davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-05-13
STARTING THE STRAWBERRY BED
b. n. F. HALL

In selecting land for strawperry
growing, avoid very sandy as well a.
very heavy and poorly drained SOIL
A medium loan that is deep and re-
tentive of moisture. yet we'll drained,
will give best results. Sand soil with
a southern exposure will produce an
early crop, but Is usually lacking IN
moisture when most needed, therefore
requiring special attention in the way
of irrigation and mulching. Cool,
heavy soil with northern exposure
should be selected If late crop Is
desired. Low land, II well drained,
may be used. Sod land is not desir-
able for two reasons: First, because
OF its poor physical condition, and
second, danger Of damage by the
white grub, which is usually abundant
on sod land and very destructive in q
newly set strawberry field. Land that
has been planted to hoed crops, to which
liberal annual applications Of stable
manure have been applied for one or
more years and kept free from weed
seeds by frequent CIVILIZATIONS, may be
considered as we'll prepared for this
crop. Further Improvement In the
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-05-13

The soil required for sunnowsrs II
about the same ~ best suits Indian
corn. II II 10 not fertile. liberal ma
nuring must be practiced. In Cali
fornia. sunfiowers have done we'll on
alkali soils. Prepare the land as for
corn. Plant the seed two or three in
ches deep in drills about az feet
apart, using 10 to Is pounds of seed
to the acre. When the plants are
about 8 inches high, thin to stand IL
to Is inches apart In the row. The
crop should be given shallow. level
cultivation, the same as corn. 1t
withstands drouth well and Is re-
markedly free from insect, pests and
fungus diseases. When the plants are
in bloom the neld should be gone
over and the excess blooms pulled OF,
leaving only three or four heads to
develop.
Tho sunflower heads should be har-
vested before the seed is quite ripe in
order to avoid shattering. When the
heads have thoroughly dried, the
seeds may be beaten out with fail
or some simple apparatus.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-05-13
FOOD FOR THE GALE.

Feed IT regular hours and after the
hrst week give q little dry grain. after
they have drank the milk. Give them
all the clean, cool water they will
drink Sprinkle little salt ON q
board whore they can lick it. Give a
little bright. clean hay. AS they be-
come accustomed to It increase to
what they will eat up clean. Increase
the grain gradually until 1t reaches a
pound a day. Shelled corn, whole oats
bran, shorts. wheat are all good; but
preferable in the order named. AL
ways feed the grain dry in the box
liter taking away the milk pail.
Leave them in the stanchions 80 to
40 minutes after feeding. Handle
them frequently. Avoid frightening
them. II they go on good pasture at
six or seven months of age gradually
shut OF the grain. Feed the skim
milk four to six months. Tor forage.
Alfalfa. red clover, pea and oat hay
mixed with meadow hay, fodder corn.
snsilage are all good. The first four
are the best.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-05-13
DIRTY SURROUNDINGS MAKE DIRTY MILK
B.ooy Has Given Birth Mod Sanitary Science
Has Disclose Dangers Lurki n Milk Supply.

thrown of from her body during
milking time, and these get into the
milk anG contaminate It. Cows should
be kept away from sources Of con-
tamination, such as sink holes In
which stagnant water accumulates,
for such holes breed enormous num-
are especially dangerous to infants,
causing digestive troubles. There
should be no places in the barnyard
for water to stagnate. The manure
should be kept gathered up, and every
effort made to keep the COW free from
contamination.
The COW should be thoroughly
cleaned, preferably Immediately before
milking. II Is also we'll to clip the
hair short around the TANKS and
udder, and always advisable to
moisten the flank Just before milking.
All Of these precautions tend to lessen
the amount Of dust or loose hair which
will be given off from the COW.
Keep tho stable free from dust dur
ing milking. Dust usually comes from
feed, bedding, or from breezes which
collect dust outside the stable and
carry it inside. The stable should be
constructed so az to collect as little
dust as possible. Corners should be
avoided, unnecessary timber should
be left out, and the surfaces should
be smoothed.
There should DO an abundance OF
light in the stable. Light Is ono Of
the cheapest and best germicides.
Stables should be whitewashed fire.
quently. Lime itself has q germicidal
value, and 1t makes the stable lighter.
Some dairymen use chloride of lime
in the whitewash. This assists In kill
ing any form Of life with which 1t
comes In contact.
A special room should be provided
for Weighing and cooling the milk.
This room should be an remote from
the stable az is practicable, and should
be clean, and the air as free from
dust as Is possible 1T all times. Some
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-05-13
APPLE ORCHARD UNCERTAINTIES
BY ". J. MORSE

In spite Of the fact that q large
amount Of work has been done both
In this and In other countries, in
studying tho effects Of different in
Isscticides and funsioides upon the
trees themselves and their efficiency
In controlling the various insect and
dungeons pests, the ideal spray or
combination Of sprays for use on apple
orchards has not yet been discovered.
It IL true that With tho Introduction
OF lime-sulphur some OF tho previous
d.mculties have besn eliminated. but
ut tho Same time there are others Of
equal importance which have arisen
or which have not been overcome
This IL particularly the case under the
climatic conditions which exist in the
apple growing regions Of the north
eastern portion OF tho United States.
whore apple scab frequently appears
In its most v1rulsnt- form
While 1t 10 granted that lime-sul-
phur. ~ ordinarily used, has boon
found to be less likely to produce
spray injury. many orchardists matn-
tain that IN practical work It b less
efficient with them than Bordeaux
mixture In controlling apple scah In
fact, q prominent apple grower re-
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-05-13
THE SUNFLOWER

Sunfiower seed II used for feeding
to birds and poultry and to some ex-
tent for medicinal purposes to horses
and cattle. A well-known silage mix
ture Is mixture OF sunfiower seeds.
horse beans, and corn in the proper
ton Of 2 acres corn and beans to u
acre Of sunflowers. In Russia the oil
Of the sunhower seed is used for the
same purposes as olive oil. The seed
is also eaten raw and roasted like
peanuts. The yield Of seed varies from
500 to 1000 pounds per acre and the
price from to cents per pound.
The seed yields from 16 to 20 per
cent oil by cold pressure.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-05-13

spEsed sud hszsuYsd b. 1sG8owsa "
. second paowng II medium osyeA -
q worry thoro~gh hazsowfnG. b. th1D
method Q ma pe>p0at1on y ifvsA
while tho manure h property plaooA
to feed tbs stsewbsaFy paanhA wh3u6
root deeply. rather than ths yoaa9
weedA
Prepazo pasnts foe ssef4nS ng -.
moving dead lsaWSe and t10Asd4 -
well - an lGrSs nsw lss~s4 JsaW1no
not over ono medium A0ed loa2 On q
plant Shorten the roofs 10 three ~
four inches. Plant IN rows four Mt
apart. setting t1bs ptoarts IL TO - In
ches apart In the row. Set paaneA IN
straight rows, firmly In most sodl
with roots wen spread. being oaesfpl
to SCI the same depth ~ whsn stand
ing in tho old bed. In moving peAnts
from old location 10 nav, they should
be kept moist and covered 10 pcsvoo4
damage from evaporation and ~ -
quickly as possible after being d.0.
Good cultivation It small sxpensI
Is obtained BY frsquanf and timely
STRINGS Of the soil. The s1tssunana-
ton Of weeds aud s1sss afser thsg b.
come we'll sstab3tsassd b . ascw and
expensive opea1ttos, Tho ou1y th4n9
to do Is not allow ths weeds 10 - =
start. Cultivation should begin soon
after tho plants are sst and b ~
peated - often a. ns0saAEy until A4D
fall
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-05-13

ing with lims-sulphur t1,sir fruit tho
past season was badly attacked by
ocab and that some orchardists were
seriously considering going back to
Bordeaux mixture ths year. On the
other hand, It has been tho writers
experience that with varieties suscep-
tibls to spray injury lime-sulphur Is,
on tho whole, by far the most salts
factory material
The question Of the proper fungi
eide to use u by no means the only
important matter involved in efficient
orchard spraying. insecticides are
necessary and it 10 both necessary and
convenient to use them in combina-
ton with fungicides. New forms OF
both of these are constantly being
recommended and the orchardist Is
urged by manufacturers of various
proprietary compounds to substitute
these for the materials already in use,
on the ground Of their greater ettl-
cheney, economy, or ease Of use. Often
these are placed on the market with
out being sufficiently tested by their
makers, under q variety Of conditions,
to determine their effects on the foil
age and fruit in combination with
materials which must be used with
them and disastrous results are secured
in the hands OF the purchasers.
While a fairly settled policy has been
reached as to the proper time to apply
the various sprays or combinations OF
sprays to secure the greatest efficiency
there is still insufficient data with re-
rard to many points connected with
apple culture.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-05-13
FEEDING HUEDs
DIDWDCULH 10 GHVZ

To great extent saah COW y . ~
unto herse1 30 f1R - the most a.
sirable grain for her 70 roce1vo b ooo-
cerned. and It u ~ dtmouh to gfvo
instructions for feeding DOW for mgh
production as It b to Gtvs s1Do& In
structions for driving Two mau9ts
race horse. SO far a. We know no
two cows that have made lsrse rsp-
ords and have boen developed bv al.
ferent mon ever received the s0sbo
ration, and We doubt II any two DE-
veloped by tho same man have Spo1
received exactly the Same feed. The
success Of feeder depends upon his
ability to maintain q proper balsnce
between the feeds that are rich in
carbohydrates and those that arr rsoh
in protein. Other conditions also have
to have very careful attention, 90 Il IN
absolutely impossible to lay down any
fixed rules for feeding. The secret Of
success is to large extent the ability
to see trouble before you are into It,
and thus be able to avoid bad results.
Good horse-sense and love for tho
work count for more than anything
else.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-05-13
PAPER HANGERS PASTE.

We who live on farms sometimes
have trouble in getting paperhangers
when we want them. With the help
OF the men the work can often be done
without these professionals. In the
first place the walls should be scraped
as clean as possible Of old paper. To
aid this, go over it with wet brush.
This will soak up the paper and old
paste and make the work easier. An
other essential for success Is good
paste. For this. sift two pounds OF
white flour and wet it with enough
water to make a batter. Add 1 ounce
of powdered alum. When it Is we'll
mixed pour over 1t boiling water,
stirring constantly to prevent Jumps
forming. When 1t Is sufficiently
cooled the white houry appearance
will disappear and it will look clear.
Allow 1t to cool before using and, If
too thick. thin 1t with cold water.
This is small amount, but can easily
be increased as occasion requires
]. F. w.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-05-13
PLANTING PEAR TREES.

A good distance for planting stand
ard pear trees Is Is by 80 feet; that
Is, the rows are 80 feet apart and the
trees IL fest apart in tho rows. Tho
object Of this method is to obtain
larger crops Of fruit from tho same
ground until tho trees become large
enough to interfere with each other;
then each alternate tree in the row
10 cut out, leaving the trees In the
entire orchard at distance Of 30 feet
each way. This system has tho adj
vantage Of moro fully utili1ing tho
land for fruit production until tho
thinning out becomes necessary. An
other plan IL to plant the trees 20 feet
apart each way. This distance will
afford free circulation Of air and
abundance Of sunlight, both OF which
are essential to well-dsvelopsd and
highly colored fruit.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-05-13

advanced blossoms may be destroyed
by a late frost, and the entire crop
come from belated lateral blossoms.
Obviously in such case the time for
the calyx spraying would be abnor-
mally late.
Since tho time for ca1yx spraying
Is limited to week, or but a few Gays
more, itis necessary to have the spray
outfit ready and waiting on time. II
IL this spraying that determines the
number of pumps required for the or
chard. II the orchard is so large thai
the pump Il taxed to furnish the
spraying on time the work may %
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-05-13
6oft-Sheled Eggs.

The usual cause of soft-sheIlod
eggs Is that the bird is too fat. The
muscular movement Of the oviduot
is hindered by layers OF fat, and In
stead of the egg being controlled by
firm muscles, 1t merely slips through
fabby mass without getting its she'll
on. The difficulty will vanish If the
birds are made to scratch hard In q
clean, dry straw litter for all their
grain, and the ration fed is not over
fattening. Sprouted oats will be a
valuable food, as they are less fatten-
ing than either wheat or corn. In
some cases It might be advisable for a
few days to omit all mashes, especially
moist nashes, from the ration.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-05-13
Clean Milk Cannot be Produced II
Stables Like This.


Stables Like This.
troubles which cause such a largo
mortality among babies. especially In
large cities
The close relation between milk as a
food and these bacteria is due to the
fact that these germs thrive and multi
ply 50 rapidly In milk. A contamina-
ton Of milk which is very slight in
the beginning will, In few hours,
under favorable conditions Of tempera-
ture, reach such a magnitude that
millions Of these germs are introduced
into the system of those using the
milk SO contaminated. Nearly all OF
the changes which take place In milk
are caused by bacteria. Milk becomes
stale and gives an offensive odor be-
cause Of the work OF bacteria. The
ripening of cheese depends almost
entirely upon the work of bacteria.
The great problem Of handling milk.
therefore, is the control of the bac-
terial content: the exclusion of un-
Z esirable kinds and the introduction
cf those which bring about changes
that are desired.
3&8 MIX lEOIIl NedAIAt CO"S 10 pEuCtA~
cally free from bacteria when secreted.
The problem of a sanitary milk sup
ply, therefore. is to keep out all BAG
terra as far as is possible. Some
kinds are much more dangerous than
others, and attention to excluding
these kinds should be in proportion
to their Significance to health. It
is hardly necessary to say that clean
liness in all operations Is at the foun-
dation Of the whole problem.
Is Repeated tests have shown that
even when q COW il cleaned as thor
oughly as possible, under stable con-
/. ditions. particles Of dust will be
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-05-13

oying fSon Ab0s0 p -
WR Ass tAe Oaayx onp D 06
nootn wnsss mn fnsssa auos = ~
oonbsesd 4hsv Ind ~ ons q =
most two s1FAytngA judtcsoosay d4
and propssH sp1Ass6 sansA - -
tirs fruit crop can b saved
Ra1a's unstAod = hAsed pslsl a
two im1sstant faotA H ss ~
whsrsvee rpon tho appas tD N1D q
ne nut heosd sEs h4d . 08 HAr
3orHy Of The youn1 wus1D enqR
tAssefroen eysH - IL Da 80 @qt
tAses: ssooaAH ~ AalDleP
alse rs psash III u~~ - -
ssv44>s q - ass4 - - lA
'nas1 1opdn8 ~ a0uoe - ~ ~
cAv113oA
TIE wH ~e0~aAOAA1
sseang tAsoogh ~ Aesv q ~ 6gA
ew4ey. Ban's No. wos - - ~ ~
80 loAvsd IN sE11p1suA GS i
ths lowsr esS>U. w4Asss 4 v4 -
sosns ssod ~ sosaA ~ -
Sprayed from aAovA. waa ~ Ao1o
wsrs st1n srsce - sesswn - - -
tra31Do. But for . Nv dsv9 ~
ps<sls! esn tD> se@n 'ha Q11e
tishsay pesssd tuUseAar - - u1 4
very ddnsult lee - nVn14 10 -.
tsA b - DwsR a@eN ~ xp
week a. IN dnVA EVA 1ouA ~
oaiyx lohas - dosAn0 q 49, dA
tisess ha8 havo shsUh snsn0A9 &
oassfxl weN1e1saa % pea0o . NJ 49,
Of peauaa "A tAe Rw~ dhuhsR Nhsso
n b nnaoe6 4As nouho Aso14 -
40 49,
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-05-13
Did Not Have Hay.

Hay seems to have been little
known in the middle ages. Stock
was wintered mostly on straw and
leaves Tusser, who wrote In the
reign OF Queen Elizabeth, gives much
advice to the farmer, as to the outing
and storing Of green branches. which
might serve as fodder when pasture
failed. He is particular as to the de-
STABILITY Of saving tho beech cuttings
for the milk cows. whereas for sheep
anything would do. A miserable de-
pendence 1t would appear to US now,
but then It seems to have been looked
on, If not as a matter of course. at
least as thing practiced by the more
forehanded and capable.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-05-13

A moments reference to ua-
gram OF q sectioned blossom - II
appears at spraying time Will rendoF
Ineligible the principles underlying
calyx-spraying. Just after the petals
have fallen, the calyx lobes ono. IN
illustration) project widely. This por-
ton of the flower can be easily
sprayed, crowding against the pistiis
(No. 81 10 q tight-fitting cap made OF
tho numerous neshy stamen oars
(2). This Gaping conceals tho inner
calyx cavity % and renders 1t dn-
ficult to place poison in tho inner or
lower cup. Undoubtedly q great many
cooling worms take their arst meal
in this inner cup, and In the matter
of practical spraying our attention
must be centered on them. Quite
obviously the lower cup can not be
filled with poison without coating the
outer cavity. and tho whole woouy
exterior Of the apple, snd tho leaves
as we'll. On tho other hand, . mist
spray that readily covers the OUTSIDE
of the blossom can not penetrate %
meath the stamens. nor can q coafee
spray thrown straisht UP from the
ground. In about a week the grosn
sepals fold over and fnclose the caiyx
cavities, and then 1t II impossible to
give q complete coating to the inner
cup, notwithstanding that 1t the same
time the stamen bars are shrtvelline.
There IL considerable variation in
the blossontng period Of tho different
varieties Of apples. There 10 also
some variation between the falling OF
tho petals and the unfolding OF the
sepals. The central flower Of each
cluster b generally more advanced,
and 10 most apt TO set fruit. A. these
flowers close frst the spraying should
normally b timed for them. Howevcf,
It sometimes happens that the most
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-05-13
STOPPED THE BoRERs.

Finding borers in my apple and
peach trees some years ago, hunted
them with knife and probed with wire
where unable to go with tho knife.
Where probing was resorted to I filled
the probed hole tightly with putty.
hoping to smother tho enemy If still
living.
In early May following wrapped
the trunks Of all trees with several
thicknesses Of heavy paper, tying the
paper we'll to the trees with twine. so
that all trunks were protected from
the ground up to the crotch.
With the peach I removed flve OF
six inches of earth from tho base OF
tho trunk and wrapped below the sur
face, filing the earth back again over
the paper. My purpose was to try to
prevent tho depositing Of eggs that
would become borers in the trunks
or at the base of the trees. con-
tinued this practice Of wrapping fol-
few years and after commencing II
found no borers where the wrapping
was dons.-Volney Rogers.
A great amount Of water 10 used to
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-05-13

dairymsn have . special room In
which to take the cow for milking.
This room - kept freer from bacteria
than y possible in the general stable.
This u very good plan but It b not
always practicable.
Tho mixer Is often the source Of
some of the most dangerous bacteria
found In milk, especially germs which
produce contagious diseases. Milk
thus contaminated Is distributed by
tho milkman, and a whole neighbor-
hood suffers. This IL q case where
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-05-13
Easy Transportation.

When you consider the question i'm
partially, perhaps nothing has had so
much to do with the advance Of civili-
zation as transportation. It has af-
fected economies In almost every
branch. The feeding Of nations, the
growth Of business civilization itself
really rests upon the fundamentals Of
quick and easy transportation-the
kind of transportation that has been
evolved within the last fifty years.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-05-13
Worth Trying.

To prevent birds raiding the cherry
crop: Take spool Of white thread.
and holding an end OF the thread,
toss the spool over the tree. Then
walk one-quarter of the way around
the tree and toss the spool over again.
Repeat the operation several times,
and leave the thread dangling on the
tree. The birds will give the tree .
wide berth.-G. e.. Illinois.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-05-13

Boctsr1a Grs minute plants. They
are subject very largely to the laws Of
growth Of larger plantA \ large per
oentage Of the diseases to which man
IL subject are caused by the growth Of
these plants or germs; a., for example,
tuberculosis. typhoid FEVER, scarlet
fever. dip4her4a. and the Intestinal
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-05-13

It is worth while to go over the
fences and walls carefully, making i'm
mediately any needed repairs. Fence
posts, loosened by the frosts, should
be made nrm
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-05-13

An Overhead Irrigation ror straw
berries Used with Good Results by
Many Berry Growers.
case of heavy sou may be made by
seeding to clover, following q harvest
Of peas, tho clover to be plowed under
the following spring just before setting
the strawberry plants. Thorough
preparation Of land in the way Of
blowing and narrowing will repay all
extra expense. II stable manure Is to
be applied to land that has been
cropped the previous season, it should
be plowed deeply, the manure then
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-05-13
WHAT IS MEANT BY CALYx-SPRAYNG
the Right Productive ~ Gssd R
in Saving Fruit Crop

bsguu when about dignity Dsg 90 q
the petals are OF. At thst tine tSso
IL very little nectar let IN the beso-
SONS 30 attract the bsss, % thoso ~
be but slight harm, II anE oano -
those friendly littis v1sttors
Professor Ball 1t Ueah 90 O9b0
workers on the Hocne eo9 noSe
rvyoluttontsed soseyf19 S~0o NDao
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-05-13

Pot-bellied, hay-fed colts tell the
story Of improper feeding. slew
growth and poor form.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-05-13

'eInL Is179q ST IIB "a aBem on ana
'aBoW p93sBoI uBul IoqlBI peHoq lse
> -nus u1sJ3vWneQI uoL1 s1eIsunS
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-05-13

Milk and honey were considered
delicacies in the days Of Moses
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-05-13

It is great mistake for horse
breeders to sacrifice quality for stza-
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-05-13

A great amount Of water IL used to
form an egg.