Pullman herald. [volume] (Pullman, W.T. [Wash.]) 1888-1989, 1914-08-07

were withdrawn from Rome in 1870
French policy continued friendly TO
papal claims. When France seized
runs In 1881 Italy famed with in
dlgnation, having regarded control
Oh that country as necessary to her
pEeoominance in the Central Med
lterranean. England was held to
nave conniyed at the French move.
Italy found herself isolated and
joined the central powers in the
triple alliance, which was signed ON
May 20, 1882. 1t was originally for
1--WE years, but has been renewed
from time to time, the last renewal
expiring with the year 1914.
The exact terms Of the treaty have
never been published, but it is
Known to pledge the three powers to
JON in resisting attack on the terri
tory of any one of them and to spec
lily the disposition of their forces in
case of attack by France or Russia.
or both, simultaneously. Originally
1t required Italy to send two armies
to her French frontier and a third
INTO Germany to operate against
eight France or Russia. Austria was
to guard the Adriatic on land and
sea and to help Germany against
Russia en- land. Germany was ex-
pected to be sufficiently occupied on
her own frontiers. The general terms
o. the treaty are believed to have re-
NAMED unchanged, although details
may have been altered with each re-
newal.
The relations of France and Rus
STA became constantly more friendly,
and the answer to the triple alliance
was at first an understanding
reaching III the early sos, which re-
lieyed each nation OF its isolation.
This ripened into an alliance in 1891,
which, in the language of the French
premier, secured for France the sup
port of Russia for the maintenance
Of the equilibrium in Europe" Rus
STA obtained funds in France, a loan
being subscribed , times over in
1891, while France obtained re-
newed prestige and security against
German aggression. The extreme
champions of a policy of revenge in
terpreted the alliance as a pledge of
Russian aid in a war to recover AL
SAGE and Lorraine, but Russia made
known that its purpose was de-
fensiye, not offensive.
At that time both France and Rus
STA were hostile to England. That
country opposed Russian policy in
the Balkans and Manchuria and sus-
pected Russia of designs on India.
Il had angered France by the occu-
patton of Egypt, by its opposition to
French colonial adventure in Africa,
and by offensive comment on the
DTeyfus affair. France retaliated
by criticism Of the Boer war. But
enmity vas meanwhile growing in
tense between England and Francs
hereditary foe. Germany. The lat
ter country entered upon policy OF
naval, colonial and commercial eX-
pansion which brought her into
1riyalry with England all over the
world and aroused England's jeal-
ousy for her naval supremacy. An
exchange of visits between King Ed
ward and the French President in
1903 caused their people to forget
subjects Of temporary irritation and
to dwell on their more substantial
common interests. In 1904 an agree
ment was made for settlement of all
outstanding controversies, by which
France gave England a free hand in
Egypt in exchange for support OF
French control of Morocco. After
Russia defeat by Japan France be-
gan to lean more heavily on England
and that country proved her SINGER
ity by standing squarely with France
when the Agadir incident in Moroc-
co brought France and Germany to
the verge of war.
British relations with Russia con-
tinued hostile until the close of the
war between the latter country and
Japan. They were at the breaking
point after the Doggerbank affair
ard the Anglo-Japanese alliance was
taken to be aimed at Russia. But
NJ. Delcasse the French foreign min
lister, strove assidiously to relieve
this friction, and with such great
success that in 1907 a treaty was
signed for the amicable settlement OF
all questions pending and for the
division of Persia into spheres of m
fluence. King Edward visited the
Car in 1908 and thereby drew closer
the bonds which united the three
powers. England's fears for India
were Gained, her interests were re-
cognized to be served by the build
inn Of indauapdput states i'm Mace of