Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1915-10-31
How Queen Elizabeth of Today
 Grew from the Romarl Galley
Then the gigantic Queen Elizabeth

When the gigantic Queen Elizabeth c1ass took the sea against the Ger nans, the British were but @continu- ling a line of succession which can Inc traced by small .gradations right Ihack to the galleys ine which Julius Caesar's admirals ruled the English channel nineteen hundred years ago. In the wake of Caesars ships with Their gray-blue sails and twenty chained oarsmen on each side came line high proved Saxon Hong ships ard 'sceols' carrying a single mast. These culninated in Alfreds Kings ships. which the chronicler writes |Were full nigh twice as long as the others." They were propelled by as many as sixty oars. .-
 King Canute produced what his neople considered wonderful warsEips Lin fact, the men of every period have been dazzled by the great men, o'-war of that period. These ships ranged from 100 to 200 feet long, Their sides were adorned with drag ops and ,serpents' heads, their sails were painted in rainbow hues and along .hsir rails were rows of many colored shields.
 The Normans built still larger craft and. in imitation of land warfare, constructed high castles" on bow and stern These were sturdy square structurds for the lighting, much like tbe stone keep. ''s1S .z5 ..
 Nor dil;sthe Norman fleet lack for picturesdueness. The sides of their warships were painted in bands ioi bllie, yellow, red and brown; and the sails were striped with. the same bright. .cDloIs. ',a ,s ;s's, .x5:,tie:.4; .:a.i | With the Plantagenets the vessels Of war became more business--like and more formidable. @,1Yle Norman boats were under fifty tons, while now many were of eighty tons. Each carried thirty seamen and an equal numbers of crossboWmen and fothel soldiers. &In the castles fore and aft were fighters aimed with spears "lons enough to spit man on the deck ol a shps alongside"
 Slings and javelins were also used with axes and bills to cut the enemy E Digging. at close quarters On meet ing hostile ship, war vessel ran alongside under the fire of crossbow- men and volleys of heavy stones darts and incendiary projectiles ans then grappled and boarded her..
 The Galley Disappears.
 The oar-propelled galley disappear ed about this time. m Edward III. o1>s{ eressed to the 'cog," {. vessel of 20 tons and more. She carried from l2G loO seamen, soldiers and archer from the castles" at stem an Ftern and on the mast amidship tn Aichers fired their arrows and bolt the enemy until the moment al lVed to run alongside and board hel A great new departure must als pc noted. From the castles crude cannon of hooped iron bars hurled lone proJectiles. The weapon whic.' pad so astonlshed the French at Cres had been adapted to the sea.
 by the end of the fourteenth cen ufy the "cog" had been relegatet, .ne scrap heap for the great ship oVo tons burden, carrying 200 sail fs, archers and spearmen. ...--. me hulls were ornamented witt eraidlc carvings and 'some hal urple sails, embroidered in gold an, mpiazoned with bright colol's."
 rue method of fighting still remain 'ae same. The long bow and the oss-ooW were the principal arms o, .'ack and the primitive cannon werC sed more for their demoralizing ef ct on the enemy than for their de tructiyeness. s .'4H
 With the coming of the tifteenth sa.uiy sasy the growth of the warship ecalne more rapid. Vessels of g. lVasdhd !, tons with two masts were x VI uncommon. 9lnm Heavy Cannon of cast ~ were mounted on, the fare and a,r' ,uasues, which had now become aAu., sellt structures wrought ,m Tnsiy into the frame work of the r. ,. ''A'4''s -'ssi@'t 5i5 5 gsfsN AZ
 Me also hear for the first time oG anu cannon," the inuskets and pis- vs ,S ol later days. The little primi- . maskets popped side by side with x. wang ot the bows. A little later N. A cannon were fired through loop
 n m m the bulwarks.
 l"dors Built First Navy.
 x.t uer the Tudors, warships took a ,ss, ss ieap forward. We come to the
 1St K;, Harry, the celebi ated.s vessel
 g g, Henry VII, which cost $14,- ps rms and the Great Michael oad Sa,M ,r z4o feet long and 36 feet sH sia,. They could fire a broadside spn,, sn1 large guns each, in addition SIsmaler I'm ordnance.
 easea s,aat the Harry Grace Dieu, |unaa 6,,a' t"o-decked vessel with 5S hs hn, n.. tlle largest 6o-poundels; be- |S,ha s curious batteries of short, \ ide- gapd caiaon, mounted fer and N u to pointing inward. The latter N had Ia Glast h tue enemy when the fhe 4su M become a battlcheld.
 o.y narfy Grace a Dieu was 1.5OO ge Soss wo and had four masis. So i
 q osa's, was she that many veteran seq 1
 | sthae thc.eu she would founder the | lAtlsn,;s sle Vas taken intos the son4
 led' svele ves The great 1'udol ships
 lser KY. Y seaMorthy. however. butt