davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1914-01-31

persecution of the Christians. Ac-
cording to Mr.. Kleine's photo drama
production of Sienkiewicz's novel;
QUO Nadis," Nero was a despicable
character, an incendiary and brute
of the most horrible description. How
ever, according to the most relia BILE
historic authorities he was not quite
SO bad as he is pictured on the
screen. Tacitus whose annuls were
written shortly after the episodes oc-
CURED is loath to blame Nero alto
gether for the burning of Rome, al
though he admits it might have been
so. as "Nero was infected with the
desire to shine as a constructor and
caused the city to be fired in order
to clear the ground that he might
build new Rome" Tacitus makes
it perfectly plain that the improve
ments Nero had sought to make had
been bitterly opposed by the property
owners of certain class and that
they never became reconciled to the
changes made after the fire, although
they were all. admittedly, vastly bene-
ficial hygienically and otherwise.
Although Augustus made the boast
that he had found Rome city of
brick and left it one of marble, it was
still filled with wooden houses when
the conflagration occurred. More
over it was insufficiently provided
with fire protectors The regulations
established by Nero after the great
fire show that previous to that event
it had been peculiarly subject to dan
ger from flames. Apparently fire
walls We're not common. On several
occasions before, the city had been
nearly destroyed by conflagration and
in every instance the charge appears
to have been made that the disasters
were caused by incenjiaries. One of
the most extraordinary features of
Tactus' narrative is the manner in
which he treats the rumors that the
Christians had set fire to the city
The Christians of Rome were In the
habit of denouncing the corruption of
its people, and We're constantly pre-
dieting the destruction of the world.
The Apocalypse. attributed to ST.
John the Divine. but which was prob
ably written toward the close of the
first century of our era. had un-
doubtedly been preceded by prophe-
sizes equally lurid. and aggressively
disposition of the Chris
tians no doubt led them into indis-
cretion of utterance which was mis-
construed and remembered when the
predicted disaster overlook the city.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1914-01-31
eliminate CniOn''-EIiOt

BOSTON. Jan 31.-Profit- sharing
and elimination of the labor union
were declared by DR.. Charles w. Eliot
president emeritus of Harvard, to be
the only way out of the present indus
trial warfare He was addressing the
Master Builders association.
'The labor unions oppose such
methods" he said. because they see
the ruin of their business. The fu-
ture of the country depends on COM
bining the evil influence of unions in
discouraging ambition and in the
theory of limited output"
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1914-01-31
SHEEP SHEARING CONTEST
A FEATURE OF EXPOSITION

SAN FRANCISCO. Jan. 31.-(Spe-
cial.)-An international sheep shear
ing congress is planned as one of the
interesting features of the Panama
International Exposition. The con-
test will be one OF skill and speed
between hand and machine shearing
and will bring together shepherds
and flOckmasters from all quarters OF
the globe. Big prizes will be offered
An Idaho barber has made the first
entry. He holds the record in idaho
having shaved sixty long boards in a
single day
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1914-01-31
Ranks Asked for Views,

WASHINGTON, Jan. 31.-Requests
were mailed from the treasury depart
ment to National banks and state
banks and trust companies which
have signified their intention to join
the new federal reserve banking sys-
tenn. asking for an indication Of pre-
ference as to the location Of the re-
serve banks to serve their district.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1914-01-31
did Nero Burn Rome,

George Kleine's glorious photo
drama production, "Quo Vadis." hai
aroused a great deal Of discussion
among readers and students Of his
tory and many have broken into print
on the subject The particular incl
dents OF interest and doubt also. are
the setting On fire Of Rome and the
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1914-01-31

Pope Has Difficult Problem.

. ROME, Jan. 31.-Pope Plus Z
. is again in troubled waters as Z
. result of European politics. =
. Servia, whose territory has been =
. doubled as a result of the two =
. recent Balkan wars, has Just Z
= sent to Rome a commission to Z
. negotiate a concordat with the Z
. vatican. Personally, the pope
= is most favorably disposed to- Z
. ward Servia. Austria, however, Z
= which is the vatican's strong
. est friend amongst the big Eu- Z
. ropean powers, has for the past Z
. century been trying to crush
= the little state that Is always
. trying to create big Slav Z
= empire on her southern border.
. Austria also enjoys from the
. vatican the position of protector Z
. of the Catholic church in the
. entire Balkan peninsular. She
= has lodged an emphatic protest =
. with the pope against this di- I
. minution of her power and the
. increase of that of Servia which
= would result from a concordat I
. with the vatican. rope Plus
. gives no indication of just how
. he is going to get out of the
= difficult position.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1914-01-31

The banks We're told that the re-
serve organization committee wished
to consider the location of reserve
banks and the districts to be served
by them from all principal stand
points.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1914-01-31

mines in the United States. The out
put of nickel from domestic ores Is
merely a byproduct from electrolytes
of the copper refineries.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1914-01-31
ven, of Springfield. Mass to be receiv

ven, of Springfield. Mass, to be receiv-
ed in private audience.
The indication is apparent also in
notifications delivered to Bishop Walsh
of Portland Me, and Bishop Rice, Of
Burlington, VT. that his holiness
would soon receive them.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1914-01-31
Pope Invites Audiences.

ROME, Jan 31-That Pope Plus is
in excellent health seems apparent by
an invitation received by Bishop Nea-
The independent-reporter. [volume] (Skowhegan, Me.) 1909-1955, 1914-07-09
MOSCOW

The Lincoln Sunday School is now
ENJOYING a new organ given them by
the superintendent Mr.. Taylor. The
organ was a present to Mr.. Taylor
from Mr. Scott the Supt of the Madi-
son Wooden Mill. The organ was in
a cottage at Lakewood recently pur-
chased by Mr. Scott. Mr.. Taylor
brought the organ by team from Lake
wood. When set up it was found that
mice had eaten out the bellows. Mr.
Coleman kindly repaired the damaged
part and it is as good as new.
James Fitzmorris bought Eugene
Webster's farm last week and Will
soon move his family.
Wednesday afternoon Miss Emma NJ
Mclaughlin and William Steward oil
Pleasant Ridge were married at Bing-
ham by Rev. T. B. HIATT. Mr.. and Mrs
Steward will spend the summer with
Mrs. Stewards mother.
A large crowd from Moscow attend
ed the dance at Caratunk Friday night
A good time reported.
Alta Mclaughlin has gone to Otter
Pond to spend the summer with her
mother Mrs. George Mckinney.
Edd Collins has a crew at work on
the cellar of his new house which he
is having built at Bingham.
The independent-reporter. [volume] (Skowhegan, Me.) 1909-1955, 1914-07-09
CANAAN

Mr. and Mrs. T. X. Cary and two
sons arrived Wednesday from Folt
Fairfield Mr. Cary returned to Ban
gor Friday and will 90 from there to
his home and expects to return to this
place in few weeks to join his family
for the remainder OF their vacation.
Major c. S. Barker returned Friday
10 his home in Bingham after a visit
OF several weeks With his daughtet
Mrs G. a. MaXfeld
The sick ones in this locality are
reported To be conyalescing.
Scott Lord was in Athens Sunday to
attend funeral.
Messrs Harris and Williams with
their wives made trip to Montyille
Sunday.
Messrs. Harris and Bibber were in
fairfield Sunday accompanied by their
wives.
E. II. Williams and Alpheus Mason
with their wives went to Northport
Sunday for an automobile trip. Sun
day being the day of events.
A large company attended the dance
in town hall Friday night. Music was
furnished by Hunters orchestra, Pit
tsfield Sickness prevented a great
amount of noise the night and day OF
the Fourth yet some antics were eXhi-
bted during that time
Kilburn Salisbury passed away Sat
urday night at his home on the Clin-
ton road after a long lingering illness.
Another good citizen will be missed.
Another good member of 2. of II. has
closed his book of earthly life only TO
open one OF the heavenly He leaves
a son who has lived with him on the
home place, also brothers and many
more distant relatives. Funeral SER
vices were held at his late home Tues
day at 10 a. ID. and burial was IN the
family lot in Salisbury cemetery
Misses May and Emma Goodwin
have arrived home from Massachusetts
for their summer vacation.
The independent-reporter. [volume] (Skowhegan, Me.) 1909-1955, 1914-07-09
BLACKWELL

Friends and neighbors numbering
around fifty gathered at the home oil
Mr.. and Mrs. A. F. Adams on Eames
Hill to enjoy the Fourth. AT noon
a bountiful picnic dinner was served
followed by ice cream and lemonade
The day was enjoyed by all those at
tending.
Mrs. Walter l.. Bird and children
arrived in town the first of the week
having spent several weeks as guests
of friends and relatives in Boston and
vicinity.
Mr.. and Mrs. E A. Hilton also Mr.
and Mrs. Ed Burgess of Norridge-
wock Mrs. j. W. flanagan and
daughter of Lakewood were all callers
in this vicinity Saturday of last week.
Mr.. and Mrs. G. l.. Bird spent Sun
day as guests of Mrs. Birds sister at
her cottage at Lakewood.
Miss Myrtle Graham who is en-
ployed at Belgrade is spending few
weeks at the home of her parents of
this place.
Mr. and Mrs. T. NJ. Gates of Skowhe-
gan and Miss Nettie Moore of Portland
were guests Saturday of NJ. M. Moore
and family.
Fred Bird visited in Pennington
Sunday
The independent-reporter. [volume] (Skowhegan, Me.) 1909-1955, 1914-07-09
WEST MOSCOW
AnnEED DE nA

The graduation of the Primary, In
termediate and Grammar scholars OF
this town was held Friday evening
June % at the Lincoln or Stream
schoolhouse. The house was literal
" packed with people young and old
not even standing room for all inside.
The scholars did we'll and gave credit
to their teachers and supervisor Only
one completed the Grammar grade
Marta Huff who is not yet Is years old
Dena Hill of this town only fourteen
years of age took the last few weeks
study of the grade in the Bingham
school and graduated in that class,
The graduates were: intermediate
class: Allan Hunnewell, Donald
Hunnewell. Wilbur Moore, Florence
Pooler, Alton Stuart, Washington
school Primary class: Archie Bean
Roosevelt school; Rhodnah Bean
Washington school; KATHERINE Cole
man. Lincoln school; Evan Jones,
Gilbert Huff, Roosevelt school; Lewis
Moore. Washington school; Helen
Webster, Roosevelt school.
The independent-reporter. [volume] (Skowhegan, Me.) 1909-1955, 1914-07-09
NORTH ANSON

A very interesting and impressive
service was held at the Congregational
church Sunday morning. it being the
semi-annual communion service and
eleven persons were received into
church fellowship. Misses Edna Y.
Kelley and Ellen French and Mrs,
Eta Eames were received on confess
sion of faith; Mr. and Mrs. Isaac
Slipp and Miss Bessie Slipp were re-
ceived from the United Baptist church
of Jacksonville, n. B.; Mrs. Lucy Nor
ton was received from the Unitarian
church of Winchester, Mass; Mrs.
Alice Williamson from the Congress
Square Universalist church of Port
land; Mr.. and Mrs. John Benjamin
and Mrs. Ella Beale from the Congre-
gatiCnal church of Sanford, Florida
The rite of household baptism was ad-
ministered to Frank Merry and Benja-
min Warren, the two little sons of Mr..
and Mrs. Henry Norton.
Mrs. Susie Grant of Wateryille and
her son Benjamin have arrived for a
two months visit with her parents Mr..
and Mrs. J. d. Benjamin.
B. ]. Dunphy has been quite i'll dur
ing the past week.
Emma Gould the little daughter of
Murray Gould has returned home from
Somerset hospital, Skowhegan.
Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Clark and Car
roll Jones and Miss Eleanor Richards
of Pennington were guests of E. w.
Scott and family at their cottage at
Lake Embden over the Fourth.
Miss Pauline Whitney of Auburn
who has been visiting Mrs. Lottie
Greene has returned home.
George W, Spalding estimates that
his strawberry crop this season Will
be 1000 bushels.
Stephen Davis went to Rumtord
Friday to visit his son Eugene for
three weeks.
Miss Minnie Davis has gone to the
sea shore for a few weeks.
Mr.. and Mrs. William Wing OF Port
land are spending their vacation Win
his father DR.. f. NJ. Wing.
Rev. and Mrs. Wills invited their
school class to spend the Atm
in an outing at Embden Lake.
There was an automobile COLLISION III
front of Holleys drug store, Saturday
evening when Raymond Chicks auto
rollided with one belonging to SHOW
The independent-reporter. [volume] (Skowhegan, Me.) 1909-1955, 1914-07-09

a. Foss aud Mrs Annie Fox are the
delegates.
Claude Barker Left here June 80 for
his summers WORK in band at one
of the large hotels IN the White Mts.
Mrs B. p. Barker left here July l
for Harmony where she was Joined by
her daughter Mrs Helen Mclaughlin
and little Margaret Tor weeks visit
with friends in Bangor and at NJ. l..
Emerson's. Island Falls.
B. F. Barker has Pilot Nelson
colt that he has given the name Car
rama. He stood IS inches high
when five days old
B. A. Hight and family and Charles
Braley and family are planning an
outing at kingsbury this week.
Mr. and Mrs a ". Boston arrived
last week from Caribou.
Mrs. Clara Doe returned to her home
in Bin CHAM last week going by way of
North Arson. Her sister Mrs. Ella
Russell accompanying her to North
Arson for a visit with friends there.
Mr.. and Mrs. W \. Foss daughter
Mabel and son John l.. and Herbert
Corson were at Skowhegan and Scion
Monday. making the trip by auto.
The NJ. E. B. Society met with Mrs.
Annie Tozier, Thursday afternoon. The
day was rainy but goodly number
of the ladies' were present. A very
pleas ant social hour was enjoyed and
future plans made Mrs. Tozier as
sisted by her niece Mrs. Elsie futile
served delicious refreshments of
straw berry short cake. The next
meeting is with Mrs Jane Greene.
The three societies The Baptist Aux
iliary. the NJ. E. b OF Cornyille and the
NJ. f. B. of Athens united in giving an
entertainment and ice cream social
Tuesday evening July !. The pro-
ceeds to 60 for a carpet for the church.
The marriage Of Henry A. York to
Catherine May Chase took place at the
Methodist parsonage Wednesday morn
ing. Rev Chas. L. Kinney officiating,
The independent-reporter. [volume] (Skowhegan, Me.) 1909-1955, 1914-07-09
Better Rural Schools

AS a resident of a rural district,
also taxpayer ia The town of Madi-
son. | wish to make a protest against.
what l consider tho unjust way in
which our country schools are man
aged.
We, the Rural H.ople, pay just as
large taxes. or larger than when we
had some voice ae to how schools
should be MANAGE Our teachers
are just as efficient ling required to
be High School graduates, are paid no
higher salaries. dc not have on the
average so many pupils but our boys
a.d girls that live in ne country can
not get fair, practical education, in
their home schools
At present, our schools are graded
with the 9th grade being the highest
taught in any of the Rural schools.
This grade fits our scholars to enter
High School at the average age of 10
and II years, which, as far as it goes
is all right but what l consider as un d.
just in that our rural schools are limit
ed to the 9th grade Why not give
our boys and girls the opportunity of
further education in their own
schools?
Under the present method our chill
drnn have IN leave tbeir bo,,o .ohoo1,
at about IA years and some of these,
whose parents are financially able are
sent to town to High School, but what
about the others whose parents cannot
send them away from home to school?
Must they leave school at an age when
they are just beginning to derive the
most benefit from their studies? I'm
der the present method Yes.
The independent-reporter. [volume] (Skowhegan, Me.) 1909-1955, 1914-07-09
Our Venerable Citizens
Continued from Page Four

Continued from Page Four
W. r. G. Estes born in Durham, Me
Nov. %. 1880. Resides on Leayitt 81.
Skowhegan.
Caroline W. Estes (Mrs ". K -
born in Scion, Feb. 10. 1888. Res'ats
on Leavitt St, Skowhegan.
Mrs. Sophia A. Littlefeld, born Ii
Athens, January, 1881 Mrs. Ll'''e-
field makes her home with her daN-a'
ter, Mrs. c. F. Longfellow.
Mrs. Lydia (Collins) Drew, aged 20
years. Born in Athens, Me, Dec -
1922, lives at the home of Fred Wilson,
8 Shirley ST, Skowhegan, Me
John l.. Burrill, born in Skowhe-'h5
March 81, 1927. Now lives IN f'ss
Skowhegan.
Carleton c. Berry, born in Brighton
Me-, Oct. 2. 1920 Now lives Wa
Coburn C. Berry, 6 Pine St, Sko"Ae-
gan.
Alonzo Richardson, born in BeIgraIs.
July %, 1920. Lives at his farm BONE
in East Skowhegan.
William Frye born in Ireland. Now
lives in Skowhegan,
Lucinda (Allen) Oak, born y
Bloomfield, in 1920. Now lives al me
home of her daughter, Mrs. Nahum .
Steward, Water ST, Skowhegan.
Levi w. Weston, born in BloomH '4
October 8, 1924 Now lives at Ms
home on Skowhegan Island
Alonzo R. Herrin born in 1869 ny
lives on his farm in East Madison
Alanson NJ. Perkins born in M1I''
son, Dec. l, 1928. Now lives at l'e
home of his daughter. Mrs. Carrie l.
Fairbrother, Madison Ave, Sko"l7'
gan.
The independent-reporter. [volume] (Skowhegan, Me.) 1909-1955, 1914-07-09
Fairgrieye's Bay

John flanagan of the Newcastle
Lumber Co., North Arson, wife and
little daughter are in the Lewis Camp
for the month of July.
Bert Fletcher, wife and daughter
Marie and Mrs. Ellwell occupied the
Hotel during the 4th.
Russell Emery and j. NJ. Haines
were the lucky fisherman last week
while trailing for perch. Mr.. Emery )
weighed close to two pounds.
The Madison Colony certainly did
themselves proud on the Fourth In the
evening by giving in front of the Far
grieve cottage one of the best eNhIbl-
tons of fireworks ever given on tue
Lake. For nearly an hour it was one
continuous send off of rocket. pm
wheels. mines, Roman candles ana
colored lights burning all the Whiit.
Carl Laid directed the sending OF ne
rockets. DR. kennison gave us me
exhibition of. fire works on Ccdaf
Point. We also saw some from 'ae
East shore.
The independent-reporter. [volume] (Skowhegan, Me.) 1909-1955, 1914-07-09

hogan parties. Fortunately no one
vas hurt, but both autos were consid-
erably damaged
Mrs. Bertha Paine and Mrs. DIN
Gordon have been on visit to their
brother Rev G. f. Paine superinten-
dent of schools of the China-N assal-
boro district
Miss Erya Berry is spending a week
with her friend Miss Elsie Littlefield
Of SkoWhegan.
Monday evening the Eastern Stars
held their last meeting before the
summer vacation.
John flanagan has moved into Will
Forscythe' S house on the corner of
Main and Union streets
Mrs. stephen NORM is visiting her
brother Austin Sprague of Wateryille.
The regular meeting of the D. A. r.
Chapter is at the home of Mrs. Clara
Record, Friday afternoon.
Mrs. f. T. Crane of Stowe, Vt, is
visiting her sister Mrs. A. Simmons,
Mrs. II. B. Russell of Athens is the
guest of Mr. and Mrs. l.. c. Robinson
and daughters
Mr.. and Mrs. John B. Pierce of
/ Lynnfield, Mass. and Mrs Pierce S
sisters. Mrs. NJ. B. Richardson of
/ Pasadena, Cal. and Mrs. f. J. Watts of
/ Boston, Mass. were guests of Mrs.
Carrie Hutchins a few hours Satur-
day.
Charles Paine wife and little son
took a carriage drive to New Portland
the Fourth.
Fred Pullen. Jos Dick and wife, Cy-
rus Walker and wife celebrated the
Fourth at Bingham and reported a
fine time.
VIM. Spencer and wife entertained
friends and relatives at their home the
Fourth.
Harry Hilton went to Madison on
business Tuesday forenoon.
Ben Steward has commenced to cut
his hay. His brothers Charles and
Frank are helping him.
Mr. and Mrs. c. W. Witham enter
tanned as guests over the Fourth their
daughter Mrs. Oliver Rollins and fam
lily from Pittston. Through the
courtesy of Frank Wills they all had
the pleasure of visiting Lake Embden.
The party was supplemented by Mr..
and Mrs. Raymond Skillings and a
picnic dinner was enjoyed at the Wills
home after which the party went to
the pond and called at the Hodgdon
cottage. Mrs. Rollins who is one of
Pittstons sweet singers furnished the
music of the afternoon and the festivi-
ties were not closed until evening
Mr.. and Mrs. Lester Witham of Port
land called on his brother c. w. With
am and family Sunday.
The independent-reporter. [volume] (Skowhegan, Me.) 1909-1955, 1914-07-09
SOITH MADISON

J. S. Blackwell spent the Fourth
at North Pond the guest of his daugh-
ter Mrs. Althea Campbell.
Miss Mildred Wills spent the week
end with friends on Eames' Hill.
Mr.. and Mrs. Luther Foster and
family took an outing at Pleasant
Pond over Saturday and Sunday.
Mr. and Mrs. j. +. WATSON and ia
mily with a party of friends from Bos-
ton are spending a few days in
Mr.. Clarks cottage at Bakers Siding.
Mr. and Mrs. Harold Watson and
family from the village were week
end guests at Fairview Farm.
Mr. and Mrs. W. p. Mckinney and
little son Tracy visited several days
the first of the week with relatives in
Cornville and Canaan.
The independent-reporter. [volume] (Skowhegan, Me.) 1909-1955, 1914-07-09

Wilder Pettengill. Her nephew. Mas
ter Edwin Livingston of Oakland ac-
companied her home for a short visit.
Mr.. and Mrs. clyde Whippleas of
Skowhegau spent few days last week
with Mr. Whipple's father Charles
Whipple and family.
Miss Gladys Redmond of SHOW he
gan spent the Fourth With her mother
Mrs Henry Redmond.
Mrs Leon Cooley. sons Leland and
Alton. daughter Clients and William
Morrison spent the week end in Show
htgau The guests of Mrs. Cooley's sis
tcr
Mrs AAlnley Young and daughter
Martha went to Lake Embden Tues
day where they will spend the next
month Miss Sadie Young of Norton,
Mass. will join them there for her
vacation.
Conan Priest went to Fairfield Tues
day to spend the next few weeks with
mis- grandparents Mr.. and Mrs Charles
. Priest.
Mr., and Mrs. Charles Greene OF
Boston are the guests of Mr.. and Mrs
}. H. Gray.
Augustus Conant of Acton. Mass is
spending few weeks in town. This
is Mr. Conan's thirty-ffth annual triI
to Scion.
! Mrs. Mary Garrett died at the home
of her daughter Mrs. +. T. Cooley Sun
day evening at the age of So years
+ The funeral services were held Tues
/ day afternoon at one O'Clock conduct
ed by Rev. J. L. Pinkerton The in
4 IN a 70 rN
4 The Ladies Aid Society of the NJ. f.
Church enjoyed a baked bean dinner
Tuesday at the home of Mrs. Mary
French on French Hill. In spite of
the weather about forty sat down to
dinner. One very pleasant feature
of the occasion was in having with
them Mrs. Sadie Morse of Abbot who
was the first president of the Aid. Mrs.
Morse was presented with a very
handsome gold inlaid seven piece nut
set.
Mrs. Lottie Moore was business
visitor in Skowhegan Tuesday
RAY-PAUL
Miss Florence Helen Paul of Dor
chester Mass, only daughter of the
late Mr.. and Mrs. George F. Paul, was
united in marriage to Mason Silas Ray
of this town at the home of the
grooms parents Mr. and Mrs Forrest
Ray on Main ST, by Rev. J. l.. Pinker-
ton of the NJ. +. Church, Sunday even
ing July 5th at seven o'clock. Miss
Helen Ray, sister of the groom, acted
as ring bearer the double ring service
being used Mrs. Ray was prettily
gowned in dress of white silk chiffon
over white messaline with sleeves of
white net Mr.. and Mrs. Ray left
Monday for Waterville where they will
visit Mr.. Rays relatives. They will
be at home after August 10th in Scion.
The gratulations and best wishes
of their friends are extended to them,