davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1914-08-25

dents OF contemporary military his
tory ~ all the laws of production,
the Russian army in Europe should
be as formidable as any trained force
in the world. 1t has the crowning
advantage of experience in modern
war. 1t is accepted by military stu
paign which has not been decided by
exhaustion the beaten army emerges
from the struggle with knowledge
and experience that is almost supe-
rior to that of its successful enemy.
THE historical record of the Rus
sian army does not give one great
hope that the Muscovite, with all its
numbers, will ever be able success
fully to initiate a campaign against
an enemy with whom overwhelming
numbers are not the chief essential
to success. Russia may mobilize her
armies in their millions, but has she
the staff accommodation to m2nipu-
late them? Judging by the story OF
her failure against the Japanese In
Manchuria, one would say that the
Russian Officer of today Is little bet
ter than he was generation ago.
The main asset of the Russian
army Is Ivan Ivanoff, the Russian
soldier UnImaginative. uneducated,
docile by the circumstances of his
lot, he is the best material for the
manufacture of the soldier that has
TO die in heaps in the world. Un
imaginative, he Is tenacious and fear
less; uneducated, he is devoid oi
class ambitions and sensitiveness; do
cile, he may be herded to death oil
led to victory with equal lack of in
terest in the event in which he is
but an animal pawn.
''ln material the Russians are vel
equipped Though material of wal
goes a long way, yet It is not the las
weight in the balance of success ol
failure in war. In Manchuria the
/ Russians had the better material II
the way of artillery, cavalry and en-
gineering equipment. 1t was not thu
material nor the men behind the ma
terial that failed. 1t was the direct
ing mind. Nothing will make tn
writer believe that the Russian off
GERS, taken en- masse are good. Thos
who have graduated through the wa
schools are often brilliant theorists
) but little more. Those who have no
. graduated-an this is the huge ms
. jority-have, it is true, little NOR
education that the men they CON
mand, but about the same limit G
: imagination. 1t is a case OF tn
J blind leading the blind"
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1914-08-25
sK|RM|SH|NG GOING
ON IN OUTSKIRTS
Of BELGIAN PORT
ADVANCE GUARD or INVADERS
REPuLsED BY LOCAL
POLICE.
tBy International News service.l


LONDON, August 25.-Belgians and
Germans are fighting in the outskirts
of ostend. according to a dispatch
received by the Daily News. The
dispatch reads: Fierce lighting be-
tween Gendarmes and uhlans is TAX
ing place in the outskirts. The
wounded are being brought In by
motor cars. One hundred and nifty
Uhlans en- route from Ehasskerke 10
ostend were met early today - 200
gendarmes from ostend and Ghent
at Lifnnge. three miles from here
A fierce engagement followed and
the Germans were driven back. They
lost several men and one officer
wounded. Three gendarmes were
killed and eight wounded"
Twelve were killed in Antwerp to
day by bombs dropped from Ger
man Zeppelin airship. The populac'
is enraged at these barbarous tactics
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1914-08-25

of the allies arrived
renewed
ST PETERSBURG August 2-0ccupaion Soldau and Nei
denburg important cities Prussia by Russians
today by staff 1t stated they
after five days fighting The eliminating the fall of
Sodau Neidenbug indicates the Russian wing
attempting attack Alenstein from the With
Ansten their hands safely invested the Russians
to press toward Berlin
BY nterna
ROsENDAAL Holland August 25Cvia Rotterdam and Lon
Thirty thousand troops Maine only
thirteen miles from Antwerp today according
frequent vicinity Flanders The reported upon
lines indicates Germans advancing Antwerp
PARIS August 25A dispatch says the emperors
nephew Count Won Schwe commanding detachment of Uans
at Harlebeke, is held prisoner by the French
Swiss business reports the garrison Of Srassbug
tanned appalling casualties Schmec where $500
tered engagement and only 1900 returned
BERLIN August 25A wireless the Associated Press
Nauen Sav Namur five of its captured
by Germans Bombardmnt of the four
their fall imminent
. BY News Service
LONDON August 25.-Only dispatch relating to the
Francis Joseph received in the said
the aged monarchs death might be expected any
LONDON August 2-Premer Asquih announced in the house
of this afternoon that Field Marshall
English lost in battle in southwestern Belgium 1000
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1914-08-25
ToNoPAH LADY WRITES BACK
OF DEATH OF FATHER

Mrs. C.. r. Douglas, who was called
to the side of her father, who was
reported seriously i'll last week at
Sorrento, H., her old home, in letter
received yesterday stated that her
parent died on the 10Th from the ef-
fects of a fall.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1914-08-25
BODIES Of WOMEN
PUT THROUGH A
MEAT GRINDER
METHOD WHICH VICTOR lNNEs
is ALLEGED TO HAVE USED
ON VICTIMS.
my Associated Press.) }

EUGENE, Ore. August 25.--A meat
grinder found in the home of Victor
lnnes, former assistant United States
district attorney of Nevada, is being
taken to Texas The evidence pur-
ports that the cutter was used in
disposing of the bodies of Mrs. Elois
Dennis and Beatrice Nelms, sisters
Innes wife charges him with the
murder. En- route to San Antonio
the police say Innes endeavored tc
dlspose of diamonds. Before theil
disappearance the women had jew
elry.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1914-08-25
ApTURES NAMUR At THE END OF FOUR DAYS BATTLE
Russian Army Is Deficient
In Developing Master Mind

most gigantic military machine In the
world, and no one really knows its
lighting value, On its peace strength
it disposes of a million of men be-
tween the German and Austrian from
tiers in Europe and the seaboard of
vladiyostok in Manchuria, If mob
ilized in its entirety it would quad
ruple the astounding numbers of its
peace strength.
Russian military efficiency has al.
ways presented an enigma to the stu.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1914-08-25
AUSTRIAN TROOPS
TO INVADE ITALY
MODELLING FORCES NoTWiTH.
STANDING pENIALs OF CON-
cENTRATloN.

tBy International News SerViceo
ROME, August 25.-Austria is mob
ilizing troops on the Italian frontier
where Il has already stationed 10000
men at Trieste and Innsbruck, ae'
cordlng to newspapers which state
Austria has taken action despite It's
denials of concentration along the
Austrian frontier.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1914-08-25
GERMAN TROOPS ACCUSED
FIRING ON RED CROSS
INV IuiernatIonaI News servicc.)

WASHINGTON, August 25.-Jules
Iusserand, the French ambassador,
today filed with Secretary Bryan an
emphatic protest against alleged
atrocities by German soldlery. lie
alleged an ambulance was fired on
and several of the wounded killed
Bryan promised aid If 1t would moi
involve the United States.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1914-08-25
DIVISION OF AUSTRIAN
CAVALRY SCATTERED
nv In,erpatIopnI News seryIce.)

(By International News Service)
ST. PETERSBURG, August 25.-lt
is announced at the war office that a
division of Austrian cavalry was
routed at Plougoudan, losing two
batteries and 200 prisoners to Rus
slams.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1914-08-25
FOUR REGIMENTS
ARE DESTROYED
BY THE SERv|ANS
PANIC STRICKEN BY THEIR
LOSSES, AUsTRlANS A5AN-
DON FIELD HOSPITAL.

CBy Associated Press)
ATHENS, August 25.-0fficial dis
patches from Nish confirm the de-
struction of the seventh, twenty
eighth, ninety-first and 102nd Aus
trian regiments at Shabats. They
assert the rest of the Austrian in
vaders were demoralized and aban
doned even their field hospitals and
left the Servians masters of the
scene of operations.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1914-08-25
BLANKET BALLOT
STARES CALIFORNIA
At POLLS TODAY
OVER EIGHT HUNDRED NAMES
CONFRONT THE REGIS
TERED VOTER.

tlN Associated Prsss.)
SAN FRANCISCO, Cal, August %.
-Californians' are voting at the pri-
mary election today to nominate
nearly 500 candidates for various
state offices, United States senator
and congressional representatives. In
terest centers in the selection of can.
didates to run against Governor John
son, the unopposed Progressive.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1914-08-25
nv International New. seryIee.l

PARIS, August 25.-Rapid progress
Of the Russian invasion of the Aus
trian province of Galicia was an
nounced officially by the French war
office today, which issued this state
ment; "Russians continue the often.
sive. They occupied several villages
south of Tarnopel on River Sereth.
Tarnopel is 72 miles from Lemherg
the Galician capital
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1914-08-25
IN, international New. seryIeeo

nv International News servieeD
LONDON, August 24.-ls the Rus.
aian army dangerous? win II with
staud the shock Of German machine
,roopsY viii Is enormous paper
strength matellh ize? These Ques-
tions so commonly asked called forth
today the following comment from a
vau known correspondent who is a
military expert:
"All eyes in Europe are turned to-
ward the army of the czar. 1t Is the
..Aa@e@SSS@@~S@S S@S~eS~~~N~~~@~~NS,
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1914-08-25
APPEALS
FOR CLEMENCY TO
BRITISH ALLIES
FORTS AT coTTARo REDUCED
BY BRITISH AND FRENCH
FLEETS.

ny Associated Pfess.l
MILAN, August 25.-French and
British warships bombarding Cattaro
destroyed all Austrian forts there,
according to dispatch from Dali
malta town. Austria attempted to
mine the gulf of Cattaro before the
attack, but did not have time to ac-
complish their purpose.
ROME, August 25.-An Antivari
dispatch to Corriere d'Italia says the
Austrian commander at Cattarro has
offered to surrender and is now seek
ing the best terms possible.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1914-08-25
..D|R|G|BLE BROUGHT
|. TO EARTH BY SHOT
FROM BELGIAN GUN
FIFTEEN TAKEN PRISONERS AZ
TER AIRsHlP WAS GRIP.
PIED BY ARTILLERY.

LONDON, August PA German
dlrigible flying over Antwerp was
brought down by Belgian artillery
and fifteen taken prisoners. Another
telegram says bombs that dropped
killed seven and wounded many. One
struck near the palace Of King Al
bert. st. Elizabeth's hospital was
wrecked.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1914-08-25
Militiamen
Acquitted

. DENVER, August 25.-Twen- .
. ty.two officers and men Of the =
. national guard charged with .
. murder, manslaughter, arson and .
. larceny, as result Of the Lud- =
. low battle in April when more .
. than twenty we're killed. we're =
. acquitted today by court-martial =
. verdict. .
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1914-08-25
my Associated Press,

my ABsUcIMteU FFtbHsJ
NISH, August 25.-Servian troops
have reoccupied Sabac (Shabats)
Monday. The Austrians were thrown
back on the other bank of the River
Save and Servian territory cleared
of the enemy. 1t is reported that in
retreating the Austrians devastated
villages and massacred inhabitants.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1914-08-25
TEMPERATURE REPORT

Highest temperature yesterday, 80;
year ago, so.
Lowest temperature last night, eli
year ago, 81.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1914-08-25
FOUR PUBLIC MARKETS
FOR THE DIRECT CONSUMER
lRx A..oeinted Press. J

tBy Associated Press -
NEW YORK, August 2b.--Four pun
lie markets for the sale of food di-
rect from producers to consumers
will be opened September 1st
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1914-08-25
Fighting
AT Ostend

= By Associated PrensJ
. LONDON, August 25.-Ger- '
. mans that attacked Malaines' '
. near Antwerp, were driven out '
= by Belgians. Fierce fighting be- :
. tween Germans and French is '
. reported in the outskirts OF '
= Ostend.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1914-08-25

To empty barrels through side
bung holes there has been patented
a pitcher shaped spout to be screwed
into a hole.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1914-08-25

The most beautiful fact in the
farmers work is that everything he
plants Is lesson in faith.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1914-08-25
TODAY AND A YEAR AGO.

Official readings of the Their Z
mometer by the United States =
observer at Tonopah: Z
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1914-08-25
One. Tenth Total War Strength
Of Belgium Numbered With Slain
~ International News Service. }

(By International News service)
THE HAGUE, August 25-sxeen thousand Begans
wounded in the with according
compiled today the material hand
The casualty
camp Bgans of whom there about 1000 in
Holland being a oudenirdum Friesand
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1914-08-25

Farming is as old as the human
race and is yet in its infancy
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1914-08-25
NE-TENTH Of BELGIAN FIGHTING FORCE
DEAD AND 10000 PRISONERS TAKEN
DEFEAT Of THE BRITISH AND FRENCH

tBy Associated P.s.)
WASHINGTON, AUGUST pa WIRELESS FROM BERLIN
TO THE GERMAN EMBASSY ANNOUNCES SEVERE DEFEAT
OF FRENCH TROOPS BY GERMANS IN A BATTLE WHICH
RACED FROM AUGUST SEVENTEENTH TO THE TWENTY
FIRST OVER $50 GUNS AND 10000 PRISONERS WE'RE CAP
TURED LUNEvILLE WAS TAKEN BY THE GERMANS. THE
ARMY OF JOFFRE THE FRENCH COMMANDERS CHIEF, |
WAS BROKEN UP, MAKING PROBABLE CONCENTRATIONS
OF THE ADVANCE OF ALL WINGS OF THE GERMAN ARMY
TOWARD PARIS.
THE DUKE OF wUERTEMBERGs ARMY MARCHING
THROUGH BELGIUM COMPLETELY CRUSHED THE ADvANC-I
ING FRENCH ARMY AND CAPTURED MANY GUNS, FLAGS
AND PRISONERS, AMONG THEM SEVERAL GENERALS,
WHILE ANOTHER GERMAN COLUMN DEFEATED AN ENG-E
LIsH CAVALRY BRIGADE WEST OF THE RIVER MEUsE
PARIS August 25-ofca of the German Of
fensve movement north which stopped yesterday
pears The enemy however being held
by the French acting in conjunction with the English and
Begans The allied armies surprised the and drove back
the advance detachments.
Dy international New. service,
LONDON August 25-With possession first
offensive move British allies southwestern
Belgium crushed the Germans pushed today toward the French
frontier to Advce from the field both official
the French the defensive having
their advanced position after three days Of the
fighting known modern warfare The loss of life
undoubtedly has been although official
figures issued
In The of Uhans which crossed the French
Belgian frontier reached Roubax six miles from Lille
The fall of caused and CONSERVATION in
London and Paris believed the troops mased around
Namu able put fecual check to the headlong
dash of the kaiser legons military expert referring the
German capture of Namr said: This is the nexpcable
event to gamble The fighting around Namur and
the terrific character the onaughts OF the
invaders being souty by the infantry cavalry and artillery
of the allied forces.
The battle line mighty army stretches from
the northwest southeast beginning at point Mons and
ending near the northern boundary of Luxembourg separate
engagement however reported taking place point south
of
/ ans
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1914-08-25


LONDON August 25It officially announced that Namur
the Belgian fortress fallen into German hands Details
given English newspapers regard the fall lnexphcabe
formed the finest examples of the work
Of e lannon's Belgian military engineer Bamont The
of the allies generally admitted by English
and French newspaper say the decidedly bad
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1914-08-25

PARIS August 25-An extraordinary council of held
at the the residence of President Ponca today
What transpred only those who included the
and the interior is said that three general
staff officers arrived from the front participated in the confer
ene and that at its conclusion their commands
persons in Paris know the council was held II
convened only after the cabinet session with President
while the conference no one was allowed to
apprach the palace gloom today Admissions by the
war office that forced the allies withdraw from
Belgium having captured Namu and taken Nancy and Lneve
caused fear sweep the city
Burning villages and heaps OF bodies lying on Belgian sol
around arero the ferocy with which the allied French
and English opposed the of German troops that rolled then
over and them back France For ten hours the tide
battle ebbed the of Charroi being taken and
taken before the allies withdrew Part of the city
villages of Machines Monceau Chateet and Ian
burned Fierce hand to hand fighting took place
Charere The French first to the town. but wer
driven by bombardment from the German artillery The Gel
mans then bank of the River Sambre but With
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1914-08-25
THE WEATHER

Fair tonight and Wednesday.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1914-08-25

Metal Quotations
Closing quotations July 90
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1914-05-15
SUFFS START A
NEW SEX SAYS
SIR WILLIAM

BY United Press.
London, May 15.-'A new sex is
growing up: q third sex women who
deliberately abandon al feminine az
tributes and honestly do not care for
love or passion"
This. according to Sir William Bell
member Of parliament for Hammer
smith. in an article IN the Academy, Is
the real reason for the growth Of the
woman suffrage movement. "The
young women Of half century ago
who did wool work also wasted thou.
sands Of hours of valuable time in
practcing on the piano" said Sir VII.
liam. IN nine cases out Of ten SHE had
no taste or inclination for music and
is now as defunct as her grandmother
who sw0oped in graceful attitudes on
every occasion Women nowadays
are taking np a more aggressive posi-
ton in the world. they travel un.
chaperoned they ride alone in taxis.
and live like bachelors by themselves
IN Hats, If they think fit, without
scandal. They want to live their own
lives; they do not want to get married
or expect it. They initiate men as far
as they can in their attiture They
smoke cigarettes. and lead useful lives
as clerks, typists, telegraphers. actu-
aries, doctors, and take up a hundred
other occupations which were former
~ the sole occupation Of men. They
do not want men; they are learning
to be Independent of them.
Il do MOI pretend that all women
who follow these occupations are Of
this class, but | maintain that there
is large ond growing proportion OF
what is practically a third sex. Inas-
much as the proportion Of men over
women is increasing, see no harm in
it but good Spinsterhood is no long
er the reproach it once was, and wo-
men lead far more interesting and
brighter lives than they ever did be-
fore"
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1914-05-15
GOVERNMENT LIFE
INSURANCE IN ITALY.

BY United Press.
Rome, May 15.-Italy's govern
mental monopoly OF life insurance
created at the instance Of the Social
lists in parliament, has just completed
It's firsl year Of business. Although
italian government employees can only
be required TO work seven hours a day,
the new department of life insurance
has done such an immense business
that the entire personnel has now been
working ten hours a day, Sundays in
cluded, for seven months. and with
nc immediate prospects of being able
to go back to the seven-hour day. Over
$220, ,000,O00 worth of business has
been ore during the year. including
that taken over at the beginning from
"a private companies which the gov
ernment monopoly put out Of bust
ness.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1914-05-15
SEEK TO LIMIT
FOREIGN COTTON
By unital Press.

By Unital Press.
Washington, d. G., May I5.-Pro.
posed measures to limit the entry and
manufacture Of foreign lint cotton in
the northern states were considered
at public hearings at the department
OF agriculture today. Departmental
experts declare that these measures
are necessary by. reason OF danger Of
introduction of the pink boil worm,
one Of the most serious pests known
Hawaii already Is infested with the
worm and consequently cotton from
this territory will be excluded
1t is also proposed to prohibit ship
ment of this foreign lint cotton from
the northern states to the southern
cotton mills. Experts declare that the
Inconvenience to manufacturers is in
significant compared to the evil that
would be wrought should the worm
once establish itself in the southern
cotton regions. The insect is found
in India, the Straits Settlements,
Burma, Ceylon, German East Africa
and Egypt 1t has reduced the yield
in Egypt. as much as 80 per cent at
times. Estimates place $500 bales as
the probable number which would be
barred from southern mills under the
proposed quarantine, but the depart
ment believes this loss can easily be
made up with special grades Of south.
ern cotton.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1914-05-15
GRADUATES
in RECITAL
At COLLEGE


This evening at the college vii
be given the second of the graduating
recitals Misses Grace Vandiver ant
Mildred shaughnessy viii represent
the expression and music departments
respectively. Unusual interest Is
taken in this recital because Of the
popularity OF the young artists and the
unique program which they viii pre-
sent.
Miss Vandiyer will give dramatic
rendition Of The delightful play. Mad
anne Butterfly" in two acts, by John
Luther Long, impersonating the fol
lowing characters
Madame Butterfly.
Suzuki--Her servant
Nakodo A connlying marriage
broker.
Yamdori--A Japanese suitor.
Sharpless The American consul.
Lieutenant Pinkerton OF the y. s.
Navy.
Kate Pinkerton-His wife.
The art of presenting an entire play
by single performer is very popular
now in the cities of the east, but this
is the first time it has been essayed
at the college As win be readily
seen, such performance requires
great skill and tact
No admission fee is charged for the
recital and large audience is expect
ed The following is the program in
detail:
Spanish Caprice -------- Moszkowski
Madame Butterfly" Part I----Long
Miss Vandiver.
Concerto in @ Minor Mendelssohn
Motto allegro con fucco, Andante,
Motto allegro e vivace.
Orchestral parts on The piano,
Miss Cabell.)
Miss Shaughnessy.
Madame Butterfly" Part IL Long
Miss Vandiver.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1914-05-15
TAMMAAIV
lHNlmhNI
INVOLVED

BY United Press.
Washington, May Joseph W.
Folk solicitor for the intestate com
merce commission. declared today
that he possesses evidence that there
was deal between Tammany Hall
and the directors of the New Haven
railroad.
"Mellen told me the whole political
history Of the roal," said Folk. HE
explained how campaign contributions
were made and he said he was the go
between for the New Haven directors
in the chickering's with Tammany He
said scores Of political leaders in New
England gave money He said they
gave regardless OF which political
party was in power"
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1914-05-15
NORWAY CELEBRATES FREEDOM
BY United Press.

BY United Press.
Christiania, May 15.-Amid great
popular enthusiasm, accompanied by
the firing Of salutes, the display Of
the national colors on every building
in the city, and joint military and
naval demonstration. King Haakon in
person today formally opened the Nor
wegian Centennial Exhibition com
memorating the hundredth annivers-
ary Of .Norway's liberation from the
conlrolsof Denmark and the establish
ment Of her present liberal constitu.
ton Three thousand. specially invi.-
ed guests, including the members Of
the diplomatic corps, attended the in
augural ceremony which was held at
II o'clock. There will be huge state
banquet this evening at which 14Oe
covers will be laid.