Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-09-13

of Savoy and Nice. which Napoleon an
nexed in payment for his aid.
But how did Napoleon III. become
emperor of the Franch? That is an
other story, and worth telling.
During the forty-four years elapsing
after the treaty of Paris, when the
great powers divided up Europe to
suit themselves. Italy consisted of the
Kingdom of S" rdinia piedmont and
Sardinia), the ducnies of Parma, More
ma and Lucca. the states of the church
tRomagna and the Marchesl. and the
kingdom of the two Sicilies NAPLES
and Sicily. The last was in the ex
treme south and touched the Adriatic
on the east and the Tyrrhenian sea on
the west. Next north came the Papal
States, with a coast line on both wa
tiers. Tuscany was wedged In between
the Pope's states and the Tyrrhenian.
Modena and Parma were north of that,
with Lucca just southwest of Modena,
and Piedmont bordered France and the
Gulf of Genoa on the north Sardinia
was on the west of the Tyrrhenian OPP
posite Naples
Lombardy and venetia, which Austria
had taken, were north of Parma,
Modena and Romagna. And as Parma
Swas given to Marie Louise, Napoleons
wife. and Modena and Tuscany revert
ed to princes of Austria, that country
controlled these three duchies also. All
these Italian states were kept separate
part Of Metternich's scheme to pre-
vent growth of Italian unity.
The French on getting rid Of Louis
Philippe decided that they had enough
of kings and that the second republic
should be set up. After time of much
rioting, in which 10000 were killed
and 1000 Were wounded. a constitu-
mulgated. The president was to be
chosen by universal suffrage. In the
midst of this popular discomfort Louis
Napoleon Bonaparte appeared In
didate. Bonaparte! That name proved
winner overwhelmingly and the
prince-president entered upon his du-
ties. He found himself with a major
ity in the assembly. The constitution
was doomed.
For three years he shaped his course
so cleverly that by December 2. 1851,
all was ready for the coup d'etat. That
night every man likely to oppose him
in what he was about to do was clap
ped into prison. Riots again occurred
and there was street fighting. blood
shed and Imprisonment. The farce of
an election was held and it was made
to appear that the French voters had
by nearly fifteen to one decided that
they wished the prince to readjust The
constitution to their needs.
About a year later the second act
was played and Napoleon was elected"
emperor by IS to 1. He established
had not lost its power with the people.
Parliament was deprived of most of its
powers and there was return to the
government of 1901. The Legislative"
senate was appointed by the emperor.
The emperors power was absolute.
With Louis XIV ne might truly say
.L'Etat; cest moi for it was. 1t was
a good pinchbeck imitation OF the first
empire of his uncle. The press was
muzzied and judicial proceedings where
political matters were concerned were
a farce.
Like Tammany, however, Napoleon
III gave the people something for their
money. His court to the unobseI want
appeared a dazzling one. He brought
the army to the fore, and the people
were treated to military spectacles.
The theater and opera were made to
serve his purposes in keeping the peo-
pie amused. Bread and the circus, He
certainly gave them both. The Tuil-
cries became the center of series of
snowy entertainments which were
cCAocu III dll Glasses OIL society. IHe
Paris expositions were started The
emperor spent money lavishly and his
court initiated him. Paris became the
center of the worlds gayety and FASH
ION, and has since remained as such.
This will give the reader some idea Of
the man who gave such doubtful aid to
the Italians struggling for freedom under
fha Ioo1 of Thnr IL
mont and Cavour. Napoleon now per-
ceived that he had not done wise thing
in giving that aid. He saw that if some
of the peoples in the central italian
states swho had deposed their rulers
We're combined with Piedmont the latter
might become menace to France. His
Tears were intensified when the states OF
Parma, Romagna. Modena and Tuscany
voted for annexation in 1860. This made
Victor Emmanuel Ii a monarch to be
reckoned with.
About this time Savoy and Nice were
formally ceded to France. an act which
sorely tried the patriotism Of one man
who was soon to become popular hero.
Joseph Garibaldi. He was Nicean and
as an Italian patriot had fed the coun-
try some years before to escape arrest.
AS far back as 1884 he had seen military
service as revolutionist. and when he
fled he went to South America; where
in Uruguay and southern Brazil he had
tdhSh PdIl Ill ScSeTdl TcNOluIlOHS.
He returned to Italy to take part in
the affairs of 1889 and raised the cele-
brated legion which performed such
feats of valor In the defense of RSme
from the French. When the revolution
collapsed he escaped to America and
visitors to Staten Island in New York
bay can still see the building in which
he earned a living as a candlemaker.
He could not long remain out of strife
and he was soon back in Italy. In 1850
he headed an expedition of a thousand
at the heels of its flying monarch.
Rome was his next object, but Napoleon
had sent his troops there some time be-
fore at the Pope's request Garibaldi had
now become a problem to Cavour and the
Piedmont king. for he was likely to bring
to them the opposition of Napoleon and
Austria. Cavour took hand, and with
the tacit consent Of Napoleon he sent an