davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Harrisburg telegraph. [volume] (Harrisburg, Pa.) 1879-1948, 1915-01-16
THE WEATHER

For Harrisburg and vicinity; Rain
late tO-uIght, warmer; lowest
temperature about rs degrees;
sunday rRin and warmer.
For EASTERN Pennsyi NanIR; IncFcas-
ing ciOudtneEs tO-nIgbt; warmer
day rain or snow, probably rain,
md warmers moderate to fresh
northwest 10 southeast winds.
River
The SusdueEauna river and aII Its
branches will fnII Tonight. The
rain and higher temperature In
.licRted for the next thIrty-six
crSl rise Sunday or sunday night
In the JuDiatn. North and West
branches and the smaller trIbu-
tHricS. A stage of about a. feet
is indicated for Harrisburg Sum
dHy morning.
General Conditions
The storm In the Southwest haa
moved nOrtheRstward with In
creasing energy and In now CEN
trail over Missouri. II has caused
rain and snow over nearly aII
the country between the Rocky
mountains and the MiHaisnippI
river in the last twenty-fOUr
hours. The temperature has fall
len slightly In the Middle ATTAIN
tic and Few England states,
West of the MisHisHippi n general
fsll OF to 70 degrees has been
reported.
: Temperatures n. m, 4S.
sunt Rises, Ti?0 n. M; sets, 6tO4
u. m.
Nooni First quarter. January "a,
I T23 =. m.
River Stage, "a feet above low
wRter mark.
YesteFday'H Weather
Highest tempe rature, so.
Lowest temperature, "a.
Mean temperature, ~.
Normal temperature, 20,
Harrisburg telegraph. [volume] (Harrisburg, Pa.) 1879-1948, 1915-01-16
Germans Victorious
WHEAT DROPS AND RECEIVERS


WHEAT DROPS AND RECEIVERS
Chicago JAM l6-Whsat dropped five cents in the first
fifteen minutes of todays session the Board of Trade
on reports chat congressional movement was on foot to
prohibit exports Nav wheat which closed at 81 IS v.,t.r
day. sold to $l4o In III. later dealings generous export
sales here and at the seaboard including considerable
amounts for ocean shipment in March ppt relative f,ness
,+,t,.-.-,.+
last night with Nav at s14s5
At public auction on the Cor+bors. stems nj. ,f4.r
noon twenty shares Of Union Trust Company stock were
sold to Joseph Claster $4150 share and twenty shares
to Dr. w. C. Peters for S146 share
r.
-- N 0r he
Harrisburg telegraph. [volume] (Harrisburg, Pa.) 1879-1948, 1915-01-16

[Continued ON Page Il
Harrisburg telegraph. [volume] (Harrisburg, Pa.) 1879-1948, 1915-01-16
GencrnI Conditions
mperature, s a. M. 4s.

Yesterday Weather
Highest temperature, so.
Lowest temperatures, "a,
Mean temperature, ~.
Normal temperature, 20.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-12-26
Billions Drawn from
High Taxation May
BE Poured Ou'
RecMlessly ON I'm
scientific and USE
less Plans, s avs
Professor John
S6Ono
SIXTH ARTICLE OF A SERIES ON Ma
TIONAL DEFENCE.

By Professor K. NJ. Johnston.
ITHERTo I have considered the mini
II mum problem of national defence.
Il II Our calculations of mobilization, OF
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-12-26

son. His task was a heavy one-to or
eanze a suitable course OF instruction,
to find or make the necessary books and
to train and instruct instructors as well as
students. Many were the predictions that ne
would fail as all the others had. But the carp
ing ones soon had to admit that he was the
one man in the United States Army equal to
the emergency. His long years OF private
study, in a period when the army as whole
was anything but studious, and his facilities
for and powers Of observation gave every one
who came in contact with him the conviction
that here was a man who could speak OF his
own knowledge and with certainty on that
greatest Of military studies-tactics
With his frmness and rare tact the bicker-
ines on the part Of students soon fell away,
and the forcefulness of his personality and
depth of his knowledge and attainments soon
inspired all, instructors and student officers
alike, with that thirst for knowledge and zeal
for study which have made of the Leavenworth
schools the centre of instruction of the Amer
lean army which they have become. German
textbooks and modern methods were intro
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-12-26
America Hor1ors Her Greatest Military Genius

duced; historical research was made part OF
the second year course. Civil War campaigns
began to be studied in a technical and pro-
fessional sense for the first time in this coun-
try then foreign campaigns.
AS the course developed the best officers
of every branch began for the first time to
want to 90 to Leavenworth ito study under
Morrison" The course was limited to cap
tains and majors, so that the older and more
experienced officers might have the benefit OF
his instruction and in turn pass it on to sub
aterns in the regiments. "Morrison-trained
men" became noted everywhere for their et-
ficency and knowledge; staff corps wanted
them; militia regiments wanted them as in
structors and advisers; everybody wanted
them, and wherever they could be had they
were marked men.
Nowhere was Morrison more highly valued
than at the War Department. 1t was found
that the schools did not need commandant
with him there Holding only the rank OF
major, he could not by the regulations be
made commandant. but every one who ranked
him was ordered away, and he was left as
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-12-26

Is nothing TO call for special measures. The
only serious danger is if an 7emy should at
tempt permanent conquest of a. Western sea-
board.
Now this contingency is remote; though ten
wears from now it may not seem so. In any
case it will be best to indicate what appear
tc be the correct measures for meeting such
2 situation Those measures are both naval
and military; and the naval ones must be lett
over for the next article OF this series, in which
our navy will be considered as a line OF defence.
The conquest OF California, as opposed to
the mere raid, could not be attempted without
a considerable army Of invasion. The front,
even after large allowance is made for the wide
tracts of desert and mountain, would be long.
So that on the whole, we have here problem
in which the emphasis is decidedly on num-
bers. but not on time We should need large
quantities Of troops, and would therefore have
to make shift with lowered standard OF ef-
ficiency; but, on the other hand our mobiliza-
ton and concentration problems would be less
insistent.
Here one solution lies in large force oil
militia, territorially distributed, with mod
ern organization. The degree Of efficiency
which it could attain would depend wholly on
the numbers of its officer corps and on the
degree of training which that officer corps
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-12-26

an army; and we should in any case need
much larger total Of troops than for our mini
mum requirement Still the principles already
enunciated would hold. High efficiency would
supply us with the best means for meeting
such a crisis at least expense. And the best
solution would be TO raise our regular army
available for war purposes, that is, modified
with the reservists called up-to higher total
For our minimum requirement we provided
10000 men; that is to say, eleven divisions
making four or more army corps. II we are
to allow margin Of safety over the minimum
and to provide against the contingency OF
serious military struggle and not merely
raid this total should be about doubled.
If however, we should choose to state our
problem in even larger terms, our methods
would have to change. If we contemplate such
a combination of powers and circumstances as
might result in an attack on California, the
situation demands different remedies. For an
attack on California cannot be in the nature
of a raid. The occupation OF San francisco
by a hostile force, however unpleasant the
blow, would be quite supportable by the coun-
try at large. 1t would not dslocate business,
as the occupation of New York would; and we
could support the presence Of an enemy there
for many months without endangering our re-
sources or eventual success AS raid, there
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-12-26

sense In such proposals. If I, knowing moth
Ing of chemicals, am appointed president OF
chemical firm, shall I improve things by get
ting a cigar merchant and minister to join
me? England at the present moment affords
disheartenng example of the conduct of war
bv committees or councils of low technical
competence that should forever after be
avoided.
IMMEDIATE REFORM NEEDED.
The fact is that there is very little chance
of wisdom prevailing unless we can immedi-
ately get the higher education of our army
reformed and real war college and staff
established at Washington, whose technical
competence will be such to command the
confidence of Congress. Short Of that can
see nothing And for myself, I am not at all
disposed to blame Congress for showing scant
respect for great deal that our army authori-
ties have placed before II in recent years.
This, then, is perhaps our greatest and most
immediate problem, and the possible remedy
is difficult to secure
Dovetailing in with this problem is the pos
sbity that within two or three years, or per-
haps Immediately after the European war, we
shall be faced with change of the situation in
Brazil Mexico or the West Indies that will
involve us in war. In such a case we could
not employ our navy until we had first created
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-12-26
By John Stone.

DH JOHH
"HE announcement recently maze OF inc
promotion of Colonel John F. Morri-
son to the rank Of brigadier general
will be hailed with delight as a sign that better
DAYS are at hand by many officers Of the United
States Army. For he is looked up to by many
as our most brilliant military theorist teacher
and organizer.
John F. Morrison was graduated from West
Point in 1881, and was appointed to the aoth
Infantry Within few months, however, he
served with both cavalry and artillery, thus
acquiring at the outset of his career some ex-
perience with the three arms II was seven
teen years before he got his company, just as
the war with Spain broke out. He had
sprajned ankle as luck would have it, and was
barely able to get around on crutches. But
he was determined to get to the front and put
his clutches away, suffering excruciating pain,
TO persuade his colonel he was fit to proceed
with his regiment He served in the Santiago
campaign and in the Philippines later, where
ne several times earned distinction.
During his service as Subsltern and captain
he was noted as a student of tactics, rare
thing in those days He devoured everything
TO be had on military history and became
known throughout the army as an authority
on every subject pertaining to military science
Yet he was by no means thought of in his
regiment as a mere bookworm He had
company unique for its discipline and instruc-
ton, and he displayed talent for command
ing men and inspiring them with zeal and en-
thusiasn which was widely remarked.
SELECTED AS OBSERVER.
He served almost continuously in an infantry
regiment until the Russo Japanese war, when
he was selected for service as an observer with
the Japanese army
He accompanied General Kurok's head
quarters through the campaign from the Yau
10 Lao Yang and Mukden. The scope Of his
theoretical attsinments was here displayed in
the keenness OF his observations, subsequently
published in the reports of the observers, and
in the profound value Of his comments on the
Japanese operations.
On his return 10 the United States in 1905
he was detailed as a student TO the Army War
College, then in its infancy, and took full adj
vantage Of the opportunities afforded by that
institution for military research. The year fol-
lowing he was sent as instructor 10 the Leaven-
worth service schools. and In 1907 was made
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-12-26

should receive And that, on the whole Is
likely to be influenced by the standard OF pro-
fessiona education maintained in the regular
army more than by anything else.
Even in its present low condition OF efhcien-
cy the militia might render useful service in
war. 1t could be utilized as railway guard and
for all rearward services. 1t could be used to
stfen the police of our large cities in the prob
able event Of anti-nationa demonstrations
But in the mobilization and concentration
period the Federal government should have
authority to prevent state governors from
calling out the militia and by that means dis
turbng the difficult process of passing the
regular army from the peace to the war loot
ing: nothing should be allowed to interfere
with that.
The various plans now sketched contemplate
increasing our present available regular army
OF about one and a half divisions of morgan
lied and nefficiently trained regulars to any
where from eleven to twenty-five highly or
eanzed and trained divisions; and by divi-
sion I mean not our present paper division,
that would not work in wartime, but about IA
600 men. And for the militia we should need
an analogous increase, of which / shall not
consider the details. Now, such an increase
as this is in itself a vast problem. 1t is not
matter of getting billions out OF Congress;
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-12-26
at Present
Gives Dishearten.
ing Examp pie Of
War Conducted by
"CO mite es or
Councils Of Low
Technical COmpe.
GemCG.

on the contrary our first steps should posi-
tivelv save money for we must get the d.,
tachments in from our ridiculous army posts
before anything can be done and everybody
knows that the pests exist merely as part Of
the national wastage system run at Wash.
ington. 1t is case of putting all the speed
that is possible into development which in
its essence is OF the slowest.
Take one of the slowest points, though BY no
means the slowest OF all, artillery The lows.s
ranking first lieutenant is twenty eight years
OF age and has had six years experience since
leaving West Point. Let us promote him
through his stage as first lieutenant at once,
make him a captain and give him battery.
A regiment of artillery has four field officers
and ten captains. If then we were to promote
all first lieutensnts, from eighty to ninety N
all. we should obtain, with a decided sacrifice
of efficiency, six new regiments; but their Of
cering would be so weak that we could not
safely repeat the process without waiting fog
the lapse of several years. By strict proies-
sional standards it would take US something
like twenty years TO increase our artillery to
forty-eignt regiments dt HleH cHlCieuSy 30
we have no time to lose in making start with
this essential arm
Summing it all up, the fundamental question
is, can we get our public and our politicians
to recognize the essential fact that the conduct
of war is not matter of flag waving and
hurrah, boys but an intensely complicated tech.
nical proposition. To solve problems in the
conduct of war requires as many highly trained
men as can be secured whose life has been
spent in the minute and accurate study Of such
problems. These men cannot be improyised
and effective armies be improvised only
where the technically trained men are avail
able to steer everything In the right direction
And 1t so happens that the more scientific our
methods, the more completely we guard our
country, the less shall we need to raise large
armies, to spend vast sums to put in evidence
those externals of militarism which are SO dis.
tasteful to many of our citizens and even tend
to make a misguided few prefer self-mmols
ton to national security.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-12-26

BY Professor X. ~ JOhHSto"'
ITHERTo 7 have considered the mini
II mum problem of national defence.
Il II Our calculations of mobilization, OF
efficiency. of concentration, OF finance, have
been based on the supposed landing OF an eH-
Evolutionary force of moderate size on our
Eastern coast line. To meet such iorce'
made I'D of first rate troops, was touna 70
necessitate an available army OF $4,000 regu-
lars. properly organized and trained or OF
100000 regulars of about the quality OF our
present army, or OF some 100000 regulars or
serni-reeulars equivalent in value to kiteh-
ener" divisions The problems OF mobilization
and concentration would become correspond
;nolv difficult with the larger numbers and
would call for an increased amount of peace
preparation. The essential feature OF this
demonstration was to show that low numbers
at high efficiency represent saving at every
point over high numbers at low ethciency'
But this was minimum problem; let US look
at il now in terms of the maximum
Let us suppose, for instance, the complete
success of Germany in this war. What would
happen then2 Unfortunately we know quite
we'll Billions would be appropriated They
would be poured out recklessly wherever
plausible general or admiral put forth de-
rnand that tickled the public ear. In i've years
we should raise taxation that would appre-
fably lower the income of every man in the
rountry and might leave us no better prepared
for real war than we were before. This is in
reality our gravest problem, and it may be on
us at any moment How are we to prevent
the nrobable immense waste of our resources
for war preparations of an unscientihc and
useless character1
The answer is far from easy. We hear much
of the creation of a council of national defence
But of what utility can it be to multiply an I'M
trained personnel? If the Secretary OF war
happens to be lawyer, will he be better en-
abled to Judge of military questions by having
a Journalist added on to himf There Is no
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-12-26
After Many Reverses His Talents at Last
Are Being Recognized Given the OPP
portunity He Will Reorganize
the Service.
the Service.

the head OF the department Of military art, the
principal department in that institution.
To appreciate what Colonel Morrison &C
complished at Leavenworth it is necessary to
give little sketch of the history OF those
schools Founded by General Sherman in
1877, the Fort Leavenworth graduate officers
school was little more than kindergarten for
teaching grown-up men to recite daily out OF
a textbook and to reproduce it verbatim, in
Guiding the punctuation! Military literature
was scarce, the textbooks poor and elementary,
and the instruction in consequence bore little
resemblance to present day methods OF mill
tary study. The school became known as
place for the regimental dehcients-the officer
promoted from the ranks who had lacked OPP
portunity for even common school advantages.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-12-26

acting commandant." His teaching had rem
dered our Infantry Drill Regulations obsolete;
he was appointed president of board to write
a new one. That new one (I9II) is still recog-
nized as the epitome of the best tactics known
to-day.
In 1912, after an absence of eight years from
his regiment, War Department regulations re-
CURED that he return for period of regi-
mental duty, this time as lieutenant colonel Of
the 2rst Infantry He was not lost to sight
by the authorities, however. Alarm was felt
for the safety of Hawaii; Morrison was or
dered there to plan its defence. Then came
Panama, and again Morrison was turned to
for planning the defence Of the canal zone.
The general in command at Honolulu mean
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-12-26

Brigadier General Morrison Alone In.
stilled Practicable Science Into Our Army
and Developed First Real Train
ing for Officers.

never Prussian, but spontaneously American
In the same year one of the Leavenworth IN
structors gathered together and published in
book Of over 500 pages some Of Morsons
lectures and tactical problems given to the
Leavenworth classes, making for the hrH
time standard work on tactics, written N
the English language and from an American
viewpoint.
In 1914, on his promotion to the rank Of
colonel, he was assigned to the 9th lnianuy
on the Texas border. few months ago, when
the question Of army reform began TO grow
pressing, Colonel Morrison was transferred
to the 18th Infantry and sent to China'
Now, fortunately, the War Department has
wisely decided to promote him, and will soon'
it may be hoped, turn his brilliant talents TO
good account.
An officer who studied under Morrison &C.
scribes him as small in ststure-under zee
4 inches, in fact, the present height STANDARD
for admission to West Point--and rather heay-
lily built but for all that giving an impression
of sinuosity and physical alertness betokenms
athletic wellbeing. The stranger first remaf"
the size of his head, which would seem large
on man of much greater proportions, but, TOP
ping so small figure, gives an impression
the heroic. The face is full and round, INDY
and vivacious in expression, broken only %
a stubby mustache.
THE MAN WHO CAN SET THINGS
STRAIGHT.
AS one sees Morrison in a group OF his 'e'
low officers the most noticeable fact IS ms
Difference paid to him. not the Difference
the junior in rank to his superior oiheer, DIV
the Difference accorded instinctively TO grea'
man by those senior to him in rank as We"
as by his military juniors. In fact, It is oi''',
subject of Joke that the smallest man aroun0
should be able not only to impress all wn'
come into contact with him with the ioreei~
ness Of his personality and the soundness sns
depth OF his knowledge but to inspire towA'
himself feelings of the highest personal J"
atty and devotion
There has been during the last few yea'
no such influence for professional efficiency
the American army as that OF John r. moi''
son. II has not however, been able to ae9o"
plish the impossible. The higher education y
our officers save where his teaching is IN p4'
carried on at Leavenworth, is deplorablern
fact chaotic. The training and composition v
the higher command are national danss
And Morrison, given ten years In which 70 ~
it. is the only man who can set It straight
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-12-26

while wished to make
some change in the
plan OF defence, and
Morrison was ordered
back to see if he ap-
proved the proposed
change.
In between these
trips his regiment
was feeling his inhu-
ence. The colonel
turned the instruction
of the regiment over
to the lieutenant col
onel, and the 2lst
soon became known
as the best trained
regiment in the army.
Other regiments
wanted to know how
to do it, and in re-
spouse to a wide
spread d c m an d he
wrote a brilliant little
book known as
Training Infantry"
which it is no exag-
geration TO say has
done more 10 stand
ardize and improve
the training OF our
regular as we'll as
militia infantry than
any book ever pub
lished. w lille in
tersely practical, it is
always human; while
based on a wide theo-
retioal knowledge, it
is always simple and
undogmatic; VIII lille
designed to produce
Sigh efficiency, 1t Is
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1915-12-26

The four rules OF
arithmetic for a time
constituted part OF
the curriculum.
The school W as
closed during the
Spanish American
war, but was reopened
shortly aiterward by
Secretary Root, who
sought to make OF it
a school OF research
for more advanced
officers and required
that each regiment
should send TO it as
its representative not
its deficient but its
most promising COM
pany officer.
War Department or
ders, however, cannot
create an institution
OF learning out of
nothing. Books and
instructors were re-
CURED, and neither Of
suitable quality were
for a time forthcom-
ing. Heads Of the
military art depart
ment were tried out
in rapid succession,
but the confusion only
grew worse, and the
students-offccrs Of
ten 10 twenty years
of active service
were often in almost
open instruction
against the authori-
ties.
Then came Morri-