davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1915-06-30
NOTED FRESHMAN
HEEDS SUMMONS
Of GRIM REAPER
0'OonOvan, Famous as Pa
triOt and RevoIutionist, Dies
in New York After Illness of
Four Months,
,sr posssa ,ouss.- SPECIAL LEASED ~rssl

New York, June 29.-Jeremiah
O'Donovan. better known as O'Dono-
van Rosa, Irish patriot and revolu-
ZIONIST, died in St Vincent's hospital,
Staten Island. late today. He had been
l i'll for many months.
O'Donovan Rosa spent the last half
of his life in the United States, 20
years Of which were passed under an
cdict of Punishment from Great Brit
ain and any of her possessi0ne.
Though granted a full pardon by
Quen Victoria for his revolutionary
activities in fleeing Ireland. a quar-
ter of a century after the Fenian up
rising, he remained to the end an
uncompromising foe to British rule,
England has proclaimed war
against me-" he vowed. 'and so help
me God, I will wage war against her
until she is stricken to her knees or
till ] am stricken in my grave
Born In County Cork in 1881 as
jeremiah O'Don0van, he later took
the name of Rossa, and while still a
boy became interested in the Young
Ireland movement He was particu-
larlv an admirer Of John Mitchell,
grandfather of the present Mayor Nit
chel of New York, leader in the
movement
Parliamentary agitation, as carried
on by Daniel O'Connell. did not appeal
to the young Cork man who took as
his standard John Mitchels statement.
"If | could grasp the fires of he'll ia
hurl them into the face of my coun-
try's enemy" and up to his death he
did not change this theory.
When he was q years old Rosa,
and several other members of the
Phoenix Literary society, we're ar
rested on a charge of conspiracy and
after nine months Imprisonment were
released on a suspended sentence IN
1889. Then he became associated with
James Stephens and Colonel John
O'Mahony in the Fenian movement
and worked aTdently as an organizer
Of the Irish Revolutionary brother
hood until his arrest in Dublin. Sep
ternber Is, 1865, when the office OF
the Fenian newspaper, Irish People
was raided. He was sentenced TO pen
al servitude for life, but six years later
he was released and banished 10
America.
From that time Rosa was identified
with the extremists IN this country
and he advocated the use Of dynamite.
!
civilization" against everything Brit
ish. He founded a newspaper here
the United Irishmen The subscribers
Rossa called his tenants and ne al
ways acknowledged the receipt Of
their subscriptions in the columns OF
the United Trishmen as the rents
For nearly four years Rossa was
identified with the advocates OF pnysi-
cal force in this country and many
times was held in disfavor by mem
berg OF more pacific irish organiza-
tions, which would not tolerate Flo-
lence and advocated pacific measures
IN bringing about a form OF set-sON-
erument for Ireland.
In Chambers St. New YORK IN
'1sS5. an English nurse. Lueiiia
Yseulte Dudley shot and slightly
wounded Rosa. -Four weeks prior 10
this Captain Thomas Phelau. a MEM
Der Of the Fenian brotherhood hau
been stabbed in Rossa's office, on
Chambers street, for which Richard
Short was arrested.
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1915-06-30
MUCH DESTITUTION
REPORTED FROM MEXICO

New York. June 29.--The American
Red Cross society today asserted that
according to authentic reports re-
ceived BY it, the food situation in Du-
range, Mexico, Is becoming more
acute. The statement said the local
association, formed in Durango some
weeks ago to conserve the corn sup
ply for the benefit OF the destitute
on-combatants, has abandoned It's
efforts because Of THE failure of both
the civil and military authorities TO
lend aid"
The statement also contained what
was represented as being an accurate
report Of conditions in Torreon. This
made the assertion that well informed
persons look for food riots shortly.
The statement further declared that
among the localities short Of food
were the Guanaeevi mining district,
Topia and San Pedro. east of Tor
reon and in the heart of the cotton
district
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1915-06-30
DECLARES FACTIONS ARE
READY TO TALK PEACE

III Paso, Tex, June 29.--Jose Isabel
Robles, minister of war in the cabinet
of Eulalio Gutierrez, is authority for
the declaration that the leaders OF
the two larger warning factions have
agreed to discuss terms of peace.
perhaps within two weeks. Since the
overthrow of Gutierrez's government,
Robles has not been identified with
either Villistas or Carrancistas and
was chosen by those anxious TO end
the war as an Intermediary, accord
ing TO his story
Robles has not revealed any of the
terms of agreement he claims 20 have
brought about but said that by the
middle OF July villa would be ON the
border and here would be met by
Obregon, the two sanctioning the
conference that then would be held.
He intimated that the success OF
his work had been hastened by fear
created at the headquarters both Of
Villa and CarranZa that the revolu-
ton. popularly believed about to be
begun by Huerta, would so compli-
cate the general situation in Mexico
that the United states government
might intervene.
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1915-06-30
Iageblatt Strongly CommendS
Plea for Pacific Policy by
Germany Toward the United
States.
OTHER NEWSPAPERS
SC0FF AT FRIENDSHIP
Demand That Shipments of
Ammunition Cease and That
Great Britain Admit Food
Supplies.

~ AoNhtho JOURNAL SPECIAL tEssHo nlegl
Berlin. June 20 (vla London. June
3o.) The afternoon papers here give
considerable attention TO the appeal
Tor the preservation OF the friendship
between the United States and Ger
many, made In Or. Anton Meyer-Ger-
hards expressions. The Kreuse Eel
tung In lengthy editorial agrees with
Dr. Meycr-Gerhard that the American
friendship is valuable possession and
expresses a willingness to have Ger
many do everything possible to main
tam IT, Asserting, however, that Ger
many is engaged IN a war for exls-
tence, the paper asks what value to
America could German friendship be
after Germany's political and econo-
mic existence was destroyed. The
Kreuse Zeitung continues:
so long as Germanys existence Is
threatened. Germany cannot abandon
any means AT hand for hindering or
restricting shipments OF munitions to
the enemy. Such an abandonment
would be contrary TO the dictates Of
national self preservation and the hu-
manitarian duties towards the brave
soldiers and their wives and children.
These ara unable TO contemplate the
American shipments with Or. Meyer
Gerhard's calmness while their dear
est ones are standing under a hail OF
American shells which give the en-
envy the power to continue a war Of
destruction against Germany.
The Kreuse Zeitung SAYS that Il
cannot admit DIR. Meyer -Gcrhard's
that only small part
Of the population of the United States
IS responsible for the shipments,
Iheins and adoisf
What the American government
and manufacturers Of munitions do
against Germany is done by America.
rhe opposition Of large circles in
America does not change that fact
i'll It meets with success"
The Kreuse Zeitung says that DR.
Meyer Gerhard forgets one fact at
which the Germans take offense in
Americas policy.
America allows England to treat
'Oodstuffs and raw materials as abso-
ute contraband with the. friendly in
entlon of starving German womel
md children" says the paper. What
sver protest America makes in Eng
and makes no change whatever I'm
he fact that America is delivering
hese things TO our enemies while
keeping them from us, whether undcr
or not
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1915-06-30
Officials Indicate Strenuous
Efforts Are Being Made to
Meet Demands of United
States.
FOUR DRAFTS ARE IN
PREPARATION NOW
II Is Probable That Washing
ton Officials viii Not Re-
Ceiye Note Before Last of
Present Week.

Berlin. june 20 (yia London, June
30, 2:f5 a. m.) ~ Official circles I'm
Berlin are authority for the statement
that no intimation respecting the ac-
tual contents Of the forthcoming Ger
man note in reply to the American
note bearing ON the sinking of the
Iusitania has reached Washington for
the reason mat those engaged In
drafting the document have them
selves not determined it's tenor
The admiralty Processes ignorance
Of its probable contents, and nothing
has been issued from that quarter.
The foreign office is understood TO bs
working on four different drafts and
trying to select one that viii reconcile
the viewpoints Of Germany and the
United Statar
The possibility that a satisfactory
solution to the Lusitania problem
might be reached WAS hinted at by an
official Of the foreign office who re-
Gently declared.
President Wilson's note showed
that the matter could be adjusted. 1t
was in the nature of a bridge across
the trouble. our reply probably will
be another Eirder Strengthening the
bridge"
The German note win probably be
ready for transmission at the end OF
TINS week or early next week
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1915-06-30
WEALTHY MEXICAN is
ARRESTED IN Eli PAsO

Ell Paso, Tex, June 29.-Jose 10
zaya. a wealthy Mexican here, was ar
rested today on charges Of consprins
to set afoot a military expedltloh
against O friendly country in violation
of United States neutrality lie was
released on $500 bond for hearing
before United States Commissioner
George oliver Thursday.
The arrest of Zozaya Is the first
since Victoriano Huerta and Pascuai
Orozco, former Mexican leaders, were
placed under detention sunday, The
general charges against zozaya are
similar to those made against Huerta
and Orozco. the three having peen
named in the complaint filed sunday.
Additional specific accusations are
made against Zozaya. including the
alleged purchase Of five machine guns
500 rifles and a quantity OF ammunl-
tion.
About two weeks ago II became
known that federal authorities haa
discovered a number of machine guns
and rifles in 4 warehouse owned py
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1915-06-30
Summary of Var
NelUS of Yesterd1U

The Russians now are making their
stand on the Bug river This great
stream which offers many advantages
for a strong defense rises near Zloc-
zOw in Galicia, runs almost north.
forms a great part of the eastern from
tier Of Russian Poland and ioins the
Nistula eighteen miles northwest Of
Warsaw. II Is along the Galiclan
course that the army OF Grand Duke
Nicholas Is believed tn have taken up
strong positions the loss Of which
would mean the further retirement Of
the Russian forces.
Already the Austro-Germans have
pushed the Russians back to the Bug
river near Kamionka, northeast Of
Lemherg and farther north have pene-
trated Russian Poland capturing the
important town Of Tomaszow. they
have also according to the official re-
port frorr Vienna. driven the Rus
slams holding ground near Sielec.
northward as far as Krvstianpol. a
distance of about eight miles and have
taken Burstyn. north Of Halicz. In
fact the masses Of Austrian and Ger
man troops are advancing alone their
entire front in the southeast, forcing
the Russians before them fl "A broad
sweeping movement and IN the north
east pushing forward with Warsaw,
the Polish capital. as their objective.
Should the Austro-Germans sue
coed in crossing the Bug river In
strength. the complete evacuation Of
eastern calicia by the Russians would
seem probable
An interesting incident OF the war
is the occupation Of Scutari. Albania,
by the Montenegrins Two wears ago
in the Balkan war the Montenegrin
troops captured Scutaria after a long
siege and held It for q time against
the protests Of the great powers "A us
trla and italy being mostly concerned
but It's evacuation was ordered by
King Nicholas when the MontcneRriu
coast was blockaded by an nterna-
tionai naval squadron. Serbia had al
ready sent tro0ps into Albania when
Montenegro decided 10 make second
descent on Scutari which has long
been an object of her desire
The western zone is strangely quiet.
Although the sector in which Arras IS
situated is still the scene Of French
efforts 10 gain ground. which In the
final accounting would prove Of inn
measurable value 10 them, aud night
ing also has been going on in the Vos-
gas where the Germans captured pO-
sitions held bv the French on the
slopes 20 the east OF Metzeral. only %
have them re-taken. there are great
stretches Of the Franco Belgian front.
which "a the uninitiated are charac-
terized ty a somewhat mysterious in
activity
In the Guild hall At London. Pre-
mier Asquith has made a plea TO the
people 70 come forward and subscribe
10 the war losn and at the same time
urged upon them the necessity OF
thrifs 70 the end.
In fhe French senate Premier Vi
viani and the war minister, ". Mile
rand urging the passage Of the appro-
priations bill, providing t1.120.000, 900
to cover he government expenses for
the quarter beginning July ! which
was eventually adopted. made a plea
for solidarity and patient effort. The
war minister announced a vast In
crease In the production Of aInmuni-
ton and guns.
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1915-06-30
LITTLE ACTIVITY on THE
ALLIES FRONT IN WEST

Paris. June 20 tf0.2s p. m1--The
official communication issued by the
war office tonight says:
"In the NOsges we regained etlis
morning all the positions whica VIC
had occupied 70 the east Of Metzeral
"On the rest Of the front there Is
nothing to report except artillery ae-
tiona"
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1915-06-30
Unless Progress Can Be Made
by French, or Russians
Check German Advance
Soon, Things Look Bad,
CZAR'S ARMIES STILL
ARE FALLING BACK
Offensive in Western Zone
Makes No AppreciabIe
Headway Toward ExpelIlng
KalSer'S Forces.
ar .os~sa ,oO.... s,.o,.l .s.sss ~,..I


London, June ~ (i0s42 p. M ~
Driven back over their own frontier
north or Lemberg and forced to cross
the river Gnila Lipa, in southeast Cali
cia, the Russian armies continue to
retreat before the Austro-German
along a front OF approximately $50
miles. about equal 10 the distance be-
tween Arras and the vosges.
The Berlin official communication
records progress by the Teutonic
troops in virtually the entire south
eastern theatre, although violent
fighting is stili in progress beyond the
Gnila Lipa, which Joins the Dniester
at Hallcz.
Having forced n passage Of this
stream, General Won Linsingen'a army
Is presumably astride the railway run
ming from Malicz to Lemberg. and
stanlslau. and now doubtless is aim
ing nj the line which runs from Lem
berg to Odessa through Tarnopol.
II seems evident that Germany u
bent on further punishment for the
Russians before relaxing the intensity
OF her Gallcian campaign, but with
the Russians across the frontier. ths
Germans will have to rely almost SOLE
ly on road transport and their ad-
vance will necessarily be slower.
The British press continues to voice
the hope that Russians soon will find
a tenable line and deliver a counter
blow, but there Is a note OF anxiety In
nearly all their accounts, together
with the warning that either tho cap
surs Of NaFsaw or iResrsA" fap1lsf, tbfg
would surely be followed BY another
general German offensive In the west.
Notwithstanding the French attacks
around Arras. II is argued that tho
Germans must feel comparatively Sc
cure In the west else they would not
have risked their tremendous envelop-
ing move against the Russians. The
French are pressing In the neIghb0r-
hood OF Arras. but without perceptl-
Bile ahnnga In the sIlnniion
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1915-06-30
VILLA FORCES FIGHTING
NEAR AGUAs CAIII3NTEE

~ Paso. Tex. June 2g.-Advices re-
ccived by Officials Of the National
Railways arc that Villas army IA at
present fighting desperately on the
defensive thirty miles south Of Aguas
Calientcs. The Carrancistas appear 10
be under the personal direction of
General Benjamin Hill. who has mot-
ed them northward against villa and
Lagos. Villa is said to have placed
before the advancing enemy almost
10000 men
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1915-06-30
In Hands OF President.

Washington, June 2s-Tegal off
GERS Of the government who have been
consulted by Attorney General Greg
oIy oyer the opinlop ren'o- 70 rnaFlgnt
of an army officer 10 resign in time
Of peace are understood TO he virtually
unanimously In holding that the pres
ident has discretionary powers and
may accept or reject designations as
he sees fit
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1915-06-30

Zozaya, but nothing was disclosed 10
indicate the ownership of the mum.
tons of war
General Huerta continued his con.
terences with former Mexican gem
erals today. Among those who called
on the FORMER president of Mexico
were the following generals: saliva
dor Mercado, Pascual Orozco, Mar
cello Caraveo. Joaquin Teller. Fran
cisco Castro. Manuel Acona. - Caus
Emeho Campo. c. Castro. Felix Ter
iszas. Luis Fernandez and Manuel
Landa.
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1915-06-30
OUTBREAK OF PELLAGRA
REPORTED IN ARKANSAS

Little Rock. Ark. June 30. - The
fourth outbreak Of pellagra in Arkan-
sas was reported from GraysOnia last
night. where fifteen cases are under
observation.
50 far in none Of the places where
pellagra has been reported has an
adult been attacked.
The Hickman courier. [volume] (Hickman, Ky.) 1859-current, 1915-11-04
SATURDAY BUSY DAY.

There were more people in
town Saturday than any one day
before in about two years, eX-
cepting July lth, 1914. Pretty
weather, enabling the farmers TO
ret out cotton and corn, was
probably the cause, as around
5000 was paid out that day for
these two commodities. OF
course business was good in all
lines, and advertising, hustling
merchants had more trade than
they could well wait on. II is
noticeable that old accounts are
being rapidly paid up and folks
are beginning to again find them
selves with some surplus cash in
their jeans. The out look for a
big winter business is exception
ally good.
The Hickman courier. [volume] (Hickman, Ky.) 1859-current, 1915-11-04
RUSSELL AND BARKLEY
SPEAK AT HICKMAN

last bui NOT least was the
winding up thc whlrlwnd cam-
palgu u Hickman Saturday night
when Hon. 5oe Russell, of Mis-
sour. and Congressman Alben
iiatklcy. OF Kcntucky, delivered
addrrS>es in behalf of the Democ
ay oi Fulton county Both
men made eloquent and urgent
appeals tu ihr voters. When they
Finished. mr,apuurpa.y speaking
nothing was Iclt but thr hlde
and nl. of tbr Republican party.
IHr spotlight wa, turned on ihr
Republican party platform hut
nothing could hc found m o.
Gopd crowds greeted thr ora
tor, and applause WAS frequent
and vigorous
City Attorney y Z Powell
.d.d umsrA proud u Introducing
30, speakers But Tom just
.uu o Hr.p .t
Following our two visitors.
County Judge N'Ahr made O short
aIa 100 b.Ha.l col ,Hr bond iN,ur
.or better uw Iehime equip
m.u'
The Hickman courier. [volume] (Hickman, Ky.) 1859-current, 1915-11-04


i'b PIgur was called lo I'''N
mm with ni, blood MOUNTS ''''''
,.,.,..I .,m. SunJa, NIGHT about
t,,. ,..I,.k Tine result of the
..... DO ,,t sp,vu Mr.. Pisuc 3,
L,ypJ came home from
III..mau sick with dpihrrIa
Fulton Leader.
Mrs a. T. Gregory. Miss Mary
.,,..... \I,...s Pauline Williams
I,yl.pJ,rvond and .otiic Me-
Dow.I, and carr M'4'' '' , r'',.,' ',,.,''
mo'"rd over 10 '''''',''', AZ w AZ
day and were guests '' ''''''
j '''''''.
The Hickman courier. [volume] (Hickman, Ky.) 1859-current, 1915-11-04
SYSTEM is NEEDED.

The Police Court is the only de-
partment in the city that has an
absolutely uptodalc bookkeeping
system. Judge Ambcrg's ex-
ample should be followed in ey-
.cry department. january lst
would Doc "a good time to lnaugu
rate SYSTEM from one end GO
the other of the city $ business.
No city Ia the State is IN q better
financial condition than HEX
man With splendid resources
wc find oul credit impaired Out
standing warrant, being dis
counted, etc The city ought TO
BORROW a little money and pay its
small accounts aud make It's
warrants payable Ia uumbcrirll
order as issued. Il would bee
much cheaper for the city 10 pay
N or S per cent ou borrowed
money than to pay Opcrcrut rN
ira ON account OF discounts. 20
say nothing of the satisfaction 10
be had by paying IT'S bills prompt
.ly But. as wc said before, li rr-
.qulrr, system to do this.
The Hickman courier. [volume] (Hickman, Ky.) 1859-current, 1915-11-04

\.0or dly 100 Kentucky wi.l Dee
.umh.r 10 School hou,r,
.m. yards. public roads and pas
Uu, should Doe hrlutluyd with
...H our natural forest, aro
diminishing and wr must not ou
. u1r what is left of the for
. but Wr must rclorcst ih'
H u,pr lhc hurntoycr and tine
m.orr,'rd districts of the state
Rev. q NJ. McNcrlcy viii
..uN l the First Baptist
wrh Sunday morning at II %
md Z p m., Nov 1th. All
church members and the public
invited lo atttrud these ser.
..s 4 business meeting wIl
uld after the evening service.
NJ q woman stops man ON the
rect and hc docsu Q tap ms hal
Hd docSu grin and seem pleas
.. 20 scc her, It is a safe bet that
.y are husband and wife.
For tlc higher education oi
Masonic orphans a trust fund OF
10000 was created 10y the
N.nlucky Lodge of Masons.
II j. Norman, Common
H.dlhS Attorney, of Mayurld,
WAS here ON business Monday.
Miss Mary Helm has returned
.rrm "a three weeks visit WIN
.;luuds in 81. Louis.
The Hickman courier. [volume] (Hickman, Ky.) 1859-current, 1915-11-04
NO TOWN ELECTION.

There will be no election held
for town offices in the towns of
Berkeley and Arlington this year
because of the fact that no list
of candidates was presented TO
the county clerk to be certified
TO fifteen days before election,
which is required by law w.--Arling-
ton Courier.
The same thing came near ha,
pening in Hickman; the lists were
drawn up at the eleventh hour
The Hickman courier. [volume] (Hickman, Ky.) 1859-current, 1915-11-04
MISSES NEWTON HURT
IN AUTOMOBILE WRECK.

500. HHlc Newton suffered a
I.uatI bop and bruises about
#. rpIt aud Miss Florence Nrw
.uu 500. painfully bruised on ihc
braI. as a result of an automobile
u1i.nt which occurred about q
u ..u.k sunday evening un the
lHIuau Memphis highway mile
mI a H.' '.. side pl l.uim City
IU. luHw aiIr.. accompanied
los John h.. fhr driver oi thr
Hr @ I.u. lIlIlarI. we're out
Ir. HI GOING 10 Union City
lt .. lights ou their ear
N.. us badly cor not ai all
# - m.f another ear i1r
. o. which blinded Mr.
h. Iu 1000 ati,mpt to turn out
.. .s Hr INTO thr ditch, and
.. thrown ont People u
passing ear observed ihe arel.
|u stopped and carrrl 'Hr
u"l .Hdrr, to Union City for
....u treatment
N.. tUnu.r wa, able 9" rr
.m .ma fHc next day. mt Miss
... remained at lh, ID. N N.
Hospital for further treatment
The Hickman courier. [volume] (Hickman, Ky.) 1859-current, 1915-11-04

Robert c. Crow, former post
master at Caruthersville, has been
indicted by the Federal grand
jury at Cape Girardeau ON a
charge Of violating the civil ser
vice laws by giving his brother
the questions used in a civil ser
vice examination prior TO the hold
ing of the examination. His half
brother has been indicted on a
similar charge.
When they are first married she
calls it her Lingerie. In abou a
year she calls it her Underwear.
And five years later She calls the
things by their real names.
The Hickman courier. [volume] (Hickman, Ky.) 1859-current, 1915-11-04
Third Grade

Thclma Woodrow. ....9O
The Hickman courier. [volume] (Hickman, Ky.) 1859-current, 1915-11-04

g. e.. All, while working on the
new lio,ro Stone residence, Satur-
day, split his hand with a rip
saw and will be unable 10 work
for some time.
Rev. Gordon, pastor of the
Baptist church of Clinton, was in
Hickman Monday.
The Hickman courier. [volume] (Hickman, Ky.) 1859-current, 1915-11-04
County
School Notes

~ Miss Virginia l4uten
Ooanty Supt
yFI.s-sss.as ..a.I.,l. sse.,s as

gagged TO play for the School
Fair Don . forget that the pa
radc begins at ten o clock BE
uu Time. Rural schools VIII ilnd
,., ~. Ii,.;.,.,. .'J Ji.,r;..,
r,,,.l,.r anal ,r,I.j ..bo,I. ~.
..rli,. ,i.;,.'.,,, ,,l,.h l. i.
,..,..,.,,,..i a., t. s.I,.,,l ..,s,,.
u,L L..i III. ,.... II,.g,,a,.
Is.'1,.. ,..,.tt..Il IL ali
.,I... .l..I vII I..J" ,I. ~,