davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-09-26

our labors in getting in touch with
the state and county superintendents
of public instruction throughout the
country and with the various benevo-
lent and patriotic societies that are
working to the same end, all with a
view to securing for the potential clt1-
zen of alien birth that preliminary
education and training 80 essential to
good citizenship.
earnest manner in which the judges of
the courts are cooperating and the
wholesome results already apparent are
most gratifying.
our part is to furnish to the educators
lists of all aliens within their respec-
tive districts who are contemplating be-
coming American citizens. AS the dec
laration of intention has to be filed
papers, and as the petition cannot be
heard in less than ninety days after
filing, there is a period OF two years IN
which to work on one class OF cases and
Of at least ninety days on the other
class.
.Of course it is easy to ask how can
YOU get these aliens who want to be-
come citizens into the schools and
courses of instruction that are being in
stituted for their benefit" But that. aft
err all, is not the difficult thing. In so
many instances it is SO manifestly to
the advantage of the applicant to take
the course that he is eager for it.
For example. some time ago judge
out in Los Angeles became interested in
the matter and gave a great deal of
time in cooperating with educational
bodies in preparing helpful courses. He
wrote in to ask IL this bureau would
have any objection if he made it a rule
in his court to accept a school certif1-
cate that an applicant had been gradu-
ated from one of these courses sutfi-
cient evidence of the mental qualif1ca-
lions Of the applicant. OF course we
told him we had no objections. provided
he satisfied himself that the course was
thorough and complete and so main
tanned. This Is a system now in vogue
in a number of localities.
THE advantage to the applicant is
obvious. In place of having to submit,
half scared to death, in court to hur-
ried oral examination in which he can
not do himself justice. he presents a
certificate from the school which shows
better than such an examination could
that he is mentally qualified.
"The practical politician probably will
inquire. rs the bureau Of naturaliza-
ton going into the public school BUSH
ness?' Certainly not. But the bureau
Of naturalization does propose to en-
courage local school authorities to go
into the business of educating aliens
for citizenship. and it does propose to
supervise the work in 80 far as those
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-09-26
Frank q. Carpenter Interviews Cattle King

cattle are driven overland to the mar
ket The distance ranges from 600 to
1000 miles. and II requires many weeks
to make 1t. The most OF the animals
are wild. and some of them are loaded
with products and made to pay their
passage as freight animals. Much of
the way is through the woods, where
the cry of a panther may stampede the
whole drove. Sometimes ii is through
the swamps, which become quagmires
in the rainy season. so that the animals
wade breast deep through the mud. The
average number in a drove OF cattle is
from 1000 to 1000. and the owners
sometimes lose a whole drove on its
way to the market. When the animals
arrive they are often living skeletons,
and have to be fattened before they can
be sold.
In some parts of Brazil there are
cattle fairs to which animals from all
parts of the country are driven. There
are two of these in the state of Minas
Geraes and others in other provinces.
Buyers go from Rio Janeiro to these
fairs to buy animals for the municipal
slaughter houses They have to keep
a large number of animals on hand
for the reason that cold storage is
lacking. This is so in most Brazilian
cities. In Rio about 400 beasts are
killed daily to supply the demand. The
animals bring different prices. accord
ing to the season and the locality. In
some parts of Matte Crosse a two
year-old steer is worth from So to
SO. while a saddle OK will bring from
SIS to SIS. In the state of Goyaz a five
year-old steer or OK is valued at from
SO to $40. and in the little state of
Plainly an OK may sell for from So
to $40.
During the past two years cattle
have greatly risen in value. and they
are now advancing at the rate Of about
SO per head per annum. Not long ago
fat steers weighing a thousand pounds
brought as much as $40 at the NUM-
cipal slaughter houses and 1t is now
estimated that to stock large ranch
in the interior with cows would cost
something like $23 per head.
1 have been asked something as to
prices of cattle lands. That depends
entirely on where the land is located
and its accessibility to the market. In
the well settled states of Sac Paulo.
Santa Catharina. Rio Grande do Sui
and Parana. the prices range from
50 to $50 per acre. In Matte Crosse,
Goyaz and Minas Geraes equally good
land can be gotten from 80 cents to
81 per acre. All depends on the
locality and the means of getting the
cattle to the consumers.
The government Is doing all it can to
better the cattle and to improve the
native breeds. Premiums are given for
the Importation of all kinds of stock.
and these vary in amount according to
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-09-26

said Mr.. Mackenzie: I'm Argentina
the prices have risen that the best
grazing country brings as much as
$3.50 an acre. OF such land it takes
year, and that means an investment OF
$3.50 per acre for the land alone. Inc
expenses of caring for the stock there
are greater than here. and. therefore,
the cattle sold are higher priced. They
get on the average about $65 in gold
for a steer. and out of that must come
the interest on their investment and
their running expenses. Land enough
to raise a steer at the present valua-
ton of Brazil can be bought for from
SIS to $50 at the outside and the steer
can be sold for $45. SO you see the
difference in the investment.
Besides there is Ts. local sal,nt demand and
more than 100000 people. and it has,
all told. only 100000 cattle. 1t buys
meat from the Argentine and Uruguay
and it pays high prices for its local
supplies. There are number of large
cities and towns that furnish a steady
demand, and it will be a long time be-
fore we can furnish all that is re-
quired. Indeed. 1 should like to see
from fifty to a hundred good cattlemen
There is plenty of land which they can
buy at such a price that they can af-
ford to do business upon It. We nave
bought some. but there is plenty more
rise in value, and it seems to me that
it is live business proposition with
excellent prospects of big profit. That
is what we are banking on and we ex-
pect to succeed
:: X
But what are the disadvantages" 1
asked.
I'VE have plenty replied Mr.. Mac
kenzie, but they are not insurmount-
able We have ticks of various kinds
and the Texas fever. The fever is not
exactly the same as in the states, but
it is quite as bad. 1t can easily be con-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-09-26

United States and that it would be an
easy matter to drive the stock across
country to the market. From Sac Paulo
to Santos the beef will be shipped to
the United States.
] asked Mr.. Mackenzie as to the char
acter of the lands in Matte Crosse and
thing upon the big ranch. He replied:
We have now 10000 head of cattle
feeding upon our pastures on the Bra
lillian highlands. We are raising them
for dried beef, but we will eventually
ship them across country to the mar
'kets. The land there is excellent. The
country is we'll watered. The Paraguay
river runs through it and a part of it
is inundated during much of the year.
The water is not deep and the grass rises
above the surface so that the stock
feed and grow fat upon it,
What Kind of cattle have you
there?'
The most of our stock is still of the
native breeds. but we are bringing in
fine blooded breeding animals from the
United States and are improving 1t. We
expect to cross the native cattle with
the Herefords. we think that makes
the best animal for this country. AS
it is. our cattle are better than the
old Texas stock and fully equal to the
grass-fed animals of some parts of
the United States. Take the cattle
which are now being shipped from
North Dakota to Chicago. and if they
can dress up to 5S per cent Of their
live weight, after having been brought
from that distance, it is considered
fairly good The other day I brought
in a steer from our ranch and had him
killed and weighed. He dressed up to
e61a per cent of his live weight, and
that is better than some of the Texas
cattle have done in the past" Here
Mr. Mackenzie showed me a photo
graph of the steer.
Tell me what you are doing on your
ranch south of Sac Paulo. 1 mean the
one that President Roosevelt visited"
That ranch Is much smaller than the
one in Matte Crosse. The number of
cattle upon it is only about 5000. We
are using them for breeding purposes
to supply stock for other ranches. We
have there hundreds of Herefords,
which we have imported from Texas.
and also a large number of shorthorns.
/ have no doubt that we can raise the
standard of our stock so that it will be
equal to any bred in North America.
The native cattle of Brazil are better
than the native cattle of the Argen-
tine, and in time we shall have better
breed of stock than they are now rails
ing.
Can men make as much money on
cattle here as they can in the Argen-
tine?" l asked.
Il believe they can make more"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-09-26
Copyright. 1918. by Frank C. Carpenter.)

SAC PAULO.
~ CRING my stay in Sac Paulo I
W met Mr.. Murdo Macken-
III ~ zie. the manager of the Brazil
q Cattle. Land and Packing Com
pany, who had just come in from his
great ranch in southern Brazil. Mr..
Mackenzie is well known to the cattle
mem of the United States. Born in
Scotland, he came to Texas as a young
man and grew up with our cattle in
terests. He has had to do with every
branch of the business. and that on a
large scale. He has seen the evolution
of American beef from the Texas grass
fed steer to the fine corn-fed Shorthorn
Of today. He was at one time the owner
of IL ranch in the United States which
had 10000 fine Herefords upon it, and
he is now introducing Herefords and
shorthorns into this country, forming
the beginning of cattle industry
which. in its fine stock, may some day
compete with that of the Argentine.
Mr.. Mackenzie's operations in this
part of the world are upon large
scale. He is connected with the Far
quhar syndicate, which owns millions
of acres of land. which is building
which might almost say is opening up
a continent and an empire. Here in
Brazil the cattle company of which Mr..
Mackenzie is head owns nine or
ten million acres of pastures and it
has over four million acres in one
block. The latter tract is just across
the border from Bolivia and north of
Paraguay. 1t is in the great state of
Matte Crosse. which is more than twice
the size of Texas. and which. Mr. Mac
kenzie tells me. promises to become one
of the greatest meat baskets on earth.
The Brazil Railway Company is now
extending it's lines, which already cover
large part of southern Sac Paulo.
Parana, Santa Catharina and Rio
Grande do Sui, the white mans coun-
try of southern Brazil. into Matte
Crosse. They have projected a line
which will run from Sac Paulo and
the Bay of San Francisco. clear across
Matte Crosse to within forty miles of
this great ranch of four million acres.
This will open up an enormous area of
pastures and will carry the cattle di-
rect to the sea.
When the road is completed these
lands will be within 500 miles of Sac
Paulo and the cattle can be shipped
by rail to meat-packing houses which
will soon be erected here. Mr.. Mac
kenzie tells me that he has driven cat
tie much further than this in the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-09-26

tions are placed under the supervision Of
the federal government.
:. :;
The division of naturalization, with Mr..
Campbell-chosen because Of his famili-
arity with the whole subject-at its head,
was created in the Department of Com
merce and Labor. Subsequently, in 1913,
on the creation of the Department or
Labor, this division was raised to a bureau
of the new department, and Mr.. Campbell
continued at its head commissioner
Of naturalization.
Federal supervision Immediately pro-
duced uniformity of practice, and results
were shown almost at once in keeping
out Of citizenship the undesirable. and
those who could not clearly prove their
fitness so far as the tests prescribed by
the law were concerned. But this was not
enough. To quote from a recent publica-
ton by the bureau of naturalization
THE making of Il citizen, in SO far as
the requirements of the law are con-
cerned is no difficult matter. but to make
a citizen in spirit, sympathy and loyalty.
one imbued with all Of the essentials of
love of country, is a vastly different mat
ter"
And it is this vastly different matter
upon which the bureau is now concentrat-
ing its efforts.
The reason is not hard to find. 1t
resenting a distinct type of good citi-
zen, the two types in their origin be-
ing far apart, but closely united in
the thought of making good citizens.
one is Secretary William b. Wilson
of the Department of Labor, one of
the two foreign born members of the
cabinet. who in his boyhood was a poor
emigrant boy, coming here from Scot
land The other Is the head of the
bureau, Commissioner Richard X
NH n ia
family. born in the Old Dominion.
reared to early manhood in New York
and receiving his professional training
in Maryland.
men has come the present fast-spread-
ing campaign for educating the alien
in citizenship.
Under the naturalization act said
Commissioner Campbell, recently,
'.this bureau has general authority to
supervise all matters relating to nat
uraliZation If one wants to take a
narrow view in constituting that he can
assert that il means all matters ex-
pressly mentioned in the legislation.
But it is evident il the higher service
is to be rendered, something more must
be done in addition merely to letting
in those who comply with the letter of
the law and shutting out those who
do not.
This bureau stands at the fountain
head from which flow the waters of
new citizenship, and so standing it
must see to ii that the flow is pure
and wholesome and that no impurities
which might pollute the stream are
permitted to pass through
The courts, with the assistance of
this bureau, can grant or deny citizen
ship. What the courts cannot do is
to give any assurance that the man
who has received his certificate Of cit
izenship will be Il good citizen.
secretary Wilson, man who had
TO train himself in citizenship, is the
first Secretary we have had to see how
vital a part the element Of training
plays in the making Of a good citizen.
To my delight he suggested that we
take up this matter Of training. Hence
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-09-26

local authorities will submit to our
suggestions and our aid in order to Sc
cure uniformity throughout the coun-
try. By that l mean general uniform
ity, not cast-iron rigidity.
-
Local authorities, T may say, are
awake to their own duties and obliga-
tions in the matter and are taking up
the subject with enthusiasm. They
realize that when the courts make an
alien citizen of the United States they
make him particularly citizen of the
community in which he resides. He can
be of far more benefit and OF far more
danger to that community than he can
be to the nation at large. Hence the
institution of the courses in civics. his
tory and constitution, In addition to
English. particularly devised for the
alien born in so many Of the schools of
the country.
One school district in Minnesota, for
example, recently made special appro-
priation of $5S.000 for just this work
In New England many schools have
been doing the work independently for
some time. The Y M c. A. throughout
the country. in it's educational depart
ment, IL helping wonderfully. The
Sons of the American Revolution. by
giving aliens copies of the Constitution
and other helpful literature and by
aSltatln8 Tor the establishment OF these
courses in citizenship, is of the greatest
assistance. The various Hebrew benev-
client associations also have started
classes for the same purpose.
I'm other words. the propa ganda is
success. The newer citizens being ad-
mitted under these newer conditions
naturally are better equipped than the
average in times past. When a man
stands up now and swears that he is at
tached to the principles of the Constitu-
ton, the courts can easily find out
whether he knows what he is talking
about.
III this bureau is of any use to the
nation at all it can be of no greater use
than in insuring that when a man is
admitted to citizenship he knows what
citizenship Is and that he has the moral
force to be a good citizen; that he
thoroughly understands that he is be-
cming a part of the sovereignty of the
country-a sovereignty that comes
nearer being a sovereignty by divine
right than any other sovereignty on
earth.
When we give a man citizenship We
give him great deal. We have a right
to require that he be equipped to give
something in return. The fact that we
now have some bad citizens is beside
the question. They have their citizen-
ship and we cannot take it away from
them. But We have the right to re-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-09-26
Love in a COTTAGE.

A GROUP of tennis players were dis
cussing. on the veranda of the
Newport Casino. the recent divorce OF q
former Newport belle who had married
a poor young man.
Il am afraid" said Mrs. August Bel
mont, that such a girl doesn't realize
what love in a cottage means. She
thinks of it as a Newport cottage, with
a 5th avenue town house and a Belgian
field hospital on the side"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-09-26

LEEATING the standards OF CIT
izenship is the tremendous job
In which the bureau of naturali-
~ cation in the Department OF
Commerce has taken upon itself in re-
cent years. The effect of the new cam
paign is being felt in every portion OF
the Union where there is an alien-oorh
population-and that means practicaiiF
every section of the country.
OF course, the bureau, since the fed
eral government has not gone INTO the
business of eugenics, has not the au-
thority to regulate or improve the
character of the native-born citizen
but it can do much with the alien-born
citizen, and the alien-born citizenship
of the country is a large and ever
growing factor in the nations life.
You will appreciate this more when
you recall that in the eight and three
quarters years in which there has been
federal supervision of the naturaliza-
ton laws almost two and one-half
million foreigners asked for citizen
ship. Three hundred and fifty thou
sand declared their intentions last year
alone OF the 100000 who applied in
the eight and three quarters years. So
00v have been denied. while tnal
papers nave Deen issued 10 o0V.VVV. ne
others pending.
But the issuance of final papers to
$4,000 means the creation of many
more citizens than that. The naturaliza-
ton of the father also carries with 1t the
naturalization of the minor children. I'M
migrant families are not VIGOROUSLY small.
The census of 1910 showed nearly a.
100000 foreigners in this country. and
nearly 1000. 900 d year have been added
since. OF the 100000. 100000 were
not citizens Which means if they do
not become citizens that their foreign
born sons will have to become naturalized
eventually If they desire to become part
of the nation.
Time was when citizenship was easy 10
obtain. Courts, in the periods preceding
elections. were transformed into veritable
naturalization mills. The examinations
were Lerfunctory. in blocks Of dozens the
aliens stood up and swore that they
were attached TO the principles of the
American Constitution, and the Gym
zeal laughed at the grim farce that was
being enacted.
Attached to the principles of the
Constitution, Why. they know no more
about the principles of the Constitution
than a lot of native born citizens do,
than d lot Of native-born citizens do.
A change has come. Back in 1905 the
NATURALIZATION OF allenS nau become III
tie short of national scandal Courts
state and federal. throughout the coun.
try had varying methods of naturaliZa
ton. or no method at all. The Presi-
dent thereupon appointed a commission
10 make inquiry into the subject and &c
draft law designed to cure existing
evils.
This commission consisted of NJ. ID
I'urdy, assistant attorney general; Rich
ard X. Campbell. then attorney for the
immigration bureau in the Department OF
Commerce and Labor. and Gaillard Hunt
Of the Department of State The draf,
presented by these gentlemen. with some
notifications. was enacted by Congress
June %. 1906. and is the naturalization
law Of today. Under il all Of the courts
both state and federal. and the officials
OF these courts. in their ministerial rela-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-09-26

quire the highest standard of citizen
ship from the man who comes seeking
the privilege.
Let me illustrate. A man comes
into court praying to be admitted to
citizenship. His papers are in proper
order and he has complied with the let
ter of the law. An examiner rises and
addresses the court and says: Your
in the habit of keeping it open on
Sunday. while the laws of this state
forbid his keeping it open on Sunday.
THE petitioner admits the truth of
the charge. But he asserts, in the
district in which I keep my saloon
by native-born American citizens who
are doing exactly the same Where
upon the judge may say that we can
not expect higher standards in an
born, and that public sentiment in the
community evidently is averse to a
strict compliance with the Sunday
closing law, and so admit the man to
citizenship.
Under such circumstances 1 try as
hard as I can to cancel that order, for
We do have the right TO exact the
higher standard from the alien. The
American-born 1awbreaker. having his
birthright. is asking nothing of us, but
the alien born is. If the alien born
has so little respect for the law that
he openly disobeys it while he still is
an alien, how foolish we would be to
confer on him the rights and privileges
and responsibilities of citizenship, and
to confer on him the authority that
ence to the law from free choice is
the sine qua non of good American
citizenship.
Surprising an alien born. long resi-
dent in this country, angered by what
he thinks is a miscarriage of justice,
joins a mob and lynches 4 man, don't
you suppose that l would protest
against that alien being admitted to
citizenship?
Being intensely interested in this
subject. naturally, l think much about
training that 1 think would be help
full. Naturally the educators. who are
more intimately in touch with the in
dividual aliens, are better qualified
than ! to make these suggestions and
to carry them out: but one. at least.
appeals to me with considerable force.
Suppose that after one of these
classes of aliens has been taught to
read and write and speak English and
has been given some instruction in
civics; after it has learned to read Eng
lish to the extent that it is in touch
with the daily press. the greatest Amer
icanizing influence we have: after 1t
has begun to break up the foreign CO.
lonial life into which it is prone to drift
especially in cities; after all this sup
pose 100 members are organized into
body polite, something like the Junior
Republics. 1t adopts constitution and
a form of self-government. elects
mayor and council and truant officer
and health officer and policemen and
goes through the motions of self
governing community.
Then suppose that one member of the
comes late to the class and
is apprehended by the truant officer
and hailed before the community tri-
bunal, which Furnishes him by impos-
ing demerit marks that affect his class
Under these circumstances.
don't you suppose he gets very prac-
teal lesson in citizenship?
"He may have a feeling of resentment
against the truant officer. but he real
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-09-26

This Activity Has Nothing Do With Eunc But Directed Toward Raising the
Aliens Who Desire Of the Northumberland
Naturalization, Tells the Measures With the Co.
Courts and oca Educational Institutions Train the Alien Citizenship
Certificates Oral