davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1915-03-28

Its Theoretical
Strength and Weakness
as Compared to the
Dreadnaught and Bat
tie Cruiser How the
Submarine Operates.
The Delicate Matter of
"Balance'-Is Really
Z Practical Machine
Which Has Startled the
World-It Talks. Hears
and Sees Little
Known Facts About
These Under : Water
Engines Which Are
Playing Such Havoc in
the European Naval
War Game.
Evening star., 1915-03-28

supposed to be extinct. WAS extremely
successful in another state, one group
collecting about 5000 in eleven days
Sewing circles have contributed
thousands of garments. From a WON
an in Colorado Springs. who started Il
thank Offering the woman's section
received. for milk for the babies. with
in four weeks. Si.69o.93.
The food boxes have proved one of
the most popular features of the move
ment. The basis of their poss ibilities
lies in the transportation fund avail
able to the commission. Arrangements
have been made with express COM
panies and with the parcel post where
by packages of sizes to be handled by
them can he sent under commission
payments Circles of mercy have been
successfully employed in Kingston.
y. Y.
THE womanS section in Minneapolis
organized a great municipal ball. with
Belgian Sunday following. They wired
to headquarters for 1 900 mite boxes
The penny day. or :, cents a week
contributions from school children is u
feature of the New York state cam
paign.
Concerts. dances. silver teas. raffles
and many other varieties of social af-
fairs have been given. Artists have
contributed pictures. authors books, to
be sold for the BelSians.
Two large lifelike dolls were. in
stalled i'll the window of q prominent
shop in Pasadena. One--warmed only
by its neither Garment-held in its eX-
tended hand a placard-1 am freezing
and starving The other reached to
il food and clothes. These two dolls
drew large Contributions in behalf of
the children OF Belgium. Bambino
cards and calendaars haye been cir
culated.
An exclusive feature OF the COM
mission is the bread-iiue ticket. They
are the food cards which stamped
or punched for each contribution. They
give the name of the recipient and the
number registered in the family. Sew
raj have blanks representing days
when the commission could not supply
food and the people-men. women and
children-wcIt foodless.
The spirit of humanity and generos-
its has been so universally SHOWN
thar one cannot mention one state
without recalling that each other state
calls for just as hearty mention.
national movement carries something
OF value which local activity cannot
inspire Its sweep of sentiment, It's
comradeship. it's communal ef1ort are
real elements
sion for relief in Belgium is under the
august patronage OF her majesty, the
Oueeu of the EelgianS, and H. Il. II.
the Duchess of Hcndome.
A letter was recently received by the
section from the queen which read
Evening star., 1915-03-28


cumstances.
No especial pains are taken to select
the men for submarine crews, although
no one whose record is not good is
taken. But after acceptance each man
in those small crews comes under the
direct observation of the captain. who
promptly requests the transfer of all
who show themselves unfit for the
service Thus by process of elimina-
tion the fittest for the work remain.
No liquor is allowed aboard. If a
man, after shore leave. comes aboard
with stomach that refuses food, and
with a dull brain, he is cared for kind
ly and not allowed to do any work that
he is unfit for, but the quiet talk that
a day or two later the captain has
with him convinces him that he will
never touch liquor again-or at most
but once more-while he remains a
member of that boats company.
officers and crew know that their work.
like that of the aviators. is dangerous:
for if a small explosion causes a leak
which cannot be controlled. she sinks
II rudder fails to work, and she heads
down and cannot be stopped, the water
pressure will crush her in like an egg
she'll Yet they believe that most acc-
dents can be avoided by carefulness, and
that they will be safe as long as all do
their work perfectly; but it must be done
quickly.
Ii has been thought that the number
of unfortunate accidents aboard i'll the
earlier days of submarines would shake
the nerves of the crew, and that the Off
GERS would minimize the reports. Not so:
they took pains TO let the public know
all the circumstances, with the result that
each man felt that if he had been on
the lost boat he might have saved it
or have seen way to avoid the accident
Many good suggestions have come for
improvements in details about the boats
Evening star., 1915-03-28

4 few years ago submarine met I.
big steamer coming up Chesapeake
bay, and as the submarine was out for
practice the captain gave the order to
dive just as the two boats approached
1t was obeyed with great alacrity, and
from the steamer, with seeming con-
fusion as the submarine sank from
view. The next morning Inquiries from
the department reached her. asking
whether she was still afoat. For q
steamer had come in with a report
that il had met a submarine in sink
ing condition. that the crew had been
seen running about the deck in great
dismay and they had all gone down
not as prominent in the public mind
vessel for their tomb.
An old lady on the steamer had
tainted, and as no one had seen the
subma rine come UP. she was given up
for lost. Diving submarines then were
not aspromnen in the public mind
as they are today.
When the deck is cleared. and all
movable parts and the crew are below
the captain, who has been standing on
the coming tower, after assuring him
self that the oil engines are shut off
passes into the coming tower. letting
fall the hatch. cover, which locks itself
automatically and seals the boat AS
he enters he takes his position in the
coming tower and gives the order TO
start the electric motors. The boat
settles. the horizontal rudders are
turned and she goes under.
Outside is darkness. The under water
voyage has begun. If it is not neces-
sary to submerge completely the cap
tain keeps a lookout through the peri
scope. This Instrument resembles q
piece of fve-inch stovepipe with a
short elbow at each end. but on op-
posite sides of the pipe. 1t projects
vertically about fifteen feet above the
Evening star., 1915-03-28
AUS Subr1AR1NE DIVING AND JUsT ON TIE Po1NT
Or DIsAPPEARING BENEATH THE SURFACE

made :. dent has b, its strict blockade DC
stroy ell German commerce and now pre-
vents the delivery TO that country Of
greatly needed supplies of copper.
cotton and food which it cannot obtain
otherwise
The attempted blockade by means OF
submarines Of the zone about Great Brit
ain raises many questions of law and
makes ore want to know whether a sub
marine see well enough to distinguish
neutral from hostile ships.
II Is now very generally understood
that there is little mystery about q sub
marine. The fundamental principle is
merely that Of gravitation. The hull is
50 constructed that the water. except
where admitted through valves, cannot
enter it. Normally she floats little
higher out Of water than when awash
and in that condition acts as any rather
"tubby' boat would.
When ready to go under water is ad
mitted through sea valves into tanks, and
the added weight submerges the boat.
So perfectly can she he balanced that
when under the water the strength of a
man will lift her and ten pounds added
TO her weight will cause her to sink. In
TINS condition ii she touches bottom she
bounds from II like great rubber ball.
This perfect balance is not necessary
and in actual work is not usually OBJ
served. for the drive of the propeller gives
her headway so that she can be steered
under or up as well as to starboard or
port by her double sets of rudders. BY
means OF compressed air the water is
blown out of the tank when it is desired
to restore f1otation
she has two sets of motors-one Of
Diesel internal combustion type. burning
heavy oil fuel. which when properly
used gives off no smoke to be used
when she is on the surface. and the
other. electric. to be used when under
water.
Until the development of some mo-
tive power, which would become dead
as soon as the power was shut off, Vet
drive the boat when on the surface
and Of 4 motive power which could be
operated within the boat when sealed for
submerGence-no submarine of prac-
tical value could be devised The in
vention of the gasoline motor of the
same general type as those used in au-
tomobiles. and later of the internal
combustion motor using heavy oil, and
o. the electric motor, driven by stora ge
batteries. supplied these needs and
made this boat the practical creature
that has startled the world
These craft vary in size from that OF
our earliest boat. about 100 feet in
length. to the sea going type. includ-
ing one now under construction, which
viii be over 80 feet in length and
nave surface speed of at least twenty
knots. The earlier types had one large
ballast tank. which was quite enough
to secure submergence, but the later
have several tanks. an arrangement
'shich tends to maintrin the craft in
better balance
AS one looks at the picture of a sub
marine in surface cruising trim he sees
Evening star., 1915-03-28

Thus. had any government in Mexico
been possessed of some efficient sub
marines and the desire to be rid Of the
American feet last summer at Vera
Cruz. our ships could not have re-
mained where they did. with the city ct
the mercy of their guns. The fleets
only way to stay in the vicinity woula
have been to put to sea and keep NOV
ing.
Assuming that this country were at
war with a hostile power the ATTACH
whether upon our isthmian or insul1'
possessions or on the main coast. would
come from the ocean. Assuming
further that the power were able to
overcome our primary coast defense.
the navy. il is quite improbable tnat
any hostile fleet would venture. even
with guns of greater range, to open q
direct attack upon the defenses OF our
most important cities and along our
great waterways.
Unless its offensive force should he
overwhelming ii would never use Is
cannon against the attack of protected
land batteries: but il would undoubt-
edly seek the most weakly defended
place available, and made landing.
which it would endeavor to hold by tho
strength of its gun fire.
Our coast artillery not being nobils
force, our army could make slight -
sistance at this point. But. assuming
that this country possessed fleet o.
submarines which are mobile and cor
centrated them upon the enemy at its
chosen point of attack. that hostile
feet could no more remain where l.
could control the shore with IFS gun
fire than our fleet could have stayed
at Vera Cruz if that harbor had been
filled with submarines. \ liberal sup
ply of these vessels, many maintsi,1.
would be the most economical coast
defense this country could provide.
Submarines cannot and are not in
tended to take the place of ships OF the
line, which have their own functions.
But they are most efficient adiuncts to
their own battleships and under soma
conditions the greatest source OF an
noyance and danger to hostile vessels.
Evening star., 1915-03-28
66l1

HA7 y. - l!-Sir.tt- :, moment
w TO go out in a late type sub
.lariie 10 fight the Queen Eliza
= beth and her ffteen-inch guns"
SD United States navy officer familiar
With the little craft. she could not hurt
me and might hurt her. if she came near
enough =.
And in these few words he had summed
up the weakness. the power and the de
fsnse OF the submarine 50 much at
present in the limelight
Some persons think that the dread
naught is condemned to junk others in
sist that the submarine is blind and that
its efficiency has been overestimated.
The results so far accomplished in the
North and the English coast are
refutation of any claim that submarines
are of little value. but the English line
Of dreadnaughts. cruisers and destroyers.
In which the submarines have hardly
Evening star., 1915-03-28
uno n OTHER Belgian baby is
" lMI ne latest slogan in re-
lWll l,ef worhers' circles; 6;

NM OlfiEE BeiSian baby is
CO Ml the latest slogan in re
U\WII 1.f rl,rs, ira,
J(NJl 80,
Washington women ana
Others throughout the country who are
Interested in helping the destitute
-,o,bere !, devas,.,ey Rely,un arc
ha,,,. sLaa I'll. ~
adoption Is By proA! only. Two dollars
a month keeps an infant i'll it's own
,ro,hers care Tho nub,ic Is invited To
taereof,
Nrs Ellis Iopxr Of 1853 Irving street
por,naest who - an .ba e..cu,fxe
t. -, ,,; y,
committee OF th' woman stctioit "
tho counissi for relief in Belgium,
1clieves tins novel idea VIII meet with
- i,,, ,roI a. ,n.ric,
.!iothcfs-
=
..Ct!r or2.4aizati.n has been sending
,.. t i ;,i a., ,L I,.
:,
gam ''ii 'ite oH' - s"' y
ft unlgEe schemes 10 RAISE iLrds, such
- at,r mile of u.nni.s' .4mpuipn and
IA. f,.r n,,,,ii, ,,,,.r.s, a. ir,ju,.d
..,,.-,eeI "ii,,I. t,,.fai.' ", tis
,bssn, u,etho,i sre viii wear q small
Insignia hearing our flag and the Bel
gan nag crossed "hich announces hcr
,ao,herho"d. thih" ~ r very oesta-
-Ve ,T,it-, con-iru. ia III IN ia air.
power 70 help The suffering ones
Evening star., 1915-03-28

coming tower and runs down into the
boat, a lens covering the open end of
the upper elbow receives a picture of
whatever lies in front of it. and re-
fectors carry the image below through
the tube.
Evening star., 1915-03-28

Relief Belgium lels OF the
Country AID
NaonHp Destitute Mothers by Adopting Babs-wo Dollars
MonthKee n IS V1n Mothers
Evening star., 1915-03-28
FULL SPEED AHEAD

that will enable two boats to have
friendly conversation at considerable
distance.
With the boat in cruising trim, when
the order Prepare to dive" comes.
everything on the deck, except the
periscope and the steel box, is taken
through the coming tower hatch and
slowed away below. Each man knows
his position and exactly what to do and
how to do it. and SO skllful do they
become that. if it takes more than two
and a half minutes before everything is
below, the last man inside and all ready
for the order, the work has been so
slow that the crew does not want to
face the Inundated and indignant com
mander.
Evening star., 1915-03-28

simple. She slips away from danger
either by diving or sinking out ot
sight TO safety. a shot hitting her
pcriscopc-a very small target-tem-
porarlly puts her out of submerged
service, but does not sink her. She
need be but few yards below the sur
face to he safe from gunfire. II -
doubtful whether any bomb that could
he carried by an aeroplane would hs
any damage to a submarine submerg.
ed SO that only the periscope elbow
projects above the surface. She can
pass under and around the greatest
superdreadnaught with impunity, for
IT has no way of harmins her.
The submarines offensive Is rada
with a torpedo. just how this is oper-
ated and what its range from THIS
class of ship is, "thc good of the scrN-
Ice Will not permit to he discussed.
and an inquirer might AS well ask tho
Sphinx as ask naval man. But thcss
facts are known--a torpedo. driven by
compressed air and carrying an eAplo-
sive which discharged below the water
line against the side or bottom. wiz
sink any ship hat ever foatcd: IL haS
an effective range of at least 1000
yards-over two and A half miles
with such accuracy that practice scores
of eight consecutive hits have bcen
made against a battleshlp target
In actual work this accuracy cannoc
he maiuta incd. because the high' OF >
torpedo is relatively slow. and 80
hostile shin pa rficularIv in tho pre-
tion II takes a projcctiie from cu1
about four seconds TO travel 400"
wards. and about five nllnutcs for '
torpedo to go tho sane distance In
mat time ship viii move milo
Every sportsman knows the differs
ence het ween shooting az a duck on
the water and at the same bird hytn9
through the air Nevertheless. sincs
one of these boats. With the pcriscops
splotched with white and gray and
green paints can hurdly be made QUE
at half n mile, II seems that In a place
as fsvora BILE for submarines as this
North sea-with its soft bottom. sh5'-
low waters. rrcuucnt fogs and cor.
venicnt hase5-unforcsccn difIcu1t'cI
IN the use of the torpedoes must ha,,
been encountered, or that the ships of
the blockadinc fleet have introduced az,
unexpected defense. or else that tho
number of submarines available has
been exaggerated \ ship of this class
has not 4 large stearning radius. but.
especially for defensive purposes. th1s
is not necessary if there is an efllclet
nother-ship base shore bases sdc-
uuate in number and protection.
Nearly every one would like to know
something about the rfeet or squadron
tactics of the submerged navy-how
how they support one another. no"
they deliver combined attack. But
there, again. the Veil has fallen, for on
this subject the service is silent.
One can probably never he construct
ed with surface speed enough to put-
sue and overtake a hostile ship. But
as duck hunter conceals himself al =
place where the birds come for food or
rest so the submarine can. unknown Z"
the enemy's fleet proceed to a position
which the fleet wishes to occupy. and
can drive the whole feet away, or de-
stroy il, IL il does not so.
The St. Joseph observer. [volume] (St. Joseph, Mo.) 1906-1932, 1915-09-18
TUTUILA. THE HAPPY ISLE
leads the World In pereentsss o.
SUNDAY School Chiidrcn---Peeple
live Simple Llves.

The eSnr's OF the MctlrRl depart
meot OF enc United Sfates have pTac'i
cagy stamped out tomas" among the
natives ~ the Island ~ Tuiuila "a
moa
Surgeons C. 3 Ely and John { Far.
ham ot the navy have accomplished
wonders Even The dreaded elephant.
ssis Is decreasing among the natives
The island ot TuiuiIa, which was
cedsd hy the chic, of the Manila group
20 the United States in 1904. and ac.
ceptes by the president has as yet
bad no appropriation frum congress
The duties Of nsvai ofsccrs on station
at The island are duAl. a. 70 addition
20 VertormiuE their regular naval du'
ties 'hfy uust act as county ofhcials
Com uandsr N poyer L 5 y. re.
ccutly succeeded Commander G n
StfA0s. IT, $ \ as commander ~ the
naval station aud civil governor Of the
island
CAjfrcn hctVceu the ages Of six
and fourteen must attend school They
are frs, Instructed IN their cVn Ian
Fungc Uhioh has only "a let'ers In
ihe alphabet. ard then they are taught
EuEHsh
The people are simpic and happy
They are Christians and the island
holds the record tor the world IN the
greatest percentage u children attend
lng sunday school
Tha ts4aua "a ghBnt sfr rnllaa Vide
ana about eighteen miles IA length
/ The population Is about sooo The
so ooo appropriated ny congress and
/ the O. 600 dona,ed by the Red Ctoss
/ Tor the relief Of the nstives after the
( hurricane that SWEPT the island on
( January :. damolishinE all Of the
housea is being veil used The ss.
tives have AEain planted their crops
and rebuilt their homes
The St. Joseph observer. [volume] (St. Joseph, Mo.) 1906-1932, 1915-09-18

satf Caaff IN vaeattac. rhaf s9id a. 1.
fsa4ahf t)ssflss Msish 70 Neh .fevi-
asat ~ ffa afsts ~ hisssags. asd fees
sof fssI1a ttEeefs " y prasrsr ttsf
anta sen .renidanf asfreaaaf - EossHea
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satd Siatnfts haH retau.tusod htf sptf
" this ce9rt Naaiast Fait asfsncsot ~
gefAftaH are aetdhfit thf On hlsgf ana
aesssssi Hssars ~ shteh - - sptHiH
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ti1f iu !itt tnt1iefEt tls - ass tasior
fis states tnsf ths affeH9nnf seuja
fsFes sua sease esF Gals tef sue sra
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- ihe gsF " lntestgAftnH ar8nks end
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ffe1anf staHi he sHa krFsHaf % ths fenf
iefW q ihts Leart iq g. esHua urd beds
- fhs turt Hpase la fhe cNfF of salnl
tpsf gn, ia iiueAEtasA Epantv. stats o3
t'it, in W before tt- y % % ef sAld
sffnr sNf to faknn faf farffesea o. i#
hts' sHa taaaansaf 'srdstra strHfi
II "a tatthei era,rsa ,saf a .apy Us
htf fFr hb gsaltstNa H THe %t fs.
if the t9srt. 81 u8,ka6en tar fear
sfAs Htf ets.Frir. tae last iHsntf .ssf
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iRf. ift arti usfahsr teru ~ tha
: rupF
stts- nsF- e rpN
tsFAgf clrfk
es+hale prra', r.erS
Hf.r.frt far rtalu,tF
The St. Joseph observer. [volume] (St. Joseph, Mo.) 1906-1932, 1915-09-18

- fsasitea ~ isw. ttsi ssia rtasrfia nss
FAsslfe%rfef hlf Fsit 81 ttls ressft eeetasi
sstg f~fsas4sNl ~ gstitsvr sa-f a4iasfH
fhf sAjFff 49, Nesees fsfare ~ Nhtrh
b. ~ aftsin : aersea ~ 1iVNtu fftts a.
feotsai VI Tfefa3 "a irtiffsiiise sgeh -
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wh Thst 80 had q Ffsas-S frnftss
sns snrist sha fts@sgseetis - dazs.
fhAt So fHfss-a e. psgff heT tfaass
80 a4fies 49, sba' ~ atsf tayst = yfgf
tssinsss sisfselfiss ttas ueters ~ estd
tsfssirsfr stsii - 80 sHtssf sg th@
Efas isfer - fhie t,paft, tF hf ksNph sea
Asia 81 fhe sfe lllslsr in ~ r4y ~
Il fsssFt W nsffhhsH CaEufg STATE q
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.sf ~ bffaFu ths fiffd dag n sti4 fstfh
tu ahaea pfstnfiFs petiii,n re seHan
ei.i h. f4hff y eIafs sasHf ~ 30 rrf snd
larf ffslarf t.fafIasl b HfaiHsit
Sr b fgtAfg aftefsa itFt e5T -
eAft F5rf hs ,.sssasioi iH ffa 81 fHetH
ttsHfvtf tEs siatsf f4N1sFr 20 81 ttr
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etsa.sati ite Mat lnaetif-H f tUn fu
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laifas 'efeo st lnls sapst
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The St. Joseph observer. [volume] (St. Joseph, Mo.) 1906-1932, 1915-09-18

Way Hugh Jenulngs ~shts a short
stop il not clear. when he already has
Bush. but report comes from Nianeap-
oils that be has signed Tor . trial Joe
p,ear'Ch. Sbo has isst graduated from
the Uaiversi,y Of MinnssotA Died.
Tiehr work With Minnesota has been
feature tor The psst tso COLLEGE s.a.
sOns Il nav o. NAV not - hEuln.
cart thai be comes from RrAnsrd.
Nina
The St. Joseph observer. [volume] (St. Joseph, Mo.) 1906-1932, 1915-09-18
ON REpusLieAN PROMISES

Latie nohhie Papa What Is soup.
hnass baiit ets
Papa u is baiii, my son. oa, Of the
plsnks cS q peliticai platform
The St. Joseph observer. [volume] (St. Joseph, Mo.) 1906-1932, 1915-09-18
rolo sN CLAUDE nAn,soh

RassbsU EBthgsiasi Dsd yoa ever
sst a pHsbsr's hattis'
hsDpacEsa Husband No boz ny
"a % has thrown cap ana ssocer at
De
The St. Joseph observer. [volume] (St. Joseph, Mo.) 1906-1932, 1915-09-18

gsgl.s fss,.f sts Kaas Fastss. ~.
tsas s6a ~iis. FlsissiHs
Ri,i isssrn HlJl Jss. Asihsny.
lfifs HsAaW Aaafsu fiif kssr s9ars
ils0sf osiiAs Ahafss bihslse, hleh-
sgs ittts.s i fpe.s, M, .l'sa ~ ~.
fihiss NaifaS gBAn Hfi actor hsnfg
AhH ftaiNss MFfths Hfnkft hfss
faas 3. rfssdt atirs Ave fthe Nsf-
80 n,,i. ass.sssa' ifs sskassa ras.
ffft fHifE ass3sfsa aaHfps atlsgsHs
ana efsntess ~ esa sei npi A..
efa ~ sssaa
fsss ~ testih Hui aff~etes tta rgt
tbHga rtNsgft taifa Ae' tefs 81
hsss sf"aast ahN xfsHt's' ~ fst~
ssf. n,sfs sfsiats* ssasrs slita
fss SEQ assttNfa ef gsfi n14 ~ 'sfh
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at's''s. asts.. ,,,s,,r' '
fhs NtsnHwa rrfgsft tttrt f+r
@se+ss slt.tFtb ef9 sfeFts'r H Zee
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49, .trss ti.a aa
s4furtF called Hatf Bt.
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b1ar ..rsnif ttf.a
N"Fs. a.ifHrrs a.8 H.a"fsra 10
The St. Joseph observer. [volume] (St. Joseph, Mo.) 1906-1932, 1915-09-18

ir TIE tsutb sBRD Cs,gU3y gafvuit tssarR
fsctthag ft4fu ihiA
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The St. Joseph observer. [volume] (St. Joseph, Mo.) 1906-1932, 1915-09-18

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The St. Joseph observer. [volume] (St. Joseph, Mo.) 1906-1932, 1915-09-18

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The St. Joseph observer. [volume] (St. Joseph, Mo.) 1906-1932, 1915-09-18

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The St. Joseph observer. [volume] (St. Joseph, Mo.) 1906-1932, 1915-09-18

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