The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-04-04

ess Of cooling 10y radiation I'M, 81.
absolute cold of the space ilu,uss
which 1t passes. All these theme, A.,
brilliantly elaborated w uu,a'.r ,,..
guage yet without sacrifice ~ ,l.,
essential accuraCy
We cannot ioli,.w hnl ,,,ilgt ,
his statements plirE M In n,..,,..
ARRANGEMENT to cy3'ain "a u-a,,,.
state of the earth. one % his ro,,,
is peculiarly worthy ut noi". >,n,.
how frcm , distant rcr.uu a., re,s
nirg education there IL sui,m,lv ..
called a definition " the earth as &C.,
solid bail or globe on which VIZ iyc.
1t proves to be anything lu, ..,.
The crust is thinner than an rgcssoi
only l3.5 miles of crust on toD Of nj
most 5000 miles Of molten mat,s- 4,
solid magma. The density of b,.
fragile shell is but -. as ror,u,ro,
with the density of 10. which las hoor
established for the who.c globe. Tn.
extreme fragi.ity surround,n, , mos.
oil fused matter under great pr,s.n.o
explains tn" constant lack uf stab'lt,v
of the surface on which We I've +,
IL thus that It, becomes possible =,
study the movement of the ash. of H.,
earth's rotation, the wander..r If ~,
two poles over an area wh!ch m,a,.
urcS about 90 feet ON each lid, uf ,
square. Tho causes Of this y,,,t
wandering have not vet boon ..o,tu.
established. but Bcrgp; points mn.
that in one component there sccn,.
good reason to find relation with
the possibility Of circulation move.
ment in the liquid matter which in
tcrvenes between the thin cooled
crust and the solid magma Of blu,
temperature which constitutes IN
great mass OF the sphere. a llouil
matter with which volcanic activity
makes us familiar.
His chapter on volcanoes and the
seismic commissions of carthqu,k,
phenomena is singu,arly inter,st.n.
We note a slight slip IN his discussion
of Mauna Loa when he writes %, tho
lavas as overlooking the conc In A
continuous OutpOuring # hvs
Neither of the Mauna Loa volcanoes
Mokuawcoweo at tho summit and ,r,
lesser kilauea on the flank actually
ovcrflows the lip of the crater Each
fills up the crater to a certain polu.
a. which ;hc resistance oc the retain.
ing walls of the volcano gives way
and the discharge takes place at
point considerably below the SUNNI,
and the lavas flow ont at that lower
level just so long a. tho exquisite
force at the chimney tapping the mud
mass avails 20 keep the crater filled
to that level of discharge" In neither
cfatcr is there a continuous outpour.u.
of lava: certainly this is not til. case
ii Berget means to imply the discharge
of lavas beyond the actual cone mass
kilauea Is almost always active. 1t
most times its fire pit. the Hil"mal.
mau. carries a lake of cbuiliont ava
below the point at which Discharge
takes place by rupture of the roct
material at some point lower down
the slope, but the discharges from ~.
flank crater are very rare. MuNu,.
weowco undergoes long period, o,
quiescence and its crater floor j, va
rified and cool, the period of activity
seeming to follow thirteen yea
course, but it is responsible for maa'
more lava flows than kiauca. r..
slight error in IA general stutcm"nt q
negligible. for i. does not particularly
affect the course Of the authors aJ.u
mcnt.
The theme must interest. this ..sUH.
stantial ball may he Il very thin soy.
OF abiding place, yet it must POSSESS
no little importance To us who pass
our time thcreupon. The presoutaUo.
will hold the interest from the h'-.G,
ming of an earth in some convuis! 20
OF misty ncbula to the last ,,t-r
when the sun itself grows cold aEi
the earth is gripped IL ths ultimate
chill Of outer space and all thing. .
which is life have altogether pas,
away. Berget fills the final p.o,pc.
with a single hope, though II ctu a.
ford no consolation; after countess
ages of a dead earth there may h. 2
collision and in the crash of d's'.H
ton may fame forth In the fusion p.
world stuff a new sun L. blaze 's
brief ages in the universe on q u.r
| cycle OF life.