The Marshall republican., 1914-04-24

roads the teams are more apt to track
than on a wider. road causing It to
rut II subjected to heavy hauling.
The road should not be loosened,
dug, or plowed up any more than is
absolutely necessary. The road
should be gradually raised. not low
cred; hardened, not softened.
On flat lands. where water moves
slowly, grading material should be
taken from the lower ditch and cul-
verts supplied where waterways oc-
cur. A shallow ditch on the upper
side makes It possible to give cul-
verts a good fall. Two or more small
pipes, instead of n large one of
equal capacity, may be used for cul-
verts, especially II the large pipe nee
iessitates much grading or raising of
the roadway. At least G inches should
be left between each pipe and earth
J should be tamped around them thor
oughly so as TO prevent a washout.
To prevent washing on steep roads.
the water should be carried under the
surface at frequent intervals from the
upper to the lower side, and from the
lower side away from the road. Five
Pinch pipes in a mile OF roadway IL
about as cheap and far better than
one 2i-inch pipe. The water must be
disposed OF before II gains force or
headway, or has time to damage the
road.
The maximum velocity for a "a
inch vitrified tile flowing full without
head on a grade of 2 inches per hun
dred feet IL SO feet per second, or
about "a miles per hour. When the
grade Is increased to SO" In 100, the
velocity becomes 90 per second or
about 13M miles per hour. The dis
charge for the "a" Pipe In the first
instance will be 50SG gallons per
minute and for the sleeper grade 49,
2G0 gallons per minute. II will there
fore be seen that n 20" pipe laid on n
grade OF 90" TO the 100 will have
over five times the capacity OF tho
same size pipe laid on n grade OF 4"
TO the 100.
Under the same conG;tions the
maxumnm velocity for n i2p tile on n
grade OF 4 per 100 equals ~ per
econd or about u miles per hour and
for the same tile on a grade OF SO" TO
the 100 the velocity would be III
per second or about 5-l-G miles per
hour. The discharge for the ~" tile
In the first instance would DO 4l2
gallons per minute. and for the steep
er grade $3.50 gallons Der minute or
about five times M much.
BY increasing the fall. We Increase
the c~apacIty of the pine. decroase the
size OF the plpe necessary, and there.
! fore decrease the cost of The ~culyerts
Furthermore. c~ulycrts laid fiat Will
] soon fiji up. but II given a good fall
J they will keep themselves clear.
II much fall Ii obtained In a cuiyerI
! pipe. the spillway should be paved
: Earth should be tamped under and
around the pipe In layers, and should
DO OF sufficient depth to prevent tn,
! pipe from being broken by traffic;
i but under no circumstances should {
. ridge over the culvert be allowed, fol
1t not only endangers the life OF tn,
%culyert. but Is a menace to traffic.
An attempt I o drain mud holes will
culvert pipe will fail In most cases
The water should be drained off b.
means OF open ditches: the soft mu,
y thrown out and replaced with Jus
: enough good firm earth to make I
! level latter consolidation with tn
surrounding surface. IL mud hole
: In earth roads are filled with brusI
! or stone, II Will usually result In tw
y mud holes, one at each end.
.Ranaira IN rnada .haYII H. -.l