The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1915-08-03

neceSSitatlng reconstruction of IT,
theory of war. Plans and metA.
heretofore approved by authoriu.-
military affairs were discard
the staffs of the various armle~
compelled TO grapple with stu.
FOR which there was no preced..
Wars First Surprise.
The first great surprise Of ~.
was the German 42-centimetef .
inch) gun, which hurIs for So.
teen miles a shell weighing ain.
ton. The great Qualifications 0t
were the pride Of Belgium. as.
lieved to be almost impregnahle v
battered into ruins by these gun
a comparatively short time. TN. =
these guns, stationed ten miles 81
Antwerp. wrecked its elaborate d.
Tense works. Liege and Namur IN
similarly.
The use of artillery and ma.
guns, in fact, has been one 81 IA
principal features of the war Cr...
execution was done by the new krurn
l1-inch howitZer. weighing near. ~
tons, with a six-mile radius. Th.
trian 12-inch howitzer also has ir.,,,
exceptionally efficient. The Nr. , =
75-mlllimeter gun is regarded * era
of the most effective field pieces
On all the European battlehelds .r-
tillery has been the main relianc, r
the various armies. Trenches Ir>+Ia
with machine guns, which military
men say bid fair 20 relegate tht rfla
to a secondary place. 1t was IT.
artillery that the Austro-German
forces blasted their way across Cali
cha a few weeks ago, making wrat
was said to be the greatest G uc4n-
%tration of heavy and light field pieces
ever seen. With artillery the Brush
won at Neuve Chapelle, the Germans
at scissors. Every considerable
movement of infantry is preceded ~
heavy artillery bombardment. and
frequently the infantry has little more
to do than occupy the positions ~
the enemy made untenable by artillery
fire.
The deadliness of machine runs
necessitated to trenches for
no troops in exposed positions ,r.ld
live within the range of the rapid
flrers. Consequently trench warfare
has developed to an extent never he
fore seen. WhO armies moved into
underground quarters, with elaborate
labyrinths of passages and subteru-
F mean living and sleeping Quarttr~
Use AmmunitiO on Huge Scale
The reSult of machine warfare vas
the use of ammunition on a scale for
which the world was unpreparcd.
q England recognized it as her greatest
! problem. and mad David Lluld-
George Minister of Munitions Win
= power to mobilize the nations work.
, erS for the production of war uGnI-
tons on a colossal scale. France took
q similar measures. Italy, which had
ten months to repair for war found
it necessary after two months Of tight
ing to appOln by royal decree u SUI
preme committee to increase the PRO
\ ductiOn of munitions. The batt,, -
Neuve Chapelle alone is said to have
cost the British the expenditure 4
mora nnU6or than tho antita IyLl-
: war.
One result of the development q
this form of warfare is the ECLIPSE ~
:, cavalry as n of the principal arms
of the service. Cavalry is still asei
to a small extent on the eastern front,
but it's employment in France %virt4al-
o ly has been abandoned. The cavalry
: men have been dismounted and placed
fe in the trenches.
o. Submarine Exploits.
II Almost as conspicuous is the Ne
s. velopment Of submarine warfare The
n remarkable exploits of submarine
n, have proved their efficiency SO thrr-
: oughly that already the supremacE 81
n battleships has been challenged. Ger
n, many, compelled to rely chiefly ~
le these craft for her marine activltieS
q has gained the greatest success WIZ
Il them. Their first large achleVemfh
re was the torpedoing and sinking b!
III one submarine within an hour OF 'h'
British cruisers Greasy. Abouklr ah'
e. Hogue in the North Sea in Septerber
X Since that time hundreds Of vessels
ae warships and merchantmen, have pee
lie sent to the bottom in the Norm N'd
the Baltic, the English Channel r.
t. Adriatic, and at the Dardanelles Error
ne all causes more than 500 vessels nv
al been destroyed. England has 20
o. the greatest sufferer, by reason 81 .'
| rQn0ndQra nee of Sh1DDlng ana e
on account of the German Cow
y ment's attempt to blockade that co.a
II try following the declaration OF q ""
r zone around the British Isles last f's
ruary.
In size, speed and cruising rae.
he the new type of submarines Ia 'N
k. ceeds the earlier small vessels r
e. signed primarily for coast der
it Germany's new submarines ais
Iez -Aea .;uod or,ioer CcIt..