The herald and news. [volume] (Newberry S.C.) 1903-1937, 1915-08-06

traI ports.
The Austro-Hungarian feet has re-
NAMED in the Adriatic and the Turk
is. fleet has been kept from the Aeg-
can. Germany's merchant marine has
been swept from the seas.
There have been several naval bat
ties Of Importance, however. In the
first month of the war Rear Admiral
Beatty's squadron dashed into Helgo-
land Blight, near the great German ma
val station, and sank tree German
cruisers and two torpedo boat Destroy
ers. In January occurred a battle in
tie North Sea between British war
ships and a German squadron which
presumably was attempting a raid on
the English coast. In this battle the
German cruiser Bleucher was sunk.
The German Far East squadron de-
feated Vice Admiral Cradock's British
squadron off the Chilean coast on No
MEMBER /, sinking the Good Hope and
Monmouth. The British obtained their
revenge in December when, off the
Falkland Islands, a powerful British
squadron defeated the Germans, sink
ing the Sclharnhorst, Gneisenau, Leip-
zig and Nuremberg.
German squadrons have twice at.
tackled the English coast, causing some
loss of life and damage to property.
English towns, including London, have
also been attacked by German aircraft,
which made several successful trips
across the North Sea, raiding points
On the east coast.
Changes in Methods.
Methods of fighting have been al.
tered radically in consequence of the
lessons learned in the first year of
the war. 1t has been re-eminently a
war of machines. The resources af-
forded by modern scientific develop
ment have been taxed to devise new
instruments of death and destruction
more potent than ever had been en-
ployed. 1t has been also war of
surprises. New problems have arisen
necessitating reconstruction of tie
theory of war. Plans and methods
heretofore approved by authorities on
military affairs were discarded,
and the stats of tine various armies
were compelled to grapple with sit
uations for which there was no pre-
cedent.
Tie first great surprise of the war
was the German 42-centimeter
16 1-2 inch) gun, which hurls for
some Is miles shell Weighing almost
a ton. The great Notifications which
were the pride of Belgium, and be-
lieved to be almost impregnable, were
battered into ruins by these guns in
a comparatively short time. Two Of
Uhese guns, stationed 10 miles from
Antwerp, wrecked it's elaborate defense
work. Leige and Namur fell SINH
larly.
The use of artillery and machine
guns, in fact, has been one of the prin-
ciple features of the war. Great exc
cution was done by the new Krupp
11-inch howitzer, weighing nearly 40
tons, with a six-mile radius. The
Austrian 12-inch howitzer also Las
proved exceptionally efficient. The
French 75-millimeter gun is regarded
as one of the most effective field
pieces.
On all the European battlefelds ar
tillery has been the main reliance of
the various armies. Trenches bristle
with machine guns, whicl military
r{nen say bid fair to relegate the rifle
to secondary place. 1t was with ar
tillery that the Austro-German forces
blasted their way across Galicia a few
weeks ago, making what was said to
be tle greatest concentration of heavy
and light field pieces ever seen. With
artillery the British won at Neuve
Chapelle, the Germans at scissors.
Every considerable movement of in
fantry is preceded by heavy artillery
bombardment, and frequently the in
fantry has little more to do than occu-
py the position of the enemy made un-
tenable by artillery fire.
Dig Themselves In.
The deadliness of machine guns ne
cessitated recourse to trenches, for
no troops in exposed positions could
live within the range Of the rapid
frers. Consequently trench warfare
has developed to an extent never be-
foro conn Whole armies moved into