davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-05-09

the subject was discussed. The reason
was that there was reading consult
uency which was enough interested IN
the question to call for a full exposi-
ton.
Discussion of the proposed legissa-
ton in newspapers in Lima and Buenos
Aires and Rio de Janeiro, which came
to NV attention was equally as intel
Hgent as that in Chile. The purpose
of this statement is simply to show
that the principles of finance are un-
derstood in South America as well as
in the United States. and the delegates
to the Washington conference Will not
need instruction in them
The application of the principles or
finance by some of the governments to
banking has been along the line or the
Bank of France and the Bank OF Eng
land, but there is no institution exact
Nv like these bulwarks of the two Euro
pean nations. Several of the countries
have conversion bureaus or banks for
maintaining the parity of their paper
currency with gold. but these do not
conduct ordinary banking operations.
Several of the republics maintain a
kind of partnership with the banks,
vet without making them purely gov
eminent institutions. In Bolivia, for
example, the government owns stocks
and names directors in the Bank of the
Nation, but the majority of the direct
ors are selected by the shareholders.
In some of the countries the system
OF a central bank with branch banks
somewhat similar to that of Canada
obtains. The most striking example of
this kind is the Bank of the Argentine
Nation, with headquartei III Buenos
Aires. This is one of the leading f1nan-
cial institutions of the world. 1t has
branches throughout the country:
Among it's functions is the making OF
advances for the handling of the crops.
The Bank of the Nation has deposits
of S257, 100000 It's savings deposits are
S3S.000,00O. and the savings depositors
number 146,500. Ten years ago the
loans amounted to sai.0O0,000. while
they now aggregate S@11.000,0o0. SO II
may be said that banking is under
stood in the Argentine Republic one
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-05-09

instances this explanation has been
frankly given as the reason for the
failure of the minister of finance to
be one of the delegates. To those
familiar with the situation in several
of the countries the explanation is
amply sufficient.
The list of delegates appointed in
Sures a noteworthy conference, be
cause it includes men of broad expert
enGe not only in finance and in bank
ing and business problems, as the in
vitation requested, but in Information
al relations generally. Among the del
egates are several ca binet officers and
former ca binet officers who hold or
have held portfolios of finance, public
works and foreign affairs. There are
also former members of the national
assemblies or congresses and those
who have represented their countries in
diplomatic and consular positions.
There are. moreover. actual bankers
and financierS.
Secretary McAdoo and the delegates
of the United States will find that the
are men of affairs. They will also learn
that almost without exception the Wis
itng delegates speak English.
While the different governments have
been appreciative, and while the COM
ment of the press has been friendly,
the attitude. nevertheless. has been a
waiting one or one of reserve. There
have been few suggestions regarding
the work OF the conference. rms is
courteous recognition of the fact that
the United States is the host, and
that guests are not expected to offer
suggestions until the host is heard
from. When the bill of fare, in the
form of q program, is laid before them,
they will be ready to discuss it freely.
What might be called a preliminary
nrppran was conveyed n the General
invitation, but this was not definite
enough for the guests to feel free to
make observations on it. The invita-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-05-09

between Diaz and Madero, was one of
the delegates. He and several of his
Mexican colleagues have been in exile
for the last three years.
The next conference was held at Rio
de Janeiro in the fall of 1906, and was
made memorable by the presence of
Secretary Root, not as delegate, but
visitor. The building in which the
sessions of the conference were held
was named the Monroe Palace by the
Brazilian government, as tribute to
the permanence of the Monroe doc
trine. This conference gave much at
tention to international legal ques-
tons
The next conference was held at
Buenos Aires in the winter of 1910. 1t
discussed many vital pan-Amerlcan
subjects, but confined itself to the
adoption of few resolutions and to
making compa ratively few recon-
mendations. Prof. John Bassett Moore
was a delegate to this conference, and
among his colleagues We're Prof. Ber-
nard Moses of California. Prof. Paul
Reinsch of Wisconsin and Prof. David
Kinley of Illinois, so that the American
delegation was a scholastic rather
than business one. However, prac-
teal subjects were not ignored.
The fifth conference was to be held
in Santiago last November. but the
general disturbance OF governmental
affairs growing out of the European
war. and the uncertain position Of
Mexico. caused its postponement.
There have been = number of Spe
ciai pam American meetings. some of
them in pursuance of the recommends
tionS of the general conference. and
some of them initiated independently.
These have included scientific. sanitary
and juridical congresses. All these
meetings, however, have been through
joint action of the different countries.
The coming Washington conference
differs from all previous ones. in that
ii is not one initiated and carried
forward by common action OF the
spective republics. The United States
initiated il and is the host Con-
gress granted the authority in pro-
vidng an appropriation of S50.00o.
Secretary Bryan. in pursuance of this
authority. cabled the American ambaS-
sailors and ministers in the different
countries. instructing them to extend
in the name of the President, an An
vItation to the governments to which
they We're accredited to appoint dele
gates not exceeding three in number.
to attend Il conference of the SecTe-
tary of the. Treasury in WaShingt on.
This conference. it explained,
would be held with a view TO eStab-
fishing closer and more satisfactory
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-05-09

next few months, while his definite down.
fall will occur during the first half of 1916,
and will entail the exile of the war lord
and his family. This, at least. is the
who came to Europe with the Indian
troops, and who is renowned in India for
the accuracy of his representations.
Kaya Andra, who is bony and venerable,
quarters in a village in PicardW. behind
the British lines. and he is there still.
Maj. D. B. Cooper of the British Royal
Artillery. who is on leave from the front
for a few days, told about this dusky
seer.
Having studied the heavens from his
youth up, he is able to read in the stars
the future of the great ones Of the earth
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-05-09

ton stated that in addition to the prob
lens of banking, problems of trans
portation and commerce between the
various countries represented would be
discussed The intimation therefore is
that the United States considers the
financial and commercial relations be
tween itself and the other republics
as problem. Nevertheless. under pre-
vious administrations some progress
has been made toward the solution of
these problems.
Several of the Latin American coun-
tries do not consider banking as
problem in itself. though their none
tary systems may be more or less
puzzle. Finance is science which
many of them have studied in it's de-
tached sense as we'll as in its local APP
plication. The fundamental principles
are as we'll understood in Santiago or
Buenos Aires or Rio de Janeiro as IN
London or New York.
was in Chile when the bill for the
federal reserve law was under discus
sion by Congress One of the leading
papers was running series of arti-
cles OH the subject. These articles ex-
planned the currency system of the
United States. the national bank act,
the defects which time had developed
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-05-09

and the leading principles which it
would be necessary to embody in order
to provide currency system that
would be adequate to the business of
the country The description of the
old United States bank with some side
lights on Andrew Jackson's character
as politician were also given with a
deep insight into American political
history.
The exposition in Spanish of the
whole question in this newspaper was
much easier reading than anything !
had found in English. The newspaper
was, owned by a banker, prominent in
Chilean public affairs. whose newspa-
per property originally grew out of
his banking business, but this was not
the reason for the fullnesS with which
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-05-09
SANTIAGO


matters undoubtedly will be put before
the conference in some form by the
delegates from number of the re-
publics. If some of Their, do not return
home with the assurance of future
loans in the United States their
spective governments will be disap-
pointed and will not he likely to place
a high value the outcome of the
conference, Notwithstanding the hospi-
tality of the United States
American bankers and financiers who
will participate in the conference or
who will be brought in touch with the
delegates will have the prospect in
the countries to the south laid before
them with NdistinctneSs. AS bankers
and financiers they may feel called on
to explain that 1t is Always necessary
to look to the security. While they
may not doubt the resources of the diff
ferent countries and the inviting COM
mercial prospect, they are apt TO be
wary of committing themselves to spe-
cific loans until they are sattshed as
to support from the Washington ad-
ministration. This is the security that
means most to them
Possibly a disclosure will be made by
Secretary Bryan or Secretary McAdoo
of the degree to which Washington re-
CARDS itself the security for South
American and Central American loans.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-05-09

close the identity of this American
traveller, who sails for New York next
week, but the writer had to promise
TO keep him anonymous. since he does
not yearn. as he puts it. to be spied
upon from the moment he lands in the
United States until he leaves 1t. nor
does he court the risk of being done
in by some new enemy of Russia. 1t
may be stated, however, that he is
Nebraskan who graduated from oxford
some eight or nine years ago, who
since then has been engaged in bust
ness both here and on the continent,
and who is married to the daughter
of distinguished foreign diplomatist
al the cars court.
Il doubt If 1t is generally realized
either in the United States or Great
Britain" he said, what vast market
for foreign products exists in Russia,
and this for the reason that. up to
now, practically the whole of it has
been in German hands Russia is prac-
tically dependent the outside
world for manufactured articles, and
the war has provided the trade rivals
golden opportunity In connection
with Germany's trade domination in
Russia the German banks have for
years had a highly organized system
or giving cFeQlt TO RUSSIANS, ana IL Is
partly in the hope of laying the foun-
dations of similar arrangement with
bankers in the United States that I am
now on the way there"
How is the public in Russia taking
the war? Why, quietly, but with con-
fidence. / should say. There is no talk
Of beating Germany inside such or such
a time. but just firm belief in ulti-
mate victory. AS for the Russian SOL
diers. they seem to feel no animus
against the Germans whatever. They
are just out to do a big job that has
got to be done and are doing 1t, on the
whole, good-temperedly."
This young American and his wife
have both been working in the Ameri-
can hospital at Petrograd, and he has
many curious things 10 tell of the
Russian wounded. The Russian SOL
der, he says, simply loves to fight
with the bayonet. which, by the way,
is always "6xed' ready for business
one day my acquaintance asked a big
good -humored Slav warrior how many
men he had killed since the war be-
gan.
Three" was the answer.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-05-09

The immediate problem is to find the
way for the United States to absorb
larger quantities of the products of
these countries which have been thrown
back on them through the interruption
of the European market caused by the
war. and by this means increase their
purchases from us.
+
The problem which nearly all the re-
publics that will be represented in the
conference have to meet is to get
money in order to refund existing
loans. or to provide fresh loans for
purposes of national development. Some
of them also want temporary loans for
current purposes, in order to meet the
deficiency in revenue caused by the loss
of trade.
Their credit is still good in Europe.
because they are meeting their obliga-
lions, but Europe has no cash to spare
and will have none for an Indefinite
period to come. Naturally, therefore.
the republics turn to the United States
for loans, and loans are very potent in
charging trade intercourse.
Investments are another persuasive
means of influencing commerce. These
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-05-09

and to proclaim their destiny. Tho Ger
man emperor. who was born under
Aquarius-which signifies solitude. de-
lection, exile and sickness-has. It ap-
pears, little or nothing cheerful to hope
for This year will bring him terrible
reverses,'' says Kaya Andra, notably in
June, July and December, but his definite
downfall will only occur during the first
half Of 1916, and it will entail the exile
of the kaiser and his family
Things look bad for the Emperor Of
Austria, too. The lion, the bull and the
scorpion, uniting their baleful influences.
have. according to kaya Andra, con-
demned the aged Francis Joseph to a JOY
less end, and his throne and empire will
be annihilated after a sanguinary revolu-
ton before the present year is over
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-05-09

matters, and gave the American
railw: project definite endorsement by
providing for a permanent committee
on the subject. E..-S"pttor Davis was
again oHe of the delegates, and the
provision for the committee was made
out of compliment to him.
An incident of this conference was
the informal and unofficial promulga-
ton of what was declared to be the
Diaz doctrine. This was not presented
TO the conference, but at a banquet
given by the Mexican delegation to
the other delegations it was put for
ward on behalf of President DiaZ by
Senor ChaEero, one of the Mexican del
egates. The Diaz doctrine. as thus
enumerated. was that the international
law Of America is founded on peace.
which in turn depends OH respect for
the sovereignty. independence and ter
ritor!al integrity of all the nations of
the continent. In other words, no land
grabbing.
Francisco de la Barra. afterward am
bassador to Washington and pro-
risioual president in the interreGnum
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-05-09

financial relations between the repub-
lies of America. and it was hoped
that the ministers Of finance of the
respective governments would be able
to attend as delegates. The diplo-
matte representatives of the republics
in Washington were also invited to
attend, in addition to the members
whose special appointment was in
vited.
The governments of the different re-
publics have met the invitation in the
cordial spirit in which it was extend
ed, though not more than half a dozen
of them have been able to send their
ministers of finance But there is
good reason for this omission. The
financial and commercial troubles re-
suIting from the European war have
kept most of the ministers of finance,
or secretaries of the treasury, too busy
for them to leave their own countries
They are engaged in cutting down the
budgets. avoiding deficits. searching
new sources of revenue and providing
means to meet the interest payments
on their public debts. In Two or three
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-05-09

of the delegates is director in this
bank.
The land and mortgage bank is favor
ed in several of the countries. In Para
quay, for example. the Banco Agricola,
or Agricultural Bank, with headquar-
tiers at Asuncion, is a leading financial
institution, although there are several
others.
The so-called foreign banks of the
South American republics represent a
large proportion of the banking capital
invested in those countries. and they
also have their full share of the de-
posts. They take their names from
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-05-09

subsidy for a line through the Panama
canal. Brazil has government owner
ship. the government having taken over
a heavily subsidized line after its fall
ure. Whether the government owner
ship is an Improvement is not appar-
ent.
Chile subsidies line to Panama, and
the national policy encourages this
form of aid to the merchant marine.
Peru. after heavily substituting line
to Panama, and becoming a part owner,
took over the whole enterprise.
The problem of commerce is SO far
reaching that only some of its leading
actors are likely to be dwelt on a the
conference. The South Americans and
the Central Americans sometimes COM
plain that in the United States SO lit
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-05-09

tie is known of their natural resources,
which are the basis of their purchasing
power. During the last few years,
however, considerable progress has
been made in educating the people of
the United States as to the natural
wealth of the countries to the south of
US and their prospective development.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-05-09

Life Company Speaks
in Domn-Rd From All Parts of the Country
the United
the rencfeshat Is the Truth OF
Unbantatd Stories Now Going the Rounds
British in
1916 Indian Seer-He Also Makes Pdc
in the Aged Francis Joseph
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-05-09

is said. it would have proved an easy
matter for them to have retaken the
positions that had been won at such
great cost by the British.
Yet a third account tells how the
British infantry. through overzeal, ad-
vanced too quickly and against orders
Apropos of the second story, which
speaks of a lack of ammunition, it Is
significant that 1t was only after the
battle of Neuve Chapelle that the gov
eminent started agitating for a speed
ing up Of the manufacture of munitions
of war. It is evident that even those
in the highest positions failed, almost
up to the present moment, to realize
the necessities Of a modern army In
this respect. In the early days Of the
war. during the retreat from Mons and
later, the Germans literally smothered
the English and French troops with
shells and shrapnel Since then they
have been more sparing in their firing.
but no one doubts either the wisdom
of the practice, If it can be afforded. or
that the Germans will again resort to
it when they are once more sure OF
their supply.
Intrepid sons Of famous fathers hg-
ure prominently in the flying corps OF
both England and France. In that of
England, to name only the first that
como to mind. we have the heirs Of
Maurice Hewlett and Horace Annesley
Fachell. the novelists. and Of II. B.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-05-09
ming Pan-Arnerican Conference a Unique Affai

United States of Score Conto Meet Washington
Kind Were Mutual AfasDeeges the
Republics Receptive oodPoens
Through Loans Made
forth Pan-Am for Branch
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-05-09
isi Correspondence OF The star.
LONDON. April

LONDON. April 80. 1915.
1.-THE suppression Of the sale of
vodka in Russia apparently has as
q that country This statement
was made recently by the manager of
. New York life insurance company in
Petrograd. He said. in effect:
Judging by our records from all
parts of Russia since the beginning of
the present year. the death rate
throughout the country is just about
half of the normal This is keeping
the deaths due to the war out of the
calculation. of course. and the only
conclusion we can draw is that the
stopping OF the sale Of vodka, the
known cause of so many crimes and
suicides, is responsible for this SEEM
ing miracle.
An acquaintance of the writer. who
reported this announcement. the sig
nihcance of which can hardly be exae
Perated at time when the drink oues-
tion Is the all-absorbing one of the
hour in this country, and. to a lesser
degree, in France, is an America
graduate of oxford. who is now here
on his way from Petrograd to the
United States with q large sum Of
money to his credit. all of which he
is empowered TO spend in buying sup
plies Of various kinds that are urgent
Is needed in Russia. He isn't repre-
Sentlng the Russian government of
dcially. but is the agent of big inter
ests which are closely in touch with
official circles-so il is much the same
thing-and on behalf of the latter he
will make heavy purchases of food,
clothing. machinery and certain chem
zeal products If the latter can be had.
which appears somewhat doubtful at
present.
These supplies. by the way. are des :
tined for the ciyiiiau population. and
not for the Russian army. whose
equipment. this buyer declared. is now
sub:st ntialty complete. !, would have
been considerably simpler haNe
male the purcha ses in Great Britain,
had this been practicable. which it
wasn't. for the simple reason that every
ounce. inch and drop Of the supplies
wanted WAS bought up months ago
one wishes II aSIe possible to dis
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-05-09


Sometimes" added this wounded
warrior gravely, when we surprise the
Germans in the trenches they've not
time to fix their bayonets. which they
wear by their sides. you know. In that
case, why. we do not kill them"
There is no need for any back to tho
land movement in Russia" said the
American, because it is the one desire
of any one who has started on the
land to get back there. Men from the
country will go to. the towns. start
business and. after being there three
or four years. be on the point OF get
ting really well to do. but then. all Of
a sudden. the craving for the land will
become too strong to be resisted any
longer. and back they will go, letting
everything slide. The wounded SOL
diers in hospital, too, talk about moth
ing but farming.
IF the war were over and l were at
home one of them will say, I should
DE sowing now. out of a basket"
What another will exciafm, do
you SOW out OF a basket? Why ! al
ways SOW out Of a sack And then
for the rest Of the afternoon the whole
ward will be arsuins Il 20 whether II
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-05-09

What" gasped the questioner: why.
you've been shooting away for nearly
six months"
"oh. shooting" repeated the other
with contempt II don't count shoot
ing. l mean that I've bayoneted
three"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-05-09

HE suppression Of the sale of
vodka in Russia apparently has
cut in half the death rate of
that country This statement
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-05-09

the subject was discussed. The reason
was that there was reading consult
uency which was enough interested IN
the question to call for a full exposl-
ton.