davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Virginia free press. (Charlestown, Va. [W. Va.]) 1832-1916, 1915-02-18
Name. connse.sd win the Law.

NdfHe9 VohHeoteu VIII LHU LAW
The original bearer Of the name OF
Legles was so called merely because
he was 3 lawyer. Originally. tho
name was spelled L.asgIess, the ex-
preston signifying Learned in the
law" Strangely enough LaWiess Is de-
rived from exactly the same source,
ana signifies exactly opposite to IT.
apparent meaning
Virginia free press. (Charlestown, Va. [W. Va.]) 1832-1916, 1915-02-18
CENSUS For 1910.

MIR. Milton J. Brown, of Shepherds
town, has been appointed by the u S
Marshal. fc" the Western District of
Virginia, to take the Census of Jeffer-
son County at the period fixed for the
enumeration of this year.
Virginia free press. (Charlestown, Va. [W. Va.]) 1832-1916, 1915-02-18
FOR RENT.

The pleasant and commodous resi-
dence on Congress street, now occu-
pied by P. P. Cooke. Esq, will be rem
ted to good tenant for one or more
years from 1st of April next
Andrew Kennedy.
Virginia free press. (Charlestown, Va. [W. Va.]) 1832-1916, 1915-02-18

the bearer can,
without releasing
his grip, insert
his fingers to fire
the pistol.
The handle ID
intended especial
ly for the use of
bank messengers
and clerks who
have to carry
large sums of
money for pay
rolls.
In a n o t b 9 r!
model, instead Of
the per ture ..
through which TO
insert the fingers
to fire the pistol
tina tri@goR nr0
jects through .
slot in the lower
part Of the handle
and is held be-
tween the sec
ers. It cannot he
Virginia free press. (Charlestown, Va. [W. Va.]) 1832-1916, 1915-02-18
HILL TOP HOUSE
HARPERs FERRY, w. VA.

The Hotel with improved service in department is
open public. Rooms with and without baths Meals
location this beautiful Hotel makes of the
Charges reasonable Special
given months dance parties and pre-
pared to furnish everything
Virginia free press. (Charlestown, Va. [W. Va.]) 1832-1916, 1915-02-18

er than those on the usual barbed wire
and are capable Of inflicting severe in
jury to a horse or man
In. spite of the size of the core rod
the wire is flexible to a remarkable
degree and is wound on ordinary reels
for shipment. The local company ex-
poets to turn out immense quantities
of this special wire in the near future.
Virginia free press. (Charlestown, Va. [W. Va.]) 1832-1916, 1915-02-18
OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES
TARIFF STANDPATTERSS
BACK IN SADDLE {

Well Organized and Financed Pro-
poganda to Discredit the President
And put the Payne-Aldrich Bill
Back on the Statute Books.
Virginia free press. (Charlestown, Va. [W. Va.]) 1832-1916, 1915-02-18

s week Double rooms $4,000 to
per week. Day rate 3d. $3.50 3d.
Virginia free press. (Charlestown, Va. [W. Va.]) 1832-1916, 1915-02-18

ond and third fingers. 1t cannot be
fred by any wrenching and jostling,
but the man carrying it can shift his
fingers and fire it at will.
The whole apparatus is SO simple
that it does not seem possible that it
could get out Of order.
Virginia free press. (Charlestown, Va. [W. Va.]) 1832-1916, 1915-02-18

Sections Of Bag
Handle Through
-.-liso 2savAy TRIgr
ger Of Pistol; 3,
3, Openings
Through Which
Il ls Fired.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1915-07-28
PERMIT ISSUED
TO CUT TIMBER

WASHINGTON, July 2s.-The Alas.
kan engineering commission, which is
to build the government railroad from
Seward on the Pacific, All miles to
Fairbanks, in the interior, has receiv-
ed a permit from the forest service to
cut IS million feet of timber in the
Chugach National forest for use in
constructing tht new line. The per-
NIT was issued by the district forester
at Portland, Oregon. who has direct
supervision of the Alaskan forests. and
is in conformity with the act of March
4, last, which thorized the secretary
OF agriculture to permit the Alaskan
engineering commission and the navy
department to take from the national
forests free of charge, earth, stone and
timber for use in government works.
The timber will be cut in designated
areas along the right-of-way of tht
proposed railroad, which runs through
the Chugach National forest for sew
eral miles
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1915-07-28
VOICE COMES BACK
after LONG STUP0R

BERLIN, July 2s-In a strange
manner a German soldier, Carl Nuel-
Ter of Freudenstadt, Wuerttemberg,
has regained his voice, which he had
completely lost through a nervous
shock during a terrible artillery-duel
north of Arras.
Several weeks ago the young man
was brought to the hospital at Haiti
gen on the kuhr, where the physicians
pronounced his case hopeless. His
strength returned gradually but his
speech seemed to be gone forever. He
was not able to utter the slightest
sound.
This week the unfortunate hero,
with a number of convalescent COM
rades, attended a garden-festival given
to the inmates of the hospital by a
wealthy merchant. He was in high
spirits. but when he returned to the
hospital in the evening he broke down
and fell into death-l;ke stupor For
three days all efforts of the physicians
to rouse him proved futile.
When he awoke at last his voice had
returned Good God, I can speak
again." he exclaimed loudly to the as
constituent of the doctors. His par
ents were at once informed of his
good fortune by telegraph.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1915-07-28
CHESTER, IND.

Mr.. and Mrs. Will Pickett spent
Friday evening with Michael Kendall
and family.
Ebert Kemp and family spent Sun
day with Ernest Davenport and family.
Mr. and Mrs. Ed Carman and con
Raymond, of near Whitewater. were
guests of Bert Carman and family,
Sunday.
Relatives from Camden, O., visited
Thomas Borden and family Sunday.
Miss Charlotte Rogers of Richmond
is visiting Mr.. and Mrs. Will Wessler.
Misses Marjorie Pickett and Alton
Pyle were guests of Helen Hall in
Richmond Sunday.
Charley Human and family motored
to Lynn Sunday.
Mr.. and Mrs. T. S. Martin were
guests of Morrison Pyle and family
Sunday.
Relatives from Newark, N. j., are
visiting Charles Woodruff and family.
Mrs Noah Wilson is ill with appen-
dicitis.
Mr.. and Mrs. Caleb Duke visited
William Duke and family near Middle.
boro Sunday.
Mrs Mary Jeffries has been visiting
relatives in Ohio.
Communion services will be held
next Sunday morning at the M. E.
church.
Clyde Champion of Chicago is visit,
ing relatives here. ~
Mrs. Silas Williamson was able to
attend church Sunday evening.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1915-07-28
DRINK
TOAST TO DEFEAT

BERLIN. July 28s-A companion OF
the famous African explorer, Leo
Frobenius writes to the "Berliner
Heitung am Mittag":
ION our homeward journey through
the Suez canal. after the beginning Of
the war, we used to drink to each
other with the toast "Hidekk." This
strange word meant "Haupt-sache list.
dass England Keile Hfegt." tThe
main thing is that England shall be
soundly thrashed. The word consist
ed of the initials of the wordssfn the
sentence.
The Englishmen at the next table
were puzzled and tried to get an ex-
PLANTATION from our Arabian servant.
This shrewd fellow informed them
that "Hidekk" was tho Hungarian
equivalent for, heavy" and he added
that the queer toast expressed our de-
sire for a heavy" defeat of our
enemies
.'At the next meal the Englishmen,
glaring at US fiercely, raised their
glasses and shouted, "Hidekk." They
were dumbfounded when a burst OF
laughter from our table greeted their
demonstration. What the joke was
they never found OUT
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1915-07-28
BREEDERS OF SWINE
CONVENE At PURDUE

A unique school Of one days length
for swine breeders and judges will be
held at Purdue University. Live Stock
Judging Pavilion, Tuesday. August 5.
A full and interesting program has
been arranged In which the visiting
breeders and farmers will have a day
OF instruction in scoring and judging
hogs The class will be conducted by
experienced breeders and judges who
are well qualified to give practical In
formation which will enable breeders
and others to select their hogs more
intelligently, and at the same time fit
themselves for judging swine in the
show ring in Indiana fairs.
The University has large herds of
hogs, consisting of five different
breeds and. excellent equipment for
handling the same. The breeding
stock and show barrows will be in
spected by visitors and many other
points Of interest to farmers and
stockmen visited. A large number of
swine breeders and growers will be
present from all parts of the state
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1915-07-28
YEARS THRESHING
NEARS COMPLETION

CAMBRIDGE CITY, Ind, July Is
The fine weather of the last few days
has been very encouraging to the farm
ers and has shown an unexpected i'm
provement in the yield Of wheat. An
other week will be required to COM
plete the threshing in this locality
The crop is averaging about twenty
one bushels to the acre, but is not
grading above No. 2. Perhaps one
half of the crop is being marketed
now, while the remainder is being
stored in granaries. awaiting higher
prices. The oats crop is in the shock.
is in good condition and will be above
the average.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1915-07-28
OFFICIAL ISSUES
FALSE PASSPORT

WASHINGTON. July 2s.-The state
department today is attempting to aid
Harry L. Wilson, clerk in the Ameri-
can consulate in Berlin, who has been
arrested on the Danish frontier of Ger
many on the technical charge of trying
to leave Germany without a passport.
It is understood that Wilson's actual
offense was the issuance of a false
passport to a British subject thinking
to get out of Germany. Under German
law this offense is a felony and had
Wilson been Of German birth it would
have been treason. His situation is
serious. Wilson was appointed to the
service from Oregon
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1915-07-28
PRISONER RELATES
TALE OF SUFFERING

BERLIN. July 2S.-"The waldshut
(Baden) "Albbote" publishes long
letter of German soldier who was Ia
ken prisoner by the French in Janu.
airy and has been sent to a camp in
Algiers. The captive assures his rela.
tives that he is treated very we'll. lauds
the French people and military author
tiles. but the first words of the differ
ent paragraphs of his letter tell diff
ferent story. These words. when COM
bined, form the following sentences:
AT last alone. have found a way to
tell you the truth! Our camp is a hell
and I am suffering awfully. The
Frenchmen are crazy with rage and
torment their prisoners. Thrash them
as hard as you can, they deserve it,"
The censor of course did not discover
these hidden sentences, OF the letter
would never have reached Germany.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1915-07-28
GERMAN SOLDIERS
APPROACH FORTS

BERLIN, July fisherman troops
engaged in the great Warsaw drive in
Poland have occupied Novorovo, fiji
teen miles west of the Warsaw fortifi-
cation, has been stormed by the Ger
man troops under Field Marshal Won
Hindenburg.
Counter attacks of the Russians on
both banks of the Narew river to the
north of Serosk and to the south of
Nazielsk failed.
Near Rozan the Germans captured
$500 Russians and machine guns.
Between Mitau and the Niemen the
troops under General Won Buelow cap
tured 1900 Russians.
To the east and southeast of Rozan
the German attacks are proceeding
successfully.
Fighting is in progress southwest of
Gorakalvarpa.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1915-07-28
WHEAT UNSETTLED
ON CHICAGO MARKET

CHICAGO. July 2S-The wheat mar
ket closed irregular and unsettled to-
day, with July 1A cents higher, while
the more deferred months were II at
y cents lower, July corn was up "
cent, September was unchanged while
December was as cents lower. July
oats were cents higher and the Sep
TENDER and December were n at ~
cent higher respectively. Cash transac-
tions at Chicago were 1885, 900 bushels
wheat Of which 100000 bushels were
for export, $4,000 bushels corn and
100000 bushels oats.
Vessel room was chartered for 2OO,-
600 bushels wheat and 100000 bushels
corn at 70 cents to Buffalo.
Provisions were lower all around
and that market was under pressure
right up to the close.
The action Of the July future show
ed that there Is still good sized open
interest in that month in not only
wheat but in corn and oats as well.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1915-07-28
GOVERNOR GRANTS
TEN MEN PAROLES

INDIANAPOLIS. July 2S.-Concur-
ring in the recommendations of the
board Of pardons, Governor Ralston
ordered the release on parole today of
ten prisoners serving sentences in
state penal Institutions.
George Wilson, serving a life SEN
tence for killing an innocent bystand-
er at dance in Evansville, had his
sentence committed, thereby making
him eligible to parole in the future.
Two bigamists, Elvis Jones of. Mar
ion county, and Charles Beeson Of
Madison county, were paroled.
Others to receive executive elem
ency included three forgers, James
Russell Bowman, DeKalb county; Jul
ius Splitter, Vanderburg county, and
John Friend, DeKalb county.
Stanley Morrison Of Clinton county,
perjurer, also will be turned loose.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1915-07-28
HARD ON BOOSTERS

PASADENA, Cal. July 2S.-An au-
tomato anti-crowing device is under
consideration by the city trustees Of
South Pasadena and may be prescrib-
ed by law in order to prevent the roost-
ers of that city from indulging in vo-
cal exercise until daylight. 1t is a
we'll known fact that to crow success
fully the rooster IS obliged to elevate
his head. The South Pasadena trus-
tees propose to compel people who
have chickens to build their roosts so
near the top of the coop that the roost-
er won't have any room for raising his
head. If he tries to-biff! A sudden
vision Of stars will stop the crow be-
fore it becomes a squawk.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1915-07-28
PENNSY PROVIDES
CROSSING GUARD

EATON, O., July 2s.-Even though
the public utilities commission held
that it was not necessary for the Penn
sylvania lines to provide gates or flag
men at three crossings in the city, Of
ficials of the road at Richmond have
advised city council that a flagman
will be stationed at the Barron street
crossing and that the system of cross
ing alarm bells will be greatly i'm
proved. Council has also directed the
city engineer to establish safety zones
On Main street along the track of the
Ohio electric. Lines indicating the
zones will be painted upon the street
and the plan will be strictly enforced.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1915-07-28
War Sidelights
Found, in News
FrOmCOntinent

The astonishing shell-consuming
power of modern artillery is discussed
by General Heinrich Rohne in an in
terview published by the Vossische
Zeitung, of BERLIN. Nearly 100000
shells were fired at the north of Arras
on June H." he says. This was al
most as much as the whole fire of the
German artillery in 1870. How costly
the bonn bardment of Arras was for the
English may be gathered from the fact
that the very smallest gun shoots
projectile costing at least S."
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1915-07-28
MURDER MYSTERY

COLUMBUS, Ind, July 2s.-The po-
lice here today were searching for
woman said to have been near the
spot where the body of c. NJ. Horton.
an Indianapolis travelling man. was
found several days ago. Coroner
Bracken's report holds that Horton
was murdered by shot through the
back of the head. Interurban en-
ployes at the inquest told of seeing
the woman in the woods near Horizons
BODY. She was moaning and wiring
ing her hands, they said, and she fled
at their approach.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1915-07-28
ASK FOR GERMAN
STORY OF ATTACK

WASHINGTON, July 2S-The state
department today announced that in
quiry had been made by Ambassador
Gerard as to the German account Of
the attack on the Cunard liner Orduna.
bound from Liverpool to New York
with American passengers.
The inquiry was made by Ambassa-
dor Gerard on instructions from the
department. The state department did
not transmit a note to the German for
eign office on the subject
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1915-07-28
PITTSBURG.

PITTSBURG. July 2S,-Cattle sup
ply light. market steady; choice steers
50 6O69.7O, prime steers $909.50, good
steers 5O@9.OO. tidy butchers $3.50
1890, fair $750@S.25. common $6
OF, common to fat bulls $5@725,
common to fat cows $4m725. heifers
50MS5O. veal calces $1150@12,
Sheep ard lambs, supply light; mar
ket steady; prime wethers $650@6.75,
lambs $6d7.
Hogs: Receipts 10 double decks !;
market active; prime heavy $3.50
IT'S. medium $3.50, heavy workers. $3.50
light Workers and pigs sS.35@s,4o,
roughs S6G6.50. stays 1850. heavy
mixed $7906S.00.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1915-07-28
FIRE BREAKS OUT
IN FREIGHT CAR

CAMBRIDGE CITY, Ind, July 2s-
When the local freight on the Louis
vile division was midway between this
place and Dublin on Tuesday morning,
fire was discovered by the crew in a
car of merchandise that had been bill
ed out of Richmond The train was
backed to the siding here and the fire
department called. By prompt action
on the part of the firemen the car was
saved without serious damage, but the
goods were almost a total loss The
fire originated inside the car near
where piano was stored.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1915-07-28
LIVE STOCK
CHICAGO.

UNION sTOCKYARDs. ILL.,, July %
Hogs Receipts $4,000, market sc
lower; mixed and butchers $4,000
IT'S. good heavies IS 5O@755. rough
heavies $6.2O@6.4O. light $720@7.s0.
pigs $5.75@715, bulk Of sales $4,000
$50 Cattle: Receipts $4,000. mar
ket steady; Beeves Sc. 25@1O.3O. cows
and heifers $35o@9.40. stockers and
feeders, no quotation; calves 500
1915. Sheep Receipts $4,000. market
strong: natives and westerns $3.25G
6.25, lambs $5.406S.30.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1915-07-28
HORSE VISITS PARLoR.

FORT WAYNE, July 2S-Hundreds
Of pedestrians scrambled for places of
safety when a blind horse ran away
through the downtown streets. plunged
first through a saloon window and then
dashed in to a beauty" parlor. where
it wrecked the furniture before it be-
came exhausted from the loss of blood
in cuts sustained from broken glass.
1t required several policemen to extri-
cate the sightless animal from the
beauty" parlor.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1915-07-28
COMPANIES PAY
BIG INSURANCE

CHICAGO. July 2s.-More than a
half million dollars will be paid out
before the end of this week in insur-
ance policies to the families of victims
OF the Eastland disaster. This esti-
mate was made today by insurance ad-
justers who have been working night
and day to pay losses.
Managers of companies directing the
settlement of claims state that be-
tween SO and IS per cent of those who
died on the Eastland held policies for
from 5000 to $4,000.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1915-07-28
SAILOR IGNORANT
OF FAMILY'S FATE

CHICAGO, July 2S.-The bodies Of
Mrs. Nellie Fitzgerald and her three
year-old daughter. Dorothy. are in
Philadelphia today awaiting burial.
They were passengers on the Inflated
excursion steamer Eastland. Some
where on the Atlantic ocean John F.
Fitzgerald, husband and father. a pay
master sergeant in the United States
navy, knows nothing of the fate of his
wife and child. Mrs. Fitzgerald was
visiting here with her husbands sis
ter. Mrs. Mary Murphy. Mrs. Murphy
and her husband both died on the
Eastland. They were buried yester,
day
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1915-07-28
SALES WELL ATTENDED,

Summer sales in the shops and de-
partment stores of London are well
attended this season, as prudent buy
ers are laying in stocks for the COM
ing winter. Blue serges and covert
goods are becoming scarce. owing to
their use by the navy and lack of dyes.
All woolens are likely to advance in
price, as the demand for army goods is
tremendous and labor scarce Gloves,
for which England depended largely
on the continent also have an unusual
ly heavy sale among the bargain hunt
ers. Cotton stuffs, on the other hand,
are cheaper than in peace times.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1915-07-28
ARRESTED FAMILY,

PHILADELPHIA. Pa, July 2S.-Be-
cause they raised row and disturbed
his afternoon nap, Policeman Young.
colored cop. attached to the Second
District, arrested his mother-in-law, his
sister-in-law and his wife and hailed
them before a magistrate. Young viii
be enabled to take his afternoon nap
in peace for the next ten days, as each
OF the defendants was sentenced to
the county prison for that period by
Magistrate Haggerty.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1915-07-28
FELL UNDER HEARSE:
CHILD MEETS DEATH

CHICAGO, July 2s.-Another trag-
edy that came in the wake of the East
land disaster, came to light today
when it was related how little Emma
Wesley, aged 9, fell beneath funeral
automobile in which her father had
gone to attend the burial of Miss Anna
koukl, IS, one of the Eastland victims.
and was killed Isidore Evans, driver
of the funeral automobile, was held by
the police on charge of causing the
child's death.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1915-07-28
INDIANAPOLIS.

INDIANAPOLIS, Ind. July %
Hogs: Receipts 5000, market steady,
best hogs $735@7s0. heavies $1,000
$50, pigs $73567.s0, bulk Of sales
$735@7S0
Cattle: Receipts 100, market weak,
choice heavy steers $S.75@9.S5, light
steers $500 $50, heifers $500 1875,
cows $3O0@725. bulls S5.00@700,
calves $5.00@11.50.
Sheep and lambs Receipts $50,
market strong, prime sheep 1913
down, lambs SS.75 down.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1915-07-28
HONORS BIRTHDAY

CAMBRIDGE CITY, Ind, July Is
Jesse Hoover of the railway mail SER
vice, gave a o'clock dinner on Mon
day, in honor of his thirty-second
birthday The guests were as follows:
Alvin and Harry Bertsch, Henry Neer'
man, Raymond Stubs. Raymond
West, Robert Myers, Herman Barnett
DR.. Kopp, Walter Waddell and Donald
Johnson.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1915-07-28
"HELP" GET BIDS

MICHIGAN CITY. Ind, July Is
Housemaids in the home of Miss Cath
crime Barker. Michigan City's $780,
600, 900 heiress. and the hired men on
her farm, have received invitations to
the wedding of Miss Barker and How
ard Spaulding. Jr., of Chicago. at Har-
Dor Point. Mich. next month. Some
of the invitations were accompanied
by checks.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1915-07-28
LANSING FORMS
MEXICAN POLICY

WASHINGTON, July 2S.-The state
department is not yet ready to show
its hand relative to Mexico, Secretary
Lansing said today. 1t has a definite
program in mind and is confident that
Mexico will be benefited greatly by
the steps to be- taken, he added, but
for the present nothing will be d.
vulged as to the administration plan.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1915-07-28

Mrs. Belva Lockwood, the venerable
peace advocate who ran for president
in two campaigns, has been notified
that Andrew Carnegie has placed her
on his pension list for $40 monthly.
Mrs. Lockwood's financial affairs
are in the hands of committee OF
Washington citizens. Y
Mrs. Lockwood is in her eighty-fifth
year and her health is breaking.