Iditarod pioneer., 1915-08-07


 hour later the Germans captured Ostends Meanwhile the allied troops occupied Ypres, and desperate battle had begun on the Vistula river. German assaults upon the allied lines between Ypres and Nieuport con tinued for week and then weakened.
 The Germans operating in Russia mean time had been defeated after ten days battle before Warsaw.
 In Africa revolt and mutiny broke out. These disorders were headed by the Boer leader General De Wet, General Beyers, Colonel Maritz and others.
 Colonel Martz was driven from Cape Col ony, General Beyers was killed at Vaal river, and General De Wet was captured after he had been in the field for more than month. Native troops in the African provinces be- longing to Germany Great Britain and France were lined up on the borders of the respective provinces. Fighting was general.
 Turkey Joins in the War
 During the latter part of October the Russians successfully attacked Lodz and Ra- dom, driving out the invading Germans.
 Turkey joined the war at that juncture by naval operations in the Black sea. Odessa was attacked
 November opened with German naval victory over British squadron off the coast of Chile, and the Turkish warships bom- barded Sebastopol. Two days later Ger man warships ventured from their anchor age behind the naval base at Heligoland and bombarded the British coast in the Vi cinity of Yarmouth.
 On November Great Britain and France declared war on Turkey, and the forts guarding the entrance to the Dardanelles were bombarded by fleet of allied English and French warships. On the north the Russians reoccupied Jaroslav after several days of ferocOus fighting.
 German cruisers which had been stationed in foreign waters at the opening of the war had by that time given good account of themselves The Emden, operating in the Indian ocean and adjacent waters, overlook and sunk more than a score of mercantile ships belonging to the nations allied against Germany before she was finally run down and destroyed of Cocos island. In the At lantc the karlsrhue and number of aux Hilary cruisers performed similar duties. They, too, sent to the bottom more than score of ships.
 Fighting Winter
 On land the armies of the bellgerents settled down to hold their positions for the winter months. Activities from November II, when the German forces captured Dix nude, resulted in Russian defeats at Vlots alvek, Lopno and kutno The battle in Flanders progressed at intervals, vigorous actions taking place and thousands of men on both sides being killed or wounded. In trenched for the winter, the armies con tented themselves principally with holding the positions they had gained.
 In the Standardization campaign there was considerable activity during the early winter months. The AuStrians occupied Belgrade, the Servian capital, on December 2 and retained it until December l5, when, after the Serbians had captured large forces of Austrans-they were driven back into their own territory
 On the sea a British squadron signaly defeated the German squadron which had been victorious off Chile. This engagement took place off the Falkland islands. Ger man cruisers bombarded Hartlepool and Scarborough and the German armored cruiser Butcher was sunk in the North sea by section of the British fleet operating there. German submarines became espe cia.ly active during the winter months, sink ing many merchantmen.
 March opened with an announcement of British reprisal measures against the Ger mans for the submarine warfare and the development of the battle in France.
 Battle of Neuve ChapeIIe
 British troops in France again became ac tive, making notable advance at Neuve Chapelle. By the end of March the Rus sian troops had penetrated the Dukla pass and entered Hungary. April saw the begin ming of violent assaults upon the German lines by the French east of Verdun and the Mouse The French stormed the German position at Les Esparges and about the same time it was officially announced that the total of British casualties to that date were l39,347.
 By the middle of April the Russians had penetrated Hungary to a point sixty mlles over the border, and the Germans had be- 1un successful assault upon the allied lines near Ypres. For several weeks the armies struggled back and forth, losing thou sands of men, gaining ground one day and being forced to evacuate their positions the next. In Galcia during the first three days of May the German-Austrian forces broke through the Russian lines and forced re- treat Fifty thousand prisoners, it was re- cited were taken.
 Around Ypres the British forces lost ground and were finally forced to evacuate' some of the positions they had gained on hill Mo- 60. Almost simultaneously the Russians began retreat from the Car pathian passes, and while this was in prog ress the Cunard liner Lusitania, bound from New York to Liverpool was sent to the bottom by torpedo fired by German submarine Approximately 1,20o lives were lost in the disaster.
 The loss of Americans in the Lusitania and other vessels which were victims of Germany's submarine warfare resulted in President Wilson protesting against con tinuance of such tactics.
 Italy Declares War >,,l On May 23 Italy declared war on Austria Hungary, after having denounced early in the month the triple alliance treaty. The declaration of war was quickly followed by raids upon the Italian coast cities by Aus +r;on oaronIaDes The Italian army struck