davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The West Virginian. [volume] (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1914-1974, 1915-05-15
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'(By E.Fp.8 Sci Acting Direetoe& OF
Sunday School cpurSe, The Moody Bible
Institute, Chicago, m1 II &. WI
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LESSON FOR NAY Is
DAVID 4 SPARES SAUL.

LESION TEXT Samuel 2s:5-1e. 4
good to them that hate you.-Lake s:E:
The West Virginian. [volume] (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1914-1974, 1915-05-15
First NJ. ?. Church M:
L, q. Oldaker, Pastors:

Sunday school at $3.50 a. ms n, d.
Swiger, superintendent; morning swoEs
ship at 10:45; Christian Endeayoe aEI
q D. M, Miss kIadge Helmtck pEesls
dent; evening worship ats 9 o'clock
The West Virginian. [volume] (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1914-1974, 1915-05-15
Dsn's, wss.ss Suss Ell sins." .tcErs.lT."|
1WorIda q g ceEe. Never Fails.
Rev. w. I. Canter, Pastor.

Sold ginsFairmont and is recomme md
ESdE aRE the$World' only real corn cure
!by Granes sDruR Store, Mountain CITY
Drug store. IAN Drug co.. Marlin
Bros Drug Store 4. W. Mcclosises
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-10-05
An Up-to-D Farmer

| One Of the most progressive farm
| ers the writer knows, lives in Virginia,
| about twenty miles from Richmond.
| on the James river. He farms about
100 acres and no better farming is
done anywhere, even in the cracked"
| states of the north. This southern
farmer long ago abandoned corn thin
! ming and adopted crop rotation and
every other modern method of farm
ing and always with excellent results.
When he bought his corn shredder
several years ago the neighbors were
inclined to poke fun at him, but he
tells how it helped him in this way:
| His corn crop runs between 70 and
80 bushels per acre. He cut every
stalk and run it through the shredder.
Keeping careful account of the cost
of work he figures that 1t does not
exceed the ordinary gathering and
cribbing cost, so that he gets a
ton of fodder for a dollar, and
he estimates that to be worth at
| least one-half as much as timothy
hay. He says that if he can get $500
worth Of good fodder by the invest
ment of $1.0O he is very we'll satisfied.
He uses this shredded fodder with
clover, cow peas and alfalfa and in
this way doubles it's value. He claims
that this shredded fodder fed in this
! way keeps his cows and calves In first
class condition all winter and besides
he can raise all the feeders for which
he can produce corn and does 1t more
cheaply than to go upon the market
and buy them.
This southern farmer has demon
F, strated that he knows how to make
the best possible use Of all the mate
rial from his corn farm and it Is sur
prising that more farmers in the great
corn belt of the north do not follow
such methods. Millions of tons of
good corn fodder are allowed to go to
| waste every year either by standing
! in the field after the corn Is husked
out or in the shock until March only
to be ruined by snow and rain. Even
If allowed to remain on the ground
to be plowed under they are of little
value compared with our southern
farmers method of using them
c.. M. S.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-10-05
WHITE CATTLE OF ITALY,

The white cattle which predominant
breed, and are particularly suitable as
work animals. A yoke of these oxen
Of large size weigh $500 to 4.400
pounds. The weight of fine white
COW of the Piedmont breed is 1910 to
1,540 pounds. Steers attain about
1880 pounds. The Piedmont bull
reaches about 1900 to 2.420 pounds.
Another breed of white cattle Is also
found in Italy, known as Roman. This
breed, however, is not properly speak
ing, of northern Italian origin, but
comes from the neighborhood Of
Rome, in central Italy. The oxen OF
this breed are also particularly adapt
ed as work animals, but are not so
good for slaughter. their meat being
not of such fine quality as that of the
Piedmont variety.
There is also breed or pure white
cattle in Italy, known as Chianina.
These cattle are of enormous size and
weight, less adapted to work, but
are for slaughter. There are oxen of
the Chianina breed Weighing from
1850 to $500 pounds each.
1t is the opinion Of breeders and
dairymen In this district that none of
the above breeds Of cattle have been
exported to North America. There are
many breeders in Italy of the several
classes of white cattle, but there are
none who raise them especially for
export.-Consul Nathaniel B. Stewart,
Milan.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-10-05
Next Years
Strawberry Patch

one Of the hardest things to do
this year is to keep the strawberry
patch clean. The grass and weeds
keep on growing no matter what eff
fort is made to prevent it. Even per-
sistent hoefng and cultivating have
not been able entirely to eradicate
them. The work will doubtless have
to be continued until late in the fall
II crop Of Strawberries Is wanted
next year. The fight with weeds has
been kept up for five long, weary
months, and it would be folly to quit
now. All of the work that has been
done would count for nothing and
there would probably be only a small
crop Of very small Strawberries next
summer. 1t Is better to keep on,
even though it does take considera-
BILE time that might have been de-
voted to something else. When
strawberry time comes again and a
nice crop of big berries is harvested,
there will be the satisfaction of hav-
Ing conquered in an almost endless
as we'll as exceedingly disagreeable
conflict which so usually results in a
bad-looking vine which is handi-
capped in growth by lack Of proper
training.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-10-05

gas treatment. So far no effective
parasites or predaceous insects have
been found to combat it.
The f1uted scale is perhaps the most
notable of all the scale insects attack
ing citrus plants, not so much from
the damage now occasioned by it as
from the problems of control which
1t has brought to the front and the
international character Of the work
1t has occasioned.
Australia is undoubtedly its original
home, from whence it was introduced
on Australian plants into New Zea-
land, Cape Town, South Africa. and
California at about the same time.
1t is very hardy insect and will
live for some time without food. The
nature and habits of this insect makes
1t almost impervious to any insecticide
washes; and the orange growers Of
California were rapidly losing heart
In 1889, however, the natural fadybird
enemy of this scale was discovered in
and imported into California.
This ladybird, in a very short time,
exterminated the fluted
scale, saved the state Of California
annual damage amounting to hun
creds Of thousands of dollars and re-
moved this scale insect from the roll
Of dreaded injurious species.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-10-05

The damage occasioned by scale in
sects is of several kinds. The first
and principal injury is the extraction
of the juices of the plant, the scale
insect in it's relation to its food plant
being q mere pumping machine, which
is continually absorbing the sap from
its host. While the amount extracted
by a single insect is very small. when
multiplied by millions it greatly weak
ems the plant. With some species the
excess Is thrown off in the form OF
so-caIled honey dew" which accu-
mulates in drops and spreads out over
the bark OF leaf as sticky liquid.
This LIQUID attracts ants. which very
often gives rise to the erroneous be-
lief that the ants are depredating on
the plant.
Another form Of injury results
from the honey dew excretion, which
not only prevents normal respiration,
but develops a black fungus covering
the leaves twigs and fruit, and still
further sitting the plant and reduc-
ing the marketable value Of its prod
ucts.
Associated with the damage due to
the absorption Of the juices of the
plant by the scale insect is a diseased
condition, particularly to be noted In
the limbs, caused by the irritation
excited by the beaks or by the in
lection Of some poisonous liquid. The
extreme injury by scale insects arises
from the further fact that they are
active the year round in climates
where citrus trees can be grown.
Their most rapid breeding season is
from May to August, but continues
throughout October and November.
In the winter or rainy season they are
more dormant and breeding Is at
much lessened rate.
With most insects injurious to cult
waited plants periodicity Is noted In
their occurrence in injurious numbers.
In the case Of a sub-tropical species.
like the scale insects affecting citrus
plants, this periodicity is not so
marked as it is with insects in tenn
perate ATTITUDES. That there may be
more or less well-defined periods of
destructive abundance, separated by
periods Of comparative scarcity is illus
trated by the noted epidemic of scale
infection which prevailed throughout
the entire orange, lemon, and olive
districts along the shores of the Med
iterranean from Italy to Spain during
the first part Of the present century.
which later subsidized very largely OF
itself, efficient remedies at that date
being practically unknown.
In this country, scale infestation
varies considerably from year to year.
The fluted scale, in California, in
creased enormously during the first
ten or fifteen years and threatened
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-10-05
BY E. p. TAYLOR.
Cooling Moth on Apple.

In controlling these and other in
sects. apple growers should apply
their arsenical sprays at times when
they will be of the greatest possible
service. There is limit to the num-
Der of sprays which can be profitably
applied, especially since in many cases
1t is also necessary to give separate
sprayings of fungicides at times when
no insecticide is required or vice
versa. For instance, it is generally
conceded that spraying with fungi
eide Is necessary before the opening
of the apple bloom for the purpose Of
reducing apple scab, though the ad-
d1tion of an arsenical at that spray
can have no effect in destroying the
larvae of the codling moth and little,
If any, value against the curculio.
Again, sprays Of Bordeaux mixture
when used late in the season at the
time of the appearance Of bitter-rot
are given at a time too late to be Of
much value in preventing damage
from either of these two insects.
Spraying Is the chief method Of
control Of curculio and cooling moth
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-10-05
CANNING TIME.

The wise housewife puts up only the
juiciest, freshest and finest-f1avored
fruit, and that which is undeyzipe
rather than overripe, as it keeps and
tastes better. Before beginning to
can, have everything ready Scald the
bottles and have them scrupulously
clean, especially the lids, and get new
rubbers If the old ones are not elias
tics Use graniteware, or a porcelain
lined kettle, and a wooden spoon; a
granite ladle for dipping and wide
mouthed funnel for filing the jars.
Set each jar on a deep plate and fill
the Jar till it overfows. Keep silver
fork in each jar, moving it gently.
This will cause the air bubbles to rise
and break. Take the fork out when
the jar is full, wipe the jar, put on the
cover, screw it tight and set aside to
cool, Tightening the cover, when cool,
if necessary. Keep the fruit In cool.
dry, dark closet. It Is we'll to slip the
jars into paper bags, writing the name
of the fruit on the paper. Dark blue
paper may be pasted on in sizes just
to fit the bottles.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-10-05
Shipping Matching Eggs
Long Distance

II Matching eggs are carefully
packed in a basket with a good cush-
ion of excelsior in the bottom. they
will carry great distances and give
good results. 1t must not be expect
ed, however, that they will give as
large percentage Of hatch as might
be the case nearer home. The writer
has shipped eggs as far west as Cali
fornia and as far south as Florida
to say nothing about shipments to
Canada and also to Panama-and tho
reports were very satisfactory. 1t IS
the jolting eggs are apt to get by
transportation by rail, that is likely to
weaken a strong germ or kill weak
one. For that reason they should be
we'll packed in excelsior. Excelsior
is to be preferred to any other ma
terial, as it is Of a springy nature;
and baskets are better thar boxes,
for the reason that being more con-
venient to handle, railroad employees
are naturally more careful with them.
M, ". B.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-10-05
VALUE OF BARNYARD MANURE.

The liquid excrement from farm ani-
mails contains nearly half the nitrogen
and potassium voided by them and
should be carefully preserved.
When steers are fed on cement floors
the value of the manure produced 10
more than $500 per year greater for
each animal that when fed on earth
floors.
Open barnyard manure Is about one
half as valuable as stall manure.
The least amount of nitrogen will be
lost from stored manure II animals are
kept on it or it Is kept in a moist. we'll
packed condition
Manure used in connection with con-
tinuous cropping will not maintain the
maximum yield but when used in conA
nection with crop rotation it increases
the yield of all crops grown in that ro-
tation.
Manure used in conjunction with
complete fertilizer high in phosphorus
will give better returns than when
either is used alone.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-10-05

capture OF insects, while the other
woodpeckers have tongues with barb
ed tips which can be extended to
spear luckless borers or other insects
whose burrows in the wood have been
reached by their powerful beaks.
The sapsuckers practically do not
fed on wood borers or other forest
enemies. Their chief insect food Is
ants. About IL per cent Of their diet
consists of cambium and the inner
bark Of trees and they drink a great
deal Of sap.
The parts of the tree injured by
sap suckers are those that carry the
rich sap which nourishes the growing
wood and bark. 1t Is evident. there
fore, that the birds attack on trees
may have serious results When
small proportion Of the bark and
ca blum are removed, the vitality OF
the tree may only be lowered. or
branches here and there may be
! killed. When the injury Is more ex-
tensive. as 1t often is. the tree may
be completely girdled. and Of course
dies. Holes made by sap suckers go
clear through the bark and often into
/ the wood. Sap sucker picking dis
figures ornamental trees, giving rise
to pitch streams, gummy eXcres-
cences, and deformities of the trunks
Small fruit trees, especially apple.
are often killed, and whole orchards
have been destroyed by these birds.
Sap suckers are known to attack no
fewer than 25S kinds of trees, shrubs.
and vines in the United States, So OF
which are often seriously injured and
80 have been killed.
Hickory trees are favor.tes OF the
sap sucker. and it is estimated that
the annual loss on hickory alone
from this cause is about 100000.
, 1t has been found that sap sucker
work units for use such important
ornamental woods as mahogany.
black walnut. white oak. yellow pop
lar, chestnut. cherry, sweet gum and
hard maple that it seriously blem-
ishes woods priced for peculiar quail
tiles, such as ash. Eastwood cypress.
red cedar. holly, buckeve. and dog
wood and that it some lines destroys
the value of wood even for heavr con-
spruce and western hemlock. It is
serve protection.
The yellow-bellied sap sucker Is the
only woodpecker having the front OF
the head-from bill to crowned in
|ecombination with a black patch on
the breast The red breasted sap
sucker is the only wood pecker that
has the whole head and throat red.
Great care should be taken to dis
tinguish sap. suckers, from wood
,, peckers. H.-
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-10-05

it is a brownish purple. and in shape
duplicates the oyster-shell scale OF
the apple. The purple scale is not
limited to citrus fruits, but occurs
also on many other plants.
Neither the gas treatment nor any
of the washes is q certain remedy for
this scale, except in immature stages.
1t is usually necessary to make two or
three applications of spray at inter-
walls of two or three weeks to effect
anything like determination.
The red scale of Florida is another
insect of worldwide distribution. AS
an orange scale it Is not very serious
pest on trees grown out of doors, but
on trees grown in Conservatives 1t Is
! very apt to thickly infest the leaves
and fruit. 1t has a very wide range
of food plants and is one of the com
monest of scale insects. The red
scale of California is quite distinct
from the red scale of Florida. Its
name comes not from the covering
scale. as with the Florida species, but
from the fact that the body OF the
mature female turns reddish brown
md shows through the thin trans
parent waxy scale. This insect al
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-10-05

idents Of practically all parts of the
| United, States. The great bulk of the
food of these birds consists of the lar
vac of wood-boring beetles or moths
These are eaten with great regulari-
ty throughout the year. but somewhat
more in the colder months than in
summer. The total of wood-boring
larvae, including both caterpillars
and beetles found in the food of these
birds, amounts to 77.13 per cent
Their vegetable food may be includ-
ed in four items: Fruit. mast. cam
blum and rubbish. The foregoing
shows that these woodpeckers act as
"conservators OF the forest" in the
strongest sense, as three-fourths of
their food consists of the direct ene-
mics of forest trees. 1t is unfortu-
nate that in most places three-toed
woodpeckers are not very numerous
and for this reason they should be
protected and encouraged in every
way possible
OF the several species of wood
peckers in the United States only
three may be properly classed as sap
suckers. These birds have short
bushy tongues, not adapted to the
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-10-05
#. L. BEAL and W. L. McArEE.


quently seen in thinly timbered coun-
try.
In Florida the bird has been OBJ
served to eat oranges to an injurious
extent. It attacks over-ripe fruit and
picks holes In it and sometimes COM
pletely devours 1t. The fruit selected
is that which is dead ripe, so 1t is not
often that the damage from this source
Is serious. The bird also sometimes
attacks the trunks of orange trees
as we'll as others, and does some
harm.
For investigation of the food of the
red-bellied wocdpecker 271 stomachs
were available. The food was found
to contain 1904 per cent of animal
matter to $500 Of vegetable. The
former consists of insects and spiders,
with few tree frogs and lizards.
while the latter may be considered as
made up of grain, fruit and mast.
Among the animal food few wood
borers were found, and caterpillars
averaged 2ss per cent of the diet.
Corn was the only grain found. Poison
ivy seeds amount to 215 per cent Of
the diet and are eaten in every month
from August to February inclusive.
This bird shows decided taste for
fruit and may do injury as it has in
the Florida orange groves. The con-
tents of the stomachs, however, show
that the wild fruits are preferred,
and probably only when these have
been replaced by cultivated varieties
is any mischief done.
Three-toed woodpeckers are found
| to be very beneficial. These are res
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-10-05

holes in tree trunks or large branches,
in each of which Is. placed an acorn
or other nut Where this bird is
abundant all dead trunks or branches
of any size, and many live ones. are
punctured with these holes, frequently
less than an inch apart Where trees
in the proper condition are not nu-
merous enough 1t attacks buildings
and drills holes in the cornices of
houses or spires Of churches; also 1t
bores into telephone and telegraph
poles and fence posts.
For the laboratory investigation OF
the food of the California woodpecker,
"a stomachs were available. The food
was found to consist Of 1888 per cent
of animal matter to tai per cent OF
vegetable.
Their principal item Of food Is
acorns. This amounts to $3.50 per
cent Of the yearly diet and was found
in So stomachs. Where almonds are
largely cultivated and this bird is
bundant It exhibits strong liking
for this nut and stores it instead of
acorns. In some cases 1t has been
found necessary to shoot the birds
whenever they entered the orchard in
order to save the crop.
The foregoing shows that the food
of the California woodpecker is not OF
much economic Importance. It does
not prey extensively upon the pro-
ducts Of industry, except occasionally
upon almonds, and its insect diet con-
tains practically no useful species. It's
worst sin is its propensity to puncture
the cornices and castings of buildings
and telegraph and telephone poles In
order to store Its nuts for winter use.
This is serious injury and will justi-
fy the destruction of the bird If no
other remedy can be devised.
The red-bellied woodpecker ranges
over the United States as far west as
central Texas and eastern Colorado,
and as far north as New York. Mich
igan, and southern Minnesota. 1t IS
rather more of forest bird than some
Of the other woodpeckers, but 1t Is fire.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-10-05
ARE YOU OPERATING
A MOSQUITO FARM?

Do you know that you are proba-
bly, breeder of mosquitoes? Many a
man keeps a regular mosquito farm
and does not know it. Are you one
of this kind? You are, If on your
premises you have open water bar
rels, empty tin cans, open water
tanks. marshy or low ground that
holds the water after rain. OF course,
If you like being bitten by mosquitoes
and like to run the risk of having
them carry to you some faint of dis
ease. why you will not do anything
to destroy the mosquito breeding
places. If the people OF every COM
munity would get together on the
mosquito question, the domestic
could be eliminated.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-10-05

in apple orchards, but there are a
number of other natural or artificial
checks against both insects which de-
serve mention. ..
Banding Of the trees to capture the
descending worms of codling moths
as they search for place for pupa-
ton was a practice even before
spraying for cooling moth was begun.
It has been shown that they will
sometimes capture as high as 40 per
cent of the worms upon the tree, but
1t cannot be considered a practical op-
Grafton when such far better results
can be accomplished by spraying.
When bands are used they must be
looked after every ten days and the
worms destroyed. to prevent the
moth from maturing and making its
escape. If this is not done they will
only offer safer hiding places and do
more harm than good. They are
sometimes useful In trapping the first
emerging worms in the summer in or
der to forecast the date Of appear
ance Of second generation worms.
Cultivation of orchards is one of the
best of procedures for curculio de-
struction. It keeps the orchard free
from many of the desirable hiberna-
ton places for the adults. and 1t un-
auestionably destroys high per cent
OF the insects in the ground.
There are many useful natural In
sect parasites and other enemies OF
both curculio and cooling moth which
attack them in practically all their
stages and assist very materially in
preventing the damage from them be-
ing far greater than 1t is,