davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Climax-Madisonian. (Richmond, Madison County, Ky.) 1914-1917, 1915-10-27
Big Democratic Rallies.

Last week in many places fires were
started under the kettles and thousands
of gallons of Kentucky burgoo were
made to appease the appetites of thous-
ands of Democrats and others who gath
cred at the big rallies of Hon. A O.
Stanley and Senator Ollie NJ James.
Friday, the Democratic hosts of
Breathitt county, held rousing meet
ing at jackson. 1t is said that one of
the largest crowds that ever attended a
politi"al meeting was present to hear
the Matchless Stanley preach the gospel
of Democracy. The Second Regiment
Band, of this city, furnished the music
for the occasion. and the boys report
one of the greatest meetings they ever
attended Stanley delivered some
sledge-hammer blows, which had a
most vulnerable effect upon the mighty
throng.
While Mr.. Stanley was propounding
Democracy at Jackson, Senator Ollie
NJ. James was thrilling and cheering a
great crowd et Lancaster For more
than week The local campaign COM
mittee had been actively engaged max
ing preparations for this monster meet
ing. The people came from far and
near, the day was an ideal one. there
was plenty to eat, everybody was happy
and joyous, and it is said to be one of
the most representative political gather
ings ever assembled in Garrard county.
Senator Sames made great speech and
received a grand ovation Garrard
county will give Stanley and the entire
ticket large majority.
On Saturday. possibly the biggest raj
ly and barbecue held in the State for
many years, was given at Maysviile
No expense was spared in making this
the greatest event in that good old
town. Not cnly did the Democrats OF
Mason county unite in giving the next
Governor of Kentucky grand ovation,
but they were joined by the Democratic
hosts of Bracken, Lewis and Fleming
counties Flemingsburg was the home
OF Stanley during his early life, and
thousands from Fleming county assem-
bled at Maysville to hear this distin-
guished son Of Kentucky, this tried and
true friend of the people, deliver his
message. Not since the Peerless Bryan
made his first tour of Kentucky in 1890,
has such crowd been seen in Mays
vile as was there Saturday. And the
crowd was not in the least disappointed
in the message which Mr. Stanley de-
livered. The Democratic ticket will
receive a handsome plurality in this
section.
From reports coming from all sections
Of the State Mr.. Stanley viii receive
the largest plurality ever given a candi-
date for Governor His plurality is
being placed at 40,0a0.
The Climax-Madisonian. (Richmond, Madison County, Ky.) 1914-1917, 1915-10-27
WOMAN BEHEADED WITH AK
Husband Returns Home to Find Fam
lily Had Eeen Murdered.

Dyersburg, Tenn. (SpeciaD: Return
ing home from work Peter Feather
stone found his wife's body with the
head severed by a blow from an ak,
and their two children lying beside
their mother, their clothing spattered
with blood. A posse arrested Robert
Davis, colored The prisoner was
brought here to the Jail. A strong
guard was established to prevent a
lynching.
Where the woman lay the police
found signs of a terrific struggle.
The Climax-Madisonian. (Richmond, Madison County, Ky.) 1914-1917, 1915-10-27
: +%%%%<%%%>%%%%%<%<%%A%% ~.
! General News


Frank Allen, colored, formerly of
Scott county, who has served 80
years in troop Goth Calvary, has retired
with honors as Sergeant and returned
Georgetown to make his home.
Peter Benedict, 80, a logging jobber
of Merinette, Wis.,, died last week. He
was the father of twenty-five children,
the oldest of whom is 7S. There were
four pairs of twins. He was born in
Canada in 1916. and was only few
months short of being 100 years old.
Kentucky has fourteen cases on doc
ket OF the United States Supreme Court
which is now in session.
The Newtonian Hotel burned at Somer-
set last week, entailing loss of Sl25, 600.
The guests all escaped unhurJ. 1t
was the finest hotel in Southern Ken
lucky.
Boyle county has sold her poor farm,
containing 100 acres. The county only
has two INDECENT persons TO care for at
present, and il is said the officials will
arrange to have them cared for by some
individual.
Bath county has 1000 pupils in her
moonlight schools.
Bell Wagner has brought suit in the
Hardin Circuit Court against Ike Neigh
bors for $1,000 for alleged breach of
promise. They are negroes.
Possibly the longest train that ever
went over the L. & n. system in Ken
tucKy went over the road last Tuesday,
going south, with 98 cars and csbooSe
pulled by two engines. II was 1855
feet long, just l,24O feet short of a mile.
This is surely some train for thesegrades.
Tuesday, October 21st, was Edison
Day" throughout the civilized world.
Millions paid tribute to the persever-
ance and original triumph OF the greatest
inventor the world has ever known, ouI
own beloved Thomas A. Edison, of the
L. S. A.
Prices on drugs are soaring. 1t is
predicted that quinine will shortly ad-
vance TO So an ounce. Asperine has al
ready doubled in price. Glycerine is
on the up grade, and bromIdes, sahcy-
lates and coal tar products are also af-
fected.
james Spratt, wealthy farmer OF
Montgomery county, who ran over and
killed little Frances Watson, three-years
old, while driving an automobile in Mt,
Sterling, waived examination at the ex,
amiuing trial and was held TO the Cir
cult Court on $4,000 bond, He is a
nervous wreck as the result Of the
| tragedy.
The Climax-Madisonian. (Richmond, Madison County, Ky.) 1914-1917, 1915-10-27
Bio Sale of Horses.

The saddle horses of Mrs. Richard
Tasker Lowndes, Jr., of Danvilie, were
auctioned off last Wednesday. In the
dispersal sale. the breeders of saddle
stock we're greatly encouraged by the
uniformity high run of prices. Twenty
eight head brought $3.50, an average
price of $2S1. The top price of 81, $50
was paid by James Mcdowell for Ken
tucky's Choice and he will be returned
to Bellevue Farm to become the proper
ty of the man who managed him for
years. Edna May, one of the most ia
m Gus saddle mares of the present day,
was sold to A. G. Jones, of Bourbon
comfy, for 81, l25.
The Climax-Madisonian. (Richmond, Madison County, Ky.) 1914-1917, 1915-10-27
ANGRY BULL CORES FARMER
Irlurles Inflicted On Victim Will Prob
ably Prove Fatal.

Maysville, KY. (SpeciaD Joseph
Richardson, sixty-eight, living in the
country near here, was gored by a
bull on his farm and probably fatally
injured.
He. went into lot where the ami
NAL was tied to drive 1t into another
place. The bull became infuriatcd
and. starting at Richardson, knocked
him dc01 and stepped on his body.
Farmhands nearby saw the trouble
and ran to Richardson's rescue when
the beast turned upon the farmhands
and chased them out of the lot Rich
ardson was rescued with difficulty.
The Climax-Madisonian. (Richmond, Madison County, Ky.) 1914-1917, 1915-10-27
EXECUTION HELD
JUST BY BERLIN
Miss CaVeII'S Deeds Warranted
Death Penalty It Is Said.
WARNINGS REpEATEDLYISSUED
English Woman Said to Have Been
Principal Agent In a Plot to Enlist
Belgian SoIdiers-German Women
Executed In France For Similar
offenses-Statement of the German
Foreign Undersecretary.

Amsterdam, Oct. 25.-Tne follow
ing Berlin dispatch was received
here:
"As the foreign press is discussing
in an incorrect and exaggerated man
ner the execution of Edith Cavell for
war treason the facts may again be
stated.
1t was proved after long trial that
the sentenced persons had for some
months been engaged in assisting
Belgians of military age to enlist in
hostile armies and French and Eng
lish deserters to escape the country.
They had many helpers and organ
lied branches. The governor gene. Il
repeatedly issued warnings that Sc
we're punishment of such action was
unavoidable. The guilty persons
were sentenced in public sittings, ac-
cording to the law based on the i'm
rerial penal code and the military
penal code for war treason and es-
pionage
No special law exists for Belgium
No so-called usage of war influenced
the verdict. The accused for the
most part admitted guilt and acknowl-
edged that they were aware of the
severe penalties they were risking.
Edith Cavell was the principal agent
in plot to enlist Belgians. In re-
gard to the assertion that she, in the
course of her profession, unselfisnly
tended other persons, it may be point
ed out that she earned her living by
nursing, charging fees which were
within the means of the rich people
only. Women also have been exc
cuted in France. For instance, last
March, when the German Margaret
Schmidt was executed at Nancy,
and in May, when the German, OF
title Moss. was put to death at
Bourges."
- DR.. Alfred F. NJ. Zimmerman, Ger
man under secretary for foreign az
fairs. also issued an explanation of
the recent execution in Belgium of
Miss Edith Cavell, the British nurse.
He prefaced his remarks by the dec
laration that he had examined every
jet and title OF the evidence with the
greatest care and found the verdict,
though regrettable, to be just.
DR.. Zimmerman says: The result
is so convicting and all the circum.
stances are so clear and convincing
that no courtmartial in the world
would have reached any other deci.
sion. For it concerns not the act of
! one single person. rather it concerns
a well-thought-out, worldwide con-
| spiracy which succeeded for nine
months to render the most valuable
! services to the enemy to the disad-
vantage of our arm. Countless Brit
| ish, Belgian and French soldiers now
again are fighting in the allied ranks
who owe their escape from Belgium
to the activity of the band now sen.
fenced, at the the head of which stood
! Miss Cayel"
The Climax-Madisonian. (Richmond, Madison County, Ky.) 1914-1917, 1915-10-27
THE MARKETS
,s.ss.ssssss..sssss.ss.sss
East RuFFALo. oct. 25


Cattle-Prime steers. $500 Is. shipping.
$S 25@S IS; butchers, Sc 75@s so; heifers,
SIS 509S; cows. 50 25Q7: bulls, 81 5o97 .25,
cows and springers. $5o41oo; calves. SAG
12 90.
Hogs-Heavy. 81 s0Gs 90; mixed, 81 so
az 90: Workers., 81 25@7 80; pigs, Sc rs
az; roughs, Sc 6O@6 rs; stays. $5@6.
Sheep and Iarnbs-Ye7 runsS -a~s
so; wethers. Sc 5O@s rs: ewes. 1906;
lambs. s5@s 10.
Cattle-Native beef steers s6@1o 40;
western steers. Sc zoos 80: cows and
heifers. 80 s5Gs 35: calves. 81 25@l1.
Hogs-Light, Sc s5@7 SO; mixed. SO SIS
@7 80; heavy, 81 Ge@7 s5; roughs, Sc COG
6 S5; pigs, $4Q7 25. So
Sheep and Lambs-Wethers, seas so:
CLEVELAND, Oct. 25.
Catt1e-Choice fat steers. $s6s s5
butcher steers. s7@7 75: heifers. SIS 750
70; bulls s69s IS; cows, s4Q5 75; calves:
s6G11.
mixed. 81 60; pigs Sc so; roughs. Sc so;
stays, Sc.
sheep and I.ambs-Ewes and wethers,
s5Q5 rs; lambs. s7@S so.
PITTSBURGH. Oct. rs.
choice fat steers. IS 5o@s s5: butcher
steers. 81 1905 10; heifers. $e@7: cows,
IS 25@s so; bulls. IS 1907 IS; calves.
$11 90.
Hogs = Heavies. 81 s5@7 s5: heavy
Workers.. 81 soar so; light Workers, Sc so
o.: pigs IS 5o96 25.
Sheep and Lambs-sheep, IS 20; lambs.
50 90.
CINCINNATI, Oct. -25.
Cattle-Steers. s4 50@7 rs; heifers. 81 e5
a.; cows, $sR6; calves. 81 25@1o.
Hogs-Pa ckers and butchers. 81 $50
z 80: common to choice. $667: pigs and
lights, $4@7: stays. $5GD6 rs.
Sheep and Lambs Sheep. 1905 IS:
lambs. IS 250s 25.
BOSTON, Oct 25.
Wool-Ohio and Pennsylvania feeces;
Delaine washed, 3f@34aAc: half blood
ing, s5Q37c, delaine unwashed. 2s1k
92ss4e.
The Climax-Madisonian. (Richmond, Madison County, Ky.) 1914-1917, 1915-10-27
LEvEE WORK is COMPLETED
Should Prevent Floods In That Sec
ton In Future.

Hickman, KY, (SpeciaD: The work
of raising and reinforcing the Reel
foot levee from Hickman to Upton
vile, Tenn, to comply with the 1914
grade, has been completed. The
completion of this work puts that
levee in splendid shape and it should
withstand high waters like those of
1912 and 1913, the highest foods ever
known here. The land owners of the
bottoms made possible this enlarge
ment by guaranteeing the contract
price on the acreage assessment basis.
The Climax-Madisonian. (Richmond, Madison County, Ky.) 1914-1917, 1915-10-27
Please hand u. OUR dollar.
Only One Ticket.

An agreement was reached between
the various contending factions" in
terested in the election of a mayor and
CITY council last Saturday, the last day
on which petitions could be filed with
the county clerk, and there will there
fore appear ouly one set of candidates
on the bnllot. The candidates agreed
upon are: J. L Powell, Mayor; NJ S
Scrivner, Bryant Sherrard. Millard
Witt, S. N. Welch. DIR. c. NJ. Bowles
and J. X. White, conncilmen. .-Estill
Tribune.
The Climax-Madisonian. (Richmond, Madison County, Ky.) 1914-1917, 1915-10-27
New Homes.

Mr.. NJ. F. Enright and family have
moved into their new home on West
Main. This residence was recently
completed and is one of the handsome
homes of Burnamwood, which is one OF
the beautiful residence sections of our
charming city.
The residence OF. Mr.. Ollie Powell is
nearing completion and will soon be
ready for occupancy. This residence is
located on Broadway in the northern
part of the city, and is a beautiful and
imposing home.
The new brick residence of the Mel
son Brothers on South Second street
will seon be completed. 1t is a hand
some two story brick and will make an
ideal home. and will add much this
section of the city.
The Climax-Madisonian. (Richmond, Madison County, Ky.) 1914-1917, 1915-10-27

Reach the Dvina.
London. Oct 25.-An official dis
patch from Sofia states that the Brit
garian army has taken Uskup. an i'm
portant junction on the Salonica-
Nish railway, and has thus placed
itself across the route by which the
allies Feinforcements for the Serbs
would travel. The Austro-Germans,
IL the north, have begun more Wig
orous offensive and have crossed the
Danube near Ossova. This brings
much nearer the linking up of the
armies of the Germanic allies and
those of Bulgaria and the opening of
the way through Bulgaria to Constan-
tinople.
Success is not being achieved with
cut heavy losses, as the Serbian vet
Grams, well intrenched in their noun
tains, are offering stubborn resistance
and are making the invaders pay a
big price for every mile of country in
vaded.
IAOOpO olS OCoAOc
the Serbs in the southeastern section,
and reports from Athens says that
other steps are being taken by the
allies to help their small partner
Additional troops are being landed at
Salonica, Bulgarian ports in the
Aegean and Black seas are being
bombarded and it is believed that
men and munitions will be sent to
Serbia by still another route. With,
out the active cooperation Of Greece
and Roumania, however, the allies, il
is feared here, will not be able to dc
much for some weeks.
The Russian troops who have land
ed at Domeness, Courland have, ac
oording to Berlin, re-embarked. II
this is so, it is probable that the land
ing was intended as a diversion, in
the hope of drawing German troops
from the Riga and Dvinsk regions
where very heavy fighting is stjH ir
progress.
There is no news of Field Marshal
Won Hindenburg's drive toward the
Dvina, southeast of Riga, but north
west of Dvinsk he has made another
attempt to reach the river and claims
to have forced the Russianl from
their positions, infiicting great losse;
on them and taking nearly 5000 pris
oners. Illoukst. which mas figured
prominently in all the recent commu
nications, has been captured by the
Germans.
The persistence with which the
Germans are attacking in this regior
shows the Importance they attach e
the capture of Dvinsk and Riga anC
the line of the Dvina river before
winter sets in.
On the rest of the eastern front the
Russians continue their isolated at
tacks, which are designed to preyen
the Germans from establishing lint
of intrencnments such as they sue
ceeded in doing before Warsaw las
| year, after the first attempts to tak'
the city failed.
Except for a few attacks by thu
| Germans, the fighting in the west hai
consisted for the most part of artil
Iery engagements and some exciting
contests between the air men.
The Climax-Madisonian. (Richmond, Madison County, Ky.) 1914-1917, 1915-10-27
Uric Acid Poison
UndermineS Health

When uric acid becomes seated in
the kidneys. bowles. and blood. these
organs begin to decay. Rheuma tnot a
''cure ALL" but a specialists prescrip-
tion for all forms of rheumatism oniy).
overcomes this condition. IL hm5ers
up the sti6ensd joints, reduces swell
ings, and quickley cleans the poison
from the diseased organs.
b. T. Middleton and all druggists sell
Rheuma for 50 cents aud viii return
your money il not satisfied. Be sure &c
got Rhenn,a trademarked package.
Please hand v OUR dollar.
The Climax-Madisonian. (Richmond, Madison County, Ky.) 1914-1917, 1915-10-27
Dissatisfied Wife Makes Charge

Mayfield. Ky, (SpeciaD: Mrs. Nam
ME Crider has filed suit in the Circuit
court against ]. c. Crider for divorce
and $2,4O0 alimony. She makes the
charges that her husband persuaded
her to deed away a 1OS-acre tract of
land for the purpose of defrauding her
and preventing her from collecting
alimony
The Climax-Madisonian. (Richmond, Madison County, Ky.) 1914-1917, 1915-10-27
Coke Furnaces Reonened.

Middlesboro. Ky. (SpeciaD:. The
first work done or the old Virginia
Iron, Coal & Coke Company furnace
in seven years. began when a carload
of coal arrived. and the old yard en-
gine was put in operation. Reports
come from Bristol the company has
landed a $1O,OOO,OOO contract with the
Dupont Powder people.
The Climax-Madisonian. (Richmond, Madison County, Ky.) 1914-1917, 1915-10-27
Takes His Own Life.

Paducah, Ky, (SpeciaD: Fenner
Stout, nineteen, car repairer at the
Illinois Central railroad ships, Was
found dead in the backyard at his
boarding house here with a tiobest rifle
ball through his head. Stout left a
note written with a match in iodine,
stating, 81 will not trouble you any
more"
The Climax-Madisonian. (Richmond, Madison County, Ky.) 1914-1917, 1915-10-27
CARRANzA TROOPS
ON AMERICAN SOIL
EntTaining For Aqua Prieta to
Prevent Border Fighting.

Ell Paso, Tex, Oct. 25.-Telegrams
from Aqua Prieta, Eonora, state that
General Francisco Villa and his troops
have not yet appeared anywhere near
that border town, where the major
portion of the Carranza forces in So
nora are garrisoned.
kilograms from Eagle Pass, Tex,
state that the entraining of Carranza
troops there and at Laredo. for ship
ment through the United States to
reinforce the Aqua Prieta garrison,
has commenced. The troops, unarmed,
will be escorted by United States SOL
diers through American territory and
should reach Aqua PTieta Tuesday. 1t
is said that ammunition was shipped
from El Paso to the Carranza garrison
at Aqua Prieta.
The movement of the Carranza
troops is looked upon as a move to
prevent fighting on the International
line at Aqua Prieta, VITA the possible
injury to Americans in Arizona.
Villa is reported as having much
II ouble getting his cannon over the
mountains from Casas Grandes to So
nor4. and is said to have lost some
of his guns in the mountain passes
Sefore deciding to dismantle them and
carry them through on mules with
General Angeles in the United States,
Villa is without competent artillery
man TO man the guns and. owing to
the rough country was able to carry
but little ammunition with him and
could not have secured any more II
he could haze taken It.
The Climax-Madisonian. (Richmond, Madison County, Ky.) 1914-1917, 1915-10-27
Boat Line Promoted.

Owensboro, KY, (SpeciaD: The
Crescent Navigation company is a
new firm organized to place a new
rapid transit gasoline boat line be-
tween Owensboro and Rockport, Ind,
within the next few weeks. The COM
pany's boats will make six trips daily,
making connections with the traction
cars for Evansville, Ind.
The Climax-Madisonian. (Richmond, Madison County, Ky.) 1914-1917, 1915-10-27
TU II Once

Why don't you send this paper to
some of your absent relatives? A dol
lar is nothing to you. Fifty-two big,
fat, juicy home letters is N uch 10 them.
Try it once The letter OF thanks
which you get from them. will linger
with you for years.
ses-our Special ofer for four months
and try it.
The Climax-Madisonian. (Richmond, Madison County, Ky.) 1914-1917, 1915-10-27
Nine eermans Missina.

Washington, Oct. 23.-An official
list of the missing members of the
crews of the two German auxiliary
cruisers interned at Norfolk. issued
by the navy department, shows that
of total of 7S5 officers and men, one
commissioned officer. two doctors and
six warrant officers have broken pa
role. Not one biueJacket is missing.
The Climax-Madisonian. (Richmond, Madison County, Ky.) 1914-1917, 1915-10-27
pr.. W. ]. STONE choaen.

Lexington, KY. (speciaD: DIR. Will
liam j. Stone of Toledo. o.. was
chosen president of the Mississippi
Valley Medical association and Indi-
annapolis Qnd.) was selected for the
1916 convention city at the associa-
tion's closing session here
The Climax-Madisonian. (Richmond, Madison County, Ky.) 1914-1917, 1915-10-27
A Correction.

In our last iasue we stated that Levi
Foster cut Sam Portwood with knife
on Saturday night at the corner of
Main and First streets. IN getting the
names of the parties we were informed
that it was Levi Foster who did the
cutting, which was erroneous. 1t was
Ira Foster. Jr. aud not Levi Foster, as
we stated. We gladly make the
The Climax-Madisonian. (Richmond, Madison County, Ky.) 1914-1917, 1915-10-27
Killed In Oklahoma.

Lancaster, Ky CSpeciaD: Bruce
Arnold, thirty years old. who was en-
ployed as a locomotive engineer in
Oklahoma. was killed near Chickasha,
and the body will be, brought to his
old home here, for burial. He leaves
one brother and three sisters.
The Climax-Madisonian. (Richmond, Madison County, Ky.) 1914-1917, 1915-10-27
FeIIed by BURGLAR.

Henderson, KY, (SpeciaD NJ. Arvin,
aged grocer of this city. was assaulted
victim unconscious on the floor and
escaped with the contents of the cash
register. A Jimmy" is said to have
been used by the negro as a weapon.
The Climax-Madisonian. (Richmond, Madison County, Ky.) 1914-1917, 1915-10-27
Boy Disappears.

Carlise, KY, (SpeciaD: Frank
Laughlin, adopted SON of Mrs. Thomas
Alexander. of near this city, has dis
appeared mysteriously and nothing as
to his whereabouts has been learned.
He is about fourteen years of age.
The Climax-Madisonian. (Richmond, Madison County, Ky.) 1914-1917, 1915-10-27
Ex-Madisonians Wanted.

We want the names and postoffice ad-
dress of ali Elk. Madisonians. There is
hardly family in Madison county that
has not a father. mother, brother, sis
ter, son, daughter or some relative or
friend living in some other state or in
Kentucky in some other county than
Madison. We want. their names and
postofsice address. We win greatly sp-
preciats il il you win send US their
names on postal card, call in person
al our Office er call by phone No. 60
The Climax-Madisonian. (Richmond, Madison County, Ky.) 1914-1917, 1915-10-27
Mayor RESIGNS.

Lagrange. KY, Especially: At meet
ing of the town council Henry Sny-
der resigned the office of mayor and
D. H. French was elected to serve out
the unexpired term
The Climax-Madisonian. (Richmond, Madison County, Ky.) 1914-1917, 1915-10-27

Progrossive fsrmers should have the
Bresder's Gazette. Il Is valuabls pa
per. We can furnish il in combination
With fhis paper ss-ti
The Climax-Madisonian. (Richmond, Madison County, Ky.) 1914-1917, 1915-10-27

See BrecK & Evans for Hail insurance
on your tobacco loft
The Climax-Madisonian. (Richmond, Madison County, Ky.) 1914-1917, 1915-10-27
For Sale.

Two good residence lots in the Shack
elford addition.
II g. E LILLY,
The Climax-Madisonian. (Richmond, Madison County, Ky.) 1914-1917, 1915-10-27
The European War.

Is destruction TO life and properly.
Our business is TO build up, 70 repair,
and do general job work Try US on
your next job.
TODD & TAYLOR.
Contractors and Builders Back OF
Opera House. Phone s17. Richmond.
KY FIJI
The Climax-Madisonian. (Richmond, Madison County, Ky.) 1914-1917, 1915-10-27

FOR sALE-ao2 acres and a fraction
of good. fertile, farming, bluegrass.
grazing. meadow and tobacco land on a
turnpike within few hundred yards of
railroad station. Well watered. good
residence. two good barns. near churches
and convenient to schools.
W. H. MILLER,
In Southern Natl Bank. Richmond. Ky,
o1-ff --I.