davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1914-05-01
Gilman News Notes.

Miss Tena Chindlund, who is a stu
dent at Cedar Falls, was All overs Sun
day visitor with her mother, Mrs. E. T..
Chindlund. and sister, Miss Sophia.
Robert Tone, who has been confined
to his home with sprained ankle for
four weeks. returned to his school work
at Ames Monday.
William Crawford who has been in
poor health for some time has gone to
Rochester for consultation with physi-
clans. He will remain at the hospital
for treatment.
i Arbor Day was observed by the
schools Friday in very fitting manner.
Appropriate exercises We're given each
grade, all Of which ass sRbled in the
high school room. An elm tree was
planted on the campus. Many visit
ors were present to enjoy the pro-
gram. +%'ss
Miss Minnie walkup. who Is a stu
dent in business college at MARSHALL
town, spent Sunday with her parents,
Mr.. and Mrs. W. A. Walkup.
A May breakfast will be given Sat
urday morning at the G. A. r. hall by
the teachers and high school pupils, for
the purpose of buying. baseball suits
for the boys and basketball for the
girls. 90
Emmett Thomas, Of Marshalltown.
was an over Sunday visitor at the +.
r: Ensminger home.
Miss Marjorie Sutherland, who for
two years has been teaching in New
York City, arrived home Tuesday even
ing for an extended visit with her pa
rents, Mr. and Mrs. H. Sutherland.
After a few days visit with his pa
rents here, John Walkup left Saturday
morning to join Golmer Bros circus
Walkup will play in the-hand.
Charles Beale, of Superior. Wis, was
an over Sunday visitor with relatives
here.
Two changes were made in business
circles here this week, when the Pal
ace meat market. owned and operated
by Hite & Corrick. was sold to Hight
Tiger Bros, OF Marshalltown. who will
take possession about May IS. Fred
Gould, of Gould Bros, restaurant own
ers. sold his interest to Fred Sievers,
and the firm will now be known as
Gould & SERVERS.
Mr.. and Mrs. William Strickland
went to Marshalltown Thursday to en-
ter the soldiers home.
e. D. Medhus has sold his residence
on North Elm street to John Bobzine.
The consideration was $4,000.
Miss Bessie Veenschoten went to
Marshalltown Wednesday for a few
days visit with relatives.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1914-05-01
JOLLY MINSTREL MAIDS.
Novelty Minstrel Performances to 6esir
Engagement at Orpheum Tonight.

Novelty Minstrel Performance to Begin
Engagement at Orpheunn Tonight
THE jolly Minstrel Maids" will open
an engagement Of two nights and q
matinee at the Orphenm theater this
evening. The company which present.
ed "A Night In Old Heidelberg and
THE Girl From Dublin Is presenting
the minstrel performance and the show
promises to be an unusually good one
owing to the many good voices among
the principals and chorus. Ed Nc
Donald and Mart'Morgan will be seen
at the ends. Maggie LeClaire VIII sing
a new Irish ballad, and her appearance
Is alone worth the price Of admission.
Miss Obey Foley, who has made MT
In the previous performances. will hold
a prominent place in the new attrac-
ton.
The afterpiece is a scream. One OF
the comedians opens booking ONCE
and among the applications for posi-
tons are Eva Tanguay. Edwin Booth
Sarah Bernhard and the Cherry Sis
tiers.
The performance is one big laugh al
ter another and no one Will go away
feeling he has not had more than MS
moneys worth.--Orpheum
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1914-05-01
Mrs. Groen's Funeral.

The funeral Of Mrs. Henry Green was
held from the Christian church at Lis
comb Thursday afternoon at 2 o'clock,
and was largely attended by relatives
and friends. The service was conduct
ed by the pastor, Rev..W. P. Clark. as
sisted by Rev. 6. w. Biershorn and Rev.
Mr.. Strawn, the latter OF The Bethel
Grove church. Mrs. G. w. Biersborn
and L. L. B,xby sang. The pail bearers
were Jacob Durham, r. A. McKibben.
IT. D. johnson, G. b. Rails, John Schie-
bel and r. A. Thurber. The flowers
were beautiful and included pieces
from the 6. w 3. NJ. OF the Christian
church, and Mrs. Green's Sunday school
class, the Rhoda Green Circle. besides
many flowers from relatives and
friends. sis
!. Relatives from 4 distance 81 attend.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1914-05-01
OFFICIAL SCORERS NAMED.
President Justice Selects Central A.
ISOLATION statisticans.

President Justice Selects Central AZ.
ISOLATION statistieans.
President NJ. E. Justice. of the Cen
trail Association. has named the fol
lowing official scorers for the season OF
1919:
Cedar Rapids. V. Harris, Gazette
Muscatine-W. D. Randall. Journal,
NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS. A. WhItacre
Times-Republican.
Waterloo-A. E. Johnson, Times.
Tribune.
Burlington-Ralph B. Ross. Gazette
Keokuk-C. Z. Honce, Constitutions
Democrat.
Ottumwa-Harold j. Cripps. Courier
Clinton-L. r. Brooks, Advertiser.
The scorers have received instruc-
lions from Chief Statistician T. M
Hume, OF Burlington. secretary Of the
association.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1914-05-01
DOES YOUR STOMACH CONTAIN
A CLASSFUL OF ACID?

crsasss the discomfort. because the acid
mixes with tho fresh food and turns y
sour. making \ lot more acid. The
acid condition Causes food fermeota-
ton, which irritates. distsnds and II.
flames tho tonder stomach lining. and
It In not surprising that specialists say
acid stomachs are dangerous. This de-
cidedly dangerous and uncomfortable
condition can be overcome either BY
following a strict diet or. ana this u fnr
easier and more quickly effective. BY
taking a teaspoonful OF bisurated mag
nesia In a quarter siassfui Of water.
after meals to nsutralixe the acidity.
Tho latter course ID much more sstis.
factory because II corrccts the acidity
and banishes discornfort without any
need for diet
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1914-05-01
Marion Township Items.

Mrs. A. II. Hill has gone to Massena
to help care for her mother, Mrs. Hill.
who Is failing fast.
Mrs. T.. Powell and Mrs, J r. stiles
and son, of Des Moines. are visiting at
the Howard Nicholson home.
Mr.. and Mrs. l.. Leach and daughter
Emma. and Mrs. w. Cartlese. Of To-
peka. Kan. spent Sunday at the F. NJ.
Wheeler home.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1914-05-01

ance at the funeral were Hugh Green.
OF Gambler. o.. Walter Green, Of Bar
tlesville. Okla. Mr. and Mrs. Ben Smith
and Mr.. and Mrs. Fred Smith. OF Tole-
do: Ben Trip, OF Leonard. N. D.. and
Mr.. and Mrs. Ralph Hin, Of Albion.
Burial was in Albion cemetery.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1914-05-01

the practice games. The former won
his game here, aided by the break In
the luck, but the latter was defeated
by score OF 16' to s. Case Is a cast
OF, Of the major leagues. and Tidrow
came from the army team in Texas.
and made the journey north with Bar
nett and Grady, who tried out with
the local squad,
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1914-05-01
SWEET CORN ACREAGE.
Increased Factory Capacity Enables Us
70 Handle 200 More Acres.

to Handle 200 More Acres.
We have decided to increase our
factory capacity on sweet corn to en-
able us to handle about two hundred
acres more than we originally figured.
This Is the last call Your returns per
acre from sweet corn this fall will
make your returns from field corn at
40 cents or less per bushel look mighty
poor. The Importation OF Argentina
cattle may seem like joke but they
hammered the market down with IT
Just the same. The importation of Ar
gentlna corn is no Joke, It is living
reality. Sweet corn will be your best
paying crop for 1914. Western Grocer
M ills
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1914-05-01

II you held teaspoonful Of hydro
chloric acid in your mouth for only q
second you would not be surprised at
it's burning and intiamtng all the It's
sues: yet an eminent specialist states
that % out OF 100 dyspeptics 20 about
with q Elassful or more OF this power
full acid In their stomachs. ana then
wonder what causes the burning and
aching and why they suffer the dis
comfort after meals. To put wholesome
food into an acid stomach only In
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1914-05-01

Marshalltown OOO01 IA 8
Nuscattne ..... OO0052
Two-base hits-Lind, Wetzel, Sours,
Curtis. Kelley, Three base hits-Mc-
Medley. Sacrifice hit-Patterson. Sac
ridce flies 81 Lind, Carrigan. Stolen
bases-Daley, Stevenson, Curtis, Wetzel
,. Hasbrook 3. Hits-Off Matson, III
five innings. Bases on balls-Off Mat
son, g.; off Lind, 1. Struck out-By
Matson, S; by Lind, a. Wild pitch
Matson. Passed ball-Kelley. Nc
Neeley. Left on INSTRUMENTATION
5: Muscatine, 3. Time of game-1:40'
Umpires-Taylora and O'Bryne.
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1914-05-01
Hill Releases Pitchers,

Manager Beiden Hili, OF the Cedar
Rapids baseball team, has announced
the release Of two pitchers, .'Wild Bill'..
Case and Bob" Tidrow. These two
men worked In the two games played
Eby Cedar Rapids In this city during
Evening times-Republican. [volume] (Marshalltown, Iowa) 1890-1923, 1914-05-01
Notice.

All persons dumping garbage on
North Third avenue "a: the dump in
stead Of the dump proper. will be fined
$40 and costs. l. 9. Willard. mayor.
The Detroit times., 1914-06-24

here than in Cleveland and eastern
points. bit II has been so all along,
and the difference Is due 10 natural
conditions, pot 70 any tendency to-
standard OH Co. OF Indiana, has os-
tablished two distributing stations
here, but no particular Significance
is 20 be attached 10 that. There are
seven different companies doing the
same sort OF business and several
OF them have more stations than tho
Standard
Aid. Elmer Case proposes an ordinance
20 prevent the erection of large dis
play signs within 30 feet OF the
right on the lot line. big un-
slightly sign spoils the appearance OF
the property on both sides OF IL, and
] know of a number OF instances IN
my ward where houses costing $4,000
and over are almost hidden by signs.
When a fellow gets sore on a neigh
Dor the first thing he does Is 20 nave
large sign erected SO that the ap-
pearance OF his neighbor's property
Is spoiled. IL Is just as easy 10 see
SIGN 30 feet back from the lot
line as Il Is 10 have II built within
few feet OF the walk"
The sIasbinG af the annual budget for
the schools Of Detroit, by which
economy was achieved al the possible
cost OF efficiency also teopa rdiZin &
the vacation amusements OF hum
dreds OF school children. In meet
ing OF the real estate committee OF
the school board. Tuesday. II devel-
oped that the funds available are
about $3.50 short OF what necessities
required At the same time the COM
mittee faced the duty OF Installing
playground apparatus this week.
Cant. Stewart supervisor OF school
property. stepped into the breecll
with the assurance that he would
see 10 the installation or the appara
nd
get the money.
Mrs. Henrietta Smith-BnrtOn, charged
with returning 90 the United states
after having been deported as an un-
custody. Tuesday afternoon. when
Federal Judge futile instructed the
Jury 10 bring in verdict or not
guilty because a certified copy OF the
the signature OF +. II. Larned. act-
ing commissioner general, Although
freed by the court, Mrs. Barton
Smith was ordered to get out OF the
ing the river Mrs. Clara Beckfoll,
mother OF nine children. was acquit-
ted by the jury Of an alleged evasion
OF the immigration act in asslstinS
relatives To enter the United states
by way OF Port Huron,
Miss Victoria Booth -Clioborn, grand
daughter OF the lnte General william
Booth, OF the salvation Army Us
visiting Detroit in behalf OF tie
special work engaged in by herself
and mother among the theatricals ~
Paris Miss Cl'bborn is a chip of
the old block good speaker. lin
guist and musician She will speak
In the North Woodward Baptist
church, Sunday morning, at 1890,
and in the Martha Holmes Memorial
church in the evening, at 1880 Born
In Paris and brought up amidst the
shot ami shell OF the Salvation
Army warfare In those easly days.
she lis fully competent TO speak OF
conditions there Miss Clibborn will
lecture on salvation work in France
and switzerland in the Salvation
Army auditorium. No. $50 Michigan
ave, Wednesday next.
The Detroit times., 1914-06-24
H. P. PATROLMAN Is
CRUSHED BY AUTO
Officer Mike Riley is Run Down
and Seriously Injured by
Speeders

Patrolman Mike Riley, of the High.
land Park police force sustained
severe injuries in an accident occur
ing at Tennyson and Woodward-aves.,
early Wednesday morning when one
of two automobiles which he ordered
TO stop struck him. So great was the
impact OF the machine with Rfley's
body that one OF the front lights Of
the automobile was demolished and
the mud guard badly damaged, while
Patrolman Riley was thrown several
feet forward.
The other machine upon returning
conveyed Riley to Grace hospital
where he is still confined. His injuries
are very serious, although 1t Is expect
ed that he will live.
The car striking Riley was occupied
by three young ladies. whose names
have not been ascertained and three
young men with Gilman Ralph Knowles
driving
According to the story told TO The
Times by the one witness OF the trag.
edy. the two automobiles were coming
south on Woodward.ave., at terrific
rate OF speed, with one machine at.
tempting 10 pass the other. Officer
Riley crossed 10 the middle OF the
street, ordering the machines to stop.
AS he did so the machine driven by
Knowles swung out and struck Riley
full in the body, dashing him to the
pavement and throwing him about 90
feet from the machine.
Chief OF Police Charles w. Sew.
mour has not decided whether or not
he will prosecute In behalf Of his Off.
GER upon the charges which will be
pressed. Should Riley die. IL is prob
able that Knowles will be charged
with manslaughter. or criminal neg.
lect in either OF which case II would
20 hard with the youth. who Is pros.
trated at the terrible happening.
The Detroit times., 1914-06-24
The Christian Doctrine of Service Is Just AS
Scientific AS the Law of Gravitation

Work is the only thing that makes
life worth living. This is the gist OF
the philosophy of former Governor
Chase 5 Osborn. as be expounded 1t
TO representative Of The Times.
Work 10 him, however. is not the
performance of some monotonous or
uncongenial task. Rather IL Is the
carrying out OF what one is interested
in and plans for most, the accom-
plishment OF something on which one
is willing TO stake his all
1T must be done for the love of
the doing and not primarily for self
interest" said Mr. Osborn. What is
done selfishly thereby ceases TO be a
labor OF love, and so fails 10 bring
the doer the happiness which should
reward his efforts.
Nobody can take away my great
est pleasure because no one can de
prive me OF the goodwill toward my
neighbor or my willingness 10 do vel
by him. The Christian doctrine oil
service is just as scientific as the Law
OF gravitation. There is no discord
The Detroit times., 1914-06-24
COUNCIL VOTES
TO REVOKE ALL
FREE LICENSES
Resolution Pushed Through by
Aid. Lodge Becomes Effec-
tive July
BARNETT AND WARTELL
WAGE LOSING FIGHT
Latter Now Plans to Have Ped
dlers' Fees Cut to Nominal
Sum

Aid. John c. Lodge succeeded in
putting a stop TO the granting OF free
peddlers' licenses by the common
council, Tuesday night, when he So
cured the adoption of resolution re.
yoking all free licenses, the action To
become effective Aug. l, and declar.
ing against the granting OF others in
future. The council has been making
farce OF the license ordinance by
the lndiscriminate granting OF free
licenses to peddlers. Aid. Barnett
OF the Third ward, and AID. Wartell,
OF the Fifth, where most OF the appli-
cations for free Licenses come from.
unsuccessfully opposed Aid, Lodges
resolution.
After the council went on record
against free licenses, Aid Warteil in
troduced az ordinance amending the
present peddlers' ordinance, reducing
the fee for foot peddlers from S. to
ST., and for push ard horsecart ven.
doris from $25 TO So, The ordinance
was referred to the committee on or
dinances
The mayors communication re-
questing that $4,000 OF the $4,000
appropriated lOI play SlOuuuSt DC uSCu
for playground equipment as soon az
the money became available, July l,
was referred to the committee on
parks and boulevards for considera
ton. Two churches have offered
property for playground purposes
asking in return that city taxes be
waived The mayor also proposes to
lease vacant property in various parts
of the city, in addition 10 buying out
right one or two of the most available
pieces OF property.
The council allowed $500 for an
automobile for Investigator Parrish
of the civil service commission. Par
IRISH Is supposed TO investigate the
character of every applicant for a city
Job. Aid. Schemansky's resolution
urging the extension Of the proposed
subway in Gratiotave from Chene-st
10 Mt. Elliott-ave. was referred to the
committee on public utilities,
The Detroit times., 1914-06-24
THINKS WILSON
POLICY IS WISE
OShaughnessy Believes Last.
ing Peace Will Finally Come
to Mexico

Nelson OShaughnessy, former
charge daftaires in Mexico City. was
given a hearty welcome at the recep-
ton rendered him In knights OF Co
lumbus hall, Tuesday evening, despite
the sizzling weather The guest OF
the evening was introduced by Grand
knight Ernest OBrien, after a few
remarks by jeremiah Dwyer,
- Mr. O'Shaughnessy requested his
audience TO try to realize that he was
still in the diplomatic service, and
had 10 be guarded in. any remarks
he might make, as unusual signit-
canoe might be given TO his every
statement.
The diplomat gave it as his opin-
ion, however, that If selfish personal
interest could be divorced from the
governmepS/of Mexico, that the peo-
pie would finally work out a plan OF
satisfactory law and order. He also
seemed to be convinced that the pres
ent actions OF the Washington offi-
Gals are the only hope of lasting
peace in the battle-scourged republic.
Speaking privately after the meet
ing. the visitor showed the viewpoint
OF the diplomat by constantly refer
ring 10 the Madero assassination as
the night Madero died"
II could also be taken from the
guarded conversation OF Mr.,
O'Shaughnessy that up to date villa
was not taken very seriously by the
inhabitants OF the City Of Mexico
Mr.. O'Shaughnessy was induced TO
STAY over for the reception by Bank.
ing Commissioner Doyle, and WIZ
leave for New York tonight.
The Detroit times., 1914-06-24
IN DETROIT

The Museum OF Art will he closed for
"a iaSs, bcginnin= "Wednesday, "a
permit OF house-cleaning and re-
decorating IL Is nuped 20 be able
10 reopen the museum doors. July 4.
Frank Cody, assistant superintendent
of Detroit public schools, was given
the degree OF master OF pedagogy.
by the Michigan state Normal col
lege, Tuesday In the annual com
inencemont exercises
Friends OF sheriR >. Milton oakmna
are circulating petitions "a have his
A name put on the ballot OF, the Au-
- gust primaries as a candidate for re.
election The sheriff Is now serving
his hrst term
Word reached the local police Tues
"ns fh-t Detective John w. Carcw,
or Toledo, senior member OF the TO-
ledo FORCE. and well known here,
had died In his summer home at
from apoplexy
Funeral services were held. Wednes-
DAY, In the family home, No. sN4
Cass-aVe. Tor Abbot I.adue. 81 years
old. who died suddenly. Monday. OF
apopleNy Mr.. Ladue il survived by
his mother, two brothers. John r.
and Howard A Ladue. and sister.
Miss Lots Ladue.
City Forester Claude T.. smith, OF the
park aud boulevard department, de-
clares that the tussock moth, de-
stroyer OF shade trees is worse this
year than ever. lie urges all prop
erty owners 10 cooperate with tho
city department In the war OF exter-
mtnaton by spraying trees on prl-
vate property
Attendance at the summer schools and
Fairgrounds OF the city since the
opening Monday. has been larger
than at any previous time since va
cat ton schools were instituted in
Detroit In the Bishop school. Tues
4, day there were about ]. 500 with the
Greusel coming next with 700, Rus
sell 525 George, 500; Smith 800. and
Noryell. 500
The Detroit times., 1914-06-24
FIVE FIREMEN
HURT in BLAZE;
LOSS IS $4,000
Building at Southwest Corner of
Larned and Shelby is Prey
of Flames
400 EMPLOYEES, MANY OF
THEM WOMEN, OUT OF WORK
A. KrOlik & Co., Kurtz Paper Box
Co., and Friesema Bros.
Heavy Losers

Five firemen injured, and property
loss estimated at about $4,000 re-
suited from a spectacular blaze
early Tuesday evening, in the i've
story building at the southwest cor
ner of Larned and Shelby-sts., own
ed by the Bull estate, and occupied
by Friesema Bros. Printing Co.. first
floor; Kurtz Paper Box Co., sec
ond and thirG floors. ana A.
Krolik & Co.'S .shirtwaist factory
fourth and fifth floors. The fire was
confined to the two top floors, but
water did heavy damage to the stocks
OF the other concerns,
About 400 employees, more than hall
of them women and girls, are thrown
out of work temporarily.
Firemen OF Engine o. No. 3, trap
ped in a narrow stairway between
the fourth and fifth floors, were
forced to chop their way through the
brick wall TO escape, after an ex-
plosion on the fourth floor had scat
tered the blaze and made furnace
out of the fourth story.
Capt William p Natus, of Engine
No. s, was overcome by smoke, but
after being revived, tried TO go baCI
into the burning building. He was
ordered TO quit work.
James Hart, of Engine No. 2, was
also overcome by smoke, and was
taken home.
F. J. Carlton, Ladder No. 2, was
badly cut by a nail while cropping
his way through the smoke, and was
sent To the Detroit Sanitarium to
have the wound dressed.
f. w. Doherty. Engine No. /, was
cut about the hands, by flying glass.
James Massey, Engine No. 4. was
injured by the pole of the engine,
while preparing TO answer the alarm.
A. Krolik & Co are the heaviest
losers by the fire, their loss being es-
timated at $4,000.
The Kurtz Paper Box Co loss is
estimated at about $4,000, and the
printing company's loss is about
$4,000. The damage to the build
ing will be about $4,000
The Detroit times., 1914-06-24
T0DAY'S BAND CONCERTS
ARE ON BELLE ISLE

Schmemans Military band. Herman
w. Schmeman, director renders the
following program on Belle Isle this
afternoon. beginning at 2:20 and this
evening at 1870:
March, THE Stars and Stripes For
ever" Sousa; waltz Angels Dream
Hermann selection from little Christ.
opher," Tobani; grande overture So
lennelle "lSl2" Tschaikowsky, Ameri.
can sketch, Down South" Middleton
grand selection from Aida" Verdi
humoresque on Comm thro' the Rye.
Bellstedt; star Spangled Banner
Thomas Lahey, baritone. will sing 81
the evening concert.
The Detroit times., 1914-06-24

between science and Christianity on
that score. or on any other for that
matter. There are now no scientists,
no leaders OF constructive thought in
the world who are skeptics. They
have come to recognize the fact that
the world is one vast living, growing
complex OF elements. in which each
OF US Is a molecule. so 10 speak. but
molecule that has It's own RESPONSE
bilities and creative impulses"
The former governor really is very
much OF Bergsonian. And he Is, by
the way, an enthusiastic admirer OF
Bergson, whom he met personally in
The Detroit times., 1914-06-24
Studebaker S TX
quality cannot be
matched save by
Studebaker man
ufacturing meth
DDS.

The aSSembler c a n II o
achieve it with a lowered
price-because he is an
assembler, not a manu-
facturer.
The small manufactures,
even with a high-priced
car, cannot reach it be-
cause his production
won't support the equip
ment investment.
Studebaker has all the re-
ouisites for producing
the highest quality SIX
big volume, labora-
tories, foundries, heat
treating plants, forge
shops, stamping mills,
machine shops. body and
upholstering plant, etc.
You'll find the evidence OF
Studebaker manufacturing
and Studebaker quality In
the way this SIX holds the
road; in its vibrationless,
silent motor; in its noise
less rear axle and transmits
sion.
These qualities are present In
varying degree in other cars,
according to whether they
are completely or semi-man-
ufactured; or assembled;
but you must have them in
your six"
Send for the Studebaker Proof
Book, describing Studebaker
manufacturing methods.