davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1915-03-26
GEN. TSUO.LIN
WOULD EMBRO|L
China in WAR
Commander at Mukden Urges
Yuan Shih-kai to Open
HostiIities on Japan
Especial Gable % NipDu Jlji.)

Especial CdDle 10 Nlppu JILL
TOXIC. March 25.-General Chang
Tsuolin. commander Of the 24th d.
vision Of the Chinese army, with head
nnarters az Mukden, Manchuria, has
fnIeeraphed 10 Yuan Shih-kai, urging
mon the Chinese president to declare
var af once against Japan. In re-
turn he received an answer from Pc.
king refusing TO listen to his recon-
mendation.
This Is the latest development id
The chino-Japanese situation, as re-
ported from Picking today. President
yuan. with view to paving the way
Tor an amicable solution of pending
difficulties, Is concentrating his efforts
10 prevent any radical action which
might be taken by the Chinese against
Japan.
The special for declaration OF war
~ China on japan from General
Chang was received IN Picking with
surprise by Yuan shih-kai. whose at
i6niion was promptly called TO the fact
that in Mukden. where General
Changes division Is stationed. there Is
R|eo stationed a powerful Japanese
harrison, recently reinforced, where
any disorderly action by the Chinese
.o'diers against the Japanese garrison
might signalize the opening OF
rh|no-Japanese war. Yuan, realizing
the seriousness Of the situation. sent
Immediate instructions to Chang, the
contents OF which was substantially
1s follows:
rInasmuch IS the present relations
between this country and Japan are
most delicate and any action that
M|fht make the situation worse Is not
11s|red. I caution you to refrain from
taking any radical step Just now.
General Chang. after receiving these
Instructions. assured Yuan Shih-kai
hat no further action which might
move annoying to the Picking govern.
Mtnt would be taken BY him.
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1915-03-26
VESSELS 10 DEPARf
Fridav. Marcb q.

Friday, March, 26.
Maui ports Claudine. str. s. p. m
Saturday, March ~.
Hongkong via Japan ports Nippon
Maru. Japanese str.
Hilo via way ports Mauna Kea
str, p. m.
Monday, March 20.
San Francisco-Korea, p. NJ. str.
p. m.
Kauai ports twindwar0 -Likelike
str, p. m. sSs s
Maui ports Claudine, str, 5 p m.
Kauai ports-W. G. Hall. str, 5 p. m
Tuesday, March 80.
San Francisco Manoa. M. N. str,
p. m. -.
Maui, Molokai and Lanai ports-Mi
kahala, str, 5 p. m. =
Oahu and Molokai Professionalism
str. q
Kauai ports Kinan, str, 5 p. m. =
K0olan ports Kaena, str. (
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1915-03-26
MOVEMENTS OF
MAIL STEAMERS
VESSELS no ARRIVE

Saturday, March "a.
Hilo via way ports Mauna Kea, str
Kauai portsW g. Hall, str.
Sunday, March %.
New York via Panama and Seattle
Dakotan. All. str.
Maui, Molokai and Lanai ports :
Mkahala, str. f.
Kahnlui Manoa. NJ. N. str.
Maui ports Claudine, str.
Kauai ports-K inal, str.
Monday, March g.
Hongkong via japan ports-Korea
P. M. str.
Tuesday. March 80.
Z HilQ via way ports Mauna Kea
str.
Kona and Kau ports Mauna Loa
str.
San Francisco Matsonia. NJ. N. str
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1915-03-26
ARMY OFFICER
PUNISHED FOR
TALKING FREELY

/
otho E. Michaelis, first lieutenant
or the Sixteenth United States Infan-
try at e Paso, Tex. q regiment which
has its home station at the local Pre-
sidio. is under arreet at his quarters
IN EI Paso as result Of q speech he
made before the Panhandle Cattle
Association At Fl Pasos last week, says
the San Francisco Chronicle.
A court-martial probably viii be
convened to try Lieutenant Michaelis,
according TO information which reach
ed the headquarters OF the western de-
partment OF the. army. Lieutenant
Michaelis is 80 we'll known here that
when news Of his arrest reached local
army officials II created something Of
q sensation.
The speech was delivered on March
4. The following day General John
]. Pershing received an order prohi-
biting army officers from discussing
foreign or domestic military Affairs
in public. General Pershing COM
mands the Preside infantry brigade
now temporarily on the Mexican bor-
der, and Il Is understood that the or
der from the war department-known
as general order No. 10--was issued
largely because OF Lieutenant Michael
Is utterances in the Texas city.
Scored Politics.
II Is understood here that In his
speech Michaelis scored politicians In
the Congress and in the senate who
Iendeayored to place army posts In po-
iitical instead Of strategic positions.
Also, the word comes. that he extolled
the infantry arm Of the service at the
ekpense Of the cavalry and artillery.
Lieutenant Michaelis' family is now
Quartered az 20 Infantry terrace, the
Presidio. Michaelis himself is consid-
cred q gallant officer but one prone
to interject his personality into AZ.
fairs H;thout the service, to the detri-
ment Of the service. Also in two In.
stances at the Preside he subjected
himself to court-martial for financial
irregularities and, on January IA. 1914,
received one. OF the most sseFefe repri-
|mands in the history Of the western
department when court.martial SEN
fenced him to be confined to the limits
81 Che Preside for three months and
10 u reprimanded
scored BY Colonel. ebs
The reprimand, issued By commend
Of General Arthur Murray by Colonel
w. A. Nichols, chief Of star reads as
follows: s..s - s..
LESS than year agDithls officer
was convicted OF falling TO have in
bank sufficient funds to- meet three
checks, one OF which (for 5000 he.
had Induced q civilian emploVe OF the
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1915-03-26
GREAT
|. NORTHERN liner
ON MAIDEN TRIP
S. S. Northern Pacific En- Route
to Pacific Coast Via the
Panama Canal

ASSOCIATED Press by Federal wirclessl
PHILADELPHIA. Pa. March 2s.--
The new steamship Northern Pacific. q
sister Of the Great Northern. sailed
yesterday on her maiden trip to San
Francisco. via the Panama Canal. She
win enter the coast trade, plying BE-
tween Flavel. Oregon and San Fran
cisco
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1915-03-26
TRANSPORT SERVICE

Logan. from Honolulu for San Fran,
cisco, arrived Feb. IA.
Thomas. from Manila, sailed March Is.
Sheridan, from Honolulu for Manila
via Guam, March Is.
Sherman, Honolulu for San Francisco.
arrived March is.
Dix, from Honolulu. for Guam and
Manila. sailed Feb. 20.
Warren. stationed st the Philippinss
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1915-03-26
LITTLE BOBS' OWNED
AMERICAN SECURITIES

ASSOCIATED Press by Federal Wirelessl
ST. PAUL, Mimi, March 26.-The
probating of the will Of the late Lord
Roberts. the British field marshal. re-
yeals the fact that the famous soldier
had invested 100000 in stocks and
bonds of Minnesota corporations.
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1915-03-26
CHAPLAIN HoLNAY,
U. s. NAVY, Is DEAF

Associated Press BY Federal Wirelessl
NEWTON, Cal, March e. Rev.
Wesley Hoiway the deyisor OF the
physical drill used IN the American
navy, died at his home here last night,
aged rs years. He was q naval chap
lain for 80 years.
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1915-03-26
LADY PAcET SACRIFICES
LIFE FOR sERelANs

BERLIN, Germany, March 26.--Ap
overseas despatch reports the death Of
.kadr Paoet, n Serbs, from typhus
fever Lady FACET wa the head o.
the British Red Gross contingent IN
Serbs. She was the vDfe Of Gen. Sir
Arthur Henry Paget anh the daughter
OF the tate Paran Stevens Of New
York.
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1915-03-26
GERMAN cRoWN PRINCE
A NERVOUS WRECK.

GENEVA, SWITZERLAND, March 26.-
Travellers who have arrived here re-
Gently from Berlin bring the report
that the German Crown Prince Il in
Potsdam, where he 10 uHdernoing med
ical treatment for . nervous break.
down, due to the strain Of his activi.
ties on the French front. e
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1915-03-26
ITALY READY TO
JUMP INTO FRAY

LONDON, England, March ga
dispatch last night from Rome to the
Central News Agency says that every
thing 10 now IN readiness for general
mobilization Of the Italian army.
Seven complete classes have now
been called TO the colors, and italy is
prepared to strike with . force Of all
arms Of three-quarters Of q million
men.
A declaration Of war aaainst Austria
is expected to be made At any time
and the trains into Switzerland and
across the Austrian line are crowded
with German and Austrian families,
fleeing before the final step 10 taken
that will leave them prisoners of.war.
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1915-03-26
MAHS

Mails are due from the following
points as follows: f.,
San francisco Nippon Maru, Mar. @26.
Yokohama-K Korea, Mar. %.
Australia Niagara, April 2. ~
MISUNDERSTANDING, April 10. y:
Mails win depart for the following
points as follows:
San francisco Korea, Mar. 80.
Yokohama Nippon Maru, March q.
Australia Sonoma, April 10. -..ss
VancouyerN Niagara. April q III
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1915-03-26
FRENCH GENERAL
I KILLED IN ACTION.

PAHlS, France, March Oder,
Rene de IA Rue, chief pf division, Mas
killed Il the front yesterday. He was
Inspecting trenches when bullet
pierced his brain, Killing him In
stantIy.
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1915-03-26
IN VAR ARENA
GERMAN SUBMARINE
SINKS DUTCH FREleHTER.

SlNho BOtOFFEF nEt1ff VEh.
DOVER, England, March 26.-Witi,
! full knowledge Of her nationality
gained from an examination Of her
OFFICIAL papers, the German submarine
u-2e yesterday sank The Orch steam
er Medea, Of ia tons, of Beaehy
Head. The Medea was loaded with
oranges from the Mediterranean, con.
signed TO London importers -
The Dutch steamer was seized In
broad daylight by the. submarine. Her
nag was flying and her name and that
Of her home port were painted in
prominent letters along her side, max
inc identification certain. She stopped
when ordered to by the commander Of
the u-2e, which rose beside her, and
\ party from the submarine boarded
her.
Her papers were handed TO the Ger.
man commander, who examined them,
then ordered the crew TO leave the
ship within fifteen minutes. AZ soon
as the crew had taken 10 the small
boats the ship was dynaniited.
on Alprecht 4 traWier was attacked
by submarine. but escaped.
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1915-03-26
SECURITIES
A Good Yield Is What the Live
Investor Is After

This IS no time>to be satisfied with
or IL per cent when you can secure
investments, Il bought for cash II
present prices. that will return you 20
per cent to 40 per cent. or II purcIias.
ed on q margin OF 33 Is per cent will
yield you co per cent to so per cent.
in companies secured by large cash
SURPRISES and earnings that exceed
dividend disbursements.
Are you willing to be shown?
LIONEL n. A. HART,
Broker.
office. Fort, below King street: teie-
phone 1858. 6ll5-lt
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1915-03-26

STAR-BULLRTfN GIVES YOU
TODAY'S MEMS TODAY
The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1915-07-09

French scientists have found that
a cactus growing prolffically In Al
gfers can be made to yield about IA
per cent sugar and from IS to sc per
cent alcohol.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-11-05
BRITISH TAXATION
FOR u. S. CONCERNS
Agencies in England of Ameri-
can Firms to PAY Impost.

London, Nov. A.-The Chancellor Of
the Exchequer, Reginald McKenna, pro
mulgated to-day an order under which
agencies Of American mercantile firms
operating in Great Britain will be com
PEELED to pay an income tax on the basis
of their total earnings in Great Britain,
including money returned to the United
States.
Hitherto these agencies have paid in
come taxes solely on the profits expend-
ed in this country. The new tax will
hit some agencies very hard, and may
have the effect of discouraging the i'm
portaton of what in war time are con-
sdered Injuries. Armour e. Co, the
Standard oil Company and similar
firms duly incorporated here and pay
ing an income tax as such will not be
affected by the new ruling.
The British government has been
graphing with the agency problem for
some time, trying vainly TO force taxes
from agencies which consistently
showed no profits, due to the fact that
goods were billed TO them at prices
making local profits impossible, it is
declared, though the profit to the Amer
lean factory was handsome. Agents seen
to-day regarding tbs matter stated that
they had not been advised of their new
status. As general rule, they have re-
ferred the subject TO counsel.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-11-05
SURGEON CUTS BULLET
FROM SOLDIERS HEART
Operation Performed While the
Patient Is Conscious.

London, Oct. 25.-The removal OF n
bullet from one Of the chambers OF the
heart. under the influence OF only a
local anasthetic, with the patient
watching the operation, is described by
an army surgeon in the British Medi-
cal Journal" The heart WAS handled
freely. opened with n knife. probed with
heavy forceps and closed with row OF
stitches. without affecting its contrac-
tions o, causing the patient the siight-
est pain or discomfort.
"The operation was performed un-
der a local anesthetic," writes the sur
"eucaine with adrenal IN. Inc
heart was exposed. No wound could be
seen. but the bullet was felt at the
back of the heart, either in the muscle
or in the chamber Of the right ven
tricle. 1t was noticed that manipula-
tion of the heart caused the patient no
main or discomfort of any kind, though
the organ occasionally missed a beat
and this. in spite of the fact that the
anasthetic had been injected only into
the skin and muscles of the chest wall
The patient. of course, was conscious
throughout.
"The bullet was grasped and was
tben felt TO be inside the chamber, so
an incision half an inch long was made
in the heart wall and the bullet re-
moved by forceps.'
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-11-05
BERLIN FINDS BOUQUET
IN ASQUITH'S SPEECH
Saws Premier Admitted Central
Powers Supremacy.

Berlin. Nov. Cby wireless to Say
Vile. y. Y).-The Overseas News
Agency to-day made public this COM
ment on the speech OF Premier As
quith in the House OF Commons last
Tuesday:
prime Minister Asquith's speech,
which for several days before 1t was
delivered had been announced with
much ado, turns out to have been
collection Of fiat truisms and glitter
ing generalities. Mr.. Asquith by bash
fully repeating that his speech was no
defence merely proves that he feels he
is i'm the position Of defendant who
throws himself upon the mercy of the
court.
"Mr. Asquith's intention apparently
was TO demonstrate to the English and
Allied nations how much England had
done in the war, but since he was un-
able TO show that, he merely pointed
out the efficiency Of the Central Pow
ers and their successes.
"Mr. Asquith solemnly stated that
the Germans had not advanced on the
West front, which, translated into plain
language. means that the much ex-
allied Anglo-French offensive failed
completely. Is he unaware of the fact
that the question may be asked. Where
is the English navy, which is several
times superior in number of ships 10
the German navy?
"As the entire German press points
out, the speech has caused observers
of the war to reach the conclusion that
Mr.. Asquith indirectly made it in order
to acknowledge the superior froce of
England's enemies and to confess his
own inability TO deal effectively with
the present problems"
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-11-05
KING PETER FAILS
TO HALT BULGARS
Continued from page !

a line Of communication for the trans
port of supplies contemplated for the
river Drin armed bands in the rear
could be the source Of much emoar.
rassment, especially as 1t is part OF
Austria's plan, by thus fomenting dis
turbance, to aid the Bulgarian descent
on Durazzo and the shutting out or
Serbia from the Adriatic.
GERMAN OFFICIAL
The Berlin War Office gave out this
statement:
Notwiths landing the stubborn re-
sistance of the enemy, our troops are
pushing forward on both sides Of The
Zolnenik Mountain district, north OF
Kralievo. To the east thereof the
Zakucawk- Peleoa-Jagodina line mas
been crossed. The enemy is re-
treating east Of the Morava, our
troops following. Six hundred and
fifty prisoners were taken.
The army of General BoyadJlef
Bulgarian has taken ValakonJe
and Bolievac. on the Hajecar- Paracin
highroad. and is advancing from the
Svrliig. Kalafat, six miles northeast
OF Nish, has been taken by storm.
BULGARIAN OFflClAL.
The official communication OF the
Bulgarian War Office issued Tuesday
says:
Our troops continue the offensive
on the road of Zajecar-Paracin'
They have occupied the town OF Dol
iervac and reached the line OF Val.
akome-K odrujeevac in the valley or
the Svrliiski and Timok. After bit
ter fighting we reached the line OF
Kalafat, Prekophk, ProkoplJe ana
Planina height. :,
According to the statements OF
prisoners, King Peter was present at
the engagements on this front.
In the valley of the Vlassopinsca
River the Serbians have been elected
from their positions. Our troops
have occupied the line of Secenica-
Brestovbol, capturing 600 prisoners.
FRENCH OFFICIAL.
The statement given out by the
French War office, says:
The landing of French troops at
Salonica continues without incident.
There has been nothing to report
for the day of November l along the
French front, between Krivolak and
Rabrovo.
SERBIAN OFFICIAL.
A statement issued by the Serbian
War Office, and dated November |, says
The enemy attacked our northern
front in force, especially our right
wing, where lighting is still going on.
The enemy is advancing on kraguye-
vatz. Our troops are retiring on posi-
tions south of this town.
On the eastern front the enemy AZ
tackled without success our positions
south of the Morava. In the direc-
ton Of the Nisava our left wing has
had 70 retire before a superior force,
While the centre of the enemy suf-
fered great losses and is retiring IN
disorder in the direction Of Bella
Palanka.
The enemy made an attack toward
the Timok, in the direction of b.
lievatz.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-11-05

tons, in spite Of a most desperate
resistance in which he made use OF
Jets of liquid Are.
The communication issued tonight
says:
In Champagne the struggle con
tinued throughout the day WIN
greater activity in the region OF tne
Chausson Farm, between Hill lSt
and Maisons de Champagne. We az
frst drove the enemy completely
from the last sections OF our al.
vanced trench, which he still held
since yesterday.
At the end OF the day new attack
Of extreme violence permitted him
20 gain a footing at several points
on some fronts very limited in eX-
tent and without depth. One other
attack against our sector at La
Courtine" was completely repulsed.
In the Vosges the artillery due
was resumed in the region of Violu'
and at the same time there TOOK
place very spirited struggle with
trench guns.
GER5lAN OFFICIAL.
The statement given out by Ger
man Army Headquarters says:
North Of Massiges the German.
s,ormed large trench along front
OF 800 yards Only two French ON,
GERS. among them one major, ana
twenty-five soldiers were made pris.
oners. The rest OF the occupants Of
the position were dead.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-11-05
FIGHT TO FINISH,
SAYS Won BUELOW
German Diplomat Denies
He Has Peace Mission
i'm Switzerland.
WILL NOT COME
TO SEE WILSON
German Government Organ Says
Chancellor Never Outlined
Terms in Speech.

Lucerne. Nov. Prince Won Buelow,
ex-German Chancellor. declared to-day
that he had not come to Switzerland
on a peace mission, but that Germany
was resolved TO continue the war TO a
conclusion by arms
The prince made it clear that he was
not going to Washington to see Presi-
dent Wilson nor TO Madrid to see King
Alfonso about terms on which Germany
might be willing to discuss peace. Nor
is he engaged in such discussions with
a papal delegate.
Germany is united" said Prince Won
Buelow, "and possesses every resource
in material and, above all, in unity
and resolve TO continue the war TO its
conclusion by arms"
The only allusion TO American af-
fairs was an expression OF regret ut
the death of Herman Rider, Of New
York.
Persons in Lucerne who have had
Prince Won Buelow under observation
during the last eight days are con-
WINGED that he has conferred with no
distinguished strangers, such as Mon
signor Marchetti, Papal Delegate TO
Switzerland; Premier Salandra, or
Foreign Minister Sonnino, Of Italy; eX-
L RENTER 6lOlllll, OF lldlE, VI tOulIl
Ehrensvard, Swedish Minister TO Swift
zerland, a leader in the supposed peace
movement.
Berlin. Nov. 4.-Tne "Norddeutsche
Allgemeine Zeitung," which frequent
ly expresses the views of the govern
ment, declares it would be premature
70 speak of peace conditions at this
time. 1t refers to reports that peace
proposals IRE being discussed by Ger
man representatives in Holland, and
adds:
THE Imperial Chancellor has made
no such statements.
"As to various published reports con-
corning the interview between En-
peror William and the American Am
bassador, James W. Gerard. the latter
stated that he had made public no in
formation in regard TO the topics he
had discussed with the Emperor
London, Nov. 4.-Some Of the Swed-
ish provincial journals say that the
Swedish government will soon convene
a Peace Congress at The Hague or at
Malm0, according TO a dispatch from
Copenhagen.
A dispatch from The Hague on No
vember 2, said that at recent CONFER
ence in Amsterdam. attended by sew
eral members of the Reichstag, one OF
them asserted that Chancellor Won
Bethmann- Hollweg had expressed Ger
many's inclination to conclude peace IN
return for cession to her of Belgium,
the Meuse line and Courland, and pay
ment Of an indemnity of $1,000 OOO,OOO.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-11-05
Shifting Battle Continues
Along Front in
Champagne.
FRENCH WIN BACK,
THEN LOSE TRENCHES
Repulse Attack at Ga COurtinc
Hand Grenade Fight
Near Lille.
IBy cable 20 Tbs Tribune J

London, Nov. 4.-The battle north
of Massiges, at the extreme right OF
the French line in Champagne, is Still
in progress. The advantage veers from
one side to the other constantly, but
the Germans seem to have had the
better of the last twenty-four hours
fighting.
The Kaiser's troops, advancing OH
the same front which they attacked
yesterday, from Hill 1919 to the Mai
sons de Champagne, have stormed
large trench along q front OF sOV
metres. When the Germans reached
the positions, Berlin says, they found
only two officers and twenty-five men
The rest of the French troops were
dead.
For the advanced trenches Of the
French front the hottest fighting -
taking place. Here the Germans pene-
trated yesterday, but a counter at
tack by the French during the night
drove them out again. The Kaiser
troops, with their lines reinforced, re-
newed the attack to-day, and succeed
ed, Paris admits, in gaining footing
at several points.
A German attack at LA Courtine,
at the southernmost point of the Ia
hure salient, was repused. Along the
rest of the front heavy artillery &C
tons are reported, especially in Artois
the Givenchy wood and south OF the
Somme Spirited lighting with hand
grenades took place in the trenches
near Lille.
FRENCH OFFICIAL.
The statement issued at Paris this
afternoon says:
There occurred last night spirited
fighting with hand grenades in the
trenches on the Lille highway, to
the southeast OF Melville st. Vast.
At the same time there was going
on in this region violent artillery
fighting.
In the Champagne district, not far
from the Chausson Farm, prompt
and energetic counter attack made
it possible for US to reoccupy yes
terday evening the major part OF
certain portions Of advanced
trenches which had been captured
by some German detachments. The
enemy was driven from these posi-