davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1915-04-08
THE EX-SENATOR
IS NOT LIABLE
LAW COURT SAYS
Hon. Obadiah Gardner Was On
ly an Invited Guest in
Automobile

The aftermath Of a campaigning trip IN
Knox county during which the automobile
in which former L. s. Senator ODa-
diah Gardner was riding ran into
and injured Jethro D. Pease is con-
tanned in rescript from the law
court. The court holds. in q rescript
by Associate Justice Cornish, that Nj.
Gardner was simply passenger or IN
yited guest in the car and that William
P. Hurley Of Rockland, state commit
teer,an, and Josiah H. Hobbs, a member
of town committee. had engaged and
paid for the car. and are therefore liable
to the plaintiff. Damages are assessed
at $50 against Messrs. Hurley and Hobbs.
Judgment is rendered for the defendants,
Obadiah Gardner and Arthur L. Herrick,
who was the chauffeur.
Justice Cornishs rescrpt follows:
In an action Of tort to recover dam
ages for injuries received b. the plaintiff
by a collision between wagon in which
he was riding and an automobile driven
by the defendant Herrick, as chauffeur.
and in which the defendant, Gardner, was
q passenger, il is
Held, l. That due care on the part of
the plaintiff and want of due care on the
part of the chauffeur are clearly proved
so that liability on the part Of some one
is established.
2 That Mr.. Gardner was not legally
responsible because he was not in the le-
gal possession. control and management
Of the car. nor was the chauffeur acting
as his servant. Mr.. Gardner was simply
though the car was put in his charge for
the trip, so far as directions to the
chauffeur were concerned as to the route
to be taken, that did not create the re-
lation of master and servant between
them.
3. That the chauffeur was the servant
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1915-04-08
WINDSOR

WEST-The Ladies Union will meet
with Mrs N. H Wakefield at the par
soaage Wednesday. April I.
There were no services at the Baptis.
church last Sunday. on account of storm
and bad roads, Easter services being
postponed until Sunday April II, with
special music and Easter sermon in the
morning and Easter concert in the even
ing
Edna Pierce left for her duties as
teacher in Wh!teheld. " H. after en-
Joying the Easter recess with her par
ents. Mr.. and Mrs. G. T. Pierce.
Erwin Stewart returned to his school
work at Coturn Monday, after a recess
Of two weeks
The assessors Of Windsor are taking
valuation through the town
Carlisle Boggs. Gertrude Malcolm. Ger.
trude Pierce and Hazel CoIburn who
have been home over the Easter recess
returned to c. H. school Monday morn
ing.
c. D. Jones has a three months con-
tract for furnishing potatoes to the Ma
tional Home, Togus.
Percy Reed recently started his incu-
cator which has setting capacity Of
80 eggs. later he will start second in
cubator
leila Casey ard friend Alton Porter O;
Augusta were over Sunday guests OF
Miss Casey's parents, Mr.. and Mrs A.
L. Casey.
Beatrice Pierce and sister Gertrude
with their friend Miss Lula Davis, Of
Portland were visitors over Sunday Of
the Misses Pierce. parents, Mr.. apS Mrs.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1915-04-08

q Mess-s. Hurley ard Hobtss, who aad
engaged -hs Tar from It's owner FOR tbs
TIP. the former supplying tas gasolele-
and the latter engaging and paY.Lg the
chauffeur. and VITO PIT Tire "a, IL The
quasi charge OF Mr. Gardnsr Is pas
senge- and that Messrs. HV-ley and
Eo5t,s are the parties liable.
1 That the fact that Ar. Hurley was
: r1enbsr Of political State committee,
and M. Hobbs OF political tow. CON-
1.,tee. does not relieve them from ps--
so-al liability They were no- agents,
acting Under orders. from a superb. ba-
were themselves principals in z larger
body.
;. That in view Of the nature a-d ex-
tent Of the injuries received ,hE s-n q
$50 would Re fair coE peasat.o--
Judgnen, for plaintiff agal-s, William
P Hurley and josiah L motifs il TIE
sum Of s5ta
judgment fer Defendants, Ctzdizh
Gardner ann Arthur l. He--icE
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1915-04-08

J. ?. Pierre. :. = P.e-cs Is tas- 3nD-oT-
..g :. health. al a-e 2l=sse1 - h=a--
-..--=--ril= pond Is open . naTlgz-o-
r. ponds are aow al clear q .oa
Mss s.eIla Barton was t1= sUss- III
day o. Mrs Fow.=-.
R+r. " H WaE=1s!i returned tone
E-3tzr. z25 Is re-y u1uc1 :np-ore5 !,
heath
o : CARPENTER had lis years s1r2iy
II ~o15 s.w+1 ~ re Howe brothers
szRng -14et.oe Friday, q Solzh .zs-
szloo-c-
II : Ez-oa hal ~ a,:sto-t-oe 70
lame c!s s.6e zr3 back vile 21s1--s
l1rr1er ar3 has bssn cbllg@1 10 hare
n=l7 abo1. Ms wo-E Ms Barton arr
Mz6=lsre have f@e1 suffering from the
s=r=-- c3lds TIA. are prevalent: lhsy
49, -c~ tet-=-.
Miss :. = Barton opened her school a.
EsEsEs NILS Tuesday.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1915-04-08
Effect Of 6reat Kidney
Remedy is Soon Realized

feel 1t my duty to let you know WIZ,
Swanp-Root did for me. / was bothered
with my back for over twenty years and
at times / could hardly get out Of bed.
read your advertisement and decided
to try Swamp-Root. Used FIVE bottles.
and it has been five years since / used it.
and / have never been bothered a day
since took the last bottle of IL. / an,
thoroughly convinced that DR.. Kiimer.s
Swamp-Root cured me and would re-
commend it TO others suffering as I did.
My husband was troubled with kidney
and bladder troubles and he took your
Swamp-Root and it cured him. This was
about five years ago.
You may publish this letter If you
choose
Very truly yours,
MRS. MATTE Garfield
n. +. u. NO. 8 Gobievilie, Mich.
Subscribed and sworn to before me this
18th Of July, 1909
ARvIN ". MYERS,
Notary Public.
for Van Duren Co, Mich.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1915-04-08
PALMYRA

Mrs. A. c. Parkman and Mrs Belle
Parkman were in Benton Falls last Wed
nesday to attend the funeral of their
uncle, Byron Moore
The report that Joel Parkman had
purchased William Tapley's farm was
not true. The place has however been
purchased by J. B. Lampher
Mrs. Benjamin Grant was in Water
Vile few days last week the guest of
her sister Mrs. P. p Herbst.
Among those suffering from grip colds
are Mr.. and Mrs. George Damon, Mrs.
George Philbrook and Charles Le2vitt.
Ernest Parknan has purchased Char
les Stuart's saw mill and is operating
the same with Arthur Danforth as shin
gle sawyer and Percy Campbell as help.
Mrs. Belle Parkman is assisting in
the home OF George Carpenter. Newport
Tor few days during Mrs Carpenters
Illness
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1915-04-08
DRESDEN

SOCTH-Luella Carlton was the
guest Of friends in Richmond a few
days last week
]. l. Jones was the weekend visitor
Of friends in Bath.
Mr.. and Mrs. Harry Hatch were III.
guests Of Mr.. Hatch's sister, Mrs. 4.
3. Cromwell. in Woolwich, Tuesday.
Mr.. and Mrs. E. a Siegars passed
Friday in Wiscasset-
Mrs. Fred Stanett and son Parker OF
Warren returned to their home Thurs
day after passing a few days with he.
parents, Mr.. and Mrs. c. H Siegsrs.
Miss Laura Prescott was the CUES.
of Miss Edith Siegars one day las.
week.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1915-04-08
SAVE YOUR HAIR! IF FALLING OUT
OR DANDRUFF--25 CENT DANDER|NE

to shrink, loosen and die-then the
hair falls out fast A little Danderinc
tonight-now-anytim - will surely
save your hair.
Get % cent bottle of Knowlton's
Danderfne from any drug store or
toilet counter, and after the first ap-
plication your hair will take on that
life, !ustre and luxuriance which is Sc
beautiful. 1t will become wavy and
fluffy and have the appearance Of
abundance; an incompatible gloss
and softness, but what will please you
most will be after just a few weeks
use. when you will actually see q lot
Of fine, downy hair-new hair-grow-
ing all over the scalp-Adv.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1915-04-08
Belgrade Grange.

For all q the disagreeaole weather
the patrons Of Belgrade Grange me-
and en5ored short program and social
time. After the business was transacted
and the financial report read the pro-
gram was as follows: Music by the
choir: poem BY brother Frank Kelley;
an easter vocal duet by Sisters NJ A.
and Lillian NJ. Penney; reading, The
Value Of Potatoes" by brother Fred
ScHbner; music by the choir The
Grange requested that the vocal due, by
sisters N. A and Lillian NJ. Penney be
repeated at the all day meeting Satur-
day, April 70. State Master Stetson
and DR.. Twitchen are to be the speakers
on this date Those who have not al
ready been solicited for food please
carry pie or cake.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1915-04-08

H. S. Shea is on his milk team aeain
after several months illness.
Mr.. and Mrs. E. F. Verney and brother
Waldo were in town Saturday,
Stanley Hummerson Of Alma was In
town Saturday.
Mrs. c. NJ. Legrow Is having m It
tack OF the grip.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1915-04-08
Ladies! Men! Here's the
quickest, surest dan
druf cure known.

Thin, brittle, colorless and scraggy
hair is mute evidence Of a neglected
scalp: OF dandruff-that awful scurf.
There is nothing SO destructive to
the hair as dandruff. 1t robs the hair
o. its lustre, its strength and its very
life: eventually producing a feverish-
ness and itching of the scalp. which
IL not remedied causes the hair roots
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1915-04-08
Letter to
DR.. KilmeF & Co.
BfnGhamton, N. Y.

Prove What Swamp Root Will Do
For You
Send ten cents to DR.. Kilmer 4 ca
h bins;ham.on. n Y: for a sample size
VIII also receive a booklet of valuable IN
formation. telling about the kidneys and
bladder. When writing. be sure ana
mention the Augusta Daily Kennebec
dollar size bottles for sale at ALI dr,y
8tore&-Adv. ss
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1915-04-08
W1SCASSET

William Siegars and daughter Annie
OF Alma were in town saturday.
Roscoe Reeves il at work for E. Fred
AiDee.
Alder Warren - very sick at his home
on washington street
Evening star., 1915-04-05

$50 DIAMOND sCARBPIN. blue white; weight.
y carat: must be sold at once; will sacrhcs
for t45. On sale at
Kahn Optical Co.. 625 7th ct. NV
Evening star., 1915-04-05
Leave Your Little Wants
AT
THE STAR BRANCH
One in Your Neighborhood
NORTHWEST.

NORTHWEST.
y, csF' crr M T. ave. rsra.rs a.,.s Ps.rm.sy ps.
- a.. cor: cor T, ~ crsweli's @ sfT Pharmacy. = ,y' ~
~ ct. cor. K. Goldenberx's Information Bureau.
IS s. 81. Ro.aG wsli.se. ss~s:tsnd Bureau
m st. cor. o. McGuire's Pharmacy.
,its e.. cor. Z. Davis Pharmacy.
.th St. er. col road. r!emers Pharmaey
aaa st. st.. cor cor. s.sa Ssn.snoud. rnaT%.sg Pn.fn.e,.
esth s. cor. fa. ave. Herbst's Pharmacy.
';eopsis r s,, s-. s i2os T. campSelI.. a Phsrmscy.
ilolmead place. cor. Otis. Holmead Pharmacy.
fa ave, 11o5. Holtxciaw's Newsstand.
NORTHEAST.
:. esp. cor. st.. Richardson's Pharmacy.
~ o:p' @ cor H. ;t: kenssys ay,sr phe,@ary Pn.,T,
50 ct, cor; x. McChesney 4 Joachim. waitef
iith ct. eor. D. Gap. Lams's Phsrmscy.
a.: ave coz So osG cW,II, tVsSp ps!f pbssmsey
SOUTHEAST.
SIS at, e. Roach Drug Go.
s'n ST. cor. Eye. wcller's Pharmacy.
liS Ct. cor Ps ave- Fssss ss.s,s, phf%1
SOUTHWEST.
.th st.. cor. D, sullivan's Pharmacy.
GEORGETOWN.
Wis. ave. cor: St. Oponnells Pharmacy.
ssth st. cor T. Pride: Pssrmscy
ANACOSTIA.
200 Nichols ave, Bury's Drug Store.
AND THESE POSTAL TELEGRAPH
OFFICES
Tinted States Capitol
Interior Department.
Union Station.
1872 Connecticut avenue.
foi9 Wisconsin aveuue.
l1th Street Wharf.
Evening star., 1915-04-05
BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES.

AUTO RENTING and accessory sales PROPOSE
tion for sale: we'll paying: well established:
and closed ears. Further Information address
Box IA. Star office. hs
AUTO TIRE REPAIR PLANT-E1change part
cash and Ford ear; good condition. Box 1o,.
Star office. 1Os
Evening star., 1915-04-05
5tar z1s M1y7
Get Best Results
RATES.

RATES.
Help. situations, Lost and Found. Rent
Rooms, Country Board, ETC., one cent q
word each time for IS words or moro.
MIsceuaneous Sales and Wants, 8vsi-
ress Opportunities, Automobiles, ETC., one
cent word each time for three or moro
times, with f5-word minimum.
Business announcements, Real Estate,
Apartments. ETC., four lines or more three
times, 10 cents line each time. with .
aeereasino rate for longer period.
Evening star., 1915-04-05

TWO QUIET office people desiring permanent at
tractive suburban home, with city roureIieBces-
can he accommodated with two large. delight
full and private bath; only 20 minutes
from business section: detached house: large
lawn home supplied fresh vegetables and eggs.
North 434o.
Americus times-recorder. [volume] (Americus, Ga.) 1891-current, 1915-08-21
MUST TALK To DEAD
AND INHERIT 1 FORTUNE

PARIS, Aug. 21.-A French sold
Ter fighting in the Argonne has just
inherited an estate valued at 100000
from an eccentric retired army officer
who lived in the soldiers native vii
lage. The only condition attached to
the legacy is that the soldier must
from time to time visit the grave OF
his benefactor and relate there some
of his war experiences. The will says !:
Being without family, l leave the
whole of my fortune to Paul Cambon,
farmer. l desire thus to show my
gratitude to him for having for many
years listened patiently and with ev-
cry air of interest to the stories I
used to tell of the war of 1870. ]
trust that he will be spared to return
to his village after the present war,
and my only request to him is that
he come occasionally to my tomb. and
there relate some of his own war ex-
periences."
Americus times-recorder. [volume] (Americus, Ga.) 1891-current, 1915-08-21

the medical journals covering the
years 1913.
In that year, in all Germany there
were 1876 female physicians out of
total of 34,136 for population of Co.
$4,000. Notwithstanding this small
number, it is noticeably larger than in
1912, and is believed to have been con-
siderably increased in 1914 and 1915.
For the entire empire in 1913 there
were 5.11 doctors for every 10000 in
habitants. In the big cities there were
$40 physicians for every 10000 per-
sons, and in the country 3.8 for the
same population.
The city of Wiesbaden, with % doc
tors for every 10000 people, led Ger
many, and the manufacturing city Of
Hamborn was last, with 2.3 doctors
per 10000 inhabitants. In Greater
Berlin there were in 1918. 4.151 doc
tors, or 11.09 for each 10000 people
Americus times-recorder. [volume] (Americus, Ga.) 1891-current, 1915-08-21
BEECH NUTS MADE
PATRIOTIC OBJECT
(By Associated Press.l

ESSEN, Germany, Aug. 21.-Tha
school authorities of Westphalia have
notified the school children of the lis
trfict that they can perform patriotic
duty during vacation time by collect
ing beech nuts, from which it is pos
sible to extract a table oil that is said
to be good substitute for the foreign
oils-particularly Italian-that always
have been imported. There still ex-
lists in the province establishments for
extracting the oil from the nuts, for
earlier there was considerable in
dustry in this line in Westphalia. The
authorities of the seventh army corps
are so impressed with the suggestion
of the school authorities that they are
furthering the proposition as far as
possible.
Americus times-recorder. [volume] (Americus, Ga.) 1891-current, 1915-08-21
MARRY SECOND TIME
AFT TER LONG ROMANCE
Especial to Times-Recorder.)

Especial to Times Recorder.)
DAWSON, Ca, Aug. 21-A romance
that originated in Poland years ago,
which was broken off when the father
of the girl brought his family to the
United States, and which was renewed
when the lover later followed his
sweetheart to this country, reached its
climax Sunday when Miss Freida Els
man, of Dawson, and DR.. Samuel SIAM
per were married. They were made
man and wife for the second time.
They were first married at Macon
several years ago, but after living to-
gether a short time, they were sepa-
rated and both secured divorces, the
court restoring the womans maiden
name. A short time ago they began
exchanging letters and the cores
pondence resulted in a renewal of their
old love. DIR. Stamper came to Daw-
son Friday and secured marriage Ii
cense Sunday he took Miss Eisman t.
Albany, where Rabbi Landau tied tn:
wedding knot.
DR.. Stamper is student of the At
lanta Medical college and will proba.
bly, graduate as physician in a few
months His wife will remain will
her parents at Dawson until he com
pletes his studies.
Americus times-recorder. [volume] (Americus, Ga.) 1891-current, 1915-08-21
BARBED WIRE FENCES Do
NOT STOP SOLDIERS TALK
(By Associated Press.)

INNSBRUCK Austrian Tyrol, Aus.
21.-The Swiss-Austrian frontier is
carefully marked Off and closed by
barbed wire fences, but that does not
at all prevent fairly free intercourse
between the Swiss and the Austrian
soldiers.
Soldiers of both countries are group
ed along the Engadine border and in
the Swiss ranks is barber, the Oh
ly one of his profession on either side
A recent visitor to this front who de-
sired to have shave, found it was
easily obtainable by the simple exped-
lent of sitting in a chair on the Aus
trian side and allowing the Swiss sold
Ter to extend his arms through the wire
meshes.
The shave was not the equal of one
in regular barber shop, bit ragged
and rough in spots, but it was far bet
ter than none and was accomplished
without any break of neutrality. Aus
trian officers it is stated, resort al
most daily to this odd expedient.
Americus times-recorder. [volume] (Americus, Ga.) 1891-current, 1915-08-21

the Chinese name for that country =
TIA TIE Kuo," or Great Virtue Nation
The name conveys the idea to the or
binary man, the writer states, that
Germany is distinguished above all
other nations for its TIE (virtue.) The
names applying to England and France
are respectively Tia Ring Kuo (Great
Brave Nation) and Ia Fa Kuo Great
Law Nation); and it is interesting to
nate that applying to America is Ia
Mel Kua Great Beautiful Nation).
Americus times-recorder. [volume] (Americus, Ga.) 1891-current, 1915-08-21
(By Associated Press,

(By Associated Press.J
BERLIN, Aug. 21.-Of numerous
-"war newspapers" that have made
their appearance in camps, barracks
and headquarters on the various bat
tie fronts, none has been more sue
cessful than the "Liller Kriefszeitung,'
published in Lille, France, the head
4 quarters of the Sixth Army under COM
mand of Crown Prince Rupprecht, of
Bavaria. Success is due largely to the
personality of it's editors, Capt. Paul
Oskar Hoecker and Varon Won Ompt-
eda, two we'll known German authors
After forty weeks of publication, the
| editors have selected the hest from
the 40 issues and have put it out in
book form.
The little book is damned with poe
try and prose, with clever illustra-
tions and sketches and excellent pho
tographs, all of which have appeared,
in enlarged shape, in the Lille
Kreigszeitung
One characteristic article is THE
Ten Commandments of the War" by
DR.. Karl Wolff, as follows:
This is the war, my people, that has
torn you out of comfort and quiet, but
also out off sleepiness, doubt and over
eating.
Thou shalt have no other though.
than the war. For it's effects will be
felt unto the third and the fourth gen.
GRAFTON, if we weaken, but it can bring
blessings unto the tenth generation if
We conquer and found the revived
world on Geran principles.
Thou shalt not take the name OF
this terrible war in vain, neither in
rough jest nor by anything unworthy
in picture or words.
Remember the peace in thy soul
that this confidence may inspire thee
when you serve the present and de-
stroy its fearful works. For the future
is as a feast day of thy people, m
asylum Of industry, and joy, for thei
and thine, for all who endeavor, ever
for the stranger who dwells within
the gates.
Honor thy father and mother, BY
guarding the home and the grouns
they rest in.
Thou shalt kill-for the sake O.
your life, which emanates from de-
struction.
Thou shalt let nothing be stoler
that belongs to thy people
Thou shalt honor Germany's wo
men; they bear sacrifices and suffer
ing without complaint.
Thou shalt not tolerate false wit
ness against thy people.
Thou shalt not covet thy neigh
boris customs, good and bad, manner
of speech and dress, nor anything else
made for foreigners. But let Germa,
spirit in future go out to the world
strong through development, powerful
in understanding, to gather the besr
of all peoples for use at home"
And in the same issue appeared on<
of the favorite accrostics headed by
the question:
What has England and what have
: her Allies to expect from their oppon
ents?
The answer is:
T uerkei
o esterreich
d eutschland
The three initial letters, T o D
make the German word death"
The second German war loan off 9
060,000000 marks was so large as tc
be incomprehensible to the average
~ THE DIAM0ND BRAND. a
Americus times-recorder. [volume] (Americus, Ga.) 1891-current, 1915-08-21
Little German Poper From
War Trenches Proues
Popular For Uniqueness

soldier, so one of them proceeded to
make it ineligible by translating it
into glasses of beer. Even then the
sum was staggering.
Estimating each glass at 20 pfen-
nigs, or one fifth of a mark, the indus
trtious figurer achieved 45,300, 000, 900
glasses of beer A war strength COM
pany of $50 men, drinking a glass of
beer apiece each quarter of an hour
day and night, would have 10 keep up
drinking beer for 1880 days, or
Sill years, IS days, in order to drink
up the war loan.
Americus times-recorder. [volume] (Americus, Ga.) 1891-current, 1915-08-21
IT Is SERIOUS
Some Americas People Fail to Realize
The Seriousness of a Bad Back.
periences.

The constant aching of a bad back.
The WEAKNESS, the tired feeling.
The pains and aches of kidney ills
May result seriously if neglected.
Dangerous urinary troubles often
follow.
An Americas citizen shows you what
do.
d. ]. Stevens, blacksmith, 314 Spring
ST., Americas, says: THE kidney Sc
cretions were too scanty and irregu-
lar in passage. l suffered from sharp
pains in the small of my back. Some
times for three days part of the time
/ was in bed, bent over, not able to
straighten up. I suffered from rheu-
matte pains lot. l took about one
box of Doan's Kidney Pills and they
helped me-"
Price SOC, at all dealers. Don't sim
ply ask for a kidney remedy-get
Doan's Kidney Pills-the same that
Mr.. Stevens had. Foster-M ilburn Co.,
Props. Buffalo, N. Y, advt
Americus times-recorder. [volume] (Americus, Ga.) 1891-current, 1915-08-21
BRITISH ATTEMPTING TO
OFFSET GERMAN CAMPAIGN
(By Associated Press.)

PEKIN, Aug. N.-Britlshers IN
China, whose interests have been Sc
riously affected by the publicity cam
paign of their German adversaries
here, are endeavoring to counterfeit the
effect The Rev. w. E. Soothill, for
merly head of the Tai Yuan Flu Uniyer-
sity, has written paper in the Chinese
language lin which he has a reputa-
ton as a scholar) explaining the war
from the British point of view.
In the document, which is BENG
circulated throughout China, he says
tha4 hitherto Germany has possessed
a distinct advantage here because vi