davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-01-02
WARFARE AT SEA.

AUGUST.
6. British cruiser Amphion sunk by a
German mine: 131 men drowned.
n. German auxiliary cruiser Kaiser Will
cruiser Highflyer of the coast of
Africa
g. British feet destroyed German war
ships off Helgoland.
SEPTEMBER
q British cruiser Pathfinder sunk by
German submarine in North sea.
IA British auxiliary cruiser Carmania
sunk the German cruiser Cap Trafal-
gar off South America.
q German submarine U-9 sunk the Brit
ish armored cruisers Aboukir, Cressy
and Hogue by torpedoes in the North
sea.
OCTOBER.
IL. Russian cruiser Pallada sunk in the
Baltic by a German submarine
Is. British cruiser Hawke sunk in the
North sea by German submarine U-9.
II. British cruiser Undaunted with four
destroyers. sank four German destroy
ers off the Dutch coast
Is British submarine E-3 sunk by Ger
man warship in the North sea
o. British battleship Audacious wrecked
off the coast OF Ireland. in the North
sea, by contact with a German sub
marine mine.
Is. German cruiser Emden sank the Rus
sian cruiser JemtchuS and a French
destroyer at Penang. British Straits
settlement.
20. Turkish warshlps Goeben and Breslau
sank two Russian warships in the
Black sea: Turkish torpedo boats
raided harbor of Odessa and sank a
Russian gunboat, and Turkish cruts-
er bombarded Sebastopol-
81 German submarine sank the British
cruiser Hermes in the strait of Dover
NOVEMBER.
l. Battle of Chile between the German
cruisers Scharnhorst. Gneisenau. Leip-
zig and Dresden and the British Good
Hope, Monmouth and Glasgow. Good
Hope and Monmouth destroyed.
& British submarine DIS sunk by a Ger
man mine in the North sea
4. German cruiser Yorck sunk by 9
British mine in Jade bay North sea
8 German cruiser Emden destroyed al
Cocos islands. Indian ocean. by Brit.
ish cruiser Sydney.
IL German submarine sank British tor
pedo boat Niger off Deal England
Japanese torpedo boat 80 sunk by
mine in Kauchau bay. China.
Il German submarine sunk by a French
torpedo boat off Westende. Belgian
coast
y German submarine U-1S sunk by Brit
ish warship off Scotland.
26 British 1900 ton battleship Buiwarl
sunk by explosion at Sheerness, Eng
land: about 500 lives lost
DECEMBER
| s. In action off Falkland islands, in tn
Atlantic. Sturdee's British squadro,
defeated Specs German squadron
sinking the cruisers ScharnhorsI
| Gueisenau. Leipzig and Nurnberg. witt
| loss of 1.s25 to the vanquqished fleet
| IT, British submarine Bill torpedoe
Turkish battleship Nessudieh in III
| Dardaneiies
| i6. German warships sheiled Scarboroug
and Hartlepooi on the coast OF Eng
| land
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-01-02
Summarized
Topical Heads
Events In France. Bel
GUM and Along the
Russian Frontier.
MISCELLANE OUS.

JUNE.
%. Archduke Francis Ferdinand. heir to
the Austrian throne. and his morga-
natic wife, Duchess of Hohenberg.
assassinated by Gavrio PrinZip.
Bosnian student. while public guests
at Sarajevo. Bosnia
AUGUST.
16. Japan demanded that Germany evac-
uate Kiauchau. China.
%. Austria declared war on Japan Yep
pelin airships dropped bombs on Ant
werp.
30. German aviator dropped bombs on
Paris.
SEPTEMBER.
2 Japanese landed at Lungkow. China.
to attack the Germans at Kiauchau.
OCTOBER.
Japanese bombarded Tsingtao. German
seaport of kiauchau. China.
& British losses reported from Sept. L
to Oct. 8 showed that SCI officers ano
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-01-02
THE RUSSIAN FRONTIER.

AUGUST.
2 Russians invaded East Prussia.
3. Germans invaded Russian Poland.
SEPTEMBER
l. Germans defeated Russian invaders
at Allenstein and Tannenberg. East
Prussia. capturing many prisoners.
z Austrians abandoned Lemberg. Ca
iicia, to the Russians
OCTOBER
IS. The prolonged battle of the vistula.
Il German troops within ten miles OF
Warsaw. Poland. retreated
q. Austro-German forces continued 10
hold the forts at Przemysi. Galtcia.
against the Russian besiegers.
NOVEMBER
2 Battles on the Russian-Turkfsh from
tier.
g. Cossacks crossed the German frontier
into Posen
Is Continuous battle IN Fast Prussia
Germans repulsed Russians around
Soldau
II. Germans defeated the Russians south
of Kutno. Poland
DECEMBER
z Russians captured plock. on the Wis
tuia. in Poland
g. Fierce and decisive attack on i.odz.
Poland. by Germans.
Russians abandoned locz Poland. to
fhe Germans.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-01-02
Postmastership Row.
BARRE Times.

If the row over the postmastership
at Brattleboro, which has been carried
to the Senate, is duplicated many times
throughout the country in the remand
er of the appointments, the Democratic
party is likely to be considerably torn
and rent asunder. There appears TO
be quite an acute situation in Brattle-
boro with the state Democratic com
mittee recommending Moran, the Pres
ident appointing Childs and sizeable
opposition in the Senate holding up
the appointment. Apparently the Dem
Ocrats haven't got into the swing OF
dealing out patronage.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-01-02
Burglars Clothed Themselves.

The Adams clothing store at White
River Junction was entered early on
Thursday morning and clothing to
the value of $3.50 taken. Among ar
trticles taken were two outfits of I'M
derwear, clothes, boots, shoes, etc. En-
trance was affected by breaking side
window, but at this time there are
no clues. To obtain several of the ar
ticles the ehieves We're obliged to go
into the front part Of the store.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-01-02

Cadet Days, Charles King.
The story of Corporal Pops while a
cadet at West Point.
West Point; It's Glamour and
Its Grind, by Captain H. Ham
mond, and Life at West Point
by Irving Hancock, will give the
actual life of boys at West Point il
more information is wished.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-01-02

The Last of the Mohicans, J. T. Coop
err.
The best story in the series known
IS the Misunderstanding Tales. Tells
the thrilling adventures of the two
daughters of General Munroe who es-
capped from the massacre Of Fort Will
liam Henry French and Indian war;
as they were guided through the track
less wilderness by Misunderstanding, the
scout aided by friendly Indians.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-01-02

fiuence in behalf of more practical ed
ucation is likely to be felt. Mr.. Gle
ment accepts the place with the proviso
that he will not continue in the office
unless Governor-eleet Gates is agreea-
BILE nor unless the recommendations Of
the educational commission, of which
he is member, are adopted in their
essential points by the legislature
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-01-02

Gutierrez was elected provisional pres
ident of Mexico by the national con-
Vention.
g. Carranza, chief Of the Mexican Ma
tionals. defied the national convention
1& Villa took in control Provisional Pres
ident Gutierrez and cabinet
10. Villas army occupied Queretaro.
g. United States forces evacuated Vera
Cruz
.. Zapata's troops took possession of the
Mexican capital
DECEMBER
3 Gutierrez. president of Mexico. en-
tered the capital protected by troops
of Villa and Zapa ia
8. SalaZar and Campo, two former gen.
erals under Huerta. proclaimed rev.
oiution in Mexico.
Is. United States REINFORCED the troops
on the Arizona border to protect
American interests
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-01-02
MEXICO
FE8RUaPY.

FEBRUARY.
8 United States embargo on shipment
or arms and munitions OF war 10 Mex
leo lifted by executive order.
APRIL
2 Mexican rebels captured Torreon aft
battle of Il days duration and loss
of 1900 killed ard wounded.
10. Huerta refused to salute the United
States flag
20. President Wilson delivered a warIike
message on the Mexican situation TO
congress and received authority to use
force against Huerta- Americans
warned TO leave Mexico.
q. American warshfps captured Vera
Cruz. losing Il killed and 81 wounded:
Mexican loss l26 killed. l95 wounded.
e. United States troops ordered to Vera
Cruz Head OF the United States le-
cation left the Mexican capital
Is. Argentina. Brazil and Chile offered
to mediate between the United States
and Mexico.
q. Mexico accepted mediation.
10. Mexican rebels captured Tampico.
20. Mexican mediation congress met at
Niagara Fails.
JUNE.
.. A b. c mediators signed peace pro-
tocol at Niagara Falls. The protocol
provides for a provisional government
in Mexico and its recognition by tho
United States and the nnediating pow
ers. Argentina. Brazil and Chile.
JULY.
Is. Gen Victoriano Huerta resigned his
office as provisional president
AUGUST
TO- Carbajai. provisional president, re-
signed.
20. Gen. venustiano Carranza. chief or
the Mexican revolution. entered the
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-01-02
MISCELLANEOUS

FEBRUARY.
L Peruvian revolutionists deposed Pres
ident Guillermo Bnlinghurst
MARCH.
Il. CASTOR Calmette editor Paris Figaro,
shot dead by Nine. Caillaux, wife of
the French minister of finance
MAI.
IL. Memorial exercises to United States
sailors killed at Vera Cruz at the
Brooklyn navy yard; President WI
son took a leading part
s. The 1000 ton steamship Alliance pass
ed through the Gatum locks of the
Panama canal on a test
Is. H B. Clafiin & Co, great wholesale
dry goods concern. also holding COM
pany for numerous retail stores. placed
in hands of receivers with liabilities
of s34,oOo.0o0-
l. The use of liquor on shipboard in
the United States navy was prohibited
by order Of Secretary of Navy Daniels.
g. The Cape Cod canal. constructed at
cost of sl2ooo.ooo. was opened to
ships
81. Owing to the war events in Europe
the New York Stock Exchange closed
for the drst time since 1873 (Black
Friday
Jean Leon Jaures. the noted Socialist
leader of France. assassinated in
Paris
AUGUST.
u The International Harvester company
declared an Illegal monopoly and or
dered TO dissolve
Is. Panama canal formerly opened to
commerce Steamer Ancon passed
from ocean TO ocean in ten hours.
81. Conclave of cardinals opened at Rome
to elect successor to Pope Plus X
SEPTEMBER
1. Official name of St. Petersburg, Rus
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-01-02
TO ADVERTISERS.

Transient advertising-Run OF paper,
so cents an inch for first insertion; %
cents an inch for each subsequent inser-
ton. Limited space on first page at
double rates.
Space rates on application.
Classified advertisemen - Five cents
a line first insertion with so per cent
discount for each subsequent Insertion
without change Of copy.
Reading Notices-Ten cents line first
insertion with so per cent discount for
each subsequent insertion without change
Of copy.
Position 10 per cent extra.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-01-02

march and forced
to retreat
Battle began on
line of rive r
Marine. east OF
p ari s. between
Won Kluck's col
urnn retiring east
ward and allies,
com m a n d ed by
Gen. Paul Pau. in
pursuit
Q. Germans captur-
ed NJ III b eug e 4.
France. near the
Fran CO. b eigian
border
G rm a n 3 retired
from Marine to-
ward the Aisne.
British army, led
by SIR j o h n
French. crossed
the Marine in pur-
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-01-02

His Majesty's sloop, Diamond Rock,
II. S. Huntington.
Diamond Rock rises six hundred feet
above the sea at the Port of Fort-de-
France in Martinique and guards the
harbor; the story tells of the English
occupation and the French defense of
the place.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-01-02

Governor Fletcher's appointment of
Pereival W. Clement as member of
the state educational board adds to it
a man who is strongly in favor of the
recommendations of the special eduea-
tional commission, and one whose in
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-01-02
TO s,JascRIRERs

1t is the aim OF the management to
secure efficient service in the delivery of
the paper each night and it solicits the
cooperation of subscribers to that end.
Prompt reports should be given of each
failure to receive the paper on the morn
by telephone or postal card. thus enabl-
ing the cause Of the error to be promptly
and accurately discovered and the proper
remedy Immediately applied. 1t is only
by this method that the publisher can
secure the desired service.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-01-02

II, 0S0 men had tai-
len IN the battles
in France, chiefly
on the Marne-
Aisne line.
zeppelin airsnips
dropped bombs on
Paris.
Beers in South
Africa rebelled
a & ain st BritiSn
rule and started
a new republic.
The United States
demanded the re-
lease or the Stand
ard Oil company
steamer John ID.
Rockefeller. which
l.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-01-02

Lance of Kanana, II. ". French.
Tells how Kanana, a Beduoin boy,
thought to be a coward, rescues his be-
loved native land, Arabia, from the OPP
pressors.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-01-02
Two Arrows, II. O. Stoddard.

Two Arrows, I'll. O. Stoddard.
Two Arrows wins his name by saw
ing the Indian camp from a famine.
Crusoe and The Swiss Family Robin
son, two books dearly loved by the
normal boy and girl.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-01-02

The Ice Queen, Ernest Ingersoll.
Three boys and a girl try to skate
an ice foe for weeks, reaching
Cleveland after many adventures.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-01-02

lily OF III ext
co as proyi-
sional pre- ST.
dent OF the re-
public
SEPTEMBER
Gen. Villa, the
Mexican Con-
stitutionaiist
] e a q e r re-
nounced Car
rama, acting
pre- ident or
NJ e X c o. as
head OF the
party
OCTOBER.
81 ezfcan IA
tional conven-
ton or dele
gates proclaim.
ed itself SOW
ereign ruler or
Mexico
NOVEM Der.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-01-02
Long Knives. G. c. Eggleston.

Long KNIVES, G. c. Eggleston.
Tells of the expedition of Clark to
the state of Illinois and of the cap
ture of Vincennes, Indiana Long
Knives is the name the Indians gave
70 the Kentucky pioneers. The older
boys and girls will enjoy NJ Thomp-
son S Alice of Old Vincennes.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-01-02

" Ot'e Dei'e@iNe - -
York city
T. Close of the star Spangled Banner
centennial in Baltimore
OCTOBER
L Day of prayer for peace as appointed
by President Wilson.
Is Prinzip. who assassinated Archduke
Francis Ferdinand of Austria. in Bos-
mia. on June q, 1914. sentenced TO 20
years Imprisonment for the crime:
OF his fellow conspirators were SEN
fenced TO death and others from )
years 10 life.
NOVEMBER.
&C. Federal reserve banks opened. releas-
ing $50. coo for loans.
DECEMBER.
II New York Stock Exct.ange opens for
trading in stocks after suspension or
Ill days.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-01-02

Barnaby Lee, John Bennett.
A thrilling story of pirates and of
the Dutch dwellers in New Amsterdam.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-01-02

STA, changed to
Petrograd.
n ewly elected
pope crowned at
Rome as Bene-
dict XIV.
: Notorious Aforoc-
can bandit. Melai
Ahmed ben Mo-
manned er Raj
suli. died near
Gibraltar. Spain.
Centennial ceie-
bration or the
Star Spangiesl
Banner" hymn
begun at Batti-
more.
The largest ana
finest postofice
in the " OIL q
opened 10 New
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-01-02
little Jarvis, NJ. f. Seawell.

Little Jarvis, NJ. f. Seawell.
The story of Jarvis, the 13-year-
midshipman on the q. S. S. Constella-
ton sticks to his ship in fight with
a French frigate and meets his death
while sticking to his post.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-01-02

The Great K. & A. Train Robbery,
Paul L. Ford
An excellent detective story as well
rs a good railroad story
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-01-02

Boyhood in Norway, H. H. Boyesen.
Stories of hardy and courageous boys
in Norway.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-01-02

One of the prominent characters i
Peter Stuyvesant.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-01-02

Talking Leaves, H. o. Stoddard.
The story of young girl taken cap
tive by the Apaches and of her es-
cape.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-01-02

The Cruise of the Cachelot, F. T.
Bullen
The dangers endured by a South Sea
whaler in her wanderings around the
world in quest of sperm whales.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-01-02

Boy s Percy, Sidney Lanier
Tells in poems stories of war, adj
venture and love. Also of Robin Hood,
Douglas and many other heroes of the
olden times in England.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-01-02

Success never yet came to a man
ready made.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-01-02

Soldier Rigdale, B. NJ. Dix.
Tells of his voyage to America in
the . Mayfower'' and how he fought
under Miles Standish to save Plymouth
Colony from destruction.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-01-02

Martin Hyde the Duke S Messenger,
John Masefeld.
Tells the part a boy took in serving
the Duke of Monmouth in his attempt
10 nsurp the throne of James II. of
England.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-01-02

ADVERTISE YOUR WANTS
IN THE DAILY REFoRMER
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-01-02
At the Library
Adventure for Boys and Girls.

Adventures of Billy Topsail, Norman
Duncan. -
Tells the story of a fisher Lads life
in cold Newfoundland.
Billy Topsail and Co., Norman Dun.
can.
Continues the life of Billy Topsail
and his companions.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-01-02

The average length of life in Eng.
land is Al wears.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-01-02

Paul Jones, NJ. f. Seawell
At this time of many naval con-
flicts the true story of John Paul
Jones, America s most famous naval
commander, viii be especially interest
ing.
The Prince and the Pauper, Mark
Twain.
How the Prince of Wales, Edward
VI. changed places with poor Tom
CAVITY and what happened to them.
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1915-11-14
BELGIAN PRISONERS AND
SOLDIERS NEED GOOD BOOKS

New York, Nov. 13-Among the
thousands of Belgian soldiers now in
hospitals in France and England, de
tanned in camps in Holland, and pris-
oners in Germany, there is wide
spread need of good books, and a
committee that has been formed to
enlist American aid in the matter, an
nounces that books or money for
their purchase will be received by
Pierre Mali, Belgian consul general
in New York. The members of the
honorary committee include Emman-
uel Havenith, the Belgian minister al
Washington, Joseph II. Choate, Chas
J. Bonaparte, Rev. J. +. Stillemans of
the Belgian Relief Fund, and Louis
de Sadelier, minister of state for
Belgium. who is in New York.
A statement given out by the com
mittee reads:
"The heroism of the Belgium sol
diers has won universal admiration.
Thousands Of them are now in
hospitals in England and in France,
detained in camps in Holland, and
prisoners in Germany.
Suffering and deprived of liberty,
without news from their relatives
now somewhere in poverty or dead,
the anxiety of those brave men must
be most painful.
"Well educated as they are, and
without recreations any intelligent
person is looking for, nothing can do
more to alleviate their sufferings than
literature in their own language.
There is a real need among those
Belgian soldiers for books in French
and Flemish, and to a certain extent
in English especially works of travel
and novels. history. books Oh electric
ity. mechanics, motoring, etc, and IL
lustrated magazines of all kinds; also
grammars for the study Of English;
French.English dictionaries, and vice
versaJ"
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1915-11-14
ARDMORE IS
IN n T: { ED Of
MORE HOTEL?
MEN ARE FORSAKlNG
THE TOWN IN THE TERNOON,
WHEN THEY WOULD REMAIN
OVERNIGHT IF THEY COULD.

Ardmore needs another big modern
hotel and the citizens are hoping that
Captain Wilmington will make a
speedy settlement with the Santa Fe,
and either build one himself or sell
to some syndicate which would do so,
and do it speedily
The question was being discussed
by a party of business men last night.
Some of them live in Ardmore and
some do not, and it was the general
opinion that the sooner a modern
hotel is erected in this city, the better
il would be for Ardmore.
The hotel facilities at present are
entirely inadequate Travelling men
who arrive late, as a rule find every
thing full and are obliged to take
what they can get. The result is
that many are making it point to
transact business here in time to
catch trains for other points, when
they would remain overnight if hotel
accommodations were better.
There Is a general opinion prevalent
here that a big hotel will be erected
within the next year. but whether a
stock company will build it or wheth-
or Captain Wilmington will re-enter
the field is a question that some are
discussing. However, that question is
not causing nearly the worry that
accommodations are at present. What
the public wants is a big, modern
hotel, and they want it quickly.
The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, 1915-11-14

private ownership continues, the haz-
ards of the business should be borne
bv private companies. However, II
regulation exists, it must grant ade-
quate reward to investment.
Some have adopted formula of cap
italizing deficits and offsetting deficits
by later profits. In other words, when
ever a company loses money, that
amount is added to their investment
upon which they are entitled to a re-
turn. and whenever a company makes
large return, that is charged off
their investment. There are several
quite interesting phases of this meth
cd. The value decreases as the profits
increase; and, on the other hand, the
value increases as the profits decrease.
The greater the deficit, the greater the
value. Unless we are careful we will
lose ourselves in a quagmire of contra
dictions, and economic absurdities, and
llnpOSSlDllllltS.
zone feels that progress in the su-
prene court decisions of these com
plicated problems is slow; but there is
also the most profound respect for
that very conservative reluctance in
reaching conclusions. 1t has made
possible a consistent course. After
questions have been exhaustively con-
sidered by many different experts,
courts and commissions throughout the
country In that way, progress of the
highest type has been achieved.
"A review of the authorities leads to
this conclusion:
Justice to the owners, and the
best interests of the public, demand
that reasonable expenses actually in
Cured in the construction and estab-
lishment of public utility enterprise.
reasonably necessary for public use
shall either be returned TO the owners
or shall constitute a part OF the value
on which the said owners are entitled
to an adequate return That PROPOSE
ton is economically, morally and legal
ly correct / believe the public is
willing to pay this in order to obtain
the service thereby secured; and be-