davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1915-10-24
HALLOWEEN BALL


Preparations for The Halloween Mas
queradc Bali. TO be given under the
joint-auspices of Acca Temple Patrol
and the Richmond Grays on the even
Ing OF November l. n the Grays' Arm
DRY. are going rapidly ahead. The
large drill hall viii be converted into
yeritablc fairy land. and the Hal
lowc'en effect viii be everywhere in
evidence.
The masks Will suggest the various
sentiments of this period of the year
For the accommodation of those who
may not be provided with these arti-
Giles, masks may be had at the armory.
Splendid music has been secured.
There will be patr5l drill and the
chaperons will be the wives of the
members OF the patrol and of the Of
hcers OF the First Virginia Regiment.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1915-10-24
WOULD SUPPRESS PLAY
Negroes Protest to Mayor Against Pre-
sentation of ''Iiirth Of
SntiOu.o

Protest against the presentation of
THE Birth OF Nation" a photoplay
hooked Al the Academy of Music this
week, was filed with Mayor George
Ainsle yesterday by n delegation of
prominent colored citizensN and q body
of students from the Union University,
colored institution. The Mayor
stated TO the delegation that he had
statements from number OF Southern
cities where the picture has been shown
and that no trouble resulted He said
that he had been advised by several
local citizens. who have seen the play,
that there Is nothing objectionable, and
no steps will be taken to prevent its
appearance here
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1915-10-24
GOVERNOR NAMES DELEGATES
TO WATERWAYS CONVENTION
4 Atlantic Association Meets In Snvnn~
nnh November 0-12. Additional
Delegates May he Appointed.

Delegates to represent Virginia in
the eighth annual convention of the
Atlantic Deeper Waterways Associa-
tion were appointed yesterday by Gov
ernor Stuart and commissions were
issued to the appointecs by secretary
of the Commonwealth l.. -. James. The
convention will meet in Savannah. Tia.
November 9 to II. Following is the
list OF delegates:
Abinsdon-E. W. Potts. b. r. Wren.
Bedford City - w. L. Lyle, Nelson
sale. j. j. Scott
Karl Stochr. j. w. Kelly, Otis Mouser.
&. l.. Nash. L. j. Prescott.
Charlottesvillc--Fra Frank NJ Punch. j.
y. = !lmore, II. W. Iiolsinger. l.. G. Nc
Ia. ,hy.
Franklin-M l.. Harris. George II.
Parker. J. \. Prctlow
Frederick sburg-Dr. J. Garnctt King.
Captain NJ. Il. Rove. Captain r. Con-
roy Vance.
Galax-R. l.. Dickinson, +. l.. Feits.
s. Floyd Lambeth, J. II. Rhudy. -. y.
. Robertson. Captain j. b. Waugh
observation-disclosures l.. Avis. Il. y.
Becry. J. y. CARRIER J. NJ Smell, +. l..
Sublctt.
I.eesburg-vincent 7. BY, West
moreland Davis, DR.. II. S. Drake. Henry
Fairfax. Lawrence r. Lee.
Lynchburg-p. q. Cosby. H. II. Hor-
ton. ID. c. Jackson y. :. Waite.
! Martinsvllc--C. Il. Bryant. y. s.
Gravely. H. c. Gravely. T.. =. William
son. y. y. Wittcn.
! New Castlc-O. w. Fans, L. V. Jones.
H. w. Yodcr.
| Newport News--John I. Ballentine.
K. /. Mason. Sol. Pcyser y. l.. Powell,
j. l.. Warren.
PetersburG-Robcrt cabaniss. I. NJ.
| Davis, William kocnig. I. +. Parsons
William +. Poole, c. &. Wright.
! Observation-Disclosures iatton. j.
| Davis Reed
! Smithfeld-Dr. l.. {. Brock. +. II
! Gwaltncy. Jr.. J. W. Holloway. George
| f. Whitley.
! Suffolk. L. t. Holiday. q. :. p
/ Holland, John b. Primer. J. l.: West
/ w. II. Jones. Jr, Judge !. l.. Me
/ l.emore.
| West Point-W. c. Davis, II. I. Lewis
/ acknowledgement II. Ellington.
! Stephen a. Ellison, II. w. I2llerson
! :. II. Halves, r. NJ Carringt IN. John =
! Freeman. s. r. Morgan, Warner Moore
I w. Waller Morton.
/ Norfolk-Wyndham r. MAYO, Barton
Myers. Guy Webb, Iiarney NJ. Dickson
/ +. o. Parkinson, II. G.. Bar5:e.
/ Crewe-C. L. Jennings.
Additional appointments Will be made
I If some of the business organizations
( in the state, which have been invite
{ TO make nominations, respond in time
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1915-10-24

The old-tme mixture of Sage Tea
and Sulphur for darkening gray,
streaked and faded hair Is grand
mothers treatment, and folks are
again using 1t to keep their hair a
good. even color. which is quite sensi-
BILE, as we are living in an age when
a youthful appearance is of the great
est advantage.
Nowadays, though. we don't have
the troublesome task OF gathering the
sage and the mussy mixing at home
All drug stores sell the ready-to- use
product called "Wycth.s Sage and Sui
phur Compound" for about SO cents n
bottle. 1t is very popular because no.
body can discover it mas been applied.
Simply moisten your comb or soft
brush with 1t and draw this through
your hair. taking one small strand at
u time; by morning the gray hair dis
appears, but what 0eiights the ladies
with Wyeth's Sage and Sulphur is that.
besides beautifully darkening the hair
after few applications, II also pro-
duces that soft iuster and appearance
OF abundance which Is 30 attractlve
besides, prevents dandruff, itching
scalp and falling hair.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1915-10-24
+. &. ChrLstian Convniescinr.

The Richmond friends OF Fairfax c
Christian Will be glad 10 learn tina
he Is now convalesc!ng at his home
800 West Eiehtieth Street, New York
after severe illness resulting from
an operation for appendicitis, which
confined him to the Roosevelt Hos
pital for nearly six week under tn,
care Of Dr. John /. Erdmann
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1915-10-24
ST0CKDALE LECTURE
Will Deliver Third Talk OF Series be.
fore Richmond Advertisers Club
Tomorrow Might

The third in a series of practical
talks by Frank Stockdale. of the Sys-
tenn Company, will be given tomorrow
night at O'Clock at the Business Mems
Club under the auspices of the Rich
mond Advertisers Club
Mr.. Stockdnlc presents to his au-
dicnces strong. graphic and practical
business building ideas, relating ac-
tual experiences Of those who have
tested modern methods for reaching
the highest net results
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1915-10-24
Mrs. Norment Offers Thanks.

Mrs. Richard Norment, widow OF the
captain of Engine Company No. l.
Richmond Fire Department, who lost
MS life two weeks ago in the Cren-
shaw Warehouse fire, continues i'll at
her home. Last night Mrs. Norment
requested that her thanks he rendered
TO those who have kindly remembered
her in her recent Bereavement
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1915-10-24

Powell. of Roanoke will preach at the
closing service Sunday night.
The Disciples Of Christ have more
than 800 churches in Virginia. with IL
total membership of approximately
$4,000. Their church property is valued
at S1.00O,000. with the property of Vir-
Sinia Christian College. Lynchburg.
conducted under the auspices of the
church, worth 100000
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1915-10-24
COHEN ATHLETIC CLUB
OBSERVES ANNIVERSARY
Members and Guests MIKE Merry nj
Elaborate banquet, Which In
Followed by Speeches.

The second anniversary of thc Cohen
company's Athletic Club was celebrat-
cd last night with an elaborate ban
quot In the private dining-room at the
Broad street department store.
Following the service of AN elaborate
menu. an address OF welcome TO the
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1915-10-24
Speaks at Arents s.aooI.

Professor D. r. Anderson, of Rich.
mond College. co-writer Of the pro
posed new charter for Richmond of
Tered by the Civic Association, will
deliver an address at Grace Arents
School next Friday night at s o'clock
His, subject will be Good Government
for Richmond" Admission will be free
and. the public is invited.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1915-10-24

Robert Lee, colored butcher, who
caught his arm in n piece of machinery
at the Richmond Abattoir several days
ago. was operated on at Memorial Hos
pital yesterday afternoon, the mangled
arm being taken off above the elbow,
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1915-10-24

Donation Dny mt Incnrnhles' Home.
The president and board of managers
of the Home for Incurables have de.
signed Tuesday as Donation DAY 70!
the institution Gifts in any form
money. bcd-linen or provisions-will
be aunreciated.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1915-10-24
CARRIES on EXTENSIVE
MISSIONARY WORK

Rev. H. G. Combs. field secretary Of
the organization. is rounding out his
fourteenth year as the active head f
the church's missionary work in Vir-
ginia. He has accomplished great
deal in that time. and the growth of
the denomination in many sections is
due largely TO his efforts. Guy L. Car
ter is secretary of the Bible class and
Sunday school section Of the society
The business sessions of the conven-
tion Will be held Saturday morning,
and educational rallies will be held in
the afternoon and at night. President
Hundley. Of Virginia Christian College,
Will preside, and an address will be de-
hvered at night by President Jesse
Caldwell. of Atlantic Christian College,
Wilson, ~ c.
Visiting ministers will occupy the
pulpits of many OF the churches in the
city Sunday morning. In the afternoon
memorial services will be held. fol-
lowed by the observance OF the Lord s
supper. Rev. w. l.. Bullard, OF Taze-
we'll, will preside. Rev. Charles T.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1915-10-24

and crates valued at $3.50 from the
Jefferson Realty Corporation. Detec-
tive Thurman arrested tic negro.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1915-10-24
EDUCATIONAL MEETING
BRINGS PROMINENT MEN
Former President Taft, DIR. Alder.
man and Others Expected Here at
Conference Next Month.
HONOR MEMORY OF X. c. OGDEN
Special Session to BE Held-Part OF
Plan to Pay Him Tribute-Con-
template Building Memorial Audi
forum at Hampton Institute.

Former President Taft. Oswald Gar
rtson Willard. editor of the New York
Evening Post. and President Alderman.
Of the University OF Virginia. are n
few of the prominent men who arc en-
pectcd to come to Richmond next
month during the sessions of the vir-
sinia Educational Association.
Some OF these will be drawn especial
~ through their interest in the pro-
posed plan to pay tribute to the
memory of Robert Curtis ogden. who
died on August 6. 1913. Some of Mr.
Ogdcn's early associates will commem-
crate the devotion he gave to further
ing education in the South. and will
describe the great growth of the work
he started.
PLAN MEMORIAL. HALL.
At HAMPTON SCHOOL
y special meeting will be held on
November - at the John Marshall
High School rs "A part OF a plan to
erect Il memorial to Mr.. Ogden in the
form Of an auditorium building at the
Hampton Normal Institute. Hampton.
where he was president of the board
OF trustees for forty years. Mr.. Ogden
was prominent in the formation of the
Southern Educational Board in 1901.
Many of his former coworkcrs are
now at the head of various educational
institutions III the South. and the plan
now on foot is to make the memorial
building 1t Hampton a testimonial OF
appreciation from his friends i'm the
North and South. both white and
colored.
The Educational Conference will
open on November "a. and will con-
tinue for three days. 1t will be form
ally ushcred in with addresses by State
superintendent of Education r. G..
Stcarncs and Or. T.. y. Winship. Of the
Massachusetts Journal Of Education
The State Teachers Association will
mold three general meetings. which
will close with an address by President
.\lgar Voolfolk. At this meeting Dr.
Alderman will preside. and there Will
also he an address by Clarence 4. Poe.
Of North Carolina.
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1915-10-24
Given SIX Months In Jnti.

Given Six Months in Jnii.
Henry Brown, colored. was given six
months in Jail yesterday on two
charges of theft when tried before
Justice Grutchficld. The negro is al
!cgcd to have stolen Sl2 worth OF
Richmond times-dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1914-current, 1915-10-24
DISCIPLES OF CHRIST
MEET HERE This WEEK
Conference Opens In Seventh Stree,
Christian Church OH
Wednesday.
THREE GENERAL DIVISIONS
Ministerial Association Meets Thurs
day Afternoon, and Work of Mis-
sionary Society VIII BE Taken Up
on Friday-Reports to BE Read.

Several hundred ministers and dele.
gates from all sections of the State will
be in the city this week for the rortie,h
annual convention of the Churches OF
the Disciples of Christ in Virginia,
which will convene in the Seventh
street Christian Church next Wcdncs-
day night. The sessions of the con-
vention will continue until Sunday
night. with Rev. George W. kempcr
pastor Of Hanover Avenue Christian
Church, presiding at the business. scs-
sions.
The opening address will he delivered
Wednesday night by Rev. Preston A.
Cave. of Bowling Green. The convou-
ton is made up OF three budies-the
Ministerial Association, the virgini,
Christian Missionary Society and the
Christian Wo,nan's Board of Missions.
Thursday will be devoted TO the scs-
sons of the Womans Board, Of which
Miss Ellen Kent. of Louisa. is prcsi-
dent. Mrs. Il. H. Melton. of Richmond
is first vice president: Mrs. Il. r. Was
son. Norfolk. second vicc-preSident:
Mrs George w. Oliver. Lynchburg,
corresponding secretary and State mis-
sionary: Miss Estelle Shaclsleford Rich
mond. treasurer. and Miss isabelle Hill
Richmond. recording secretary.
MINISTERIAL ASSOCIATION
MEETS ON THURSDAY
The Ministerial Association will
meet Thursday afternoon. Rev. Richie
Ware. of Lynchburg. is president, and
Rev. +. w. Long. of Cowardn Avenue
Christian Church. Richmond. secretary
and treasurer.
The work of the Virginia Christian
Missionary Society will be taken up
Friday. The reports from this orGani-
cation for the year will make n splen-
did showing. Seventeen workers have
been in the field for the last twelve
mouths and. despite the general bust
ness depression. the organization will
begin the new year out of debt. The
society has the direction of all the
churches in the State which are not
self-sustaining.
Rev. George w. Kemper is president;
Rev. f. w. Long, vice president; Prcsi-
dent j. 7. Hundley. of Virginia Chris
tian College. LynchburE, second vice
president; Thomas Newman, Newport
News, secretary; Robert NJ. Kent, .Tr.,
Richmond. treasurer: George S. Cren-
shaw, Richmond, auditor These Of
| iicers, with T. NJ. Hundley, George G.
White and Herbert w Ware, all of
Richmond, constitute the executive
board.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1915-06-07
PENSION SYSTEMS
DECLARED UNSOUND
Carnegie Foundations Inquiry Finds
Evidence Of Bad Planning and Ad-
ninistrative Methods Which Court
Disaster in Teachers Funds.

New York, June Evidence of bad
planning and administrative methods
which court disaster were found by the
Carnegie foundation for the advance
ment. of teaching in both public and
private pension system examined by
that organization, according to the an
nual report of it's president. DR.. Henry
Pritchett, published today.
Systems are started with small
fund, with the hope that it may be In
creased" said the report. 1t Is prob
able, unless a halt Is called. that con-
siderable damage will be done within
the next few years, II the pension idea
assumes the dimensions of fashion.
The rapid development Of recent years
has been accompanied by disregard
of mathematical principles involved.
The last few years have seen the col
lapse or imminent collapse Of the pen
sion PLAN"
Employment of acturial advice and
supervision was recommended. Point
ing to the New York City pension sys-
TEN as an object lesson, DR.. Pritchett
stated, "uncertain sources Of income.
contributions inadequately propor-
toned to benefits, promise a haphazard
method of administration. devoid of
any conception of the mathematical
principle involved are in themselves
seeds Of bankruptcy"
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1915-06-07

Washington, June 7.-"Despite the
o-called war orders says an official
analysis Of foreign trade issued by the
department of commerce today. "the
export of manufactures of all kinds.
other than foodstuffs, have been less
than in a similar period before the
war
The report refers to ten months OF
foreign trade.
THE normal sales of manufactures
during peace" it adds, were more
than than those under existing war
conditions. Because of this fact. ana
the extraordinary shrinkage of exports
of crude materials, it is found that the
net increase in our total exports mas
been In foodStuffs."
One of the outstanding features III
the analysis is that more than s4e'-
OO0, 900 in American horses and slo'-
600. 900 worth of mules have been teo
to the battle fields.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1915-06-07
TRAIN OF REFUGEES
LEAVES MEXICO CITY
Ninety Americans Among First Party
Of Foreigners to Depart For Vera
cruz-Emergeney Supply Of Ameri-
can Food to Feed Refugees.

Washington, June 7.--Ninety Ameri-
cans, forty -four Englshmen. 40 Span
iards, and fifty-seven others of various
nationalities. will comprise the first
refugee party leaving Mexico City to-
day on the special train which the
Brazilian minister, acting for the
American government. has arranged.
Others who will join the party at Vera
Cruz will bring the number to more
than 900.
The British consul has advised
American Consul Silliman that many
women and children are among the
number.
The villa-Zapata faction will send
train to meet train from Vera Cruz
in charge Of Consul General Shank
land.
An emergency supply of American
food has been ordered to Vera Cruz
for the refugees. The Red Cross to-
day telesraphed to Galveston for $4,000
pounds Of corn and 10000 pounds OF
beans for refugees.
The state department had no Off
cial advices today to confirm the re-
ported Obregon victory over villa
forces at Leon.
Obregon's Troops Surrounded.
Villa Headquarters at Siloa, June 5,
via Juarez, June IA statement is
sued by DR.. S. b. Rauschbaum.
member OF General Villas staff, says:
Yesterday we stormed and cap
tured Obregon's entire advance
trenches. At the same time We cap
tured a great many prisoners. ObTe-
CONS army Is surrounded by ring
of iron. He must shortly surrender or
his forces starve."
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1915-06-07
PROBING ANNAPOLIS SCANDAL.
Court Of Inquiry Begins Hearings Re-
garding Examination Irregularities.

Annapolis, Mr., June 1.-THE naval
court Of inquiry appointed by Secre-
tary Daniels to investigate charges OF
Irregularities in connection with ex-
aminations at the naval academy met
today. The inquiry will delve into the
whole question OF "gouGing."
Secretary Daniels has directed that
no stone be left unturned to get to the
facts. Already three midshipmen have
been dismissed.
The court is composed OF Capt,-R. L.
Russell, president: Commander A. T.
Long, Commander L. r. DeSteiguer
and Lieutenant Commander w. Q.
Watt, judge advocate.
Meantime the practice squadron with
the members OF the new first, second
and third classes on board, lies at an
chor in the bay opposite the academy.
This is in accordance with orders from
Washington that officers and midship-
men be within convenient call of the
court
Counsel for the seven midshipmen
specifically accused of having secured
advance information on examinations
protested to the court against their
clients being kept under arrest. as
recommended by the previous board
of investigation. The court ruled that
1t had no jurisdiction in the matter at
present, whereupon the lawyers sent
telegram to Secretary Daniels pro-
testing against this stigma" and pro-
testing that the youth be released
from custody.
The seven midshipmen are Ralph
NJ. X. Nelson Jr, New York: Chaplin
Evans, virs inia; Stuart Hamilton
Connecticut; Leonard p. Vessels
North Carolina: Donald f. Duncan,
Michigan; Thomas w. Harrison. Jr,
Virginia, and James E. Moss. Mary
land. Nelson Is n member of the first
class, which graduated last Friday.
His diploma was withheld. He stood
third in his class. The sessions OF the
court will be open.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1915-06-07
British Airman Succeeds in
Destroying German
Dirigible.
SCARS ABOVE CRAFT
AND DROPS BOMB
Air Raid by Zeppelin on East Coast Of
England Results in Five Deaths =
Forty People Injured and Two Fires
started-British Airmsn in Raid
Against ZsppsIin Air Sheds at Evsre,
HeIaium-several British ships Sunk

London, June lit was announced
at the admiralty this afternoon that a
Zeppelin visited the east coast Of Eng
land last night, dropping .ncendiary
and explosive bombs, Five persons
were killed and forty injured. Two
fires were caused.
The admiralty announced today that
q Zeppelin had been blown to pieces
over Belgium by British airmen.
The statement follows:
This morning at $3.50 an attack was
made on the airship shed at Evere,
north of Brussels, by flight Lieuten-
ants ]. p. Wilson, r. N. and ). S. Mills.
r. n. Bombs were dropped and the
shed was observed to be in flames.
ut is not known whether a Zeppelin
was inside but the flames reached
great heighth, coming out Of both sides
of the shed. Both pilots returned
safely.
"At a. m. this morning Flight
Sub-lieut. r. A. j, Warneford, r. N,
attacked a Zeppelin in the air. At 5000
feet he dropped six bombs and the air.
ship exploded, fell to the ground and
burned for a considerable time. The
force Of the explosion caused the Mo-
rane monoplane to turn upside down.
The pilot succeeded in righting tie
machine but had to make forced
landing in the enemy's country. How
ever, he was able to restart his ma
chine and returned safely"
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1915-06-07
Larger Part Of Business
Center of Village Wiped /,
Out at Midnight. A
TWO STORES AND
POSTOFFICE BURN
One Re.idenc. Al, s.roysd = Fire
Spreads R.pi, Sem caseIsns Ex~
plods.-Aie> -. Gilman and crlns
neII RI, ssartmsnts Summoned.
Los, ..seartialIy Covered BY ln.-
suran.
Special to Times-Republican.

Special to Times Republican.
Newburg. June THE business cena
ter Of Newburg was wiped out by fire
that did damage estimated at 81. 900.
that threatened the entire village for
a time about midnight Sunday, Both
the Buck and Livingston stores were
destroyed. the postoffice was burned
and the O'Bryon residence was ruined.
Newburg is without fire protection,
and 1t was not until fire fighters from
Grinnell and Gilman arrived with
chemical apparatus that the fire was
put out. By that time 1t had not only
destroyed the four buildings mention.
ed but had set fire to the Farmer3
Elevator. 1t was saved by the 0rin~
nell fremen before the loss had bOS
come serious. !,
Store Owners Heavy Losers.
The store owners are the heaviest
losers. AS far as could be learned to-
day there is $4,000 insurance to pro-
tect the two merchants. Communica.
tion with the town by telephone has
been cut Off since the wires were
burned.
The principal losers are: George r.
Buck, general store, stock Of merchAn-
disc. loss $4,000: insurance. $500.
Building occupied by Bucks store.
owned by John Mailing. of Grinnell:E 81
loss. $4,000: insurance not known.
Dale Livingston general store stock
OF merchandise; loss. $4,000: insurance.
$4,000.
Building occupied by the Livingston
store. owned by George Alden. of.Al-
bion: loss $4,000: insurance not known.
c. OBryon residence. loss $500; no
insurance.
Postoffice building, loss $1,000: ins'
surance not known.
Firs Caused by Lamp.
The fire broke out in tho Buck home
over the store. when Miss Marie Saw
yer. friend OF tho family tried to put
out gasolene lamp. In some way the
gasolene vapor filled the room and then.
exploded. The fire spread quickly to
the store below. then to the Iivinsston
store. Little could be done to fight the
fire except by bucket brigade until
Grinnell and Gilman firemen arrived in
automobiles.
O'Bryon got all OF his household
goods out OF the house. All the mail
and other government property was
removed from the postoffice before II
was destroyed