davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, 1914-08-09
GATE RECEIPTS OF GRAND CIRCUIT PROVES
LIGHT HARNESS RACING is HOLDING ITS OWN

make light harness horsemsn In little
old D. c. look and feel as II they were
counterfeit dollars with holes in the CEN
ter. Every Western town can boast OF a
baseball club: but, when the light har-
ness horse is on parade, every one shuts
up shop and goes to the races. II was
so at North Randall, although the track
is twelve miles distant from Cleveland:
1t was the case at Detroit, although the
track is four miles from the business
center OF the city, and 1t was the same
at Grand Rapids.
This week the Grand Circuit horses
will perform at Kalamazoo, a few miles
south of Grand Rapids. The 'So0' has
been a feature on the trotting map ever
since 1859, when Flora Temple trotted
to a worlds record OF 2:lsas and beat
Honest Anse. the mother of Happy Me-
Flora, in her old age, found a home with
Aristides WEIGH. Germantown. near Phil
adel-phia- Side by side at Erdenheim.
the princely estate of Mr. WEIGH, lies
under . marble slab the remains Of old
Flora and Imported bennington, the ia
nous son of Faugh-a-Ballagh-the an
eient war Of the fighting Irish race.
In the stud Flora was a comparative
failure as a producer of speed, although
she threw to Rysdyke Kitty Temple, to
William WEIGH Prince Imperial, and
to bennington the Queens Daughter.
Prince Imperial is the sire of one trot-
ter, and Is the sire OF two sons that
have sired five dams that have proa
duced speed. Quite different results
were attained by Flora's antagonist.
the dam of Happy Medium. In her
old age she became the property Of
Robert Bonner. was bred to HANDLE
tonian 10. and produced Happy Me-
dunn. He bred to Tackey. daughter OF
Pilot, jr.; sired Pilot Medium. who in
turn sired Peter the Great. 2;07 If
in many respects the most uniform
sire of extreme speed to be found In
the history Of light-harness racing.
49,
As recent as last Sunday we ven
tured to predict that youngster would
In 1914 be produced that could and
would trot or pace a mile in two min
utes. The prediction became an abso-
Lutte fact when, at Grand Rapids on
wednesday last, the four-year-old bay
stallion William in a race paced q first
heat in $500 1-2, a second in 2:00 nat.
and a third heat in 2:02 I-2. an average
of 2:0i for the three miles paced. And
the press dispatch remarks that in,
neither mile was the remarkable colt
fully extended. II the three-year
colt Peter Volo IL good this year. he.
The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, 1914-08-09
WHY COMMY FEELS
GRATEFUL TO BARNEY
Pittsburgher Picked Lemon in Garden
of Baseball. Saving the Old
Roman $500.

Charles Comiskey. Of the White Sox,
feels grateful-about So. 800 worth-to-
ward Barney Dreyfuss. OF the Pirates,
says the Buffalo Times. II all comes
about through little happening Of few
years ago.
At that time comiskey. Dreyfuss, and
other magnates were shouting themselves
hoarse in raising one another's bids for a
pitcher named Marty O'Toole, who At
that time was setting the American As
ISOLATION on fire with his wonderful twirl-
ing.
Wen. the bidding finally simmered
down to Comiskey and Dreyfuss, the other
magnates figuring their bank rolls were
not huge enough I'd enable them to &C
quire the St Paul Phenom. Comiskey bid
s1s, 900. Dreyfuss whooped It up TO $4,000.
Comiskey countered with 81 900. and then
Dreyfuss shot the price to $500
Comiskey debated for some time about
raising the Dreyfuss ante, and then de-
cided to let hB rival have O'Toole. al
though he surely did want the American
Association star to bolster up his then
somewhat weak pitching stan.
Dreyfuss got O'Toole after separating
himself from $3.50. and he got q lemon.
O'Toole never has had a good season
since he took up his pitching chores I'M
der the Pirate nag. So poor has his show
lIb Dccu THIS year bld( DEcyLoos dShcu
for waivers on him, and 1t looks certain
now that It will be only q year or two
longer before the man who brought the
record price in baseball viii ind his way
back into the minors
As a sort of sequel to this yarn Is the
story that concerns Comiskey and Joe
Benz. When Dreyfuss outbid Comiskey
for the possession OF O'TooIe the White
sox owner. being in great need Of
pitcher. exercised his option on a youth
named Benz, who then was pitching In
one of the small minor leagues Benz
didn't loom up largely. but Comiskey
needed pitcher. and he took a chance
on the party with the racing automobile
name. Well, Benz delivered, and In such
a way that he is regarded today as one
Of the best pitchers in the big leagues.
The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, 1914-08-09

too, may startle, the world with his
speed before the month is very much
older.
When a young or aged horse performs
feat above the ordinary, men who look
further than the mere surface of things
are anxious to knew from what sources
the animal derived his marvellous
powers There are individuals (and
Washington has more than its share of
them who weary 1T the recital of blood
lines. We do not and We never shall
write for that particular class Of people.
As a matter OF fact, Williams blood
lines are not ultra-fashionable. Abe J.,
2:l0, his sire, is also a PAGER. Abe is \
2:2s. son Of George Wilkes. 2:22 Will
Jams dam Is Lizzie C. D., 2:20 1-2, by
haywood, son OF Nutwood; second dam
Kittie Van D., 2:13 81. by Pennypacker;
third dam Mayfower. by caliph
Abe's dam is Sugar Jumps, by Lumps
son OF George Wilkes, and his second
dam is Coral. by Clark Chief, son OF
Mambrino Chief. Jaywood's dam is Lady
blanche, by Privateer. Simmons. Nut
wood and Clark Chief are distinguished
as broodmare sircs-that Is their blood
Is more valued in female than in male
lines. Nevertheless, their blood, blended
with bloodlines of much lesser import
ance, has produced the most phenomenal
PAGER, years considered, that has ever
lived. 1t will be observed, however in
passing, that Williams blood lines are
replete with pacing blood close up as
well as remote. George Wilkes paced
and sired PAGERS. Simmons sired PAGERS,
as did also Nutwood, whose dam was
by Pilot, jr., whose sire was a PAGER.
Jumps sired PAGERS, as did also Penny
packer.
The battle is on between Tommy MUIR
ply, Lou Mcdonald, E. +. Geers, and
Dick Mcmahon as to which shall close
the seaEon as the biggest money win
ner. When the horses OF the Grand Cir
cult left North Randall, Mcdonald had
a comfortable lead over all his oppon-
ents. At Highland Park, Detroit. MUIR
ply captured the $4,000 NJ. & NJ. with
Lassie McGregor. On Wednesday, at
Grand Rapids, Murphy annexed the 1900
purse with the same mare, and q purse
OF 1900 with Frank Bogash, jr. Thus,
within exactly seven days. Murphy has
won in purses $4,000, which puts him
well IN the lead as a money winner-a
lead he win. probably, retain until the
end OF the racing reason
On Wednesday next viii be staged, on
the beautiful meadows Of Benton @.
Rays farm, the ColesvtIle horse and
colt show. In the matter Of public in
terest the show rivals that OF the annual
fair Of the Montsomery, County Agri-
The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, 1914-08-09
Western High School Athlete Wins Big TtreeIe Swimming Rae


%
Section A-August 10. Potomac
Marquette Potomac grounds
August II. Potomac Central. Po-
tonae grounds: August II, Mar
quette-central. Central grounds;
August Is. Marquette-P Potomac.
Potomac grounds; August IL. Cen.
trAi-Marquette. Central grounds.
Section B--kugust 10. n. w s.
SIR. r.. T.. NJ. C. A. n. w. 8, 8.
grounds: August II. n. w. s. s.
e. w. S. g.. N. w. 5. s. grounds;
August l2. r. r. Y. NJ. G. A.-E.w.
s. s, r. r. Y. NJ. c. A. grounds:
August IL. r. R. Y. N. C. AN.
W. S. g.. r. r. Y. NJ c. A grounds:
August IA. E. w. s. SIN. W. s. g..
E. w. s. s. grounds; August Is.
Z. w. s. SIR R. " II. C. A.. z.
w. S. s. grounds.
Section C--August 10. Depart
mental Central field;
August IL. Departmental Rose
dale. Central grounds; August
u, Treasury Rosedale, Rosedale-
grounds: August 10. Treasury
Departmental, Central grounds;
August Il. Rosedale-Depart-
mental. Rosedale grounds; Au-
gust Is. Rosedale-Treasury. r.
R. Y. n. C. A grounds.
The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, 1914-08-09
by L. d. SALE.

ny lie ~ SHh1s
There need be no stronger proof that
light harness racing is holding its own
with the masses than the gate receipts.
These have been been phenomenal at
North Randall, Detroit, and Grand
Rapids. The attendance on no day OF
the three weeks of Grand Circuit racing
has fallen below the 5000 mark; while
on days when special events were carded
the attendance has reached the high
water mark Of 1000.
Even on the haIf-miIe rings Of the
country, the report is that the daily at
tendance has been the largest OF recent
years On the other hand. we are told
by professional baseball reporters that
there has been a decided falling on in
baseball interest.
Sports, like the tides of the salt waters,
have their ebb and flow, rise and fall.
They are, like human beings. sometimes
a icted with maladies that need to be
p 1rged from their systems in order to
restore health to the body. In severe
cases only a skiIlful application OF the
knife can effect a remedy.
Horse racing, in times past has had its
maladies and has been cured Of them.
Professional baseball is Ill at this hour
Of writing, but It will survive. Veterinar-
ians have decided that ''bighead" Is not
ircurable That, and Unsuitable greed, are
all that is the matter with professional
baseball.
Sporting editors have been altogether
too generous with these swatters and
Fingers Of the sphere. They have filed
them to bursting with self Importance,
and to such q ridiculous extent, that the
created think themselves greater than
their creators. As Goldsmith observed Of
the titled houses of England: "A breath
can make them as a breath has made"
The few that made these alleged he
roes' can unmake them.
II sporting editors were to withdraw
their support from professional baseball
players, they would soon play to empty
benches or not at all Sporting editors
have II within their power to make pro-
fessional baseball what Il should be, and
thus restore 1t to popularity with the
masses. They can. II they viii, drive to
the tall timber the scrappers and the
greedy ories Of baseballdom. and preserve
all that is best Of noble game. The time
has arrived when they should strike a
blow In their own defense, and cease
making heroes OF very ordinary clay
The way people are crowding through
race track gates In the Middle West
The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, 1914-08-09
LNCOLNS LOSE TO
NAVY PLEBS, 6 TO 4
Local Clubmen Prove Easy Before
Mastery Pitching of Moran
for the Middies.

Special to Ths Washington Herald.
Annapolis. Nd, Aug. S-After winning
fifteen straight games the strong Lincoln
A. c. of Washington was forced to bow
before the fast Navy Fourth Class nine
here today, s TO I.
Moran pitched in great form for the
Middies, Tightening up and tanning the
Capital City boys when hits meant runs.
Seabright for Lincoln and Moneson for
the Middies contributed star catches.
while Duncan drove in the winning runs
with a triple in the eighth inning. Score:
The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, 1914-08-09
YEARNs TO BE WAR HERO.

Paris. Aug Jack johnson, French
citizen. wants to emulate the example Of
his rival for fstic honors. George Car
pentier. and join the French army. John
son is not yet a fun-fiedged French ctti-
zen, although he has taken out prelimi-
nary citizenship papers. and Is therefore
not required TO answer the call to the
colors. Johnson has already offered to
the government his six automobiles.
The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, 1914-08-09
FIGHTING HELPS
,EM TO BAT WELL

Pete Compton and Robert
Roth. Of the Kansas City team Of
the American Association. had .
battie IN their Pullman recently
on the way to Cleveland from
indianapolis In the absence OF
Manager Armour, who was In the
dining car. the two outneiders
started an argument, in witch
each lost HIS temper.
They squared on. tented.
landed blow or 50 and rushed
INTO q ciineh. Before any Of the
seIf-appointsd referees could
break them apart they went to
the floor and the battle was over.
Neither OF the combatants was
injured and both played In the
game that day. Roth led his
team to victory over the Cleve-
land team, that afternoon with a
single. a two-bagEer and
triple. while Compton Clipped in
with q single and double.
The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, 1914-08-09
MAY JUMP TO FEDS.

New York. Aug. Frank Schultz. sole
remaining cog in the original Frank
Chance machine. is likely to be enrolled
with the Federal League soon. Schultz
was indefinitely Suspended by Manager
O'Day tonight, and almost before the
words were out Of 'O'Day's mouth Man
ager StovaIl, of the Kansas City Feds,
came across the street from the hotel
where the outlaws" are stopping and
took Schultz in tow for a conference
The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, 1914-08-09
FHER'S ALL-STARS
DEFEAT FREDERICK
Local Combination Hands Tn-Ciy
Leasues Beating. 2 to 0-Walter
Herrell Allows One Hit.
iai to The Washington HeaId.

SPECIAL 10 The Washington He9aJd.
Frederick, Nd. Aug s.-Filers All
Stars. OF Washington, defeated the local
team here today, to 0. The game was
featured by Herrells pitching, who al
lowed only one hit and striking out ten
men. Herrell was signed by manager
Morrison, OF Frederick, at the end or
the game and will report Wednesday to
face the Nationals.
The only hit secured by the Trt-city
Leaguers was made in the first inning,
the locals being sent back In order In
the remainder Of the game. Score.
The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, 1914-08-09

Nine hustling amateur managers are
anxiously awaiting the call Of play"
which VIII start the ball rolling IN the
post season series tomorrow afternoon.
Close to $50 sterling sand crabsa show
signs OF nervousness, caused by the anx-
iety to jump into action, and when the
six clubs in the three different sections
answer the call of the gong 1t win be
the inaugural Of the closest played Sc
ries in the history of the championship
under the reign Of organization.
No less than i've of the nine clubs are
well fortified and well balanced enough
TO pull out in front with the honors
which all have been striving to gain for
the past four months, and the post sea-
son Tor 1914 bids to furnish the fans OF
the sand-lot game with more excitement
and close competition than any since
the organization of amateur baseball in
the District.
With five clubs selected as having the
ace high chance of landing the bunting.
II does not mean that any one Of these
teams will rofnp away with any OF the
games in which they are playing their
weaker section mates.
Three Good Clubs.
In section A the three clubs each have
chance Of landing the title, as each
one is well fortified in the pitching de-.
partment, and in q series Of this kind IL
Is generally the club with the air-tight
The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, 1914-08-09
TITLE TO HOLY NAME.
STANDING OF THE CLUBS.

The Highlanders went down 10 defeat
before Holy Name yesterday on the r.
r. Y. NJ. c. A. grounds by a score OF
3 to l. giving the latter the Rosedale
pennant. The contest was exciting from
the start. and was one Of the best played
of the year.
Both O'Lone and Naples were in form.
allowing but three hits while long drives
by O'Lone. Roberts. and Naples featured.
The losers fought gamely and helded
in brilliant style. but weak hitting caused
their defeat Score:
The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, 1914-08-09

Runs-Roche. O'LOne. NRnIss e.. Roberts.
BehrIe Earned mns-Hnly Name. & First has
by Srrurs-H ighlaDders. l. Left baSes-High-
landers. .; Holy Name = First base on balls
on O'Lone >; OF Young l. InninES pitched-By
O'Neil. Struck out-By OLoDe. 6: by Naples.
); b. Young. 2: By O'Nsil ) Home un-O'Lnus.
Thrce-base hh-RObertS Stolen bascs-Behrie -,
Kraft. Kelly e.. Noone. Naples DiesJe. Douhis
play-McDaniel TO Roche. Umpires-MssErA
Hughes and shurtleR Tine Of Esme-l hour InA
70 minutes
The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, 1914-08-09
EPISCOPAL, S: MARINES, 8.

Runs-Hutton. Thompson. CHS, Drsis, L. Hayes
Shoemaker q. Callahan. First base By sTrUrs-
AErines }; Erisropsl ) Left on bssss-MErines q;
Episcopal. ). First base halls-OR Dreis .
Struck out-By DTeis. .; By Goode. :. Hone run
Hutton. THo-base hit-DTeiS Sacrifice hits-Baylis
-. Perry. Stolen hases-ThomTson Z. Hayes, Cal
lahan. Shoemaker. Double play-B. C7Iicks TO 4.
CTuicks to ]. Sullivan 10 B. Cruicks; Carson to
Snyder. Wild piteh-Dreis Pissed hsl-E. Hayes
UmUire-MT. Cord Time q Eame-l hour and .
minutes.
The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, 1914-08-09
EASTERN, 5; FA1RLAwN, 4.

Runs-Johnson. Spaulding q. 5. breWer, Go
Iannefti. Harvey. Faian. Miller. RAha- First bass
on baIs-Oh LARgHn. J. Struck out-My Mitchell
2: by LzngAn. J. TWohase hits-Raha ~. Spanld
ing Ftzgrrald> Stolen bases-HGTey. Pumphrey.
johnson. SpsuldinE Cl. Double piEy-McGrath to
Punphrey TO Hutchinson Umpires-Aessrs. Ven
able and Jesky. Time Of gEme-l hour and %
minutef
The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, 1914-08-09

Ian. Duncan ~. McRsynolds. Moneson. Moran
Let bases-IincolnS, Z: Middiss 6 .First hae
on hans-Oh Ohuit l: o6 Moran. !. Struck out
By Ofdtt. ): by Moran. Z Three-bsse hit-Dunean.
Sacrifice hits-Nsilson. BischoG. StoIen bsS-s-Me-
Carthy @, Zupuik. Carter. Howard. Seilsou. Hit
b Tifchsr-By Otutt MonesDn. Cmpre-Mr. Fisher
Time Of camel hour and % Minutes
The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, 1914-08-09
PETWORTH WINS.

Runs-Bsrens. Junghaus, Abbott. Buck d. smith.
Z. Smith. Earned mns-ConEress Heights, ?; Pet
worth. First base BY errOr7PstSorth. Let
On bases-PetwOrth }; CongreSs Heights. g. First
bass on baIls-OH Piens, l. Struet out-By Buck,
Il: By Pene. stnlen bases-Hanlein. + Smith.
Abbott. Junghaus. Unpre-Mr. Kama
The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, 1914-08-09

The former New York third baseman
Arthur Devlin. has assumed the manage
ment of an all-star team OF New York
semi-pros and former major league pro-
fessionals which will play at Lenox Oval,
at 145th street and Lenox avenue. New
York City.
The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, 1914-08-09

Runs-Cash. Ely. Earned nm-AlLstArs. First
hase By errors-Fredenck. 2 Left on basa-Frede-
ricf, &: AIlStars e. Frs base On halls-0f Her
rel. 2 strnck out-By Hsnell. 10; b King.
ThTee-hase hits-Mor1Son. Murray. Tgohass hits
Downey. HerelL Murphy. Sacrifice hy-RauiinsA
stolsn basss-Burfe. Bell, Malone. Hit b. pitcher
Burke. Umrip-Mr. Barnes
The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, 1914-08-09

cultural Association, which begins in
Rockville, August s, and continues
throughout the week. The entries for
the one day event at Colesyille, exceed
those Of previous years in all OF the
various classes. Aside from the animal
exhibits, there will be fiat and hurdle
racing. The new grandstand that has
been under construction for some days
past. is now ready for occupancy. Moth
ing but bad weather can prevent the
presence of a record breaking crowd at
Northwest Farm on Wednesday next.
The opening day OF the Montgomery
County Fair. and, the day following. will
be days Of more than passing interest
to the farmers of the county and to
light harness horse lovers in the Dis
trict. The District of Columbia two-year-
old trotting stake will be raced off
August .. Very little has been said
about the entrants in this stake, until
recently. They have been worked In a
quiet way by their respective own Frs.
Within the past two days, however. news
has been received from c. c. Waters.
owner Of Pleasant Fields farm. that he
has driven Fields Brothers colt Red
Russell. an eighth over his farm track
in Is 1-2 seconds, a rate Of speed to make
one gasp with establishment Mr.. Waters
writes US that he believes he can drive
this two-year-old an eighth in Is seconds.
sss
The two-year-olds entered in the stake
are Mr.. Keyes Tony Direct, Javins
Brothers Billy D., Fields Brothers Red
Russell, Wiessner Brothers Fatima, and
Evadne Wood, and E. =. Halls Mildred
G. All of these youngsters are well
bred. and II Is 1air to presume they
will face the starter trained to the hour
The. three-year-old trotting stake will
The entrants are n. ]. Wards bay nlly,
Drawtan, wiessner Brothers Ballinger,
and Javins Brothers Peter J. H.. or
Kushan, jr. Mr.. Ward has an alternate
in his Coastman filly, and WIessner
Brothers, OF Baltimore. also have an
alternate in case Ballinger shall not be
Mt to start
Each OF the youngsters above listed
can. we are told, work a mile In 2:2O
or better. Peter ]. H. has worked an
eighth over the Laurel track In 10 IL
seconds. according to his trainer. Croy,
from this week on, will let down Peter
J. H, and Kushan, ir.. and viii give
them more thorough searching for
the final result Alonzo Corbin win drive
Drawtan in her race, and ]. W. Crawford
viii team Ballinger, whom, II is said, he
has already driven a mile in 2.H H.
Those interested win pay their money
and take their choice In these two fields
of youngsters, and, whether they win
or lose, In all probability they will get
. run for their money.
The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, 1914-08-09

Bob Bescher is running the bases again,
and ii Is the same as giving him two
Dagger to walk him % first base. Bob
Is likely 70 go well during the latter half
Of the season. a. his ankle seems to be
holding up now. In Robertson. Bescher
and Burns the Giants have the fastest
outfeld in the National League-ali good
hitters and runners. as well Is ground
coveTers in the gardens
The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, 1914-08-09

H. II. Jones, Western High School;
r. B. Miller. Washington S. c.; ]. A.
Hun, Washington S. c.. and Charles
unattached. did not finish the
The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, 1914-08-09

The way people are crowding through
race track gates In the Middle West
The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, 1914-08-09

On Wednesday next win be staged. on
the beautiful meadows of Benton @.
Rays farm, the Colesville horse and
colt show. In the matter Of public in
terest the show rivals that Of the annual,
fair Of the Montgomery County Agri-
The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, 1914-08-09

W. He bALDbSs VI. De-
Specialist On the Nervous System and Stomach
Hours. 10 to !, to 3 Consultation and medicine =
Sc cor. 9Th and r sts. NV. Telephone NJ 25l6.
Imperial Valley press., 1914-09-16

-Vnte California De
Imperial Valley press., 1914-09-16

his recent proclamation promising au-
tonomy for the ancient kingdom or
Poland.
Poland disappeared as an indepen-
dent and integral state in 1772, when
the first partition of the kingdom was
effected among Russia, Austria and
Prussia. There was a second par
tition in 1893 and the third and last
partition occurred in 1875. The di-
vision of the Polish kingdom amongl
the three powers-Russia, Prussia and
Austria-was rearranged by the Con-
gress of Vienna in 1915. In the re-
arrangement the shares of Prussia
and Austria were reduced and the
Grand Duchy of Warsaw was added
to the Russian empire.
This Grand Duchy of Warsaw, or
the very much truncated kingdom of
Poland was absolutely autonomous
and independent of Russia, the only
bond of union being personal, the
same monarch being the sovereign
of each state. The Gar was repre-
sented by a Viceroy and a council
of state. A constitution was granted
of a fairly liberal character. There
was a parliament of two houses, n
nominated senate and an elected
chamber. The Polish language was