davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-09-19

already has accomplished. viii pre-
serve the military traditions OF the
dynasty.
has maintained the medieval traditions
that the crowned head who rules is
such by the virtue of the divine right
embodied in the biggest battalons.
Kaiser Wilhelm, under the German sys-
tenn of government, has the supreme
direction of the military affairs OF the
empire 1t is vested in him as King
of Prussia and as German emperor by
the constitution of 1871. This instru-
ment provides that the whole of the
land forces of the empire shall form
united army in war and peace under
the orders Of the emperor"
The grandfather Of Kaiser William
looked on constitutions as pieces of
paper. This was long before the treaty
guaranteeing Belgian neutrality was
treated as a scrap of paper.
Notwithstanding his grandfather's
Views. the present kaiser has found it
polite to observe scrupulously the
constitutional provision. He is consti-
tutionally the head of the vast mill
tary machine in peace, and he Is con-
stitutionally it's head in war Yet war
as 1t is fought in 1914 and 1915 does
not permit that the actual conduct of
the vast campaign. even the direc-
ton of specific military operations,
shall be placed in the kaisers hands
His spectacular appearances. now at
the eastern front. now on the western
front. doubtless have a great moral in
fuence on the troops. but une kaiser
will not be able to achieve the reputa-
ton as a supreme commander in the
field which Frederick the Great OBJ
tanned or even that which was granted
IN hi tot ar{o L Iiat,
At Sadowa, when Austrian hopes of
withstanding Prussia went down. the
polite Gen. Won Moltke remarked to
Frederick Wilhelm: Your majesty
whole campaign"
Frederick William did have some
thing to do with winning the battle,
perhaps. but the campaign was won by
years later the campaign against
France was won by Won Room and Won
Moltke.
Up to this time German royalty has
Crown Prince Frederick William was
badly beaten In the attempted advance
on Paris. The purpose had been to
strengthen royalty by giving him the
at the head of the victorious German
troops. Instead. he even failed to re-
ceive a need of the military praise
which was given Gen. Won kluck for
conducting the retreat in a military
manner, which meant the loss of as
few men as possible.
The crown prince was in eclipse, If
not in actual disgrace. for several
months. Yelled reports were received
about his unpopularity with the Ger
man people. due either to personal in
discretions- or to failure as COM
mander. It was difficult to make out
which Of these explanations was the
true one.
Recently the crown prince seems to
have been rehabilitated. for the dis
patches tell Of his leading the German
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-09-19

nasty. but his patriotism proved su-
perior to all temptations.
The real military power in France is
the parliament, or the chamber of depu-
ties. The president has little more
power In war than he has in peace,
and IT is not often that President
Poincare is reported at the front His
talents as a diplomat and as civil
at the present time than any military
gifts which he may possess.
The minister of war is the real mill
tary head of France and is responsible
made on War Minister Millerand by
some Of the deputies are in reality an
attack on the whole conduct of the
war.
It has been claimed that under the
French system. which is in effect the
conduct of the war by the people, no
results can be achieved against invad-
ing armies. Yet it was under a some-
what similar system, in the days Of
the revolution, that the armies Of the
rest of Europe were defeated and hurl-
ed back from French territory. Carnot
the organizer of victory" the grand
father of President Sadi Carnot Of the
present generation. gave convincing
evidence that the French people could
repel an invader.
There is a French war council of
twelve members, who advise with the
minister of war, and there Is a French
The French system has produced Gen.
Joffre, who seems likely to do more for
France than the Hohenzollerns and the
Hapsburgs can do for Germany and
Austria.
The democratic British people, since
the wars of the Tudors and the Plantag-
enets. have not cared much for royal
ties as war lords Since they invited
b M,,am ~ OF Orange over to Gust the
marked dislike to fighting kings. They
made no such mistake when they put
the Hanoverian Georges on the throne
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-09-19
CAR NICHOLAS OF RUSSIA.

der that their confidence might be re-
stored. The car in his proclamation
transferring the Grand Duke Nicholas
to the Caucasus disputed the kaiser's
and expressed unshaken assurance in
final victory through faith in the
clemency of the Deity.
Military observers would be apt to
doubt whether the sentimental rever-
ence of the hundred million Russian
peasants for the Little Father would
make up for the lack of shrapnel and
heavy artillery, or whether the Deity
could be counted on to Offset the de-
f1ciency in munitions due to the corrup-
Russian military bureaucracy.
The latest hints conveyed In the Pc
trograd dispatches have been that the
cars assumption of the supreme COM
mand is due to the action of the duma
in asserting itself in the conduct of the
war. Nevertheless. if this Is true. the
puzzle will remain why the greatest
military strategist that the war has
developed for Russia. and the most
rageous foe of corrupt bureaucracy
should be relieved of command at
critical stage of the campaign.
The Grand Duke Nicholas. second
cousin of the car that he Is, and old
enough to be his uncle, is the living
vindication of the Romanoffs as sol
diers. He saw service in the war with
Turkey In the seventies. and when he
became chief of the Rus
sian army in the present war he pre-
served the military traditions.
Gear Alexander II was frequently at
the front in that war, although he did
not seek to exercise actual command.
The czarevitch, who became Alexander
III, father of the present car. was a
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-09-19

humblest soldier. is only cog in the
mighty military machine of which the
general staff is the directing power.
The Hapsburgs have had warriors
with military talents to justify their
claim to the divine right of kings as
much as have had the Hohenzollerns.
In the present struggle In its prelim-
mary stages there was frequent men,
ton of Austrian archdukes in military
commands. but unfortunately for them
1t was during the period when Russia
was pressing back the Austrian troops
into Galicia.
The Emperor of Austria Is Also the
apostolic King of Hungary, and is the
head of the Joint army and navy of the
dual monarchy in war time.
At eighty-f1ve Francis Joseph hardly
would think of taking the field in Or
der to assume command Of his armies
in person, yet he has had experience
as supreme commapder. 1t was at SOL
ferino, in 1859, when he displaced the
Austrian commander who had sustained
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-09-19

81 MOTHER text book theory of
~ war which has been at least
shocked, If not shattered, by the
facts and the practice of war Is that
skill and hardness with his rife IL
the soldiers best protection. Before
the coming of that great war which
large part of the Intelligent world has
been expecting for a generation or
longer the idea of arrnor for soldiers
was secuted. 1t was impracticable for
many reasons 1t would add to the
wight of a mans equipment. and this
equipment had already been brought
to the limit of weight under which
man could make a fair days march.
AS battles would be won as much by
the legs Of soldiers as by their arms.
anything which interfered with the
mobility of field troops was bad. This
was the theory and it was based on
the observations of the best war think
ers. Yet armor seems to be coming
into favor.
From time to time for many years
there have appeared in the newspapers
stories concerning "bullet-proof vests"
"bullet-proof coats" and it may be
that stories have appeared also about
bullet-proof trousers A good deal of
publicity has been given to so-called
tests of these preserving garments,
but there has always been an air Of
mystery about them, and nobody seems
to have been sufficiently impressed to
invest in them as an insurance against
bullet wounds. 1t would seem that If
the claim made for these clothes had
been based on facts military men
would have manifested some interest
in them. But so far as known, no SOL
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-09-19
Germany's Discomfort.

GO ERMANY says she was content
w she didn't want hegemony," said
James Lathrop Beale, the Boston lit
terateur and humorist.
What hegemony is I don't exactly
know. but Germany wanted it. all right.
all right; and she wants it still; while
as for Germans contentment-well,
that reminds me of the tramp.
"A farmer had a barrel of cider in
his back yard and on it he had put a
placard:
This cider will be given to any
man who is contented'
"A tramp stopped and demanded the
barrel of cider one day.
care you contented?" asked the
farmer.
Sure, I'm contented,' said the tramp.
Then said the farmer, what are
you Fostering me for this barrel of
cider for?"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-09-19
PRINCE LEOPOLD OF BAVARIA.

continued reverses, and thus suffered
at the hands of the allied French and
Italian troops the supreme reverse
The house of Savoy, even after the
elder branch became extinct, main
tanned the military traditions of Italy.
It has been a fighting royal house
victor Emmanuel II, in the war with
Austria in 1858 and 1859, took the field
at the head of his Piedmontese brigade.
In the war with the Papal states he
was also in the field.
Victor Emmanuel was known chiefly
as dashing cavalry officer and as
rough and ready soldier more than as
great general. He did not plan the
campaigns which were won by his
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-09-19
NSRNSNzaENz&E|1YM5M2SKNzSSIll


British royalty. Of course, holds mill
tary rank, and some Of its scions are
given military training. Democratic as
they are. the English people in their
pride of their navy always like to
think of o2e member Of the royal fam
lily as a sailor prince, but they will not
trust the responsibility of command
on land or sea to royalty in actual war
fare. The most that the present king
has been able to do has been to en-
a total abstainer while the war lasts.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-09-19
rowned Heads Of Europe as Army Commanders

Members Families
Command of All His
vOuide World Knows Little the Conditions
4ohenzoen
Fed-Ruer Italy
las O Montenegro Leads His Hardy Mounainees.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-09-19
SOLDIERS WEARING ARMOR

diers are wearing these bullet-proof
coats and vests. One of the mysterious
features of the bu1let-proof clothing
was that it was always called an 'in-
device or something of that kind. The
cloth was usually reported to be pa
per and to be very light and airy, or
it was cotton or linen fabric that
had been treated in some peculiar and
new fashioned chemical way.
Nothing has been heard of bullet proof
paper vests since the beginning Of the
war, but there has been a return to the
use Of steel as armor The French troops,
or many Of them. are being pictured in
plain and heavy steel helmets which have
replaced the light cloth caps It is said
that this head armor will be issued to
all French troops. 1t Is protective against
many rifle bullets, shrapnel balls of low
velocity and shell fragments that other
wise would have striking force enough to
kill.
Early in the war it was reported that
French infantry was employing a steel
shield, that the French government was
having large number of them made at
the works at st. Hilaire-du- Harcourt and
that the shield already had been adopted
by the Russian government
X
Canadian troops have been shown in pic
lures using their entrenching spades as
rifle rests and as shields for the man be-
hind the gun. It has been said Of the
shields that the high velocity Of modern
bullets causes them to ricocfet from the
shields, while pieces of shrapnel which
often inflict large surface wounds are
turned aside. or at any rate, have the
force Of impact broken
Out Of the battle regions have come
references to metal shields for
the arms and legs Of soldiers and metal
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-09-19
-1HE assumption of supreme COM
mand by Nicholas II, autocrat
of all the Russias, raises some

E7HE assumption Of supreme COM
mand by Nicholas II, autocrat
of all the Russias. raises some
q interesting questions about the
utility of crowned heads as army COM
manders.
Nicholas II is still an autocrat. not
withstanding the shadowy constitution
of 1905 and the existence of the par
liamentary body known as the duma.
In the cars order he spoke of him
self as taking supreme command of all
his forces of the sea and of the land
armies operating in the theater of war.
The allies clearly were mystified by
this action.
London sought to interpret it as due
TO sentimental reasons which required
the car TO assert himself as the secu-
lar and spiritual head of the Russian
people.
Paris. through President Poicaire, in
the telegram addressed to the car. ex-
pressed cohdence that in taking COM
mand of his heroic armies he intended
to continue energetically until final
victory in the war which had been i'm
posed upon the allied nations
The outside world knows little of the
real situation in Russia. Intima tions
have been conveyed in some of the
London dispatches that the Russian
peasantry has failed to understand the
mendous drive of the German and Aus
trian forces, and that it was necessary
for the Little Father" to assume SUI
preme command of his children" in or
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-09-19

breast plate which, It has been said.
turns aside rifle bullets and shrapnel
balls
A writer in the London Lancet, dis
cussing the new steel helmet f the
French, said:
"Dr. Devraigne has now systematically
studied the value Of headpieces Of metal
issued some time ago to the French troops
in the trenches He has found the value
Of these 'calottes metalliques' to be con-
siderable. He examined fifty-five cases
Of head injury, in which forty-two Of the
wounded men had no headpiece and tflir-
teen wore helmets In the cases Of the
thirteen men wearing helmets, eight were
suffering from cerebral shock of a more
or less severe character, but none Of them
died. while the remaining five had merely
slight superficial wounds or scratches.
Other armored soldiers whose helmets had
been struck showed no injury at all. The
conclusion, drawn from a series of obSer-
vations in the field are that the value
Of the metallic headpiece has been abso-
lutely demonstrated and that it should b
much more generally employed
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-09-19

The Prince of Wales has visited the
hospitals and has been allowed to go
to the front also. but only as a visitor.
The British people. under their sys-
tenn of parliamentary government. hold
the ca binet responsible for the conduct
of the war. Field commanders. through
their blunders or inefficiency, may fall
into disfavor, but it is the cabinet that
Is held accountable for their failures.
Royalty not being in the field. there
is no need of shielding it from account
ability for military errors.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-09-19

Marshal MacMahon. royalist that he
was, became president Of the French
republic that emerged from the chaos
of the war with Prussia. He was sus-
pected of desire to establish dy-
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1915-01-10
IMPROVEMENT IN

Continued from First Page.)
tive as last year. The sheep and wool
industry is reported as In excellent
shape Large purchases Of horses at
good prices have been made by Euro
peau governments. but the market for
mules continues slow and dragging.
Factories Reopening.
The report states that the raising
Of poultry as commercial PROPOSE
tion is assuming large proportions in
al sections.
There ~ encouragement in the
statement that many factories which
have been idle are preparing To start
up and that more men are being taken
on by factories w.1ieh have been rum
ming with decreased force. The re-
port states that the -four mills have
been fortunate in being affected only
slightly by the general depression.
Some cotton and textile mills are also
favored to lesser extent in this con-
nection, although cotton mills, while
fairly busy are said To be accumu-
latine goods.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1915-01-10
MANY COWS Do NOT
Continued from First Page.)


Rabcook tester MIX scales cost only
about So a pair and we will furnish
the milk records free.
Fully one-third of the cows in Vir-
ginia do not pay for their board.
Every dairyman who is In business
for the money should be absolutely
sure that he has cows of this type,
The only way by which he can do
this Is to keep records. Some farmers
object to this, saying that 1t takes up
too much time. But 1t has been fig
ured out that the time sper.~in this
way pays created profit than any
other time spent in work on the farm,
other reasons for cow testing are:
II enables farmers to eliminate cows
that do not pay for their board.
1t saves many a good cow from
being eliminated.
1t encoura ges good feeding and good
care.
IT enables the farmer to build up a
good producing herd
II increases interest in dairying as
a business rather than as means or
labor merely
In other words, it Is plain COMMON
sense
Denmark is one Of the best dairy
countries in the world. Practically
evrag dsiryman in that country keeps
records and tests his cows
As result of these records and
tests The average production of milk
has been raised from less than 5000
Pounds annually to more than 5000
pounds,
what has been accomplished in
Denmark can be accomplished in Viz
fiaia.
Seed OF Better Orchard Sanitation.
G. S. Ralston. assistant orchard spe-
Cialist IN the extension work. says on
this subject; Sanitary measures arc
effective supplements 10 spray operas
tons for the control Of flngous dis
eases This especially important in
the Csc If ui rot. The decayed
and numiried fruits are source OF
infection for the next seasons crop
Other diseases are also carried over
tho dormant season on the fruit. but
none are Of greater Importance than
the bitter rot II is good practice
to gather all culls and decayed apples
from the orchard after the. harvest
Is over Haul them some distance
from the orclarc and If possible pillow
Them under This is one Of the most
effective and least expensive forms or
insurance against disease that the
grower can have
cHt and burn disease cankers Of all
kinds. Remove decayed and dead
branches from the crchard--they har-
Dor rodents and destructive insects
Thin the trees so that the sunlight and
spray materials can do their maximum
service,
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1915-01-10
POCAHONTBS.

Special 10 he Richmond Nirginiau,1
PoclhpHtas. a.. Jan. 8 Miss
T,ora Steel who was teacher IN the
H5Eh school here, from Tazewell, VA,
before the holidays. win not return
ta FeCuhontas on account OF the death
81 her mother during tha HOLIDAYS.
1ee position is still open as no one
mas been occurred TO tlli.the vacancy
caused lev her resignation.
Mrs Harry L. Noweu and Miss
Fannie Louise Rixey, who have been
spending some time in Cuipeper, Va.
Hayc return home,
MISS Etue Garland is visiting her
parents al Graham Va. this week,
Miss Lcnna Walters has for her
gaest rhis week Miss Mona Ice, OF
I5amWeA w, Va.
Miss Mary Leftwitch has returned
from EYington, Va where she spen'
several weeks
Columbus Laxton returned home
Thursday from LFnotT " e. where
d. 4vss called on account Of the sick
So and death Of his mother at that
place,
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1915-01-10

that the caustic properties OF quick
or hydrated lime will burn up and
destroy organic matter In the soil
whereas limestone can be applied in
large quantities at long intervals. and
VIII therefore produce more or less
permanent fertility The arxncates of
lime claim that one Of the main func-
tons which lime has to perform Is
The destruction Of the organic mater
and the liberation of the nitrogen In
such form that the plant can use
it; that the frequent and Judicious
use of lime. together with some or
ganic fertilizer. will bring immediate
results or course. the local condi-
tions Of each particular case must be
considered before a final conclusion
can be reached. Thus. 1t Is rational to
use quicklime on soils which are ex-
ceedingly rich in organic matter, such
as peaty or swampy soils. Limestone
IS safer than quicklime when applied
just before planting crop which In
little helped by lining. or when APP
piled to light, sandy soil In hot,
dry weather From tho Source, Man.
ufacture and Use of Lime, United
states Geological Survey.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1915-01-10
III YSNILI.I,.

Special to the Richmond NirRinian)
KeysNille. Va, Jan. a.-Mrs II. :.
t4Rcrald entertained IN honor Of
aiiss Tyler Of Henderson, n g.,
THURSDAY evening "Foriy- was
pfayed. after which a delicious salad
caHrSe was served Those cnjoylng
tne hospitality Of The hostess were
Afleaes Tyler. Robnon Hester Muir
ray ana smith. and Mrs Bonhitt and
Messrs Bosbitt. Hammer Tyler ana
Meel0w
ME- and Mira J. p Tyler ana Miss
Tg.cF. Of Henderson, \ G.. arc spend-
Ink some time 1T THE Charlotte"
Mira H., p Peters has returned
.rt ~ Il visit 70 Chase city
Mrs. H. H. Wilson IL visiting IN
I.eaisa.
Ar.- c. A. Osborne has returned
TT6m Richmond. where he was under
re3ne trrstment.
Mir and Mrs r. W, Bohbitt have
returned from visit to relatives in
North Carolina
Mrs b. r Thompson entertained
tAe @cr.al club Friday afternoon.
Hrs n W Farmer has returned
fttsa tisit to relatives IN Rich
-l41l.d
MIR Max James, Of Fort Valley Ca.
has returned 10 his home after a visit
Of Some time at The home OF Thomas
4aasande.
Airs Leland Legrande has as her
guest Miss Hawkins. Of Georgia.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1915-01-10

CONTINUED from First rare,
&. Brand, office of Markets, wash
ingron. y. c.
Address Advertising the Apple"
Harry H. pvrd Winchester. Va.
Wednesday Night, 8 O'Clock.
Stcreopurnn Lecture-"on lrriga-
tion''~-Dr Samuel Fortier. Depart
meat of Agriculture, Washington,
u. =
Thursday. January IL.
Morning Session, 10 o'clock.
AddreSs~-"G Growing and Marketing
tAe- 4eaeA. e'rop'-eii a Drew, Green
wIch Conn.
Address The Outlook for Peach
Growing IN Virginia G. c.
Starcher Hlackshurg. Va.
Round Table Conference-~Condu
90 by pr. &. W Fletcher, Fishers
vile. Va, tFor list OF questions. see
last two pages)
Afternoon Session, $40 O'Clock.
Executive Session--Report OF Conn
mtIces on Audit, Resolutions and
Nominations.
t4ection of Officers.
Place OF Next Meeting--CaIl for
inatations
Rcport-~Packing School and Pack
lne ations--Professor G.. G..
S.archer, Blacgsburg Va.
Report-~Ccmmittee on Legislation
&C J.. McCue. Greenwood. Va.
Eeuort--Committee on Express
Rates--Russcll Rargamin. Crozet, Va
Round Table Conference--Conduc
ed by DIR. S, W. Fletcher, Fishers
vile. Va
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1915-01-10

An Interesting Story Of the Origin and Development of the
Railroaders' Hoac TIE Railroad Y. NJ. c. y.
Sketch Goes Back to Year 1856.
lily W. VI. BIGkEUs.

spirit TO the association He is q
Han wrr csme up from the ranks an /
ls an old knight ~ tho telegraph key,
ana ss.lt years of his early life in
8ssiat. d. nR trains. and his dispatch
Ing" energy and efficiency are Away
DISPLAYED in everything with which
he has 10 de-
The new Literary Society OF the as
ISOLATION which meets every Friday
utrht is nttret ting the attention of the
nunc mGu. and bids fair 10 be a grea.
success
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1915-01-10
BIG APPLE EXHIBIT

CONTINUED from First rare,