The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-08-06
WAR ECHOES

feat prompted the regeneration of her army, Germany believed that she had be- come invineible. and the German army Of today is the German army of 40 years go made up to date in armament, but little more
 What Russia has done by way of re-
 habilitating her military energies is seen from the fact that her military budget last year was nearly $400,0O0, 900. In east ern Siberia, where her Asiatic forces are concentrated. the army has been reorgan- ized and increased, so that today she has there five army corps and three Cossack cavalry divisions. This highly trained the Orient and concentrated upon the German or Austrian frontiers, within lit- tie more than two weeks.
 True, such an undertaking would leave Russia open to attack in the far east. but Japan, her late enemy, and now a participant in the entente, and a close ally of Great Britain, may be relied upon to safeguard the interests of Russia, as we'll as England, in the east, even if she tOto iiot octoiit dttiNfiy tn6o6td III titc general conflict on the side of the triple entente.
 Service with the colors in Russia is com pulsory and lasts for 23 years. Regarding the Cossacks. the fighters who comprise a conspicuous element of Russia's mili- tary strength, they are liable for service for life. They hold their lands by mili- tary tenure and. like the yeomanry of Great Britain, furnish their own horses. visions-the army of European Russia, the army of Asia and the army of the Caucasus.
 The field army in European Russia con- sists of 27 army corps, each 36000 strong, and more than 20 cavalry divisions of 1000 horsemen each. With the field army of the Caucasus and the first and second re- serve divisions of the Cossacks, the total aggregate is nearly 100000 men, That figure would be passed should the Asiatic army be called upon, but it will not be practicable, say military experts, to as- semble more than 1,50o,00O at the outset. Russia's actual war strength in the event of calling out her entire force is nearer o,000,000 than 100000 men.
 The Russian trooper is armed with a magazine rifle which is somewhat infeftor in calibre to that used in the United States army but is nevertheless a highly effective weapon. It is sighted to 5000 yards. Concerning the danger from in- vasion of Russia by Germany and Aus tria, Russias frontier IS protected by formidable Qualifications, and in any case Napoleon proved to himself and the world that Russia is by no means easy of ac- cess to the invader.
 In the German army two regiments of infantry for ma brigade, two brigades a division, and two divisions an army corps Ten of the German divisions, however have three brigades each. In all proba- blity all of the divisions will be aug mented by reserve brgades so that each division of the entire army will comprise three brgades when 1t takes the field.
 Reduced to a mathematical scale, all army corps will take the field with six brigades, the artillery also being increased approximately with the merging of re- serve regiments. An artillery brigade Of F batteries will be attached to each in fantry division, according to the field reg ulations for actual warfare obtaining in the German imperial forces. The strength of German three brigade division will be about 21,O00 men, an army corps hav- ing about 42.000 There are 25 army corps in the German army
 Frances field army has 19 army corps the Lyons brigade, of IA battalions and 10 cavalry divisions. forming a total of about S00,00O. In addition there are 36 complete divisions of reserve troops and strong force of reserve cavalry The total strength of such a force would be about 100000 men. This would be with out calling upon her troops stationed in Algeria.
 Without taking Japan into account, the triple entente has a naval strength of 945 vessels. while the force of the triple alliance comprises 32O vessels, considera ] bly, less than the strength of Great Britain's navy alone.
 The displacement in vessels of effective strength built and in commission of the triple entente is: British navy, 2,072. I'll tons; French navy, 645, S91 tons; Russian navy. 2ss.6sl tons. making a total of 3,002, ,2s3 tons.
 The German and Austro- Hungarian n navies make a total of 1.l4l. .6S9 tons, Ger many's navy having a displacement of 943. .33S tons and Austrias navy 19S, ,351 tons.
 Baltimore Special to the New York Times: "A million dollars a month is the loss that Baltimore, as the third ranking Atlantic seaport, will have to bear if the transatlantic shipping situation does from freight earnings, terminal profits and the wages of more than 1000 stevedores, terminal employees and freight yards workmen. and is based on the combined calculations of the three men closest in touch with the city's export trade. The North German Lloyd Steamship company has shut down business abso lutely. H. G. Hilken. agent for the com pany said today that it had ceased to accept either passengers or freight James c. German. who represents most of the liners leaving Baltimore. said his ! company was no longer receiving freight or passengers for the Hamburg American line. He was still accepting freight for the Red Star line and the Atlantic Trans , port line, he added.
 New York Times: All the museums and galleries in Paris have been closed, the various staffs having gone to the war All possible measures have been taken