Evening star., 1915-07-04

hultur, as understood by Germany,
and culture or civilization as under
stood by opposing Europe
A National are words Of entirely Diff
Policy. dennition is in defined,
and in view of the fact that Germany
has constituted 'kultur' as the watch
word Of her national policy, NJ. George
Fonsegrive has composed a long essay
on the subject. of which only brief an
alysis may be given here
While Europe opposes the German
"kultur" policy. certain situations
have arisen. notably in England. where
recourse may be had to compulsion in
the matter of shortage of munitions.
"kultur." it is understood, is based
upon force-'the force" which, accord
ing to the familiar formula of Bis
marck. 'suppresses the right" Mr..
David Lloyd George, minister of muni-
tions. introduced June 25 in the house
Of commons a bill which may be classed
| under the head of "kultur" because a
military necessity"
The bill declares strikes illegal in
ENGLAND. provides for compulsory arbi-
| or those who refuse to work in the ar
senals or elsewhere, limits the profits
OF employees and creates a volunteer
army OF workmen pledged to go wher-
ever they are required.
"Kultur." it should be said. is con-
sidered by Germany as a national prop
erty which the government boldly de-
ciares 1t has special mission to de-
reno against all enemies without or
within Europe is the enemy without:
has Germany an enemy Within. The
| VorWaerts OF June IS contains a full
page article. an appeal for peace. which
the government has already treated as
an act of hostility. The article says, in
| part: I'm the name of humanity and
| culture and supported by the favorable
| military situation brought about by the
bravery of our comrades in arms, we
demand of the government that it
make known its readiness to enter
peace negotiations in order to put an
| end to this bloody conflict. We asked
our socialist comrades in other bellig-
erent lands to exert their influences on
their own governments in this same
sense"
The Vorwaerts does not appear to
be aware that the socialist comrades
of other belligerent lands and of ante
bellum days no longer exist, for they
enrolled voluntarily in their respective
armies the day after the commencement
| OF the war. The managing committee
(vorstand) of the social democratic
lieves that the German people want
| peace. must arrange that matter with
the people and the German government
from which confessedly all overtures
for peace must come.
"Kultur" is defined as Tess state
than the means to arrive at a state,
| the way to and not the
Means IN object of, and it at
| tributes to the way the
FIn oh
resented by the pedagogues employed
| Culture. or civilization, is composite
| of different values. economical. indus
| trial, intellectual, moral. Culture, or
civilization. does not depend upon such
| or such human values, but is constituted
| by the whole of the values. Civihza-
! tion is appreciated according to lts
| effective results. the value 1t produces.
Germany" says M. Fonsegrive, ap-
preciates it after the value produced by
those who are charged with developing
| 1t (the pedagogue); we Judge civiliza-
| tion by its results; the Germans by its
masters We Judge the tree by its
| fruits; the Germans consider only the
gardener" 7;
vided into two categories: School teacn-
ers and professors. civil and military,
gardens in which is cultivated the
Germans plant known as "kultur
The first school is for children known known
These are under the direction of wom-
en-. They are less for instruction than
to teach the child to aid himself, excite
his curiosity, obey orders, utiiize ms
senses and submit to discipline: ms
formation of the child from three TO
seven years.
|. The primary school furnishes the pu-
pil with Indispensable knowledge OF
life. writing, calculation, composition.
dogmas of religion. The masters mina
] is the rule and reason for the dociilty
| of the pupil. Exact discipline reighs
| in the school. The pupil enters aligned
| ing. The master watches and remarks
| IL the silence is broken or II there IL
any infraction of discipline. IL there
should be. the master punlshes by rep
rimand or by the rod. M. Fonsegrive
writes:
| "History and geography are taught
NOT to inculcate facts. but to develop
| in the mind of the pupil the cult OF the
| German country-above all the idea OF
| Deutschland uber allies" which is Ger
manys divine mission-Germany the
I head and brain Of the universe Other
peoples have existed in order to prepare
| for the coming Of Germany. They hao
no right of existence except in the
measure in which they served to con-
serve the riches of Germany
M. Fonsegrive has poor opinion OF
the results of the German school cur
riculum. He excepts, now
| c.,r,o, ever, the science of music
Music is a national art,
SchoolS. which provokes the frank
approbat ton of the French writer.
| The great mass of the Germans, says
NJ Fonsegrive, receive no other educa-
ton, On the farm, in the shop and IN
the barracks the German subject is
rudely rounded up and the labor syn
dicates have frequently endeavored to
react against the brutality of patrons
and that of the subofficers in the bar
racks. In musical societies even the
| ..kapellmeister" is brutal and often
uses violent language and rough meth
dds Military recruits arriving at the
barracks are thus in a measure pre-
pared for the rough treatment which Is
almost certain to be given them.
| This may be said to be method IN
berited from the ancient recruiting SER
peants under the great Frederick. The
Soldier in principle is considered as
TOOL in the hands of his chiefs. The in
| ferior must obey superior and regard