davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-11-21
PROFITS MADE BY FARMERS
ON VARIOUS INVESTMENTS

A careful study by government ex-
perts in regard to the profits made
by a large number of farmers in diff
ferent parts Of the United States
shows that the size of the farm busi-
ness is one of the most important
factors controlling the farmers in
come. The problem of how large an
investment is needed in order to carry
on a certain type of farming to ad-
vantage Is OF the utmost Importance.
The amount of this investment will
vary according to the type of farm
ing and to the region selected.
In survey of over one hundred
farms in an irrigated district in one
of the Western States only three
farm owners with less than $4,000
total capital received a labor income
of more than $1,000 for their year.
work.
BY labor income in this case is
meant what remains of the net in
come after deducting per cent for
invested capital and working capital;
in other words, what the farmer him
self receives for his years work and
supervision.
In a group of thirty-fiye of these
men, who had small farms and an
average capital of s. 345, the average
labor income was $685.. One out of
every five received nothing for his
labor and made. less than 3 per cent.
interest on his farm investment,
With high priced land this amount
of capital gave him too small an area
to utilize to advantage. II land were
cheaper. so that a much larger area
could be obtained with this same
amount of money, then 900 might
be a sufficient investment to give the
farmer a substantial income.
In the Central States, where corn,
wheat and oats are the prevailing
crops and where land is from $3.50 to
$3.50 an acre, $4,000 would be entirely
too small an investment to yield the
owner a good income, for the reason
that forty to fifty acres, the total
amount OF land he could possibly buy
with this amount Of money would not
| utilize his teams, machinery or labor
to the fullest advantage.
Using Small Farms TO Advantage.
On the other hand, the number Of
acres is not always a true measure
as a big business can be conducted OF
a small area. Twenty acres of trucl
and small fruits may equal a 200-acrt
| farm devoted to grain. hay, cattlt
| and hogs. 1t is the type of farming
! that determines Inc numDer OF acre.
| necessary for efficient operation
Many persons have made the mistake
| of buying too high-priced land 70
successful general farming. In othe
words, they paid truck farming
| prices for land which, on account o
market relations. should be used 70
| only grain and general farming.
The proportion of the total invest
ment that should be used as working
capital is equally as important as siz
| of Investment. Generally speaking
| about 70 per cent. to SO per cent o
| the farmers investment is in rea
estate, the other Il to % per cent
being in live stock and other equip
ment. This proportion will vary &C
cording to the type of farming fol
] lowed. In regions where dairEing
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-11-21
PINE SHOOT MOTH FROM
EUROPE THREATENS BIG LOSS

in other localities. 1t has not been
found in any NATIVES trees in the
forest, and with only one exception
has always been on European pines
in nurseries and private parks. There
is no evidence to indicate that it has
been in this country more than a
year except on Long Island, where
1t has existed for more than two
years 4r
There are several native pine shoot
moths. but none Of them infiict the
serious injury of the European
species.
The department hopes that the new
pest may be stamped out before It
becomes too widespread to be con-
trolled. At present the problem of
It's elimination is confined mainly
to nurseries, but If 1t once gets into
the native pine forests the experts
think that 1t would be beyond con-
troll In it's larval stage the moth is
so effectively protected in the buds
and shoots that it cannot be reached
by, any insecticide, and the only
method Of getting rid of it is to
prune out and destroy the shoots
which contain the insect.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-11-21

The United States department of
agriculture is calling attention to the
introduction and establishment in
America of the European pine shoot
moth, which threatens to cause seri-
Gus loss. This insect is a small or
ange-red moth, the larva OF which
hollows out new buds and kills-4or
Injuries the ends of twfgs of pine
trees This injury causes de-
fornity which is serious in orna-
mental trees, and in trees grown Cor
lumber makes q crooked growth and
a consequent waste when the tree is
cut. 81
In Europe the insect not only at
tacks all native pines, but is equally
injurious to American species culti-
waited there. The depastment states
that the young larvae came into this
country within the buds on inn
ported pine seedlings which have
come from France, England, Holland,
Belgium, or Germany. The depart
nents investigators have discovered
1t in only ten localities, In six States
from Massachusetts, to Pennsylvania
but It is likely that 1t may be found
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-11-21

winter garden attractive. They
should be hung near light window.
If geraniums are potted so that the
root growth is restricted, and II they
are kept fairly dry they may be
forced to bloom during the winter.
Geraniums are attractive in the ordi-
nary window-box, because of their
foliage alone. They should not be
placed in O window box with the ex.
pectation that they will bear flowers.
Ferns, as they come from the florists
prepared for indoor culture, should be
placed in a strong light, though they
grow well without sunlight. They
should be watered sparingly, but
should be kept moist at all times,
Improper watering, especially keeping
the plant soaked or permitting 1T to
get dry, is the foundation of most
fern difficulties. 1t is especially diff.
cult not to oyerwater when the fern
is in a jardiniere, where drainage is
necessarily poor. In spring and sum
mer they will require three times the
water necessary In fall and winter.
1t is we'll occasionally TO put them
in the bathtub and give them bath
with weak soap suds made from a
good grade of soap. The soap must
be thoroughly rinsed off Immediately.
Great care must be exercised not to
injure the fronds. as they are very
tender. Mealy bug is one of the worst
enemies in house culture. This is q
white woody insect that works close
to the bottom of the fronds. II
found, the plant should be examined
every day and all insects removed by
a splint or toothpick If the pest is
very bad, cut off all the top of the
fern within an inch of the ground,
treat thoroughly each day till all in
sects are exterminated, when a new
top can be grown. -
Red spider is a Misunderstanding in
sect that thrives in a dry atmosphere.
1t can be kept in check by spraying
the top with clear water. In living
rooms this is frequently impracti-
cable The next best thing is repeated
baths The aphis, or green fly, is also
eradicated by washing.
Ferns should he fed once in two to
four weeks in tho place of ordinary
watering with dilute nitrate of soda
ca heaping teaspoonful to quart of
water), ammonia water Ia teaspoon
full of ammonia to quartz, or ma
nure teachings. Prepared plant food
or little sprinkling of ground bone
and wood ashes also gives satisfac-
ton.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-11-21

Many lovers of flowers who have
not the time to bother with an indoor
window box enjoy keeping num-
Der of potted plants in the living
room during the winter. Some, in
fact, have turned a bay window into
a small conservatory or winter gar
den merely by an attractive arrange
ment of plants in separate pots.
When q window box is filled the
plants must be of the same general
character to be successful. but if the
Star readers winter garden is made
UP of plants in separate pots great
er variety may be kept, as each plant
may receive different treatment in
the matter of light, watering, soil, i
etc, and palms, rubber plants and
cacti, which call for special handling,
may be added. Begonias, ivy, smilaX,
cyclamen, colens, primroses and as
pidistra are all good plants for in
door culture. They demand+ more or
less the same treatment, as was eX-
planned in the article published in
the Star last Saturday describing the
indoor window box
Those who do not have gardens
would do better to get potting soil of
the nearest florist for their potted
plants. Good potting soil may be
prepared at home, but it usually |
takes considerable care and fore |
thought Those willing to take the |
trouble may prepare it by using one
part compost, one part good loan
and one part sand. The compost
should be COW manure and good turf
rotted together for year and turned
two or three times in the interim.
Well decomposed leaf mould would
answer. as a partial substitute for
the compost. One-twentieth part bone
meal is a good addition to the mix
ture. If the loan is very heavy, con-
tanning much clay, its proportion
should be somewhat diminished. LIZ
the loan is light and sandy, reduce |
the amount OF sand, or in some To-
calities omit it altogether
The Question of Reporting.
Potted plants should be examined
TO sec whether or not the +
plant requires reporting, This is
done by holding the hands over the
top of the pot, inverting plant and
all, tapping the edge Of the pot so 1
as to loosen it, then lifting the pot
off. This cannot be done unless the
soil is moderately moist, If the BAN
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-11-21

This. is the season of the year when !
frosts are becoming more and more /
FREQUENT and severe. AS this time F,
comes round, the poultryman should
be thinking about preparing the poul-
try house for It's winter occupants.
1t will soon be time to shut the lay
ing hens permanently in the winter
quarters for the long winter months.
Because they are to be closely con-
fined it is especially important that
the houses should be completely
cleaned, say the poultry authorities
at the New Jersey experiment sta
ton at New Brunswick.
Make "a thorough job on the clean
ing this fall Begin on some bright
morning by removing all the movable
fixtures, such as nests, water pans,
food hoppers and shell and grit hop
pers, emptying them and thoroughly
scrubbing them, after which they
should be disinfected with 5 per
cent solution of one of the coal-tar
dips such as Zenoleum. These fix
lures should be allowed to remain
out in the sun all day. Remove all
the STRAW and litter from the houses
and sweep the walls, ceiling and
floor. Then apply good coat of
whitewash, made Of five quarts OF
cream Of lime (fresh-slaked stone
lime, one quart of kerosene to kill
the red mites, and one pint of Zeno-
leum, to kill the disease germs. Allow
1t. to dry and then put the fixtures
back. Refill the nests with dry, clean
litter, refill the hoppers and put about
eight inches of clean, dry straw over
the floor.
The birds will appreciate an odor-
! less, clean and light house. and will
| fill the winter egg basket all the
! fuller to show their gratitude. A
| clean, sanitary poultry house means
healthy flock. A congenial envi-
ronment means a contented, happy,
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-11-21

the main enterprise the amount Of
working capital may represent one
fourth of the entire Investment.
a third point in the consideration
of the farmers investment is the
quality OF material in which working
capital is invested. This is especially
true in regard to i've stock, Iuvestt-
cations relating to profits in farming
show Tconclusiyely that the efficiency
of the animals to which the crops are
fed is one of the most important fac
tors in determining the farmers net
income. This is to be expected. since
on many farms in this country the
bulk of the. crops Is in reality sold TO
the dairy herd or to meat producing
animals If these are Of such poor
quality that they yield low returns
for their. feed the, income to. the
farmer must be correspondingly
small. Hence, no matter how large
the total investment, il the quality OF
the equipment is deficient financial
failure is inevitable. tE.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-11-21

factory. A small hole should be made
in the bottom of the can and piece
of broken crockery or a few stones
put in the bottom of the can before
the earth is added, in order to give
the proper drainage. The stones or
cr9ckery should be also used in the
regular flower pot.
Hanging baskets may be used adj
Yantageously to make an indoor
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-11-21
ASK "THE QUESTION BOX"
What You Want TO Know About Gardening Poultry and COn
try Problems Answered by Experts

and
give address
wIb
Newark. N,
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-11-21

of earth is completely covered with
roots. the plant should be put in a
slightly larger pot with new potting
soil ''firmed" about the old ball Of
earth by "hrming" with the fingers.
Then wet thoroughly. 80
A housewife who desires a few pot
ted plants, but does not possess the
regulation flower pots, may prepare
tin cans, that will be quite salts
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-11-21

Dig early celery and store it in an
accessible pit. Cover the late varie-
ties with more earth that they may
he harvested direct from the row.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-11-21
EARM EACTS

II the garden soil Is sandy spread
manure as q topdressing aud to be
turned under to make humus.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-11-21

Clean and put away all of the farm
and garden tools as you finish with
them. A list of what you have missed
this season made now viii be helpful
when you make out your 1915 order
in January.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-11-21

Bring in the soil, leaf mold and sand
for potting and filing benches in the
greenhouse.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-11-21
Melon vine insects.

NActvb thAtc hH1cCtb.
What insect or disease causes melon
vines TO wilt and dry up? H. A. Z.
Elizabeth.
This Is disease that, according to
some authorities, gains entrance to
the tissues of the stems through tfle
roots. The same disease affects cow-
peas and okra. 1t is recommended
that seed be selected from healthy
plants which have grown on infected
ground and which are, therefore, re-
sistant to the disease.
There is another disease Of the
rhuskmeion called bacterial disease"
This usually affects only one plant in
a hill, but sometimes all are affected
at once. The leaves suddenly witt
down and wither, while the stem
dries up and rots. When one branch
only is affected it may be removed IN
time to save the rest of the plant
The bacillus which is the cause of the
disease may be carried from plant to
plant by insects. It clogs up the
vessels and shuts off the water
supply Fungicides will not check
this disease. Affected plants should
be dug up and destroyed.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-11-21
POINTS ON PREPARING THE
POULTRY HOUSE FOR WINTER

singing hen. which is necessary to
production.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-11-21

Have from eight inches 70 foot %
leaves or straw on the chicken house
door, and feed whole grain in tllis 1T
rer. II STRAW is used it win be neces-
sary to stir 1t up occasionally. to pre-
vent packing
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-11-21

Rough timber used in the poultry
house makes the best harbor for lice.
Perches, nests. etc. should be made
of smooth lumber in all cases.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-11-21

away, it Is advisable to place loose
boards or evergreen boughs upon
them. Even among shrubbery, If
there is much wind, the boughs may
be found advantageous.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-11-21
winterlna Dahlia. and osnnas.

y
there is much wind. the boughs may
be found advantageous.
wintering Dahlias and Cannas.
Please tell me how to take care OF
my dshlias and cannas during the
winter. We enjoyed them so much
this summer. thanks to your advice
to grow them, that we want to plant
them again in. the spring.
East Orange. j. II. NJ.
Dahlias should be carefully labeled
by having the name firmly attached
to the main stem. Cut all tops about
one foot from the ground. Now care
fully dig them, shake off all earth
and place them in the sun until thor
oughly dried. When absolutely dried
they will be ready to store away in q
| warm, dry place until the following
spring.
Cannas should be cut off as close to
the ground as possible the ciumps
dug. torn apart and thoroughly dried.
If you do not shake them apart they
will never dry properly. When quite
dry store them in a moderately warm
place.
The common varieties will keep
very well in this condition until
spring. In storing them pack them
carefully together with the roots up.
This prevents them from starting to
grow, and will keep the roots, in a
measure, from decay.
The new French cannas introduced
the last few years and now so very
popular. grown for their great. gorge
Gus heads Of bloom and wonderfully
free-howeripg qualities, require tho
same treatment as the older varieties.
But they will not keep alive. dormant.
until spring, as do the common kinds.
Should you give them the same
treatment when spring comes they
will be shriveled. They do not have
the vitality of the old varieties Thew
require to be looked over carefully
about the latter part of February OF
early March, and as soon as they
show signs OF whitening clean off the
roots and place them in a shallow box
of soil.
At first give them merely sufficient
water to prevent shriveling. As
spring advances, increase the fnois-
ture. and by planting -out time, ac-
cording to the season, usually June I.
they will be well rooted and IN good
condition. and will start at once to
push out vigorously under the in
huence of warm sunshine and spring
rains.
Never keep them where there Is the
slightest danger from frost.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-11-21

The cultivating season is over and
all tools should be cleaned UP and
housed. One winters exposure to the
weather will do more harm than sew
eral years use.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-11-21

Have a light poultry house, admit
ting plenty OF fresh air without pro-
ducing direct drafts 6 air. The
germs of most diseases. cannot live in
fresh air or very strong light.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-11-21

In the fail is a good time to clean
up the orchard. cut out the dead
branches and brush or remove all rub
Dish so that they cannot harbor in
sect pests.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-11-21

co over the house plants and ferns
and remove all scale insects. Soap
and water is good to use.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-11-21

The best fatsea.ag grains Tor tur-
Keys are corn, Hheat and cats. An
occasional iced of barley is beneficial.
although turl;eys 90 not always take
kindly to it.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-11-21

Mulehing Of the shrubbery may be
done now at any time.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-11-21

The practice of sailing stock period
ically on the ground is antiquated
II takes too much time and if done
often enough it wastes salt and the
way IL is done, usually, the stock do
not get enough salt.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-11-21

The soil. called leaf mold. is one
Of the best soils for your ported
plants. especially for your ferns, and
is listed in florists catalogues at a
dollar a bushel. II is usually mixed
with about one-half of good garden
loan and little sand and gives not
only a rich soil in humus and plant
food. but also a potting soil which is
porous. light. retains moisture well
and will not crack or bake, especially
valuable for plants with many fibrous
roots and for seedlings.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-11-21

Keeping immature animals growing
is the only way profit can be OBJ
tanned from them. One should not,
however, make the young stock he
intends to put on grass along next
spring fat by feeding them corn
through the winter.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-11-21

Meat in some form must pc feo
poultry at least awice q week, also
green food, Il ylu want results
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-11-21

Don't forget q box OF fine, CRY dust
for winter use in the hen house.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-11-21

Sunshine is absolutely necessary
for the health and vigor Of the lay
ing hen. Low windows should be set
so that the sun will shine into every
part of the house during some part
Of the day. Roosts should be placed
on a level and not too high, as the
hens are apt to inJure themselves
either by crowdipg, falling or flying
against a projection about the house.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-11-21

1t is common sense to suppose that
as birds are building a new plumage
they should be nourished wells At
least their appetites should be fully
appeased with good strong feed.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-11-21

Ferns should be looked after closely
now. They should not become too dry
or too wet. The air of most living
rooms is too dry for the best develop
ment of the fern.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-11-21

Gamma, gladiolus, dahiia ana ether
Towering bulbs must be looked after
occasionally during the winter. TceY
must not be allowed to start grown
or to dry and shrivel
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-11-21

Transplant the sprins-sowu peren-
mails TO their permanent places where
they are to flower next year. Dig the
bed deep, mix plenty of rotted manure
with the soil and set the plants far
enough apart to afford their full de-
velopment.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-11-21

There is hardly a better mulchins
material than the leaves Of our trees
and shrubs. and no better soil can be
found in our woods and forests than
where the leaves have fallen and
decayed
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-11-21

Hens will scarcely pay their way
il they lay only in the spring and
summer, with small yield during
the summer. But If they are handled
to begin laying in the fall and are
made to lay reasonably well during
the fall and winter, they will return
good profit over feed and care. Fall
eggs are always high, and they can
be produced more cheapiy on the farm
than eggs at any other season.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-11-21

After rnoultins, a little mihseed
meal IL fine thing 10 round out q
good poultry ration.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-11-21

The day before shipping live fowls
feed hard grain
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-11-21

Clean straw is much better to uss
for covering strawberries and pc en-
mails than strawy manure, since Il Is
not so apt to smother the plants when
snow settles on Il.