davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Hattiesburg news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1908-1917, 1915-08-24

80 per cent of the total in 1910-56.2
per cent and 55.2 per cent, respective
ly, in Georgia, Louisiana, Alabama
and Florida, the percentages ranged
between 40 and 50-45.1, 43.1, 42.5 and
Al, respectively. In each of SO coun-
ties scattered throughout the states
of Mississippi, Louisiana, Alabama,
South Carolina, Georgia, Arkansas.
Florida and Tennessee, at least 70
per cent of the total population was
negro in 1910. OF the southern states,
West Virginia has the smallest per
centage of negroes, So. Outside of
the South there was no state in which
the percentage was as high as 5, the
highest being Missouri, AS There
were only five other Northern states
New Jersey, Kansas, Pennsylvania,
Ohio and Indiana-in which the pro-
portion exceeded 2 per cent.
The center of population" for the
negro race in the United States is
now located about "a miles northeast
of Fort Payne, Dekalb county, in
northeast Alabama. It's movement
ever since 1890 has been in south
westerly direction, but during the de-
cade 1900-1910 it moved only 5. S
miles to the west-southwest, while
during the same period the center OF
the total population move 80 miles to
the westward.
Washington Heaviest.
There are 43 cities each of which
had more than 10000 negro inhabi
tants in the Southern states. The to
tai negro population of these 40 cities
was 1,34146S. Washington stood al
the head of the list with a negro pop
ulation of 94,446, while New York
New Orleans, Baltimore and Phila
/ delphia occupied second. third, fourth
and fifth places, with 91,709, S9,262
! 4,749 and S4.4J9, respectively.
Twelve states-Virginia, South Car
DINA, North Carolina, Georgia, Ala
! bama, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mary
land, Mississippi, Louision, Delaware
and Maine-have lost more than they
have gained in negro population
through interstate migration, while
all other states have gained more
than they have lost from this cause
/ The net losses of the first named
i three states were Virginia, 206,7
South Carolina, 121, 497; North Caro-
lima, 109,751. 1t is a noteworthy fac
that the greatest gain in negro popu
lation from this cause, 105, 516, wa
shown by Arkansas, a southern state
The Hattiesburg news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1908-1917, 1915-08-24

Red Letter Day tomorrow, ten free
S. & H. Stamps in premium parlor,
second floor annex at O'FerraIls.
24-1t
The Hattiesburg news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1908-1917, 1915-08-24

S. w. Tate, of New Orleans, sales
transacting business here today.
The Hattiesburg news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1908-1917, 1915-08-24

Double Stamps and specials in all
tomorrow at O'FerralPs.
24-1t
The Hattiesburg news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1908-1917, 1915-08-24

l.. L. MulliniX, of The Davidson
Company, has returned from an ex-
tended trip through the East.
The Hattiesburg news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1908-1917, 1915-08-24
CHAMPION REF0RMER
IS LOCATED IN TATE
HERE ARE A FEW OF THE THINGS
THIS MAN WILL DO IF THEY
WILL ELECT HIM.

Senatobia, Miss, Aug. "a. - That
economy and rerenchment has been
the succAsfaSagan in the recent
primary election in Mississippi is well
known, but Tate county has can
didate for a place on her board of SUI
pervisors who is "going some" with
his retrenchment ideas. Some few Of
the planks in his platform are these:
"He will, if elected, abolish the office
Of county farm demonstration, county
canning agent county prosecuting at
torney He will reduce the salary of
the county superintendent of educa-
ton from 1925 to $50 per month. Re-
quire all county officers to buy their
own coal forthe office, stamps and
stationary, pay office rent, and re-
move all telephones and electric
lights from the offices in the court
house. Tear down the newly erected
county agricultural high school and
sell the brick for so cents per thou
sand. Abolish the contract system OF
working the roads and make ii a fell
ony, punishable with the death pen
atty, to drive an automobile over the
! public roads of the county or within
sight or hearing of the county line
And while there is nothing in his plat
form preventing the women from
using a cooking stove, or the meT
from wearing bought galluses," some
apprehension is felt by the citizens
for this candidate is in the SECOND
primary.
The Hattiesburg news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1908-1917, 1915-08-24

f. II. Deas has returned from Knox
vile, Tenn, today, where he has been
on an outing and fishing trip.
The Hattiesburg news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1908-1917, 1915-08-24

S. c. Irby, of the Hattiesburg Trac-
ton Company, who has been spending
a few days at his home in Knoxville,
Tenn, will return to Hattiesburg to-
morrow morning.
The Hattiesburg news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1908-1917, 1915-08-24

E. L. Num-, Happy), manager Of
the shoe department of DavidSon's,
was in Laurel yesterday on business.
The Hattiesburg news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1908-1917, 1915-08-24

The watermelOns being brought to
Hattiesburg these days are not up to
the standard, which means that the
Forest melon season is almost at an
end. And Mobile street and Baptist
Bottoms are not the only sections sor-
ry of it, either.
The Hattiesburg news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1908-1917, 1915-08-24

February, 1866, had no full moon.
This was the first time such phe-
.nomenon has occurred since the crea-
ton of the world, and it will not occur
again, according to the computation
of astronomers, for 100000 years.
The Hattiesburg news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1908-1917, 1915-08-24

II. B. Lane, of Columbus, Ga. and
formerly of Hattiesburg, is the new
clerk at Hotel HattieSburg.
The Hattiesburg news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1908-1917, 1915-08-24

The board of directors of the Com
mercial Club will hold an important
meeting at their rooms at 8 o'clock
tonight. President Hannah has re-
quested that all members be present.
The Hattiesburg news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1908-1917, 1915-08-24

R. P. Black, district manager of the
Home Telephone Company, is down
from Meridian on business.
The Hattiesburg news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1908-1917, 1915-08-24

While there is some discussion as to
the ACCESSIBILITY of planting wheat as
commercial crop, it seems certain
that large acreage of that grain will
be planted in this vicinity this fall.
Several farmers recently have ex,
pressed themselves as believing wheat
in pretty good quantity will pay and
these point out that the wheat crop
There is agitation in different parts OF
the State for flour mills.
The Hattiesburg news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1908-1917, 1915-08-24

Gene Fly, private secretary to Con-
gresham Pat Harrison, and former
City Editor of The News, came up
The Hattiesburg news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1908-1917, 1915-08-24

w. H. Baker returned from Laurel |
last night
A. NJ. Jones Forded it to Collins |
this morning.
L. D. Hammett, of Manned, is in
the city today.
L. E. Brown returned from Ellis
vile yesterday morning.
). E. Chandler, of the Swittenberg
Shoe Store, is i'll today.
A. S. Hinton, of Lumberton, was in
Hattiesburg this morning.
Claude Bennett spent Sunday at the
Great Southern, GulfpOrt.
H Ogden left this morning to spend
several weeks in Mt. Olivet, Ky.
Enoch Travis, of Laurel, is spend
ing a few days with relatives here.
S. d. Mimms, of Ellisville, was in
Hattiesburg yesterday on business.
H. D. Foote was a Sunday visitor at
the Great Southern Hotel, Gulfport.
d. w Holmes leaves for Lake,
Miss, tomorrow to visit relatives.
Inman Cook returned last night
from a short business trip to Jack
5on.
Tom Travis left for Laurel this
morning. He will be absent about ten
days.
L. L. Conn, manager of the Central
Electric Company, went to LumbertOn
| this morning to vote.
E. Finkenaur of New Orleans, man
ager of The n. X. Fairbank Co., is in
| town on business.
R. P. Black, district manager of the
Home Telephone Company, is down
from Meridian on business.
H. B. Lane, of Columbus, Ga. and
formerly of Hattiesburg, is the new
clerk at Hotel Hattiesburg.
f. II. Deas has returned from Knox
vile. Tenn, today, where he has been
on an outing and fishing trip.
L. L. Mullinix, of The Davidson
Company, has returned from an ex-
tended trip through the East.
S. w. Tate, of New Orleans, sales
man for The N. X. Fairbank Co., is
transacting business here today.
E. L. Num-, (Happy), manager OF
the shoe department of Davidsons
was in Laurel yesterday on business
S. c. Irby, of the Hattiesburg Trac
ton Company, who has been spending
a few days at his home in Knoxville
Tenn, will return to Hattiesburg to
morrow morning.
The board of directors of the Com
mercial Club will hold an important
meeting at their rooms at s O'Clock
tonight. President Hannah has re
quested that all members be present.
The watermelons being brought tt
> Hattiesburg these days are not up t.
the standard, which means that the
end. And Mobile street and Baptis
Bottoms are not the only sections sor
ry of it, either,
The board Of strategy, the office o
which is at Fields corner and thu
Century corner, had Germany sur
rendering this morning, whether tn
Kaiser wanted to or not. The New
office was visited and called at dozel
G or more times by persons wanting veri
lfication of the rumor.
While there is some discussion as t
the advisability of planting wheat a
a commercial CROP it seems certain
The Hattiesburg news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1908-1917, 1915-08-24

II. D. FoOte was a Sunday visitor at
the Great Southern Hotel, Gulfport.
The Hattiesburg news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1908-1917, 1915-08-24

Z. Finkenaur, of New Orleans, man.
ager of The n. X. Fairbank Co.. is in
town on business.
The Hattiesburg news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1908-1917, 1915-08-24

d. w. Holmes leaves for Lake,
Miss, tomorrow to visit relatives.
The Hattiesburg news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1908-1917, 1915-08-24

Inman Cook returned last night
from short business trip to Jack
Ion.
The Hattiesburg news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1908-1917, 1915-08-24

L. L. Conn, manager of the Central
Electric Company, went to LumbertOn
this morning to vote.
The Hattiesburg news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1908-1917, 1915-08-24

S. T. Pritchett is in Laurel today OIL
business.
The Hattiesburg news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1908-1917, 1915-08-24

S. d. MimmS, of EllisVille, was in
Hattiesburg yesterday on business.
The Hattiesburg news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1908-1917, 1915-08-24

Tom Travis left for Laurel this
morning. He will be absent about ten
days.
The Hattiesburg news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1908-1917, 1915-08-24

w. H. Baker returned from Laurel
last night.
The Hattiesburg news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1908-1917, 1915-08-24

A S. Hinton, of Lumberton, was in
Hattiesburg this morning.
The Hattiesburg news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1908-1917, 1915-08-24

Inman Cook is in Collins today on
business.
The Hattiesburg news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1908-1917, 1915-08-24

L. E. Brown returned from Ellis
vile yesterday morning.
The Hattiesburg news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1908-1917, 1915-08-24

J. E. Chandler, of the Swittenberg
Shoe Store, is ill today.
The Hattiesburg news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1908-1917, 1915-08-24

L. D. Hammett, of Manned, is in
the city today.
The Hattiesburg news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1908-1917, 1915-08-24

A. NJ. Jones Forded it to Collins
this morning.
The Hattiesburg news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1908-1917, 1915-08-24
CITY EREVIIIES

Fred T. Cunningham is in Laurel
today.
The Hattiesburg news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1908-1917, 1915-08-24

Enoch Travis, of Laurel, is spend
ing a few days with relatives here.
The Hattiesburg news. (Hattiesburg, Miss.) 1908-1917, 1915-08-24

H Ogden left this morning to spend
several weeks in Mt. Olivet, Ky.
The Elk Mountain pilot., 1915-03-25
Notice Of Election.

Notice is hereby given that, pur
suant to law, the annual municipal
election of the town of Crested Butte.
Colorado, will be held in the said
town on Tuesday, the sixth day of
April, A. d. 1915, for the purpose
of elccting the following officers for
said town, to-wit:
One Mayor, to hold Office one year.
Three Trustees, to hold offire two
years.
One Treasurer, to hold Office one
year.
One Clerk and Recorder, to held
Office one year.
One Marshal, to hold Office one
year.
One Police Magistrate, to hold
Office one year.
Precinct No. embraces all of
said town; polling place, council
room, City Hall.
The polls will be open at seven
O'Clock 4. NJ. and remain open until
seven O'Clock p. NJ of said day of
election.
The judges of the election for the
said town precinct will meet 1T the
polling place above designated on
Tuesday, the 10th day at March,
and the S0th day of March, A. D..
1915, for the purpose of revising,
correcting and completing the annu-
al registry list for the said election
and will meet again on the day pre-
reding the election to complete said
registry list as required by law.
There will also hc submitted to
the qualified electors of said town /:
Shall salaries for Mayor and
Town Trustees be abolished?
There will also he submitted to
The qualified electors of said town
Who shall have paid a property tax
IN the year next preceding said
election, the propositions:
Shall Water bonds be issued?
Shall Light oonds be issued?
Witness my hand and seal of
.aid town of Crested Butte. Colo.
lth day of March, A. ID. 1915.
,JoHN MCINTYRE,
Clerk and Recorder.
The Elk Mountain pilot., 1915-03-25

EDEE London Tango" Necklace
| NIL "Evclyn Thaw" Bracelet
These two beautiful pieces OF popular
jewelry are the craze among society
women in New York and the lafgest
cities. They are neat and elegant gold
finished articles that will glad.n the
heart of every girl or woman, no INIT
ter how young or old. Very stylish and
attractive.
OUR FREE OFFER. We are advertis-
ing SpEk2MINT CuEwiNG CUM and de-
sire to place a big box of this fine,
healhful gum into every home. IT
sweetens the whitens the teeth
and aids digestion. Ii is refreshing
and pleasing to all. To everyone send
ing US but SOC and 6 five stamps t.
cover shipping cost we will ship n big
box Of ~ regular nc packages Of the
Spearmint Gum and include the elegan:
Tango" necklace and Evelyn
Thaw" hracelc, Absolutely Free.
This offer is for short time only.
Not more than 2 orders to one party.
Dealers not allowed to accept this.
UNITED SALES COMPANY
Dayton, OHIO P. o. eex 10
The Elk Mountain pilot., 1915-03-25

Mrs. Jarvis returned Saturday
from her California trip and was
met by her son Royal. They left
ut once for their ranch on East
river. Mrs. Jarvis reports very
pleasant trip and the eXpositions
wonderful in every way.
The Elk Mountain pilot., 1915-03-25

VIII Runnoe lef. last week to as
a,st l.. Lucero, Of Jacks Cabin. with
:: cattle shipment to Denver. On
u.cir arrival Mt Gunnison it was
found that only two cars could be
secured so VIII returned home.
The Elk Mountain pilot., 1915-03-25

Mr.. and Mrs. S. G.. Bottenficld
drove in from their ranch Tuesday,
this being Mrs. Bottentield's first
trip in since her return from Min
nc1ua. They report the snow ais
going fast.
The Elk Mountain pilot., 1915-03-25
Deafness Cannot Be Cured

nv local appncations as they cannot
reach the diseased portion OF the car.
There is only one way to cure deafness
and that is by constitutional remedies.
Deafness is caused by an intiamcd con-
d;tiop of the Eustachian Tube When
this tube is infamed you have rum
bling sound or imperfect hearing, and
when it is entirely closed, Deafness is
the result. and unless the inflammation
cal, be taken out and this tUbe restored
to its normal condition, hearing VIII De
DESTROYED forever; nine casSs ovt oi
ten are caused by Catarrh, when ls
nothing but an infamed condition ~
the mucous surfaces.
We will give One Hundred Dollars
for anv case of Deafness Caused by
Catarrh) that cannot be cured by
Halls Catarrh Cure. Send for circu-
lars, Tree.
F. J. CHENEY & CO.,
Toledo. Ohio.
Take Halls Family Pills for consti-
patton.
Address: F. j. Cheney. & Co. Toledo o.
Sold by Druggists. 75c.
The Elk Mountain pilot., 1915-03-25

We are sending copies of the PILOT to
n number of former subscribers and we
nope that when they read this marked
item they will see the error OF their
wa Is. and send per mission to place
The Elk Mountain pilot., 1915-03-25

Cards are out for 4 dance on
Easter Monday, April 5tn, at the
city hall and under the auspices
Of The Unique Orchestra. They
should have a large crowd, for
the event is certain to be pleas
ant one.
The Elk Mountain pilot., 1915-03-25

The Musicale, given tonight by
the Ladies' Social Club will be for
the purpose of obtaining funds to
belp carry on the good work OF th1e
Club. During the past winter the
Club has done great good in very
quiet way and given practical rellei
in :. rumber of cases and the small
sum of ten cents tonight will give
You an evening of pleasure and
help the ladies in a noble work. Be
sure and 20.
The Elk Mountain pilot., 1915-03-25

rs93 Lump soft coal s4.0o Per ton
delivered. Anthracite coal $3.50
per ton delivered, Leave orlers
with Richard Williams, Agent.
The Elk Mountain pilot., 1915-03-25

w. f. Sow. a HI mo 'ols arc
pointed Socialist lecturer w II
speak in the City Hall on the
evening Of April End.
The Elk Mountain pilot., 1915-03-25

There will be Song Service at The
Congregational church every Sunday
evening at sev,n-thirty o'clock. =
short discussion on one OF the Beaii-
tudes will follow the Song Service.
Cone and he with US for an or. a
cordial welcome ext nGed to all.
The Elk Mountain pilot., 1915-03-25

Mrs. D., l.. Gladstone went to
Gunnison Tue day, in order to get
some dental work attended to.
The Elk Mountain pilot., 1915-03-25

II. b. Raymond, cashier at the
store of the Colorado Supply Co. for
the past year, has been transferred
from Crested Butte to Weston, and
left for that point a few days ago.
The family will remain here for Il
short time. Tie departure of this
estimable family is to be regretted,
ard in our social and musical circles
their absence will be keenly felt,
The Elk Mountain pilot., 1915-03-25

Simpson Riser has returned from
the Jarvis ranch and Dan McDon-
aid has that glad, happy smile ohce
more.
The Elk Mountain pilot., 1915-03-25

The D. & R. G.. round-house
cstler, c. Smith, went down t
he hospital at Saiida to TN lerg
az operation.
The Elk Mountain pilot., 1915-03-25

biggest lot ct iun you ever had il
ycu: life fcr ten cents. Tonight at
the Musicale.
The Elk Mountain pilot., 1915-03-25

Billy Hickman has ''bumped'
Conductor Spear from the Crested
Butte branch run. Mr.. Spear has
returned to Grand Junction.
The Elk Mountain pilot., 1915-03-25

Plenty OF fun tonight ut the Mu-
zeal entertainment. Only ten cents.
The Elk Mountain pilot., 1915-03-25

Since assuming control Of the PILOT
we find on the delinquent list number
of names. We would like to retain
zach and every one OF these and any
one knowing themselves so indebted
will confer favor by sending the
amount due TO S. c. Robinson or to
=. l.. WISE,
Lessee.
The Elk Mountain pilot., 1915-03-25

There are several cases of sick
ness in town, la grippe being The
chief complaint. Mrs. Hcran,
Mrs. Samsel and Mrs. Jamison,
Mr.. Jarnison and Mr.. Bennett
have teen it's victims during the
week past, but are all improving.
The Elk Mountain pilot., 1915-03-25

Lack of cars has caused q fall
ing off in local coal shipments.
Don't mistake April 1st for May lst
and so fishinr.
The Elk Mountain pilot., 1915-03-25

DIR. Rockefeller and wife returned
to Gunnison Saturday from IL six
weeks trip to California points.
They visited the M-tzler and O'Don-
nell families while at Los Angeles.
The EXpositions were visited and
were even finer than anticipated.
The Elk Mountain pilot., 1915-03-25

:. Harry Smith, brakeman ON the
local line, brought his wife up from
Nontrosc recently au! they are now
costly dom.iled i'll VIII Wlllson's
cottage, corner of Maroon and Third.
The Elk Mountain pilot., 1915-03-25

The mountains LAY, been unsual-
ly free from snow slides this season
The Elk Mountain pilot., 1915-03-25
Local News

Mr.. D. Sloan uradc 4 business trip
to Gunnisun the first of the week.
=. REMEMBER: Band Concert Re
hcarsal night, tomorrow. You are wei
come. Come and hear some good band
music. a
The Elk Mountain pilot., 1915-03-25

Remember. tomorrow. (Friday)
is The date OF the Free Band Con
cert G3neQIt.
The Elk Mountain pilot., 1915-03-25

EDEE London Tango" Necklace
| NIL Evelyn Thaw" Bracelet
Omaha daily bee., 1915-01-25
Editorial Shrapnel

Brooklyn Eagle: In i've MONDE nev.
traiity Italy has perhaps saved moro lives
than the earthquake look, and, on an
average. more valuable lives. That ie-
Election is not insignificant.
Louisville cou-ier-Journal: phvrleisn
who USED TO tell his itch petients 70 70
to Europe may be EMBARRASSED nv the
conflict but the profaae 'eli,w ran rev
say go TO Europe" wItn9ut havin. 10
apolosize IL ladies' are present.
Cleveland Plain Dealer: For ahso,r,o
sangfroid cornmend US 70 the hen A
British officer bears wi.nsss that the
mems OF Flanders. in the midst OF tho
most terrific cannonadlne, go about their
business with the same piacid;tv ana
close attention that hey display in tim.
Of peace. INV
New York World; II Kipling wero
what Germans call musicker he might
produce war song better than s.Tlp-
perary," but he IL only poet ana armies
rarely march to the rhythm OF verse
Hundreds Of thousands OF GOOD Amers-
can troops ia civil war days adopted the
tune Of John Brown" but they i'm
provised their cwn words as they went
along.
Omaha daily bee., 1915-01-25

II s commonly believed that Hughes would under
no circumstances seek the nomination nor allow the
use OF his name in the old convention days Il would
be possible to nominate him By reclamation and put
the thing before him q completed fact since the
passage Of direct primary laws IN 40 many states.
however Il ~ more difficult to nominate a man with
out his formal participation In many OF the states
the direct primary Law requires that no man can be
voted for unless he stated formally in writing that
he e candidate This. undoubtedly Hughes would
never do. II is conceivable that at the republican
convention in 1915 enough fsvorte will turn up
with the direct primary nominations OF their respective
states 20 create deadlock that the dead
lock REORGANIZATION OF Hughes could come. This 10.
80 to speak, the mechanics Of the possible nomination
Of Hughes
This Is what Mark Sullivan says in his po-
litical comment department Of Golfers discuss
ing Justice Charles Il. Hughes as a possibility
for the 1915 republican presidential nomina-
tion. While Mr.. sullivans diagnosis may be
correct with reference to certain OF the direct
primary states. it is not true Of some OF these
states, and particularly OF Nebraska.
Our Nebraska presidential primary law per-
mits the filing OF any name for an expression OF
preference upon II for either the presidential or
vice presidential nomination, and requires moth
ing more than a petition bearing the signatures
Of the designated number OF electors affiliating
with the political party mentioned in the head
ing. This is the way the names of Roosevelt
Taft La Toilette and OF Wilson, Harmon. Clark
were placed on our primary ballots in 1912.
Nothing in our law even provides expressly for
withdrawal OF such names after they are filed,
although the secretary Of state in charge OF the
makeup OF the ballot accepted q construction
permitting Withdrawals either at the request of
the candidate or Of the elector who had filed
the petition, assuming. Of course that the latter
was acting by direction Of the person named as
the candidate
Il would be quite possible therefore In Ne
braska, and in states similarly conditioned, to
put the name Of Justice Hughes on our presiden-
tial primary ballot, and to take a preferential
vote upon Il. and thus 70 instruct the conven-
ton delegates without any positive action on
his part, either announcing his candidacy or ac-
ceptIng nomination filing. All he would need
do would be to do what Mr.. Sullivan intimates
to be his attitude-sit still in a receptive mood,
and not rock the boat. But this being true. the
nomination mechanics" are quite different from
what Mr.. Sullivan concludes.