davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-08

and climb ON il. As ~ began to move
toward the chair, his face illuminated
with hope. a teacher seized him in her
arms. rftcG him above thr beads of the
other children, showed vim he basin
of water, saying, Come, poor it'll" one.
you shall see too I've child seeing
the iiuatiug toys did not experience the
joy that he WAS ahout To feel through
ConVuoring the obstacles with his own
force, The teacher hindorcd the child
in this case from educating himself.
The lite fellow was about To- feel him
self "A C%Onqucrnr, and instead he fuund
himself held within two im|prisou.ng
arms impotcnt."
The now famous House of the
Children" in Rome, under the
patronaG" of Queen Nargherita,
faithfully reflects and demonstrates
the Mnntessnri principles AMI methods
II has been described as an Id
orphan asylum, whose gray outer
walls give no idea ~ the two hcauti-
ful II luNuriant courtNards within.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-08
Experience Of Frank G. Schrader, Ceoogist, Typical Of
a Calling That Requires Stout Hearts, Strong
" Limbs and Indomitable Perseverance

tured plans for meeting the difficult
ties that are to he encountered. they
are pushing into the bad lands If
Texas. up among the mountain peaks
Of Utah, into the solitudes Of interior
Alaska.
These men hav a peculiar philoso-
ply Of risk and adventure. They say.
for instance. that only the amateur
meets adventure. The scientific ex-
plorer foresees every possible eventu-
atty and prepares against II. He has
food caohof asainst each possible de-
lay. He has all method. Of Transport
tation provided for. He has an al
tentative prepared To meet any acc!-
dent that may occur. All pos. Utilities
have been forescen and discounted.
Nothing can therefore happen that
will place hin in danger VI starva-
ton. VI getting lost. of getting killed.
II he were an adventurer, an amateur
undertaking. the same task. there
might be many risks, for he would
not know In advance Of every poxsi-
bility o would he he prepared Ia
meet II. He probably would MT live
through many seasons. while, as a
scientist. he Is safe.
An expedition starts into Alaska. for
Instance, into the hack country tina:
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-08
A portage in Alaska.

details, a report was made to the
headquarters Of the railroad and /.
financed the first well. NJ the depth
predicted by the geoloeist a magnsii-
cent artosian well OF hot water n
encountered. others followed. I'll"
town is now ~ahundantly supplied and
even its houses are heated In winter
with the water from these wells.
The g~colIsist knew of the existence
of this flow NJ arteS.an water because
h. had explored all that region from
the Mississippi To the Rockies and
knew the secrets If its formation. He
that at a certain depth thera
"a stratum Of ,uck extending under
Ills whole country. He knew that
Hs the Rocky Mountains had grail
ua.iy pushed themselves up they had
elevated tn, western end of all this
rock floor Of tho plains. 1t had com
20 the surface where the mountains
broke through Back Of that hrcaH
the rain that fell and the SHOWS u
Glacier Park find their way into the
earth below this layer of stone. AS
they start down the mountain side
they are crnwdei always deeper into
the earth. They lie jus; below this
stratum Of rock. The pressure Of the
water above them caused them to
seek an outlet. II the rock is pune
tured in South Dakota tho water tina;
cot beneath 1t in western Montana
VII gush forth The we'll proved the
wisdom ~ the g%co'ogist.
These official explorers go into the
wIlGS every summer. Just row there
are a score of them scattered about
tn" map whor. least is known Of the
conditions that exist. With well ma
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-08

he rich in gold. AS 1t developed he
wa right. and those who worked IN
his tip went back from the shore
and found the old beaches, and these
yielded the great wealth hat came
out of this waste and are still yield
ing IT..
One Of these explorers found il
necessary some ears z to stop
over at Edgcmunt. =. d., between
trains. While waiting he got into
convt rsation with a local represent
alive e n railroad company that
was Interested In the development Of
that region. The railroad man sail
that the greatest difficulty lay in the
lack NJ water. az even wells were ~
necessity Of great depth and hard to
get.
why don't you go after artesian
"atcr?" asked the explorer. who was,
as are all NJ them. a seologist.
IF We could get 1t 1t would he the
making Of the country" said the rail-
road man.
ut In a mere matter OF boring"
said the geologist. The water Will
lie warm and my tables will tell you
the depth at whirh ii will be reached"
The two M, conferred over tho
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-08

as If they were dolls. Ne do not stop
to think that the child that does not
do does not know how 20 do our duty
Is that of helping him " make a con-
quest Of such useful acts a. nature in
tended he should perform for himself
The mother who feeds her child with
out making the least cTort to teach
him to hold the spoon for himself and
Ia try To- iiud his mout with IL Is not
"A wise mother, She treats her son az
though he We're a doll.
I'VE call an indivi lual disciplined
when he is master Of himself and can
regulate his own CoNduct when II shall
he necessary 20 follow some rule Of
life, II any educational act is To- lie
eflicacious II il necessary vigorously to
avoid the arrest Of spontaneous move
mcnts and the imposition of arbitrary
tasks. II Is Of ours understood here
that We do not speak of "A useless or
dangerous act; this must he sup
pressed, destroyed"
The Montessori doctrine is therefore
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-08

These latter are filled with beds of
blossoming plants, and the pillars of
the inner porch are covered with
%clinging vines. The sChoOlroom in
which the class for the children is
held opens with wide double doors
into one Of these lovely c~ourtyards,
where the children play during hours
i'm which they are not engaged in their
Montessori exercises.
Miss Elizabeth Harrison. president
e the Natinua kindergarten College.
says of this House Of the Children.
"nn my first visit | found the children
busy getting out the 'didaCtic ma
,crial with which they were To en-
ploN themselves for tn" next hour
ana a quarter. Some came forward
L. shake hands with me, some merely
smiled nm nodded and did not inter-
rupt their work. All seemed busy,
happy and free, | afterward saw as
where there were only "A dozen
children, hut none Of the children
were in the least disturbed by or
seemingly conscious of the presence
of the visitors, Most Of the children
cam" from nearby tenement houses.
Yet even the Youngest of them washed
their " hands and faces, put on
clean, neat calico aprons and looked
as fresh dnd clean as children from
well cared for homes"
Comparing the kindcrgartcn and the
Montossori systems, the following diff
fcronccs appear:
Tn" k~indCrGlrtcn ]strrsSos group
ariN ties, while tn" MuntcSSuri system
emphasizes almost exclusively tn" de
Nc.opmcnt uf the individual The
Undergraduates say that education In
'oordtuatiug Of muscles. the special
training of TN" Child's senses and All
such phases of individual development
are expected To- rom" in the nursery.
tn" Munt"ssor. system has no place
for stories: tn" k~iulrtrurtn.rs nre
famous for them. Nine. Moutcssnrl
objects To stories for young children
on the theory that all activities OF the
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-08
PRESIDENT WILSON'S y,

The discovery of the Kindergarten
marked "A new era in the history of the
educational world, Though suppressed
Tor years 10y governmental authority in
Germany, ana received with much sus-
p.'Iun elsewhere. the kindergarten has
become an integral part of the public
school system cf many cities and
states IN our country. Its introduction
into ENGLAND vas championcd hy
Charles Dickens, and in America it
f"u-i an advocate in the philosopher
and educator Dr. William T. Harris.
Concerning the kindergarten and the
Montcssuii methods. Dr. T.. l.. Claxton.
United states Commissioner Of Educa-
tion says: Though aims and prin-
r!pl"s ar, the same for both F'roehel
and Montcssori, their different meth
ODDS of approach have resulted in diff
terence in emphasis, programme and
urvlCcs. For those who see no further
h a the on there is apparent con-
ilct. Many cannot understand that
the work Of both Froehel and Montcs-
Hr'l must finally lose each its distinc-
tive characteristics in the larger whole
NJ a more perfect knowledge of the
natnr" Of infancy and the means OF
educating Noung children"
II must hc said of DIR. Montessori
h "a she is first, last and always
scientific in her work. Prolonged
training IN the sciences that relate to
human life, vitalized by practical ex-
%l"ri"nce In their Application to de-
Ioctivo children, gave her "A method
which Is the outcome OF genius, train
lng and experience. she swung into
prominence, against her wish. in the
: following way: While serving as rs
S.StHnt doctor at the psychiatric clinic
of the University of Rome, Italy, she
found herself differing from her col
tongues IN that sll" felt, aH she SAYS.
''hat m"ntal deficiency presented
chiefly a pcdagogic rather than mainly
i medical problem" The expression
90 these Views in AN address brought
+ br. Mnnt"sSOri prominently h"fnr" tho
Minister of Public instruction, and her
work from this on assumed "A public
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-08
ny }. u. kNOTT,
4. :. bureau of Educntio,

HE Montessori movement. con-
sidered by many a radical de-
parture from Tradition, cduCa-
tional methods, will receive new
!, emphasis and publicity from the fact
! that visitors to the Panama-pacihc IN
ternational Exposition will see during
! the month OF August, September, Oc-
tober ard November no only a dem
onstration Of tho Montessori system
but will see II conducted 10y the tai
ented oma herself. Associated
with her will be Mss Margaret WI
son, daughter Of the Pr, idrnt, Dr.
David starr Jordan, chancellor of Lee
land Stanford Junior University. and
other well known educators.
The Montessori method has been
summed up as freedom for develop
ment Of the child under hes, cond,-
tons disturbing as little as possible
but helping by every means this de-
velopment,"
Any estimate of Nine. MontcssorIs
work to be of practical value
will involve a comparison between the
Montessori method and that Of t"c
kindergarten, sGncc the Kindergarten
is the only system Of organized ciu-
c%ational work for young children thai
has So far received general |roro"u!-
ton.
In the middle of the last century tho
sensitive Oma soul and ph'lueruhi,
MIND of Frochcl gragprd tn" tuuda-
mental principle of development and
saw that the first six or seven years
are the most important in tho NE al
the individual. After year II study
he embodied what h" conceived to h,
III" fundamental pr!n,ip'oS Of the cdI,
cation of little children in what Is
known as III" Kindergarten, and MS
Ideas OF the best means for the appli-
cation Of thos" principles IN his kin
dersartcn programme, materials an,
devices.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-08

III II states now granting pensions
To dependent widowed mothers Ohio
perhaps makes the largest allowance.
In that state n widowed mother with
II enid under the legal employ ment
axe is allowed SIS a month, and 81
n month for others. Michigan and
Minnesota give Sl2 IA month, Iowa 81
n month where the child Is under II.
Nevada allows u hoy or girl under
Is years of agc $40 n month. and
Oregon gives the same mount tn
children under Ii, New HAMPSHIRE
also makes $40 the maximum and
allows 81 d month for each Of tho
other minor children In Mnssachu-
s"tts the IKE limit Is Il and the aver
L payment 81. In New Jersey the
law went into effect July I. 1913. The
total cost of it in that State to the
end Of October. 1914, was sS6,N22l is for
1910 mothers and minor children.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-08

in substance that the c.!i,d's inner self
or personality cannot rirhtfully de
velnp unless free Ia express Itself I'M
directed ana uNguldcd nv another per
- As a consequence Dr MontcssurI
insists that each chilli he allowed
bodily freedom and have - much I'M
hampcrcd liberty If acton as possible
in order that he may fully express his
inner life in outer activity.
The classic illustration hv which Dr.
Montessori puts in concrete form her
doctrine is the following zone day
the children had gathered In u circle
about "A basin of water containing some
floating toys. 4 hit" boy 2l2 years
old had tccl left outsi T.. the circle. lie
drew near to the Other children and
tried to force his way lmorg them hut
he was not strong enough to do this.
The expression OF thought on hi face
was intensely interesting. His eyes
Their lighted upon a littl" chair and he
had evidently made ~ his mind 10
place il behind the group Of children
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-08

The supplies are transferred to
boats. The best way to reach the in
terror is up "A stream 1t is too swift
for rowing or polling, and progress
along the banks Is difficult. The men
take to the bed of the stream. wading
up it and dragging their boat. To I've
sure. this water is from the snout of
a glacier and ice cold. hut the scien-
tihc explorer knows that the mar
vellous adaptability Of man will make
IL possible for him To- work under these
conditions for twelve hours a day and
suffer no Ill effect.
Thus is a stream followed to its very
source. which Is usually near a water
shed. Beyond will he other streams
lending into other regions of the un-
known. The supplies must be port
aged over this divide. placed in the
new found stream.
But here is a different task. This
stream is to carry the party tn its
mouth. wherever that may he. perhaps
In the Arctic or Bering Sea. There
may he rapids or waterfalls. Any
conceivable emergency Of the IN
known may be met around the next
bend. The frail boat would be useless
in meeting such emergencies. \ raft
" vas, strength is built-one that
might hurtle itself against a Jagged
rock IN a rapids and st,ll hold to-
gether. The supplies are tied on so
securely that they could leap Niagara
In comparative safety. The party
builds 1t of "A home On the raft.
Thus II rides into the unknown.
maps the country, examines its gco-
logical features. keeps It's eye out for
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-08

father was not a citizen at the time
of his death. Besides New York the
mothers pension law oes into effect
this year in Tennessee, Wyoming and
Arizona. In these four States at least
two thousand families will he rcunit-
ed and three times as many children
taken from public institutions,
In New York state boards to
pass on tho claims constantly are
being appointed In New York city
Mayor Mitchell named the body that
serves without pay, appointing sew
crnl women.
The movement 10 pension d"pCn-
dent widowed mothers began less than
hv" years g when judge T.. r.. I'or-
terrified Of Kansas city became trou
blcd by the number ~ young children
brought t" til. Juvenile court. ON in
vestigntion Judge porterfeld found
that these children came from homes
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-08

y FEW YORK has Just stepped into
N the column of those States
putting INDECENT widowed
mothers on its payroll. The law tool,
effect July |, and It IL estimated that
in New York city alone there are up
ward Of fifteen hundred widowed
mothers and perhaps three times ~
many children to he provided for. ",
larger sum may I've given to N
mother, according to this law. than
would support her children In an asy-
lum. This means so n month for
each minor child. for that IL tn"
amount of board paid by the state for
the board Of each orphaned boy and
girl.
This law does not include cases
where the family has resided less than
two years in the county. or where the
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-08

has never been mapped. II sets out
with abundant supplies for two years,
for II a not finish its work in a
season. The supplies are packed on
the backs Of horses that are never
intended to return. These animals
bear their burdens as far as horses
ma go, swim strange streams, climb
ur"hartcd mountains. In their SER
vice to mar they exhaust themselves
Having served their purpose, they
are killed. They cannot go into the
rough regions ahead. II abandoned
they would die miserahly when winter
comes. often their flesh is stored
whore it may he used as food II nee
essary on the retur trip.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-08

coal or OIL or copper, observes the
vegetation. notes the animal life.
Eventually II energies somewhere.
finds its way back TO the haunts Of
man, writes ITS dry. unromantic but
scientifically valuable report. a report
that tells the world many facts that
no man had known before and often
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-08

The Governments explorers made .
further examination Of the phosphate
beds of Idaho, They found that there
Were io0o,0oo acres of them. an inex-
haustlul" supply. ready for the taking
u Incidentally they showed the
smelters Of the West how they could
use their waste s%ulphuric acid in get
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-08

proves Of inestimab!e money value,
II vas ten years ago that these GcoI-
ugists reported the prescnC" IN east
ern Idaho ~ great ranges of noun
tains made up OF phosphate rock.
There n hen no value attached 10
this material, but a little later It he
gan To hc revealed that Europe had a
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-08-08
Every Contingency Pro.
vided For in Advance,
but Unexpected Situa.
lions Must BE Met
Daily

1oh
ting the phosphate rock int" uSahe
form. To-day the smcli"rs ~ San
Francisco and Pueblo are treating nm,
rock and manufacturing fertilizer As
byproduct. II the fertilizer ~hu. eve.
begins to really pinch here '- . so'l.
ton.
The Searle's Lake cNplorlt uu wo-e
the greatest contrast conceivable 81
The expeditions uto Alaska This lko
lies in the midst uf tn" great car.
fornia desert and is n sea Towel VAST
~ crystal white. shimmtrIuu ~II' t.
far as the eye can reach Tu. st.
is almost beyond enduriu., auI 'h
heat SURPRISES that anywhere else
the United States.
A borax industry had Tong H''.e
been established here. Thcr" was ..
the necessity If shovclliug 1t up from
the ground. lions age th, rc..or
was covered with a great lak" W...t
had no outlet to the sea. TT. wa'sr,
IL contained had SLOWLY ovipori'ci
through the ages. The salts 'hr' they
contained were left behind and coy.
cred the former lake bed There was
no water left-apparcntly
But IL a ho'e were cut through N.
! crust Of salt on the %sutfac" II Was
found that AZ the loves, points hero
still remained n sort If mother lgu,-
which chung INTO the most soluble "
its salts. OF those substances thai
| may be held in solution potash :
among the last to be deposited This
mother liquor had given W - other
! salts. hut still held its potash II 70.
NAMED for the Govcrnmon' s'o'o.
gists 10 develop and point ou' the yl'n.
of this potash in tho mauu,l,'r-.
of vet another fertilizer than IA,
made from the phosphate.
An everyday work ~ These y.
plorprs Is To find Government owned
wastes that are undcrla.d Wit ,u7'
They make quite thorough oNim,'a.
tons Of such deposits and are ne
to figure out very closely the lWoJr'
of coal that may lie bcnCa'h = mour.
tain or a plain. II j. np"l 'hN!'
recommendations that much Govern.
nent coal land has rc.u withdraw
from settlement. Up in Wyum.ng
,boro 10 n hip ,rac, of si.h v.,blr.v-
I,,d ,h,t v,s rocor,. sid d., 3D.,
cover,men, for sioo an ur, ~.
the finding 81 this Goa, hy 'N, H' a
oxnlor.rs ~ rho cov,rr,.o, -~r..-.~,
,on, u.,,,t, b,,o s,lI ,,r ,oo
covorrmor, .v,h,r. ,~.....,,
wade , ocorr,tss,r,. at, o.. o...
u,hor, Ar,znr, .Li,,. o.. r...,,a,
p.,.or In nav, ,, 3D.. r.. a.,
,,lr,hlo ,,d u-,du.,ry, ,,rl ,,.,o
re, ,,i,o. 49,, o., 60, .I.,5.,o
a, .in,n,n m,,
u,, ,'. aa, -.
- 80.
''''''''- 80
800 H. ,
49,,
na -. -.
80. 49,
,t",. ara ~. =,
.,ia. c, 49,
raroa 90 ha,a ha, 49, ~ -,
=" i',, &,
~" =.
n,aoa. 80.
an. .Na,,,
., ,ha r,ra +, 10 ,nI, -.
,t,naa, -
~ ~ - % NH.Nh" no
The gazette-times. [volume] (Heppner, Or.) 1912-1925, 1915-01-14
the passing of the years.

the passing of the years.
Pseudo dry farming" will bring
its share of development surprises,
The United States agricultural de-
partment and u agricultural col
leges are searching the world for for
age plants that offer commercial pos
sibilities for the arid and semi-arid
lands west of the Tooth meridian.
One of the speakers at the Pullman
wheat convention, Professor H. A,
Mccall. in charge of the dry land ex-
periments at Lind, in Adams county
enumerated alfalfa, field peas. rye,
Sudan grass and sweet clover as
crops that can be probably grown
on much of the so-called dry land
area of the Inland Empire.
Little is known in the Pacific north
west concerning the new plant, Su-
dan grass, which is causing a sensa-
ton in Texas, and other portions OF
the southwest. The first seed was
brought to this country only five
years ago from the African Sudan,
but almost incredible claims are
made for it as a profitable forage
plant. 1t is said to grow eight or
nine feet high, and to adapt itself to
almost any variation of moisture. So
great is the demand that Texas far
mers are making fortunes from sales
Of seed alone, yields running as high
as 500 pounds per acr and the mar
ket price ranging from 81 to $1.50
per pound. 1t is said that Texas
1914 crop of Sudan grass will have
a value of $500. 900.
These claims appear ex%travagant,
and may well be taken with some re-
serve since the sale Of seed has been
so extensively commercialized, but it
seems probable that a plant of great
value has been discovered and that it
will play a large part in the building
up the country's depleted herds and
flocks.
This gives us moreover an inkling
of the future growth and wealth of
regions now unsettled and regarded
as worthless desert. Science, enter
prise, the passing of public domain
and national needs-all combine to
foster western agricultural develop
ment. Alphabetically, the Inland
Empire is yet in the infancy Of it's soil
The gazette-times. [volume] (Heppner, Or.) 1912-1925, 1915-01-14

asked for as a gift from the state but
is expected to provide funds that can
be loaned to the different projects on
long time at a reasonable rate OF in
terest. 1t has been demonstrated
that even the partially developed
projects are good security upon
which to loan money and they OF
course become better as the I'M
provements continue. In supporting
the millage tax, Hon. J. n. Teal, or
Portland, who is a persistent and
consistent advocate of the interests
of Eastern Oregon, had this to say:
1T is no use to NOPE now over the
injustice to Oregon at the hands OF
the federal government in the dis
tribution of reclamation funds. The
thing to do is, not to spend the time
in weeping over the past, but to look
to the future. 1t would be false
economy for the legislature to re-
fuse to levy a small tax in aid of ir-
rigation when every dollar so ap-
propriated would bring a dollar from
the federal government for turning
the desert into production, and max
ing thrifty homes On what is now
barren waste"
The city Of Portland realizes to
the fullest extent what this devel-
opment means, and her business in
terests have pledged to the promo
ton of this great work. This was
vouchsafed the Congress by several
of the best speakers of the city who
appeared on the program.
All officers of the Congress were
reelected for the coming year by
unanimous vote. which is indeed a
high compliment of the efficient man
ner in which they have performed
their duties. There is every reason
to expect great things in the devel-
opment CT Oregon growing out of
the work of the Irrigation Congress.