davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Kendrick gazette. [volume] (Kendrick, Idaho) 1892-1968, 1915-04-09

An item that has been brought
to our notice, is one that we think
should be stopped. Some of the
young people of this town have
been known this spring to enter
yards where flowers are and have
taken them. You who are guilty
should stop and think that the peo-
pie owning these flowers have spent
time and money to make their yards
nice to look at and at the same
time they have been helping to
make their part of the town more
beautiful. If you had asked for
the flowers they would in all prob
ability have been given to you with
a willing hand, but your entering
the yard and taking them at night
is very unladylike or ungentle-
manly act. If this is repeated some
one will be punished for it, for the
guilty ones are known. Our advice
is to let those flowers alone you see
in your townsmens yards.
The Kendrick gazette. [volume] (Kendrick, Idaho) 1892-1968, 1915-04-09
Says the Star-Mirror, fire insur-

Says the Star Mirror, fire insur-
ance companies operating in Idaho
are alleged to be discriminating
against policy holders in the pam
handle of Idaho affecting The eight
northern counties, having some
time ago through the board of un-
der writer's of the Pacific issued
bulletins requiring the placing of
the three-fourths value clause on all
policies and providing for the ac-
ceptance by policy holders of the
Record warranty clause, the pro-
visions of which are so drastic to
merchants that a strong protest has
gone to the insurance commissioner
of Idaho from practically every
town in north Idaho.
1t is alleged that the require
ments demanded of the policy hold
ers in the Idaho panhandle are not
enforced in other sections of the
state. During the recent session
of the legislature an attempt was
made to secure the passage of mea-
sures which would change the en-
tire system of insurance traffic
in Idaho, but on representations
made by those who were close
to the large companies that such
legislation would practically prevent
the companies doing business in
Idaho the forces behind the bills
relented and allowed them to die a
natural death. Assurances were Civ
en- that discrimination would be
eliminated, but thus far the insur-
ance companies have not acted, it is
said by local agents, and this is
causing the onslaught on the insur-
ance department of the state.
The Kendrick gazette. [volume] (Kendrick, Idaho) 1892-1968, 1915-04-09

for the market We cannot all AFFORD to
buy pure bred breeding stock to begin
with.
We can, however, all send 10 the
breeder of pure bred hogs and buy a
boar or gilt in pig. II you are just
starting buy gilt, and when she has
pigs save the good SOW pigs and in a
year you will have good start How
ever, II man has some good common
sows that he knows are good moth
ers it Is more sensible to get boar
The first generation will be half pure
bred. the next generation df bred to
pure bred boar are three fourths pure,
the next is seven-eighths pure. and the
next is fteen-sixteenths pure, which
Is as good as pure bred. though they
cannot be registered
When buying pure bred stock never
buy unless they are actually register
ed, which is really only guarantee
that the animal is really what 1t Is
represented.
two pure bred animals of different
breeds they get better pigs They al
ways imagine that the resulting cross
will combine the best qualities OF both
parents. AS matter Of fact the
chances are ten to one that 1t will In
herit only the bad qualities OF both
parents. Why this is so | cannot say,
but 1t Is well known fact to up to
date breeders
Many men have told me that they
have fed pure breds and pure bred
crosses and like the latter best How
ever. I have always noticed that these
men are the guessing" kind and that
they did not weigh the hogs or food
at the different stages of feeding, that
they did not know the price per pound
their hogs cost them to feed.
As against these men | have the fol-
lowing proof of the value of pure bred
hogs:
In the spring of 1914 the Kentucky
experiment station fed lot of hogs
at the Kentucky state fair grounds
This lot consisted of pure breds, pure
bred crosses and scrubs. 1t was found
that the pure breds gained one-fourth
pound more per day at One-third cent
less per pound than either Of the other
classes
The Kendrick gazette. [volume] (Kendrick, Idaho) 1892-1968, 1915-04-09

For the first time in the history
of the United States we have more
Immigrants than immigrants more
people leaving for Europe than are
coming here. The change came in
December and has continued. Of
course this reversal of the flow of
travel is due CHIEFLY to the return
of reservists in obedience to the call
to the colors of the native country.
When the war finally ends the men
of the warning nations will be need
ed at home to rebuild the industries
of those countries. The facts are
causing a new labor condition in
the United States.
The Kendrick gazette. [volume] (Kendrick, Idaho) 1892-1968, 1915-04-09
LIVE STOCK
HUSBANDRY
THE PURE BRED HOG.

Why He 10 More Valuable to the Farm.
Or Than the Scrub.
Pure bred hogs are simply result
of breeding the best land by best we
mean those that take on fat quickest
and cheapest, hogs together for gen
erations until there Is hardly q posi-
bi!ity that the pigs Will not fatten
quickly and economically.
This, then. IL the value of the pure
bred hog. says a Kentucky farmer in
the Home and Farm.
There is, however. one objection to
this method of breeding hogs to feed
The Kendrick gazette. [volume] (Kendrick, Idaho) 1892-1968, 1915-04-09
Flaxseed For Horses.

Ground whole faSSeed is used ex
tensiveiy for fattening horses Soak IL
IN nos water for two or three hours. II
will form a sort OF jelly Mix small
amcnnt of this With the tand o. out
il In the drinking water g good
IN digestion and gives loom to the
- 30 horse. II should not make
u'ute than per cent Of grain ration
The Kendrick gazette. [volume] (Kendrick, Idaho) 1892-1968, 1915-04-09
Foot and Mouth Rumor unfounded

Foot and Mouth Rumor Unfounded.
Sensational reports that the foot and
mouth disease is being Intentionally
disseminated In the hope of interfering
With Americas exporting meat to the
warning countries in Europe have now
been proved to have no foundation
whatsoever. They have been traced. In
fact, to story invented by an IRE
sponsible individual in Lincoln Neb.,
says the United States department of
agriculture,
The Kendrick gazette. [volume] (Kendrick, Idaho) 1892-1968, 1915-04-09

o. j. Burger is in Lewiston under
the doctors care and is improving
in health.
Al Mckee, of Fort Lapwai, was
in this vicinity looking after his
farm interests on Big Bear and
Texas ridges.
The Kendrick gazette. [volume] (Kendrick, Idaho) 1892-1968, 1915-04-09

Glenn Porter is remodeling the
interior of his residence.
Albert Wegner returned to his
school work at Pullman Monday.
Dean Wright, of Agatha, was a
visitor in this city Tuesday.
The Kendrick gazette. [volume] (Kendrick, Idaho) 1892-1968, 1915-04-09

AS a breed we have found the
Chesters very prolific and, what Ii
even more important, very good
mothers. both as mixers and in
being careful and kind with their
pigs, writes a New York farmer in
the Rural New Yorker. We have
found them quick growers. hardy.
docile and easy to fatten. They are
excellent foragers and do well on
pasture We have never had q
sick (mature) hog on our farms, but
have constantly used disinfectants
and sanitary methods in caring for
them. The SOW shown 10 q pure
bred Chester White.
The Kendrick gazette. [volume] (Kendrick, Idaho) 1892-1968, 1915-04-09

If the party who took the 81
of bacon from the Guy Hotel W
return it or pay for same nothing
will be said nor questions asked. If
not returned, steps will be taken 20
recover same.
The Kendrick gazette. [volume] (Kendrick, Idaho) 1892-1968, 1915-04-09

Born to Mr.. an, Ben NJ
of Southwick a fine LADY gin
Abbeville progress. (Abbeville, Vermilion Parish, La.) 1913-1944, 1915-12-25
STEEL men HAVE EYES
ON TEXAS ORE FIELDS
Texas Now Has More Than Hun
dred Thousand Tons Of Iron Ready
for the Furnace.

New York.-Thc enormous growth
in the demand for iron and steel prod
uCtS since the outbreak OF the Euro
pean war is forcing mill operators to
seek the possibilities of ore fields
throughout the United States. re-
cent summary of reports from various
Centcrs shows that a steel famine is
impending.
The attention of some OF the larg-
est steel industry men is concentrat-
ing upon Texas. where, it is estimated,
100000 tons of iron ore awaits the
furnace.
Steel mills are running at full ca
pacity In all sections OF the United
States. The first of the year not more
than 60 per cent of the capacity OF
mills was in operation to supply the
demand.
Approximately 500 ZOO. 900 is to be
spent in improvements. consisting
largely OF expansions in open hearth
furnaces. These expenditures began
in July
The Improvement III the steel indus
try is due i'm n large extent to the war
Texas is said to- possess the best
prospects. The ore of Texas fields
has been minuteiy investigated and 1t
is said to be classed as of exceptional
ly GOOD grade. Negotiations, II Is un-
derstood, are well under way for the
development of the Texas fields
On a basis OF presen. values. Texas
has half billion dollars worth of iron
when delivered to the mills
Some of the big railroads. realizing
the approach of n probable famine in
the steel business. are looking around
with the view to developing possible
fields. Besides the railroads. manu-
facturers of farm implements and ma
chinery must be certain of the future
supply.
The increased demand for steel
products has forced prices of pig iron
and steel to points unknown in his
tory. The high prices have had an
adverse effect upon the construction
of buildings in which structural steel
is needed. Railroads in many sections
are taxed in handling the freight traf-
fic resulting rom the iron and steel
trade.
Abbeville progress. (Abbeville, Vermilion Parish, La.) 1913-1944, 1915-12-25
MONEY EARNINGS IN TEXAS
REPORT FOR INCOME TAX
Greatest Number Making Returns TO
Department Have Incomes Ranging
From $1,000 TO $4,000.

Washiugton.- greatest number
To the internal revenue department of
the government shows incomes rang
ing from $4,000 to $4,000 per year
For the United States these aggregate
27.ilS. and the number shown for the
Southwestern States is the average in
other sections of the country There
are nearly $4,000 earning between
$4,000 and $4,000. and 66,525 earning
between $4,000 and $4,000 The de-
partment has no figures showing in
comes below these classifications One
of the recommendation of the treas
ury department is to lower the
amount for married people from $4,000
to $4,000 minimum. and for single per
sons from $4,000 to $1,000
The total revenue collections from
all sources during the year. as shown
in the report of Commissioner Osborn.
amounted TO S4i5.6Sl .023. The total
collections i'm Texas amounted to ST.
S41 1886: oklahoma, $729.323; Louis
lana. $500, $40. and Arkansas. 1884,
$50 These states contributed I'm in
come tax: Texas. corporation $685.
CAS-. individual 1925. 631; Oklahoma.
corporation S273. 203. individual $685..
6S5: Louisiana. corporation $316.364,
individual $2O9.S13; Arkansas. cT-
poration Ss9,149, individual S.177.
The income tax collections amounted
to SS0,190,6 93, of which the personal
tax amounted to $41,046,162. Based
upon a ratio of increases. Commission
er Osborn estimates for the present
fiscal year the income tax will amount
to $S5. 100000. and for the fiscal year
of 1917 it will amount to SOC. 200, 900.
One of the recommendations for iegis-
lation is that returns shall be made
on gross in place of net incomes.
Individual returns from Texas num-
bered $3.50, of whom 1922 were mar
ried persons. 1922 single men and 426
single women. Twenty-six married
women made separate returns. Those
showing incomes between $4,000 and
$4,000 numbered 1884; 1906 from
$4,000 to $4,000: 2.9S4 from $4,000 to
10000; 723 from $4,000 to $4,000:
1874 from $4,000 to $4,000; la from
500, 900 to $4,000: 1913 from $25. 900 to
100000; 90 from $4,000 to $4,000: az
from 100000 to $4,000: "a from $50
GOO to $4,000; 81 from SIS. 900 to $780,
600; II from 100000 to $15O.OOO: ,
from 100000 to $25O.OOO: / from $3.50
600 to 100000; / from $iOO. 900 to
$5o0,0oo and whose income was i'm
excess of 100000.
Fourteen hundred and forty-six res
idcuts of oklahoma made returns for
personal income tax. of which number
1924 were married persons, ia single
men and 80 single women.
Abbeville progress. (Abbeville, Vermilion Parish, La.) 1913-1944, 1915-12-25
VILLA LEADERS AGREE
TO STOP FIGHTING
Agreement Grants Amnesty to All
But General Villa and
His Brothcr


ri Faa". I"N The CJrHuzt do
Fact" government j. r". q" official
control of Oh" former Villa 'atr OF
Chihuahua and the organization oI the
VIVA government. urIud.u. 1000
troop iu th' cities %, ju1r,l and Cl
huahHa and aH border points. 5.r.. tu.
accept Oh" 'W1'uE' doW'Hi,Du
rms "'. made ro".ih. Do. au I.Tr"-
m'ni ".u." los thy VA. ..d,r.. Con.
"rnl@ Robert" Im"n. N.uu'I Banda.
Lieutenant '''oucI IHftnIu Ia.ilo
ana "'"u'' fdH"fd" \udH.'n and Car
i"nz' 'ou.Ji Andrea. G.r'ia. Ihc
agreement grant. amnesty 90 alI but
""n'iH VILLA and hl" W''H"l Hip"
NI"
The "'n"i'i oui"r"d nat" confer
'h'' Monday 1 d'.""t'. 1um G'n
Graz VIVA i' confer with ih' '1rrauza
consul upon plan 10 iuiu over the
'N'''' TERRITORY ana 1910 troop" ana
arm. ana Tor NiIi' 0" leave GA" capital
"'""'' amy following
ln'y ''I' '''I ''' f'.lI' "' thoT
conferences s." '''"'i'i \ii'" '' mhna.
hu' 'I'y
'"'' MONDAY '''t h'u '''''t'' mo-.
''P'l l'"w '''"'l'' \'..,. '"d. H"''''.
''''' '''" 'h'' "'''' '''''|."" ''''' e."
vice" "'' '''"'''' '"' OF ''' ''' "
anu ''' '"' ''l''''
'"'"h'' ''I"''' NH''' WIN h'" OF
'l'' '"I'' VI ''' ''"'"' ''' "E'''' %
Abbeville progress. (Abbeville, Vermilion Parish, La.) 1913-1944, 1915-12-25
Testifies in Bomb Plot Case.

San Francisco. Cal.-B Hauschildt.
cashier of the North German Lloyd
Steamship Company, testified Tues
day before the federal grand jury
which has been investigating alleged
German bomb plots and violations Of
neutrality. Hauschildt was summoned.
II was said. in an effort to trace about
1925. 900. part of a fund of $525,OOO
said to have been sent here by Ger
man agents for use i'm various ways
Abbeville progress. (Abbeville, Vermilion Parish, La.) 1913-1944, 1915-12-25
Noted Irish Patriot Passes AWAY

New York.-Captain Edward O..
Meagher Condor. civil war veteran
and Irish patriot died Wednesday.
aged "a. He became active in the
Fenian movement in ireland and. with
Allen, Larkin and o Brien, was sen.
fenced 10 death for participation in the
Manchester riots. Condon's sentence
was committed to life Imprisonment
because of his American citizenship
and civil war record.
Abbeville progress. (Abbeville, Vermilion Parish, La.) 1913-1944, 1915-12-25
Neutrality Changes Proposed.

WashingtOn.-Mor than thirty rec
concentrations for changes in the fed
eral neutral laws have been prepared
for the consideration of Attorney Gen
eral Gregory by assistants engaged in
enforcement of neutral statutes. The
amendments proposed. it is believed
by those who drafted them. cover
every contingency such as has arisen
In this country I'm the last year.
Abbeville progress. (Abbeville, Vermilion Parish, La.) 1913-1944, 1915-12-25
Pardons Granted to seventy-Five.

Austin. Textile pardons to be
granted deserving convicts this Christ
mas number approximately seventy
five and all were signed by Acting
Governor Hobby. following recommen-
dations by the board of pardons. The
pardons will be ready for issuance in
time to permit the fortunate convicts
to be at home with their loved ones on
Christmas Day.
Abbeville progress. (Abbeville, Vermilion Parish, La.) 1913-1944, 1915-12-25
Mount Etna in Active Eruption.

Catania.-Mount Etna is emitting
red-hot lava, which. streaming along
the sides of the mountain and melting
the snow, produces a wonderful effect.
especially at night Glowing cinders
and smoke form an embrella-shaped
cloud above the volcano.
Abbeville progress. (Abbeville, Vermilion Parish, La.) 1913-1944, 1915-12-25
Dead Girls Father Accused.

Paris, Tex-A ceaseless investiga-
ton by the county and city officers
into the circumstances connected with
the murder of Miss Pauline Walton,
the 17-yearold daughter of T. l.. Wal
ton. which took place last Friday
night, resulted in the arrest of her
father. charged with the crime.
Abbeville progress. (Abbeville, Vermilion Parish, La.) 1913-1944, 1915-12-25
Trust Suit Is Settled.

Austin. Tex.-Judgment was enter
ed Tuesday in favor of the state in
the case of the State of Texas VS.. G. ID.
Shamberger of Wichita Falls. alleging
violations of the antitrust laws. BY
the Judgment entered the state re-
ceives 81 900 penalties and Injunction
the participation in any
further combinations of capital and
business to purchase properties Of
and thereby lessen com
petition in the lumber business.
Abbeville progress. (Abbeville, Vermilion Parish, La.) 1913-1944, 1915-12-25
Villas Action Is Surprising.

Laredo. Textile report that Gen
eral Francisco Villa has decided to
abandon the campaign against the
Mexican de facto government created
a sensation on both side OF the border
this week Carranza military author
tiles at Nuevo Laredo interpret Villas
action as forecasting a speedy re-es-
of peace in Mexico.
Abbeville progress. (Abbeville, Vermilion Parish, La.) 1913-1944, 1915-12-25
Germany's Losses Are Him

Rotterdam.-Prussian casualty lists
Nos. $50 to 3S9, according to the Rot.
terdamsche Courant. contain the
names of 65,340 killed. wounded and
missing. making the total 2.244.24s.
This total is exclusive of the names
of 237 BavaTian, 80 Wurttembureian
233 Saxonian and the naval and Turk.
list lists. says the newspaper.
Abbeville progress. (Abbeville, Vermilion Parish, La.) 1913-1944, 1915-12-25
[ ouisiana Oils Are Advanced.

Shreveport. La.-Oil prices in North
western Louisiana were advanced lOc
a barrel on Caddo production and sc
on Red River oil Friday. This makes
the seventh advance during the past
few months and establishes prices OF
81 10 for Caddo light. $l.00 for De Soto
light. S5c for Red River light and soc
for Caddo heavy oils.
Abbeville progress. (Abbeville, Vermilion Parish, La.) 1913-1944, 1915-12-25
Rooker,s SUCCESSOR Chosen.

New York.-Robert J. Motion OF
Hampton Institute. Hampton, Va, was
selected TO succeed Booker T. Wash
ington as president OF Tuskegee lnsti-
tute. Tuskegee, Ala, at a meeting OF
the special committee of the trustees
OF the Institute Monday.
Abbeville progress. (Abbeville, Vermilion Parish, La.) 1913-1944, 1915-12-25
Brownsville for Commission p,,

Brownsville. Tex.-Commission form
Of government under the city man.
ager plan was adopted by the city of
Brownsville Tuesday by an over.
whelming vote of 10 to l.
Abbeville progress. (Abbeville, Vermilion Parish, La.) 1913-1944, 1915-12-25
Old Story in New Dress.

George Uimely)-Miss Willing. er-
Alma. | havc-er-that is
Miss Willing (cncouragingiy) -
Well. George?
GeOrge-Do yOu-er-think your
mamma would care to accept the-er
job of motherin-law to me?
Abbeville progress. (Abbeville, Vermilion Parish, La.) 1913-1944, 1915-12-25

An Oregon hen has laid S34 eggs in
four consecutive years. There are
times when Il looks as IL the efficien-
cy experts were pressing nature so
hard that the S. p. c. A. ought to In
terfere.
Abbeville progress. (Abbeville, Vermilion Parish, La.) 1913-1944, 1915-12-25

II is now asserted that there are
thirty towering plants In the United
States that cause hay fever. This les
sens the heavy burden OF responsible.
ity formerly beaped on the head of
soldenrod
Abbeville progress. (Abbeville, Vermilion Parish, La.) 1913-1944, 1915-12-25
Chinese Revolt KINGS Rule.

San Francisco, Cal.-Tong King
Chong. president of the Chinese Re-
public Association. received a cable
gram from Shanghai, China, Monday,
which stated that five Chinese prov
inces had declared their independence
against the rule of Yuan Shi Kai.
Abbeville progress. (Abbeville, Vermilion Parish, La.) 1913-1944, 1915-12-25

Blue dyes are becoming so scarce
that workers soon may have to begin
wearing pink overalls Since pink ia
the color dedicated to pajamas sensi-
tive workers will naturally be embar.
raised.
Abbeville progress. (Abbeville, Vermilion Parish, La.) 1913-1944, 1915-12-25
Election Held at Bronson.

Bronson. Tex-Bronson held its
first municipal election Saturday,
when the following officers were
chosen: Aldermen. F. A. Cousins, o.
p. Ellison. r. J. Buckley. G. A. Howard.
s. r. Scheumack; mayor, T.. j. Gard
ner: city marshal. r. G. Drawhorn.
Abbeville progress. (Abbeville, Vermilion Parish, La.) 1913-1944, 1915-12-25

The Boston scientist who says that
rheumatism is a myth has possibly
never had an opportunity to inspect
an estimate OF the rheumatic vote of
this country.
Abbeville progress. (Abbeville, Vermilion Parish, La.) 1913-1944, 1915-12-25
Bond Issue Election Is caII.a

Waelder. Textile commissioners
court has ordered an election TO no
Reid February 5, 1916. to determine
whether or not bonds to the amount of
$4,000 shall be issued for road n,r.
poses.
Abbeville progress. (Abbeville, Vermilion Parish, La.) 1913-1944, 1915-12-25
To Drive Out Malaria
And Build Up The system

Take the old Standard GROVE s
TASTELESS chill TONIC You know
what you arc taking. as the formula i:
printed on every label showing it i,
Quininc and Iron IN a tasteless form The
Oulninc drives out malaria. tho Iron
builds up the system. so cents
Abbeville progress. (Abbeville, Vermilion Parish, La.) 1913-1944, 1915-12-25
His Method

You've been driving for years and
never had AN accident yog Hay''
Thai 80 true"
How have Won managed it,"
We'll I make my rule. viii look
out for the other fellow. instead OF
insisting on my rights and making
him look ON for me"
Abbeville progress. (Abbeville, Vermilion Parish, La.) 1913-1944, 1915-12-25
The Best Ilnlment.

For falls on icy walks. sprains and
Balsam OF Myrrh. Apply this liniment
thoroughly and relief should quickly
follow. Adv.
Abbeville progress. (Abbeville, Vermilion Parish, La.) 1913-1944, 1915-12-25

Controlling bullets by wireless so
as to keep them from finding human
targets during the hunting season is
phase of preparedness our scientists
haven't thought about yet.
Abbeville progress. (Abbeville, Vermilion Parish, La.) 1913-1944, 1915-12-25

Among the articles recently con.
demned by the war department are IL
collins and III skillets. Here's a
chance to pick up a coffin or a skillet
cheap.
Abbeville progress. (Abbeville, Vermilion Parish, La.) 1913-1944, 1915-12-25
FiSino the Blame

do you believe in hoodoos?' asked
the superstitious person.
Well" replied the man who had
failed to make good in n dozen differ
ent enterprises, I've got to preserve
my self-respect. you know"
Abbeville progress. (Abbeville, Vermilion Parish, La.) 1913-1944, 1915-12-25

There is something about money
that means strength. That is to say.
II you have the scads you command
he respect of men who would try to
kiok you OF the sidewalk II they
Aosght you we're broke.
Abbeville progress. (Abbeville, Vermilion Parish, La.) 1913-1944, 1915-12-25
Snow Ties Up Railroads.

New York.-Railroads leading out
OF New York are struggling this week
to release themselves from the grip OF
the first severe storm Of the season.
Abbeville progress. (Abbeville, Vermilion Parish, La.) 1913-1944, 1915-12-25
lick Eradication Is Defeated.

Jacksboro. Tex-Tick eradication
In Jack County was defeated by vote
of 3S5 to 4S9 in an election held Sat
urday.
Abbeville progress. (Abbeville, Vermilion Parish, La.) 1913-1944, 1915-12-25
His Class.

Isn't little Mrs. Brightlys husband
devoted to the races"
Yes: she calls him her bettor
half"
Abbeville progress. (Abbeville, Vermilion Parish, La.) 1913-1944, 1915-12-25
IMMEDIATE ATTENTION

should lee given To apraiua. dwellings,
bruiHcg. rheumatism and neuralgia.
Keep NauaGcIds Magic Arnica Iini-
mont handy ON the shelf Three sizes
BIC, SOC and $I0O.-AdV.
Abbeville progress. (Abbeville, Vermilion Parish, La.) 1913-1944, 1915-12-25

There are some men so conceited
they are willing to be listed as big
business and get prosecuted rather
than remain in the piker class to
which they belong.