davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1915-01-18
ATHLETIC CLUB
TO PAY COSTS,
COURT RULING

Henry G. Hapai as surety and the
Honolulu Athletic Park as principal
are held liable by Circuit Judge T. B.
Stuart to pay the costs Of the injunc-
tion which was issued by Circuit Judge
Robinson in November restraining the
Venice Tigers from playing the
Thanksgiving baseball game. The
court relieves Thomas G. Treadway,
treasurer Of the park company, Of re-
sponsibility, however, holding that he
signed the papers for tie company, as.
representing it, and not in his per-
sonal capacity.
Judge Stuart's ruling, on the motion
of Attorney e. C. Peters denying the
courts jurisdiction, is as follows:
"As to the plea to the jurisdiction
of Treadway, the court IL impressed
that Mr. Treadway did not sign this
bond either as principal or surety, but
beliefes that he signed 1t for the Ath-
letic Club as principal The court
gathers this from the pleadings and
also from the bond itself; and he does
not see how he can render Judgment
against Treadway either as principal
or surety on the bond.
Il think that the plea Of Treadway
to the jurisdiction as stated in the
motion is good and it viii be sustain
ed.
AS to Hapai's plea to the jurisdic-
ton, the court believes that he signed
this bond as surety and that it so
appears on the bond. and his plea to
the jurisdiction is overruled.
As to the Athletic Clubs plea to
the jurisdiction. the court holds that
the statute forms the obligation Of
the Athletic Club, and that 1t is the
principal in this bond, and he be
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1915-01-18
WOULD ADDDAsH
Of Wild WEST TO
LIFE in HONOLULU

II
The Promotion Committee has job
for DR.. j. w. Wadmans not;pa very
hard job. but one which might inter
est the Anti-Saioon League superin-
tendent 81
Here's the story: ssTf
A man who gives his address as the
Gold Bar Saloon Lewiston, Montana,
wants to come to Honolulu He has
written the Promo ions Dnmmittse to
this effect He wants tor know all
about saloons: licenses, evuges for
help, etc He writes:
AS Am. Thinking OF rGpming To
Honolulu Would Like A Little Infof-
nation, Am A Saloon And Restaurant
Man Would Like To No Whot Saloon
Licens Are And II Thes ANY Places
There For Sale And Whot What; Is
The Wage Scale For Cooks Waters
And Bartenders. And How Is The
Country In General For Making Money
Is There Any Chances To Get Any
Land That's Any Good And Whot Is
Land Worth An Acor. Whet is Gomon
Labors Get Per Day Any Information,
You Give Ne Will Be Appreciated In
closed You Will Find Stamp FDf An
swer Thanking You In Advance Very
Truly" etc. aIsIs
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1915-01-18
WASHINGTON KEEPS TAB
ON WARS SEA LOSSES.

WASHINGTON, .. cn Jan. 17.-Ac.
scordino to the tabulatioHs Of the navy
department, based upon official re.
ports, there have been lost to the va
rlous beiligerent powers IN the Euro
pean war since hostillties began, not
counting the numerous vessels Intern
cd, 90 warships. OF these, the Triple
Alliance has lost 81, while the powers
o. The eutente have lest IS.
Germany has Sbesn the biggest indi-
viduai loser In ysrehips destroyed as
we'll a. in warships 1nterned. OF sunk
or captured wsrstifs she has lost ~.
Great Britain has I@st 81. France, ia
pan and Austria have lost 1--WE each.
Russia has lost four and Turkey two.
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1915-01-18

lieves the bond was signed by Tread.
way. But If this be not so, the court
is impressed at this time that the Ath-
letic Club would be held on the stat
ute, regardless of formalities on the
bond; that is to say, its obligation
would be the same under the statute
that the surety assumes when he
signs bond provided for by the stat
ute. and the plea Of the Athletic Club
to the jurisdiction is oyerruled. /"
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1915-01-18

to Basel that the steady roar Of the
cannon b very. plainly heard, while
the glare to be seen; In the sky last
night indicated that the artillery fire
had Get afiame some Of the Alsatian
villages. -,
S u u reported from Paris that or
ders have been issued denying the
right Of any foreigner, including Ger
mans, to remain In those sections Of
Alsace under French control, after
January 20.
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1915-01-18
COTTON NOW
FREE CARGO.

WASHINGTON, D. c., Jan. f7.-fhe
Italian foreign office yesterday notified
the American embassy IN Rome, &C
cordinr 70 Z despatch to the state de-
partmsut, that cotton may be freely
shipped TO ORDER to any italian port.
Cotton has been removed BY the bel
iigerents from the list Of conditional
contraband, and Il being shipped di.
rect to German ports in American car.
riers.
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1915-01-18
according 70 the Official announce
ment issued last night

s.
according 70 the official announces
nent Issued last night.
The announcement says:
ssIn the region Of Nieuport and kon1.
bardzyde our artillery fire has forced
the Germans 70 evscuate their
trenches. a.
TRENCHES ARE DESTROYED
aTheir position was rendered unten-
able when our shell fire destroyed .
strong redan and the enemy's trench
e. on the great dune.
AN attempted German offensive IN
Northern France 10 reported to have
been repuised, while neavy fighting
took place At 5Ianoy, and the French
advance In the vosgss continues IN
spite Of inciement weather"
The official report continues:
rcerman attacks near Nallly, 10
miles northeast Of the recent fighting
near Scissors, were repulsed In VIC
orous action, as were their attacks
upon our trenches a. Baulme.
AT aianoy the Germans. occupied =
foundry, which We retook Ia . coun-
ter-attack. There vas . spirited en-
counter at this place.
The fighting In the Aroonne re-
oion is uneventfuI.
Heavy snowstorms impede the pro-
oress Of the operations in the Vosaes,
but we continue to make some Gains."
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1915-01-18

Maj. Horace G. Kemp Of Boston
former state senator and Massachus-
etts militia officer, was killed by the
fumes of his automobile while ne was
trying to get it into shape
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1915-01-18

PARIS, France. January ie.--one Of
the most Important positions held BY
the Germans On the Belgian coast has
been destroyed BY the artillery fire
end The osrmsns forced % evacuate.
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1915-01-18
ALLIES GOING STRONG !
ON EACH WING. 1850,

LONDON, Eng dan. 17.--unofficial
reports reeeived from the Continent
Yesterday indieate renewal o. the Of.
senslse by the Allies on each cf their
widely separated wings, ia AIsace and
rom Basel, switzerland, comes ! re-
port that great battle 10 being waved
somewhere between the Swiss border
ana Aifkireh. The fighting l. 90 close
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1915-12-07

--4 oAA 4GOGL Hb6 Cd-A A44-E lot
baking powder, use Royal Baking
Powder. Better and finer food
Will be the result, and you will
safeguard it against q possible
dangerous compound.
Look out for liberated bak-
ing powders. Do not permit them
to cone into your house under any
consideration. They may add an
injurious substance to your food,
destroying in part its digesti-
bi1ity. Doctors will tell you
this and It is inquest ionable.
Housewives are sometimes led
to use inferior baking powders
because Of deceptive foaming or
boiling tests or apparent lower
cost, but there is very little
difference in practical use,
about one cent for a whole cake
or pan Of biscuit ts--a mere trif1e
when you consider the vast diff
ference in healthfulness in favor
Of food made with Royal Baking
Powder.
ROYAL BAKING POWDER co.
New York
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1915-12-07

went to Portland on their weddins
trip returned home
Miss Lucille Cogswell. teacher in tn,
Weston high school, spent the week.
end in Portland with her parents.
Mr. and Mrs W. S. Payne were in
Walla Walla during the week.
Joe Lieuallen made business trip
10 Pendleton the last of the week.
Henry Waddingham visited rela-
tives in Walla Walla Saturday.
Miss Lula simpson of Walla walla
is the guest Of her aunt, Mrs. James
Price.
Mrs. Richard Morrison has gone 10
Baker City to visit relatives
Word has cen received from Min
nesota of the death of Prof. G. R.
Robinsons father.
Joel Davis former teacher of Wes-
ton. but now of Prescott, wash, spent
Thanksgiving here with his parents.
Mr.. and Mrs. ]. 0. Hyatt were
Athena visitors Tuesday.
Earl Coutts has gone to Hermiston
on a goose hunt.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1915-12-07
TRAFFIC ORDINANCE
PASSED In LA GRANDE

LA GRANDE, Ore, Dec. Ala
Grande's traffic ordinance, over
which automobile club committees
and city officials have been working
diligently more or less regularly for
some three months has finally been
PASSED. The vote was cast last night
and Commissioners Russell, Palmer
and Gardner voted for it, II is to lie
over 80 days for referendum, and at
the end Of that time automatically be-
comes a law II not referended,
Several changes were made at the
last moment but the essentials stand
as originally inserted. It is based en-
tirely on the state law and the Port
land ordinance, and on the whole sat;
isfies the city and the auto owners.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1915-12-07
RECORD OF DEEDS AND
OTHER INSTRUMENTS

L. S. Co.; also work horses an,
mules, stock farm machinery, wa
gons, tools, etc, 500 sacks feed bar
ley. 40 tons hay.
Mortgage.
Lial r. Calvert to F. c. Hesser
$1,000. SW IA of sec. 10, T. 4 n. Il
80 E, W. NJ.
Quit Claim Deed.
Nellie NJ. Richmond ct al to Lial r
Calvert, 81. The SW IA of sec, 10
T. 4 N, r. 33 E, w. NJ.
Deed.
VIM. B. White to ]. H. Gray, $40
A tract of land, title descriptive.
Alladin Land Co, TO ]. L. T. Jonis-
land, $3.50. NV IA of SW IA OF
Sc IA of sec. l, T. ~, R. 2S E..
w. NJ.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1915-12-07

the masquerade skating Saturday
night
Ralph Wallen was in Adams Sun,
day.
Mr.. and Mrs. Pearl Hales and dau,
ghter Reta were visiting at his moth
ers, Mrs, Kirby.
Joe Payant was in Adams Sunday
VIII Holman was a Pendleton Wis.
itOr Saturday.
Miss Jesse Chesnut returned to her
school in Pendleton Monday morn
ing.
Jess Kopp and Earl simonton at
tended the dance In Athena Saturday
night.
Ralph Wallen and Gladwyn Spen.
Ger motored to the county seat sat
urday.
The Adams band met Monday for
their usual practice.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1915-12-07
WITH Anolhcr auto.

KEWANEE, Ill.,, Dec, 6.-When
Miss Elizabeth Bentham and her fl
ance, Peter Conrads, Of MatherYille
ILL.,, were at the depot here waiting
for a train to take them to Mather.
vile, Rowland W. Fairbanks drove
up in an automobile while Conrads
vas buying tickets and invited the
young woman to take a ride, and they
disappeared,
Miss Benthams friends say she had
not been delighted Of late with the
prospects OF marriage. Fairbanks
relatives say the young mans action
was simply to bring her happiness.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1915-12-07
LODGE OF
ADAMS ELECTS ITS
OFFICERS FOR YEAR
MRS. CELIA KRIBS Is CHOSEN
NOBLE GRAND FOR THE
COMING YEAR.
Other Officers Are Named-Adams
People Attend Rebekah Lodge at
PcndletOn Masquerade skating
Party is Held-Other News Notes
of Adams and Vicinity.
Especial correspondence.l

ADAMS, Ore, Dec. Il L. Lieu.
allen and Guy Mayberry motored to
the county seat Tuesday.
Mr.. and Mrs. I. A. Lieuallen mo.
tered to the county seat Tuesday.
! Mrs. Carl Christon was visitor at
the county seat.
Miss Jessie Chestnut returned home
from her school in Pendleton to spend
Sunday with her parents.
Mr.. and Mrs, George Woodward
were in Adams Tuesday TO attend
the meeting which was held in the city
hall
I John Adams attended the meeting
which was held Tuesday in the city
hall
Mr.. and Mrs G. NJ Morrison mo-
tored to the county seat Saturday.
Mr.. and Mrs Jess Hales and Miss
Effie Cargill motored to Adams Tues
day to attend the speaking which
was held in the city hall.
Ralph Wallen and mother motored
to Athena Tuesday.
Miss Eleanor stockton one Of the
teachers of Ferndale returned home
to spend Sunday with her parents Mr..
and Mrs. j. w, stockton.
Mrs, J. d. Harrah and sons Don
aid and Vernon were visitors at the
county seat Tuesday,
Mrs Celia Krebs motored to PEN
dleton.
Otis Lieuallen returned home from
his school in Walla Walla to spend
Sunday
The Adams Rebekah lodge met
Thursday evening, their usual meeting
night. Officers were elected for the
coming term. Mrs. Celia Krebs was
elected Noble Grand, Mrs. Lucy Ros-
berry, Vice Grand; Miss Pearl Will
son, secretary; Mr.. H. Rosberry,
treasurer. A large crowd was pres
ent.
Bert Kirby motored to Pendleton
today
Among those who went to Pendle-
ton Friday night to attend the Re
bekah lodge were Mr. and Mrs. Kribs,
Mrs. Harrah, Miss Wilson, Miss Ethel
Peringer, Miss Nellie Darr and Jack
Mayberry,
The O.-W. r. & n. depot is hav-
ing some carpenter work done, also
papering and painting
Mrs j. W. Spencer is confined to
her home with lagrippe.
Mr.. and Mrs, Pearson Of Pendle- |
ton We're visiting at her mothers Mrs. |
Ella SimOnton Sunday.
J. D. Harrah was at Milton Satur- |
day on business.
Rex Payne was in Adams Saturday
night to attend the skating
Miss Eleanor stockton returned to
her school in Ferndale after spend !
ing Sunday with her parents.
A. H, Kirby has purchased a new
Dodge.
Clifford, Harold Holman and Siegal |
Parlett of Pendleton attended the !
masquerade skating Saturday.
Mr.. and Mrs. G. NJ. Morrison and /
children were in Adams Saturday to
attend the skating.
Mr.. and Mrs. George Woodward |
and little daughter Delphia attended |
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1915-12-07
Chattel Mortgage.

AOAeSsNeNs
F. 1. Giles to Portland Cattle Loan
Co, S2s15.66, 81 head steers.
Carl and E. Saltmarsh to Ameri-
can National Bank, $4,000. All hay
grain and straw sown, grown and
harvested on behalf of first party
during 1916 and 1917 on $40 acres
leased on reservation, also stock and
farm machinery, wagon, tools, etc.
Joseph F. and John G. Fisher to
American National Bank, $500. All
the hay, grain and straw sown and
grown and to be harvested on behalf
Of first party during seasons of 1916
and 1917, on W 1-2 of E IL Of sec,
Is, S IL of S IL of sec. %, T. 2 N,
R. 80 E, w. NJ. (S2O acres) cropped in
1917 on E 1-2 of sec. "a, T. N, r.
2s and n 1-2 of sec. IT. T. ? n, Il.
80. and $50 acres leased from smith
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1915-12-07

INDIANAPOLIS, Dec. 3.-Mere-
dith Nicholson, the author, has a Sc
cret office somewhere in the business
district. He follows a rigid business
schedule in his business of writing
He is utterly unavailable during bus
mess hours. His closest personal
friends do not know where he works.
Wireless telephone may drive am
bassadors out of business.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1915-12-07
Ffteen Miles limit.

The speed limit as the ordinance
was finally passed is l5 miles. The
famous tail light clause was so ad-
justed that leeway is given the police.
If driver customarily observing the
law, is caught with lights blurred or
out, allowance is given for accidents
in the matter. However, persistent
violations is prima facie evidence OF
guilt.
Right OF Way Some.
The right of way remains on the
right for all vehicles, and not only
autos but all vehicles must observe
this rule
Turn Anywhere.
The matter Of turning in the CEN
ter of blocks is optional and 1t is not
necessary TO go to the intersections
II the driver turns to left he must
raise his hand as a signal for those
behind him, and IL there Is an accl-
dent the driver. must be held respon-
sible, accidents being prima facie evi.
dence of neglect and carelessness.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1915-12-07

SAN FRANCISCO, Dec. Having
received word of the death of her
father in Rome, Madame Maria Mon
tessori is on her way east to leave
for Italy. Madame Montessori who
has been introducing her education
al system at the exposition, left yes
terday, first cancelllng all her en-
gagements here.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1915-12-07
PURE, RICH BLOOD
MADE BY HOODS

Pure blood enables the stomach,
liver and other digestive organs to
do their work properly. Without it
they are sluggish, there is loss of
appetite, sometimes faintness, a de-
ranged state of the intestines. and.
IN general, all the symptoms Of
dyspepsia.
Hoods Sarsaparilla makes pure
blood, and this is why it is so very
successful in the treatment Of so
many ailments. Get it today.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1915-12-07

Mrs. Frank Pease, the young woni.
an who as Mabelle Foster Abbot,
was the discoverer or the famous
"Dick to Dick" letter, alleged to have
been written by Richard S. Ryan. a
promoter to Richard A. Ballinger,
secretary Of the interior in the Tat
administration. is going into court In
an action, the trial of which may
throw some light on that famous
case She is suing a street railroad
company for injuries. 1t was Mrs
Pease, then Miss Abbott, who inyes-
tigating for a weekly publication,
said she saw the "Dick to Dick" post.
script to the letter. In some way il
mysteriously disappeared from the in
terror department files.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1915-12-07
CANADIAN WOMAN ENDS
HER VISIT AT WESTON
Especial correspondence ;

WESTON, ore. Dec. Airs. Nc
Court Of Cornwall Ontario, who has
been visiting her daughter. Mrs
John McRea for the past three
months. left on Tuesday evening
train for her home in Canada.
Mr.. and Mrs. Jean Schumpf, who
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1915-12-07

Flour made from the kernel of the
cotton seed after the oil has been ex-
tracted has been found to have much
food value
Idaho County free press. [volume] (Grangeville, Idaho Territory) 1886-current, 1915-09-02
BRoWN-coRAM NUPTIALs.
Kearn G. Brown and Miss olive G..
Coram Married Tuesday Evening.

Mr.. kearn c. Brown and Miss Olive
G. Coram were united in the bonds of
holy matrimony at the home of the
brides parents, Mr.. and Mrs. John
Coram, Tuesday evening, August 81,
1915, Reverend Il. L. Gornall, pastor of
the Federated Church of Grangeville
performing the ceremony. The bride
was beautifully gowned in a white
Duchess and point lace dress and the
groom was dressed in the conventional
black full dress suit. After the cere-
mony the newly married couple and the
relatives and guests sat down to a
sumptous six course wedding dinner.
Only the immediate relatives of the
parties, and James Buchanan of Koos-
kia, an old time friend of the Coram
family, were present at the wedding.
Both of the young people are well
and favorable known in this com
munity. The groom, Mr.. Kearn G..
Brown, came to Grangeville in 1912 and
for two years occupied position as
principal of the Grangeville High
School. He came here from Brookfield,
N. Y. his boyhood home. Mrs. Brown,
is the talented and highly respected
daughter of Mr.. and Mrs. John Coram,
two of Idaho County oldest and most
respected pioneers and residents. Miss
Coram has always lived in this COM
munity and during her lifetime spent
here has won scores of friends She is
~ graduate of the University of Idaho
and after the completion of her studies
at Moscow taught school in the Grange
willie school for several years up to the
present year and was most able and
efficient teacher.
During the past year Mr.. Brown has
been pursuing course of study in
Leland-Standford University at Palo
Alto, California and expects to COM
plete the course of study this year,
leading up to the degree of Master of
Sciences. Mrs. Brown expects to take
up course in English and History at
f, the university during the time her hus-
band is completing his course. They
left on Wednesday mornings train for
Palo Alto, which will be their tempo
rary home while Mr.. Brown is complet-
ing his course at the university The
best wishes of the community and the
many friends of Mr.. and Mrs. Brown,
for long and happy life go with them
to their present home and the Free
Press wishes to be included in the num-
ber of well wishers
Idaho County free press. [volume] (Grangeville, Idaho Territory) 1886-current, 1915-09-02
HOTEL CHANGES MANAGEMENT.
Mrs. w. R. Riley of Spokane Took Over
Management Wednesday.

A deal was closed this week whereby
Mrs. w. R. Riley of Spokane has taken
over the Imperial hotel and commenc-
ing with Wednesday the place has been
under new management. Mrs. Riley is
an experienced hotel woman and has
conducted hotels in the Big Bend
country with good success previous to
coming to Grangeville. She intends to
maintain the high reputation and give
the same efficient service to guests at
the hotel which has made the Imperial
one of the best hotels in the northwest
in the past. The present working force
and employees will be kept Cor the pres
ent and no changes are announced.
Grangeville is pleased to welcome this
new business woman and she is assured
of the hearty and undivided support of
the community in making the hotel the
same popular stopping place of travel
lers who visit this city.
Idaho County free press. [volume] (Grangeville, Idaho Territory) 1886-current, 1915-09-02
ENROLMENT Of PUPILS IN GRANGE
VILE SCHOOLS, MONDAY, sept. 70

quits school at graduation, but to him
who goes to the university, for such q
course will admit him to an agricultural
course in the university, The domestic
science course, covering period of four
years, is of direct value to the girl in
her home. As a practical subject it
should be remembered that English is
one of the most practical. This is a
course that is growing more valuable
every year in the Grangeville High
School because it is planned to meet the
needs of the students.
This begins the second year of agri-
cultural work. This course will be add
ed to year by year until the four years
course is offered in full. The course
comprises the subjects of general
science, biology, chemistry, soils, field
crops, live stock, entomology, horticul-
ture, farm management, farm mechanics
soil fertility and crop rotation. The
intention of the school authorities is to
make this course strictly vocational and
to. bring it into direct contact with the
boys work on the farm. In order to
keep this course up to the highest
standard the school board will continue
to select as teachers specialists first in
agriculture.
The old subjects of tried and true
worth, mathematics, history, science,
and foreign languages, are still to be
given in a thoro way, but it should be
remembered by all students that there
is moderately wide range of selection
to permit the adaptation of the course
to his interests. He must meet these
requirements only: English, 3 units "a
unit being a years work in any SUBJ
ject); history and social science, 8
units; mathematics, 2 units; vocational
work, 2 units-total IL units. Since 16
units are required for graduation, it is
permitted to the student to chose his
other studies according to his inter-
ests. 1t should not be forgotten, how
ever, that there is a choice within each
group except that of English.
Thought the school cannot offer a
large number of courses with it's limited
faculty, yet enough courses are offer
ed to permit liberal che ice by pupils.
Twenty four units are offered and only
sixteen are required for graduation.
Any write-up of the school would be
incomplete without mentioning the
splendid material equipment of the
school, There is a library of 5000
volumes, cataloged and in excellent
working shape; a physical laboratory
valued at $500, chemical laboratory
at $500, biology laboratory at $500,
domestic science equipment at $3.50, and
an agricultural laboratory at 500
Though this last appears least, it is
quite sufficient since apparatus from
all the other laboratories can be used in
agriculture.