davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Oskaloosa herald., 1915-12-30
THE COAL INDUSTRY.

When and How Coal Was Formed 4:
| Thousands of years ago, long be
fore man was created, was what is
known as the Carconiferous Age
I hat age was remarkable for it's
luXuriant growth of vegetation of the
| fern variety and sue plants as grow
in water and swampy places. 1t is
supposed that this mass of matted
! vegetation died down each year and
| formed into a peaty like mass or sub
stance which afterwards by various
transformations became coal These
great beds of decayed and rotting
vegetation became submerged by geo.
logical changes of the earth's sur
/ face so that the water overlooked
hich covered them over and buried
them. Probably in this age we have
! coal formationgoing on. In the
| United States at the mouth of the
Mississippi river we have conditions
required for future coal fields-the
swamps, periodical foundations of
water, rapid growth of weeds and
vegetation which perishes and is de
composed every winter.
Is Coal a Vegetable or Mineral
Substance? AS We study first this
plant life, then its being covered
with water. its death and decay and
formation, we see that coal is of a
vegetable origin which becomes min
eralized on the spot where it grew,
and is now found after countless
years of time.
Perhaps many people wonder why
coal is not found in every part of
our great country and especially all
over our own state The answer is
that coal formed in what is known as
basins or what we may sometimes
term as pockets. 1t is supposed that
at one time vast seas swept over the
land, except the elevated mountain
districts, and the action of these
waters rounded the fragments of vol
canic rock and washed them into
great basins of conglomerate rock
and sandstone. Upon these beds or
basins was accumulated the vegeta-
bic matter which rOtting and settling
for ages and ages became coal.
What Are Coal Measures? The
coal measures are the various strata
Of rock occurring during the period
prospecting in these coal measures,
and is found in beds varying in thick
ness from one inch to thirty feet.
In this state the thickest seam rarely
exceeds nine feet. The depth to
these coal veins or seams varies from
a few feet to more than three hun.
dred feet, the depth of the deepest
coal shaft in this state. The coal
measures in this state are found only
IN certain sections OF the state, and
even though coal measures are en-
countered 1t is not an indication that
workable veins of coal will be found.
Coal Produced in Twenty-Three
Counties: Coal is now produced
commercially in but twenty-three
counties in Iowa, yet there are indi-
cations that this number OF coal pro.
ducing counties will be increased in
the near future. This number of
counties does not cover all the field
where the coal formations show coal
to exist. L. +. Stamm.
The Oskaloosa herald., 1915-12-30
GREECE TO REMAIN NEUTRAL
ex-Premier Gounarts Declares Greeks
Do Not Want to Mix In War Un.
less Forced to Do SO.

Athens, Dec. 8.-Ex-Premier Gou-
naris, who is expected to succeed NJ.
Skouloudis as prime minister, declared
in an interview that Greece is deter
mined to remain neutral.
we do not want to mix ourselves in
this war unless events force US TO de-
part from our policy Of neutrality" de.
clared NJ. Gounaris. The foreign pol
icy of the government remains I'm.
changed despite the outcome OF the re-
cent election. Greece is a small state,
and does not want to be dragged into
war which might result in a catas.
trophe for her similar to that suffered
by Belgium and Serbia. We are just
Greeks, and | am neither pro-German
n>r pro-French."
The Oskaloosa herald., 1915-12-30
NO WOMEN ALLOWED.

Across the peninsula from the Al
lies fortified Balkan port at SaloniK
lies tabled Mount Athos, today Holy
Mount to the Christians. the domi
nant physical feature of the Chalcid
ian region; and here, where the an
Gent gods are nodding down upon
the mushroom growth of a wonderful
military camp In the old port city, is
situated sanity monastic commun
lily, peaceful, reflective, a religious
republic through the Dark Ages OF
the Balkans" begins a bulletin just
issued by the National Geographic
Society, which tells of the Christian
stronghold on Mount Athos that per
sisted In thriving for years within
the boundaries OF the Ottoman En-
pire. 9..-
Legend makes the rugged noun.
tain holy in the eyes of all Near East.
err Christians, and, moreover, the
same legend has to do with some OF
the present-day discomforts of life
there high above the blue Aegean. II
is recorded that the Blessed Virgin
rescued the son OF the Emperor Thee.
dosius from shipwreck. and brought
him, safely through the violent seas
TO the mountain foot AS they touch.
ed upon the shore, the sacred com
panion of the prince commanded:
Let no other woman's foot tread this
soil after me- And so il comes, that
no female beings are allowed upoD
the Holy Mount.
The strict exclusion Of all female
creatures from the Mount, however,
has certain disadvantages. Thus. 10
fresh eggs may be had on Mount
Athos, and no milk, for the COW aud
the hen, under the ban Of the legend.
are kept from its area. It is a place
Of masculine independence and su.
premacy; a land where all fowls are
cocks; all sheep rams; all cats Toms;
all housemaids men, and most men
monks. Es
1.-THE peninsula. on which Athos is
situated. is sorty miles long. and it Is
connected with the mainland by a
neck hardly mile and a half broad
The way around the peninsula was a
dangerous one for sailors, and Xerxes,
as part OF his plan for invading
0reece, rama canal through the mar.
row neck, which can still be traced,
Ii classic times, there we're several
smaller cities here, Now 5000
monks, housed In twenty monaster-
les. conEtifDte the. life OF. Athos and
10 causeway to the mainland
The Oskaloosa herald., 1915-12-30
NO WARNING TO JAP LINER
U. s. Consul Says Submarines PERL
scope Was Not Seen Until
Ship Was Sinking.

Washington, Dec 2S.-The state de-
partment announced the receipt of a
cable from Consul Bristow at Port
Said, announcing that the Japanese
liner Yasaka Maru was sunk without
warning. Consul Bristow's dispatch
reached the department Christmas
day. but was not given out until Sec
rotary Lansing had seen it.
Consul Bristow stated that the 1870
passengers and 1862 members of the
crew, picked up by French gunboat.
we're landed at Port Said. w. j. Leigh.
an American, was among the pas
sergers. Bristow's message stated
that the periscope of the submarine
was not seen until the liner was sink
ing. The vessel sank just 20 minutes
after being torpedoeo. The national.
ity Of the submarine is not known.
The Oskaloosa herald., 1915-12-30
TARIFF TIE BIG ISSUE.

The progressive" writes William
Alien White, ARE uncompromising
fprotectionists. The thing they object
! to is a protective tariff prostituted to
and by the big interests" George w.
! Perkins. chairman of the executive
committee of the progressive party.
in a recent speech declared about the
same thing. Mr.. Roosevelt ran for
public Office half a dozen times, and
each time on a platform declaring for
the protection principle. Even Victor
Murdoch, whose rapid digestion of all
the economic and political problems
OF the earth has been a gustatory
marvel of the times, was an ardent
advocate of protection, and may he
still, for al anybody knows to the
contrary.
: But" observes the Kansas City
Journal, all of these gentlemen tack
10 their commitment the demagogiC
condition that the schedules must not
be "prostituted to the big interests"
They are unwilling to come clean and
he thoroughly honest in the matter.
They persist in the inevitable wall
about the big interests"
( But If the progressives are truly
favorable to a protective tariff, where
have they a better opportunity OF
exerting their influences than in join
/ ing with the, true protection party in
: tile next national campaign? Mr..
Perkins has declared that the tariff
is the greatest of al issues. He fore
sees the necessity of placing this
country upon a sound protective tar
if basis in order TO prevent industrial
ruin when the European war ends.
He has pointed out that, but for the
war. the present free trade program
would have wrought desOlation
throughout our land. This theory is
in accord with the opinions held by a
majority of republicans. Why, then,
should not all protectionists, no mat.
ter how much they may Infer on min
or matters, get together on this big,
aramount. vital issue?
There are evidences that the al
ministration is beginning to hedge on
the tariff. Free sugar is one of the
things upon which their orators have
tarped for more than a score of years
but now that free sugar is actually
in sight the democratic leaders are
taking steps TO restore the sugar
schedule. Only the war has saved tho
farmers from ruinous prices for their
wheat, corn, cotton. cattle and many
other products which would have been
at the mercy of foreign comnetition
under normal international trade cou,
Gitions. - 80
. The tariff is to day the biggest
icsue in the whole area of politics. II
is bigger than it has ever been, be.
cause the whole face of the trana
situation has been changed by the
war When the war ends, as it must
fnnrer or later, the Industrial ma
iional OF Europe viii reopen their fac
tories with Cream labor and food
the worl1. Including. the Un'teI
states. with their goods, unless steps
IRE taken to protect American labor
rrainst sncli 4,nfair competition To
talk about "prostitutlns the tariff
&c big interests" is tommyrot Pvt
II IRE 9rozressiyes insist upon this
salving eonccss'cn they are welcome
To IL The wav to construct tariff
that will h. honest fair and economf.
cally just IS for all who are in favor
OF protection IN ret together and help
to frame the bill.
The Oskaloosa herald., 1915-12-30
4 arc IOWA 'cHRIsTMEs.

The Register and Leader reports
that Des Moines wholesale dealers
who keep in close touch with business
throughout the state, estimate that
nearly $15,000,000 was invested in
Iowa for Christmas gifts this year
OF this amount about S11, 100000 was
expended for presents which were
handed out on Saturday and about
81, SIS zoo was given in eash-all OF
which will find its way to trade chan
nels within the next ten days or two
weeks, business men estimate.
Automobiles were extensively used
as gifts, IL the registration of new
cars at the office. of w. E. Allen, sec
rotary of state, T. Is any indication
Within the last ten days nearly s.
600 new cars were registered.
Throughout the state the estimate
of money spent per capita on Christ
mas gifts was s., according to deal
ers. In the cities, they say, the peO
pie spent more in Christmas celebra'
lions than in the country. The esti'
mate of the urban expenditures is be-
tween Sc and $3.50 per capita. On
this basis, Oskaloosa would have ex'
pended at least $4,000.
In estimating the money spent on
Christmas it is necessary to figure
that many people give cash presents,
in addition to the regular gifts" said
Sidney Mandelbaum. An of this
money is yet to be expended. 1t will
be used during the next ten days. II
seems to me that fair average for
the state would be IS per capita with
Is per cent more to represent the
money gifts"
The absence of imported novelties.
gloves and laces which usually are
offered the holiday trade, was not
noticed by Iowa buyers, the dealers
say. The stocks we're large and Of
fered such a wide range of selection
for gifts that the buying public was
perfectly satisfied with the American
goods. Dealers say this year Christ.
mas was the closest in being a purely
American Christmas that the couu'
try has ever known. ~.
The public was satisfied with the
goods offered this yeac" said one
dealer. Apparently the buyers did
not notice that the stores we're not
offering some of the things that u.s.
ually are imported. Almost every
thing sold this year was made in.
America. Our manufacturers are
beginning to make some of the
things for which we have depended
on Europe. 1t is probable that
American firms will go into this
more extensively in the future-it
takes time to develop new industries.
The merchants always push Ameri.
can goods in preference to imported
articles. In the past we have had
to take some of the European goods
because We did not make them in
Aneripa ~
The Oskaloosa herald., 1915-12-30
FRENCH LINER
IS 1ORPEDOED
EIGHTY PERSONS DIE ON STEAM.
Err WILLIE DE LA cIoTAT.
WAS SUNK WITHOUT WARNING
No Americans on Board-Nationality
Of Submarine Unknown-5eIgian
and Two British Boats
Sent to the Bottom.

Paris, Dec. 2S.-As a climax to the
most serious revival of submarine war
fare since Germany ceased active op'
erations on this line in the north, 50
persons lost their lives when the
French liner Vile de la Ciotat was tor
pedoed by an unidentified submarine
in the Mediterranean on December "a
according to the latest reports received
here. These reports say there were no
Americans on the vessel.
A British steamer of the Moss line
rescued all the passengers and mem
bers of the crew who had been able to
escape in the ships boats.
Sinks In Fifteen Minutes.
Official announcement of the attack
upon the liner was made here. 1t de-
clared the vessel was attacked with
out warning, and as only the periscope
of the submarine was seen, 1t was i'm
possible to determine the nationality
of the war vessel. The liner sank in
Is minutes after the torpedo struck,
and many of the passengers and crew
went down with the stricken vessel.
The Vile de la Ciotat was one of
the largest vessels sunk in, the Med
iterranean by submarine attack. She
was of $500 tons. The vessel was on
her way from Japanese ports to Mar.
settles. The deaths so far reported
include one woman, first cabin pas
senger, a stewardess and two chill.
dren. .@''
Other Vessels Sunk.
London, Dec. 2S.-All, Britain was
startled by the toll of submarine war.
fare unequaled in months. Following
the report of the sinking Of the Italian
liner Port Said by an Austrian subma.
rine with the loss of six passengers
and one Of the crew, further reports of
sea tragedies came thick and fast dur.
ing the day. "'..'
The British steamship Yeddo. from
Calcutta to Boston and New York, was
sunk in the Mediterranean with loss
estimated at 100000. Her crew is
reported saved and she is believed to
have carried no passengers. The, ma
tionality Of her assailant is still in
doubt. The Yeddo was of $500 tons.
Belgian Ship Lost.
Sinking of the Belgian steamer Min.
istre Beernaert. 1900 tons, is an,
nounced. The crew left the steamer
in boats, two Of which are missing.
Seven of the crew are reported saved
The British steamer Cottingham OF
513 tons has been sunk. The crew
was saved
The British steamship Hadley, 1,777
tons gross, has been sunk. The Brit.
ish steamer Umla, 1.172 tons, has been
beached at the mouth of the Thames
afire forward. The crews of both
vessels were rescued.
The Oskaloosa herald., 1915-12-30
LOSES MILK IN A STREAM
PIueky Farmers Wife 10 Caught In
Flood In, cIIfty Creek After
F.. Milking.

Columbus, Ind.--When Mrs. William
White, who lives near Huntsville,
started out to milk, she found her COW
had strayed across Clifty creek. There
had Just been a heavy rain, but the
creek was low. so Mrs. White removed
her shoes and stockings and waded
over. She MIXED the COW and started
back, carrying her pail of milk. But
in the meantime the stream had risen,
and when Mrs. White was in the cen.
ter the current became so strong she
was washed into a deep hole. She
managed to scramble out and reached
the bank, but the milk was spilled.
The Oskaloosa herald., 1915-12-30

The eclipse of the sun of Febru
airy will be total over a narrow belt
stretching across the Pacific Ocean
Colombia, Venezuela, and GuadeIoupe
and over the Atlantic past the Azores
In the United States it will be visi
Bile only as a partial eclipse, the en-
tire disk of the sun not being obscur
ed. In the vicinity of Washington
and New York the eclipse will com
mence approximately at ten O'CLOCK
In the morning and end after noon
In the central part of the country il
will begin earlier.
The Oskaloosa herald., 1915-12-30
Two CAR MEN HURT
Oie Falls From Ladder and Other is
80 o.. 1T by Hammer.

= Two employees of the NJ. G. st. l.
road were injured yesterday after.
noon and this morning in the local car
repair yards. About $3.50 yesterday
afternoon, Henry s. Howar, residing
south OF town on r. +. ID. No. 2 fell
from a ladder, on which he was en-
gagged in putting end sheeting on n
boxcar AMI injured his right leg. The
ladder slipped and permitted him to
tal several feet and striking his right
leg on a protruding timber.
!. A little after nina o'clock this morn,
ing c. r. Sauderor, OF Alb North |
street, was helping cut piece of end
sheeting 10 be placed on one end OF
the cars being repaired when the
sledge which his partner was swinging
slippel OF the spring tool and struck
him In the center of the forehead. An
rgly wound resulted from the blow.
The Oskaloosa herald., 1915-12-30
SOME DEALS IN DIRT
Record in Recent Real Estate Deals
in Mahaska County

Cornelius McCutchen and wife, Pa
/ tience, to A. p. Timbrell, warranty
deed dated 1O-22-15 pit lot, IL in NV
SW Sec. 13-77-16-Cons. $4,000. ,
Adam Woodland and wife, Mary Ada,
to w. J. HUT, warranty deed dated
, 12-21.15 S1s NV Sc & Sc NE SW
Sec. 6-7717-Cons. $4,000. a',
c. w. Smallwood, Trustee OF Els.
tate of Thomas Moore in Bankruptcy
to George E. Moore, trustees deed
dated 12-21-15 NE SW Sec. 27-74.17-
Cons 500.
Edwar |. Ratcliff and wife. Tezetta
to H. F. Camp, warranty deed dated
11-22-18 pit. lot Is Crookham's S. ID.
of lot of /. S. of Sc NE, Sec. Bats
Icons. $500, Mt'.~.
w. r. Gilmore and wife Eloise T..
to Central Holiness University war.
ranty deed dated 1875 lots 66-67-
68 o. P. University Park-Cons. ST.
500.
E. l.. Maudlin and wife Arminta B.
to Walter and Margaret De Mise,
warranty deed dated 1905 lots 1,
2 and block 6 SMELLS add Sharon
Cons. 5000. ." ...
george L. Darland and wife, Mary
v, to John A. Darland and VIM n.
Warwick, warranty deed dated 1917.
10 und. is int. in lots and z block
IL Wells second add Barnes City;
lots and 8 block IL Wells add to
Barnes City-Cons. $1.GO. ap
James. Hurley, widower. to F. g..
Jarvis, warranty deed dated 12-21-15
LOT. sub div of s ENE Sec. 35.76-16ll--s,i
Cons. 500 $50 '2,tSe - ~
Daniel Walton and wife Mary B. to
Jane Shoemaker, warranty deed date
l2-l7.15 Es Sc SW Sec. 25-75-16-
Cons. $1.00
Blanche Sheriff single to d. II.
sheahan, quit claim deed dated 1918
10 lot Longs sub div. of lot n in
Ninde, Williams G. Co. add to Oska.
loosa-Cons, $80S 40.
The Oskaloosa herald., 1915-12-30
BANK ROBBED OF $4,000
Four Masked Bandits Hold UP First
National at HaVener, Okla, and
Escape With Cash.

Fort Smith, Ark, Dec. 2S.-The First
National bank of Havener, Okla, was
robbed of about $4,000 by four ban.
dts, only two of whom were masked.
They helped themselves to all the cash
in sight and then forced the president
and three patrons to accompany them
to where their horses were tied, three
blocks away. A posse has pursued
them into the mountains.
Hugo, Okla, Dec. 28-Two masked
men with guns entered the Bank. OF
Grant at Grant, Okla, six miles south
of here, at 2:3O o'clock in the after,
noon, tied the hands of Cashier Webb
locked him and customer in the bank
vault, took $4,000 and fed.
The Oskaloosa herald., 1915-12-30
SHIP GROUNDS IN HAWAII
Chilean Bark Ivanhoe .Drass Anchor
Three Hours, Then Breaks In
Two. --......

Honolulu. Dec. 2S.-Two members
Of the crew of the Chilean bark Ivan.
hoe. which went ashore at EIeele. isl
and of Kauai, Sunday, were thought to
have been lost. Another is believed to
be missing. The Ivanhoe dragged it's
anchor for three hours, and finally
grounded, breaking in two. It is said
to be a total loss.
The Oskaloosa herald., 1915-12-30
Labor Legislation Body Meets.

Washington, Dec. 2S.-The Ninth
annual convention OF the American
Association for Labor Legislation
opened in The Shoreham hotel today.
The main topics are the La Follette
law for the protection of American
seamen. the New York industrial
commission. health insurance for
wage earners. and the progress made
throughout America in industrial by.
giene in relation to dangerous trades.
child labor. protection for female
wage earners and factory sanitation.
The Oskaloosa herald., 1915-12-30

! REV. Hubert C. Herring of Bos-
ton, secretary of the national council
of Congregational churches, says:
I" The country church suffers from
lack of the cooperative spirit. 1t is
never easy 10 get the community to
work together. There are many
feuds and factions. The sectarian
spirit causes some families to attend
church outside the parish, but a real
get-together movement among the
churches win remedy this condition. "
The Oskaloosa herald., 1915-12-30
AUSTRIANS ARE DRIVEN BACK
Montenegrins Expel Invaders From
the Town of 5iJIopoIje, Killing
500 Of Enemy.R

Rome, Dec. 2S.-Austrian troops
that captured Bijlopolje in Montene-
gro have been driven from the town
by the Montenegrins with the loss OF
1000 men, according to an official
statement given out by the Montene-
grin legation here. 1t follows:
The Montenegrins have expelled
the Austrians from Bijlopolje. The
Austrians lost 1000 hen, of whom 500
were killed and hundred taken
prisoners. The Austrians are still
falling, back. pursued by the Montene-
grins." 49,. d. ....>.. H., -
The Oskaloosa herald., 1915-12-30
GEN. HUERTA SERIOUSLY ILL
Former Dictator Of Mexico Removed
From Military Prison to Home
Of His Wife.

Ell Paso, Tex. Dec. victoriano
Huerta. former president Of Mexico.
who is held here for alleged violation
OF the neutrality laws of the United
States. is Ill and was removed from
the prison at Fort Elias to the resi-.
dence of his wife.
The Oskaloosa herald., 1915-12-30
THE TOWN OF ST. MiHIeL

War waves have rolled forward and
backward around the little town of
st. Mihiel. like angry surf against a
rocky shore. and the struggle here
has been as stationary as that be
tween a granite headland and the
sea. A primer on war geography
The Oskaloosa herald., 1915-12-30
Wolves UnusuaiIy Bold.

Farmers in the neighborhood of
Strubble are complaining of the dep,
relations made by wolves this fall.
The wolves are unusually bold for
this time OF year and are deyastat.
ing henroOsts aud sheepfolds.
The Oskaloosa herald., 1915-12-30
SERBIAN Army Intact.

Rome, Dec. 2s.--General Popoyic OF
tae Serbian army who has Just arrived
In Italy in charge of batch of pris.
oners. states that the Serbian army Ia
practically intact, although 1t has lost
sn enormous amount Of material.
The Oskaloosa herald., 1915-12-30

b --Ames has gone wet-figuratively
speaking. The new artificial lake
on the Iowa State college campus, the
gilt oil, an unknown alumnus, has been
finished. the food gates closed and
the water backed up. This fulfills
the dreams Of Ames alumni and I'M
derYraduates. fa.E ...... f..
The Oskaloosa herald., 1915-12-30

Savings banks of Iowa on Jan. 1,
1915, will pay interest on s2O0,OO0,'
600 time deposits. according to the
state banking department. The dis.
tfibution o. semtannual interest at
this time will amount to 100000.
The Oskaloosa herald., 1915-12-30
Berlin soelaIIsts Arrested.

London. Dec, 2S.-An Amsterdam
dispatch 70 the Central News Agency
Gays that ten socialists have been ar.
rested in Berlin for attempting to in.
cite disorder.
The Oskaloosa herald., 1915-12-30

The Chicago Herald, after taking
a poll, reports that twenty-one demo
cratic congressman favor a revision
OF the tariff at this session. These
twenty one, Joined with the republt.
cans, control the House.
The Oskaloosa herald., 1915-12-30

Z, According TO an announcement,
the League, to Enforce Peace, of
which ex-President William H. Taft
As head, and which has for its object
the maintenance of world peace after
the close Of the European war, has
begun the organization of state
branches, using as its model, the plan
followed in the organization of pc
litical parties ;. +. -
The Oskaloosa herald., 1915-12-30

= -. "A four-horse, S-foot disk will
ordinarily cover, about IL acres pei
day, as compared with Z acres for
the tWo-horse 6-foot disk.
The Oskaloosa herald., 1915-12-30

(, There, were 1871 railway laws
passed. this year by state legislatures
No wonder the railways have trou'
ble = = - ~ t..--f ...
The Oskaloosa herald., 1915-12-30

The, insomnia man is almost as
tiresome as the one who sleeps with
his window wide open all winter"