davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1915-03-21

which lies at the entrance of the. Gun
OF Artaki, on the Asiatic side of the
sea. owing to its great strateglcal I'M
portance. Like almost all OF the m
Vulnerable islands of the Aegean sea
and the Sea of Marmora, it is crowned
with pretty wooded hills. in which an
unknown number of guns may be
easily concealed. The island forms
natural means of defense of the ~Darda-
nelles at this end. exactly as kunl
Kaleh and Siddil Bahr constitute an
ideal situation for formidable arma-
ments for the defense at the Aegean
entrance.
Constantinople has three different
lines of defense from attack. The first
is her land defenses. the second hef
Bosporus forts and the third the for
tifica tious on the Dardanelles, which
also include the protection afforded by
the old Bulair line. The Ottoman CAPT
tai is situated on peninsula twenty
five miles wide, and extends i'll a west
erlv direction from the city to where.
about thirty-hve miles beyond. it
widens out and becomes part of the
mainland The city has a unique
geographical position on both sides of
the Strait of Bosporus. which connects
the Sea of Marmora with the Black sea,
and which also separates Europe from
Asia and it lies on both shores of the
Golden Horn. at its juncture with the
Bosporus and the Sea of Marmora. AT
the portal of two continents CONSTANT
nople's ideal situation is enhanced by
the beauty of the picturesque buildings
which crown its wooded hills and ex-
tend down to. the water. There 10
Evening star., 1915-03-21

constitute ConStantinopieS pflncipai
land defenses. While i'll the past 'heS
consisted merely of an inner ana outer
line of fortifications formed OF ear'n
badly out of repair and with no Saiti-
son occupying them, il is reported thdt
in recent times the ChatalJa forts nave
been completely reorganized ana equip
ped with modern guns,
An English military expert, NIsito'
to Constantinople few years ago.
pointed out that the inlet on the Sea
of Marmora on the south, and the po-
sition of the small Lake of Derko*
Col, on the NORTH leaves but some III :
teen or sixteen miles to be defended
by the forts This line OF defenSeS
was hastily thrown up in 1874, when
the Russian army was advancing upon
Constantiuople. They form most et-
fective defense. The earthworks are
constructed on hills reaching helght
of 500 feet above the sea and are hahk :
ed By the two lakes already mentioned
and with a small stream, Kara Su,
lneaadering in a southeasterly dIrec-
tion across almost their entire length.
The forts are built in two and three
lines, planned to cover all the ground
and guard against an enemyS advance,
1t is reported that at the time of the
war with Italy at least eight battallohs
OF fortress artillery, making some 2,ieo
men. were quartered in the ChatalJa
forts-a force which could easily be
reinforced by the large number OF sol
diers encamped in the neighborhood
Evening star., 1915-03-21

merchant marine WAS allowed Tree
passage, but when convicts or sol
diers are carried it was particularly
stipulated that notice of the fact must
be given the porte.
II has been estimated that Is many as
1000 merchant vessels alone pass
through the Darda nelleS each year. and
ma nv REPRESENTATIVES Of foreign CONNER
cial agencies live al DardanclleS ana
Gallpoli the Two most important ports
Ia ardanelles boasts not only an English
telegraph company, but an English con
sui and his family are residents OF the
town. while there are Russian. French,
Austrian and English post offices eStah-
lshed there AS in Constanlinnple and
other places in the sultan's domain each
Of the large European nations has It's own
individual post office, 0wlnS 10 The Weit
csta bliShed fact that letters and papers
mailed in The Turkish post are not only
frequently tampered with, but often fail
10 arrive AT their destination
Reports state that fif1y-tW" WarShIpS
ar. now engaged in the attempt 10 force
the la rda ncles and open III" WAY I" con
Stantinnple The Turks an" reported 10
have naSSed 1oG.0Uh men along IN" coast
of The Gallip"li peninsula barring the en-
trance into the Sea Of Marnora. which
is .bout l%n miles from tonStdntnople
II is well known thai for tour years the
Evening star., 1915-03-21

tary experts agree that with Gallipoll
successfully bombarded the Anglo
French fleet can easily secure the prize
of the orient the city of Constantine.
The Dardanelles is about forty-five
miles long, and the famous waterway
has an average width of from three
to four miles but at the narrowest por-
ton. from Niagara, the fortress in Asia
Minor, across the strait to the noun
famous shore of the peninsula of Gal
lipol in Europe. is little more than a
mile and a quarter.
For centuries strong Notifications at
Kun kaleh, in Asia Minor, and at Sed
dill Bahr have defended the entrance
into the strait from the Aegean sea,
while the earthenware castle of Asia,
at Chanak Kelesi, on the European
shore at Khilid Bahri tthe castle of
Europe known to the Turks as The
Lock Of the Sea- has defended the
passage and the important port OF
Dardanelles. 1t was at about this part
of the Hellespont that the famous
ancient warrior XerXes crossed with
his army. on bridge formed of boats,
in the year $50 B.C-, a military feat
which was repeated by Alexander the
Great. not quite a century and a halt
later The strait was forced by the
British fleet under Admiral Duck
English comma uder was primarily sue
cessful in passing unscathed through
the Dardanellcs on account OF the lack
Of Turkish munitions. After the forts
had expended few shots at the ven
Evening star., 1915-03-21
HAULING WOOL TO THE STATION IN ARGENTINA.
clip this year will be O.OOo 600 pounds.

ket men here to superintcnd this part
of the work.
The freezing is done in great cham
bers, each of which will hold 10000
carca sses. These rooms have double
walls of wood foot thick: and their
ceilings are covered with coils of pipes
through which flow ammonia and brine.
which lower the temperature of the
room to thirty degrees below zero.
Great engines are employed to keep the
pipes filed and they work day and
night. The coils are covered with frost
al inch thick, and when | entered the
chamber 1t was intensely cold. As !
stood at one end of the room could see
thousand freezing carcasses nane-
ing from the hooks in the ceiling with
their heads next the floor. They wcre
almost ready for shipment. and. when
the chief engineer. who was my guide.
lifted one down to show it to me,
found that its flesh was hard as
stone and that il would stand alone
That carcass had been in the room
forty-eight hours. and il was already
perfectly hard. 1t weighed. ] judge.
seventy pounds. 1t was that of a sheep
three years old
Before shipping the carcasses are
sewed up in fine white muslin cloths
They are then put in the cold storage
chambers of the steamers, where the
Temperature is almost as low as thai
of the freezing rooms, and are kept
there until they reach Liverpool o.
London. The freight to London is about
] cent pound.
FRANK C. CARPENTER.
Evening star., 1915-03-21

time the bodies were used as fuel for
the brick kilns. and 1t is said that
there are old churches in Buenos Aires
built of bricks burned with sheep
carcasses. At the beginning of the nine
teenth century the fiocks were so nu-
merous that sheep brought at times as
low as s cents apiece, and at one time
they multiplied so rapidly that thou
sands of the older ones were driven
over the rocks into the sea to get rid
of them. At another period they were
slaughtered for their tallow. single
sheep bringing as much as 81 for the
fat in it.
America the only sources of wool there
We're from llamas, alpacas, vicunas and
guanacos. These animals lived only in
the highlands of the Andes. The vfcu-
mas and guanacos ran wild, as they do
now and every year the Incas had a
great hunt. during which they captured
many thousands of them and dried the
meat. The wool was shorn and stored
in the imperial depots.
The frigerificos are now freezing vast
numbers of sheep for expectation to
Europe Some of these institutions are
killing as many as 5000 day, and q
great caravan of frozen sheep and
lambs is on the march across the sea
to the armies of the allies Argentina
was the first country to export frozen
meat to England. and the first ship
Evening star., 1915-03-21
Revenge.

WE IA. IRWIN. the novelist. sailing for
w a second war visit to Belgium. sad
TO q reporter
The isel;iaus accept their condiuoh
philosonhicaly but sometimes they show
how they really feel. Here is an instance :
"A German officer asked the conductor
of a street car in Brussels if it would
take him 10 the army headquarters. The
conductor hardly understood German at
all. and. finally. in his evaporation at
not being comprehended. the officer took
the man 10y the back of the neck and
shook him violently.
But at this point a Brussels woman
interrupted
Take car No. 81, sir, she said TO The
officer. That is the car you need.
THE officer thanked her and jumped
off. After he had gone, the lady smiled
and said TO the assembled passengers:
- Car No. 81 won't take him to the
army headquarters 1t will take him 10
the killing pens. I think that 10 the
most suitable place for him
Evening star., 1915-03-21

be quite as good as any Of the fresh
mutton sold by its side in the markets.
During my stay here l have gone
through a freezing factory which has
capacity of 5000 sheep every day.
When / entered the killing room the
floor was covered with blood. There
were 1000 sheep in the pens. and hum
dreds had been skinned and cleaned
and hung up to cool before being put
in the freezing rooms. | stopped for
a moment and timed the killing. With
in lust three minutes / saw a sheep
pass from It's active bleating life into
carcass, skinned and cleaned and ready
to be frozen for its long voyage OF 1000
miles over the ocean to Europe The
killing was done in sight of the await
ing victims. and hundreds of sheep
looked on while their brothers and sis
ters were butchered- Each pen had at
least fifty sheep, and along the front
of it on a bench as high as my knee
lay rows of dying animals. Each had
two great round holes in its white
throat, and out of these ran the red
blood into a little canal below. Some
of the sheep were kicking. others were
feebly groaning, but ] could see that
the deaths were almost instantaneous.
The killing is done with long double
bladed knife The sheep is caught by
two men. who throw it upon its back
upon bench. While they hold it there
the butcher seizes it by the chin. bends
its head back, and with one thrust
drives the knife into its throat. cut
ting the jugular vein. He then goes on
to the next sheep, which Is ready for
him, and keeps on killing sheep after
sheep like a very machine. He butch
Evening star., 1915-03-21

The first sheep brought to Argentina
came from the West Indies Islands.
They were descended from flock
brought in by Columbus and other
navigators to Santo Domingo. From
there some were taken to Jamaica.
Cuba and Porto Rico. and they thence
made their way south to the Rio de Ia
Plata AS far back as 1850 some were
brought to Tucuman. in northern Ar
gentina, and later others were driven
over the Andes from Chile. Ihe
Chilean sheep are said to have also
come from the Santo Domingo Hooks,
which came not from Spain, but from
the Canary Islands. If this is true
practically all of the sheep of Latin
America had their origin in the Ca
naries.
BY inbreeding for hundreds of years
the native sheep became reduced i'll
size and their wool hard and short
They looked much like goats. and it
was not until other importations We're
Evening star., 1915-03-21

be an increase in the exports of frozen
mutton and lamb, There are certain
breeds of sheep that make better NUT
ton than others. and new breeds will
be in demand. Today there are a mil
lion Rambouillets in Chabut, and there
are other millions of them scattered
throughout other parts of Patagonia
The TERRA del Fuego sheep are chiefly
Romneys and Lincolns. and those of
the north are Lncolus. Rambouillets
Black Faces and SouthdoWns.
OF the 100000 sheep now in Ar
gentina il is estimated that there are
about 30,000,000 made up of cross
breeds, and about 100000 Merinos
There are 100000 Lincolns. some
thing like 100000 Rambouillets. and
several hundred thousand Black Faces
and Southdowns. The herd book of the
Rural Society has record of $4,000
pedigreed sheep. The focks are in
creasing in value. and they are now
estimated to be worth upward of S54O,
100000
Here in Buenos Aires province the
sheep are kept in fenced Enclosures.
Evening star., 1915-03-21

In the south they are herded by shep-
herds and the size of the average flock
is several thousand. They are watched
by a shepherd on horseback. and are
allowed to grazc about they please.
No artificial feeding is done. The sheep
live out of doors from one years end
to the ot her. There are no sheds. barns
or stacks of hay in that region. The
sheep wander off in the morning graz
ing in the direction whence the wind
blows and they return in the evening
to sleep about the hnts of the shep-
herds. 1t is only where the grass is
plenty that the fields are fenced with
wire and the most of the ANIMALS wan
der about on the pampas or plains. Inc
close grazing betters the grasses, and
a farm is improved by the keeping OF
sheep. The herder receives about $50
a month or he may herd on the shares
for one-fourth of the profit. His life
is dreary to an extreme. HIS only
home is a mud hut away out on the
prairie and his only companions are
the sheep, his house and his dogs HIS
chief food is mutton. and his employer
allows him to kill enough sheep to sup
ply him with meat
Evening star., 1915-03-21

made that the flocks began to i'm
prove. One of the men who did much
to introduce fine breeds into Argen-
tina was an American consul named
HALEY, who represented us at Buenos
Aires at the beginning of the last cen
tury. 1t was not until about the time
of our civil war. however. that much
attention was paid to the importation
of fine stock After that Merinos be-
gan to be imported. and little later
on came the Southdowns and others.
I saw on the San Juan estancia the
other day a Southdown flock descended
from rams and ewes imported eighty
years ago, and it was at about that
same time that the Rambouillets and
the Black Faces began to come in.
It is only recently that mutton has
brought good price in the local mar
ketS. A generation or SO ago sheep were
so common that the beggars refused
to cat mutton, and the only profit from
the sheep came from the wool. lit
tie before that sheep were killed in
great numbers without taking the
trouble to shear them, the hides being
allowed to rot so that the wool could
be more easily plucked off. AT that
Evening star., 1915-03-21

divided up in that way They are most
ly in enormous holdings. | know scv-
eral men who each own 100000 sheep.
and there is a Chilean stock company
at the strait of Magellan which is SAID
to own in the neighborhood of two mill
lions On the Alvear estate there are
one hundred thousand fine LincolnS
The Casares family, which has little
farm of over one hundred and fifty
thousand acres. within days ride oil
Buenos Aires. has eighty-seven thou
sand Lincoln sheep. and the San Julian
sheep Company of Santa Cruz has
something like sXty-three thousand
lambs born every year. That estate is
in a province that formed a part of old
Patagonia. and there are sheep farms
now i'll operation all the way from tho
Strait of Magellan to the borders of
Paraguay. There are a million and
half sheep on that part of the Island
of TERRA del Fucgo belonging to Ar
gentina. and the focks of the south
are steadily growing. Patagonia has
become great sheep farm although
the land is so desert in places that II
can carry but few animals. The sheep
eat the tough scrub and bushes. and
they are found in large numbers along
the slopes of the Andes and i'll those
places where the better kinds of grass
grow. Wells are being dug even
in the driest areas. and it is said that
the semi deserts of Santa cruz can
support as many as hVe milton sheep
In Chabut. farther north. there is u fine
grazing country at the base of the An
deS, and that province supports two
million sheep. Here in Buenos Ares
some of the la ndS are so rich that they
will feed two or three sheep to the acre.
= #
SO far the sheep of the south have
been raised almost altogether for their
wool. They are now establishing meat
freezing factories in Pata gonla, at the
Strait of Magellan, and the result VIII
Evening star., 1915-03-21
War Injuries the Wool Market i'm Argentina

nsents were on account of tho foot and
mouth disease, which kept the live cat
tie and sheep out OF the United King
that the Industry was definitely estab-
Iished by the opening of freezing
works It proved profitable. and today
MES. with capitalization Of many
million dollars. The business done in
frozen mutton alone amounts to ave or
six million dollars a year. and since
the beginning Ing 1T It has brought in more
abroad is sent in quarters. The mutton
and lamb are shipped in whole car
casses. and the animals killed for the
purpose number millions The carcass
es weigh from thirty to fifty pounds
each. and the English prefer the me-
dunn weights. The mutton has to be
thawed before selling. but it is said to
Evening star., 1915-03-21

older men have a decidedly surly, un-
friendly air, but the youths show mild
interest in strangers. The streets are
roughly paved with cobblestones II
paved at all and the rows of dark ut
tie Turkish shops have for sale noth-
ing hut the bare necessities of life.
Beyond Niagara the Sea of Aarmora
widens out, a sea blue and smiling ana
studded with innumerable little Islands
that remind one of the islands of the
Aegean at the other end of the strait
Marmora, katalu, Asia and Aioni are
islands in the Sea of Marmora at the
western outlet of the Dardanelles. Inc
island of Marmora is the largest and
most important of the small group
Evening star., 1915-03-21

lied fleet must Subdue the guns of
Forts Diermen Burnu, Clan Burnu. Bo-
kali Tabia Killa Tepe and o;allipol.
while on the shores of Asia Minor above
the great fortress of thanak kelesi
are Forts Mejidieh kose and Niagara.
But beside these fortihcations. both
sides of the strait hristl" With hidden
batteries and with modern krupps.
which continually appear III sight as q
vessel steams through the narrow va
tcrway, popping up most uneNpectediN
behind the hills which have completely
concealed them from view until almost
upon them.
All the forts defending the Darda-
nelIes on both shores have been re-
Evening star., 1915-03-21

orpauized i'll recent years At Fort
Sultanieh, on the Asiatic side. the ne"
Krupps are said to be the most po" el ,
ful weapons owned by the Turks ana
capable of defending the channel LOT d
prent distance both above and below
the town, while at short lh'et Na,s'
along both sides of the strait. earth ,
works have been constructed, pehii,d
which heavy krupps have beeh c'tNerts
concealed The writer. on "a 'ip "
Constantinople at the beginning VI .ile
Balkan war, noticed the great hunpef
of these hidden batteries. ana iiiaue
martial count of them, untll "al'eo oH
an official on the steamer that sucii i"
procedure was most danSeiou7. Pai
ticularIy in view of the CONDITIONS ana
mat visitors en- route TO Constant
nonIe. if they hoped to leave thdt ti's
had better refrain from taking hote o'
anything even remotely connected WIN
the Turkish Notifications. NotWlth
standing these wise counseis, luHlpet
ne views on the Dardaneles were
caught surreptitiously by the heediess
American yoyagers. In the caplli Sc
.lusion a detailed narrative or tnifss
baard and seen were jotted down IN
small diary to amuse friends AT nome
The usual crowd of native louhseFs
orc seen at the dock at Gallipoli. 1he
same listless. ragged, unkempt ana
barefoot hangers-on, seen at every
Turkish port on the Dardanelles. the
Evening star., 1915-03-21


At the present time IL IS belieseu 'ue
numper OF Iulh hish '.'p u - "a .,n n,,r,-
I,,ii.s I'm, ,,.ia,sd 80 II ts noint.d out that as
long as the forts on the Dardanelles
continue to defend the way into the
Sea OF Marlnora iiuhperleSs roops -.
oe feadiiE proush, - oi, $50 80
strengthen thest anu ~ I; rs
Ihe Isles deS fFiltss- 81 -, ~, -,
lands. Is group o! pea utii vi -i.iu ii ~,
cstlng little lsiaflus "hici ne ~ ~.
Sea OF Ma mora 'toout ,iAte'n
southeast OF Constahtlhopie- ,,,.;.,,.;,,,,
OF the nine ISLANDS but tWo' trli ~. ~,
and lia!kl, are OF any ihipor'iite'
formers Valne Is prih''paiis 80 10 q .u
nfer resort Tor the ptople Oh 'oiistdi'.'
nople. who come by thousa'uS ,,a
summer DAY IRON 'he ti's 70 -
themselves AZ the Se'"lne ~, '
the donkcyS or SIT al the itti':,s. itti'
on the Waterside, uhdeF ',e
to sip tiny cups OIL muddy ptaFh M n
ish coffee, or nioptc one oi I'VE - 40
Ihea'S VI
fond.
prIriuu fhc Byzantine period the
,,.,.-.. ,s,,,ds ,,.ore used as asvluns
. ,,,,on,t1,,-
Tor dcpoSeu q IT, -.
princes and others VINO were pefSont
non crata in the CIT. of Consta ntine-
,.,.l, a., ,a,,, The Island of prin-
,,ootb heaei,
Evening star., 1915-03-21
Copyright, 1915. By Frank G. Carpenter,

BUENOS AIRES.
E1HE war in Europe is seriously
affecting the wool market OF
III Argentina. The mills of Bel
q gium are idle and those OF
France are running at only a
fraction of their capicity. The exports
TO Germany are entirely cut OFF. and
thc only markets left are England and
the United States. Before the war be-
gan France, Belgium, Germany and
Austria We're taking about two-thirds
of the wool clip. and the government
here is now asked to aid the wool
growers in increasing their business
with us The clip of this year will
amount to more than o50,000,000
pounds, and the Mercado Central de
Frutos is already packed with bales
awaiting shipment abroad.
The Mercado Central de Frutos is the
largest wool market of the world. In
connection with Bahia Blanca, the
great port of southern Argentina, il
handles practically all of the wool
grown in the republic and something
like 00,o"o.o0o pounds pass through
II each year. The market is owned by
u
s%.n0o.o0a in gold. and which for a
number of years has been paying dlvi-
dends from 13 to Is per cent II has
buildings which cover acres. and it is
said to he the largest market anyw here
under one roof The main building Is
Of brick. with a vast iron roof sup
ported by iron pillars. of which there
are more than $500. 1t has f.30h WIN
dous. and 80 200 cars loaded with freight
come into il every year. 1t is situated
on the banks of the Riachuelo river,
surrounded by a network of railways,
and at such q place that freight can
come In ny ship from different parts
of the republic and go ont on ocean
vessels to all parts of the world. The
business of the market is enormous
Something like a thousand ships load
and unload at its WharveS every year
and ii takes care of hides. grain. skins
and wool TO the hundreds of millions
Of pounds.
At shearinG time the wool comes III
both on trains and on ships There
are not enough cars to haul the crop
and the vast market is so packed that
YOU can hardly get through it, Its
three floors are stacked high with bales
of dirty, greasy wool. and the carts and
wagons that carry the wool from the
trains and boats fill the streets. Much
Evening star., 1915-03-21
F60RT1F TQDF4S OF GQMQ B UNDER FIRE OF w

motley but artistic conglomeration OF
tawdry wooden buildings. warehouses.
hotels and primitive dwellings, with
exquisite marble kiosks. cleaning
white domes and graceful minarets. all
jumbled together in a heterogeneous
mass The beauty of the city, as its
shining domes and airy mlnarets rise
out Of the mist when first approached.
at early morning by steamer. is world
famous Unfortunately. as with every
thing Turkish, distance lends en-
chantment to the view"
What are known as the ChatalJa lines
are defenses situated about twenty five
miles to the west of the city proper.
They extend across the isthmus and
Evening star., 1915-03-21

Idle Mills Belgium and Germany
Wool Their Increased Business With the
Filled StmenEmo
Worlds Market
How Her ShpThe Favo Beed-Ihe New Stock Farms OF
Fueg(t Mutton and amb-4o~ the
Are andTn Ito Pound