davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1915-01-10
VIRGINIANS NOT THE FIRST
SHAREHOLDERS I'm COLONIES

~HE historian has undertaken to
disprove the very widely held
& belief that Virginia was the orig
inal slave-holding state or the first OF
the slave-holding colonies. 1t has been
written in most textbooks on the sub
ject that African slavery was intro
duced into Virginia in 1919, because in
that year and in the month of August
the first African immigrants were land
ed in Virginia, but-the Negro Year
Book, the annual encyclopedia of the
negro, compiled by Monroe N. Work,
in charge of the division of records and
research at the Tuskegee Normal and
Industrial Institute, 1t is written that
these immigrants were probably not
slaves, but servants, indentured for a
term of years" The story of the land
ing of these immigrants has been
handed down through the narrative of
Master John Rolfe, the husband of the
Princess Pocahontas, and the gist OF
that story is that in August. 1919, a
Dutch man ware landed Off
jamestown and sold twenty Africans
to the planters.
Monroe N Work, who in addition to
his own research, has consulted Rus
sells writings on The Free Negro in
Virginia" and Ballagh's book on white
Servitude in Virginia." says that 1t was
not an uncommon practice in that early
period for shipmasters to sell white
servants to the planters, and that the
inference that these twenty negroes
were slaves, drawn from the fact that
they were sold to the colony or to
planters. would be unjustified. Prior to
1919, every inhabitant of the colony
was practically "a servant manipulated
in the interests of the company. held
in servitude beyond a stipulated term" :"
ter of l624-16a5 there were thirty-three
Africans in the colony and they were
listed as servants. thus receiving the
same class-name as white persons
enumerated in the lists
Thomas Jefferson. in discussing the
situation of those early negro serv-
ants in the Virginia colony. wrote that
''the right to those negroes was COM
mon or perhaps they lived on footing
with the whites, who, as well as them
selves were under absolute direction of
the president" In the records of the
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county courts of the colony between
1882 and 1861 negroes were desig-
mated as Servants, negro servants"
or simply as negroes" but nowhere
In these early records are thew mem
toned as Slaves
In 1910 occurs the first record in vir-
glnia of negro servant for life" His
name was John Punch. He had been
a servant for a term of years like
many of the whites. The story is that
a man whose name was Hugh Gwynne
had three servants, one a Dutchman by
the name of Victor. a Scot by the
name of John Punch. They ran away
and on being recaptured were given
thirty lasheS each. The Scotchman and
the Dutchman We're sentenced to serve
four years beyond their indenture The
sentence was that to their master they
should serve one additional year and
the three additional years they should
be servants of the colony. John Punch
was condemned to serve as servant
of the colony for life
Russell. the author of The Free Ne
gro in Virginia." writes of this event
that the most reasonable explanation
seems to be that the Dutchnaan and
Scotchman, being white, were given
only four additional years to their
terms of indenture, while the third.
being negro, was reduced from his
former condition of servitude for a
limited term to condition of slavery
for life"
The first formal recognition of negro
slavery in Virginia was March l, 1861,
when the assembly declared that me
groes are incapable of making satisfac-
tion for the time lost in running away
by addition of time" and slavery was
made hereditary in Virginia in 1862 by
an act of the assembly that the issue
of slave mothers should follow their
condition.
Absolute slavery seems TO have ap-
peared IN the eastern colonies some.
what earlier thah in the southern for
slavery existed in New York in 1928. in
New Jersey in 1928, in Massachusetts
In 1880, in Connecticut in 1881 and in
Delaware in 1886. There was a statu-
tory recognition of slavery in Massa-
chusetts in 1641. which was considers.
ably ahead of such recognition of slav-
cry in Virginia or Maryland
Maryland was an early slave-holding
colony, for in 1642 Gov. Calvert bar
gained with a certain shipmaster for
the delivery of thirteen African
slaves"
Evening star., 1915-01-10

it is said. are wandering about, starv-
ing and half frozen in the snowy fields
and desolate frozen marshes, seeking
an opportunity to surrender.
Czenstochowa, so frequently men,
toned in connection with the attack
on Cracow. lies a short distance to
the northwest, and is the capital of
the government of Piotrkow. 1t is a
small industrial town. on the left bank
of the Warthe, and is a famous place
of pilgrimage. for the great Pauline
monastery, with its enormous walls. is
close by. The old, old monastery is
said to have been founded by King
Jagiello.
At present pretty little modern
fortress commands the roads from
upper Silesia to Warsaw, and from
Evening star., 1915-01-10

uride views declare that Con the French
side) it would have succeeded o1
course. there was string, out cor.r
pletely spiritual. Could the kaiser
have persuaded Germany to risk IT ne
would have become the greatest ngure
of all time, and Germany would nave
inherited France.
DO YOU not see? Overwhelmed by the
generous act, France would have TAX
en- not Germany but Germans to her
heart The annual economies OF stand
ing troops and armaments on the from
tier would have paid every long
dreamed social work And that is
instead of looking askance at Ger
man enterprise the French would nave
welcomed IT. Iron ore-does Gerlnany ani,
sell YOU all you want. The one detail
of ore would have wiped out a threat
of looming ruin which the Germans
secretly consider sufficient cause Tor
has ore for full 300 years. Only i'll
will prevented her from selling.
A detail. Those who know how Ger
man business painfully insinuated it
self into French boards of direction,
formed French companies at peril.
bought land underhand and sought
how often in vain-to get footing.
can imagine what German enterprise
might have accomplished in France and
her colonies.
The colonies! A detail. They would
have been opened wide to Frances
friends the Germans. German farmers
might have had their choice of fertile
lands in France itself, abandoned prac-
tically in depopulation. German clerks.
whose merits forced their way in
France despite dislike, would have
beeen welcomed into families and
espoused the wealthy Frenchmen's
daughters.
What would be too good for their
good friends the Germans? Germany
would have fervent ally, proof
against seductions. Germany might
Evening star., 1915-01-10
eighteenth century. The famous Uni
verSity of trdcoW was founded by
Casimir III, surnamed the Great.

This Casimr was noted for having
instituted during his reign humane
laws befricnding the Jews, said to
have been the result of the entreaties
of a handsome young .Jcwess named
Esther, with whom lie was infatuated
He also is credited with having given
a double code of laws to Great and
Little Poland, as well as being the
founder of the great university.
In the thirteenth century there was
formed u celebrated confedera known
as the HanSedtic League between Ger
tain commercial! towns, of which era
COW was one. The idea Of the league
Was 10 restrain the rapacity OF kings
and mobiles. 1t was also PLANNED to
clear the Elh", tine German ocean and
other tiaceS from the pirates and rob
be., by which at this time they w"r:
infested. Becoming most powerful, thr
cuicS of the hague mad. treaties with
mouarohs, raised troops and made war
exactly as II the league bad been an
independent political power.
Crscow s IA vora tIe position on an eN-
tensiye plain. at the confluence OF the
two rivers, its importance gained bE
beng in the HanSeatic League, as well
Is it's noted university. All Cpnlhlhed
to add TO the prosperity ana power OF
the city. II reached the zenith OF lt5
importance i'll the sixteenth century,
residence nf the Polisl Kings was re
moved To Warsaw. For more than t"
centuries, however, the coronation OF
the kings continued TO take place at
'rscoHv.
In the Gnal partition of Poland IN
IIq:, the entire Polish kingdom was
divided between the three great pow %
erS headed by Catherine or RUSSIA,
Emperor Joseph II OF Germany and
E'rederiCt. OF Prussia II is particularly
interesting TO mote that Grace" alone
of all Poland remained un;tbSorbed
After the insurrs"tton nf 1876. tracow
was annexed 10 Austria. of which II
Is still a part.
Although the city has not its great
ancient Importance, 1t Is. an attractive
city blending the characteristics OF a
town of Austria with that OF RUSSIA
In Galicia the tourist finds il often DIFF
ficulI TO make himself understood II
he has not AT least a smattering OF
the Polish tongue, if he journeys in
the rural districts. In CracoW, on the
contrary. German is commonly spoken
and English is generally understood
Throughout Austria Hungary foreign
tongues are rarely understood by the
people except in the larger cities and
garrison towns.
Cracow has a number of fine hotels,
good restaurants and cafes. All the
motern comforts are to be hai in Cra-
COW, such as cabs, elevators, electric
lights, trans, fine theaters, public
baths and other luXuries.
x
The suburbs of the city are generally
situated within the modern fortif1ca.
tions, now being bombarded. The LIST
Army Corps is quartered in Cracow and
its garrison is said to number over 5000
men. The offices of the commandant
of the garrison are at Stradom. which
is the suburb to the southwest of the
city. On the west is Nowy SWAT. anG
to the northwest Piasek, where the OLD
Church of the Visitation is located. Al
Evening star., 1915-01-10

iNRESH developments in the Ger
IN man campaign are noted in Pet
rograd dispatches telling of the
. activity of Prussian and Bava-
rian troops which have been recently
ordered 10 aid at all costs the Austrian
forces protecting the front at Cracow.
According to recent reports, the Aus
TRANS themselves admit that the Rus
sia ms are again engaged i'll a series of
violent frontal attacks against the
AUSTRIAN positions along the Donajec
river. to the east of Cracow, while the
cars forces are making a renewed ef-
fort to force their way TO that city,
which has been their goal for more
insn two months.
The Russians after their defeat at
i.odZ, according to correspondent
with the Austrian hcadqua rtcrs. were
II: imminent danger of being driven
-fsonl GialiCia and had retired behind
the NiStula when the needed reinforce
'Inents arrived which turned the SCI. les
in their favor. The renewal Of their
southwark offensive in the direction OF
Nowy Sandee. in the hope OF making a
wedge between the tialicIau ana car
.pathian armies, il is believed, viii not
be attempted owing to the reinforce
nents. and new disposition of the Aus
'rian troops which have apra reutly
succeeded i'll preventing the advance.
The East FrusSlan army. under Grn.
Francois, is reported to be ready 10
assist in a new attack upon W;lrs& w.
should the Austriaus succeed In their
attempt to cross to the north Of the
Nistula. However. the greatest inter
est now centers in the determined bat
tie being waged by the Russians. who
are concentrating their energies once
the forts at Cracow.
This is most important, military OK
perts agree, for IT is recognized that
upon Cracow hangs the fate OF SIleSia
More than this. strar. gical experts
agree, by the fall of Cracow the door
would be opened not only to Silesia,
but also for the invasion OF Vienna and
Berlin
A London dispatch states that the
threat of the Austrians to blow up the
city of Cracow, If they find that they
are unable to hold the fortress, has so
alarmed the Poles that they have sent
a deputation to the Pope. The delega-
tion is reported to be headed by Count
Tarnonski. who goes to Rome 10 i'm
plore the holy father 70 use his great
influence with the aged Emperor Franz
Joseph TO avert such irrepara BILE
disaster.
Cracow is the second city of Austrian
Galicia. II is situated at the junction
of the Rudowa with the Vistula at the
head of navigation of the NistuIa 1t
has long been a most important strate-
gic point, and is at this time a fortress
of the first class. well as a thriving
commercial center.
The city is supposed to have been
founded many centuries ago by a myth
teal parsonage known as "krakus, the
Dragon Killer" from whom the city
derived its name. However, the real
history of Cracow does not commence
until about the beginning of the elev-
enth century, when ii became an i'm
portant episcopal seat.
It was the capital of Poland from
early In the fourteenth century until
1903. and 1t remained the place of coro-
nation Of the Polish kings until the
Evening star., 1915-01-10

He is the greatest military bug in
cermanv" saws an American importer
manufa cturer, who is watching his fac
tor;es over the Rhine. And Gebsattel
is behind him."
Strange figure. anomalous position!
..The crown prince has ruined Ger
many" say the German soldiers pris-
oners In France, depressed by trench
news. r,.r-
many" exclaims Germany at each new
bulletin of German victory
He stands to win vast credit or
crushing blame.
Look YOU, the army of the crown
prince" is in the Argonne; and yet, to
stir the western troops to glorious
final effort to break through ana cap
ture Calais, the crown prince is shifted
westward from his" army. IL they
break through he will get (and merlt)
immense credit. If they fali 10 oreak
through Germany will just deny that
he was present But the French and
English will swear that he led them to
their ruin-or lacked nerve to try 1t
When Germany had her earlier re-
verses in Poland the crown prince was
declared to be there-cause of all the
trouble When the attacks on Nerdun
and Nancy failed they were alleged
to be his failures In the raid on
Paris he was to have headed the trl-
umphal entry down the Champs-Ely-
sees Turning to retreat, it was the
army of the crown prince, two days
late, which was responsible.
What blame and credit for young
colonel who has but single vote on
the general staff of his army
Because such is the situation of the
crown prince. who is really responsible
for nothing. Crown Prince Rupprecht
OF Bavaria leads the army which bears
his name. Close on to sixty. with a
thorough military training, he has ad-
Evening star., 1915-01-10

rumbles with the trait of clemency.
I'VE broke the French generals sword
over his knee" All Germany is agog
at august, youthful severity.
1t began more than year before the
war. Do you remember the affair OF
Saverne in Alsace?
THE crown prince has telegraphed
concentrations to Won Forsner. All
Germany admired to see the twenty
-year-old lieutenant upheld, in his
Evening star., 1915-01-10

and Trinity churches all being in the
Jewish suburb alone.
No place in all the city is more in
teresting to Americans than the hill
on the Rronislawa. 1t lies to the north
west of Cracow. and is a hill more than
a thousand feet in height. On 1t is A
mound sixty-fiVe feet high made by the
united efforts of the entire popula ce
in honor of the great Polish patriot.
the heroic Kosciuszko. in 1920.
Since 1855 Kosciuszko hill has been
converted into fort. Before the pres
ent war the fort was popular place
of pilgrimage owing to the magnificent
view it afforded of Cracow's many
towers, the snowy heights of the Car
pathian mountains, the stately marble
buildings of the Camaldulensian mon
aStery at Bielany and the windings of
the Vistula river, which can be fol-
lowed for miles.
The great salt mines of Wielieczlea
are within easy distance of Cracow by
carriage, but also are accessible by
railway. Visitors are admitted to the
mines on certain days each week for
fee. Provided with mining costumes.
timilar to those worn by the work
men. and armed with candles, they are
escorted through the many labyrinthian
chambers of the mines.
The mines have innumerable unused
chambers, seventy of which are of con-
siderable size. Many of these places
have been embellshed by the work.
men at odd times by being decorated
with candelabra and other ornam ents.
Two chambers have been transformed
into chapels with affairs, statues and
other en1bellishm ents. which are par
e ticularly beautiful when the place is
brilliantly illuminated In the larger
of the two chapels mass is annually
said on the Sd of July. after which a
breakfast Is given to the 1.400 hands
who are employed in the works.
The Polish theater is in the Stefans
Platz, near the handsome Academy OF
Sciences. Among the modern edifices
the Church of ST. Demitry is most
imposing. It was erected in honor of
the Russian usurper. Demetrius I, who
was killed at Moscow in the seven
teenth century.
The country about Cracow slopes
down in terraces on the northern side
of the Carpathians. and Galicia has a
large number of marshy plains which
add to the difficulties of the invaders.
Unprotected on the north and north
east, the cold is most intense. The
spring is late and short, the summer
brief, and the winters long and most
severe.
Numerous reports tell of the suffer-
ing experienced in this region due to
the marshy soil and the severe wealth
er Germans in groups and battalionS.
Evening star., 1915-01-10

party-"my fathers marotte.' Gebsat-
tel was not present.
1t was a small party. Only Germans
and Americans were present. l. e. the
crown prince forgot that a beautiful
young American woman (whose sister
has since married a prince and herself
an American millionaire) was widow of
a French nobleman. whose father had
long been amba ssador to Berlin. She
considered herself French, and her
spirited sally stopped the flow OF con-
fidenceS
Evening star., 1915-01-10

brilliant figure. even in the solemnitles
of his general staff
Outside he is everything.
Ardent, confident, debonair. anabie'
he is worshiped by the younger officers,
and used by the great chiefs to rouse
the rank and file to frenzled enthu-
siasm.
The crown prince is with u.s." The
phrase is enough to set an entire army
corps buZzing. He is constantly on
Evening star., 1915-01-10

Kleparz, the largest of the suburbs, are
the cattle markets and Academy of Art.
strange combination. which is re-
peated in Wesola, which lies to the east.
Hero are the great hospitals of st.
Lazarus and st. Ludwig, the university
CIinlGue. observatory and slaughter
house. kasinierz. still another suburb,
Is the lew ish ghetto. containing the
pauldmg convent and several handsome
churches.
Tue population of cracow was esti-
mated AZ over $1,000 by the census of
1900. There We're approximately $4,000
Poles 5000 Jews and about 5000 Ger
mans But these figures have been
greatly Increased in the last decade.
The city is decidedly imposing. Its
many churches and towers, its lofty
schioss, its charming promeuades,
shaded with fine trees. on the site of
the old fortiticauons round the inner
town, all combine to make tracow
most attractive city
The ancient SchloSS Is known as
Zamek I<rolew ski. 1t is built upon the
picturesque heights of the Wawel hill,
to the west of the city. 1t is said to
have been founded by the great Casimlr
himself, back in the fourteenth century.
But, Il matter of fact, almost all of
the present buildings date from about
the time of the Elector of Saxony. who
became King of Poland The schloss is
Il vast pile consisting of many separate
buildings.
Tie cathedral. or schloSskirChe, is on
the east side of the schloss. 1t was
ConSecrated by Casinir, and in it's
crypt for centuries all the Polish kings
were buried. Only the crypt now re-
mains of the ancient basilica, a new
church having been built upon the site.
a church which was quite recently re-
stored.
Evening star., 1915-01-10

The new university buildings were
only begun in 1881. They were COM
pleted six years later There is a fine
archaeological museum and historical
art collection on the ground floor.
The fine modern grammar school OF
Cracow is on Anna Strasse, almost OPP
posite the University Church of st.
Anna. Cracow is rich in churches. St.
Michael. st. Catherine. Corpus Christi
Evening star., 1915-01-10

of any magician, astrologer or Chal-
dean!"
Now the kaiser says: ut has gone
from me-
He is following the crown prince.
STERLING HEILIG.
Evening star., 1915-01-10

famous. 1t is called by the Poles
"sukiennice." 1t was built in the f1f-
teenth century, and has been most
sumptuously restored. The splendid old
tower of the ancient building being un-
safe, was taken down almost a century
ago On the ground floor of the cloth
hall is located the national museum. in
which are gems, canoes and other
treasures.
Evening star., 1915-01-10

1--WE must penetrate the German people
with the idea that our armaments are IN
response to French armaments, runs the
official and secret note on the reinforce
ment of the German army dated March
1e. 1913 I'VE must habituate the people
to think that an offensive war on our part
is a necessity, to combat the provocatlons
of our enemies 1t is necessary to act
with prudence, not to arouse suspicion
Affairs must be so led that, under the
crushing weight of armaments, financial
sacrifices, a strained situation, an out
break -yill be considered deliverance.
because afterward will come decades OF
neace and prosperity, as after 1870"
Evening star., 1915-01-10

Situated Junction the Rdo~ and Vsta Rivers
Well
Have Been Founded Many Centuries Ago
the Killer but Its History Does Not Begin
Century, Became Episcopal Seat.
Evening star., 1915-01-10

For fifteen years the kaiser dreamed
it, yet he never risked to tell his peo-
pie. How would they take it? Would
they understand? He wished to hara
Alsace-Lorraine back to the French,
Benevolently? Yes, benevolentlE
Germany would say to France. in good
faith: I'VE have done i'll. Take your
lands back Let us live in amity.
Smile not.
(Gebsattel smiled)
All the same. I have hear men of
Evening star., 1915-01-10

my father is growing old and he
has a marotte," said the crown prince.
But l. when I am on the throne, II
Evening star., 1915-01-10
GEN. GEBSATTEL

wrong, against civilians. Col. Won Reut-
ter said:
We'll soon need these young officers
We must, not break their spirit" The
crown prince congratulated him by
telegraph. and Germany thrilled again.
1.-The crown prince has applauded Won
Heydebrand's speech Germany's heart
dropped a beat, then galloped on. tu-
1nultuously. Surely you remember the
sensational war appeal of Won Heyde-
brand in the reichstag, and the crown
prince in the tribune, manifestlng os-
tensibly?
With that gesture the crown prince
assumed his role.
From that moment Germany decided
to amass a crushing military superior
itv. and use it. Whence the war contrl-
button and reinforcement law.
Germany had found her war chle1 ana
Gebsattel his employment
A thousand Gebsattels began the
great press campaign to prepare the
popular mind.
Evening star., 1915-01-10
4 Crown Prince Looms Up as Great War Figure

won't be very long before we are on
horseb
Thanks, monsieur laughed the
gentle widow. I'VE will be waiting for
you"
The crown prince reddened. Bismarck
would not have forgotten that widow
hood, nor Gebsattel. The marotte was
not explained. But later he told 1t to
another
Evening star., 1915-01-10

Has With War Started
Long chehed Pn People Inherit Frn-Bu People OF
the Pncee Credit for Most Battles Won
dfoIh
Evening star., 1915-01-10

visit from corps to corps. Almost daily
he rides out to the firing line.
THE crown prince gave back the Bel
gian general his sword" The army