davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The labor world. [volume] (Duluth, Minn.) 1896-current, 1914-01-31

The United States is fast becoming the CULVER of
nations Mr. Carnegie, the Iliputians
but forgetting the Brobdingnags, much bigger than
Gulliver as he was bigger than the tiny tads.
The labor world. [volume] (Duluth, Minn.) 1896-current, 1914-01-31

Promoter nets $4,000 IN school for porters says
dispatch, and then propounds the silly hypothesis that
porters taught to brush OF travellers They aren
they are taught to extend the hand. s.
The labor world. [volume] (Duluth, Minn.) 1896-current, 1914-01-31

The Labor World put Al 800 new subscrihe.s aince
the bsstnnine - " vill hslD = - % 81
1.-The list to 1905 ESss
News and citizen. [volume] (Morrisville, Vt. ;) 1881-current, 1914-12-23
The Fat Mems Club

The 10th anniversary Of the New Eng
land Fat Mems Club was celebrated at
Wells River Friday The report of Scare
tary II. L Parker of Bradford showed a
membership OF 5476, representing 3S
states. The report OF the treasurer,
Jerome +. Hale OF Wells River, showed
5000 on hand 1t was voted to levey a
special assessment of 81 per member to
defray expenses of notifying members
Twenty-eight new members were ad.
mitted. Frank Palmer Sibley of the Bos-
ton Globe was elected president He will
appoint four vice presidents One hun
bred covers were laid for the banquet at
Hale's Tavern. Music was furnished by
a male quartet from Dartmouth college,
and Rev Willis T. Sparhawk and Earl
Titus ofWoodsvile rendered instrumental
selections. Responses were given to
toasts by several peakers.
News and citizen. [volume] (Morrisville, Vt. ;) 1881-current, 1914-12-23
HYDE PARK
your subscription.

Now, your subscription.
Wallace Armstrong Of the U. V. NJ. is
visiting in town,
SenatorPage reached home today for
a few days visit.
MissMartha Tyndall is home from her
school in Barre for the holidays.
Miss Elizabeth Carter of Hardwick is
visiting her sister, Mrs. Harry Foss.
Lee Elliott lost one of his best horses,
which died of pneumonia, last Sunday,
Miss Addie Fossils home from her school
duties at Moretown for the holiday va
cation.
Miss Delta Collins is home from ner
school duties at Bellows Falls for the
holidays.
Clifton Hood is in very precarious
condition. He has failed very much the
past week.
Bert Schmidt, a soldier from Fort
Ethan Allen, spent lew days recently at
at the home of David Trudeau.
Busy days these at the post office. Tie
up your packages securely and get them
to the office before the last minute.
MIR. and Mrs. Chas Gregg and daugh-
ter Sadie, left this morning for Windsor,
Conn, where they will spend The holidays
with Vim. Osgood's family.
Thirty-three years ago yesterday H. M.
Mcfarland and Julia Brigham were
married. Would you think it? All the
same it is true. We remember the event
because we were there.
Would you long be young? Learn to
"trip the light fantastic" Elmore has
in his dancing class scholars who were
his pupils twenty odd years ago, and
they ARE just as young as they used to
be-"
Henry Godette, who is stopping for
awhile at Brattleboro. undergoing treat
ment for after -infantile paralysis effects,
is here to spend the holidays with his
family. He is recovering nicely under the
treat ment he is receiving
Complaint is made that the walk lead
ing to the postoffice is the last to be
plowed out in the village after storm.
As the postoffice road is the most travel
ed it would seem that that should be
among the first opened up.
The next meeting of the Home Culture
Club will be held with Mrs. Mary Strong
eve, Dec. %, with the following |
program: Roll Call; The Continental
Congress. Mrs. Lillian Noyes; Boston,
the Birthplace OF the Nation, Mrs. Anna
Finuegan; Current Events, Mrs. Ellen
Moves, Mrs. Julia DeNio, and Mrs. lisa
dore Miner.
News and citizen. [volume] (Morrisville, Vt. ;) 1881-current, 1914-12-23
LAMOILLE COUNTY COURT
Recess Iakea unI Ianunry ls,h

In the suit OF r. J. Pond of Jefferson
4 vile against the town of Cambridge for
damage to his auto. caused by a collision
with another machine because of the
narrowness Of the road, Judgment was
given Pond. He RECEIVERS $210 % for
injury to machine and SAT so for loss of
use of machine, together with taxable
costs
The Chancery case of c. H A. Stafford
VS.. the Campbell Lumber Company, was
brought up Thursday and after consid
Grafton was continued until Jan 18th
at which time other court matters will
be considered
Walter Locke is languishing in Jail for
contempt of court, in that he has neg
lected to alimony for support of wife and
children.
These additional divorces have been
granted: Agnes Marshall VS. Justin
Marshall of Stowe; bill for intolerable
severity Fleetwood.
Dora Blair VS.. George Blair, Morris
town; bill for adultery.-Hulbprd.
Clarence j. Gravlin VS.. Mary Gtavlin;
bill of adultery. Fleetwood. Petitionee
to pay $500 per month for support of
minor child.
Lucy Hitchcock VS. Eddie Hitchcock,
Morristown; bill for intolerable severity.
Cheney
Gertrude Hutchinson VS. Cheney Hutch
inson, Hyde Park; bill for intolerable Sc
verity.-Hulburd.
Fred Cowan vs. Lucinda Cowan, Hyde
Park; bill for ertion.-Hulburd,
News and citizen. [volume] (Morrisville, Vt. ;) 1881-current, 1914-12-23
Waterville

Curtis Wilson called on friends in town
last week.
George Storey was in town several
days last week.
Mrs Carl Witherell has returned home
after being absent several months.
Miss Edith 1'illotson is at home from
Greenfield, Mass, for short vacation.
Henry Pells has returned f,um Nrn
Hampshire, where he has been for sev.
eial mon his.
B. NJ Wiley of Greensboro spent sew
eral days last week with has mother, Mrs.
r. A. Wiley.
Several cases OF scarlet fever have been
reported in town and the schools are
closed on that account.
Darius Barnes and daughter, Mrs. w.
H. Westover, and son. Eden, were visit
ors in Burlington last week.
Every woman needs money for Christ
mas Join our Christmas Club.-Union
Savings Bank & Trust Co., MorrisviIle.
adv.
News and citizen. [volume] (Morrisville, Vt. ;) 1881-current, 1914-12-23
MORRISVILLE

A. {. Bedel has purchased ten acres of
land Of Geo. Brown, located on the road
leading to the Munson farm.
Urban Parker, who is at home from
Niddebury is helping out in Arthur
Waite's store during the holidays.
Roger Blake, a student at the u v. M.
called upon friends in town Monday
night He is spending the Christmas
vacation with his parents in Eden.
Mr. and Mrs Charles NJ Chaplin and
son Slocum, of Woolast stan, Mass, are holt
day guests at the home of Mrs. Chaplin $
parents, Mr.. and Mrs. c. Fl. Slocum.
A. c. BedeI and D. P. Smith have pur-
chased the David Scott farm in Elmore
of the estate. They are planning to
make extensive improvements on the
buildings and will stock the farm.
c. J. Thomas returned from Baldwins-
vile, Mass, Monday to spend the holi-
days with Mrs. Thomas. He will go
next to Southport, Conn, where he will
superintend a bridge jobto the Connect
cut Street Railway Co.
The remains of Fred Harris, who died
at the State Hospitalin Waterbury, were
brought here last evening. They will be
placed in the tomb at Pleasant View
Cemetery. Mr.. Harris formerly lived in
Elmore.
Miss Florence Chaffee, daughter of
Mr. and Mrs. o. w. Chaffee, went to
Winooski last Saturday, where she und
erwent an operation for appendicitis at
the Fanny Allen Hospital Monday She
is recovering satisfactorily. .
Mrs George Badger has been confined
to the house the past week, suffering
FROM severe injuries received last Wednes-
day evening, when she slipped on thu ice
in front of the Hutchins Block on Port
land street. Her injuries included bad
cash upon her head and many bruises
and sprains
Word received from Dina AblonGi
states that he has reached Parmo, Italy
He had an interesting trip over, saw two
battleships OF the English navy fighting
German ships, and on every side stong
evidences of the great war Mr.. Ablordi
is member of the Morrisville Flu
Company.
News and citizen. [volume] (Morrisville, Vt. ;) 1881-current, 1914-12-23

North Hyde Park

Miss Rhoda ODER is home for the holi.
days.
Helen Crocker is at home for the oil
days.
Leon Bailey spent the past week in
Jericho.
Joe Ives of johnson is visiting at Mar
shall Sulham's.
Sarah Collins of johnson is visiting at
Marshall Suluam's.
Don McAllster and wife were recent
visitors in Burlington.
Christmas tree and exercises at Cassus
Giswold's Thursday evening.
Rev, Mr.. Hamiin will preach in the
Cong'l church next Sunday afternoon.
Orlo Hobrook of Belvldere visitt d his
daughter, MIS-, Ada Ho lbrouk, Saturday.
Friday evening, January LIST, comes !he
fifth annual New Years Gall at the Valley
Hall, The management assures us that
this one will be "the best" and all can
count on nnc time.
There was party at r. d. Johnson's
Tuesday evening. All report a pleasant
Time much better than 1T would have
been # held on sunday evening, as sever
al have been held before.
The evangelistic meetings, as conduci ed
by Rev. Mr.. Hall, came to a close last
Sunday. They were interesting through
out and many have been strengthened and
encouraged in their Christian faith.
tIiiJu ID. JJlaIDl, dn1 family, who
have lived here the past year, wish to
thank the neighbors and friends, who
gave Mr.. johnson shower of II post
CARDS in memory of his 10Th birthday,
also for the two evening visits, and re-
freshments brought in.
News and citizen. [volume] (Morrisville, Vt. ;) 1881-current, 1914-12-23
w. R. &. ANNIVERSARY
Local Society Celebrates Event With Assist
ance of Kindred Societies.

Last Thursday evening. Dec II, James
NJ. Warner w. r. G. observed the 25ih
anniversary of its organization. The
members of James NJ. Warner Post, G..
w. Doty Camp and it's Auxiliary were in
vited guests. A o'clock an oyster sup
per was served to between 60 and 10
people. after which mot interesting
pIOgram, in charge of Mrs. Ida A. l..
Patriotic Instructor, Mrs. Nina E. Foss,
was rendered. The musical part of the
program was especially enjoyable. There
were piano solos by Marjorie Gates and
Harlie Wilson and duets by Marjorie
Gates and Lula Towne.
Mrs. Helen Towne, secretary of the
Corps gave history of the order. That
it was organized Dec. II, 1889, with 26
member; of these six were present. The
grim reaper death has taken nine of the
members. Some are quite feeble and
living at a distance. All were kindly re-
membered at this time. The member
ship at the present time is 112. The fol-
lowing have been presidents of the order
Florence II. Gates, Clara Bradley Niles,
Flora A. Doty, Emma M. Earle, Rosette
l.. Whitney, Julia E, Booth, L. Eldora
Goodell, Olive r. Luce, Almary Banister,
Susan K. Burke, Alice Gilbert George,
Hannah Stone Taylor, lila Niles jackson,
Ella NJ. Small.
The Department has chosen from this
Corps Florence III. Gates. Dept. Presi-
dent; Clara Bradley Niles, Dept. .Presi-
dent; Ida A. l.. Towne, Dept. Treasurer
two years, during the terms of Mrs.
Gates and Mrs. Niles; Flora A. Doty. Jr.
Vice President; Olive r. Luce, Dept.
Secretary one year. Helen NJ. Towne is
Dept. Chaplain at the present time. There
have been large number of Department
and National Aides from this Corps at
different times.
A. G. Sulham spoke in behalf of the
Sons and its division, stating that the
Vermont Division of the Sons of Veter-
ans was chartered in Oct. 1885 with
Fletcher d. Proctor Division Command, r.
1t has 29 camps in the state.
Mrs. Hannah Taylor, in behalf OF the
to the Sons of Veterans. A.
A. Niles, for the Post and the Depart.
ment of Vermont @. A. R., said there
were 81 Posts in the state with a mem
bership of 2026. The loss in 1913 was
los. Mrs. Nellie Stone, the Division
President for the State Auxiliary, spoke
for that organization. Clara Bradley
Niles spoke for ike Department of Yer
mont, w. X. G. She said the Depart
ment was organized Feb. 4, 1885 There
are w 62 Corps, with membership of
2S4S. She was followed by Austin Will
kins, Post Commander. w. g.. McCnn-
lock and L. L. Camp, who made inter
ssting remarks.
News and citizen. [volume] (Morrisville, Vt. ;) 1881-current, 1914-12-23
Ace of the Christmas Gard.

Could you say offhand how old is the
Christmas card which is now making
its annual appearance in the shopsr
1t is younger than most people imagine.
for its age is only about seventy years.
There would seem to be two claimants
doth famous, to the honor of having
invented IL According TO some. Cuth-
bert Bede designed the first card when
a student mt Durham university in
1916. and designs Of his circulated
among his friends for two years before
the printers conceived the idea Of Of
fering similar cards for sale to the gen
eral public. Others claim the inventidp
for Horsley. the artist. who designed
one for Sir Henry Cole In 1916. AND
a specimen Of this card has fetched X
much as ESQ
News and citizen. [volume] (Morrisville, Vt. ;) 1881-current, 1914-12-23
Craftsbury
Irs. Laura Bartlett is very ill.

Mrs. Laura Bartlett is very ILL
Leo. son of John Ryan, who was ill last
Saturday and Sunday, is improving.
Christmas exercises will be held in the
Methodist church Thursday evening.
blanche Uric is home from Montpelier
Seminary for the Christmas vacation.
The Epworth League held Christmas
service sunday evening under the lead
ersh,p of Mrs. Jennie Randall.
Sunday was observed as Christmas
SUNDAY at the Methodist church. The
pastors sermon and the anthem by the
choir were appropriate for the day. Mr..
Anderson played violin solo.
Mr.. and Mrs Bennie Hoyt from Hard
wick are spending few days in town.
while their household goods are being
moved to Orleans, where they expect t..
reside,
News and citizen. [volume] (Morrisville, Vt. ;) 1881-current, 1914-12-23
Cheer Up-It's Christmas Time

We should all be like those people who
forget their grievances and forgive their
enemies, during the Holiday season at
any rate. AS for ourselves, we have no
grievances and have no enemies. The
News and Citizen is the ambassador of
cheerfulness and hope. No dismal raven
ofdistress and disappointment sits croak-
ing over our chamber door like the mel
ancholy bird uEon the palid bust of Pal
las, grooming "Nevermore." No black
plumes float above our ramparts. The
News and Citizen is gay, as it has per-
feet right to be, because it is success in
legitimate journalism. And everybody
likes tat least we hope they do
News and citizen. [volume] (Morrisville, Vt. ;) 1881-current, 1914-12-23
Garfield

Harry Davis and wife called on friends
in Centerville the first of the week.
There will be no services at the Garfield
schoolhouse next Sunday, but the follow
ing Sunday, Jan. Sd, services will be re-
sumed at. the usual hour.
Carol jackson is at work for Mr..
Middlebrook of N. Y. who is in this place
investigating the water rights of the
Morrisville Lumber Company. Mr.. Mid
dlebrook and his help are boarding at b.
j. Taylor's.
The dance at Fred Jackson's last Fri
day night was well attended and all re-
port fine time. There is to be another
dance and box-party at the same place a
week from next Friday night, Jan. LIST.
All are cordially invited.
News and citizen. [volume] (Morrisville, Vt. ;) 1881-current, 1914-12-23
East Cambridge

Mrs. Tatro of Enosburgh Pals is visit
ing at L. E. Tatro's.
Mrs. Coulter of Shelburne is visiting
her sister, Mrs. A. F. Rousseau.
Frieda Hebb of johnson spent a few
days the past week at N. J. Nye's.
F. b. Fullington and wife visited rel
atives in East Hardwick Saturday.
Plummer Fletcher and family of Wa
terville spent Sunday at F. E. Putman's.
Ralph Nve spent Suncay at home, sc-
companied by his cousin Richard Nye of
johnson.
Mrs. Anna Leach of Mass. spent Fri
day with her brother-in-law, N. c. Leach,
and family.
Mr.. Tatro and two nephews, Ralph and
Raymond Tairo of Boidoviile. are visiting
at l.. E. TatrO's.
Misses Mildred and Hildred Leach are
spending the holidays with their aust,
Mrs. Nettie George in st. Albans.
News and citizen. [volume] (Morrisville, Vt. ;) 1881-current, 1914-12-23
Cady's Falls

Herbert Corey has moved into Sylves-
ter Woods tenement.
Mrs. Gilbert Broadwell was a visitor
at Everett Calkins' over Sunday.
Earl Whittemore and Chas. Miner were
in Waterbury one day the past week.
Henry Ross and wife and Morris Bowen
and son were visitors at Z. G. Brigham's
Sunday.
Mrs. E. X. Seaver and two daughters,
Mildred and Dorothy, spent Saturday in
st. Johnsbury.
CHRISTMAS PRESENTS for every.
one. Join the Christmas Club.-Union
Savings Bank g. Trust Co., Morrisvile.
adv.
News and citizen. [volume] (Morrisville, Vt. ;) 1881-current, 1914-12-23
G. A. r. OFFICERS

At the annual meeting of Aaron Keller
Post the following officers were elected
and appointed:
Commander F. Fl. Raymore; Sen. Vice,
VIM. Fl. Emery; Jun. Vice, Geo. M.
Lanpher; Adir. and @ NJ, l.. P. Butts;
Sur reon, michel Wescom; Chaplain.
f. A Gallup; o. D., Burton Lanpher;
o. q q. Crockoi; >. W.. j T. Stevens;
@ NJ. S., j. II. Amadon. These officers
will be in tailed Jan. 2nd.
News and citizen. [volume] (Morrisville, Vt. ;) 1881-current, 1914-12-23

S Fl. Wright has traded his reside nee
E. :. Edison, several months ago, with
Allen Britton for the latter's farm in
Fairfax. The farm is a large one, valued
at $40 600 Mr.. Wright and family will
move to their new home in February.
GET MARRIED in the Yuletide season.
Join the Christmas Club Union Savings
Bank & Trust Co., Morrisville -adv.
News and citizen. [volume] (Morrisville, Vt. ;) 1881-current, 1914-12-23
Small'S Sale Continued

The going out of business" sale at the
A. G. Small store will be continued for
ten days more. This sale has been a
great success and has made lively bust
ness down al the wrong end"
News and citizen. [volume] (Morrisville, Vt. ;) 1881-current, 1914-12-23

F. w. Chids gets the appointment of
postmaster at Brattleboro. Mr.. NJ. J.
Moran had the endorsement of major.
ity of the Democratic State Committee
Major Child is personal friend OF Presi
dent Wilson and notwithstanding the
fact that he had previously held the office
six or eight years he again gets the job.
How the state committee must feel about
this
News and citizen. [volume] (Morrisville, Vt. ;) 1881-current, 1914-12-23
STEVENSON'S CHRISTMAS
SERMON.

To be honest; to be kind; to
earn a little and to spend little
less; to make upon the whole q
family happier for his presence;
to renounce when that shall be
necessary and not to be embit-
tered; to keep a few friends, but
these without capitulation-above
ali, on the same grim condition,
to keep friends with himself
here is task for all that Il man
has of fortitude and delicacy.
He has an ambitious soul who
would ask more; he has a hope
full spirit who should look in such
an enterprise to be successful.
There is indeed one element in
human destiny that not blindness
itself can controvert. Whatever
else we are intended to do, we
are not intended to succeed; fail
ure is the fate allotted. 1t is so
in every art and study; it is so
above all in the continent art of
living well. Here is a pleasant
thought for the years end or for
the end of life: Only self decep-
ton will be satisfied, and there
need be no despair for the de-
spairer.
News and citizen. [volume] (Morrisville, Vt. ;) 1881-current, 1914-12-23
Riverside

Riverside
Mrs. Broadwel spent Sunday with her
daughter at the Falls.
The Manley Brothers we're visitors in
Morrisville last Friday.
There were distinguished visitors at
the Plant last Sunday evening.
Ed. Iilley and daughters from the
Street we're in this place Sunday.
Mrs. George Cutler went to Wolcott to
spend Christmas week with her sister.
Mrs. Frank Fisher and other friends.
News and citizen. [volume] (Morrisville, Vt. ;) 1881-current, 1914-12-23

The cowardly attack of the German
warships upon the unfortihed coast OF
England is not civilized warfare 1t is
want0n merciless and inhuman murder.
1t is like throwing an Internal machine at
an innocent hresIde.
News and citizen. [volume] (Morrisville, Vt. ;) 1881-current, 1914-12-23
Garfield Road

Miss Lottie Gibbs visited relatives in
Stowe over Sunday.
c. w. Jones has completed his engage
ment at Cadys Falls.
The dance at Fred Jackson's Friday
night was largely attended.
Miss Davis of Stowe was guest at the
home of her aunt, Mrs. Andrew Gibbs,
the last of the week
News and citizen. [volume] (Morrisville, Vt. ;) 1881-current, 1914-12-23

Queen Alexandria of England is, like
many women. i'll at ease on the rostrum.'
Ladies' Home Journal
Surely this is curious complaint.
News and citizen. [volume] (Morrisville, Vt. ;) 1881-current, 1914-12-23

Bennington County members of the
Legislature had "get together" meet
ing last week and discussed Legislative
matters pertaining to the interests of
that County and also the State and de-
cided to act as unit in important mat
tiers. This is a movement which other
counties would do we'll to initiate The
needs and interests of county are best
known by its own people and its mem
bers of the General Assembly can bring
about better results by comforting with
each other and acting in unison. We
trust Lamoille County will follow the
example.
News and citizen. [volume] (Morrisville, Vt. ;) 1881-current, 1914-12-23

When we contemplate the tremendous
power for good that rests always in the
grip of an American citizen it is astonish-
ing how carelessly we exercise the ballot
our only weapon for defense
News and citizen. [volume] (Morrisville, Vt. ;) 1881-current, 1914-12-23

Frank T. Parsons getsa re-apointment
as Sergeant-at-Ar This is an appoint
ment that is well received in all directions,
as Parsons makes an ideal official.
News and citizen. [volume] (Morrisville, Vt. ;) 1881-current, 1914-12-23

You will notice that the Germans bonn
barded the English coast. But wait UNI
til they try to monkey with the coast of
Ireland.
News and citizen. [volume] (Morrisville, Vt. ;) 1881-current, 1914-12-23

State for the biennial period ending Dec.
1, 1914. when Attorney General r. E
Brown completed hia term of office, was
s64. ls2 80. For the month ending Dec.
1, the cost was SO lilo. nearly all of
this sum being paid to State aud County
officers for this work bS tie State.
News and citizen. [volume] (Morrisville, Vt. ;) 1881-current, 1914-12-23

Out from all this international sorrow
will come some success. When the clouds
clear and the war closes true civilization
may begin in Europe. 1t is fearful pro-
cess Of evolution and a terrible sacrifice
but it had to come. The very horror of
humanity will become its own humlia-
ton and peace should last for thousand
years. No nation will again ever start a
burning shame OF aimess massacre like
the one we are witnessing in the first
quarter of the twentieth century.
News and citizen. [volume] (Morrisville, Vt. ;) 1881-current, 1914-12-23

4. We publish elsewhere a letter from Sen
ator-eect Max Powell to his legislative
associates. 1t deals directly with the
Vermont judiciary and expresses strong
opposition to the action of the Governor
in shaking up that body as he did. Max
STRIKES" out from the shoulder and
makes open declaration that this move
is not meeting with general favor. We
really believe that 'there'll be something
doing" along those lines when the legis-
lature assemblies. Read the letter, and
while you are about it read the article on
this important matter from the Ran
dolph Her aid
News and citizen. [volume] (Morrisville, Vt. ;) 1881-current, 1914-12-23

Good people are always in a majority
in every community, but they are not
always so active.
News and citizen. [volume] (Morrisville, Vt. ;) 1881-current, 1914-12-23
CHS Years Cbrlstmas

Never has there been time wien the
Cbrtstmas event stood under 50 impressive
illumination as It does in this year's Christ
n1astide. Che birth Of Jesus is this year
larger fact for the thought and life OF the
world than in any year till now. Che pbe-
nomenon OF the life Of 7esus and bis power
in the world forms tioe summit questlon in the
tblnktng OF our times. Cbougb there are some
mournful defection5 from the divine truth
of the manger ev2nr, the aggregate state Of
Cbrlstendom eTbiolts the ever enduring
power of the grace toat then and there came to
seek and save the lost No period bas ever
seen such wide circulation and study of the
Dolly Scriptures as the present, although re-
cent events bave demonstrated the still exist
ing need Of cloeer adherence to the divine
principle Of "peace on earth, good will to
men," Cbe evanSe! Of Saviour come thrills
more bearts this Christmas than in any other
year Of this degeneration.