davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1914-08-10
Seizure of TogOIand by British
Marks Line of Campaign
Planned Against Germany
No Word From Fleet.
KAISER WILHELM TAKES
COMMAND OF HIS ARMY
Will Have 100000 Men,
Largest Army Ever Mob
iIized in Europe, Under His
Command in Few Days.

LONDON, Aug. 10. - The
seizure of Togoland, the German
possession on the gold coast of
Africa is only the opening gun in
a campaign by England that will
strip the Teutonic empire of all
its colonial possessions, 1t was
learned today that Colonial Sec
retary Harcourt, Lord Kitchener,
the war secretary, and Winston
Spencer Churchill, head of the ad-
miralty, held a conference last
Thursday at which the campaign
against the German colonies was
carefully mapped out. The first
blow was struck at TogOland.
Though this was the smallest of
the German possessions in Africa
covering only 1880 square
miles, it is very rich. On the
southwest coast are great Mama
qua, and Damara. They contain
3f7,953 square miles, being the
second largest German possessions
on the continent. Lying adjacent
to the British possessions in South
Africa, they will undoubtedly be
added to that territory if Germany
is overwhelmed in the general
European conflict.
German East Africa, on the
east coast, is the largest and most
German holding in
Africa. 1t covers 365, ,644 square
miles.
Acquisition of these colonies
and their wealth of billions of dol
lars would establish the CONNER
cial supremacy of the British en-
pire beyond question.
The movements of the British
fleet still remain mystery to the
people. Not word has
been heard of it since last Thurs
day, telling of a sea flight and its
denial by Lord Winston Churchill,
the head of the navy.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1914-08-10
HOPES TO GET RELEASE
FOR THE HUNTlNGT0NS
WASHINGTON.

WASHINGTON. Aug. 1O.@Con-
firmation OF the arrest and imprison-
ment OF Archer NJ. Huntington. pres
ident Of the Geographic society, and
his wife by German authorities,
reached the state department today
through ambassador Herrick al
Paris Herrick cabled as follows:
Have learned through Hunting
toms chauffeur that Huntington and
wife have been arrested and con-
fined in the Grand Hotel at Nurem-
burg Have telegraphed TO Berlin by
way OF Rome TO secure their release"
No further word has reached the
state department concerning the
HuntingtOns. Secy. Bryan stated, but
he hoped 10 soon receive notice OF
their release.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1914-08-10
GEN. LEMAN PROVES TO
BE CLEtER STRATEGIST

LONDON, Aug. 10.-OnIy two OF
the forts about Iiege remain stand
ing out against Germany's invasion
and that these two will soon be aban-
doned, the Belgians planning to re-
treat to Namur. III that city falls, a
great battle will undoubtedly he
fought upon the field of Waterloo.
The withdrawal of the Belgian out
posts into the ring of forts around
Iiege which they are now abandon
ing, is explained by Belgian army Of
ficers, not retreat, but strategic
movement to give the wOrnOut sol
diers a chance to secure a much
needed rest.
While the BeI2ians were in their
trenches and behind the barricades
they had erected I'm the path of the
advancing Germans, they were con-
stantIy under arms and the long
strain was sapping their strength.
Gen Leman planned the operation
which was carried out with admir-
able precision. The Belgians, who
were worn by their exposure TO the
three days bOmbardment from Ger
man batteries. filed over the BressOux
bridge in good order and without
haste As the rear guard crossed
dynamite was placed under the
bridge and IL was blown up 10 prevent
the Germans from following.
The Belgian battle lines had been
I'm quandranel formation In the
tongue of land lying between the
Mouse and Vesdre rivers. Gen. Le-
man realized that their Withdrawal
would expose Liege To the German
army, but Notwithstanding this fact
he felt sufficiently sure OF the wisdom
of his plan TO put it into execution
without delay.
Military men who are following
the course OF the war believe that the
mastery manner I'm which Gen. Le-
man maneuVered his men viii go
down In history as one OF the great
military feats OF the century. All the
space between Pontaine fort and
Chaudfontaine fort was left without
the protection OF infantry.
Gen. Deaman secretly sent orders TO
the commanders of the Belgian out
posts to prepare for the movement
and at the same time the courfers
were sent into Liege to inform the
troops I'm the citadel TO evacuate the
city. This allowed the Belgians 10 re-
move all their ammunition and pro
visions. stores and live stock from the
city before the Germans UOok pos
session.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1914-08-10
FIGHTING ON THE MEUSE.

AMSTERDAM Aug. 1O-The Franco-Begian and Ger
many armies engaged the Meuse south of Lege
The battle opened today by the German troops after they
had been heavily reinforced 1t is reported that 100000
Germans and 100000 FrancoBegan soldiers engaged
An English army may help.
Advices received this afternoon indicate that the German
forces that penetrated Lege may have fight for their lives
The forts at Liege continue to hold
Lege In the hands of the German attacking force after
of the heroic defenses history and Gen. Leman
the Belgian commander is withdrawing his troops from the
ring of forts that stood in the path of the Germans The
Austrian Zera and Prazas seized in port by
the Belgian authorities this afternoon.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1914-08-10
CROWN POINT YOUTH ON
CYCLE KILLED BY TRAIN

HAMMOND. Ind. Aug. 1o.-Harry
Brown, 25 years old OF Crown Point,
yesterday ran into northbound
MonOn passenger train On the Ridge
road at Hammond, with a motorcycle
and was instantly killed
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1914-08-10
VOW TO FREE ASSASSINS.

ROME. Aug. 1O.-Dispatches re-
ceiyed today confirm reports OF revolt
against Austria Hungary i'm Bosnia.
They state that the revOlutiOniSts
have vowed 10 free the assassins OF
Archduke Francis Ferdinand, who are
confined at SarajOvO. Attempts have
been made to asSassinate Austrian Of
ficials at several towns.
Arms and money are being furnish
ed to the revoIutiOnists by Servians
who have been conducting a system
attic campaign for several months.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1914-08-10
TURKS GETrING READY.

ATHENS, Aug. 10.-French railroad
Official at Dedesgatch reported today
that large Turkish force IL
concentrating ON the Bulgarian from
tier between Dedesgatch and Sufii-
The Turkish commanders asked for
forty trains TO transport troops. The
request was not complied With
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1914-08-10
SEALS WIRELESS STATIONS.

NEW YORK Aug. 1O.-TO preYept
any messages other than those Ia
strict accord with the strict neutraIit,
laws being sent out from the United
States harbOr. the United States rev
enue cutter Calumet today made 4
tour OF New York harbOr and sealed
up every wireless room on all shipI
carrying apparatus. Efghf-fOur Shipi
now have the United states gOVcrnl
ment seals on the doors Of their wire
less rooms and a tour of inspection
VIII b. made each day To see thai
these seals are not broken. n the I
are found disturbed action viii I'D
taken against the chip by the gOVerui
mcnt
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1914-08-10
CANADIAN BRIDGE BLOWN UP.

CAN NADl-hN DINlDOE DION 0A-
OTTAWA, Ont. Aug. 1O.-The rail-
road bridge on Lake St John rail-
road north of Quebec at Lake BOuch-
ette, was blown up early today. Ac-
cOrding to report received at the
war ministry three railroad employees
were killed and a trespaSSer. under
stood TO be a German Spy, was shot.
This report has not been confirmed.
The war minister says that the
bridge was apparently blown up 10
embarrass Canadian mobilization. As
a result. orders were issued 10 guard
all Canadian bridges with militia or
SDe1'iaI police
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1914-08-10
BY FRANKLIN p. NIERRICK.

BY FRANKLIN II. MERRICh.
PARIS. Aug. 1O.-French troops
invading Germany and those coop
Grating with the Belgians are pro-
crossing steadily, it was officially
stated at the war ministry today. Al
the same time announcement was
made by Pres. POincare that the
French republic had conferred a
military medal upon King Albert OIL
Belgium in gratitude of the manner
in which he has detained the enemy
ut Iiege.
Patrols of the French army in Bel
Cfum have covered the hilly region OF
Efel in Rhennish Prussia on the left
bank Of the Rhine. They had some
skirmishes with Germans along the
river Ourthe, To the east OF Chateau.
Several German squadrOns yielded
ground 70 the French troops and fell
back TO the vicinity OF Tongres. A
number OF German prisoners that
were taken were sent 20 Namur and
Charleville.
According to official reports re-
ceived by the war ministry the Ger
mans at Liege seem TO be recovering
and provisioning IL is expected that
Iiege will now be sent south to meet
the French The military officials be-
lieVe that the first battle in which the
troops invading Alsatia Will figure
will be fought at Breisach on the
Rhine. This place is strongly forti-
fed. and a large force OF Germans
have concentrated there.
1t is reported that the French army
occupied Altkirch and Muelhausen
and has also taken Colmar. leaving
the road 20 Breisach open. Nue.
Rreisach. Just across the river from
BreisaCh. is fortified but the difficulty
OF reducing IL will not be great
Heavy Loss Not Confirmed.
There is no confirmation Of the re-
mort that 10000 Germans and $1,000
French troops had been killed in the
hghting at Altkirch, and the figures
are believed 20 have been greatly eN-
aEgerated. AS far as can be learned
today. .he Germans at Altkirch made
no effective resistance.
All Paris IS rejoicing over the sue
cessful invasion OF Alsatia- Numer-
Gus wreaths were placed upon the
Strassburg statute and women knelt
about II uttering prayers OF thanks
giving that France would avenge her
defeats suffered in 1870.
The following proclamation TO the
neopla OF Alsace has been issued by
the French commander, Gen. Joffre;
Calls Invasion Revenge.
"After "a years OF sorrowful wait
ing French soldiers once more tread
the soil OF your noble country They
are pioneers in great work or re-
venge. For them. what emotions II
calls forth and what pride TO com
plete the work which they have be-
gun at the sacrifice or their lives.
The French nation unanimously
urges them on and in the folds OF
their flags are inscribed the magic
words. Right and liberty Long live
Alsace.' Long i've France
The marvellous efficiency OF the
e. .HrnvN asr~an
has been revealed through the dis
covery that posters advertising a GER
tain food stun product Of Germany.
were intended as guides for the Ger
man army invading France. The
Germans had evolved an intricate
scheme with these posters whereby
the German army officers would have
been apprised OF the location and
CONTINUED on PAGE FTVE)
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1914-08-10

SHANGHAI. China. Aug. 1O.-It Il
believed here that the German fleet
has been bottled up In the Using Tan
harbOr by the British squadron. Can
nOnading was reported i'm that yicin-
ity by an incoming ship. Merchant
steamers plan To resume their voyage
along the Chinese cS,ast.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1914-08-10
RAVARINNS PROTEST MAR-

BRUSSELS, Aug. 1O.-Ihe Wing
tIeme SOciale today says that the Ba-
varian government has wired a pro-
test TO Kaiser William against Ger1
many going To war. II states that theI
fact that Austria was at war witI]
Servia was not ground for GermanI
10 be mixed up I'm the conflict.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1914-08-10
FRANCE AND AUSTRIA AT WAR.

dispatch from Paris states that war
has been formally declared between
Austria and France, and that the Aus
trian ambassador went TO the French
foreign cffice this afternoon and de-
manded his passports. The declara-
ion OF war Is said 10 have followed
Austria's refusal 20 cease maSsing
troops on the Swiss frontier.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1914-08-10
SETTLE WITH FRANCE FIRST.

ST. PETERSBURG, Aug. 10
number OF German aerOplanes were
sighted today flying in the direction oi
Kovno. At many German villages OF
the frontier the regular troops are
being replaced by cavalry and in
fantry OF the landwehr. This j. taken
to indicate that Germany Will with
hold its campaign against Russia until
ft has settled with France.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1914-08-10
Grateful for Detention of En-
emy by Battle of Liege That
Gives French Army AdvanC-
ing Chance.
POSTERS ADVERTISING
PRODUCTS ARE GUIDES
UnpretentiOuS Scheme Upset by
French on Occupying Several
Township Loss Story of
Battles Not Confirmed.

PARIS, Aug. 10. - Though
France has demanded an explain
alton from Vienna of the fact that
Austrian troops are being sent to
the French frontier, the republic
will not declare war upon Austria
Hungary.
The French government under
stands that Austria is trying to
provoke a declaration of war in
order to induce Italy to give her
assistance to Emperor Francis Jo-
Seph under the terms of the treaty
binding the triple alliance.
Count SEES en- de Temerin, the
Austrian ambassador, said today
that he had received no reply to
the French complaint from his
government.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1914-08-10

MONROE.-Mrs- Rose. mother OF
Father Walter Marion. chancellor OF
the Detroit diocese and secretary &c
Bishop John 5. Foley. is dead at heI
home here.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1914-08-10
THE WEATHER

IDdiana-Unsettled and
cooler tonight and Tues
day: probable local thun-
der showers.
Lower Michtzan.-Thun-
der showers this afternoon
or tonight: cooler; Tues
lay fair. cooler.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1914-08-10

YOTrN(. PRINCIr HONS RECTNTT

NOC Nc PRINCE JOINS REGIMENT.
LONDON, Aug. 10.-Edward Albert.
20-year- Prince OF Wales. left
Buckingham palace today TO join his
regiment the Grenadier guards, at
valley barracks. in Brentwood
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1914-08-10
Gen. Won EmmiCh, Successful
After Four days RepuIse,
Calls on GarriSOnS Surround
ing City to Give Up.
MOVE ON BRUSSELS
IS EXPECTED NEXT
Occupation of Belgian City by
KaiSer'S Troops Occurs With
out Disorder and ViCtOrS Are
Paying for Supplies.

BRUSSELS, Aug. 1o.-Forty-
six thousand German troops that
had concentrated at Esh in the
grand dutchy of Luxemberg, in
vaded France today. Before NOV
ing across the frontier they had
felled trees and dug trenches for
temporary Notifications upon
which they might fall back if re-
pulsed. A large part of the in
vading force was cavalry that had
been taken to ESh and diSem-
barked upon platforms 200 feet
long that had been hurriedly con-
structed.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1914-08-10
BATTLE BETWEEN FRANCO-BEL ELG|AN AND
GERMAN ARMIES ON THE RIVER MEJSE

French Troops In Alsace Capture Strong Pass
es In Vosges Mountains ns-OnIy Two Left
in Hands Of Belgians at Liege-Retreat-
ing Army Burning Bridges Behind 1t.
South Bend news-times. (South Bend, Ind.) 1913-1938, 1914-08-10

BRUSSELS, Aug. 10. = Many
BavarianS in the kaiser'S army
are deserving or refusing to fight
the English, whose queen is a
Bavarian.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1914-07-02
POWDER EXPLOSION
B SPREADS BIG FIRE
Two Storehouses, Barn and Two Livery
Stables Burned in Lyndonville
Loss $4,000.

LYNDONVILLE, Vt, July 2. = A
fire which threatened the entire bust
ness section of this village yesterday
afternoon caused a loss of more than
$4,000. The fire started in the whole
sale storehouse of j. c. Eaton & Co..
and before it was under control had
burned that building. another store
house and barn belonging to the same
firm and two livery stables belongings
to the Hotel Lyndon and the D. NJ.
Silly estate.
c. w Thompson, who conducted the
stables, estimated the loss at $4,000.
which is covered by insurance. j. C.
Eaton & Co. had the largest stock of
hardware in their history and their
loss on buildings and contents is more
than SIS 600, fully insured
At great risk the fremen rescued the
| horses from both stables.
| An explosion of powder in the store.
house shattered windows in the Lvn
| donville National bank and the Stern
| block and caused the fire to spread tc
such an extent that help was called
from st. Johnsbury. The motor fire
truck responded, making the min,
miles in 20 minutes.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1914-07-02
YEAR ENDS WITH SURPLUS.
Figures Surpass McAdoo's Estimates
of Treasury Receipts.

WASHINGTON, July 2.-Treasuy fig
urcs completed last night showed that the
federal government went through its first
fiscal year under the Wilson administra-
ton with an income exceeding ordinary
expenses by $33, 7S4 ,452. Nearly S33,
800, 900 pouring into the treasury Tues
day, the last day, brought the total re
ceipts for the year up to $734,343, 10000
a million and half above Secretary Me
Adoo's original estimate, and turned into
a surplus what had promised the day be
fore to be a substantial deficit.
Corporation and income tax payments
furnished the stream of gold at the finish
From this source came $26, 161, 7S2.S be
tween the opening and closing OF the
treasury Tuesday, and last night Secretary
McAdoo and other administration officials
were pointing proudly to the total figures
as proof of their promises as to what
would be accomplished under the new
tariff
The treasury surplus this year, as last
will be wiped out by Panama canal expen
ditures, which have been paid from the
general fund
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1914-07-02
ENTRIES ASSURE
THREE GOOD RACES
More than Average Field in Events at
Valley Fair Grounds July
Full List of the Entries.

All of the three horse races schedul-
cd for the afternoon of July at the
fair grounds under the auspices of the
Valley Fair association have filed well.
and three good races are assured. 1t
is a practical certainty that there will
be more than the average field in each
race and from what is known of some
Of the horses real races will result. The
following are the races and entries:
$50 Pace-2.26 Trot.
Colonel, b. Q. by Mansfield. n. o. May
nard Hinsdale, n. III.
Princess Illustrious, b.m., by PRINCESS
Alexis. c. NJ. Cook, Warsaw, n. Y.
Doctor G., big. by Stambrose. c. II.
Rowe, Athol, Mass.
Hannah, grim by Joe Patchen. II. NJ.
Carter, HoIyoke, Mass.
Trontera, Big. by Oakland Baron.
Thomas Thornton, Hudson, Mass.
Lady May, chm. by Socks. Frank C.
Blood, Fitchburg, Mass.
Rose Maid. l.. E. Haskell, Greenfield,
Mass.
2.22 Pace-2.18 Trot.
hulneldHu, b.S. ny loiHSCu' a. H. bIu-
~, Athol, Mass.
Dina Wilkes, BIN. by Wilkes Bird. c.
NJ. Cook, Warshaw, N. Y.
Bingen Boy, BIS. by Bingen. c. H
Rowe, Athol, Mass.
Doctor &. big. by Stambrose. G. IL
Rowe, Athol, Mass.
Doctor Billings, big. by William Al
bert. II. W. Carter, Holyoke, Mass
Barideen, BIS. by Baritone. Charles
Smith, Lancaster, Mass.
Lady May, chm. by Socks. Frank c
Blood, Fitchburg, Mass.
Rose Maid. l.. f. Haskell, Greenfield
| Mass.
Colonel, Big by Mansfield. n. o. May
nard, Hinsdale, n. H.
217 Pace-2.13 Trot.
Boggic, Big. by AIcamedia. +. P. Fox
Medford, Mass.
Princess Wilkes, I'm. by Roam Wilkes
Edward +. Bushnell, HoIyoke.
King Arthur, r.g. by Roam Wilkes. F
l.. Warren, ludlow, Mass.
Rhineland, Big. by Bingen. y. II. Dru
ry, Athol, Mass.
| Dina Wilkes, BIN. by Wilkes Bird. G
NJ. Cook, Warsaw, n. Y.
Bingen Boy, BIS. by Bipgen. c. II
Rowe, Athol, Mass.
Mutsey Wilkes, Big by Roam Wilke,
Jr. II. w. Carter, Holyoke, Mass
Ploy Boy, Big. by Stambrose. Frank {
Blood, fitchburg, Mass.
Fifene, BIN. by Harrison Wilkes. Loui
Sylvester, Greenfield, Mass.
/ Doctor Billings, b.g. by William Albert
II. w. Carter, IIoIyoke, Mass.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1914-07-02
Meteorological Record.

Taken at Is High street, elevation
3l2 feet, by F. R. Vaughan:
Maximum temperature, 80 (24th-
25th); minimum temperature, 81 (6th)
mean temperature, 81; maximum bar
ometer, 30.3l (9th); minimum barome
ter, 29.Sl (25th); mean barometer, %.
90; clear days, s; prevailing wind
south; precipitation, 2.61; precipitation
June last year, 80; PRECIPITATION fol
year 1914, 1926; precipitation to July
l, 1913, 1890; excess this year, 4.36;
mean maximum thermometer, "a; near
minimum thermometer, so.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1914-07-02
VERMONT FORESTRY FEAT.
How An Accidental Desert Was Re
Claimed By Scotch Pines.

Near Lyndon there is place where
real bit Of desert has grown up-all
shifting sand, and not a spear of vegc,
tation, says the New York Mail.
This happens to be level ground,
and its desert condition has come
about in this way:
Fifty years ago it was all fields and
good pastures-sandy, no doubt, but
grassy and arabic nevertheless. Pas,
turage by sheep wore away the grass,
and the bare earth began to appear.
BY and by some one opened a sand
pit on the tract, and left the sand cx-
posed. 1t began to drift; it drifted
more and more, until finally 80 acres
were sand and nothing else The sand
drift spread and began to engulf the
neighbOTing farms.
Then the state stepped in and sent
its forester to see what he could do
with the Lyndon Sahara. He did moth
ing but plant it all over with little
Scotch pines. They were planted Sc
well, so eXpcrtly, that they grew and
thrived even in the sand, and now the
sand is drifting no more.
There Will he pine wood 500,
where the desert had begun to form
and the neighboring farms will be
safe
The rescue of the erodipg hillsides
of northern New England and north.
ern New York lies in the hands of the
forester.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1914-07-02
To ERR rs HUMAN

70 cr-er-cr is to stutter We never
stuttcr when explaining the advantages
of insurance. 1t simple, straight
story easily told. Don t err by not
needing our advice. Insure at once.
National Life ms Co, Of VT (Mutual.)
- EARLE S. RINSLEY, General
AGENT, Rutland, Vt.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1914-07-02
FISH HOPED INTO BOAT.
Montpelier Man Tells the Prize Fish
Story of the Season

Carl Keith of Montpelier, while fish
ing III Greensboro pond recently, land
ed trout 2 inches long which weigh
cd seven and one-quarter pounds
Keith was using a small sucker for
bait, sand the trout swallowed the small
fish whole. He had out about I25 feet
of line at the time, but this amount
was gradually reduced and he was still
working the fish toward the boat, whe1
it leaped from the water several times
and the last time hoped into the boat
Mr.. Keith, very much excited, iumpe,
upon the big fish and soon killed it.
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1914-07-02

Happy Is the man who can forget
all the mean things he knows about
! himself .
The Brattleboro daily reformer. (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1913-1955, 1914-07-02
LOCAL DRUGGIST MAKES
MANY FRIENDS

c. +. Thomas, druggist, reports he.
is ma king many friends through the
QUICK benefit which Brattleboro peo-
pie receive from the simple mixture of
buckthorn bark, glycerine, etc, known
as Adler-i-ka This remedy became
famous 'by curing appendicitis and it
is the most thorough bowel cleanser
known, acting on BOTH the lower and
upper bowels. JUST ONE DOSE of
Adler-i-ka relieves constipation and
gas on the stomach almost IMMEDI-
ATELY. =---