davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-06-17

tent is alfalfa two years, potatoe, ona
year, wheat one year, potatoes ono
year, grain, then alfalfa again.
Winter sheep feeding has changed
the rotation to some extent. When
enough sheep are fed to produce a
good coat of manure for the potato
fields, potatoes are followed with DO
tatoes twice, or potatoes once and
once with beets. Very substantial
gains In yield of both potatoes and
beets have resulted where manure has
been used. The use of manure on land
IN Colorado as well as In the Eastern
States is cumulative in it's effects and
benefits particularly the heavy soils In
two ways. The physical condition of
the soil Is improved by being made
more porous and friable so that it will
hold moisture better. and. Of course.
plant food is also added to It.
practice that Is to be commended
In other places as we'll as on the irri-
gated land of Colorado is that of fol-
lowing the pillow Immediately with the
smoothing harrow. This is done partly
to mellow the soil and prevent the
formation Of Jumps, but mostly to con-
serve the moisture. Experiments have
demonstrated that the loss of moist
ure by evaporation is much less where
this is done than where tho plowed
land remains for a time without har-
rowing. In Colorado all the land that
is plowed each half day is narrowed
before leaving the field.
The position which Colorado occu-
pies in respect to markets Is one Of the
most important factors in making the
industry profitable. Her geographical
position Is such that advantage can be
taken of shortage Of crop either east
or west of the mountains. The cities
of the east slope Of the Rockies,
with Texas and New Mexico. or
dinarily get the large share Of
the crop, but not infrequently the Pa
cific Coast, Central States and even
New York and Boston are markets for
the Greeley product
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-06-17

10000, $4,000, and 100000 trees,
showed that from 20 per cent to rs
per cent Of the trees were infested by
the woolly aphid. AS from twenty to
forty million Of Advantageous apple
seedlings are used in this country
every year, the significance Of so high
a per cent of infestation is at once
apparent.
It Is, therefore, with no slight inter-
est that the entomologists Of the Maine
Agricultural Experiment Station have
been seeking to ascertain previously
unknown point In the life cycle Of this
pest, and have made the discovery
that this cycle includes three genera
lions which are passed in what Is
known as the "elm leaf curl" The
disfgured and curled leaves of the elm
in the spring are everywhere as fam
iliar as the woolly masses on the apple
bark. but the elm generations have
not previously been known to have
any connection with the apple pest,
and it has all along borne distinct
name.
But the discovery Of the annual
migration of fresh infestation from
the elm to the apple and the knowl-
edge that the elm generations are an
essential portion of the life cycle of
the woolly aphid of the apple, and
that this species cannot continue
without access to the elm, put new
significance upon the economic status
of the elm curl.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-06-17

The transplanting process often
spoken of as the "new onion culture
Is merely modification of the regu-
lar seeding method. The objects
gained by transplanting are an earlier
crop, q uniform stand, and bulbs of
more regular size. Practically the en-
tire Bermuda crop Of the Southern
States is handled in this manner.
Where a small area Is to be grown, the
process is the ideal
but for large areas and where
labor Is difficult to obtain, this would
not be practical. Often transplanting,
the seedlings require raip or watering
in order that they may start, and for
this reason the transplanting process
is practically limited to areas where
some form Of irrigation 10 available.
The seed is sown in greenhouses, hot
beds or cold frames at the rate of ~
or pounds for each acre to be
planted. When the seedlings are
grown under cover, they are given the
necessary attention regarding watering
and ventilation and kept growing
rapidly until the time to set them in
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-06-17
Keep Strict Account
of Farm Business

Accounts on q farm are essential to
success and the highest efficiency.
They must be simple and yet accurate
enough to let the farmer know how
much he Is making or losing, and
where the gains or losses occur. These
two things may be satisfactorily de-
termined by keeping the following
records:
An inventory at the beginning and
end Of the year.
A record of all farm expenses and
receipts.
A record Of all the man and horse
labor used on the farm.
The inventory should be list Of the
farm property with the actual values
buildings, machinery and equipment,
livestock, feeds and supplies, and cash
belonging to the farm business
The farm expense and receipts
should be distributed among the indi-
vidual enterprises with which 40.
counts are kept, as cows, swinas
horses, wheat, oats, corn, etc. Re-
ceipts and expenses which do not fall
under any of the individual enter
prises may be placed under personal
and miscellaneous accounts. The
crops used for feed are both an ex-
pense and receipt.
At the end of the year each enter
prise is charged with the labor used.
To determine the rates at which man
or horse labor should be charged. d.
vide the total cost by the total num-
Der of hours.
The difference between the receipts
and the expenses (omitting household
or personal expenses), plus or minus
the difference between the inventor
les at the beginning and the end Of
the year will be total gain or loss.
A, II. Benton.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-06-17
PROTECT AGAINST LIGHTNING.

1t was Benjamin Franklin who dis
covered that lightning was the same
thing, only on gigantic scale, as the
electric spark which could be pro-
duced artificially in little machine.
And he went further and proved that
the destructiveness of lightning could
be prevented by providing buildings
with adequate rods which extended
we'll above the buildings and reached
down into the moist soil. The discov-
cry made by Franklin has been one of
the most valuable of all the things
found out about electricity, but one
which has not been used as extern
sively as it's me.its warrant
Lightning rods, when properly ap-
piled, are known beyond the least
doubt to lessen or entirely eliminate
the possibility Of lightning striking a
building. And the queer part Of it is
that so few farm buildings are ade-
quately provided with this protection.
Every year sees many farm buildings
and valuable animals, as we'll as
human life, destroyed by the mighty
force of a flash Of lightning. all Of
which could have, been prevented by
the use of few strands Of cable.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-06-17

Begin by placing little dry bread,
crumbled fine In the water which
should always be given in shallow
pans while the ducklings are small.
Skim milk Is used once or twice day
TO soak the bread in instead of water,
! but be sure that there Is no cream
about the milk.
Coarse. sharp sand should be put in
the water or placed near the vessel but
never mixed with the feed. Some peo-
pie do this after the ducks get old
enough to eat grain mixtures but it is
mot good plan for when grit of any
kind is put in the feed the ducks are
often forced to eat more grit than they
require.
Rolled oats in water is good to feed
once in a while for change, it may
also be fed dry. Corn cake Is good
occasionally but not often.
Some sort of green stuff is nee essary,
even while the ducklings are very
small. In fact they will eat greens"
almost from the start. Lettuce, onion
tops or dandelion leaves chopped fine
are always relished, no matter if the
grass is plentiful.
Young ducks should be fed from
four to six times day, according to
the variety. Pekin ducks are the
larger feeders and grow very fast; they
require more feed than other ducks
although they must not have feed that
IL highly concentrated That is, it
should be sufficiently nourishing but
not too fattening.
Green food and wheat bran are both
important factors in duck feeding.
One or both should play part in the
daily ration. Indian Runner ducklings
require about the same feed as the
Pekins. but not SO much of it, nor so
often. They are good hunters when
given free range.
In some places "jiggers' or "chig-
gers are very troublesome. They are
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-06-17

The total potato yield OF Colorado
as compared with some of the other
great potato producing states is not
large. In the East the great yield of
potatoes comes not from any one area
but for the most part from small acre
ages on each of the many small farms
over the whole of state. In Colorado
the potatoes are grown only in certain
districts. On these areas potatoes are
the most important product and the
other crops are an adjunct to or an
element in the system in the prepara-
ton of the land for this crop. 1t IS
not an uncommon thing in these dis
tricts to see fields of from forty to one
hundred acres of potatoes on farms OF
a quarter section.
The problems confronting the po-
tato growers Of Colorado, as to cultural
methods, insect pests and fungous dis
eases, are also radically different from
those of the Eastern States. Many
of the fertile irrigated tracts do not
produce potatoes successfully, though
they are near and similar in many re-
spects to the so-called potato districts.
Why this is so has not been satisfac-
torily explained.
OF the potato producing sections OF
the state, the irrigated land surround
ing Greeley, known as the Greeley Dis
trict, the watershed between the Ar
kansas and the Platte Rivers, known
as the Arkansas Divide, small Sec
ton Of the San Luis Valley.
the Valley of the Roaring Fork, Of
which Carbondale is the center, and
the Uncompahgre Valley are the most
important, a few other small noun
tain valleys produce a limited quantity.
The Greeley District is about twenty
miles long from northwest to south
east and twelve to fifteen miles wide
at it's greatest width. 1t includes
about 100000 acres Of land, though
probably not more than one-eighth OF
this tract is ever put in potatoes at
any one time. The total yield of this
tract is from 5000 to $4,000 cars. or
100000 to 100000 bushels.
= Comparatively few varieties of pota-
toes are grown in Colorado. Nearly
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-06-17
APPALLING WASTE OF ENERGY.


There are two million people milking
eighteen million cows twice every day In
the United States, yet one third Of
this energy is more than wasted, as
there are six million cows that never
did anything to help sustain the farm,
and never can or will. Cows Of this
kind are bred on from generation to
generation, and when we stop to con-
slider how easy it is to apply the
dairyman's yardstick in the scales and
Babcock test to every dairy herd, and
yet realize that less than one per cent
of the two million dairymen In the
United States are using this yardst1ck
today, it staggers us that such condi-
tons as these should continue to exist.
Such waste Of energy is truly appall-
ing.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-06-17

is used to moisten the feed when they
are being forced. Ducks are never
bothered with lice or mites, they are
not subject to bowel troubles, nor the
epidemics that sometimes work havoc
among chickens and turkeys.
Waterfowl are hardy when the par
ent stock is non-related and In good
health. Duck eggs usually are very
fertile and hatch we'll, and once a
duckling is out of the shell, one may
almost count with certainty that it
will groW\t full size.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-06-17

all the known varieties have been
tried at one time or another, and only
a few have proved profitable.
The districts differ somewhat In the
varieties grown owing partly to the
market demands and partly to the diff
ference in soils, elevation and length
of seasons Of the different places.
Potatoes have been grown in the
Greeley District since 1870. AS the
cultivated area grew the production
of potatoes increased, but was limited
both as to area of land devoted to
potato growing and yield. till alfalfa
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-06-17

times a day. The vessels should be In
shady places during the latter part of
the day at least. When the weather
is very warm ducks often suffer for
want Of shade.
We find it better to keep young
ducks yarded the greater part of the
time until they get a good start. When
allowed to roam at will they some
times wander too far away.
Don't begin to force the young
ducks for market until at least four
weeks old. Milk, either sweet or sour,
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-06-17

doors as q rule. The troughs and
boards can be kept much cleaner when
they can have the benefit of the fresh
air and sunshine. When badly soiled
they should be scrubbed and scalded.
Water vessels should also be treated
in the same manner.
Ducks should have plenty Of clean
water to drink. This is most import
ant as they cannot thrive If they are
compelled to drink from a dirty ves-
sci near the feed troughs. Needless
to say fresh water is given several
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-06-17

said to be the worst where there is tall
grass or weeds. Sometimes they attack
young poultry and whole hooks are
known to have died within 1e"
hours. For this reason 1t Is best to
have a large yard Cor number OF
yards) and keep the ducklings con-
fined therein until they are we'll
feathered. Of course the yards should
be free from weeds and high grass.
If there is no danger the ducks will be
better if allowed the free range part
of the time. .L
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-06-17

over to left hand edge, like an enve-
lope. Gig. p. Then fold the left
hand point over in a corresponding
manner. Gig. 81. Separate the points
and fold back to make straight line.
Gig. ~. 1t now opens in a small box.
These may be filled with rich soil and
placed side by side, thus keeping diff
ferent varieties Of seeds or plants sep
arate. This also saves buying pots,
for when transplanted the paper can
be torn off and the roots Of the plant
undisturbed.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-06-17

However, they should always be in
their yards at feeding time for obvious
reasons. Other poultry, especially the
chickens are apt to get the 'lion's"
share of the feed if the ducks are fed
outside the yard.
Beside, 1t Is always best to have feed
troughs or boards to keep the feed
from getting soiled. These should be
placed In the yards, never In the
houses, unless the latter are quite
large and even then there Is no ad-
vantage in feeding young ducks In
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-06-17
Some Of the Common
Pantry Pests

From the standpoint Of public health
the insects which infest meal flour,
and other foods are Of no Importance,
says DR.. w. A. Evans, in Chicago
Tribune. But nobody wants to eat
food infested with bugs or worms, and
that Is objection enough, but the cues
ton is one of taste, rather than health.
The darker mealworm and the yell
low mealworm eat meal, -four, bread,
cakes, and cereals. The confused hour
beetle, the rust red flour beetle. 1nfest
meal. -four, and cereals. The CHER
source Of annoyance from these insects
Is from the presence of the larvae or
worms in the cereal.
The Mediterranean flour moth, the
Indian meal moth, and the meal snout
moth also eat meal. flour. bread, cakes
and cereals. The chief source of OBJ
lection to. the members of this group
is that they web up in the cereal.
The insects which show a liking for
grain rather than the products OF grain
are the cadelle, the saw toothed grain
beetle, the angoumois grain moth, the
granary weevil and the rice weevil
Tho body Of the granary weevil con-
tains an Irritating poison. somewhat
similar to cantharidin, obtained from
Spanish hy. It was used as substl-
tute for Spanish flies in the southern
states during the war. Herrick sug-
gests that, If granary beetles are
ground up in flour, the mixture might
prove seriously Injurious to persons
eating It.
Other pests capable Of infesting pan
tries are the pea weevil, the bean Wee
vii, the broadhorned -four beetle. the
coffee bean weevil. and a fruit fly
which attacks dried, canned. and
picked fruits.
The insects injurious to meats,
cheese, and condiments are several.
Among them are the larder beetle, the
red legged ham beetle, the cheese and
ham mites, the cheese and meat skip
per, and the drug store beetle.
Thorough cleansing Of all -four bins,
meal and cereal boxes is necessary.
These should be emptied, brushed out
with stin brush, and in many cases
washed.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-06-17
FEEDING TURKEY POULTS.

Turkey poults require no food until
day old, as nature has provided for
them, but water and sand should be
placed within reach. The food should
not be Of sloppy kind, as that leads
to bowel trouble. Curds or Dutch
cheese is liked by them. and they
thrive on it. Stale bread, moistened
and squeezed dry. is good. Onion tops
and dandelion leaves minced fine
should be fed each day while in con-
finement. Corn bread is the best food
when two weeks DID, and later cracked
corn or wheat should be provided.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-06-17

top triangular piece Is governed by
the size of the dish, which slips be-
tween the tops Of the Stats and Is sup
ported by it's rim. Put 1t together
with screws, and paint-dish and all
"a soft sage-green.
To teach children to be kind to an
finals affects the home, the school, So
ciety, citizenship, and indeed, all re-
lations of life. A city full of men and
women, kind to all animals, would be
an ideal city.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-06-17

from the Youth 8
Companion shows
a bath made of
three or 10 u r
Stats, about four
and a half feet
long, two TRAN
gular pieces, one
somewhat larger
than the other,
and an ordinary
soup plate.
The triangular
pieces have their
points sawed off
to receive t h g
stats, which them
selves look better
II tapered slightly
toward the top.
The size Of the
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-06-17

potatoes succeed potatoes. The uni
versal practice is to rotate so as to
precede potatoes with alfalfa.
The most common rotation II alfalfa
two or three years, potatoes two years.
or where beets are grown, potatoes
one year and beets one year, then
grain two years. Sometimes wheat or
oats are only grown one year. An
other rotation practiced to some ex-
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-06-17
Making Paper Pots

+. Very convenient little pots for vege-
table plants may be made from paper
or any tough paper.
Cut piece eight inches square and
fold through the middle diagonally.
Gig. -. Fold the right hand corner
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-06-17
Elm Leaf Curl
and Woolly Aphid

The discovery that the woolly aphid
migrates from elm leaf to apple is q
most important one.
For more than 100 years the wooly
aphid has had world wide recognition
as one of the most serious insect enc
mics Of young apple trees. Statistics
based on observations made at three
nurseries containing respectively about
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-06-17

Asparagus roots, properly planted,
fortified and given good culture, will
continue to produce large spears for
fifteen to twenty years In succession.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-06-17
A Bath for the Birds

Nothing serves better to attract the
birds than a shallow dish filled with
clean water, fresh every day.
The dish should be placed few
feet from the ground, and in or near
some shrubbery. The sketch, taken
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-06-17

"A little carbonate of soda will keep
separator milk quite sweet and palat-
able for the pigs and it is a good idea
to have little of this on hand in
warm weather.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-06-17
Method Of Feeding
s1R1E~.. Young Ducks


Don't feed anything until the duck
lings are at least "a hours old. but they
should have a little tepid water to
drink, especially if the weather Is very
warm or If they have been Matched in
an incubator.
Don't have the water within reach
for very long at a time, as they will
soon begin to paddle"
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-06-17

Wood ashes are too valuable to be
wasted. They can be used on the orr
ehaTd, garden or the lawn.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-06-17

Pork raising does not make man a
physical drudge, but 1t calls for skill
and thought
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-06-17

Allow no weeds to go to seed. This
will make cultivation easier next year
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1915-06-17

Corn cultivation saves moisture.
Evening star., 1915-02-16
GAR|BALD| SAYS ITALY
MUST JOIN GREAT WAR

LONDON, February 16, 4:36
p.m.-The prophecy that Italy
would mobilize her army within
a fortnight. was made here today
by Ricciotti Garibaldi, the Italian
patriot. He said that unless the
Italian government decided to
participate in the war there would
be a revolution.
MILAN, via Paris, February
16.-The Italian government, as
the result Of reports that Austria
was about to invade Roumania,
says the Corriere Della Sera, has
asked the governments at Vienna
and Berlin to give assurances that
no attack will be made on Rou-
mania.
Evening star., 1915-02-16
RECEIVE THE IRON CROSS.
Emden Officer and Forty of Crew
Are Honored by GERMANY.

BERLIN. via Amsterdam to London,
February 16.-Lieut Commander Won
Muecke. commander of the detail from
the cruiser Emden which landed at
Cocos Island, has been awarded the
iron cross. first class. while every men,
ber of the landing party has received
the iron cross, second class
When the Emden was run down nv
the Australian cruiser Sydney in the
Indian ocean November 10. Won Muecke
and forty members of the crew were
on Cocos Island They escaped by com
Wandering the schooner Aysha A
later dispatch from Manila said they
had captured a collier. on which they
had mounted two Maxim guns. The
French ministry of marine announced
December IL that the British auxiliary
cruiser Empress of Japan had can.
tured the collier. Announcement came
from Berlin February 8. however. tina
the schooner Aysha had arrived at Ho.
deida, on the southwest coast of Ara.
bia. with Won Muecke and his men.
Evening star., 1915-02-16
GERMANY SEXES ALL OATS.
Further Step in Program for Con
serving Food Supplv.

BERLIN, via London, February 16.-
The Bundesrat has decided to expro-
pirate all the domestic stocks of oats,
with the exception of seed oats and
the grain necessary for fodder for
horses. The order becomes effective
February Is. The bundesrat also
raised the maximum price Of oats by
SO marks ($12.50) per metric ton.
The action of the bundesrate, or fed
eral council. in expropriating the do
mestic stocks of oats is a further step
i'll carrying out the German govern
ment's policy of conserving the food
the federal council ordered the seizure
by February l Of all stocks of corn,
wheat and flour.