davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1915-01-15
a t; conc.
S& 4 penny ..v.s I.
arpsnny- earnsd-
EMNANTs Of steak, or roasts
may be made into delicious
stews. using savory season

- ~ A90~S A1SV NShANAVOG
IN stews. using sav0ry season
ings such as a little sweet mar
joram. thyme. parsley. onion salt, etc
Meat may be put through meat chop
per and mixed with enough cream
sauce to hold it together. well season.
ed. nodded into croquettes. dipped in
egg and crumbs and fried in deep fat.
Hash makes a tasty breakfast OF
luncheon dish. with the chopped meat
Drowned slightly in butter. nicely sea.
soned with salt and pepper. m~oistened
with milk as a gravy and served with
toast fingers.
Remnants Of boiled or fried ham
may be used in various ways. For
ham timbalesi put ham through meat
grinder and mix with one raw egg to
hold meat together, Line gem tins
with this mixture. pressing 1t well
against sides and bottoms and bake
slightly. Take out Of oven and drop in
each ham lined tin an egg, returning
to oven long enough to cook the eggs.
Or with a bit of ham. some cheese, a
few slices Of stale bread, some hot
ham sandwiches can be made. Mince
ham. mix with grated cheese. spread
on one slice Of bread, cover with, an
other. cut III two and brown on each
side In hot butter. Serve hot.
Chicken shortcake is a most paIata-
BILE way to serve remnants Of chicken.
Free 1t from skin and bone and cut
into small pieces. Put on to heat with
enough gravy to make it quite moist.
Make a short biscuit dough and roll
into a cake an inch thick. Bake in
quick oven fifteen or twenty minutes.
Then split the cake and spread the
hot chicken stew Y lower half. Re-
place upper half and pour e the
whole a generous amount Of gravy.
Meat loaf or o boiled shoulder Of
smoked pork is often desirable. There
is no waste whatever with the former
and practically none with the latter ii
utilized in the right way. while both
r delicious, and when served with
a good salad and simple dessert form
a very tempting meal. For the meat
loaf have the butcher grind one pound
Of lean beef and one-half pound Of
pork Mix together and add ;salt,sspep-
per, four ground soda crackers, a small
onion, n unbeaten egg and a half
cupful Of milk. Stir the ingredients
all together and press into q bread
pan. Cover the loaf with two cupfuls
Of hot water and bake two hours In
moderately hot oven. adding y little
more water from time to time. When
1t is cold slice and serve on lettuce
leaves with ketchup or chill sauce II
desired.
Boil the shoulder ef pork twenty
minutes to the pound after having In
about a dozen whole cloves in
one side Of the meat. When done al
low 1t to remain in the water In which
it was boiled. until cold. The bone
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1915-01-15
LIVE STOCK AND DAIRY.

Where the cow or horse ia inclined
to eat too rapidly for perfect mastica-
ton Of grain scatter the feed III we'll
in the trough and mix several cobs.
sticks or any clean articles with It.
which will cause the animal to lose
much time and take smaller bites In
showing the obstacle around to secure
II mouthfuI.
The successful stockman must know
what each Of his animals ia doing each
day. With the dairy. herd it is com.
pa~rativeiy easy to keep track of each
lays record. simply BY weighing the
milk each time the cows are MIXED.
1t requires but a fraction Of q minutes
time each milking and enables one to
know at once II for any reason one or
more cows are falling oh. in their milk
and To remedy the cause before a seri-
u loss has been sustained. Testing
for butter fat need not be done often.
.er than nee or twice a month. bu:
milk should be weighed at each milk
ing.
Stable ventilation consists In taking
out the foul air and replacing 1t with
pure air and retaining a comfortable
temperature. Cracks In the weather.
djtion.
-xssse~@4
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1915-01-15

Fashion designers even of the made
in America school revel In the military
suggestion. The cossack... the zouave.
the grenadier. the hussar. the dra-
COON. the uhlan. the ~cuirrassier uni
forms have all been scrutinized for
style suggestions. The costume pic.
tured here Is a novel development Of
the fad. It il In the new xouave ef-
feet. carried out in a draped tunic
with hip pockets. This suit. which is
for afternoon wear. IL Of nocturne blue
br0adcloth and velvet. The short jack:
ct. With tiny side pockets at the waist
line. Is fastened with gun metal but
tons. 1t has q collar and CUTS Of
white caracul. The close 6tdng tur-
ban. with its band Of metallic trim
ming. also carries out the military
idea.
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1915-01-15
LINGERIE KINKS.

How to Make Practical end essutifui
undsrsarmsnts.
Although lingerie Is as c~onspicuously
negligible as possible. 1t receives more
consideration than ever. 1t is impor-
tant not only that each separate article
shall incorporate the minimum Of
weight and bulk. but also that the lines
Of it shall be quite perfect. There
must be no unnecessary fullness in
petticoats to interfere with the hang
of ones skirt.
4. There is less call for the extremely
filmy lingerie than there was. Main
sock, crepe de chine and fine linen are
favored, aud hand embroidery or val
enciennes insertions are the popular
trimmings. Flounces. IL there are any.
are made so scant that they add moth.
ing ~appreciable to the width Of = skirt
or pantalO0n.
One Of the most practical Of all the
various innovations In lingerie Is q
combustion skirt and corset cover that
fastens I'LL the way down, rendering
It particularly convenient. for laun6ey-
ing.
The edges are scalloped and button
holed. and there is a pretty eyelet en-
broidered design In Madeira handwork.
The skirt 10 everywhere smooth fitting.
while the cover has very little fullness.
neatly and evenly tucked under a seal
Hoped belt that runs only about the
sides and beek Of the waist.
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1915-01-15

which IL left with whatever meat can
not be cut from it will give an excel
lent flavor to string or butter beans
IL placed in the water with them while
they are boiling, and they will then
require very little butter II cream
'dre1inG,is, SERVED on then.4
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1915-01-15
Farm and
Garden
SMALL FARM IRRIGATION.

A Matter Of Importance For the Truck
Farmer.
Irrigation Is a word that calls to
mind great stretches Of alfalfa. mile
wide fields Of sugar beets or other
big agricultural and orchard PROPOSE
tions of the west. says r. G. Heaton
in the Country Gentleman. That irri.
cation has Il meaning and q value for
the small farmer or the truck grower
Of the middle west and the east ap-
parently has not as yet been appreci.
atcd.
During an extremely dry summer.
which wrought havoc throughout the
entire country east Of the Allegheny
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1915-01-15

How "a aspsiv Yeur Wall Paper ssk.
! ~. s's isfaetoriiy.-
In many houses there are often LET
odd lengths Of wall paper. and these
should be carefully preserved. Damage
may be done when moving In or later
. chair may Re pushed roughly against
a wall. and there Is a bad tear. Get
a piece Of the paper. scallop the edges
quite roughly and paste 1t over the
place. The mend will be unnoticeable.
But IL the house is not new and the
paper faded the contrast is startling:
In that case put a piece Of the spare
wall paper out Of doors In the sun for
two or three days. Dampen II occa-
sionally. AT that Is needed is exps-
sure.
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1915-01-15
Or. piddsy', Donkey.

OTs OtVO0y 0VvSWvys
Seat all the players In a line and ask
he leader to state that DR.. Diddey's
donkey walks In an awkward way.
The next player must form a sentence
attaining the words Dr.. Diddey's don.
hey and awkward. although be can
have the animal engaged In any way
lint to. him seems best. such az kick
Ind. bsaying. eating. drinking. dancing.
E1zfn1. ctc. The players other than
~ enc giving the sentence may laugh
~ much. IA, they choose. but the one
speaking must gay a forfeit II he
maaes. The task Of framing sentences
VIII the four words goes down tbs
entire line Of players.
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1915-01-15
Toms Resolve.

Pm going to turn a brand new teaf.''
Said little Tom. the sinner
But ] shall wait till after
Have mad my New Years dinner.
Ppr 'mong the things that I'll resolve
Is to check my appetite
And cease from eating everything
That l can find I sight.
But 1ust this me ri eat my all:
Then. II my stomach pain.
l.H. urn the leaf and make resolve
70 meier do SO again."
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1915-01-15
the Children
Tho Crow. Riddle.

The crow had thought very hard oil
week thinking up "a riddle. Saturday
night be dew to the ravens tree
suppose you tell me- said be. the
difference between 4 dude and a man
with q glass eye" "Huh." croaked the
raven. there's a great deal Of differ.
ence-uh. great deal Of di6erence!'
Then he put his claw to his beak and
thought and thought md thought and
thought and thought! well. what IL
NJ" said the crow. beginning to get
impatient. The raven thought some
more. but at last had to give 1t up.
Cav. caw!" laughed the o
Caught you that time! A dude has
an eyeglass. and a man with q glass
eye has a glass eye fla. ha, hal"
And the crow few away. much pleased
with Observation-Disclosures Ledger.
Ia timepiece and leave a safe
guard.
"a married lady and leave the
brst man.
3.-Cost and len We a favorite food of
the Chinese.
4.-Tiny pests aud leave frozen wa
te1.
5.-A white gem and leave a title.
&-To talk and leave the top Of a
mountain.
IA fruit and leave part Oe the
head.
8.-A birds beak'a and leave sick.
Answers: I. CLOCK; 2. MADAM: 8.
price; 4. mice; 8. pearl; 6, speak: I.
pear; 8, bill.
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1915-01-15
II. Business Woman. Leo..s.

The Business Woman's keoss.
Under the stress and strain Of .
business Or professional life q NO
mans beauty soon fades. While tn
terest. in her work may keep her mtIst
alert the sedentary life. the con6ne,
ment in ONCE or shop. the lack Of 81.
ercbe: all conspire to chase the roses
from her cheeks. the brightness from
her eye and elasticity from her move
ments. The appearance Of youth aod'
health h. a desirable quality. u d Of
first requisite in business. The woman.
who i.s,ks well. who demands respect
~ her personality. has the battle ha.f
won. We are inclined to listen. To-
what she says with interest and 70
accept what she has to offer with. cea-
1dence. Indeed. any woman who does
not guard her appearance will I'll -
make q success Of business. -.
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1915-01-15

Haxol.Menthol Piasters
h affective, pain relieving plaster contain.
ing Menthol. Brings welcome relief in
Lnmbago, Rheumatism, Sciatica and other
painful affections. Ysrd rolls 81. 90; also
he. dze. Sold BY druggists or mailed on
receipt Of price. Davis 4 Lawrence Co.. New
FORK Samples mailed upon request, &c. stamps.
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1915-01-15
Ls1en Fer EnIarosd Porse

lsAien Fer Enlarged PorsA
Before bathing the face In warm ~
tef with q face brush rinse thoroughly
h tep8d water to remove al traces o.
the soap. then In cold water. lastly -
plying the following astrfngent WISH,
With q bit Of absorbent cotton: 6oEacse
Foeewater. two ounces. THIS Win
cleanse and close the pores eveneually.
bot you must be patient and persexee.
i1e in order 10 effect the desired. cooult
AZ the Feet End.
ALIAS. I am at my Wits end" ex-
claimed the monarch 40 he was unex-
pectedly kicked by the court Jester.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-06-13
FOUGHT HEREDITARY DEATH.
~'""es'"ra Of M-tchnik"ff. Now 20,
All Had short Lives,

PARIS. MAY 2a-Pror Ne,chu.kor ~
the Pasteur Institute takes such a Vsr.
Sonal interest In the question of the
prolongaiion of life that some of his
brother scientists IN . oincnts uf ey.
r%anslon make sarcastic remarks. de-
'laring that such anxiety hetrays "A
weakness unworthy OF a true scientific
Investigator.
When Prot, MctohuikoT celebrated hia
seventeen birthday recently many of his
coworkcrs gathered Informally In his
laboratory and WISHED him many hapuy
returns The professor made y 'ittle
speech in which he said that hts own
life waS an example of what could be
done hy science in combating a he ell 70
tary tendency to die Young,
All ~ ancestors died YER. Young and
he himself beloved Ee w,s about to
die AZ the age OF - when he was
stricken by a maltdy usually fatal
From that time he determined TO try
to 1--we long. lie set IN 10 work 70 study
the causes Of tive hody's wearing out
and fought every destructive agent thp,
he could discover. lie followed a very
strict rcgime and now feels well ami
thinks he may live several, perhaps
many, years more.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-06-13
BRITISH ARE DRINKING MORE.
Figures for Year 1eI8-IA Show
Upward Tendency C~ontinves.

LONDON. May 2T-Fieu-es quoted IN
the annual report of the Commission rs
OF Customs and Excise indicate that
tho upward movement in the consump-
ton o: alcoholic liquors which had been
In progress for the previous three years
continued throughout leI3-l<.
The quantity OF spirits retained for
consumption In the United Kingdom was
S2.5s6.426 proof gallons. a total which
works out at IL proof gallon per head
Of the population. For 1878 the
figures were 30,7S6.0ss and 81 per
head.
The consumption OF BEER constd erably
Exceeded even tlfat OF 1g1l-l2. which
was exceptionally stimulated by the hot
and dry summer. and was higher than
In any year since ls02-03. The total
quantity OF home made beer retained
for consumption WAS s5.17s,l7o bar
rels. representing 27.bl gallons per head
OF the population. compared with a.
0ss.s98 barrels and 20. IS gallons per
head in the previous year.
In the calendar year 1913 the amount
Kingdom was 3o5. 4ss 900 pounds. For
the period l91l-13 the annual con
sumption avera ged so pounds per head.
A substantial increase IL accorded In
tho quantity OF tobacco used. the aggre-
gate for l9l2-l+ being es.4I2,Glc
pounds. Tho grown in this
country was l26. 1865 pounds. Of which
Ireland produced e3.066 pounds, Eng
land and Wales 80. 46s pounds and Scot
land 2.s31 pounds.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-06-13
IRISH RECRUITING
LOWEST IN EMPIRE
Total Enlistment Since Aug. 4
Is Placed at $4,000 Men,
Ulster Giving $4,000.
Special Correspondence 10 Tar SUI.

DUBLIN. May 25.-Althcu there
were many Irish troops at the front In
Belgium IN tho first weeks OF the war
the recruiting In Ireland. excluding the
Orange section OF Ulster, has been far
below the average, The number OF
Irlshmen who have enlisted since Au-
gust I, 1914, Is only So. 200. abou, 100
to each 10000 Of population. Certain
areas in Glasgow and Birmingham have
raised nearly seven times tho number
pro rata. or the So, 200 Ulster has
raised nearly IS 900, ar 24s to zach
5000 OF the provinces population.
listers $4,000, Belfast has raised 22,-
ESQ, or abou, 58b per 10000 OF the pop
ulation. The figure In Kings county,
Leinster, a Nationalist stronghold, is
Sc per 10000 OF population, From
towns In the south and west of Ire
land some ESQ to 400 men Of military
age are emigrating each week.
In the Kitchener armies there are
three irish divisions. the Tenth. the
Sixteenth ana the Thirty-sixth, The
Tenth division Is on the Sussex plain.
It's comma nder In Lieut. -ien. Sir Ber-
lard T, Mahon, X. g.. V, o., c. b.. ID.
q. q. II Is composed OF the Twenty
ninth. Thirtieth and Thlrty-irst Infan-
try Brigades
The Sixteenth division IL intended 10
he almost entirely n Roman Catholic
division, II includes the noted irish
Brigade now In Kalworth Camp, near
F'ermoy. 1t is commanded by Lieut.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-06-13
AMERICANS AT FRONT ARE
OFF TO THE FIRING LINE
"Sunis" Correspondent With Foreign Legion of French
Army Says Men Are Happy After Waiting
for Chance for Six Months.

that his foot was painting him. 80 he
pulled his shoe or.
something rattloi inside tho shoe"
Bob continued, and ! shook Il ont. Il
was my big toe. Or course know |
was wounded when my shoe came off
because OF the blood, but never knew
my big toe a shot OF I thought
what ratified was a piece Of she'll"
\ hastily scrawlsd note. dated MAY
%, runs:
we are OF for the north at midnight
tonight. You ian pray for every one OF
us nut not one Of US cares a moot E,
Happy Why. haven't We been waiting
hAlf n year for Just this opportunity ."
II r. evident that on for the north"
must not lie taken literally, as that
would mean an attack on the very
strong German positions on Craonne
heights. which is hardly likely.
a later letter. dated May 90 saws
We are IN Ludes lMarne). on the
Argonno front, and leave tonight for,
the trenches FOR eighteen or twenty
days We Rad a terrible trip, marched
TO Roman, from there by auto bus 10
Nile!s- All'rand and thon We marched
10 l.udes n slept In n large wilma
storrhous" 1--WE are nj the limits of the
Champagne districc. We leave for The
trenches tonight, only resting today
Well ''est In guerre"
The legion IS row on the front be-
tween Rheims and Chalons.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-06-13
Special co-espondenc. 10 THE suS.

PARIS. May 2s.-writ,ns on May 81
THE SUMS correspondent with the
Foreign Legion says
Scanlon had a toe shot of yesterday
noon. Our section had the petit poste
advance guard) OF the reserve line at
Blanc Sablon. Things had been rather
quiet all the six days of our stay. and
yesterday. Just after lunch. some OF the
boys we're preparing to start a game of
cards Just outside the dugou.s. SUD
denly, without the least warning, a shell
came over. bang right in the doorway
OF n end Of a dugout. Rapoin let out
a cry and then fell IN a heap. moaning
pitifully. He vas badly hit IN the
groin.
Amid nytnE shot-otner shells fol-
lowed In quick successlon-the boys
tried 10 he OF assistance. Joi,. another
OF our section, was hit IN the shoulder.
Scanlon beat II 10 get a Red Cross man.
! was with n OF tho Red Cross when
Scanlon anne. so ! gave him some water
TO take back. as II would certainly be
needed. In the evening We were stand
ing on the road. waiting TO lea We for
Curry. when Bob came hopping along
with one shoe of. lie told us he had
been hit but could not say when. As
he was returning with tho watcr he felt
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-06-13
DOG M0URNs FOR WELDING.
Late Tennis Players sammy Ii Pet
Of British Soldiers.

LONDON, May 27--To the list Of
strange pets kept by British soldiers
in the trenches must now be added
the favorite dog, Sammy, OF A. r. Wild
ing, the tennis player. Wilding's
friends in London nov the little Irish
terrier well. for 1t vas the inseparable
companion Of the great tennis player.
wilding. It seems. was killed in his
dugout, buried alive by a Jack John
son." which pitched INTO the trench
In which he was on duty. The London
correspondent OF the yottin CHAM Guard
ian says that a private letter from the
front mentions that Sammy went about
the trenches whining for Wilding long
after tho worst was known. The dog
will be well looked after. for the soldiers
love these pets of tho trenches
Only a few days ago soldiers of the
Second Rifle Brigade rescued a little
canary from a deserted house which
had been almost shelled to atoms, On
It's cage was a ticket: please look
after this little bird" 80 the men
carried It of with them TO their trenches
and take no end OF trouble to see that
1t gets %groundsel and the seed 1t likes.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-06-13
JOHN REDMOND'S BRIGADE.
'''h '"rDs IL Under Command ri

rmMoT, ireland, May 23.-Two miles
'' IRON this ancien, town in Kalworth
amp Is John Redmond's Irish Brigade.
recruiting for this command began soon
s'Ier King George signed the home rule
bll
IRE command IL the F~orty-seventh
'"a"'r} brigade IT liz the first OF the
.lte orgddes In the sixteenth or Irish
,,''iln OF which I.ieut-Gen. Sir Lau-
"' W PARSONS, X. c. B. Is the COM
:. .1a,II General The division stan is
Gnme.fr- camp. Capt W. p Rennie.
La, N'ah Ofhcers-EIrst grade,
MAJ, a.. -. 4, S. Cape second grade.
Ns0"r W brysdale. D y. o. third grade.
H., j.. { Jackson. C, N. u.
1850 major; Major r, T., Marley.
Benz hon . r, Hammond, c, y
"a N ad)itant and duartermaster- zen
Itlor u A. g. Webb.
caI u',.' director ~ medical service.
VI Kirkpatrick, e. NJ. a,
,tyTin,D'l as'istant director Of ordnance
~ 'api. q X salmon.
'Nu Ss.'s.n. /. J. o'Nsiu.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-06-13
M. MAX CHAFES IN CAPTIVITY.
Brussels BurKOmastcr's Life De-
scribrd by German Commander.

AMSTERDAM. May 16.-The VLaonsche
stem Glemish Vo'ce) publishes part of
a letter CT Baron Gregory, the
der OF the Silesian fortress OF Glatz. to
one OF his friends, In the letter he tells
the following Interesting facts about NJ.
Max. the former b~urgomaster OF Brus-
'els, who Is informed there:
The many German officers who are
punished for one thing or another have
only one room. but I was ordered to
give NJ, Max two rooms en- suite. He
has permission to subscribe TO the Jour-
nal dc Ge1iepe and some Belgian
PAPERS and for his person he has the
servicss of an orderly. He may take
ANS in the small yard-f the fortress
between s and 6 and he might even
have made excursions In the neighbor-
Food under guard Of an officer but for
his refusing this offer on the ground
that he considered II to be beneath his
dignity to walk about under ~surve,l-
"nce His health II very good. In ono
or his letters 10 n Belgian friend I found
this passage: Every day insist upon
being examined every day ! urge the
commandment to tell me why ! am con
nned to this solitary spot, but II has
all been to no purpose 80 far"
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-06-13

Sir Laurence W. Parsons. X G
r. II is composed OF the Fortv-seycnth
for'N-c'sh'h and Forty-ninth Infantry
B~rigades.
The Thirty-siNth Division is the VI
SER continGen'. 1t Is exclusively Prot
estant and has been ready for n mon.h
Its reserve battallpns are a kln1 or
home supply depot OF men 10 m was ST
age at tho front, l. is under the com
mand OF Major-Gen. Charles II. Powell.
9. b., and Is composed OF the lO7th,
lcSth ana lo9th lafantry RriEades.
To the 33,200 men who have enlisted
In Ireland since August 4 may no added
a number of Irish blood who have en-
listed In Canada, According 70 ore an.
thority this is about $500 or 5000. Pos.
sihly an equal number OF Irish have en-
listed in Australia.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1915-06-13
Germany Gets Weapons
in Chemical Laboratory
One Expert Says Rather Than See Empire Defeated
Cholera Germs Would Be Used to Destroy the
Rest of Eumpe.
ONE NEW SUBMARINE EVERY ID DAYS

Rest of EUlupe.

70 use poisonous gas when conditions
permit Is fully established. but u is not
generally known that German chemists
are experimenting with hopes OF swift
success on a new explosive more deadly
that lydhite. This explosive when per-
fected will be used in their big howit-
zers. and II IL confidently predicted that
neither trench nor fort will stand
against II. Germans are hoping to VI
their battles In their Laboratories, and
they are putting their trust more in the
genius OF their scientists than in TIE
slil OF their Generals and The vaior OF
their troops. New machine guns not
much heavier than rifles and as easily
fred. improved '%catapults' for throwing
bombs into trenches. more brilliant star
shells for use in night attacks are
among other German surprises TO be Dc .
vcioped during the summer campaign"