davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1915-02-22
AUSTRIAN STATEMENT.

The situation in Poland and West Ga
licia generally is unchanged. Yes
terday Saturday it was calmer.
In the battles on the Carpathian front,
from Dukla pass to Wyszkow, sew
eral Russian attacks again were re-
pulsed. with heavy losses to the en-
emy, who lost $50 men taken prison
ers.
The operations south of the Dniester
river are progressing. In Bukowina
all is calm.
Evening star., 1915-02-22
Government Officials Agree No
International Complications
Likely to Ensue.
HOLD SHIP ENTERED MINED
WATERS AT HER OWN RISK
Assumed Effort Will Be Made to Es-
tablish Responsibility and Col
lect Damages.

The sinking of the American mer-
although regarded with seriousness at
the Capitol today. was considered
matter outside of those which the
United States has protested to Ger
many and Great Britain. Senators said
today that an exhaustive investigation
was necessary, but that they did not
believe. on the facts now at hand, that
it would lead this country into serious
complications with any of the warning
powers.
Government officials are practically
narimous in conceding that If the
cause of the accident is proved to be a
mine there probably will be no grounds
for diplomatic action by the United
States. as the laying of mines is not
prohibited by any international con-
vention now In force.
Il see no serious international COM
plications involved in the destruction
of the Evelyn" said Senator Stone,
chairman of the foreign relations COM
mttee, when he arrived at the Capitol
today. IAN American merchant vessel
ventured into German waters when II
was known that mines had been laid
in those general waters. and was sunk,
presumably by mine.
mo one knows whose mine 1t was. IL
is probable that claim for damages Will
be made, and possibly it will be made
national claim. owing to the fact that
American commerce has been disturbed.
The sinking of the Evelyn by mine Is
far different from an American vessel
being fired upon"
Senator Shively's Comment.
Senator Shively Of Indiana, the rank
ing member Of the foreign relations COM
mittee after Senator Stone, said:
ut was not a very pretty business, and
1 believe it is a matter for very serious
consideration"
Senator Simmons. one of the trainers
of the bill which created the war risk
bill, a White House caller today, said
he assumed an effort would be made
first to establish the responsibility for
the sinking of the Evelyn, and that If
the nationality Of the mine could be dis
covered the government war risk bureau
would make efforts to collect damages.
THE war risk bureau has all the pow
ers of a private insurance company,
said Senator Simmons. when the gov
ernment goes into business of this kind
it loses its official status, but simply be-
cause this is government agency it does
not have less right than a private agency
of the same kind would have"
Evening star., 1915-02-22
GIVES NEW FACTS
ABOUT WASHINGTON
District Commissioner Brown
low Addresses Association of
Oldest Inhabitants.
SAYS THIS GOVERNMENT
is OLDEST IN EXISTENCE
Observance of Washington's s
Birthday Is Held With Patriotic
Exercises.

Some new facts about Washington
were presented by District Commits
sioner Louis Brownrow to members of
the Association of Oldest Inhabitants
Of the District of Columbia at the as
sociatoion's annual observance today
of George Washington's birthday.
One of the points brought out by the
Commissioner is that the Capitol build
ing is the oldest structure in the world
used by any nation for parliamentary
purposes.
Not only this, but the American gov
ernment, the speaker pointed out, Is the
Oldest form Of government in existence to-
day The District official credited the
wisdom and foresight of George Wash
ington with the fact that 1t has not
been necessary to change the Consti-
tuition or alter in any way the funda-
mental principles upon which this
government was established.
Commissioner Brownlow, early in his
address, disclosed the fact that he is
thoroughly posted on Washington. it's
history and traditions, as well as con-
ditions now obtaining here. He spoke
briefly of the purposes of the present
District administration and devoted the
life of Washington and its influence
upon the development of American CIV
ilization.
The association met at its headquar
ters. in the old Union engine house.
18th and H streets northwest, with
President Theodore w. Noyes presid-
Evening star., 1915-02-22
instead: and all on board will be sent
to their doom"
Use of Mines Legitimate.

Use of Mines Legitimate.
Inasmuch as the second Hague con-
vention failed to provide an agree
ment on the subject of mines. previous
ly accepted principles OF international
law are held TO be In force.
In one of the publications OF the
United States Naval College for the
benefit of American naval commanders.
the status of the question OF mines and
torpedoes is thus summarized:
1t may be affirmed that the use or
mines is legitimate means of hostili-
ties as between belligerents This posi-
tfon does not imply that mines may be
used at will without regard to those not
concerned in the war
1T is generally admitted that the bellig-
erent jurisdiction is the proper area for
hostlities. Within this area. therefore.
there may be a greater freedom of use
of mines.
The sole restriction here should he
that the mines should be under con
trol-that is. the belligerent should he
able to control the mines in such
way that they should not imperil the
neutral, or the belligerent might keep
the neutral from or guide him through
the mined area. The use of mines
should be confined strictly to military
operations and areas. and the perils
should not extend TO innocent neu-
trails"
New Route for Cotton Shipments.
Senator Hoke Smith. who is particu-
larly Interested in the shipment OF cot
ton abroad, also stated that no COM
plications could arise from the destruc-
tion of the Evelyn. but he urged that
it should result in choosing new
route for cotton shipments to Europe.
The senator declared that the route
through the Mediterranean and Adria- -
tic seas to Trieste should be substitute
ed for the northern course, and main
tanned that assurances had been given
that such a course for neutral snip
ping was not dangerous.
Evening star., 1915-02-22
RUSSIAN STATEMENT.
PETRoGRAD. February 22:


During the past two days we have
captured about 1000 prisoners.
In Galicia February 10 and 20, after an
extremely vigorous preparatory bonn
bardment, the enemy made an often
sive movement north of Zakliczyn.
but was repulsed after three attacks
The fighting between Mesolaborcz
and the Upper San river continues.
consisting of alternate offensive and
defensive actions.
Fresh attacks by the Germans upon the
heights of Myto Koziourka and in
the region of Neurozanka all have
been repelled. After a desperate
struggle our troops captured heights
southeast of Dukla and northwest of
Senetchouw.
In South Galicia the enemy has occu-
pied Stanislau.
During the day just passed there have
been collisions between, the Russian
and Turkish troops in the transtcho-
ruk country.
Evening star., 1915-02-22
New Route for Cotton Shipments.
Sinking of Steamer Evelyn
by Mine in the North Sea
Told of in Cable Dispatch

News of the sinking of the Evelyn came
in the following cable dispatch from
Bremen. via London. sent last night:
The American steamer Evelyn, which
sailed from New York January 80 with
cargo of cotton for Bremen. struck a
mine yesterday Off Borkum Island, in the
North sea. The vessel sank Her cap
tain and twenty-seven of her crew were
saved. The nationality of the mine which
destroyed the Evelyn has not been estab-
lished"
Evening star., 1915-02-22
First q. s. Ship to Sink.

The Evelyn is the first American ves-
sci to meet with disaster as a result OF
the sea warfare of the European ma
tions. She did not sink within the war
zone included in the German admi-
ralty's decree of February 4. which
went into effect Thursday. Borkum
Island lies directly off the German
coast. at the mouth of Ems river. and
is German territory.
Maritime records give the compile
ment of the Evelyn at twenty-five men.
SO that ii is probable that all on board
the vessel were rescued. The Evelyn
was single-screw steel steamship. and
was commanded by Capt. Smith She
was 252 feet long and l,1S5 tons net
She was built in Southampton. Eng
land, in 1888. Her home port was Phila-
delphia.
Evening star., 1915-02-22
United States Made No Protest.

While mines have been laid in bel
ligerent waters since the early days OF
the war, American vessels heretofore have
not suffered any injury. Many other
neutral craft have been destroyed, but
the practical impossibility of fixing the
blame for accidents of that kind has pre-
vented the interested governments from
taking diplomatic action. When the
North sea was first mined, some of the
neutral countries protested to both Ger
many and Great Britain. but the United
States took the position that it was i'm
possible to determine which country had
been the aggressor, and therefore made nc
protest, though it does not consider its
rights in any way compromised by this
silence.
Diplomatically the United States ant
neutrals generally are helpless as fal
as obtaining redress for the loss Of
their ships by contact mines is con
cerned, unless absolute proof, a rare
occurrence, could be adduced to show
the nationality of the mines. that ne
pilot was available or that the mines
drifting from their anchorage, were
far distant from belligerent areas.
Evening star., 1915-02-22
URGES AMERICANS
TO UNITE IN CRISIS

Continued from First PageD
Evening star., 1915-02-22

of Germans in East Prussia was re-
vealed t. US on February 4. but the
magnitude of the concentration was
not determined until several days later. |
Evening star., 1915-02-22

the American Revolution, concluded
the exercises.
Members of the reception committee
in charge of seating arrangements. etc.
were Frederick ID. owen, chairman:
John E Fenwick. James Berrel. DR.. F.
L. Briscoe, Paul Brockett. John Doyle
Carmody, Lewis p. Clephane, Seldeh
NJ. Ely. Albert J. Gore. F. w. Graham,
DR.. Edwin A Hill. John G. Johnson. A.
A. Lipscomb. jr.. Earl Marsh, Henry W.
Samson, J. Mcdonald Stewart, Philip
Walker, William d. Writ. Richard =
Hawes, Frederick Il. Hyde and ii. +.
Holden.
Evening star., 1915-02-22
Opposition to Agreement.


These articles were never approved
because of objections to their weak
phraseology. Germany. at the time,
pointed out that the belligerent has
only to assert a different object in
order to make 1t illusory.''
Germany's opposition was backed by
France and Russia, although England
favored a proposal to prohibit outright
the use of contact mines for closing
against commerce ports that were not
being attacked from the sea.
international law authorities pointed
out at the time that naval commanders
easily think of some other reason for
laying a Gordon of mines or an enemy's
port than that fntercepting commercial
shipping. One eminent English au-
thority, Prof. Lawrence, WHO was dis
appointed at the failure of The Hague
convention to provide for regulations
against the use of mines. wrote
prophetically then:
whereas in the past the only way of
closing an enemys port against all
neutral commerce was to blockade it,
and the only way to blockade it was to
station a ship or ships in such q posi-
ton as to create evident danger to all
vessels attempting ingress or egress
for the future. it will suffice, in the
Judgment of many powers. to lay a
Gordon of anchored contact mines
indeed have lost all virility IL they will
quietly submit to this
.Tt will not mean the comparative
triviality of having their ships and
goods conflscated by q belligerent
prize court. They will be destroyed
Evening star., 1915-02-22
Prohibition of Mine Laying.

Efforts have been made from time to
time to obtain an agreement among
the nations of the world to prohibit
the laying of mines. England took the
lead in this connection at the second
Hague conference in 1907, and a con-
vention finally was drafted and rati-
fed by the United States and Great
Britain and only a few of the other
nations, though it never became ef-
fective.
Under It's terms, it was forbidden to
lay unanchored automatic contact
mines Except when so constructed as
to become harmless one hour at most
after the person who laid them ceases
to control them" Similarly it was for
hidden to lay anchored mines which do
not become harmless when breaking
loose from their moorings. The con-
vention also provided:
ut Is forbidden to lay automatic con-
tact mines off the coast and ports of an
enemy. with the sole object of inter
cepting commercial shipping.
when anchored automatic contact
mines are employed every possible pre-
caution must be taken for the security
of peaceful shipping"
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-12-26
CHRISTMAS EVE IN BOSTON

IT my flames from rows of flicker
ing candles glowed in every
window on old Beacon I'M.
Boston. From top To bottom the tall.
stately houses cleaned, street after
street of them. For this one holy
evening they had cast off their patri-
elan aloofness and rela xcd their GUS
tomary reserve. radiating warmth and
good cheer.
o"king down narrow steep Mount
Vernon street. one say the usually
dark walls Illuminated by elaucing.
supernatural light. Here and there
some detail would bc thrown into high
relief, a window where. behind ancient
brass candlosticks rose a tree sJl-
mounted by a figure Of the Christ;
child, or an o~verhanglug bay window
with scarlet masses OF poinsett!a prasS-
ing against its loaded panes.
The streets. bare uf snow. were very
silent. People througed the streets.
yet there Was no sound EXCEPT their
dull footsteps, an occasional whisper
or "A child's laugh. Black groups
some ladies' hatloss, all wrapped i'm
furs, wandered here and everywhere
in the dim light. No one wished to
talk. Even when friends cam, sud
denly face To- face under a street
lamp they only nodded or smiled.
Every one mas occupied with his
thoughts.
Presently. under IA Colonia, porch
"A wide door was thrown open. IN,
bright light within disclosed "A glimpsr
of IA winding stair beside white panel
ling, and the sound Of singing driftcd
outward. Then. men and women,
moro than a score or them. came out
into the street and walk d along
slowly together, singing the "AdcSte
fideles.' We followed. listening.
They belonged to "A church CHOIR. some
ono said. From time to time thew
would stop at tho meeting of two
streets or under "A friends window
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-12-26
The Neanderthal man of La
Chapelle aux = Saints. An
tiquity $4,000 to 10000 years.
From restoration modelled by
]. H. McGregor.

to the skulls OF our Mid -Tertiary an
cestors than any other skull that has
come to light. Small. long and very
ma n the area indicating the power
Of speech. somewhat developed. The
jaw might be that OF n young chin
panzee: 1t is slightly less anthropoid
than the Heidelberg jaw and is sup
Piled with long canine teeth which
were probably used as weapons.
That the skull is so much more ad-
vanced than the jaw has an important
significance: the evolution of the
brain may he interpreted as coming
before that of the mandlble. as well
as the development of the beauty of
the face and the human proportions Of
the body in general"
And how can you he sure that he
Is not a Neanderthal?"
"All the Neanderthals have marked
supraorbital ridges and the thickness
OF their skull varies from 6 to $ nm.
Piltdown's is from IL to IL nm. thick"
And how do o know IL was l25.-
600 years ago that he llved?"
For this reason: 1t is the earliest,
possible date for man along the val
ley OF the Thames and OF the Somme
betore that time. that is. up To the
Third lnterglacial period. the banks
OF these rivers We're further apart
than they are to-day and certainly
man did not locate there before the
banks. This date is accepted by Botile.
iiaug. Obermaier, Breull and Schmidt.
Ine EnUllSh ERhnnl .at .-.
period. basing their deductions on the
fossils OF the southern mammoth. the
primitive elephant and hippotamus.
found in the same deposit as the pitt
down man. The history OF the first
three ~gla"!ations. however. is 10 he
round not In the fauna but in the
river channels.
Ever. since this new race CANA IN
hight >ie restoration of the law and
the cranial capacity have been n,.tters
on which anatomists have not agreed.
Inc American modo shows the canine
tooth in the upper jaw. which makes
the dental arches more curved and the
mouth less prognathous. otherwise IL
follows Smith-W oodward's second res
toration. The read was made bv
Prot. j. H.. Gregory and is in accord
with the conclusions Of Drs. Mathew
and Gregory Of the museum as well as
my "
Whereas there is hut one specimen
Of tn" rae" Of Piitdowu, there are some
twenty-one specimens OF the race ~
Neanderthal hat have come 10 light
all over Europe from bavaria west.
Although the type presents many
variations. AZ would he expected in a
ace that existed for 1000 O0 wears.
every member of this race is identi-
fable by a combination Of cranial char
acters that have never been found in
any other ace as constant features.
although various OF these peculiarities
may be found in recent human skulls
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-12-26

for more thar ten days at a time even
during the humid, depressing. hot Phil
adelphia summer.
AT present there are 5000 rats Gagged
and housed in the institute, nor have
there eNcr been more than that at any
one time. So much for the $1,000
story. Some years ago the Wistar In
stitute outgrew its quarters and had
to have another building in which 10
expand. The old city police station
next door was purchased and made
over into an annex,
In this annex is DR.. Kings office.
and the famous rats are housed in the
Old stable and cell rooms. now knocked
into n large basement. Confined in
model cages there are beautiful white
rats aud less beautiful house and
sewer rats of gray and also Of black.
the sewer rats being in armored cages.
All are numbered and labelled.
The number Of young in a litter of
stock white rats-that is, selected but
not inbred rats used for experimental
purposes seven As a result of
mating "A male and female in the same
litter DR.. King has established Il
stiain where in the fourteenth gen.
GRAFTON a litter of seventeen young
was horn. She has by experiments
raised the average size OF the inbred
filters from : To "a Goliath, the
largest albino rat in the world. was
born in the seventh generation of rats
bred Of brother and sister.
The success of all this inbreeding
has exploded one scientific theory. II
was Darwin who declared that in
breeding led to loss in bodily size and
in constitutional vigor. Perhaps-if
selection is not observed. But the
white rats At the Wistar Institute
prove that it is not true OF selected
stock. Then too it has been believed
that too close blood kindred affects
the nervous system and hence the
brain.
DR.. King white rats up to the
twenty-hrst generation seem like nor
NAL, well balanced little creatures, but
to make sure of it a selected number
of males and females from the four
tecnth generation were sent some
time g to IN, Robert Yerkes, psy-
biologist OF Harvard. who will test
their reactions and pass on their ner-
volls conditions.
Besides the in%breedins experiments,
br. King is classifying and following
up other phases Of interest among the
rats, some two Years ago there ap-
pearcd in a stock litter one rat with
one large and one sma1l eve, the
larger being about twice the size Of
the smaller. From that rat has been
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-12-26

nav" removable floors which are taken
""l one" a week and renovated in a
steam vat; the floors are then strewn
WIN clean wood and paper shavinrs
and Pat back. No stone is Jeff mn
turned To keep the rats clean and
hrl,thy.
II is ir. KINGS contention that ,
"h!to rai is a much safer, sancr. more
sanitary pct for n child than n eat or
n ru0hli. one recalls that there was
an epidemic of such pets among the
Philadelphia girls and women some
seven wears aen, ono ar, student
went I" tho Fine Arts Academy every
morning with "A white rat tucked in.
side her blouscd shirtwaist lie had
a r""my hiding place, but he would
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-12-26

, mys,or,o. ~ -c,vchoior, .rs s,.
90, lug
I'M, a., u.,. -. a.. -
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raa,a.. 90 ~, ~. So"
,dor, - b,,, o.. So,ua.n.S.,. IN
-. -
-" $3.50 WV" 'e 'o'"e '" '"e
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anu SUI ines "n>e oonhiiio" ahees-
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a""'''s'' u" ."e
neS' hho"h III SUN S'-caiieu IihNs'
il'he'ah.ropus erectus OF the lrlhii
'd'e VI java is ho' a ai'ec' ancestor
~ ~n'o"er. n'a"' as nuechhers CON-
parlsoh "l ms WE'VE DEM
'"',''',7' Nv '"'S' 'o"e "eIone"
v 'ue SNu''' '' II P'oo'o'! 'oee' : Wv
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o. W" US" y. 'ne
nI,"t vi '"v ""t1' ~vu'o ~
ao,e nm ! ..no" hi'ses. ne p'oo-
W. 10y "' .o".o vi '.e
,""'no ~ "nee's i"s"'o. ~
&c. I"'p.-nner'' WOW anu s'o"e' T..
~ osoorh was asheu "ne'"er !.
vas hee'"e '"e manu- tha' oe.e'opeu
u "IaIn o. al '"'pIo'eu ""'" '"a'
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-, - 80.
anna.ah,s - w.
49, - ."
,atnn. -. -. 49, nn. 80,
one 81, ,ha IL. -, ,a,.on,.a
the mind n, tho cbt,d a. % ,ns,s, unon
| Tho constant, uso ~ Tho hands
"W,s h.c,r,bron, AIM ar III.
first man."
.pithecan,bronus snec,os
| thar I'm IN. lar. pro,,na ,im.s an.rred
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-12-26

"HAT man Is not descended from
the ape but Is only the apes
cousin and hat at least some
uf the missing links have been
found are among b beliefs OF Dr.
Henry Fairfield Osborn. curator emeri-
tus Of vertebrate ~pa.eontology at the
American Museum Of Natural History,
whose book 'Men of the Old stone
Age" has just been published 10y
Scribners. In an interview with a
SuN reporter he discussed these topics
and the discoveries recorded In his
book about prehistoric man.
within the last fifteen " twenty
years our knowledge of prehistoric
man has vastly increased DR.. Osborn
said. "ln 1891 the first so-called miss
ing link, the famous Pithecanthropus
erectus, was found in Java. The fol-
lowing year the cavcrn at La Mouthe
In southeastern France was brought
to light with its astounding suhter-
ranean paintings OF animals, hidden
from mans knowledge for cons. In
1907 the Heidelberg Jaw was found,
the only link that links-even AT
end.
1T was not until 1908 that the skel-
etal remains found at La Chapelle aux
Saints conclusively established the ac-
tual size and proportions of that most
discussed OF all prehistoric men, the
Neanderthals. whom Darwin alone OF
the older naturalists underestimatcd
In 1912 not only was the interesting
and most important Piltdo'"n Man
given to the world by Charles Dawson,
hut w bison In Gay were ~unearthed
ny the Comte de Begouen, proving
both that there were prehistoric sculp-
tors in the round. as well az painters
and e~ngravers, and hat these sculp-
tors were the equals of our OWL in
skill. And II was as late az February,
1914. that the discovery Of the two
skulls at Obercassel proved that the
Cro-Magnons were the predominating
race in Europe for about 10000 years.
that is. until 10000 or 5000 r. c.
They were the race Of artist
hunters who completely supplanted the
Heanderthals. the race who made the
clay statues just mentioned and the
amazing mural decorations in subter-
ranean passages hundreds and some
times thousands of feet from the en-
trance.
Although the first Cro-Magnon
skull was found a. long ago as 1868.
o,rr knowledge Of their epoch tor Of
me Upper PalRolithic period is both
recent and incomplete. But ~ tre-
mendous impetus was given t" the in
terest in this race when in 1905 eight
were uncovered in DordoCne,
civ in the Pvrenees and seven in the