davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1915-12-01
TO VOTE ON C. OF c.
FOR ELKHART MONDAY
Expert From indianapolis to
Explain Organization
Methods at Meeting.


Elkhart shall undertake the organ
iaztion Of a chamber Of commerce
will be decided at meeting in he
Century club next Monday even
ing.
A ". McKeand Of the Mckes1G
Service Co. of indianapolis viii eX-
plain bis system OF organizing a
chamber Of commerce and what
methods ne would employ here.
MIR McKeand recently addressed a
number OF members OF the public
service board and other citizens, and
one result was the appointment Of q
committee 10 further investigate the
standing Of Mr. McKeand"s COM
pany and the ACCESSIBILITY OF having
him speak before a larger gathering
of local citizens The committee
consists Of o. 2. Bassett. Wilbur
Templin and n. A. Graham.
After Officer Wise had arrested a
tramp who gave his name as Andrew
Johnson, for dementia and intOXi-
cation. ami had taken him TO the
station Tuesday afternoon. he found
the man was carrying a suit Of
clothes that bore a laundry tag
marked with r. r. Micks' name.
After Mr. Micks had said ne knew
nothing about the matter. Mrs.
Micks was reached and she said she
had given the clothes TO the tramp
early in the evening. In the interim
q person had returned a bundle of
letters TO Mr.. NIicks that had been
found in an Outbuilding. They had
been in the pockets of the coat and
had been removed by Johnson. The
prisoner was released.
Hezekiah Clark. IS years old. a
Goshen factory worker. was killed
by the New York Central wrecker
late Monday night when il was re-
turning 10 Elkhart via Goshen, after
having operated at the scene of
Big Four trains derailment.
The first intimatiOn of the tragedy
was when the mangled body was
found at IL o'clock by Frank era
mer. n Waterman. 1t is believed
Clark got caught because he did not
think the train would take" the
"Y." He is survived by his widow.
bat nc children. He was a member
OF the woodmen of the World
W. g. Meyer substitute mail car
Tier. had the novel experience yes
terday OF picking strawberries from
vines on the farm of ]. 3. Garrett
two miles south Of the city The
strawberries, which are the second
growth on the vines. are of the
large luscious variety. Mr. Meyer
declares that the cold had not ef-
fected them.
Donald Sarbaugh of Goshen. who
is in his third year at the Univers-
ity of Michigan. has been invited by
Henry Ford 20 accompany the
peace commission" to Europe.
Joe May. an Austrian. charged
with burglarizing the home of Noble
Slabaugh OF near Nappanee on the
night OF Nov. II. pleaded guilty to
grand larceny in the superior court
Tuesday and was fined 81 and SEN
fenced to the Jacksonville reform
atory from one TO fourteen years.
Thomas GOldsberry, who stole
jewelry and money from Mr. and
Mrs. A. II. Beardsley. pleaded guilty
10 grand larceny in the superior
court Tuesday and was sentenced to
from one TO fourteen years in the
Jeffersonville reformatory. disfran-
chised two years and fined 81.
Goldsberry was employed as a
butler by Mr.. and Mrs Beardsley.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1915-12-01

MUSHROOM. Mich.-Harry Will
liams of Grand Haven, who fell from
a Pere Marquette freight train. was
found here after he had lain beside
the tracks "a hours. He was taken
home. 1t is believed he will recover.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1915-12-01

MA RSHALL, Mich. Clarence
Briegie, rs years Old shot and killed
himself at his home here in the pres
ence Of his mother, because his
sweetheart, a Jackson girl. had Tilted
him. He placed the muzzle of the
shotgun TO his mouth and blew the
top Of his head off.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1915-12-01

The noted singer, who in private
life is Mrs. Martens. posed especial
Is for this photograph aboard the
;. \ "Ryndham." which few days
ago arrived in New York.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1915-12-01

Donald Sarbaugh of Goshen. who
IS in his third year at the Univers-
ity OF Michigan. has been invited by
Henry Ford TO accompany the
peace commission" to Europe.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1915-12-01

Joe May. an Austrian. charged
with burglarizing the home OF Noble
Siabaugh Of near Nappanee on the
night OF Nov. II. pleaded guilty to
grand larceny in the superior court
Tuesday and was fined 81 and SEN
fenced to the Jacksonville reform
atory from one to fourteen years.
The herald. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1905-1953, 1915-06-24
MAYOR BEHRMAN
DONATES HOSE WAGON.

jefferson Steam Fire Company No.
3's new apparatus, an engine and hose
wagon, reached Gretna late Tuesday
evening, and is now housed at David
Crockett Company's quarters, where it
will be kept until permanent loca-
ton is obtained. The engine was
driven by John NJ. Lutz, and the hose
wagon by Jack Lane, two enthusiastic
members of the new company.
The engine was purchased by the
company from the city of New Or
leans, while the hose wagon was do
mated by Mayor Behrman. The ap-
paratus formerly belonged in the
Crescent City. Horses were furnished
by Fred Leitz to bring this apparatus
to Gretna.
Mayor Behrman, Chief Pujol, Dep
uty Commissioner O'Keefe and Fred
Leitz, all of whom favored the com
pany in a number of ways, have been
elected honorary members of Jeffer
son No. in appreciation thereof.
The herald. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1905-1953, 1915-06-24
PERSONALS.

Mrs. C. A. Miller and two daugh-
tiers of Eunice, La, are here visiting
the formers sister, Mrs. H. Albrecht.
Mrs. w. B. Shepard is spending a
few days with her aunt, Mrs. Borne,
of West Baton Rouge.
Mr.. and Mrs. A. ]. Rantz were
visitors to the Pass last Sunday.
Mrs. ]. R. Allen is at Bay st. Louis.
The members of the Minerva Eu-
chre Club enjoyed an outing at the
Clement Bungalow, Milneburg, last
week. Dinner was served at one oil
the restaurants out there. Euchre
was played, the successful players
being Mrs. Leo Jameson and Mrs
Tierney. Mrs. Whidden received the
consolation.
Mrs. Hy. Renecky and daughter
Velma and little granddaughter art
spending some time at McComb City
Thos. Renecky of Meridian hal
been the guest of his mother.
Miss Eunice Cunningham has gone
to spend the summer with her grand
father, Mr.. Cunningham, of Lafayette
La.
The herald. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1905-1953, 1915-06-24

from Alexandria and is spending
while with his parents, Mr.. and Mrs.
JOS. w. Lennox.
Misses Jennie and Mable Hewett Of
Houston, Texas, were guests OF the
Misses Adriel and Grace Lennox. They
left Sunday for Washington.
Mrs. Elizabeth Houdlette and niece
Miss May R. Averill, left last week
for Maine to spend a while. They
stopped en- route in Washington, ID. o.
and in New York.
The Wednesday Afternoon Five
Hundred Club met last week at the
home of Mrs. w. Huff. The success
full players were Mrs. L. w. Peterson
and Mrs. w. Huff. The consolation
fell to the lot of Mrs. F. c. Duvic. The
club will be entertained by Mrs. Geo
Herbert at it's next meeting.
Mr.. and Mrs. Harold Parker of Pen
sacola, Fla, attended the Borne-Alli
son wedding last week. Mr.. Parke
returned to Pensacola on Saturday
while Mrs. Parker. who was Mis-
Edna Borne before her marriage, will
remain few days visiting among he
old friends here.
Mr.. and Mrs. Perry McNeely an
children spent the last week at Milne
burg and at Vaudeville.
Recorder Tiller is acting in plac
of Recorder Golf in the Algiers cour
The herald. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1905-1953, 1915-06-24
OUTING.
'ime-July s, 1915.

The Time-July 6, 1915.
The Place-Down the coast.
The Event-Mt. Olivet Branch Wom-
ans Auxiliary outing and picnic.
Who Invited-All members, also
Junior Auxiliary, Little Helpers" and
friends.
The Plan-Send your name and %
cents to Mrs. Amuedo, 407 Pelican
avenue; also the number of children
you intend bringing with you. After
all names are in, the committee will
send you a note telling you exactly
what one article of food you are to
bring. This plan is being used to
make it easy for those attending. In
stead of having a whole picnic bas.
ket to prepare, you will have large
portion of one thing TO bring.
1t is hoped that all women and
young girls of Mt. Olivet and their
friends will take advantage of this
opportunity of getting together in &
good fellowship meet
Program-Those taking part in ont
of the little sketches for the after
noon program are as follows: S,
Sang (Chinese quack doctor), Mrs. J
E. Huckins; Como assistant quack)
Mrs. ]. Koenig; Mrs. Jit (the easy
lmark"), Mrs. Amuedo; Boo-Boo Che
maid), Mrs. Nick. Vezien; Cooli
Woman (who interferes with every
ones affairs), l.. G. Dandelin.
The herald. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1905-1953, 1915-06-24
LOCAL FIGHTERS.

Kid Coster and Jimmy Ward, who
meet Friday night in the main bout
At the Dauphine Theatre. are working
for the coming battle and the reports
nom the rival camps indicate that
both boys will be in perfect condition
to go the limit" II Ward is able to
dispose Of Coster, he should have con-
siderably strengthened his right to be
matched with good boys. Defeat will
vet the loser back considerably.
Ward, the Algiers scrapper, has
BEEN going like house afire the past
lev months. In the opening frame
Il scheduled ten-round battle be
The herald. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1905-1953, 1915-06-24

the latter being engaged in Night Re-
corder .Chamberlain's tribunal while
that official is enjoying his vacation.
Mr.. and Mrs. Walter Andrews and
family of Elmira avenue, will leave
shortly to spend the balance of the
summer period at the Bay and other
popular cities along the Gulf coast.
Rev. T. ]. Larkin attended the
commencement exercises of the col
lege at Chatawa, Miss, last week.
E. T. and w. p. Salathe, Jr., spent
the weekend at Bay St. Louis.
Miss Leah Schroeder and Edwin
Harding were visitors to Bay st.
Louis Sunday.
Mr.. and Mrs. F. Lecourt and chill
dren are at their summer home in
Bay st. Louis for the season.
Mr.. and Mrs. Jno. Schroeder and
son John and daughter, Miss Edna,
and Miss Alva Salathe spent Sunday
at Vaudeville.
Mrs. r. T. Allen and niece are
spending a few days at Salathe's
Villa, Bay st. Louis.
Mrs. Price returned to her home
in Bay st. Louis after being the
guest of her daughter. Mrs. s. ID
McNeely for two weeks.
Ben Hintz and daughters are at Bay
Adam for the week.
The herald. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1905-1953, 1915-06-24
NOTICE

THE UNDERSIGNED WILL BE
PLEASED TO RECEIVE THE NAME
AND ADDRESS OF ANYONE WHO
WAS ON THE FERRY BOAT
THOMAS PICKLES, CROSSING THE
MISSISSIPPI RIVER, ON THE AFT
ERNOON OF AUGUST 26TH, 1913,
WHEN MESSRS. JOSEPH HINGLE
AND PAT H. LYONS WERE AR
RESTED BY THE NEW ORLEANS
POLICE ON THE ARRIVAL OF THE
FERRY BOAT AT THE ALGIERS
LANDING, IT BEING THE DESIRE
OF THE UNDERSIGNED TO Sc
CURE WITNESSES OF THIS OC
CURRENCE.
JOHN DYMOND, JR.,
| Attorney-at-Law,
1005-09 Maison Blanche Bldg,
| New Orleans, La.
The herald. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1905-1953, 1915-06-24

tween him and the veteran Biz Mackie
Ward put Biz to the mat with hard
right followed by an equally hard left,
and from that time to the present
Wards number of admirers have been
increasing daily.
Battling Hans, who showed much
promise several weeks ago, and who
was putting would-be fighters to the
mat for the count with frequency. fell
victim to the Algerian.
Ward no doubt will enter the rins
a heavy favorite. The betting ele
ment dopes Ward as an almost sure
thing"
The herald. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1905-1953, 1915-06-24
PERSONALS
AND OTHERWISE

Mrs. T. S. Mckinney attended the |
commencement exercises at Jefferson
College. On her return she was &C
companied by her son. Alvin. stu
dent there, who will spend his vaca-
ton with his parents here.
William Whitmore is home from
jefferson College to spend his vaca-
ton with his parents, Mr.. and Mrs.
R. Whitmore.
Miss Lorraine Calvin spent the past
week at Heartsease Park, the guest
of Miss Lillian Hotard.
Miss Minnie Goebel returned Sat
rrday from a trip to Washington, ID. {.
Louis R. Goebel of Meridian spent
the weekend with his parents here.
Leonard F. Gisch has returned from
Fort Worth, Tex, where he spent sew
| eral days on a business trip.
Miss Mildred Himmelreich, daugh-
ter of Mr.. and Mrs. Henry Himmel-
reich. was entertained on last Friday
evening by a number of her friends
on an automobile ride down the coast.
Miss Himmelreich left Sunday morn
ing for Heartsease Park, where she
will be a guest during the summer oil
Miss Rayno. She will be Joined In
Heartsease Park on next Sunday by
her mother.
Joseph Lawton Collins has arrived
! from the United States Military Acad-
envy at West Point to visit his moth
err. Mrs. ]. B. Collins, at her home in
State street.
James l.. Higgins and little son.
J.mes Louis. were visitors to Morgan
City Sunday.
Mrs. Ed McNair is spending the
: week at Long Beach, Miss.
; Julius Bodenger spent few days
/ in Morgan City on business las'
week.
E Mr.. and Mrs. George Koppel anc
: daughter, Louise, left last week fol
e Virginia. Later they will go to Allan
lite City.
>, Miss Ophelia Koppel left last nigh
: for Atlantic City.
r Wallace Christy, Norman Hotar'
e and Ed Brodtman spent Sunday a
= Heartsease Park.
Mrs. Juliet L. Aucoin and litti
daughter, Marguerite, of Bouny street
are spending a while in Bay st. Louis
= The Thursday Afternoon Five HUI
o. dred Club was entertained last wee
by Mrs. Bond in Bermuda street. tn
=. successful players were Mrs. Georg
= Pollock, Mrs. w. hampton and Mr
Bond. The consolation fell to the IL
of Miss Martin. Mrs. l.. lie Laup WI
entertain at the next meeting.
Mrs. Hattie Talbot is spending
while at Emerald, Miss.
- Captain and Mrs. Harry Thompso
and little daughter, Marion, returne
:, to Abita Springs Tuesday.
The Friday Night Euchre Club M
at the home of Miss Salome Kappl
last week. The successful playe
" were Mrs. d. Murtagh, Miss Lillis
Curren (playing for Mrs. ]. E. CO
lins), Mrs. R. ]. Williams and Hem
Acker. The consolation was receive
by Miss Happier. The next meetiI
- of the club will be held at the hon
of Mrs. d. Murtagh.
Little Dorothy Foote of Housto
a Texas, is spending a while here WI
>. her aunt, Mrs. Jos. w. Lennox.
Alfred A. Lennox arrived last wet
The herald. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1905-1953, 1915-06-24
SOUTHERN COLLEGE OF MUSIC.

The twentieth annual commence
ment exercises of the Southern Col
lege of Music will be held on Monday
and Tuesday nights, June 2Sth and
10Th, in the Tulane Theatre. This in
stitution has graduated many of our
Algiers girls, who are to-day accom-
plished musicians. The branch on our
side of the river has been and still is
in charge of Miss Mamie Vaughan
who has also established quite rep
utation as a professor of that institu
ton.
The herald. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1905-1953, 1915-06-24
Have Given
The Best
For TO-DAY

We are bigger ana stronger than
ever and we grow stronger as the
thinking housewife investigates
and learns that there is no such
thing as Making food too good and
no danger greater than that which
turks in food of poor and ques-
tionable quality.
AS mans reputation is made by
his deeds, good or bad, so it is
with the commodities of life
Man survives. Inferior commodi-
ties pass into early oblivion, leav-
ing those of quality to live on and
on, ever a monument to the hon
est manufacturer and benefactor
to health and life.
The herald. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1905-1953, 1915-06-24

RENECKY SELLS THE FAMOUS
BUSTER BROWN SHOES FOR THE
CHILDREN.
The Manchester journal. [volume] (Manchester, Vt.) 1861-current, 1915-09-09
FINGER WAS TORN OFF
When Ring Worn by Woman Auto
Tourist Caught Limb

Rutland, Sept. 4.-Mrs. Catherine
Jacobs of Maiden, Mass, lost the ring
finger of her left hand in a strange
manner yesterday She was MEM
ber of an automobile party which was
returning from this city to Maiden,
and as the car was speeding along the
highway in the town of Dandy about
noon Mrs. Jacobs was riding with her
left arm over the back Of the rear
seat. A twig Of an overhanging tree
became inserted under heavy ring,
her finger being severed from the
hand at the knuckle joint
The car was Immediately headed
for this city and Mrs. Jacobs was TAX
en- to the Rutland Hospital where she
is resting comfortably. The other
members Of the party included Mr.
and Mrs. P. o. Wingo and Mr.. and
Mrs. C. Z. Fuller of Maiden, and B. P.
and C. D. Bill of Springfield.
The Manchester journal. [volume] (Manchester, Vt.) 1861-current, 1915-09-09
USES OF CHRONIC IRON ORES

Chronic iron ores are used for di-
verse purposes. They are in great de-
mand in making refractory chrome
bricks and furnace lining; in making
alloys; in manufacturing steel for cut
ting tools, projectiles, and armor
plate; in great chemical industry
which produces many colors and dyes,
and in tanning. California produced
almost the entire annual output Of
chronic iron ore reported in the Unit
ed States in 1914, and a small output
Of chromite sand was reported from
several points near Baltimore, Nd, in
that year. The opening Of the Pana-
ma Canal is expected to obviate in
large measure the difficulty formerly
experienced in supplying California
chromite TO eastern manufacturers.
The Manchester journal. [volume] (Manchester, Vt.) 1861-current, 1915-09-09

public, particularly by those who are
not acquainted with the road. The
assistance also is evidence to out OF
state motorists that they are welcome
in Vermont and that they will be
treated in good fashion. Moreover, it
is an indication that the regions so
supplied with warning signs are not
so far in the baekwods as to be all
but disassociated from the quicker
current Of life in the more populous
states. The traveller in a region that
is destitute of direction signs and
warning signs feels himself so far re-
moved from that quicker current Of
life that he is no content to tarry long.
Hence, those regions lose quite bit
of patronage Barre Times.
The Manchester journal. [volume] (Manchester, Vt.) 1861-current, 1915-09-09
CONCRETE ROADS
Growth in Popularity Indicated by
Rapid Increase in Mileage in Recent
Years

The mileage Of concrete pavements
in the United States has increased
rapidly and it is likely to continue
to increase, according to new bullet
in of the department. This bulletin
gives the estimated amount of con-
crete pavement in the United States
in 1914 as 19,200,000 square yards; in
1909 it was only 364,000 square yards.
The principal advantage of concrete
pavements which have led to this in
crease in popularity are said to be:
|. Durability under ordinary traffic
conditions.
2. A smooth, even surface offering
little resistance.
3. Absence Of dust and ease with
which is may be cleaned.
4. Comparatively small cost Of
maintenance until renewals are neces-
sary.
5. Availability as base for another
type OF surface IL desirable.
6. Attractive appearance.
In commenting upon these advan-
tages the bulletin states that the dura.
bility OF concrete roads has not yet
been proved by actual practice, be-
cause there are no very old pavements
as yet in existence, but from the con-
dition Of those which have undergone
several years service ii seems prob
able that they will be found TO wear
well. The disadvantages Of concrete
as a road surface are:
/. Its noise under horse traffic.
2 The wearing Of the necessary
joints in the pavement, and the ten
dency to crack, with its consequent
rapid deterioration.
3. The difficulty OF repairs when
these become necessary.
The Manchester journal. [volume] (Manchester, Vt.) 1861-current, 1915-09-09
FIyE MEET DEATH IN
AUTOMOBILE ACCIDENT
Father. Mother. Daughter. Daughter
in-la~ and Granddaughter are Dead
and Son In Serious Condition.

John Norton Of Whitehall, n. Y,
Is In a preearious condition in the
GlenS Falls, n. Y, hospital, uncon-
scious Of the fact that his father and
mother, Mr.. and Mrs. Nelson Norton,
his sister. Miss May Norton, his wife
and his four year-old daughter, Edith,
all Of Whitehall, were instantly killed
in the same accident Sunday afternoon
that is responsible for his own condi-
ton. He is lowering on the brink be-
tween life and death.
The fatalities were the result Of an
accident on the Bay street crossing Of
the Delaware and Hudson railroad
when the touring car in which they
were riding was struck by north
bound d. and H. train.
The Nortons were returning from
Kattskills Bay on Lake George, N. Y.
Nelson Norton was at the wheel with
his son beside him. The three women
WffN lN Aisi rear Efdt WIN AltN hNtlt
one on her grandmother's lap.
The machine was travelling about 80
miles an hour. The train was travel
ing without passengers and is said to
have been covering about so miles an
hour.
The engine caught the automobile
fairly in the center. The wrecked
machine was carried nearly $50 feet
on the fender before it was brought
TO halt, the bodies Of the three wom-
en- remaining in the car.
The two men and the little girl were
thrown out, the ehild's left arm being
nearly torn from her body.
Life was extinct in all bodies except
that Of John Norton when members of
the train crew reached the victims.
The Norton family is one of the best
known in Whitehall. Mrs. John Nor
ton was formerly Miss Stiles, daugh-
ter of Charles Stiles, formerly Of
Poultney, but now Of Whitehall
The Manchester journal. [volume] (Manchester, Vt.) 1861-current, 1915-09-09
ROAD WORK IN THE
"DUGWAY" COST $1,560.5i
Editor Manchester Journal,

Editor Manchester Journal,
Sir:--In your issue Of September 2
an editorial commends the road work
recently completed in Manchester
"Dugway." Such comments, especial
ly when coming from impartial sourc-
es as the one referred to evidently did,
are pleasing to those who have charge
Of the work, but the article does not
make quite clear the method Of financ-
ing and building the work. 1t was
done by cooperation Of the town and
the State Highway Department, the
town and the state sharing the cost
with the exception of the guard rail
which was built by the town alone.
One of the selectmen was appointed
special commissioner TO have charge
of this work by the state highway
The same method is
used in all towns taking advantage OF
the state aid law, the state highway
utpdI tiiltHt tHuNaNViiHS w oppVih"
the most competent man available as
special commissioner. This sometimes
results in the selection of selectman,
road commissioner or other town offic-
ia. The cost of the work done the
present season was not excessive. A
large amount of earth had to be
handled in widening the road due to
the side hill location and the conse
quent sliding Of the upper bank, and
three culverts are included in the work,
one of which was necessarily an un-
usually expensive item due to the deep
fill and the steep slope of the brook.
The total cost of the road, 2,400 feet in
length, exclusive Of the guard rail,
was 81 ,560.54. The State Highway
appreciates the spirit OF
cooperation, the interest shown and
the valuable aid given by the entire
board of selectmen. -
Very truly yours,
JAMES L. DAVIS,
Supervisor Of Highways.
The Manchester journal. [volume] (Manchester, Vt.) 1861-current, 1915-09-09
RUTLAND RAILROAD REVENUES

Operating Income for First Seven
Months Shows Income of $780,
976.14.
The revenue of the Rutland Rail-
road Company for tn month of July,
as given in a statement issued from
the auditors Office, was $313,75776, an
increase of $6,S49.64 as compared with
July of last year; operating expenses,
S219,499,37, decrease of $2l l,972.20;
net operating revenue, S94 ,25S.39, an
increase of $2s,s2l.S4; one-twelfth
annual taxes, s16,S593S, a decrease of
s23592; operating income, S77,399.0l,
an increase Of S29,057.76.
For the seven months ending July
81 the operating revenue was Sl,947,-
10254, a decrease Of S39 9,S56.2l; oper-
ating expenses, 81 ,421, ,534.S2, a de-
crease of S2O1, ,S97.50; net operating
revenue, S525.567.72, an increase of
$l62,04l.29; taxes accrued, $1l6,474.-
81, decrease of S2,442.S6; operating
income, S4O6,967.14, an increase of
Sl64,35S1S.