Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1915-02-12
THE PITUITARY GLAND.

The puzzle of the pituitary gland
(hypophysis cerebri) presents one OF
those curious instances known to med
ical history wherein widely contrad!c'
tory observations make it difficult to
confirm the answer to any given
question concerning the physiology
and the pathology Of the organ or
the action (function) of the gland
either in health or in disease.
Even in the apparently extremely
simple propositions as to whether the
organ is. essential to life we ind the
Investigators divided into two groups.
one group comprising those who main
tain that the gland is Indispensable
to life and the other, almost equal IN
number, holding it to be nonessential
to life.
Undoubtedly The confusion Is large
ly due to the fact that the position
of this gland is such that it is extreme
ly inaccessible to operative interler-
ences, so that attempts to remove II
are usually attended with fatal results
from the operation itself; hence we
are able to learn but little If anything
concerning the significance OF Inc
organ in this WY, and are forceo 10
depend for our knowledge concerning
the pituitary gland on what may %
revealed by pathological anatomy ana
clinical observation. Then. too. this
body, while not much larger than a
pea. consists of two parts or ioDes'
very closely blended, but one distinct
ly larger and of a structure distinctly
different from that Of the other.
The larger anterior lobe Is OF
glandular structure and belongs 10 Tue
type of glands which are believed 10
form an internal secretion. The mucn
smaller posterior lobe Is OF nervous
origin and composed chiefly OF nec
like framework of fibers, the 1ntef'
stices being filled with brain ceiis'
The two lobes are very closely associ'
ated, the neck Of the posterior loDe
being completely enveloped or sur
rounded by the epithelium of the an
terror lobe. this insuring an intimate
interaction in function.
Howell and others have shown that
extracts of the anterior lobe when IN
iected into the veins have little or no
physiological effect, while extracts OF
the posterior lobe, on the contrary
cause a marked rise of blood pressure
and a slowing Of the heartbeat
1T is generally believed that the pitu'
itary body, in relation with the otner
duct; :ss glands, helps to promote the
normal growth Of the body, particu-
larly the bones, and there is evidence
associating disturbance Of pituitary
function with deranged nitrogen, cal
cium and phosphorus metabollsm:
knowledge derived from the action OF
other glands on these elements proves
this alone to be highly important
function and sufficient to justify the
existence of the gland.
Pierre Marie in 1886 appears to have
first associated a disease known as
acromegaly (gigantism) with the pitui'
tary body; the idea was accepted ana
the connection has since been con-
firmed by many until at the present
time it is generally conceded that
there are two distinct clinical entities
both disturbances of growth, to be as
cribed to deranged functioning on the
part of the pituitary gland. One OF
these is acromegaly, disease char
acterized by the enlargement OF Ger
tain bones; the other is distinguished
by a delayed development with adj
posity.
Regarding the exact nature OF the
disturbance in the pituitary gland IN
acromegaly, there is still considerable
difference Of opinion. but the weight
of evidence favors the view that 1t is
due to increased secretion Of the an
terror lobe. The pathologic condition
most frequently associated with aero
megaly is an enlargement OF the an
terror lobe with material increase In
the secretory cells There seems to
be some antagonistic relation between
the pituitary gland and the sexual
glands (ovaries and testes), and 1t 10
perfectly we'll known that when an
animal is spayed it grows abnormally
large; this would seem to. prove that
the latter exert restraining influence
over the former, probably preventing
its oversecretion. Obviously this i'm.
plies that whatever will favor general
health conditions tends to regulate the
action of the powerful ductless glands.
so that in wholesome food we have
the key which will give US the control
of these wonderful vital powers.
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