davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1915-07-22
Quiet at Bayonne Plant Of
STANDARD Oil Co. After the
Rioting Causes One Death
Police Inspector Four Patromen and 100 Strikers Injured
During Wednesday Dsorders-Stikers Reject Ultimatum
Special Deputies Arrested-Sher Says He Can Handle the
Situation

New York, July Sl.-Quiet prevailed
tonight at the Bayonne plant of the
Standard Oil CO. Of New Jersey, where
earlier in the day riot between po-
lice and strikers resulted in the death
Of one striker and the injury of a
police Inspector. four patrolmen and
nearly 100 strikers The only excite
ment tonight was the discovery Of
four small fires within the plant which
broke out almost simultaneously, but
were easily controlled.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1915-07-22
Garrison's Attitude

The international boundary runs
through Naco, and when the Mexican
factions were contending for its pos
session bullets and shells were con-
stantly falling on the American side,
Secretary Garrison regards the pres:
ent occupation as violation Of this
agreement. likely to lead to renewed
fighting and endangering of Ameri-
can lives.
The situation at Mexico City and
surrounding territory continued to-
day to arouse apprehension in Official
quarters here. no direct word having
been received from the capital since
reports yesterday that Zapata's forces
had re-entered the city following the
evacuation by Carranza's army under
General Gonzales.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1915-07-22
Governor Whitman Finds
No Cause for Changing His
Opinion in Case of Becker

Albany \. Y" July o1-Governor
Whitman said tonight that a careful
study Of the statement Of former Po-
nee Lieutenant Charles Becker now
Under sentence Of death, had not
changed his opinion Of the guilt of the
convicted man.
There is only one thing new in the
sAienent,' the Governor said. That
! ING allegation that the late Alfred
nenfy Lewis told Becker he was to
y Tanned up That would have been
aapertant evidence, if true. But if il
fefe true, why was not Lewis called
y the stand during Becker's second
"ia. Now, with Becker facing death,
"F near Of this matter after Lewis is
dead"
me Governor said that during
nscAers trial he was familiar with
.illuaiiy all the allegations made by
.,,e condemned man in the statement.
Governor added that he would
.a" questioned Becker concerning
s @en II Becker had taken the witness
''ano II his own defence.
Confirms Rose Story
The Becker statement. the Cover
~ r' oeciared, only confirmed Jack
'oses story that after the Rosenthal
,AIuef' Becker sent TO Rose charging
shn,. nv, to tell anything he knew
sns t a'o Sander, attorney for Rose
M. ~ Sam Schepps, another wit
VS.. VIZ al the Becker trial, conferred
VIII the Governor TODAY
m. ..n told me" said the Cover
Bos, lna1 he recently had talked with
HI. :. ano that he would not retract a
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1915-07-22
Strikers Stand Firm

The strikers late today rejected an
ultimatum from the company that
their proposals would be considered,
providing they returned to work to-
morrow morning. Sheriff Eugene Kin
kead. who succeeded in pacifying the
strikers. arranged a conference be-
tween a strikers committee and com
pany officials for tomorrow. OF the
II special deputies, whose presence
led to the disorder, six were taken
to the Hudson county Jail. SheriH
Kinkead said tonight he would not
permit any guards outside the Stand
ard Oil plant. He said he was able to
handle the situation and did not need
state militia. Mayor Caravan of Bay
onne. earlier in the day had asked the
Governor of New Jersey for troops.
Laborer Killed
In the rioting John Stovancik, aged
II, laborer of Bayonne, received re-
volver wounds and died while being
hurried to a hospital None of the in
iured was hurt seriously. Inspector
Daniel Cady's horse was shot from
under him and he was struck by fly
ing missiles The four patrolmen were
struck by clubs. bricks and stones.
The trouble started after II special
deputy sheriffs had left the Standard
plant and walked toward the plant OF
the Underwater Oil Co. AS they neared
the plant they met crowd Of sever
al hundred strikers from the Standard
plant. Menaced by the strikers, the
deputies, it is said, started to run and
were pursued by the strikers, who
hurled rerious missiles The deputies
separated. While ons party went
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1915-07-22
an OFFICERS IN BRIDGEP ORT CALLED OUT TO
uRDIE DEMONSTRATION AT THE CARTRIDGE PLANT

BRIDGEPORT was rushed TO the plant to
preserve order. That was during the
lunch hour. At quitting time tonight sew
eral miniature demonstrations were start
ed in front of the plant and in the imme-
diate vicinity by strikers who had walked
out at noon time The demo constructions,
however were quickly broken UP by the
large force Of policemen on hand.
Girls on Picket Line
Many girls were on the picket line to-
night. They talked TO other girls, per-
suaded some of them. the labor leaders
said, to leave their work and still others
not 10 go to work Oh the night shift. To
men going 10 work in the night shift the
girls cried .'Scab" Men rickets marched
around through the crowds with signs on
their hats reading Don't he a scab. &C
cording to the estimates of the labor men
al least 800 1nachinists and about zoe girls
were Oh strike The Manufacture As
sociation. however. declared that in all
Bridgeport there were just 1T machlnlsts
out Appended to these figures were 9th
ers which represented that, according 10
the payrolls. IL girls and q men were
out at the Union Metallic Cartridge
plant.
Mr. keppler was seen to board train
for New York tonight. He told persons
4 that he was going to Bayonne, y. j.,
where he said he had number OF men
! on strike number Of labor leaders
when seen in q local hotel stated enphat-
/ ically that MIR keppler had gone to Bos-
/ ton.
John A Johnston, vice president Of the
Structural Iron Workers, said he knew
nothing Of any settlement. Pickets were
still or duty in various parts Of the
town tonight.
Virtually all the labor leaders asserted
that Samuel Gompers. president of the
American Federation Of Labor, would be
/ called upon TO prove his statement about
believing that German influences had
been responsible for labor trouble If
] Bridgeport when he enters a conference
here Friday with several associates
They added that if necessary they would
request President Wilson to settle the
matter. They said they wanted vindioa-
ton.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1915-07-22
TURK FLEET OF
60 S HIP S LADEN
WITH FLOU r is
SAID DESTROYED

Petrograd. July 21.-(Nia London, 12.3t
T. Ml-The following official communi-
cation has been received from the head
quarters Of the army in the Caucasus:
Our destroyer fiotilla destroyed a feet
Of 50 Turkish sailing vessels laden with
-four.
A battle is raging in the direction of
Mush (Asiatic Turkey, So miles southeast
of Erzerum). We captured Nozk in the
course Of the fighting
A dispatch from sehastopol to London
last night reported the destruction by the
Russians Of 50 Turkish sailing vessels.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1915-07-22
IMPROVEMENT
I Il E CONDITION
OF LEO N. FRANK

pror.ns seSllls' Ga. July ,21-Markea i'm
Frank III IN the condition of Leo M.
nigh, h, muse throat was cut saturday
prison y a fellow convict al the state
by phys;c,a,. ere was announced today
peraturs 1 attending him. His tenn
day. ana was S loo the lowest since Sun.
nearly no-. s pulse and respiration we're
while he - The physicians said thar
.e1 now is x,, ~, out of danger. his recov-
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1915-07-22
Wabash R. R
Is Sold for
$lS,ooo,ooo

St Louis, July 21.-The property,
franchises and all other rights Of the
Wabash Railroad $22o,ooO,O00 corpo-
ration were sold under the hammer
for s1S,O00,000 TO the joint reorgani-
cation committee OF the roads credi-
tors under foreclosure here today to
satisfy s41o0o,o0o mortgage Of
which the Equitable Trust Co., New
York. is trustee.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1915-07-22
ITALY PREPARES
TO GUARD SUPPLY
OF Her MUNITIONS

Rome, July 20, Via Paris, July q,
s A. M.-The National munitions
committee held its first meeting to-
day under the presidency Of Premier
Salandra- Plans were adopted to en-
sure . continuous supply Of NUM-
lions in the event OF . long war and
to organize Industries which produce
other supplies for the army. -,
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1915-07-22
Suit for s1,575,ooo

St. Louis July PA few minutes
before the time set for the sale Of
the Wabash Railroad under a foreclo-
sure here today, the New York Trust
Co. filed suit in the United States
district court here against the rail-
road. company for s1,575,o00 for the
rental of cars and equipment.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1915-07-22
Leader Keppler Of Bridgeport Strike
Announces Settlement and Leaves City
but His Co=Workers Deny Statements

keppe Declares Conferenc in New York Has Resulted
satisfactorily for Remington Employees, Who Will Return to
ut Monday Morning-T. j. Savage of Executive Board
rs He Knows of No element and That the Strike Will
conJ A. Johnston Has n o Been Informed of Favorable
ocome-Pckets Remain Posted and Garry Signs Marked
Don't Be Scab
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1915-07-22
RUSSIANS TURN ON THE TEUT0N INVADERS AND TERRIFIC
BATTLES NOW RAGING WILL DECIDE FATE OF THE POLISH
CAPITAL CzARS TROOPS RETIRE IN ORDER TO POSITIONS
ON RIVERS AND TAKE STANDS thanked BY f0RTRESSES

Fierce Stop Progress Although Re-
Inflicted the BloneGroe
Battle for Possession of Lubn Railway Here
May Hold Balance Deciding Outcome of Whole Operations
Emperor Empress Make State Entry Warsaw
Following Capture
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1915-07-22
Several Demonstrations

Slight disorders marked the walk outs
Today The greatest Of Importance Of
these resulted from a demonstration
made by strikers in front Of Union Metal
Elce Cartridge plant of the Remington
|co, where thousands Of men. women and
girls are employed making ammunition
|for Great Britain and her allies. Every
available policeman and detective in
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1915-07-22
THE WEATHER
FAIR

Weather forecast for New England
and Eastern New York: Generally
fair Thursday and Friday.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1915-07-22
GERMANS ARE CLAIMING SUCCESSES IN
COURLAND AND APPROACHING RIGA

French Attacks Seek Territory in Vosges-
Capture Heights Dominating Fecht Valley
French Airmen Drop Bombs on Colmar
Italian Offensive Continues on the Isonzo
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1915-07-22
Denied by Savage

genera executive board, who took up
the work Of leading the strike during
the temporary absence Of Mr.. KEEP
pier in New York, denied, even after
he had talked to Mr. keppler, that he
knew anything of any settlement. He
added that the vice president had told
rim nothing; that the strike would so
on and that the pickets would not be
called off He said, however that there
was a possibility that negotiations in
progress might at any time lead 10
settlement. He also expressed the
appnion that the strike would soon be
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1915-07-22
May Protest
0ccupationof
Border Town

Secretary Garrison's Recommen-
dation to State Department as
Carranza Troops Take Naco
In Violation of Agreement to
Have No Fighting There
The Hickman courier. [volume] (Hickman, Ky.) 1859-current, 1915-12-23

Insomnia ana nn Intermittent tendency
10 pain In his abdomen aud couldn't
drink anything alcoholic OF eat any.
thing stnrchy ! found myself wonder
ing what be- really did for n living.
Ms. Titus talked great deal about
Lord Amleriale. She was most tire
some after the Hrst half hour. but
must say that the luncheon was al
mirnble. happened to be- hungry.
Having quite made up my mind that
Aiins was going to marry Amberiale.
] proceeded to upset the theory that
man IN love Il q creature without gas
Economical aspirations by yulgaFly
stufiing myself with bali q lamb chop.
a slice Of buttered bread and nine
pickles.
Along about o'clock went 20 my
room. ! darcsay I was sulking. A po
lite bellboy tapped on my door NJ half
past o lie presented small envelope
10 me. thanked me three or four times
and as an after thought announced
that there was 10 be- mn answer where
upon read the countess note with y
mhgnihccntly unrcndabc face.
] cleared my throat mud Il think
squared my shoulders somewhat M
soldier does when be Is being com.
mended for vnlor AMI said
present my compliments 10 tho
countess and say that Mr. Smart will
b. down IN I've minutes"
The boy stared THE the what.
STIR
'"The what" ! demanded
II mean the who. sir"
THE countess the lady who sent you
up with this note"
Wasn't mo- countless sent ms mp
hyer boss II was Mis-. Tnrsnry"
somehow tugrrrd ! managed 10
wave ms baud cumurchcnslycly
"Never mind Just say that III be
down In two minutes
lie grinned. II reckon I'd better
hustle or you'll beat me down. boss"
She was stir In her riding habit
Little Cook" corn; none bet.
ter, only Zoe the can.-Betters-
worth.
The Hickman courier. [volume] (Hickman, Ky.) 1859-current, 1915-12-23
TIMELY POINTERS FOR
ORCHARDS AND GARDENS.

Have you ordered a set OF
pruning toolsi 1t will soon BE-
time to begin the winter pruning.
Store Gamma and dahlia roots
aud gladiolus bulbs in "a cool
place, covering them with dry
sand.
Prepare hothcds now for grow
ing lettuce and radishes during
the winter months.
Immediately after tranSplanting
grae vines, cut - "a back 10 with
in three or four Dchos of IN
ground.
BE sure that all ware labels are
removed from trees when they ar,
planted, or later they Will cul
the bark, doing serious damage,
In setting ont fruit trees be
sure to dig wide, deep holes for
them. Trees will not thrive II
their roots are cramped.
After the last son IL PLACED "A
round celery, for Ulanchtng, GOV
cr the tops with straw or Leaves
~ protection against freezing.
Cut scion wood now for winter
and early spring grating In th
case of apples and pears 1t u
well 20 use one.yearold WOO,
from bearing trees.
Il is well 70 keep a permanent
record should show the location
record OF one fruit orchard. Thu
the variety and the date Of plant
ing OF each tree.
The Hickman courier. [volume] (Hickman, Ky.) 1859-current, 1915-12-23
CHAPTER XVII,
She Proposes.


ASA rule. the poorer the playet
A the louder his excavations. Jas.
IA per Titus was one Of the worst
plnyers I've ever seen. but he
was the perTonlncatlon Of gentility
even under the most provoking circum'
stances. For instance, at the famous
Crater II was my good fortune to
pitch ball fairly on the green from
the tee His mushie shot landed his
bali about twenty feet mp the steep hill
which guards the green. II rolled half.
way back. Without word Of disgust
or So much AS a scow he climbed up
and hlazcd away at Il again. not once.
Int fourteen times by actual count
On the seventeenth stroke he triumph
mtly laid Ms ball on the green. Most
men wuIld have lifted aud conceded
the hole 20 me lie played II out
"A mau never gets anywhere. Mr..
smart. snid he. unru1lcd by his mis-
crublr exhibition. unless he keeps
plugging away NJ thing That's my
prlu, iplc In lie. Keep ut H. There Is
satisfaction n putting the blamed hall
In the hole. even II Il does require
twenty strokes You did II In three,
but youll suun forget the feat. I'm not
likely To forget the troubles ! had go
INK down Ia twenty. and there Hes the
secret OF success IL success comes
easy we puss u OF with a laugh; N II
comes hard We grit our teth and re-
member tire ways and means You
may not believe Il. but ! took thirty.
three strokes for that hole one day last
wee, Day before yesterday ! did IL In
-four Perhaps II wouldn't occur TO you
To think that It's a dHrucd sight easier
to do IL In four than It is In thirty.
three. Get tn dear
Il think ! DO. Mr. Titus" said /.
Tile things that come easy are never
appreciated"
Right. my boy It's what we have
10 work Tor Ike nallprs that we lie
awake thinking about"
We came out upon the eminence
overlooking the next hole. which lay
far below rs As ! STOPPED to tee up
my ball eleeful shout came ny the
hillside.
Hello. John BellamyT
CHANGING down, saw Jasper junior
at the edge of the wagon road He was
waving his cap, and even At that dis
lance could see the radiance In his
good looking young face. A young and
attractively dressed woman stood be-
side him waved my hand and shout.
The Hickman courier. [volume] (Hickman, Ky.) 1859-current, 1915-12-23

believe was ever M better hhihw
than on this KAY November morn. !
avon apolorlgcl for Mr. Titus cNccra
bic fnnzlcs umlahly suggested thn'
ne was a little III his game aud that
he'd soon strike his gait and give me
sound beating after the turn His
smile was polite. but irouic. and u
was not long before | realized that he
knew his own game too well TO he az
fcctcd by calolcry lie just pegred
AWAY. always playing the odd ar worse
accomplishing. unWSentful as even
tempcrcd rs the May wind. and never
hy any chance winning hole from
me lie was the rarcst "duner' Il has
ever been nay good fortune 20 meet.
The Hickman courier. [volume] (Hickman, Ky.) 1859-current, 1915-12-23
cd a greeting

vi greeting
Il thought you said he'd gone TO
Covington 20 SEQ her off." said. turn
ing TO the young mans father with
grin.
Not the anne girl" said he succinct
~. squirting his eyes. That's the lit
tie Parsons girl from Richmond lie
was to meet her nt Covington. Jasper
u scientific butterfly lie makes
both ends meet nearly alwayN Now.
no one but genius could have nxed Il
up to see one girl or aud meet another
ON the same train"
Later on Jasper junior and ! strolled
over 10 the casino vemndA. the chAtty
Miss Parsons between us but leaning
a shade nearer 20 Young TITUS than 90
me- although she appeared TO be some
what overwhelmed at meeting a real
i've author. Mr. Titus, NJ was his
habit. hurried on ahead ~ us ! after
ward discovered be had dread Of
pneumonia
"Aline never SAID word about your
coming John. said Jasper junior lie
called me John with considerable gus.
to shes learning how 10 hold her
tongue"
1T happens that she didn't know
was coming said dryly. lie whis-
tied
"She's or somewhere with Amh>r.
dale. Ever meet himi He's one Of
the finest chaps | know You'll Ike
him. Miss Parsons. He's not at all like
q Britisher."
But like the British" said she.
Then I'll tell him 10 spread II on a
BIT" said Jappy obllgingly Great
hOrseman he Is Got some ripping
-uEs M the New York show next week
and he rides like a dram Watch him
pull down few ribbons aud rossttes
Sure thing"
-Your father told me that the count
ess was OF riding with him and an.
other chap-or to Fassifern. believe"
-For luncheon They 40 Il three or
four times a week. Not Tor me. like
walters with shirt frohs aud nickle
tags"
Alone with me IN the casino half an
hour later. he announced that L really
looked serious. this affair between
Aline aud his lordship
tried TO appear lndlffcrrnt-a rnther
pale EFFORT, fear
IL think ! ain In on the secret. Jap
py." said soberly.
He stared. Has she ever said any
thing TO you. old chap. that would lead
you 90 believe she's keen about him7-
temporlzed. shes keen about
somebody. my son That's as far NJ /
will go"
'-Then II must be Amberlale. I'm on
60 her all right. all right know
women. She's IN love hang II all, II
you know thing about EN- you can
spot the symptoms without the X-rnys.
I've been hoping against hope. old man.
don't want her to marry again"
have visited the popular aud almost
historic Fassifern farm great many
times In my short career. but for the
life " me ! cannot understand what NJ.
traction IL Possesses that could induce
people to 10 there Tor luncheon and
then spend a whole afternoon lolllng
about the place. But that seems to
have been precisely what the countess
hnd his lOrdshlp did on the day OF my
arrival ut the Homestead. The other
chap" Skelly, came riding home alone
at 3 o'clock She did not return until
nearly O. by that time was In a state
Of suppressed fury that almost drove
me 10 the railway station with n single
and you might say childish object In
view.
] had a pleasant visit with Mn.
Titus who seemed overJoycd to see me.
In fact, ! had luncheon with her. Mr.
Titus, II appeared, never ate luncheon.
He Ind dread Of typhoid. | believe.
The Hickman courier. [volume] (Hickman, Ky.) 1859-current, 1915-12-23
HUSBAND RESCUED
DESPAIHlNG WIFE
After Four Years Of DiseouraviD,
Conditions, Mrs, Bullock Cav,
Up in Despair. Husband
Came to Rescue.

Catron, ky.-ln an interesting l,p.,
rom this place, Mrs. Bette Bula,
writes Is follows: II suffered for fan,
years, with wo.i.anly troubles. and dur.,
this time, ! could only sit 40 Tor lt.
while, and could not walk anywhere !,
all. Al times. would have severe p5i,,
In my leii side.
The doctor was called In, and his treat.
meni relieved me for a while, but Ma,
soon confined TO my bed again. ATE,
that, nothing seemed 10 DO the any Food
Ind gotten 20 weak ! could not s,aot
and gave up In despair.
AZ last. my husband Got me q bolu, a
cafdui, the woman's ionic, ana com.
meneed taking Il. From the very hra
dose, could tell II was helping ne /
can now walk two miles without NJ
firing me. and am doing my work"
II you are an ruin down from wonas.y
troubles don't give up ln despair IN
/ Cafdui, the wom1n's tonic lthas htIn.t
more than a million women. IN IFS Il
years OF wonderful success. and sh. Z
surely help you, too. Your druggist 'a,
sold Caldui TOT year,. lie knows aBli
| Il will DO. AK him. Ne Nin feg0n.
mend Il. Begin taking Card,A ioday
Hfk TO- Ohsasseaga ~ 81 Co.. lt..t
I lifit0N pset.. Chsfiarfz1. rr a. So
I fNIffuciioltf - fusif Gee 49, rf 49, 90 -
{ ''-s'E.sel ~ 49, $50 % ffsas ssfa SOD
The Hickman courier. [volume] (Hickman, Ky.) 1859-current, 1915-12-23

Miss Thclma Baltzcr, who IS
attending college in Nashville, ar
rived home Friday for the holi.
days
All kinds of new cakes and
crackers at Bondurant'a.
The Hickman courier. [volume] (Hickman, Ky.) 1859-current, 1915-12-23

Miss Kair llpkgti sp.u
day m UnioG City
Courier Want Ads get rcsII
The Hickman courier. [volume] (Hickman, Ky.) 1859-current, 1915-12-23
Subscription rates $l.oO per year.

when the attention OF The
Hickman Courier is called TO any
mis-statement OF facts, or TO any
error concerning any man or
thing, correction will cheerfully
be made.)
The Hickman courier. [volume] (Hickman, Ky.) 1859-current, 1915-12-23

KellOgg's Krumbles, a new
breakfast food. Try it; only Zoe
for big package Bondurant
Bros.
The Hickman courier. [volume] (Hickman, Ky.) 1859-current, 1915-12-23

Hriis 70, Chsasseags NJ li ca. -,
iitisn1 psgt.. Chsnarfz1. f.rr 10 SCI
fNIifHcitoHf - fosif Gee 49, rf % Ii 90 -
Western Carolina Democrat and French Broad hustler. [volume] (Hendersonville, N.C.) 1913-1915, 1915-06-17
PRESBYTERIAN SOCIETIES.

Memphis, Tenn, May 25.-The Cum
berland Presbyterian general assem-
bly, voted not to withdraw from the
Christian Endeavor society; provided
for broadening of the missionary
work and refused to. fix an education
al standard as a condition to the adj
mission of candidates to the theologi-
cal institutions of the church.
Action in regard to the Christian
Endeavor society. was taken by the
adoption of committee report which
reported unfavorabIy resolution pro-
posing that the church discontinue its
affiliations with the Christian Endeav-
or organization and form denomfna-
tionaI young people st societies. The
report however, made it optional with
the individual congregations to COM
tinue local branches of the Christian
Endeavor movement or organize their
own young peoples societies. Diner
ences as to the advisability of with
drawing from the national society
were threshed out in committee and
THEREFORE, was adopted without debate.