davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The farmer and mechanic., 1915-03-02
AGRICULTURAL HALL UNIVERSITY OF ALlFoRI..

may not be applicable TO American
conditions. Undoubtedly the present
silly methods both in receiving and
handling postal deposits was caused
by the fear that reasonable methods
would reduce the value Of money. The
whole question is one between the re-
wards of capital as compared with
the rewards Of labor. The laborer in
the city has, through organization or
otherwise, a. method of maintaining
the rewards Of labor. No such oppoc-
tunity exists III the open country.
I do not ask you to assume that
there would be no difficulties in the
execution Of this plan. [ merely de-
sire to convince you that some such
method would be worth while. l am
perfectly familiar with the arguments
that have been used and will be used,
why the United States and the State
may loan money to banks and may
not loan it to individuals. My re-
ply to all these arguments is that
we have before US q matter OF the
deepest national concern. II men of
| brains and character, in the future as
| IN the past, are TO cultivate the land,
they must have an even chance with
their wage earning brothers. Every
| man is going TO try to make for him
! self and family a comfortable home
| If he deems he cannot start with an
| even chance on a farm, he Will &C
| elsewhere. This is not q plan to help
| the farmer, it is a plan to help the
nation, When the people come to un"
The farmer and mechanic., 1915-03-02

needed is some method Of replacing
the opportunity which formerly eH-
listed under the Homestead Act.
No young man can obtain employ
ment in the government service with
out passing a civil service eXamina-
tion No person can teach in the
public school without q teachers GER
tificate. No physicians or pharma-
cist may practice his profession unless
he shows a certain technical knoWl-
edge. No man can occupy the pulpit
without demonstrating his fitness.
Suppose a young man could pass an
examination in agriculture, suppose he
| could present evidence Of practical
| farm experience, suppose he had ac-
| tually earned and saved a given
| amount of money, suppose he had &
| reputation for honesty and good nab
| it's, why should not the State lend him
money on terms similar to those on
| which the State now keeps six million
| dollars on deposit in banks. OF why
| should not the United States loan its
| postal deposits on terms similar &c
those on which it now loans it to say
ing banks.
Senator Fleacher, referring to cred
il associations, in MOody's Magazine
says:
This is the first advantage brought
bv such sOciationS-cheape inter
est rates Each year the farmer Is
required 10 pay, besides the interest
q certain percentage towards reducing
the principal OF the loan The pay
The farmer and mechanic., 1915-03-02
FARM NEWS

operative banks or credit assoc;ations
are analyzed they are found to be ali
odSeu upon a few common features
naHleiy' character, supervision, and
nelpIulness. Wallace and Wilson state
it thus:
Ihese are found mainly among
the poorest of the poor, in sections
where it would be hard to find an
individual who could be entitled to
creolt at any bank. They are simply
associations Of farmers Of the highest
character--fOr they have no credit ex-
cept for integrity. They borrow money
at three per cent and loan it out to
themselves at about four per cent.
| Tor productive purposes only and sub
lect TO a supervision by a committee
OF the association. The two features
| that characterize these credit asso-
Citations are unlimited liability and su-
| pervislOn. Each member is liable for
the DEBTS OF the association; and q
| committee Of the association deter
mines whether the proposed borrower
| wishes to borrow for productive pur-
poses, sees to it that he purchases
! wisely, and that he proceeds properly
With the animal or the thing pur-
lchased with the borrowed money. For
| example, if it is proposed to buy a
COW, the committee determines wheth-
er he needs q cow, then sees that he
makes good purchase and then that
he cares for the COW properly"
It is my opinion that if we are &c
inaugurate a successful system OF
farm credit, we should try to forget
the methods employed by credit as
sociations in Europe. What We should
90 is to try to comprehend the prin-
cipleS employed and seek TO adapi
! them to American ideals, customs, ant
governmental methods.
What is wanted is some method by
which young men who wish to be
come farmers may offer evidence .
ability, thrift. and character. TheIt
is wanted some guarantee that tn.
money will be used fer productive
purposes and sufficient supervision t
determine that the money will b
wisely expended.
What is needed is some basis OF
} which educated, hard orking, hon
S est young men between the ages O
{ twenty-one and thirty may obtain
- reasona BILE capital With which to max
t 9 home in the open country. What
The farmer and mechanic., 1915-03-02

ments OF the rnortgagors now are gen
orally the same each year, larger
portion Of the sum going towards
principal and a smaller towards in
terest as the principal is gradually re-
duced. For instance, il is figured that
FARMER having a loan at 3 per cent
ana paving each year s.56 per cent
would wipe ont the loan in twenty
five years. This practice. called amor
tizauoQ, is of the greatest value 10
farmers, for it makes their payments
on principal consistent with their in
come expended ION agricultural i'm
provements. SO long as the farmer
meets these annual payments the
mortgage will not be foreclosed. Also,
the interest rate can never be raised
during the life of the loan.
Thus we see that such q system
reduces interest rates. makes the de-
| mands upon the farmer consistent
with his income, eliminates commits
sions, protects him from foreclosure
and from an advance of interest rates.
1t changes mortgage from a bur
densome debt to an advantageous form
! OF credlt--an investment
| The postal deposits ares loaned to
| saving banks at two per cent The
state loans its surplus at two per
| cent. suppose a young man, having
| saved one thousand dollars. could go
| TO the State OF to the United States
and borrow four thousand dollars not
| at two per cent but at three per cent
| If he should pay six per cent on this
! amount, or two hundred and forty
dollars annually, at the end Of twenty
hVe years, approximately, he would
have cancelled the principal and in
tereSt.
| VIII there not be objections to this
plan? Most assuredly One objec.
ton will be that it may tend TO re
duce the value Of money 1t is jus
as vel Ito understand the fundamen
tai problem. If you happen to raise
pTuneS you are naturally much op
| posed to anything that would tend t.
reduce the price of pruneS. II
| cattle-raiSer, YOU do not look witt
favor upon the introduction Of Aus
tralian beef. IN like manner the ban
ker who loans money at ten per cen
under certain conditions, to buy COWS
will not become enthusiastic over
system which would permit a man t
} pay off principal and interest i
twenty-five years at the rate of 81
? per cent. But the banker is not in
} | only person interested. Every perSO
who carries life Insurance OF ha
| money in the savings banks IS cor
l | cerned. The farmers Of the nite
= States are as a class money lender
| They are the principal source cf cap
q tai for young men who are beginnin n
G | TO farm. This is one of several res
s sons why the credit banks of Eur0r
The farmer and mechanic., 1915-03-02

'hc man OF foray five that needs farm
credit 1t is the man Of twenty-five
mat needs il. 1t is doubtful whether
thc Kind of farm credit i am about TO
propose should be given to any man
over thirty years of age.
Most OF the business of the world
p conducted on credit. All the great
business undertakings require credit.
store than fifty thousand people, more
tnan half of them women, have III
eHect loaned money to a single rail-
road company. Technically they are
stockholders. Virtually it amounts to
p loan. Farming is different only IN
'eldlrlng retinancing at more frequent
intervals through young men VINO III
the nature Of the case can have little
credit. 1t is this lack OF credit thai
AorceS them into Wage-earning occu-
cations 1t is this lack of credit that
prevents those who do undertake
.drming from putting into it the capl-
tai need TO get the best results
hNery generation is going to find II
more difficult to till the soil properly
unless some workable method o1
financing the land can be found.
shortly before his death, while tes-
tIIying before a congressional com
lnlttee, Y. Pierpont Morgan startled
hiS countrymen by announcing that h'
considered character to be the chic
security. He said he had loaned a.
Ansh as million dollars to o single
man on this security alone. Whel
he various systems of European co
The farmer and mechanic., 1915-03-02

Gerstand that this is SO, a way will be
round by which money may be loaned
TO individuals rs We'll is 10 banks
and upon substantially equal terms
Extract from paper read before the
meeting OF the Patrons Of Husba rdr5
OF California
The farmer and mechanic., 1915-03-02
Immature Breeding.

By breeding the heifer at less than
two years Of age you are sure Of get
ting her to producing som ething a an
earlv age. but you are also sure that
$40 los honn Stunted before She
reached maturity; that her calf will
- 80 as large and vigorous as IL
eho7,ld ne and that she cannot possibly
produce as much milk as she would
rad she been bred at a PERIOD Wheh
I,n- cana c'tv for production was
nearer perfect development
The farmer and mechanic., 1915-03-02

For streams ordinarily carrying lit
tie water. but subjected to floods. q
Kansan has designed a concrete
bridge which high water can pass over
without damaging the structure.
The farmer and mechanic., 1915-03-02
y, THOMAS FORSYTH HUNT, Dean
of the California College OF Agricul.

n,rc.
Those who take charge Of land
through inheritance usually are re-
ouired TO assume obligations to other
heirs. Thus the young man who
thinks of farming is brought face to
face with the question Of capital. The
average young man Of brains and edu-
cation has before him the alterna-
dive OF accepting salary OF $500 to
81 900 a year or assuming d debt Of
$1,000 TO 10000,
4 generation ago conditions were
very different. With a few dollars to
invest in teams and tools 81 man could
homestead one hundred and sixty
acres of land, and often pay for his
whole investme out Of the first crop.
10 be sure, the conditions were primi-
tive. improvements had later to be
made at considerable expense. These
improvements are now made. The
next generation to enter upon the
fartus must have the capital to pay
for the improvements and the rise in
ground rental. Less than a gene ration
ago. at, EugiiShman took kup some
zen thousand acres OF land in the San
Joaquin valley. The University of
California has obtained fifty-four hun
lrrd acres by the gift of Mr.. kear-
Ecy Much uf it rents for fifteen dol
lars 81 var cash rent. [ do not know
What Nr kearnCy paid for this land
but II is a safe guess that he got 4
aide in fec simple for less than fifteer
dollars per acre. The extensive anC
"Npc at, improvements ne put on this
tau0 nave raised its value. \ new
generation must pay the new price tC
acquire this or similar land. This i:
The real reason why the subject o
,;,rm credit has assumed national i'm
portance. Speaking broadly, ii is no
The farmer and mechanic., 1915-03-02
uow CNN \ YOUNG MAN
BECOME A FARMER +?

an. Young Men and Young Women
Who Are to- Occupy Our Farm
Homes should BE the Special Con-
cern Of the State and the United
S,ates Department Of Agriculture
ANYTHING Which Tends to Make
Family Life Successful in the Open
country Lends Not Only Wealth
I rut Welfare to the Nation.
The Washington times., 1915-10-09
AUBURN COMPANY TO
BU|LDLARGE GARAGE
Sixty Thousand. Dollar Plant
Will Be Located at Twenty.
fourth and N Streets N. w.

The Auburn Automobile Company will
occupy one Of the largest garages In
the city. to be located at Twenty-fourth
and N streets northwest. for which
plans and specifications have been
drawn by B. Stanley Simmons. archi-
tect. The site Ii now being graded. and
the garage will begin building within
the next month. 1t is expected TO
cost about 10000. II. W. sopcr will he
the owner.
The property will be three stories
high, having frontages in Twenty.
fourth and In M streets of LEO and 10f
feet. respectively. 1t will have entrances
on each frontage.
In outer construction II will be built
Of rough texture brick, with limestone
trimmings. The building will be re.
enforced concrete throughout.
Tho showrooms will be placed on the
NJ street front. as well as the acces-
sorry room and a ladies' waiting room.
The garage proper will be located on
the ground floor.
Store rooms will be on the second
fioor, and the top floor will be given
over to the shops.
The building will be equipped with an
elevator having q 50oo-poun iiftins
pow er, and with a vnpor vacuum heat
Ing system. Lounging and sleeping
rooms will be contained in the building
for the use Of chauffeurs.
The Washington times., 1915-10-09
MUFFLER CUT.OUTS
FOUGHT BY AUTO|STS
E. v. Hartford Says Vigorous
Action Should Be Taken to
End Them.

Safety first and silence second should
be the slogan Of every motor1st" says
Il. v. Hartford. OF the Hartford sus.
pension Company. II am led to thii
remark by the continuous use Of thu
muffier cut-out by q ereak majority OF
our motor car drivers.
THE city ordinances prohibit the use
Of . muffier cut-out.
Il had Q long talk recently With Her.
bert Chase, the mechanical engineer oi
the Automobile Club Of America, about
the inufher cut-out nuisance. ana NJ
says that. there Is no need for a muf'
designed muffier. and that even Il there
were a demand for q cut-out. the ad'
vantage gained would be almost neg
ligible, and only Q slight advantage IL
APPARENT when q car ID running with q
full open throttle At over 1000 revoiu'
tions per minute. which IL faster thar
out II placed on the mufher connection
ut right angles 10 the exhaust pres,
sure, so It cannot help relieve back
pressure.
"A number Of influential people, mo-
torists themselves. who reside on o'ii
drives and boulevards. are conteuplat I.
ing going to the next Legislature and In
Producing an act prohibiting the reEs'
tration OF any car that has a mufnei
cut-out on It which might be operated
by the driver.
Hence. l sugeest the formation Of 9
society to he called the 8. ,. 8. B.. whose
mcmbers shall pledge themselves to
Il should be very glad to be amonG
the first TO contribute toward fund To
furnish printed pledges or buttons fol
members OF such . society.
The Washington times., 1915-10-09
GERMAN WAR TRUCK
STANDS HEAVY DRAG
Campaign Through Russia
Brings About Improvement
In Spring Construction.

"rhe German campaign In Russis
this year. has demonstrated . gr-at
deal IN the makers OF German war
trucks" says 2. v. Hartford. presi-
dent OF the Hartford Suspension Com.
pany. and he speaks with authority. be-
cause spring construction interests him
considerably. ssn
Mr.. Hartford says that the Auto.
mobii- ii-Rundschau." for July notes the
following. regarding spring construc.
ton:
1T was soon proved that tho wagons
Of each and every firm have . special
weakness. The commonest effect Of
the Russian roads was spring fractures.
Practically mono but front springs
were broken. however. and these only
In two characteristic places: namely.
close to tho front pivot exactly at the
end Of the first leaf adjacent TO the
single or double main leaf. and. sec.
ondly, q few centimeters in front Of
the clip-rarely at the hole be-
tween the clips. Notably few fractures
occurred In Daimler Springs. which ap-
pear to be ground with unusual care.
Il happened that the sprinG forging at
tho front end Of the frame was forced
deeply into the road when a fracture
took place.
The Washington times., 1915-10-09
HAS A GASOLINE
GAUGE ON DASH
Does Away With 0Id-Fashioned
Method Of Measuring With a
Stick.

A Easoiene gauge might be considered
an item Of small Importance In the
equipment of an automobile, yet there
are few drivers of motor cars who can
not recall some experience where its
usefulness would have been very appre-
ciably felt. For one thing Il does away
with the old-fashioned method Of using
a stick for calculating the quantity OF
sasoiene remaining In the tank. which
Is as uncertain as II Ia commonplace.
There Is just as much Importance In
knowing the extent Of the gas supply
as In being assured that the crank case
has adequate fabrication. Especially Is
this so in case Of a hurried trip or q
trip of some distance.
Studebaker engineers have steadily
worked on betterments that mean great
er convenience and pleasure In motor
car driving. With gauge on the In
strument board Of the car It can be
told at glance exactly how much
gasolene the tank contains. while It re-
minds the person whose mind might be
occupied with other affairs to look
after this important matter. Another
usefulness Is In the assistance It lends
cal use of gasolene.
A further touch Of refinement has
been given the studebaker lighting and
ignition system Of tho new models
through using switches OF the rotary
type. which does away with mulupli-
city of buttons. BY throwing the lever
Of the lighting switch practically any
combination of lights may be secured.
or the lamps dimmed. Tho ignition
switch is provided with a secure lock-
Ing device. Also headlights on the
Studebaker can be inclined to regulate
the direction OF the rays.
Control instruments have been elimi-
mated one by one by Studebaker en-
gineers. so that the few remaining are
In clear view and within easy reach of
the driver. The lighting and ignition
switches, the speedometer. the electri-
cal system indicator. the oil and gaso-
lene gauges are all grouped at the CEN
ter OF the dash. with an electric la mp
for Illuminating purposes. This does
away with long reaching for controls,
lending case and gracefulness to motor
car driving.
The compa ctness and simplicity shown
on the instrument board Of the new
Studcbakers has not only been COM
mended by veteran motorists, but has
played an important part In SO largely
popularising the cars with lady drivers.
The Washington times., 1915-10-09
RECORD GRAIN CROPS
HELP MOTOR TRADE
Power Vehicle Most Efficient
and Economical Method Of
Highway Transportation.

Record grain crops are exerting an
important influence on the motor truck
business. according to c. r.. Norton.
truck sales manager of the Packard
Motor Car Company. OF Detroit. Tho
advanced methods OF cultivation ana
harvesting used by the growers have
resulted In unprecedented haryests this
wear. and II Is natural that the grow
ers, who have shown themselves abreast
OF the times. have recognized the pow
er vehicle as the most efficient and
economical method OF highway trans
,portation.
when one remembers that the cost
OF hauling grain twenty miles from
ranch to elevator by horses and wag-
ons may be several times the cost or
moving II In ships from Duluth TO Bur
falo. II ia easy to see why these grain
growers have welcomed the motor
truck with open arms" says Mr.. Nor
ton. quite number OF American
growers have already provided them
selves with the modern transportation
vehicle for the bumper crop they are
now marketing, while many others.
after having had proved to them the
economy Of motor truck transporta-
ton. are contemplating early pur-
chases."
MIR. Norton points out that the pres
ent demand for motor trucks il ex-
ceptionaily strong in practically all
lines of trade.
The Washington times., 1915-10-09
ATTAL|ON CHIEFS IN
\. Y. GET FORDS
City Can Save $3.50 Per Car
Per Year by Discarding
Horses.

The Ford Motor Company. through
~ Long Island city branch. has Just
niled an order for twenty "nre-hght' nB
rords'' for tho fire department or New
York city. Battalion chiefs arc to use
them hereafter In getting to uros IN a
hurry.
The cars ars all runabouts. In official
department red. and with cigl,t''nch
clapper bell, on the dashboard. On
the side Of each car IL the number of
the battalion.
Dome little sentiment 10 connected
with the bells on the new cars. They
.wsre cast In the department repair
shop. from large bells used In Kings
and Queens counties before the time
OF Greater New York. when each en-
sins house had q bell. The metal was
Of purest quality, and they were MADE
10 said that modern bellmakers nre
unable to initiate their clear sound. =
Before the Ford cars were accepted
for the official cars they were obliged
ment officials. Each car had 70 prove
its ability to travel thirty miles an
hour. The average time for the twenty
cars was about thtrty-eiyht miles per
hour. Tho hill-climbing ability was
shown on Abbey hill. "a 10 per cent
grade one-third of mile long. which
Tho Fords took at an average speed OF
eighteen miles per hour.
Tho economic side OF the Ford car as
Q part of the hrse department 10 inter-
esting TO the great body Of taxpayers.
Estimates by statisticians OF the New
York department place tho saving made
possible by = Ford runabout over =
horse-drawn vehicle at $3.50 per car per
year.
Previous To securing the score Of
mosquito nre-fighters." as tho Ford
cars are called. the New York depart.
msnt had twenty-seven Ford cars. and
10 contemplating the addition Of forty
more in the very near future. Tho in
stallation OF Ford cars Is but a step
in the complete motorization Of the
New York fre department.
The Washington times., 1915-10-09
Motorcycle and Bicycle
Show to Open in New York

Motorcyclists and dealers Of the
Fast will have their first opportunity
TO do homage to tho American light
weight motorcycle at the exclusive
motorcycle, bicycle, and accessory
show which opens In Madison Square
Garden, New York. on October II. The
lightweight machine. which made
such q hit at the Chicago motor
cycle chow last month, represents Q
distinct change in policy on the part
Of American motorcycle makers. The
machine weighs between, 100 and iso
pounds and lists at q dollar q pound ;
Fix machines answering this dsscrip-
tion made their bow at the Chicago
exhibit. and created quite . stir.
The machines are powered with
little motors OF the two-cyc1e type.
and are capable OF making about
thirty miles an hour. It is felt that
the reduced weight and reduced
speed. coupled with a distinct ten
dcncy toward simpliflcation Of the
control, will induce many to take up
the sport OF motorcycling who hers-
tofore have been afraid of the high
powered and heavy machines. At the
same time the reduced weight brings
the cost OF motorcycling down to q
point where II 10 almost negligible.
The Washington times., 1915-10-09
Bankrupted by Lemons;
Artificial Juice Hard Hit

NEW YORK. Oct. s.-There have been
40 many lemons arriving In this country
recently that Root, Knight a Co.. Of
Bridseton, N. j., have been forced into
bankruptcy, with assets amounting to
SO 900 and liabilities asgregatins s6o,o
The reason for the eompany's failure
was divulged at a hearing at Newark
before Referee In Bankruptcy Alfred r.
McAllister.
The firm manufactured artificial lemon
Juice, and when 1t started in business, a
year ago. large profits were derived
through sales at soda fountains. When
ever, large shipments OF lemons arrived
in this country from italy, and soda
dealers could purchase the natural Juice
far cheaper than the artificial product.
The Washington times., 1915-10-09
Nephew Will Press Suit
Against Rev. DR.. Hollis

NEW YORK. Oct. s.-Wiiliam Austin
Moore, OF Brooklyn. counsel for Percy
d. Hills in the latter's $4,000 libel suit
against his uncle. the Rev. Dr. Newell
Dwight Hills. OF Plymouth Church. an
nounced that all hope OF q discontinue
ance Of the suit, through a retraction by
DR.. Hills Of the articles In the Port
has gone.
II have received word from my
client" said the lawyer. that he will
see the suit to a finish. as he Is dis
satisfied with the statement made by
DR.. Hills from the pulpit" The COM
plant. he added. soon will be filed,