The Dolores star., 1915-07-23

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to catch any OF the British ships.
Napoleon, firing OF its failure. dis.
missed Robert Fulton.
The British were aware of what
was transpiring and managed to open
negotiations with Fulton and invited
him to 60 to London. They quickly
grasped the fact. rs true then a. It 10
now. that the only defense against the
submarine was to run away. But they
also saw that, II the submarine should
be developed. their great naval
strength would vanish.
They offered Fulton . large sum of
money to pigeonhole his invention and
to return with It quietly to America
This offer was spurned by Robert Full
ton, but the farseeing English states
men and sea lords Of Great Britain
had grasped the Significance OF the
submarine-that its success would
mean the humiliation Of British sea
power.
The second impetus given to the
perfection Of the submarine also came
from England. John P. Holland of
New Haven. Conn.,, worked for years
to perfect what was known a. the
"Fenian RAM" Lieutenant Holland
was an enthusiastic member of the
Fenian clan, whose chief object was
to precipitate . war between Great
Britain and America. II raised $780,.
900. and with this fund the FIRST Hol-
land submarine was constructed.
Holland used practically the same
fundamental principles that were util.
lied by David Bushnell. The Germans,
likewise. concede to Mr.. Bushnell the
original invention for the undersea
boats.
The French begsn 20 develop the
submarine about the year 1900, fol-
lowing the Fashods affair. which near
ly brought England and France to
war in 1898. In 1892 England awak.
ened to the fact that the submarines
had been pronounced . success. and
began building submarines after the
Holland type.
Germany did not begin to build sub
marines until 1908. Since then It has
carried on an active "unterseeboote"
program. At present the Germans
have perhaps the largest and most Of.
ncient submarines in existence.
1t has been reported that their lat
est models have . steaming radius Of
almost 5000 miles. The larger share
Of their boats have steaming radius
of 1000 miles. It IL with these that
| they propose to enforce the blockade
of Great Britain, despite the fact that
England has the greatest war 1eet
In existence.
The cost Of operation Of subma.
rine is small, compared with that Of .
battleship. The smaller sized subma.
rines have q crew Of twelve men,
while the larger size carries not more
than twenty-five.
Through the invention Of the peri
scope by the French, observations can
be taken Of the surrounding sea while
the boat Is submerged. In an ordinar.
lily rough sea the periscope protruding
above the surface of the water cannot
be discerned from any distance. In
. smooth sea, however. the periscops
leaves . triangular wake.
Submarines. while going under va
ter. are submerged about thirty or for
ty feet. The man at the lower end
of the periscope tube. with his eye
glued to the glass, IL the center Of
the submarines nervous system. When
the vessel IL not too far under water,
he observes the position Of the enc.
my through his periscope. which con
sists Of series Of lenses and prisms.
By means Of . lever at his right, be
can turn the periscope ct will and take
in any part Of the horizon. His teis.
meter attachment tells him how Tar
away the enemy's ship il.