davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Alaska daily empire., 1915-08-12

The entire session of court this morning was given over to hearings en demurrers filed in the following cases: John Johnston vs c. F. shel- don. a motion to strike. Plaintin rep resented by Hellenthal & Hcllenthal, defendant by J G. Held.
 Cyrus x. Sheldon vs Kate A. Kabler. motion to strike answer as not con- stituting defense; plainun represent ed by J. G. Held.
 C. F. Sheldon vs Gus Messer- schmidt. Chas. QuackenbGsh and Ju- neau Construction Co., Alleges that answer filed does not constitute de- fense Plaintiff represented by J. G.. Held defendant by Hellenthal & Hel- lenthal
 Neil Ward vs A. H. Humpberies, motion to strike. Plaintn represent ed by J. G. Held, defendant by Vim & Burton.
 William Meyers vs A. Fl. Humpher- ies. alleges answer does not consti- tute defense.
The Alaska daily empire., 1915-08-12

On an oral motion of S. H. Millwee as plaintiffs attorney the case of l. A. Holstad vs J. c. Hyde. which was instituted to recover $59.7O alleged to be due, has been dismissed.
The Alaska daily empire., 1915-08-12
cARLoNE's TAILOR SHOP
 IS BEING ENLARGED

DOUGLAS. Aug. 12.-Extensive re- pairs are being made on the tailoring establishment of Miiye Carlonc on St. Ann avenue and the now hrm of Carlone and Marzyk win soon have the best and completest tailor shop on Che Island. M A. Marzyk who is an expert ladies and gentlemen's tailor recently arrived from Seattle.
The Alaska daily empire., 1915-08-12

LOST-Part Of agate watch fob. marked "C R." in gold letters Re turn to Mrs. Richards. Treadwen s-11?
The Alaska daily empire., 1915-08-12
< COURT NOTES. 4
COURT NOTES,

E. c. Hurlburt has filed deed transferring to B. l.. Thane Lot o' Block 26 of this city.
The Alaska daily empire., 1915-08-12

WANTED-Medium duty 70 or 12 b. D. gas engine. Must be reasonable. Box 12S. Treadweii p. O. S-ll-3t
The Alaska daily empire., 1915-08-12
wuTANgN SUES WIFE.

On the complaint of Matt Wittanen, suit has been filed in the Commission er's court against his wife, Mary Wi- itanen and Andrew Erwie who are charged with adultery.
The Alaska daily empire., 1915-08-12

@s@@@e4*e+44444Ss < + * : :
The Alaska daily empire., 1915-08-12
CLASSIFIED ADV.

]. .e444444e44e444s 2 1. {
The Logan Republican. [volume] (Logan, Utah) 1902-1924, 1915-12-11
IF YOUR CHILD IS Che IS,
FEVERIsH, CONSTR ATED
Look Motherl II tongue Is cea'ed.
cleanse little bowels with "Cal.
fornla Syrup of Figs"

Mothers can rest easy after giving
california Syrup of Figs" because in
a few hours all the clogged-up waste,
sour bile and fermenting food gently
moves out of the bowels, and you have
a well, playful child again.
Sick children needn't be coaxod TO
take this harmless fruit laxative"
Millions Of mothers keep 1t handy be.
cause they know its action on tho
stomach, liver and bowels is prompt
and sure. q
Ask your druggist for a 50-cent bot.
tie OF California Syrup of Figs" which
contains directions for babies, children
OF all ages and for grown,ups.
Montpelier examiner. [volume] (Montpelier, Idaho) 1895-1937, 1915-08-27
THE VITAL PROBLEM Of
AGRICULTURE

There u no escaping the market
problem and the highest Development
or agriculture will not be attained
until II IL solved, for . market
10 as necessary for the producer
&c land on which 70 grow his cTor.
Governmental and educational lnati'
tutiona have spent tisO,O0o.0o0 in the
United States during the past ten
yeaFa for improving coll production
and improving seeds and planta, but
very little attention and I0ss money
has been given % the marketing aida
Of agriculture.
The problem is Z monumental one
and one which will never be solved
until II gets within the grasp OF .
gigantic orsaniaation where master
minds can concentrate tbs combined
experience and wisdom = the age
upon II. II IN = problem which the
farmers, merchants. bankers. editors
and statesmen must unite In solving.
The Farmers Union stands for al
there IL tn farming from the most
scientific methods OF seed selection %
the most systematic and pfoatabls
plans Of marketing, but does not DO
Iisve IN promoting one 20 the neglect
Of the other. We consider the WORK
Of farm demonatFators valuable and
No as that governmental ana com
mercial agencies seeking 70 help us,
continue 10 give us heir assistance
and advice. but we believe that their
influence should be sxtesaod 20 ths
marketing eide Of our faFm problems
also.
We eannot hope 70 develop mnAa.
faeturiSg by ovorpFoduetlon Of The
factory: We cannot build up maFcans
tile enterprises BY the merchants loaa-
ing their shalvea with surplus goods
and no more can we develop agrteat
turs By Cutting the market With >
surplus of products.
Montpelier examiner. [volume] (Montpelier, Idaho) 1895-1937, 1915-08-27
DARIUS

The neigh Of : horse made Darius
King Of Persia. the air contsndtng
powers for the throns agFesing amoas
ehsmselves that the enc whose hoFns
should neigh first should possess Tie
kingdom. This ancient msthod 81
settling disputes among politicians
could be revived WITH profit today.
Il our partisan faesioas and petty pot
itlcians could only settle thaiF d.
patea BY the nsigh % horse. ne
bark Of q dog OF the bray Of aonkey,
Il wcusA be q great baeaaina and wouaA
EIve cur citizens hstter 0ppaFkuRisT
20 pursue the vacations Of aadHNgzy
free from political stfifa
E4st those who pick political plama
b Fafaing rows and who sash sSOFas
IFipplag IN the blood Of Industry N
dsfstand that they cannot turn ths
kablie foFsn isss 3 psiIsieai sEsaa "a
By Z clash og personal ampiraticaa
sim TIE hammer and stop the pAas
and that thaiF enRrTsis must be- settlea
u tks back alleys Is eiviilsattea.
Montpelier examiner. [volume] (Montpelier, Idaho) 1895-1937, 1915-08-27

q bar of iron and bent Il into
. reaper and with one sweep OF
his magic mind broke the shacsles
that enslaved labor OF generations yet
unborn. and gave mankind freedom
from drudgery. and lifted the human
race into a higher zone Of life.
As Nelson organised the English navy
and made England mistress OF the sea.
enabling the British Isles 70 plant her
nag upon every continent washed by
the oceans waves. and 10 make foot.
stools OF the Islands Of every water.
Morgan organized q banking system
that has made America master OF the
worlds finances, brought Kings 20 our
cashiers windows. the nations of the
earth to our discount deekB and placed
under the industries of this nation 3
financial system "a solid as the Rock
OF Gibraltar.
There ia no study quite 20 interest
ing as progress; no sound 30 saagic
as the roar OF industry and no sight
20 inspiring as civilization in action.
| A full realization OF Americas part IN
the great events OF the world past,
present and future will thrill every
human heart with pride, patriotiam
and faith In Republican institutions
Through the courtesy Of the Agri
cultural and Commercial Press Ser
vice. the readers OF this paper will Dc
permitted to study America; her as
rlcultural. manufacturing and min
eFal development. mercantile. bank
ing and transportation systems whicf
4 are the wonder Of the world. The
first article OF the series viii dea
with transportation and win appeal
. at an early date.
Montpelier examiner. [volume] (Montpelier, Idaho) 1895-1937, 1915-08-27
FREE PORTS
BUILDERS Of
COMMERCE
coNoRsss SHOULD GIVE THEM
PREFERENCE IN APPRo.
PRIATioNa
ny psssr RadFOrd.

This nation 10 now snSsfing upon
an era OF marine development The
Wreckaga OF European oommerce has
drlft0d to our ShoTea and tho world
war ia making unprecedented de-
Fnanda tor tha products Of farm and
factory. In transportation facilities
On land No lead the weird but our port
facilities are inadequate. and our nag
10 seldom seen in foreign ports. u
our government would Only divert the
energy We have displayed In conquer
ing the railroads 20 mastering th@
commerce Of the sea. . foreign bot.
tom would be unknown on the oceans
Highways.
This article win be confined 70 .
discussion Of our ports for the pro-
ducts Of the farm must paas over our
whArfn before reaching the water. We
have In this nation 81 porta, Of which
81 are on the Atlantic and 10 ere ON
the Pacific Coast. The sixtysecond
Congress appropriated over $4,000.
600 for improving our Rivers and
Harborn and private entarprise loviea
q toll or approximately 9aV,VV0,vVe
annually IN wharfage and charges for
which no tangible service II rendered.
The latter item should be lifted on
the backs Of the farmer Of thaa na.
tion and this can be done BY Congress
directing its appFcprlatio=s 70 porta
that are free where vessels can lie up
to Q wharf and discharge her CARGO
free OF any Zee or charge.
A free port is progress. u takes
out the unnecessary link In che chain
Of transactions In commerce which
haa for centuries laid q heavy hand
upon commerce. No movement n &c
heavily laden with results OF VIII
more widely and equally dlstributs
tie benefits a. that Of q free poFl
and none can be more easily and af
fectively secured.
Montpelier examiner. [volume] (Montpelier, Idaho) 1895-1937, 1915-08-27

In discussing the commercial
achievements Of this great age, we
shall approach the subject as the
historian chronicling events. This &C.
ries will endeavor to record In writ
ing the supremacy Of American men
and industries in the worlds affaira
and perptuate an appreciation Of our
marvellous industrial achievements BY
presenting simple facts, figures and
comparisons that are overpowering In
their convictions.
America holds her proud place
among the nations OF the earth today
on account Of her supremacy In trans
portation facilities. The mighty minds
Of the age are engaged In the prob.
lens Of transportation, and the great.
est men in the history OF the worlds
commerce are ct the head Of the
transportation systems OF the United
States.
In the discussion Of transportation
let us consider separately our Rail
ways, Telegraph and Telephones. IL
press, Public Highways. Steamships
Street Railways, Interurban and otheI
forms OF transportation, and this ar
ticie will deal with railways.
The United States has the largest
mileage, the best service, the cheap
est rates, pays labor the highest
wages, and we have the most ef1cient
iy managed Of the railways Of the
world. They stand Is = monument q
the native genius OF our marvellous
builders, and most OF the railroads u
foreign countries have been bull
under American orders.
The railroads represent larger In
vestment of capital than any othe
branch OF human activity. The mile
age In the United States exceed
/
Montpelier examiner. [volume] (Montpelier, Idaho) 1895-1937, 1915-08-27
KNOW THY COUNTRY
III--Teleeraph and Telephone

spring company than the fellowship
OF the giant intellects that constructed
this marvellous industry and journey
along the pathway Of It's development.
Illuminated at every mile-post Of its
progress By the lightning-1ashes Of
brilliant minds, will be taken at n very
early date.
A brief statistical review Of the In
dustry brings out its growth and mag
nitude in a most convincing and IN
forgetabIe manner.
The telephone service Of the United
States Is the most popular and efficient
and Its rates are the cheapest Of the
telephone systems OF the world.
We are the greatest takers on earth.
We send so per cent Of our communi-
cations over the telephone. The world
has about 100000 telephones and Of
this number the United States has aD-
proximateiy $50. 700. europe 1920. 600
and other countries 100000. Accord
ing 20 the latest world telephone cen
sus. the total telephone investment is
81 ,sO6. 0OO, coo and Of this amount 81
oes. 900. 900 vas credited 20 the United
States. 8gs6.000.00o IN Europe and
SITS, e00, 900 in other countries. Tbs
annual telephone conversations total
"a. sO0. 900, 600 divided - follows: Unit
ed States 1s.60oy 900. 900; Europe s.so0s
900 900. and other countries 2,200, O80s
600. The total world wire telephone
mileage is s3.2s2y 900 niles divided n
follows: United States 2es54s.00o, 20
rope 10,Ss5. 900. and other countries
ASH. 600. About SIX per cent 0
the worlds population and aixty-oni
Per cent og the telephons wire Ells
| axe Is in the United States.
Montpelier examiner. [volume] (Montpelier, Idaho) 1895-1937, 1915-08-27
KNOW THY COUNTRY
II-Rallroads

the accepted distance from the earth
to the moon. we had In 1911. the
last year in which figures for oil
countries are available. on the
earth's surface. eS9,9s1 miles of rail-
way divided an follows: United States
241,199. Europe 207,432 and other
countries 191.360. The United States
has SO per cent of the worlds mileage,
seven per cent Of the estimated pop
uIation and about ave per cent or the
area. The total capital invested In the
railways OF the world IN $4,000. 0O0.-
600. divided as follows: United States
Oil, 600, 100000 Europe s25.6bO. 100000
and other countries $11 .350,0 900. 900.
Reduced to . mileage basis the cap
italizatlon IL as follows: The world
$4,000, United States $4,000, Europe
S194,O00, and other countries $4,000.
4 comparison OF rates Is equally a.
interesting and the United States
takes the lead in economy and serv.
Ice. The average rate per ton per
hundred mile haul IL as follows:
United States Tee. Great Britain s2.53.
France s1.44. Germany s144, Russia
92c, Austria. Hungary $3.50. Italy $3.50
and Switzerland s2.82.
The average yearly pay Of all rail
read employees III the principal coun.
tries Is as follows: United States
S7B7, Germany s3a2, Italy s345. Aus.
tria Ss22. Great Britain s279, France
$3.50 and Russia s204.
About 80 per cent, or $4,000 miles
OF the railways of the world are
government owned. About half the
railway mileage Of Europe is govern
ment owned.
A comparison Of the economy. Il
time and money and the convenience
in travel. win DO made IN g latsl
article.
Montpelier examiner. [volume] (Montpelier, Idaho) 1895-1937, 1915-08-27

Our transportation facilities are the
most nerfect product Of this great com
mercial age and the telegraph and tel
enhone systems Of this nation crown
the industrial achievements OF the
whole world. These twin messengers
Of modern civilization. born IN the
skies. stand today the most faithful ana
afiaient public servants that ever
to,led for the human race.
They are Of American nativity ana
vhSle warm from the mind OF the N
yautive genius have. under American
suDervision, spun q network OF wires
.croaa the earth and under the seas.
Tsa,og-anhy. in its early youth. mas
tered the known world and tne teae-
Rome has already conquered the
sertt,a surface, and nav stands AZ the
seaahore ready to leap across the
ocean. -.
A. industry In the history Of the
.,oyId has ever made such rapid sfndes
!. daveIopment and usefulness, and
IN. :. has ever sxerted more powerful
.nNnenee upon the civilization Of ifa
A. man the Telegraph and Telephone
Thasr achievement demonstrates tne
san-enacy Of two distinct types d
American genius-invention ana organ
ization.
The industry vas peculiarly forum
NawAss "a
ate ia having powerful inventive Intel
isct at its source and tremendous
minds to direct. its organisation ant
Srov,th. II is the most perfect fFai
- the tree Of American industry an
men compared With its European con
samporaries, IL thrills every patriots
American With pride
Ambitious youth eaa And no more =
Montpelier examiner. [volume] (Montpelier, Idaho) 1895-1937, 1915-08-27
KNOW THY COUNTRY
Introductory

"Know America Is . slogan that
should ring out from every school
room, ONCE, farm and shop In this ma
tion. No man can aspire to higher
honor than to become . capable citi-
zen. and no one can merit 30 dis
tinguished 4 title until he is wen In
formed OF the resources, possibilities
and achievements Of our country.
This Ia commercial age and civ
iization 10 bearing its most golden
fruit in America. We are noted for
our industrial achievements a. Egypt
was noted for her pyramids; Jerusa-
lem for her religion; Greece for her
art; Phoenlcia for her fleets; Chaldea
for her astronomy and Rome for her
laws. Likewise we have men who VIII
60 down in the worlds history as pow.
erful products of their age. For. stand
ing at the source OF every gigantic
movement that sways civilization is .
great man. The greatest minds travel
In the greatest direction and the com
mercial geniuses Of this age woulC
have been the sculptors. poets. phil
osophers, architects, and artists q
earlier civilizations.
As Michael Angelo took q rock ant
with a chisel hewed 1t into the image
Of an angel that ever beckons man
kind upward and onward, Hin tool
the desert OF the Northwest and will
bands Of steel made It blossom like
rose. dotted the valleys with happ,
homes and built cities in waste places
AS Gutenberg took blocks OF WOO
and whitfield them into an alphabe
and made a printing press tina
flashed education across the cor
tlnent like @ ray OF light upo
Q new born world. Mccormick too
Montpelier examiner. [volume] (Montpelier, Idaho) 1895-1937, 1915-08-27

Hamilton, Ont,
July %. : Pastor
Russell preac hed
here today from
the text, "God
hath not given us
the spirit Of fear.
but Of power, and
Of love, and Of a
sound mind" 2
Timothy IL.
The discourse be.
gan with an ex-
! PLANTATION Of the
different meanings
Montpelier examiner. [volume] (Montpelier, Idaho) 1895-1937, 1915-08-27

Springfield, AsaRs.,
Aug. L. Pastor
Russell II here TO-
day. He preached
a strong sermon
on the Golden
Rula aW'halao-
ever ye would that
men should do TO
you. do 80 even 10
to them" = Mat
thew TIA.
The first part OF
his discourse EN-.
nhaasRnfa tho Inn.
Montpelier examiner. [volume] (Montpelier, Idaho) 1895-1937, 1915-08-27
JUSTICE THE BASIS
OF TRUE CHARACTER
Failure to Recognize Justice
Has Brought WOrld-WaI.

Justice the FoundatlOa Of Code Throne.
Justice the Underlying Principle 81
tha Mosaic La~,--pltiaranee Beteeen
Justice and Leve--Juatlee In the
Home, In Business, In the Church.
Appreciation Of tho Rights 81 Others.
Levels Victory Through Self. Sacrifice.
Montpelier examiner. [volume] (Montpelier, Idaho) 1895-1937, 1915-08-27
The EVIDENCES OF
A HOLY DISPOSITION
III Any Man Have Not the
Spirit Of Christ, He Is
None Of His"

Different Meanings of the Mord Spirit
Conservation Definite Contract With
ood-seaIsd With the spirit-Fruits
Of the spirit---Justice the Foundation
Principle of the Divine Character.
Proper Balancing Of Character Nec-
essary to Joint Heirship With Christ.
Montpelier examiner. [volume] (Montpelier, Idaho) 1895-1937, 1915-08-27
POLITICAL PRAYER MEETINGS

Hisa sad day for Christianity when
the church bells call the communicate
together for q political prayer meet
ing. Such gatherings mark the nish
tide Of religious political fanaticism'
put bitterness into the lives Of mem
fan the flames Of class hatred and 90
stroy Christian influence In the com
munity. The spirit actuattng sucn
meetings Is auAfchistic, un-Christlike
and dangerous TO both church ana
state.
Montpelier examiner. [volume] (Montpelier, Idaho) 1895-1937, 1915-08-27

Work Tor the best and the best WIN
rise up and reward you.
Montpelier examiner. [volume] (Montpelier, Idaho) 1895-1937, 1915-08-27

Ths success Of the nation i In ne
hands Of the farmer.
Montpelier examiner. [volume] (Montpelier, Idaho) 1895-1937, 1915-08-27

Tenant farming il Just one thing
altar another without q pay day.
TaÌˆgliche Omaha tribuÌˆne. [volume] (Omaha, Nebr.) 1912-1926, 1915-01-14
lDfitsrs GTT0IIt
Der Dfntl6en!
@lanlenSer Stnrmanariff Der Gent
idjsn inter ben glugen OsS
NniierS. - Webmen
1880 geiaHaen.

gerIiu, IA. San. (cSnHfenberidlt.) J
- Ger bentidJe tsenernlitab gab
6eute foIaenSsn geridlt aus: Dani
BEN meitlidlsn ariessidIauplab bat
in ben 9anrn bel glieHport nHO flo.
peitlidl DOn Ypern Elm beftiBer VT.
tiaerietnmpf eiugeiebt.
Der 6eiHO nuterbalt Gin lebhaftes
5ener aHf gSeitenbe, ouS ile balo ge.
nna serit6rt bu6en iueroeu, bod bcrs
ifjmanoen bic feinOIidlCH SurprOp.
boote, iObalS unier lSeuer ami lie
geridDtet iUnroe.
glOro0itlid BON SOiiIoHs eritfrm.
ten nniere 5rnpbeH bic 6Obsn bel
SregnB nn6 iGnberteu oas gauge
9Iateaa bonn Seiube. 3n itrOmsn.
0em Jiegrn Hn6 bel fat anfgemeid.
TEN Sebmb0Oen nabmen nniere
Srnppen eiuen frau3GiibeH eaufgra.
ben nndj Oem anbern NIT 6em gn-
ipnett, bis nnd 6intritt Der 9antel-
belt Der @esner OOm glatGan Oer.
trieben mar. IA fraH5OfidJe Gffi.
5iere nnS 1870 Wganu iuurben ge.
fangeu nnS 4 aauunen, 4 9laidinen-
geluebre nnO Gin Shtiumerfcr fielen
in uniere SGnbe Elm tapferes
@uraehen i'm geiiein Des allerhDdl.
ten ariessberrn, bcs Saiiers!
glurSSitlidl DOm Eager BON STA.
Ions begnnnem bic 6rah3Oien nus
6itlidJ BON 1crtbes nit itarfen arGf.
ten an5ngreifen, bod iunrOen lie
trOb anfanglider Grfolge ifliefli6
OnrdJ einen glGnSenOen 0jcsennn.
griff 5nriidgemOrfen. Sic crlittcn
idiuere gerluitc nnb 100 8efangene
ficlea in nHIere lpdhSe.
Sn ben Arsonneu nnS gugcicn
nidts bOu gsOsntnng.4
TaÌˆgliche Omaha tribuÌˆne. [volume] (Omaha, Nebr.) 1912-1926, 1915-01-14
glodlmals iener rniliIde .gapierilea

2nu0on, ID. San. - gifler 9c,
peide aus 2tmiterodm 3ufolge ett-
balt elm bon aonitautinopel ilber
Berlin eingetroffener 4eri6t pom
10. eSanuur bic foIgenoen 9lugaben
iiber Den ruiiiiden o5ieg" bel Ga.
rifonpid, &ranstalttalien:
g3os tiirfii6e Sultptqltartier
meilt Die ruiiiide @tel0ung bon ei.
ner ongebIi9en gtic0erloee Der 8iir,
fen ais erfun6en 3uriid. Gie Gage
i'm aaufaius bat iid pielmebr nad
einem omtlihen 9erid)t bonn 8. sSa.
nuar in Den lebten beioen 8oden
folgenocrmoBen geitaItet:
a@ntlong Der gdn5en SSront ba,
ben ii6 uniere Iruppen in iellieits
lnierer @ren5e gelcgenen Stellungen
feitgeieBt. Die gebauptung, 0oB 0ie
RnIien einen tiirtiihen 8ibiiion8-
filbrer o6er gar einen aorpsfomman.
oeur gu @efangenen ma6ten lit I'M.
pabr 8abr it, oaB cine ruiiiide
aoiafenabtbeillng in einem ruff
iden 9orf einen tiirtii6en 8erluun.
oetentronsport angriff uno einen
idmerbertputoeten grigaoefiibrer
mitidleppte, ionic cine groBe 3obl
Der fpebrloien Gertuunoeten obidla9-
tete.
sSSn ben Operationen BEL 9lti lm6
aroabon lit nur infolge Der iiberaas
ungiinitigen @itterltng, oes Itarfen
Sdneefalls un0 Der itngelpo6nliden
aalte notbgeornn9en cine 8er31oe.
rl1ng eingetreten.
TaÌˆgliche Omaha tribuÌˆne. [volume] (Omaha, Nebr.) 1912-1926, 1915-01-14
4Niniasrwffb(tI
ID Wr(trrIri6!
Braf gerdltolb aebt nn6 on feline
Stelr triti Der lluaar Baron
gurian BON Raiees.

@ien, IA. San. @raf 2copolc
b. @erdiolo. gliniiter 0e8 9leuBe.
rem pon Ociicrrei6.llngarrL 1T bon
ipinem 9oitrn 3uriidgetretrn, uu6
cine Iciignation puroc pom Safer
drau5 Soiepb aiiaenommrn, 81
icinem glohioIger iii garou Ste.
pban 9urinn 9laiec5 rrnannt nor.
ben. SeIbiger mar bisbrr glitelieo
oe5 uuaariidtn aabinets. @rai
9erdtoIO mar idlon Iangc amtSmil.
be. moIltc Aber iciueu Qoiten IN DER
ariegsfriiis uidlt perlaiicn; icbt
dber. oa iih allies 8u @rnItcn Gp.
iterreidls aeitaItet, bat mau ieinen
gsrtnide, 81 reiigniren, gichmrug &c.
trdgen.