davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1915-11-25
INJURED EXPRESS DRIVER
SECURES SMALL AWARD

Mitchell, S. D., Nov. 20.-Damaees
amounting to $3.50 were awarded Will
am j. Mckee, an express drive Of
this city, as the result of his suit
against the Mitchell Fruit & Grocery
company. Mckee brought suit for
$4,000. He claimed to nave sustained
permanent injury to the index finger
of his right hand by reason of the
alleged negligence of the corporation
in h operation of an elevator located
In its building. While riding III the
elevator last February Mckee had his
finger mangled in a portion of the
elevator mechanism. He claimed he
was in the performance of his duties
while on the elevator. Counsel for the
defendant company advanced the ar
gument that the elevator was exclu-
sively a freight elevator and that the
plaintiff took his own chances when
he rode on it. Contributory negligence
on the part of Mckee was alleged.
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1915-11-25
STATE GETS CASH FROM
NATIONAL FOREST SALES

Pierre, S. D., Nov. Ex-Governor
Byrne has received notification of the
deposit of $12,9SS.11 to South Dakota's
credit, this fund coming from the for
est reserve fund of the government.
Three per cent of the receipts of the
government from land sales, timber
sales, lease monies, etc, is given to
the state in which the forests are To-
Gated. The funds for South Dakota
this IA came from the three re-
serves in this state, S8,993.58 from the
Black Hills reserve; $3,202.65 from the
Harvey division and S7S1.92 from the
Sioux portion. This money is Baid out
directly from the South Dakota treas.
ury to the various counties, where it is
used for road and school funds.
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1915-11-25
SUFFS NOT SPENDING FUNDS
ON OUTSIDE SPEAKERS

Huron, S.. D.. Nov. 19.-The annual
state convention of the Universal
Franchise league will convene In this
city Thursday morning of this week for
a two days session. Mrs. John Pyle,
Of Huron, is president Of the state as
ISOLATION.
Among those to appear in addresses
and discussions are Mrs. c.. S. Whiting,
of Pierre; Mrs. Harley Thomas, of
White Lake; Mrs. A. B. LOOMS, of
Brookings; Mrs. Glen Waters, of Mil
Ter; Mrs. F. v. Christ, of Miller; Mrs.
G. S. Policy, of Pierre, and Mrs. A. w.
Ewart, OF Pierre. The Black Hills will
also be represented at the meeting.
No outside speakers have been Sc
cured, as this is a meeting for business
and the women p to spend their
money on the South Dakota campaign
direct.
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1915-11-25
MAN SERIOUSLY HURT IN
FIGHT ABOUT CROWBAR

Winner. S. D., Nov. 20.-In an alter
cation. owe the ownership of a crow
bar, A.. e. Smith. a prominent garage
ma of this city, was struck over the
head by. Frank Elwell and quite Sc
riously injured. Smith was taken at
once to the office of local physicians,
where his injuries We're found to con-
sist of several evere Commissions from
the effects of the bar and minor cuts
on the face caused from the breaking
of his eyeglasses.
h result of Mr.. Smiths injuries.
which, it is feared at the present time,
may prove serious.
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1915-11-25
CATTLE BUSINESS BOOMING
IN WEST RIVER COUNTIES

Pierre, S. D., Nov. 2O.-The October
shipments OF cattle from Faith, Per-
I'M county, amounted to 500, 900.
This mean about 55 carloads. and was
more than double the shipments for
the same period a year ago. In Octo-
Der of this year IA carloads were
shipped into that point for feeding dur
ing he winter, as against one car
o in October, 1914. This is but a
sample Of the general increase of cattle
business west Of the river in each OF
the counties this year.
BRuCE-William Henry Bishop. who
died at the home of his son here, was one
of the best known early pioneer settlers
OF this part of the state. He had reached
the age of more than So years. Mr..
Bishop and wife took UP their residence
In South Dakota in 1889. The wife died
IN 1895. They We're the parents OF nine
children, three daughters and six sons.
all OF whom are living. One of the daugh-
tiers is the wife OF Philo Hall. of Brook
ings, Former attorney general OF South
Dakota, and former congressman from
the state.
HURON-Three silver loving cups viii
oe offered as premiums to the farmers
OF Beadie county at the annual short
course held in this city December IA and
Is. n cup will be awarded to the best
~ ears OF corn of any variety, the second
toStne best boar. any breed and any age.
2 the third to the best draft colt not
over Y old cups will not be-
come the permanent property of any con-
testant until he has won three ines.
Observation-Disclosures of the local
Catholic church society are raising 4 fund
with which to have a fine new church
building erected. Within a brief time
$1.O00 had been contributed to the bufld-
Ing fund. and this sum is being added TO
each day. The church building. as now
IL nI4 nHn6 urilI aNuf "a 1899 u nhnE nEtHf&AE1a
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1915-11-25
SCOTLAND. SOUTH DAKOTA

Emile Verhaeron, the Belgian poet.
that his wild nature could not be
clamped within cloister walls. AS a
youth he attended the Jesuit college Of
Sainta-Barbe at Client. There be met
Maeterlinck. The fathers would have
saved their young pupils from the
world by making them priests, II en-
deavored to inspire in them a pro-
found respect for the past, with a
hatred of all innovation. After he
Bchoo at Sainte-Barbe, Verhaeren
studied Law at Louvain. Admitted to
the bar at Brussels, he Joined a coterie
OF young artists. and, like Gautier, he
won a name for shocking the bour-
geois by fantastic freaks Of dress and
conduct. The muse called, and the law
was deserted.
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1915-11-25
STRANDNEss LOCATED BY
FEDERAL OFFICERS, is CLAIM

aberdeen. S. D.. Nov. 20.-FeaeraI
officials ave located the place where
Torgus S~trandness, the missing CASH
Ter of the Bristol institution, is hid
ing, n his arrest is expected shortly.
He is said to be in an eastern state.
Among municipal monies carried by
h Bristoly bank was SIS, 900 deposited
with that institution by the treasurer
of Day county, Ole T. Strandness, not
related to the cashier of the defunct
institution. That mount is guaran-
teed by q personal bond signed for the
most part by stockholders of the bank.
After an examination lasting a day
and a half of the books OF the Farm
ers' State bank. of Butler, which insti-
tuition was closed yesterday as the re-
suit OF the failure of the First Nation
al bank, OF Bristol, the state BANKING
department. is said to have declared
that no Irregularities have been found
and so far as is known, h bank is In
O solvent condition.
STURGIS-That the municipal saloon
established here last July is a paying IN
vestment is indicated by the report OF the
committee OF business men conducting it.
It is run by q onpan of Incorporated
stockholders who at the outset gave theiI
notes for 1850. all of which has been paid
off, together with all other Indebtedness.
and the now has a clear profi
OksSAsvV0s tSuii5iDtluG TX otoCh, unused IL.
cense money. cashsinSbank andxcity war.
rants. The company estimates that In
two years the city indebtedness win be
reduced by $4,000.
DALLAS-A special election has beer
called for December !. at which the prop.
ositton Of issuing bonds in the sum Of
1900 for the purchase by the city OF the
local electric light system. which now be-
longs to private parties, win be submit.
ted TO the voters.
sPRINGTIELD-The commercial clut
of this city was host at q banquet Tor thu
bands of Tyndall and Springfield. AZ
guests of honor there were invited alst
the mayors OF Tyndall, Scotland. Avor
and Tabor. and the representatives of thu
commercial clubs and the editors OF thu
newspapers OF the own OF Bon Homms
county.
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1915-11-25
VIOLENT BATTLE AT GoRiziA;
FOUR ITALIAN CITIES RaiDEr

Rome, Nov. 20. (via Paris, Nov. 22).
The italian bornbardment of Austrian
positions in and aroun Gorizta CON
tinues with unabated vigor. accoroins,
to the official statement issued today
at the headquarters Of the general
staff.
Enemy aeroplanes yesterday threw
bombs on Verona, where four citizens
were wounded, and on Nicenza and
Grade, where there were neither vie
tins nor damage. Another enemy
squadron threw Is bombs on #Udine,
killing IL persons and wou1ding 10
civilians and eight soldiers. The ma
terial damage was unirnportant.
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1915-11-25
STATE BANK NOW APPLIES
FOR RESTRAINING ORDER

Pierre. S. D. Nov. 1s.-The state
banks are now taking a hand in the
banking order of Examiner Wingfield,
the st. Charles State bank. asking the
supreme court for a writ of prohibition
to prevent the commissioner from put
ting into effect his order limiting state
bank deposits in national banks. No
vembe II has beer set for the date Of
hearing of the application before the
court.
FLANDREAU-A civil engineer will
soon commence running the lines for a
large drainage ditch which Is to be con-
structed to drain what Is known as the
Milwaukee slough in the eastern section
of Moody and Lake counties. The drain
age ditch will be IL miles long. The ex-
pense Of constructing it will be borne By
the property owners along the ditch.
About $500 acres of land will be re-
claimed.
was thrown open to the public Monday
afternoon and evening, and was visited
by many hundreds of people. There We're
9 number Of notable guests of honor.
among them Governor Byrne. The new
building cost $4,000 and succeeds old
Dakin hall. destroyed by fire. 1t has now
been turned over TO the NJ of the young
women students of the cCaege.
ALEXANDRIA-The large artesian we'll
which is designed to furnish the residents
OF this city with water for fire protection
IND domestic purposes has been complet-
cd. after several weeks work. The water
comes to within about 40 feet of the sur
race, and will he pumped into an eleva ted
tank. which will give the necessary prea-
sure. The water will be elevated into the
tank by air pressure.
HURoN-The highest price ever mid Tor
farm land sold at public sale in Readle
county was that brought by an So-acre
tract belonging to 1. Fl. Felker. The land
soid lot $50 an acre to Henry Reeves. OF
This city. The tract is located only a few
sods west of the South Dakota state fair
grounds.
PiERRE-The farmers and ranchers In
ne vicinity OF Timber Lake are formin.
IN organization for the purpose of "sys-
tematic d-iscouragement OF the live stock
eustling operations which appear to ba
prevalent in that part of tlse state. AMI
which are a source OF considerable loss
20 many of the farmers end iaichers ~
that section or the Stata
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1915-11-25
PROMINENT RESIDENTS
OF HOWARD COUNTY in
DIVORCE PROCEEDING
Woman Files Application, With
Preliminary Attempt to Tie
Up Property.

Howard. S. D., Nov. ia sensation
has been Grated throughout Miner
county by the commencement of pro-
ceedings by Mrs. Pearl Stanley. by
which she seeks to secure a divorce
from her husband, Fred T. Stanley.
Ihey are among the most prominent
residents of the county. They We're
married in 1907 and have two children,
one aged Z and the other 2.
In her complaint Mrs. Stanley &C
cu2es her husband of gross cruelty n
with women of questionable character
on numerous occasions. and that he has
conducted himself in many ways I'M
becoming to a husband and father.
The complaint also charges that her
husband has made serious charges
against her, which charges are en-
phat1cally denied In the complaint. she
further alleges that his abuse of her
and his conduct became so ~unbearable
that recently was forced to leave
him Inc seek refuge at the home of
her parents.
Mrs. Stanley, in her complaint, states
that she Is without funds of her own
for h support of herself and chill
dren, and asks the court to allow her
temporary alimony and money to de-
and asks that the court issue an order
restraining the defendant from dis
posing of his property.
Judge Taylor, of the circuit court,
has granted the restraining order and
has fixed November % at Huron for
hearing her petition for temporary ali
mony.
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1915-11-25
COMMITS HOLDUP AND
DEMANDS PRISON SENTENCE

Scotland. S. D.. Nov. 2o.-Arthur
Rirsch, while in an intoxicated condi-
ton, entered Metcalf e Wagner's
clothing store and with a revolver
forced the clerk, Paul Treick, who was
alone in the store, to allow him to rob
the cash drawer. He then sent Mr..
Treick for the police. saying that he
wanted to serve two years in the peni-
tertiary and that if he could not get it
through this offense he would try
something else. He vas put into the
hands of the sheriff and taken to Tyn-
dali.
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1915-11-25

Finland has an area of 144,249
square miles, of which one-seventh is
water on account of the innumerable
lakes in the interior, and at the end of
1914 its population amounted to $780,
700, divided among eight governments.
OF the population of the grand duchy,
less h one-sixth live in the cities, Of
which there are only Is having more
than 5000 inhabitants.
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1915-11-25

A natural result of the war is the I'M
usually large number of Latin Ameri-
can students who are entering colleges
in this country. A quota of 35 from
Brazil recently entered Princeton, Har-
ward and Yale, and it is safe to assume
that these will do more to further u
trade relations with South America
than the most elaborate chamber Of
joy ride that ever was or
will be conceived and executed.
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1915-11-25
LAD NEAR PARKER KILLED
BY DISCHARGE OF SHOTGUN

Parker S. d.. Nov. 19.-Charles
Howdle, 1~2-year-old son. of Mr.. and Mrs.
William HoWdle, prominent residents of
this section, residing seven miles south
of Parker, accidentally shot himself
last evening while handling a shotgun,
and died from the effects of thesw wound.
The father was away from home at the
time n the mother found the boy
soon after the accident,
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1915-11-25
JOHN SAND. OF CANTON.
KILLED NEAR sioux FAILS

Sioux Falls. S. D.. Nov. 19.-As a re-
suit of falling from a barn, which he
was aiding in building on a farm four
miles east of Sioux Falls, John S. Sand,
aged 26, received injuries which caused
his death. He told fellow workers his
home was at Canton.
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1915-11-25

One of George Stephenson's first en-
gines is still in operation at Hetton,
Colliery in England, where it was first
put into use n where it has been in
constant service since 1922, the year in
which it was built. Although h Eng
lish government has offered to buy it
for preservation in one of the mu-
seums, the owners desire to keep it in
operation until it's wonderful career
has passed the hundred year mark and
thus rounded out a full century.
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1915-11-25

My don't you call on the cir, 49,,
friend - enthgs IN private?" asked the
the latter had been renroan nan after
wsetnear by telephone for the bat ms
part Of half an hour. aNot ! pelter
ssp, ,ss the irate n I'll fight + ar
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1915-11-25
GERMANS PUSH FURTHER
INTO SERBIAN TEgpITNPv

Berlin. Nov. 20. tby wireless to say
the war office today of the capture. ~
$500 moro Serbians.
The occupation of Novayaros and
Sienica in western Serbia. near INC
M~ontenegrin border. is reDortcd. .rs-
yards the center of the Teutonic a.
vance the town of RaslSa. about II
miles northeast of N~ovipayar, hos i,aen
reached. Today's statennnt nlva ~
ports q bombardment nf Wostcnde. i,
Belgium. by hostile monitn-ss which
withdrew when replied In hy the, Ger
man batteries on tho coast.
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1915-11-25

Henry "A. Meals. Of VOL
-, a a pair Of brass rinmadp . snaa
ties hes mat have been handed dow,
re ne g gga e, ao until his death stiss at
was ~ y, BIS 1h e. fath his g gran until he
4 present. at the age OF * Wa M. ~, and
y still using them -, Mr.. Meals
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1915-11-25
HAUSER TO FACE TRIAL
FOR MURDER I'M OMEHA

Wichita. Kan, Nov a0-Arth.r
Hauser. wanted in Omaha for tn.
murder of " III. Smith. II natsonal ~.
icer of the Woodmen Of the wosi..
will be taken to Ornab for trial. 50
the Wichita police announced tn1a..
following a conference viii, Cmal?a
authorities.
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1915-11-25

q sister cities OF Niagara Fails On
eacn side OF the great are
the bgtt tege. ~ IN an effort to acquire
being used for the scintillatar i11,, ,row
n.lon at the Panama-Pacific %exnnsi-
Lon AZ San Francisco, and to nrayiaa
1or the electrical illumination of tpe
.ans anrlns 2 numbe of months Of
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1915-11-25

h,. s.emos Atres does more shinn.ng
r,a ss i than any other city az ths
q Kew 1n erh, ana 4 With Nth the sxceptioa
Anong the great ports Of 1aaaks eighth
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1915-11-25
BOMB AND ARTILLERY
FIGHTING TN FRANCE

Paris. Nov. 2o.-The french war of
flee this afternoon gave out a report
on the progress of hostilitics, reading.
as follows:
There was reported last right noth-
ing more than some artillery fighting.
and various engagements with hand
grenades in the Artois district. at tho
b~arricades of the Labyrinth; in The
Vauquois, and in Lorraine at a point
not far from Reillon."
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1915-11-25
ATHENS DISPATCH coNFusEs
SITUATION ABOUT MOMASTt

London. Nov. 22.-An Athens dis
patch to the Exchange Telegraph COM
pany, 1lied Friday, says Serbian troops
advancing to a distance of seven kill
ometers (about four and two-thirds
mlles). The telegram adds that the
intentions toward Monastir of the Bull
SaTlans who have occupied Prilep are
unknown.
Denys Cochin, minister without port
Iollo IN the. French cabinet, has left for
Salonlkl after an interview with King
Constantine.
The reference to the Serb advance
at Monastir is rather cryptic. I'm
oif1clal advices yesterday We're that
the town had been occupied bv the
Bulgars. The advance may have
been made before the town finally was
abandoned or may mean that Monastir
stu is in the possession of the Ser
bians and that the Bulgars have been
repulsed.
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1915-11-25
ON r a OF

New York. Nov. 20.-tnsnecfo-ss of
the state bureau of industrial hv-.cne
today began an examinations 81 .an
fur making shops. most nf them in the
lower east side OF this city. as n pre-
caution against anth~-
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1915-11-25

lest py e Swiss city Of fha ralati,,a
I'd sess, dor street lighting Of arc
eided il favor " 4s lamps was de-
use more agreeable to the evas Pc
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1915-11-25

The artificial colorinp . $50
.aeet prevailing tastes b. kea piu rsnslo
z water continuing certain chs,,I Ls =
= extensively carried On 4, Sna aiicais
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1915-11-25

dlsf raised bv a,,tc,,cs..
Dees1 blamed nv medical assfhnriti has
s inSTsase Is pulmonary diseases =
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1915-11-25

Fffty-four raiiroads r,,-,s.
penies and municipalities ara sanrs
slatins with the forestry sa,v;co
making wood preseryafivg ssnvice n
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1915-11-25

cuitS,pe Of b department Of agri-
weeds Of the Pacific Coast - z sea
s nsa states can be made to Weld f IN
yesr worth more than s15o, 900. 900 4
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1915-11-25

IN order 10 pay for The ,,..,..s
s uea s. Montana university accertaa
ons. g road inAthe vicinity. ar,d.
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1915-11-25

Cannon loaded With ean $50. 49,.
A9Nn0s effective In br~eakingaaln awa , rn,s
ASiocdsts that frequently ppear III
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1915-11-25

P1laf (pilau) the Turkish national
aisn IS the fayorite of all classes s.ld
tSnr almost entirely OF rice.
cereal. are consumed yearly in the
Aieppo consular district. 40 tons ~
which are raised in Aleppo province
or imported from the province Of Diare
ppsaap, Wnile the rest is imported from
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1915-11-25

Herman S. Gerrish, of Portland, Me-,
has a belt which is ESQ years old and
which formerly belonged to a Belgian
OF y blood. About 20 years ago the
last native owner gave Tho belt to an
american wornan who recently sold it
and sent b purchase price to the Bel
giau relief fund. The belt is highly
ornamental and is valued at about
$2ao.
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1915-11-25

AnSSSEingIish fnventor .,.nt..as
4QrGTetztovtnx boiler defivers = Tisn
g and eartng sfrolsas q
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1915-11-25
0NEGOvERNhENI
MAY DECLARE WAR
ON GERMANY SOON
Diplomats In Switzerland I'm
derstand Action BY Italy
Is Now Merely Mat
ter of Hours.
TOO LATE TO SAVE SERBIA
Anglo French Armies Holding
Own But Austro- German
Bulgar Steam Roller Is
Crushing Ally.
TOO LATE TO SAVE SERBIA

LONDON, 0 GI.-1he CORE
spondent at Berne, Switzerland.
of the Central News, telegraphs:
Diplomats understand that an
Italian declaration of war on Ger
many is only a matter Of hours
London. Nov. 22.-Altlough no Of
fcial confirmation has been received
OIL tae report that the Bulgarians have
captured Monastir, in southwestern
Serpla, little hope is felt in England
tnal tne announcement is premature.
1t as true, the Impression is
growing that the entente allies arrived
LOO late to give any service to the
Serbians.
The only thing certain in regard to
the plight of Serbia is tina it's military
situation is going from bad to worse
In the north the main Serbian
armies are giving way slowly before
the battering Austro-German forces.
Whlch probably would move more
rapidly if weather conditions were bet
ter.
1t is established that the Buygarians
are in Prilep and at least have made
Monastir untenable. The Anglo
french armies based on SaionEsi seem
10 90 no better than hold their posi-
tons. @
Britain More Cheerful.
Optimistic feeling in regard to the
diplomatic situation in Greece still
persists in England. The reasons for
this optimism, however, continue to be
obscure.
The weather seems to have inter-
v.ened again in Russia. Little activity
Is reported except the retirement of
ne X 'ans to the east bank of the
Styr in Galicia. In Courland wet
weather in the swampy district evil
IDENTITY has brought both sides to a
~standstill.
On the other fronts there are few
changes. desperate fighting continues
between the Austrians ana lta1ians
In Mesoptomaia, General Nixon is re-
ported to be in sight of Bagdad.
The citizen-Republican. (Scotland, Bon Homme County, S.D.) 1???-19??, 1915-11-25

Honduras is q rich country and ~.
emain in almost a virgin
coneiition. It possesses a climate that
varies with it's topography, the tenn
psrature on the coast being hot, in
Sne iowlands of the interior it is warm,
and In some places cold. It's mountains
abound In minerals and its tablelands
anu valleys are especially adapted for
raising cattle n for apricI,If,ra