davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The chronicle=news., 1914-05-08
WHY BLAME ROCKEFELLER.

pa ,.t anarchist. sps.,ss Of the aeves PHILOSOPHY
y,Ae, ho, yellow labor have osea keep
Ing ~ sosn, psssons campaign against John Aosks
ies. IT, pr Of the stock Of the Colombo
Pss asa os company Rockefeller is held personally
spssAIs for The ske hxaess committed das'sx the
everything that has b<ss dose since the indus
tsial tsesSls started il colorado last September
In eA. Rockefeller IT, has bsea made the goat though
vAy i. common justice play the millionaire Of ='l
sssis, father singled os oasy and abuse
question that every ihinkins and ,essoaag person asking
NV Job. j, a.y 0sood OF the higher off,
Gals OF s,seahs<ss o,he operating In Colorado that
-h the roSoss seeking 'rs's
asi,sas
fhs nay !. B.ass Resksfsiss Pessoa Of aa
ss.,l standing saa campaign against hin expected
tain d pske synpahy Assk nktax tosFsa' hare
ya bsra working tine 10 afes n TIE Pss'e niad
lishks of The cnunssy People
shsvsse usalesneA conditions IN the coal strike DIS
~ asl eAss,se ssseaes.ssa The ssoss will sesd staff
1. vhiea Tie d Rockefeller aPpessA
IN CRITICS. q Rockefeller ty the saeaisss merely
via ursshy fer Tie that has en dsssdd hy deeds Of
iav'saasss aaa es,ia~.y.
leks.g Rockefeller efes dsae merely 10 gre ev
anarchists Undesirable eas so'ese'y IN the
shs ~ Upsoa Sinclair vhe advesisss his books I
aakiss dsapAsel q htnssN
1sesss Aas clearly biz attitude regards ihs saisa
present esavey his testimony before the eonssrsaea
ri sbesanis h psivas csaiessaee with Chairman Fos
bis psbe pas.shed His attitude the
,hs eAss interested largely he is in
shs cslsssAs Rockefeller sasias the battle alone
The other operators their Pos'on OF opposition
dsaud Yet fu cad Of the soua'sy 10 the
eshsr IL labor pres b howiins absui Roeksfelsr
To ,s. the prosperity Of Colombo has been built
b. Reskler asrrsss lnsofaz Rockefeller
coal naax industry there ser
ua professional trosbe makers oa the eastern staes
he ay,ia,e strike No~ ~hea the hwe eeas among
striker 20 the hills and warfare asd people
killed. responsibility fixed Rockefeller In New York
1oekefeer ~ recognize organization that has inspired
asthord this voence The good citizens this eouny prob
ably respect him he did for the major
y people Of the uned States lwabnE and opposed
lawessness
The guas that being discharged against Rockefeller
The chronicle=news., 1914-05-08
IT'S A CLOSED INCIDENT
The csi,pis Greek ri~rss

The Cripple cs.ss Titarss
N.s ,ha, tho .,ris. 'fssihi" is ..
an saa. the Traders Of The tni'-a
Mae Workers al Indie aaPpiIs. ~ha
have been asTas.A in a'rzrd 'rte'-
lion asairss The state authorities af
.aisraas. have renewed n"%n.ia'isas
asa arr managing tn Keep up The . 81
.s,ssn shEsaEh tho shssshts,ic rrss-
Paper. of tho s-ihsfys Th-> d"h
van. To sec the fou at assessments
which have been setsins into that
cisy br tho Ihnasanes ~ dollars r-r
day stopped. As tusin-ss rspt-nsis
lion th.y tseii-,s 4, --srnsiai q. h-~t,
up in,-rrss and Incidentally has" an
-s.us- for The iaEsr salaries rsia
themselves. ''M.,hrs jan.s and h-r
sssssria,-. and officials Of District H.
Sa- they iais .f arbitration vi'h
,h- coal operators sns thuy have
really sueecc,!cd in issucias rscsi-
dent Wilson 10 zn over sh- same
ground which had proven unproti'-
able in tho earIy stages af sA-
strike. No~. I, is asserted that shu
,'nit-i Mine Workers .f America arr
iiiins In waive the question of TN
ION recognition u the operators will
call Oft the strike. There 4. ~. strike
4. cali off 20 far as the mia- .p-ra,.
ar. arr concerned. The troubles
were all -ad-i aud tho mine. e.
sumcd operations in Nprii with u
force of io.u"a miners To whom pro-
lection had been guaranteed. In
con for;ni,y with this guarantee. the
mines were guarded and the men.
women and children were secure Nh
der this protection until last week
when the war Of determination was
inauSuratra. Tho foreign auSilsar-
| les ~. the Mine Workers union. un.
der Instructions from Indianapolis
and Denver. were supplied with arms
and moved out Into the hills upcn
their campaign OF Death and de-
structtou. When the operators con-
.ci.d to Governor Amnons every
pciut with the exception OF union
recognition. that was the time for
Hayes. Brake. kcnchan and their as
sociatcs to accept. The operators
treated with them in good faith ss a
body OF sincere bu, badly misguided
mon. but the conference dissolved
when Hayes gave his uiiimaium ''un-
ion recognition or nothing" lie was
taken at his worth: nothing! Since
the bloody Developments Of last week
IL has become manifest to the world
that the men who insttgatcd tho
Icampaign OF destruction and annihi-
Iation. instead of being imbucd with
union motives were actuatcd solely
by n spirit Of revenge. They not only
let loose band nf assa ssins upon un-
armed men. women and children Mt
the mines. but they rcsortcd to treas
on to excite armed resistance In
/, Colorado and other states. They
sowcd the seeds of rebellion and in
response 800 armed strikers assem-
blcd under the red banner. II was
only mn alarmed administration that
prevented widespread rebellion. and
this menace Is yet imminent In the
light of the Chicago resolution from
the Illinois convention to President
Gompers urging n nationwide strike.
II Tho answer to this latest PROPOSE
tion from Washington is the signed
statement from nineteen operating
companies in Colorado. which says
that in no event will the American
The chronicle=news., 1914-05-08

have accomplished nothing further diseysd
aaon and people back Of the SANDER and abuse Aay
collection Of who seek supporter BY lies
and aamny and ansubanated charges very Some
people theughy begued sympathss with help them
but the realization dsvn later that they have been isd
and deceived the Of the trouble the coal
strike nid and deceived BY the individuals who
attacking Rockefeller aiding campaign and de-
gtYuet
The chronicle=news., 1914-05-08

turn to work can do so should there
be any vacancies: all but the Creek
assassins. For them there is no
place. at any time. or anywhere and
the beat thing they can do is to OBJ,
tain tho friendly corporation of the
Greek ,onsuls and prepare for their
Journey across the sea.
The chronicle=news., 1914-05-08

Spring Lamb. Spring Kid and
Spring Chicken at the Hcy-Patterson
Market. 1t
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1914-03-19

ing good health now and owe it all to
your remedies. / take pleasure in tell
ing my friends and neighbors about
them. Mrs. MATTE HALEY, SOL Col
quhone Street, Danville, Va.
No woman suffering from any form
of female troubles should lose hope I'M
til she has given Lydia e. Pinkham' S
Vegetable Compound fair trial.
This famous remedy, the medicinal
ingredients of which are derived
from native roots and herbs, has for
forty years proved to be a most valua-
BILE tonic and invigorator of the fe-
male organism. Women everywhere
bear willing testimony to the wonderful
virtue of Lydia E. Pinkham's Vegeta-
BILE Compound.
If you have the slightest doubt
that Lydia e. Pinkham's Vegeta-
bic Compound will help you, write
to Lydia e. Nj edicineC Co.
(confidentiaD Lynn, Mass, for adj
vice. Your letter will be opened,
read and answered by u woman,
and held in strict confidence.
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1914-03-19
.Catarrh Cannot Be Cured.

with LOCAL APPLICATIONS as they
cannot reach the seat of the disease. Ca
tarrh is a blood or constitutional disease
and in order TO cure il YOU must take in
ternal remedies. Hairs Catarrh Cure is
aiken internally, AID acts directly upon
the blood and mucous surfaces. Halls
Catarrh Cure is not a quack medicine. 1t
was prescribed by one o. the best ply
sicians in this country for years and is
regular prescription. II is composed OF
best blood purifiers. acting directly on the
mucous surfaces. The perfect combna-
ton of the two inrredionts is what pro-
duces such wonderful results in curing
eatarrh. Send for testimonials. free.
r. J. CHENEY e co, Props, Toledo, O.
Sold by Druggists. price 15c. Z
Take Halls Family Pills for constipation.
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1914-03-19
THE FORTY YEAR TEST.

An article must have exception
al merit to survive for period Of
forty years. CChamberlain's Cough
Remedy was first offered to the pull
lie in 1872. From small beginning
it has grown in favor and popular
ity until it has attained world
wide reputation. You will find moth
ing better for a cough or cold
Try it and you will understand VIII,
1t is favorite after period o
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1914-03-19
Always.

Always.
1t is always safe to say you are as
poor as church mouse unless you are.
New York Press.
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1914-03-19
STUBBORN, ANNOYING COUGHS
CURED

My husband had a cough for fir
teen years and my son for eight
years. DR.. Kings New Discovery
completely cured them, for which
l am most thankful" writes Mrs.
David Moor, of Saginaw Ala. What
DR.. Kings New Discovery did for
these men, it will do for you. DR.,
Kings New Discovery should be in
every home. Stops hacking coughs
relieves la grippe. all throat and
lung ailments. Money back if it
fails. All druggists. Price SO cts.
and 81 90. H. E. Bucklen & Co.
Phila. or St. Louis.
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1914-03-19
more than forty years. 1t not only
gives relief-it cures. For sale by
Extra Drug Co.

Christian ChurchsNotes
Sunday School at 1000 A. M.
Services at 1900 A. M.
Christian Endeavor at.6:3O P. M.
Services at 1880 P. NJ.
Everybody welcome.
G. S. LINKLETTER, Pastor.
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1914-03-19

much better than L
did when the doctor
was treating me. l
don't suffer any
bearing down pains
at all now and | sleep
well. | cannot say
enough for Lydia E.
Pinkham's Vegeta-
BILE Compound and
Liver Pills as they
have done SO much
for mo I am enioV-
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1914-03-19
Made In Great Britain.

The master of the mint reports a
great demand for small change" We
have noticed it ourselves.
DR.. Wiley says Eve was created be
fore Adam. And her first words were.
Where have you BEEN
Lord Derby says Il schoolboy thinks
he knows far better than every one
else. The schoolboy does not think he
knows; he knows he knows. John Bull.
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1914-03-19
Dare to Chance.

II you would be man speak what
you think today in words as hard as
cannon balls and tomorrow speak
what tomorrow thinks in hard words
again. though it contradict everything
you said today Emerson
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1914-03-19

pie. i tfled nearly ey-
cry medicine / could
hear of, among them l
used fifteen bottles of
one popular prepara-
ton, but never found
anything that did me
any permanent good
until I took Chamber
lain's Stomach and
Liver Tablets, which
have effected ii perma-
nent cure. 1t has now
been five years since |
took these tablets, and
| have had no more
stomach trouble dur
ing that time. ! have
recommended Cham
berlain's Tablets to a
great many sufferers
with stomach trouble,
and travelling sales
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1914-03-19
PERSISTENCE.

So few people succeed greatly
because so few people can con-
ceive great end and work toward
that enc without deyiating and with
out firing. But we all know that
the man who works for money day
and night gets rich and the man
who works day and night for no
matter what kind Of material power
gets the power. 1t is the same
with the deeper, more spiritual is
sues, which make for happiness and
every intangible success. 1t is only
the dreams Of those who dream
family that do not come true.
Arthur .Symons.
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1914-03-19

hsfand have met many of the boys on
y road that are afflicted with disorders
the stomach as they have to put up
tn all kinds of half cooked grub at the
ferent country hotels, which is one
use OF this dreadful disease"
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1914-03-19
travelling Man Cured.
EIsINARIAlN

P B. Counterman, a travelling man of
plin, Mo, writes: Twelve years ago
as a great sufferer from stomach trou-
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1914-03-19
WHAT $40 DID
X ~ I'LL II e4H4sHss
FOR THIS Woman
The Price She Paid for Lydia
E.Piakham's Vegetable Com
pound Which Brought
Good Health.

Danville, Vac have only spent ten
dollars on your medicine and / feel so
Audubon County journal. (Exira, Iowa) 1884-1993, 1914-03-19
In the Dark.

In the Dark.
Uncle Joe Yes. Teddy, it is quite
possible that there are people in the
moon.
Little Teddy Well, what becomes of
them when there isn't any moon:-
Exchange.
The day book. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1911-1917, 1914-11-12
Melbourne.

officers of the German cruiser En-
den, which was destroyed by the
Australian warship Sydney, are still
at large in the open sea. They es-
capped in a schooner Communicated
at Cocos Island, have four Maxims
and supplies sufficient to last them
for two months on board.
Cape Town. 1t is believed here
that the back of the rebellion led
by Gen. De Wet and Gen. Byers has
been broken. The government has
offered amnesty to all rebels surren-
dering by Nov. Fl. The leaders of
the revolt are excluded, however.
Paris.-The most violent action in
the western war theater continues
from the coast to the Lys. The Of
fetal communicate, issued from the
war Office this afternoon, stated that
the front had remained practically
unchanged since Tuesday evening.
The action on the left wing continues
to be violent, however, with alternate
advances and Withdrawals of the al
lies forces.
London, Nov. 12.-German SUBJ
marine Menace torpedoed and sent
to the bottom the British gunboat
Niger. Crew saved.
Petrograd.-StiII pressing forward
against the German, Austrian and
Turkish lines, the Russian armies are
continuing their successes at all
points, according to a formal state
ment today.
An official report from the army
of the Caucasus declares the Rus
slams have occupied the entire valley
of Alasebkert. An attempt of the
Turks to turn the Russian flank has
been defeated. There have been
small skirmishes in the region of the
river Tchoruk in the province of Ba-
tum, on the east shore of the Black
Sea, in which Russian raiding par
ties have been successful. NJ
"Our troops have approached the
e 10 1ync
The day book. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1911-1917, 1914-11-12

ACT ON THEIR PROPOSITION
Springfield, Ill.,, Nov. 12.- FEEDER
ated clubwomen of Illinois were
eagerly watching to see if Gov. Dunno
would balk or would take the new
step asked of him in a resolution by
the Illinois federation convention
here that he appoint a woman to the
state civil service commission and
the state board of administration
controlling the state charitable insti-
tutions. They will ask also that civil
service be extended to bank exam
liners, factory inspectors, officials of
the Chicago municipal courts and
Chicago sanitary district by amend
ment of the civil service law.
The day book. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1911-1917, 1914-11-12
OFFICERS AND PART OF CREW OF EMDEN STILL
AT LARGE ON THE OPEN SEA

clares. Fighting in the Goldap, FL
ava and Soldau districts has been
successful. The energetic advance
in Galicia continues"
Paris.-TerribIe fighting along the
coast and through Dixmude to the
Lys continued today, with the Ger
mans endeavoring to drive the allied
forces from Lombaertzyde, north of
Newport.
The allies still held the district
about Dixmude, with the German
endeavoring to continue their move
ment from the town along the left
bank of the User.
ConstantinopIe, via Athens. An
official statement issued here today
declares that in the Caucasus the
Russians have retired to their second
line positions after suffering great
losses.
1t is also stated that Turkish
troops captured four British field
pieces in the occupation of Sheik
Zauzier, one of the outlying forti-
fications of Elarish on the Mediter-
ranean.
London.-A censored dispatch re-
ceived here today from Athens de-
clares that a Turkish torpedo boat
which escaped from the Dardanelles
has been caught off Tedos.
-O-O-
WnMEN WAIT EOP MINNIE tn
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1914-08-06

Cutting has begun and will be quite
general the latter part of the week.
An item of interest overlooked in
last weeks budget of news is the ar
rival of a fine baby boy at the home of
Mr.. and Mrs. Peter Gendreau of
North Olga.
D. j. McKinnon left last Monday
by way of Grand Forks for Winnipeg,
where he will visit his brother and
from there he will go to Osburn to see
his boys, Alex, Angus and Lawrence.
He may then go out to British Colum-
bia.
Mrs. Claira Fuller, who visited
with her parents, Mr.. and Mrs. P.
Carriveau returned to her home al
Spooner, Mimi, last week. We un,
derstand that Mr.. Fuller is now in the
general merchandise business anc
doing we'll.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1914-08-06
LANGDON MANS EXPERIENCE
Results Tell the TaIe-Can You Doubt Evidence
of This iangdon Citizen

You can verify Langdon endorse
ment-read this:
81 was troubled by a dull, heavy
ache e my Kidneys" c.. Orton,
prop, of harness shop, Langdon. "At
night l couldn't lie in one position
long; it was hard for me to stoop or
lift; | was satisfied that my kidneys
were d%isordered, as the kidney secre-
tons were too frequent in passage and
highly colored. Hearing Doan's kid
ney pills highly spoken Of, l decided
to try them and got a supply. After
taking four boxes every symptom of
the trouble disappeared. Several
weeks ago my back again began to
bother me, but Doan's kidney pills
brought me good results
Price SOC at all dealers. Don't
simply ask for a kidney remedy-get
Doan's kidney pills, the same that
Mr.. Orton had. Foster Milburn Co.,
Props, Buffalo, N. Y.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1914-08-06
ELKWO0D

Hot! Well, yes. At least every
body says so. So there must be
something to it.
Harvest and haying coming on to-
gether this year makes everybody
hustle these hot midsummer days.
Help is scarce around here and there
are jobs awaiting several good men.
Base ball is expected to close for
the season in this vicinity next Sun
day at the S. G. Erickson place. The
teams from 1-6, Mona, Numedahl,
Mt. Carmel and Elkwood are expected
to play, SO there is bound to be a
great time and everybody from this
side of the country should be there.
The Elkwood ball team journeyed
to Mt. Carmel last Sunday and enjoy
ed a nice friendly game with the boys
there. Our bunch found them to be a
team Of fine manly good fellows, who
played a fair and square game from
start to finish. At the wind-up
Elkwood had the satisfaction of
nosing them out by a score of 3 to l.
The only bad feature Of the game was
that the umpire did not seem to know
much about the fine points of the
game himself.
Last Fridays rain was a money
maker as it has had the effect OF
checking the too rapid ripening of the
grain, but at the same time we have
got to admit that the hail did consid-
cradle damage to the crops just west
and south of here. We learn that the
extent of damage runs all the way
west from a five to a fifty per CEN
loss. Some of the farmers whose
crops were hit had insurance which
will aid them materially, but agar
%theregare those who had none.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1914-08-06
DRESDEN.

Mr.. and Mrs. Dawson, Mr.. and
Mrs. Terhaar, and Rev. Father Per-
Jus autoed to Winnipeg Tuesday to
take in the sights and will return
Thursday.
In the ball game last Sunday, Dres-
den VS.. Waterloo, the score was GA
in favor of the former. In the even
ing game Dresden VS.. Wales, the
score was FL favoring Dresden.
We regret to say that there is no
improvement in the health of Mrs.
VIM. Grail, who has been sick for
some time and the family have the
sympathy of all in town in their great
trouble.
w. C. Troyer, of the International
Harvester Co., went down the line
Saturday to spend Sunday at his home
in Grand Forks. He returned Mon
day and is kept busy helping to put
out Mccormick binders.
Geo. Williams reports business
good and is working night and day
trying to catch up with the book work.
On Monday H. ]. Mathisen of Port
land, Ore. a former we'll known bust.
ness man here, arrived in town and is
looking after his farms and other
interests. His many friends are very
glad to see him again.
Last Friday the rain storm here
was accompanied by a heavy vino
which overturned several small build
ings. The roof was partly blown off
a box car and the old wooden tower Of
Chas. Hahn's wind mill was broker
down. We also learn that the barr
of Mr.. Metzger Of Mt. Carmel was
blown down and one of the horse:
killed.
M. P. Blower autoed to Fairdale
Wednesday taking VIM. Buckweit;
and wife and Mrs. j.. Mueller, Jr.
to attend the funeral of VIM Schnp
kloth, who was we'll known as a resi-
dent mean Dresden in the eraly days
Mr.. Schnpkloth was a very highl,
respected citizen and his sorrowins
friends have the sympathy of tn
entire community.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1914-08-06
OLGA
(Too Late for Last Week.

WV q 1o1 q TSChJ
Mrs. AID. Matthew of Langdon is
here visiting friends.
Quite a number of Olga peope are
planning on spending a couple of days
at the County Fair at Langdon next
week.
A little daughter arrived at the
home of Mr.. and Mrs. Ovila Beaudoin
last Saturday, all are doing we'll.
Mrs. w. ]. Kennedy and Mrs. N.
Robillard left yesterday for Grand
Forks, where they will take in the
fair.
Quite a number of u people took
in the two ball games across the river
last Sunday and report a very pleas
ant time.r@s The games were between
pickup teams and were interesting
from start to finish. We did not gel
the score.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1914-08-06
Tenders for Sealed Bids

Sealed bids will be received by the
board of county commissioners of
Cavaier county, North Dakota, until
200 O'Clock p. m. on Friday, August
18th, 1914, for the furnishing of eight
dump wagons, size one and a half
yards.
The board reserves the right to re-
ject any and all bids.
Dated at Langdon, N. D., this
22d day of July, 1914.
J. K. Hamilton, Elias Poster.
County Auditor. Chairman.
I 6
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1914-08-06
A School For storekeepers.

A school for storekeepers," consist.
ing Of q three day course Of lectures
and demonstrations. has been opened
at the University Of Kansas. with
several hundred country merchants
from all parts Of the state in attend
ance. The course vas arranged by
Professor D. G. Croissant to give the
small town and country storekeepers
new ideas in business. advertising and
store management.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1914-08-06
Naval Function.

SceneAThe main gate Of the Brook
Ign navy yard.
Some big function was going on in
side and a crowd had gathered to
watch the generals and admirals enter.
Two poorly dressed men were in the
crowd. One Of them said to the other
Say. what's goin' on in there to-
day."
II Dunno said the other. But ]
guess they're layin' the cornerstone OF
one Of them big battleships."-NeW
York Tribune.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1914-08-06

TAKEN Upon or about May 18th at my place
three miles west of Langdon three bronchos,
all horses, color sorrel. bay and brown, all are
branded RE" Property can be had by ow-
ner upon proper Identification and payment
of expenses incurred otherwise they will be
disposed of as provided by law. Address J.
G. kram, Langdon On. 45.tf
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1914-08-06

Everybody's friend, DR.. Thomas
electric oil, the great household remedy
for toothache, earache, sorethroat, cuts,
bruises, sealds. Sold at all drug
| stores. rs cand SOC.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1914-08-06

Itching 'torturing skin eruptions
disfgure, annoy, drive n wild.
Doan's ointment is praised for it's
good work. soc at all drug stores.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1914-08-06
Congress Adds to NatiosaaI Forest

NddSt 70 INdtI0aEaI ToFeSt.
Nearly 1900 acres have been add
ed by congress to the Caribou national
forest, Idaho. This is one Of the first
Of such additions through congression-
al action and is the largest SO far made
by direct legislation.