Aberdeen herald. [volume] (Aberdeen, Chehalis County, W.T.) 1886-1917, 1914-10-30

How did the term "contraband Of
war" originate, and how long has IL
been in use?
During the war between Spain and
Holland in the latter part Of the six
teenth century and early in the seven
teenth century both those powers act
ed with so much rigor toward ships OF
every other nationality conveying
goods to the belligerents that England
felt compelled to enter strong pro-
test. The resistance provoked by Eng
land led to the first use Of the term
"contraband of war;" when the treaty
Of Southampton was drawn up be-
tween England and Spain in 1925.
How does the area Of Europe COM
pare with that Of the United States?
The whole of continental Europe
contains 3,SOO,OOO square miles; the
United States 3,756,SS5 square miles.
Principal countries of continental Eu-
rope: Germany. 2OS,7S0: France. 2O7.-
O54: Austria Hungary, 241.277: Russia.
in Europe. 1.S62.5 These figures do
not include any colonial possessions.
az We hear about the ambassadors
getting their passports. What becomes
of the consuIs? (2) How many United
States consular officers are there in the
principal European countries now at
war?
a. Consuls are not diplomatic officials
kn hn
eign as ambassadors and ministers
are A consul receives a letter of ap-
pOintment or commission from his
home government, and if his appoint
| ment is acceptable he receives from
the minister Of foreign affairs an ex-
eQuatur or permit to exercise consular
| functions. He cannot act until he has
| received an exequatur and its with
drawal ends his functions. A declara-
ton of war terminates the functions
of consul without any further action
and if he wishes to leave, international
courtesy would require that he. receive
| passport or safe conduct out Of the
country. e. There are consul generals
at London, at Budapest and Vienna.
in Austria Hungary: at Paris and Mar
settles. France: at Berlin. COburg.
Frankfort -on-the- Main. Hamburg and
Munich, Germany: Moscow. Russia:
! Antwerp and Brussels. Belgium. In
addition to consul generals at these
important points there are consuls at
many points Of less importance.
How was the United States governed
during the interval between the Revo.
lutionary war and the Inauguration OF
Washington?
BY the congress of the confedera-
ton. an outgrowth of the Continental
congress. This body was composed of
representatives from the thirteen orig
inal states.
Would you furnish sketch Of Bene-
dict XIV, the new pope?
Giacomo della Chiesa, the present SUI
preme pontiff of the Roman Catholic
church. was created cardinal May
%, 1914. He was born at Pegli in the
diocese of Genoa, Nov. q. 1854. and
was ordained a priest Dec. q. 1878
He served as secretary of the nuncia.
ture in Spain from 1888 to 1887, In
which year he was appointed secre.
tary to the late Cardinal Rampolla.
He was appointed substitute secre
tary of state in 1901, and in 1907 he
was elected to the post of adviser tc
the lsoly Office.
In 1907 he was appointed papal
nuncio to Madrid in succession tC
Mgr. Rinaldini, but this appointment
was Cancelled three days later This
incident had occurred just before he
was made archbishop of Bologna
When Mgr. della Chiesa was giver
this post it was declared in Rome that
it was mainly with the object of com
batting modern religious ideas. Bolog
M being the headquarters of the Ma
tional Democratic league, whose mem
bers advocated what is known a:
modernism" in religion.
1t has been ia years since the las
Pope Benedict. On his election to the
papacy in 174O Cardinal ProsperO Lam
bertini assut9"i that title. 1t Is AZ
interesting fact tat the new pope was
archbishop Of bologna, while Pope
Benedict XIV. was born In Bologna.
Please define martial law and mill.
tary law and explain the difference.
The two words are related but the
two systems of iiw are entirely differ
ent. Martial law is Il system original
ing in and based upon military neces
sity by which civil law is superseded
and government is administered aftel
a fashion by military authorities with
out recognizing any responsibility bu
military necessity. Military law means
laws or statutes regularly enacted fo