davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Washington herald., 1915-12-12
How Electricity
Is Measured and
How the Terms
Were eOriginated

- HE terms Of volt, ampere. ohm, watt
and farad, continuously encountered
in works on electricity. mean very
little to most people. The volt Is ths
unit of electrical pressure; the ampere'
the unit of current strength; the ohm.
the unit of resistance; the watt, the unit
of electric power. and the least OF all
known, farad, the unit Of electrical Ca
pacity.
Current strength is determined by d.
viding the pressure by the strength thus
the number of amperes Of current
strength is equal to the number OF volts
divided by the number Of ohms- Tne
watt indicates the amount Of electric
energy being used when an ampere OF
current Is flowing under a pressure OF
one volt However, the term kilowatt,
or one thousand watts, is more generally
used. The unit Of electrical capacity, the
farad, will contain one ampere OF cur
rent at one volt pressure for one second
of time. The farad is divided into mil
lion equal parts, each part termed the
microfarad, and this is the term most
used in stating electrical capacity.
The five terms used in measuring cleo
fYfc1CY were all ucllNCu liOih INC AoAaCo
of the five greatest pioneers in electrical
development, but strange as it may seem.
none of these men had anything to do
with the discovery of the particular unit
named after him. The rames were ar
bitrartly affixed years later to perpetuate
the names of the pioneer electrical
geniuses.
name of Alessandro Volta, an Italian.
born in 1745. He was one of the first
men to try to harness electricity, yet he
died without the knowledge that volt"
was the pressure necessary to force one
ampere Of current through conductor
having one ohm resistance.
Likewise. Andre Marie Ampere, father
of the science Of electro-dynamics, never
knew that an "ampere" was equal to the
number Of volts of pressure divided by
the ohms Of resistance. He was born in
France in 1915.
George Simon Ohm was the author of
what Is known as Ohm's law. now uni
yersally recognized as the unit for meas
uring the resistance of electricity, but
it was not until years later that the unit
of resistance was named after the Ger
man physicist The number of ohms is
computed by dividing the number OF
volts by the number of amperes.
With either of the two units known.
the third can easily be found. Likewise,
electrical energy is as easily figured. The
watt indicates the amount of electric
energy being used when one ampere OF
current is flowing under a pressure of
one volt. The watt is derived from the
name Of James Watt, the Ian who really
invented the modern steam engine With
out the principle Of the steam engine.
however, electricity as a motive power
r~t 10 thn frr1 -
accomplishes.
Michael Farady made the great dis
covery of magnetic electric currents, the
principle on which all modern dynamos
and transformers are constructed. In
recognition Of his great work scientists
have named the unit of electrical capaci-
~ the farad. This unit of capacity will
contain one ampere Of current at one
volt pressure for one second of time.
The Washington herald., 1915-12-12
Everyone EATS
Entire Animal
in Years Time,
Figures SHOW
-ULLY 100,0o0.000 cattle, calves.
sheep, goats and swine are slaugh-

ULLY 1oo,0o0.ooo cattle. calves.
sheep, goats and swine are slaugh-
tered for meat in the United States
annually, which means that approximate
ly every man, woman and child eats an
entire animal in the course Of year.
About 60 per cent of these animals are
slaughtered under federal inspection. in
surfing the marketing of only pure meat.
OF the 5S,0OO,000 meat animals killed
under federal inspection in the hscal
year ending June so. 1915, little more
than IL per cent were condemned in
whole or in part. Exactly 2ss.s5S ami
mails were rejected as unfit for human
consumption; 644,6SS were condemned
in part.
As the annual appropriation for the
federal meat inspection service is now
about S3,375, 900, between five and six
cents was added to the cost to the people
of every animal eaten. However, this
cost would be considerably reduced
were 1t not for the expenses of reinspec-
ton of products and the inspection OF
some 245,000,000 pounds of imported
meat or meat products.
The value of federal inspection is
shown by the fact that in the past year
more than $4,000 carcasses of cattle and
$4,000 carcasses of swine were con-
demned on account of tuberculosis and
in addition parts of $4,000 cattle and
100000 swine were rejected for the
same reason. Hog cholera was the cause
of nearly 100000 swine being rejected
OF the 36,247,95S hogs inspected the
past year, nearly $4,000 were thrown
out as unfit food.
The Washington herald., 1915-12-12
Meters "Read"
By Cameras to
Prevent Errors
SPECIAL camera to photograph
meters is a recent invention to
protect both customers and en-

protect both customers and en-
ployers from dishonest inspectors and
meter readers. Photographic evidence OF
the amount of gas, electricity or water
used by each customer from the time Of
the last reading is the surest way to pre-
vent complainants from feeling they have
q grievance.
To take" the reading, the meter man
simply holds the camera-opening against
the meter dial-glass and presses a lever,
which automatically opens the shutter for
a definite period and at the same time
lights four small battery-operated lamps
to illuminate the meter dial. After each
exposure is made, the shutter is locked
and can not be operated again until the
film roll has been advanced to the posi-
tion for the next picture.
The film" on which the pictures are
taken consists of an emulsion on opaque
paper, which is backed up with white
coating that makes details Of the devel-
oped film show up clearly, although re-
versed right and left, mirror fashion.
This reversed film is then examined by
mounting the rolls in special stand and
reading the reflection in a mirror. AS
the customers name and meter number
are marked on each dial. the photograph
leaves no doubt of the identity of the
reading. If the customer is out" the
meter man notes this fact on a card and
photographs it for his film record.
The Washington herald., 1915-12-12
Trade in CORK
LIMBSBooming

AN industry which amounted to lit
N tie in the past but is now grow
ing by leaps and bounds Is the
manufacture of false arms and legs. One
American concern is said to have re-
ceived already orders from the French
and English governments to the extent
of s15,000,000 The normal producing
capacity Of this concern $50 artificial
legs a month, but the Popular Science
Monthly is authority for the statement
that the concern is planning to multi
ply its output by five In the near futurs'
The Washington herald., 1915-12-12

ERE the Yoanda which promises be as great an IN
which
its up the be propelled by steam
solne powered between motor
of GOno Mea, Colombian
banker.
blades the craft maintains
draws than inch OF water when un
looking craft for the OF
ing Colombia for which he has the contract For
make the 6OOme journey from the coast
the Ma glider skins the water in twenty hours
of the South American streams the
and expected that the Yan
transportation in the Latin republics
The Washington herald., 1915-12-12

sect fighter from which the fighting man
has learned q lesson. When in search
of prey or pursued by enemies, the lar-|
Va digs itself In" in funnel-shaped hole
in the sand and buries itself at the bot
tom with only ito mandibles pro1ectins.
When an ant or other insect enters the
hole, the larva throws sand over 1t, caus-
ing 1t to slip down to the bottom. where
It IL caught and devoured In the lower
diagram (ah il lsrva (enlarged); and
% full-grown snt-lion.
The Washington herald., 1915-12-12
Toy AeropIane

An amusement-giving and educative
toy In the shape Of toy balloon support
ing q pair Of planes and controlled oy
cord has been invented by E. s. Clark,
of Cleveland. This is but one OF the
many ingenious mechanical toys being
Invented to meet the constantly growing
demand for playthings Of scientific
and educational value.
The Washington herald., 1915-12-12
Snake Called Best FRIEND of
FARMER and POULTRY Raiser

man, and it is only prejudice. supersti-
tion and error that make 1t otherwise.
have been told that man instinctively
hates a snake. but | have proved the
truth Of the contrary. by having small
children hold snakes in their hand. The
children had not yet learned all the fal-
lacies they would be told in later life
about snakes"
The Washington herald., 1915-12-12

A FTER five thousand years Of domes-
"a tication man has failed to make
the camel a companionable ami
NAL The camel absolutely refuses to
display for his master the affection COM
mon in dogs. horses, and even elephants.
Though sufficiently amenable to disci-
pline to become a valuable beast Of bur-
The Washington herald., 1915-12-12

A SPHYXIATING gases as weapons OF
"a, offense and defense have been
used in the incessant warfare OF
the animal world for ages. The bonn
bardier-beetle is conspicuous example
OF the vapor cloud fighter. The dis
charge of the bombardier is exceedingly
poisonous and is accompanied by dis
tinct sound-a tiny "coup- de canon"
The larya of the ant-lion Is another in
The Washington herald., 1915-12-12

There were 21s,4s3 students In eS7
colleges and chronological schools in the
year 1914. These included 1Ss,S73
men and 77,120 women.
The Nome daily nugget., 1915-04-05

A fire alarm turned in shortly after noon today called the fire department to the Hoffman House on lower Front street where what looked like seri- ous blaze had obtained good F H. the rear rooms. It was eXtinguished after some little effort on the part of the department. A ventilator stuffed with paper is said to have taken fire from stove pipe which was recently installed and this in turn was commu- nicated to the wall paper
The Nome daily nugget., 1915-04-05
NOTICE.

l hereby certify that the folowino named residents of the town of Nome, Alaska, have complied with the pro visions of ordinance No. 139, "An or dinance making rules for municipal candidates for members of tho Com mon Council. Election April 9th. 1915
 PHILIP CoRRloAN,
 City Clerk Nome. Alaska, April 5, 1915.
The Nome daily nugget., 1915-04-05

An outside exchange of Feb. 29 tells of the arrival in san Francisco of the
 brief in the case of the United States
 vs the Log Cabin Club. which is de- scribed as having been hurried out over the ice by dog team in order that the
 case might he reviewed by the Circuit Court of Appeals before the expiration
 of the time limit. The case concerns the right of clubs in Alaska to dispense .liquor to members without a federal ,lscense and is of much importance as there are other Clubs throughout the territory which will be affected by the decision of the appellate court
The Nome daily nugget., 1915-04-05

After d hotly contested election during which excitement ran high the old school board of Council went down in defeat by nine votes yesterday, their successors being ". K. Taylor, Direc tor, Ed. Paffle, Treasurer and Mrs. Dr. Welch, Clerk As usual the election was distinguished by considerable feel ing on the part of the supporters of each ticket. It has developed that complications are likely to arise be- cause of the fact that there is some question of the eligibility of one of the newly elected officials who is a naturalized citizen and it is probable that there will be a contest
The Nome daily nugget., 1915-04-05

The memorial services held by Nome Aerie No. =, Fratcrnal Order of Eagles yesterday were largely attended and were of the most beautiful and impress sive nature, tho vocal and musical numbers being of especial beauty. The program from the Proeessional to the
 final bcnediction was distinguished by beautiful solemnity in keeping with the spirit of the occasion and was an eloquent tribute to the memory of the departed brothers. The oration "In Memorium' delivered by Judge Tucker was beautiful and impressive.
The Nome daily nugget., 1915-04-05

cellent four-p part show of which "The Climax" was the leader. "The Making of An American Citizen" was also most pleasing number. Arthur Brooker also contributed to the program oN rendering vocal solo with pleasing effect. responding to an encore by sing ing the old favorte silver Threads
 Among the Gold"
The Nome daily nugget., 1915-04-05

Excellent programs were displayed at both moving picture houses last might and were much appreciated by the movie-g going public who have grown blase of late. The two-part Pathe feature "The Retreat from Mos COW" displayed at the Dream is q highly interesting film dealing with the dis asterous retreat of the great Napoleon from Russia in 1912. The comedy drama Papa Puts One Oyer" was also good. The Eagles displayed an ex-
The Nome daily nugget., 1915-04-05
TO THE VOTERS OF NOME

1t having been rumored that am affiliated on certain tickets or with certain candidates, l take this oppor- tunity to state to the voters of Nome that 1 am running strictly independent and unpIedged to anyone and if elected promise to work for the best interests for the city of Nome.
 CHAS. J. THOMPSON.
The Nome daily nugget., 1915-04-05

A beautiful double rose of the Queen Princess variety has blossomed into glowing beauty under the watehful care of Mrs. J. P. Jones, who is an ardent horticulturist. The plant is thriving and healthy and has several buds, thus giving promise of further beautiful development
The Nome daily nugget., 1915-04-05

\ number of councilmatte candidates addressed the miners mass meeting at the city hall last night on the various aspects of municipal affairs. The ean- dJdates appeared at the invitation of the miners who were desirous of find ing out where the prospective councii- men stood on public questions.
The Nome daily nugget., 1915-04-05

Lincoln Wirt, explorer, lecturer and author. who will lecture on "The Con- quest of the Arctic" in Bates College Chapel Lewiston, Monday night,
 founded the first hospital in northern Alaska established public schools near est the North Pole and explored vast unknown regions and blazed the trail oyer which the United States mail ronte is now established"
The Nome daily nugget., 1915-04-05

hy fall If loose earth from the roof of the drift yesterday morning, his hip being badly dislocated by the heavy mass striking him on the back The injured man was hurried to the hos pital where the dislocation was re duced bv Dr Mustard He is nov resting easily
The Nome daily nugget., 1915-04-05
NOTICE.

Company D, 14th Infantry, will give dance at the Post April 18th. An in : Vitation is extended to the people of Nome to attend. Fort Davis will handle the transportation end and no admission will be charged.
The Nome daily nugget., 1915-04-05

A. G. BLAKE, HENRY BURGh. GEORGE A. DIAMOND, E. L. HOLT, H. C. KEELING, LAWRENCE S. KERR, F. M. kIESELE, THORULE lEH MANN. RALPH lOMEN, GUS JEWELL. F. J. MiELkE, A. w. oRLAND, J. A. PARRY. CHARLES L. ROSS, CHARLES J. THOMPSON. w. N. WEBB.
The Nome daily nugget., 1915-04-05
WHY EAT DOOR BREAD.

When you can get GOOD. WHOLE 5cME Bread at Sc per loaf
 ANVIL BAKERY.
 NORTH POLE 3AksR\
The Nome daily nugget., 1915-04-05

The outside mail consisting of 300 pounds all second class arrived in charge of Erie Johnson at 1.90 P. NJ yesterday. A little local way mail ac- eompanied the consignment
The Nome daily nugget., 1915-04-05

The case of the United States vs Mike Hatzaoff charged with larceny will probably be taken up in the Dis triet Court tomorrow. The jury was excused at the morning session today until tomorrow at ten.
The Nome daily nugget., 1915-04-05

Tomorrow has been designated by the Sweepstakes committee as Tag Day" and bevy of Nome ladies will appear with the printed cmhlems of Inc Kennel Club for sale
The Nome daily nugget., 1915-04-05

The last mail of the season for the outside will close at five thirty this evening and will leave on the long journey to the states tomorrow morn ing, Only first class letter mail will be carried
The Nome daily nugget., 1915-04-05

Miss Josephine Sundback announces the opening of a massage and manicure parlor over the Neibling Cafe. E,spec- ial attention will be paid to scalp treat ments and shampooing. Appointments can he made by phone. White 2S.
The Nome daily nugget., 1915-04-05
NEW DANCING SCHOOL.

Miners Home Club Dancing School, Tuesday and Friday evening at p. m. Taneos, Hesitations, as we'll as all the older dances. Mrs. Oliver and Mrs. Peterson, teachers.
The Nome daily nugget., 1915-04-05

Miss Lotta Johnson who was operat- el on for appendicitis by pr. Mustard three weeks ago is now back in school again
The Nome daily nugget., 1915-04-05

gave the fair ones of Nome an excellent opportunity to show their easter fnery to advantage and many modish hats and costumes were in evidence Nome may be away back in the woods but il is a certainty that there is nothing of the jay" about our ladies when il comes to dressing a Ia mode for they are there with the very latest develop ments in feminine fashions. peg top skirts included
The Nome daily nugget., 1915-04-05

The trial jury in the case of the United States vs. Ernest Bulette charged with adultery were unable 10 agree on verdict and were dis charged by the Court. The case will probably be taken up later.
The Nome daily nugget., 1915-04-05

Jack Warwick the well known miner was taken down with acute appendi- ctas yesterday but is reported much better today
The Nome daily nugget., 1915-04-05

Father Benard will leave Council City enroute to Nome this afternoon.
The Nome daily nugget., 1915-04-05

Deputy Marshal Hart Humber will leave for his station at Candle some I me today.
The Nome daily nugget., 1915-04-05

Henry Me Kinnen, miner employed by He'd Brothers on the Whale Bench on Wonder creek was severely injured
The Nome daily nugget., 1915-04-05

Walter Johnson has returned from his trip to the Tubutulik
The Nome daily nugget., 1915-04-05

Dan Jones and Galen Frye are back from their Candle trip.
The Nome daily nugget., 1915-04-05
NEWS NOTES
l. I. I. 1. 1. I. 1. 1. l. + l. l. + i. < l. +

+ Postmaster Balke will hold i j. the last outgoing mail until ? < # r. M. tonight in order to give < + dilatory letter writers further ! 4 chance. ]
The Nome daily nugget., 1915-04-05

Paul Xavier arrived from the north last night.
The Nome daily nugget., 1915-04-05

The following is the count up to one o'clock this afternoon of the vote for Queen of the An-Alaska Sweepstakes:
 kIondy Nelson. -. ............1900 Mrs. Harry Riley ,. .. .. ........1SOO Ruby Martin .. .. ....... .......175O Mrs. Leonard Seppala..... ........16So S"fie Clark. ...... .............15l0 Holly Jones -. ..... ...........1150 Mildred Lehman ......... -. 900
The Nome daily nugget., 1915-04-05

FOR CITY COUNCIL.
The Nome daily nugget., 1915-04-05

+ ++++++++++.s++.++++ +.s ++ <
The Birmingham age-herald., 1915-07-03
TURNER TOPRESENT
 THE PRIZE TODAY
Handsome Umbrella to Be Awarded in Newspaper
 Club Campaign

Oscar c. Turner chairman of the Birmingham Newspaper club member ship campaign committee. will present today's prize to the captain of the win ming team at the l2;so luncheon. and t Is stated that a handsome umbrella has been selected as an appropriate gift to award to the man who succeeds in bringing In the most memberships out of the rain. Several teams are "touted' to win the chairman's prize
 Campaign work continues brislIly and applications are increasing stead- fly. Cards are now being received in large numbers by the campaign com i1tttee from members of the club rec ommending friends for membership and these are being passed on as fast as they arrive and will be distribG- ted among the teams.
 Al yesterdays luncheon. which was q pleasant affair, Chairman Turner stated that his committee had unGel favorable consideration a plan for an- rouncing the results secured by each team and it's standing at the end oi each day and that with the beginnie If the week, this step probably would be taken.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1915-07-03
NO REPORT YET ON
 ARMENIAN CASE
No Danger of Complications With Germany Over
 Incident

Washington. July 2-The state depart- ment had not received up to late today a complete or comprehensive report con- corning torpedoing of the British steamer Armenian with a loss of American lives. The delay was understood to be due to the garblng in transmission Of a long report forwarded by Consul Armstrong at Bristol who interviewed survivors.
 State department officials directed that this message be repeated at it's place cf origin. Such details as were understood 1t was said. seemed to bear out press dispatches that the vessel failed to heed the Germans warning to stop.
 Facts concerning the action of the sub- marine after the vessel finally came to stop are sought to learn whether op- portunity was afforded the Americans to be saved
 Press dispatches have satisfied high of- ficals that there Is no danger of conn p,ications with Germany over the inci- , dent.
 Consul Armstrong today cahled the fol- lowing information about Americans on the Arpenian:
 The following white muleteer foremen are among the survivors; Hart. Cox. os- borne. Taylor, Cline Driver McCool and Baer
 Tn hospitals slightly wounded Pond and Brennick.
 l "Wllliamson. Cranberry and Stone wounded by shells. taken in boats. The latter succumbed and was buried at sea Brooks was killed by a shell when conn ing from the cabin.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1915-07-03
APPLICATIONS FOR
 RETIREMENT DENIED
Twenty Commanders and Lieutenants Seek to Leave
 Active Service

Washington, July 2.-President Wilson has denied the application for voluntary retirement of 20 commanders and lieuten- ant commanders of the navy who sought to leave the active list under the law which permits such retirements on June 30 when promotions from the grade of junior lieutenant have been less than 40 during the preceding year.
 In announcing the Presidents action today, Rear Admiral Benson. acting Sec retary of the Navy. said the department had recommended the course because ex- perienced officers were urgently needed in active service and promotions already were being made in ranks below captain at the ages deemed most consistent.
 Department officials said so far as they know ne-of the 20 applicants had re- ceived offers from the private war muni-
 tions establishments, which have been seeking to employ army and navy of ficers. It was disclosed, however, that some other officers have sought retire ment to accept such positions and that their requests have been promptly re- fused on the ground that to permit naval officers on the retired list to engage in the manufacture of ordnance for foreign helligerent would be a breach Of neutral ity.
 When attention was called to the fact that retired officers of the army now are in the service of ammunition con cerns, It was explained that this would not affect the course of the navy' Off, fcials pointed out, too, that the army officers in question had established their connections long before the outbreak Of the European war.