davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1915-02-24

Dominic Margold, aged 16, was
shot to death in Cleveland by Joseph
Findura, a grocer. The boy was steal.
ing bread.
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1915-02-24

Fraternal Order OF Eagles meets at
X. of P. hall at 100 p. m. Initiation
of candidates. Refreshments served
after meeting. Visiting members re-
Quested to attend
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1915-02-24
ELECTION OF OFFICERS.
Onomes Sugar Company.


At the annual meeting of the share
holders OF the Onomea Sugar Compa-
ny, held at the office of it's agents, C.
Brewer & Company, Limited, in Homo
lulu, T. H., February "A, 1915, the fol-
lowing officers and directors we're
elected to serve for the ensuing year:
e. F. Bishop. ......... President
C. H. Cooke. 49,. .Vice-President.
r. P. Rithet. . I'd Vice-President.
G. H. Robertson. ..... Treasurer.
James Greig. Assistant Treasurer.
E. A. r. Ross. Secretary.
Henry st. Goar. Director.
G. r. Carter. ..........D Director
Richard Ivers. Director
T. R. Robinson. ....... Auditor.
All of the above named, with the
exception of the auditor, constitute the
board of directors.
.-.....,. Il 3. 49,. :. +. E. A r. ROSS,
Secretary, Onomea Sugar Co.
Honolulu, T. H, February "a, 1915.
6096-Feb. "a, Is, 26.
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1915-02-24
local And GFNElN

J. NJ. Cameron. formerly Of HiIo, has
been appointed official inspector Of the
Honolulu water and sewer depart,
mentS
Evening star., 1915-12-19

ing laws are taken into consideration, lies
in the fact that the members within the
corpora tion are in entire competition with
one another, but at the same time sharing
in the profits Of the business and not en-
gaging in ruinous competition with one
another in the foreign market. The small
member, who cannot sell at prices quoted
by the larger concern, still shares in the
profits from the larger concerns foreign
sales.
The contract does not forbid members
to sell Independently in the foreign mar
ket outside of the corporati ton. Compe-
tition in domestic markets is not af-
fected at all The American consumer is
benefited, since larger export trade
tends to the total utilization of American
plant capacity. thus bringing down unit
costs of manufacture, with a possible re-
duction in price in the domestic market.
Such plan of organization would go
even beyond any cooperation attempted
in Germany. The German commercial
organizat ons are many in character and
number, and many of them devote atten-
tion-to foreign trade in one phase or an
other. But direct sales to foreign mar
kets is not characteristic of German CO.
operation.
The plan outlined above tends to direct
Evening star., 1915-12-19

wearing qualities of numerous makes
Of stucco is being conducted. A long.
shedlike house has been constructed
in series of panels. each panel being
made up of different brand of stucco.
applied under the direction of the pro-
prietor of that brand. The results will
produce standard stucco specifications.
In one basement is a model paper
mill. Uncle Sam is huge purchaser
of paper, but not always has he known
what he was buying. No accurate
guidance without exact knowledge of
the chemical composition and of the
treatment of that composition in the
various processes OF manufaetufe. IRE
information on which to draw the
specifications. and also, since 1t has
the highest technical and scientific
knowledge behind it. it is producing
paper-making trade. In this, as In
any industry. few concerns have the
time or the money to spend in exhaus-
tive neurological research. The eX-
the work for them.
at brings together the manufa cturer.
the purchaser and the laboratory in
agreement as to what shall constitute
standards of quality and how 1t can be
measured"
1t has been a function of government
ever since governments were Lounaea
to establish standards of weights and
measures, and to be the custodian OF
the base standards by which all other
measuring devices are compared. With
the establishment of this republic
came the establishment of customs
houses and demand from them for
standard weights and measures. Copies
of the British standard yard, pound,
bushel and the others were obtained.
Then grew up the Office of weights and
measures in the Treasury Department.
ultimately becoming part OF the
coast and geodetic survey.
There it slumbered until along came
DIR. Stratton, one of the country's most
distinguished physicists. and suggested
to his friend and fellow-townsman,
Lyman ]. Gage, Secretary of the Treas
ury-both being residents of Chicago
that this country was behind other
modern nations in this regard. He told
the Secretary what bureau OF stand
ards could do, and he painted picture
which has since become reality. That
was fifteen years ago.
Secretary Gage became interested He
got DR.. Stratton to tell Congress about
it. DR.. Stratton, having compelling
personality, told Congress to such good
effect that on March 3, 1901, bill
creating the bureau Of standards be-
came a law. DIR. Stratton promptly
was appointed director. and he has
been director ever since.
Eminent throughout the world as a
scientist-France rendered him the
cross of chevalier of the Legion of
Honor in 1909 as an appreciation of
his contributions to science-he looks
more like successful Chicago busi-
ness man, who might have been foot
ball guard in hts undergraduate days,
Evening star., 1915-12-19

sale. and that is matter in which the
federal trade commission is part icularly
interested. The fore gn trade ENJOYS Of
the Department OF Commerce have con-
tinually proclatme direct sale and the
cutting out of middlemen in the foreign
market as the ideal.
X
The cartel is the business instrument
in Germany which corresponds to the
American trust. The cartel is formed to
control output and prices The cartel,
however, does not absorb it's members.
but is created by them as cooperative
enterprise. Most of the cartels do not un-
dertake to influence foreign business, but
the strong ones maintain a firm export
policy.
Their practice is to sell abroad at lower
prices than are charged to home con-
sumers. thus utilizing the foreign mar
ket as an outlet for excess production.
They have obtained important conces-
sions in the way of export freight rates
and n rebates from the producers of raw
material.
But while the tendency of cartels is
to eliminate middlemen in Germany. in
foreign markets. and particularly in
South America, the cartels usually
Evening star., 1915-12-19

and adjusted his manufacture accord
ingly.
By cooperative effort he had secured
favorable railroad rates for his export,
and favorable ocean rates.
By cooperative effort he was able to
secure his orders in the foreign mar
ket. and finally, still by cooperative ef-
fort, the transaction was financed by a
bank, which was largely sustained by
the members of his syndicate and
which had a branch in the particular
foreign market in which the German
factory was selling its shoes.
The proprietor of this small concern
did not have sufficient capital to carry
his South American customers on the
1ong-term credits which they demand
ed. The customers, on the other hand.
possibly selling shoes at retail to
farmers whose crops are marketed once
a year. could not pay cash. The bank
stepped in.
It knew the reliability of the South
American shoe dealers. 1t cashed the
German manufacturers paper for him
and collected from the Latin American
dealers at maturity. In this way, by
cooperative effort all along the line.
a ten-man shoe factory in a thinly pop
uIated part of Germany could manufac-
ture for export.
The experience Of this isolated estab-
Evening star., 1915-12-19

utilize commission houses as their ex-
porting agencies. 1t is true that in
some instances the cartel gives its en-
tire business to one broker. thus max
ing him in effect an employe, but in
few cases do the cartels themselves
maintain sales agencies in South
America. Their brokers possess an
important advantage in having access
to South American branches of banks
friendly to the cartels in Germany or
even organized by them.
BY this grouping of interests tho
various German banks in South Ameri-
ca come to represent certain industries
and their trade alliances. 1t Is in my
opinion mistaken notion which be-
lieves that German cooperation In
foreign trade goes to the extent of
suppressing all competition in the for
eign market. AS a matter OF fact. the
various German banks compete against
one another and are quick to secure for
their own clients in Germany the bust
ness opportunities that come to their
attention.
Indeed, the eagerness of German
South American banks for business has
caused them in several instances since
the outbreak of the war to finance
British enterprises rejected by the
British foreign banks.
Copyright 1915, by Robert F. wilson)
Evening star., 1915-12-19

involves the use of constants Many
constants now in use are old and obso-
lete, and need redetermination by the
best modern facilities for physical
measurement. So we are determining
new constants and redetermining old
ones.
Third. there are standards of quail
ity. A certain kind of steel, a cement
a paint. an oil, paper. or a cloth is
found by use to be good or poor. The
question arises. Why is it good or
poor; what are the physical or chemi
cal properties or the particular COM
bination of elements which make 1t of
good or poor quality; how are it's prop
critics to be measured or it's contents
determined? These are questions for
the laboratory to answer and involve
physical and chemical Investigations
of the most difficult sort.
Fourth, there are standards of per-
formance. People are buying and SELL
ing mechanical devices every day in
which it is necessary that the pur-
chaser state what he wants the thing
to do. He must be able to test it to
see if it fulfills the specifications of
the contract. The test to ascertain
whether it complies with the stated
standard of performance involves both
standards of quality and standards of
measure.
Fifth, there are standards of prac-
tice. This is particularly applicable to
public utilities Questions are frequent
ly arising as to what constitutes good
practice in the distribution in a COM
munity of gas and acknowledgements
that can fairly be required by the pub
lie and lived up to by the corporation.
State and municipal bodies are being
called upon to adopt laws and regula-
tions concerning these matters, and
often the laws and regulations are
based on insufficient information and
knowledge.
THE bureau is frequently called on
to advise and assist these bodies. and Is
able to do SO because of the haustive
Investigations 1t has conducted into
these subjects and the determination il
has reached.
1T must not be inferred that the
bureaus activities are devoted princi-
pally to the interests of the user or
consumer. The fundamental facts re-
garding standards of measurement,
quality of performance are the very
things which most deeply concern man.
ufacturers. They are fundamentally
concerned, either directly or indirectly,
with the improvement Of methods Of
production or the quality of the out
put.
cupies somewhat the same position
with respect to the manufacturing in
terests of this country that the bureaus
of the Department of Agriculture do
to the agricultural interests. Many in
dustries are just beginning to realise
the Importance of precise methods OF
and scientific investiga-
tion, which in practically every case
involve some kind of measurement"
ASHMUN BROWN.
Evening star., 1915-12-19
BY ROBERT F. WILSON.

a WELL known member of Con-
IN gress was touring Germany a
IN few months before the out
= . break of the European war,
and in a secluded recess of the Black
forest. far from the congested masses
of population, he came upon a small
mill with a cluster of workmen's houses
around it. Being of an inquiring turn
of mind, he entered the establish
ment, for he could not understand what
local market could support such a fac
tory, small as it was.
The foreman, who was also the owner,
business manager and skilled workman
in the shop, showed him around. There
was not great deal to see. In sin
gle room the entire working force of
the mill, consisting of ten men, was
engaged in operating several whirring
machines. The machines were stitch
ing shoes. The shoes were being man
ufactured for export-and for export to
South America, where they would COM
pete with made shoes!
To say that the congressman was as
Evening star., 1915-12-19
Uncle Sans Scientists Repair Evils of European Srugg

~ EcRETARY REDFTELD. talking
~ the other day to business man.
explained the activity of two of
W the big bureaus of the Depart
ment of Commerce. over which the
Secretary presides, in an illuminating
sentence.
The bureau of foreign and domestic
commerce. said he, concerns itself
with the selling end of American busi-
ness: the bureau of standards is the
scientific and chronological organiza-
tion that. though merely as a part of
its work, concerns itself with process
es of manufacture and the physical
problems of commerce and industry.
The one bureau is intended to help sell
goods: the other to help make them
more efficiently"
In all discussion of that vital ques-
ton American business men are asking
themselves: After the war. what?" In
all consideration of what is coming to
be known as business preparedness
invariably there arises some reference
to the way they do in Germany" and
some tribute to the intelligent manner
in which technology has been made the
aid to industry, particularly in the
chemical trades. in the Teutonic en-
pire.
Also. invariably. comes an agreement
that applied science and industry must
be linked together in this country by
stronger bonds than have heretofore
existed il American industry is to meet
the new conditions and to take full
advantage Of the new opportunity Gre
ated by the war.
But that thought is not new" said
DR.. Samuel w. Stratton. father. Gre
ator and director of the bureau of
standards. when he was drawn into a
conversation on the subject. I'm fact.
we have been getting ready for ten
years for just such conditions as exist,
and We were doing SO without any
thought of war, either
In other words, for ten years a large
part of the efforts of the bureau of
standards has been directed toward
being helpful to industry and COM
merce. For" said DIR, Stratton. there
is hardly branch Of industry that Is
not tied up in some way with consider
ations of standards.
Sometimes ] think" he went on
that the name. the bureau Of stand
ards, is unfortunate in that II does not
convey the adequate idea to the public
for there is not a general understand
ing of just what is meant by standards
II we called this national physical
laboratory We would be more nearly
exact"
As every schoolboy knows, metals ex,
pand or contract in different tempara-
lures. The bureau Of standards has to
know all about the expansibility OF
metals, Of course. for 1t must figure ac-
Evening star., 1915-12-19

than like real "high-brow' He has
directness of speech, habit of
gaphic expression, an ability to trans
late abstract science into popular and
understandable terms that, no doubt,
contributed to his success as a teacher
of mathematics and physics before he
entered the government service.
A native of Litchfield, ILL.,, born July
IS, 1861, he took his b. 5. in mechanical
engineering at the University of Illinois
In 1884 and promptly was attached to
the teaching staff of that Institution,
where he remained until 1892, when
the University of Chicago took him
over in the physics department. He
when he entered the government serv-
ice.
Early she manifested a passion for
building physical laboratories He
built one at the University of Illinois,
he built another at the University Of
Chicago, and he has built flock OF
them in Washington. But he yearns
to build more of them, for, in his opin-
ion. the work of the bureau of stand.
ards, otherwise the national physical
laboratory, has only begun.
Patriotism running close second
to physics in his interests, he entered
the naval militia of Illinois in 1895,
rising to the grade of lieutenant COM
mander. He was an eficient officer of
the volunteer navy during the Spanish
American war When he moved to
Washington in 1901 he joined the naval
militia of the District of Columbia.
With the grade of commander he COM
manded that militia from 1904 to 1912,
when he retired. His naval service has
left it's imprint on him, and on the
streets of Washington he is sometimes
mistaken for Rear Admiral Victor
Blue, chief of the bureau of naviga-
tion Of the navy.
'There are five classifcations with
which the bureau naturally concerns
ITSELF" said DIR. Stratton.. First, there
are standards of measure. The meter.
the yard, the pound, the gallon, the
candlepower and temperature are
typical of these. With all of them
there must be something by which to
make comparison, and this is not al
ways easy. Sometimes they must be
built up from definition. Standards of
transaction and every industrial
process
"Second, there are the standards of
value of constants. The amount of
heat required to change a pound Of
water into steam under normal condi-
tions and the relation between heat
and mechanical energy are two impor-
tant physical constants; their values
are used in practically every compu-
tation in connection with the designing
Of steam engines and boilers, the test
Of their efficiencies or the measurement
Of their outputs. The determination OF
the Size of wire required to carry the
current for group OF electric lights
Evening star., 1915-12-19

Time was when the manufacturer was
afraid of the scientist or, rather, mis-
trusted him, deeming him impractical
But that time has passed. Every time
we prove of practical service to a
manufacturer we make a convert to the
idea OF science as an aid to business.
The bureau does not compete with pri-
vate testing laboratories. but endeavors
to assist them by the development of
standard specifications, methods Of
measurement and other matters where
uniformity Is desirable, much Of which
information Is secured in connection
ed by the government and q close OBJ
servation of their use, and all Of which
information is available for the use Of
all interested. Il
-.
"Our business is to know what is be-
ing done in other laboratories and
manufacturing plants, not only in this
country, but abroad as well. and this
information, as we assemble 1t. also Is
available.
Naturally a close relationship be-
tween the bureau and the physical
laboratories of the great universities
has grown up for, the results obtained
in our laboratories being available to
those institutions. we can save them
tremendous amount Of initial work.
But, to hold this conversation on the
subject of the bureau as an aid to
industry. let me tell you OF one Of our
activities that may have general
interest. 1t has to do with the estab-
lishment Of standards Of color.
mot only in the textile industry.
but in many other industries as well. color
is important. Colors. tints and shades
in fabrics are defined merely by arbf-
trary names. and all dependence is
placed on the human eye-a very ac-
curate organ, by the way-in match
ing. To preserve these colors samples
are filed away. But age and light
NAV change the color of the sample.
In the cottonseed oil Industry
largely by color. The trade annually
fixes standards for the year, and color
Is the big factor in applying tests.
I'VE ought to be In a position to de-
nne colors in the Interchangeable terms
of the spectrum. Hence. In co-opera-
ton with the cottonseed oil and other
trades we are conducting studies to
put ourselves in that position. This
work is near completion. When 1t Is
done industry will be able TO denne
colors in the exact terms OF formula.
In the course of long talk with
Director Stratton the interviewer was
taken on a tour Of the group OF build
ings which house the bureau on the
wooded heights beyond Cleveland Park.
a Washington suburb. Aside from the
multitude Of Weighing and testing ma
chimes and from the extensive chemical
laboratories-all telling its individual
and very human story-the eye was
Evening star., 1915-12-19
ation Is Essential in South American Trade

7 ESSONS From Germany Federal
II Trade Commission Investigating.
Letters From Manufacturers of the
National City Bank of New York-The
German Cartel, the Business Instrument
Which Corresponds to the American Trust,
Formed to Control Output and Prices,
But It Does Not Absorb Its Members.
Evening star., 1915-12-19

curately the factor Of error in a meas
uring rod that is going to be longer
in one temperature than in another. To
get the knowledge 1t has to know all
about the composition of the metal, and
this requires laboratory experimental
tion. Now, an alloy Of iron-or steel
and nickel has remarkably small ex-
FEASIBILITY
of making this alloy were better un-
derstood and practiced more efficiently
than in this country; but the cessation
of imports from abroad compelled
Again the scientists and the labora-
tories of the bureau of standards were
called into service, with practical fac
tory tests following. and the letter
from the steel company testified to the
final solution of the problem.
These are but two Of the many In
stances which Dr. Stratton recited to
demonstrate the practical manner in
which the bureau of standards is prov
ing of real help to industry.
But does industry generally know Of
the facilities which the government
offers 1t through the bureau for solv-
ing it's problems?" This Is a question
certain to arise. Secretary Redneid
himself, not Director Stratton, furnish
es the answer
The Secretary has the habit of visit
ing all of the bureaus in his depart
ment each week and checking up on
their activities. On one such visit to
the bureau of standards recently he
called for the mornings mall to learn
in what manner the bureau is being
used by the people to whom 1t might
be useful.
Here are his own figures showing
his analysis Of the mornings mail, the
letters all concerning questions on
which the bureau was being consulted:
Eighty-five letters from different in
dustries, six from trade newspapers.
four from railroads. including the
Pennsylvania and the New York Gen.
trail, twenty from universities, eight
from city governments, four from state
governments. thirty-seven from United
states government bureaus, five from
public institutions, seventeen from
viduals and one from a bank.
In addition he found present at the
bureau conducting inquiries the chem
list of big steel and wire company,
the chemist of the city OF Richmond,
Va: three representatives OF cement
companies, the director of the Michi-
gan technical laboratory. a representa-
tive of the trussed concrete laboratory
and a representative of the National
Lime Manufacturer Association.
That. in the opinion of the Secretary,
shows that the bureau is being used
as 1t was intended that 1t should be
used.
"BIt by bit," said Director Stratton,
ed with science through the bureau.
Evening star., 1915-12-19

tonished is putting 1t mildly. He knew
that at home, in New England, for in
stance, only the largest shoe factories
would have the financial backing, the
sales organization and the plant ca
pacity to engage in export trade. How,
then, could this little picturesque mill.
it's power derived from the impounded
water of the brook, on whose banks
it stood. afford to be an exporter or
even have the expert knowledge which
is requisite for successful foreign
trade?
The congressman, therefore, pursued
his inquiry and was soon enlightened.
The foreman told him that the mill
was member of a shoemakers' cartel.
a cooperative syndicate of manufac-
turers organized for various ends, one
of them being to exploit foreign trade
in German shoes. What the village
manufacturer could not do as an in
dividual he could do as a member of his
syndicate.
BY cooperative effort he had learned
what the foreign market demanded in
the way of style, quality and price,
Evening star., 1915-12-19

attracted by certain experimental work
on large scale.
For example. in a valley adjacent
to the main building was curious
structure of steel, with roof, but
without walls. At one end of the
building was a huge furnace, at the
other q travelling crane. This building