and the workers is added II Is
further estimated that 30,000,oo0 In all
depend upon state ra'!ons.
ut is therefore ~presumahle. he con-
tinued. that the enormous supplies OF
foodstufs consigned from the United
States to Denmark are destined not FOR
private but for state consumption.
He asserted that the British Govern
ment knows hat the German banks
all have large balances at Rotterdam
and otier central neutral towns TO
pay fcr supplies, the balances aggregat-
ing millions Of pounds.
Mr.. Smith emphasized the care taken
by American firms 10 exclude the names
OF any English agents from the trans
action. and moreover, he asserted. II
was known that American Shippers
gave special instructions concerning the
bills OF ladlng and the bank guarantees
OF payment. He argued that Il was
fair to deduce from the facts that the
American packers with their agents in
Holland and Scandinavia are engaged
in IA gigantic scheme TO smuggle con-
traband Into Germany
Until they were aware, he concluded,
that the British Government through
the censorship had obtained the In
eliminating documents they had declared
the goods were intended for sale In
Denmark
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-03

senal AZ C~onstantinonle. Alrhough the
explosion was violent the results could
not be learned.
The Admiral reports also tina, the
Zeitunl.H powder mills were fired AT,
but owing To the darkness thu effect OF
the shots could not he ascerta' ned E!-
forts 70 cut the railwag one mile west
OF kara-Purru are being made To-
day the homharded line was temporarily
blocked SO that troop trains We're un-
able 10 pass Finding they were being
fred at. they steamed back. but not
before three t~ruckloads OF ammunition
were blown up
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-03
JEWS ASK MORE RELIEF.
Evacuation of Warsaw Expected to
Increase suffering In Russia.

\ call was sent out yesterday for a
conference OF representatives from all
jewish societies, congregations, trade
unions, lodges and clubs for the purpose
OF launching a popular propaganda
among these organizations for the raising
OF additional relief funds for Jlwlsa war
sufferers from the war in Europe. The
call has been issued by the newly
formed Peoples Relief Committee for
Jewish War Sufferers, OF which Con-
gresham Meyer London is chairman.
The conference will he held next sun
day afternoon in the auditorium of the
Educational Alliance, East Broadway
and Jefferson street.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-03
"GIVE UP WARSAW TO
GAIN FINAL VICTORY"
Russian Minister Says Strate-
gle Contour Of District
Is Weak Point.
ep,cirr cable pesp1,rh 70 rHr sr~.

LONDON. AUG "A partial explana-
ton Of the abandonment OF Warsaw 10
the Germans. an assertion OF Russia's
laval successes by the Minister OF the
Marine and an optimistic report on the
finances OF the empire were features OF
the opening ceremony OF the new Duma
yesterday not previously reported
Rear Admiral Grigorovitch. Minister
OF Marine. compllmented the work of the
Baltic and Black Sea fleets. The former,
he said. had successfully resisted Ger
man aggression in the northern waters
and the latter had rendered ineffective
al. attempts OF the Turks to spread desc
iatiOn on the Russian shores.
The greatest interest was attached to
TN assertion made by the Finance Min
is,er. VI. Bark. to the effect that so far
i issta had found her war revenue sufh-
cent in spite Of the vast loss OF income
caused by the abolition OF the vodka
traffic, This liquor production alone pro-
Luced an anuual national revenue OF
$500. 000. 900, he stated.
Russia's war expenses by the end OF
1918. he stated. would be s3,s2l 900 900.
\ series of credit operations, Re said.
Mould cover this Indebtedness. The fact
hat the nations savings have increased
1900, 900. 900 in one year he gave as
proof that the abolition Of vodka was
not without even its financial benefits,
The announcement OF a treaty signed
at Kiakhta in June, which settles the
political status of Mongolia as to Rus
STA and China, was made by VI. Sazonof,
Minister OF Foreign Affairs.
This treaty, NJ. Sazonon explained,
proclaims that outer Mongolia is now
an independent State under Chinese su-
zerainty and that inner Mongolia H. in
dependent in all matters affecting her
commerce n industry Mongolia's in
dependence is now complete in all inter-
nal matters. In her foreign relations
she Is subject to Intervention by either
Russia or China.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-03
BRITAIN IRRITATES SWISS.
Demand for Embargo Anectina
strongly Opposed.

SPecIdI tdbTe Uedp"IcH 20 THE sIN'
LONDON, Aug "A despatch from the
Daily MaiPs correspondent at Bern,
switzerland. says:
THE Swiss Importation trust Is greatly
annoyed at the British demand that al
embargo be placed on certain articles
which it is customary to ship into Ger
many
The trust opposes the demand. as
sorting that a compensation for exports
To Germany Is absolutely necessary 10
II in the form Of German goods. This
Is especially true OF coal. Inch Swiss
manufacturer import from Germany.
switzerland is an important channel
OF Germany's trade with the outer world.
Great interests are involved. Englani's
demand may p~recipitate a crisis
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-03
SINKS K SHIPS.
British SUI rin- Also Torp~do.s
Gunboat In Sea Of Narmors.
special cable Despatch 10 TIL

Special cable Despaich 10 TIE suS.
LONDON. Aug. THE official press
bureau to-day states
The Admiralty announces that the
Vice-Admlrsl commanding In IA. east
ern Mediterranean has reported that a
British submarine operating IN the Sea
OF Marmora has torpedoed a steamer OF
1900 tons of the pier At Muianla. Sew
eral sailing vessels were secured along
side the pier. Thu explosion vas very
violent. \ small steamer near Ly in the
Kara-Bogha Bay was also torpedoed.
"A report from C~onstartirople stat
ing that a Eunboat was torpedo~d in the
Sea OF Marmora apparently corrobo-
rates the Vice-Admiral's statement.
This report also states that torpedoes
were fred at lighters alongside an ar
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-03
FRENCH DEGRADE ARMY THIEF
Oesrianx, Former Plymaster, Lose,
Insignia of Rank.

rARis. Aug IN pesclaux. former
paymaster OF The French army. who was
recently convicted Of frauds and army
supply thetts, in which he was aided. it
is charged BY the wife OF a well known
Partisan dressmaker with whom he was
In love, suffered military degradation
for his offence to-day
He was marched down the Champs
de Mare TO the Ecole Militaire. where
his sword was broken and the insignia
OF his ran cut from his uniform.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-03
TEUTONS GAIN ON NAREW
assians Report 80 on Vi.tuIa
Front, However.
'scia' Cable Despatch to The Sex

Special Cable Despatch TO Tue sux.
~PrrRooRAD. Aug. 2.-The following
oHcial statement was made public to.
night by the General stan
The Germans on Sunday brought
up their main body Cplace not men
tioRed) to take the offensive. with the
result that In the ensuing fighting both
sides were attacking.
On the Narew front on Sunday the
enemy after several days Of stubborn
nehting succeeded in progressing
toward the right bank of the Narew.
On the Vistula front on Sunday the
actions continued and terminated in
our favor northwest OF Blonie and
south of Cora Kalvaria.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-03

deavors to cut on the retreat Of the
Russians.
1t Is taken as significant that Gen
Won Mackensen has reached the Bus
River near D%ubienka. east OF Cholm. and
has passed northeast of Cholm. evidently
following the purse OF the river toward
Brest-Litovsk.
The statement follows:
Our troops took Mitawa yesterday
after fighting. The town generally Is
undamased. Tho fighting has de-
veloped favorably for us to the east Of
ronlwessi. southeast Of Mitawa.
Our forces have taken Hill No, 1871,
northeast Of Suwalkl and southwest Of
keletnik.
Northwest OF Lomza our troops
reached the Narew River. having
broken through a stubborn Russian re-
sistance at several points. We took
ono officer and 1908 men prisoners.
We progressed on the rest OF this front
as far ~ the Nistula. capturing one
officer and 1860 men.
Thu situation before Warsaw Is un-
changed.
In the southeastern field, north OF
the Fodrandze heights. which we cap
tured on July 81. Gen. Won woyrsch
advanced eastward In the wooded dis
tricts after violent hghting The Rus
SLAMS retired. losing 1900 men and
eight machine guns.
The Austro-Hunga rians delivered a n
attack yesterday before Ivangorod
n the semicircle around the for
tress has been drawn closer.
The enemy is still holding out
against Gen. Won Mackensen's forces
between the Vistula and southwest OF
Lenczna. The Germans gained further
successes east Of Kurow. where they
made 600 prisoners.
Between Lenczna and Zadin. north
east Of Cholm. the fighting continues
a. We pursue the enemy. We reached
the region OF Dubienka. on the Bug.
The Austro-Hunsarians have ad-
vanced across the Bug to Vladimir
Volynski.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-03
BORROW CANADIAN NURSES.
British VIII send Contingent al
Then 20 Darda neIies.

OTTAWA, Aug. Between thirty and
forty Canadian nurses and a dozen doc
tors who for the past two months have
peer doing duty in France ave been
borrowed by the British medical service
and will be sent 10 the Dardantlles.
A sixth corps OF nurses is being or
ganized by the Canadian Government at
present.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-03
GALATA BRYCE BLOWN UP.
submar ines Destroy Iron Structure
at COnstantinOple.
Special Cable Despatca to THE SO,

LONDON. Aus. 3 Tuesday, The
Times publishes a despatch from its cor
respondent at Mitylene reporting that
been blown up by submarines.
The times assumes that this refers
to the iron bridge connecting Galata
and STEAMBOAT. which was opened in
1919.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-03
EDITORS IN GERMANY
LAUD RULERS STAND
kaiscr's Manifesto on War,
Anniversary Praised
throughout Fmni g.
ROME AND PARIS >NIER

BERLIN, Wa London. Aug The 40.
provai Of the entire German p--., ;
the first war anniversary Iro..a-.at.a.
given out by Emperor william = "a.
pressed IN a statement issued to-day ty
the Overseas News Agency
On sunday. II is stated. the d,erm,,
people In their churches thanked 10
supreme Being for the blessings 4 nv.
past year and prayed for a Speedy end.
ing OF the fearful struggle. The ka..-r.
high minded seriousness has been s,..
orally praised.