davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-10-10

one line OF play, unless black gives
the game away.
Correct solutions from:
Samuel Gonotsky. Nareik. EdwIrd
Mulrooney, William p. orr. Thomas Ia
slis. william II. Smith. W. Il. Allen. y.
J. McManus. John DAILY. G.. X. H., j. j.
F.. Bronx J. II. Noremac, Conrad AL
heidt. Howard Gregory. Robert ".
Hixon. r.. j. Graf. John Ryan, A. Rand.
G. N. Bum. James Hyland, Hoboken
Date Pit. l.. s. Hart. Jr. A. j. b.. James
q. Pinkerton, Walker McMartin. T. W.
Mcmahon. Andrew Shepperd. o.. Lopez.
Thomas Foy. A. Campbell. r.. A.. w. T..
J. McGarry and A. Hitler.
Late solutions to hand for No. 35
from r. J. McGarry. Hoboken, and J. +.
DE 0rofY.
Here is n useful little exercise in
cross boards play which Is said to be
from the finish OF an actual game. .As
will be seen. white IL In n hole, and the
problem IL to get him Oh: o. 1t without
losing the game. although the prospects
for a draw do not look verS promising.
PROBLEM NO. 3H. CHECKERS
Black. f
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-10-10

he declared under date of November
~. ito give II as my opinion that a for
cisn loan is i~ndispensably necessary to
the continuance of the war. Congress
will deceive themselves II they imagine
that the army. or q state that IL the
theatre OF war;, can rub through a sec
ord campaign as the last"
Finally in April. 1881. Washington
sent a letter to Laurens, VINO was by
that time in Paris, from which the fol-
lowing assertion is quoted:
- give it d%ecisivcly as nv
opini II that without a foreign loan our
present force. which IL but the rem
nar Of an army. cannot be kept to-
eetler this campaign. much less will it
be increased and in readiness for an
other"
II was In this period that the fate
of the struggling colonists hung In the
balance. If denied assistar ce by France
they were doomed to defeat and the
dream of American liberty wac gone.
France alone could save the young ma
ton.
When L.aurens arrived in France
during March, 1881. he was met with
the fact that a promise had just been
given. through Rochambeau's son. ~
transmitting 1000. 900 livres. not AS a
loan, hut as a free gift. and that ar
rangements were in progress to des-
patch a feet under De Grasse at
enormous cost. France itself was In
financia. straits and further demand
were not agreeable to say the least.
/ INt,t V..ra 90, 1I lt. .At.lx- "a
actual conditions. backed up by WASH
ington's own letter. Laurens went
ahead on what seemed to he n mission
well nigh hopeless. Yet France was
the only country to which America
could turn.
Nothing could be obtained from
! Spain" Perkins SAYS: mo other Euro
pean country wa willing to risk a
penny i'm aid of the American colonies
or 80 discount their promises to pay
at any price. Frederick the Great
wished them well. but not n groschen
coud he extracted from his firm
grasp"
While friendly to America Holland
would not lend anything unless II were
guaranteed ny the French King, nor
Tuscany, nor Russia, nor any other
country. Finally Louis XVI. borrowed
49, O0. 900 livres of the Dutch. adding
il to the i 1000. 900 already furnished.
as well as to the cost II the French
. troops al Newport and OF the expedi-
1 ton To he despatched under De Grasse.
According TO Perkins ,page 1881,
France secured tn" independence of
her American allies. but the material
, advantages she obtained were small
recompense for a val which had cost
her seven hundred and sc~venty-two
millions"
In his comprehensive Introduction Ia
Pcrkins's work .Amba -sador JusseIanS
treats not only Of the actual money,
troops and warSlips contributed by
France. but Of the whole spirit ami
mating the French people In their mo-
mentou- decision TO continue al ALI
ance with the American colonists until
they had won permanent and unques-
toned victory. Jusserand explains the
formation Of the alliarre in the follow
ing passages:
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-10-10

land and rebellion of the colonists
promised an opening therefor. Yet
among the French people. as apart
from the political and military leaders,
sympathy was aroused because the
Americans were trying to throw OF a
yoke. and not especially because it
was an English yoke.
The anti-English sentiment existed
indeed only within somewhat narrow
limits. Even among military men that
sentiment was not a universal one.
Examining the causes why so many
young officers. and he among them,
longed to play a part in h great
struggle. Segur cnumerates the usual
motives. such us "a desire of cory n
of rank the service due to the King
and country. and concludes that. above
all. they were impelled by n yet more
exalted principle. a sincere enthusiasm
for the cause of American liberty OF
q desire to humble the old enemy, not
n word NJ. J~usserand declares. and
again quotes Segur's statement that
people were rushing Ito the field Of
battle in the name of philanthropy"
Liberty. philanthropy. natural
rl2nts, duUs lHt aflbdSStfbT NiloSt
were the magic words that were then
stirring not only the writer's and
thinkers but the very masses in
France. The day of ~unbending dog
matism and of heavy yokes had
passed; privileges subsisted. but had
scarcely any defenders left: the
aspirations were immense for a
greater equality. more breathing
space, simpler lives. more accessible
knowledge. free discussion Of common
interests
In other words. the spirit Of human
liberty had swept its in~vigorating
breath into the very sou of France,
youthful ardor and enthusiasm per-
vaded the nation.
What was al stake Jusserand
writes, was in fact what the French
Of the new generation held dearest.
All the reports that came concerning
the Americans showed them lovers Of
liberty. practisers Of equality, accept
ing no privileges, tolerant of all creeds.
leading honorable and simple lives in
their poetic solitudes. Delne, Lee and
Franklin appear in Paris and seem
'saces. contemporaries with Plato, or
! republicans of the age Of Cato and of
Fabius' tSegur). In the eyes of Vol
;aire the insurgents are animated by
truest philosophical principles, they
hgh, for reason and liberty
The Constitution of the principal
States are translated into French a
little later under the supervision Of
Franklin. aud the admiration is unani-
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-10-10
01oe,
go
o. 10
oAoJ62
a;.;.::' +. :iE:''
OooolcS
AAxS
1ss

u deal. and bid a club. Intending TO
show the heart suit ON the second round
II conditions were favorable. When \
passed. Y bid a spade. u overcalling
with two hearts and u passing. as 1t was
now impossible to bid the hearts.
~ one table Y went to two spades
when \ passed and B Went To three
hearts. which u doubled and set for zoe.
II Il had left the two spade bid alone
he would have set that contract for loo.
and made a difference OF some 300
points on the scores recorded for this
deal.
Why should Y go on with the spades
when n has refused to assist him? All
that the original declaration shows il
two tricks in clubs. and rs passing on
the second oun shows that he bid his
hand 10 its full value at the start.
II u had nothing else, Y must lose
two diamonds and two hearts, II not "A
spade or two as well. so that game is
gu, OF the question. ON the other hand
II he can make a couple OF spade tricks
IN addition TO his partners two clubs.
and perhaps ruff a club. that saves the
game against the heart contract. Il
YOU have been set at hearts without
any doubling, even II he had bid two
only.
BIS bidding hearts al all shows the
''hAh AsssA sH'toah ~ N"' Va NtA'
partner. Il starts with a club bid and
A has nothing to say. Y bids a spade.
What is Il afraid Of? The spade king
two heart tricks and the ace OF dia-
monds save the game.
\ and Il should make elk or seven
tricks against the spade contract. Sup
pose y leads the king OF hearts and fol-
lows with a small one 10 let A TRUMP.
while b holds the command. A leads
the diamond and Il leads the club,
knowing the trump lead will follow.
wins the trump Jack with the King and
leads another club. on which A COM
pletes an echo. Y makes his four
trumrs. but cannot clear the diamonds.
This sets the contract.
Here il a curious instance OF giving
information to a partner who does not
want Il. and at the same time disregard
ing the possibility OF a reason for his
! silcnC.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-10-10

was wrought up to the highest ni,c,
and that II played, as ii did. a A.
cisive part in the grand drama. tn.
anifnosity against England still h,r-
bored by some statesmen and soldier,
in this period OF Anglomania womb
never have achieved the momentum,
results that were at stake. Tho Kin,
hesitated, his ministers CNergenncs on.
cepted), fell into periodical doubts.
Necker, who held the purse strlny,
vas a confirmed Anglophile. of,cis,
reports on America were not at all a,
rose colored as the private letters Of a
La Fayette, a Segur, or a Chastellux.
But public opinion never wavered
ON all Sides wrote hat same good
Judge, Segur. public opinion urged
regal Government to declare itself In
favor OF republican liberty. and even
murmured at the irresolution and do.
lay. The Minister'S gradually yie,diny
u the torrent were, at the same tim.
alarmed at the prospect cf a ruinou,
war"
1t is at this point that NJ Jusserand
in his introduction to MIR. Perkins,
history. refers to the enormous cos, IA
France of aiding her ally, the United
States. In the war Of the American
Revolution.
"Ruinous IL was" writes Jusserard
costing the French Treasury seven
hundred and seventy-two millions Of
dollars"
Here NJ. Jusserand indicates a foot.
note referring readers to page i9S OF
France and the American Reyolu-
tion," on which page Mr.. Perkins
makes the statement that has caused
such wide comment. since Mr.. Guthrie
referred To the matter in his recent
speech. NJ. JusScrand confines by
saying hat Notwithstanding such
ruinous cost OF tho wat to Frame
public opinion remained faithful to
the struggling States. The people
groaned under the weight Il taxation.
but never grumblcd at the expenses
for such "A cause. Peace came. Frame
kept her word; she did not try to re.
cover any Of her possessions on Inc
American continent. she made a pro.
American peace, not an anti-EnEl.sh
one. Public opinion again was Sars.
fed: what II wanted had been secured.
there were no protests against The
moderation shown the adversary; the
JOY was UNIVERSAL
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-10-10

Il dealt and bid a spade, selecting the
higher valued Of his two equal suits, in
tending to show the hearts on the SEQ
und round II the opportunity offered
\ bid two clubs, Y and Il both passing
Without stopping to think that Y
nigh; not be afraid Of the clubs. which
could ever go game against rs cards
unless both spades and hearts were
'ruinpcd the second round. u went right
ahead and showed his h ant suit. bid
ding two.
His idea was, as he explained after
ward, that although his partner could
not assis' the spades he might have
something IA hearts. Hut this ovcrlooks
the important fact tina, partners do not
assist on trualps. hut m outside tricks.
II Y has a ything in his hand Il is dia-
monds, and II he nad two or thIee tricks
IN tina sui, sure he would have denied
the spades unless it hapu-u ned that the
club bill suited him better.
The point il that II Y has nothing to
assist the spades he has nothing 10 as
slst the hearts either,
A led two rounds OF clubs. forcing u.
vino led the king of spades and followed
with "A small one FOR dummy 10 run. Ca
the lead OF a club from dummy II put
the nine OF trumps, forcing the king
from n, who led another small spade.
'''N ~ b'f''s' "'Nf ~ J'NN VI
trumps and led the queen. knocking the
ten and ace together. u led the dia-
mond. fnessed the nine and led a fourth
club. which he trumped, \ won the
next trick with the ace q: diamonds and
picked up rs trump, making his wi
little trump at the end.
Well" remarked n as usual. II made
my two hearts"
But If he had left A alone with that
va t1nh ,Ipfrurt Whan both v aud II
passed. what would have happened"
Y would have led the spade, n win
ming with the king and showing tho ac
of hearts by leading the king Of that
suit, Then he would put u diamond
through, II A passes it UP, Y wins with
the nine and returns the heart, An
other diamond ana \ must give M the
ace.
Now As best chance with his two
established hearts is to take out two
rounds of trumps. after wl:ich all he
can make is the ace of trumpN % that
he viii he set for four tricks
But z made hts two cd. in E0rts!
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-10-10
PARTNERS SILENCE
AT ROYAL AUCTION
Two Situations Explained In
Which He should Have
Nothing TO Say.
ARE EQUALLY DIFFICULT

After all that has been taught and
written upon the subject of original
bids. OF takeouts. OF shifts. of over.
calling. denying the partners suit and Of
doubling. there IL stlil much to be said
about a part Of the game that is prob.
ably quite as important as any of these.
and that is the silence Of the partner.
There are two situations in which
the partner may have nothing to say,
and there are two principal reasons for
his not saying anything in either Of
them
He ma have nothing to say az an
original declaration. when his partner
has yet 10 speak. That Is the first situa-
ton. He may have nothing to say when
It comes to his turn after hi. partner
has made a declaration OF some kind
which has been overcalied. That Is the
second situation.
He may have nothing worth declaring
IN his hand In either situation. That IL
the first reason for silence. He may
he very well satisfied with the declara-
ton made by his opponents. That Is
the second reason.
II would be hard to a which Is the
more difficult situation to handle. or
the one In which the most mistakes are
made the original silence or the silence
that comes as an answer. The rule
adopted by the best players seems to
he to credit the original silence with
rot more thar two scattered tricks. and
to accept an answering silence as a
warning.
This leads to q very useful convention
thai governs the situation when the
silence Is original. Tit third hand
should then be at least one sure trick
and one probable trick stronger than
it would be for an original declaration,
with a partner who Ia yet TO speak.
Any good player will bid a heart
with Ave TO the ace king n one sure
trick. such as the ace OF clubs. outside,
if his partner has yet to speak. But II
the dealer starts with no bid and the
second hand passes. the third hand
should have not only the five hearts TO
the ace king. but at least ace king jack
Of clubs or a sure trick In spades or
diamonds in addition to the ace OF
clubs.
ON the same principle any good player
will bid no trumps on his own deal
with three suits stopped and a queen
above average: but II the dealer and
the second hand pass. the third hand
should he good for six tricks in his
own cards to bid no trump.
The theory underlying this caution
is that II the dealer has nothing. an
average no trumper. such as would be
legitimate for the dealer himself. would
he set. but 1t should he strong enough
TO save the game against any adverse
declaration.
Even II tn. dealer has a couple Of
scattered tricks they are not enough
TO go game " the third hand has only
four or Ave himself, but, they are just
80 much additional strength FOR the de-
fence II the fourth hand declares any
thing.
In spite OF this obvious advantage,
countless instances may be noted in the
curse of an evenings play In which the
third hand will make bids which are no
ron than the usual declarations by
the dealer. and will even venture on no
trumpers after the second hand has de-
ella red a suit. Here Is a case In point
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-10-10
;:::"'
v1s,oss Us.
Ae6e Ia al e'
A4x's ~ 1;ioss.s
$::,.
N0
tior,'s.-
"a q 3 8

u dealt and bid a spade. A two hearts,
u and Y passing. 1t Is an unsafe double
for y. as the doubled contract would win
the game II IL happened to succeed.
Needless OF his partners silence and his
possible reason for II, u went on to two
spades and every one passed.
or course the hand Is worth two odd
In spades. II Y makes his contract
without much trouble. one constantly
hears the remark at the end of n hand.
We'll. ] made my two" as ~ that justi-
fled the bid beyond question. whereas
the truth usually u tina the bid lost
money by rot getting penalties instead.
Against the spade A led three rounds
or diamonds. Il playing own and out
and trumping the third round. The nine
OF spades. to dunny's eight, was
won second hand by the queen. with
the whole club suit and the ace VI hearts
to make z went on with the trump.
Finding the trumps all punched against
him. n started the clubs. u trumping
the fourth u with the six of spaMes.
upon which n discarded his losing dia-
mond. II making his Jack of trumps at
the end.
At one table z gave a little more
thought to the possible meaning of his
partners silence and passed the two
heart bid. with the result that the con-
''N ""S Y " -VVs IItIt Is HoN IL
happened
Y led the spade and u returned the
trump up to weakness. as he was afraid
dummy might make a trump on the dia-
monde. which must be AS supporting
suit. unless he had all the hearts in tho
pack. \ flnessed the ten and Y made
the jack. leading the ace to exhaust
dummy. n discarding.a spade.
The queen of clubs followed. which
1.1l 80, -NI --l s.
the king. to lead a diamond up to the
other weakness in dummy. Y made the
queen on the fnesse OF the jack. An.
other club put Y in TO lead the hig',
SPADE. upon which A put the queen. Y
discarding a diamond. A led the dia
n,onds and Y trumped the second round,
forced 4 to trump the jack of clubs,
and set the contract for four tricks.
Here II a curious instance OF tnat-
tention to the silence Of the partner on
the second round. after he has made
a declaration on the first
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-10-10

"Dn Friday. the 9Th of February,
l7,S. plenipotentiaries mel in Paris to
sign q treaty for which there had been
no precedent in history and of which
there has been no imitation since.
Three Of them represented II Govern
ment that was independent only In its
own estimation: they were called Ben
jamin Franklin. Silas Dcane ard Ar
thur Lee, and were delegates of the
newborn United States Of North
America: the fourth represented the
oldest monarchy in Europe. and was
Conrad Gerard de Rayneval. destined
To be later the first diplomat ever ac-
credited to America
Ambassador Iusserand then calls at
tention to Article II. Of the treaty.
which provided that the essential and
direct end Of the present defensive alli-
arce Is to maintain eNfectually the lib
crty. independence and sovereignty,
absolute and unlimited, of the said
United States" The ambassador re-
calls further that by other articles Of
the treaty France pledged herself mot
to lay down her arms until this indie
pcndence had been achieved, and what
ever he the delay, cost or losses, to
neither claim nor accept anything for
| the help thus provided
This treaty and n treaty of commerce
were signed on February d. IT'S, and
were SO unprecedented hat some as
tute Americans, including John Adams.
for a long time doubted whether there
might not he secret articles whereby
France would gain, II not some ad-
vantage. at least some chance Of reim-
bursting herself for the complete agree
ment to assist the colonists to the
uttermost. These doubling ones. ia
miliar with agelong ~selfshness. at
first could not believe France was do
ing what she appeared to do. Then,
when convinced Of the apparently i'm
possible extent of her generosity
toward America. they wondered for a
long time whether France would keep
her word.
She would and did keep her word"
writes Ambassador Jusserand. and In
continuing his introduction to Per-
kins's history he thus explains motives
%actuating his own country and Of that
which resulted.
Extraordinary events have ex-
,raordinary causes. This was a unique
one: how did IL come about"
The answer will be found in the
volume 10 which the finishing touches
were being put 10y James Breck Per-
kins when death removed him from
the place he so worthily filed among
lovers of historical studies, and from
Congress. where his sense. experience
and wisdom as chairman OF the Com
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-10-10
BIG cared HOLY MAN.
Origin of the Recent Revolt In
island Of Form"sa.

WAsHINGToS. Oct "-Majur-ien. H.
ranka, who has Just com" back t. ltpt.
from the island Of Formosa. d"r'au,.
that the late revolt had a curious orig
II appears that a rumor 2aiuNl a's
culation among the aborigiucs 'ha' N
me mountains had appeared q sac .,
holy that his ears hung down 20 h,
shoulders and so wise that he VAS even
better fitted TO lee the ruler owe III,
aborisiues than Baron G''o. \ 'ace
iyoph't assured the natives tht' n
mysterious parsonage was III. h't'r
o.dd ned Emperor of FormoSa. and Ia
II they did not rise at once to d. ,'ii'.
for his cause they would regret {,
their lives.
They rose. fully expecting that BIG
Ears would ONE Ia their assistance. bg,
were disappointed.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-10-10
&ios
NQ9
AJse
90. Y q .---.
SKoe54. .A32
8 IA 81 9 K 10 6
- , HAc2
Slje7

Clubs are ramps and Il is in tie lead.
\ and u want three tricks. The question
10 how nan opening leads fium rs
hand will secure hem"
The answer il that there are only two
sound openings. eight or four Of hearts.
The snail trump and the spade bot'i
hook promising and a little Carslessncss
on the part OF the defence would allow
them 10 win.
n - allows the eight of hearts to
win two trump tricks are easy for Y an!
y. but II B trumps the heart he mus;
lead a diamoid or a spade. II a dia-
mond. King and then small will xiv" "
q spade discard and \ has to lead away
from his trumps ar ,et u RUIZ . spade.
after which the ace Jack ten are good
FOR two more tricks. as u will letI his
remain : heat and \ VII nave 10 shut
out the ten.
II Il leads the four OF hearts and r
trumps we get the sam play as when
r trumped the oigh; OF hearts. " \
wins tine heart trick and leads a high
trump u wins and leads another heart.
and II \ shuts out ;he trump in vs.
hand tn jack and nine are good FOR
two tricks. or II \ let's Y max tbs ten
the Jack ana nj = are good for one more.
If \ leads a small trump ~ trick two.
Y plays low and II wins with tn. nine.
Again the heart lead. Now !; must come
10 A's being forced To overtakc rs sewn
Of tiumps and lead up to u at the end. as
A has too many tlumps.
II 4 leads a diamond at trick TWO. r
wins. If he leads a trump. ace o: t.umps
aud the heart lead follow. II \ puts on
the queen Of ,rumps he must lad a
spade. Then u rufus BIS suit with the
nine Of clubs. and again \ Is in a hole.
IF \ will not overtrump the nine. Il
leads the seven to VS. ten. Should \
refuse to win the second heart lead II.
must uniertrump or discard the spade.
Y leads the spade and eventually Us
nine Of trumps forces \ into the lead 20
come up 10 Il.
There are a number Of interesting
plays to the false openings. suppose Z
starts with a small trump. \ and Y both
passing. II z leads another trump the
queen wins and the diamond comes
through y. Another dia niond until u
trumps. II he refuses to trump the
second diamond \ discsrds a heart. y
can always oyertrump the jack and lead
Q spade. forcing the ace of trumps.
Correct solutions from H. q Man
kowski. Walker McAiartin and l.. :.
Hart. Jr. Several got the heart eight.
hui missed the heart four. A large num-
her added the club seven. Some said
four openings would do the trick, but
s. e. kinsey. who ought to know bet
ter. topped the list by sending in seven
openiugs-everything but the ace of
clubs.
Here is a maiden effort at problem
composition by one whose lame ia a.
ready familiar as a successful solver
and a frequent member OF the honor list.
II is hardly difficult enough for the ey-
pert. but contains a useful lesson for
che beginner.
BRIDGE PROBLEM no. AS.
by c. J.. Johnson.