davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Birmingham age-herald., 1915-11-21
THE NEGROES OF BRAZIL

heads They are good natured and their jolly laughter can be heard block off.
 Tha most of the colored people l have seen in Brazil seem to be happy. l am told they enjoy play much better than work and that half their lives is de- voted to amusements and festivals In the coffee regions when the harvest is over they bring boughs of the coffee trees to which they have tied paper ribbons of bright color. shouting for their employer to give the signal for ths opening of the festival They are g fond of parties and when leaves and branches are hung over the door of q hut you may know that some kind of an entertainment is going on within They have dances of their own which are accompanied by songs in dialogue and they have popular songs. a sort of a Brazilian ragtime, that go over the country
 The most of them are religious Many of the priests and preachers have African blood in their veins. The ne- groes have their own churches every where. There are more than 400 col ored churches in this city alone. They are fond of the moving picture show and tho circus brings them out en masse.
 One of the worst vices of the colored man of Brazil is drunkenness. Liquor is very cheap in this country and sugar brandy can be bought at such rate that a days wages will keep man drunk for week. So far there has been no great prohibition movement and the question, as to whether local ity shall be wet or dry is not agitated
 I am delighted with the city of Bahia. It has now 250,0O0 Inhabitants and 1t is rapidly growing. The city is one of the oldest on the American continent IL was founded in 1549, only 57 years after the discovery of America, and it was the capital of Brazil for 200 years. Al present it is the capital of the state oi Bahia and one of the chief commercial ports of the republic. Bahia has FOG miles of coast line and it has an area about five times that of Kentucky. A great part of the state is mountainous and much of it is more than 2O00 feet above the level of the sea and is con sequently healthy The country pro duces great quantities of tobacco, cof- fee sugar and cotton. It is the Cuba of Brazil as far as tobacco Is concerned yielding something like S0,000,00( pounds and as much as 2600 pounds to the acre. As to cotton it grows wild ir Bahia and sugar will grow anywhere There are cotton and sugar mills in diff ferent parts of the state.
 The city of Bahia has an excellent harbor. It is known as the Bay of Al
The Birmingham age-herald., 1915-11-21

whites deny that there is- now much intermarriage between the whites and the blacks Take, for example, Dr. Jose Carlos Rodriguez, the editor of the Journal do Commercial of Rio He tells me that the whites and blacks do not marry at present, although the tendency of the mulattoes is to marry with the whiter He believes that the race is marrying p instead of down, and that in time the colored man will be lost and his blqkl will be swallowed up in the white. lie says there is no prejudice in Brazil against the negro, although there may sbes perhaps. so- cial one. Fs
 Others tell me that the social objec- tfon does not obtain, and, as far as I can see, the whites and the colored move along side by side, arm in arm, and on the same level. There is an ab- solute equality as to the street cars. railroad cars, hotels and steamers. No one thinks of objecting to the presence of any man or woman in the dining room on account of his or her color On the coasting steamer in which came here two-thirds of the passengers were colored and many of them were DeIIer uTeSSeQ tndI l. OolHc WciO NCAy intelligent and not few were prop erty owners. I have already spoken of the bishop of Amazonas. I met him one night at reception of the Amer ican minister His blessedness had a face of mahogany brown. He wore the dress of a cardinal having a red skull cap on his head and big ring of office which was covered with a cardinal glove. I see on the streets of Rio col lored women wearing gowns that came from Paris and hats of the latest fash ion beautifully trimmed. Not lew ! have diamonds on their fingers and ir their ears. Two negro women who sat in. front of me in the street car today diamonds in each ear. and the other wore a ring set with two solitaires. Here in this state of Babia three fourths of the population are colored
 Nearly everyone you meet on the street shows some trace of negro blood
 There are many blacks and the Bahia black women are famous for their size I have seen some that weigh 3Wl , pounds. They have a peculiar dress consisting of long white chemise without sleeves. This is cut low at the neck and the fat satiny arms of jet . black are exposed In the neck of the chemise is lace edging of beautiful design, and through it's meshes the black skin shows out Many of these women wear y-coloredi turbans and not few have shawls about the waist
 forming sort of overskirt They are often loaded with jewelry Many
 of them are -barefooted They are very straight and frequently go about witf burdens balanced on the tops of theii
The Birmingham age-herald., 1915-11-21
Putting Money ln {
 Gold Mine

interest in the mattur exsept to locate the sentu manly promotur he sed this with deep sarcasm anu a sturn expression of countenense; So fare as the mine and his stock in it Is consumed, he sed, no would give it to enny body who wanted It, or who had nflewense enuff to secure the United states standing army go theere and rest 1t rum the savvases He maid no claims on it while theere, he sed becawse he felt that it was not wurth the er' fort and the Indiens to be under the impress sion that they owned everything rtsnd theere and he wanted to humor them
 He sed he neerly always humored lot of mdiens especially when they on theere native heeeh and decorated with large gobs of warpaint It was a weakness of his he admitted to buy bank stoch and humor Indiens--he sed he hoped to outgrow It. In the meanwhile the gentulmanly promotur IS Tar rum hense or sumwheeres else-I feer that ne VIII newer reed theese lines and feel rebuked Tor not following the preseept that Honnesty is It's own re- ward" and l am afraid that if he did he wouldn't beleeve it. We have grate menny laws now-put a law to nab theese gentry while they air yet in our midst would be d stnger. It would go long way toward convurtng lots of folks to the presept above mensioned, beleeve me
 Yours trooy,
 BILL VINES. och
The Birmingham age-herald., 1915-11-21

few years ago. when 1t was cannonaded by the federal troops from tho harbor. One of the cannon balls went through the tower clock of tho municipal building, others damaged the capitol itself.
 With all these improvements, it Is sur prsing how the new tramps on the heels of the old. Some of the houses of the lower section have been there for cen- turies. Mules haul carts side by side with the street ears, and tho automobiles fly past lines of negroes carrying goods on their heads. Much of the water of the loweE town Is still supplied by peddlers. The water Is carried on donkeys, each of which has two five-galon kegs on it's back. A keg of water costs cents, The peddler leads the donkey from door to door. and he carries the keg in on his shoulder.
 Many of the people are illiterate. Never theless the town has medical school, an engineering school and normal school, with children's garden adjoin- ing. It has geological and historical 'in- stitutes, and it's churches are numbered by hundreds
The Birmingham age-herald., 1915-11-21


 since we have had with us this Eeek both cold weather and Caruso.- Each is sort of necessity, but the former has been receiving only knocks while the latter has been the smiling Recipient of flowers and flattery. W Caruso himself is almost a Broad kay fixture about him is the glamour bf Alba Via, and for such as he Broad 3yay offers its best and its all. His hcrne is at the Hotel Knickerbocker, Broadway and Forty-second street, and |ke sings just couple of blocks further |kouth on the big thoroughfare. In |fact such is the volume of his voice That he could sit in his apartment. |btrike few high notes, fortissimo, knd the audience at the Metropolitan Ebpera house could hear him distinctly. M It is we'll known fact that women, ikcme of whose names are more than {rell known. have graciously (?) of Hered to present themselves in the TO- 4und tenor's rooms if he would but re- Heive them. These offers have been .becIfned. according to report yet the Ringing signor is not over particular |bs to his female assocfafes- He has been known to dine and wine women , ;.s iao are completely unknown here--ot has motored with them |hnd--who knows--he may even have #5ung to them in private.
 Once last season Caruso vas given predit in the local press Tor having
The Birmingham age-herald., 1915-11-21

most live in the state of Rio de Janeiro, forming part of the capital city. There are 10 times as many negroes in the state of Rio as in the state of Amazonas.
 Going farther north between the equa- tor and Rio de Janeiro we find the black spots of the republic. It is estimated that 80 per cent of the people of these states of Bahia and Pernambuco have a sprinkling of negro blood in their veins. Going south this proportion dwindles, un- til on the borders of Uruguay the colored man is a rarity.
 am told the white race is increasing in all the states, and especially in the warmer ones. The most colored people are found in the places where the slaves were the most numerous and in the cities to which they have emigrated.
 Bahia was for long time the center of the slave trade, not only for South America, but for North America as well. The kidnapers caught their cargoes along the gulf of Guinea and in Portuguese West Africa and ran them across to Brazil. They landed them at Bahia and from there shipped them to the United States and West Indies. Thousands were smuggled into New Orleans after we had prohibited the slave trade, and they were landed in Cuba and Porto Rico at the same time 1t was with one of these inportations that the first yellow fever came to Brazil. This was along about 16s3 just 100 years after the introduc- ton of slavery.
 The freeing of the slaves was accom- nlished after a different method III Brazil from that of the United States The Brazilians did not require war te free more than one-third of their peo' ple. The first law for the liberty ol the colored man went into effect in lSn If provided that all colored children borr in and after 1872 should nave the right te purchase their freedom for sums ranging from s450 to $55O In 1885 all negroes ovel s5 wears were liberated, and in 1888 tht institution of slavery was entirely abol ished In order to bring about this ac great agitation was necessary. The cam paign for the freeing of the slaves pc gan 30 years before they were giyer their liberty, and among the agitator' were two negroes who ranked tner' much as Frederick Douglass ranked II the United States. These men were Luii Cana and Jose de Patrocinio. Each Q them probably was the equal of Douglass and together they had great weight witt the republic There were also associa tions inspired by the abolition movement and Emperor Dom Pedro II encouraged the cause.
 Today large number of the negroe own property Some Of them hav bought this with their earnings; other were given small allotments of land b.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1915-11-21

the Saints The town stands on a hiSH bluff lining the shore, Its houses are of three or four stories and their walls as you look at them from the sea, make you think of pigeon houses, the win dows in the distance looking like holes. The business section Is close to tine har- bor the chief residences are on the heights, the city running far back into the country. Bahia is imposing as viewed from the sea. Palm trees stano here and there among the houses which seem to rise in tiers up from the docks The streets along the river are paved with asphalt. Some of them nave walls Of blue tiles which shine under the rays of the sun. The custom house officers are colored. The policemen are colored They are dressed in blue suits and walk with a strut. It seems strange to hear negroes talk Portuguese.
 The market house of Bahia came from inc limited States It was ordered for Buenos Aires, but bought by Bahia. u is a great building of glass and steel standing in the lower town close to the sea 1t covers two or three acres ana |, is filled with iron cages and stalls peauti- fully finished Each stall is shop. lhe market is filed with vegetables ana meats and merchandise of every description. There is no cold storage plant connected with it and all meat must be sold the day that if is killed Some does not keep throughout the day. and as q result the prices go down as the clock goes around. You can buy tenderloin steak at s o'clock for about one-third of it's cost at noon. Most of the market men and mar ket women are colored and the porters are blacks, who carry their produce around on their heads.
 Another American product is the eie- yator that carries one up to the bluff. It's tower is made of American steel and the motive power is electricity There are also electric railways between the two sections The latter wind their way up the hills. They pass many fine houses and then go on into the new residential district where there are buildings some of which cost as much as $i5o,000 Many of them are of stone. others are of brick and others are walled with bright celored porcelain tiles as fine as those of bath room. Still other buildings are covered with carvings The lawns are well kept and filled with tropical plants. Some of the houses seem to stand in little gardens Of Eden. Everywhere new buildings arc going up. The laborers are widening the streets. They are laying down asphalt and putting in sidewalks of tile. Bahia will some time be one of the large citie: of South America. It may reach a mil
 lion inhabitants Among the new build ings is the state capitol, or rather tn, old capitol that is being rebuilt. It wa! almost destroyed during the revolution ;
The Birmingham age-herald., 1915-11-21

their masters Many of them make money as mechanics, and a few have found a place in the professions as lawyers( doctors and editors Not long ago the Bishop of Amuzonas, terri tory about one-hfth the size of the United States. was a coiored man, and the chief editor of the most popular newspaper of Rio had African blod in his veins.
 At first the freeing of the negroes dis organized all kinds Of industries. The supply of free labor was inadequate, and the slaves at first did litrie but loaf. They came to the cities, and it was only when they found they could not obtain food without working for 1t that they drifted back to the farms. For a time many plantations had to be abandoned for lack of labor. and not far from tine city of Rio de Janeiro there are still large estates which have become jungles, all though during slavery days they were producing large crops.
 The whites are increasing rapidly by immigration and the bulk of the immi- grants are going to the south. This in- crease or IHo WillttS III rS6ioH "hSi they are already so greatly in the ma jority will eventually make that part of the republic like our states of the north. Before the European war began immi- grants were coming in at the rate of be- tween 100000 and 100000 a year, and as seon as the war is over there will be an increase. All of the state governments of Brazil are spending large sums to en- courage immigrants. Many of them have established colonies and do all they car to bring in new blood The most of the immigrants come from the southern states of Europe. and chiefly from Italy More than half the number are Italians than 100000 Italians now in the repub lie.
 Many of the immigrants are employed in the coffee plantations. not a few art in colonies. and many are making money I have statements from the government which show that most of the Italian col onsts of Sac Paulo. who have beer here for 20 years. have incomes of abou $2000 while four have incomes of $500 per annuIn. Three have incomes of mor' than $10,00O. while one has s13,00O, and an other is the owner of c.iree factories 100000 coffee trees. and has an annua income of s3s,oOo I am told that thu German immigration has been overesti mated and that the total number O Germans in the country is less than 400 all told
 Returning to the negro question Brazil has never had color line, ant there has never been popular preju dice here against the mixing of thu races. although some of the leading
The Birmingham age-herald., 1915-11-21

|=ISTUR EDDITUR: Wilyum Shakespeer, or |M Ezekiel, sum uther equally distinguished YUU6 orthorrity obsurved that "Honnesty was it's |A4z0 own reward" So it is-at leest good folks have held hard and fast to that theeory Ever cents and have dun theere best to let the sig
 fficanse of it sink into the gennerasions that fol | wed its promulgasion. Theere air menny folks, lpwevver, we regret to say while they may admit n Mentally and gennerel proposison that sed |pnnesty is it's own reward but rewards go, it Ills far short of present day requiremints and fails take the phase of sumthing moor substansial when oseries and uther necessities air in demand. By a 1 rate menny peepu then honnesty is used on such Occasions in theere judgmnt it will fit the case |hd on such occasions as it will appeer to be
 t by being pointed to with pride and thing and Iputher and such uther occasions when it appeers | lat sumthng in the phase of honnesty will be moor
 cretive and yeeld gratur returns the sumthng else ! used with grate promptness and dispatch and "od
 pnnesy" is givven that hoss aff and flung into the I,scard.
 In uther wurds. theere air menny of feler citi-
 ns who have nuthing in the way of 'vaew re
 eved" to exchange for livving, and who air too
 hlent indifferent to make struggle to obtain it.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1915-11-21

E(Copyright, 1915, by F. C. Carpenter.) N Bahia |f~ 0oR almost 300 years Bahia was ET the center of the slave trade of Brazil. The first negro slave $U was brought here from Africa in 1583, only 91 years after |plumbus started out to discover Amer Ia. Two years later there were more Fan 14,000 African slaves in the country, .ld the importations continued off and |i until 1860, when British gunboats were |Iationed in the south Atlantic ocean [tr the purpose of suppressing the traf- |.,. Nevertheless, 10 years later there Here still 1,S0o000 slaves in Brazil, and N 1885 the number was still more than |b00,000. The emancipation proclamation |f Brazil was issued over 10 years before |hat time, but the abolition of slavery Has gradual, and it was not until 1888 |bat it was finally abolished.
 |lAt the beginning of the last century | trazil had less than 50o,000 whites and |bmething like 100000 negroes. There Here also 0o000 Indians. The whites ex- |Aoited the negroes and the Indians, and They had so developed the country that They had foreign trade of about S10,- l p0000. At that time 10000 slaves were Heinz annually imported and 5000 were
 bld in the market of Rio de Janeiro Aany of the slaves were the property ! If the crown and others were attached |b the convents. The negro population Vas employed in every kind of labor 10th civil and criminal It is said tha' I3,,,,o Of fhe ms Sters Dla we'd the mart of tht l Id Jew, Feagin, in "Oliver Twist" They You'd send out from 20 to 100 slaves 1T ! he morning without their breakfast ant bmpel them to bring in a certain amour . ,f money at night. What they got ovel | hat amount belonged to themselves. Tn, IFuilders made each slave bring back witt Him a stone fit for construction and whit Ihechanics had slaves to carry thei l Iools.
 Today the negroes of Brazil have, i more rights than the negroe Mi the United States. They are propor |Sonately far greater in number. although |Hhe white race is said to be increasinl |f,ore rapidly than the colored. This i |eo in the United States. In 1850 tn Proportion of colored people in our coun I}ry was a little over 15 per cent In 1SS
 E hsI fallen to about 13 per cent, whil .ll 1910 it was a little more than. 10 pc Kent. We had then over 5000, coo peopl Itith more or less African blood in thei l |iens, whereas Brazil, with less than one ! fifth of our population, had over 5,000. co ; bf these more than one-third were pur |legroes, and that is probably the pro 3jortion among the colored people or tn | Ikrazil of today. The fewest are now |
 ie found right on the equator while tn
The Birmingham age-herald., 1915-11-21
Quite Likely

From the New York World
 'I can't understand it' said tpe fair customer in the shoe store. You say those are Nc. 4s. and they pinch aread- fully. 1he pai bad before wels Ss' and they never gave be aiiy troublN~ i.
 "Perhaps the Ss were risAiited down, suggested the salesm,.a.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1915-11-21

By FRANK G. CARPENTER

ght, 1915, by F. C. Carpenter.)
 Bahia. ,R almost 300 years Bahia was the center of the slave trade of Brazil. The first negro slave was brought here from Africa ;,, 1Eco ox1~, nt .-..,, eA
The Birmingham age-herald., 1915-11-21

Returning to the negro question. Brazil has never had a color line and there has never been popular preJu- dice here against the mixing of the races, although some of the leading
The Birmingham age-herald., 1915-11-21

EW YORK, November 20. Especial. )-Surely the winter
 season in New York may now
 be said to be in full swing,
The Birmingham age-herald., 1915-11-21

Today a large number of the negroes own property Some Of them have bought this with their earnings; others were given small allotments of land by
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1915-10-14

DO not hesitate to promptly heed
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when they begin 10 lag ia their work
When you feel those Hgda "sQua4E
pains Ia the small II the back loss
81 appetite highly col0red urine,
WEAKNESS You cannot account far-.-
means that your kidneys are NOT doing
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The remedy Is a simple matter II you
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get box OF genuine GOLD MEDAL
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1t Is imported direct from the aneisnt
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Prices, CSC, soc and 800. Your money
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time ginger Of youth (Adv.l.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1915-10-14
Russ 4mmunitions Surprise Tqatorg

Russ Ammunitious Surprise Teutons.
The Hague. Oct A. tvia London.
e.l4 m-J-Russla's recent successes
are declared by d Dutch correspondent
IN the eastern war theatre 70 have been
due 10 the overwhelming super lorttv OF
her supply OF munitions. Ica took
the AusLra- Germans completely BY sur