davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1915-01-11
HEAVY GUNS ESSENTIAL
FOR MODERN WARFARE
Conclusion Reached by the British
Official Observer at the
Front.

LONDON, January 1.-THE concIu-
sion is reached by the official observer
attached to British headquarters al the
front in report given out under date
of January s, that heavy guns are of
supreme Importance in modern war
fare.
Experiences in this war have caused
many profound notifications of theo
ries commonly held before it broke
out" he says. But no factor was SO
underestimated as the effect Of high
explosive projectiles fired by guns and
hoWitZers.
Germany Experiencing Effects.
THE opening of the war found the
allies in position Of inferiority to the
enemy in this respect-an inferiority
which, however, has since been made
good-and the Germans are now expe-
riencing to far greater extent than
before the devastating effects Of these
missiles. The successes of the Japa-
nese at Port Arthur had given an ink
ling of the potentialities of the heavy
howitzer when employed against per-
manent fortifications, but the decisive
effect Of high explosives against troops
in the field, in well concealed intrench-
ments, has come as complete sur
prise.
"The gunner. and more especially the
garrison gunner, has come into his
own, for this arm Of the service has
assumed Importance greater probably
than it has ever before possessed, and
certainly greater than it has known
since the item of Napoleon. who, an
artillery officer himself. placed great
reliance on the moral and material ef-
feet of the fire Of massed batteries con-
centrated against that section of the
enemy's line which it was his intention
to break. But for the last hundred
years, against troops in the field, ar
tillery has. generally speaking, been
depended upon to create moral ef-
feet rather than to achieve any great
served for this war to prove that it is
Evening star., 1915-01-11
Railroad Seeks knowledge.

NEW YORK, January ia committee
Of eight officials of the New York, New
Haven and Hartford Railroad Company
including Vice President ]. NJ. Tomlin-
son and General Manager c. L. Bardo,
has been appointed by President Elliott,
it has been announced. to visit Detroit,
Chicago, st. Paul. Omaha, st. Louis and
other cities in the west and middle
west to study railroad operations there,
with a view to obtaining information.
and data that will be helpful in making
the operation of the New Haven road
safer, more efficient and more econom-
ical.
Evening star., 1915-01-11
BELGIAN GENERAL GETS
LIFE PRISON SENTENCE

AMSTERDAM, January 10. via Lon
don, January 11.-A dispatch to the
Telegraaf from Brussels says court
martial at Liege has sentenced the re-
tired Belgian Gen. Gustave Fife and
Lieut. Gtlle to life Imprisonment on a
charge of assisting $50 young Bel
gians to reach Holland and join the
Belgian army in France.
The general at the trial." the corre-
spondent adds, asked for death SEN
tence. saying he disliked Imprisonment.
He told the court that Emperor VIII
liam was a rascal The general was
sent to Glatz, Prussia. to the same
prison where Burgomaster Max OF
Brussels is being held"
Evening star., 1915-01-11
EMDEN CAPTAIN IN ENGLAND.
Place of Detention of Won Muller Is
Being Kept Secret.

Correspondence Of the Associated Press.
LONDON, December 24.-Capt. Won
Muller, commander of the German
cruiser Emden, has arrived in England.
and is prisoner in one of the officers
detention camps in Wales. The place
of his internment is kept secret
After the destruction of the Emden
by the Sydney. Won Muller was taken
to Colombo. Thence he was brought
to England by way of Port Said. He
was quietly landed at Tilburn, near
London, and taken Immediately to
Wales.
Evening star., 1915-01-11
YULETIDE BOMB FOR KAISER.
British Aeronauts Just Miss Him
With Christmas Present.
,cc of the Associated Press.

Correspondence of tho Associated Press.
AMSTERDAM, Holland, December 81.
While the Christmas holidays were
still being celebrated at the German
great headquarters, the British aero
plane scouts succeeded in locating the
place where the general staff was
housed and dropped several bombs in
the neighborhood. according to fugi-
tiyes who have just arrived here. One
of the bombs, it is said. exploded only
200 yards away from the room where
the emperor was dining.
The aviators were compelled to retire
under strong shell fire from the anti
aircraft guns stationed nearby. There
were no casualties.
Evening star., 1915-01-11
MINDS ARE BROKEN
AND BODIES BENT
Hideous Results Mark SOL
diers' Life in Trenches
in Europe.
SHELLS FIERCE CLAMOR
THING MOST DREADED
Vermin and Disease Also Are Among
TeTrors to Be COM
bated.

LONDON. December 2S.-Five Brit
ish officers came into Calais the other
day. Each had been given the three
day furlough which is being granted
trenchmen whenever possible. IheS
went to one of the Calais hotels.
1--WE want a big room. with five beds
in it," said they. Clean beds. we
want a roaring wood fire kept up IN
that room every minute of our three
days We want Il bathroom with
constant supply OF hot water-very hot
Evening star., 1915-01-11
Naval Battle Report Discredited.

RIO DE JANEIRO, January 1.-THE
Havas Agency has received no con-
firmation of the reported naval battle
between the British cruiser 1nvinclble
and the German cruiser Won der Tam
off Rio Grande do Norte. Naval Off
cials here place little credence in the
report.
Evening star., 1915-01-11
BELGIAN REFUGEES
PRESENT PROBLEM
Holland Staggering Under Me-
cessity of Feeding More
Than 100000.
ENGLAND HAVING TASK
TO CARE FOR 800, 900
Campaign Kept Up to Prevent Low
e1.. of Wages as Result of
Sudden Influx.

Core sron..nc" .,f tle Associated Press.
LONDON, December 26.-Expatriated
Belgian refugees present as great a
problem as the Belgians who are still
in their ruined country. In a recent
statement Chevalier A De Stuers. the
Dutch minister to France, estimated
that the number of dependent Belgian
refugees now in Holland is 100000.
Holland also has mobilized it's entire
army of 100000, and consequently the
little country must feed more than
100000 persons who are not pro-
ducers.
The burden is heavy, and the country
is staggering under it somewhat, al
though the Dutch show wonderful
spirit, and their treatment of the un-
fortunate Belgians is spoken of here
as one of the finest manifestations of
neighborliness the world ever has seen.
Typhoid and scarlet fever have ap-
peared spasmodically in the Belgian
refugee colonies in Holland, but have
been stamped out before they deveIoped
into epidemics
England Caring for 100000.
England, with it's vastly greater re-
100000 dependent Belgians, and is not
finding the task easy. France is af-
fording refuge to several hundred thou
SAND. but the burden is not so great
there, as all men who are able to work
can be employed in trenching or can
take the places left vacant by French
men who entered military service.
Lady Lueard, who has been promi-
nent In caring for Belgians in England
since the first stream of refugees came
mere from Liege. says England finds it
extremely difficult to meet the social
and economic problems raised by the
beig1ans suddenly thrust upon the
country. The Belgian government does
not wish the BelSians to be handled
IN SUCH manner that they will settle
permanently in England 1t desires to
nave al! It's factory workers and farm
ers back as soon as the war is over
furthermore, the English labor unicns
and other organizations oppose the en-
ployment of Belgians where they will
compete with English labor. A steady
campaign has been kept up to prevent
the lowering of wages a result of
the sudden influx of Belgians.
Belgians must not be permitted TO
live in idleness in England. and con
sequently relief committees are look
ing to the government departmental
committee under the presidency of Sir
Ernest Hatch to provide cmDloymeut
Lady Lugard says Be1gians can wei
be employed in England as lacemakers.
and can then be transferred in a BODY
to Malines and other Belgian cities to
continue their work after the war.
Many Belgians are being employed in
small arms factories, which require
more skilled labor than England af
fords.
Evening star., 1915-01-11
what the Germans have done, if they
will only go ahead and do it.
Queer Experience in London,

Maj. Dickinson had a queer expert
ence in London on his way home from
South America. He went to the great
store of Selfridge & Company and
bought an overcoat for "a and suit
of clothes for the same price. They
were all wool and pleased the major
so much that he wore them home. Just
as he was leaving the store he intro
duced himself to the manager and re-
marked"
How can You people offer to sell
such goods so cheaply? We can't get
anything like this in America"
Indeed, l can't tell you. sir was
the answer, for that overcoat and
that suit of clothes you have just
bought were made in Rochester,
n. "
This illustrates one of the painful
phases of the made in L. s. A." situa-
ton Americans make the finest goods
in the world, but the especially fine
things are sold back here under for
eign labels.
Evening star., 1915-01-11
Halt in Grain for Export.

BALTIMORE. January l1.-Railroa Is
entering this city have sent out no.
tices that they were Obliged to place
temporary embargo on grain for ex-
port from Baltimore. effective next
Monday. This action was taken be-
Evening star., 1915-01-11
the chief agent in destroying the en-
emys power of resistance.
Hard to Conceal Positions,

1t is extremely hard to conceal the
position of trenches from aerial OBJ
servers. and once their position is dis
closed to the gunners and the exact
range obtained 1t is not long before
whole lengths of trenches will be
blown in and entanglements and every
form Of obstacles. however ingenious.
swept away.
THAT the moral effect is very great
is shown by written and verbal evi-
dence from prisoners who lately have
been captured.
THE allied artillery is gradually as
summing superiority over the Ger
mana factor of great importance in
sive."
Evening star., 1915-01-11
To Employ Belgian Gardeners.

English landlords are preparing to
employ many Belgians at intensive
gardening. Belgium formerly supplied
to England large quantities of vegeta-
bles. An effort will be made to have
the Belsians produce garden truck
here and thus earn money to re-estab-
Iish their operations at home after the
close of hostilities.
Many Belgians are dissatisfied with
the efforts of their benefactors to con-
troll Belgian labor in such manner that
it will not upset the English labor
market. But the English relief work.
ers feel it is necessary to take such
action. Thousands of Belgians who
are skilled workers have found posi-
tions for themselves independent of re-
lief organizations and slow moving
government agencies
Evening star., 1915-01-11
GOVERNMENT TO ASSIST
MADE IN j. S.A.' POLICY
Exhaustive Examination of Projects
Along That Line Made by
Maj. Dickinson.
Merchants of South America Like
Goods Made Here, State Depart
ment Investigator Finds.

The government of the United States
is planning to take an active part in
the campaign for made in L. S. A.
goods. To that end it has made an eX-
hauSttve investigation of all the pro-
jects along that line. At the same
time it has had agents out in various
parts of the world, getting information
that will be useful. The authorities
now have sufficient information to
enable them to separate the legitimate
campaigners from those who are sim
ply trying to make few quick dol
lars out of a public movement. This
means in plain English that Made in
U. S. A. shows, circuses and catch
penny schemes are to be frowned upon
and that a campaign of pure educa-
tion is to be encouraged.
One of the most interesting develop
ments in this connection is the report
brought back from South America by
Maj. J. J. Dickinson of the State De-
partment that gods made in L. S. A..
are fashionable in those republics. He
finds that many American manufac-
turers are Ignorant of the fact that
their products are liked by those peo-
pie.
merchant is the ships to carry his
goods direct to the south. The alb
sence of these ships has enabled the
London jobber to stand between the
manufacturer and the consumer. The
former loses part of his profit and the
latter pays a higher price for American
goods than necessary, for between
them they have to support the jobber
The Alexander shipping bill proposes
to correct this situation.
Like Wilson's Mexican Policy.
President Wilson's Mexican policy
pleases the people of South America
immensely, and now for the first time
they feel that they are really our .feI-
low-Americans. Maj. Dickinson says.
AS result, they want American goods,
and the South American market lies open
to American manufacturers if they will
only make haste and invade it.
The British have lost trade heavily in
South America in the last few years,
agents. For instance, Maj Dickinson tells
of one business man who has thirteen
children and many grandchildren living
about him. who became a customer of a
German silk house in an odd way. The
family has many daughters, who were
exceedingly well dressed at all times.
They patronized an English cloth house.
About fifteen years ago German peddler
called at the family mansion. and. failing
to gain admission. poked some samples
of silk under the door. He kept this up
for months. until. finally. the mother Of
the family admitted him and permitted
him to display his line of dress goods.
She selected dresses for all her daughters
and went to the English store TO make
Z ba has he fn1d bar
Evening star., 1915-01-11

Dr. Algernon Gray Smith, siNty-four
years old, died at the home of his son,
A. Taylor Smith, in Cumberland, Md.
from paralysis. He was native of
Charles county.
Evening star., 1915-01-11
Are Broken Mentally.

Some day the statistics of this war
viii be made known to the world
Then we will know how many mon
have gone insane in the trenches. They
were simply unable to bear th- suffer
ing, and the nerve strain, and the star
vation. That many men-many hun
dredF. perhaps many thousands-havc
broken mentally because of the
trenches is privately admitted by those
in touch. Most of them will regain
their poise in time. \ treatment of ST
lcnce and rest is prescribed for them
for the most part. The back districts
of the warning nations are spotted with
little country house hospitals, where
these shattered ones are regaining
tone.
Fully onc-third of the Germans in
Valided from the trenches are suffering
from rheumatism and kindred ills, ac-
cording to a fairly reliable report. The
moment man complains in the Teu-
ton army he is sent back for recupera-
ton if he can be spared. lie rounds
into shape for another campaign more
rapidly if his case is taken early. Prob
ably similar proportion of invalids
in the other armies suffer from the
same trouble. Toothache leads to neu-
ralgia when the owner of the bad teeth
sits with his feet in muddy trench in
freezing weather day after day. SO
that nippers have been served out to
the embattled lines. A swollen jaw
nowadays means that the nearest oper-
:ttor-he may be the machine gun man
| or the lieutenant a stretcher bearer
pulls the offending tooth promptly.
Evening star., 1915-01-11

cause of the tremendous movement and
insufiiciency of vessel tonnage engaged
in the export trade.
Evening star., 1915-01-11
Leg Almost in Bow.

\ Belgian officer, twenty-five years
old, stalwart. manly, thick chested,
was wheeled through the Savoy in an
invalid chair. His right leg was drawn
out and back, almost in bow. 1t was
trench rheumatism.
i've found specialist" said he,
who thinks that in time l may re-
gain the use of my leg
There are other things. There is the
plague of vermin. from which all men
of all armies suffer. Bathing is I'M
possible on the battle line, except IN
cold water Sometimes there isn't time
even for that. The surgeons cut the
boots off scores of wounded men every
day. Sometimes weeks had gone by
since the men had been able to bare
their feet. They had been on their
jobs every minute until that happy
moment came when they could drop in
the mud or crawl into a haystack and
sleep. But a genius has discovered
that petrol eliminates vermin. Petrol
is now issued to the men all along the
trenches.
Evening star., 1915-01-11
Clamor of Shells Is Terrible.

Thank Cod they say-most of
them say-"we are out of the nose
1t is the hellish clamor of the shells
that they most dread. Shells. they say,
whine when they are to pass to one
side or the other. When they come
straight at the target the whine be-
comes a scream-then the screech of
devil turned insane. The earth trem-
bles from the humping of the big
guns. mile or two miles or quarter
of a mile away. The shells explode in
air as nearly above the trenches as
the distant gunners can arrange. and
Il rain OF metal falls. A myriad of rapid
fire guns are at work, each with the
monotonous, insistent, strident noise
of a pneumatic riveter on the steel
skeleton of a skyscraper. The rifles in
the trenches chatter irregularly, now
in bursts and now by ones and twos.
Il gave siXpence to beggar on
the embankment last night" said a
British officer in the Ritz the other
night. LAS l did so, l thought to my
self:
I'm two days, old chap, I'll be envy
Won
Evening star., 1915-01-11
Big Stiffies Make Fuss.

You'd laugh" said chauffeur who
has shown certain aptitude for field
dentistry, Ito hear 'em owl when 1
touch the bad teeth. Big STILES thatll
stand up all dye long and give the Ger
mans wot-for mykes the worst fuss"
Fortunately the cold weather has
shortened the daily sick list from ty-
phoid and enteric and dysentery and
other army diseases. Then the trenches
have more OF Il permanent character
nowadays. They are as nearly sanitary
as possible. The mistakes of the early
campaign, in which all armies joined,
have been at least recognized, if they
have not been entirely cured. The death
list from pneumonia is still on the
rising curve. Man is not yet the SUPER
man he should be for warmaking on
the modern plan. The inevitable weak
ness of humanity is being recognized by
the generals. They change the men in
the trenches as often as possible. Often
they do not have to stand more than an
eight-hour shift. But in some parts of
from a trench under fire to one that is
not under fire.
At the best life in a trench in winter
time means crouching in a hole in
hill, over a braZier of smoking Goals.
At it's worst it is existence in ditch
in an open field. Sometimes rain comes
and man in the trench is soaked.
Sometimes the miry walls collapse upon
him. Sometimes the frost leaves his
dripping clothes as unbendable as
boards. Sometimes he sits for hours
sometimes forf days-up to his middle
in water that is stiffening with ice nee
dies.
The beggars on the emba nkment are
to be enyied.
Evening star., 1915-01-11
Victims of Rheumatism.

Two weeks ago train filled with
men crawled into Calais. Calais is
used to such trainloadS nowadays. Usu-
ally the men are carried off on stretch
ers. or hobble out on improvised
crutches, or are helped out by hos
pital orderlies. The emptied cars hold
an unconquerable stencil of drugs and
antiseptics The men are swathed in
bandages on which blackened spots of
stiffened blood appear. This trainload
was different. There were no band
ages and no blood. The men were bent
and twisted and drawn with pain.
rheumatism said 4 surgeon who
helped receive them. "They have been
in the trenches
The story of the trenches is an i'm
possible one. Men are living through
things that men cannot live through.
They are by turns soaked and frozen.
They are in imminent, constant peril of
death by shell and rifle fire. They have
dead men for their trenchmates. some
times for days at time. They cannot
sleep because they are too cold, but
they do manage to drop off into a chill
induced stupor. They leave the
trenches racked with rheumatism, dy-
ing from pneumonia. sickening from
typhoid fever, sometimes raving with
insanity because of their sufferings.
They do not complain of these things
when they return to the base.
Evening star., 1915-01-11

water-and soap and towels. Then We
want to be let alone
For three days they slept and bathed
and reveled in that wood fire, and
between times ate-and ate-and ate
Then they went back to the trenches.
1T was ripping said they. with re-
strained British enthusiasm. Posi-
lively ripping
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-09-20
BOAT BLAST BURNS
FORMER CASSIDY NAN
p. J. Mara, Clothes Alamo,
Leaps Overboard-May Die.

Port Jefferson, Long Island, Sept. 49,
J. Mara. of Flushing, owner OF the
motor boat Shinnecock, is in a critical
condition at a farmhouse here as the
result of an explosion on his yacht late
this afternoon in Port Jefferson harbor.
He was burned about the face ana
body. DR.. F. S. Chlds said Mara may
not recover.
Mara. with four other Flushing men,
was aboard the Shinnecock when the
EXPLOSION occurred. Mara alone was
badly burned. The men were pumping
water from the boat when the gasolene
tank exploded. The blazing gasolene
covered Mara. HIS clothing caught hre
and the boat was screened by sheet OF
flames. -,
Unable to put out his blazing clo'h,
ing. Mara leaped overheard. One OIL
the four men was burned when he tried
10 extinguish the flames. The other
three leaped overheard and were res
cucd.
Mara is one Of the best known Dem
ocrats in Queens Borough. and hves
on Whitestone Avenue, Flushing lie
was one Of Curly Joe" Cassidy's sup
porters when that man was in ms
prime. He is about sixty years old.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-09-20
SHORT, FIRE HERO,
APOPLEXY VICTIM
Honored Battalion Chief Drops
Dead in Home in Bronx-WaS
Forty Years in DEPARTMENT.

Battalion Chief Peter II. Short, who
celebrated the anniversary OF forty
wears service In the Fire Department
last Nav and had five stars on his
sleeve for bravery, dropped dead IN
tho bathroom OF mis- home. az 1898 Dim
vile Avenue. The Bronx, last night
from apoplcxy.
Chief Short died practically in har-
ness. for he answered three calls early
Yesterday morning. He was getting
ready for dinner last night when his
wife and niece found him gasping on
the floor. By the time q doctor arrived
he was dead.
Chief Short was born in Albany
siytv-three wears ago He came 10 New
York and Joined the Fire Department
in 1875. az his death being the Oldest
battalion chief in point OF service and
ore Of the oldest fremen Of the de-
nartment Last May he was awarded
a diamond studded badge for MS two
score term. and Commissioner Adamson
held up his record as an example TO all
firemen. for a complaint had never been
on February 81, 1885. Short, then
acting battalion chief Of the Second
Battalion District. won the highest
honor that can come 20 a fireman, being
awarded the James Gordon Bennett
medal for bravery Short placed q
scaling ladder against a burning build
ine, az 80 Beaver Street and rescued
five women penned in on the top floor
For this act of heroism he earned a
gold star for his sleeve, and few
months later was made a battalion
chief