davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1915-08-13

Note: The appended letter asks
that persons knowing bits OF history
treating Of the early history OF Rich
mond be sent to this newspaper for
publication, in order that many topics
which have never come to the knowl-
edge OF the historian be preserved and
be given to the print.
Agreeable to this suggestion The
Palladium will print each day such
communications as come to the
once. This data will be OF great in
terest and serve a patriotic purpose
in connection with the centennial of
the city which is to be observed in
1916
All persons having knowledge of the
biographies Of early settlers, early in
cidents. formation Of societies. lodges
churches and organizations are ask
ed to write them and send them to
The Palladium. The letter which has
given rise to this column is appended:
Editor Palladium
Next year. Richmond will cele.
brate its centennial Scores of per.
sons in this city, who are the sons
and daughters of men and women who
came to Richmond years ago. heard
from their parents and grandparents
many of the incidents attending the
founding and growth Of the city.
These incidents are often recited at
family gatherings and social meet.
ings, but have never been given to
the public in printed form SO that
the historian may have access to them
and incorporate them in the archives
and annals Of the county and city.
Much of the history of any city or
county is intimately connected with
the men and women who settled and
developed it. Stories of their hard
ships, of the founding of business
houses and industries, of their con.
nection with clubs and societies ought
to be preserved for future genera.
lions. Mr.. Huddleston of Dublin. has
thrown much light on the early men
and women Of the county through his
| contributions.
There are living in Richmond today
men and women who know about the
early history Of their city. This data
ought to be printed. Why cannot these
people write out what they have heard
and send it to The Palladium for
publication? Then the committees
collecting historical material for the
centennial celebration of the city in
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1915-08-13
Deaths in Preble

EATON Funeral services were
held Friday for three well-known resi-
dents of Preble county. Services for
Peter Eikenberry. 6S. who died We'd
nesday. were held at o'clock in First
Christian church, conducted by Rev
Med. Howsare. His death resulted
from the effects of a heart affection.
Services were held during the after
noon at Christ church over the body
Of Green Wilson, rs. civil war veteran,
who died Wednesday after a several
weeks illness resulting from a COM
plication of diseases. Services were
conducted by Rev. T. A. Cooper. Rev
Henry G. Champion preached the
funeral sermon for Mary 10y, so, who
died Wednesday at her home on East
Decatur street. following a long i'll
ness. Services were held in her late
home. The bodies Of these three resi-
dents were buried in Mound Hill
cemetery.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1915-08-13
Now Are the Days
Children Need Care
Summer Heat Dangerous to
Little Ones If Bowels
Arc NoU1Qctod

A mother cannot do better for her
child than to train it from early in
fancy to regular habits, not only as a
preventive against much Of the illness
to which children are more or less
subject, but also to insure their health
in later life.
Normal activity of the bowels is the
basis of sound health. This is especi-
ally true with children in hot weather.
DO not neglect any tendency they may
show to constipation, but promptly ad.
minister a gentle laxative. that will
carry off the congested waste without
shocking the system.
An excellent remedy for this pur-
pose is the combination Of simple lax
alive herbs with pepsin known as Dr..
Caldwell's Syrup Pepsin and sold in
drug stores for only fifty cents a bot
tie. 1t does not contain opiates, mar
cotics, or harmful habit-forming drugs
of any description, acts easily and nat
urally without gripping or other dis
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1915-08-13
Early City History
Contributions on the Early Days Of Richmond Will Appear
IN This Column Daily.

1916 would have some very interest.
ing matter to use. Much of 1t would
be new and would be exceedingly In.
teresting. am including In this
letter a little sketch which I believe
will be of interest to the public
hope others will do the same.
A CITIZEN.
This article will be printed tomor
row. The Palladium has made ar
rangements with a number Of old
pioneers for personal "reminiscences
which will be published daily. Per
sons having contributions may send
them to the Office by mail or tele
phone 1921.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1915-08-13
Directory OF Campers
For 1915 Chautauoua

L. A. Newcomb, 562; Ruth Niswan
der, Eaton, O., 521; Lee B. Nusbaum
$50 and SOL; Nusbaum & Hughbank
SGT.
Wendell O'Neil, $40; Miss Daisy Os
born, 719; J. w. Outland, SIT.
Porters' tent; Horace H. Parker
1853; f. w. Phillips, 657; w. S. Por
terrified, 682; Mrs A. B. Price, 485;
Catherine Pusey, Greenfield, 81
w. H. Quigg, 703.
w. J. Rhodes, 652; F. F. Riggs, 731
S. w. Roberts, 9O1; W. E. Roberts
SOB; c. w. Roland.
c. H. Scantland, 631; E. Schulz, 500
William Scull, 658; w. Seeker, 513;
R. Sedgwick, $780,. S. M. Shank, 913
Edwin Shawhan, 543;. E. K. Shaw
Ala and 421; Edna F. Singer, 602;
Carolyn Smith, 55s; Edna M. Smith
SOS; Elizabeth Smelser, 668; S. C
Smith, 900; A. o. Snively, So; J. F
Stubs, $40; H. T. Sullivan, 500; Mar
garet Schuman.
w. Taggart, sos; Mrs. Thos. Tar
kleson, $50: John Taylor, 81; Teach
ers' Federation, 419; Irma Tharp, 1888
Thistlethwaite' drug store; NJ. D
Thomas, 551; B. Thomas, 582; c. E
Thomson, us; George R. Thorpe
504; J. M. Thurston, SIS; Mrs. H. H
Toler, 713; Henry Townsend, 1923; o
NJ. Tweedy
F. w. Unthank, 516; Mrs. Margaret
Usher, 4S1
Theresa Van Ausdal, 454; F. NJ. Var
SAINT, 664; Elsie Won Pein.
Alma Wagner, 613; J. A. Walls, 523
Amanda E. Waltz, 56s; County Teach
ers, 400; Mrs. Frank Weaver, 500
Mrs. S. A. Weller, SOL; Bert White
SOS; Mrs. Nathan White, 524; Ora NJ
White, 591 and 500; Chas. o. Will
liams, 67s; Eff1e NJ. Wilson, COZ; F
w. Wilson, 673; e. j. Morgan, III;
William Wilsin, 519; Margaret Wind
sor. ST.; W. o. Wissler, 464; Women's
Relief corps, 407; H. c. Wolford, 5o7;
John Woodhurst, 465.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1915-08-13
STRAUGHNS, IND.

s. B. Limford and daughter and Mrs
Fife McMeans of Covington, KY,
spent from Friday until Monday with
J. M. Smith and WIFE.
Mrs. p. F. May and daughters, Ruth
and Lucille, and chauffeur motored to
Chicago Tuesday to visit her sister
Mrs. Schaffer, who is i'll, returning
via Lake Winona, where they made a
short stay, returning Saturday even
ing.
Mrs. S. L. Cole is in Union county
visiting her sister, who is ill.
Mrs. F. NJ. Crull of Lewisville, spent
Friday with Mrs. ]. M. Smith.
Fred Palms son, Kenneth, was bad
ly burned Sunday while persistently
trying to explode a dynamite cap. It
sure exploded, causing great suffer
ing.
Frank Hiatt and wife, Mrs. J. H
Watson, of Warren, and Mrs. Stephen
Ward spent Wednesday with Mr.. and
Mrs Hill.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1915-08-13
BY KITTY cARoTHERS.

l received a letter this morning
which angered me very much. 1t was
from young women barely out of her
teens. She said she was engaged to q
young man, but that without apparent
reason her mother has been attempt
ing to break the engagement.
The mother demands that the daugh.
ter allow her to read all the letters
which the young woman writes to her
betrothed and in other. ways embar
rasses her. The mother is making a
serious blunder in my opinion.
The daughter should kindly remind
her that she was once young and had
ler love affair." and ask that she recall
with what spirit she would have inter
preted interference.
If the mother has no objection to
the young man cannot understand
1er attitude and actions. If she oh,
jects to him she should frankly state
Ter objections. If curiosity prompts
her action she should curb it.
ON the other hand, 1t appears that
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1915-08-13

Below is the complete list of tent
holders at the chautauqua at Glen
Miller park together with the numbers
of their tent reservations:
Blanch Addleman, 467; N. E. Alex
ander, 617; Norman Anderson, sos.
Adam H. Bartel, 663; George c. Bar
tel, for St. Paul's e. L. church, 665;
Mrs. P. l.. Beard, 500; James Beeson
615; c. E. Bell, 4S3; Thomas Bell, So;
Martha F. Bond, AIS; Fred Bonebrake
679; Ruth A. Bradley, 556; Joe Brooks
of Centerville, 500; William e. Brooks
Of Fountain City, $50; Mrs L. NJ
Buckley, 663; Della Bruce, SIP; l.. H
Butler, 927.
Mrs. Jessie Campbell, SAL: Cora NJ
Carman, 401; Mrs. Rella Chenoweth
9O5; G. F. Chenoweth, 9O7; children's
tent, GIG; J. H. Clements, 656; Lewis
Cockerill, SIS; Mrs. H. Conner, All;
Leanora Cook, 655; w. H. Cox, 900;
Frank Grove, 1853; Hazel Crowell, 2O3
Agnes Cummings, 500.
H. F. Dalbey, $40; ]. e. Davenport
662; Art Denny, Economy, 629; Thos
F. Doloff, 453 Jessie T. Druley, 701
B. B. Duke, $50
W. E. Eikenberry, 500; j. NJ. Elliot
735.
Mrs. Oran P. Farmer, SOC; J. W
Ferguson, SIS and 469; Carl Fleming
554; D. R. Funk, $50; Inez Funk, 201
Morris Gay, 537; Sarah Gard, Camp
bellstown, 461; P. v. Cause. 667;
Clara Getz, 594; J. J. Getz, All, Ala
and 522; Percy Gray, s07 and 500.
E. NJ. Haas, 669; w. H. Haberkern
5S5; Mrs. F. w. Hadley, 405; Lulu
Hanning, 597; L. H. Handley, 671; A.
V. Hasley, 676; John Hasemeier, 661 +;
w. A. Hatfield, I'll; E. w. Have
kotte, 1879; H. Heitbrink, 5ss; Mrs. E
J. Hiatt, AT; ]. P. Highley, 654; H
G. Hill. go; Hockett & Game, gro
Gerry; J. F. Horanday, $50; M. Elma
Homer, sos.
J. c. Jaqua, s17; F. B. Jenkinson
$50; Mrs. Carl Jessup, Sill; A. S. John
son, $50; R. B. Jones, $50; G. w
Jordan, SIS and 577; J. Jordan, 557.
W. H. Keisker, $50; w. S. Keelor
673; B. w. Kelly, 564; r. E. Ken.
worthy, 466; W. r. Keys, 514; Mrs
Roscoe Kirkman, 700; c. H. Kramer
TOT; Conrad Kramer, 705; H. NJ
Kramer. Ats.
Jella Lacey, 625; l. S. Lansing, SCI;
Walter Luring, so; e. e. Lebo, TOO;
Live Wire class, Second English Lu
theran church. 697; Mamie Lott, 727;
H. G. Loehr, 545; Mrs. A. L. Loop
Economy, 627.
Harry Mccoy, BIS; F. r. McFail,
$40; B. Mckee, $50; E. G. McMahan
547
E.I. Manning, 2O7: Mather Bros.
479; O. H. Medearis, $40; H. G. Mes.
sick, 4O3; H. F. MacMinn, 584; Miss
Mabel Mansfield. 525; J. D. Marshall
sos; G. r. Moss. 455; Nancy H. Moor.
man, 462; R. l.. Moore, EOS; Frank
Muir, 674; A. j. hurry, ST.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1915-08-13
LARGE LAND DEALS
AFFECT new PARIS

NEW PARIS. O.. Aug. IS. The
properties which were of the estates
Of Henry and Ann H. Hutton. sold
Saturday at Eaton to the following:
W. F. Wrenn, the 100-acre farm. $5.-
500; n. Spring street residence. Rev.
Ruth E. Hemphill. $3.50; Cherry street
residence adjoining Mrs. d. w. Miller
was purchased by her for $445; the
east Cherry street property adjoining
Mrs. Mary A. Mills was purchased by
NJ. N. Surface Of West Manchester.
at $706: Cherry street property next
to Public church. Carl Brown. 5000:
North Washington street property.
George w. Richards. $500: the Spring
and Wrenn avenue property. Joseph
A. Day, $615. All the purchasers will
improve their several new acquisitions
and make modern residences Of them.
This is probably the largest land ex-
change which has taken place for
some time in New Paris. that is. as
far as the number of pieces Is con-
cerned.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1915-08-13
WEST ALEXANDRIA

Mrs. VIM. Lawrence was Dayton
visitor Saturday.
o. E. Paullus of Dayton was here
last week on business.
The Heisman reunion was held Sat
urday at Hickory Knoll
Miss Edna Smith is visiting friends
at Bradford and Greenville
A girl baby has arrived at the home
Of Mr.. and Mrs. George Puyogle.
Miss Ruth Eby Of Piqua is spending
few days with girl friends here.
Miss Tracy Glander Of Dayton is
spending few days with home folks.
Mrs. Oscar Mause of Dayton spent
a few days last week with relatives
here
Ed Ozias and family made an auto
trip to Missouri where they will visit
friends.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1915-08-13
Dolly's Daily Chats
For Housewives

served, is delicious as we'll as whole.
some. Put one ounce of unsweetened
chocolate into saucepan and pour
on it gradually one pint OF boiling
water, stirring all the time. Put the
sauce pan on the fire and stir until
the chocolate is all dissolved, then
add pint Of granulated sugar and
stir until it begins to boil. Cook for
three minutes longer without stirring;
then strain and cool. Add one tea.
spoonful of vanilla extract, bottle and
store in cool place. When needed
put two tablespoonfuls of crushed ice
in tumbler, add two tablespoonsfuls
Of the chocolate syrup, three table
spoonfuls of whipped cream, one gill
Of milk and half gill of carbonic OF
apollinaris water. Stir thoroughly
before drinking.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1915-08-13

For an odd warm weather drink
boil together. one pound Of sugar and
one quart of water for five minutes.
Then add the grated rind Of two
lemons and Of four oranges and boil
the mixture for ten minutes longer.
Strain through linen cloth and add
to it one quart of cold water. Extract
the juice from the lemons and oranges
and add to the mixture, with one
quarter Of pint Of candied cherries
divided into halves. two dozen Malaga
grapes cut in halves, two tangerine
oranges skinned and cut into bits,
two or three slices Of pineapple and
a good sized banana, also sliced. To
the whole add one bottle of good
claret and quarter of pint of Mar
aschino Serve ice cold from punch
bowl.
Chocolate. when carefully made and
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1915-08-13
STATE LINE

John Brewer was a Boston visitor
Friday.
Ida and Homer Brewer went to
West Florence Monday.
Harry Campbell was in Eaton visit
ing Monday afternoon.
Ira Brewer and Oakley Moore were
at West Florence Saturday.
Mrs Earl Larsh spent Monday after
noon at the home of her parents.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1915-08-13

comfort and is positive in It's effect.
DR.. Caldwell's Syrup Pepsin has
been the standard remedy in count
less homes for a quarter Of a century
and thousands Of mothers testify to
its virtue. If you have never used il.
get a bottle from your druggist or
write for a free trial bottle to DR.. W.
B. Caldwell. 453 Washington St, Mon
ticello, Ill.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1915-08-13

Thomas Mott Osborne, at a baseball
game played by the convicts
at Sing Sing prison.
It is said that Governor Whitman
has given his word that Thomas Mott
Osborne will not be removed as the
warden of Sing Sing prison in the
crisis which has developed between
the millionaire warden and Superin.
tendent Of Prisons Riley. Recently
Mr.. Osborne, speaking before students
of Columbia university, said that he
expected to be compelled to resign
as the political ring wanted his posi-
ton.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1915-08-13

The retirement OF Herr Gottlieb Won
Jagow, German Foreign Minister from
his post, ostensibly because of ILL.,
health, has been persistently rumored
in the dispatches from Europe the last
few days. 1t is said the Kaiser wishes
his removal because of the failure Of
the Austro-Hungarian note to the
United States regarding the export Of
war munitions.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1915-08-13
Masonic Calendar

Friday, August liking Solomon's
Chapter, No. 40, r. A. NJ Stated con.
vocation.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1915-08-13

Abyssinia has an area OF 100000
square miles and a population Of 4.
100000
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1915-08-13
FLIRTING MAKES sPArs.

1'H IN0 "NNES ON 10.
Dear Miss Carothers-As constant
readers, please advise us. We are two
girls OF II, cousins; go with nice young
men. Often we have spats because of
our flirting. as we're told. We are not
engaged. Do not know what to do.
Hope for answer. MAC
Flirting is very dangerous for young
girls. No good comes of it. Nice
young men do not prefer these doings.
Break off with this practice before It
IS too late. and you will be happy with
the right companions.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1915-08-13
Talks With Lovers
Kitty Carohers Gives Advice to Young Persons and An
swers Inquiries About Affairs of Heart

her interference is an acknowledge
ment that she fears she has failed to
rear her daughter properly. Had she
1nculcated into her daughters charac
ter high ideals of home life and OF
mankind she could depend on her to
selct lifemate with wisdom.
After all it Is the girl whose future
is concerned. She has her life to live
No one can live 1t for her or tell her
how she should live It.
The Mount Holly news. [volume] (Mount Holly, Burlington Co., N.J.) 1891-1942, 1915-02-16

Throne Of Grace. he Is informed that
he can have mercy only upon condition
that he will exercise similar mercy to-
ward those who trespass against him,
bis ideals. his interests.
To love mercy is to go even be-
yond loving justice, and signifies a de-
light in yielding personal rights and
privileges In the interest of others,
where no principles are involved. It
implies readiness to forgive the faults
of others-a dissemination to be too
exacting in respect to others, as well
as a desire to be very exacting in re-
spect to our treatment of others.
Humility Is a quality very essential
to every creature. Pride Is a foe which
not merely besets the weak and imper-
feet, but which overcame the great an
gel of light. Lucifer, and transformed
him from a faithful servant Of Jehovah
into Satan. the adversary Of God We
are glad. therefore. that Divine Wis
dom requires humility as one Of the
conditions Of our acceptance with Him.
This requirement assures US Of the
security of the Divine Empire against
all future treason; for none will be
admitted to the eternal life conditions,
either now or In the Millennial Age,
except the humble. Let us hearken to
the lesson of our text and to the Apos-
ties words. Humble yourselves un-
der the mighty hand Of God. that He
may exalt you in due time"
The Mount Holly news. [volume] (Mount Holly, Burlington Co., N.J.) 1891-1942, 1915-02-16

g@NSICsN@aA4FSS #VfS -
~ WNEE@
- N -
Spreading Manure on the Fields.

that if these animals we're kept in
stalls or pens throughout the year. and
the manure carefully saved, the ap-
proximate value of the fertilizing con-
stituents of the manure produced by
each horse or mule annually would
be $27, by each head of cattle $40, by
each hog "a, and by each sheep 50.
The fertilizing value of the manure
produced by the different classes Of
farm animals in the United States
would, therefore, be for horses and
mules, 1894, 100, 900; cattle. $1.400r
900, 900; hogs, $198, 900, 900, and sheep.
S115,000, 900, or a total of $2.477, 100.r
900.
These estimates are based or the
values usually assigned to phosphOric
acid, potash, and nitrogen in CONNER
cial fertilizers, and are possibly some
what too high from a practical stand
point. On the other hand, it must be
borne in mind that no account Is taken
Of the value of manure for improving
the mechanical condition and drainage
Of soils, a consideration fully as i'm
portant as the direct fertilizing value.
1t is fair to assume that at least
one-third of the value of the manure
is annually lost through careless meth.
DDS of management; and this estimate
is conservative. Even at this figure
we have the tremendous sum of $685..
100000 rs the annual loss in the Unit
ed States. This condition is the more
unfortunate. because practically all Of
it could be prevented.
The Mount Holly news. [volume] (Mount Holly, Burlington Co., N.J.) 1891-1942, 1915-02-16
WINTER GARDEN IN CELLAR
Rhubarb VIII Do Well With Tempera,
ture Of Fifty Degrees-Other vege-
tables Can Be Cultivated.

Several garden vegetables can be
successfully grown in the cellar dur.
ing the winter and will furnish fresh
material for the table when such
things are most appreciated. Rhubarb
and asparagus roots are easily forced
into growth. Take up vigorous roots
just before freezing, then allow them
to freeze and remain in that condition
for two weeks. Put them In boxes of
earth In a cool cellar and they almost
Immediately begin to furnish a sup.
ply of beautifully blanched stalks. A
temperature Of about fifty degrees is
desirable. Rhubarb will do we'll at
even a lower heat and should be kept
In absolute darkness.
Cellar windows that face east and
south are good places to grow lettuce
that has been previously started out.
side. Roots of parsley taken from the
garden will thrive and furnish a sup
ply for salads and garnishes all win.
ter. Clumps of chives are also easily
grown. These are doubly welcome In
winter for soups and anything requir-
ing a mild flavor of onion.
Spearmint plants will grow abund-
antly in a cellar heated by a furnace
or they may be taken to the kitchen
window. The fresh leaves are much
better than dried ones for making
mint sauce or anything requiring this
particular favor. Belated pepper and
egg plants taken up before frost and
potted will continue to bear fruit all
winter If kept in a warm room.
The Mount Holly news. [volume] (Mount Holly, Burlington Co., N.J.) 1891-1942, 1915-02-16
SAVE ALL POULTRY MANURE
Farmer Can Add Materially to Profits
by Properly Caring for Droppinas
Of Various Farm Fowls.

A recent bulletin Of the Maine agri-
cultural experiment station shows that
the poultryman or farmer a mate
rally add to the profits of his bust
ness by properly caring for the drop
pings of his fowls. For example, 1t is
shown that the droppings from 1000
fowls II preserved without needless
loss are worth at least three hundred
dollars a year, and this estimate is
based on the assumption that less
than half of the droppings, or only 80
pounds per hen per year, can be col
lected.
According to the Maine station, the
droppings should be collected daily
and mixed with substances which will
ID prevent loss of nitrogen, (2) add
sufficient potash and phosphoric acid
to make a better balanced fertilizer,
and (3) improve the mechanical con
dition of the manure SO that it can
be applied to the land with a manure
spreader.
This can be done as follows: To
each 80 pounds Of the manure add ten
pounds of sawdust, good dried loan,
or peat, 16 pounds of acid phosphate,
and eight pounds of kainit. Such a
mixture will contain about 1.25 per
cent of nitrogen, As per cent of phos-
phoric acid, and two per cent of pot
ash. which, used at the rate Of two
tons per acre would furnish so pounds
of nitrogen, 185 pounds of phosphoric
acid, and 80 pounds of potash, and at
the present price of fertilizing in
gradients is worth about $40 per ton.
The mixture would furnish a we'll bal
anced stable fertilizer, which. al
though not fine enough to work we'll
in drills, can be successfully applied
with a MANURE %spreader. The treated
manure should be well sheltered until
time to apply to the land-that is,
shortly before blowing.