davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-08-01

lures, a sum more than so per cent
greater than the gold production of
the world during the last 500 years.
Other estimates run still higher, to
$50. 600 100000 or more.
In addition to the money expended
directly on the war, the loss IN de-
struc.ion of property or land and sea
has run high into the millions. Great
losses are being occasioned by the ces-
sation or curtaiment of many forms
of productive industry. The energies
of the world have been largely diverted
10 making war. Factories of all sorts
have been turned over TO the making
of war munitions; men taken from NIL
and field. to be replaced by women, old
men and children. Economists assert
that for generations TO come the world
will feel the effect of the huge losses
in the burden Of taxation and other
wise. and sociolOgists make conflicting
predictions as to its moral, physical
and psychological effect on generations
living and to come.
Neutrals as well as belligerents have
been affected. The financial strn..
gency which followed the outbreak OF
war was worldwide. The United
States. in common with other neutrals'
has been confronted with the threat
cned abridgcment of its rights. par.
ticularly at sea. and has sent notes OF
remonstrance to England and Ger
many, the complications with the lat.
ter country following the SINKING Oh
the Lusitania giving especial concern.
The war has been attended win
many unexpected features, one OF
which is its protraction. 1t had been
1 i q. oh CT UO1lId
of comparativelv short duration. on
account of the cost and loss OF LIE II
would entail. At the outset it was
commonly said that within less than
YEAR the nations involved would be
compelled to seek peace through imam
cial exhaustion. if for no other reason.
While each side has won its victories.
no final results have been reached in
any of the campaigns. with few
minor exceptions of the lesser opera
tons in distant colonies. Over the
greater part of the Franco-Belglan
front the opposing millions are facing
each other in the same positions as
last Septemher. Movements on the
eastern front have been wider, but with
no signs of an approaching decision.
The German plan is generally as
sumed to have been to deal first with
France. in the early weeks of 'he war
before the Russian army. slower TO
mobilize, was able present a serious
menace; and then to turn on Russia.
The fierce resistance Of Belgium and
the Unexpectedly quick mobilization OF
10th the French and Russian armies
prevented the full fruition of this plan.
Nevertheless. Germany has been able to
hold her own on both the eastern and
western fronts.
In reality the struggle of the eleven
nations is divided into a number of
separate wars. related TO each other
in only a general way. The whole
field of military operations may be
summarized as follows:
In France and Belgium Germany is
battling with Great Britain, France and
Belgium. In August Germany invaded
Belgium and France, pushing southwark
almost TO the gates of Paris.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-08-01

sufferer. by reason of her preponder-
ance Of shipping, and also on account
of the German governments attempt
to blockade that country following the
declaration of a war zone around the
British Isles last February.
In size, speed and cruising radius
the new type of submarines far exceeds
the earlier small vessels, designed pri-
marily for coast defence. Germany S
new submarines are as long as good
sized cruisers. Captain Otto Herslng
took the U-5l about 1000 miles from
Wilhelmshaven, past Gibraltar, through
the Mediterranean and TO the Darda-
neles, where it torpedoed the BRITISH
battleships Triumph and Majestic, and
proceeded to Constantinople. The yoy-
age from Wilhelmshaven to the OAR
danelles required one month.
The aeroplane, almost an unknown
quantity at the beginning OF the war
so far as its military value was con-
cerned, has proved it practical! llty so
thoroughly that it must be rated with
the submarine and the heavy gun as
one of greatest features. In TACT,
il has exercised dominating influence
over land operations. and to It's use
perhaps more than any other single
factor may be ascribed the deadlock
month after month in the principal
fields of battle. 1t has rendered price
less service in reconnoitring, taking
the place of cavalry. 1t has caused a
revision Of the tactics and strategy of
war. Aerial observers. flying over the
opposing lines, are able to discover
movements of any large bodies of
troops, rendering tina form Of strategy
based on surprise attacks or gu OK
movements in force impossible. Aero
planes also have been OF great value IN
locating enemy positions. enabllno the
artillery to get the range and fire &C
c,,ro+o1t, On tho unseen foe
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-08-01
Artillery Now Chief
Factor in Campaigns

On all the European battlefelds ar
tillery has been the main reliance Of
the various armies. Trenches bristle
with machine guns, which military
men say bid fair to reiegate the rifle to
a secondary place. 1t was with artil-
lery that the Austro-German forces
blasted their way across Galcia a few
weeks ago, making what was said to be
the greatest concentration of heavy
and light field pieces ever seen. With
artillery the British won at Neuye
Chapclle, the Germans at Scissors.
Every considerable movement OF infan-
try is preceded by a heavy artillery
bombardment, and frequently the in
fantry has little more to do than oc-
cupy the positions of the enemy made
untcn&ble by artillery fire.
The deadllness of machine guns ne
cesSItated recourse to trenches, for no
troops IN exposed positions could live
within the range of the rapid frers
Consequently trench warfare has de-
veloped 10 an extent never before seen.
Whole armies moved into underground
quarters, with elaborate labyrinths of
passages and subterranean living and
sleeping quarters.
The result of machine warfare was
the use OF ammunition on a scale for
which the world was unprepared Eng
land recognized il as her greatest
problem, and made David Lloyd George
Minister Of Munitions, with power to
mobilize the nations workers for the
production of war munitions on a
81 a l.
measures. Italy, which had ten months
TO prepare for war, found it necessary
after two months of fighting to appoint
by royal decree supreme committee
TO increase the production of munitions
The battle of Neuve Chapelle alone is
said to have cost the British the ex-
penditure of more powder than the
entire Bocr war.
One result of the development of this
form of warfare is the eclipse of cav
airy as one Of the principal arms of
the servi.e. Cavalry is still used TO
a small extent on the eastern front,
but its employment, in France virtually
has been abandoned. The cavalrymen
have been dismounted and put in the
trenches.
Almost as conspicuous is the devel-
opment of submarine warfare. The
remarkable exploits of submarines
have proved their efficiency so thor
oughly that already the supremacy of
battleShips has been challenged. Ger
many, compelled to rely chiefly on these
craft for her marine activities, has
gained the greatest success with them.
Their first large achievement was the
torpedoing and sinking by one sub
marine within an hour Of the British
cruisers Cressy, Aboakir and Hogue, IN
the North Sea, in September Since
that time hundreds of vessels, warships
and merchantmen, have been sent TO
the bottom in the North Sea, the Bal
tic, the English Channel, the Adriatic
and at the Dardanelles. From all causes
more than 500 vessels have been de-
troyed. England has been the greatest
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-08-01

To-day the war celebrates its first
anniversary. One year ago the powder
chain set off by the assassination OF
the Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdi-
nand eliminated in almost the whole
of Europe being plunged into war. On
August /, 1914, Germany declared war
on Russia because the Gar refused to
abandon Serbia to the punishment Aus
tria was determined TO infict.
Begun over a point but slightly con-
corning most of them. to-day finds
eleven nations at war, with troops vari-
ously estimated at from 100000 to
2l 900 600 in the field, with losses Of
dead and wounded running into the
millions. and financial ruin staring
their peoples in the face. Hundreds
OF cities have been destroyed, thou
sands of square miles Of fertile fields
laid waste and the slowly accumulated
savings Of centuries swept into the
maelstrom.
And as a result of this uneXampleG
slaughter and destruction, wrought on
a scale never before possible TO mag
inc, the world has achieved nothing:
No decision has been reached, and
events stand deadlocked, with the end
nowhere in sight. The war has re-
solved itself into process OF eX-
haustion, from its trenches each of the
contestants seeking TO snipe away the
lives and treasure Of its enemies.
Determination to pursue the war to
a decisive ending has been expressed
by high officials of all the belligerent
nations, preparations are being made
for next winters campaign, and, in
fact, indications from Europe are that
it is more likely to increase in size
rather than decrease. II is still an
open question whether Bulgaria, Ru-
mania or Greece will be drawn in.
In view Of the immensely of the strug-
gle, previous standards count for little
in considering the price the world Is
paying. The figures involved are so vast
as TO convey little meaning. The ma
lions at war have poured out their
treasures of men and gold without
limit. The usual standards Of life
have been subordnated or disregard
ed, and in some cases social, industrial
and political activities have been viz
tually reorganized on militaristic
basis, TO make all contribute to the
supreme necessities of war.
1t is impossible TO obtain accurate
statistics Of the number of men en-
gagged, the casualties and the cost. For
obvious reasons the size of the various
armies is kept secret Most of the
nations DO not consider it expedient to
reveal the number of casualties; in
fact. Great Britain is the only one
which has given out official totals. As
to the money expended, there are avail
able only partial statistics.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-08-01

vaded AMI we have not experienced 'ne
impelling necessities Of a war wageH IN
our own country, yet there is naruiy
family in any village in the lana tha.
has not willingly sent it's sons 10 NJ"
our battles in foreign lands. "hIie
see day day more and more anxiety
from every man to do his snare can
see no sign or trace of wayering IN any
section of the community.
A Word to Neutrals.
ave have a right to say TO neutiaIs
that our cause is just; that the war
has been forced upon US, and that we
are making and are going 70 make every
sacrifice that makes nation great 70
bring our cause to successIui con
clusion. We have a right, tnlnk' 10
ask neutrals TO examine their own con-
sciences as to whether they have done
everything that neutrals ought TO DO or
can do in insisting that the laws OF
humanity and the doctrines OF inter-
national law, which have been so care
fully fostered in times of peace, are
carried out. Neutrals are the execu
tive power to compel observance OF tne
principles of international law, and II
they fail to do so the result must De
disastrous to the world at large IN the
present and in the future and give
free play to a savagery and baroarism
which is none the less revolving De-
cause it carries out its methods by ne
aid of the discoveries of scientific re-
search and progress.
But, however that may be, our cour-
age is undaunted. II grows into exaita-
ton by reason Of the difficulties that
surround us. and we will go on 10 the
enl without fear or trembling and in
the certain inspiration Of a victory
which will restore to the world that
peace which can alone bring happiness
and contentment to the mass of its cltl-
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-08-01
DETERMINED
ON ROUT OF ENEMIES
Leading Authorities on Both Sides Attack Motives
of the Other and Express Intention to
Accept No Result But Victory.

strong positions. All the attempt. =,
the Italians up TO the present hav.
been unsuccessful. The cost Of -.
attackers has been hundreds o. tbar.
sands in dead and wounded. Austria.
Hungary grows stronger day by dsv
and although It's valiant struggle /. !"
difficult one against Italian superiori,-
in numbers it will be able 10 bar ~.
way to the coastland and to Tries,s
and Tyrol.
Meanwhile Italy has lost her en,i,.
colony at Tripoli 10 the Arabs and an.
parently is about 10 declare war q,
Turkey.
"The Serbian army after great los,s,
In the winter has undertaken no mill.
tary operations, being content 10 guard
the frontiers Of its country. on wbicb
there no longer is an Austro- Hungarian
army.
THE other Balkan States are absy.
TO decide which side they shall .aIs
in the war. Since Russias forces hay,
been driven back and badly beaten and
a German and Austro- Hungarian army
has been arrayed near the frontier o,
Rumania. Bulgaria has come 70 an IN.
derstanding with Turkey. and Greccs
remains the opponent Of italy, and an
increase in the number Of our enemies
under control of the Entente Allies no
longer is TO be anticipated by Austria.
Hungary.
Germany Determined to Win.
"The Germans have every reason,
therefor at the end OF the first year
of the war 10 consider their sacrifices
in blood and treasure have been re.
warded. We are well prepared for
continuance of the war. Our nation
still possesses determination TO con-
quer and 10 make the necessary sacri-
fees. Our supplies Of war material
are assured by efficient organizations.
Our finances are far from exhausted,
and there is no lack OF provisions. Our
feet, despite a few losses among the
cruisers, is ready 70 be thrown into
the struggle at the proper moment
and in full strength, and our suSma.
rines in all the seas are the dread Of
our enemies. Thus their offensive has
changed 20 a defensive, and the PROS
poets of eventual victory for the CEN
trail powers is materially increased"
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-08-01
War Costing More Gold
than Mined in 500 Years

On the basis of DR.. Helferich's esti-
mate, the first year Of the war cost the
stupendous sum of Sl1 800, 100000. Mr..
Michaelis puts tn figure at $l5,O0O,-
100000, not including Italy's expendi-
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-08-01
Warsaw Drives Cost Heavily.

Furthermore, the repeated German
drives a, Warsaw from the west nave
cost the enemy tremendous losses.
was only after six weeks OF the mos
intense fighting in the Bzura region,
due west of Warsaw, last winter 1NS;;
the Germans recognized the futlIIty ',
attempting 20 break the Russian lr0"'
By direct frontal movements.
ION the other hand, by exactlhg
heavy toll of lives in rearguard aeuoaS
during the carefully ordered retrvN..'
and By keeping her own army ln'4.T
Russia successfully performed net SP
pointed task liz,
"The East Prussian aggressive when
manifested Itself periodically ana I
terly the Baltic campaign never raw
been regarded otherwise than as dNe.
sions. A parallel 20 these moyeme'ss
is found in the Bukowina operations ~
their relation to the general Esl'1.s.
campaign. Their chief importance ha'
been 10 draw llen from other irVhS'
where more serious fighting has gee"
while it is understood the fate o.
the Turkish provinces on the Css
casian front will be determined oy tnsS
general course Of the war. this shou'a
not minimize the genuine military SUI
cesses Russia has achieved in that d,s.
tant field. Russia did not desire "
expend her strength in Asiatie Iurkey,
but We opposed by the threatenlaH
Turkish advance in December she eH
erted her power. flung back the Iurs
ish army at Sari Kamysh, and began >
series Of movements which carried 1ne
Russian arms 10 Van and the az
proaches of Bitlis and Aush. IN Ia'H
ish Armenia"
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-08-01
German Colonies Swept
Clean by British Fleet

In Africa French and British troops
occupied Togoland and part Of the
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-08-01
F;rsf Year of the Great War Reviewed by Experts
Allies Ministers Express
Determination to Win War
BY ALEXEI ANDREIEvITCH POLIvAN0FF
Russian Minister of War

NV opinion in words after years duration Oh 'hS
war unprecedented the worlds annals is as follows:
The enemy strong and cruel and that is the very reason
why Russia and her heroic Allies must continue the
should last for several yearsuntl the enemy is coP
crushed
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-08-01
BY RIGHT HON. HERBERT H. ASQUlT

prime Minister of Great Brittany
The reasons why fighting are known IN America
The world has Judged and will judge not words but our
actions question to-day not OF our hopes or our cac
ations, but duties.
Our duty, which shall fulfill is to continue 10 the emo III
the course which we have chosen and Ito do all which may
achieve and cherish just and lasting peace
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-08-01
BY SIR EDWARD GREY
British Minister for Foreign Affairs


The reasons which led Britain to declare war ana .'
ideals for which fighting have been frequently set
They are llv understood America do not tee therefore,
there is any need repeat them am quite conenea 70
leave the rights and wrongs OF the causes ana cohuu " ~
war to the judgment Of the American people
The United Kingdom, and the entire empire together W'n
their gallant Allies been determined than e
TO-DAY to prosecute this successful conclusion WHICH
will result honorable and enduring peace based on oey'
and not burdensome militarism
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-08-01
PuSSia's Task to Divert
Enemy from Her Allies

Petrograd, July 30.-From a person
who, although not officially connected
with the War Department, is in close
touch with government officials and IS
well acquainted with the military sit
uation and the Russian state of feel
ing, the following review Of the frs.
year Of the war has been obtained:
THE end of the first year OF the
war finds Russ'as potential lighting
ability undiminiShed Her armies are
intact, her resources virtually IN
touched; and the determination Of her
people. the morale of her troops, have
only been deepened with the growing
realization of ne cnemy's strength.
This determination is expressed
most forcibly in the mobilization Of
vast industrial resources for the pro-
duction of war munitions. These eff
forts are rapidly lessening the dis
parity of the comDatants in guns and
ammunition. Russia does not look for
speedy termination Of the struggle, but
feels confident of Ter power to eXhaa';
the enemy.
Russia's Losses Temporary.
"The campaign OIL the eastern front
must be viewed ir relation TO the
enormous extenr Of territory over
which battles have been waged, from
the Baltic to Bukow.na. The tar hahg
advances and retreats here nave nal
no more significance relatively thah
gains and losses OF a thousand yafds
on the western front. To interpret
Russia's temporary loss OF territory IS
German success is 10 ignore kussls'
role TO engage as great a part Oh 'as
enemy's forces "a possible, TO re!le's
pressure on her allies. RusSia's reflsal
TO accept battle in diSadyan,ageous
conditions. even though she must TEN.
porarily abandon territory, mas nP'
her armies and defensive lines ua'
broken.
1T is the assertion of Russian au'
thorties that every German adyahSs
has cost Germany more men, reia'r,ey
and actually, than X cost Russia ivy
regard Germany as now committed Ger
initely to "A campaign which = carry
the German armies farther and iarthet
from their bases; and TO abandon ths
compaign would be disastrous Gelesi;
for her Moreover, II IS MAINTAIN
that not even the territorial ambitions
of Germany have been realized slnes
the German detectives on TINS Itoh'
have not been fully attained.
THE advance Of the Austrians lnI9
Southern Russia in the early stage Q.
the war met with full defeat: IL was
followed by Austria's loss OF I2Il.ts
General Ivanof. at the head Of the
southern Russian armies, carried on
one of the most brilliant offensive cam
pagns of the war The present stag
may possibly be regarded as an uneom.
pleted repetition of this earlier move
ment.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-08-01
Turkey Ready for Italy.

SHOULD Italy send an army to the
Dardanelles it will find a superior
Turkish army ready to receive her
Italy. after conducting mobilization
secretly for nine months, entered the
field against Austria Hungary at the
end of May. An Italian army, I.OOO,-
600 men strong. has been attempting
for two months 20 sweep over the forti-
fed Austrian passes and TO cross the
lSonzO River. behind which the Austro-
Hungarian defensive army occupies
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-08-01
War Loan Largest Ever Raised.

TIE success of the recent war loan
shows how anxious our people are to
invest their money in the prosecution
OF the war. Not only is it the largest
loan that ever has been foated, but il
represents not merely the accumula-
ton of capital of a few large banks,
but the hardearaed savings of small
investors in every part Of the country.
Although our shores are not in
Arizona republican., 1915-12-19

utility and of endless pleasure and delight away from you all the and worries of trying decide moment Make out your unfinished istcome in and of our pleasing. and ainane help YOU decide the momcntou and puzzng question-ot only h vor entire satisfaction but a saving Ii cost
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1915-01-03
STRONG MAN SAVES WOMEN.
Negro Pushes Dead Auto From Track
 as Train Rushes By.

Brunswick. Ga, Jan. 2.-William Houston, colored man, saved the lives of four Brunswick women when, seeing the peril of the automobile party, he rushed up to the machine and showed it across the railroad track just as a fast-moving train went past.
 In crossing the railroad track the machine was slowed down, and just as it mounted the rails the engine went dead" The freight train was only about 100 yards distant.
 The engineer signalled with the whistle, but the machine remained or the track. It was too close for the enginee, to stop the train before reaching the machine.
 Houston, who was standing nearby rushed to the car, gave it one hard shove and it crossed the rack hs only few inches as the train came by.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1915-01-03

MT, A. Stirling Calder, the sculp- tor, has just completed the scale models for his triumphai Fountain of Energy" one of the most import ant sculptured groups at the Pan ama.Pacific International Exposition and first photographs of the figures are published on this page today.
 The theme of the sculptor's work is the triumph of human energy over earth and ocean in the building of the Panama canal. The essential fea- ture of the work is the lightness of effect in portraying a theme which, when attempted in sculptured groups or figures, would ordinarily be ex pressed in too heavy mood, The details of the fountain are done i'll a blithe creative spirit The figures suggest folk lore and fairy tales, Such figures and sprites were never seen on sea or land.
 The Fountain of Energy will prove one of the most striking groups of sculpture upon she exposition grounds. It will be outlined against the vast archway of the great Tower of Jewels through which the visitor will enter directly into the Court of .s:.e Universe upon passing through