davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Colorado statesman., 1915-03-13
Burden of Poverty
Heavy on Children
BY Charles Goodman. Washington. D. C.

FORM Neglected badly housed and improperly clad poor
nonworer terribly handicapped the 1t oppou
ny with which to begin fe struggle And is the
THIS the knowledge that employment for the
the es whole happiness and comfort which makes appalling
OF all the phases of the poverty question.
The haunting of children for food which the father
supply and which the mother powees truly hear-rendng
The only remedy for detuton poverty employment
for all
We improve conditions many
of whom are burdened with family responsibilities upon
cent children dependent.
The Colorado statesman., 1915-03-13
Mans Inhumanitx.

The men are always prating about
mans inhumanity to man." observed
Mrs. Gabb. What have they to COM
plain about?" Plenty" growled Mr..
Gabb. Eight out of every ten mar
rled men go around trying to get sin
gle men into trouble by advising them
to get married. Enquirer.
The Colorado statesman., 1915-03-13
zaa..,x f hAeeszg-

Selfshness is the great
sin of the world. Cain is
the first hideous example.
After numbering his brother
he had the hardihood to an
swer the Almighty, cam l
my brothers keeper?" The
The Colorado statesman., 1915-03-13
Prolific Annie Tree.

An apple tree owned by S. w. Alex
ander of Los Angeles, Cal, is exciting
interest through the fact that, in the
last year, it has had two crops. giving
each time a different variety of apple.
The Colorado statesman., 1915-03-13
Willing to Let II Ache.

A barefooted darky, while hoeing
cotton one day, saw his big toe under
clod, and, thinking it was a mole's
head, hit it and hurt himself. After
working with it for a while he got
tired, set his foot on a stump and
said: We'll, jes pain away now;
doesn't care, you hurts yeself wus'n
ye do me-"
The Colorado statesman., 1915-03-13
Neighbors.

Are your new neighbors, the Woo.
seltons' interesting people?" Exceed.
ingiy SO; he is the kind of man that
wont speak to anybody without an
introduction, and she is the kind of
woman that borrows everything in
your mouse without being introduced
at all"
The Colorado statesman., 1915-03-13
Good on Muddy Streets.

Two London chauffeurs have patent.
ed brush to be suspended on the out
side of an automobile wheel to pre-.
vent its splashing mud.
The Colorado statesman., 1915-03-13

The burden of poverty
falls most heavily upon the
child. Poverty is always
ugly, repellent and terrible
to see; but when it reaches
down as far as the cradle, it
assumes its most hideous
The Colorado statesman., 1915-03-13
i College Men Are
IMost Careless Persons
By JOHN H. GLENlNoN. Chicago

has been experience that the college will get into
than the unskiled laborer who can't speak English.
If greater caution ordinary affairs nsed
early would become second nature for graduates
take themselves has
college to be shown how defend ones body
believe caution should be taught to children
as in the homes.
The Colorado statesman., 1915-03-13
Wouldn't BUY a Veil

L knew an old lady who was a
tight"ad. She was so stingy that
when her husband died she didn't
want to buy black veil. So while
the minister was preaching she went
out OF the back door and took the
crepe OFF of the front door and fixed
IL on her hat. When the undertaken
went to get the crepe he couldn't find
t.-Chicago Tribune.
The Colorado statesman., 1915-03-13

1t is strange but true that
college men are the most
careless persons in everyday
life, and are more often in
jured than those who have
never had the advantage OF
an athletic training. II
The Colorado statesman., 1915-03-13
The Price We Paw.

There is no sadder sight than the
direct striving after the unconditional
in this thoroughly conditioned world.
Goethe.
The Colorado statesman., 1915-03-13

A n id e al sys t e m o (
weights and measures should
have a single unit that is
stable and such ratio be-
tween denominations that
changes from one to another
are easy. These two require
The Colorado statesman., 1915-03-13
Be Ready

a man to be ready for opportunity
when it comes.-Disraeli.
The Clio messenger., 1915-04-23

W. w. Blackney was in town on busi-
ness, Tuesday.
Prof. and Mrs. j. G. Chapel visited
relatives in Flint and Byron from Thurs
day until Monday.
Mr.. and Mrs. Henry A. Montgomery,
of Detroit, made short call on Clio
friends last Saturday,
Mrs. H. A. Daniels returned Friday
from visit of several weeks duration
with friends in Detroit.
Mrs. E. Russell, of Flint, has been
very i'll of diphtheria for the past two
weeks, but is now convalescent.
James R. Brewer, Sr., of Montrose
township, has been quite sick during
the past week. He is nearly SO years
old.
B. F. Yerden has sold the vacant
building lot on the east side of his resi-
dence, to Robert Jewell. 1t will afford
beautiful building spot.
Our venerable fellow townsman,
Fred j. Miller, who has been quite i'll
for some time past, has recovered suffi-
ciently so that he is able to get down
town occasionally.
All members of the L. o. T. M. M.
are requested to be present at the meet
ing to be held Tuesday, April n, as sew
eral matters of Importance will be con-
sidered at that time.
Warner Leavenwoi IN has sold his
residence on Johnson street to Albert
A. Ladue. Mr.. Leavenworth recently
rebuilt the house, making it very
neat and attractive home.
Don't fail to read the ads on the op-
posite page, of the dancing party to be
given at the Masonic Temple, and of
the show to be given on Friday and Sat-
urday, April % andd "a.
Mrs. A. j. Amidon, who has been i'll
for six weeks, is now improved suffi-
ciently to be able to get out of doors a
little. Miss Marian Daniels was with
her until the first of this week.
E. J. Amidon is, we understand. en-
gagged in building residence in Flint,
which he expects to occupy later on.
Mrs. Amidon is remaining with her
daughter-in-law, in Clio, for the pres
ent.
Rev. FIR. Thos. Luby, of Mt. Morris,
was this week presented with new
Ford runabout by his County Line par
ishioners, this being the second time,
they have given him such testimonial
of esteem.
A warm soaking rain would be good
thing according to some of our farmer
friends. The ground is reported to be
in fine condition for cultivation but the
rain would start crops growing more
favorably than at present.
Joseph DAILY and Nelson Labby, two
well known Clio boys, have opened a
restaurant and soda fountain in the
building just completed by David Stru-
BILE. They will have very neat and
up-to-date place of business.
Ed. l.. Beeman, with commendable
loyalty, is giving out at his store a
booklet containing the poem "The Lit
tie Old Town." which is well worth
reading and considering. We are print
ing the poem in another column.
Persons who wish to grow fruit of
any kind, with the possible exception
of Strawberries, must spray. Booklets
pretty thoroughly covering the ques-
tion of how and when to spray may be
had free at Jones & Havens' store.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26

Martin Prisk, an old and respect
ed resident of this city for many
years, suffered a stroke of paralysis
Sunday evening and his recovery
has hung in the balance since then.
1t will please his many friends to
learn that at this writing he is
much improved and his chances
are much better. The regret over
the illness of Mr.. Prisk is general
and everything his friends and the
physicians at the hospital can do
for his comfort is being done. He
has for years been the leader of the
M. E. church choir and until his
recovery he will be sorely missed.
A son, Martin Prisk, Jr. of Calu-
met, Mich, arrived last evening to
be at the bedside of his parent.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26

Frank Lindgren attended thu
convention of Modern Woodmer
at Duluth Wednesday as delegate
from Ely Camp No. 4649. Mr..
Lindgren says the meeting was a
very successful one and was attend.
ed by delegates from all over the
state. Many subjects of interest to
Woodcraft was discussed and
several very instructive lectures on
the financial condition of the order
were given.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26
ELY WINS
Slip One Over ON Two HarbOrs
Friday Evening

The High School basket ball boys
again showed their mettle Friday
evening at the Lincoln gymnasium
when they waded through the Two
Harbors High School team to the
tune of 40 to IA.
The Ely boys played in hard
luck at the beginning of the season
but since that time have been win
ming their share of the games
They are a fine lot of fellows al
though a little understood and this
accounts for their inability to win
over some of their husky OPP
ponents.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26

A handsome deer attracted the
eye as it moved up one of our
principal streets yesterday after
noon having come in from the
woods. The animal, a doe, gently
Hoped along until the boys and
dogs went after it when the speed
was increased and it made its way
through the F. w. Carlson and
Chas. Trezona yards. through the
Pioneer open pit and then across
the lake into the woods.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26

Our budget of correspondence
from Winton failed to arrive up to
the hour of going to press and we
are short Our usual list of breezy
Winton notes. The correspon dent
informed US over the telephone
that he had put his usual weekly
letter in the mail. In all proba-
bility it was carried through and
will return on the evening train.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26

Tower suffered a very heavy loss
Friday afternoon when the Yer
million Hotel was totally destroyed
by fire. This is the second time a
hotel of the same name has been
burned at Tower. It is a hard
blow for Our sister city as the hotel
was looked upon as one of the best
in the range towns.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26

The Elv City Band RECALLED the
citizens Sunday with several choice
selections. The concert took
place at the several corners and
large crowds were out. The music
given was of the better class and
enjoyed by all. The City Band is
an institution of which the city
should feel proud and everyone
should join in and help the boys
along as much as possible. There
is nothing that stirs up the natives
more than a good band and we
certainly have good band under
the leadership of Prof. Pearce.
The boys give a dance on Monday,
April 5 at the Opera House and if
you cannot go, the least you can
do is to buy ticket.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26

Mrs. H. E. White entertained
several invited guests last week
with cards at which Mrs. R. ].
Whiteside of Duluth was the guest
of honor. An entertaining after
noon was spent and the hostess
served a very fine lunch. Mrs.
Whiteside received the favors.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26

Tomorrow is the last day for
filings for the election on Tuesday,
April 9th. After that it will be
safe to start figuring on the large
number of entries for the various
offices.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26

Buy your Spring Lingerie at the
sale given by the Girls Guild at
the Presbyterian church parlors
Saturday, March II, at 800 p. m.
ADV.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26

Mrs. Thos. Lynch of Superior is
in the city on a weeks visit with
Mr.. and Mrs. Jas. Mccarthy and
family. Mrs. Lynch is a cousin
of Mr.. Mccarthy.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26

Guy Woodland, a former resident
of this city where he had charge of
the telephone service, arrived
Tuesday for a visit among old
friends. Mr.. Woodland is now
from Alaska where himself and
relatives are interested in mining.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26

August Bouska departed for his
home at Duluth Tuesday after
two months enforced hospital
occupancy on account of an injured
knee.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26

Mrs. Peter Schaefer and Miss
Lillian left this afternoon for Men
omonies, Wis, where they will
spend Easter with Alvin and Stuart
Schaefer who are attending Stout.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26

During the noon hour today a
fire alarm brought out the depart
ment rather more rapidly than
usual on account of the high wind
and you can be sure it was some
rapid. The fire had started in the
roof of the Finnish bath house
maintained and owned by Mrs.
Hegfors on Third avenue, and the
roof was wholly ablaze before the
alarm was sounded. The fire boys
made quick work of the blaze but
not until the roof had been destroy
ed. The wonder is that the build
ing was saved as the high wind
made the fighting difficult. The
damages will total 5000.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26

O. A. Mills, NJ. ]. Murphy and
M. Weinzierl were Ely people reg
istered at one of the Duluth hotels
Wednesday.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26

Mr.. and Mrs. ]. L. Booth of
Virginia were in the city over
Sunday on a visit to Mrs. Booth S
parents, Mr.. and Mrs. Axel Matt
son.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26

The little son of Mrs. Joppo was
operated on for a blood tumor of
the face this week at the Shipman
hospital.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26

Janacy Lazarski and Miss Stella
Borkowsky secured marriage
license in this city Monday. Both
are from Buick.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26

A. P. Shepard of Omaha, Neb.
has arrived in the city and will
visit for some time with his son,
H. A. Shepard of the Ely schools.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26

Don't forget the 1Oc tea served
by the Girls Guild at the Presby-
terrain church parlors Saturday,
March 81, at 800 p. m.-Adv.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26

Mrs. Miller who has been in the
city visiting friends for the past
two weeks returned to her home
at Milwaukee Monday.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26

Inspector Mason who has been
connected with the new school.
building since its beginning left
today for his home at St. Paul.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26

Walter Eisench was in the city
from Aitkin last evening for visit
with parents, Mr.. and Mrs. Louis
Eisenach.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26

Good body split birch cord wood
for sale. $3.50 per cord delivered.
Leave orders with Erick Anttila.-
Adv.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26

Miss Edith Trezona returned
Saturday from an extended visit
with friends and relatives in Duluth
and the range towns.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26

The little son of Mr.. Morolt
underwent tonsil and adenoid
operation at the Shipman hospital
this week.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26

PLANK FOR sALE-$1O per M.
Apply of the Boyd Construction
company at new school building
Adv.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26

FOR SALE! Second Hand
Buggy and Harness. Inquire OF
H. c. HURNING, Winton, Mimi.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26

Don't forget the Easter Monday
Ball at the Opera House April 5th,
by the Ely City Band.-Adv.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26

The best that the best tobacco
can produce, the Major, Reno
Cigar. ADV.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26

Kalle Smolander and Ida Jarvl
of Winton secured license to wed
today.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26

John Axelson and Miss Mabel
Thomas of Tower secured a mar
riage license in this city Saturday.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26

Don't forget the Easter Monday
Ball at the Opera House April 5th,
by the Ely City Band ADV.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26

The little son of M. Supantic
underwent an eye operation at the
Shipman hospital this week.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26

Nick Nelson, the Tower road
superintendent is in the city today
having come up in his machine.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26

Mrs. H. S. Sutherland and
mother, Mrs. Olof Knutson, spent
several days in Duluth this week
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26

Mrs. Legard of Minneapolis is in
the city on a visit with her sister,
Mrs. F. D. Lyman.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26

E. w. Hanson of the depot force
spent Sunday at Virginia with
friends.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26

Mrs. Annie Butoric underwent
an operation at the Shipman
hospital this week.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26

LOST-Gold Stick Pin. Finder
return same to F. d. Cerveny for
reward. ADV.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26

Mr.. and Mrs. John Jeffry of
Winton who have spent the winter
at Duluth have returned. a..
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26

For SALE.-Horse, Harness
Wagon and Sleigh. Inquire of M
Burgin. ADV. If.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26

Arlo Lainer underwent an opera
ton for appendicitis at the Shipman
hospital this week.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26
The
Mystery
Solved

Final Episode of The Million
Dollar Mystery" will be shown at
the Opera House Saturday evening
April 3rd. Two shows at 7:45
and 900 and Sunday matinee,
April 4th at 8 p. m. This episode
shows the winner of the $40, 900
prize and complete solution of
this wonderful story of mystery.
SEE IT! SEE TT
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26

Just received large assortment
of ladies Spring coats ADV. Alt
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26

Don't forget the Easter Monday
Ball at the Opera House April 5th,
by the Ely City Band. ADV.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26

Jos. Martinetti will call for and
deliver your laundry and dry clean
ing weekly. Phone No. 47-Adv.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26
Every Woman Should Know
There are three entirely diff
ferent kinds Of baking powder,
namely:

namely:
Cd Cream of Tartar, derived
from grapes,
(2) Alum, a mineral acid, ana Z.
(3) Phosphate of Lime.
(l) Baking Powders made Of
Cream of Tartar add to the food
the same heal thful qualities as
exist in the ripe grapes from
which Cream Of Tartar is derived.
(2) Baking Powders made of
Alum add to the food some form of
Alum or Aluminium, a heavy metal,
wholly foreign to any natural
article of food.
60 Phosphate of Lime is made
from rock or by burning bones
viii Oh by chemi cal ction are
changed into a white powder. It
is used in baking powder only be-
cause 1T is cheaper subs tute.
A Cream of Tartar powder never
contains Alum or Phosphate.
Every housekeeper should read
the ingredients printed on the
label and know what she i S using.
ROYAL BAKING POWDER co.
New York
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26
hR Tho Rw
* VyTLI[KoS a
lXW@llYGSZ]

Mrs. Chas. Trezona is Duluth
visitor today.
w. T. James left Tuesday for a
visit at Duluth.
Bows Suits and Shoes in large
variety at Beck s.-Adv. ALI
Henry Chinn received his hand
some new Paige car today.
M. ]. Murphy went to Virginia
Wednesday for business trip.
Made and sold strictly upon Its
merits, the Major Reno Cigar
Adv.
Bart Jacobson and Jack Rikkola
were Duluth visitors yesterday.
J. A. Graves of the Elco spent
several days in Duluth this week.
Just received large assortment
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26

J. A. Graves of the Elco spent
several DAYS in Duluth this week.
The Ely miner. [volume] (Ely, Minn.) 1895-1986, 1915-03-26

Bart Jacobson and Jack Rikkola
were Duluth visitors yesterday.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-09-19
Gallia in Another Pinch.

The next time Gallia faced this stu
alton was in the ninth. A brilliant play
at first by Gandii and Gallia had re-
tired Howard. when Sisler drove to
center for a base. Milan allowed the
ball to get away from him. and before
Barber had recovered it Sisler was on
third. Pratt and Clarence Walker were
the next up Pratt popped out to Shanks
and then Walker slammed a hot one
TO Eddie Foster. who threw him out at
first. and the game was over, with Sis
Ter resting at third.
Phillips. on the other hand. got away
luckily at the outset With two out,
Milan hit into right for three bases and
Gandil landed on the first ball pitched
with full might. a liner to Pratt result
ing which retired the side.
Phillips walked two after two were
out in the second. but Gallia flied to left
for the third out. Gandil started the
fourth with single and was sacri-
feed to second. But Shanks and Henry
were unable to score him. Mcbride
seemed to have a three Dagger made to
start the fftn INNING. but Shotton cut
across and made a great catch of the
ball. Then Gallia followed with a sin
gle. but nothing came of. for Acosta's
sharp drive was scooped up by Sisler,
VINO threw to second in time to head
Acosta out at first. making a double
play. when he apparently was clearly
safe
Gallia's support got him in bad. and
then took him out of a deep hole in the
second inning. Walker started the
inning with single to left. and Jacob
son hit a sharp bounder at Foster, who
picked it up cleanly. but threw wide to
second in an effort to start a double
play, and both hands were safe But
Mcbride and Henry picked Walker of
Of second. Lavan flied to Acosta, and
then Henry threw Jacobson out when
he attempted to steal. ending the inning.
Gallia was not in trouble after that
until the ninth. which round has been
described.
In the seventh the sole run was scored
by Barber. who hit for three bases. and
Tailed on Shanks' single. Henry forced
Shanks with an infield tap, and then
Mcbride singled past Pratt. but the lat
ter recovered the ball in time to throw
out Henry. who had started for third
on the hit. The score:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-09-19
CHEVY CHASE TENNIS TEAM
EASILY DEFEATS DUMBARTON
Victors Win Out of Z Matches In the Singles
and 2 Out of 3 in the Doubles-Majority
of Contests Hard Fought

In one Of the most interesting tennis
team matches played in this locality for
some time, the Chevy Chase Club rep
resentatives yesterday defeated the
racuueters from the Dumbarton Club
in seven of ten matches, five in the sin
giles and two in the doubles. The
match was played on the courts of the
Chevy Chase Club.
The representatives from the Chevy
Chase Club were Dudley Morgan, Bal
lard Moore, Upshur Moorhead. Arthur
HELEN, W. G. Dunlop, Virginius Dab
ney and D. Howard. The Dumbarton
Club players were Douglas Hillyer. AL
bert Gore, A. Howard, ]. M. Hancock.
l.. A. Fischer, Ezra Gould and c. P.
Barnard. Gould Lincoln captained the
Dumbarton team, but did not play in
the singles, going into the doubles with
Gore.
The players selected were the cream
of the two clubs. majority of the
matches were very close. hard fought
and chuck-full of exciting rallies. The
threatening weather kept the gallery
down to small proportions. but those
who journeyed to the courts were
amply repaid for taking a chance on
being disappointed through rain. At
one time it appeared the matches
would be stopped, but after sprinkling
q little the threatened storm passed
over to the northeast.
Long-Drawn-out Battle.
In the singles the battle between
Gore and Moore was the best, and play
was stopped several times to allow, the
players an opportunity to regain their
breath. This match was 80 long and
desperately fought that it was pro-
posed that it be finished after the dou-
bles, but the men continued play and
the Chevy Chase man finally con-
auered by the score of 2-6, 12-10 and
los. Two other matches went into
three sets, HELEN defeating Hancock.
O., SO and 6-3. while Dunlop beat
Fischer, IS, Is and 6-3.
President Ezra Gould and Virginius
Dabney were given the honor Of OPEN
ing the match and the former had a