The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1914-04-24
Methods Provided by Laws of The Nations for Settling Disputes
 Between Two Sovereign States

New York, April 24.-According to works on military regulations by Hen ry W. Hal1ock,. the different modes or terminating disputes between indepen- dent states, short of actual war. are divided into two c1asses; first, ami cable, or measures taken via amica- bill, and, second, forcibIe. or measures taken via facta. The amicable modes or measures have been variously di- vided by pubIicists; the division most generally adopted is into accommoda- ton, comprornise, mediation. arbitra- ton and conference. The forcible modes or measures are commonly known as retortfon, retaliation, repris- al. seizure and embargo.
 The various measures are defined as follows:
 REToRTIoN.
 Retortion, called by some arnicab1e retaliation, and retortion de droit, is where one nation applies, in it's trans actions with the other, the same rule of conduct by which that other is gov erned under similar circumstances. Thus, if one state should make ag- gressive laws respecting the property or trade or personal rights of the cit izens of another state the latter may retort by enacting similar la.ws against the citizens of the former. This kind of retaliation usually follows the breach Of what are called imperfect oblisations and which do not justify resort to forcfble measures.
 RETALIATION.
 Retaliation, or, as it is sometimes called vindictive retaliation or re torsic facti, is where one state seeks to make another or it's citizens suffer the same amount of evil which the latter has inflicted upon the former. Retaliation should be limited to such punishments as may be requisite for our own safe ty and the good of society beyond this cannot be Justified.
 REPRIsALS.
 Reprisals are resorted to for the redress of injuries inflicted upon the state. in it's collective capacity. or up on the rights of individuals to whom it owes protection in return for their allegiance. They consist in the fore fble taking of things belonging to the offending state or of it's subjects and holding them until a satisfactory rep aration is made for the alleged injury If the dispute is afterward arranged the things thus taken by way of re- prisa1 are restored or, if conf1scated ] and sold, are paid for with interest and damages, but if war should result they are condemned and disposed of in the isaEne manner as other captured prop erty taken as prize Of war. As re- prisals bring us to the awful confines f of actual war it is proper to inquire what kind of injuries. inflicted upor the state collectively or upon it's in- ! dividua1 members, Justify a resort tt so dangerous d measure of redress. II fg only in cases where justice has been plainly denied or most unreason. ably delayed that sovereign state car be justified in authorizing reprisals upon the property of another nation GENERAL AND SPECIAL I General and Special RepSisals ma, l be either general or special. They are general where one state awards tt it's subjects a general permission te seize the goods or persons of the of Tending nation upon the high seas c, wherever found without the Jurisdic I ton of another state. They are spe I ciaI where such permission is limited to particular persons or things or fl j time or place.