davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Pioneer press. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1882-19??, 1914-12-12
}||I2',&.I|IA! 4. Dry Must
RE::F0R'1 F!NA|Nc'E!
come Lost By Prohibition -
Raised by Increased Taxes and
Fresh Imports.

LONDON, Dec. "a PetrograM
ny says:
TIC Minister Of Finance in a mem
:,i.iu!n accompanying the budget
j.tCs that through the prohibition d
lie sale OF alcoholic liquors, in ad
.rdanCe with the will of the End
error, Russia has been deprive>, oE
..e Of it's most important sources Oh
aVenue, but he is convinced thai
.Wcvc" r.Gch tbs may be felt by tho
.nasury. the creative power Of hid
GAor Russian people, applied to the
2CrmOus natural riches of the coun
~ vii! enable, future budgets of the
nDire to be based on new pTinci
lies.
THE revenue, which in the first Two
2OnthS Of the war showed a consYd
cradle decrease, he said, has since
displayed permanent upward ten
dency.
ITO secure funds necessary to con
oct the war the Minister declared
he government would have to re-
curse to further credit operations
n increase in the existing taxes and
:hc creation Of fresh imports He
ave assurance, in conclusion, that
ans, both internal and external
you'd present no difficulties"
Pioneer press. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1882-19??, 1914-12-12

The Negro race in bani,y, love of
music, poetic imagiDati ion and srcial
adaptabllity leads the world; heLce why
should palefaced Americans, no ne, d
more Of those traits Of character. object
to receive US? 1t is because, ard only
because, we come wrapped up in a
brown or black paper instead Of white?
Scout it aud be b"Olhe beloved, and
let us live forever here without the
curse of this terrible European war, or
the bloody one that freed us and united
a once consecrate1 country.
Pioneer press. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1882-19??, 1914-12-12

Learn it here, for Mr. carries Il big
signi jcance. A certain man said: II
confess | have pre- JUDGE against the
c0lOred race. | am sorry, a'd 1 am
trying to get rid oflt. The only rtason
l can assign is, it was taught me-"
What pity tat christianity pa rents
should 50 burden their child ca.
1t all accounts for The suiferneS we
are undergoing How hard it IS for
this so taue Int class to call you Mister.
Their pleasure consists in calling YOU
Tom, Dick, CIff, Smoke, Colonel, Rev.
parson, ard always Professor if you can
read through McGuffys first reader.
TO this hated and prescribed people
take our advice and get good property
and a large bank account, and be as
sured that be application OF Mr.. will
follow, for the highest success ls
achieved by making the most of ones
powers and opportunities.
Pioneer press. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1882-19??, 1914-12-12

Liberty is great thing. and wonder
full when right. Let our legislature
keep in mind that II vote taken by the
people, referred back to them by the
Legislature is called it's referendum, and
if done in the right TO p ease and correct.
even their imaginary wrongs 20 obtain
their rights may not only prevent wara,
but bring TO them their desired lights
and grow brothers the world over.
Pioneer press. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1882-19??, 1914-12-12
OSCARS NEEDS AND THEIR SUP
PLY

"What of that boy who attends your
schoOl?' "Oh Oscar ThOmas!' He
comes only when he can be apared from
the daily routine of household duties.
He ID the oldest child Of very large
family. The father was the victim of
a mine explosion several years ago,
when the boy was too young to realize
the loss sustain ned as the limp form of
the father WAS borne on stretcbars to
the humble cabin in the valley The
mother, grief str icken, saw no other
way but that the pride Of the father and
the hope Of the mother would be com.
PEELED to grow up without any educa-
ton, without even the limited oppor-
tunities that the country school affords
yet she managed to keep him Z, ing
until now by dint Of hard study @: car
was easiest the lead ing all around pupil
in the county,
He was not the first in Arithmetic.
but in geography and history be ex.
celled; he could sketch true to nature.
Many of his rough drawings had been
without the boy 8 knowledge, preserved
by the teacher 10 be exhibited with
pride to the supervisor when on his u.s.
ual rounds.
Oscar + memory was most remarkable
All the choicest bite of poetry in the
Reader he could repeat with eca, cely a
break. But he sighed for more ard The
teacher who had not the advantage of
| training in any of the well-known nor
mai schools yet whose ambition and
determination were manifested by her
attendance at the Summer Schools Of
! her state, was puzzled to supply his
needs, especially az her library was
small!
Ia his history lessons, Oscar would
frequently raise his hand and on one of
| these occasions when recognized, he
ssid-'Miss Bry CO, have cocred men
ever done anything to be put in books?
All the pictures see in my books; ell
/ the men / read about-Fiauklin. Wash
ington, Lincoln, Jefferson, Napoleon
| were white men? All the women are
white women whose names I have
found in my readers2 what's the use
of my coming to school longer and
mother shaving to help ms stay in school
If nothing is before me when grow up
to be man but to work ia the mines or
TO run the hand carr
The teacher was stunned once more.
She realized the foIc e of his Questions
but how to solve the problem was be-
yond her. Yet she knew the reeponsi.
bility was hers, but how to fulfil it re-.
manned uppermost in her mind until
one day quick SO a flash the solution
came.
She wrote to Miss Mabel Robertson
one of the teachers who attended tie
Summer School at Cheyney Institute
and from her learned that 4 book hnd
recently been written by teacrsr pnli-
tied The Negro in American Ha,n,v ),
With the aid Of a correspond in Pal
timore Miss Bryce procured a copv-read
it with eagerness again and again. She
found in it ample material not on)y To
answer all Oscars pertinent inquiries
but also anticipate and supply her own
imperative needs as a teacher Of coIored
youths. X X Y
Pioneer press. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1882-19??, 1914-12-12

John Mitchell, Jr editor Of the Rich.
mond Planet, may not live in free
country but William Mulroe Troter
who made the assertion quoted above,
nor any body else, living or dead. has
ever made W ser or Drawer fight along
every imagi nabie line for the interest
OF the Negro than has this same John
MITCHELL
Pioneer press. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1882-19??, 1914-12-12

president Wilson and his Congress
may talk Themselves to death on con-
me' realism and finally ruin THIS coun-
try. b, they can't hurt 1t or Themselves
by try ing TO bring about universal
protect it's citizens deserves the execra-
ton Of the whole world
Pioneer press. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1882-19??, 1914-12-12

Sometimes even :hr o., Wis works
turn out for pund. That The best in-l
and w0meu's verdict is getting $ rorurr
and stronger daily is absolutely tree.
Forge on, and agi'att. AID Ihnuk God
with divine dlscoutcn, MAT every
thing human has an end.
Pioneer press. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1882-19??, 1914-12-12
OVER 100000 IRISH IN
WAR, SAYS REDMOND
Just Beginning to Recruit, He De.
cIares--Uister Has Sent
10000.

LONDON, Dec. 7.--Speaking at
Tuam Ireland, yesterday John E. Red
mond, leader Of the Nationalist Party,
quoted official statistics showing that
although emigration had drawn from
Ireland the flower of her population
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1914-06-15
SUPERVISORS NAME JUNIOR
MEMBER eINFoRp & FAReER
TO SUCCEED A. c. DAILY.
WILL TAKE OFFICE SOON
AS BOND is APPROVED
Board Fixes Amount Of Bond at >oooo
Appointment Is For unexp'red
Which Ends Whom Nominee
Elected in November Qualities Early
Next January.

4 n Farber, Of the law firm Oh
Rinford & Farber, was appolhte"
comfy attorney late Saturday after
noon by the board of supervisors 10
all the vacancy caused oy the death OF
Anthony c. Daily. Faroer VIII sue
coed Robert E. Johnson, acting county
o++ornev. who was appointed by the
court when Mr.. DAILY was taken s-cN
last winter and who was continued III
office until the supervisors appointed
a successor.
Faroer will take office as soon as MS
bond. which was fixed at $4,000, is nieo
and approved. The term of his ap-
pointment extends until early next
January or until the countAy attorney
elected in November qualities
Farber, c. H. Van Law and u =
Carney were the attorneys most seri-
ausly considered by the board ". n.
tones favored the appointment of Van
Law or of Carney, but supervisors y.
C. Maytag and w. A. Nicnols wanted
to appoint Farber. None Of the at
1orneys were candidates for the APP
pointment, but Farber will accept.
The republican party nominee, Kay
p. Scott, preferred not to assume the
duties and responsibilities Of the office
while he was in the midst OF cam
paign So he was not q candidate.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1914-06-15
ANDREW COLLINS DEAD.
Injury Sustained in Fall Aastens Death
of Aaed Resident.

Andrew Collins. an aged resident OF
the city, died at MS home. iGG South
Fifth street. at 545 this morning.
Death was due to inrrm:t.es OF old age
and the end was fastened by fall
two weeks ago Friday, when Mr.. Col
Inns side and hip were badly bruised.
AS result OF this fall, Mr.. Collins was
unconscious until Wednesday OF last
week.
Mr. Collins was born in Washington
county Indiana. Aug. &c. 1928 He came
TO Iowa and settled in Tama county IN
1856 He was married i'll Johnson
county. Indiana. 70 Clementine Parr,
March Is, 1882 After residing in Tama
county for four years Mr. and. Mrs.
Collins returned to Indiana here they
remained eight years. afterward COM
ing to Tama county again. where they
resided until twelve years ago, when
they moved to this city.
Mrs. Collins died in this city, June
q, 1910. OF nine children born to Mr..
and Mrs. Collins. seven survive. They
are II. c. Collins. of Wauksha Wis;
F. E. Collins and Mrs. II. Z. Schuare.
of Cedar Rapids; 3. L. Collins Of
Morevile. Mo. and W. NJ, L. NJ. and
Miss Bessie Collins. of this city.
The funeral will probably be held
from the residence Wednesday after
noon. Burial will be in Riverside.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1914-06-15
DIES AFTER BRIEF ILLNESS.
Mrs, Susan &. DePew Sueoumbs t.
Heart Disease.

Mrs. Susan E. DePew died suddenly
at o'clock saturday afternoon at the
home of her daughter, Mrs. j. w.
Farnsworth. 10 East Main street, the
cause of death being heart disease.
Mrs. DePew was i'll only about twenty
minutes. She had been in her usual
good health turnout the day. apparent
". and her sudden death was shock
to the members OF the family.
Mrs DePew was born in Wells. \.
T., July 10, 1910, her maiden name be-
ing susan Francisco. She came west
and lived at waukegon. H., for time.
She was married to William H. DePew,
in 1855. Mr.. and Mrs. DePew came 10
Steamboat Rock. in 1864 and made
their home near there for three years.
They resided at Onawa for number
of wears and came to Marshalltown in
1880.
Mr.. DePew died in this city in 1881
Mrs DePew is survived by three
daughters and three sons. They are
Mrs. Farnsworth, Mrs. W. H. Wilhelm
of Herman. Mimi; Mrs. j. N. Stuckey
of Tippecanoe, o.; Ed DePew, of Cedar
Rapids and George D. and Frank De-
Pew, OF this city. One sister, Mrs. G.
G Robinson, of this city, also survives.
The funeral will be held from the
Farnsworth home at $50 Wednesday
afternoon. Interment vii be in River
side
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1914-06-15
PACKER WINS HURDLES
MarshaIItown High School Athlete
Takes First Place in Low Stick Event
at Stages invitation Meeting
Places Fifth in High Hurdles.

Theodore Packer, star athlete of the
Marshalltown high school track and
field team. made great showing at the
annual interscholastic meeting at Chi
cago Saturday, when he won first place
in the 22o-yard hurdles, and fifth place
in the l20-yard event AS result OF
Packers performance Marshalltown
was credited with points, tying with
four other schools for ninth place. More
than 500 athletes, representing lis
schools competed.
Packer got away for bad start in
the high hurdles. after having won his
preliminary heat from Hardy, Of Oak
Park, IN :16 As.
In the final heat Zoellin. of Lewis
Institute. won, in :16 2-5. Dubel. Pack
er's old rival from Sioux City. was
third. Packer just got inside the count
Packer won his heat in the low
preliminaries in 20 IS, defeating An
drews, of Oshkosh. Wis. In the finals
, he finished ahead in :26 AS. Parker. Of
Shattuck Military School, Faribault
Mimi. was second: Andrews of Osh-
kosh, Wis. third; Hentzen. West Di-
vision high, Milwaukee, fourth; Dubel
Sioux City, fifth.
to the winners at reception given by
Coach Stage. of the University of Chi
cago, Saturday evening.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1914-06-15
ASK FOR GRADING BIDS

City Council and Thaddeus einford
Start Movement 20 Grade North
Third Avenue For Boulevard Project.
The city council authorized City
Clerk J. J. Wilson to advertise for bids
for grading North Third avenue north
Of Marion street for the bculevarding
of that street. at its meeting this
forenoon Bids will be received by the
city up to June 81 and opened at 9
o'clock June %.
The city has about $500 yards of
earth to move and Thaddeus Binford
has about 10000 yards to move on his
lots north of Marion street. The city
and Mr.. Binford will enter into joint
contract with the successful bidder
who will be required to pest a bond
for $1,000 for performance under the
contract.
The resolution authorizing bond Is
sue of $1,000 to pay for the motor lad
der truck which is to be delivered
about July 1. was passed to it's final
adoption by the council.
The resolution authorizing the pur-
chase OF the secondhand automobile
for the use Of City Engineer w. B.
'Skogerscn, was passed to its final
adoption. Councilman Lamb voting
against it. The auto cost $3.50.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1914-06-15
]. G. Gilman officiated and the burial
was in Hillside.

]. G. Gilman officiated and the burial
was in Hillside.
Mrs. Gerhard Ficken was born Jan
%. 1S49, at Samonauk. Ill.,. and was
married in 1865. In 1875, she and her
husband came to this state and settled
on a farm three miles south OF State
Center, where they lived until seven
teen years ago. They then went to
Hanceville, Ala, where they have since
lived or a farm. Aside from the hus-
band there are five living children
Charles, Clifford, and Arthur Ficken, OF
State Center: William F. Ficken, OF
Sioux City: and Henry F.cken. OF
Hanceville, Ala. Two sisters. Mrs. Fred
Bader, of Hanceville. Ala, and Mrs.
George Pfantz, of State Center; and
seven brothers, Henry, Aaron, Fred.
August, George and Ernest Nolta, of
State Center and William Nolta, of
Farnhamville, also survive her.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1914-06-15
MINISTER'S VISIT HOSPITAL.
Delegates From Evangelical Confer
ence Spend Day in City.

enee Spend Day in City.
A party of ministers and laymen
from the Ackley conference of the
German Evangelical church. spent the
day in the city as the guests OF Rev.
Karl Rest. at the Deaconess hospital.
Among the clergymen who accom-
pan!er Rev Mr.. Rest from the con-
ference were Rev. Martin kleinau. or
Tripoli: Rev. P. H. Hilligardt. Of Wav-
erly; Rev. P. H Blaufuss. Of Creston;
Rev j. Funderohe. OF Hornick: Rev.
Lewis Kre.ger, Of Haverhiil: and Rev.
Albert Micke, Of Garrison. S. d.
Special services will be held at the
hospital Wednesday, when many out
of-town guests will be present. Ser
vices will be conducted at 10 a. m. and
at o3o p. m. Rev. Mr.. Mucke will
remain in the city for the services and
will deliver a sermon. Lunch will be
served to the visitors.
An invitation has been extends to
all friends to visit the hospital on that
day,
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1914-06-15
In ths District Court

A demurrer filed by attorneys for the
Marshalltown Sewer Pipe and Tile
Company in the case brought by H. L
Eich was argued and submitted this
forenoon. The demurrer sets up the
allegation that no cause Of action has
been shown 3Gainat the corporation
and also that the corporation. which II
is claimed has been reincorporated
under the laws Of Iowa, cannot be held
for the acts Of the officer Of the old
corporation complained Of in the plain
THIS petitions Eich brought suit to re-
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1914-06-15
Albion Mothers Club Meets.

The Mothers Club, which was re-
Gently organized. gave an ice cream
and strawberry social at the home OF
Mr.. and Mrs Herman Rechtmeier
Wednesday evening. About forty at.
tended. After supper games were
played and music was enjoyed. Mrs.
Perlina Tabor, of Albion, gave a read
ing Those from out of town who at
tended were: Mrs. Pearl Kothen-
pentie. Union: Miss Eliza Large, LIS
comb: Mrs. Grant Merron. Marshall
town: Mrs. Alice Cundif, Union. Mrs.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1914-06-15
I.axe For Eneamnmsnt.

A large delegation from the Iowa
Soldiers Home left this morning for
Burlington where they will attend the
annual encampment Of the Iowa de-
partment G. A. R.. which opens Tues
day. The delegation was headed by
the home drum corps composed of
Henry Kellogg. John ]. Beedy and w
e. Hall. Other delegates to the con-
vention were Orlando s. Hartman, COM
mander Of the home post; Mrs. Emma
Gould, president OF General Sheridan
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1914-06-15
po,toHiee CHALLENGES Bank,

Members of the postoffice force have
organized a baseball team for the pur-
pose of challenging the Marshalltown
State Bank nine to game 10 be played
on Thursday afternoon. The challenge
has been issued and accepted an a
game will be played after banking and
postoffice hours,
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1914-06-15
ALUMNI RECEPTION TONIGHT.
Annual Reunion Of High School Grad
yates to Be Held at Cummings Hall.

The annual reunion of the MARSHALL
town High School Alumni Associa ton
and the reception to the class of 1914,
viii be held at Cummings hall tonight
at o'clock. A delightful musical pro-
gram has been arranged and plans have
been perfected for reunions of the
various classes. An orchestra will fur
nish music turnout the evening and re-
freshments will be served All grad
yates Of the school are invited to at
tend. Committee.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1914-06-15
ISSUE 100 INVITATIONS.
Natives Of County, Over so Years OF
Age, to Have Picnic.

Invitations were today issued to
nearly 100 native born Marshall county
residents to attend picnic of the ma
tive born. to be held at Marion Gard's
shack, on the island across the Iowa
river from the water works bridge.
Thursday, June e5. The invitations
were issued to all of those eligible to a
native born association by Mr.. Gard.
who celebrates his fiftieth birthday an
niversary. Everyone who claims Mar
shall county as his birthplace and
who Is more than so years old is
welcome whether an invitation reaches
him or not.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1914-06-15
Funeral of Mrs. Eicken.

Funeral services were held for Mrs.
Gerhard Ficken, of Hanceville, Ala.
who died at her home Thursday, June
IL, from the residence of her brother,
George Nolta, of State Center, at 2
o'clock Sunday afternoon and from st.
Paups Lutheran church at 2:30. Rev.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1914-06-15
ADJUSTMENTS.
Pleasing Vaudeville Bill Offering Z
the Orphsum This Week.


the Orphsum This Week.
A pleasing vaudeville bill was pre-
scented at the Orpheum theater Sunday
evening, marking the change Of bill for
the first half Of the week. Emmett
Brothers. one of the best dancing teams
that has appeared here. open the bill
Ihey have variety of new steps that
make the act feature one.
Hllda Arth, with songs and a piano.
logue. is a clever entertainer. and her
appearance was we'll received at the
opening performance.
The Franks May Trio, featuring two
musical prodigies. was the feature act
and proved worthy one. The boy
violinist and girl pianist were exoep-
tionally good.
A large Sunday night audience wit
messed the opening performances.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1914-06-15
WILL o,vE PIANO REc,rAL.

Miss Sehsslsr's Pupils, Ruth lamee
and Clara eseer 70 Give Program.
Misses Ruth Lamer and Clara sscor
at the piano. assisted by Miss Mar
guerita Lewis, violin. will give pro-
gram Tuesday evening. June IS, ct 3
o'clock at the Baptist Temple. Compli-
mentary tickets may be had from any
Of the pupils or by calling at the
studio, 3l3 Masonic Temple.-AdveP.
tisement.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1914-06-15
BURY MERRlMAN HERE.
Body Of Early r. r. Editor to Be In
TERED Tuesday Morning.

1cTTSU UeSOdy WVTT'TI9'
The body of II. L. Merrinan, the
first editor OF the Tirnes-Republican
who died at San Antonio. Tex. will
be brought to this city for burial. Ac-
companied by Mrs. Belle Mcconnell. a
sister the body of Mr.. Merriman will
arrive on a Chicago Great Western
passenger train at $50 Tuesday morn
Ing. 1t will be taken fro mthe train
to Riverside where services Will be
held by Marshall Lodge, No. los. A. F.
& A. NJ. Mr.. Merriman was a member
of the lodge for many years.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1914-06-15
Card Of Thanks.

We wish to express our thanks and
appreciation OF the donations for our
picnic, made by the different merchan 8.
United Delivery Company Boys
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1914-06-15

w. r. c.: Mrs. John J. Beedy, president
Of the Ladies' Of the q. A. n. circle;
William Manly. Mrs. Caroline Rhodes.
Mrs. w. H. Powers. Mrs. Margaret
Betz and Mrs. Ada Harris.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1914-06-15

cover S7bo paid for stock d The c0r-
poration. He has made application tor
Q receiver for the company.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1914-06-15
Contents of the Stone.

In the cavity of the stone was placed
copy OF the constitution of the local
church, Luther's catechism, new tes-
lament, an English and Norwegian
hymn book used by the congregation. q
list of the members of the building
committee. officers of the church. and
tie name of the contractor and archi-
tect. and copies Of the denominations
publica tons, the United Lutheran ana
Lutheran.
Rev. Mr. Heimark chose as the theme
for his sermon the admonition for the
church to preserve the kingdom OF
God. He drew warning from tbs
history of the Jews, VINO when they
lost Christianity persisted as nation.
Following his address. Rev. Orlando
Involdstad read a short history of the
church and CONGREGATION.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1914-06-15

I. c. Meyers, MrS. Noah Hockett and
Mrs. Mertle Hall helped with the ssrv-
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1914-06-15
REV. IT. HEiMARk, STORY CITY,
BREACHES SERMON BEFORE
STONE is PLACED.
BOOKS OF CHURCH ARE
PUT INSIDE THE STONE
Contents Include Also List OF Build
ing Committee, Church Officers,
Builder and Arehiteet-Larse Con-
eresation Attends serviees-Ss:. NJ.
lnevoIstad Reads Church History.

With simple and appropriate SER
vices the corner stone of the Elm
Norwegian Lutheran church, Third and
Church streets, was laid at noon sun
day. Rev. T. T. HeimarH, of Story CITY
president of the Des Moines District,
preached the sermon and laid the
stone which was placed in one of the
buttresses thanking the entrance in the
northeast corner of the building.
The service was held in the old
church and when completed the eongre-
cation, which was large. marched to
the new building for the corner stone
LAYING