davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1914-05-03
THE FINAL ASSAULT UPON
CHAPUlTEPEC.

THE next two DAYS were occupied
in preparing for the final assault upon
Chapultepec. \ careful disposition was
made of the troops; batteries were
planted within range, and on the lZth
they opened a destructive fire.
ION the 18th a simultaneous assault
was made from both sides. the troops
storming the fortress with great
bravery and dash, and the works were
carried. the enemy flying in confusion
The army followed them along the two
causeways of Belen and San Cosme.
fighting its way TO the gates Of the
city Here struggle continued TIL
after nightfall the enemy making
desperate defence. Early the next
morning deputation of the City Coun-
Gil waited upon General Scott, asking
for terms of capitulation. These were
refused and the divisions Of Worth
and Quitman entered the capital
The party assigned to the storming
of the castle at Chapultepec-l2O men
selected from all the corps"-was led
by Major Levi Twiggs and Major
Reynolds. the latter at the head Of the
pioneers. equipped with ladders, etc.
Both these men were Of the marine
corps.
The stormng parties" wrote Cen
eral Quitman in his final report, led
by the gallant officers who had volun-
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1914-05-03
EXPERIENCE FINISHES MARINE
EDUCATION.

The marine on joining a ship haS
completed. or should have completed,
his military education. and on board
ship he gradually acquires the addi-
tional knowledge that makes him real
marine. Ii is this education acquired
on cruising ships that makes him
doubly valuable. for he can be used for
military duties on shore, either alone
or in conjunction with the navy or the
army. or he can perform the work al
lot.ed to him aboard ship.
The duties Of the marines on ship
board. except in special branches. are
Identical with those performed by the
seaman's branch. They are stationed
at the guns of the intermediate or sec
ond battery. in the discretion of the
commanding officer. They are exer-
cised in sailing and pulling boats. They
have the same duties as the sailor IN
scrubbing decks and cleaning bright
work. coaling ship, handling stores and
provisions. hosting boats when hoisted
by hand. at fire quarters, collision
drill. abandon ship clear ship for ac-
ton. cutting out and arm and away.
In addition TO these duties the ma
rine is the trained infantryman of the
navy, fully armed and equipped as
such, carrying complete outht OF
tentage. field ovens. intrenching tools
and other implements necessary for ex-
peditionary duty, for landing TO act
alone or in conjunction with the army
or navy or to suppress riots or TO pro-
tect American interests.
AS an advance force the marines OF
the United States navy are trained in
the use of portable searchlights, the
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1914-05-03

Mexico: more than once. For years
before the French invasion Of that
country American claims against 1t ac-
cumuated. as did also Mexican claims
against this country on account Of Ind
ian depredations on the frontier. In
consequence. Seward and Romero, in
1S6S. agreed to submit them all to
arbitration by a commission consisting
of one American, one Mexican and an
umpire The umpire first chosen was
the distinguished international jurist,
Or. Francis Lieber. He died during the
process of arbitration, and Sir Edward
Thornton, the British Minister at
Washington, was selected to take his
place. The work of this tribunal
lasted for nearly seven years. There
were decided by the two commissioners
80 American and 90S Mexican claims;
by Dr. Lieber as umpire 20 American
and - Mexican claims, and by Sir
Edward Thornton as umpire 39S Amer
lean and 62 Mexican claims. The total
awards in favor Of the United States
were S.12j,622 20. and i'm favor OF
Mexico Si50.49 A. leaving a balance
due from Mexico to the United states
OF $3,975,123 20. 1t is interesting to
observe that the original American
claims against Mexico had amounted to
more than 100000 900. and those OF
Mexico against the United States to
nearly ss7,000,000.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1914-05-03
TWO CLAIMS MADE UP BULK OF
BIG SUM.

More than one-fourth Of the whole
sum thus awarded against Mexico
moreover. was for two claims. namely,
those of one Benjamin We'll for cotton
alleged TO have been seized, and OF the
La Abra Silver Mining Company for
dispossession and seizure of ore. After
the awards had been made the Mexican
government protested against these two
on the ground of fraud and Of gross
deceit practised upon the commission
ers. Congress after much correspond
ence. in 1873 ordered an investigation,
which was conducted by the Secretary
of State, William NJ Evarts. The re-
suit was an indecisive report. upon
which Congress took no action Mean
time. Mexico was paying the claims by
instruments. under protest. and the in
stalments were being paid to the claim
ants by our government When Chester
Arthur became President, however. he
suspended payments 10 the claimants
and made convention for re-
hearing before an irsD< AGonal com
mission. The Senate unforscaately re
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1914-05-03

thereupon chosen in his place. but be-
fore he could act the Gillian govern
ment settled the claim by direct negoti-
alton, paying us satisfactory indem
nifty.
Numerous claims of Americans
against Chill and some of Chilians
against America arose out of the war
between Chill and Peru and the CHILEAN
civil war, and in 1899 it was agreed
that they should be referred TO arbi-
tration. There was 20 be a commits
sion composed of one American. one
CHILEAN and a third member chosen by
them. or. in default Of their agreement,
by the President Of the Swiss Con-
federation. That umpire, chosen by
the Swiss President, was Alfred de
Claparede. the Swiss Minister at
Washington. Unfortunately, the treaty
did not grant sufficient time for the
preparation and presentation of claims,
and the result was that many claims
could not be acted upon. The COM
mission disposed of as many as possible
under the limitations and referred the
rest back 10 the governments for sub
sequent settlement, without prejudice.
The deviltry of Walker, the flibus-
ter. in Nicaragua and the consequent
conflict between that country ami
Costa Rica led TO number Of disputes
and claims between the United States
and Costa Rica. For the settlement Of
these a convention was made at san
Jose in 1860. providing for the ap-
pointment OF an arbitrator from each
of the two countries. with the Italian
Minister at Washington as umpire in
case of need. The two considered
thirty -four cases. Of which they re-
jected thirteen. The remaining twenty
one they accepted az worthy OF adjuGi-
cation. but they could not agree on one
OF them, and so submitted them all 10
the umpire, Joseph Bertinetti. He re-
jected nine OF them as not proved and
awarded i'm the others indemniiies
amounting to only S2J.10+ II. The to-
I tai amount originally claimed vas more
than S1,100OOO.
Claims between this country and
Ecuador were arbitrated in 1862 by
IN arbitrator for each country, and
the Colombian Consul General at
Guayaquil was umpire. Fourteen claims
against Ecuador were considered. OF
these four were dismissed, one OF only
$40 Ecuador paid without trial. and
in the rest indemnities aggregating
nearly $4,000 were awarded to the
/ United States.
! We have had arbitration, also, with
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1914-05-03

fused to ratify this action. and the case
dragged along until 1872. when CON
gress gave the Court of Claims Jufls-
diction over il. As a result. IN lo3'
that court sustained the original Next
can contention Of many years before.
1t found that fraud had been employed
in the La Abra case and forbade the
pavment of any more money to that
claimant. Three years later the United
States returned TO Mexico the undls-
tributed balance Of the awards when
that country had paid on that claim
and i'm 1902 the sum Of si12,572 20 was
appropriated by Congress, with which
TO repay Mexico those instaments
which she had paid and which had been
distributed to the fraudulent claimant,
Another interesting claim against
Mexico was that on account OF the So
called "Pious Fund. In early years
certain devout persons gave large sums
Of money for the propagation of the
Gospel among the heather in Mexico
and California. In 1896 the Mexican
government confided the administra-
ton OF this fund 10 the Roman Catholic
Bishop OF the two CALIFORNIA;. but in
1912 IL Withdrew ii from him and put
IL into the national treasury. paying,
however, per cent interest on it to the
Church. In 1915 it restored part OF
il TO the Bishop, but kept most of H..
After the cession Of California to the
United States a claim was made
against the Mexican government by the
Bishop of Monterey and the Arch
bishop of san Francisco for Sl.IUOUD
on account OF that fund This claim
was among those laid before the COM
mission and was passed upon by Sir
Edward Thornton as umpire, who
awarded to the claimants S9O4.9I9 10
for accrued interest for twenty-one
years. leaving the question Of the prin-
government was willing TO pay this.
but insisted that il must be regarded
as a full final and complete settlement
of the whole claim. both principal and
interest. To this the United States
would not assent. and the case was
finally reopened and submitted TO the
international tribunal at The Hagu1,
being the first ever laid before II.
The case was heard at The Hague by
Sir Edward Fry OF England. and NJ.
De Martens. OF Russia, named by the
President OF the United States: T. NJ
c. Asser. Of Holland. and A. f. de Sa-
vornin Lehman, Of Holland. named by
the President OF Mexico. and HenninG
Matzen, the president of the tribunal
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1914-05-03

vVIHEN the steamer Illinois
w reached her wharf at Aspin-
wall. now Colon. on the morn
ing of April -. 1876, there was among
her passengers one who imagined that
the dark brown taste which fingered
upon his palate would be assuaged with
E slice Of watermelon. He therefore
barSained and contracted with man
aud brother OF sable hue upon the
wharf for the immediate sale and de-
livery Of the aforesaid slice of melon, at
the current market price OF 10 cents,
spiclietty money. The slice was Geliv-
cred received and consumed, with
gratifying effects upon the dark brown
taste. The 10 cents were not. however
Forthcoming. and the son of Ham lifted
i,p his voice in clamorous demands Tor
justice.
Another benevolent passenger from
The Illinois indeed paid the debt, FOR
the sake Of justice and OF international
comfy. But the mischief had been
done The dogs OF war were ioosed. BY
njghtfan p number of persons had been
tlved. ships had been seized buildings
had been looted and destroyed. ana
deeds done for which indemnities to the
on,ount Of more than 100000 We're de-
manded.
Ten wears later the matter was set
lied along with other claims, some OF
them half a century old, by means oi
international arbitration between the
United States and Colombia; and, mucn
as this country generally deprecated
the Intrusion of European influences
or authority into purely American al
fairs there was no objection in this
case to European arbitration. There
was. indeed. an arbitration, with an
American as umpire, in 1851, but the
result was disputed. and the final set
clement was not effected until 1866.
Commander Joseph Bertinatti' inc
Italian Minister at Washington, was
first asked TO serve as arbitrator out
he declined, whereupon Sir FREDERICK
w Bruce. the British Minister, was
asked. He aSsented, made a particu-
Iarly painstaking examination into all
,he matters laid before him. and finally
awarded to the United States an In
dcmnity of nearly $4,000, with IN
terest.
There was another controversy Win
colombia over the seizure, on April -
1871. by revolutionists. of the schooner
Montijo. in Colombian waters between
David and Panama. This government
denounced the act as piracy ana oe-
monded redress from Colombia. That
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1914-05-03
AMERICA


Awards Of S9l2036 IS were made
favor Of the United states.
Another controversy arose VII
Venezuela in lSIl-'72 over the affair
Of the Venezuelan Transportation CEN
pany. an American corporation thT''
OF whose vessels mad been seized 20
use during revolution. IL was tNen'
years before arbitration was 1naH
agreed upon. Then commission
from each country was appointed VIZ
J. A. w. Grip. the Swedish NorWesh
Minister at Washington as umpT'
The resulting award was in favor
the United States.
In a number Of important cases y
United States has served as an a'
traitor between disputing Latin-Ams
can powers. generally 10 the satlsis
ton of both parties. But that IS q
other story.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1914-05-03
THE DEATH OF THE GALLANT
MAJOR TWlGGS.

The gallant and lamented Major
Twiggs fell in the first advance at the
head of his command.
on September 20 the triumphant lit
tie army. severely depleted, entered
Mexico City, thereby ending the war
The 263 miles between Vera Cruz and
the capital had been covered General
Scott did not start his march toward
the capital till August.
whether this feat could be repeated
to-day i'm a short time no one can fore
cast. The railroad is there and. could
doubtless be quickly repaired II torn
nm. barring some extremely important
bridges.
Captain Robert Anderson, later to
achieve fame as the defender of Fort
Sumter. wrote TO his wife Of the first
DAYS march from Vera Cruz:
The country was a succession of
cups of sand: the only redreming thing
about this part Of the march was that
we heard the sweet sometimes PLAIN
tive. sometimes cheerful, notes OF birds
in the recesses of the glades. Here we
halted sometimes, but the men hadsbe-
come so much exhausted that by the
time we reached orr camping ground
nearly one-half of the men were ap-
sent. To-day, in consequence o.
the dsordered state Of the command,
We have marched only nine miles.
In 1859 one hundred marines were
sent to Harper's Ferry for the capture
of John Brown and suppresslng the
insurgents. This was carried out TO the
satisfaction of the Secretaries or war
and the Navy. The marines displayed
brilliant gallantry in all the coast ac-
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1914-05-03
FINE RECORD FOR NEARLY 200
YEARS.

As part Of ships company in naval
actions. as a force landed to assist in
coast operations and as troops acting
in concert with the army the marines
have won distinction and the com
mendation of both naval and military
authorities for nearly two hundred
years. Though forming part of the
ships company and, therefore, at times
suffering from the same grievances,
they have always been faithful to their
trust ON numerous occasions they
have won the thanks of Congress.
The situation in Mexico has shown us
once again that there must frequently
be cases in which naval operations can
be supplemented by the landing OF a
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1914-05-03
THE FIRST AUTHENTIC RECORD
OF MARINES.

The first authentic record or marines
i'm America bears the date or lf4V'
Early in that year three addluonai
regiments were raised when the royal
standard was displayed at New YORK
as q mort to which any volunteer marine
was TO repair II is supposed that the
native Americans were better fitted Tor
service i'm this climate than Europeans,
and they were clothed in a manner
which was considered well adapted Tor
tbeir duties. The field officers were APP
nointed bv the crown, the country offl-
GERS were nominated by the American
provinces.
on the Sth Of June. 1715, the Conu-
mental Congress resolved that the
compact between the crown and Mas
sachusetts Bay is dissolved and on
tha 10th of November before single
vessel of the navy went TO sea. the
CORPS was organized by the following
resolution:
Resolved. That two battalions OF
marines be raised. consisting of one
colonel two lieutenant colonels' TWO
majors and other officers, as usual IN
other regiments: that they consist OF
am equal number Of priyates with other
battalions: that particular care DE
taken that no person be appointed 10
officers or enlisted in said battalions
hut such as are good seamen or 50
acquainted with maritime affairs that
thev he distinguished by the name Of
the first and second battaions or
American marines
Aldridge saws before single vessel
~ tho navy went TO sea a corps was
organized" and a detachment from
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1914-05-03
Skilled Seamen and
Trained Infantry
Are These Men.

l<TNHE marines have landed ana
have the situation well in
hand
The word marines conjures up the
mysteries Of the plunging sea and CT
strange lands and stranger peoples far
out Of tho scope OF our Individual
sphere OF observation and acquaint-
ance. The average American citizen
has but a vague idea who the marines
are. where they so. what they do or
what are their characteristics, duties
and dress. Somewhere in his mini Is
stored away the impression that
marine IL some sort OF amphibious war
rior of the sailor type, wearing sailor
clothes. whose habitat is that part Of
the world where the most trouble IS
brewing.
AS usual. the average American citi-
zen is hep.
Also, ne looks upon the marine as be-
ing a man who is thoroughly on his
job
Right again,
And the A A. G. let's il go at that.
The marine corps has sometimes
been called the Presidents Big Stick.
1t is necessary branch of the naval
service. Unlike the army, but like the
navy. il is always kept on a war 'oot-
ing 1t owes its extreme mobility ana
elasticity. says Captain II. c. Snyder
Of The United States Marine Corps, to
the fact that it has no permanent Or
ganization of battalions or companies.
In this mobility and elasticity, to-
sether with it's training received on
cruising ships lies its chief value 20
the navy and 10 the country.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1914-05-03

They were present at the capture OF
Monterey. San Francisco and Mazatian.
They fought at Los Angeles, San Diego.
san Jose. sen Gabriel and Guaymas
with such credit that Commodore Shu-
brick recommended that the govern
ment double the number Of marines on
all vessels coming to the station, re-
ducing. if necessary for the purpose, the
ccmplements of ordinary seamen and
landsmen.
On the east coast they were engaged
in the capture of Matamoras. Tampico.
Frontera. Tabasco and Vera Cruz They
we're assigned to General Quitman' S
division i'm the assault on Pueblo. This
was the first division TO enter the
Grand Plaza, City of Mexico, which
completes the explanation on the in
scription since found on the banners
OF the corps, From Tripoli to the halls
Of the Montezumas.' The browning
honor. however. was at Chapultepec on
September 10, 1S4,.
The position Of the American army,
i'm the heart of the enemy's country,
where it might he cut off from rein
forcements and supplies, was full OF
danger. and the Notifications which
barred the way TO the capital, Molino
del Rey, Casa Mata and Chapultepec,
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1914-05-03

saws Seley. were exceedingly forml-
dable.
ION September the armistice came
IN an end. The negotiations had failed,
and General Scott prepared to move on
the remaining works. y reconnois-
sance was made on that day, ana on
the Sth Scott attacked the enemy. Inc
army of Santa Anna was drawn up
with its right resting on Casa Mata
and it's left on Moiino del Key. Both
positions were carried by assault, ana
the Mexicans. after severe loss, were
defeated and driven off the field.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1914-05-03
THE PEOPLES UNIVERSAL

The University for the People as
Henry VI. Leipziger. the supervisor ~
the great system OF free public lec'''
conducted throughout the city oy
Board OF Education. completed us ""
ty-ffth year last week. Il was orssHs
I'm Manhattan under authority OF 10
lative enactment I'm 1889. The nr"
ures were given In January OF thar ~
There were six centres. and oeio's =
courses closed I'm April OF that yea
lectures had been delivered 10 III"
sons. the average attendance being -
The idea grew slowly until III
ziger was appointed supervisor III
The growth OF the lecture system
pioneer OF its kind. Immediately o~
rapid. II was adopted by Brooklyn
1901 the Brooklyn system was con-"
dated with that of Manhattan anu
Bronx. and centres were opened IN ."
boroughs. The attendance Tor i'ir
more than l.l5O.0O0 the average al
ure being about 2l3 More than ~" Il
ures were given by 20 Lecturers y
centres. Every part or the CITY al
cred. from rottenville and Linoieu'H IA
on staten Island. 10 Wakeneid' =" E,
marches OF Mount Vernon an'
Rockaway. Barren Island, sprins"e" vi
City Island. or the eastern bordes
lectures covered almost every
topic that could be treated pew"
popular audience. There were w.
similar 10 those given In univers'"''
examinations were hello. ~.
Since the idea was developer
CITY it has spread 20 other pace v,6
many cities In the vicinity OF Nc" al
have courses every winter. "h'e' 4
supported by the public Treasure N
Philadelphia. Baltimore and 81 LOU"
idea has been put into eneet '''
university extension courses N
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1914-05-03

government denied responsibility for
losses sustained by foreigners from
what it described as common crime
1t had done all that it could to punish
the criminals, and nothing more could
be required.
The United States replied that piracy
could not be considered n common
crime. II had been committed by per-
sons who were in revolt against the
legitimate government Of the Colon
bian province Of Panama, and with
whom the Colombian government of
that province had subsequently made a
treaty granting amnesty to the crimi-
nails and assuming responsibility for all
their deeds. To this the Colombans
made the same reply that the United
States has made on several occasions,
namely. that the matter must be dealt
with by the municipal or provincial
authorities, at least before the federal
courts could take cognizance of It,
Then the Panama courts rendered a
verdict of not guilty, and this was sus-
tanned by the national tribunal at Bo-
gotta. At last, however, the American
Minister at Bogota, William VI
Scruggs. got Colombia TO agree 10 ar
bitration, and Robert Bunch, the Brit
ish Minister at Bogota, was chosen as
arbitrator. He made an award in ouI
favor, of s33,401, without interest.
We have had several disputes with
Chill. One had its origin away bach
in 1919, when CHILEAN troops under the
command of the illustrious Admiral
Cochrane seized the cash proceeds OF
the sale Of cargo which had beer
landed from an American vessel, and
did so on Peruvian soil. There were
years Of ineffective correspondence over
the matter, but at last, in.1S6S, 1t was
submitted TO the arbitration OF the
King of the Belgians. He gave to II
much more personal attention than
royal arbitrators are commonly sup
posed TO give, and awarded us an IN
demnity of $4,000, with interest.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1914-05-03
US. nAnitazor on TIC LoN1s.At1a

force. Regular armies on shore call foi
disciplined forces afloat; that Is to say,
for marines. or sea soldiers, VINO shouiu
have the steadiness Of troops or the
line. be accustomed 10 the peculiar
duties Of ship life. and be subordinate
to the naval authorities.
The marine corps was engaged in tho
war with Mexico from 1886 TO 1913,
when it figured in every quarter ana
made a most excellent record. Several
attachments were on the Pacific side
with Commodores Sloat Shubrick ana
stockton: others on the east coast with
Commodores Conner and Perry. and, at
times. with the army under General"
Scott, Taylor and Worth.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1914-05-03
ACTION AGAINST CHILL FOR sElz
ING SHIPS.

In 1882 the Chilians seized couple
of American vessels on charge OF
having violated the customs laws. one
case was settled by direct negotiation
Chill paying an indemnity. The other
was finally submitted TO arbitration,
after the United states had once de-
clined it, The German Minister at
Santiago de Chill was chosen as UNI
pirc. but had to go home before he
could act. The Italian Minister was