Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-08-30

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nor state religion was recognised. Free
dom Of the press security of property
and freedom to labor were guaranteed
Emigres we're forbidden to return and
their oonfiscated property was settled
upon its buyers.
On the final acceptance Of the consftti.
ton the property qualification for legis-
lators was knocked out and a few minor
changes were made Primary Assem-
olies, however. were denied a free voics
in the coming elections, and this fact.
together with other usurpations, caused
the revolt Of forty-four out Of forty
eight sections, backed by $4,000 national
guards To these the convention OPP
posed 800 patriots" and 1000 regulars
under Barras. Here Bonaparte appears
He had lost his Job in the war ONCE
Neither side had artillery. To oblige
Barras. Napoleon sent Murat to seize
forty pieces belonging to the national
guard at Les Sahlons. BY s pm. they
were at the Tuleries and the defense
was ready. The next day the clash
came; One hundred insurgents were
killed and the crisis was over
This incident made Bonaparte second
in command of the army of the interior,
and when Commander-in-cfzief Barras
retired ne succeeded to the place,
The struggle between moderates and
conventionals now waxed hot. There was
bad faith on both Sides and usurpatfon
was met with high-handed reprisal. The
struggle became hopelessly petty fight.
which did the country no good and put
the contestants nowhere. In October
however, the muddle cleared somewhat
and the candidates for the directory
we're nominated. November 4 the new
government was established
Inc 1QealStS, however. had by
means disappeared. but now they united
their 1dealism to practical methods. The
republic. which was an ideal in itself
now determined to spread democracy to
the surrounding countries. II was be-
heved that the whole world could be
made to forsake the monarchical idea
and to adopt republicanism. AN in
vasion Of armies Hugo said. "can be
resisted: nothing can resist an invasion
of IDEAS"
France was to propagate her repubn-
can ideas on all Europe 1t took care
however. to plant those ideas with the
sword. Meanwhile two armies under
Moreau and Jourdan were sent against
Germany. third. much smaller, under
Napoleon was intrusted with the task
OF clearing Italy of the Austrians. With
his small and poorly accoutered army
discontinued and i'll paid, he crossed
remained, and after a series of brilliant
victories established the Cisalpine re-
public in north Italy and the Ligurian
republic a. Genoa.
Less successful, the other armies had
been forced back to the Rhine but to
Offset this Napoleon crossed the eastern
Alps and appeared before Vienna. fore
ing Emperor Francis Joseph to conclude
Austria's Belgian provinces and also
the provinces on the west bank of the
Rhine.
Napoleon's return to Paris was the oc-
casion of so much enthusiasm that the
directory In alarm sought an opportu-
nifty to get him out of the way. An in
vasfon of England was proposed but
he suggested instead that he attack
purpose he set out with an army for
Egypt to take and colonize that county
in order to control eastern trade. He de-
feated the Mameluke army near Cairo,
took the town. and assumed possession
of the country.
He lost his feet at Aboukir to Nelson.
but early in 1893 he entered Syria, took
GAIA and Jaffa. and laid siege to Acre.
Here he met with a decided reverse the
English assisting the Turkish garrison.
The French went back to Egypt and de-
feated the Turkish army again.
Meanwhile the republican propaganda
Rome. the Pope having first been inn
prisoned: the Helvetic republic in Swift
zerland. and the Parthenopean republic
at Naples. These acts and the French
defeat by Nelson caused war to be de-
clared against France by several coun-
tries. The republics at Rome and Naples
fell, the French had to leave Italy and
were hard pressed to prevent invasion
of their own soil.
AT home the DODn1ace rosp apaipct he
directory. who were charged with keep
ing Napoleon abroad through jealousy
A new terror was threatened. When
Napoleon heard of this he performed his
hrst coup Giving his command to Gen.
kleber. he declared the reign Of the
lawyers is over and went back to
France His reception was more enthusi-
astic than before. The council of 500 op-
posed itself to him. but at the head Of
his grenadiers he cleared the chamber
The era of the revolution was closed.
Napoleon established himself as first
consul. and the world saw the rise Of
the sun which was to set at Moscow
The period Of the French revolution had
seen Russia rise by conquest to be
great nation. Her empire stretched from
the Black sea to the far north, and on
the west by successive bites at Poland
her borders touched those of Prussia
Prussia. Austria and Russia between
them had by a series of dismember-
HictIto OUIftcTdbcu the fOuSH nd11On from
the map.
Prussia evolved from small duchy
and an electorate. had rapidly come to
be power to be reckoned with. It's
rulers, many of them wise and able
statesmen, had generally increased its
territory and influence, and under Fred
erick the Great its military force was
brought to a high state of efficiency.
The war of the Austrian succession gave
him Silesia, and the seven years war,
with its varying fortunes. gave his army
almost the first place in Europe To
him is due the design Of laying a founda-
ton Of German unity which was to be
completed by his successors century
later
Austria sprawled all over central Eu-
rope. Belgium then was a part Of its en-
pire. 1t took in Alsace and stretched
down to the Adriatic. 1t was at this time
the most formidable power on the CONT
nent.
Italy was only a geographical express
sion. There were about dozen states
but none cut any figure in European
politics.
England then, as now. depended on her
navy. but she, too, had a formidable
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