Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-09-13

W
pressed it, although the violence was
wanting. She, however, supinely watched
inhumanities practiced on a people whose
only crime was a desire for freedom OF
thought, and it was not until the holy
alliance proposed to restore to Spain hel
revolted American colonies that Grea
Britain took action. This was tact
backing of the United States in its enun
citation of the Monroe doctrine.
France was no exception to the return
of absolut.sm. The restored Bourbon
Louis XVIII came back with all his
illiberalism accentuated. Even less fitte6
feint of giving the people a eonstitu.
ton. 1t was a travesty on a popular
charter. 1t was a reversion to conditions
before the revolution. France was Their
as now nation Of parties. Confusion sci
In early. Riots broke out. The debates
gradually the liberal parties began to
gain in strength. In two or three years
matters settled somewhat and that
strength of France so often shown was
apparent The people accepted the heavy
tax imposed by the debt to the allies
and began to pay it off. An electoral
system and a wise military policy were
adopted and the country began to prosper
again.
x
Election troubles and the assassination
of the Duke de Barry, an attempt to ex-
tinguish the Bourbon succession, led to
great difficulties and another reaction
The freedom of the press was abolished
The expedition to restore the Spanish
king int1amed the republicans. About this
time Louis died and was succeeded by
the Count d'Arto.s as Charles X. who
represented the lowest ebb Of his line
Reaction swept farther back than ever
under him. Bigotry found in Charles an
ardent advocate. He belonged in the
age of feudalism. This was more than
Frenchmen could tolerate in the nine
teenth century, and on his promulgating
several laws In violation of the charter
a revolution took place, the streets were
barricaded and clashes with the military
took place. and Charles fled the city
In his place was elevated Louis Phil
ippe, Duke of Orleans, whom they called
the citizen king, and from that time be-
citizen king was the son of the nephew
OF Louis XVI, who had accepted the rev.
olution. but had nevertheless paid for II
with his head. This son had lived In
many lands, our own with others, resid-
ing for time in New Jersey. During
the revolution he had lived in Paris and
had made reputation as a democrat in
many ways.
He took the oath to a new constitu-
ton. and in the beginning of his reign
many laws were passed which argued
wei for a return of liberalism. AS he
had been chosen king by election in the
chamber. 1t was presumed that the title
was hardly inconsistent with republican
ideas and a mere matter of form. How
ever. the kings party had not smooth
sa ling. n legitiini"t movement began,
headed by the Duchess de Barry, culmi-
mating in an instruction. Another occur
red in 1892. of republican origin, and there
were in eleven years several attempts to
kill the king.
The result of all this was repressiye
measures by the government, in the
midst of which came evidence of a de-
sire for the return of a Bonaparte This
had for its object the putting forward OF
Louis Bonaparte, the nephew of the en-
peror. He had lived in Italy and Switzer-
land. He got into trouble with the French
government in 1896. and continued to be
an object of suspicion to 1t. Four years
after he was arrested in France and i'm
prisoned, but escaped to bide his time.
Revolutions are contagious AS that OF
France in 1889 had found echo elsewhere
SO did that of 1890. The Dutch king found
his Belgian subjects unhappy. They re-
volted in that year in Brussels and drove
out his troops. They set UP government
and chose a king Of their own, Leopold OF
Coburg. Poland took fire and chased out
OF Warsaw grand duke. The revolution
lists, however. were not organized and the
attempt failed.
After ten years the Italian revolution
airy spirit revived in Modena and Parma,
where the rulers were DIR ven out. There
were revolutions in several of the papa
states. In their expectation of outside
aid the rebels were disappointed. Aus
tria interviewed and the trouble was ex-
tinguished. Some reforms We're insti.
tuted, but two years later the fame again
leaped up and this time France took a
hand, saying that she did SO for the
peace of Europe. Incidentally, she seized
the fortress of Ancona. This was done
from Jealousy of Austria. Finally Aus
tria and France called their forces back
As in 1880. SO in 1s4S. In France Louis
Philippe had swung around to the old
aristocratic stand Of kings Reform had
no show with his government Socialism
had made great gains, and SO had the
middle classes. Louis Philippe has been
called the bourgeois king The bourgeois
class was in power 1t had begun tc
represent privilege In its most conserva-
tive form. The ideas of the liberals, the
moderates, or the socialists were abhor-
rent to the middle class and the middle
class king. All the promises of his earlier
years on the throne were unfultilled II
was not neglect; it was design.
The republican party. led by Lamar.
tine. was seconded by reform party
The meetings of these two alarmed the
monarchy, which forbade them. There
was a clash. but the reformers appeared
in such numbers that Louis Philippe of.
fered the compromise. His minister. Gut
cot. stepped out, and then the opposition
and the military met. Blood was shed
and the throne of Orleans tottered and
the king fell.
The torch of revolt crossed the Rhine
from France to Poland. Its blaze lighted
the thrones of central Europe from Ita.y
10 the northern seas. The fall of Louis
Philippe shook every realm on the cont
greater than in the German confederation
or Prussia The revolution there en-
braced some of the finest men of the ma
lions. The French theories had there
sauna NJ their drynest allDpOrterS MANY