davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-12-12

ut is noticeable that when one is anN-
ious to celebrate Christmas he does
q not strive to originate any new
scheme but. rather, searches to revive
some old custom and endeavors to
carry it out in eXacting detail. Even
the little Christmas candle which spar
kles from the Christmas tree mas mao
its ancestry revived so that the Yule-
tide spirit which it breathes TO-DAY may
ba better appreciated and more thor
oughly enjoyed.
Carols of the season speak their OWL
MESA ge, vet unless one knows the rea-
son for this form of music at this spe-
cial season he realizes that MS appre-
citation of the part they play IN the
great celebration of the nativity is su-
perficial.
In searching back into the past OF
the Christmas taper 1t is noted that
even among savages light had reli-
eious significance Ever since the light
of the star led the wise men to Bethle-
hem and the great heavenly light ap-
peared unto the shepherds Watching on
Judea's plain Christian people nave
employed this element IN relisious
sense. especially at Christmas, to COM
memorate the coming of the Light OF
the World to earth as a guide to man
kind.
The old custom of burning the Yule
log each year, though accompanied with
worldly festivity, is said to have origi-
mated for the religious celebration of
Christmas The light of the burning
log was considered emblematic OF nom--
age and honor which the household ac-
corded the Christmas guest 1t was a
formal ceremony for both rich and
poor In the houses of the wealthy
Christmas candles burned from Advent
to the Feast of Lights, and they were
significant of the light daWning upon
the world of darkness at that hallowed
season.
Gradually the candles supplanted the
Yule log, until now the burning taper
on the Christmas tree is about all that
is left to symbolic the same thing as
the lights of the great logs burned by
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-12-12
Seasons Candles and Carols

the religious Yet holiday-loving peas
ants. The people of Ireland took espe
cially to the candle as symbol. The
peasant of that country placed large
oatcake, upon which were twelve can
dies surrounding one very large candle.
in his window. This was in commence
ration of the Savior and the twelve
apostles.
used in Ireland a Christmas had three
branches, which We're burned down to
the place where all united. the re-
mainder being reserved to burn when
welcoming the new year
The past of the Christmas carol car
ries one back to the first Christmas
night, when the angelic host hailed the
birth of the Savior with the heavenly
chant, Glory to God in the highest and
on earth peace. good Will to men"
Since then this carol has been used in
observing the natal day of the Prince
OF Peace.
AT hrst all carols were hymns. deal
ing with the events of that sacred
night and those who helped to make it,
but gradually the songs broadened to
include the customs, emblems and ira
carols were about the Virgin Mary
Joseph, who was always pictured as
an old man; Angel Gabriel the three
kings of the orient, the shepherds and
angels. e
Later special festival carols vera
composed and sung TO fit the merry oc-
casions of the bringing in the boar's
head and the asking of charity by the
poor peasants, who went singing to the
homes of the prosperous Christmas
eve, asking them to taste of the was
sail bowl and bestow charity in return
After the carol left the church it Jared
the same as the drama after its separa-
ton from the religious life OF the peo-
pie, for 1t took on much of the coarse
ness and vulgarity of those who en-
ployed it in their holiday frolics.
Fortunately the carol today fulfills
all that may be expected of it. The
words and sentiments of such sacred
song as 20 Little Town of Bethlehem"
continues to circle the world while
the carols which have taken on the life
of today contain nothing worse than
the praises of Santa Claus and the en-
to the giving of charity
and not the asking.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-12-12

BILE timber Of the district consists chiefly
Of the Parana pine coniferous tree
which grows nowhere else in the world,
and only in a restricted area there Its
typical fiat top and tall, graceful trunk
has been frequently described by tray
elers and also the characteristic draping
of the trunks of the male trees with
branches as distinguished from the trunks
of the female. which have no lower
branches. but only the top crown.
1t was in such a region that Joao
Maria. the hermit. established his ia
natical cult. Some of the natives of the
region believe that he was formerly a
monk. but this is denied by those who
have investigated his life. At any rate,
he lived in a mountain hut. went bare
footed, wore only single garment OF
white cloth and allowed his snowy beard
to grow to venerable length
The superstitious mountain folk began
ascribtng supernatural powers to him.
The ashes of his fires were believed to
heal wounds when rubbed into them, and
the water in which he washed his hands
would cure diseases. His vogue grew un-
til the mountaineers were making pill
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-12-12

the ranks We're Joined by many fugi-
tive criminals who had fled to this in
accessible region from three states,
and who thought they saw in the cam
paign a chance for loot. The manda
chuva had frantically appealed to his
relative, the president of Santa Cath
arina for help.
State troops were sent and they met
the advancing fanaticos. In the battle
that followed the troops were decisive
ly beaten. and the fanaticos succeeded
in capturing a machine gun. With the
aid OF this weapon they were able to
maintain their resistance for several
months.
In this period they terrorized the
country, frequently raiding towns and
villages end killing many people. There
were several battles with the state
troops and finally Joao was killed. His
followers at once scattered and APP
parently the trouble was over.
About two years ago the authorities
of Santa Catharina began receiving re-
ports that trouble with the fanaticos
was again brewing. The spirit of Joao
Maria was said. by the superstitious
natives. to have descended upon the
two children. who are now leading the
instruction, and the original cult had
gathered again, its priests generating
the two girls. This time the state au-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-12-12

not likely to he materially affected.
whatever the outcome Of the war may
be. but the nation has tremendous
stake in the continued possession of
the Adriatic port of Trieste. In the con
cessions offered to Italy by the Aus
trian government, under the persuasive
influence of Germany, in order to keep
Italy from joining the allies. Trieste
never for a moment was considered.
To abandon the great Adriatic port
would be to abandon all pretense of
commerce under the Austrian flag.
since the Hungarian port of Fiume
would continue to be merely port Of
the Kingdom of Hungary and not OF
the empire.
Trieste. according to the incomplete
reports which have been received. has
proved a most useful base for naval
operations and for the rendezvous of
the Austrian submarines. The italian
navy apparently has not been able to
undertake offensive opera tons. and the
Italian army on the land side has not
been able to get within striking dis
lance. The large Italian-speaking pop
ulation in Trieste and the Italian patri-
otto societies there. if they ever had a
prospect of successful revolt, have
been suppressed by the Austrian mill
tary organization.
The sea-borne trade OF Austria, which
radiates from Trieste in peace times.
included steamship lines to the far
east, to the United States and to South
America. To maintain her status In
world trade Austria must keep Trieste.
There is also a stronger influence
than that of Austria herself in main
tanning control of Trieste. This is Ger
many. Trieste is of as much conse
quence to south Germany as an outlet
and inlet for foreign trade as is Ham
burg or Bremen to Prussia and north
Germany. Consequently the economic
stage of the war which may be caus-
ing the Austrian statesmen to long for
peace can offer no basis of negotiation
until Germany. as we'll as Austria, is
satisfied that Trieste will remain I'M
disputed Austrian territory.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-12-12

crystalline sand, similar to rnonazite
A wood fiber. known as textilose is
manufactured, which serves as a sub
stitute for jute.
Austria's income from foreign COM
merce has been very heavily reduced.
Some of the Austrian economists con-
tend that this is not a bad result since
the balance of trade always was against
the dual kingdom, and therefore it is
not bad fiscal outcome to have the
imports heavily reduced. This reason
ing however. hardly will stand the test
of analysis, since the adverse balance
was due partly to heavy importations
of raw material which kept numerous
manufacturing industries going.
In 1914 the total foreign trade was
approximately s1.162, 100000 the i'm
ports exceeding the exports by nearly
$300,000.000. But in 1913 the exports
amounted to more than $500. 000, 900.
Some of the export business has con-
tinued, but it is almost entirely with
the contiguous European countries that
are under the military control of the
central powers. Some products. how
ever, find their way to the Scandinavian
countries and TO Rotterdam, and ulti-
mately to the United States and other
neutral countries.
The United States always has been a
good market Tor Austrian hops and
beer. In 1913 the expectations of hops
to this country were s1.400.00O. and of
beer S1,000,000 Skins and hides
amounted to 100000. The United
States has absorbed considerable guam
titles OF the textile output of Austria
Hungary and of most of the highly
finished goods. Women's wooden dress
goods and linen goods have had steady
market, linen goods, in some years, ex-
ceedng s1000,000 Highly finished
1noth aY- dc ala ri 1yhf 1N,,Il rrIne
ware, Brentwood furniture. aluminium
products and other metal goods, and toys
also have had a steady demand. Not
withstanding the interruption through
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-12-12

The leading mineral resources of
Austria Hungary are coal, iron ore,
petroleum and the substance known
as magnesite, which is used in steel
making by the open-hearth process.
The coal and iron ore have been
absorbed In the manufacture of NUM-
tions. and also such copper as has been
obtainable. Austria, in the making of
munitions, has not been so far be-
hind Germany, although not on the
same gigantic scale as the Krupp
works at Essen. 1t will be recalled
that the big Austrian guns were of
great value to the Germans In reduc-
ing the Belgian forts, and they have
been equally useful when employed
against the fortified Russian cities.
Magnesite, before the war, was a
commodity of considerable Importance
for export to the United States and
other countries. The exports to this
country in some years exceeded $780,
900 annually. There were extensive
magnesite works owned by an Austro-
American company at Radentheim. The
government absolutely prohibited the
export of magnesite, and has used the
industries.
When the Russian advance was at It's
height much concern was felt lest the
allies, through Russia. should gain
control of the Galician oil fields. Pc
tro1eum from Galicia not only served
the Austrian empire, but Germany as
well. The money invested in the Ga
lician petroleum industry by certain
Berlin banks was one motive of the
German government in seeking to drive
the Standard Oil Company out Of Ger
many.
The Russian retreat ended all pos
sible danger of enemy control of
Galicias petroleum product The Aus
trian government commandeered the
whole supply, and the Galician oil in
dustry is now operated as a govern
ment military monopoly.
While the dual kingdom has valuable
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-12-12

heavy increase in the amount of paper
notes issued by the banks. Like all
the warning countries. Austria is max
ing an inverted pyramid of It's finances,
trusting to keep the pyramid from
topping over while the war lasts, and
then making such provision as may be
practica BILE to retire the excess of paper
currency under peace conditions.
How much has been added to the Aus
trian national debt during the last six
teen months cannot be accurately cal
culated. During the first month of
hostilities the first loan was provided
in the form of treasury bonds, which
were taken by the banks The ar
waite one, and the bonds were not Of
fered for public subscription, so that
little was known of the additional debt
created in this manner.
X
The second loan was by public sub
seription, and the press reports from
Vienna stated that it was in excess of
s609. 100000
Lately newspapers in the United
States have had advertisements of the
third Austrian war loan, which is Of
fered at 5 X per cent and is redeema BILE
in 1880.
These three loans are not understood
y NC iiiipeiiai ioaiiS' Jul SIMPLY tnOSe
of the kingdom of Austria.
Hungary. on her part, has also Is
sued separate loans. The third Hun
garian war loan, redeemable in 1921,
bears per cent interest
Some subscriptions have been made
to these loans by Austrians and Hun
garians in the United States, but the
total amount is relatively small. Prac-
tically, Austria Hungary has had to
finance the war by drawing on her
own people.
Substantially all the natural re-
sources of the dual kingdom have been
affected by the war, though 1t cannot
be said that this has been adversely.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-12-12

Enlistment for trade and business. had
$4,000, 900; the Allgemeine Boden
Credit Anstalt. or universal loan bank,
$4,000. 600. the Austrian Agricultural
Bank. s109,0o0.000. and the Austro-
Hungarian Agricultural Bank, $780,
100000.
At the outbreak of the war the gov
eminent took stringent measures to
prevent runs on the banks and to pro-
vide the emergency war credits which
We're necessary. The measures were
successful and there We're no bank
runs, even when the Russians were
crowding down into Galicia and the
military outlook was black.
Like all the other nations at war, the
first aim of the government was to ac-
cumulate gold. This policy has been
measurably successful. A stringent
penalty was provided for paying a
premium on gold. Reports from the
dual kingdom are that gold is not in
circulation, but that there has been a
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-12-12

mineral resources. these are not so i'm
portant as the agricultural resources
The Hungarian wheat fields compare
with those of Kansas or the Dakotas,
and the other cereals are also raised
in different parts of the empire There
are. moreover. the hops and sugar
beets, while the live stock industry is
fairly widespread.
The first question raised after the
war began was how far the agricul-
tural resources of Austria Hungary
would feed her people during its con-
tinuance. and the answer was that,
with proper regula ton. they were suf-
f1cient to answer for an indefinite
period.
The. government showed no hesita-
ton In making the required regula-
tural resources of the dual kingdom
were taken over as a military measure
The food supply for civilian con-
sumers also was stringently regula ted.
corn meal was fixed at 200 grams daily
for each individual. except in the case of
farm hands, who were allowed a larger
quantity.
servation of fodder and other supplies
of animal food, since this was SO es-
sentfal for the horses employed in the
military operations. The supply of oats
flcient and Indian corn was used as
a substitute The other cereals yield
ed average crops.
While looking carefully after the
food supply, Austria like Germany, has
sought especially to provide substi-
tutes for commodities imported from
other countries which have been shut
off on account of the effectiveness of
the enemy blockade. The vineyard in
dustry has used copper vitriol to com
bat the pest. but with the supply heav-
lily reduced there was grave danger to
the grape growers A substitute, known
as peroxide, was found, which Is said
to be effective. 1t is made from a
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-12-12

thorities made no effort to suppress the
cult for a very interesting reason,
which of itself shows how loosely the
sovereign states of Brazil are held to-
gether in the national federation.
A large part of the inland territory
of Santa Catharina is held in dispute
between the states of Santa Catharina
and Parana. The government OF Pa
rama, in fact, maintains jurisdiction
over the region, which is practically
az large as the territory over which
the Jurisdiction of the government OF
Santa Catharina is undisputed. The
supreme court of Brazil. which de-
cided in favor of Santa Catharina. Yet
the government of Parana refused to
obey the mandate of the court, claim
Ing that only the national congress had
authority to determine the ownership
of the region.
The new movement of the fanaticos
was growing up exclusively within
this disputed territory. The Santa
Catharina authorities shrewdly calcu-
lated that if another bloody uprising
we've to occur the federal author tiles
would be compelled to send federal
troops against the fanaticos. time
would come when the uprising would
be quelled. The federal government
would then be under the necessity of
turning the district back either to Pa
rama or Santa Catharina. The authori-
ties of the latter state argued that the
federal government could only follow
the court decision and restore the area
to Santa Catharina.
Accordingly the fanaticos cult grew
without hindrance. year ago last
June. acting under the direction Of the
children the fanatics served notice on
the auxiliary railroad, now being op-
Grated by an American recelvership, to
cease running it's trains on a certain
date in July. The American manage
ment paid no attention to the warn
ing, and the railroad was not molested
when the ultimatum expired. Again
the road was warned. and again the
warning was disregarded, ana no harm
resulted.
Early in August, 1914. the road was
notified that it must stop running
through trains on August L. 1t again
disregarded this notice. On August l.
the outbreak occurred with savage
ferocity. The notice of trouble came
to the railroad officers from the tele,
graph operator at Calmon. sawmill
station in a desolate part of Santa
Catharina. The message licked in
Fanatics here watt And there
was no further ticking.
A special train loaded with police Of
ficers and the. local military comman-
dant was rushed to the scene from the
nearest division station. The comman-
dant was shot to death as he stepped
off the train at Calmon. while the other
police officers We're all killed in the
battle that followed. The station agent
had been murdered and the station and
sawmiIl were burned: and that night
the right of way of the auxiliary rail-
road through Santa Catharina was IL
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-12-12
at Economic Stage Of CT

Concerned
y the Which Has
and Iron Absorbed
for
Other Neutral Cumnis-Vaue of Port of Trieste
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-12-12

The fanatico movement began in Bra :
I'll four years ago. The present Is the
second outbreak. The originator was a
mountain hermit known as Joao Maria
and later as Sac Joao, or st. John. Be
fore explaining the form of the religious
cult which he started it is necessary to
give some idea Of the nature of the coun-
try in which the fanatics live.
The southernmUst state OF Brazil Is
RIO Grande do Sui, famed for its fertile
pIairics and enormous herds Of cattle.
Next north, nesting together on the
map in friendly fashion, but actually Bit
ter political enemies. are the states OF
Santa Cathariua and Parana, triangular
III shape, but together forming. roughly, a
reCtanglc. Santa catharina having the
more seacoast and Parana the larger hin
teriaud North Of them, again. is the
rich, fertile and popuous state Of Sac
faulo.
The country in both Santa Catharina
and Parana IS exceedingly broken and
the mountains Of West Virginia. Further
north in Sac Paulo the physical charac-
terlstics of the country are similar, but
the soil is much richer, and the timber
has been cleared away for the great coffee
estates
No extensive agriculture has been at
tempted IN Santa Catharina, and only a
little in Iarana. although ii is believed
that both states have great farming pos
slbllitieS The mountain people are near
~ all woodcutters and hunters, nearly
all of them dead shots and nearly all
indescribably ignorant The merchanta-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-12-12

several months of war, the exports to
the United States in 1914 approximated
1000, 900
Austrian foreign commerce through
Germany and the North sea ports is
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-12-12

Possess
II mpicy-hemR Rule AbsouOny
Depedation O the Band
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-12-12
BY ROBERT F. WILSON.

E1HE war in F,prona b,s oror.so,,
ont of tho co1unns of o,,r r,,.e,
papers any ,pe,+fo, ~ ~.
& strange Inrising !, prazi,
known as the revo1utton ~ ~.
fauaticos f,ornnarad ,.i,b ~
mean var tho grazi,f., dJs+,,-t,.,,oa !,
of course fnAni+eei,,aI vat l.; pra.i,
the unrisipg is serio,,s ,rotIa,, 80
the federal ,,ovarnr,ep+ .nd 49, -.
bas 10, cat ~ ,,.,r,s ,,,.,, s,,,..<,
rbrouabor+ ,,I4a go -
= = = OH
country "hlch separates Two OF the
richest agricultural regions of southern
Brazil the bearded fanaticos have
SCARED ,ba land Y,{+b 10 r,,s.o -
t.,
i"6u4 = tioA.
In that region today the mention Of
the name sends shiver OF horror
tbrouab r,aacef,,I fnlly .,,,i i,,sriros a.,
4 : =.
I'ie 90 - 'iie aDie bodies OF
reyoIutionaries
*
&c.,. - .
i'fE a." M SERIOUS lhe
faHaticos are terrible. The federal gov
eminent Of Brazil has been engaged in
a sauguirarv struggle with them Tor.
z =
800 Seair 80 ttie E'ftih ihtIt i1seiA
mas been unable 70 discover what the
fauatIcos are fighting about. Their
,,,bcfa ,,o,,,,,a,,r s.a,,,a - ~ y,srir.5
., u,
hs i"as"hs - vague anu shdnoWy tHaI
Of dreams and tortured visions
The hundreds Of graves OF the vic
ums ~ the state or santa 'atharIna.
hrazii. however tcsiifE 70 the reality
Of the disturbance. 10 u/ttcr how in
rational its inception. Railroad service
has stopped ana the hand q terrorism
20 sitpPtI ~ ~ toe ~ p H.ote
y.j,b ,t,e r,,t,,y ~ r.,tIrC.,a ard fa.,c.r,.
h,,iia;ngs bnrrsd Gt, liz tasr,1,i,'..
,rbnsa dspredafi,us are nearly .,I,,,..,s
accornpanied IN me massacre Of human
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1915-12-12
BY CHARLES M. PEPPER.

a USTRIA HUNG like the
IN other helligerents. has reached
~ the economic stage of the war.
= = The resignation of several
members of the cabinet may or may not
have had to do with peace negotiations
which did not meet the approval Of
Kaiser Wilhelm, but the indications are
clear that the economic rather than the
military situation is now what con
Germs Austrian statesmen.
The dual inedom. like the other
countries, has had its period of arti-
fetal prosperity due to industrial ac-
tivity in making munitions and in SINH
lar forms of military manufacture. The
military successes under the guidanca
of the German general staff, following
last years reverses. also have created
a feeling of semi-contentment. Yet the
price of living has been going up;
staple food commodities have had their
prices materially advanced. and the re-
action from the artificial war pros
perfty is now experienced. So it is not
improbable that Austria-Hungary is
beginning to feel the burden Of crush
ing Serbia and the price which Ger
many may exact for doing the crushing
that Austria herself was unable to
effect.