davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Pioneer press. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1882-19??, 1915-05-15

tents champion OF Great Britain.
and who several times has been
member Of the Australasian team in
The Davis Cup matches. has been
illed III ,hs lifting in the Daria.
ncllcs.
Mr.. Wild'"g was a second lieu
emant in the Royal marines.
;luerta is the only man who seems
. know exactly what to call a Mex.
can.
Pioneer press. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1882-19??, 1915-05-15
Confidence In Son.

lIoW thoroughly typical OF the
Mothcr was her reception OF the news
Oh her son successful passage Of
me ci'al"ar" III the bleak December
Oh zoo! Nhcn she came to those
portions OF the dispatches which
were pahe&yrlcai or her son, she
nodcSlly ana coolly observed to the
Pioneer press. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1882-19??, 1915-05-15

hcp arsrs In ths ee,hetsry nt rtou,
cricksburg, and Cen. Jackson, then
President OF the United States, clos
ed his address with glowing trib-
ute.
Pioneer press. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1882-19??, 1915-05-15
81 YEARS AGO
STONE ERECTED TO
MARY WASHINGTON

Just as Washington is inevitably
to be known as The Father OF His
Country" as the mother Of Wash
ingtOn may be appropriately name !
The Mother OF Our Nation" And
that she is worthy Of the title, as
much SO as her son is to his, was
Shown in all the noble deeds of this
great American woman. Mary Wash.
ington's life was one unbroken Sc
rics OF prai-cworthy actions. in tn.
RevolutioMary drama, in which
figured in many OF its earlier a-......
by her noble and inspiring woLna.
hood, for example went far towar
making and molding the first ch.e2
OF our nation.
Mary WashIngton's life was 50
strikingly grand; she was uniform
so gentle, 50 amicaDlc and SO dtgn.t
ed, that it would be difficult 10 fl.
the eye on any one act more strik.
ffs1thau the rest.
Devotion to Mother
Washington meyer forgot the rca.
source Of his greatness He was al
ways mindful of the woman who's,
virtues had warmed his own and
had Cited him to become the man OF
unbcnding integrity and heroic cour
age. WashingtOn's father having
died when George was Il young man
it fell 10 the lot of the mother tt
rear her five children with that I'm
firing hand which guided so many
widows through this pcrilous season
And as the richest reward Of {
mothers SOlicitude and toll. she haC
The happiness Of seeing all OF hel
children come forward with fail
promise into life, and lived to witness
the noble career o. her eldest son
till, by his own rare merits, he was
raised to the head OF nation, and
applaudcd and rcVcrcd by the whole
world.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-08-29
The Bagdad Railroad.

The story of the beginnings of the Bag
dad Railroad is marvellous fusion of
romance and machine. In few brief
years the German, whom the world has
learned to despise as diplomat, had re
placed the Briton at the Golden Horn. He
was the first friend of the Sultan. The
Kaiser was the ally of the head of the
hierarchy of Islam. His generals were
training Turkish troops, his engineers were
crossing Asia Minor by the road of Alex
ander and of Cyrus.
The Sick Man of the East seemed sud
denly galvanized. German and Austrian
statesmen supported Turkish rule, or
rather misrule, in Macedonia. The chao;
there was prolonged, with the very delib-
erste intent that it should one day yield to
Austro-German order. All the ambitions
of Serb, Greek, Bulgar were crushed down
bv the Turk ruthlessly, with the open or
covert aid of the Germans. Every effort
at reform went to wreck, because the Turk,
snre of his allies, felt no fear of his ole
foe Russia, no regard for his ancient
British ally.
II was true, and the Turks realized II,
that what Germany aimed at was ultimate
conouest, but in the meantime her purpose
was identical with that of the Osmanli /;
she was interested in keeping Turkey in
tact. because she purposed to rule it all.
Russia and France had their eyes fixed on
Constantinople and Syria. Great Britain
had taken Cyprus and ruled supreme in
Fovpt despite a nominal recognition of
the Khedive. 1t was the dream of the
Turk to restore his ancient empire. He
longed to reconquer Egypt, Tunis, Algeria
TO take up the ancient pathway of glory
along the southern shore of the Mediterra-
mean.
As for Germany. such an expansion
struck at France and England. Controll-
ing the Sultan she would control the spirit
ual commander of most of the 100000 900
Mahometans, not alone those subject to
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-08-29

years ago to dream of an empire, an en-
prc which should be founded on the closest
commercial alliance between Austria and
Germany, the pacific penetration first, then
the military control, of Turkey. From Ber-
lin to Bagdad, through Austro-German ter
ritory and through the lands Of Turkish
ally or vassal, the railroad was to connec;
the Spree with the Euphrates and in due
time German military power was to ap-
proach Suez and the Indus, to strike at
Great Britain at two vital points.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-08-29
From Berlin to Bagdad.

Achieving her unity only in 1871, Ger
many came too late into the field to share
in the partition of the better portions Of
the globe available for colonization. In
Africa Great Britain had by conquest and
colonization laid the foundation of empire
at the Cape and was already concentrating
her attention on Egypt, while between. her
color was the most frequent. France had
occupied Algeria since 1880, was about to
take Tuns, and from the north, the west
and the south was already preparing to
begin those wonderful colonial expeditions
which were to carry her color from Algiers
to the Congo, from the Syrtes to the Pill
lars Of Hercules.
In Asia there was still less promise.
Great Britain in India and the Straits,
France in Indo-China, had made their
supremacy beyond question. Australia
and New Zealand were British, the Ameri-
cas- were closed by the Monroe Doctrine.
For many years Germany was to contes:
with her British and French rivals for
African colonies, but that race was lost
before it began and the fact was not hid
den to German observers. They had come
Zoo late
But ~ the east of Europe, south of the
Danube and stretching across the Straits
into Asia Minor and beyond there was a
field for Germany. 1t had a double advan-
tage; it could be reached through Austria,
an ally, not a rival, without crossing the
seas. 1t was then open to German armies,
while the conquest of African colonies re-
manned impossible while British naval
supremacy was assured. 1t was, too, a
natural and easy line of advance, once the
little Balkan peoples were brushed aside,
and they could offer no real resistance to
Austro-German might; and in Asia Minor
there was a world, once the centre of pros
perity and civilization, now become almost
a desert, but still rich in all the possibili-
ties of industrial and commercial life.
Thus it was that Germans began many
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-08-29
On Saving Constantinople
Hangs Only Hope
of Colonial
Empire.
Bv FRANK H. SlMONDS.
Author. of The Great War.

It is natural, it was inevitable, that a
world with its attention fixed upon the
Turopean battlefelds should see in the
frbt for the Dardanelles, for Constant
nozzle. one phase of the struggle to defeat
the immediate German ends and aims
Thus the observers have pretty generally
,oreod that the fall of Constantinople
would mean the munitioning of Russia, the
breaking Of that blockade of winter and
,bo Kaiser which has shut off the armies
of the Car from the ammunition of his
Allies. the elimination of Turkey from the
battle line of the Central Powers and the
permanent disposal Of the Balkan problem,
for the present war.
Once the Allied flags fly in Pera, once
the Bosporus and the Dardanelles are
omen to the passage of the Allied fleets,
and. what is quite as essential, closed
,o those whom the Allies desire to shut out,
Rumania and Bulgaria will have to make
their terms with the masters of Byzantium,
and Greece can be ignored as negligible
ouantitv. In the same fashion any Turk
i.b attack upon Egypt and the Russian
frontier can be reckoned unlikely, for after
the fall of the capital there is small
chance that the friends of Germany, Enver
racha and his Young Turks, will long sur
,.,o the disaster.
., far and in terms Of the immedlat"
-a,cry of The war, The value Of Constan-
trop.c in the game has been pretty clearly
.a.oed by the ordinary observer. Yet this
only minor angle of the greater prob
l.m. Constantnople will not merely bring
down in its fall the last remaining walls OF
the Osmanli Empire in Europe, it will mean
the complete breakdown of the most ambi-
t.ous. the most colossal, Of all the German
ids for a place in the sun. 1t will be the
end Of the dream, still cherished in Berlin,
only now beginning to lose its power, to
awaken apprehension in London, Paris
and Petrograd of a German advance along
the road Of Alexander the Great from the
Bosporus to the Euphrates, from Byzan-
tium to Bagdad, and beyond to the from
tiers Of India itself.
It is this aspect of the fate of Constan-
tinople that has a permanent interest and
value and deserves a passing notice even
now. when the immediate interests of bat
tie are uppermost in all minds.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-08-29
The Balkan Barrier.

To the completion of her colossal plan
the small Balkan states, Serbia and Bull
garia, were direct barrier, Greece only a
potential obstacle, since Greece dreamed,
absurdy as it then seemed, Of retaking
Salonica, even Constantinople, and restor
ing the Eastern Empire. 1t was then es-
sential that Serbia and Bulgaria should be
made vassas or conquered. Above all it
was necessary that they should not be per-
mitted to expand at the expense of Turkey.
In due course of time Austria could and
did hope to descend to Salonica, to touch
the territory of the Turk through Serbian
provinces.
Five years ago, when Austrian troops
occupied the Sanjak Of Novi-Bazar, the
junction between Turkish and Austro-Ger
man territory existed. A railroad coming
south into Bosnia and through Bosnia to
Uskub in Macedonia was planned, and
abandoned because it was believed in Ber-
lin and Vienna that it would be easier and
less expensive to conquer Serbia and take
the Belgrade-S alonica Railroad, the main
Orient line to the Kgean. than to construct
a new line through the difficult region west
of Uskub.
But it was Serbia which constituted the
chief, the only serious obstacle to the Aus
tro-German programme. If Serbia re-
NAMED independent; above all, if Serbia
were able to annex Bosnia and the Sanja!i
of ovi-Bazar; if she were able to get her
window on the sea-" then she would cease
TO be walled in by Austrian and Turkish
territory, economically helpless. Thus it
was that the first considerable defeat for
the Austro-German programme came with
the passing of Serbia from the Austrian
to the Russian camp with the assassination
of Alexander and the accession of Peter in
1905.
For always it is essential TO remember
that the Russian ambition ran just counter
to German. Russia had long desired Con-
stantinople. She had fought many war;
for it and had just missed getting it before
the Congress of Berlin, when her troops
reached San Stefano. At that time by the
Treaty of San Stefano Russia had created
a greater Bulgaria, which was 10 include
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-08-29
Austria's Last Gamble.

AuSuld lsdot odhhoiS'
I'm this situation Austrian statesmen,
supported by German, made last desper-
ate gamble and succeeded in breaking up
the Balkan alliance. Bulgaria was per-
suaded to attack Greece and Serbia, which
together closed the road to the Egean, to
the Golden Horn, the road of Austro-Ger
man ambition. Bulgaria victorious would
become wholly dependent upon the will of
Vienna and Berlin, which could alone pro-
tect her from Russian anger. To Bulgaria
would fall all of Macedonia, the roadway
Of Austro-G German empire.
But the Austrian plan ended in disaster.
Bulgaria attacked and was defeated. Now
Macedonia was divided between the Greek
and the Serb, and two vigorous little states
closed the door to the East. More than
this, Rumania had changed sides and was
no longer a sure friend of the Central
Powers Italy, too, had shown still fur
Their hostility, and the new state of Albania
had in few months developed into bone
of contention between Vienna and Rome.
1t was no longer a mere question of open
inc a road from the Danube to the Sea of
Marmora; it was a question of preventing
Serbia from repeating the exploits of Sar.
dina and sweeping up all the Southern
Slavs from Cattaro to Trieste.
It was still possible, if Serbia were
crushed, to open the road, but if Serbia
.,ere left to consolidate her gains, with the
Slav populations of Austria becoming more
and more FESTIVE, with Russia daily grow
ing stronger, the time was certain to come
when all hope of the expansion of the Cen
trail Powers through the Balkans to Asia
Minor would be at an end. France had
acquired Morocco; Italy, Tripoli; Germany
had won some square miles of Congo
swamp as the price of her consent to the
French occupation of Fee. The last real
opportunity for Austro-German expan-
sion was slowly Pickering out. The road
from Berlin to Bagdad would soon become
impossible to follow. Already Great
Britain was making a bid for the Per-
sian Gulf terminus.
There were too many intricate and con-
ficting issues involved in the dispute Of
1914 to permit it to be said with accu-
racy that any one precipitated Arranged
don, but the Importance of the Austro-
German dream of hegemony in Asia
Minor cannot be overlooked.
At the Dardanelles.
q Having thus recalled these fact in re-
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-08-29

cent history, it is easy to see how much
greater are the issues being fought out
at the Straits than appear on the sur
face The last chance of German colonial
empire hangs upon the Turkish lines of
Pasha Dagh and Ach Bahia. Already the
Outposts of the Kaiser from Kiao-Chau
to the Kamerun have been swept up. Ger
man Togo and Southwest Africa are
memories. German East Africa is help
less and waiting only for the coming of
the invader.
If the Allies shall succeed in bursting
open the seward gate to Constantinople,
then Russian possession of the Turkish
capital is assured. This would be but an
inconsiderable reward for Russian sacri-
fees for the long terrible months that
lie between the Battle of the Carpathians
and the fall of Ossowetz. To Russia, with
the city, will go the shore of the Sea
Of Marmora south of the famous Enos-
Midia line, including the Gallipol PENN
sula. Once this is fortified by the power
which commands the Black Sea with its
fleet, the door of the Austro-German pow
ers opening into Asia Minor is closed
and the western terminus of the Bagdad
Railroad will be in Russian hands.
But this is not all. 1t will then be ros-
sible for the Allies to settle the disputes
between the Balkan States. The peril to
Serbia of Bulgarian attack will pass
when Bulgarian frontier marches with
Russian and Bulgarian ports are at the
mercy Of the Russian fleets. In due course
of time the little Balkan States will con-
solidate their gains and become strong,
but always subservient to the sea powers
of the Mediterranean and to Russia. If
the Allies win the war, then Bosnia and
the Dalmatian coast south of the Narenta
River will go to Serbia; Albania, save
for the southern strip about Koritza and
Argyro- Castro, to Italy. This latter has
been occupied by Greece, is Greek in its
population, and will probably be left to
the state which possesses in Venizelos a
statesman capable of guarding her in
terests.
Even Rumania, with no other outlet
for her grain than the Straits, will have
to make her peace with Russia and in due
course of time become more closely de-
pendent upon Petrograd than upon Wen
"a and Berlin, even if she does not join
in the war and win Pennsylvania and
Bukovina.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-08-29
Italy Takes Alarm.

Italy 1 axes Alarm
In 1908 the Young Turkish revolution
temporarily interrupted German plans.
For the moment it seemed as if the new
order would look to London and Paris;
above all it seemed likely that it might
create a strong Independent Turkey, and
this would be fatal to the whole German
plan. In fear of this Austria annexed
Bosnia, which she had long occupied with
the consent of the Concert of Europe given
at Berlin.
But the annexation of Bosnia had dis
agreeable consequence. Italy was the ally
of Austria and Germany, but she was also
their rival in the Near East. She dreamed
of restoring the empire of Venice in the
Egean and by no means favored the ad-
vance of Austria to Salrnlca, the suprem-
acy of the Kaiser at the Golden Horn.
Accordingly, when Austria annexed Bos-
MIA, Italy's adherence to the Triple ALI
ance was only to be had by the evacuation
of the Sanjak of Novi-Bazar and the con-
sent to Italian occupation of Tripoli.
The former of these concessions by Aus
tria led to the interruption of Austrian
occupation of the tiny buffer district sepa-
rating Montenegro from Serbia, the latter
led to the ruin of Turkey, for the Turko-
Italian war, in exposing Turkish wea' o.
ness, brought the Balkan States into an al
lance against the Osmanli. When Italy
had done, Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro
and Greece attacked the Turk, and in a
brief war swept up practically all Of his
European territory.
This partition of Turkey, if it should
persist, was instantly fatal to the great
Berlin-to- Bagdad dream. Between the
Danube and the Golden Horn there nov
interposed three compact states, joined by
alliance and increased by large accessions
of territory and population. Unless they
were separated they could not be attacked
safely. because Italy would not join her
Austro- German allies in such an attack
and the Triple Entente, backing the Bal
kan alliance, would be force beyond the
mowers of the Austro-German armies, who
would have also to expect the possible APP
pearance of Italy in the ranks Of the foes.
Reread Bernhard and it will instantly
be seen how completely he recognized the
extent of the disaster incident to the Ital-
ian attack upon Turkey; indeed he vent
ured to say that it would have been better
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-08-29

the Turks, but also the subjects Of Great
Britain, of France, of Russia. Once the
Bagdad Railroad connected Constantine
pie with Bagdad, made junction with the
Syrian railroads which led down past the
Egyptian frontier to Mecca, her pathway
of empire was ready.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-08-29
The Prize Of the World.

Such briefly, then, are the issues that
are involved in the fate Of Constantinople.
Napoleon called it the "prize of the
world" For it Russia has striven for
centuries. For it Austrian and German
statesmen have been working for many
years. And for them the pathway was
blocked by that little Serbia whose quar-
rel with Austria has brought the world
to ArmageddOn.
If Constantinople falls we shall see the
passing of the Osmanli. He is fight
ing with his back to the wall at the pre-
else point where he entered Europe, at
the Galipol peninsula, more than five
centuries ago. We shall see the Cross
replace the Crescent on st. Sophia. But
beyond this we shall see the final extinc-
ton of the German dream of place in
the sun, which has moved her to so many
sacrifices, to such gigantic labors in war
and peace in the recent decades.
For the future this will have very pro-
found meaning. For out of the war all ma.
tions will come wellnigh bankrupt, if NOT
actually ruined. But France, Russia and
Great Britain will retain their empires, in
crease them beyond their own frontiers,
if Constantinople falls. Even Italy is as
sured of some territorial profit. She will
keep Rhodes and establish herself in the
Egean. But sea power has already
spelled the ruin Of German colonies. The
markets for the manufactures of the AL
lies will be expanded new tariff walls will
bar the German exports.
Constantinople may hold out, France
end Italy may be crushed, Russia forced
to give up the war and her Polish and
Lithuanian provinces. Even Great Brit
ain may be invaded and made to pay the
price of the conqueror. The war is yet TO
be won, but it is necessary to recognize
thet while the battle in Europe is being
waged on fields familiar to US all there
i. being fought in the obscurer regions
where Europe and Asia touch the battle
which means as much to Germany as did
the struggle in America to France and
England. At Constantinople as at Cue
bee great empire and a magnificent
colonial dream are at stake. The German
place in the sun is being won or lost,
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-08-29
FROM BERLIN TO BAGDAD GERMANYS DREAM
Fall of Stamboul Means
Final Bottling Up
of Central
Powers.

which will erect series of strong states
interposing between the Russian forts
along the Straits and the Austrian from
tier, but what of Asia Minor? Certainly
no part of it will be left to the Central
Powers. France, Great Britain, Russia
and Italy will divide the spoils of the
Osmanli.
At present there is some prospect that
Greece will share in the division. Smyrna
is a Greek city; next to Athens and Con-
stantinople it contains more Greeks than
any other city in the world. The coast
from the Troad to the straits separating
Rhodes from the mainland is peopled
by Greeks. 1t was the Persian attack
upon Greek colonies here that led to the
great Persian invasion. To recompense
Greece for surrendering Kavala, Drama
ard Sores to Bulgaria, the Allies once
promised Greece Smyrna. Greece, to win
this great prize, was also to send her
troops to Gallipoli. German intrigue pre-
vented this; perhaps the chance has been
lost forever.
AS for Italy, she has Rhodes and the
Dodecanesus; she claims the southern
shore of Asia Minor to the Gulf of Alex
andretta. Here France takes up the work
of partition; her sphere of CONNER
cial interest goes south through the Leb-
anon, through Beirut to Palestine. Here
the interest of England, now master Of
Egypt, begins. England, too, has an ex-
petition toiling up the Tigris and the Eu-
pirates. Russia has one in Armenia and
along the headwaters of the Euphrates.
She claims Turkey as far west as the IA
nous Hays. She may yet claim all, to
the shores of the Bosporus itself.
1t may be that the conflict Of claims
will end in leaving the Turk master of
Anatoia. 1t is a great country, larger
than Spain; as large as France without
Corsica. 1t is rich in minerals and pre-
sents great agricultural and industrial
prospects. But it may also be the centre
of new Eastern Question, new focus
of rivalries. For it is clear how conflicting
are the various ambitions.
Yet these can hardly concern Germany.
If the Car comes TO the Golden Horn it
will be the sea powers, the Mediterranean
powers, which will alone be able to contest
for the Turks estate; the road from Ber-
lin and Vienna will be closed, and closed
with many bolts.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-08-29

Macedonia and thus close the Austrian
door to the Egean, and the Congress of
Berlin had torn up the treaty and left the
Turk at Salonica and Uskub.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-08-29

for Austria and Germany to have sup
ported Turkey and attacked Italy.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-08-29
What Of Asia Minor?

So much for the European partition,
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-08-29

Having thus recalled these fact in re-