davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1915-06-25
100 Nescou Buildings
bsrned ; Loss $50, 900. 900

Petrograd, via London, June
n, 12:4O A. M.-Moscov suffer-
ed damage to the extent of $780,
900, 600 during the recent anti
German demonstrations in which
nearly 500 stores and factories
and more than 200 private lodg.
ings we're totally wrecked.
The rioters, heated with liquor
which they found in the demol-
ished wine stofss, set ERE to and
destroyed Macy stores and aga, +
mests the owners Of which were
R1ssians. OF the total number
Of bnildiuks destroyed oSly lis
beloneed % Austro-G German sub
jscls. The uumber 81 fatalities
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1915-06-25
Sicgel Enters Prison.

i Rochester, N. Y, June I'll
Little, brokeu, old and alone,
save for curious reporters to
whom he babe a wistful farewell,
Henry Siegel, once a millionaire
and peer of New York's mercan.
tile barons, was locked up in
Monroe county's Jail today to
Iserve 10 months sentence for
violating the banking laws.
| Not until lie arrived in the
warGen's Office did lie wilt. Su-
preme Court Justice Clark, in
Geneseo, this morning ordered
that he be taken to prison, and
he smiled. Jauntily lie trudged
beside the Goliathic Sheriff of
Livingston county to the Sher-
lifts Office with a laugh and with
a spriglltly air of self-esteem he
told the reporters that he was
far from beaten ; that he would
(beat back to fame and fortune
and responsibility once again :;
that he would start all over at
the age of 60 and once more be-
come the merchant prince of
Americas metropolis. He would
pay all his debts. No one would
suffer. Jail could not break his
spirit nor dull his mind. And on
the glorious 35-mile motor trip
from Geneseo to Rochester, over
the hard wide roads and through
the greenest valleys under Heav-
en-, the dapper little man laugh
ed. jested and argued.
Once inside the jail doors there
came change.
Henry Siegel became prisoner !
IA" He was shaved from
crown to chin, was given a suit|
of shabby gray that was made
for a man almost twice his sizel
and was consigned to a cell 4 feet
wide, 8 feet long and 10 feetl
high. Tomorrow they'll put him
to work after his breakfast oil
mush, molasses and coffee. lt'sI
likely that he'll do clerical duty
or run errands for the wardeu's
wife. He is very little and he is
81 years old.
Gone with the clipper snap of -
his legs. His shoulders had sud-
denly bent. His eyes were
watery and sunken, his hands
were very cold and listless. /.
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1915-06-25
Cancer And Burns.
(From' Farm and Fireside.

DR.. William J. Mayo at Balti.
more the other day said certain
things about that dread cancer
which all of us may we'll consider
Cancer on the surface of the
body is not increasing, but in
ternal cancer, especially cancer
ofthe stomach, certainlyis. Can.
Ger on the surface. where it can
be observed, never begins as cam
Ger, but results from other sores
or breaks III the skin or tissues
Especially does there seem to be
a close relation between burns
and cancer.
Cancer of the lips is not az
common since clay pipes went
out OF style; but when it does
occur 1t usually results from heat
dpplleu 10 the lips In smoking.
DR.. Mayo points to the fact
that locomotive engineers often
nave cancer of the leg from the
heat of the furnace, and that in
other occupations cancer is most
common where heat is applied to
the body.
l cannot get it out of nv
head. said he, that the cause
OF much cancer Of the stomach,
IS the drinking of hot drinks.
Many people drink fluids too hot
to be held in the mouth. The
stomach cannot get rid of such
scalding drinks, and must suffer
actual burns. There is no higher
authority in the world than Dr.
Mayo. and we may we'll give
heed to his words.
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1915-06-25
Lansing Takes Bryan's Place,

Washington, D. c.. June 23.-An
nouncement of the appointment of
Robert Lansing, counsellor of the
State Department as Secretary of
State to succeed w. ]. Bryan was
made this evening at the White
House.
The following statement was is
sued;
Before leaving this evening for
a brief rest in New Hampshire, the
President announced that he had
offered the post of Secretary of
State to Mr.. Robert Lansing, the
present counsellor of State, and that
Mr.. Lansing had accepted the az
p ointment.
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1915-06-25
Powell's Fort.

Harvesting is now the order OF
the day.
Mrs. Catherine Sine visited
Mrs. Mary Glenn, last week.
Mrs. Mamie Taylor and chill.
dren, have returned to their home
in Woodstock, after spending
three weeks visiting at this place
Mrs. Sarah Baker visited he1
sister, Mrs. Josie Tamkin, the
first of the week.
Mr.. George Shipe spent a few
days at Nippon. W. Va, recently
Mrs. Della Woodrow went t.
Strasburg last Sunday to Sc,
Mrs. Philip Grim, who is yer,
ill.
Mrs. Emma Lichliter spent TIL
first of the week with lfer sister
Mrs. Mary Glenn.
Mrs. George Sbipe, who ha
been visiting at Shenandoal
Junction and Rippon, W. Va.
returned to her home at thi
place last Sunday.
Mr.. Arch Lichliter spent Mon
day at Riverton and left 70
Charles Town, w. Va to spent
the summer.
Mrs Amanda Combs ant
daughter, Miss Ola Combs, were
the guests of Mrs Pearl Lich.
liter, the first of the week.
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1915-06-25
Dry Cleaning Plant.

| have installed 10 my store at
Woodstock dry cleaning ili.nt and
an now prepared to clean clothing of
ali kinds,
Cotton, Wooden
and Silk Goods,
Laces, Ribbons
and in fact everything that needs my
services The public is cordially in
vlted t inspect my plant.
~ Prices Reasonable.
J. r. MILLER.
June 25-tf
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1915-06-25


Winchester, Va.-After relatives
at Linville. Rockingham county, had
put on mourning and were prepar-
ing to receive the body of their
relative. Charles Adler. who was
reported in telegram as having
been run over and killed by an
electric car in Washington, they
were astonished Monday to receive
a message from him. saying 4 am
all right" His brother had gone
to Washington to bring the body
home.
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1915-06-25

<XNx4vx0O4N AAOt EN
heGd Farmers Bulletin No. SIC on Crims ON
clover. 1t Free. Address U. s. Dept,
oi As2catITe, Washington, ID. C.
d tushei OF Crimson Clover Seed sown
-our acres CT ground will increase the
cceeding yield Of Corn or Cotton about
e same amount as would ton of com
ete iertillzer applied at the rate of 500
over tqrned under vii ordinarily double
'e yield Of the crops which follow. The
.ysiSeal condition Of the soil is also ma
fiai,y yed oe II The Sandy Soils are
nts. The Stiff. heavy clay soils are
nnaered more open and friabie.
SfLmSon Clover makes an excellent graz
classes of live stock. Mich cows make
nsiderably more milk when pastured
aoney Slant IT is asG aatle as
or nectar in the spring.
- -ces crop, It Is especially valuable in
ider as green manure crop. The plants
tain for the use Of the trees the following
aason much Of the plant food which would
ne Winter and early Spring A good stand
I Gslmson Clover not only reduces the
sanaa and e the gbullggIng of the fields but
1e wind is greatly lessened. The Plants
$50 serve to hold the snow to a greater
tent than II the field was left bare dur
armers are realizing the Importance and
reat value of Crimson Clover.
Bolgiano's "GoId' Brand STANDARD
Crimson Clover
is exceptionally fine. 1t has large well
matured plump bright golden berries. IL
on want the best Field Seeds of any kind
!iways insist on getting Boisiano's
Gold Brand Standard Cloyers and
We Offer Enormous Stocks
Cow Peas, Winter Netch, Sudan Grass.
Timothy Seed; Red Glover Alfalfa. AlsyEe,
Red Top or Herds Grass, Pure Kentucky
Blue Grass, Orchard Grass, Winter Oats,
ran Meadow Oats Grass, Millet, Perma-
nent Pasture Mixture, Dwarf Essex Rape
Mi varieties of Turnip Seed, including Cow
Horn Turnip, Southern Seven Ton. Yellow
Globe. Etc. Cabbage, Kale. Spinach, Win
ter Radish.
We both buy and sell Fancy Seed wAest
Send Samples.
distraction Books Free
Send tor cur large Garden, Field and
Flower Seed Catalogue, also our "a page
Poultry and Poultry Supply Catalogue
obtaining valuable information for all
Poultry Raisers.
Five Dollars in Gold.
Pop White Globe Turnip grown from our
.sed and delivered at our store on or be-
ore November 18th 1915. This il the hand
omest and most salable Turnip. 1t is
arge. rapid growing sort, with globnlar
haped roots, flesh pure white. The skin
8 white and purple. The under portion
icing white and the top bright purple
Send US ten cents in stamps, mention
his paper and we will send you 4 large
'ackage Of this wonderful turnip SO Won
an enter this contest.
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1915-06-25
Cat That Bit Boy Had Rabies.

Lynchburg, Va, June GA re.
port from the Government Hospits
in Washington shows that the cat
which bit Arthur Case, the l4-year-
old son of Mrs. A. 4. Case, here
Saturday was suffering with rabies.
An effort is being made to get
treatment for the boy, who is a
bundle wrapper in . department
store here.
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1915-06-25

G. Fl. Buren,, an old farmer oil
this place. suddenly found him
self last week with bank roll
|of. SIS. 900. an additional moons
/ of more than $500 a month, be-
sides 30 acres of level land in the
heart of a town of II, 900 persons.
For 81 years Buren, had eked
out living on a farm of ia
acres near City Point, Va. He
was there at the time of the Civil
War. and as a boy received a
stray bullet from the Federals.
The big Du Pont powder plant
located quarter of mile from
his farm benefited him, as two
Iof the Buren, boys went to work
in the construction department
at SIS day.
The plant units gradually
went up and the army of men at
work was increased. A month
ago a stranger dropped in at the
Buren, farm and asked its price.
Buren, said he wanted to keep his
house and a few acres of land,
but would sell 80 acres. A bar
gain was Immediately closed at
$11O an acre.
Two days later another strang-
er dropped in, seeking more land.
He tempted Buren, with an offer
of $500 All acre for 81 acres of
the tract, and this bargain was
also closed. TODAY this tract is
selling lot subdivisions at the
rate of from $4,000 to $4,000 an
acre. Streets, sidewalks and
sewers are being put in and a
modern city is springing up.
Around Buren's home other
landowners sold tracts. These
were laid out in city divisions,
and within the last week more
than $500, 900 has changed hands
in realty sales. Buren's 80 acres,
with the farmhouse in the centre,
now stands in the heart of the
city building activity.
Last Wednesday he was offered
Isl, 900 an acre spot cash for the
80 acres. The offer did not move
him. The next day the offer
was increased to ST. 500 an acre,
but Buren, chung to his land.
Why should / sell {" said the
old man. If the land is good
enough for others, it is good
enough for me for a while. | a
ways wanted to live IN a city
anyhow, and here l am right If
the midst of one without having
to move.
I am renting tent space ~~or
the farm and making 500 a
month out of that, with space
going every day. My two boys
are working at the plant and
lam renting my teams out for SIS
a day. am making more money
than l ever saw in all my life, SC
! why should l be in a hurry to
make more? Maybe when things
get little too crowded around
me l will sell everything but the
house"
buren, has husky family of
five or six children, one of whom
has a farm of 400 acres a mile
and a half from the new COM
munitv around the old mans
farm. The stir of activity has
reached out to this tract. and
father and SON are likely to be
the Astors of the new Southern
Icity.
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1915-06-25
Classified Ads.

Classified Ads will be inserted in
this column. II you have anything to
sell or want to buy anything; If you
have a house to rent or desire TO rent
one; II you have lost or found any
thing some one of the 5000 reader OF
the BERALD will answer.
Rate- One-half ceut word. in ad-
vance. Minimum charge 70 els.
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1915-06-25
TO sleep WEN In Summer.

Slight Inflammation Of the hropcb 4
tubes causes . distressing cough O. d
makes sleep impossible. Foley,
Honey and Tar Comp ~ I'd stops t6s
annoying tickling and relieves the
rsckiOg. firing cough. Goodfor an
coughs, c0!cs, Group and broncbia]
affections. Walton 4 Smoot. Adv.
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1915-06-25
VIRGINIA..

VIRGINIA,
In the Clerks Office of the Circuit
Court of obenando h County, to.wit
VERNE e Estep. ....--. Complainant,
VS.. In Chancery.
Harry ID. Estep, -: 49,. Defendant
The object of this suit is to obtain
decree of divorce mensa ct thoro,
on the grounds of desertlun.
II appearing by affidavit fled that
said defendant is non resident OF
the State of Virginia and that his last
named address aud place OF abode
was Woodstock, Shenandoah County,
Virginia, it is ordered that he appear r
within fifteen days after Que pubIica-
ton OF this notice and do what may
be necessary TO protect his interests.
GEO. W. MILEY, D. Clerk.
F. II. Brum lack, p. q.
May 28-4w
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1915-06-25
For Sale.

10 acres of lard, a four room dive
ling, ii good stable, situated in Pow.
ellis Fart, at Derrick, Va, on INA
public road close TO post Office, store
church and graded sch Iol, not over
FIVE minutes walk to- any of them
viii sell on easy terms. For pics
apply to
Feb. s. ASHBY:LICHLITER.
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1915-06-25
Farmer s. Abortion 1!

Dos Z fail3to examine the Worlds
Greatest Binder Johnston Massey
'iarris, Canadas leader for past
quarter century. All Steel constru,
ton, 100 pounds lighter than lightest
yst stringer than strongest, compel.
tors KNOCK II. is fully tusran
led and is the Horses Friend. For
~ General Supply Co., Wood.
*, ". May TIT,
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1915-06-25

Mrs. Magdalene Hartman, 10
years old, widow of Samuel Hart
ran, was found dead in bed Ives
d y morning at her home, fsSo M
3 nth Of Harisonburg.
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1915-06-25
FOR SALE

Severa ood farms and town prop
critics wei located. If you want one
II bargain, call on. or write to-
Wv. W. LOGAN.
Dec 1T. Woodstock, Va.
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1915-06-25
NOTICE.


Will be let to the lowest bid.
der. at the place ~llere the bridge
is to be built on Saturday the
22nd of August next the build
ing of a bridge across Stony
Creek, at Philip Grandstaff,s.
agreeably to an order of the
County Court of Shenandoah.
where, and when, undertakes
are requested to attend.
Joseph Arthur,
Absalom Rinker,
Jacob OFT,
John Fsrrow,
John Anderson,
July ~. 1878. Commissioners.
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1915-06-25
COMMISSIONERS SALE
OF VALUABLE
REAL ESTATE,
On the premis es
SATURDAY, JULY 10Th, lsl5,
At2 O'Clock p M.

On the prem'ses
SATURDAY,, JULY 10Th, 1915,
At O'Clock P NJ.
Pursuant to deci ee rendered by
the Circuit Court of Shenand nah
County. State of Virginia, on the l b
dav Of May, 1915, 10 the chancery
cause of w. w Zrkie vs. Charles D.
Landes ct ais Deits the undersig, el
Special Commissioners will sell al
pub &c uction 70 the highest bidder
the following tract of real estate
together with all improvements theI e.
upon:
All of .hat certain lot of land With
good dwelling honse and ouibuild-
irgs, lying and being in the town of
Ed nburg on South Main Street of
sid town, and being the property
where I harles D Lapdes resided; it
b'ing the same property conveyed by
w W Zirkle and wife to harles ID
Landes by deed dated on the Ist day
OF March. 1912, see Deed Book No.
10 page 16, in the Clerks Office of
shenandoah county, Virginia. 1t is
the same pf operty where w w Zirkle
resided for several years.
TERMS OF SALE:
One-third Cash on the day of sale,
and the residue III two equal annual
instalments, payable respectively at
one ard two years from the da +
sale, the credit instalmants to be
evidenced by the bonds OF the pur-
chaser, hearing six per cent inttres
from the day Of sale. and the title of
The property to be retained as security
| for said bonds uusil the whole of the
pu chase money is psid, and con-
veyance directed by the Court
G. E. PENCE.
C ". BENNICK,
Special Commissioners
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1915-06-25
Save Your

SCRAP IRON, RUBBER, RAGS
AND METALS FOR
M. SOLLARS, Woodstock, Va.
whose wagon is constantly going The
rounds. He also buys all
kinds Of hides.
Apr. 2-tf
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1915-06-25

In the Clerks Office of the Circuit
Court of Shenandoah County, Wood
d>tock. Va June 10Th, 1915.
W w. Zirfle, Complt
against In Chancerv
Charles D. Landes ct ais. Defts
|. M B Wunder. Clerk of said Court,
do hereby certify that G. E Pence,
who was appointed Special Commis.
sioner of sale IN said cause by de-
Gee rendered therein on the 10th day
May, 1915, has executed bond with
personal security. in the penalty fixed
bv The Court, and conditioned and
p 'yable Us prescribed nv law
Given under nv hand this 10Th cav
Of June. A. D.. 1915
GEO W. MILEY, D
June Is -4w. G. C. c. S. c..
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1915-11-09
Most Eminent Medical Authorities Endorse Il


DR.. Eberle and DR.. Braithwaite as
we'll as Dr. Simon-all distinguished
Authors-agree that whatever may be
the disease, the urine seldom fails in
furnishing us with clue to the princi-
pies upon which it is to be treated,
and accurate knowledge concerning the
nature of disease can thus be obtained.
If backache, scalding urine or frequent
urination bother or distress you, or if
uric acid in the blood has caused rheu-
matism, govt or sciatica or you sus-
pect kidney or bladder trouble just
write DR.. Pierce at the Surgical In
stitute. Buffalo. n. Y; send sample
Of urine and describe symptoms. You
will receive free medical advice after
Dr.. Pierce's chemist has examined the
urine-this will be carefully done
without charge. and you will be under
no obligation. DR.. Pierce during
many years Of experimentation has
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1915-11-09
Letter to GAR. Posts from
Patriotic Instructor Adams

The following letter is being sent ont
by Captain siIas Adams Of Waterville.
instructor Of the Department OF Maine,
G. A. r. 70 the different Posts in the
State Mr. Adams is taking great In
terest in the matter and is personally
visiting many Of the schools as set forth
in the letter which is as follows:
Waterville. Oct. 6. Il5.
Post Commanders and Patriotic instructors:
The past year has been exceptionally
progressive, making z very decided i'm
provement over forraer years in the in
terest shown and patriotic work done
The old veteran has turned over new
leaf and recognizes the fact that his
presence is needed in the schoolroon 10
inspire patriotism into the youth and
teach them love and respect for the old
flag. We should not rest content that
our work is done, but putting of our
uniform and taking our place again il
the ranks Of our most honored citizens.
There are, growing UP in our midst,
thousands who speak q foreign language
who need your counsel and instruction.
We must mould them into good American
citizens who will reverence our institu-
tons and defend our flag. This work de-
Ponds largely upon the old veteran
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1915-11-09
MAINE JOTTINCS

To conform with the government
requirements, the Sandy River &
Rongeley Lakes railroad has install
LED automatic equipment and safety
appliances. and has practically equip
ped its entire rolling stock, consist
ing of IS box cars, 100 rack cars.
and 100 fat cars, with automatic
couplers and Westinghouse air
brakes. so that now all heavy freight
trains regardless of their length are
always under control of the engineer.
This is a great change from the days
of the hand brake, when the brake
man had to stand out and brake the
trains by hand regardless of weather
War orders have SO boosted tho
price Of chloride Of lime that the S. D.
Warren Co. paper mills in Westbrook
is now taking steps. it is reported, to
re-estabiish Its electrolytic plant.
which was discontinued about a wear
ago. At the present time the bleach
ing of the pulp wood used in the man
ufacturing of the paper produced nv
this mill IS done with bleaching nou.
der furnished by one Of the seyera,
concerns located at Niagara, N. p
This powder, which is largely COM
posed Of chloride Of lime, has bean Il,
use ever since the electrolytic plan.
was discontinued. The Company con-
tracts for It at the stated price Of "
cents, but the present contract expires
at the close Of this year and the nrica
being quoted for its renewal is NOT
less than 31z cents, price greater
than it would cost to produce eIectro-
lytic bleach by its Carmichael process
and for this reason the building for,
merry occupied by the plant vii, he
Oh us present contents and
new electrolytic equipment win be in.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1915-11-09

TIE ey-sol3ier is q welcome visitor to
all OF our classroonls Of instruction, and
il is earnestly desired that the post in
structor Will visit every scnoolroom in
his vicinity, that the scholars may have
the benefit Of your experience IN the
army, as an object lesson Of patriotism
and loyalty during the Civil War. Talk
TO them On the history OF the country
and particularly on that great contest
The experience told By veteranassis
worth more to the pupil than the history
they study. The impression made upon
the minds Of the scholars is lasting and
patriotic. The veterans veneration and
age will make an indelible impression
this coming year on the schools in
Maine and make these visits not only
as one OF duty. but Of pleasure. Have
members of your post visit the school
room with you and talk to the children.
See TO il that schoo,houses are sup
piled with flags and that they are dis
played in some conspicuous place. In
struct teachers TO have the flag drill as
a part Of their daily exercises SO pupils
may learn the meaning Of that emblem
ard 10 reverence it.
Yours in F. c. l.,
SILAS ADAMS,
Patriotic Instructor.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1915-11-09
?. l. Bumpus, Mrs Bumpus and Miss

F. I. Bumpus, Mrs. Bumpus and Miss
Bailey all Of Auburn.
Fancy and plain sewing dresses cut
and made by Marguerite Marston also
collar and apron, pillow tops, Florence
and Grace Berry; sofa pillow and gown,
Dorothy Reynolds: doilie and apron,
Jennie May Fowler; darning, Dorothy
Reynolds.
Prizes were awarded as follows:
Cumston special prize, Sprague Rey-
nolds, SIS: Grange special prizes. Louis
Fowler S., first on potatoes and corn,
81; second, Sprague. Reynolds, 81;
canned goods, Florence Berry, /; Mari
on Chick 2; Jennie Fowler, g. Brown
bread, Pauline Pettengill, l.: Doris
Chick 2; Dorothy Reynolds. 8. Plain
cake, Florence Berry, L. Grace Berry,
2: Scott Higgins 3. White bread, Dor
othy Reynolds 1; Jennie May Fowler,
2, Margaret Marston 3; Jelly, Jennie
May Fowler, 1. Fancy work. Dorothy
Reynolds. l.; Jennie May Fowler. 2;
Grace Berry, 3. Plain sewing, Mar
guerite Marston l.
The program for the afternoon was
as follows: Singing, ladies' chorus; pa
per by Louis Fowler, telling how he
raised his vegetables; recipes by the
girls, telling how they made their
bread and cake; paper, c. S. Allen of
Auburn, subject. Claims Of the chill
dren;" reading, Mrs. Annie Bates. At
the next meeting an illustrated lee
ture will be given by the chemical ag-
riculture company Of Massachusetts. 1t
will be open to the public.