davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1915-12-19

been constructed within the past ten
years. and from now on>they will rap
idly grow. At the time the European
war broke out there were a number
of new lines under way that have since
been stopped for lack Of funds
In 1913. Brazil bought about 100000
worth of freight cars of the United
States and Europe. Last year she
bought only $1.0o0,oO0 worth. and this
year her purchases will be practically
nothing. She imported $11.000.00e worth
of steel rails in 1914, and she is now
buying none. Some of her large enter
prises, for instance, the Brazil Railway
receivers. and it will need the advent
of peace abroad to rejuvenate the era
of railroad construction.
At the close of the war the roads will
be pushed just as rapidly as money can
be found to pay for the construction.
Until now the capital for the public
works of this continent has come from
Europe, A large part has been from
England, and another large part from
France and Belgium. The Sac Paulo
road, of which I have written. Is owned
in London, and the Brazil Railway Com
pany, although it is managed by citi-
zens of the United States. depends al
capital. This company has capital of
$50.000,000. It is incorporated in the
state of Maine. The Germans own a
short railroad in Santa Catharina, and
the roads operating in the central
states have been financed for the most
part by Brazilians.
AS 1t is now. the government owns
or leases about 1000 miles of the pres
ent system, and many Of the other
roads have been built by the aid of
liberal concessions. In some cases the
government guarantees an interest on
Evening star., 1915-12-19

About five thousand snakes are handled
each year.
No pan-American scientific congress
in it's medical section and in consider
ing the subject of yellow fever would
do justice to itself II tribute were not
Finlay Of Cuba. Americans who were
in Cuba during the first year of our
military occupation, when the shadow
of the yellow fever epidemics was con-
stantly over Havana, will forget DR..
Finlay. The American medical officers
bi1ities, but they were receptive to new
ideas.
Dr. Finlay believed that the yellow
fever was transmitted by the mos
quito, but he had had no opportunity
to demonstrate his belief. His graft
medical officers began their expert
ments at Camp Columbia. 1t was SUI
preme when the experiments proved
that the theory was correct, and gem
erous tribute was paid to him.
Dr. Finlay's theory Of the propaga-
first promulgated In a paper read be-
fore the Royal Academy of Havana in
August, 1881. 1t was something like
the essay of Alfred Russell Wallace
on the "Orisin of Species" which gave
him place with Darwin as co-discov-
later work Of demonstrating the theory.
Geography and exploration form no
special section in the Pan-American
Scientific Congress, but many chapters
of geographical science have been
written by the pan-Americans them
selves. There are geographical insti-
tutes and societies in the Argentine
Evening star., 1915-12-19

bonds issued for constructing the lines.
and in others it gives also concessions
of lands. The Brazil Railway Company
has received a grant of some millions
of acres toward the construction of
new lines in southern Brazil. and 1t
has now under lease or in actual own
ership more than half million acres
Of forests. six million acres of possible
farms and more than eight million
acres said to be excellent pasture.
Perhaps the. most interesting of the
properties associated with the Brazil
Railway Company is the Madeira and
Mamore railway. This road is located
tar in the backwoods of Brazil. 1t is
situated thousands of miles up the
Amazon, In the heart of a wilderness
that produces a large part of the rub
ber Of the world. 1t is only 226 miles
long, but it's location is such that 1t
opens up thousands of miles OF river
navigation. 1t goes around the falls OF
the Madeira river, Into which flow the
three mighty streams known as the
Mamore, Beni and the Madre de Dios.
all Of which originate on the eastern
slopes of the Andes, and are navigable
for long distances above the falls.
In the past the cargoes have been
carried over the falls in large boats
manned by crews of fifteen men each.
but the waters are SO rough that many
lives and much freight have been an
nually lost. The railway Will carry
passengers and freight around the falls
and will thus give a new outlet from
the Andes to the Atlantic. This viii
Evening star., 1915-12-19

practical ends is Senior Gonzalo Mejia
of Columbia. He has designed a hydro
plane with a special view to its serv-
ice in accelerating navigation on the
Magdalena river, and especially in car
rying mail.
Anybody who has spent ten or twelve
days making the voyage UP the shall
low Magdalena, with it's shifting sands.
in order to get to Bogota, will look
hopefully to the results of Senior Mejia's
experiments. since they promise to
shorten 1t to three days Preliminary
tests made on the Hudson recently
seem to give promise of success.
The record of a few scientific achieve
ments. such as noted above. gives force
to some of the practical features in
cluded in the program of the coming
congress. Abstract science is likely to
be in the background and applied
science in the foreground.
The range of topics to be considered
by the different sections of the con-
gress covers agricultural meteorology.
conservation, irrigation, the marketing
of farm products, electrical. sanitary
and transportation engineering. min
chemistry, and transportation. com-l
merce. finance and taxation. Education.
international and technical, as well as
public education IN democracies, and
international law, are also part of the
program. The Pan-American Institute
of International Law is one Of the de-
velopments of the general pan-Ameri-
can movement of recent years, and the
effort will be made formally to inau-
gurate 1t under the auspices of the
scientific congress.
Evening star., 1915-12-19

~ CRING the past few months
III ~ have travelled over the most
~ important of the railway sys-
~ TENS of Brazil. have seen the
best part of the trunk line that goes
from Rio de Janeiro to Montevideo, and
have gone north. west and south over
the roads that radiate from the city of
Sac Paulo. ] went from Santos to Sac
Pauio over line that produces more
revenue per mile than any other on the
western hemisphere. 1t is only 124
miles long, but its dividends on its COM
mon stock are ~ per cent. and it pays
q good rate on the preferred stock and
bonds That railway is one of the best
managed In all South America There
are few roads better built, and few that
have cost SO much or paid so well. The
line Is broad gauge. and it's average
cost, including the terminals, has been
more thar s15o.ooe per mile. The gross
income now approximates $4,000 a
mile, and the traffic is bound to in
crease.
The Santos-Sao Paulo road is the
great coffee chute from the plantations
TO the sea. Along the Atlantic shores
two or three thousand feet high. Back
Of these mountains are great plateaus.
the products of which have to be carried
down to the seacoast. 1t Is only here
and there that there are passes in the
mountains. and * is where those passes
occur that the chief railroads are They
have been built from the ports to the
interior to carry out the crops This
was the reason for the Sac Paulo rail-
way. 1t was to take the coffee down
to the steamers, and today. venture, 1t
transports perhaps half of all the coffee
consumed by the world.
During the past season the road has
Evening star., 1915-12-19

benefit not only Bolivia. but Matto
Crosse as well. The boats will go
from the falls down the Madeira river
Into the Amazon, and thence a Thousand
miles down the Amazon out to the sea.
This road is now completed, and it's
earnings in 1913 were more than ST.
100000, although it, like the parent
road, is in the hands of p receiver to-
day The Brazil Railway Company has
erected hospitals in connection with
the construction, and they have had a
large number of American doctors In
attendance.
At the beginning of the work about
60 per cent of the laborers were taken
down with fever, but toward the end
the average sickness was reduced to
less than per cent, and new regime
of tropical sanitation was inaugurated.
The government is anxious to extend
the road from its southern terminus to
Liberalta on the BENZ river, and thus
open a trade route of great Importance
to Bolivia. The latter republic has
authorized the building of a railway
from its capital at La Paz to some
point on the Benz. and the two roads
will give an eastern outlet for the
trade of the high plateau of the Andes.
Bolivia has other plans for the build
ing of railroads through its eastern
territory, which in union with those OF
Brazil will result in opening UP the
vast undeveloped and to large ex-
tent unexplored country that borders
the Andes from Argentina to Colombia
FRANK G. CARPENTER
Evening star., 1915-12-19

been carrying from ten to twelve mil
lion pounds of coffee a day. and that
down grades that render ordinary rail-
roading out Of the question. The drop
from the plateau to the sea is about
1000 feet, and the most Of this drop
six miles. 1t is only on the plateaus
and coast levels that ordinary loco
motives and ordinary trains can be
used. The great climb Is made in cars
tion much like the old cable street
railways OF the United States.
/ took the train at Santos and was
carried over fiat plain to the foot Of
the mountains, where the cars were at
tached to the cables. We crossed a
steep ascent over four planes Of equal
length. the gradients being of 8 or 10
per cent to the mile. When we arrived
at the mountains the locomotive was
taken or and the cars hauled up by a
rope consisting of six strands Of steel
wire wrapped about q hemp cord. This
rope was supported and guided by
small wheels placed between the rails.
and 1t was moved by engines at the
a special locomotive to prevent our
speedy descent IL the wire ropes should
fail. and there we.,s brakes, automatic
and otherwise, that gave US additional
the four stations and a car house at the
bottom. ! asked as to the maximum
weight of the trains that were hauled
UP the incline and was told that It
was about 145 tons. The usual train
consists Of six cars. These weigh ia
tons and the locomotive brake weighs
thirty-one tons. The time taken on the
incline Is eight minutes, and the ordi-
nary days service provides for about
5000 tons up and down. The road is
now double tracked and there are plans
for making new road along the same
route.
venture there is no American trunk
line that has better improvements than
Evening star., 1915-12-19

He spoke English as well as Portu-
guese, and was very polite.
My ticket from Rio to Sac Paulo cost
me over cents mile. The amount
was over $4,000 reis, or little less
than $40. This did not include my
rates are about $6 per night. and my
trunk. which weighed $50 pounds. was
charged for at the rate of IS. No bag
gage is carried free in Brazil. We had
our meals on the train. They were
served table d'hote style. at $1.33 a
plate. with an extra price for hard
drinks. At most of the stations are
restaurants. and at almost every stop
coffee Is served. The coffee comes in
cups the size of half an egg shell. Each
cup costs cents.
Brazil Is one of the great railway
countries of the future. It's territory
is greater than the United States prop
er, and it has far more good land in
proportion to its size. Acre for acre,
it will produce more food than the
United States. and, cultivated inten-
sively, it could feed and clothe the
whole world. Nevertheless. 1t has only
about $4,000 miles of railways in opera
tion. and something like 1000 more in
projection or construction. 1t has not
one-twelfth as much track as we have,
and 1t is at the beginning of its rail-
way era.
The United States is already grid
told, a mileage of about 100000. 1t
would girdle the world about ten times.
Our first road was built in 1880, and
the first one in Brazil was not opened
to traffic until twenty years later. The
most of the railways of Brazil have
Evening star., 1915-12-19

X
Public health and medical science
form a special section in the program
of the Washington congress, with
Gen. W. c. Gorgas of Cuban and Pam
anna sanitary fame, as chairman.
Brazil has a special interest in this
section, for she has always been hos
pitable to new ideas and has also
shown a marked capacity for medical
and hygienic organization. More than
q century ago she had a society de-
voted especially to medical teaching
and sanitary service. She was among
the first of the Latin American coun-
tries to organize a league against
tuberculosis. The Pasteur Institute at
Rio de Janeiro is one of the most
notable instances of Brazilian progress
siveness and hospitality to medical dis
coveries.
Yellow fever has been the scourge
tries. Not even the United States
from one of whose ports yellow fever
originally was carried to Rio. has been
more advanced in seeking to combat
the scourge than has Brazil.
A archaeological institute was estab-
lished more than a quarter of a CEN
tury ago with the special purpose of
making studies in yellow fever The
later development, following the proof
of the mosquito as the transmitting
agent of the disease, was the Oswaldo
Cruz Institute for experimental pa
thology, under the direction of DR.. Cruz
himself. This was the outgrowth of a
health division established in 1902. Ad-
Evening star., 1915-12-19

DIR. CARLOS FINLAY,
Cuban physician who propounded the
mosquito theory Of yellow fever.
famous one at Cordoba. the ancient
seat of learning. The Harvard OBJ
servatory at Ariquipa, in southern
Peru. Is SO well known that it does
not require description.
The meeting Of the pan-American
scientists in Washington gives occa-
sion to recall some of the personalities
of the various countries who have
achieved international reputation.
Among the best known Of these was
DR.. Florentino Ameghino Of Argentina.
His Investigations into the primitive
life of the Argentine pampas secured
him European recognition at an early
exposition of 1873 he was awarded the
first prize for his collection of paleon-
tological, anthropologic and Indian an
tiquities. His collection of fauna, made
In connection with his brother, added
to his reputation.
DR.. Ameghino was for several years
professor of zoology and comparative
anatomy at Cordoba University. Subse-
Que.tly he became director of the
National Museum at Buenos Aires.
He was the author Of many books. The
best known of these was THE An
tiquity of Man in the River Plate Re-
gion."
Darwin had noted with great inter-
est the gigantic extinct quadrupeds Of
the Argentine pampas. but had drawn
no conclusions from his observations.
DIR. Ameghino, as the result of his own
studies, believed that this section Of
the new world was the original home
of primitive man. European scientists
received his views with respect. but
not with entire conviction. The scien-
fists of the Smithsonian Institution
also accorded him much praise for his
original Investigations, but did not ac-
cept his conclusions. DR.. Anne Chino was
stout controversialist. however, and
maintained his views with much vigor.
He died in 1911.
Brazil, the late Ambassador Nabuco
declared, is an illustrated catalogue of
nature, and 1t is there that many con-
tributions have been made to science.
The scholarly ambassador said that
the Amaxonian forest revealed to AL
fred Russell Wallace more than 500
species of birds, and that the Amazon
river alone presented Agassig with
more kinds of fish than the Atlantic
ocean appeared to contain.
Brazilian achievement has not been
left only to foreign scientists. The
celebrated botanical garden at Rio de
Janeiro, established by the Emperor
Dom Pedro, is filled with the trophies
of native botanists. among them DR..
Barbosa Rodriguez. who is credited
Evening star., 1915-12-19
RAIMONDI, GEoGRAPHER ANDES, A.
LIMA, PERU.

miral Peary. and the Duke of Abruzzi.
Sheriff., and the occasion was a not
able one in the scientific annals of
Argentina.
DR.. Moreno was the founder and di-
rector of the La Plata Museum. He
has made notable explorations in the
Andean region and in Patagonia.
Among his discoveries was that of the
remains of a pampan mylodon, or giant
ground sloth, an extinct mammal, at
Lost Hope inlet, in 1897.
The advance made in aeronautics dur
ing the last few years has not dimmed
the laurels of a notable pan-American
in the person of Santos-Dumont, the
young Brazilian who made the first
public flight with a dirigible balloon
fourteen or fifteen years ago.
Santos Dumont filled large space in
the annals of aeronautics in the period
following 1900, when he maintained
the possibility of conquering air with
the dirigible as well as with the aero
plane. He was awarded the Meurthe
prize for his flight around the Eiffel
tower in October, 1901. He also expert
mented with an aviation machine for
straight flights. Recently Santos
Dumont has been engaged in expert
ments for a monoplane aircraft for
traversing the Andes.
Another pan-American whose expert
ments in aeronautics are directed to
Evening star., 1915-12-19
able Scientific Achievements of Latin Americans

CONGRESS Panenan Be Held United States
~ Host Scientists Who Will Assemble From the Rio
GndGeat National Museums South American ConuiWor in Public
Health and Medical SenceGogpy and Exploration and the Pioneers of the South
Contributed o Worlds
Evening star., 1915-12-19

Republic Brazil, Peru and other coun-
tries. and these societies have been the
inspiration OF many explorations and
discoveries
There Is a statue in Lima, Peru, to
Raimondi, whose work on the geog-
raphy Of the Andes was monumental.
Raimondi was of Italian BIRTH but his
whole life was spent in Peru. He was
the pioneer geographer of great sec
tion of the Andean country. 1t was he
who in describing the mineral re-
sources Of Bolivia called it silver ia
BILE with gold legs.
Among living pan-American explor-
ers rank should be accorded to Gen.
Rafael Reyes, former President Of Co
lombia. who. owing to political events
in his own country. is now a resident
of Europe. Gen. Reyes always mod
estly disclaimed any special scientific
value for his explorations. but they
formed a thrilling chapter in South
American adventure.
Before the meeting Of the n-Amer-
ican conference in Mexico in 1901 Gen.
Reyes was in Washington. and in CALL
ing on Presidet Roosevelt incidentally
made mention of his travels through
Amazon. Mr.. Roosevelt was vastly in
terested, and at his suggestion Gen.
Reyes recited some of his experiences
to the pan-American conference to
which he was a delegate. His story
was subsequently given permanent rec.
ord in several languages.
In the explorations which SO signally
interested Col. Roosevelt. Gen. Reyes,
and a small party of Indians, took a
month traversing on foot the Paramos,
or cold solitudes of the Andes, in or
der to reach Pasto. on the eastern
to make their way down the slope
through virgin forests peopled by wild
beasts and vipers until they reached
the hsadwaters OF canoe navigation on
the Putumayo. the affiuent of the
Amazon.
Their guides were Mirana Indians
who never before had seen white men.
These friendly Indians, among whom
the stone ak is employed and who
have only the implements of primitive
civilization, piloted them to the point
where the cannibal Indians dwelt. 1t
took a month to make six hundred
miles on the river to this point.
A well disposed chief Of the cannibals
received the party Hospitality and in
vited them to partake of a feast on
the flesh of rival cannibal tribe.
Under the protection of this chief the
party was enabled to continue its voy-
age down the Putumayo. undergoing
great hardships. but without molesta-
tion on the part Of the tribes.
The Amazon was reached at last and
then Gen. Reyes and his party con-
tinued on to the mouth at Para in
steam vessels. In subsequent explora-
tions Gen. Reyes lost one brother, Henry,
through malignant fever. and the other.
Nestor. fell a victim to the cannibals.
Recognition of an eminent pan-Amer-
ican scientist in the person OF Dr.. Fran
cisco P. Moreno of the Argentine Re-
public has been accorded by the Amer
lean Geographical Society. The society
five or six years ago presented the
cullum geographical medal to DR..
been accorded this medal are DR.. Sven
Hedin; Nansen, the artic explorer; Ad-
Decorah public opinion. (Decorah, Winneshiek County [Iowa]) 1895-1928, 1915-10-13
STYLE SHOW SUCCESS.
Big ThrOng of Ladies' Visited Grace
mans Friday to See New Styles
Displayed on Living
Models.

Last Friday Graceman's put on
another living model style show
which drew an immense audience to
their store, during the afternoon
and evening. Through the able as
sistance of Mr.. H. Parnell Ross,
manager of the actor style troupe,
the merchandise was carried and
timed very nicely. A beautiful line
of dresses, coats, suits and evening
gowns were displayed by the Misses
Budd, Cruzan and Rasmussen.
The show was a decided success
and Mr.. Graceman received many
compliments on the beautiful gar
ments shown, and as result a nice
business was done in the different
lines.
Decorah public opinion. (Decorah, Winneshiek County [Iowa]) 1895-1928, 1915-10-13
Pony Contest Closes Tuesday.

The pony contest which has been
running at Miller's Economy store
for several months will close next
Tuesday, Oct. 10. A handsome
Shetland pony and buggy will be
given away The contest has Great
ed a lot of interest at this popular
store, which has been enjoying a
fine business. Don't forget the
closing of the contest next Tuesday.
Decorah public opinion. (Decorah, Winneshiek County [Iowa]) 1895-1928, 1915-10-13
Made Fine Family Group.

Mr.. and Mrs. Herman Lansing and
children of Ravena were in Decor
ali Saturday and had group picture
taken at the Solberg studio. There
were just an even dozen in the pic
ture, the father and mother and six
sons and four daughters.
Decorah public opinion. (Decorah, Winneshiek County [Iowa]) 1895-1928, 1915-10-13
Miss VIM. Linzenmeyer return

MISS W III. I4IHZHHHItytT IItIuI II
ed home to Prairie du Chen this
morning, after having been here in
attendance at the funeral of her
father, Gilbert Nelson. Her bro her
Conrad returned to Minneapolis this
morning.
Mary Pickford, Star, Saturday.
Decorah public opinion. (Decorah, Winneshiek County [Iowa]) 1895-1928, 1915-10-13
PETIT JURORS
For November 1915 Term, to Appear
Wednesday, Nov. 10th,
2:3O L. Nj.

The next term of the district court
for Winneshiek county will convene
in DEBORAH, Nov. s. The jurors have
been summoned this time to appear
on Wednesday, the third day of the
term. Judge Springer will preside.
Enll0rrriro in1rnrr drnu
Decorah public opinion. (Decorah, Winneshiek County [Iowa]) 1895-1928, 1915-10-13
Supervisors in Session.

The board of supervisors are in
session at the court house this
week.
Decorah public opinion. (Decorah, Winneshiek County [Iowa]) 1895-1928, 1915-10-13

Pickford, Star, Saturday.
The Manitowoc pilot. [volume] (Manitowoc, Wis.) 1859-1932, 1915-12-02
S STAR MILK PRODUCER
HoIstein Cow From New York Proves
Marvel in the State OF
Washington.

Seattle. Wash.-A llolstein COW on
the dairy farm Of Albert Lacosta, just
north OF this city, is attracting hun
drcds of city folk. The animal looked
just like an ordinary COW when she
arrived from New York state last
summer, but now that she is fresh.
it's another thing. The COW produces
for Lacosta each and every day 81
gallons of the finest milk.
Tho morning milking yields nine
gallons and the evening II gallons.
Tho uddcr Of this COW is a marvellous
sight, equal in size before milking to
"A wa8htuh. and drags so low that it is
with difficulty the milking Is done La.
costa gets all his stock from the east.
crn part Of the country and has an
other COW from an Iowa breeder which
has been yielding 10 gallons of milk
daily