davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-10-31

ridor one encounters group OF what
are obviously Latin Americans moving
upon the office to talk of disturbed
Mexico.
And then. farther down the corridor,
one observes a battalion of young gen
tlenlen in earnest converse, the corps OF
newspaper correspondents on Nuty III
the department discussing the details
of the DAYS story the situation ana
framing up questions to ask the coun-
selor when the hour for their confer
ence comes.
All these details are but part of the
daily scene They indicate the de-
inauds and the character Of the de-
mands on the counselor's attention
Then consider that every word he says.
every statement he makes, to diplo-
natistS, to international lawyers and
to correspondents, must be measured.
weighed, carefully considered, for his
is the voice of authority.
When one enters. finds the coun-
selor on his feet, striding about the
room, for he is one of those who work
largely on their feet. A tall. athletic,
broad-shouldered man he is. with
deep-set dark eyes lighting face the
skin of which. naturally dark. is burned
by the sun, for he is very much an
out of door; man. Dark hair, a thick
thatch sprinkled with gray. sweeps
back in long lines from a high fore
head In repose the face is cast in
grave, even severe, lines.
Il nlogists have advanced the theory
that there is being evolved a distinct
physical type of American. which type
contains some of the characteristics or
the aboriginal American go tall. 1.-THE
me, high cheek bones and dark
skin. Sprung from long line OF
American born ancestors, Mr.. Polk
seems to meet the specifications and to
justify the theory.
The jaw like the famous jaw of Pres
ident Wilson, is prominent feature.
1t is a fighting jaw. Observe 1t and
you do not wonder that the possessor
was an athletic star in his college
days
But the air of gravity that sits upon
the features is dispeled when Mr.. Polk
speaks. His smile. which is not in
frequent. is distinctly boyfsh. having a
quality almost of naivete. His man.
ner is frank. absolutely without affec-
taton. sincere. Perfect poise is here,
but no pose.
In his conversation he. like his chief,
Secretary Lansing, has evident par
TALLY for the informal. He prefers to
get at the crux of the subject speedily
and easily. without circumlocution. He
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-10-31

are approximately 500, 600, 900. switzer-
land represents another S100,000,000.
These countries. being at peace, are
meeting their obligations in the way of
interest on their debt, although Swift
zerland has to undergo extraordinary
expenses in maintaining herself on a
war footing to preserve her neutrality.
French investments in the far east.
including the French territory of Indo-
China, aggregate about $3G0,000,000.
There has been no loss of income on
account of the war from this source.
The French colonies in Africa, in
Guiding Morocco, have proven good in
cially. They have furnished their con-
tingent of troops while their industries
have gone on as under normal condi-
lions.
France has at least s60O.O00,000 in
vested in South America. Approximate
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-10-31

$1,000. 100000. Fifteen months ago it
probably was approximately $780,
100000. This Egyptian debt goes back
to the time when France, and not Eng
land, was the dominant power in Egypt,
and when the two nations nearly went
to war over their rival claims in the
Nile country.
The AMIGA ble-arrangement reached,
resulting in British satrapy over
Egypt, insured the ultimate payment
of Frances Egyptian debt, and the in
ternational debt commission worked out
plan which insured the payment of
the interest. At the beginning of the
present war England declared Egypt to
be in name what it already was in fact,
"A British protectorate. Frances in
VestmentS in Egypt may therefore be
considered in one sense investments in
the British empire.
The Suez canal shares held in France
may also be considered part of the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-10-31
frances War Income From Abroad Now Cut i'm Ha

FINANCIAL Conditions in France Be-
fore the War French Investments
and Methods-lncome From Her Foreign
Securities Proportionately More Curtailed
Than That Of England or Gernany-Loans
to observation-disclosures in Turkey, Ger
many and Other Countries
Losing Proposition for French Investors.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-10-31

The French investor is satisfied with
y per cent on his foreign investment.
but the probability is that up to 1914
the average return the world over was
higher, at least 5 per cent, and that
France was receiving close to 100000,
900 income from abroad.
Though the mass of these investments
come from the savings accounts of the
French people, they are not made by
the individual depositors on their own
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-10-31

tons. New though international law
may be as a subject of general atten-
ton in America, it is far from being
new in the world; 1t began to assume
definite form in the sixteenth and sew
enteenth centuries, when the great
philosophical jurist. Grotius. and CO.
temporaries started the writing of
treatises on The Law of Nature and of
Nations
Bringing it down to more recent date
Chief Justice Marshall. some 100 years
ago. gave it, in a much quoted decision
certain definitions which hold today
The law of nations" said Marshal H.
lis the great source from which de-
rive those rules respecting belligerent
and neutral rights, which are recog-
niZed by all civilized and commercial
states throughout Europe and America
This law is in part unwritten and in
part conventional To ascertain that
which is unwritten, resort to the
great principles of reason and justice .
but, these principles will be differ
emily understood by different nations
under different circumstances. con-
slider them as being, in some degree,
fixed and rendered sta BILE by a series of
judicial decisions.
The decisions of the courts of every
country, so far. as they are founded
upon a law common to every country,
will be received, not as authority, but
with respect. The decisions of the
courts of every country show how the
law of nations. in the given case. is
understood in that country, and will be
considered in adopting the rule which
is to prevail in this"
The fact that at this particular time
the principles of international law are
differently understood by different ma
tions under different circumstances" is
so strikingly manifest in the world to-
day that Chief Justice MarshallS OBJ
servations have particular point right
now.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-10-31
PARIS TRIBUNAL OF COMMERCE.

of the billion dollar annual savings of
the French people, or si00.000,000, was
invested abroad.
1t is on this basis that the estimate of
between $4,000, 100000 and 100000 900,
900 of foreign securities held in France
in 1914 is made. Some of the foreign
securities yield very high returns. as
with French banks in South America.
Others are government securities yield
ing per cent to Il per cent.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-10-31

tions by Germany is not likely. because
the amount of German investments in
France, and especially in Paris, is much
larger.
Italys borrowings from France ex-
coed $500. 900. 900.
Spain and Portugal are the chief bor-
rowers from France in what represents
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-10-31

FRESH Corporation
the United States His
Class of the He Handles the Duma Incident and
Story
Practice That Branch the Profession
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-10-31

investments. Though Eng
land has the majority of the shares in
the canal, the company is a French
company, and the French holdings are
very large. British and French war
ships have kept the canal open chiefly
for their own commerce. but the in
come, of course, has been reduced. Until
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-10-31

In its physical aspect that position of
corporation counsel of the city Of New
York bulks bigger than the position of
counselor for the Department of State
In New York Mr.. Polk was at the head
OF what is said to BE- the largest single
law Office in the world. Nearly 600
persons are employed there, l30 of
them being skilled lawyers. In the De-
partment of State, when not acting as
Secretary. he commands but few in
dividuals.
But the counsel he gives is of nation
al, even International Importance
rather than merely of municipal i'm
portance. The effects of his advice are
charged with tremendous potentiali-
ties.
The office which he occupies in the
department is a modest suite on the
second floor. adjacent to the office of
the Secretary, and is furnished chiefly
with books One sees him there be-
tween diplomatic calls. One meets the
japanese amba ssador coming out as
one goes in: one is succeeded In au-
dience presently by the Chinese min
lister. and on going out finds O. group
OF international lawyers, represent ING
American interests abroad, waiting in
the anteroom for their appointment to
discuss some phases of recent British
prize court decisions. while In the COR
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-10-31

administration, automatically became Sec
rotary of State. How was he going to
get by
The answer was not long in forth
coming. The newspaper correspondents,
assembling for their daily talk with
Acting Secretary Polk; the members of
the diplomatic corps. calling for the
transaction of their business; the many
routine callers, the cotton men and the
beef packers and the representatives of
interests affected by the war or by
ether international matters, all found
the new acting Secretary thoroughly
informed on all pending matters. suave,
self-contained. dignifed. sure of him
self. talking the language Of modern
diplomacy rs a master.
Then they learned that Mr.. Lansing
had known Mr.. Pc-k for some time.
The Secretary had been well aware
that he was taking no chances when
he went away and left Mr.. Polk at the
head OF the department.
The word went about Washington
that the new counselor and acting Sec
Rotary was making good" He handled
the delicate Dumba case himself, he
passed on numerous other matters of
almost equal Importance, and made no
errors.
But where did he get his knowledge
OF international law and his familiarity
with precedent and practice of the de
partment? That is a question frequently
asked Those who know him explain that,
added to his learning and ability in gen
eral legal practice, he has the habit of
intensive study. Of delving deep in any
subject he may attack. In other words,
he bones up Whatever tie reason il
is matter of general comment that he
does know international law, and that he
does know the technique of handling the
business of international relations
And why not" asked one of his col
lege classmates recently. Hasn't he
been at the head Of the legal department
of city whose population contains so
many alien colonies that the ciy's do
nestle problems in reality are information
al problems >"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-10-31

IN the Taft ADM nistration the
IN position Of counselor for the
g & Department of State was
garded as of so little consequence that
ii was not even listed in the Congress
sional Directory, though chief clerks.
division chiefs and private secretaries
were deemed worthy of having their
names in this official Who's Who of
the national government Not until
1911 was the title of the position and
the name of the person holding it in
GUIDED in the book.
Today the counselor for the Depart
ment of State is among the most pow
erful and responsible officers of the
United States. He figures more often
in the days news than most cabinet Of
fcers
There are three assistant secretaries
of the Department of state The coun-
sslor outranks all three.
A change in the statute law and
which is of greater moTnent-the IN
creasing Importance OF that branch OF
The nations business which has to DO
with foreign relations nave brought
this about.
With the incoming of the present ma
tionai administration that eminent au-
thority on international law, Dr- JohH
tion Of counselor for the department
Thereupon Congress provided BY stat
ute that. in the absence or dTsqudhhca-
tion Of the Secretary of State, the couH-
selor and not the ranking assistant
secretary should act as Secretary. This
gave to the position dignity which IT
gad not previously possessed.
In March, 1914. DR.. Moore resigned
and Robert Lansing was called to the
post Then came the European war.
with the result that the Department of
State suddenly became the most i'm
portant part of the government New
= burdens, new responsibilities and won
derful opportunities for error were
thrown upon II. The counselor. other
wise the skilled, cool headed. learned
professional and technical adviser, fire.
quentiy called upon to act Secretary
and head of the department, found the
fierce light Of publicity beating upon him.
Also he found not only ms immediate
chief. but the President Of the United
States, leaning upon him, calling him fre-
quently into conference
So II was that when Mr.. Bryan re-
signed the secretaryship the counselor.
Mr. Lansing, was promoted TO be Secre-
tary Of State
Then came new counselor, fresh from
his duties as corporation counsel of the
city of New York. Frank Lyon Polk. II
was September 16 that Mr.. Polk took Of
fee. Gernany's unsatisfactory note on
the Arabic case was just in hand. The
Dunlba incident crowding for atten-
ton. Mexico was boiling over the border.
Haiti was Just in the process of being
Strengthened out. and resisting the
Strengthening process International COM
plications-on the surface OF things
were numerous.
September IS. two days later, Secretary
Lansing, who. for period, had been his
own counselor. and bearing a tremendous
burden, departed for his vacation to fish
for bass. Some observers about the de-
partment held their breaths. new man,
Q freshman in the senior class Of this
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-10-31
BY CHARLES M. PEPPER.

F1EE French peasants stocking
has given up between $4,000
Ill 100000 and $4,000, 900. 00o for in
vestments abroad.
Since the beginning of the present
war the French people. with splendid
patriotism and seIf-sacrifice. have
emptied their stockings into the Bank
of France. They have poured their
savings into it, because these savings
were in gold. and the government of
France wanted. above all else gold in
the financial institution which is it's
nnainstay.
Previously the savings had gone very
largely into foreign enterprises-loans
to governments. railway securities and
construction projects with French COM
nlerce in the foreground
These French investments began on a
large scale soon after the payment of
the billion-dollar indemnity to Germany
as the price of peace following Sedan.
The marvellous recuperative powers of
France were shown when, at the end of
the Franco-Prussian war. it was de-
veloped that not only was there capital
for the restoration of domestic indus
tries. but also that there was surplus
which could be invested in foreign
countries.
French thrift and industry provide an
annual saving of $1,000. 900 600 at the
outbreak of the present war the deposits
in four leading banks exceeded sl.40O,-
100000. A single institution, the Credit
Lyonnais. held nearly 100000, 900.
The national wealth of France fifteen
months ago was estimated to exceed
$50. 100000. and the income to be
more than $4,000, 900, 900 annually. From
the time of Waterloo the national
wealth increased $50 per cent. while the
increase in population was not much
more than 80 per cent
The significa nce of these figures is to
be understood in any analysis of the
reserve resources of the French people.
1t is true that France entered on the
war with a very large national debt,
1851 100000. or 1855 per person. but
it is also true that no nation with a
population almost stationary, that of
France has been, has shown such a
marvellous increase in national wealth,
and income during the last century.
An estimate of the foreign invest
pients by the French economist, Alfred
Neymarck, in 1910, placed the amount
of foreign securities held in France at
$1,000, 100000. but other experts were
of the opinion that the quota was
larger. There were also very heavy
foreign investments from 1910 on. The
bankers estimates was that 10 per cent
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-10-31

01iE French PEASANTS stocking
has given up between $4,000
100000 and $40. 600, 00O, 0Oo for in
a
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-10-31

n recently as the early part of
Az the Taft administration the
N position OF counselor for the
q Department of State was re-
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1915-11-26
rth Finest Clothes

bCtured by human hands again on sale, starting Sat-
|uCtons of Americas foremost wholesale tailors.
|erwear, Hats, Gloves and all kinds of Mems finest
In the o. S. wearing today, will be offered the
Ter 27th at 9 a. m
prs is at the neck of every price, squeezing with an
|e Paul A. Splitter Clothing Co.'S lowest prices.
be stirred to a wild pitch of excitement and quick
fy opportunity. It's an i'll wind that blows nobody
[lne of the Paul A. Splitter Clothing Company
nen will attend from the four corners of the worlds
mighty struggle for existence is fight for life in
the most cynical doubter, the wiSes Judge of val
y this great sale visit will be speedily convinced
|tainS nothing but the gospel truth. We merely ask
Egrahfed, pIedgfng printed in this
LSigned) PAUL "A. SPITZER CLOTHING COMPANY.
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1915-11-26

Ivcry articIc Of high grade furnishings
n all this large magnificent stock at
Desperation Sale prices never before
card Of.
The Denver star., 1915-09-04
POLICEMAN GIvENs DIES.
First Man Of Our Race to Serve on
Force In Brooklyn.

Force In Brooklyn.
In the death of Christopher Givens
at Brooklyn the latter part OF August
the race loses one Of its most sub
stantial members and Brooklyn one Of
its best known and most highly re
spected citizens. The late Mr.. Givens
was appointed on the police force In
November. 1879 and served until July
Z. 1903. He was the first coIored man
to serve rs regular policeman In
Brooklyn and by his fine record con
tributed much toward paving the way
for other men of the race to enter the
service in later years. Officer Givens
offered to enlist as soldier at the
outbreak OF the civil war. but was
under age and therefore served as
bodyguard to one Major West. At the
close Of the civil war Mr.. Givens came
to Brooklyn. where he soon rose to
prominence In many lines Of activity.
Owing to race hatred and prejudice.
1t Is said that he bad stiff fight to
hold his job on the force. but being
Of fearless and determined disposi-
ton. he fought his way up to perma-
nence and responsibility on the force.
He is survived by four sons-John. Ed
ward. Charles A. and Herald +. Civ
ens-and six daughters-Mrs. J. D..
Minor. Mrs. r. Smith. Mrs. c. Meyers,
Mrs NJ Willis. Mrs. E. williams and
Mrs. A. Strickland. He also leaves ten
grandchildren.
The Denver star., 1915-09-04

ments the opportunities that are before
US. 1t is always of more value to con-
slider our advantages ruther than our
disadvantages. In considering ones
opportunities 1t is worth while not TO
overlook the size of our race.
There are only fourteen nntions in
the world whose population exceeds
the number of Negroes In the United
States. Norway has population of
only 100000: Denmark. 2.IOO.OOO:
Bulgaria. 4.OOO.OOO: Chile. 4OOO.OOO:
Canada. 7.OOO.OOO, and Argentina. 5000
900. When We contemplate these fig
ures and then remember that we. IN
the United States alone. are lO.OOO.OOO
Negroes we can get some Idea OF the
opportunities that nre right about lis.
Let me Ike more specific in pointin.
the way to these opportunities. III you
would ask where you are to begin |
would answer. Begin where you are
As a rule. the gold mine which we seek
in far OF country is right at our door.
1T is seldom that it Is ever so true
that in the space Of one generation
so many evidences of real progress In
the fundamental things Of life can be
seen. Perhaps the changes In Japan
are the nearest akin to It,
Since the league met in Boston IF
teen years ago great changes have tax.
en- place among our people in proper
ty getting and in the promotion of in
dustria and business enterprises.
These changes have taken place not
al "a tl,
league. but this and similar organiza-
tions have had much to do with bring
ing about this progress. Let me be
more specific.
I'VE have not the figures covering all
the Negroes wealth. but the federal cen
sus bureau has just released a docu-
ment which gives the value Of the Ne
Sro's farm property alone as $1.142.-
100000. From 1900 to 1910 the Negroes
farm property increased 1913 per cent.
In 1868 we had as n race 1000 small
business enterprises Of one kind and
another. At the present time the Ne
gro owns and operates about $4,000
concerns. with an annual turnover of
about 81. $1.OOO.OOO.OOO. Within fifty years
we have made enough progress in bust
ness to warrant the operation of over
fifty banks. With all that l have said
we are still poor race as compared
with many others, but l have given
these figures to indicate the direction
in which we are travelling.
Few people are aware of the fact
that we now have in our race after
only fifty years Of freedom 50 book
stores, IS department stores. IA five
and ten cent stores, 20 jewelry stores.
100 junk dealers. 13 warehouses and
cold storage plants, 152 wholesale mer
chants. 200 laundries. $50 livery sta
bles. 953 undertakers. 400 photogra-
piers, 10 opticians. 75 hair goods man.
ufacturers, III old rag dealers. - buy
ers and shippers Of live stock.
Everywhere We should be proud Of
the Negro race and loyal to the great
human family Of whatever color.
Whenever we consider what is now
going on in Europe. where all the peo-
pie are Of one color, and then compare
these conditions with present condi
tions and our task for our race. we
ought to thank our Creator that condi
tOns are so well with us and that we
live beneath the stars and stripes
The Denver star., 1915-09-04
M.thodi...' Uniqu. Financial Plan.

The presiding bishops Of the various
district conferences Of the A. n. Il.
church are active with plans for the
represepta ton of the churches In their
districts at the one hundredth anniver-
sary celebration of the founding Of the
denomination. to be held Mt Phlladel-
phia in May. 1915. The general con-
ference Of the church and the bighOps'
council have requested every member
OF the denomination to contribute
cent for each year Of the denomina-
tons existence, to be reported at the
general conference and centennial eel
ebrat ton to be held next May.
The Denver star., 1915-09-04
YOUR COUGH CAN BE STOPPED.

Using care to avoid draughts, ex-
posure, sudden changes, and taking a
treatment of Lr. Kings New Discov-
cry, will positively relieve, and in
time will surely rid you of your
Cough. The first dose soothes the
irritation, checks your Cough, which
stops in short time. DR.. Kings New
Discovery has been used successfully
for as years and is guaranteed to
cure you. Money back If it fails. Get
a bottle from your Druggist: it costs
only a little and will help you SO
much.
The Denver star., 1915-09-04
Prosrss. Of Our Rae. In the South.

Proarsss Of Our Race In the South.
The number Of land owners among
our people in the south is on the in
crease. Notwithstanding hard times
and the savage habit Of lynching COL
ored men and women charged with
crime without a legal trial to prove
their innocence or guilt. Recent statis-
tics show that in at least 1913 counties
Of ten southern states the colored peo-
pie are not only in the majority. but In
sixty-one of these counties the colored
farm owners outnumber the white
farm owners.
The Denver star., 1915-09-04

FOR RENT Six room apart
ments, Cor. 23rd and Ogden. The
most complete of anything yet offer
ed our people in a modern house. Call
Champa 455, The Colored American
Loan & Realty Co., 1927 21st St.
8-28-4t