davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Milford chronicle., 1915-06-18
FRENCH take
The LABYRINTH
Capture TWO-ThirdS Of German
Fortified Position.
RIG FORCES IN THE FIGHT
War otfic1 Declares They Have Had
Uninterrupted Success For More
Than a Month.

SPtSN SHSSSSS TUT moIe
Than Month.
Two-thirds of the important forti.
ed German position southeast of Neu-
vile st. Vaast north Of Arras)
known as "the Labyrinth" is now in
possession OF the French, according to
a supplemental statement issued by
the war office in Paris. 1t follows:
THE German official statements of
June y and Is call for the following
observations:
mo German counter attacks sue
ceeded, either at the Labyrinth Of
which we now hold two-thirds, or near
Hebuterne (south of Arras), or at
Quennevieries Farm.
Certain French attacks exist only
in the German imagination, such as
the night attack among the Dunes on
the night OF June HIP. Patrols from
the zouaves had taken an observation
post from the enemy, and on the fol-
lowing night the Germans kept firing
rockets and letting off volleys of in
fantry fire without any motive what
sOever.
This showed their extreme nerv-
BUSINESS from the commanders down.
Our attacks have continued to make
progress around Souchez north Of
Arras), in the neighborhood of the
Labyrinth and near Hebutene. The
only indication of our success con
tanned in the German statements is
the stereotyped expression, the fight
ing continues
1T is important to make clear that
for more than a month we have had
uninterrupted success north and south
of Arras and between the Aisne and
Disc rivers. All our attacks succeeded
brilliantly. It has not been a care of
guerrilla warfare, as the German
press states, but attacks extending
over a wide front and involving bri-
gades and divisions. As many as 2000
or 5000 Germans have been killed in
a single days fighting.
"At Luneville a German airman,
upon being chased by two French
aviators, threw five bombs at random,
which caused neither damage nor
casualties. These useless, ill-directed |
attacks are designed to Offset our sue
cessful air raids"
Milford chronicle., 1915-06-18
/ Word FOR MOTHERS

" - mistake Tor molueIs e y
Hisa grave acSeg lsl and pains and suffer .Il in
'lsct their acnoT o1,Iv leads to chronic sick
rsss ana III, III. Is firing; if your nerves are
Ifyoaf WOE d you 81 feel languid, weary or
e1citable; Il oy y0h should know that Scott
depressed, y;,orcomes yon 9l just such conditions.
Emulsion D.es os.s in concentrated form the
It possesses ~ 70 invigorate the blood,
very elerleIbss elem, tbs tissues, nourish the nerves
sri baha = - strengthening thousands OF
Scott ! and a will help you. No aiconol'
mother 81, ,G,' 3 BOVINE. Bloomfield. NJ.
Milford chronicle., 1915-06-18

from thirty-two to forty cents for the
empty crates and pay for having the
Next Sunday, 1870 a. m., Children 5
Day services at Cokesbury Church Z. 30
p. m. at Sand Hill Church. June 27th,
7.3O p. m, at st. Johns Church july
4th, 7.3O p. M, at Bethesda Church.
Rev. W. P. Taylor pastor.
Milford chronicle., 1915-06-18
Price Of Flour Cut Ten Cents.

A further cut Of from 10 to 20 cents
in the prices of flour was made in
New York. Good spring patents were
quoted at $3.50 a barrel, that figure
being $3.50 under the high mark OF
the season.
Milford chronicle., 1915-06-18
EIshermen Find Mans Body.

The body of Joseph L. Labaver, fifty
years old, an Allentown, Pa, fireman,
was found by fishermen in a stream
near virginsville. Lafaver had been
separated from his family.
Manchester Democrat. [volume] (Manchester, Iowa) 1875-1930, 1915-05-26
DYERSVILLE

:"
The relatives and, many friends Of
Mr.. John Lockwood were grieved to
hear of his death, which occurred in
q hospital at Englefield, Sask., Can
ada, Sunday morning, May 16. His
illness was of short duration. De-
ceased was born on farm near Far
ley in May, 1877; and In early child
hood he came to Dyersville7 with his
parents and made this his home un-
til ten years ago, when he went to
Des Moines. In that city he was en-
ployed by the Iowa Telephone COM
pany. He was united in marriage to
Miss Anna Huxley In May, 1907. at
Dubuque and with his bride went to
Des Moines, where they went to
housekeeping and lived until q year
|.ago, when they went to make their
home on q farm near Englefield.
One daughter, Sue, was born to MT.
and Mrs. Lockwood, and she, with
the grief stricken Wife survive. De-
ceased Is also survived by his moth
er and sister, Nell, Of gDyersville, An
ma, Emily and Marie, Mrs. Paul Lat
ner Of Cedar Rapids, and Elizabeth,
Of Hopkinton, also four brothers, G..
A., of Usage; Patrick of Cedar Rap
ids, Louis of Dubuque, and Robert OF
Chicago. n account, of the illness Of
Mrs. Lockwood the remains did neav'
Canada until Thursday and arrived
here Monday afternoon, accompani-
ed by the wife and daughter. The
funeral services were held from the
parental home here to st. Francis
church, and interment in Mt. Hope
Manchester Democrat. [volume] (Manchester, Iowa) 1875-1930, 1915-05-26

i lg-r'- .gsEAE w FL ,-yEtf H.. ~
for his new store building and work
will begin this week.
Abe Weiner expects to spend his
annual vacation by taking trip to
the exposition and making tour
OF California. Il e. T. .. =,
Corn is about all planted.
We are panied to learn OF the
death Of Dolphus Fishel, which &C.
CURED at his home in Kalispel, Mon
tana, on Monday. Mr.. Fshel had
only just returned from winter In
California and seemed much i'm:
proved In health hence his death
comes as 8 surprise. :, K
Mrs. Robert Fishel has returned
from the hospital at Rochester.
Mimi, and her friends will be glad
to learn she is much improved.
Wilbur Craig, wife and children
of Aurora, visited at the A. E.
Frentress home on Monday.
John Hilsenbeck and family and A.
L. Culbertson and wife visited at
Frank Miller's last Sunday. 49,
Rohert co,dswortbv and family
Manchester Democrat. [volume] (Manchester, Iowa) 1875-1930, 1915-05-26
KuhlmRn. s.,,.j. e.. -, 2, ;,
Music Orchestra. J, Y =
Flag Drill-Sixteen Girls /

Music Orchestra. aNss-i,- ,@se2ss
Flag Drill-Sixteen Girls. {: K = X
The services OF the G.. A. R. post
will then be held at the Brown Gem
etery. On Sunday morning at the
uN1al. :ho6f fot ling services,
IRev. O.: J. Felter will deliver the
Memorial sermon. All are requested
to be present. 5..@>- .&'f .. ~ !. p.
Mr.. and Mrs. Harry Barnhart are
rejoicing over their. first-born, y
son. dating from May 18th. Congra-
Itulations are In order. { +; 3#z5.:
Mrs. VIM. Hammond is entertain
ling the grip" these days, and finds
It not very desirable company.
j. F. Kuhlman and Chris Cent?
msdega business! trip to Waterloo on.
Tuesday. 1885,. H. ri. :: -1$
Elias Faust OF Earlville was look
ingiafters insurance business here the
first Of the week. a.s*
School closes this week. with an
exhibit and picnic. There is to be a
ball game Friday afternoon. s-.
Messrs Evers and Koenke transact
, ed business at Export Wednesday.
j.. s.. Merten is having extensive
improvements made upon his farm
house. Schilling and his men are
doing the work. &.-a ~.
j.. W. Platte is having his house
painted. Ill. ~,
There was Sunday school con-
yention OF Millville and Mallory
townships held at Emerson Chapel
Sunday. Those from town in attend
ance were Mr.. and Mrs. Cyrus Craig,
Misses Morga and Bertha Craig.
Miss Rose Vessel is spending some
time with her sisters at Burt and Al
gOna. =: y,
). Several gentlemen belonging to the
Colesburg Outing club were over on
the Island during the week, complet-
ing the work on their summer cot
tages. They will now have an ideal
shelter during their annual outings.
Manchester Democrat. [volume] (Manchester, Iowa) 1875-1930, 1915-05-26
GREELEY.
(Last Weeks Letter.)

Next Sunday the U. I. U. Gospel
team will hold services" at the NJ.
e. church, both morning and even
ing.
The severe frost of Sunday did
Itent.
Jerry Eaton, OF Edgewood, was in
Greeley on Wednesday.
| Lon Seward and family and Ray
Foster and family visited in Gree
ley on Thursday.
Mrs. John Sevey and two child
rem, Clye and Nellie were visiting
here last Friday.
Henry Drybread, William and /. c.
Odell transacted business in Elkader
last Friday.
Robert Wheeler, Earl Hansel,
Frank Hill, and Lem Jones called
on friends here Sunday.
Ellis Jones Of Cedar Rapids, was
a business caller in Greeley last
Monday.
E. w. Niederfrank has bought q
new automobile. Ed. is another
good farmer that is keeping pace
with the procession.
Herman Huffman and wife were In
Colesburg the last Of the week.
Herman Gilman and wife were In
HaWkeye last week to seeHerman's
father who recently suffered q stroke
Of paralysis, but is recovering.
Mrs. Beckner was In Fayette this
week.
Mrs. J. H. Boeger and little son
of Waterloo, visited her sister. Mrs.
H. r. Hansen at hotel Pullman over
Sunday.
B. A. Sherman is treating his
house to a coat Of paint and 1t Is
great improvement
@. M. Taylor has let the contract
Manchester Democrat. [volume] (Manchester, Iowa) 1875-1930, 1915-05-26

/ to Dyersville last Monday and re-
manned several hours on combined
business and pleasure trip. ("
Mr.. and Mrs.. julius Jaeger and
Mrs.. Lena Nolan and Miss Muriel
J Clark, autoed to. Cedar Rapids, Sun
day, where they spent the day with
friends. g.. ,-%.g,>. -
Many Dyersville knights of Colum-
bus Joined the Dubuque Knights Of
| Columbus on the special train Sun
day morning going to Cedar Rapids,
where they attended the knights of
Columbus initiation and banquet
held In that city.
Miss Margaret Quirk, Of Dubuque,
formerly of Dyersville. who is a bride
Monday, a guest Of her friend, Miss
Emma Goerdt. In the evening she
was greatly surprised to have thirty
members of the St. Francis Alumni
to spend the evening with her at the
Goerdt home. Miss Quirk was pre-
scented with set of silver knives
and forks as q remembrance OF the
nuptial affair." After several hours
of merry making a dainty luncheon
was served. Miss Mildred Quirk,
sister Of the bride-elect was also
present. Miss Quirk's marriage to
Mr. Gilbert Ferring, of Bankston,
will take place the second week in
Nne. >, o.
On Wednesday morning in st.
Francis church, this city, Miss Alma
Hemming and Mr.. Gerhard Tegeler,
both of Dyersville, we're united in
the holy bonds of matrimony. by
Rev. Father Dunkel, who also read,
the nuptial mass in the presence Of
many friends and relatives Of the
contracting parties. The, attendants
were Miss Clara Hemming, sister of
the bride, and Mr.. John Tegler,
brother of the groom. The bride
wore beautiful white silk crepe de-
chiene. gown with lace and pearl
trimmings and She wore: a full
length veil and carried brides roses.
Her maid wore dainty dress of
pale blue crepe de chiene with lace
trimmings and carried pink carna-
lions. Immediately following the
church ceremony the bridal party re-
paired to the home of the brides
parents and partook Of dainty we'd
ding breakfast, after which they
went to the home Of the groom's
parents with relatives and friends
and a reception was held throughout
the day.. The bride is daughter of
Mr.. and Mrs. Patrick Hemming and
the groom is a son of MI. and Mrs.
Manchester Democrat. [volume] (Manchester, Iowa) 1875-1930, 1915-05-26
THORPE I:

Mr.. Mosier, OF Strawberry Poin
was a business caller at the Johl
Robertson home, Monday. -
- Mr.. Joseph Chambers left here FIR
day for Troy Mills where he vii
spend q few days with his sister
Mrs. William Cornwell.
Mrs. John White is on the sick lis
Miss Edith Smith was an ovel
Sunday visitor with her parents OF
Dundee. "
Mr.. and Mrs. Perry Smith and Mr.
and Mrs. Richard White and two
children autoed to- Manchester, Sat.
urday evening. L..
Mr.. Amsie Works was an over
Sunday visitor. with his parents of
Manchester.
Mr.. Ed. Chambers and Miss Lucille
Works were visitors at the William
Chambers home Sunday evening.
Mrs. James Faust was visitor at
the John White home the latter part
Of the week. 49, ". - .~' y" -
~ Mr.. and Mrs. George Martin and
son, Myrel, and Miss Margaret Mill
er were callers at the John Robert
son home Tuesday evening. ss
Mr.. and Mrs. Warnie Boots were
shoppers in Manchester, Wednesday.
Mr.. and Mrs. John Thompson were
business callers in Manchester, We'd
nesday. !, a.
Mrs. John Robertson was a bust
ness caller in Manchester Wednes-
day.
Emil Dierkson and son Fred and H
s. Weber were business callers in
our vicinity Wednesday.
Miss Isabelle Daisy was q visitor
at the Thomas Lee home Tuesday.
Chris. Jeffries and Miss Rirdina
Flaucher attended the show In DEL
vein Tuesday. -.@."~
4 Mrs. M. Fober and daughter Am
Der were shoppers in Manchester on
Wednesday. e.. 49, u
d. w. Barr was a business caller
In Manchester Friday. l%.@
John Coonrod was shopper in
Manchester Friday. -r.
Wesley Daisy spent Sunday with
his parents Of this place. %%.... .:S.
Mrs. Fred Meyens and two sons,
Ralph and Fred, were visitors In
Thorpe Sunday. .%t.
!. . Oren Davis of Dundee was a call
er in Thorpe Sunday. p:
Dale Burgess was business call
err in Manchester Saturday. ~
Mr.. and Mrs. William Lee and Mrs.
Henry Faber were visitors at the G.
Daisy home Sunday. #%
Lyle and Laura Briggs of Oelwein
spent Saturday and Sunday with Mr..
and Mrs. George Briggs, their grand
parents.
Perry Smith and Howard Sarks
autoed to Manchester Sunday.
Thar1ja Smith took the train for
Manchester Saturday.
Manchester Democrat. [volume] (Manchester, Iowa) 1875-1930, 1915-05-26

j ~, ,Ls,. =,
i cemetery: me sorIowing Wlte mas
sna s :,'1 " ". "os'2 " 81 !''en1s
VI" W,s n r 40 U.s. 80 r,o-.,a oohan.
a1 s,es isn1,s.te %T anta.tet nad 81 q
E~ 80 sey ai.,h ~ .hat- 49, AZ
|Th.'.sd.ss ' .s.es 49, s tn ,,s,,a1
.,.o ~. su ..ss nsss.. D a,..,a.1, ,o1,n..
- ~, ~a,, aait";o,," i,,nchaon
I ~ ue Iss .uns Gn.
~. o Ca R1ssut ~ I.naa..Ueo a.
osa r o.ns, - a1s,.. sr A.hntn 1
". xnas .n sa4 9s Gsh.,s 'u.'a-
Iia,stein Roae Farrin1" The next
maetinr- lin he held atsthe .homs, az
Nissae Ann. ana sirm...G ehrir IN
iThursdav. aftarnoons @@97r 20
n .nxass M !. Hieratedn wore Du,
buona yisitorss last4aWein esdav.
Missess Florenca: and sEstella schem.
mal rnent 10 nHSnons- r. At sNondav. to
spend the day with relatives and
friand. -. -. = - :, = s#JS1li
49, !. Il, -
rs Ms' p e Isss nss a,; ~ 1870
! .,,s,'' = ~ 1890, - "a / .,.es.. Mts.es
taN YIN. nel, 1eness s amEa..t1,a "'.
"'1 ~ su n,Shon. - 8 .I I'm ON
utsdna ~: . ",,ss..t ~ snnnt. +hns dav
s,,th I ill., ,nn 49, ~ Har.rid1e Who
:. ~, "'0 = 80 -
II,
| ile Oyersviile DaseDAal* tean ~iAA
give penen: dance ihufsday ev-
enahk' May ~ a. the opora house.
me proceeds viii go 10 the cluD: a
gooo tlme IS expected ana tne ma
1estic orchestra OF Dubuque Will iur-
nlsn the music. ~ ~
MIS-: Jas. DenknotI ana ~ MISS Maly
MaroIo were IN dubuque wednesday
TO. spend the DAY with relatlVes ana
friends. , U.s..
! Mort Henderson of Waterloo has
been in our city the past two weeks.
Miss Rose Kirchoff Of Dyersville
was lucky winner in the Dubuque
Telegraph-Herald contest and has
received her Regal touring car as
first prize. .'.4 IT,
Miss Caroline, Coldthursts Of Park
ersburg was guest Of MISS Abbie
Bucknana. last SATURDAY and-Sunday,
VIM. Marold OF Dubuque was
guest of relatives and friends here
Sunday. ~
= DR.. and Mrs. c. G. Resell were the
guests Of DR.. and Mrs. VIM. A. Mics
in. Dubuque Sunday.
Mr.. Win 'Chwala departed for TX
celsior Springs, Mo. last Monday
evening and will remfan several
weeks for the benefit Of his health.
Mr.. and Mrs John Permantier and
children have gone to Dubuque
where they will reside in the future.
Last Sunday very fine outing
was enjoyed at Camp De Pfoesf by
tn following young men: Henry
Faha. Frank Faha, IT., Frank and
George Frammelt, Frank Gilloon, +.
A. Anderson, Ed. Link, VIM. Steger.
Manchester Democrat. [volume] (Manchester, Iowa) 1875-1930, 1915-05-26
COLEsBURG

Memorial services will. be held at
one O'Clock p. M, on Saturday, May
7 29th. The following program will be
Music-Orchestra +
Song" America" Choir. =.
Invocation-Rev. Felter.
Roll Call-Cyrus Craig.
Song-''Te nting In the Sunshine
Choir. 49,
Recitation-"To Our soldiers''-An'
ma. May Wilson. %iss'
Address-A. G. Borman.
Song-"For the Boys Who Wore the
Blue"-Choir. ~ ....
Recitation Unknown" -Elverna
Manchester Democrat. [volume] (Manchester, Iowa) 1875-1930, 1915-05-26
rtJrICISiGul.

F'r- 80 Ar.uu0IsiSnl.
Il hate the smell of mothballs and
there's the woman next door hanging
up the clothes she has had put away
with them" why object to that?
She's doing you a neighborly kindness
in airing your grievances
Manchester Democrat. [volume] (Manchester, Iowa) 1875-1930, 1915-05-26

John Tegeler. Both the young peo-
pie are popular in Dyersville and
have host, Of friends who extend
congratulations. They will reside in
West Dyersville.
Manchester Democrat. [volume] (Manchester, Iowa) 1875-1930, 1915-05-26
Warrant Thouoht,

Vd1rdnt IHoU0Hes
How would it do to send all the bad
books to prison Observation-Disclosures
City Journal. :1.., - a. CIV ,a.S.r..--t.
Manchester Democrat. [volume] (Manchester, Iowa) 1875-1930, 1915-05-26

Communion Of the Spirit.
Just the being with someone whom
you love, and know loves you, gives q
feeling of rest and comfort.-"Time
o. Day." by Doris Egerton Jones.
The Prescott daily news., 1915-04-29
COTTON HOLDS FIRM
 TO } POINTS LOWER
Reactionary Sentiment Is Continent in Quiet but Irregular Market. Opened Steady at a Declone
 of to 9 Points.

New York, April 28.-Cotton was quiet and rather irregular today, with thee lose steady, net unchanged to 3 points higher. Opened steady at a decline of 5 to points, under renewal lof yesterdays scattered selling. Re- dictionary sentiment was encouraged by the relatively easy ruling of cables, and there was some selling here by houses with European connections, but offerings were not as heavy as they were on yesterdays decline and prices soon firmed up on short covering and
 fresh buying, probably inspired by unfavorable weather reports, bullish accounts from the dry goods trade and expectations of bullish weekly wea- ther report. Firmness in New Orleans and scattered Southern buying orders also were factors on the rally, as suggesting that interior spot markets had not followed yesterdays decline in futures and active months sold about 3 to points higher with new crop positions leading the advance
 Few additional May notices were re- ported in circulation at he opening, but were evidently soon stopped and there was some spot house buying of that position. Demand seemed to ta- per off on the advance, however, and while the weekly bear report was com mented upon as fully meeting bullish expectations, it failed to inspire any immediate demand with the result that offerings increased during the afternoon and prices eased back to nearly last nights close, under re- newed realizing or scattered selling for a reaction.
 The official forecasts for continued unsettled weather in the Western belt
 and fo rgenerally fair weather in Eastern sections, which are complain ing of drouth, helped the early ad- vance. Exports today were 47,309 bales, making 7,140,101 so far this sea- son, and there were prediction in local trade circles of increased shipments to Russia, with the reopening of Ar changel. Port receipts, 14,605 bales; United States port stocks, 1,379,38S bales: interior receipts, 13,024 bales.
The Prescott daily news., 1915-04-29
CAR DEMURRAGE
Farmer Should Avoid Unnecessary Delay in Loading or Unloading Places a Burden Upon the Whole Community.

Because a shortage of freight ears may, at certain seasons, mean to the farmer total loss of his years labor the importance of his insisting upon more stringent regulations to prevent the unnecessary detention of cars by shippers is pointed out in new pub lication of the department Bulletin I191), "Demurrage Information for | Farmers"
 At the present time some of the State demurrage codes contain provi- sions apparently designed to give the farmer special concessions. Such prl- vileges. says the bulletin, are far from being a real advantage. The man who is backward in loading or unloading the freight car he has ordered contri- butes just that much to increase the shortage throughout the country, from which the farmer is likely to suffer more than any other business man. If the farmer is willing to waive all concessions made in his favor, he Is in a better position to demand the abo- htion of all concessions made in favor of others. This the bulletin points out, is the best way of minimizing car detention and the evils that arise from ] it.
 At the present time a code of na- tional car demurrage rules is applied on interstate business throughout practically the entire United States and on intrastate business in "A of the States. In it's broadest outlines this code entities the railroads to collect from shippers $1 day for each car that they keep waiting after the lapse of certain specified free time." Ever. since the railroads first began in 1887 to collect demurrage this charge has met with considerable op- position from the business in terests throughout the country. As mater of fact, says the bulletin, 1t IS the business interests that benefit the most by it. The railroads would glad
The Prescott daily news., 1915-04-29

ly forego the insignificant revenue that this charge brings in to them if they could obtain in return the i'm mediate release of their cars. From the shippers point of view the un- necessary detention of one car by one man helps to increase the difficulty that all the others experience in se- curing proper transportation facili- ties. From this point of view, there fore, the demurrage charge is really a fine imposed by the community for it's own protection against business selfshness.
 In the great majority of instances in which cars are not unloaded promptly the delay arises simply from the fact that the shipper is deliberate ly using the freight car as a storage warehouse. The economic waste in this is obvious. The ordinary storage warehouse does not have to be equip ped with automatic couplers and air brakes, for which somebody has to pay and which earn nothing while they are lying idle. If, therefore, shippers persist in wasting the earn ing capacity of this valuable equip ment, they should be made to pay for the waste themselves and not pass the burden on to the rest of the con- munity. As has been said, it is usu- ally possible to load and unload a car within reasonable time, and there is no reason why the whole community should pay the storage bills for any one individual shipper.
 The farmer, who, of course, ships much more than he receives, is in terested in the matter, because a freight car can not be used as a ware house and as a means of transporta- tion at the same time. If it is held up on a siding until it suits the conven- consigned to unload his goods, it is not available for the transportation of perishable produce from the farms. For this reason the bulletin favors de- murrage charges so high that the use of freight cars for storage purposes will be clearly unprotitable. Such a condition of affairs, it says, will ma terially reduce the ground for com plaints of shortage in cars. Obvious ly, however, if the farmer is to benefit in this way he must do his part by refraining from expecting special con- sessions in the loading of cars.
The Prescott daily news., 1915-04-29
BOTTOMS IN MILLER
 COUNTY OVERFLOW
Break in Red River Levee. However. Relieves the Situation in Lafay- cite COunty.-Oid River Men
 Say Levees Will Hold.

Lewisville, April 28-Owing to the break in Miller county levee on the Frost plantation, which today is re- ported as $1,20O feet wide, the situa- tion in Lafayette county is very hope Iful.
 Levees on this side are reported still safe. A run-around 300 feet long, was completed today oa the Lester place, below here. This was the weakest place on Lafayette county side. Gov ernment reports today predict more than 34 feet at Fulton and Garland City and the crest will not reach here for four days unless a big cave-in occurs. Old river men say Lafayette county levees will hold Nothing can save the Miller county bottom lands now, as the water pouring through Mckinney bayou will soon overflow the entire bottoms.