davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-08-01
BOILING AND FREEZING
WATER AT SAME TIME

1T is a curious fact that water may
be boiled and frozen at the same
time. The temperature at which water
boils depends simply upon the air pres
sure upon it's surface. If there be
high pressure, the water must be rem
dered a good deal hotter in order that
it may boil than would be tine case
at low pressure.
In mountainous regions. where the
air pressure is a good deal lower than
at sea level, water boils easily at
low temperature. In cooking vegeta-'
bles that require a certain degree OF
heat, when the water boils before that
degree of heat is attained. the vege-
tables will mot get done" Conse-
auently, they must be placed in 2
closed boiler, so that the generated
steam will create sufficient pressure
for the water to boil at or peyohd tho
required temperature.
In the experimental proof OF this fact
the water is placed in a vessel and the
air is exhausted from above the sur
pumping continues the water will boil
violently, the steam congealing on the
sides of the exhaust vessel. the
pumping is continued for sufncienI
the freezing point. the water Will con-
tinue to boil and bubble until it ID
frozen into a snowy mass OF Ice.
The fact is utilized in the estfmation
of the height of mountains. Ordi.
narily at sea level, where the pressure
is about thirty inches of mercury
water boils at 212 degrees Fahrenheit.
Now, if it is noticed that at certain
place it boils a. few degrees lower the
height of that place may be easily as
certained by the comparison with q
table made out for this purpose.
In general, for every degree the boil
ing takes place under PIP, height OF
about 500 feet is counted. This prin-
ciple does not, of course, apply to
water alone. but is characteristic Of
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-08-01

While easily yielding up other colo
Islands of st. Pierre and Miquelon.
They are today French in language
and customs, and are as essentially a
fisherfolk as the people Of the coast of
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-08-01

Part of the way the line runs along
the Humber and touches several of the
inlets. but most of the inland journey
is through barren country, with some
wild lake scenery to compensate Tor IT,
The railway line is kept in operation
during the winter season. 1t was de-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-08-01
BY CHARLES M. PEPPER.

OES German submarine activity
W menace England's North Amer
III ~ lean possessions?
~ Not long ago a dispatch from
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-08-01
Special Correspondence of The star.

Special Correspondence of The star.
LONDON, July %.
7N no department of life has Britain's
traditional policy of "muddle
Ill through" been more thoroughly
q superseded since the war by the
new policy of careful organization, than
in that of trade, and already all sorts of
official and unofficial organizations are
preparing carefully and scientifically
to deal with the trade problems which
will Arrive when the war is finished,
whenever that may be.
The end of the war will bring with 1T
trade and economic problems quite as
difficult if not more difficult of settle
ment than those which arose at the be-
ginning of hostilities and which were
met by the expedients improvised by
Lloyd George in cooperation with the
best brains in the financial and COM
mercial world of London. 1t is hoped
that when the new problems come to be
solved the machinery will be ready and
that the readjustment will proceed even
more smoothly than that which took
place nearly year ago.
There are two widely divergent sets
Of opinion about the condition of this
country when peace is declared The
pessimists declare that the country's
prosperity has been artificially MAIN
tanned by the demand for war material
and the withdrawal of millions of men
from the labor market for service with
the army. They hold that when this
demand for munitions ceases and the
armies are disba nded the country will
be faced with an economic crisis such
as II has never known before. Capital
wi hay hoo NO ad
the war. there will be a surplus of la
Dor. and above all a vigorous and unex-
hausted Germany will invade the mar
kets of the world and sweep British
commerce from them. 1t is a remark
able fact. by the way. that the pessi-
mists always look forward to a vigorous
and unexhausted Germany after the
war
On the other hand, the optimists are
looking for one of the greatest trade
booms in history when hostilities are
over. They point to the fact that the
great destruction of all sorts Of material
things. in Belgium. France and Russia.
and perhaps in Germany, will have to be
replaced. Material will be needed for re-
building, new machinery will be
wanted. agricultural implements must
be provided, all the activities which
have been interrupted must be resumed
Great Britain, as the great manufac-
turing country whose industries have
not been touched by the war. must
be called on, in conjunction with the
United States, to provide most of this
new material and the making of 1t
will find work for every available man.
Capital enough will be forthcoming to
finance the great industrial boom. for
large part of the money spent on
the war has been spent in this coun-
try and remains in il. and the savings
of certain classes of the people are
increasing at a rate unknown before
The great danger to be provided
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-08-01

has a board of trade and local gov
eminent board, both of which carry out
part of the functions which ought 10
belong to a ministry OF commerce, put
even combined they do not do hal1
enough The local government board, OF
course, has entirely distinct functions
and ought to have nothing to DO WIN
commerce, and the board OF trade, Whlch
ought to deal with commercial ques
lions. is one of the standing jokes or
English politics. 1t is composed OF a
politician president who is a member or
the cabinet, the Archbishops OF can
terbury and York. and a ghost-no less
a person than the speaker of the irish
house of commons, who has had no cor
poreal existence for a hundred years.
OF course. it never meets and It's WORK.
such as it is, is done by the polltican
president and his permanent ofnclais.
Much of that work, such as the investi-
cation of railway accidents and steam
ship disasters, ought to be done by
coroners and magistrates assisted by
expert assessors.
It is suggested that the proposed min
istry of commerce, in addition to hav-
ing the control of all matters affecting
commerce at home, should also relieve
the foreign office of the control of the
consular service and make it of real
As at present organized. it is claimed
by merchants, the consular service IL
too closely connected with the diplo-
matte service and both are preserves
of the aristocracy. Few of the con-
suls have had any commercial training
and few are of any use at all in the
extension of British trade. The few
efficient men stand out so far above the
others that the prove to every one who
cares to investigate how useful a
really efficient consular service might
be.
also be mentioned. 1t has taught the
English people. as nothing else has
ever done, the dignity and the fmpor-
tance of labor. In no other way In the
depended so much on the factory and
workshop. In the old days glory was
the preserve of the fighting man, but
today it is realized that the man who
his country as the man who nres them
off. The same lesson has been taught
in another way by the raising OF Brit
aims great democratic army. Dukes
son and cooks son have met on equal
terms as privates in the ranks and have
learned to like and respect each other.
The same process has been going on
in the factories and workshops where
from the upper classes have
been making shells alongside tho
skilled mechanics. One of these volun-
teers in a factory near London, for in
stance, is Lord Norbury. an Irish peer,
and there are scores of other aristo-
Gratis working in overalls at the bench
and lathe. The men Of each class are
finding out that the others are not such
bad fellows after all and the men OF
the upper class are learning that work
is not a disgraceful thing. Is 1t too
much to hope that this will result in an
influx of new and fresh brains to ousi"
ness and industry?
-, Copyright. 1915. BY Curtis Browal a
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-08-01

this is that there will be more attrac.
tive investments at home. The latest
war loan at nominal 412 per ceh.'
which is really nearer per cent. Is a
case in point, for it affords absolute
security at rate which one expecteo
only to get for more or less speculative
investments in recent years.
When the commercial boom comes
capital will be wanted badly. and
business men will be willing to pay
for it at a high rate. This Will cut
off the stream of loose money wnlcn
has flowed for investment to the new
towns and cities of America and Cana
da, SO that it is quite likely that
period of stagnation. as far as new
development is concerned. viii foi 10Y,
be a decided falling off for some years
in emigration from all European coun-
tries involved in the struggle The
casualty lists will have reduced tne
pressure on the population for one
thing, and the coming boom at home
will provide work for all the available
men. 1t is quite likely. too, that it
will be some years after RI the Cd dee lara
armies are disbanded and the men al
lowed to return to civil life. There
will be all sorts of questions to be
settled up, and during these settle
ments an army in being is valua able
argument for a diplomat. The opti-
mists here, too. are looking forward
to the necessity of keeping a fairly
large army of occupation in Germany
while she is arranging to find the in
IDENTITY which it is hoped she will have
to pay to the allies.
Another sign of the new spirit Of
foresight and order in England is the
growing demand for the establishment
of a ministry of commerce. British
business men have always been prop
erly suspicious Of too much state in
reference in their affairs. but the war
has taught them that there are a good
many things that the state can do for
them which are intellectually useful.
One of these examples is the work of
the new issues committee" establish
ed by the treasury. This, of course,
was frankly a war measure. but it
has saved private investors many
thousands Of pounds. 1t is commit
tee of financial experts whose duty it
is to examine the soundness of all new
issues of stock before they are placed
on the market and to forbid the float
ing of mildcat companies. Englan nd
has been the happy hunting ground of
the fraudulent company promoter for
a generation, and now he has sudden
ly found his occupation gone.
Lloyd George has also shown the
way to another business reform in con-
nection with his work as minister Of
munitions by establishing an exchange
where manufacturers with idle ma
chinery and buyers needing goods can
be brought together. 1t applies. of
course. only to munitions of war now.
but there is no reason why it should
not be extended when the war is over.
Lloyd George has also done great
deal to improve the working of the
labor exchanges. whereby the man
seeking q job and the job seeking a
man are brought into touch with more
certainty and celebrity than ever before.
At present, it is true, Great Britain
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-08-01
Newfoundland i'm Danger Of a Submarine Raid:

veloped by Sir William Reid. a pioneer
captain OF industry who often found
his enterprises retarded because OF the
feeling that he was becoming too much
ers, while anxious for the material de-
velopment of the country. and whine
approaching what one indomitablc
spirit could do. nevertheless objected
The Cabot strait is kept open during
the winter by two powerful little
steamers. the Bruce and sister ship,
which connect with the railway at
Gently have been acquired by the Rus
sian government for use at it's arctic
port of Archangel.
Ne Nswfoundland. while cooperating
against German submarines or other
enemy attacks. does so as an independ-
ent. self-governing colony, Nothing
than to be considered a part OF the
Dominion. That is a very common mis-
take. and is especially common among
members OF Congress I'm the United
States. During the discussion of the
Canadian reciprocity treaty IT required
a painstaking campaign Of educa ton
among the congressman to make them
understand that Newfoundland is not
a part of Canada.
The colony has Its own legislature
and negotiates treaties with just as
little restraint by the British foreign
oihSe as ooeS SanaOa. Inc treaty
negotiated by Sir Robert Bond with
Secretary Blaine was objected to by
Canada as involving some Of the
Dominion's fishing rights. and was
therefore allowed to die. and this
caused resentment in Newfoundland.
other treaties negotiated in past wears
with the United States were pigeon.
noled In the Senate through the in
nuence OF New England senators.
HAD the Canadian reciprocity treaty.
peen ratified by the Dominion II IL nos.
sible that Newfoundland would aIso
nave been impelled to negotiate a SIM
liar treaty. although she was unwilling
to make concessions on her policy of
Ievying duty on exports OF pulp wood.
The defeat Of the reciprocity treaty by
the Dominion parliament ended the pos.
sibility. of this embarrassment.
There is a close trade relation between
this country and Newfoundland. Not
wfthstanding the geographical proximity
to Canada, the United States has a fair
ly good market, and also affords good
market for the products of the New
foundland fisheries. Much of the cod
fish product is taken by Porto Rico.
While the danger of a German SUBJ
marine raid on Newfoundland may not
be imminent. the people of the United
States, nevertheless. cannQ avoid a
feeling of kindly interest in the meas
ures which may be taken to counteract
such an attack. should it be made.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-08-01

ranks of the allies. are practically all
foodstuffs. Belgium will take years
to rebuild and in any case is entitled
to all the aid that can possibly be
given her. The writer is told that
some such scheme has already been
seriously discussed not only among the
politicians at home. but also among
the statesmen Of the various countries
concerned, and that it has been favor
ably received everywhere. 1t has even
been suggested that some arrangeme-
ment might be made by which the
United States could come into the new
Zollverein and perhaps the South
American republics as well, but that
has not got beyond the stage Of sug-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-08-01
BONAR-LAw.

Britain. Much of this trade. then. is
waiting to be done by Great Britain and
her allies, if a proper system of mu-
tual protection against Germany is de-
vised.
One feature of the trade conditions
after the war for which America.
Canada, and to less extent South
Africa and Australia, must be prepared
will be that there will be less capital
available for new development and
what. will be available will be at
much higher rate than they have been
accustomed to pay. The reason Tor
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-08-01

prevailed over colonial considerations.
England, at the beginning OF the pres
ent entente. yielded nearly everything
that France claimed and made impor-
tant concessions in Africa.
Newfoundlanders complained that they
had been sacrificed, but there was a
real advantage in ending the whole
controversy, and IL they suffered lit
tie in some of their fishing privileges
the loss was more than Offset by the
ending of friction. The French acted
with discretion. and no causes OF irri-
tation arose after the diplomatic set
Element was arranged.
The population of Newfoundland is
not composed entirely of fishermen and
other seafaring folks. 1t has some
farmers and in summer time New
The short season gives 1t tropical
1uxuriance, but as a general PROPOSE
ton farming in Newfoundland is a
rather bleak proposition.
-
The timber resources are valuable.
Lumber is shipped to the United States
and to Europe. Pulpwood is the most
important timber industry. 1t has been
very thoroughly developed during the
last few years, following the initiative
of Lord Northcliffe, the owner OF the
London Times and other journals. He
bought an enormous tract of timber
lands, built mills and partly supplies
his papers from Newfoundland.
American newspaper owners also
made investments'in some or the tlm-
Der areas, but apparently rather as a
source of reserve than as means OF
present supply, since little has been
done to develop these tracts
The tourist industry sometimes rs
considered as one OF Newfoundlano
abound. have known enthusiastic
English sportsmen who came across
with only a week to spare, and they
always declared that the sport was
The salmon streams are especially
noted, and they are favorites with
Americans James J. Hill. the rail-
way magnate, has salmon preserve
number of friends to enjoy the fishing
The deer hunting also draws many
Americans who are fond OF this form
of sport. Hunting caribous. however.
would not appeal to a hunter like Col:
Roosevelt. The animals are tame, and
frequently a herd Of them may be seen
crossing the railway tracks. once
had a fellow-passenger who said that
il he was after trophies he could shoot
all the caribous he wanted from the
car window.
As tourist country Newfoundland's
attractions, of course. are limited to
the summer. Many visitors proceed
directly from the Atlantic ports by
steamer to st. Johns. but others prefer
the land route. They cross the Nor
cumberland straits from Sidney in
Nova Scotia and then take the narrow
gauge railway across the island to st.
Johns.
Part of the way the line runs along
the Humber and touches several OF the
inlets, but most of the inland journey
is through barren country, with some
wild lake scenery to compensate for II.
The railway line is kept in operation
during the winter season. 1t was de-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-08-01

Such a combination would mean an
enormous new trade for Great Britain
and her allies. In 1913, the year before
the war, Great Britain alone imported
from Germany goods to the value Of
about 100000, 900, while she exported
to Germany only about $135,000,0O0
worth of goods.
No figures are available of the Ger
man exports to the other European ma
tions and to the British colonies, but
there is not the slightest doubt that
they were at least four times. if not
five times, as large as those to Great
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-08-01
Britain Expects Great Trade Boom After the w

against. however, is the competition
of Germany. and in this the pessimists
are to some extent right. The in
dustries of Germany have not been
laid waste, and it is extremely un-
likely that even if the allies do invade
her territory. there will be much de-
struction. The German financial scale
of living is much below that of the
English workman, and if the German
has been a dangerous competitor in
when he is trying to recover the trade
lost by the war. He will also be
dangerous not only as an outside COM
petitor, but as a commercial invader.
Before the war it Is estimated that
there were about 10000 German firms
and individuals in business in England
and some of them controlled important
Industries and financial undertakings.
These men, and more like them, will
flock back when peace is declared to
the Eldorado, which England has al
ways been to the industrious and am
bilious young German. 1t is a curious
the day before the recent declaration
of war, Queen Elizabeth expelled from
England the Hanseatic merchants, who
had secured control of British trade
in much the same way that their de-
scendants did 800 years later.
This led to the attack on England
by the Spanish. for Philip of Spain was
financed in building and equippfng the
Armada by the EanSeaClC cities, VINO
were burning for revenge. 1t may also
be significant that after turning out
the German merchants, Queen Eliza beth,
who was a shrewd business woman as
we'll as a great queen. imposed a good.
stiff tariff on German goods and so
built I'D a number of Furnishing infant
British industries.
1t is along these lines that British
business men are thinking today and
the writer would not be at ali sur
70 he 10 "a mn
followed in England's postwar fiscal
policy, and not only in England's, but
in that Of all the allies. There is
much talk now. and one Is informed
mere irresponsible gossip, of a Europ-
can customs union against Germany.
From England's point of view such an
arrangement would be ideal, for it
would satisfy both the free traders
and the protectionists, who are both,
by the way. now included in the coali-
ton government. 1t would satisfy the
free traders because it would mean
practical free trade with the greater
part of Europe. and the tariff against
Germany would be put forward as a
war measure and not only on Its eco
nomic grounds. 1t would satisfy the
protectionists because it would afford
real protection against England's only
important trade competitor in Europe.
France is manufacturing nation, of
course, but the things that England
imports from France do not compete
with her home products. Russia is
chiefly an importing country and what
she exports is almost entirely food,
which England needs. Italy's exports
also are welcome in England as they
are almost entirely non -competitive and
the exports of the Balkan states, al
ready or soon to be included in the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-08-01

Pepper Suggestion Of German Underwater Craft
With and Would
Be Unable Establish Base
Shpds Nwfomd
land Seriously Prospect Raid e Of the Coast
FomE for Enemy.