St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1915-09-04
SEWER SYSTEM
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Continued from page -
made water-tight. The liquid con-
tents partly leach away into the sur
rounding soil. and often into sand
or gravel strata, or crevices In the
rock, which may carry the contami-
nation to great distances. Owing to
the offensive nature Of the work Of
cleaning out cesspools, and to the
expense thereof. cesspools as = usua'
thing are deliberately made not
water-tight. The owner congratu
lates himself if he strikes q crevice
in the rock or ~ravel strata which
prevents his cesspool from filling up
though even a little thought viii
often show that he is thus directly
communicating the water vein which
supplied his own or his neighborf
we'll Even then he does not usually
escape permanently the expense anS
ANNOYANCE Of being forced to clear
out the cesspool, for in time almos
any crev.ce or porous stratum will
clog SO as to permit only partial or
cane Of sewage.
ID. AcdCUAu6 COoOPOVAS DuVU1U VI
absolutely prohibited by law. They
are even more dangerous than tn
rrivy, for the LIQUID sewage in them
en- penetrate further into the sur
~ornding soil than any focal matter
Of the privy vault.
IS. Often the tearing down Of
old buildings, prior to the erection
Of new, exposes to view the rear Of
lots, and shows sometimes q half
dozen privies grouped within q few
rods Of seevral wells. The nose and
the eye give convincing evidence Of
foulness in such cases; and chemical
or bacterial analysis are not neces-
sary to demonstrate the danger in
using the wells; but the same dan
gerous conditions pass unnoticed In
many other places in the same city,
because not exposed to casual view.
In time the whole ground-water I'M
der such village or city becomes
contaminated, and poisons wells and
damp cellars and the Civilizations
from the ground. A dry closet IL .
privy having a tight, removable re-
ceptacle in place of the Vault, and
provided with means for covering the
contents with dry dust. ashes, or
lime each time the closet IL used.
Usually a small shovel and q box are
used TO hold the dust or other alb
sorbent liquids. The contents should
DO removed and hauled away in the
tight box when 1t 10 full, to be empti-
Cd In. q safe place or used for fer
tilizer. The dry earth closet is an
Improvement over the privy vault
but It IL not 4 safe or otherwise sat-
isfactory arrangement. -
The pail system 10 one In which
the focal matter and urine are re.
ceived In tight pals which aer re-
moved daily or at least every few
days. by regular city employees.
The pals are carried to some safe
place. there emptied. and returned
after disinfection. Although the
pail system has been tried in America
under exceptional conditions, it Z en-
trely unsuited for use here, aud +
almost never employed. even in
Europe. where tho people will SUBJ
NIT to the police interference neces-
sary for satisfactory operation.
IT. In the foregoing paragraphs
various makeshifts for caring for
savage have been described, which
are not worthy the name Of 'sys-
tems,' although the privy vault and
tho oesspool are in very wide use.
We next come to the only methods
for removing sewage which are ut
present worthy of cerious considers
ton when planning q sewerage sys-
tenn 80 =.
IL: Water Carriage systems-
Watsr-carrfage systems of sewerage
are those in which water 10 added to
the focal matter and other foul waists
In sach quantities % to permit Of
their rapid removal by gravity in
sewers.
ia. Water-carriage systems are
now 80 universally used for sewerage
purposes that usually the two terms
may be considered synonymous.
That Is, In the present day, q sewer
ago system is practically always a
water-carriage system.
20. There are two kinds Of water.
carriage systems, namely: The COM
bintd system and the separate sys-
81: Combined Systematic COM
bined system Of sewerage Is that in
which the storm sewage flows in the
same sewers with the sanitary and
the manufacturing ewage. The COM
bined system came into use prior to
the separate.
%. Separate System-The sepa-
rate system Of sewerage is that ir
which sparate sewers are provided
for the seorm sewage and for the
sanitary and manufacturing sewage.
81, Comparative Merits of Com
bined !. and Separate Systems-The
separate systems came into promi-
hence about 1880. At that time and
for many years following there was
an active discussion over the relative
merits Of the two systems, some
prominent engineers advocating one
and.seme :the other At the present
time, the discussio has died down,
and sanitary engineers use both
adopting which ever is best suited
to local conditions, and often using
. combination Of the two.
~. In favor of the separate sys-
tenn the following points have been
cited:
IS. The sanitary sewage which
constitutes the dry-weather flow o.
combined sewers is so very small in
comparison with the storm sewage
that In circular eewora which arc