davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
American Fork citizen. [volume] (American Fork, Utah) 1912-1979, 1915-04-10
Funera! Services for
Mrs. Margaret Fuga|
Was An Old Resident of Pleasant
Grove, Where She Had a Host Of
Friends, Many of Whom Attended
the Funeral.

n The funeral of Mrs. Margaret Flu
Mt who died while Oh a visit to her
Bishop James Fugal, of Wood
}, Idaho, was held in the Pleasant
a i've Tabernacle Monday at 2 D. m,
us Ter the direction Of the bishopric
oil the Third Ward The choir furn-
IA vi music and the opening prayer
~ by s ID. Radmall and benedic-
~ . by James Nelson. The follow
VIZ were the speakers: ] c. Nelson,
us &c Carlson, Thomas H. Gleason,
BIZ Aop S. l.. Swenson and Bishop
jar es II. Walker.
rs Fugal was baptized in Dem
me * and came to Utah I'm 1868. She
WIS married TO Christian Fugal and
n wed to Pleasant Grove and has liv-
"a here ever since. she was the
mother of six children, live of whom
are living In three different states
twelve grandchildren and enc great
grandchild also survive. She was a
good, faithful woman and had been
i NlIow for twenty yeas
Her children are Mrs. Stina Van
Horn of Gypsum. Colorado. Mrs. hn-
ME Boren of Oakley. Idaho, Jas Flu
gal of Woodville, Idaho, Lous of Star,
Juab County, and Mrs. Lizzie Thorne
of Woodville, Idaho. all of whom
came here to attend the funeral
American Fork citizen. [volume] (American Fork, Utah) 1912-1979, 1915-04-10
Council Holds
Short Session

City Council met April 9Th, all pres
ent excepting Councilman Olpin and
Recorder Hilton, who were absent
from the city j. r. Hilton acted as
Recorder pro TEN Mr. Hyde of the
Telephone Company made some ex-
plantations relative TO the system and
the improvements being made In Pr
easant Grove Councilman Westphal
stated that some protests are coming
In against the company failing to
paint their poles in the rural parts
of the city.
AS an out growth of petition
submitted by the business men of
Pleasant Grove for the appointment
OF night Waterman, the motion car
ried that the city appropriate $500
per month toward meeting this eX-
pense. the Mayor to make the APP
pointment
Irrigation chairman reported adj
versely on the petition Of Russell
Thompson ct al to apply assessments
on the Pulley ditch in lieu of the
Eighty rod ditch, which was confirm
ed by vote. In addition to some other
matters, appropriations in
salaries, approximately 1895
were made.
American Fork citizen. [volume] (American Fork, Utah) 1912-1979, 1915-04-10
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
WEEKLY NEWS LETTER
Garden Seed

AT present most OF the garden seed
used In Utah Is imported from the out
side Seed dealers are often COM
PEELED to hold their seed over from
one year to another. and as a result,
II loses In vitality from year to year
until sometimes only a small part of
II VIII terminate on account of age.
Those buying garden seed should In
sist that they get nothing but fresh
stock.
There Is good opportunity In Utah
for some one to produce seeds that
are adapted to the condition OF the
state. irrigation and bright weather
furnish ideal conditions for seed pro-
duction. Send to the Utah Agricul-
tural College Experiment Station for
Circular No. l6.
Getting Machinery In Shape
Now Is the time for farmers to look
over. their machinery, and get It In
shape for the coming seasons work
which will save valuable time later,
advises the Farm Mechanics depart
ment of the Utah Agricultural Col
lege.
For cleaning out gummed and clog
ged oil holes long slender screw is
far ahead of nail or wire. A few
turns runs 1t to the bottom of the hole
and In Withdrawing II the threads
bring out the dirt. In removing brok-
on and battered mower sections II Is
not uncommon to find man digging
out the rivot heads with coal chisel
and punch. IL Is much quicker and
easier to rest the bar on an anvil, or
its substitute. the mower wheel II In
| the field, and strike the back of the
knife n few taps with the hammer.
! The rivets are soft and the steel knife
shears them of.
American Fork citizen. [volume] (American Fork, Utah) 1912-1979, 1915-04-10
Power Company Will
Establish Office Here

Local Manager p. II. Craven, of the
Utah Power and Light company. was
in Pleasant Grove Thursday making
arrangements to open a branch office
heiN The company's business is of
SUCH character that II will be to
the pest Interests to have an Office
ana representative here at all times.
Negotiations sse practically com
pleted for the occupancy OF the
Thorne building, next oeor to the post
Office. stephen Shelley VIII be plac-
ed in charge and Will move back here
in the near future.
American Fork citizen. [volume] (American Fork, Utah) 1912-1979, 1915-04-10

with feast consisting of cake, punch,
cookies and popcorn, which was
greatly appreciated after the arduous
exercise OF using ones vocol powers
for an hour or two.
On Sunday evening the NJ. |. A..
closed their seasons work by n suit
able program given in the Meeting
house. Retold stories, songs, and
talks on the winters work were the
features of the evening
The children and grand children of
Mr.. Chas =. Warwick spent Monday
evening with him in remembrance, of
his 65th birthday. A delightful time
was had; a bountiful supper provided,
and the later evening spent in listen
ing to tales of incidents In the life of
father and grandfather
One of the speakers at the meeting
Sunday was Mr.. Ira Baker of Idaho,
who is here visiting his sister. Mrs
Joseph Larson.
The biggest social event of the
week was the social given Tuesday
evening by the NJ. I. A. In the Meeting
House. The time was spent In differ
ent games. and prizes were won by
Reed Warwick. Oliver Iverson, JOS
eph Larson, MILFORD Warwick and Iva
Hunting. Refreshments were served.
Mrs. Henry Chapman and daughters
of American Fork, spent Sunday with
Miss Ora Holman.
Mr. and Mrs. A. n. Iverson and
family spent Sunday in Lindon with
their daughter, Mrs. Eda Dittmore,
Mrs Thomas Patten Of Provo, ac-
companied by her family, were the
Sunday guests of Mrs. A. Il. Holman.
Mr.. and Mrs. Niels l.. Monsoon OF
Linden, were visitors at the home OF
Mr.. and Mrs. Ferd Ludwigson on Mon
day.
Mr.. and Mrs. Irving Johnson were
Provo visitors on Monday, whittier
Mr.. Johnson went on business with
the county commissioners with re-
gard to the roads.
American Fork citizen. [volume] (American Fork, Utah) 1912-1979, 1915-04-10
OF KITTY"
MUCH APPRECIATED

The High School play, "The Arrival
of Kitty" given last Saturday, was
one OF the delightful events of the
season. There was good house.
which repeatedly showed its approval
of the clever scenes and splendid act
ing Of the young thespians, who show
ed much hard work and efficient
coaching. Regrets were expressed
that such splendid performance
should be gotten up only to be given
once.
American Fork citizen. [volume] (American Fork, Utah) 1912-1979, 1915-04-10
Many Attend Conference

Among the conference visitors
We're: Mr.. and Mrs. l.. p. Lund, JOS
eph Hilton, Amy Rosa, Mr.. and Mrs,
Frank HUMPHREYS, Mrs, George West,
Mrs. Mary Fenton and daughter,
Maud, Joseph Johnson, Mr.. and Mrs.
Lawrence Atwood, Mr., and Mrs. Al
ma Kirk, Mr., and Mrs. c. Il, Oscar
son, Mr.. and Mrs Jens II. Nelson
Mr. and Mrs. David Thorne, Mrs. l.
~ I.und, Mrs. Ole Anderson, Mrs
james II Walker, Mr., and Mrs Il. D.
.Olpn, Mr. and Mrs. w l.. Hayes, Bis
hop and Mrs. S. /. Swenson and about
one hundred others.
American Fork citizen. [volume] (American Fork, Utah) 1912-1979, 1915-04-10

| didn't let them have more Then
you believe In advertisingr Mr.. Bow
ers was asked. i am not merely n
believer in advertising, was the
prompt rejolner, I am almost q man
lac on the subject. firmly believe
If | had only spent half so much for
advertising as have spent, wouldn't
be worth half 80 much as | am worth.
Furthermore, am convinced that II
| had been foresighted enough to
spend twice as much for advertising
as ! have spent that ! would be worth
twice what I am worth"
American Fork citizen. [volume] (American Fork, Utah) 1912-1979, 1915-04-10
DEATH OF CONRAD MAAG

Conrad Mag, one Of the old resi-
dents living on the bottoms below
town, died Wednesday of erysipelas.
The funeral will be held at IL o'clock
today in the Vineyard Meeting House,
Mr.. Mag was native of Switzer-
land, and came to Utah In 1876. He
has been well known here for years,
He is survived by wife, two daugh-
ters and four sons.
American Fork citizen. [volume] (American Fork, Utah) 1912-1979, 1915-04-10
Mortensen Funeral
Held Here Today

Mrs. Caroline Mortenson died In
Salt Lake City Tuesday and her re-
mains will be brought to Pleasant
Grove for burial today. Funeral SER
vices will be held In the Tabernacle at
o'clock p. m.
Mrs Mortensen was the wife of
Morten Mortensen. She was born In
Denmark February 5, 1859 For the
past twenty-five years she has made
her home In Pleasant Grove, up until
last winter, when she and her hus-
band moved to Salt Lake City.
She leaves four sons and one dau-
ghter, most OF whom reside In Salt
Lake City
American Fork citizen. [volume] (American Fork, Utah) 1912-1979, 1915-04-10
OF SUSANNAH

The First Ward NJ, l. A. comedy
"Oh Susamuh' will be produced IN
the Opera House tonight The play
ers have all been working hard on
their parts for long time aud the
promise is that the play VIII be Il
screaming success The list OF play
RS include some Of the best talent
IN town, and with Miss Thurman as
coach, there can be no such word as
failure.
American Fork citizen. [volume] (American Fork, Utah) 1912-1979, 1915-04-10

Tuesday afternoon Mr.. Reherd. pre-
sident of the Westminster College of
Salt Lake, spoke to the High School
in chapel exercises. Miss Ora Hol-
man sang, "Ili Sing Thee Songs of
Araby."
The boys are working hard on the
track work and are planning to have
a class track meet Friday.
s#s
The Sophomore Dramatic club will
play THE Arrical of Kitty" at Al
pine next Thursday evening.
American Fork citizen. [volume] (American Fork, Utah) 1912-1979, 1915-04-10
CITIZENS BUY AUTOMOBILES

Mr.. james ID. Thorne appeared on
the streets this week with a new
Ford touring car, which he will use
on the road as salesman for Hewlett
Brothers,
Alex Thornton sold his old machine
and is now sporting with a new Buick
Touring car, Several other local
citizens are contemplating buying
autos.
American Fork citizen. [volume] (American Fork, Utah) 1912-1979, 1915-04-10
(eaSant Grove Department

from the Western Arms and Sporting
company, which was won for being
the best basket ball players in the
state. 1t is a beautiful work of art
and contains the words Utah State
Basket Ball Champions 1914-15 Won
by Pleasant Grove" The boys are
arranging to have it put under glass
in suitable frame
American Fork citizen. [volume] (American Fork, Utah) 1912-1979, 1915-04-10
o o o o o o U o
MANILA NEWS

The ward choir, under the capable
direction OF J. b. Miller, will give a
sacred concert in the Meeting House
tomorrow evening. A most excellent
program, consisting of various musi-
cal numbers interspersed with read
ings, have been prepared that will be
a veritable feast OF music 10 those
who care 10 come.
Mrs, X, Swanson of Provo. is spend
ing the spring vacation here with
relatives.
During the choir rehearsal We'd
nesday evening, our former bishop
C. p. Warwick, RECALLED the members
American Fork citizen. [volume] (American Fork, Utah) 1912-1979, 1915-04-10

Mrs. J. ID. Thorne is now sporting
new Ford automobile.
Mr.. Samuel Baird was a Provo
visitor Saturday.
Mrs. j. X. Allen OF Vineyard was
Pleasant Grove visitor Wednesday
Mr.. Charles Olson made a business
trip to the Capital Thursday.
| Several free trips TO the Worlds
Fair. VIII you take one Of themi
Miss Olive Shelley of American
Fork was the guest Of Mrs. Silas
Thorne Sunday.
Miss Grace vanWagoner and Flora
Provost of Midway, are guests of Mrs.
u. T Culmer this week.
Mr.. Il. r. Culmer had rather Sc
we're attack of heart trouble this week,
but is better now.
Miss Virgie Gray was hostess at
the regular weekly kensington of the
5. b. G. club, Monday evening.
The local High School Is prepar-
Ing to put on the opera. Emmerine,
about May 9.
The Misses Flossie Frampton and
Hannah Condor we're Lehi visitors
| Wednesday.
The Misses Chloe Thorne, Florence
Frampton and Hannah Gender were
at Provo Sunday.
Dr. and Mrs. Westphal, Mr.. and
Mrs, +. r. Halliday spent Easter in
Provo canyon.
Mr.. Reuben Radmall who has been
attending the b. Y. U. is spending
his vacation with his parents.
Mr.. and Mrs. Joseph Adams spent
the week at Salt Lake with their
daughter, Mrs Othells Clark.
Mr.. Geo. Barton arrived here this
week from Colorado where he has
been doing railroad construction
work.
Mr.. and Mrs. David Thorne return
ed home Wednesday night after
spending week visiting with rela-
| tives In Salt Lake.
Mrs. Wallery of Heber has moved
to Pleasant Grove where her husband
is employed by the Mountain States
Telephone Co.
Mrs. j. II. Halliday went to Layton
Mon. with her daughter, Mrs. Lucus
! Laudie who was returning after visit
ing at Pleasant Grove for three days.
The Second Ward NJ |. A. held its
closing night Tuesday evening. There
was a most interesting program,
games and delicious refreshments.
The Juniors In the High School en-
tertained the Seniors last evening at
banquet, after which dancing was
INDUCED In.
Mr.. Nat Pierce has been selected
as night Waterman and will keep q
look out for burglars and other I'M
desirables. The city pays $500 per
month towards his salary and the
merchants and others the balance.
American Fork citizen. [volume] (American Fork, Utah) 1912-1979, 1915-04-10

clark, Lehi. 10-1t-p
Mr. G. p. Richie is now employed
at Pleasant Grove.
Miss Rhea Clark was Salt Lake
visitor the first part of the week.
Mr.. Silas Thorne was Provo visit
or Sunday
Lawrence Walker is recovering
from an attack of lagrlppe.
David Roach is suffering from an
attack of tonsilitis.
The local lnterurban office handled
over $1,000 pounds OF local freight
last week
Mr.. and Mrs J. d. Thorne spent the
early part Of this week in Salt Lake
on business, church and pleasure.
Mrs. SAINT Walker spent Wednesday
In American Fork visiting with her
sister, Mrs. Stephen Shelley.
Mrs. Mary Noe of Springville, spent
few days this week, visiting her
mother Mrs. Margaret Thorne.
Miss LaVina Olsen is spending two
weeks in Spanish Fork visiting rela-
tives and friends.
Mrs. ]. S. Black of Ward, Idaho,
Is here visiting at the home of her
daughter, Mrs. Ben Blaks.
Mr.. John Rosa and Mr.. and Mrs.
Revelie Rosa of Logan, are guests Of
Mrs. Patience Archer.
Mr. Ray Olpin is around again af-
ter a six weeks siege Of typhoid few
er.
A new baby girl arrived at the
home of Mr.. and Mrs. Fred Lystrup
of Linden, Wednesday.
Mr. Fred Rheims is suffering from
n bad case of poison Ivy, which he
got in the canyon this week
A baby boy was born to Mrs Law
renee Merritt Friday. Mother and
baby are doing well.
The Misses Edna and Lydia Allen
were at Vineyard Wednesday to at
tend the funeral of Mr.. NJ. Hanson.
Miss Hermese Peterson of Provo
was Pleasant Grove visitor Thurs
day.
Mr.. and Mrs. James Fugal and fam
lily, and Mr.. and Mrs. James Thorne
returned to their home In Idaho after
spending few days with relatives
and friends at Pleasant Grove.
The Easter Ball In the Orpheus
Hall last Saturday was a great sue
cess from the point of attendance,
and socially 1t was one of the best of
the season.
Mr.. and Mrs. Leonard Adams of
Storrs. DR.. and Mrs, ~ II. Nelson of
Provo, and Miss Pearl Larson were
visitors In Pleasant Grove this week.
guests of Mr.. and Mrs. c. p. LARSON.
A number of the local Democratic
war horses are intending to go to Salt
Lake City today to be present at the
big jefferson dinner to be given In
the Newhouse Hotel.
Mr.. and Mrs. Mark Coombs of Cord
ston, Canada, and Mr., and Mrs John
Il. Coombs of Salt Lake City, were
guests at the home of Mr., and Mrs
l.. p. Lund this week.
Mr. T. c. Larson, the Provo photo
grapher, was in Pleasant Grove
Thursday finishing up and delivering
one hundred photographs for the High
School year book.
Mr. and Mrs ] G. Nelson and the
Misses Edna Allen, Leone Nelson,
Stella Jensen, Lydia Allen and Jar
nice Nelson and the Messrs Glenn
Jacobson, Sammie Hilton and Elroy
Nelson spent Saturday In Vineyard
The guests of Mr.. and Mrs, j. X. Allen
The City Council has decided to eX'
tend It's mains TO the northwest cor
ner OF the city limits, from which
point they viii be extended to supply
city water to the homes owned by
W. l.. Hayes, J. II Roach, Peter Carl
son, Fred Foutz and James Peterson
These gentlemen all live outside the
/ ,ity limits, for which reason they vii
p ha charged double the rate charged
American Fork citizen. [volume] (American Fork, Utah) 1912-1979, 1915-04-10
II. \. PENNANT RECEIVED

The Pleasant Grove High School
team received itS pennant this week
American Fork citizen. [volume] (American Fork, Utah) 1912-1979, 1915-04-10
o o o 300 o o o o O O o o o
O PLEASANT GROVE O
o HIGH SCHOOL NOTES O

o o o o o o 0 o o {
Omaha daily bee. (Omaha [Neb.]) 187?-1922, 1915-04-27
new YORK STOCK MARKET
Consistent Strength Shown by Many
Of the List on the Ex-
change.
COPPER PARTICULARLY STRONG

NEW YORK, April 8.-For the greater
TART OF todays market session stocks
showed consistent strength, particularly
coppers and other industrials, as well
cellancous spectalties In the final hour
virtually all this advantage was lost the
m market 5 declining abruptly under the lead
NO specific news accompanied the sharp
reversal hut rumor was Just as busy
with adverse gossip at that time as It.
tips.
Selling OF Reading toward the end
seemed TO emanRte from substantial
sources, while the extensive offerings OF
steel pointed to assistance from the
shorts. The quarterly statement OF the
United states Steel corporation is to be
market and Chairman Gary already has
lntinated that the exhibit win not be
especially encouraging.
Prior to the late selling new high
prices had been made by some OF the
less prominent metal shares, their further
gains being in recognition OF another ad-
vance In the asking price OF refined COP
per by producers. Union Pacific, Great
Northern. ST Paul and other Investment
issues In the railway division also were
higher by to ~ points. In fact. the only
laegards were Missouri Pacific and Mis-
souri, Kansas & Texas common and pre-
ferred. Affairs OF the latter road are APP
preaching a crisis IN connection with the
plan to extend tho NsOco,ooO Of notes fall
Weekend developments were mainly
favorable to the constructive forces re-
Gently at work, including as they did,
the optimistic Views OF high financial and
Industrial authorities. together with the
detailed foreign trade statement and
some abatement OF European selling. AL
most the only otfsettlng features were
the several railroad reports submitted,
Atchlson showed net loss for March OF
y22a,Oco and Chicago q Northwestern fell
behind BY S4SSooo
Rates for FOREIGN exchange indicated
mixed conditions abroad. bills on London
showing greater firmnesa, while remit
tnnccs 10 italy we're weaker.
Total sales OF stocks amounted to 10000
shares
Bonds were irregular the only strong
features being copper convertible issues,
which rose huoyantly. Total sales, par
value, were N,623, 900, United states bonds
were unchanged on call.
Omaha daily bee. (Omaha [Neb.]) 187?-1922, 1915-04-27
OMAHA GENERAL MARKrr.

BuTTER-No, I. lib. cartons, SIC; No.
CHEBsE~imported swi4s. Sae: Ameri-
i6lIc: daisies, lIhc; tripletS, i1Mc: Young
AmcTisa, $50. blue label brick, l6hc; linn
burger. e-lb., 0c; lib, zoe; New York
white, isoi imported French Roauefort
FIsH-Trout. i4o; large crapples, i6c;
hahbut lie. channel catfish, lbc. herring,
SWEET PoTAToEs~kansas. ss.Ss bSi.
Wholesale prices OF beef cuts. effeo-
tive April g. are as follows;
,ss RGE No. cXT ise ch SS N.Y. c HS ad
No, g. sNc; No. 8, s'tc Loins: No. l,
ls%c; No, 2. l9io; No. 3. lsNc. Rounds:
No. 1, l3hc: No, 2, lso; No. q, RNc. Plates:
PouLTRY-Broners. zoe. s,ring chick.
sMc, stags, SIC; ducks l6c; geese, 100;
ducks. '' full fS eitheseS' iOl g'f geese. SSii
feathered. Sci squads. No. !. AS; No &
Fruit and vegetable prices furnished by
Gillinskl Fruit company:
fancy nayolS, all sizes, s. . per box; b-Sox
SSSes ali sizes se GSA per Soa ssoR iots.
zoos, sSos, 81 to SAP per box; choice Red
s ga 80 Eer, oSS s.s ersPstr Sat b6 sss 81
Piles: Extra fancy white winter Pear
mainos sl5O per box: extra fancy Ganos,
as, 30s. 3es tS.7b per crate; 5-crate lots.
$3.50 per erate-for shipment Wednesday
or Thursday April Is and 20. Bananas:
81 20 1925 per bunch; a. per 10, Straw
berries Louisiana pints, market price
on date Of shipment, prospective price,
VEdETABIEs- California new cab
bage. IS to 100 lbs, &c per 10. Celery.
Jumbo, SOC per dos. Head lettuce, 81 per
doz. Leaf lettuce: i0o per doz. Arti-
chokes; s1.b0 per doE. Endlve: S5c per H.
Onions: Yellow, % per ID: Texas Ber-
muda, white. Ss25 per crate; Texas Ber-
muda, yellow, 81 per crate. Onion sets:
Yellow and red. 80 per bu,; white, Sl.7S
per bu. Peppers: SOC per basket To-
Soc per doz. Spinach: soc per dcE. Par
sley: Soc per doz Turnips; soc per doz.
Potatoes. Colorado RuralE, &c per hu. /;
Red River Ohlos, 90c per bu Minnesota
whites. G5o per bu. Mushrooms: SOC ID,
Asparagus Homegrown, SIPS per doz
LLANEoUS-Sheiled popcorn, 10
per ID. Crackerjack: $500 per case;
S S case, SIS. LINES; ii75 per
half case, ,tl.75. Peanuts Raw. &c per
roasted, sac per b.; salted. i,5o per can.
Cocoanuts: $3.50 Per sack; Soc per dos.
iMutgi NO. l California walnuts. iso per
ID. brazils: 1910 per ID. 90 on figs, g
per box, Sugar walnut dates: $40 per
box. filberts I5c per I'D. Pecans: i2hc
per ID. Almonds: oOo per 10.
Omaha daily bee. (Omaha [Neb.]) 187?-1922, 1915-04-27
CHICAGO GRAIN AND PROVISIONS
Features OF TrRdinE and CIosinE
Prices ON the Hoard OF Trade.

CHICAGO. April s6.-Rumors that Italy
was about to declare war on Austria and
on German as well led to a good deal
lot selling today In the wheat market here
AS result prices closed unsettled at a
RANGE varying from csc decline to 10
advance, compared with Saturday night
Corn suffered a net loss Of Ia to i&c;
oats, Ssc to &c, and corn and pro yision
|ihQi0c to NV
Ncering Of prices to the bear side in
wheat derived Impetus from the fact that
no material downward movement OF the
market had taken place for more than a
week Overbought conditions In the
trade were increased. owing to a fresh
advance which took place at the opening
OF the session and which came about
chiefly In consequence OF reports OF ex-
treme apprehension at Liverpool regard
ing an unchecked falling off of stocks in
Great Britain.
Good rains southwest. together with lib
eral shipping sales at kansas city to
chicago houses caused further breaks in
the wheat market and especially during
tho late dealings, A big decrease in the
United states visible supply total seemed
TO have been fully discounted In advance.
Increased country offerings put pressure
on corn The market was also handi-
capped by the slowness OF cash demand
Argentine crop damage news appeared to
have lost Influence oats were governed
chiefly by the action of corn. Rains also
favored the bears Provisions took the
down grade with hogs. Buying was only
of a scattered sort
Futures ranged as follows;