davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1915-12-30
noRTHRoP NOT FOOLISH.
Says He Would Be Deserted BY
az Frjepds AZ First Opportunity.

Friends At FIRST Opportunity.
Minneapolis. Dec. 30.-Following a
conference of prominent local republic
cans with DR.. Cyrus Northrop, an Ell
fort will be made to get all candidates
for president to agree to stay out OF
Minnesota and let the delegates all de-
clare for DR.. Northrop for president as
a means Of getting party harmony
This seemingly impossible condition
was imposed by DIR. Northrop, and even
then he did not promise that he would
let his name be used.
DR.. Northrop's sense of humor still
rules strong. The idea Of q man 81
years old running for the presidency
appealed to him and he enjoyed ring
ing the changes on the joke. There
would be nothing serious about such
candidacy, he insisted. %s
Suppose I did consent to IT, he
said. You. have heard of a working
.hypothesis. Well. would be work
ing hypothesis. But that is supposins
something that isn't true"
Loyal Delegation Of Dessrtsrs.
my friends" he said. You honor
me, indeed. You propose to make me
candidate for president, to send dele
cation to Chicago under my banner.
ana Chen to have them desert me at
the hrst opportunity"
Then DR.. Northrop turned to- . seri-
Gus discussion of the situation. Il UNI
defstand the difficulties you are trying
to ameet,r he said, but I have better
.soInuon for them. My candidacy. at
my age, would be taken by many as a
Joke, and by others as political sub
terfuge. But 7 would suggest another
man to whom you can turn, of whom
you need not be ashamed. He is "a
bona fide candidate tho / do not be-
Neve he can be nominated. He and I
stand for much the same things. Why
not file the name Of Theodore E. Bur-
ton %
Burton Not the Man. 2 rs,
The three callers, e. E. Smith, w.
III. Eustis. and Walter N. Carroll pro
tasted that Burton would not unite the
republicans Of Minnesota, and that
unity was the purpose Of their mission.
"You don't think would unite the
party. do you?" DR.. Northrop n de-
manded. The others thought heswouid.
NO." he insisted, the progressives
never would stand for me. You gentle-
men represent those called the stand
patters, don't you?" II
Mr.. Carroll here Is a progressive
declared Senator Smith.
We'll" said Mr.. Carroll, Il was out
Of the country in 1912, but am for
progress"
THAT doesn't mean that you are .
progressive" retorted DR.. Northrop. and
there was q general laugh. The callers
urged that with DR.. Northrop in the
f3ald outside candidates would not care
toEet IN. - :. - - s X - = - :
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1915-02-16
WILL NOT LEAVB
Asv. I o. rsahsi WIN not Lave ives,
Libsrty Prssbytsr1An Church 90
Enter Msnon Ttsld

For some time the members OF the
West Liberty Presbyterian church have
been disturbed by rumors that they were
about TO lose their pastor. Rev. l. &.
feaksl who has been with them nearly
two years. Some time ago a call came
20 Rev. feaxsl to take charge OF tho
Mission church at Weirton. who're a
new church II to be built A. he has
been successful IN this line Of work Ti
the past. this call greatly appealed 60
him and he was inclined to acospt- Three
weeks ago Rev. Yeakel asked his session
TO call n congregational meeting for
February i4th at which time he expected
TO ask the congregation TO unite with
him In asking the Presbytery to dis
solve the pastoral relation
Tho call led the members and friends
OF the church TO voice their protest. So
at the meeting Sunday the members OF
the congregation In place OF asking the
Presbytery 70 dissolve the pastoral rela-
tion. they offered a resolution requesting
the pastor to remain which wa carried
so unanimously that the pastor feels u
Is his duty 20 remain. Rev. Yeaksl will
now in all probability remain With the
church at West Liberty for some time
20 come.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1915-02-16
SLIGHT EXPOSURE
OF Two Prisoners Brought 20 Psnitsnti-
I'm Moundsvilie and Small
poH Not Feared. says warden

Warden ". 4 white. OF the pspit.ptt-
aIlt stated yesterday that Of the seven
prisoners mentioned iu the Charleston
que patch. regarding the smallpox there.
only two were from KanaWha rount
The other i've having been brought rro,,.
isAi'itn county and were kept IN the
hanh ma county Jail only Friday ovct
Nt U heF with the two from Charleston
were brought 90 the prison here Satur-
DAY might and word was received ave
h'ufg lHtnr stating the conditions H.
Han been discovered az that place ard
'fNtfIrH aIi nar pIsUautluus Co. bD Laksn.
Nru as thorough disiufectiou and
Llniraiiou, which was done a. once
p" runFiUts were also Isolated from the
other prisoners and ssrrFthInH done 10
HHHfI aEIiuHt tHe outbreak ~ the dla-
case. The warden does not look for any
smallpox here HH The exposure Or any.
was very sUEht
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1915-02-16
Not as | know of I"

DO you know OF any reason for the
appointment OF that man at $4,000
salary for that position?"
The witness stammered and slut
tered and finally said that Il was an
important position.
But, why?" asked the chairman.
do you know of any occasion wh,l
they should create that Office for that
MANI
Don't know"
DO you know of any case he was
ever connected with while drawing
that salary"
Don't know"
The witness was asked why IL was
That cases were generally taken from
the district courts to the Federal
court and he said that he did not
know but they generally were taken
in that course.
At 5:25 o'clock the investigators
and the plaintiff were through with
the witness, and Mr.. How ard said that
ne would leave the cross examination
until morning IL necessary. but Chair.
man McGillicuddy stated that Il would
not be necessary as time is brief. and
every minute must be accounted for
and they would continue The cross.
examination did not bring out any
thing of note.
Attorney Howard asked the wit.
ness: DO you happen &c known that
Judge Dayton never earned or re-
ceiyed any fees. while representing
the company In Barbour county,"
Inc witness answered: Il do not ."
When the witness had finished. the
nearing ADORNED until $3.50 O'Clock
this morning
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1915-02-16
FIVE DRINKS
t. Not a Rad Average for Dry whssL
Ing ~ monday Morning Police
Court Session

DRY Wheeling ls stul producing her
faNu or uruuka nH was shown hy police
court yesterday morning The foltowfug
were arrested IHfr saturday ard SUNDAY
AIRY IifwHu ard John maxwell drunk
nnd raising o. disturbance 90 their room
fnr house. ~ IfIH Market street isruti
Martin and Joe WRIGHT drunk AT uera
fined $40 and costs. Wright ruf up for
bic appearance but failed Co. ahuw I'd in
court
their home on Twenty aaIrth street said
BE- wHa drunk uf che time He vas
nlVeu DO days iu the wurkhuuHe Irene
Dunbar. arrested on the street late Sat.
urdaV night forfeited ths amount she
put up FOR her appearance.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1915-02-16
NASAL CATARRH
PREVENTED BY
SIMPLE METHOD

Colds lead 10 Catarrh.
Tho nostrils and air passages are
the breeding places for Catarrh.
Hay Fever and other disease breedlns
germs. NOSTRfOLA. which b. nov
sold and recommended b. all reliable
druggists. is intended 90 cleanse. puri.
y and strengthen the Innings Of the air
passages, and this simple. sensible
treatment not only quickly relieves
'ftuny' heads and breaks the worst
cold In a few hours. but n helps 20
prevent Catarrhal troubles
When you catch cold. head stopped
up, wheeling. sneeEinE. misery from
head 10 foot. and you want quick help.
Just apply a little NOSTRtOLA 70 nos.
trils. rub on throat. chest or wherever
there r. misery. and a pleasant sur.
prise awaits you
Better get a small tube OF NOaTRf.
OLA Of your druggist today. and try
o.. You'll be more than pleased
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1915-02-16

ing to evade the law, but OF wanting
to not disobey it,"
Chairman McGilicuddy asked:
You were not in Washington when
Judge jackson resigned and Judge
Dayton was appointed. were your"
II don't know. think was some
place in West Virginia"
How soon after did you learn Of
the detectives shadowing Judge Jack
SOM"
Several months"
Who told your"
Judge Jackson, | think | remem.
Der talking TO him about IL. He re-
ferred to 1t, saying that he had been
shadowed"
Judge Jackson was made consult.
ing counsel by the d. a o. after he re-
signed. wasn't he?"
Il didn't know that until some time
after. The judge told me that he had
resigned under pressure, but he was
all right"
Attorney Belcher here took the wit
ness and asked:
what amount of money did the b.
& o. pay Judge Jackson?'
Witness said that he didn't know.
Pay for Resignation.
Attorney Belcher then asked the
witness IL the b. q o. did not agree
TO pay Judge Jackson TO induce him
to resign that Dayton could be APP
pointed. $4,000 per year for the re-
mainder Of his life"
Witness said he didn't know
Didn't you know" continued Attor-
ney Belcher. that the y. q o. did pay
Judge Jackson $500 per month as con-
sulting COUNSEL
Il understood he got 5000 a year.
The sum paid was the same that
Judge Jackson was paid az Federal
Judge. wasn't III"
4 don't know what salary he got
as Judge"
DO you know Of a single instance
where other attorneys for the com
pany consulted Judge Jackson
mo. I don't know"
And he was consulting COUNSEL
Yes"
Didn't you say to George W John
son that you were anxious for Judge
Jackson to resign7"
NO. sir: I didn't"
did you In any 81 these Conversa-
tons with Mr.. Johnson say that the
bureau was anxious to have Dayton
on the bench2"
Il don't know that ! did
III Mr. Johnson would testify 90
This. you would believe 30. wouldn Q
YOU"
Yes. would believe most any
thing he would say
Attorney Howard interposcd an ob.
lection 90 the question and Attorney
Bslcter stated that be- would follow
20 up later with the statements made
by Johnson. and did read n question
and answer Of Mr Johnson's tcsti-
mony into the records when the Oh.
lection was Withdrawn
Wasn't 70 fact that Judge Biz.
zard. while pretending to be- a friend
20 Judge Jackson was doing every
thing In HE power 10 have Dayton put
on the bench7'
lie was friendly 10 Jackson. but {
don't know that he did anything spe-
cal until after he was sure Judge
Jackson would resign
Chairman WcGuuruddy. o. The con
sresFlonal committee. here took the
witness again. BE said. WAS there
ever such position AZ consulting
counsel for the ~ a o. before Judge
Jackson resigned from the bouchf'
Not az J know Of" answered the
witness.
Has there been any since he diedg''
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1915-02-16
FOUND GUILTY
jury Out nut 10 n<tnutss Bring In YER
diot In Case Against Jaok Ho-
aan-Othar IurH Ont

Jack Hogan and Barney Moran, 81
Bellaire indicted by the last grand jury
for burglary and larceny. on a charge
Of robbinR the J. VI. McGraw Automobile
Agency. at Boilaire. Of number Of
tires. were placed on trial at 81 Clalrs-
willie yesterday. The Hogan case was
tried FIRST and whsn the case WAS given
60 the jury. only 70 minutes we're re
quired 20 reach verdict OF guilty.
The Moran case was placed on trial in
the afternoon and was given 20 the jury
about o'clock. At 10 the jury entered
the court room and asked for further
instruction and Immediately retired
again 20 begin its deliberations
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1915-02-16
Stop Dyspepsia
With HexetS

a sour stomach, indigestion, dys-
pepsia arc quickly and easily re-
lieved by HEXETS. They get down
70 the bottom Of the trouble and
make things right They prevent
as we'll as cure dyspepsia, indiges-
ton, sour stomach and all other
stomach ills
Take ono after your meals. they
help digest the heavy rich foods
without pain or trouble. Their
work is easy, swift and pleasant.
Favored with spearmint and
pleasant 20 the taste.
Toe AZ up-to-date drug stores 25c
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1915-02-16

Mar sehafer Of thi' civ. who -sid
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1915-02-16
STARTLING DISCLOSURES
MADE In DAYTON HEARING
tcoa-aa.d IRON r,r.s r.r.)

l. -. -.
- m 'uese Daytons court Nhen
- a JoI"I ior orins
~. VI hOt suiI.y IN q
80. 49, yuose Dayton toio
- u.'enosn, ense ne was seiIty' re-
ss. 90 'ne JuIoIs ,eIulcI ne.
fb~ rn,n.r- 80 49,, .,,a-S =. ~
cour, re,,,,,, ....,., 49,. t.,,t,.,t,f...I -,
was ,rted :, az, r.-.s.,,i.- -.
Iudg. D.y,oo sn,.r.,i ~. s...., -,
=, ,ht. 80, "a $500 49,.
his bench as had been the custom for
years, seated himself nj the defend.
ants table next TO his son. Arthur
re repeated the statement Accredited
To Judge DAYTON that the Mine Work
ers were criminal conspirator. Ritt.
ner said Jud9e Davton naved htr,, so-
wearing rood clothes ana Iivipg on
thu man IN The r,tn..
&C.,,
Se"e" r''he'P'es
bittner said Judge Dayton sen
fenced him 10 sixty days as a matter
or general principle. These, he said.
were the words OF the court He
said Judge Dayton accused him of be-
ing an agent OF the coal operators of
Ohio and Pennsylvania to destroy the
coal industry OF West Virginia. He
said Judge Dayton repeatedly re-
ferred to him as an alien. Bittner
said that in records OF miners cases
the remarks of the court are not
included. Judge Dayton ordering the
stenographer TO omit his words.
Van Rit,ner said tha, the indigo
orsw yar,r a,,o,,onat =, .roas drr,,,o
the hesrirss ro,,id sr,nd hts ,oa,h
desL
FRANK IeoN'nSs Iestnes
FRANK LeoNlnka. OF bridseport- IN
sernationai organizer OF the united
Wine workers was next called. He
was aiso ueienuant IN contempt pro-
ceedings before Judge Dayton and cor
roDa.eu the htatetnene as 10 Jonn
Mhlte ana the miners maze oy the
.o'nnel "iInesses. ne was entenceu
W serNe SIX mOntns anu mas serVeu
uays. re ssiu ,nat Juuse Dayton
~ss Ieterreu 10 hln' as lorelsn-
anu ~ leis 'ha' .ns eAplessIon
80 .-,s''.. nhs as "e IL n"'ui AZ
IL - an. 49, - -, ,.,.
~. ,,Ia '',,s , ~ 'ls ~. an,
49,, ros,,sod =. "a - is,n','Il
nv mac. Dav,nn ~ ~ VI .op', 80 81,
I,sdSs's .,,,,,,S'' ,o,,,s-S ','J,.pal.I -
in~ ,bst hs Sas oJ,,avs r,aa"aa, 80,
witnessas 20. ,hs co.i ,.,,, ,, g
titled Inn, when H. n,ipars No.
there he would become mncb o,ct,ad
"a &C., ssi,t.1i IN ..NI. ~ -
their netbods 81 nrocodnra
Ledyinka 6enipd tbat he had baan
a leader Of labor oryanizstions yvbiIa
In Europe. or that he came 10 mis-
country To assume bi1her resnonsI-
bilities.
Afternoon Session
The afternoon session berap short.
ly before O'Clock. Frank Ledvinl,a
being recalled To the stand and was
re-cross-examined regardin, coal
strikes In which he had participated
He stated that 40 far as his conduct
was concerned. they were peacefuI
He was on the stand al the after.
noon session hut a few minutes lie
was followed NV Fannie SelIens n,
Chicago. representatIve NJ tbe United
Garment Workers Of America she
said that her work consisted 10 a
great extent in soliciting aid and pro-
yiding support for girls she told n,
conditions as she found them here
during the miners strike AT Callers
She said that she visited the homes of
The hummer. (Houston, Miss.) 1914-19??, 1915-05-21
DESTROYER MAKES REPORT
Official Statement ls Given out by
Berlin Of How Lusitania Was
Torpedoed and Sunk.

Berlin.-From the report received
from the submarine which sank the
Lusltania the following official version
Of the incident is published by the
admiralty stan under the signature Of
Admiral Behncke:
THE submarine sighted the steam.
er which showed no flag May z at
2:2O o'clock Central European time,
afternoon. on the southeast coast Of
Ireland, in fine, clear weather.
AT $40 one torpedo was fired at
the Lusitania, which hit her star
board side below the captains bridge.
The defamation Of the torpedo was fol-
lowed Immediately by further ex.
plosion Of extremely strong effect.
The ship quickly listed to starboard
and began to sink.
"The second explosion must be
traced back to the ignition Of quaint
ties of ammunition inside the ship"
The hummer. (Houston, Miss.) 1914-19??, 1915-05-21
RrItIah oHloera kIIled.

London.-The weeks casualty lists
issued May 16 show 80 British officers
killed 2O4 wounded and 81 missing.
Among the officers killed we're Brig
Gen. Arthur Willoughby, G. Lowry
and Capt. the Hon. Eric Edward Up
ton, heir OF Viscount Templetown.
Among the wounded are Mai. Martin
Archer-Shee, NJ. P. for Central Fins
bury; Lieut. Sir ]. F. Grey, Bart;
Capt. the Hon. Alfred Harris, brother
Of the earl Of Malmesbury; Lieut.. the
Hon. A. P. Methuen, second sou Of
Baron Methuen; Capt. Sir Frederick
V. Robinson, Bart; Lieut.. the Hon. ].
H. Bowes-Lyon, second son Of the earl
Of Strathmore; Lieut.. Commander
Lord Alstair Graham, youngest son of
the duke Of Montrose, and Lieut.. Col.
C. B. Vandeleur, who, while a pris-
oner Of war in Germany. escaped and
sent a report to the government con-
eerning the ilI-treatment Of British
prisoners In Germany.
The hummer. (Houston, Miss.) 1914-19??, 1915-05-21
U. S. SHOULD EMPLOY FLEET
John Sharp Believes the Government
Ought to Back Up Demands
Made on Germany.

Jackson, Miss.-United States Sen
ator John Sharp Williams in a state
ment regarding the Lusitania disaster,
declared that If the vessel was armed
Germany was Justified in torpedoing
her. but" he added, 81 am informed
that she was not and that puts a diff
ferent light upon it.
81 am told that Ambassador Bern
storff said the German government
knew that the Lusitania was armed
upon one trip, but did not know that
she was on the last" he continued.
That's a lie, because they have spies,
lot Of those German-Americans in
New York-many Of them more Ger
man than American, who watch these
things and keep them posted"
Discussing the torpedolng Of the
American steamer Gulflight, Senator
Williams said:
IT I were president would mobil-
lie the fleet and demand Of Germany
not only an apology and indemnity,
but assurance that such an incident
should not be repeated. But this
would be a demand only and not an
ultimatum."
The hummer. (Houston, Miss.) 1914-19??, 1915-05-21
ANOTHER WARsHIP is SUNK
British 5attleship Goliath Is Torpe-
decd In the Dardanelles-5O0
British Sailors Lose Lives.

London.-The British battleship Co
Hath has been torpedoed in the Oar.
danelles. It is feared 500 have been
lost.
The British submarine Ella has PEN
etrated through the Dardanelles and
into the Sea Of Marmora, sinking two
Turkish gunboats and a Turkish trans
port.
These announcements were made in
the house Of commons May Is by Win
ston Churchill, first lord Of the ad-
miralty
While no definite information had
been received as to the number Of
lives lost on the Goliath, Mr.. Churchill
said he feared It would reach 500.
Twenty officers and 100 men Of the
Goliath's crew we're saved.
Mr.. Churchill said:
"The Goliath was torpedoed at night
in a torpedo attack by destroyers while
protecting the French flank just in
side the straits.
"The admiral commanding at the
Dardanelles also telegraphs that the
submarine Ella, which, with so much
daring penetrated to the Sea Of Mar
mora. has reported that she sank two
Turkish gunboats and a large Turkish
transport"
The Goliath was one Of the older
British battleships of the pre-dread-
'naught type. She was built in $685.
Her complement was 750 men. She
was 400 feet long on the water line,
displaced 1880 tons, and was armed
with four 12-inch and twelve 6-inch
guns; twelve 12-pounders. six 3-pound-
ers, two machine gun9, and four tor
pedo tubes.
The Goliath is the third British bat
tleship whose loss in the Dardanelles
attack has been announced by the
British government Loss of the IRE
sistible and Ocean was announced on
March 10. On April a wireless dis
patch from Berlin said the British bat
tleship Lord Nelson also had been de-
stroyed. That report was not con
firmed.
The hummer. (Houston, Miss.) 1914-19??, 1915-05-21
FRENCH ADVANCE SLOWLY
pueh the Germans Hard IN Effort 70
Break Through Lines On the
st. Mihiel Wedge.

Lond0n.-The French. who already
have gained possession Of what was
thought to be impregnable German po-
aitions north Of Paris. are reported to
be continuing their victorious advance.
while the British are asserted to be
holding q large force Of Germans IN
their front and repulsing all German
attempts TO reach Ypres, which has
proved to be the graveyard Of so
many thousands Of men since the
opposing lines were established there
last autumn
The Germans claim to have made a
slight advance. but with the battle
ebbing and flowing. that is not consid-
cred serious In military circles here.
Along toward the coast the Belgian
army has repulsed an attempt Of the
Germans to regain the bridge head
which King Albert's forces established
on the right bank Of the User canal,
while down IN the Woevre another
French army Is pushing its offensive
and claims to have gained possession
Of the whole OF the forest Of lie
Pretre, which would be a step nearer
in the allies aim to force the Ger
mans to evacuate St. Mihiel.
The Austro-Germans after their
lightning-like rush through Western
Galicia. now have reached a line run
ming due north and south to the west
Of Przemysl, while the other armies,
emerging from the Carpathians, are
pressing the Russian flank. Even up
in Poland 1t is asserted that the vic.
tory Of the Teutonic allies in the south
has had the effect Of forcing the Rus
SLAMS to fall back.
The hummer. (Houston, Miss.) 1914-19??, 1915-05-21
AMERICAN NOTE TO GERMANY
DEMANDS PREPARATION AND
NO REPETITION.
WILL PROTECT CITIZENS
Series Of Incidents Cited In Commune
cation to Show Violation Of Amer
iea's Rights-Note cabled to
Ambassador Gerard.

Washington. - The United States
government on May 10 cabled Ambas-
aador Gerard for PRESERVATION to the
German government q note calling at
tention ITO the grave situation which
has resulted" from violation Of Ameri-
can rights on the high seas, culminat-
ing In the sinking Of the Lusitania with
loss Of more than 100 American lives.
The communication expresses the
confident expectation Of the United
States "that the imperial German gov
eminent viii disavow the acts Of which
the government Of the United States
complains; that they will make repara-
ton 50 far as reparation is possible for
injuries which are without measure,
and that they win take immediate
steps to prevent the recurrence OF any
thing so obviously subverse Of the
principles Of warfare for which the i'm
perial government in the past so wise
II and so firmly eontended."
In its conclusion, the note states that
'the imperial German government will
not expect the government Of the Unit
ed States to omit any word or any
act necessary to the performance Of
its sacred duty OF maintaining the
rights Of the United States and its oiti-
Gems and Of safeguarding their free ex-
ercise and enjoyment"
EN- view OF recent acts OF the Ger
man authorities in violation Of Ameri-
can rights on the high seas, which
eliminated in the torpedoing and sink
ing Of the British steamship Lusitania
on May z, 1915, by which over 100
American citizens lost their lives, It is
clearly wise and desirable that the gov
eminent Of the United tSates and the
imperial German government should
come to a clear and full understanding
as to the grave situation which has re-
suited.
"The sinking Of the British passen-
ger steamer Falaba by a German sub
marine on March 2s. through which
Leon c. Thrasher, an American citi-
zen. was drowned; the attack on April
% on the American vessel Cushing by
g German aeroplane; the torpedoing on
May Of the American vessel Gulf.
light By German submarine, as a re-
suit Of which two or more American
citizens met their death: and finally
the torpedoing and sinking Of the
steamship Lusitania, constitute a Sc
ries Of events which the government
Of the United States has observed
with growing concern, distress and
amazement.
Continuing the note enters into the
details Of the submarine warfare, and
takes the German government to task
for the Lusitania disaster.