davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
St. Paul tidende. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1902-1928, 1914-10-23
SECOND PROPOSED AMENDMENT.

--
The second proposed amendment 10
contained in Chapter 585 Of the Laws
of Minnesota for the year 1913.
PURPOSE: The purpose and object
Of this amendment IL to add two Asso.
ciate Justices to the Supreme Court, to
require the concurrence Of I'VE justices
Of the Supreme Court before any law
shall be declared unconstitutional by
such court, and make the 0nlce Of Clerk
Of the Supreme Court appointive, and
10 an amendment Of Section 2 OF Article
. OF the Constitution. which law reads
n follows.
Sec; 2; The supreme III shall con-
ciate justice but the number Of the
associate justices may be increased TO
2 number not exceeding four, by the
!egisiatu re ~ q two-thirds vote. when
have original Jurisdiction in such rene
dial cases as may be prescribed by law
and appellate Jurisdiction in ali. cases.
both In law and equity. but there shall
sS.i 10 h trial on oy Jury In said court. It
year. as the legislature may direct, at
the seat Of government, and the legis-
lature may provide. by a two-thirds
vote Ho s,a nat at n term in each year shall
1t shall be the duty Of such court to
appoint a reporter of its decisions.
There shall be chosen, by. the qualified
electors OF h State. one clerk Of the
for the term of four years., and until
his successor is duly elected and uuaii-
ned. and the judges Of the supreme
court GOV or q matSfity Of them. shall have
Office of clerk OF the supreme court IN.
I'll an election can be regularly had"
St. Paul tidende. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1902-1928, 1914-10-23

sir,cuuilaltaion III my petition XII 49,
hibitedgs by la ", the percentageso l
slgners required IN any petition
provided Tor ~ this section shall
dsd Ia subdivisions 4, B ana G 81
this section.
The percentage In any case shall
Dete ! upon s1 y total numoer q
preceding. election. All petition!
provided for in this section shall
contain the signature OF not less
less than one-fourt S's 81 tie e coan.
ties Of the state. In initiating /
law or constitutional amendment,
electors who have signed the first
o ona be GnalifTlsSd a to Sign the seGi i
petitions shall be decided by the
secretary of state subject to review
by the court. II the secretary Of
tate decides that any petition is
lions or for fling additional sig ;
natures. In h event of legal pro-
Geedings IN court to prevent giy.
ing aneo erect to n such petition on
other ground. the burden Of proof
shall be upon the person attacking
n petition. NO law or amendment
60 y constitution initiated and
IN provided, shall be held unconsti-
t~!utional, or void On account of the
1~nsufhciency Of any initiative petit
ton; nor shall the repeal OF any
law submitted by referendum petit
ton be held invalid for such ineuf-
dciency. -
All initiative laws and constitu-
tional amendments shall be SO SUBJ
mttted to the electors as to permit
an affirmative or negative vote
upon each measure submitted. II
tconficttng proposed laws or con-
melting proposed amendments to
the constitution be approved at the
same election, the one receiving the
highest number Of afirmative
provisions.
THE style of ell legislative meas
ures and amendments to the consti.
tution initiated by the people under
this section shall be: Be 1t en-
acted by the people Of the State OF
"The provisions of this section
may be enforced by appropriate
legislation, but until such legisla-
ton has been enacted, this section
shall be self-eXecuting."
EFFECT. The eject Of this amend
nent. IL adopted. will be to give to tn
electors the privilege of submitting di
rectly to the voters constitutions
amendments. proposed legislation an,
the right to suspend and anns1l law
enacted by the Legislature.
St. Paul tidende. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1902-1928, 1914-10-23
ELEVENTH PROPOSED AMENDMENT

ELEVENTH PROPOSED AMENDMENT
The eleventh proposed amendment 10
contained in Chapter 594 of the Laws
Of Minnesota for the year 1913.
BY this amendment 1t IL proposed to
add an entirely new section to Article
o OF the Constitution, to be known ~
Section 10, which shall read a. follows,
Section l. The following amend
ment to Article 9 Of the Constitu-
hereby proposed to the people Of
the State for their approval or re-
lection, which amendment, IL ap-
proved, shall be known as Section
1S of Article 9 of the Constitution
and shall read as follows:
acted providing for the taxation Of
dogs On a basis other than the
value Of the dog, and from the fund
tanned by the wne Of other dom
este animals by reason Of injuries
caused by dogs" 4
PURPOSE AND EFFECT, The pres-,
ent basis for taxing dogs in upon SEXUAL
value. The proposed amendment. n
adopted, will permit the Legislature t.
enact laws changing this basls. Il Ii
proposed to create q fund out Of which
owners of domestic animals nay 10 re-
lmbuFsed for loss sustained By reason
Of injuries caused by dogs.
Yours respectfully,
LYNDON A. SMITH,
Attorney General
St. Paul tidende. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1902-1928, 1914-10-23
sixth PROPOSED AMENDMENT.

The sixth proposed amendment 1.
contained in Chapter $50 OF the Laws OF
Minnesota for the year 1913.
PURPOSE, The purpose Of this
amendment IL to make the term Of ONCE
Of the Judge Of Probate four years.
This 70 an amendment Of Section 2 Of
Article 9 Of the Constitution, which
now reads as follovvss
Section Z. There shall be establish
cd in each organized county in the
State q probate court, which shall be q
court Of record. n be held at such
time n places as may be prescribed
by law. It shall be held by one Judge,
who shall be elected by the voters of
the county for the term OF two years.
He shall be q resident OF such county
At the time Of his election, and reside
therein during his continuance in Of
nee; n his compensation shall be pro-
vided by law. He may appoint his own
clerk where none has been elected: but
the Legislature may authorize the cleo
ton, by the electors of any county, of
one clerk or register of probate for
euch county whose powers, duties,
term Of office. and compensation shall
be prescribed by Law. A probate court
shall have Jurisdiction over the estates
OF deceased persons and persons under
guardianship, but no other Jurisdiction,
ton"
St. Paul tidende. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1902-1928, 1914-10-23

Den aroft, Der Dor ! bore 9a1nger, %
bog berte ri intet al Dor egen Smg.
Saaleoes larmer Mtuifinerne / en-
nnoerpanosboao!!
&pob ieg peo ON Garten tn ben
fotite Spit? 81 pioite Inn ct: Ger
par ct 9grirtoe, ION if1lltoe ubrettes ;
Met1r1emfgr Set elIer 81
81 Dnge bar bi nnoer 81
DiofiRte iiffffe, boorben set gif. i Deo
eller til elo mere peo iee eIn f6e,
St. Paul tidende. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1902-1928, 1914-10-23

faooan 5orntooring hiper beiDrfd
peb en- sfiloring al en- tpif n,roer-
'panosboaog 5nrt til sfotIorso, Der
ltoar at lRfe ! .agRfiiindbbener Meueite1
Noebricbten" % fom netop M
mao 1iges at bore nfffl1el. 9pboloet
ON 8orb ct Of oisfe moberne &np-
1bDrer Hlores inoIeoes:
Ssraoti ri tom Netloen 1900 DE
ter nar, ipiIle6e ii poo 8rafborr1lo-
t 'il' Sg alIigebeI srte 6ierooen ot
St. Paul tidende. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1902-1928, 1914-10-23
ganoet. 9o nran er1bper bore paa

.gnr1oet. ga rnan enbDer bore paa
i'm Moit.
saolebes cit set Dag lb % Dag
IND. 0g Iao fif ni poo Ell Gang
Senfationen. Gen enc efftter Sen an,
ben maotte ct msirlit forIaoe fit Mr-
beioe og tnite ct glif gien11em Bseri-
ffopet. Oct bar set IifIigite gNn,
leg i mine 2epeooge bor iet! Ser
ioppe, ionn Ell Slot ffreoelige Som La
Ell engelH gifnore. l1befDnlreoe o1t
St. Paul tidende. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1902-1928, 1914-10-23

M1naDsnt soAooi 80 univsTsstyf sfDn1s0 q
TIL State in the ~ ~ any esunty,
scAoel district, city, tOvn 81 Village 81
this State. This amendment, ~ adopt-
ed. will DeFmit In addition to the fOre-
Soing Investments, said school md uni-
versity funds 20 be Invested also n
dFst ~inOrt1age lOaDs secured upOn Ina
proved m cultivated farm lanas Of
this StAte. The present Constitution
provides that mo Investment shall be
made for q longer period than twenty
years, while the proposed amendment
sxtends I period TO thirty years
St. Paul tidende. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1902-1928, 1914-10-23
81. Paul, May q 1914.
l1r. Julius A. Schmahl,
Secretary Of State. -

81. Paul, May q 1914
llr. Julius A. Schmahl,
Secretary Of State.
Dear Sirs Referring to proposed Con.
stftutlonal Anendment No. swould says
AZ state expert printer / have gfven the
publications involved In this proposed
amendnent special thought, and a.. 81
opinion both these publications are ems
tirely s~uperAuous. The extensive
nual publication Gin q daily nevvspape1
Dubllshed Mt the capital city attract
absolutely NO a~ttention. The annual res
port Of the state treasurer IL publlsheA
d book form, mi to N extent that
nakes it easy for every person special.
II concerned to secure . COPY. 10 con-
form strictly with the law ~ Il q q
present, means the expenditure, under
reasonably favorable printing contracts,
Of approximately $1,000, q sum whieh
can be used TO excellent advantage m
der conditions which ordinarily suggese
the greatest care md upon tie
part Of those under WHOSE direction tho
Drinting funa Z expended.
Yours RESPECTFULLY.
]. 4. MANNIx.
State Expert P1tntSR.
St. Paul tidende. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1902-1928, 1914-10-23
nd substitute therefor the following,

Section 6. The permanent school
and university fund Of this state
may be invested IN the bonds Of
town or village of this state. and
in first mortgage loans secured
upon improved and cultivated farm
lands Of this state. But no such In
vestment OF loan shall be made un-
til approved by the board Of COM
regulate the Investment Of HE
permanent school fund and the
permanent university fund Of this
state nor shall such loan or inyegt-
ment be made when the bonds to
be issued or purchased would
make the entire bonded indebted
sessed valuation OF the taxable
property Of the county, school dis
trict. city. town or village Issuing
such bonds; o shall any farm
loan or investment be made when
such investment or loan would ex-
coed 80 per cent Of the actual cash
to secure said investment: nor
shall such Investments or loans be
made at q lower rate OF intereaf
than three per cent per annum.
nor for q shorter period than five
years, nor for 9 longer period than
thirty years; ana no change of b
or county lines shall relieve the
real property In such town, school
district, county, village or city IN
this state at the time Of issuing OF
such bonds from any liability for
taxation to pay such bonds.
EFFECTs The present Constitution
the lnvestnaat q the DeR.
St. Paul tidende. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1902-1928, 1914-10-23
FOURTH PROPOSED AmrNnmrnr

The fourth proposed amendment is
contained in Chapter 5S7 Of the Laws
Of Minnesota for the e. 1913.
PURPOSE, By this amendment 1T 10
proposed to repeal the provisions Of
Section II Of Article . Of the Constitu-
t10n, which section now reads ~ fol-
lows,
Section II. There shall be published
by the treasurer, in. at least one news
ment. during the nrst week in January
In each year, n in the next volume Of
the acts of legislature, detailed state
ments OF all moneys drawn from the
treasury during the preceding year., for
what purpose and to whom paid. and by
what law authorized; and also Of all
moneys received. and by what author
tty n from whom"
EFFECTs The Constitution requires
the treasurer to publish yearly q de-
tailed statement Of moneys drawn
from the treasury during the preceding
year, giving the names Of the persons
to whom paid and the purposes for
which It was expended. 1t also re-
quires a like statement OF the names
money received, and In both cases q
statement Of the law under which pay
ments were made, or money paid into
the treasury. The eject Of this amend-
ment. II the same be adopted, will be
to repeal the section Of the Constitu-
item mentioned and insofar relieve the
treasurer from such publication and
the State from the Vel thereof.
This change in the Conntitution. how.
ever, would not prevent the Legislature
from directing by law that such or 4
different Publication. Of the same or
other information. should be made BY
the treasurer.
St. Paul tidende. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1902-1928, 1914-10-23

ON Der Ute goDes nogen tp1f selllp
i Rmierbragt. .;s
S to Elmer Lao pii Ser pa 2alr IN.
Der @dnoet. st bente Ell itor: Nstonfm
reo til os DiIoe bape prrd os Ell lH
Sag. Men bi mnatte life. 81 bbabss
Sc bort 9oerp ot uofbre, Dor goao
.imoatte ;oioerp. 6borIe0es mon or
anptoin bnr bort tI Mooe? eco
11er beo 6ieutoen % aniaepe n1aattes1
ban obe Eorpeooen hiipe agre
St. Paul tidende. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1902-1928, 1914-10-23
and substitute. therefor the fo1lo,,,.s.

Section z. Probate Court
Judges to be Observation-Disclosures.
"There shall be established in each
: organized county in the state a pro-
pate court, which shall be a court
OF record, and be held at such time
and places as may be prescribed by
iaw. It shall be held by one Judge.
who shall be elected by the voters
OF the county for the term Of four
years. He shall be a resident Of
such coHnty at the time Of his cleo
ton, and reside therein during his
in office; and his com
pensation shall be provided by law.
He may appoint his own clerk
Wnere none has been elected; but
the legislature may authorize the
election by the electors OF any
county. of M clerk or register Of
probate for such county, whose
powers. duties, term of office and
compensation shall be prescribed
by law. A probate court shall have
jurisdiction owe the estates of de-
ceased persons and persons under
guardianship, but no other jurisdlc-
t1on except as prescribed by this
EFFECTS The present Constitutiez
that the ONCE Of judge Of Pro.
bate shall be two a and IL thl.
10 adopted the term of suel
oflce will be four years.
St. Paul tidende. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1902-1928, 1914-10-23

lnrepssssl 10 ~ msntirs1y new -.
- Article 8 n the Csns1itutlon q
~ section Z ~ vhlsh sAall
EsaA @ lfolIsvvss
Section ]. The following arnsnd.
mont to Article eight (8J OF the
Constitution OF the State Of Min
nesota is hereby proposed to the
legal voters OF said state for their
approval or their rejection, which
when SO approved shall
pc known as Section seven ca ct
said Article eight 90 and shall
..Such Of the school and other
public lands Of the state as are bet.
ter adapted for the production Of
timber h for agriculture, may
De set apart as state school forests,
or other state forests as the legis-
!ature may provide. and the leGis-s
lature may provide for the manage
ment OF the same o n forestry pr1n.
ciples.. The net revenue therefrom
snail be used for the purpose for
which the lands were granted 70
EFFECT, The eject Of this anesA-
Aent. It adopted, will authoffss the
Lesislature to set apart for stats
school forests or other state fsResta,
state public lands which are bottez
adapted for timber than for agxieul-
and to manage the same upoa ter
estry principles.
St. Paul tidende. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1902-1928, 1914-10-23
&aa Dpbaselie amber ganbet.
st Goet til oen engelife apit.

Sc ire enaelife arp5Yeres nnoer--.
gang beo @elsoIano, ser fploes en-
tut Observation-Disclosures briitiee an-
greb, Iaber formooe, at set lite blot
er tDife Miter, Der eigr g~elterbapet
l1iiffert, men at ogloa fpffe l11oer-
.barpsbaooe ipar1nr ON Ser. gn
St. Paul tidende. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1902-1928, 1914-10-23
Addressed to
Ju|ius A. Schmah|
Secretary Of State.
OFFICE or THE ATTORNEY GEN.
ERAL, ST. PAUL.
April Is. 1914.
HonoFable Julius A. schmahl.
Secretary Of State,
Capitol.


~: AZ required oy section 46.
~snefaI statutes OF the State OF Min
.ss0s 1or the year 1913, l have the
aonor 20 iurnlsn you herewith . state
msne VI the purposes n enects OF the
srespective amendments proposed to the
constitution Of the State Of Minnesota
A.. ~ - $500 -. 80 anu wnicn
suol..teeo 70 the electors OF
ala state at the general election in
1914.
St. Paul tidende. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1902-1928, 1914-10-23

EFFECT. The present constitutions
provides that the umb Of Associate
Justices Of the Supreme Court shall NOT
exceed four In number, while the
amendment. II adopted, will Increase
b number to six. A majority Of the
Supreme Court may now declare a aw
unconstitutional, but IL this
is adopted, 1T will require the concur-
renee OF five members. The once Of
clerk of h Supreme Court II now cleo.
tive, hut If this amendment 10 adonted.
b clerk Of the Supreme Court will. he
appointed by the court.
St. Paul tidende. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1902-1928, 1914-10-23
SEVENTH PROPOSED ADmENpmErr

SEVENTH PROPOSED Amendment.
The seventh proposed amendment ID
contained in Chapter $50 Of the Law.
OF Minnesota for the year 1913.
PURPOSES The purnose Of ..,s
amendment II to Ak and limit the .um-
Der Of State Senators.
Section 2 of Article 4 Of the const1.
tuition now reads as follows:
section z. The number OF members
Yno compose the Senate and House Of
law, but the representatives in the Sen.
every 5000 Inhabitants, and lnd'n In t t6e
hGus eye OF Rs 'ooc ,nba hitsn one member
resentation j n both houses shall Sc
different sections of the State, in pro-
elusive Of Indians not taxable under
the provisions Of law"
b following,
Section l.. That Section 2 Of
s Artiele - 4 %fn the Constitution Of the
as to e a as follows:
Section 2. In the next n sue
ceeding ,reapportionments Of Sem
ators n REPRESENTATIVES., the Sem
VI SAALys
three (63) members and the House I
Of Representatives. shall be com
posed Of such number Of members
representation in boil Houses shall
be. apportioned as nearly as practi-
cable, throughout the different sec
the population thereof, exclusive
OF Indians not taxable under the
provisions OF law: Provided, how
Ever We that a County may be divided
but no County or any Of the parts
thereof shall ever constitute or be
= part q more than eyen 90 SEN
seven .(7) Senators shall ever be
apporttoned to any one County,
EFFECTs The object Of this amends
ment IL to limit the State Senate to
sixty-three members and to -preveut
any one county, having more thar
seven senator's,
EIGHTH PROPOSED AMEyDMENT
The eighth proposed amepdment i.
contained in Chapter SCI Of the Law.
Of Minnesota for the year 1913.
PURPOSES The purpose Of this
amendment 10 to encourage the plant.
ting. cultivation and protection Of No.
full forest trees and 1t IL proposed In
add an entirely new section to Article
Q Of the Constitution, to be Known :.
Section IVA, md which shall read :.
follows,
Section L. The following amend.
ment to Article Nine (9) Of the Con-
stitution of the State Of Minnesota.
is hereby proposed to the people Of
onnr0vQl or rejection which a ~.~5 M
St. Paul tidende. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1902-1928, 1914-10-23
TENTH PROPOSED AnEspxm.

/. NOOA OS&0D O1U - E
The tenth proposed amendment 10
contained in Chapter 5s3 Of the Laws 81
for the year 1913.
~ this amendment It 10 proposed to
add 70 Article 2 Of the Constitutssn I.
entirely new section, providlng Tor .
recall, which shall read a. follows,
Of the Constitution 81 the state 81
minnesota shall be and the same n
at aerf tRs a anS ID ad ~ adding thereto
section, which shall be numbered
section 10 Of said Article seven (7)
n which shall e as follows:
Section 10. Every public omcial
IN Minnesota, elective or a%ppointive,
nal De subject to recall from Of
nee by the electors of his of1cial or
yidea; a o petition a dem hene1R p5 e.
recall setting forth the reasons
therefor; signed by such number Of
electors In his district as shall be
shall not be less than twenty per
centum or more thin thirty Der
eentum Of h total number Of
d dHsga cast at tho 6er lags %9v nTaead,d in sue. sreh
tlon, shan be filed in the Office
where. petitions for nomination to
sucH once are filed, or in such
GI n ONCE as may be provided by
such petition is filed. shall order Z
such official shall resign within
I'VE days after such petition is filed,
the vacancy thereby created shall be
nlled as may be provided by law;
put II ne shall not 80 resign. such
twenty-five days after he filins Of
the petition. shall be called to de-
termine whether such official shall
be recalled. On the oflcial ballot
at such election shall be printed.
IN not more h two hundred
words, the reasons for demanding )
forth in the petition, and In not
more than two hundred words such
of1lcials justification Of his course
IN office. Such official shall con-
tlnue to perform the duties Of his
once until the result of such cleo
ton shall be officially declared.
No such petition shall be signed or
and no petition shall be signed or
filed for the recall Of anv judicial
offic1al within sixty days Of the 40
c1slon, ruling or act complained Of
IN the petition. Such additional
legislation as may aid In the OPP
GRAFTON Of his section and proceed
by law. At such election no per-
son shall be voted for, and the only
proposition submitted shall Sc IA
recall Of such official. Any person
recalled, rs provided in this Sec
ton, shall be Ineligible to fll the
vacancy caused by his recall"
rs YHYYnvDnN~ a EE.=EsT
St. Paul tidende. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1902-1928, 1914-10-23
md substitutes therefor. the follov,inr

. .#-# Tr. .-.. #. ~ ..' ~.
'sec. 2. The supreme court shal,
consist Of one chief justice and six
associate justices. Five shall con-
stitute a quorum. and the concur
renee of at least four shall be
necessary to a decision, but no
statute shall be declared unc0nsti-
tutional unless five members of the
court shall concur in the decision.
It shall have original Jurisdiction
in such remedial cases as may be
prescribed by law, and appellate
jurisdiction in all cases, both in
law and equity. but there shalf be
no trial by jury in said court. It
shall hold one or more terms in
each year. as the legislature may
d1rec at the seat OF, government.
q two-thirds vote, that one term
in each year shall be held in each
or any judicial district. It shall be
the duty of such court to appoint a
reporter Of its decisions, and q
clerk of the supreme court"
St. Paul tidende. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1902-1928, 1914-10-23

the.original1 ssralats oraepppprrepYdatis.e
laws shall s. enacted ~ the lsfis,a-
principal 81 iii funds which have here
totore arisen OF which may hereafter
arise from the sale 81. other DISPOSE
s saeh e l.n sSsn ae ,ands; Fl f. t any ,ssHf be sse@
the sale or disposition thereof, IN inter
e~st-beartng bonds OF the United States,
o. OF the State Of Minnesota. issued Y
bred and sixty usso5. or Of such other
state ~ the i%egislature may. by law
fro asv time me to time direct; y 80
All swamp lands now held by
e ths state. shall be appraised and $50
omcers. and the minimum price shall
be the same. less one-third (1A), as is
PROVIDED by law for the apprai:ement
thtrty-eight (3s) Of the General. Stat
utes: The principal OF all funds de-
aforesaid. shall forever. Be preserved
(lhl. Of the proceeds Of said principal
sehool e FUND adPP 81 T Phe statt 70 1hs T mann
to the edueatioaa.1 s and c 4s ,nsti.
rstions 81 Of COS. The 70 state taSDo II taid f iastitue
tions."
and adds thereto the following;
"A revolving fund OF not. over
Two Hundred Fifty Thousand Dol.
lars ($250, 000) may be set apart
from the eunds derived from h
sale OF school and swamp lands, to
pc used in constructing roads,
bitches and fire breaks in. through
n around unsold school and
swamp lands, such fund to be re-
p~ienished as long as needed from
the enhanced value realized from
the sale Of such lands so bene-
EFFECTS The eject Of this amend
nent, II adopted, will be to permit the
state to improve the school and swamp
lands Of the State out Of one de-
rived from the sale Of such lands, and
to bring III State into line with the
conditions Of the swamp Land Grant ~
to drainage Of such lands, by providing
q revolving fund therefor, pending b
ultimate application Of the avails Of
such grant to the common school fund
Of the State and the educational and
charitable Institutions thereof.
St. Paul tidende. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1902-1928, 1914-10-23

PURPOSE AND EFFECT, The NY.
pose of this amendment IL to enable .
certain number Of voters to petftion
and cause to be submitted to q vote the
question Of removing from once any
elective or appointive public oncial.