davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-12-18
FRENCH AIRMEN SHELL
A STATION AT METZ
Heavy Artillery at Work on
Long FrOnt-British Repel
Bomb Attack.
Spec;dl Coble DespateA to TIVE srs.

LONDON, Dec. 1.-THE French War
Office announced tonight that two
French aviators had dropped a SCORE OF
shells OF large calibrc on the runway
station Of lie Sablon, at Metz. No men
ton Is made OF the damage done. lie
Sablon IL two miles south OF the city OF
Nets proper and u inside the g1ruie OF
forts surrounding the city.
Heavy artillery firing Is reported along
the whole front in Belgium and Artois.
In Champagne, where French guns
silenced several German batteries near
Massixes and at Les Eparges and the
Bois-le- Pretre, where h German works
were seriously damaged. 49,
The official communicate Issued by the
Wal Office follows:
There was lively cannonading along
the whole front in Belgium nnd Artois.
The Franco-British artillery carried
out an effective fire on the enemy
trenches.
In Champagne our guns silenced sew
eral German batteries to the north
and cast Of Massiges.
AT Les Eparges and In the region OF
the Bois-le-Pretre our fire caused ex-
~tensiye damage TO the enemy's or
Plantations.
Two OF our a%eroplanes dropped a
score OF shells of large calibre on LIE
SRDlOn railway SthtioH WV Hh''Cc
south Of Metz).
The afternoon communicate reads a,
follows:
In Belgium there has been fight
ing with bombs in the sector OF the
dunes. To the south OF the fort Of
Givenchy and between the Somme
and the Disc there have been some
| encounters between patrols.
In the Champagne district, at a
point to the east Of the Butte dc
Mesn,l. a bombardment Of our trenches
| "a checked by return fire from u
batteries.
In Lorraine there has been fairly
spirited artillery exchanges along tho
front between Nomeny and Aulnois.
The following OFFICIAL report from Brit
/ ish HEADQUARTERS In France was ISSUED
tonight by the press bureau;
Last night the enemy made a small
bombing attack against u line about
the auarries to the north OF Ioos.
This was easily repulsed.
Artillery activity continued through
the day. especially TO the north OF
Ypres.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-12-18
ABYSSTNIA MAY FIGHT.

Special table Despatch TO THn Sus.

LONDON. Dec. 17.-Emperor Lidj
Jeassu of Abyssinia has offered TO the
Allies zoe, 900 Abyssin.an soldiers for any
Geld whore they may be needed. Equipped
and ready for action, this army can
reach the Suez Canal within four days.
while IL will take five to transport II to
Mesopotamia.
Announcement of the Abyssinian
rulers offer was made to-day In the
French Chamber of Deputies by Pierre
Alype. Il member of the Colonial Com
mittee of the Chamber. ii is the frst
sign that the Entente Powers have OIL
cially taken cognizance of the Turco-Ger
man threat to strike for the Suez Canal
and invade. Egypt. 1t comes upon the
heels Of a proposal made In the French
Chamber yesterday that the Allies enlist
the Abysslnian Empires military aid
under guarantee of Its Independence.
German agents have been busy for
months In Abysslnia endeavDrlng to stir
up rebellion. The enlistment OF that
country Is taken as u counter stroke
against those efforts.
The Abyssinian army il equipped witt
nearly "A half million modern rifles. A
| small standing army Is maintained In
zach province of Abyssinia proper IN
| times OF peace. In case of need every
able bodied Ably ssiniap, according to the
| traditions of the emphe, is expected to
| Join the army, and Il force. well armed
with modern weapons, approachine
/ 15O. goo, can be placed In the field. The
| cavalry is chiefly composed of Gala
horsenen.
Speculation concerning the role Jara,
NAV play in the wal in the Far East. II
IL is carried there. IL revived by ti'
! .Abyssinian offer. The suggestion wa'
| made In Paris and here to-day that th'
| JAPANESE fleet ma bring The Abyssiniar
army to the front where they are needed
Whether tina front is in Mesopotamit
ar ON the eastern side OF the Susz ANA
IL the chief question OF Interest. TIT
British in Mesopotamia have been mare
pressed by tie Turks since the lattei
| drove them from the Baedad approaches
to Kut-el-Amira.
In this connection Significance is at
,aca.d to the report from Constantine
ne tina, Field Marshal Won der Goltz
IN, German commander In Turkey, MAJ
gon. TO Bagdad. He had been sup
posed 10 te at the mead OF the Turco
German army preparing to strike 10
Sucz.
Germany's hone. according to recen
authoritative advIUes from Rome AM
other European capitals. had been to IN
luce the Abyssinians TO march aeaiiis
the British In the Sudan and Keep iarg'
British forces busy there and proven
them from hurrying TO Egypt's aid.
The correspondent of Tur Sr& under
stands that the authorities intend :
prevent women Of any nationality iron
visiting ES!p' this winter.
deputy Alype. IN announcing IN
.A%byssinian rulers promise in the frencl
Chamber, referred 10 the French rail
p.u.l urbg.b ,,tns fvnv, Tho ErpncI hDf
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-12-18
WARS COST $ss, 800. 900, 900.
british Take &12O,OOO. 300"
--latest French Loan.

PARIS, Dec, l7.--Jules Roche said in
the Chamber OF Deputies to-day that the
war has cost Europe $4,000, 600 900
francs G$3S.S SOC, 900 000), that Frances
share of this has been $4,000 900 600
francs $500 o 100000, and that her
enemies have spent A, 900, GOO 900 francs,
or $4,000, 0O0, zoe,
These iigures We're mentioned In the
course Of the bate on the granting or
"A three months credit III the udget
account for the first six months of 1916.
The Chamber voted the credits asked
for. There was only one dissenting
voice.
NJ. Ribot, the Minister of Finance,
said that the expenditures for rance ut
the beginning of the wal had been $780,
900, 900 Il month, but that they had in
creased TO $42O.O 900 900 "A month, lie
mentioned The recent French national
loan. and said that subscriptions to this
loan from London alone amounted to
$40, 600. 900. lie could give no total
figures Of the results OF the loan yet. he
said, but the country a responded to
the call, and never had there been SC
large "A number OF subscribers.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-12-18
MINISTER TO SWEDEN
WON'T RECOGNIZE FORD
Z. S. Representative Says
Peace Party Has No Of
fetal Standing.
Special Gable Despatch TO TIE Sur.

LONDON, Dec. 1.-THE Morning Post
EARNS from It's correspondent at Stock
lolm that the American Minister b
Sweden. Ira ". Morris. has officially
announced that Henry Tord's peace mis-.
son Ia in no way connected with the
Government OF the United States.
The correspondent adds that no prep
arations nave been or are being made
In Sweden by peace organizations or
woman suffrage unions to receive the
Islgrims, although such organizations
RECEIVED a telegram from the Oscar II.
her aiding the Ford party's arrival. The
Swedish bodies refuse TO share respon-
s!tdltty for the mission, which finds very
littse favor in that country.
Ene Oscar H.. bearing Henry Ford
and his party. sailed from Kirkwali yes
terday afternoon for Chrlstiania and
Copenhagen.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-12-18
FRENCH Is PRAISED.
M secret ReasOn for Change. Brit.
ish Papers Unite In saying.


Special cable De.patch 10 Tur Sun.
LONDON. Dec. T.-The retirement OF
Field Marshal French from the COM
mand OF ihe British forces In France and
his elevation to the peeragc are COM
mented pon by the morning papers In
was no reason for the change except that
officially given, Ind it Is limited that any
suggestion of secret rivalry will be dis
avowed.
Viscount French's services are cor
daily n even lavishly acknowledged
and 1t 10 contended that when the full
story OF the war is known they will prove
greater even than now known. II IL re-
marked that In tho command OF Tar
larger armies than the Duke Of yelling
ton ever handled M In the face OF more
severe trials M vicissitudes thar the
Duke experienced, Viscount French acted
with invariable courage and caimness
and with unfailing patience. Moreover,
1. il pointed out. he has the distinction,
unusual In war, OF never having made a
conspicuous mistake.
Much appreciation liz expressed OF the
| manner in which he saved tho army In
the retreat from Mons and his brilliant
cooperation with Gen. Joffre In the battle
OF the Marine. and he IL exonerated from
blame for the subsequent deadlock In the
operations. His command In England is
recognized as eptailing activities and re-
spsnsibilities OF the greatest Importance.
Gen. Sir Douglas Haig is welcomed
as his successor ana IL described as
swift In decision and resolute in action.
II In believed that he will win the same
confidence hat Viscount French won.
but II Ia contended that II would be
foolish to anticipate anything dramatic
from the change. Al the problem cannot
be solved by mere g%eneralship.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-12-18
GORITz DEFENDERS HALTED.
Austrians Checked ny Italians In
Attack On CarsO Plateau.

ROME. Dec. 1.-THE Austrian de.
tenders OF Goritz made an assault on the
Italian centre on the Carso plateau YES
terday, but were repulsed. The attaol,
was preceded by lively RHO fire and
bomb throwing preparations. Austrian
troops are rushing work on additional
defences On the plateau.
Tho Official statement issued by the
Italian War Office to-day follows:
Minor encounters ara reported In
the region of the TOflale Pass. at the
Amoretta Pass, In the upper valley of
he Pottorena, and ut Lagazuo, to the
northwest of the F~alzarego Pass (n
the Galore sector). Everywhere the
enemy was repulsed.
The artillery duel continues along
the whole front. n enemysfres per-
sistently upon ipha bited regions. Our
gums destroyed some enemy observa-
ton posts and dispersed the enemy's
onvoy and sappers.
There Is great enemy activity OH the
Carso plateau. where they are pre-
pairing defence , works. Yesterday,
after lively musketry fire and bomb
throwing. enemy ~deiachinents at
tempted I O adNairce toward the centre
portion of our lines. but were repulsed.
An enemy aerOplane dropped bombs
on Stenico Tin the lower Giudicaria
Valley without doing damage.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-12-18
C0NsOIS DECLINE FURTHER.
New British BOnds to Buy 1. :,
Securities Cause Depression.

LONDON, Dec. l1.-Quotations n the
gilt edged section were marked down
about half a point to-day "a Il result Of
the appearance on the London market
OF the > per cent, five year E%xcheouer
bond issue with which the Government Is
going to pay for American securities.
This issue is regarded on the stock Ex-
change rs "A good investment.
Consols opened at 5,R., against 81,
yesterday. and the war loan declined Y
TO 96s,. The appearance of the french
loan on thc market. with dealings at
971. on the basis of ~ francs TO the
pound sterling. or an eighth over tho
price OF issue. also dctracted interest
from standard securities.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-12-18
x TRICK
Let Pursuer~ CrO~s River. Then
Turn-Nrmrd by Italians.

LONDON, Dec. ia defeat for the
Bulgars at the hands Of the remnants
OF the Serbian army Is reported I'm des-
patches Tonight from the Balkan front.
II IL reported that the Serbs, after re-
forming their ranks ON the Albanian
frontier, allowed the Bulgars To cross
the Drin River in their pursuit ana
then turned on them. driving them back
across the river, inficting heavy losses.
1t IL conjectured In some quarters here
that the Serbs were provided with new
supplies and ammunition by the Italians
who may have established communica-
ZION with HEM,
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-12-18
GERMANY TO ATTACK
ALLIES IN GREECE


mobilization continues, adding that the
calling out of other classes IL imminent.
Dispatches from Cairo To Berlin news
papers say that al, Greeks In Egypt have
been summoned TO return home immedi-
ately.
The Athens correspondent of the Times
says:
There are only $50 candidates FOR
Sundays elections. as compared with u
much greater number last election, owing
to the abstention Of the Venizelists.
Nearly all the candidates favor the con-
nuance Of Greek neutrality. The great
majority are Ministe ialists the others
are followers Of Dimitri Copoulos. former
Minister of Justice. who seeded from
the Ncnizelos party"
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-12-18
PASTOR PRAISES BRITISH.
Rev.. u. j. Campbell 81 City Tenn

Special '0bEe Despdtch 10 TIE SUI.
LONDON. Dec. 1.-THE Rev. Reginald
j. Campbell. retiring pastor of the City
Temple. was rendered "A farewell meet
ing by his congregation last night. He
has just returned from a seven weeks
visit to the army In France.
In an enthusiastic speech Mr.. Camp
bell paid "A high tribute TO the gallantry
Of the British troops. lie asserted that
the military regulations had been tight
ened considerably since his former visit
and added he was convinced Of the ne
cess;ty OF a strong censorship.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-12-18
SPEYER AND CASSEL WIN.
Pri~y Councillors Of German De-
scent Upheld as British subjects.

LONDON, Dec. 17---Sir Edgar Speyer
and Sir Ernest Cassel won to-day In the
proceedings instituted to Dust them
as members OF the Privy Council on the
grounds that the former. although born
in New York city. is OF GNcmln descent
and was educated In Germany, and that
Sir Ernest CasseI Is "A native German.
Baron Reading, Lord Chief Justice. in
giving IA verdict In their favor. explained
that both are naturalized British sub
jects and as such have all the rights and
privileges OF British born subjects.
Therefore, he concluded, they are en-
titled to membership in the Privy
Council.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-12-18
SWEDISH STEAMER IS
SEIZED ON WAY TO N, Y,
The Stockholm. on Maiden
Trip. Taken by British
Into Kirkwall.

LONDON, Dec. 1.-THE Swedis h steam
ship Stockholm. formerly the Holland
America liner Potsdam, bound from
Gothenburg for New York with "A gem
eral cargo, has been taken into Kirk
wall by the British authorities. The
Stockholm was purchased in October by
the new Swedish-American Steamship
Company, and was on her first voyage
to New York under the engagement OF
this company.
This despatch was fled In London
December II. N was held up by the
censor until yesterday
The Stockholm was bought nv the
Swedish American Steamship COMPANY,
a line that has begun to spread from
coastwise to transoceanic traffic since
the war. In order to MI the demand for
Swedish bottoms for Swedish trade. The
company Is backed by a number of
prominent business men of Sweden. The
city of G~othenburg bought 1000, 600
crown of the capital stock. A large
share of the remainder was subscribed
by Swedes in this country. The chief
Of the board OF directors is the Minister
of Marine of Sweden.
The agents Of the line in this city are
Nelson 4 Lundbeck OF - State street.
1t has been announced that no contra
band of war you'd be taken as freight,
Among the passengers booked on the
Stockholm for her first trip were sew
eral prominent newspaper men sent over
by the Swedish Government, A delega.
ton from the Swedish Chamber OF com.
merce In this city. besides representa-.
tives of the seventy or more Swedish
societies. had made arrangements witt
the Swedish COnsul-t;enera to meet tn.
incoming vessel and welcome her.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-12-18
RUSSIANS IN HAMADAN.
Take Important Persian Town
TrutOns Threaten shah.

Special Cdbis Despatch 10 The Sun.
PrrEOGRAp, Dec. 1.-THE capture by
the Russians OF Hamadan, an important
Persian city southeast OF Teherin. Is
announced IN a despatch received here
from the Persian capital tonight. h
despatch says the Russians advanced
from sultan Bulak. took Hamadan and
are now making n wide sweep with the
object Of enveloping the city OF Kun.
From Kun. the despatch adds, the
Turks and Germans are stu besieging
the shah with kilograms threatening
him with a division OF his kingdom II
he does not join them. The Turks and
Germans are I'm control Of the telegraphs
and nave cut communication with the
south. They seized the cash securities
Of the English banks az lspahan and
Jezd.
II is reported In Teherar that the
Russian advance on Kun caused the
Government committee 20 flee 10
Ispahan.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-12-18
NOT TO WED.
OaiciaI Denial ri Reported I'm
xagemeut l. Made.

LONDON. Dec. lit vas officially
announced tonight by the private Sec
rotary to Earl Kitchener. British Secre-
tary of War, that the report Of the en-
gagent.nt Of Earl Kitchener TO the
DowaGer Countess of Mimic was I'M
true. The announcement says:
"The report is absolutely untrue and
without any foundation"
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-12-18
RUSSIA PLANS NEW TAXES.
Incomes IncIuded-StAte MOnOpO.
lies Planned-War Loan a ucccs~

DVeCFW NHVft DtsV7T'N 7" THE SVN'
PErRoGRAp. Dec. 1.-the Finance
Minister announced to-day that the new
fiscal plan will include Il tax on incomes
above a specified sum-, increases IN in
dustrial and land taxes, stamp duties and
"A special military tax. These are en-
pected to produce sl.315. 000. 1000. The
return from indirect taxes ON necessities
and on wine. electricity and textiles is
estimated at s1,s05. 900. 900. State mo-
nopolies of tea. coffee and matches are
contemplated.
II IL announced tina; $500. 600. 900 OF
the $500. 900 900 Russian loan has been
subscribed by the commercial banks and
$3.50, 000, 900 by the public. Subscrip-
tons to the loan are still coming in and
its success is assured.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-12-18
MARC0NI SPEAKS AS SENATOR.
Lauds Enxltsh Alliance In First
speech In Italian p rliamcnt.

Special 'db7r Dtspdfch 70 TIE SlN-
ROME. Dec. IL Observation-Disclosures
Maroon. the wireless inventor. made his
maiden speech as "A nleinb.: OF The
Italian Sepau to-day. lie emphasized
the economic and other benefits of til.
Anglo-Italisn alliance, which, ne said,
was based on thu traditional friendship
between the i've nations and was
destined 20 cmsncipate Italy from
Austro-,ieruan Influences.
Signor Narconi urged closer CO.
operation among the Aliies and hinte-i
that declaraSion OF war between Italy
and Germany would be received with
enthusiasm.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-12-18

HE above map was published recently by the London Daily Mail
1 as showing how the Germans, through the invasion of Serbia.
successfully carried out with Bulgarias aid, and through the subse-
quent opening Of the road to Constantinopie, accomplished an i'm
portant step toward the naturalization Of the plan to strike at "the
heart Of the British Empire = by invading Egypt and India. As result
Of its publication Lord Northclfe, proprietor of the paper, was Sc
verely censured by the Government in the House Of Commons and
threatened with prosecution in the courts. The map was reproduced
by "Daheim," a German illustrated weekly.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-12-18
WAR rHINs GERMAN NOBILITY.
New "AImn mach de GOtha" Pub-
ltsahes Death Roll OF Families.

SAecid7 'd6Fc Nespofch 70 The SUN.
LONDON. Dec. ls.-The Rotterdam cor
OF the Daily Mall saws:
"Th "Almanach de Gotha" for 1915.
which has just been published. shows
that ~ the first ten months Of 1915. 1855
German counts. 456 German barons, 5sc
members of the old nobility and SIS
members OF the newer German nobility
have lPen killed. Among those killed
were sixteen members of the Won Wedel
family and eleven members of the Von
Buelow family"
The 1916 edition continues to give the
German Crown Prince as honorary
Colonel Of the Eleventh Regiment Of
British Hussars tPrince Albert's OWN.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-12-18
LADY PAGET HEARD FROM.

SDectdl Cable Dsspotrh 10 THE SIR,

FVtNVHs N""V' 'NTP"F' TT F"H NVNs
LONDON, Dec. IA letter has been
received in London from Lady Ralph
Paget. who has been doing hospital work
In Serbia and about whose safety there
has been much anxiety. The letter was
dated November 10. At that time Lady
Paget was still at Uskub. All the stan
was well and was extremely busy in he
hospital and relieving distress. Lady
Paget said that the stan was receiving
every kindness and courtesy from the
Austro-aerman-Bulg forces occupying
the city.
Lady Paget said that she and the rest
OF the stair hoped to start for home as
soon as their work was done.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-12-18
GERMAN PATROL BOAT LOST.


CoprNHAGEN, via London, Dec. IT,
The German patrol boat Buenx has been
destroyed near the Island OF Langeland.
several bodies OF officers and crew have
been washed ashore.
II IL stated that reports that British
submarines had been stopped by ice
In the northern Baltic are untrue. Some
naswsd beneath tho Ice and have risen
10 the surface In the open water TO the
southwark.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-12-18
ANOTHER ZEPPELIN WRECKED
ExpIOdeA Wear VA ur While Garry
ing n CargO of Bombs.

AMSTERDAM. via London, Dec. Ire
ports which reached here to-day state
that a Zeppelin exploded near Namur on
Wednesday while Ell route for Ypres car
rying "A cargo of bombs,
.a entire crew persisted.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-12-18
u,ey,s British CasualHes. ara.
Special Cable Despatch to THE suS.

Special Cable Despatch to THE Sun.
LONDON, Dec. 1.-THE official British
casualty list issued to-day contains the
names of twenty-threc officers, of whom
eight were killed. II of 500 men. Of
whom 100 were killed.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-12-18
Deny british Cruisers Were sunk.

NpeC'dF VdOVe De"DdFcH 70 The SUN,
LONDON, Dec. 1.-THE Vosstscho
Zeitung's story Of two British auxiliary
cruisers having been sunk by mines near
the island Of Mitylene was officially
denied here to-day.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-12-18
ITALIAN STEAMER SUNK.
Reported Lost In Mediterranean
Casualties Uncerta1n.

LYHurS, Dec. 1.-THE Italian steamer
fVf'o ~lld has been sunk. according to
az dr1"uncement here. Nothing IL
Nl""l rcsarding any possible loss OF
III It porto Said sailed from Alexan-
A'' 'nr '-noa on November II.
lie 'orto said was 439 feet long and
olspla""d 1901 tons. She was owned
D! Toe Italian Maritime Society OF
90" ~ which port she was registered.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-12-18
".Iobe's, Career stormy.

The particular offence for which the
biobo Hts suspended was the publication
of 4 story that Lord Kitchener. who had
Hit London for the Near East, had re-
signed after differences with other mem
per- Of the Government. The newspaper
sxpness.d regret for this admitted mis-
''he n41 mss ed upon its good faith and
fa'r'ot' sm. Difficulties with tho Gov
srnm".' arc not a novelty with the pub
rthers Of the Globl. In one instance In
isol the editor and publisher we're repri-
Mandra az the bar of the House OF
common as the result OF characteriSina
.ne N~atlonalists as Irish rowdies" and
poliltctl mercenaries."
The Columbus courier. [volume] (Columbus, Luna County, N.M.) 1911-1920, 1915-08-20
TIN.CAN BOMBS USED IN wAR
Destructive Weapons Are Tossed By
Hand or Hurled by a
Catapult.

Maybe they are not ordinary to.
mato cans, but they might be just
the same, Judging by the descrip
ton, that have come from the front
Of the European war. This refers t.,
thr hand grenaIcs that the British
troops are using. According to Pop
uIar Mechanics, the soldiers in III,
tr"nchr, make them themselves.
The cans are filled with pieces oI
iron and a charge of guncotton am
equipped with a fuse. They are fire.
qucntly tossed by hand into the near
by trench of the enemy but gcner
all, a rude cntapult is used. Thi
Is simply a piece of timber, with at
automobile spring fixed vertically il
the upper side. the top Of which il
drawn back and held in a slot in {
wooden trigger. Then the bomb-cai
Is attached TO the spring with a tin
holder, the fuse is lighted, the trig
ger sprung, and the bomb goes on it.,
destructive way behind the breast
works Of iho ounrrr