davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-06-20

was an attache of the American En-
70 study the conditions within Joffre's
mes. He writes:
AT the beginning Of the war the
French carried shells and shrapnel in
about equal numbers. The shells ex-
plode with the time fuse. exactly as
do shrapnel From several sources I
was told that they were loaded with
the new explosive which had been in
troduced only about three months be-
fore the beginning Of host!lities.
"As the war progresses the French
tend to use more and more of these eH-
plosive shells. which are used against
infantry in the same way as are shrap-
mel The only difference seems to he
that they are made to burst a little
lower. Their effect is very terrible.
"A heavy bursting charge is en-
ployed. and although the fragments
are small. they fy with such force that
they make fatal wounds and ever cut
into the wood of rife stocks. I OBJ
served the body Of one German whose
back had been pierced with about forty
small particles OF a shell which had
burst close to him. These particles
were as evenly spread as the charge
Of a shotgun. German wounded and
captured Germans have told me that
this French shell fire was so hellish
that no mar escaped except by a
miracle"
So much for the direct effect Of the
scattering fragments OF projectiles OF
this sort. But there is an indirect con-
sequence that is no less demoralizins
pro TEN. wen il 1t fail to put TIE
same number of men permanently out
Of action. Mr.. Wood says:
shells bigger than 3 inch when
used in field operations seldom do any
damage. but hav a tremendous moral
effect even on veteran troops. The
dlsconcerting effect OF heavy shells
exploding in the ground is very widely
recognized at the front. The fire Of
big howitzers Is as a rule very mac
curate
When one of these shells hits a
building or a paved street its effect Is
considerable; when they burst In soft
ground they are not dangerous. Most
Of the battleiields of France are on
muddy fields in which 6 inch shells
make a crater about forty feet in cir
conference and Ave or six feet deep.
Their effect is chiefly upward and
casualties are so rare as to be con
side red freaks"
The explosion of a large shell pro-
duces a zone OF shock OF wide radius
which is capable Of bowling over we'll
nigh every one within its compass and
the after effects linger for days and
weeks. OF this peculiar action, one
OF prime military value TO the at
taoker, Mr.. Wood gives this illuminat-
ing instance:
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-06-20

Without taking up now the struc-
tural arrangement OF shrapnel IL may
be said that this type of projectile is
designed to simulate al Ions range the
volley firing of infantry. The irfan-
tryman's musket has comparatively a
short range while the shrapnel carries
far and scatters its bullets when in the
midst OF the foe like so many muskets
discharged pointblank.
Where troops are plainly exposed
and massed the shrapnel still does it's
work well, because It's scores OF leaden
balls are hurled broadcast when the
case bursts, spreading death and
wounds throughout a considerable
radius. Blu the crucial contests are
not now in the pen fed. Trench
warfare has revo.ut.onized all OF this
II no longer sufices to hurl bursting
shrapnel over the enemy's positions
Most Of the men are under cover so
we'll hav they dug themselves in be-
low ground and out of the reach of
mere bullets. II is because of this
that the she'll filed with a high ex-
plosive has won favor. in fact has be-
come indispensable TO succ' Seful at
tack and equally vital TO a sustained
| defence.
Much has been said Of late about
Great Britain's need Of munitions.
| The troops in the field have called
ceaselessly for shell; shell. more shell.
In the early months OF the struggle
the English authorities prepared for
a supply II shrapnel only. and in
this they erred. The Germans and the
Evnn1h IananIad n,nSt ,non aynlOz,..a
she'll rather than shrapnei. and the
wisdom Of this soon became apparent
after the kaiser's soldiers settled
themselves in their trenches and as
sumed the defensive on the territory
they had previously won by their
| original drive.
Now the English factories. tbs Can
adam plants and shops here in the
United States. not TO mention estab-
lishments in Australia. are working
night and day TO make up the British
deficit and to turn out projectiles
charged with a high explosive csps BILE
OF SCATTERING the steel body Of the
projectile into many hundreds of frag-
ments. in this way producing moro
baneful missiles than a single shrapnel
OF the same weight and capable OF
causing harm in other ways.
Eric Fisher Wood. in his work Just
from the press of the Century Com
pany. THE Notebook of an .Attache"
gives some interesting firsthand in
formation regarding the effects of this
modern ordnance. He has found by
personal observation that quite so per
cent, Of the casualties are due to ar
tillery wounds. and n need not Won
der at this when one learns something
of the nature of these present day in
struments OF destruction. Mr.. Wood
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-06-20
LII THERE BE An AMERICAN JEWISH CONFERENCE

carnations. The New York Jewish
community, which represents over
five hundred synagogues, lodges, mu-
tual henefit societies and ph~.lanthrop!c
organizations. declared in favor OF Il
after n dehate lasting the major part
Of a day: fraternal orders. with a
membership OF over 1000 900 have
adopted approving resolutions, and
some organizations. taking time by the
foreloCk. or with the probable inteat
of forcing the issue, have gone TO the
extent of electinE delegates although
no call has been issued for the con-
gress. and il is not certain by any
means that such a call VIII he issued
The action OF the American Jewish
Committee Wi, Ice the deciding factor.
What that action will he was per
haps foreshadowed Icy the action OF
Louis Marshall, its president, when at
the recent convention of the New York
Keh!llah. of which he is n member,
he threatened to resign II n resolution
instructing him among Others to vote
in favor Of the proposed congress
should he adopted,
The difference Of opinion regarding
the question Of holding n congress
arises partly from the difference
of opinion among Jews regarding
their real status. one party holds
To the opinion that the Jews are
a religious sect, nothing more nor less,
ard that only he is a Jew who nc
Cepts al the tenets Of the Jewish
faith. But even among these there
is n VIDE cleavage between the or
tNnjON and the Reform
opposed to those who regard the
Jews ms a sect are the ~natiorAliS's.
those who insist that Notwithstanding
the fact that the Jewish state disap-
poared under the heels OF the Roman
legiors when they conquered Palestine
;hc Ga:!cH rs such has newer ceased
They hold as does Gilbert * Chester
ton. that nationality is psychological
even more than II is physical.
The late Theodore Herzl, founder ~
the political Zionist movement, which
aims to reestablish the Jewish State In
Palestine, wrote In his epoch marking
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-06-20

that II President Wilson, that mobiles,
of Americans. was right when he SAID
that the mission Of America is to serve
mankind. then the mission Of Atneri-
can Jewry is surely to serve Il un-
fortunate brethren in Europe.
Il fully realize the dangers that
may spring from haphaZard state
ments and infammatory and t~actless
resolutions that nay be introduced at
a general representative American
jewish conference. but | have faith in
the sense of justice and In the wisdom
of the American Jews. A Jewish CON
erenCe should be called also for the
purpose of preventing irresponsible
individuals or irresponsible %orgariza-
tons from speaking in the nam of all
American Jews.
at is my firm conviction that the
American people would respect us
much more II we came together, all Of
us, II representative men and women.
for the purpose Of devising ways and
means OF helping u brethren in dis
tress and for the purpose of helping TO
solve the Jewish question in thu gem
eral readjustment after the war.
And the American people will
! surely sympathize with us when they
learn that the Jews of America are
stretching out their hands to help
their brethren abroad In whatever
land they may he suffering.
mo one would censure us for com
ing together for the purpose of con
ferrinS on the tragedy that has be-
fallen our brethren on the other sid .
Of the Atlantic.
energy and wisdom of the American
Jews to cope with this crisis In the
history of the Jews.
How will tho Jews Of America ne
able to face the future generation II
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-06-20

WAS fe,, tba, no one man however,
grea, n.as hi, snough and M ono
riga ization. however important, wise
enough N cone with the ex,raord,na-v
si,uatior
.,Tha oorcross mr. oortsr.rc. wo,,,,
have n deal with some of the mos,
,nnortart nroh,ams before The Jewish
nann'a H. al ,hair history Tho GA.
,,'on -, pa,as,;na no or.s,,on 80 ~
$3.50. u.hins n.,u fas,ma 80
,nhmis a,'on ~. :. 90 "np
aiIeiea p'opol.tons a. .ne .iose u
wal the re,'ei piop'e''s VI uevas''u
anu ru'' "a oeWish 'o' "huhit'es W
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-06-20

sian towns reused the indignation OF
the world because those pogroms were
made in time of peace. But the situa-
ton to-day is wen graver.
The executions OF Jews occur at a
time when the Jews are fighting
Loyalty and bravely in the armies,
sacrificing their lives for their
try. And the most diabolical accusa-
tons are directed against them in
order to prevent them from securing
recognition in the form Of equal rights
after the war is ended.
Some of us have been criticised by
the neutral Jews for criticising the
Russian Government in the Jewish
press or in the American press. Per
haps ii is unwise to express views
that may irritate this Power or that
Power. AS Americans and as Jews we
are bound to he neutral, 1t may be
dangerous at this time to express in
public our Indignation.
But u sympathy, our compassion
for u distressed brethren-have we
no right to express that2 Have we no
right to tell the truth even to our
selves? Should neutrality prevent us
from telling the truth?
III such a thing were possible many
would be willing at this time even to
forget the Russian massacres In the
past, the diabolical devices of militant
and ~anti-Jewish persecution in the
past, even that political conspiracy
against the entire Jewish people. the
Bells case. We would be willing TO
forget ever that, ii such a thing were
possible; but what OF the present?
How a the American Jews re-
main silent when our brethren are
even now, while they are fighting for
Russia, being bounded and prosecuted
and executed for 10 crimes excepting
mat they are yeWs. 7 have the feelins
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-06-20
Where all sorts of p%rojectiles
are tested.

protectile, but II is always IN the base
II the shell Is designed TO penetrate or
perforate a hard body before oNpiod-
ing, the point being left intact 50 that
II can bore It's way through the oh
struction. In substantially all Of these
fuses there Is a l.ttle weight or ham
mer which strikes a cap of illuminate
Of mercury This material. because i's
gaseous products develop ana expand
with amaz!nE rapidly. ,s capable OF
dealing a tremendous blow, and this.
in its turn. causes the d~etonation OF
the main bursting charge.
The principal problem Of tho o-i-
expert IS 20 prevent the ham
mer from moving until the shel has
left the gun and has travelled some
distance in fiCht. Then. b safety
feature. and there are a variety Of
these. becomes imperative and the
fuse is armed and ready 20 act VIII
the slightest hating OF the proiactile
causes the hammer 20 travel forward
and 70 strike the illuminate cap.
Time fuses are first igni;ed hv the
~propulsive flame that sends the r-o-
%jectile on its journey. The qu!ckuess
with which the bursting charge Is
reached j. determined ny an operation
called cutting or setting n" fuse. To
quote from 4 VOL known work on
ordnance and Curnerv:
rAny time fuse depends upon us
train ~ compressed low burning pow
der. this composition IS made as n.-
form as possible and. = accuracy IS 90
ne attained, equal lengths Of n should
BE consumed IN eqlll intervals II
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-06-20

Russia. Thty lost a large number
OF their guns 10y reason u premature
explosions and many = Their pro-
,~ect:les burst long before they reached
heir mark. hun this was mainly due
20 the .mperfectlon of the fuses en-
rloyed Ordnance engineers have
spent much time since IN developing
fuses capable of nice adjustment and
also secure against premature action
Without going into the technical,
rio ties ~ meChanisms OF this sort il
may he said hat all of these fuses
are broadly of two classes. those that
function after impact and those that
a he set 70 60 cf at different In
tervals during the flight OF the shot.
The latter are what are properly
: rmsd time fuses.
The percussion fuse may ne placed
either IN the poin, or the base 90 the
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-06-20
Meeting To-day to Discuss Proposal to Hold Such a Congress t
Consider Measures for Relief in Certain Countries
of Europe After the War


But the Jews Of America are COM
PEELED to be neutral. They must be
rJutral toward the countries involved
in this war. II they are truly Jewish
in spirit they Canno be otherwise thar
neutral, for the blood of VI brethren
Is shed on the battlefields in all the
armies engaged in the slaughter.
They are giving their lives far Rus
STA, for Austria, for Germany. France,
England, Turkey and Italy. Their
blood mingles on the field of battle, and
this mingling OF h blood OF u
brethren compels us to b. neutral.
There are many Jewish heroes In
this war. so many that the Russian
censor suppresses the names of Rus
sian Jewish heroes.
Jewish patriotism and Jewish 10y
atty In every land cannot be ques-
toned any longer. Jewish heroism,
Jewish bravery has put to shame those
who accused the Jews of cowardice.
Jewish sufferings. Jewish martyrdom
are unparalleled in the catastrophe.
Tho fate of Israel In Russia is far
more tragic than that Ct the Belgian
people. whose sorrows rave aroused
the sympathy OF the whole world.
THE Jews OF America r con-
fronted by a condition that staggers
the Imagination. Our brethren are not
only slaughtered on the battlefields,
their fathers and mothers, their wives
and children are not only dying OF
hunger: they are not only bounded
from place to place. expelled from
their homes. driven 10 snam- and 1,
suicide. but they are hanged or shot
by the very troops of the country for
which our brethren are shedding their
blood.
I'VE are confronted by . condition
Of The horrors OF Kishineh
| and Homel ana hundreds Of otner Nus.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-06-20

n their flight or some fractions Of a
second after hitting a sufficiently
solid obstacle II is a singular prop
erty Of these comparatively safe eN-
plosives that they are not st off by
flame and exploded but are
10 action by a shock which causes
them Ia detonate. BY d%etonat!on i
meant a vihratory disturbance OF "
IRENE rapidity, the agitat.ng waves
passing through the entire mass with
such speed that the whole body Of
the explosive is set off as a unit and
not infamed and consumed progress
s!vely. II Is this instant propaGa-
ton OF the d~e:crat.on which brings
in Us train the intense racking eff
fects OF the so-called high explosives.
The Japanese hlazed the way for
this type OF attack when they used
Shimose powder during their war with
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-06-20
TERMAN BERNSTEIN, editor
Of the Day, the national Jew
ieh dallu Msnan VIII u

ish daily newspaper, VIII n
asked by a representative OF
TIT SuN for his views concerning the
proposed American Jewish congress or
Conference, said:
Ever since the outbreak of the Eu-
ropean war the Jewish people have
realized more acutely than at any
TINE before their tragic hopelessness
and helplessness in certain European
Countries. where they are patriotic.
"hen- they serve in the armies and
hsh' loyalty and bravely, even when
they are denied the most elementary
human rights.
The Jews Of America. the most
fortunate portion Of the Jewish peop'e,
nave suddenly felt, vaguely at frst.
hN clearly now, tina: they are charged
WIN a gra-e responsibility and a great
'asS Of helping Israel in distress
abroad, in the countries where they
are prosecuted. Little by little the
sense NJ this responsibility and duty
mas crystallized itself in the various
Clements OF the Jewish people N
America.
All the Jews have felt that the
american Jews u come to The
rescue Of their unfortunate brethren
abroad, and that they must do 1t
as a united people. The idea of call
ing a Jewish congress or conference
OF representative Jews from all parts
OF America has ~voUn ayer mora
popular as The war went on and as
,he suferinss Of the non -combatant
Jews became ever more unbesrsbis. Il
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-06-20
T PLAYED BY HIGH EXPLOSIVE SHELLS IN THE WAR

II DGdlll DCdllIlS
Projectiles
Terrible Effects Des-
cribed
tracts-datermined to 60 into the fuse
business and to develop a mechanism
that would safely and surely function
in decorating high explosives fired
from modern guns. II n a proving
ground Of It's own, but this had not
sufficient range 70 meet the require
ments or projectfles Of this sort. Hc-
cordingly a quick firing u was sent
down to a lonely place on the New
Jersey coast, whera for thousands Of
yards shells could be hurled over a
range accurately measured and with
cut fear Of falling upon human habi-
la'to-s.
Previously the fuss had been planned
IN the drawing rool and fabricated
with extreme nicely. theoretically II
was expected 70 d certain thingc and
tn engineer inventor felt confident OF
success. tnhappily he was coined TO
Il a ppointment. and fuse after fuse
was fired with extremely erratic re-
suits.
Week after week the experimenting
party went 10 the practice -ance only
10 return 70 the distant manufacturing
plant more or loss ~disrusted But bit
by ~ defects were ov rcn~1e a 1 reg
ularitv secured. II the end that fuse
could he se' for various time intervals.
and accs.dlnsly for corresponding
ranges. At the appoint d instant,
within certain toIerablA advances,
.he screaming shell could ho made to
burst in fight
But before everything was perfect
months had passd and thousands Of
dollars had been spent THIS serves
- make clear the yevatious task that
WI confront any manufacturer who
undertakes for the first ;'r1e "a :urn
ont fuses ~ this character. II also
, explains why som American engi-
r~eeriHg nCerrs nave already de-
cl'ned contracts Of this sort.
White the runs Of Europe are en-
pending hundreds Of thousands Of pro-
t~ec'ileS daily q takes a long time 70
fahricate an acceptable shell II is
said that the French pieces can fire
a. the rat" ~ twenty-five shots a min
u'e. ard because - the manner in
which the reCo.l is taken care Of they
can DO their wgrk a"our1'e,y and hurl
double the number 81 shots possible
with The German hcII gun.
With hundreds 81 those
crowding shor' spans Of the battle
fronts II Is not astonishing that the
problem of supply ny them with am
murltion Is n grave one The per-
lection Of modern ordnance, and by
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-06-20

A meeting of the American Jewish Committee will be held in this
city to-day to discuss the question of whether an American Jewish
congress o conference should be called. The purpose of the con-
gress would be to consider measures for the relief of the condition of
Jews in certain countries of Europe after the war. Two statements
concerning the movement for holding such a congress are given below.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-06-20

they fall to respond 70 the silent call
of despair of the Jewry of the world"
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-06-20

Continued on Eighth Page
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-06-20

StOUOD God. man, II wasn't
7 human warfare. but the
wrath of he'll let loose in
stead. It was a horrible
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1915-10-31
RIFLE CLUB SOON
TO RECEIVE GUNS
Several Members Have Al
ready Received Their
Springficlds.

Members Of tho Tulsa Rifle club.
about one hundred strong expect %
JDa'u shooting within the ucXt three
weeks. Word has been received from
irr VAR apartment that the quota Of
rifles and ammunition allotted To- the
Tulsa club has been ordered shlpppH
from tho Springfield arsenal and
should De here soon.
The matter of range rs stln
son cWhat doubtful, as tho range pro-
cured north Of the city has been found
To- be too short However. the cxocu-
tive committee Of the club has been
working on this matter and hope 10
have something definite TO announce
before long
Several members Of the Rifle club
ordered special Springfield rifles from
the government, which as members
f an organized rifle club they get
at st. and these arc now on exhibit
don at the Producers State bank: the
office OF President y. j. Hartman Of
tire club.
The Tulsa Rifle club was organized
several weeks ago under rules and
regulations laid down by the war de-
partment, and under these rules the
club is allotted a certain number Of
rifles ana a certain amount Of ann
munitiOn As soon as the practice IS
started It Is expected that several
will qualify as expert marks
man, which under the rules OF the
club will entitle each 10 another
rifle from the war department
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1915-10-31

BEEFY KANSAS ARE
THE FIRST TO SCORE


N1ORMAN, Okla, oct 8O.-Su-
~ perior straight football, superior
passing ability, and superior staying
power oyercame superior weight
today on Boyd field here, and the
sooners added another brilliant VIC
tory to their string by defeating Kan
sas university 23 to IA. Seven thou'
sand people, the largest crowd ever
assembled on Boyd field, witnessed
the game. ..a
The beefy Jayhawkcrs started the
scoring, but were OVCrtaken pCIoIo
the end Of the second period, from
then on it was all in favor OF OkIa-
homa until near the end or the Ilha'
period, when the desperate invaders
pushed across their second score ana
were playing furiously when the iihai
whistle blew.
With play about even. the score at
the end of the first half was Z to q.
The light. hardy Sooners, after
wearing down their heavy opponents
in the first half opened up thclF pes
wildering pass assortment at the out
set of the second half, the Jayhawke[s
slowing up and Mccain ran throuSh
the entire field, more than tltty YARDS
for the second Sooner tOuchdoWn'
Captain Geyer followed shortly win
n field goal from the 55-yard me
and added the third Oklahoma touch-
down on a line plunge less than IiNo
minutes later. .i4t,
fresh men I'm the line, showed a daH-
zlfng return to form, and Fast, a SUP
sutute behind the line, made a prH-
liant run for their second ana tIual
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1915-10-31
RIFLE CLUB FOR AGGIE CADETS
Armory Is shooting Gallery" New
Officers Have Been Selected.

Special TO The World.
SALTWATER. Okla, oct. 3O.-The
Rifle club Of the Oklahoma A. & VI.
college has been organized for the
coming school year, officers being
elected, and the armory Is a constant
shooting gallery.
G.. l.. GlOeckner IS president. f. L..
Chase, secretary; Wayne Horton,
treasurer. and II. B. Hilderbrand. cap
tain.
These cadet markEmcn are shooting
under the supervision Of Lieu. G.. w.
Ewell, Third infantry. &. s. A.. who Is
commandant Of cadets. Colonel
Ewell, as he Is familiarly known, IS an
expert marksman. wearing several
medals for his skill. The college team
has several contests with other teams
over the United states during the year,
each team shooting on its home range.