davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1914-09-27

in numbers and activity in spite of
government opposition. Undeterred by
prison sentences, police spies and IN
timidation on the part Of the govern
erful. Men like Bebel and Liebeknech
boldly denounced the chancellor and
his repressive measures in the reich
stag. Laws of the most stringent ma
ture were passed and enforced, only
to make converts to the cause. :
When William II came into power his
disposition was to modify these laws.
Bismarck advised against this The
emperor had his way. and the pilot was
dropped. William must since. to him
self have acknowledged his error. but
he never did SO publicly. 1t was not
long before the socialists were out of
all bounds politically. The gains they
made threatened the government more
block some Of the emperor's pet
schemes.
In a measure the anti-socialist laws
were restored and attacks upon the en-
peror or the government were sternly
punished as acts of treason. AS in
France and other countries, the So
cialists are not wholly united m a
common platform, and within their
ranks is found wide range of opinion,
from active radicalism to a form Of lib
eralfsm which is easily brought to sup
port government measures. 1t needs
only a reform in the representative
system to put them in complete control
of the reichstag.
**
The government has steadily refused
to redistrict the empire, hence the
populations comprising the various
constituencies are grossly unequal. For
instance, the city of Berlin, with over
100000 people. is represented in the
reichstag by only six members. an av-
erage of $4,000 people to each repre-
sentative, while Schaumberg-Lippe,
with only 1891. has one member. Other
large cities are similarly treated In
East Prussia, which is strongly con-
servative, there is one member 20 191.-
900 population. The tendency of cities
to send socialist representatives to the
reichstag prevents the basis of repre-
sentation being readjusted.
The increase in population demanded
an outlet. Room had to be provided
for the constantly increasing surplus.
Large numbers went to South America
and elsewhere; but this was not what
the empire wanted. 1t wanted land of
its own. So colonization began. Grad
and in the islands between Australia
and Java. Commercial treaty towns
were acquired in China and elsewhere.
Whenever there was a disturbance
abroad German cruiser appeared, and
in the settlement Of the dispute Ger
man diplomat demanded that his coun-
try have it's share of whatever division
was made.
So far these colonies can scarcely be
Evening star., 1914-09-27
The ShiverS.

GONE Of the Duke of WeIlington's
famous sayings was that every
uniform didn't cover a hero"
The speaker was Col George Harvey.
He continued:
The best drilled troops have never
fought before. How. then. can they
fight well when they see on every side
their companions getting their heads
and arms and legs blown of?
"Chivalry may have been all very
well in the past. but today is the day
of machine guns, and SO rather hold
today to the little girls definition OF
chivalry.
"'Chivalry.' said she. is when you
feel cold"
Evening star., 1914-09-27

thirty. however. he may be satisfied
that both his eye and the seeing at his
station are excellent.
There are certain special advan-
tages to be gained by a simple study
of this kiad,-for in this way the OBJ
server not only learns how to look
accustomed to doing so, but he also
becomes able to judge of the excel
lence. or poorness of any selected night
for general observations. After hav-
ing made this study under the favor
able conditions here mentioned. he will
doubtless be surprised at the great
multitude of other faint objects which
he will detect in all parts of the sky
and which would have been wholly
invisible to him had he looked only at
the brighter star groups and taken no
Evening star., 1914-09-27

come a morning star until Decem-
Der 23
Uranus is in the constellation Cap
ricornus, a little to the west. of Jupi-
ter. This planet moves very slowly
westward until October IS, on which
date it becomes stationary and then
begins again it's eastward motion
among the stars. In consequence OF
this, its position on the sky changes
but very little throughout the entire
month. If the observer possesses a
telescope with circles, or if, wanting
this, he owns a good star atlas, he
may readily find this seldom seen
Evening star., 1914-09-27

pass through Taurus and afterward
reach the summer solstice some three
years later. 1t will then be seen shin
ing in our evening heavens from
higher position than the sun reaches,
even In midsummer.
To watch the moving moons of this
planet and its ever-changing mark
ings is always an observation of
much interest. Many eclipses and
other phenomena of the moons. occur
this month. For example, on October
II the third moon will emerge from
behind the planet at 1909 pm; this
moon will next enter the planets
shadow and be eclipsed at S:29 pm
The first moon will begin to transit
across the planets disc at S:32, and
will pass off of the disc at 1882.
Finally. the third moon will emerge
from it's eclipse at midnight.
Venus. which now shines low in the
southwestern sky after sunset, will
tober 23, and even at the beginning of
the month it is no less than eight and
one-half times as bright as Jupiter
But, unfortunately, it is running very
tire month and finally reaches a posi-
tion nearly 2S degrees below the equa-
tor. Consequently, it is seen setting
very far in the southwest, and always
remains very near the ground SO that
its extraordinary brightness is hardly
realized. Through the telescope this
world Is now seen as a beautiful and
rapidly narrowing crescent.
Mercury reaches it's greatest dis
tance east Of the sun on October l;
and may be detected for few day.
before and after this date low in tn,
southwest just after sunset. Thi.
planet is, however, so far south of the
equator that the present elongation i:
not a very favorable one.
Saturn Is in Gemini and just be.
yond the borders of our evening map
for on October 1 it does not rise unit
$40 o'clock. BY midnight, however, il
is high In the heavens and through.
out the remaining hours of the nigh,
it is in excellent position for observa-
tfon.
Mars is now lost in the suns ray.
and it appears much too nearly in the
same direction as that body and it IL
much too far from the earth to be
satisfactorily observed. It will not
finally leave the evening sky and be-
Evening star., 1914-09-27
Parties Represented i'm
the G@rmam R@ichstag

the frankly disaffected representatives
of conquered Poland. Holstefn, Alsace-
sian. The conservatives and their al
lies in the last election brought into
the reichstag IS members, the clertcals
secured SO, the Poles is and the Guelphs
estimated shortly before the war broke
out numbered 191- Two hundred mem
bers are distributed through the three
main and various minor parties. and
grouped under the general heading OF
radicals. Such rough division into
two camps. says writer on Germany
and the Germans. gives the result that
four and half millions or voters IN
the German empire voted that they
were satisfied and seven and a half
million voted that they were not sat
isf1ed.
Bebel is the leader of the social
democrats, and Heydebrandt, said to be
the most effective speaker In the reich
stag, is the leader of the conservatives.
The social democrats are not demo-
Gratis or socialists. AS a body Of
voters, they are united only in the ex-
preston Of their discomfort with gov
ernment of officials practically chosen
and kept in power over their heads and
with those whose tenure of Office they
have nothing to do. Therefore" says
a writer. lit is not surprising to note
in the debates in the reichstag that the
one aim of the speeches seems to be
the unburdening of the soul Of the
speaker. with no plan. no proposal. no
solution of things to be done, and merely
an admission of woeful discomfort
After forty-odd years. the Germans, I'm
many ways the most cultivated nation
in the world, are still without represent
ative government"
Evening star., 1914-09-27
By Prof. Doolittle of the University
of Pennsylvania.

~ UR first autumn month is al
- ways distinguished by the
entrance of the beautiful star
~ group Taurus-the first of the
80. bright train of winter con-
stellations-into our evening sky. At
s@o'clock all of the constellation will
have risen from the ground except the
bright star which marks the extreme
tip. of the lower horn of the Bull; this,
In turn, appears a few minutes later
andsthe whole constellation, with its
two beautiful bright clusters, known
as the Hyades and the Pleiades. will
ee.Seen in our evening heavens, to re-
nratu with US throughout the entire
Winter
Following along the eastern horizon
tQyEard the north We meet next the
bright star Capella, now at about the
same height from the ground as the
fisiades, that great golden sun, so ex-
actly like our own sun. but SO i'm
measurably larger; while above this
We find the group of many, rather
tainI. stars known as Perseus, among
which is the remarkable eclipsing star
IT r, Figure /. This star will be dark
eped this month on October IA, at 1880
pm, on October II, at Sis pm, and at
the constant interval of two days
tweEty hours and forty-eight minutes
thereafter.
Above Perseus is the large constella-
lion Andromeda. with it's wonderful
nebula at n. while beyond Andromeda,
ladiRg high in the southeast, is the So
ca.,ed Great Square of Pegasus. An
excellent test of ones keennees of
sight and of the excellence of his sta
ton for observing is readily made by
merely counting the number of stars
WHICH with his naked eye one can
detect within the border of this square
In making this observation, a perfect
fy clear, moonless night should be
selected, and the observer must be
careful to be away from all ARTICLE
light Argelander, a celebrated Ger
man astronomer. who made a great
catalogue of 100000 stars. stated thirty
as the number visible to the eye under
the best conditions. Another astron-
omer, under a wonderfully clear sky
near Athens. counted no less than 102
If the observer detects from twenty to
Evening star., 1914-09-27

pains to secure the best conditions for
his observing.
By far the most striking object now
in the heavens is the brilliant planet
Jupiter. which shines out with its
steady golden radiance, well up from
the ground in the south, little to the
west Of the meridian. For many years
past this planet has been so far south
of the celestial equator that it could
never mount high in our heavens. but
its slow. steady. upward motion Is
now well under way. It will pursue
the path EVH. Figure /. reaching "
on February 10, 1915, and win then
Evening star., 1914-09-27

said to pay for their maintenance, but
they fly the German flag and they fur
nish bases for future commercial or
naval enterprises.
Army organization. which may be
said to date back from the father Of
Frederick the Great, has in Germany
now reached the highest efficiency. The
German army presents today the great
est fighting machine the world has
ever seen. The system of enlistment
keeps the ranks filled with well train
ed men. and the body Of reserves which
may be called out successively a.
emergencies require them Is enormous
in numbers And the navy has almost
kept pace with the land force. Had
1t not been for the activity Of the par
might have equaled in all particulars
that of Great Britain. The cost has
added, with the army upkeep. an ap-
palling tax, but the ruling classes are
heart and soul for 1t.
No change which has taken place in
this remarkable country 10 more
noticeable than the Improvement in its
internal industry and its external com.
merce. 1t is the greatest tribute which
can be paid to the thorouEhness and
may be said to be flooded with German
manufactures. No tariff wall 10 SO
high that it can successfully keep out
things made in Germany" and the
importations Of German wares in froe
trade England Is the excure, ana q
good one it Is, for the protection3Bt
movement in Great Britain.
One reason for this Industrial efi-
cheney is the trade school system, the
grinding curriculum OF which eithor
ruins the pupils health or makes OF
him a workman or merchant the equal
Of any and the superior of most OF his
foreign competitors. The natural fe.
sources Of the country-agriculturs.
forestry, mining. etc.-have been con-
served with almost Japanese inten.
oughness which gets everything out
of them which science and industry
can extract. Chemistry applied to the
arts and manufactures has reached q
high state Of perfection. . fact attest
ed by the stagnation OF many trades
and industries abroad owing TO the
present war. The merchant marine
has carried German trade to every cor
ner of the globe. and in the short
space of thirty years the nation has
risen in commerce from a negligible
place to one where it can dispute tho
supremacy Of its greatest rival.
All these things have come to pass
since william II assembled the throne.
The middle trade" classes have be-
come enormously rich and powerful
politically. They have favored the in
Evening star., 1914-09-27

Russian-Turkish war. It did not sue
ceed as well as its neighbors. 1t has
been unlucky with its rulers, one, Mi
Ian. being forced to resign, and his
successor and son, Alexander. was mur-
dered, with his queen, eleven years
ago. There were two royal houses, and
King Peter, the present monarch. was
charged with melting this murder.
Greece, which, like the other Balkan
states. had never been satisfied with
the treaty of Berlin, strove to aid the
Cretans in a rebellion against Turkey.
and became involved in 1897 in a war
with the latter. She was badly defeat
ed and lost part of her territory, be-
sides not helping the Crete islanders.
erning. The triple entente and Italy
now have protectorate over the Is
land. and Greece appoints the chief Of
dcer with their assent.
Six years ago the world was startled
by a liberal movement in Turkey, en-
gineered by the Young Turks, a society
with Headquarters in Paris and
branches elsewhere. 1t succeeded in
parliament. which had been granted
many years before. but never put in
force. military revolt broke out.
however: there were riots and assassi-
Turks almost fell to the ground.
The counter revolution was put down,
and the sultan had to abdicate in favor
of his brother. The latter processes to
be in sympathy with the reformers.
Four years after the first appearance
Of the Young Turks in power the gov
ernment had to face the most momen-
tous crisis the country had ever seen.
The Balkan states deemed that the mo-
ment had come in which to settle the
question of Turkish rule in Europe.
and in October, 1912, war was declared
on the Ottoman empire by Servia,
Greece. Bulgaria and Montenegro.
The last named principality opened
the war October 9, and 1t was followed
nine days later by Bulgaria and Greece.
October "a the Bulgarians won at Kirk
Kelisseh and Lule Burgas, both fought
before the end of the month and two
Of the greatest battles of the war. BY
November 18 the Greeks had taken
Saloniki and the Servians had cap
tured Monastir, and early in Decem-
Der Turkey was asking for terms.
These could not be arrived at. Unex-
pected complications arose when a de-
mania that she give up Silistria, a
province on the Danube.
February the war recommended
The Montenegrins besieged Scuatri, in
Albania. The Servians won more vic
tories and the Bulgarians were within
a few miles of Constantinople. The
Greeks took Janina and $4,000 prison.
ers. A Servian and Bulgarian force re-
duced. Adrianople. and it surrendered
Then Austria, Germany and Great Brit
ain tntimidated the Montenegrins and
Evening star., 1914-09-27

peror. died by an assassin's hand, and
several heirs apparent or presumptive
renounced their right of succession.
Archduke John, a brother, disappeared
and was never heard of, and in June of
this year the heir apparent, Archduke
Franz Ferdinand, the emperor's 8
nephew, also was assassinated while
visiting in Bosnia.
Since the treaty of Berlin Austria had
occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina. the
provinces formerly belonging to Tur-
key. This fact was the cause of great
resentment on the part of the Balkan
states and of Russia, for large part
of the people of those provinces were
Slavs. In 1908 Austria formally an
nexed the provinces. promising them a
constitution and declaring the Sanjak
OF Novibazar would be given back to
Turkey. She also paid Turkey about
62,500,000 francs. Servia made great
objection to the annexation, and for
a time both countries were on the
verge of war.
The great powers. however. consent
ed to abrogate section 25 of the Ber-
I'm treaty, thus giving Austria a free
hand in the two provinces, and, to the
astonishment of the Balkans, Russia
agreed to this. 1t Is believed that she
was obliged to do so because Germany
threatened to mobilize her troops on
the Russian border unless she con-
sented.
From that time until the great Bal
kan war there was nervous suspense
in all Europe.
1t will be necessary, however, to ex-
plain more about the Balkan situation.
one of the most complicated questions
which have ever vexed the political
world. In the preceding chapter has
been told the results of, the Crimean
war. struggle which embittered the
chief nations against each other, and
which brought the solution of the
question no nearer than it was before
None of the Turkish dominions was
satisfied, and the sick man." as the
car called Turkey. was as i'll as ever.
Although something of self-govern-
inces. they were still under the domin-
ion of the sultan.
Moldavia and Wallachia were al
lowed to unite, with a ruler called the
Prince of Roumania. but after a term
of great disturbance the people of
the state. which is that now known
as Roumania, called the present ruler.
who still reigns as King Charles. Be-
ing Prussian prince, he built up the
army in true Prussian style. This was
necessary, for Roumania was designed
to block Russias designs on Turkey.
This preceded the Russian-Turkish
war of 1877. which has already been
described. The treaty Of Berlin, which
followed this struggle, left the Balkan
states in somewhat better condition
than they had been. but Turkey still
had in some cases nominal and in
Evening star., 1914-09-27

planet between the dates of October
is and October 81. Throughout this
time the nearly stationary planet is s
degrees 35 minutes exactly north of
the star at D in Figure l. He may.
therefore, accurately mark its posi-
ton in this atlas. or he may point his
telescope first at the star and then
carefully direct it exactly degrees So
Evening star., 1914-09-27
BY HERBERT CAxToN.

ROM about 1870 to
the present year
was a time of
peace and indus
trial progress in
central and west
ern Europe. 1t is
true that in some
countries it was
peace with the
h a n d on the
sword. and on
more than one oc-
Evening star., 1914-09-27

cause Germany ard Austria wished to
erect Albania into state which would
prevent Servia from advancing its bor-
ders to the Adriatic. Great Britain
took the lead in threatening to bonn
bard the city unless the Montenegrins
retired.
x
A treaty was signe~ in London by
which Turkey gave up to the allies all
mainland territory west of a line from
Enos to Midia, besides the island OF
Crete. This was done, and Turkeys
power in Europe was ended.
No sooner was the treaty signed,
which, among other things, specified
that all parties to it should henceforth
remain forever at peace with each
other. than war broke out among the
allies. Greece and Servia, angry at
attacked her on the west and south,
and Roumania brought up all its forces
on the east. The Greeks and Servians
fought the Bulgarians with great saw
RACES were charged by each party
after the war. Roumania went into
Si1istria. which it had demanded.
Encouraged by all this. the Turks be-
gan hostilities again and defeated the
Bulgarians at Kirk Kilesseh, and en-
tered Adrianople ntriumph. The Bull
garians lost all the reputation they
had gained in the war against Tur-
key. They also had to submit to the
loss of much of the territory they had
occupied. Greeces territory was in
creased 10000 square miles and Ser
Was about the same amount. Rou-
mania took Silistria, and even Monte
negro extended its borders. Turkey
kept Adrianople.
Albania was set up as a kingdom.
with Prince William of Wied as king.
He has twice been chased out Of his
capital. and it Is not likely that he
will remain long in power.
The German empire under William II
came rapidly to the fore. both from
commercial and military stand
point. An enlightened and aggressive
monarch, self-sufficient and venture
some, he has always been greatly ad-
mired and warmly supported by q vast
majority of his subjects.
X
One of the first things which arose to
trouble his reign was the growth and
aggressiveness of the socialist party.
This was one of the causes of Bis
marcks' resignation. The old chancel-
lor had waged a war since his old days
in the house of deputies in 1s4S against
extension of suffrage. When he came
into Office he prosecuted it with great
vigor.
The socialists and trades unions and
the social democrats made steady gains
Evening star., 1914-09-27

Prince Ferdinand developed consid-
cradle ability as a statesman and mil
itary leader, and only six years ago he
felt strong enough to renounce Turkish
rule and assume the title Of king and
car.
Turkey had to recognize Roumania's 8
independence in 1877. after the Turk
ish-Russian war, and four years later
Charles was made king. Servia OBJ
tanned the same advantage after the
Evening star., 1914-09-27

others an actual control over them.
Besides this, Russia, which had been
cheated of her spoils of war and
thrown out of the triple alliance.
X
Bulgaria, Servia and Greece could not
forget how many of their countrymen
were under Moslem yoke and suffering
extortion, outrage and massacre at the
hands of the Turk. A German-Prince
Alexander-became ruler of Bulgaria,
accepting an approved constitution.
Russian influence, however, dominated
the country. and Russians were plenti-
full in the army and ministry of the
prince. This influence ceased in a few
years. however, under popular pres
sure. Finally a union was made be-
tween Bulgaria and Eastern Roumelia,
which latter had been given to Turkey,
but which rebelled at the transfer
Objection to this was made by Servia,
whose army invaded Bulgaria. but was
defeated and had to retire. This vic
tory of the Bulgarians was the first
thing which attracted the serious at
tentfon to the country as a coming
state.
Then Russia had the Bulgarian prince
After further complications and much
agitation the preesnt ruler, Ferdinand
Of Saxe-Coburg. was brought as king
to Sofia For years, however, he was
little more than the king in name, for
the government was ruled by the pre-
mier, Stambulon, remarkable and
forceful statesman. He had many Of
the qualities of Bismarck. with a clear
insight into the tortuous intricacies
of Balkan politics and determination
that Bulgaria should become an inde-
pendent nation. He was particularly
the foe of Russian influence. It was
he who succeeded in turning out the
Russian ministers who had controlled
Bulgarian affairs and the Russian Of
fcers in the Bulgarian army. Had he
lived he might have realized his am
bition for the nation, but he was as
sassinated, it is said. by Russian SYM
pathizers in the streets of Sofia in
1895. The next year Prince Ferdinand
was recognized by the powers of Eu-
rope, which they heretofore had not
done.
Evening star., 1914-09-27

compelled them to evacuate Scutari
after they had taken it. This was be-
cause Germany and Austria wished to
erect Albania into state which would
prevent Servia from advancing its bor-
ders to the Adriatic. Great Britain
took the lead in threatening to bonn
bard the city unless the Montenegrins
retired.
Evening star., 1914-09-27

All these things have come to pass
since William II ascended the throne.
The middle trade" classes have be-
come enormously rich and powerful
politically. They have favored the in
Evening star., 1914-09-27

-R first autumn month is al
ways distinguished by the
entrance of the beautiful star
group Taurus-the first of the
bright train of winter con-
Evening star., 1914-09-27

Fhe old emperor has been singularly
unfortunate personally. The Crown
Prince Rudolph was murdered; the
Empress Elizabeth, wife of the en-