davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-10-31
The BungIer.

seR UNGLING diplomacy" said .
ID noted feminist in Los Angeles.
lis largely responsible for this cruel
war. Nations deliver themselves into
the hands of diplomats who are often
incapable of such delicate work. The
result is disaster.
diplomatic talent is a gift" she con-
tinued, and therefore a man who re-
ceives a responsible diplomatic post
solely because for thirty years he has
successfully manufactured household
articles and accumulated a big for
tune is apt to prove as much Of
bungler as the Chicago heiress' hus-
band.
1--WE have been married twelve
years. this heiress said, sentimentally,
to her husband, and not once have
missed baking you with my own hands
a birthday cake. have I. dear?'
mo. my darling the husband an
swered, tenderly. mo, my darling Hill
degarde, and / look back on those
cakes as milestones in my lifs.'"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-10-31
A BuENos AIRES SHOPPING STREET WHERE MILLIONS ARE

tina consisted almost solely of hides,
horsehair. wool and tanning extract
from the quebracho tree.
Because of this great balance of
trade against us in Argentina Ameri-
can trading houses in Buenos Aires
feared that the exchange rates would
soar, but this has not been the case.
The American bank in Buenos Aires
has kept the exchange rate down to
foreign banks had given their Gus
toners one-half per cent rate.
Without an American bank, however.
the United States would have had to
pay dearly for its Argentine imports,
and American goods might have been
shut out of the Argentine market al
together since the foreign banks GER
tainly would have allowed American
exchange to rise to new heights. 1t
was only another case where having
an American bank in a foreign mar
of benefit and it illustrates the need of
having our own banks in all foreign
countries where our trade is consider
able.
:. x
The war has served to introduce
may have laid the foundation for a
permanent trade in this commodity.
The American coal imports during the
fall of 1914 amounted to 1876 tons,
against 602,032 tons of Cardiff, Wales,
coal for the entire year of 1914. Coal
at Newport News. Va, costs an aver
age of s225 a ton; delivered in Argen
tina this year the price has averaged
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-10-31

has been to turn the Argentine trade
balance against the United States, in
spite of the increased demand for
American goods. Strictly speaking. the
demand for American goods has in
creased only In variety and not in
quantity. the financial depression being
responsible for a heavy curtailment in
all Argentine foreign orders. But the
meat and grain products that former
~ had been shipped directly to Great
Britain, Germany and France, have
been diverted in large part to Ameri-
can ports, whence, no doubt, they are
being transshipped for Europe.
Prior to the war American imports
In Argentina amounted in value to
about twice the exports to the United
States. In the first three months of
this year the Argentine figures show
American imports valued at S7,509.1 1879.
or about half the normal importation
for that period. Exports to the United
777.1S3, which is not far short of the
normal annual expectation of Argen-
tina to the United States, being ap-
proximately three times the usual ex-
portation for that period.
Expectation to the United States for
the whole year, if continued at the
rate shown up to April, will, therefore.
be close to S100,000,000. In the past
Great Britain is the only country
which has taken so much of the Ar
gentine products. Before the war
American importations from Argen-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-10-31

mosphere, composed chiefly of nitro
gen and oXyg n, has a pressure OF
about fifteen pounds an inch at sea
level. This atmosphere keeps the earth
from cooling by radiation and tempers
the heat of the suns rays as they strike
the earth. The moon has no atmos-
phere, or at most only a trace.
The air and the dust in our atmos-
phere produce the diffusion of light
Without it, where the sunlight fell
there would be white light; where there
was no sunlight there would be black
darkness. Without this atmosphere
t. ere would be neither animal nor veg
etable life.
* r
The temperature of the sun is almost
incompatible. 1t has been estimated
to be 1900 degrees Fahrenheit, but
undoubtedly varies considera bly,. The
surface is more or less constantly
throwing off great flames, which some
times reach farther than from here to
the moon. The temperature of the
earth at the surface is seldom above
l20 degrees or below go degrees Fab
renheit.
There is no way of knowing whether
there is animal life on the sun or the
moon but it cannot be in any form
known on this earth.
The difficulty of grasping the vari-
Gus movements of these bodies is that
time is SO necessary to the observation
of the courses, and it is hard to take
in the movements through space of
these celestial bodies from mere dia-
grams on paper. but much is learned
by the wise and patient men who are
observing them. 1t is largely through
astronomical investigation that the
size and weight of the earth are as
certained, and recent experiments have
found a method by means of studying
the sun to ascertain the weight of the
invisible intangible molecule on earth.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-10-31
and Earth Studied for Centuries

other atom. The total pull depends
upon the mass and its strength upon
the distance of the mass upon which
it is eXerted.
The average interval between alter
mating high tides at any point is TWEEN
ty-four hours and fifty-one minutes,
the precise interval between two sue
cessive passages of the moon across
the same point. AS this phenomenon
follows the moon regularly in its daily
course around the world, it seems rea-
sonably certain that there is a connec-
ton between the moon and the tides,
but until the laws of gravitation were
demonstrated the explanation was not
clear.
There is a difference between the pull
of the moon upon the particles OF the
rigid sphere of the earth and its pull
mon the particles composing waters
on its surface The effect is the same
as a decrease in the weight of waters
where the pull is the strongest. e.,
the point on the surface nearest to the
moon and the consequent rising of the
water along that meridian.
There is also formed a high tide on
the opposite side of the globe through
the pull of gravitation upon the earth
away from the water in such way as
to leave the highest line of the water
along the medidian directly opposite
the moon. The lowest tides are then
at points opposite each other and mid
way between the two high tidal points.
!. ::
But recall that the earth is in rota-
ton and that consequently the high
tides will roll on from east to west,
so that, in theory at least, in about
twelve and a half hours the points of
high tide will have exchanged places.
New factors in the varying depths OF
water, irregular shores and the like
will enter into the problem, producing
many variations from this law.
The sun. meanwhile, is exerting its
pull upon the waters. In spite of its
great volume, its low density and great
distance from the water render It's at
tractive force upon the waters less
than that of the moon. At the time of
the new moon, or of full moon, when
sun and moon pull together, the tides
are highest; but when the sun is at
right angles to the line Of the moon
we have the lowest, or neap tides.
The mean density of the eat tn is
rather more than five and half times
that of water; that of the sun is about
quarter of that of the earth, or lit
tie more than that of water. and that
of the moon is about three-fifths of
the earth's.
The attraction which these three
bodies have for an object on their sur
face varies. A body weighing zoo
pounds on the face of the earth would
weigh nearly three tons on the face of
the larger sun and but thirty-four
pounds on the face of the smaller
moon.
The sun has a dense atmosphere. quite
different from our own. The earth's at
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-10-31

had no predisposition of birth to for
give the fraud practiced upon them.
One American woman who bought some
of these garments told me that any
American store that would sell her
such goods at a first-class price would
lose her trade forever.
The situation. of course, was this:
The war cut off French and English
p expectation of womens wear just as
the new season was opening in Ar
sentina. The Argentine merchants had
to supply their customers, and the
goods are not produced in their own
country. The greater part of this
emergency trade was secured by Amer
lean manufacturers. much of it through
American middlemen in Buenos Aires
Aud some of these manufacturers, who
evidently held a contemptuous opinion
of Argentines, did not hesitate to un-
load inferior goods upon them.
Some day these same firms may be
forced by shifting economic conditions
to seek foreign trade for their busi-
ness salvation. They will find their
cause of their own fault in the begin
ming. The greatest error made by
these manufacturers was in underes-
timating the discriminating taste of
the Argentine people. Especially in
Injuries and semi-luxuries. such as
silken wear. Argentina is capable of
being developed into one of our great
est foreign markets. In no city on
earth is luxury carried further than
in Buenos Aires.
The Partisan modiste would rather
see the wife of an Argentine wheat or
cattle millionaire enter his establish
ment than two American women of
wealth. for the Argentine millionaire
is usually quite reckless in the way
he scatters his money. Today the
United States has no such market for
the sale of luxuries, not even in Europe,
while Europe has two-North America
and South America.
If the South American woman of
wealth could be brought to regard
New York as the center of her shop
ping universe. the beneficial effect on
our foreign trade would be well nigh
incalculable. 1t would not only give
this country great foreign business
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-10-31

in women's wear. but the benefit would
undoubtedly be reflected in other lines
At present the high tariffs of Argen
tina and several other South American
countries imposed upon women's (and
men's) ready-made garments effectual-
ly shut US out of this trade; yet France
can supply much of this trade because
French styles are supreme in South
America. Let the United States set
the styles, and the wealthy classes of
South America would have our gar
ments, no matter what tariffs might
be imposed upon them.
One need go no farther into Latin
America than Cuba to realize that
Paris and not New York is the Latin
American shopping mecca. Despite the
great difference in expense, fully as
many Havana woman shoppers visit
Paris as make the shorter trip to New
York, while from Argentina, Uruguay
and Brazil the annual shopping pill
grimage Is invariably to France and
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-10-31
CATTLE FROM THE RANGE COMING

continue even after the conclusion Of
hostilities in Europe, and American
permanent trade will be greatly In
creased by filing this demand. Third
iy. he says. the interest in American
manufactures began just before the
war started, and this interest has been
greatly stimulated by the honest way
in which most of the emergency orders
have been filled.
In contrast with the episode of the
second grade silk goods supplied on an
emergency order has been the expert
ence of American automobile tire manu-
facturers in Argentina. Prior to the
outbreak of the war Argentine automo-
biles were equipped almost exclusively
with British, French and German tires.
American tires found hungry market,
and only first-class stuff was sent from
the United States, European tire ship
ments being almost completely cut off
by the war. The result Is that in one
short year American automobile tires
have built up for themselves a splendid
reputation in Argentina. and the same
is true in Uruguay and Brazil.
The South American cities, with their
miles of smooth pavements, have the
automobile habit completely. There are
said to be more taxicabS in Buenos
Aires than in New York and Chicago
combined, and Rio de Janeiro runs
Buenos Aires a close second in this re-
spect Thus. in this industry. Ameri-
can manufacturers have seized a great
and lucrative trade solely as result
of the war in Europe. Americans will
hold this trade.
One can Judge the extent of the new
market by the fact that one of the
largest tire producers of Akron, Ohio,
has recently negotiated a very favor
able concession with the Brazilian gov
eminent. and will erect a mammoth
tire factory In Rio de Janeiro to supply
the South American trade.
The time is past when American
manufacturers need to be convinced
that there is a market for their goods
in Argentina. In like manner the
Argentine no longer needs to be con-
WINGED of the quality of American
goods. For the most part American
goods are recognized as standards in
Buenos Aires, while German products
are regarded as inferior as a rule. Brit
ish trade marks are the real rivals of
American products in Argentina.
But the Argentines know the difference
between frst-class goods and seconds.
and they will not be satisfied with the
latter.
One curious effect Of the great war
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-10-31
nAmerican Trade C0nc1iti0nsin Argentina

7 Unloading "Seconds" in Silk Goods
~ on the Argentine Market-A Mistake
Which Will Weigh Heavily in the Balance.
Wealthy Argentines Are Lavish Spenders.
Paris, Not New York, Is the Shopping
Mecca of Latin Americans-Direct Steam
ship Lines From New York to South Amer
lea Are Needed-The European War and
Yankee Trade-Our Automobile Trade IS
FlourishH1g-Trade Balance Now Against
the United States-American Coal Max
ing a Reputation in the Argentine.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-10-31

never to New York. American dress
makers are now engaged in supreme
effort to establish independent Ameri-
can styles and throw off the dictator
ship of Paris. Should this effort be
successful. then the chances of 1mpos-
ing our styles upon South America will
be greatly improved.
A great factor in this possible change
would be direct lines of America
steamships between New York and
South America. If such lines are ever
established by subsidies or government
direction, the great textile Industry OF
the United States should see to 1t that
at certain seasons of the year. at least,
passenger rates will be SO reduced as
to divert South American travel to New
York.
Once South American women begin
visiting the shops of American cities
the ideals of their nations will speedily
change and the standards will become
American. From that moment Euro
pean traders in South America will be
on the defensive.
The commercial traveller in South
America, once he has concluded his study
of the Argentine and Uruguay is prone
to generalize. although American manu-
facturers have already been fed too
many generalities on the South Ameri-
can traue subject, ana too lie" PAL lieu :
lars. But one of the first criticisms
of Yankee trade in these two coun-
tries is this matter of substitutions,
this taking advantage of the stoppage
Of European exports to work off in
ferior goods on the Latins.
I have the assurance of DR.. Albert
Hale. formerly with the Pan-American
Union in Washington and now our
commercial attache for Argentina
Uruguay and Paraguay. that this I'M
fair treatment of South American
merchants has not been extensive In
fact. Dr Hal asserts. it has been prac-
tced so seldom that most Of the mer-
chants of Buenos Aires and Montevideo
who have handled these new stocks
are genuinely appreciative of the
high-minded refusal of American
manufacturers to take advantage of
their necessities
DIR. Hale gives this-the belief that
the United States is treating the Ar
gentine Republic honestly-as one of
the three prime reasons why the grow
ing American trade movement in
these countries is bound to be success
full. The second reason he assigns is
that the demand for goods formerly
supplied by Germany and Belgium will
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-10-31

months, in the year which it takes the
earth to go around the sun.
4 IL
II powerful light be thrown upon
globe 1t will look to the beholder like
fiat disk. and If 1t be in vacuum.
the edges of the lighted space will be as
sharply defined as If the iilumined space
had been painted brilliant white. To
the beholder at the point of the emana-
ton of the light the illumined globe will
look like a circular disk. If he walks
a quarter way around it he will see half
OF the illumined disk, but the other half
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-10-31
w.


Of the hem sphere being in darkness
around he W II see part of the illumined
disk. and when he finishes the circuit
all the illumined disk will again be visi-
BILE
When the moon is on the side OF the
earth nearest to the sun the observer
from the earth sees only one edge Of
the moon. or the crescent. A week later,
when the moon has fallen behind the sun,
he sees half Of the illumined surface Of
the moon. now egnning its second quar-
ter In another week the moon reaches
the point farthest away from the sun
and the man on earth sees the whole OF
the illumined disk-the full moon.
In the next week the moon, now IN
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-10-31
ELEVATORS At BUENOS
BY ROBERT F. WILSON.

FNHE American colony in Buenos
Aires. Argentine, is variously
estimated to number from 500
q to 5000 persons. Nearly all of
the men are employed in some execu-
tive capacity either in the agencies of
American firms in Argentine or in local
industries, such as the packing houses.
which are largely financed with Amer
lean capital. These men for the most
part have their wives and families with
them, and their woman folk are retail
buyers of more than average American
intelligence.
Shortly after the outbreak of the war
In Europe a large department store of
Buenos Aires advertised the sale of it's
first importations of American silk gar
ments for women. The American wom-
there were naturally delighted to be
given the opportunity to buy a home
product. At home, no doubt, they might
have preferred the European-made ar
ticle because it is the style to do so,
but in Argentine, where in some cases
for years they had been compelled to
buy French goods, they welcomed the
change and were on hand early at the
sale.
:. :
1t did not take the retail store long
to dispose of its first Importation of
American silk garments for women,
but 1t will be considerable length of
} time before that particular store. which
is careful of its reputation. will order
another consignment. The goods proved
to be defective. seconds. although the
Argentine retailer in good faith sold
them as first quality at a price about
double what they would bring at retail
in the United States.
The American women were disguised
with their purchases One may imagine
the feeling of Argentine women. who
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-10-31

eccentric course, every inch of which
may be predetermined.
ITO realize the truth few very sim
pie figures are necessary:
THE distance from the center of the
earth to the center of the sun is 3d.
100000 miles, from the earth to the
moon $4,000 miles. The diameter of
the sun s 900 miles. of the earth
1900 miles and of the moon 2.160 miles.
Thus. if the earth. taking along with
it the moon at its regular distance
from the earth, were placed at the CEN
ter of the sun, the moon could revolve
about it in any direction within the
surface of the sun, and, keeping at the
end of its invisible string. never get
nearer than 1875, 900 miles of the surface
of the sun.
I'm other words, a person at the CEN
ter of the sun intending to travel to
the earth would have to go as far as
from here to the moon and then four
times around the earth before reaching
the surface of the sun. when he would
have gone 400, 900 miles. After he had
travelled two and a half times that dis
lance he would have completed his first
million miles and then would have to
travel that distance ninety-tWo times
more before stepping upon terra hrma.
IF man could travel around the
earth in one hour, 1T would take him,
at that rate, nearly nine and half
hours to reach the moon and more than
1--WE months to reach the sun. If a cir
Gle twenty-four inches in diameter rep
resentS the sun, dot one-thirtteth OF
an inch would represent the earth, and
a Speck one one-hundred-an thirtieth
of an inch the moon.
These facts have been mentioned to
excite the ina gination into concep-
ton of the relative sizes of the sun,
the earth and the moon.
The sun is the source of heat and
light. and is called the center of the
solar system. 1t revolves on its polar
axis once in twenty-five days seven and
three-quarter hours. Whatever heat
and light the earth. which revolves on
its polar axis in twenty-four hours, has
may give out is derived from the
sun. The moon. which revolves on its
polar axis once month, is presumabl y
dead or dying, and. at least on the side
toward the earth, is almost ihconceiv-
ably cold, except when In the sunshine.
II has no atmosphere, or one Of less
density than can be created on the
earth.
The first movement. common to the
three bodies, is rush through space.
where there is no atmosphere. at the
rate of twelve miles a second, in the
direction of the star Vigo- AS all are
falling. or ascending or going--cal 1t
what you within the same direction
at the same rate. AZ to one another this
motion lis disregarded.
The attraction of gravitation-the
pull of every atom to draw to Itself
every other atom in the universe
would draw these three masses, the
moon, the earth and the sun, together.
II IL were not for another mysterious
force 'impelling them to keep on in