davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Tomahawk. [volume] (White Earth, Becker County, Minn.) 1903-192?, 1915-12-30

the manufacture Of maize bread and
many other preparations in which
ground maize forms the basis.
The flesh consumed is principally
pork, although mutton, goat and beef
enter to some extent into the daily
dietary, more especially in the towns.
Pork, however, in the fresh and in the
cured state, is used everywhere, and
every farmer, small or large, is y
grower Of pigs, the type preferred be-
ing the Mangalicza breed, which has
the characteristic Of producing deep
layers Of fat along the back, which
is cut into long strips, slightly sailed
and used in the place of butter. 50
important is the pork-curing industry
considered in Serbia that the govern
ment subsidies the curing establish
ments and in several ways gives con-
cessions to the curers of pig meat.
The salt required in the business is
subject to a rebate Of so per cent or
it's value, as it is used for industrial
purposes, there being a state monop-
oily of salt in the country.
Sheep Rank Next to Pigs.
Some of the customs in connection
with agriculture are very interesting,
among them being the universal coop
Grafton of the farmers in annually
sending their sheep to the hills. The
sheep industry ranks next to that OF
pigs, and wool is produced in consid-
cradle quantity. Serbian mutton is
noted also IN eastern countries, and
before the war was much in demand
in Consta1ninople.
But the principal use Of the sheep
is to produce milk, from which great
variety of cheeses is made. The farm
ers who are the owners Of the sheep
unite together to employ one or more
Shepherds, who take charge Of their
flocks and milk them while they are
on the hills. The shepherds are also
responsible for making the cheese out
of the milk, and pay themselves for
their trouble by taking certain per-
centage of the produce, the remainder
being divided among the farmers. &C
coriing to the number of sheep they
possess.
The cheese produced is somewhat
bitter in taste and not unlike eve
milk cheese, which at one slime was
produced so largely in the south OF
Scotland.
The national customs Of rural Ser
hia are very quaint. The marriage
ceremonies, for example, are of the
most elaborate character; the bride is
selected by the parents of the bride
Groom, and this is looked upon as be-
ing quite h the natural order Of hui
man affairs; but all the ceremonies In
connections with marriage are Of the
The Tomahawk. [volume] (White Earth, Becker County, Minn.) 1903-192?, 1915-12-30

was the route traversed by hundreds
or perhaps thousands of destructive
eruption clouds, still lie drear and
desolate, because the soil was COM
pletely swept away by the blasts,
and the material left behind as well
as that added by the eruption is too
porous for the retention Of the water
necessary to restore it to fertility.
Furthermore, the rainfall of the west
side of the island is much less than
on the east side, and the region Is
dried by the rays of the afternoon sun.
From Martinique Doctor Hovey pro-
ceeded to the Island Of st. Vincent,
where more than three weeks were
devoted to the study of Soufriere,
twelve days of the time being spent
in camp on the volcano. Here, as in
Martinique, the vegetation has re-es'
tablished itself more thoroughly on
the windward than on the leeward
side of the mountain, the windward
side being that which receives the
greater rainfall, and the leeward side
not only receiving less rainfall but
also suffering from the heat of the at
ternoon sun. Considerable portions OF
the Soufriere received immense de-
posts of gravelly ash from the recent
eruptions, and these are largely bar
rem at the present time. Other areas
received a finely comminuted ash
which retains water better than the
coarse material, and suffers more rap
i'd decomposition. This fine ash is
now coated more or less thickly with
moss and lichens, and often bears, in
addition, bushes, trees, and tree ferns.
The outer limits of the original zone
of humiliation showed merely = de-
struction of the vegetation then coat
The Tomahawk. [volume] (White Earth, Becker County, Minn.) 1903-192?, 1915-12-30

most elaborate and, for that matter,
costly character.
Christmas ceremonies also are very
elaborate and are reminiscent of Pa
gan rites. One of the customs is to
cut dow a tree in the forest, and in
falling it must lie to the east. In
every household such tree is cut
into three portions, and is looked upon
as being sacred and not to be touched.
There is much throwing of wheat,
which has a certain symbolic signiti-
canoe, and the log is then placed on
the fire, while, at the same time, the
inevitable pig is roasted fSr feast.
The ceremonies continue during
Christmas day, which is given up to
feasting, mingled with religious ex-
hortations, and only come to an end
when the night is far advanced.
People Are superstitious.
AS nation the Serbians are ex-
tremely superstitious, and this fea-
ture runs through the whole of their
national customs, whether 1t Is in the
laying out Of house or in the prepa-
ration for death; but the Serbian
farmer does not fear death, as he
usually prepares the boards for his
own coffin and keeps them in readi-
ness in his house.
In the country villages it is t" GUS
tom to give kind of feast five times
in the year for the souls Of departed
heads of households, and food and
drink, including wine, are placed on
the graves and afterwards given to
the poor. 1t is high holiday for the
beggars, and they are not slow to take
advantage of the occasion.
In the country districts there is very
little use for money, as the farms, be-
ing small, are utilized for the produc-
ton of food for the winter, and this
consisting as it does, largely Of wine,
brandy produced from plums, sauer-
kraut, potatoes, onions and the pods
The Tomahawk. [volume] (White Earth, Becker County, Minn.) 1903-192?, 1915-12-30
Bear the Torch of
Civilization
BY Thomas Nelson Page, New York

aside and becoming in turn the leader
Each has borne the torch Of civilization has followed some
path peculiarly Egyptian Syrian Persian Greek Roman Frank
had their and directed under supreme
authority, maintained by armed organization
AngoSaxns bear the torch Of civilization because we possess
the principles of liberty have the character should have
the character fathers have transmitted to with which to
uphold it.
then that with the certainty law OF nature
some naion-and be enthusiastically knocking
at our push from and take the torch and bear 1t
onward and shall 60 down.
The Tomahawk. [volume] (White Earth, Becker County, Minn.) 1903-192?, 1915-12-30
Pirot Famous for Carpets.

Prot is the center of an important
Serbian industry. Prot carpets, blue
and red, are to be found in every Ser
bian home, and have gained fame be-
yond the Balkans They nearly all
are made in private houses, entirely
by hand, often without even shuttle,
the workers using no patterns, but ar
tistic instinct producing harmonious
results. The art has been acquired, no
doubt, from the Turks, who learned Il
from the Persians, but Prot carpets
have qualities all their own. Cosars
and materials are so strong that IL is
almost impossible to wear theIa out.
The Tomahawk. [volume] (White Earth, Becker County, Minn.) 1903-192?, 1915-12-30
Drill Amenities,

Mayor John Purroy Mitchell said at
a dinner in New York:
1.-The memories of camp life are a
very pleasant thing to any soldier.
Even the little vivacities of camp life
seem in the retrospect pleasant
enough.
Thus I often laugh about bank
er who was being drilled daily one day
at Plattsburg by broker-sergeant.
"'What'll you give me-, said the
broker-sergeant, an old Yale end, II
I take that hump Off your back?'
"Tll give you the banker an
swered with tart laugh, something
to make your hair grow, SARGE"
The Tomahawk. [volume] (White Earth, Becker County, Minn.) 1903-192?, 1915-12-30

ing the mountain slopes and did not
suffer destruction or deep burying OF
the soil.
Palms and tree ferns have regained
their pristine development and beauty
in this region, and forest trees arc
growing. On the east side OF the
mountain the sugar cane plantations
which flourished before the eruptions
are now largely restored to cultiva'
ton and present heavier growth OF
cane than before, while on the west
side the peasant proprietors are al
ready taking up "provision ground"
on the lower slopes Of the volcano it.
self.
Soufriere Crater IL Beautiful.
The great crater of the Soufriere Is
beautiful enough to repay the lover OF
scenery for special trip to the island.
It Is about nine-tenths Of a mile across
from east to west and three-quarters
Of mile wide from north to south,
and lake approximately half a mile
in diameter now occupies its lower
portions as it's predecessor did in the
days before the eruptions which
changed the whole appearance Of the
mountain. In 1923 there was little
pool of muddy water in the bottom OF
the bowl through which disturbing
columns or puffs of steam were con.
tinually rising. In 1908 the pool was
much larger, was yellowish green in
color, and was not disturbed by any
eruptive discharges, but did not fill the
bottom of the crater.
Now the lake is apparently some
hundreds of feet deeper than it was
then, and occupies the entire bottom
Of the crater, rising well up on the
vertical walls in most places. Doctor
Hovey was able to make careful meas.
urements with the theodolite which
established the surface Of the lake as
being 76O feet below the point where
the trail from the western side OF
the island reaches the rim of the era
ter, or approximately 2,140 feet above
the level of the sea.
The interior walls of the crater arc
coated with moss and tufts of grass
wherever there are slopes of volcanic
ash, and tree ferns and bushes are re-
establishing themselves in the ravines
cut by the rains while the vertical faces
of the old lava beds making up large
part Of the mountain add toEes of red.
dish and yellowish gay to the colos
effant
The Tomahawk. [volume] (White Earth, Becker County, Minn.) 1903-192?, 1915-12-30

several days in camp on the old sum-
NIT plateau Of the Volcano which is
450 feet above the sea, and which for
merly bordered the pool of fresh water
known as Lac des Palmistes. The new
cone, which stands as the enduring
monument of the great eruption, near
~ fills the old crater adjoining the
plateau, rising some 600 feet above it.
The famous spine, or obelisk, which
rose some hundreds of feet further in
70 the air, disappeared entirely nearly
zen years ago through disintegration,
and the cone, as viewed from the sea,
presents a fiat top, whose apparent
smoothness does not prepare visitor
for the actual ruggedness Of surface
which he finds on climbing the noun
tain.
Mt. Peiee ouieting Down.
At the time of Doctor Hovey's last
!. previous visit in 1908 the new cone
was scanned with assures which dis
charged great volumes Of steam and
gave temperatures as high as 500 de-
grees C.. GOO degrees F.). The present
expedition found considerable steam
still issuing from these vents, but no
temperatures exceeding 100 degrees G.
(212 degrees F.) could be found.
On the east or windward side of the
volcano the vegetation has re-estab-
tished itself to the summit of the noun
tain, and even the forest is beginning
to reassert itself. The whole aspect OF
this side of the volcano is verdant and
peaceful and gives no indication of the
devastation of thirteen years ago; even
tie rocks Of the new cone are more
or less thickly coated with moss, while
the side and top of the old cone are
covered with grass, ferns and bushes,
In addition to the moss and hchens. On
the summit plateau the campers found
an abundance of red raspberry bushes
bearing flowers and green and ripe
fruit.
Sugar plantations on the west side
of Mt. Pelee have been reinstated as
far as the Roxelane river, within the
border Of the original zone of annihila-
ton, while the ruined city Of st. Pierre
g6w contains about thirty new build
mgs of durable construction and res
e i6ent population IF between two and
three hundred people.
One Side Still DesoIate.
The zones stretching down the south
west side of the volcano lying between
the Seche and Blanche rivers. which
The Tomahawk. [volume] (White Earth, Becker County, Minn.) 1903-192?, 1915-12-30
I'LL More Liberal View
Of Things Eternal
BvRev. W. H. Carwardine. West Pullman. III.

ton to man and mans relation to deity remain possible
Development discoveries all realms OF nature stuaes
nsvchoogv the human that break down caste and social
ers and even destruction of ideals which possessed before
conflict have opened to visions OF God and
relationships startled out Of old ideas once imagined
to be mpregnabe
1t good sign Theooge change PHILOSOPHERS may "ea'
be dissolved and cherished beliefs may "
dissolved thin air. the Christ and the eternal word arr
still fundamental and Interchangeable.
The Tomahawk. [volume] (White Earth, Becker County, Minn.) 1903-192?, 1915-12-30
Compulsory School
Attendance Laws
By John P. Newcomer. Birmingham. Ala.

to four-Alabama Florida, Georgia and Mississippi !
The Texas requires all children between the ages OF egh ano
fourteen to attend the first 80 days the second y
and 100 DAYS every school 1t provides for aeoan
officers fixes penalties for violations and provides for the
of parental schools where The law goes into ene
September l. 1915. .
The South law optional but the ede authorities an
hopeful large proportion Of tho districts will vote to have the "
apply IN them.
The Tomahawk. [volume] (White Earth, Becker County, Minn.) 1903-192?, 1915-12-30
Notable Victories Of
Unarmed Men
By JENKlN LLOYD JONES. Chicago

perspective of those suffering from political sb
whole country being afflicted with military hyseria which
There tendency revert to the craftsmanship OF
medieval and still more ancient days.
There are apprehension immediate danger
country though the mighty the world either
sde equeseed than hundred when we
search of trouble wisely and rghousy aodabe-
amounts to panic
remember at these times that the great conquero
world have been the of and not the OF war; Moses
Jesus the triumph of the unamd Jefferson
the boundary of the United States to the ferthest ocean,
nonmant expedition Of Lewis and Clarke found the across
the continent \
The Tomahawk. [volume] (White Earth, Becker County, Minn.) 1903-192?, 1915-12-30
r EDMUND OTIS HOVEY,

curator of the department of
geology and invertebrate pale
ontology of the American
Museum of Natural History, has re-
turned from a three months expeui-
ton to the Lesser Antilles. He spent
most of his time on the islands Of
Guadaloupe, Martinique and St. Vim
cent whore he continued the. studies
of the active volcanoes Of the West In.
dies, which he began in 1902, during
the great eruptions of Mt. Pelee, Mar
Unique, and the Soufriere of st. Vim
cent.
Doctor Hovey spent 16 days on the
island of Guadeloupe, three of which
tNere spent on the summit of the Sou
friere, where temperature observations
on the fumaroles were made and sam
pies of escaping gases collected. These
s1umaroles have been active, with va
Fying degrees of strength, during all
The historic period of the volcano. A
marked increase of discharge OF sui
phurated steam took place at the time
of the eruptions Of Martinique and
st. Vincent, and an area several acres
in extent was then added to the active
region. The vents maintain the force
ff0f their discharge, but the temperature
does not in any case exceed 100 degrees
&c. (212 degrees F). The eastern mem
Der of the twin islands forming Guade-
loupe is sedimentary in origin. Doctor
|Hovey spent much Of his time study
ing it's geological relations with refer
ence to their bearing on the general
history of the Antilles.
\; On Martinique he devoted most of
his time to Mt. Pelee itself, and the
ruined city of st. Pierre, and spent
The Tomahawk. [volume] (White Earth, Becker County, Minn.) 1903-192?, 1915-12-30

With South Carolina and
Texas enrolled on the list OF
states that have compulsor!
school attendance laws as /.
result of 1915 legislation
the states without com2ul
sory laws are now reduced
The Tomahawk. [volume] (White Earth, Becker County, Minn.) 1903-192?, 1915-12-30

Nothing can be more
timely in these days than a
study of the triumphs Of
unarmed men, a cataloguing
Of the bloodless victories
witnessed upon the pages OF
history. Such a study ought
The Tomahawk. [volume] (White Earth, Becker County, Minn.) 1903-192?, 1915-12-30

In the history Of civiliza-
ton first one nation arises
and becomes the torch
bearer, and then another
takes the torch as it be.
comes stronger, the stronger
always pushing the weaker
The Tomahawk. [volume] (White Earth, Becker County, Minn.) 1903-192?, 1915-12-30

South Africa's Demand for Films.
South Africa imports $4,000 feet Of
moving picture films weekly. !
The Tomahawk. [volume] (White Earth, Becker County, Minn.) 1903-192?, 1915-12-30

"Greenheart" Is h,t the
name of a play, nor yet OF
a racehorse; it is the name
of a wood, said to be tho
hardest wood known to den-
biologists. 1t is more dur
able even than steel or iron.
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1915-01-14
CHAPTER XVII. Getting Sam 7iudgeor's Goat.

~ AM BLUDGEON, with a trou
 bied look on his low brow, swaggered up to the door, with
 nod at Paul Pollet, and looked In. The counters were rough board benches covered with canbric, and they ran straight down each side of the long wagon shed. Back of each counter were stacked up boxes and bales, lying on their sides with their fronts removed. exposing ginghams and ealicoes in the bolt, and all other supplies in like wholesale order. There were handkerchiefs, and under wear, and bedclothing, and stockings, and shirts, and suspenders, and wrap pers, and shirt waists, and gloves, and shoes, and tea, and coffee, and spices. and rice and raisins, and soap, and canned goods. and candy. and tobacco. and muslins, and lamps, and glass, and chinaware, and notions, and per fumes. and rugs, and curtains, and books, and stationery, and toys, and hardware, and more other miscella- neous articles than Sam could quite catalogue in such a hasfy view. Be hind one counter just in front of the box of gaudy ribbons, stood the suave and smiling B1ackie Daw, and behind the other, with the fanciest jabot of the recent shipment at her neck and her face scrubbed till it looked like a highly polished red apple, stood Pete Purty.
 sennne right in, samg' hailed Black fe. Come early and avoid the rush. Let me show you some of this supe- rior gingham at TO cents bolt
 So this is your business here,'' com mented Sam. eve heard wagons and autos come in here the last two nights and heard you pounding and fussing around In here all week. You wasn't square with me-
 t.Why not?'' demanded Biackie. ssBe- cause didn't ask your advfce2 Let me sell you bolt of this hannelette. A dollar eighty.
 How much by the yard g'' question ed Sam, tempted to inspect the flannel cite, which was of a particularly at tracfive, soft red pattern.
 .eNo goods sold by the yard, replied B1acAie 1oftfly. No packages broken. No piker money taken
 Sam chuckIed in relief. ssYou'H get skinny at this business. That's no way to run store"
 saThis isn't a store,'' scorned Blackfe. ssThis is merely a wholesale distribut~ ing depot. It's the latest idea in coun- try merchandising. 7
 .sIt's a fool scheme.'' protested Sam. These farmers won't buy bolts of things.'
 .sThey will this time" grinned Black 4e- eve only make g speciaIty of bolt ginghams four times year, but we sure do load up county every three months. My partner and I own nine ty-three of these stores, and we open up 8 new one every week. Pete, sell
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1915-01-14
 {Confinued.1

He'd ought to have. He gouges ev- erybody in Pinky county and never spends a cent ''
 It was Blackie's turn for cogatation. seWe'n stick to that menu card and let the women work their heads off be- cause they're having the time of their Iives,u he decided. ttA1so, we'll pay the printed prices, and before we go Jim and will collect the entire amount from Sam B1udgeon.' 7
 Honest to gosh, can you do that P inquired JeR eagerly. eff you can can take this money with clean con science, and Lord knows I love 1t
 ssYou tell your conscience to sit right up and be suspicious 2 laughed BIackie. ssIt won't catch you with the goods. By the way, landlord. send Pete In with the change. I'm going through on the Broadway basis.''
 E Pete entered presently with the change on a little hand painted plate, according to the custom gleaned from the fashionable fiction in the Ladiess Constant Adviser, but her jaw dropped when BIacke 1efra dollar on the piates 1 .eThis dollar, he carefully explained, belongs to mother and Nasturtiun and MusheWanka and Pete. It's the start of the unhobblfng fund. z
 seThanksia gasped Pete. Thank you, sir, mean, and with her pigtadl sticking straight out she Nse4rted out into the Kitchen with the beginning of an absorbing financial calculation that was to last for days.
 Sam Bludgeon walked out on his porch when he opened his store doors early on the following Saturday morn ing and batted his eyes at the unfa-
 nfliar appearance of Jen Purtyss wag- on shed, which opened on the road just few rods away. Over the wide slid lug hoors, in the gable where only an old rusty horseshoe had hung, there now stared a brand new black and white sign:
 Plain and Fancy Everything at Whole sale Prices Plus 10 Per Cent Ask to See the Wholesale Bills.
 In front Of the store stood the big seven passenger touring car in which Paul Po1let had been entertaining the Pinky county belles for the last week, and on its broad sides were canvas streamers painted:
 walIingford & Daw, Robins Corners. Fancy Everything.
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1915-01-14

ty sT might get fooled eA soms things, but gingham I could tell # was dead
 Mrs. Mellon paid no attention to pat tern or color in the beginning. She took the first bolt which Blackfe hand ed her, Ioosened the end, jerked it be tween her muscular hands till it snap ped like a drum, rubbed it vigorously between her knuckIes, wet piece of 1t, pulled out thread of the warp and one of the wool, burned ha1f of each and chewed the rest and an- nounced herself satisfied
 'sI'II take two yards P she said
 BIacIie smiled on her sxveetly. but sadly. sI'm sorry that Im not allowed to cut into a bolt for SO good judge of gfngham,'' he stated, looking her admirtngIy in the eyes. sI know you'd like the gingham when you got 1t home and would tell all your neigh bors that they couldn't buy such ging- ham at Sam Bludgeon's for from 1z to 15 cents a yard, if at all Neither would urge you to take a full bolt unless, after figuring 1t over, yea caB see where you could use the ten yard bolt at 10 cents 2
 Mrs. Mellon regarded him with a doubtful eye 'svVelI, [ don't know 2 she speculated, counting her fingers, with a long and thoughtful pausa at each digit Where's that wholesale bill P
 lTo Be Contiuned.)