Gilpin observer., 1915-08-05
CAMPAIGNS IN THE EAST

The first twelvemonth Of fighting
between the Russians on one side and
the Austrians and Germans on
the other is a story of great changes
of fortune, both combatants being re-
peatedly' driven back only to show
the greatest resiliency in defeat and
soon to resume the offensive in a most
surprising manner.
Russia's losses in the first year Of
the war are not approached by those
OF any nation in any war Of history.
Slow to Mobilize.
On August l, 1914, Germany do
clared war on Russia. Almost imme-
diately the Germans crossed the from
tier at Thorn and tho Austrians south
of Lublin. They were practically un-
opposed because of the slowness Of
mobilization in Russia. The Grand
Duke Nicholas .Nicholaievitch was
forced to gather his main armies we'll
to the rear of the line of great fort
resses running through Kovno, Grod-
no. Ossowetz. Novo Georgievsk, War
saw and Ivangorod.
On account of his desire to do all
he could to relieve the French. who
were being driven from northern
France by the amazing German rush
through Belgium, Nicholas attacked
sooner than he otherwise would have
done. AS result, he met two disas-
ters.
He sent General Samsonoff into
East Prussia from the south and
General Rennenkampf into East Prus-
sia from the east, the latter winning
the first large engagement Of the war
in the East at Gumbinen.
At this moment the Germans, be-
lieving that the French were well in
hand and about to be surrounded on
their eastern frontier, quickly with
drew 250,000 men from France and
hurled them by rail into East Prus-
sia, where they fell upon Samsonon
with crushing force in the great Ger
man victory of Tannenberg (Aug. 2S) {.
Meanwhile, the Austrians, leaving
only a few troops in Galicia to hold
back the Russians advancing from
Tarnopol on the line OF the Gnila-Lipa,
struck the Russians en- masse at Kras-
mix and routed them to Lublin.N
Most Bloody Drive Of War.
With two armies in difficulty, tho
grand duke decided to abandon one
to its fate and save the other. He
threw re-enforcements into Lublin
and ordered the line OF the Gnila-
Lipa river be forced at any cost. In
one Of the most bloody drives of the
war the Russians advanced into east
ern Galicia and occupied Lemberg.
The Russians then advanced to
Rawa Ruska and took the Austrian
armies in Poland in the rear, cutting
them up frightfully.
Meanwhile Won Hindenburg had
completed his victory over Samsonoff
by turning on Rennenkampf and clear
ing East Prussia OF Muscovites. But
though Rennenkampf had been de-
feated and Samsonoff almost ami
hilated, the Germans.
The Russians were now as far west
as Tarnow in Galicia. while their
Cossacks were able to make raids into
Hungary farther south. Hindenburg
concentrated q great force suddenly
in Silesia and began a drive from the
west against Warsaw and Ivan.
gorod. The Siberian corps arrived
in the nick OF time to save Warsaw
from the enemy.
Hindenburg then drew of the north.
ern section OF his army in Poland to
the north thinking to take the pursu-
ing Russians in flank with the south
ern section. But the Austrians were
too slow to carry out the field mar
shal's plans and the Russians, slip
ping into gap in the lines between
the Germans and their allies, slaugh.
tered the latter. The result was the