davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1915-12-15
WORDS OF PRAISE
FOR FOLDER PROGRAMME.
Boston Advertiser Admires Y. M. c. A.
Wonan's AuxiIiarys Folder Post
Card.

The folder programme in the form
of a post card which was used for
the amateur vaudeville given last week
under the auspices of the woman's
auxiliary of the Y. M. c. A, has re-
ceived very complimentary notice from
the manufacturers of the Queen Quail
ty shoe for whom the George w. Kies
Co. had inserted an advertisement
The post card programme was the
suggestion of Mrs. Edwin w. Higgins
who was general chairman of the en-
tertainment and was printed in at
tractiye form by The Bulletin Job
room.
Writing to the Kies company the
Queen Quality people of Boston say:
We are in receipt of the little folder
and we wish you would express to
them our congratulations upon this
good little advertising novelty. 1t
compares favorably with anything of
it's kind we have ever seen, and we
trust that the returns fully justified
the merchants who placed their ads
with them.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1915-12-15
LEBANON CASE ON
TRIAL IN COURT
Over Claim Made by Adopted Son of |
Rev. Robert Turner.

In the superior court here on Tues
day, after the court had been informed
that two appeals from probate that
were assigned for trial had been set
tied. the trial of the case of Arthur
P. Turner. administrator, OF Lebanon.
against Thusa Gidman Turner. execu-
trix, of Lebanon. was taken up for
trial before Judge William L. Bennett
and g jury. Attorney w. A. King of
Willimantic and Attorney c. w. Com
stock were counsel for the plaintiff;
Attorneys H. A. Hull and G. Hadlai
Hull for the defendant.
The plaintiff Is an adopted son Of
the late Rev. John Turner of Lebanon
and his wife. Mary A. Turner. Mrs.
Turner died in 1906 and Rev. Mr.. Tur-
ner III 1911. He left his second wife,
who was Thusa Gidman Turner, Of
Lebanon.
The plaintiff in this case claims that
his mother died possessed OF the sum
of $1,620.26. which was in the bank,
and that week before she died she
the money. He made a claim upon
Thusa Gidman Turner, who was execu-
trix Of her husbands will. but she de-
clined to pay over the money and the
suit was brought.
The defense claims that Rev. Mr..
Turner received the money by trans
fer during his life and that he paid
Arthur T. Turner 500 before he died.
Witnesses called for the plaintiff
were Arthur P. Turner, Bessie E. Tur-
ner and Myron c. Peckham. Then the
plaintiff rested at 2.1s o'clock and the
defense called as witnesses Chauncey
B. Woodwork, Thusa Gidman Turner,
Mrs. Caroline A. Peckham, r. L. Yer
rington and Mrs. Gertrude II. Pendle-
ton.
mund A. Prentice, James d. McCar-
thy, Norwich; Heman A. Davis. Maui
rice r. Flynn, Preston; George A.
Haskell. Casper Hoppman, Griswold;
John H. Stedman, Clarence E. Maine,
North Stonington: A. Douglas Win
Sprague; Fred B. Kline, Lisbon, and
Frank P. Kinnie, Voluntown.
The other appeal from probate that
was settled was in the case of Orrin
D. Vergason of Leffingwell, an uncle
and heir at law of Anna A Bushnell.
on Oneco street and died about a year
ago, leaving her property. which con-
sisted of two houses for the benet of a
few of her friends and that they should
use one of the houses for a home.
Then in case the house could not-be
used the money was to. go to her
friends but the chief beneficiary was
Nettie L. Bushnell. It was claimed
by those who opposed the will that
Nettie L. Bushnell used undue in
HuSnce over MIS-. buSnnell, VINO was
not in fit normal condition to make
will
1t is said the estate amounted to
about $1,000 though an inventory has
not yet been filed with the probate
court. Ebenezer Allen is the executor
of the will. In the settlement MI
Vergason Is to be paid 800.
One of the cases which it was stated
had been settled was that of Mrs
Nellie s. Leavenworth against Lucius
Brown. executor of the will Of Mrs
Ellen Satterlee of Gales Ferry When
Mrs. Satterlee died she left her estate
of about $4,000 to her daughter. Mrs
Frederick Richards, of Laurel Hill in
this city. There were three other chill
dren and all were satisfied with the
will except Nellie S. Leavenworth, who
appealed
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1915-12-15
MISS HUNTINGTON
ON COMMITTEE.
Examining 100 Men Students to Be
Sent From Spain to Study at Amer
lean Universities.

Reports from the International In
stitute for Girls in Spain tell of a
most encouraging opening of the aca-
demic year in spite of the war. Most
of the girls enrolling elected either
the institute course leading to the
bachelors degree or the normal train
ing course. Spain is beginning to
realize the reed of serious study for
women. Miss Huntington, formerly of
this city. the directora of the institute
has been honored with an invitation
to sit on the board which is examin-
Ing one hundred men students to be
sent by the Spanish government to
this country for study in our UNIVERSE
ties Miss Huntington is meeting with
the committee that is giving the Eng
lish examinations. Two of the insti-
tute's girls have been selected to fill
the positions of directora and secre-
tary of a new normal school opened
by the government this year in the
north of Spain.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1915-12-15
SEVENTH ANNUAL SOCIAL.
Given by Woman's Hebrew Association
for Charity Fund.

The seventh annual social by the
Woman's Hebrew association was Civ
en- on Tuesday evening in Olympic hall
and had an attendance of about 200
who enjoyed the evenings programme
of 16 dances, for which the Academic
orchestra played. Among those pres
ent were guests from New London.
Willimantic, Westerly, Hartford and
New Haven.
The committee in charge comprised
Mrs. R. Blumenthal, Mrs. r. Siegal,
Mrs. Max Schwartz. Mrs. B. Crumb,
Mrs. L. Levine, Mrs. D. Shereshevsky,
Miss Anna Bloom and RMS. G. Taylor.
The proceeds will be used in the
charitable work of the association
which annually dispenses about $500
in relief work. Its officers are the
following: President, Mrs. r. Siegal;
vice president, Mrs. D. Shereshevsky;
secretary, Miss Anna Bloom; treas
urer, Mrs. G. Taylor, and trustee, Mrs.
Max Schwartz.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1915-12-15
Club NIGHT and Record Whist,

About 100 attended the club night
programme Monday evening at the Ar
canum club and enjoyed the Fields
Point clam chowder prepared by E. H.
Berry. The supper was serN ed at
6.15 o'clock and the menu included
celery, olives, pickles, doughnuts,
cheese and coffee. The winners of
the record whist, the second of the
season, were as follows:
Blue counters, H. w. Cardwel1;
white counters, George E. Elliott The
prizes were pearl handled penknives.
The evening was in charge of the en-
tertainment committee, comprising H.
B. Cary, chairman; A. ]. Bailey and
A. R. Blackledge.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1915-12-15
SUBJECT OF ETCHING
BEFORE ROUND TABLE.
Two Papers and Talk Were Instruct
lively Given.

The December meeting of the Nor
witch Round Table was held with Mrs
Joseph D. Haviland as hostess at her
home, No. % Greene avenue, Tuesday
evening. The president. Edwin a.
Tracy, presided, and the programme
was carried out as scheduled. The
roll>call was answered by an art anec-
dote and very interesting paper on
Etchers and Their Work was read by
Miss Mary E. Wattles. The subject
of Acid was admirably treated by Mrs.
Elizabeth B. Davis.
After the intermission, Rev. F. w.
Coleman. pastor Of Trinity Methodist
Episcopal church, gave an interesting
talk on The Technique of Etching and
a discussion followed. Refreshments
were served at the close of the even
ing.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1915-12-15
SOCIAL EVENING FOR
RETAIL STORE MEN.
Given On Tuesday Evening at Y. M.
c. A. Building.

The clerks and proprietors Of the re-
Tuesday evening when they had an
opportunity to witness several of the
events in the Seniors physical test in
the gymnasium. afterwards enjoyed
three reels of moving pictures and vo-
cal selections in the auditorium up
stairs. The first picture was The
Child of the Plains, shown in two
parts, and the second picture was a
visit to the Mardi Gras celebration at
Coney Island. Between the reels Frank
Racine entertained with popular vo-
cal selections Refreshments were
served in the lobby at the close of the
evening. The Y. M G. A. social COM
mittee comprising r. H. Gray, Arthur
F. Wyman, J. C. Darby. and N. Eugene
Smith, were in charge of the arrange
mentS.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1915-12-15
NEW BIG SIDINGS
AT SAYBRooK JUNCTION
To Be Constructed Because of New
Ravens Freight Rush.

Announcement has been made that
extensive construction of sidings at
Saybrook junction will be begun i'm
mediately by the New Haven road.
One siding is to be five miles long
from the Connecticut river to West
brook, and several short sidings for
the passage of trains will also be
built. The sidings are needed because
of the great freight business Of the
system, and the rush of heavy trains
from the east.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1915-12-15
SECOND DIVISION, A. o. H.,
HIGH IN MEMBERSHIP.
Records Show 15o-John w. Burke
Elected President.

At a meeting of Division No. 2, A.
o. H, held in Eagles hall on Tues
day evening, the following officers
were elected:
President, John W. Burke; vice
president, John D. Shea; recording
secretary, John E. Reddy; financial
secretary, John F. McVeigh; treasur-
er, James ]. Dutton; seminal. Patrick
CarbaIy; sergeant at arms, Thomas
]. Houlihan; chaplain, Rev. w. H.
Kennedy; chairman of state commit
tee, James J. Finnegan; physician
DR.. F. J. Harper.
The report of the finance commit
tee showed that the order has $500
In the treasury and a membership of
$50, the best the order has ever had
The arrangements committee is plan
ming to hold their annual dance on St
Patrick's night.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1915-12-15
STRINGS OF LIGHTS
ACROSS MAIN STREET
Put Up at the Manhattan for Christ
mas Season Decorations.

On Tuesday evening Main street in
front of the Manhattan blazed out in
an electric illumination put up ty the
Manhattan. where four strings Of red,
white and blue electric lights spanned
the street as a special decoration for
the Christmas season.
There were forty lights in each
string and the effect was bright,
CHEEKY and beautiful, particularly
when seen from Franklin square,
where with the electric lights on the
Porteous & Mitchell Co. front the ap-
pearance of a brilliantly lighted arcade
was given. The idea of using the
strings of electric lights in this way
across the streets for the Christmas
decorations for the Manhattan was
suggested by Leo Kronig, one of the
firm, and was a pretty novelty in the
Christmas decoration line that called
for much admiring comment.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1915-12-15

The impossible seems to have hap
pened in the case of John Lind, who
has been sued by Harry Lane Wilson
for talking too much. Who knows but
some day William Jennings Bryan
may be taken to task for not talking
ACCOMPLISHMENTS Union.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1915-12-15
Salvation Army Christmas Kettle.

Captain Phillips of the Salvation
Army has his Christmas kettle out on
franklin square to receive contribu-
tons for the Christmas fund that the
army will use for its Christmas work.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1915-12-15
The Better Choice.

Perhaps Mr.. Hughes would rather
be a Supreme Court justic with a
permanent tenure than president
with prospects of a subsequent col
lege professorship.-Wa Star.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1915-12-15
Success and Failure,

Lord Kitchener found that nothing
succeeds like success, and he is now
realizing that the resverse is also true
that nothing fails like failure.-Kan-
sas City Journal.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1915-12-15
All in Same Class.

Germany. England, France and Italy
announce an increase in taxes, in
which they have nothing on little old
Albany.-Albany Argus.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1915-12-15
School Board Meetina Postnoned.

Tuesday evening was the time for
the regular monthly meeting of the
town school board. but the meeting
was not held, as it had been postponed
for a week.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1915-12-15

An Informal farewell to Mrs. Henry
NJ. Pollock has been arranged for
Monday afternoon, Dec. 81 from to s
o'clock at the home of Mrs Charles
w. Prentice, 1S5 Washington street
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1915-12-15

Frank Edward Johnson of Washing.
ton, D. C., is visiting his mother. Mrs
Edward Whiting Johnson, of 421
Washington street.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1915-12-15
Another Problem for Ford.

H Ford might anchor in the Panama
canal and try moral suasion on the
Cluebra slides.-New York Evening
Sun.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1915-12-15
Soma of Hate

The strains of The Song of Hate
grow fainter. Berlin is now wear
ing Partisan fashions. Cincinnati
Times-Star.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1915-12-15
Lesser of Two Evils.

When asked to become candi-
date for vice president Brand Whit
lock Immediately announced his in
tention to return to war-riden Bell
gium-Detroit Free Press.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1915-12-15
Easy 70 End plasensIon.

Much Of our dissension is due to
misunderstanding, which could be put
right by q few honest words and
little.Open deaHng-BIack. 7
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1915-12-15
Incidents In Society

Mr.. and Mrs. Overbagh of SAUCER
ties, n. Y, were recent guests of Mr..
and Mrs. ]. c. Overbagh of Broadway.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1915-12-15

Congressman Tilson is assigned to
the Military committee.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1915-12-15

Don't; Our LlHs Are Cracked.
An apology to Boy-Ed would just
about add the finishing touch to our
Diplomatic vtctoTy.-Chicago Post,
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1915-12-15

Rainfall Was 1.I3 Inches.
The rainfall on Monday recorded
1.73 inches. This makes 1.7S for the
month so far.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1915-12-15
Police Looking for PIainfieId Burglars.

The Norwich police were keeping a
lookout through Tuesday during the
day and night for any suspicious
characters who might possibly be con-
nected with the burglaries in Plainfield
on Monday night.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1915-12-15

Tuesday afternoon, the appointed
leader of the women's prayer meeting
at Bushnell chapel, Mrs. J. B. Slocum.
being unable to be present, the meeting
was led by Rev. DR.. Slocum, who
spoke in an interesting way on the
topic, Prayer.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1915-12-15

Paul F. Ives of Guilford. will go to
Storrs, Saturday. to select the team
from the Agricultural college which
will enter the judges contest at the
poultry show in Madison Square Gar
den. New York This contest is be-
tween teams from the Agricultural
colleges of the various states.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1915-12-15

Through the White Ribbon Banner,
members of local W. C. T. unions
are asked to provide Christmas COM
forts for the sixty three members of
the Christian union at the State Sol
diers' Home. at Noroton.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1915-12-15

Secretary A. I'll. Andrews of the
New Britain Chamber of Commerce is
working with the Waterbury and Bris-
toll bodies to secure the State of Maine
express, recently routed away from
Norwich and New London. so that it
will run through by way of Hartford,
New Britain, Bristol and Waterbury.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1915-12-15

Two new boilers, of at least $50
horse power each, new water heaters,
reinforced pipe lines, and other ap-
purtenances for Groton borough pow
er plant, will be asked at a borough
meeting to be held at the town hall
this CWednesday) evening.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1915-12-15

When Martha Pitkin Wo1cott chapt-
er, Daughters of the American Revolu-
ton, East Hartford meet at st. Johns
parish house, Friday afternoon, Mrs.
Louis Dodge Goodwin will read a pa
per on Prudence Crandall and her
School at Canterbury, Conn"
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1915-12-15

Dairy and Foot Commissioner Frank
H. Stadtmueller heard four persons
at Hartford Monday accused of re-
failing renovated butter, unlabeled. but
all were from New Haven and Itch
field counties.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1915-12-15

The Connecticut College for Women
at New London will close Friday for
the Christmas vacation, most of the
students returning to their homes on
Saturday. The winter term will begin
on Monday, January 8.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1915-12-15

Saturday night, at Manchester, Ar
thur e. Bowers sent letters to the diff
ferent clergymen asking for assistance
in raising money for the relief of the
Belgians. Rev. T. G. Mccain. pastor
Of st. Bridget's church, formerly OF
Norwich, notified him that co1lec-
ton in that church Sunday raised
S3O.66 for the fund.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1915-12-15

Mrs. S. Comstock will be found at
Sc Church street, showing a complete
line Of art embroidery, also all kinds
of stamping done.-adv.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1915-12-15

In neighboring town, next Sunday
will be observed as Giving Sunday
when toys, clothing, etc, will be col
lected and donated to the District
Nurse association for distribution fol
Christmas
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1915-12-15

Oscar A. Leonard of Tolland was
elected a vice president of the Dutch
Belted Cattle Association of America,
at a meeting of the Association held
in New York last week
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1915-12-15

Rev. T. Newton Owen, of Seelzonk,
Mass, has accepted a call to be pas
tor of the Congregational church in
Columbia, and he and Mrs. Owen will
leave for that place Thursday
The Bennington evening banner. (Bennington, Vt.) 19??-1961, 1915-05-21
ITALY HAS NOT YET
DECLARED WAR
ON AUSTRIA
,fbra-,
FOTnia.-- nounCement is Expect
ed at Amy time
TROOPS MOVE To FRONTIER
Austrian Fleet in Adriatic Under
Steam Ready to Bombard City
of Venice.
TROOPS MOVE TO FRONTIER

London, May 20--While late adyie-
es from the Italian capital make no
reference to an official declaration of
war by Italy against Austria, they do
announce that the Italian parliament
has conferred full powers on the gov
ernment to make all decisions in
case of war for the defense of the
state.
This is taken to mean that Italy is
about to strike, If it has not already
done so. Paris is celebrating the an
nouncement of the Italian parlia-
ment's action as though war had
been declared, and it is quite pos
sibe that this is so, for news from
Rome has been greatly delayed.
1t is reported from Milan that the
Austrian fleet at Palo, the Austrian
naval base in the Adriatic, is under
steam and waiting only the actual
outbreak of hostilities to proceed TO
Venice and lombard that ancient
city, In anticipation OF such an ac-
tion the authorities for several
weeks have been engaged in remoV-
ing the art treasures from the CALLER
les and churches OF Venice
The movement of Italian troops to-
ward the northern and eastern from
tier proceeds apace. General Cador
ma, the chief of staff, is at Vicenza to
take full command OF the 100000
soldiers now in the northern zone
Passenger traffic on the railroads
leading to the Austrian frontier has
been reduced to a minimum Fifty
express and slow trains have been
suppressed in the south, while in cen
tral and northern italy not even
freight trains are running, the lines
being devoted exclusively to military
transport.
The Bennington evening banner. (Bennington, Vt.) 19??-1961, 1915-05-21
EDWARD M. WHITNEY
One of Benningtons Best Known
Young Men, Died Thursday Night.

Edward NJ Whitney, an employe OF
the Drysdale store and one of the
best-known young men of this COM
munity, died at S.45 o'clock Thursday
evening at his home on South street.
He was obliged to leave the store
about six weeks ago because OF
somewhat mysterious illness and his
condition had been hopeless for d
number of days preceding his death.
Edward Morgan Whitney was born
August 2S. 1888, and was therefore
in his 32d year. He was the son of
the late Harry w. Whitney and had
been in the employ of R. S. Drysdale
for the past Is years
In November 5, 1908, he married
Grace Harmon, daughter of Col.
Thomas and Mrs. Harmon OF the Yer
mont soldiers home, who together
with a little daughter, mother and
one sister, Mrs. Marden r. Nichols,
survive.
The funeral, which will be private,
will be held from the house Sunday
hGN. pSOi SO
pastor of the Second Congregational
church, will officiate and the burial
will be in the Park Lawn cemetery.
In the passing away of Mr.. Whit
ney Bennington loses one of the COM
munity's best known young men. His
death is particularly sad for the
reason that it came at a period OF
life when most men are expected to
look forward to many years of use
fulness, the more so in his case as
he was a rugged specimen Of man.
hood with a physique that had been
fortified by life free from injurious
habits. He was an ardent sportsman
and his leisure days were passed in
the woods and on the streams. Cour-
teous, Industrious and faithful he
had won his way into the respect and
esteem of his employer, his fellow
workers and large number of ac-
quaintances. The deep sympathy of
the community will so out to the
family circle in the bereavement that
has come upon it.
The Bennington evening banner. (Bennington, Vt.) 19??-1961, 1915-05-21
NEW BRITISH CABINET
No Statement Regarding Its Person
mel Yet Announced.


The national government which is
to guide the British empire for the
duration of the war is now in process
OF formation, says 2 dispatch from
London. The leaders of the political
parties were in conference through
out the day arranging details. No
statement has yet been made as to
the personnel of the new ministry,
except that Premier Asquith and For
eign Secretary Grey will remain in
the posts which they now hold. Thus
far. all the statements as to the al
lotment OF Offices has been based
largely on surmise. Il appears GER
tain, however, that there viii be a
new civil head of the admiralty and
war Office, respectively and possibly
changes in the professional heads as
well, or, at any rate. a readjustment
of the responsibility.
Lord Kitcfner, the secretary OF
war, It is generally agreed, has too
much to do in the direction of war,
raising new armies and the organize
tion of THE output of the munitions,
and some of these duties will be shift
ed to other shoulders. Chancellor
Lloyd George and Andrew Bonar
Law, leader of the opposition, are
about equally favored for civil head
of the war Office and A. j. Balfour
is mentioned for similar position in
the admiralty In the latter case
there is some doubt as to whether
Mr. Balfour would consent to accept
this position. However, there is to
be complete change in the whole
government. including not only the
cabinet but the under-secretaryships
as WELL and the posts will be distrib
uted among the liberals. unionists
and laborites according to their
strength in the House of Commons.
Tho Hationalists, it is understood,
have definitely decided to stand
aside \, p. OConnor. in an article
in his weekly newspaper, says that
John f. Redmond. the nationalist
leader, respectfully refused seat in
the cabinet, and adds. Il have no
doubt he felt that such a refusal was
imposed upon him by the conditions
of Irish public life. The Irish part
has a long unbroken tradition behind
it of single-minded and self sacrific
ing devotion to the cause OF Ireland.
and probably many of Mr. Redmond's
countrymen might think he would
have broken that tradition, or he
would at least be charged with break
ing it, were he to take any office un-
til Home Rule has been established,