davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1914-07-20
EDITOR
JAPANESE CRITICISM OF THO MONROE DOCTRINE

An altogether unfav"rahr comment ON the
Monroe, doctrine, from IA source that demands
consideration. is voiced 10y the Shin Nih"n. Il
magazine Of Japan which the Japanese pre-
on questions Of national and international inn
portanrc
Though the editorial criticism Of the Monroe
doctrine is oStenSibIy from the pen of the oli-
the views are indor~cd hy til" Japanese prime
minister The article says in part:
The Monroe doctrine has already uutivrd it's
usefulness Whcn the Latin-AmrrrHn rrpub-
lies were still in their infancy, and were not
able to maintain their independence the Monroe
doctrine helped maintain their Independence
and assisted their Development Yes, in
dccd,I it has preserved the republics rX-
istenrc and was milk for it's growth.
But now the Latin American republics have
already grown it would only he a source
Of various troubles if the republic is to
lie protected or drilled by another nation Is
pecialIy, if United States uses force and inter
feres in the spirit Of Il plundrror, the trouble
will he still greater.
The Monroe doctrine is an instrument for
leading the world back to the past. in opposi-
ton to the tendency of the time to make this
world Il world for humanity in general. The
contention that to allow: the powers to inter
fore in the affairs of South America could
quicken the rivalry among the powers. thereby
leading to wars. is like the contention that to
allow the Japanese TO labor in Australia and
the Chinese in America would be to fprmcnt III
ternatonal difficulties. Both are erroneous
views. To he acquainted with each other is 4
foundation for understanding each other and to
understand each other is a beginning Of trust
ing in each other Is there any instance where
two men, trusting in each other could non he on
friendly terms? If every race were to remain
secluded in their own original territory. srgre
gated from others, with no opportunity to cN
change ideas or cooperate in the Development
of resources, how could the races come Ia know
each other and cultivate friendly sentiments?
To attempt to limit the sphere of activity IF
man perforce in their national territorial do
mains is to work against the tendency of the,
times Such an attempt will not appeal to man
kind in general as binding law"
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1914-07-20
DEATH FOUND BUSINESS HOLDINGS
off, v, DOHRMANN IN GOOD SHAPE

the school occupied a corner, he pur-
chased and presented to the institu.
ton
One Of the highest positions held by
Mr.. Dohrmann was the chairmanship
of the committee Of the chambers OF
commerce Of the Pacific coast which
visited Japan few years ago.
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1914-07-20

RICHARD DEFINING. vice-president
of the American Surety Company. who
has been in Honolulu for the past six
weeks on a combined business and
pleasure trip. leaves for the coast to-
morrow on the Manoa. Mr.. Deming
came here in connection with the con-
tract for the superstructure of the HiIO
breakwater. his company being the
bondsmen for the original contractors,
the Breakwater Company Of Philadel
phia.
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1914-07-20
WHERE Are they d?

Wanted-candidates for the board of super
vSorS.
The demand is far greater than the supply
that is the demand for candidates who can be
supported with assurance that if elected they
can give the city an economical and efficient adj
nnistration.
Most of the candidates far before the
voters are woefuly weak. A business admins
tration cannot be expected from them
Honolulu needs some supervisOrial candi-
dates who know hawk from a handsaw-and
good roads from holes in the ground!
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1914-07-20
full about Soapbox Barron.

captain HENRY REILLY: In
the discharge of more than 2OO0 tons
Of oriental cargo from the Pacific
Mail liner Mongolia during the few
hours that the vessel remained at the
port some fast work was accomplished
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1914-07-20

EX-GOVERNOR w F. FREAR is
reported will sail from San Francisco
for Honolulu within a few days. He
has been absent at Washington on
business for some months
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1914-07-20

King George is taking an interest in the
Ulster Home Rule troubles. Now if ne would
only straighten out the suffragettes-
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1914-07-20
gs8 a7rz#
LILLE fNTIlYIEMG

p. l.. WEAVER: have not been
asked yet to give legal opinion on
whether a theater must get mer-
chants license. .-.."..,
M. c. PACHECO: The Demo
cratic meeting for the formation OF a
party platform promises to be more
interesting than the late Republican
convention.
A. +. LARIMER: Under the di-
rectiOn of the Y. NJ. C. A. an employ
rent bureau for Koreans has been
started. The Filipino employment
work is pushing ahead rapidly.
captain e. HENRY WEEDEN:
The new Manoa has just figured in
fast voyage from the coast to the ISL
Rnds and the performance could be
repeated without much additional eff
fort or expense. ..-
jim QUINN: My candidacy for
supervisor is progressing favorably.
! don't believe the voters want to lis,
ten to long addresses Short talks on
what you're going to do will interest
the average voter.
WILLIAM INMAN: The visit OF
the AlI-Student baseball team to Kauai
and Maui proved a great success. TIL"
boys played good ball on both island;
and the fans were more than salts
fled with the showing we made.
SPENCER BOWEN: The Asso-
ciated Charities now is handling very
little employment work. owing to the
fact that the canneries are providing
work for a large number of persons.
The Strengthening out of office affairs
is consuming the greater part of the
time.
e BARLEY: The thought occur
red to NE when noting the prominence
given the alleged fact in the press,
whether his intimate association with
A. S. Humphreys is rated as a recon-
mendatiOn for the. newly appointed
n l. 6pIhf
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1914-07-20

We hope Treasurer COnkling didn't neglect
the opportunity to tell Secretary of the Inter
Tor Lane what is happening TO Hawaii because
of tariff slashing.
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1914-07-20

President Wilson doesn't fool around with
Hayti or Santo Domingo He sends marines
there on the jump. y"
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1914-07-20

Can Bartlett "get away" with the sort of tac-
tics he is charged with using in his various sa
loon deals?
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1914-07-20

Zapata is certainly going to feel snubbed if
Uncle Sam doesn't recognize him pretty soon.
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1914-07-20

Some are born great some achieve greatness
and some have the presidency of Mexico thrust
upon them.
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1914-07-20

Dictator 1uerta, be it noted, retires in good
order.
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1914-07-20

The hope Of Democratic success in Hawaii
this fall lies in Republican division.
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1914-07-20

Rex r. Tanner. principal at Weir.
Kas.. was killed and four others in
iured when fire destroyed the State
Normal School at a loss Of $3.50 600.
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1914-07-20

The "Republican year" feeling is undoubted-
ly growing stronger
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1914-07-20

Tn" fn'H. d'or BrrntnS je not +" ""r stars, INT
III 0Hrscircx TINT trc 0ir 3dd, riHq> Shake
spcarc.
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1914-07-20

The joyride generally ends in grief.
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1914-07-20

Orozco doesn't seem to know he has been me-
dated H.
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1914-07-20

by the local stevedores. This Is some
port when it comes to doing things.
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1914-07-20

p. l.. WEAVER: ] have not been
asked yet to give legal opinion on
whether a theater must get a mer-
chants license. ..a.....,
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1914-07-20

M. c. PACHECO: The Demo,
cratic meeting for the formation OF a
party platform promises to be more
interesting than the late Republican
convention.
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1914-07-20

A. +. LARIMER Under the di-
rection of the Y. NJ. c. A. an employ
ment bureau for Koreans has been
started The Filipino employment
work is pushing ahead rapidly.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1914-12-18
PATTERSON TO
BE RETAINED
TRUSTEES OF LINsLY INSTITUTE
DECIDE TO EXTEND
TIME.
Present Principal Has Done very
Efficient Work AZ Sehool-Other
Faculty Members 20 Be Kept.

A meeting OF the trustees Of the
Linsly Institute was held yesterday
afternoon. AT which time u was decid.
cd TO retain Professor G. II. Patter-
son. present principal OF the institu-
ton, FOR the 1885 school year
Professor Patterson has served in
this capacity for the past two years
and has done a great deal toward the
upbuildlng OF the school during that
time. His regular term Of Office ex-
pires In June. 1915. but owing 10 his
excellent work. the board decided 20
retain him. and his services are now
assured until June. 1916. and perhaps
TOT an unlimited time n was also
stated that Prof Joseph W Morton
and Prof Henry y. Standerwick. both
members ~ the faculty. viii likewise
BE- retained a. members during the
coming year
Matters pertaining 10 the Linsly on.
doWment were also taken IN but
nothing definite was done. this matter
being referred 20 a committee COM
posed of Messrs George A LauEhlin.
u. c. Ogden and Edmund Jones
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1914-12-18

The national temperance organiza-
ton invaded the city yesterday after
noon for a three days campaign, and
the first group Of the Flying Squadron
opened the series of meetings In the
First Christian church at 2:30 o'clock
Or. Thomas Grier koontz. pastor of
the Second Presbyterian church. pre-
sided as chairman or the session. the
meeting being formally opened by a
musical program under the direction
'of Rev. ID. V. Polling. of Oregon, a
soloist famous all along the Pacific
coast. which promises to be a feature
of the campaign. His accompanist is
William Lowell Patton. who Is well
known in musical circles throughout
the west
The first speaker OF the campaign
was Daniel A. Polling. OF Boston. AS
Mr.. Polling Is young man. and as he
Is assistant to the president of the
International Christian Endeavor So
clety, his address was delivered prin-
cipally to the young people. and in the
course OF his remarks on prohibition.
he especially urged the young people
TO take up the fight for national prohi-
bition and enlist under the banner and
work for nation wide prohibition dur
ing the next campaign.
DIR. Wilbur r. Sheridan, OF Chicago.
general secretary of the Epwortn
League of the Methodist church. ana
an influential worker for Methodism,
was the next speaker. and his address
was based principally along the lines
as brought out In the address OF Mr..
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1914-12-18

has held firmly within his grip. by with
drawing from the field and permitting
Old Sol to show his beaming face upon
mother earth. The temperature early
yesterday morning was two degrees be-
low zero. but BY about I 30 O'Clock IN
the afternoon. was 2s degrees above.
which was the maximum temperature
reached for the day. by siv o'clock in
tho evening the temperature had drop
ped 90 - degrees above. The night
however. was not ~ cold A. ~ had been
on the previous nights. and more peopla
were 70 be seen on the streets until late
In the evening
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1914-12-18
The chrIstmas ornneh

IN, the Christmas bells are ringing
Let EN- ring
Ana the holly wrcaths are swinging
Let EN- swing
ln the villages and cities
they are humming Yuletide ditties.
lhcy are singing Christmas carols
BY the bushels and the barrels
Let 'em sing
Scattered families are meeting
Let EN- meet!
Happily old friends are greetine-
Let 'cm greet
what care ] n tables tremhie
Aa The Christmas guests asaembieg
What care N saint and sinner
Eat a quite stupendous dinner2
Let EN- eat
Homeward wanderers arc hielnr-
let en- hiei
Merry words are gaily Aging
lot en- ~
can't see r. BIZ OF reason
For this silly Christmas season.
was captured 2 was atnitten.
And shes handed me the mitten-
That De- why
-berton Bralcy. In Judge
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1914-12-18
HARTLEPOOL


sister towns have returned gradually
TO their homes from the country ana
are standing about IN al groups
watching the search o. the demolished
buildings for dead and iniurde
Mayor Fryer issued a proclamation
today stating that whore families can
not meet the funeral expenses % their
dead they viii be- paid for them from
the war relief funds The dead are
evenly divided between the two HartIe.
pools and plans are under considera.
ton for q common funeral Tor an
Throughout the day rumors wee
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1914-12-18
BORHAM CONFESSES
nsliairs Man says That "n0oEs" CAUSED
Him 70 XIII Patrick Gallagher.
Advice 20 Young Men.

Ross norham. Heliairs man. self con-
lcHHcd murderer ~ Patrick Gallagher.
hlamfa bis shortcomings on the drinkinr
~ liquor Iln Oh nov confined iu the
state rrnifrnflarN at Columbus. with his
ufnihfr who hH claims. was placed
there by The same cause He writes r.
Cuuffaaf0u Dol THE presence Of witnesses
n hia confession. nr letter o. written 10
NJ ". g.. Mrfain. 80 Heliairr In 10 he
enfa Thar nnuTr put him where BE- Or.
lIn also asks that al fathers vote 90
Keep fhe saloons ouf 90 UefIalro and
r1fe NOR sons from possible fate
similar to bis.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1914-12-18
LARGE AUDIENCES HEAR TALKS
BY FLYING SQUADRON" MEMBERS

sheldon spoke OF the prohibition work
~ beine carried out In the state OF
hsnses Speaking OF the enforcement
SI The law: Dr. Sheldon said no law en-
forces ltself. IL II the men In office who
Jaw Officcrs who do not enforce the
e~ should be voted out and In no ease
,stso 20 ofnce. and clean men who
~" snouid Dc elected TO take their place
~. IN many instances, II A. very hard 10
one of the troubles in West Tiresn,. :,
me ADDRESS OF DR.. sheldon was very in
ated. ~pbreci-
The program to be carried out TO-DAY
ve1nnlng At z:30 o'siock. II a good one
Hows no WI ts-te part are Clinton ".
w: Chsfin. Tuscon. Arizona .rd
Fla A Booie. OF New York city: who
Viii speak to the members OF the
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1914-12-18
INDIGESTION
DRIVEN AWAY

Indigestion in all its forms is
quickly relieved and prevented by
HEXETS.
Take HEXETS as a preeaution
against Indigestion. biliousness
and other stomach ills
HEXETS will prevent all these
ills and keep the stomach in a
clean. healthy condition. They di.
gest all the food and keep the or
gans in good working order.
HEXETS taken regularly after
meals will prevent stomach and di.
gcstive troubles. Get 1Oc box
from any drug store and start to-
day.
HENETS work surely and safely
and the spcarmint flavor is pleas.
ant 20 the taste.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1914-12-18

bombardment would have been re-
duced. He said that IL the German
cruisers passed through English mines
the explanation might be that by the
wonderful system Of spies Germany
has. II may have found out just where
those mines were located. He added
though that possibly the German
cruisers carried mine sweepers.
Asked about the Panama Canal.
the officer said no enemy could at
tack Il so long "a the American navy
controlled the sea.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1914-12-18
TSCHAPPAT NAMED
BELLAIRE LEADER
BIa GUARD OF HOB SCHOOL FOOT
BALL TEAM ELECTED
UNANIMOUSLY.
Banquet rendered Piayeds Last even.
ing-Interesting Talks Delv-
cred by Citizens.

John Tschappat Heiiaire's premier
guard last season. Was elected 60 the
1915 captaincy Of 80 team. ~ n han
quet rendered the nigh school foot ball
squad ~ the Hotel Windsor. IN Heliaire.
l1Ht evening The banquet was given by
the Nellnlrr high School Athletic Asso-
citation. ard r. short program. consisting
~ talks ~ prominent Eellaire citizens.
Uae carried out
nous and Do was given ruuatuE send
or. Throughout che past season he
Was one - the malntaya az the team
and probably the most dependable man
On thF line. The Cautaiu-rlect is a Junior
and viii graduate next year.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1914-12-18
PROGRAM TODAY.
$3.50 and 1880 p. M.
Woman's Day.

Clinton n. Howard, Rochester. ".
T., Orator and Lecturer.
Mrs. Ella A. Boole. New York City.
Pres New York State W. c. T.
Eugene W. Chain. Tucson. Arix..
late candidate President United
States.
Mrs. Culla J. vayhinger. Upland.
Ind, Pres. Indiana w. G. T. u.
ALTERNATE speaker.)
Everett r Naftzgrr. Indianapolis,
Ind. Musical Director.
Hugh Porter, Marion. Ind. pianist.
Miss Laura Shave. Danville. Ill.
soloist.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1914-12-18
TEMPERANCE WORKERS GATHER
TO HEAR Leaders IN the
NATIONAL CAMPAIGN.

Two Sessions Held. One In Afternoon
and Other IN evenine--interest-
Ing Meetings Today.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1914-12-18

current that German and Enelish
heets were firing OF the Scotch coas.
NO sounds OF gun nring were head
mere but the rumors excited the crowd,
which were willing TO believe predic.
lions that the Germans soon VIII shell
this coast again.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1914-12-18
200 Shells.

Army officers who examined the
ruins caused by the bombardment es
Innate that the Germans fred 200
shells. chiefly OF the and 12inch
variety. Several l2-inch shells which
had not exploded were found today IN
the soft earth.
Many destroyers we're visible be.
yond the Germans during the BON.
bardment At first these were believed
to belong TO the hostile squadron. out
competent observers say the Germans
hred both seaward and toward the
shore. which seems to Indicate that
the Germans slipped between the Eng.
lish notills and the coast during tn
heavy fog that prevailed Just before
the bombardment.
c. Nielsen. the American consular
agent. narrowly escaped death during
the attack. the houses adjoining his
being crushed. together with their oc.
cupants.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1914-12-18
5 YEARS TO MAKE
men have inbred the spirit of a mil
tary nation. mn

tary nation.
d. Has His Doubts.
uouDt N In i've years time We
could get the navy up to a state Of
me highest efficiency" he said THAT
-, 20 the efficiency that one of the
even heard some officers say il was
uoubttul N u were possible 10 bring
u UP az all 10 that highest efficiency. .
me German raid Yesterday ON The
hTltlsh coast was referred to several
liiin IN and the admiral suggested that
II the British had had i've or six fsst
submarines I'm the vicinity Of the al
lacked ports. the possibility of the
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1914-12-18
NOT SO COLD
Ola Sol Had Chance 10 Show his
worm Yesterday ana Cold snap
Was Broken Temporarily.

The weather man who has ruled with
hrm hand during the past three days.
vas somewhat lenient yesterday. having
'ahen pity on all humanity. which he
The Nome daily nugget., 1914-03-19
Official Papsr
NOME, ALASKA. MARCH fs. 1s14

success is a word that has been creQited with much in the way O. meaning in days gone by. Diog1ese. for exampie must havc been consider. ea a success as @ philosopher. but .eilAin.y he was far from what would v. Gu..eu successful man in these uAys. Nero was a cuccess as maker Cl dramatic scenes and he put over .ne of tke most rem -karle sccntc productions that the world has ever known. But Nero would not have been considered a success today. Noah was undoubtedly success as Q ship builder and in later times Columbus was q success as q navigator. But ncne of these men would be put down in the language of today as much of (. success.
 Certainly they "got away with 1t" but what they got away with was not the thing that makes the successful man of these times.
 The man of today to be a success must assurediy "got away with it". tut the "it" Is not philosophy. or drama or art ar exploration. These things may of course be the means to the end. but the success of today is ct unted in the dollars that have been produced not in the soundness of the philosophy. the truthfulness of scenic reproduction or the scientific value of the exploration. And more cser the men who set ont to Hcccm- plish new things In science or in art in drama or In literature. In discov- cry or In exploration are not work ing for the success that will make their name immortal. Far from It. They arc everyone of them working for the material success of the pres ent. the almighty dollar.
 This is because the times are sucf that be a man ever so noted In any line of work he will not be consider. ed. either by the world or by himself as n success until the results of ths wcrk are counted in dollars and cents rather than in the benefit to science seciety ar the political apiift "f thu people.
 What of the great explorers of to- ray. They tread unknown paths. they take untold risks. they win throusf over hardship and great obstacles ant when they have accomplished some great undertaking they stage t o' sign contracts for enormous susns o' the book rights or the movie riEhts They havebee n successful. not De' ceuss they have climbed the hishes' peok or ben ths farthsf norts ou'
The Nome daily nugget., 1914-03-19

Eight years ago almost to a day Representative William Randolph Hearst introduced in the Fifty-ninth e ngress "a bill to enable the United States to acquire. maintain and oper- ate electric telegraphs." etc. The hill very carefully provided specific method of fair. legal purchase of "any or all existing lincs'' and their opera ton for the benefit of the people as the postoffico Is.
 Rates were to be adjusted to pro- vide u reasonable profit to pay of the government bonds isued at popular subscription to buy the telegraph or telephone systems.
 A stand pat republican congress re- earded Mir Hearsts bill as dangerous, if not revolutionary.
 It was neither dangerous nor revo- h. .tionary. nor impractlcable. but only new--likc tho Panama canal. election of United States senators, direct prl- maries. income tax. and so many other things that Mir. Hearst advocated long in advance of their realization.
 Mir. Hcarst's hill of eight years ago was reintroduced In substance in the S:xtieth and sixty -first congress.
 Two years ago. Postmaster General Hitchcock, q republican. recommended it in n report to President Taft and tt C. l.gress.
 Today n democratic postmaster gen eraI makes the recommendation thu | principal feature of his annual report President Wilson approves 1t Il | principal. although he has not passe' ,n any till in detail.
 Representative Lewis. of Maryland
 l., whcsc energy and persistency W
 owe the parcc: post law. is at work ol
 the bill far carly presentation to con grcss. I; win first be submitted to tn aemccratic caucus. Whether approv .d this \ inter or not. 1t is sure t bcrome mw.
 l ,TLe talsG.nrh. the telephone, tn | r.mtl ,.l swE.J by the government at operated together. united in on system.
 The United states has thus talke gcynrnment ownership for eight year.
 Sut England les--sinca MT. Hearst' ] bill was introduced in c31gress-ac