davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1914-12-01

The Young Mems Mustache club
started out on high but is now being
towed home. Bobby Van and Jimmie
Blatau are the only members who re-
main in good standing.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1914-12-01
Corn Gomez OFF as
Easy as You Please!

"Gets-It' Being Used IL Millions
1t is the first time that a real
sure fate corn cure has ever beer
discovered. "GETS-IT" is the new
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1914-12-01

Cash paid for good. cIesn cottor
rags. Daily Express office.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1914-12-01

81 Simp says that he has figured
that II you do your shopping early
the rush at Christmas time will be
much smaller.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1914-12-01

Some exchanges are reiterating the
statement that the dollar bears the
burden of war Maybe so, but we
would like to hear what the men in
the trenches and the widows and or
phans back home think about it,
Lawtor News.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1914-12-01

And now England is thinking ser
:ously of taking out space on the deck
Of the water wagon.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1914-12-01

One way to get out of a discussion
is to argue your way out.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1914-12-01
Special Items

In Toilet Sets, Manicure
Sets, Hand Bags, c o m b s.
Brushes, Hand Mirrors, Their
mos Bottles. Shaving Sets,
Stationery, Christmas Novel
ties. etc.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1914-12-01
CANDY

We will indeed, have a beau
tiful line Of candy. Put up in
beautiful Christmas packages.
Nothing nicer for a gift.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-05-21
RESULTS AT AUCTION.

lat II vEsEY STREET. J

lat ~ vEsEy STREET.
BY Herbert 4. sherman.
I'd Az. 1855. W 8. 1871 1924 at. 20,
Aiber, Jarmulowrky ct al VS. Title Hysns
ct al; due. .2,s6t.s7' taxes; &c; s:gts:
to Charles Kramer. n party In Interest. VI
LAT 320s THIRD AVENUE.l
ny Bryan L. Kennedy.
BRoNxpAIE Az. ne cor Rhinelsndsr
jacob Cohen e, al action l. due h'7si,, 10;
MThfNEk Az; = cor Nsil az; iSs; tSS.s
E, al: due. ,i.s5it: H To the " pisinsi ,sss
BRoNXpALE Az ss, ass T R MnssaT E.
S$It ;s s;s S NSiiHs5 y !. J. ss
Cohen; action =; due. r'2is,ss; to a., si,s
NR iTfh.H.A,Nv . 5?a..ss W Maiiiner av. asiE
due, .i;Hsss' 20 the plaintiff g .sG2
Nf fss.x AS ga vs. a9 sa%e action
due. si,2is.ss: to the plaintiff. 49,, $500
BY Joseph p. Day.
GRAND BLVD AND coNcoURsE. 1919.
dwis-Amsrican Swedenborg Printing and
Pub Soc ys Hageman Cons; GO Go. 81 81 a.
due si2.iis1s; taxes &C. 's'Ho'ofS az
FREDERICK Hansen ''''.'' 1900 ''A''.'
BY Henry Brady.
SOUTHERN gL ,oris AZ iss; ans =:
Goid.iSksr Is flann sfS ct al da.
ss?e2.es; taxes. &c, '7sl57 to i.lmss
Fisiinolo ..........'''....''' '"'''
BY George Price.
p4 fSCnls A s,y t ass sM oF Gre, y.
Fleischmann Realty Go 81 al; due IL
sos22; taxes. &C. ssis.ss; to the .p..I.,...,
tin ........,..,.....'. '''.''''' 'si'''VV
BY Samuel Goldsticker.
BELMONT AV. 2t5i. n cor lsSth 81:
l5xs75 vaeant-,,s k.pfermaan ss , GiDer.xx
| to May 81.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-05-21
PERFUMER ON 44TH STREET.
Leases and VIII Alter House Next 20
81. DarthoIomew's.

Royal Scott Gulden has leased the
residence at II East Forty-fourth street.
adjoining ST Bartholomew Church. to L.
Pierre Vallgny. perfumer. for term
of years. The tenant will alter the build
ing into street level and parlor stores
and will use the upper part OF the build
ing for his business.
The American Book Blndery on Cherry
street near Jefferson street has leased for
n long term of years the store, basement
and first four lofts in the building to be
erected by the McKeon Realty Company
at 40 to 426 West Thirty-first street
Just west OF Eighth avenue and opposite
the new post office, a feature which has
led many printers and bookbinders to
leave downtown sections for lofts In the
Pennsylvania district The building to
be erected will be 200 feet wide and from
~ to IS feet deep.
Frederick Fox e. Co. have leased from
the plans the eighth and ninth lofts In
the new twelve story mercantile build
ing to be erected Mt 81 to 81 East
Thirty-first street for n long term OF years
to X. Schwed & Co, manufacturers of
cloaks and suits. now at 1917 West TWEEN
ty-ffth street. Tho building will be
ready for occupancy about December I.
The Alvin Realty Company has leased
for Louisa Helen Clausnitzer the four
story private dwelling at 157 East Thir-
tieth street, for term OF Ave years 10
Stephen Butter. who will, after extensive
alterations occupy the premises with q
ladies' tailoring establishment.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-05-21
DOODLE BOARD ALDERMAN DIES
End Comes to Patrick Farley, One Of
Last Two Survivors.

Patrick Farley, one OF the last two
members Of the doodle Board OF Alder
men" of 1854. died yesterday morning
in his room over the saloon at 1873 Bow
cry. which he had run since 1855. His
funeral will be held Saturday.
Farley was one Of the old type OF poll
tcans which is rapidly disappearing. The
only surviving member of tho Doodle
Board is Tommy Shields. who also lives
in the Fourth Assembly district. Farley
had "A good reputation among his asso-
ciates because OF his charity and also
because he never permitted woman to
enter his saloon.
He was born in ireland sixty-slx years
ago and came to New York when a boy.
He worked for his father In the trucking
business. got into politics and then be-
came the owner Of the saloon and power
In his district.
OF recent years he withdrew from most
of his former activities and sat in the
back room of the saloon, where his friends
of earlier days used 10 sit and chat with
him His saloon was a meeting place
for old timers OF Farley's type, former
ward politicians, retired policemen, saloon
Keepers and contractors.
II WAS said of him that he kept the
names Of many old friends on what were
known as "Farley's pension books" When
Mike lNons's famous restaurant closed
H. Farlcy's Immediately took its place as
caterer TO the old Bowery crowd
lie leaves two brothers, Thomas. a re-
tired police lieutenant, and Joseph. He
Is believed to have left an estate OF about
100000
Three Of his bartenders all of whoT
had worked for him for more than thirty
years are well known along the Bowery
one OF them Is Joe Brady OF whom u
Is said that he never spoke vulgar OF
protaue word.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-05-21
LIABILITIES MAY BE 100000.
Assets Of stoppani a Hotchkin Es-
timsted Mt 100000.

II was learned yesterday that prelim-
mary estimates OF the assets AID liabill-
ties OF the Consolidated Stock Exchange
firm of Stoppani * Hotchkin, who failed.
place assets at about $4,000 and liabili-
ties, roughly estimated Mt about 800, 600.
Among the assets, II Is said, are a number
Of securities of questionable value and
about 200 shares OF listed stocks, II IL
reported that securities to the extent of
$4,000. which were lodged as collateral
for bank loan to the firm, have been
claimed by n customer as his own. Hy-
pothecation OF a customers securities by
a broker. IL proved against him, Is ID
felony under the new State law. The firm.
II was learned. failed under the pressure
OF heavy running expenses with no bust
ness of any account.
A. S. Gilbert. assignee, said that the
delay in auditing the books of the concern
has been due largely to the number OF
customers OF the firm who have bes!eged
his office looking for securities or their
money The attorneys for tho brokers
signined their willingness to accept SER
vice In the matter OF REORGANIZATION OF
the brokers and to produce the latter fol-
examination
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-05-21
TENANTS FOR CITY HOUSES.

Pease a. Gilman have rented for the
Phelps Stokes Estates. Inc. the four story
and basement house at SO East Seventy
third street to Mrs. II. X. Sizcr. and for
Mrs. Marcus Talbot the Ave story Ameri-
can basement dwelling at "a East Eighty
first street to Henry A. Uterhart
Prof. Henry Fairfield Osborn. president
OF the American Museum OF Natural HIS
tory. has leased the Ave story American
basement dwelling at % East Seventeen
street, which is next 10 his dwelling AZ
the corner OF Madison avenue and Sew
ent!eth street. TO George h. McNurtry.
, Jr., of Benjamin. Ferguson McMurtry.
The lease was negotiated by Douglas l.
Gilman & Co.
The Duross Company has leased for
the Salvation Army tho three story prl-
vate house Mt l3i West Thirteenth street
to Stephen Frey and the four story house
at ISL West Fourteenth street TO Eliza
beth Soutar
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-05-21
EAST SIDE DWELLING SITE.

Most interesting OF yesterdays sales
was that of two houses on Slxty-iirst
street. Just east OF Fifth avenue. to an
unnamed buyer. who, according to the
best Information to be had. will erect a
dwelling for his own occupancy. Tho
property Is at and 3 East Sixty-flrst
street and the two houses cover a plot
60xl00.6. They are owned by Edward
Tuck and James Rosenthal respectively.
Adjoining on the west is the residence Of
Mrs Pembroke Jones and next. on the
Fifth avenue corner. les the Bostwick
house. Directly across the street. at
and East Sixty-frst street, Mrs. l.. w.
Bliss Is erecting "A fine home.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-05-21
HITCH IN FARM AUCTION.

Bryan l.. Kennedy in the auction room
yesterday received bids totalling $780,
$50 for the Roxton Farm property at
Rye and Portchester. owned by the estate
Of William H. Catlin. The farm. con-
sisting of 100 acres. was offered In nine
teen parcels of four to twenty-one acres
each. The sale was not contaminated
yesterday because II was necessary for
bids to total about sl07,5OO to cover an
outstanding mortgage. After the prop
erty had been knocked down the auctioneer
and the agents for the property went
about working out plan whereby tho
property could be decided to the thirteen
ostensible buyers to whom the land had
been knocked down. They hope to ar
range the matter to-day. The property
was knocked down to Il. X. Schaftel. Ed
ward ]. Wilson, Carl +. Mukoll, Catha-
rine I. Clark, ]. Stewart, Louis G. Mertz.
NJ Livingston, Charles Lindley, John l.
Downey Isaac Schlestnger. Henry Won
Hub and Benjamin s. Vanderdorf. The
auction price was at the rate OF s667 an
acre. The sale was conducted by Bryan
| L. Kennedy.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-05-21
LONG ISLAND PLACES RENTED.

L. 8. & $. F. Voss have leased at
Hewlett, l.. l.. for Joseph S. Auerbach his
dwelling and thirty acres TO Mrs. Joseph
A. FIannery also at Cedarhurst. L. L.,
cottages on Central avenue to Joseph
Diver and on Summit avenue TO Il. A.
Hirsch.
5. Osgood Pell Co. have leased the
estate OF Mrs. Leslie w. Sherman AZ
Sands Point to +. w. McKenna. vice
president Of the Chicago. Milwaukee and
st. Paul Railroad. Mr.. McKenna will
occupy the place during the coming sea-
son
The Lewis II. May Company has leased
at Far Rockaway for Frederick Haberman
cottage on Reads lane to Joseph NJ.
Bleyer; for Il. f. Heating cottage on
Healy avenue to Henry Gutenstein. for
Mrs. Marie O'Reilly cottage on Nelson
avenue 10 DR.. Herman Schwarz: at Edge
mere for Emma Hatch cottage on Grand
view avenue to l. Rosenschein ; for s. q l.
Construction Company cottage on Dicker'
son avenue to Philip Glemby.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-05-21
McXINNON REPORT ATTACKED.
bank Of North America Liquidation
Hearing Higgins.

After five months from the time OF APP
pointmen. of n referee to hear testimony
IN the case of the stockholders OF the
failed National Bank OF North America,
who have objected to the report and ac-
counting of John W. Mckinnon. their
iiquidating agent. the case began 10 make
headway yesterday.
! At hearing before Referee Arthur
Berry yesterday at $50 Broadway docu-
gnents were submitted, including the re-
port of the expert accountants In exam
lnatlon OF Mckinnon's report, the report
of the advisory committee of the stock
holders and certain minutes OF the direc-
tors meetings
Tho stockholders contend that the liqu,-
dalton has been 100 expensive, asserting
that il has cost nearly u million out of tn,
banks $2.0O0.O00 capitalization. The ex'
pense was the basis of a series OF objec.
tons by former Judge A. i. W. Seaman
for the shareholders protective committed
to the Mckinnon report.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-05-21
NO EFFICIENT HOSPITAL
HERE, SAYS GOLDWATER
Health Commissioner Assails
Existing System at Chart
ties Conference.

Dr. s. S. Goldwater. Commissioner OF
Health. attacked the hospital system In
New York city. advocated factory. store
and office supervision and urged universal
periodic physical examination OF indi-
viduals for the detection OF disease, in
an address last night at the third session
of the fifth New York City Conference OF
Charities and Corrections In the United
Charities Building.
"If, as believe said the Commits
sioner there Is not n single hospital In
the city to-day. either municipal or pri-
vate, which is so organized that II Is
able to meet the II, ccssary requirements
for efficiency, an improved plan OF nos
ptal organization must address Itself
rather TO the fundamental question OF
internal hospital ORGANIZATION than to the
question OF who shall control the hos
pitfalls"
Or. Goldwater cited instances OF where
patients suffered because in the hospital
In which they were confined there were
only specialists to treat them instead OF
general practitioners. There were even
deaths in some cases he said
The way to improve tho hospitals"
he said. rs to place them In the handA
of the Commissioner of Charities or in
the hands of the board of trustees Of
Bellevue and Allied Hospitals. II they
Will subscribe to what Is here set down
an the fundamental basis OF enectual nos
pital organization. II neither OF these
departments will agree. then the Depart
ment OF Health is willing TO be regarded
as receptive candidate"
An attack on charity methods was made
| by Bolton Hall at the afternoon session
| He charged that those interested In tho
\ betterment of the poor evaded the rea
issue-the land question. Other speakers
in the afternoon session were DR.. Henry
Moskowitz. director OF the Madison
House X. V. lngersoll Commissioner OF
Parks. Brooklyn; Mrs V. G. Simkhovitoh
director of the Greenwich House. ant
! George ID. Pratt. member Of the Publi'
! Recreation Commission. ali OF whom
spoke on the general topic OF settlement
| and recreation centres.
In the evening w. Fl. Lehman, chair
man OF the family desertion committee
reported for the committee. as did Lee
Arnstein on the committee on municipal
| needs.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-05-21
SHOOTS WOMAN WIFE ASsAIED.
Kane Tries to XIII Mrs. KIeine After
Saving Her From Attack.

When the doorbeli at 35 Varck avenue,
Williamsburg, rang yesterday afternoon
August Dongorff responded and found
Robert Kane a civil engineer, 20 years
old. OF 2il6 Lexington avenue, Manhat-
tan. on the stoop with his right hand in
his side coat pocket
NOW. get away from here" said Dom
gorff. you have caused this family enough
trouble already"
Kane replied In loud voice that he
wouldn't go until he had seen Dongorff's
daughter, Mrs Anna Kleine, who was Sit
ting In a nearby room. She overheard
tho voices and running TO the door looked
out and screamed go away
"In just "A minute" replied Kane, draw
ing revolver from his coat pocket and
firing at Mrs. Kleine. The bullet entered
her head at the side and she fell to the
floor. Kane fred three more times, two
bullets entering Mrs, kleine's right arm
and another her right breast A NTH
bullet was fired but went wild.
Dongorff threw himself on Kane and
was knocked unconscious by blow on
the head with the revolver. Then Kane
| dashed down tho stoop and was grabbed
| by Joseph Wolf. a driver for s. Lieb.
mann's Sons. Wolf, in his turn. was
struck with the butt of the revolver ant
| fell stunned,
Policemen finally captured Kane
Mrs. Kleine was taken 20 st, GATHERINGS
| Hospital She IL not expected to live,
Kanes wife tried to shoot Mrs Kleln
several weeks ago. but was prevented b!
Kane. who snatched a revolver from he
hand. Mrs. Kane accused her husband
unfalthfulness.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-05-21
ACTIVITY At RAYsIDE.

Sixty acres formerly included in the
holdings of the Convent of the Sacred
Heart at Little Bsyside, l.. l., were
bought In at a foreclosure sale yester-
day by James w. Gerard, the plaintiff.
for $4,000. The parties In the action
we're James W. Gerard against the Metro
politan Water Front Company and other
defendants. The property is on the Will
let's Point road and faces Long Island
Sound. Property in the near vicinity
brought 5000 an acre recently.
Theodore NJ Simon has purchased from
Gustav Cooper a hollow tile cottage
I'm stucco on the west side OF Bell ave-
nue., north of Lamartine avenue
Nelson & Stromgren have sold to Fred
erick Boiswanger a house in course OF
construction on the southeast corner OF
Warburton avenue and First street.
William Parkinson has sold to William
Dunn a cottage on Lamartine avenue.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-05-21
REAL ESTATE MARKET
NEWS AND COMMENT
Unnamed Buyer Takes Site for Fifth
Ave. Section Home---F Farley Buys
Lexington Avenue Corner.

Small properties made ZIP the budget
OF sales in the real estate market yester-
day. There was about the same volume
Of business reported as on preceding days
this week and nothing in the days trad
Ing was Of special interest For some
time negotiations have been under way
for large plot at the northeast corner
Of West End avenue and Eighty fourth
street. owned by the Waterman Realty
Company. which negotiations according
TO q report heard yesterday. had been
successfully closed. The owners OF the
property denied the report. but said tina,
a deal might be consummated shortly and
an apartment house erected on the corner
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-05-21
AID ST. OFFICE PLANS.

Work will be started soon on the ten
story store and office building which 10
seph Milbank plans to erect on the south
side Of Forty third street. between Fifth
and Madison avenues. to Join with the
Transit Building on Forty-escond street.
The plans were filed yesterday by George
b. Post q Sons. The new structure will
be located 1853 feet east Of Fifth avenue
and known as TO 10. having a frontage
OF So feet and a depth of 1908 feet. This
cost has been estimated at S225.000. Plans
were also filed by the same architects
for mailing alterations to the Transit
Building In the rear at ana = has'
IS,rtv- second street to connect 1t with the
new building. The cost has been placed
at $1,000.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-05-21
BROOKLYN SHORE DRIVE SALE.

Bryan l.. Kennedy has sold at private
sale for the executors OF the estate OF
James p Farrell the northeast corner OF
Nlnety-ifth street and Shore road drive
way. to ]. Seldman. an adjoining owner
for about $4,000. This property was to
have been sold by Mr.. Kennedy at public
auction yesterday.
Frederlcka StoothofY bought 40 Sew
enth street, a three story dwelling on lot
20xS0.
Tutno & Cerny have resold for John
II. Bahrenburg to clients for investment
1924 Fifth avenue. four story brick
apartment and store
Samuel Galitzka Company has sold for
Barenberg & Bower to a builder. who will
improve. the northeast corner OF Fifth ave-
nue. and Eghty-second street, plot look
100. This is the second sale on this prop
erty the Galitzka Company has made in
the last four days.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-05-21
BANKERS TO FIGHT
OFFICIAL DICTATION
Federal Reserve Directors May
Be Elected According
to Laws Letter.
COMMITTEE RULES WRONG
Financial Leaders Say Groups
May Legally Vote for
Same Six Men.

Owing to the fact that there IL a con-
sensus Of opinion among the national
bankers Of this city and among all those
national bankers comprising group 1 In
this state that the Wilson organization
committees instructions as to how the
directors of class and class Il OF the
Federal reserve bank to be located here
shall be elected do not comply with the
letter to the Federal reserve act. the
conferences Of group and group 3. which
viii take place at the Clearing House on
Friday, are awaited with much Interest
E-pa IL expressed by influential local
bankers that the bankers OF group and
group will follow the action Of group
1 In selecting a committee to recon-
mend TO the member banks suitable
candidates for class A and class Il OF
the Federal reserve bank TO be located
here.
II is also hoped that IL the bankers
s OF group . and group select COM
mittees the representatives OF the
three groups will be able TO concur on
their choice OF six men for directors.
should this he the case IL Is not improb-
able that all, or at least majority,
Of the reserve banks directors Will be
representatives. Of New York city banks
and business interests.
New York bankers feel that the In
attractions of the organization committee
regarding group voting constitute an.
other attempt to strike at the natural
financial supremacy OF this city. The
orga nization committees instructions
state that the electors shall vote only
for the directors OF Class A and Glass
u Of their own group. while the Federal
reserve act makes no restrictions as to
vodns by groups.
bankers particularly interested in the
matter at present will not say whether
any step will be taken to call the atten'
ion OF the organization committee TO the
difference between the rulings OF the com
mIttee and the letter OF the Federal re-
serve act. but II has been intimated tha'
hey may ignore the committee instruc'
tons and vote according to the letter OF
the law one banker In commenting or
the matter yesterday said
at would especially fortunate II th'
committee Of the groups l. an' coulc
nll agree on the selection of the same si'
men for directors of Class and Clas'
q"
The committee Of Group l appointed u
consider suitable candidates for directors
has already considered several bankers II
this city, but will not make public TN
names of those under consideration unit
tbs committee has conferred with tn
committees representing the other I'VE
cfOupS.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-05-21
MECHANICS LIENS.
Manhattan.

9TH Av. $40 and 6?s--Leon Kraas q
George Cantreil owner; Nathan Pic,,.;
MONROE ST. iSS and 'ieC.joseph c N'r'
man agt John A Anger owner ana -.
pIri rTnGGiESRr pi "a 10 q; clinton 81, 81 o
25i. and Cherry ST. Sl2 and Si&--Josepa
c Newman agt John A Anger. owner ;;'tsii
1s Paw Nv. % cor Ash st. soxios-Tcrn'nal
Ornamental Works agt Swift Co, o"n",I
VI MADDEN & SONS Co, contractors Wy
2sTH ST. 80 E-Simon e Dort art Al'
Realty Co. owner; Max Israel con'r,s,
EiSMERE PI. n cor Marmion av, s61lG
Salvatore Naccarato sgt Defender IN.
struction Co. owner; Kramer Contracint
Go. contractor trenewnn ..;,,...,.,-.'- ,,i
CROTONA PARKWAY. n cor Elsmerr p,
iOs.9xls7; also Crotons Parkwav . CO..
Elsmere pl. lOe. 7--Sslyatore "a.
carato agt Defender Constructor
owner and contractor; Kramer construe,,
ton Ca contractor trenewal ,...,,, ''o,
BROADWAY, 7i6-simon Dorf aEt JU a.,
Scholle, William Scholle and Martin ~.
man. owners: Nav Israel. contractor ~
Bronx.
aslST ST, 8 cor Bway 7s.6x2s-G Soha's
4 Son agt John Gilbert, owner; seh..as. -
Eulenstein. contractors. ''''''""