The herald and news. [volume] (Newberry S.C.) 1903-1937, 1915-08-06

mas been abandoned. The cavalrymen
have been dismounted and placed in
the trenches.
Almost as conspicuous is the de-
yelopment OF submarine warfare. The
remarkable exploits of submarines
have proved their efficiency so thor
oughly that already the supremacy of
battIeships has been challenged. Ger
many, compelled to rely chiefly on
these craft for her marine activities,
/ as gained the greatest success with
them. TIER first large achievement
was the torpedoing and sinking by
one submarine within an nour Of the
British cruisers Cressy, Aboukir and
Hogue in the North Sea in Septem-
Der. Since that time hundreds of yes
sells, warships and merc- antmen, have
been sent to the bottom in the North
Sea, the Baltic, the Englaish channel,
the Adriatic and at the Dardanelles.
From all causes more than 500 vessels
have been destroyed. England has
been tie greatest sufferer, by reason
of her preponderance of shipping and
also on account Of the German gov
ernment's attempt to blockade that
country following the declaration of
a war zone around the British Isles
last February.
Improvements Notable.
In size, speed and cruising radius
the new type of submarines far ex-
ceeds the earlier small vessels, design
! ed primarily for coast defense. Ger
many's new submarines are as long as
a good sized cruiser. Capt. Otto Her
sing took the U-51 about 1000 miles
from Wilhelmshaven, past Gibraltar,
through the Mediterranean and to the
Dardanelles, where it torpedoed the
British battlesnips Triumph and Ma
jestic, and proceeded to Constantine
pie. The voyage from Wilhelmshaven
to the Dardanelles required one month.
The aeroplane, almost an unknown
quantity at the beginning of tie war
so far as its military value was con-
cerned, has proved its practicability
so thoroughly that it must be rated
with the submarine and the heavy gun
as one Of the great features of the war.
In fact, it has exercised dominating
influence over land operations, and to
its use perhaps more t5an any other
single factor may be ascribed the dead
lock month after month in the princi-
pal field of battle. 1t has rendered
princeless service in accommodating,
taking the place Of cavalry. 1t has
caused a revision of the tactics and
strategy of war. Aerial observers,
flying over the opposing lines, are able
to discover movements of any large
bodies Of troops, rendering unat form
of strategy based on surprise attacks
or quick movements in force impos-
sible. Aeroplanes also have been of
great value in locating enemy posi-
tions, enabling the artillery to get TIE
range and fire accurately on the un-
seen foe.
Dirigible balloons also are employed,
but to a much less extent; although
Germany still is constructing Zeppe-
lins and has used them effectively for
long distance raids they are generally
regarded as less valuable than the
aeroplanes.
Automobiles are used to an enor-
nous extent, all private machines be-
ing requisitioned in some of the coun-
tries at war. In some instances great
numbers of automobiles Lave been
utilized for rapid transportation OF
troops. Their main service, however,
is in the handling of food supplies and
ammunition. Armored automobiles,
armed with machine guns OF light field
pieces, also have been utilized.
New War Weapons.
Many new weapons Of war have been
tested with varying degrees of sue
cess. Poisonous gases, projected from
tanks in the trenches, are reported to
have enabled t1eir users to capture
opposing positions in several minor
engagements. Steel darts and incen-
diary bombs dropped from aeroplanes,
and new types of hand grenades also
have been employed, while in France
both sides are said to have made use
of apparatus for spraying burning oil.
The political effects of the war tre-