davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-09-08

article, will 90 long way toward end
ing the laws delays.
The revision committee Of the con-
vention has been hard at work all day
going over the various amendments
passed. Judge Adolph J. Rodenbeck, Of
Rochester, chairman Of the committee,
said tonight that the work Of revising
the amendments and of putting them in
final shape TO submit them to the con-
vention for it's approval would be COM
pleted by Thursday noon.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-09-08
Firm Blames Rivals.

Mr.. Cassidy stoutly denies. accord
ing to an attorney for the company,
'hft such alleged frauds existed, and
is convinced the suit is due to dis
rruntled competitors who have sought
these mail carrying contracts in other
cities: that they are using these means
20 discredit his company before the
government, and thus receive them
themselves.
1his lawyer said il was obvious who
wa responsible for the accusations.
lie expressed a firm conviction that
facts will be presented 10 Commission
cr Houghton which will explain mat
tiers and render a hearing of the case
unnecessary.
This mail transportation contract.
from June Is, 1918, til June so, 1917.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-09-08
Safety First

CAFETY is a relative term. An old
- gentleman who could ride bicycle
in absolute safety along the shaded BY
ways of village would be jeopardizing
his Hfe-and his bicycle-at Broadway
and And Street.
That same old gentleman could buy
merchandise without danger from the
general storekeeper Of his village. But
when he comes to New York he is like
the rest of us-he deals with strangers,
and new standards are necessary tor
safety in buying.
If you had time to get personally &C
quainted with the merchants OF New
York you would classify them. The
Tribune has done that for you through
it's Bureau Of Investigations. And it
backs its findings by guarantee that
covers everything that Tribune advertis-
ers say. Read their advertisements.
Then buy with safety hrst-and last.
abe 0rfbu1tt
First to Last-The Truth:
Neus-Editoriafs- Advertisements
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-09-08
Association Meetings.

The next regular meeting Of ne -
lem Property Owners Associates
be held at s:l5 o'clock on Thsn
evening. ,d
The West Side Taxpayers No.
ton will meet on Thursday eyen'H ,
Heinebund Hall. 2e7 West s@o
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-10-06
RUSSIAN FORCES
HOLD THE OFFENSIVE
Teuton Capitals Have Little to Saw of
Recent Operations on the
Eastern Front.

LONDON, Oct. 6. = Russia. whose
armies for five months have been retir-
ing, has begun an energetic offensive
along a wide front, from Riga to south
east of Wilma, and, according to unof
fetal reports, has already met with con
siderable success. This, however. is
denied by Berlin, which saws that the
Russian attacks haye been repulsed.
The following official communication
from Russian general readauarterg
was issued last night:
There have been several engage
ments on the Riga front. North of
Birshallen our troops occupied a por-
tion of the German trenches. The
fighting continues along the lines of
Lakes Demmer, Dreshaty, Medziol,
and Vichney.
In the region of Smorgon. and fur
Their south, as well as on the UDpeT
Niemen, in the neighborhood of the
village of Deliatitchi, there have been
continual skirmishes with the enemy
who is endeavoring, but unsuccessful
| ", to advance in an eastern direction
South of the Pripet, after engage
ments on the Middle Stvr. in the ION,
! of the Koyel-Sarny railway, our troop.
occupied the villages of Voulk. Kollouz
kais, Optovo, Voltchitzk. and Med
vieshka. In some places the enemy re
tired in disorder.
The following report of the opera
tons was issued by the German genera
staff:
Army group of Field Marshal VOL
IIindenburg: After their defeat on Oct
10, the Russians yesterday repeate
their attacks ON our positions with wea
forces, which were repulsed easily.
There is nothing to report concern
ing the other army groups.
The official statement from genera
headquarters at Vienna issued las
night says: "There is nothing new o
tho Russian 'front.'
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-10-06
st. Johnsbury Farm Superintendent
Owes Over $4,000.

L. w Hastings of St. Johnsburv, a
farm superintendent, has filed a petit
ton in bankruptcy with Clerk +. 5,
Plat of the United States court. He
has liabilities of 500 ,0Sl.5O and assets
of $12 ,0o2, of which $500 is claimed
exempt.
There are % unsecured creditors, the
largest accounts being as follows:
Frank NJ Hastings, Concord, $500;
Citizens Savings bank and trust com
rany, st. Johnsbury, $500; Gilman
Brothers, St. Johnsbury, $175; c. A
Calderwood, St. Johnsbury, $50; Twin
Gas and Electric company. St. Johns
bury, $l75; First National bank Of St
Johnsbury, $500; II. L. Gray, Westfeld
$500.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-10-06
STATE NEWS NOTES.
St. Johnsbury Man Lost His Roll.

Fred Derringer of st. Johnsbury yes
terday asked the aid of the police Of
Holyoke, Mass, in recovering his hank
roll Of $3.50 which disappeared in por-
tons from its hiding place under the
mattress in his room ut Lavoie's lodg-
ing house at 400 Dwight street
Derringer, so he informed the police,
came TO Holyoke Sept. % on business
with $3.50 in his jeans. He admits
having imbibed freely over the week
end and declares that when he awokc
from a nap at 8 o clock Sunday night
his contingent fund had shrunk TO $50
When he came to Monday morning he
got an other blow when he discovered
that he lad been cleaned dry. He
however, found some consolation in the
fact that the midnight caller left be
hind a railroad book with Just enough
mileage to take Derringer back from
whence he came.
Derringer could supply the authori
| ties with no information so it s a hope
| less case.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-10-06
MRS. JULIA Nj. WILDER.
Native of Brattleboro Was Descendant
of Roger Williams.

A Kansas City, Mo-, newspaper con
tanned the following concerning the late
Mrs. A. p. Wilder of that city, who
was buried in Prospect Hill cemetery in
Brattleboro Friday and who was an
only sister of the late George A. Hines
and aunt of Mrs. w. II. Bracket and
Miss Amy j. Hines of this town and
Mrs. W. S. Mckinney of Northampton:
" Mrs. Julia NJ. Wilder, a lineal de-
scendant of Roger Williams, the first
governor of Rhode Island, and who was
the widow of A. P Wilder of Topeka,
died yesterday at the home of her
daughter, Mrs. Franklin Hudson, 3741
Bell street.
"Mrs. Wilder was IS years old. She
was born in Brattleboro, VT, and was
the direct descendant of a long list of
New England notables, chief of whom
was Roger Williams. She went to live
in Topeka in 1866. Her husband was
one of the pioneer traffic men of Kan
sas, having been an official of the
Santa F'e railroad for 30 years. At the
time Of his death he was manager o.
the Missouri & Kansas Car Service as
ISOLATION, a cooperative association OF
various railroads.
Mrs. Wilder was a singer of eXcep-
tional talent. She was a leader il
musical circles in Topeka for many
years and was the founder of the frs
musical society of that city. She cam,
to Kansas City IS years ago following
the death OF her husband. She leave
three daughters, Mrs. Belle Hillyer o
Topeka, Mrs. Annie L. Hudson, wife o
Franklin Hudson, the Kansas City pub
Usher, and Mrs. B. T. Crisweu Of Den
ver."
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-10-06

Tomorrow is like the pcstman;
there are so many good +}ings the
postman might bring, but uaIiy he
brings nothing except fe1. o Is, few
ono-ecnt envelopes, and olaint or
two.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-10-06

lished lines of friendship and that the
friction of the last nine months-ever
since Germany announced her war zone
for submarine operations-may be for
gotten.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-10-06

After man s children reach twenty
one he has none: no parent was ever
very comfortable with a child after it
became of age.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-10-06

Let bishop ask any man, in the
presence of ladies, if he still says his
prayers regularly, and ne is pretty sure
to reply that he does.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-10-06

bananas are immune from insect at
taczs and most fruit diseases.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-10-06

VIII THE PERSON who took the
robe from an automobile in Dummerston
Friday evening, Oct. ], return at once to
the West Dummerston postoffice and avoid
further trouble. 1S5-1ST#
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-10-06
8 :. 600 90

or S1.00 you may have deposited where
it brings no interest?
Or you may have money deposited
where it is necessary to sacrifice inter
est if you desire to use it, before six
months period is completed.
Money deposited by the fifth and re
manning
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-10-06

BY GERMANY
Regret Expressed at Act of
Submarine Commander
i'm Sinking Arabic
READY TO MAKE
FULL PREPARATION

Letter from Ambassador Won Bernstorff
Brings the Controversy Close to a
Settlement - Diplomatic Victory for
United States.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-10-06

PUPIL NURSES wanted at the Taun-
ton State Hospital Training school for
nurses. For particulars address DR. Ar
thur V. Coos, Supt., Taunton State Hos
pital. Taunton, Mass. 46-tf
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-10-06

WANTED - Washings. Mrs. A. G.
Stacy, 80 Chestnut st. 1So-lSI
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-10-06
To Rent

TO RENT-Tenement at 2O3 Main st.
Off |
TO RENT-Rooms with board at 131
Elliot st. 1886"
TO RENT - Nice Groom tenement.
Chas. s. Chase. 157-tf
TO RENT-Six-room apartment. E. NJ.
Holden. Tel. G65-W. 76-tf
TO RENT-Two tenements, IS and 50.
Inquire at IS West st. 1S61SS*
TO RENT-Good tenement with bath.
Inquire at 1G Cedar st. 1S2-tf
TO RENT-House and garage on Elliot
St Apply DR.. Waterman. 1S2-tf
TO LET-Large lumber Job from stumps
to sticks w G.. Doolittle 1S5-1S6
TO RFNT-No. engine house. Apply
O. b. Hughes or Commissioners. 157-tf
TO RENT-Two very desirable tene-
meuts near postoffice. Chas. Miner 159tf
TO RENT-Suite of rooms and bath,
with board. Al High st. Tel 32S-Y.
17s-tf
TO RENT-WeH heated room, electric
light, one minute from car line. Cedar
street. 1S4tf
TO RENT-Furnishe rooms, electric
lights, furnace heat, bath and phone. 81
Green st. 1S3-tf
TO RENT-Cottage house, modern, on
Northern Ave f. H Davenport, West
Brattleboro. 1S3-tf
TO RENT i Two good tenements on
Birge street, 50 per month. Holden &
Martin, Brattleboro. Vt. 144-tf
TO RENT-To small family, Broom ten
cment, electric lights, desirable location,
S13. Inquire at IA Prospect St. 155-tf
TO RENT-Large. pleasant room with
board, suitable for two persons. Apply to
Kate r. Wheeler, Western avenue. 1S5-tf
| TO RENT-House of seven rooms at G
! Chaplin ST. also two furnished rooms with
bath, steam heat, electric lights. Mrs. J.
l.. Martin. 1G4-tf
TO RENT-Furnished or unfurnished
apartment of six rooms and bath. AL
modern conveniences. Inquire of ]. e
Hall, II Chaplin st. 1872
TO RENT-Downstai tenement, nice
large rooms, two bath rooms, electric
lights, spring water, modern improve
ments. J. f. Nellsn. 1S5-t
! To RENT-Good downstairs tenement
Gas electric lights, and furnace. Als'
small upstairs tenement. Enquire o
James Bowler, 9 Birge street. 1S41S9'
|
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-10-06

TO RENT-Furnishcd rooms, electric
lights, furnace heat, bath and phone 81
Green st. 1S3-tf
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-10-06
Wanted

WANTED-Good live veals. Brattle-
boro Cash Market. 122-tt
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1915-10-06

TO RENTING very desirable tene-
meuts near postofiice. Chas. Miner. 159-tf
Clearwater Republican. [volume] (Orofino, Idaho) 1912-1922, 1915-10-29
THE END.
EXPLAINING His One Little Lapse.

"Bruddren and sistahs." in trium
plant tones announced Brother Bogus
during the recent revival In EbenezeI
chapel, "since l was converted and
washed whittier dan snow, two mont's
ago, l has been widout sin, bless de
Lawd! rs sanctified. and couldn't
commit sin if l wanted to! /"
Hold on a minute, muh brudder!a
interrupted good old Parson Bagster
"Yo' mought uh-been washed tollable
white. but Is 'bleeged to say dat daI
pears to be spot or two dat wasn't
touched wild de soap O. salvation. How
bout dat time Cuhnel White filled yo
pussonality full O. shot in hi- hen
house?"
"W'y-w'y, sab. femme tell ~! Dis
is how 'twuz: Yo' knows how absent
minded de Cuhnel allus was Well
sab, dat was one O. dem times was
studyin' bout suppin or nudde. a
dess imagined l was dar!"-HAnsa.
City Star.
Clearwater Republican. [volume] (Orofino, Idaho) 1912-1922, 1915-10-29
Woman Destroys Bomb.

What might have been disastrous
explosion was prevented wheU Mrs.
Pauline Siegel picked a bomb, Nth a
lighted fuse attached, from ths door
step Of the house of her neNtAbor,
Mrs. Salvatore Corso. 1921 south
Franklin street. Philadelphia Mrs
Siegel hurled it into the street This
broke the crudely constructed comb.
and only a section exploded
Mrs. Siegel saw two men pssoe a
queer-looking package on the stss. APP
ply a match, and run away Rhe
grasped the package and hurles \ In
to the street
It contained six sticks of dysamtte
and a large quantity of gunpsw6er
The copper wires, which has been
wrapped around the package, arose.
The contents OF the powerful comb
were scattered in all Directive
Mrs. Corso said her family isAs NO
enemies.
Clearwater Republican. [volume] (Orofino, Idaho) 1912-1922, 1915-10-29

hands met and clasped. "Pitchoune
is the only one in the world who Is
not de trop," said Julia gently.
Sabron. lifting her hand again to
his lips, kissed it long, looking into
her eyes. Between that great mys-
terry Of the awakening to be fulfilled,
they drew near to each other-nearer
Pitchoune sat before them, waiting
He wagged his tail and waited. No
one noticed him. He gave short
bark that apparently disturbed no
one.
Pitchoune had become de trop
He was discreet With sympathetic
eyes he gazed on his beloved master
and new mistress, then turned and
quietly trotted across the room to the
hearth-rug, sitting there meditative-
ly for few minutes blinking at the
empty CRATE, where on the warm
spring day there was no fire.
Pitchoune lay down before the fire
less hearth, his head forward on his
paws, his beautiful eyes still discreet
| ly turned away from the lovers. He
drew long contented breath as dogs
do before settling into repose. His
Clearwater Republican. [volume] (Orofino, Idaho) 1912-1922, 1915-10-29
Father knIekerboeker's $50 Years.

Father Nnickerpockero <oV HeaTU.
New York city celebrated last
Thursday the 250th anniversary of its
municipal government under mayor
and board of aldermen.
When Thomas Willett was sworn
in as mayor, with his five aldermen,
ON June "a, 1665-the date appearing
as June IA. according to the old cal
endar form, in the early accounts
by the English governor, Richard
Nicolls, the last vestige Of Dutch rule
was obliterated.
There was, indeed. one break. but OF
30 short duration that its influence
was negligible. In 1878, while England
and Holland were at war, Captain
Colve, with q small Dutch feet, ap.
peared in the harbor. The English
recognized that the fort was no more
able to resist an attack than 1t was
In the days Of Stuyvesant, nine years
before, and the Dutch again captured
New York. In less than year, when
the European war ended, 1t was re
stored to the English.
Clearwater Republican. [volume] (Orofino, Idaho) 1912-1922, 1915-10-29
ALLOW NOTHING TO WASTE
Everything Of the slightest Value 10
Utilized by the Thrifty People
Of France.

What becomes Of old sardine boxes
tomato cans, meat cans, fruit cans
and cans of all kinds?
In this country they are usually tum
bled into some waste lot or down by
the side of the road. where they are
left in unsightly heaps.
But the people do better in France,
where nothing is allowed to go to
waste. They gather them up, and
use them-to cut into tin soldiers.
The making of tin soldiers is not an
Insignificant or unimportant business,
by any means. There was published
not long ago an item saying that
the manufacture had reached great
artistic excellence" and that "a GER
tain eminent German offlcer has found
It possible to represent military op-
erations on . large scale by their
means" He has "thirty-fve thousand
tin soldiers" foot soldiers, horsemen,
and artillerymen, with all necessary
equipments. and toy scenery; and with
them he goes through evolutions, and
| works out interesting problems of mil
itary tactics.
| In France, too, the old boots and
shoes are collected, and every part Is
used over again. The work is most
ly done by convicts in prisons. They
| take the boots and shoes to pieces and
soak them; then the uppers are cut
over into children's shoes; or. II they
are too far gone for that, . peculiar
kind of pressed leather 10 made by
some chemical action. The nails are
saved and sold, and the scraps 60 to
the farmers to fertilize the soil.
Who would have thought 1t posi-
BILE to make anything out of old saws?
Yet it is said that many of the finest
surgical Instruments, and some OF
those used by engineers. are manufao-
tured from the steel that first did duty
in saws. The steel of saws is of the
very best quality and finest temper;
and since It is good in the first place,
it is always good.
After that It is easy to believe that
there is a place In Canada where they
make paper from sawdust- 1t is kind
of paper pulp, rolled out in great
sheets, for the purpose of sheathing
that Is, for using on buildings before
the clapboards are put on. Wood pulp
made of poplar and spruce, has lona
been used, mixed with the rags II
the paper mills, in the process of man
ufacture; but it is a new thing tt
convert sawdust into paper.
Where the largest quantity of leat
pencils is made, the sawdust OF thu
cedar wood is saved and distilled. II
valuable oil is extracted, every ounce
of which is sold at good figures"
So an old sardine box, q tomato can
q CASTOR shoe, and rusty prunini
saw may be made over into something
entirely new; and heap of sawdus
and the waste from lead-pencil man
ufactory may furnish employment AM
be OF actual use in the world
Youths Companion.
Clearwater Republican. [volume] (Orofino, Idaho) 1912-1922, 1915-10-29
Safety In Summer Drinks.

On the whole, then, we have reason
to be proud of the progress that has
been made in the production of sum-
mer drinks. Ingredients actually harm
full or even deleterious have been
mostly eliminated. The chief danger
that besets the habitues of the soda
fountain is lack of cleanliness on the
part Of the dispenser, especially in the
rinsing of the glasses. With due re-
gard for this and for the temperar
ture and condition of his stomach the
thirsty one may face the fountain
without fear and pick out from the
fancy names upon the mirror what
ever seems most enticing at the time
New York Independent.
Clearwater Republican. [volume] (Orofino, Idaho) 1912-1922, 1915-10-29

khe Gaman Ru
p Itnanwe
G@man seer emp
Clearwater Republican. [volume] (Orofino, Idaho) 1912-1922, 1915-10-29
Interesting War Contribution.

Among the funds which are pouring
into the committees in every city Of
Italy to provide comforts and neces
saries for those who are suffering d.
rectly or indirectly through the war.
an interesting contribution Of nearly
$500 has been received by the COM
mittee for civil preparation at 30
logna. The committee existed during
the war of independence in 1855. and
this sum, which was then only $50.
was the balance which remained to
the fund after the war was over. 1t
was deposited in the name OF Count
Salina, q well-known patriot OF the
town. and In 40 years 1t has more
than Quintupled itself.
Clearwater Republican. [volume] (Orofino, Idaho) 1912-1922, 1915-10-29

from his home to the store, open the
safe and permit the robber to take
with him cash and gold dust to the
amount of $500
While taking Jacobs to the store
and on his way out OF town with tho
loot the robber whistled merrily and
aroused no suspicion. The robbery
was committed on June 49,
Hooper, according to the police at
The Dailes, was paroled from Folsom
penitentiary last year.
Clearwater Republican. [volume] (Orofino, Idaho) 1912-1922, 1915-10-29
DEAD" MAN WALKS TO COURT
Identification In Chicago May Be Only
Trick Of tho "Heathen
ChInee."

Chicago.-As the Jury was completed
to try Harry Eng Hong, charged with
the murder of Mock Chung IN . CHI
nese gambling house In 1918, an ORR
entail walked into Judge Barrett's
room In the criminal court building
and announced that he was NOOK
Chung. His announcement caused
sensation.
The attorney for the defendant told
the court that the man who was killed
was Jung Long and marriage IL
cense also would be introduced In ovl-
dence to prove that the supposed muir
dered man is among the living.
According to Assistant States A.
torney John OBrien the state hops
to prove that Mock Chung was really
murdered and that the man who ~
peared In court possesses the eams
name a. the dead man.
Clearwater Republican. [volume] (Orofino, Idaho) 1912-1922, 1915-10-29

thrilling adventures had come to an
end. Before fires on the friendly
hearth of the Louis XIII chateau.
where hunting dogs were carved In
the stone above the chimney, Pit.
choune might continue to dream In
the days to come. He would hunt
rabbits in the still forests above the
wheat fields, and live again in the
freight his great adventures on the
desert, the long runs across the sands
on his journey back to France.
Now he closed his eyes. AS faith.
full friend he rested in the atmos.
phere of happiness about him. He
had been the sole companion Of lone.
ly man, now he had become part OF
a family.
THE END.
Clearwater Republican. [volume] (Orofino, Idaho) 1912-1922, 1915-10-29
You Can't Fool Her.

do you believe that there Is really
something which can invariably tell
when a man is lying?"
81 know 1t"
"Ah, perhaps you have seen one On
the instrumental"
Seen one2 married ones
Clearwater Republican. [volume] (Orofino, Idaho) 1912-1922, 1915-10-29
WRESTLING BURGLAR CAUGHT
Bandit Who Went About His Work
Quite Merrily Now In
jail.

Redding, Cal-John Hooper was ar
rested at The Dalles. Ore. charged
with being tho "whistling burglar
who compelled Gordon Jacobs, mana
ger OF the -tSzss company store at
Hornbrook, Cal. aear here. to march
Clearwater Republican. [volume] (Orofino, Idaho) 1912-1922, 1915-10-29

At Julias side was a slight touch.
She cried: "Pitchoune!" He put his
paws ON her knees and looked up into
her face.
Brunei has brought him here" said
Sabron, land that means the good
chap is attending to his own love
making"
Julia laid her hand on Pitchoune's
head. "He will love the Normandy
beach, Charles"
~He will love the forests, SAID
Gabrun: there are rabbits there"
On the little dogs head the two
Clearwater Republican. [volume] (Orofino, Idaho) 1912-1922, 1915-10-29

William BROOKLYN N "
American Federation OF
Labor Whhurst Norfolk both members OF the
Of
American sailors The
at Charlesto navy
The Fayette falcon. (Somerville, Tenn.) 190?-current, 1915-04-30
To The Taxpayers and
Justices of Fayette County.

We, the undersigned taxpayers, .busi-
ness men and citizens Of District No. l2,
Fayette County, Tennessee, take
pleasure in saying for Mr., w. L. Jewell
who is a candidate for the unexpired
term Of county register Of the county,
that we know him to be capable and
qualified in every desirable way to fiji
the Office Of register Of this county, and
we feel he will merit the general en-
dorsement Of the taxpayers and Justices
/ if chosen for this important county
office.
We commend him to al whom it may
concern and ask for him favorable con
sideration in this regard by the Justices
Of Fayette County when the matter
comes before them for action.