davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Washington herald., 1914-10-11

positions, and used to photograph the
positions. The possibilities Of its use in
war were recognized in Germany before
the present conflict, and experiments
made. The camera is, of course, auto
matic IN its action, and takes photographs
at regular intervals. The apparatus is
made in two forms, as a single camera
and as double camera.
The term carrier pigeons for these
birds is now a misnomer; for the car
rier" pigeon is a bird of a different type,
distinguished by the enormous develop
ment Of the "wattles" round the ewes and
beak. The true carrier" pigeon is now
more correctly known as the homing-
pigeon, homer, Or Antwerp carrier. The
latter name indicates the origin of the
breed; for the Belgians are without rivals
for their admiration for this bird and
their skill In training IL. The homer IS
even in his native land, represented by
several races, all Of which, however, pos
sess the "homing" instinct These races,
Les Pigeons Voyageurs," are bred first
and foremost for their powers Of fight;
color and marking are of no account
Where these factors have been taken
into consideration for the ends Of the
"show-bench," the flying qualities have
invariably been lost. Some Of the finest
performers belong to the race known as
"Smerles" or Liege pigeons. They are
rather small, and look as though bred
originally from a somewhat coarse blue
Owl" and "Blue-rock." The enthu-
siasm displayed by the Belgians for the
sport Of pigeon-hying is shown by the
fact that nowadays millions are annual
ly sent over the French border to be raced
back to Belgium. Nearly, every village
has its "Societe Colombophile" The sport
began in 1918 with match of 500
miles. In 1923 the first race from Lon
don to Belgium was flown. The annual
"Concours National'-a race of 500
The Washington herald., 1914-10-11

sets OF rods is equal and opposite, pre-
serving balance that prevents vibra-
tion. One Of the principal mechanical ad-
vantages Of the construction lies IN the
fact that the work OF COMPRISING the
charge is not performed through the
crank and connecting rod, but directly
through the engine rods, and only use-
ful work Is transmitted to the crank
shaft The center of gravity of pistons
A and D travels vertically in the plane
Q P, while the center OF gravity OF the
other pair travels in identicany the
same plane, but in the opposite direc-
ton, so that the two motions are per-
fectly balanced
The advantages Of this engine from
the point Of view Of heat are quite OBJ
vious. The cylinders consist of two wa
ter-iacketed tubes open at each end. As
there are no cylinder heads, each tube
Is free to expand symmetrically, and as
there are no corners or pockets the mean
temperature Of the. inner surface OF the
cylinders Is very low.
In q new construction Of this engine,
wherein eight two-stroke pistons are
combined with four cranks, the weight
for q given power 10 from one-half TO
one-third Of that required In other con-
structions. A 6oo-horse power engine
OF this type was recently put to test. II
weighed, without Aywheel, under twenty
tons and gave some 550-horse power con-
tinuously. An ordinary gas engine Of
equal power would weigh twice as much.
The result was obtained with four cylin-
ders, IL inches In diameter, at q mod
ern piston speed Of $50 feet per minute.
and low mean effective pressure of un-
der 20 pounds per square inch. Despite
the makeshift character Of the auxiliaries
for supplying the engine with air and
gas, 1t showed an overall efficiency dur
ing q thirty-hour test Of Just under 30
per cent, while the indicated efficiency
was S7.e per cent. The mechanical en-
ieny of the engine ITSELF was about 80
per cent
The Washington herald., 1914-10-11

troops to bear upon one point or center.
SquadrOn-Is composed, of two cav
airy troops, and is a maneuVering unit.
Flanktng Movement - A maneuver
by which the side OF an army is
threatened or attacked.
BatmAn The soldier-groom Of a
mounted oficer. On active service he
takes his place in the ranks.
Pontoon - Buoyant vessels used In
military operations for supporting a
temporary bridge across q river.
Dragon - A cavalry soldier who Is
armed with an infantry hrearm and
trained to tight on foot as well as on
horseback.
Oommissariat-Is the system where
by armies are provided with food, for
age, fuel, quarters. and all other neces-
sarfes, except warlike stores.
Battery - A group of guns general
ly six), whether field or siege, under
the command of a major. The term
includes also the wagons, horses, men.
and all the equipment -
Regiment - Consists either Of four
squadrons Of cavalry, some six or seven
batteries Of artillery, or three or four
ment has q strength of 666 men.
Troop-Is the half of q cavalry
squadron, and is composed OF q captain,
two lieutenants, ffty-six mounted non
commissioned officers and troopers, and
some twenty dismounted men.
Stah-A body of skilled officers
whose duty It is, under orders from the
commanding officers of various grades,
to arrange the movements and supply
of the various units of an army.
Brigade = Consists Of four battalions
and is commanded by a. brigadier-gen-
eral. There are three regiments of
cavalry in all cavalry brigades. An ar
tillery brigade consists of three bat
teries. ~
Division-Is the smallest unit which
contains all branches of the service. A
small army in itself, under a general
officer and capable of acting independ-
emily; its strength is variable, but is
The Washington herald., 1914-10-11
COMPOSITION of an ARMY

continental armies engaged in the pres
ent conflict.
The European regiment in full war
strength numbers about $500 men, un-
der the command OF colonel Three
regiments form brigade Of 10000 men,
commanded by major general Two
brigades form a divivion Of 10000 men,
under the command Of q lieutenant
general. Two divisions constitute an
army corps Of 10000 men, commanded
by general, and three army corps form
an independent field army (fully
equipped with cavalry, artillery, commits
sary, engineers and medical Department.
OF a total strength of 10000 men.
There are variations from these totals
as given, but they are not great, and
the above estimate Of the strength of
the various units If applied to the num-
Der Of divisions, brigades. army corps,
etc, mentioned IN the dispatches win
give a closely accurate estimate Of the
number Of troops engaged.
The Washington herald., 1914-10-11

r. HE idea Of the deuble-piston engine
is not new. It dates back to Bod
mer, who in 1884 invented a
steam engine with two pistons that
operated toward and from each other
in a single cylinder. The principal
drawback to this construction was
found to lie in the stufing boxes. How
ever, this drawback does not apply to
the single-aeting internal-combustton
engine, and we find in the accompany
ing illustration an engine of this type
with two cylinders, each filed with dou-
Bile pistons, says the Scientific Amert-
can. The advantages claimed for this
novel engine are that 1t obyiates GER
tain difhculties OF heat radiation COM
mon to the ordinary internal combus-
ton engine, that the weight per horse
power is decreased and that 1t does
away with useless forces and negative
work.
For the purposes of Identification we
have lettered the -pistons In the nearer
cylinder A and B respectively, and the
pistons in the farther cylinder and ID.
The piston A is fitted with a crosshead
from which a pair Of rods run down
obliquely to a pair of crossheads car
ried by the piston D. In like manner
pistons B and C are connected by pair
OF oblique rods. The engine is OF the
two-cycle type. In the position illustrate
ed the explosive mixture is entering the
farther cylinder through an intake port
that has Just been uncovered by the
piston C and is displacing the products
of combustion which pour out OF the ex-
haust port that has been uncovered by
the piston D. In the meantime the
charge in the adjoining cylinder has
been compressed, and on ignition 1t will
force the pistons A and B apart The
piston B acts directly on the crank
shaft. while the piston A also acts on
the crank-shaft, but through its con-
nection with piston D. AS the pistons
The Washington herald., 1914-10-11
SUPERSTITIONS Re garding Mica

A NATURAL product of Increasing
IA importance Is mica, the use of
which is becoming more and more
widespread as the number and variety
of electrical appliances increase. Its
value to this industry lies in the fact
that It is not infammable, is a non-con-
ductor of electricity and is very flexible
and tough, which properties make 1t use
full in a variety of ways for Insulation
mineral technology division of the United
States National Museum was made pos
sible through the donation of, the West
inghouse Electric Company, which is an
extensive user of the material. Though
as yet incomplete this exhibit contains
many good examples of mica-the crude
state, the various stages Of manufacture
for industrial use and the finished prod
uct in its numerous forms of practical
application.
The natives of India, one Of the prin-
cipal mica producing countries, formerly
held many strange superstitions concern
ing this mineral, among them the belief
that mica was the remains of lightning
flashes, the sparks of which were caught
anu pTSsoINSu II Inc IOSho- AhSJ oioO nav
great faith in its medicinal properties,
believing that 1t would cure even the
most deadly diseases.
Two varieties of mica only are used
for industrial purposes, Muscov1t9 or
white mica, and phlogopite or amber
mica. These varieties occur IN pockets
and veins near the surface of the earth
and are taken out by ordinary quarry
methods, very little underground work
being done. The principal mica-producing
countries Of the world are India, the
United States, Canada, German East
Africa and Brazil. In the United States
the localities leading in its production
are North Carolina, New Hampshire,
South Dakota, Idaho, New Mexico, Colo
rado and Virginia. After section is
The Washington herald., 1914-10-11

generally close upon 10000 men with
some 900 officers.
Columns a military formation sew
eral ranks in depth and OF any length
OF front, adopted for the convenience
of movement. thin singie-rank for
nation is now universal for the leading
troops in battle, but the supports move
in column until obliged by hostile fire
TO deploy into line.
Battalion-An infantry unit Of 1,os5
men (1.000 bayonetS). Its front in
two-deep line or in modern-attack for
nation Is $40 yards. Is grouped for
tactical purposes into two half-bat-
talions, each commanded by a major,
the whole being under the command
of a lieutenant-colonel.
NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS. making an army
ready for taking the field. The various
units are brought to war strength by
calling in reserve men, in organizing
the staff Of brigades, divisions, and army
corps, constituting the commissariat,
medical and transport services, and in
accumulating provisions and munitions.
The Washington herald., 1914-10-11

death of a Kaiser to Germans through
out the world
Martha had been in poor health for
several years in her cage at the Zoo
logical Garden in Cincinnati. Many eff
forts had beenN made to find a mate for
her, or to discover some other specimen
of the wild pigeon. but they were with
out avail According to all ornithologi-
cal data available, Martha was the last
of her tribe in the world.
Members Of the National Audubon So
cities some time ago offered a prize of
81 500 to any one who could find a wild
pigeon nest. All that was necessary
was to find the nest, telegraph to c. F.
Hodge, a naturalist of Clark University,
and to await the findings of ornitholo-
gists whom he would Immediately dis
patch to the scene to investigate the
genuineness of the find. The Audubon
Societies received on an average 100
false alarms a year, but in not a single
case was the nest reported found to be
a wild pigeons. Instead almost every
such nest was found to be that of an
ordinary turtle dove. The wild pigeon
resembles the ordinary wild dove, but is
considerably larger.
The extinction OF the wild pigeon
tribe was the more amazing because Of
the vast extent to which II had -four
ished in this country prior to 1865.
Wild passenger pigeons used to travel
over the country by millions. Audubon
himself told Of their roosting in certain
parts Of Kentucky in territory covering
a space three miles long, which was al
most literally hidden by them Hun
dreds of farmers, he tells, used to camp
on the outside of the vast roosting
pigeon host and shoot them by the thou
sands from the edge Of their resting
place. The birds were fed by thousands
to ths-farmers' hogs after each nights
killing.
The slaughter ragged for years with
nets, traps, and guns, and by 1884 there
were very few of the wild pigeons seen
in the country. Several years ago they
had dwindled down to a few specimens
LETT In captivity IN Milwaukee and in
the Cincinnati Zoo. Martha's mate died
about four years ago, and though
prize Of $1,000 was offered for any
one who could fnd another bird to take
its place, Martha remained In solitary
widowhood until she died.
Martha herself was hatched In cap
tfvity in the Cincinnati Zoo. At the
time OF her death she was twenty-nine
years old Her last illness had been q
matter Of concern to ornithologists the
world over, and the Cincinnati agent OF
the Audubon Societies had been in
strueted to communicate at once with
leading ornithologists and naturalists OF
the country Is soon as Shs died.
The Washington herald., 1914-10-11
q KqNIOa1 or caRRLEP RGE0NS
RQP Use. IN TIE FRENCH ARHX

THOUGH wireless telegraphy and aero
planes may have iessened the i'm
portance of pigeons as dispatch
bearers in times Of war. they have
by no means ousted them. Only recently
two pigeon-dealers, one of them a Ger
man, were arrested in London for having
In their possession sixty carrier and
other pigeons" in contravention of the
Aliens Restrictions Act; and about the
same time a German spy was arrested IN
Belgium with pigeons In his possession
under suspicious circumstances. He was
found ostensibly fishing by the banks of
the Meuse, and sitting on basket. When
asked what luck he had, he replied,
None, the beggars won't bite" Just
then, unfortunately for him, unmistakable
sounds of ''cooing" came from the basket.
What happened to him may easily be
imagined. The pigeons are said to have
been fairly tender!"
That these aerial messengers are still
capable of rendering valuable service,
Nchieiy between forts, is shown by the
fact that in Germany there are about
100000 of these "homing pigeons" be-
longing to various societies, and 6f this
number about 5000 are reserved exclu-
sively for government use. French statis-
tics show that something like $4,000 of
these birds are kept well trained for
military service.
During the Franco-German War of
1901 these pigeons played a very i'm
portant part. At first they carried dis
patches reduced by photography to micro
scopic proportions on thin sheets of paper.
Later, all matter, whether public dis
patches or letters, was printed in ordi-
The Washington herald., 1914-10-11

miles, from Toulouse to Brussels
inaugurated in 1881, in which year the
first races in Great Britain, from Exeter,
Plymouth. and PenZance to London, took
place.
The speed of the earlier birds aver
aged 1880 yards a minute, but today
this has been increased to 1886 yards a
minute. The speed, of course. depends
much on the state of the weather. In a
race between Montargis and Brussels, in
1876, in bright, clear weather, all the
prize-winners made the journey of 27O
miles in three hours and a quarter. Over
the same course in 1877 in thick, stormy
weather, thirty hours elapsed before the
first bird arrived
That the homing pigeon possesses an
extraordinarily acute sense Of direction,
there can be no question. A case is on
record of bird bought In Brussels and
brought over to England, where it re-
mained in close confinement for several
months. Then, one fine day, II was
liberated for exercise. It at once made
on. and in a few hours was back in its
loft in Brussels. having travelled over
400 miles Of country which It had never
seen before. AS a rule, however, these
birds are carefully trained, the initial
stages beginning at the age Of about four
months. By the end of the first year. a
fight Of one hundred miles can be sue
cessfully performed. But longer flights
are performed only by fully matured
birds Of at least three years old. II is a
mistake, however, to suppose, as some
do, that they will fly at night. or in a fog.
They must always have a clear view. As
to whether the memory or instinct is
the guiding factor in these journeys, must
be left to another occasion.
The Washington herald., 1914-10-11

blasted out It is hand-sorted. the larg-
est blocks going to the hand-cobbing
sheds, where they are split to thick
nesses from one-sixteenth to one-half
inch, and the edges trimmed on square.
After further splitting to about the thick
ness of heavy. paper, it is then sheet
mica" and is shipped direct to the COM
panies using that form. Sheet mica is
chiefly used In the fronts Of oil and 9TH
er stoves, in lamp shades, spectacles,
phonograph diaphragms, fuse plugs,
electric light bulbs and windowsin auto
mobile tops. ....-
The Washington herald., 1914-10-11
SOME Common MILITARY Terms EXPL LAINED

RlHITARY terms and titles convey
M but little to the ordinary man in
the street. He is frequently un-
able to tell the difference between a
column and a troop, or a battalion and
a division. A glossary of such technical
names will make It easier to understand
the war intelligence which at present
fills our newspapers. 1t has to be borne
in mind, however, that the compositions
Of the armies Of two nations are not
necessarily alike. though generally they
do not differ to any great extent. Tn
compiling the following explanatory
table, the British army is taken as q
model
Company-Is one-eighth Of an infantry
battalion commanded by captain.
Concentration - The bringing of
The Washington herald., 1914-10-11
LAST of WILD PIGEONS Dies

AIEWS of the death in Cincinnati of
IN Martha, the last wild pigeon in the
world. according to all ornitholog-
ical records, was conveyed recently to
P. Gilbert Pearson, general executive
officer Of the National Audubon Societies,
in a telegram from Eugene swope, the
Ohio agent Of the societies at Cincinnati.
The death of Martha, according to Mr..
Pearson, Is a calamity of as great i'm
portance In the eyes OF naturalists as the
The Washington herald., 1914-10-11

enc. These were so light that thousands
Of dispatches, Weighing less than one
gramme. could be carried by one pigeon.
The films were rolled up and placed In
a quill. which was then fastened length
wise to one of the tail feathers. Arriving
in Paris, the film was fiattened out, and
the printed matter was thrown on "a
screen by a lantern and copied. Later,
sensitive paper replaced the screen, SO
that the labor Of copying was saved.
The cost of sending messages was high,
as may be judged from the fact that the
The Washington herald., 1914-10-11

RHAGY points in the war dispatches
W now being received in this coun-
try are far from Ineligible be-
cause of the lack Of information in re-
gard to the way European armies are
organized and the number of men in the
various units spoken of. This subject is
cleared up in the Scientific American.
which explains the structure Of foreign
regiments and the number of men in
each subdivision:
The numerical strength of the various
units which compose a European army
in the field differs so widely from that
of our own army, that it is dificult for
the average American to understand, in
reading the European war dispatches,
what number of troops is represented by
the terms brigade, division. ', regiment,
army corps, etc. The following state
mTsnt Is applicable. broadly. 70 all Of the
The Washington herald., 1914-10-11
CAN SavesOIL!

HERE is a novel
III and easy way
to keep oil
from spilling from
an oil can when 1t
is accidentally up
set. Solder a disc of
metal, which should
be a little bigger
than the base of the
can, on the upper
surface of the base
of the spout. II the
can is upset this
will keep the oil
from running out.
The Washington herald., 1914-10-11
DOUBLE-PISTON Internal Combustion ENGINE

A and B move apart, the pistons and
D are pulled together by the rod connec-
them.
The chief mechanical drawback to
The Washington herald., 1914-10-11

nary type, trans
ferred and reduced
by micro-phoGogra-
ply to thin films Of
collodion measuring
ahnnIf fWn inchaa hr
The Washington herald., 1914-10-11
Here's TAKE
DOWN Stove

A TAKE DOWN cook range has been
Al invented by G. N. Frazer, Of Eugene,
- Ore. 1t is made especially for camp
RS. It consists Of four sections-fre-
The Washington herald., 1914-10-11

This will prevent waste in a machine
shop and keep cloth from being soiled
should the housewife upset the can
while oiling the sewing machine.
TaÌˆgliche Omaha tribuÌˆne. [volume] (Omaha, Nebr.) 1912-1926, 1914-07-27

IN Der @obnuma ihres Mefien
3errn Safob 9loaa. 2d2l Raple
Strabe. TT Sount0a abene Brmi
8eaina alIonn, Mittiue bon Sobu
.aaioHn. i'm utter Don 81 SabrcH
.geiinrbrn 6rnu ainnn tam im
Sabre 1854 nod omaha une mar
Die Bneite ipeibc 5rau BE bier
b~eiratheie Gem ie rritir I'm Sob.
re Aarauf &crrn sSohn aaioun 0ie
@aHo sga SehcnShmo sSbr Mmm
grbnrts speunal Der StaataraiEa.
tnr an NH aanets IN iriihrren Sab
rem h~nAc1Fmhc4 @rnnAcigntnm in
Der nadharihait Der H. uno
cuupLns StruBr. Dis 9cthnfcirr
imhct slrzftns Sorunttaa i'm 5ral.
erbnuie itatt moraui Der 9ethnnm
md 81 Galbmm bef5rngrt ncrocn
mrh. um mi Arm Aortigen 6rieo.
boz heiseisst IN nerocn
TaÌˆgliche Omaha tribuÌˆne. [volume] (Omaha, Nebr.) 1912-1926, 1914-07-27
Hrof. &. S6let6,
9tatmrs@ eiIarst

aus @roa CeiterreiH, berfigt iber
enc 26.idbrise grorts IN Der ana.
tcmiifen uno tefniihen Rofiage
uno 6eilgrmnditif, jorpie i'm ge.
.iof1rntett RaturbetISerfabren.
Bel Observation-Disclosures, gIut.
lberfunung, 1erpenIeioen, T6enna.
ttsruus una Slfias. trigger gnuG-
nnsfuldtHr tinD 6ortIei6igfeit, Sen.
funger unS geriHie6rnger Der
5rdtteu-C rsdne, hpiteriiGen 8nftdn.
Den, fronifhen gerfteifitneeH Der
gelenfe.
@ntpfe6furgen: iintoerft1t, adn,
Gin, adS., Blue 9daep 80.
ipttdI, Sebror stebr,
Dfffee: Rrus Gbeater,
a. nnS &arnes StraFe.
SbreHftutben bon 8 l1br gorm
Bic 5 ubr gsd6rt. Eel. Doug, 1888.
TaÌˆgliche Omaha tribuÌˆne. [volume] (Omaha, Nebr.) 1912-1926, 1914-07-27

onscridteie 9haocu bcldnit fh ant
$1,000, melhem cine griiherrna
bon $1,000 aeaeuiiberiieht
Nnfolu Sie 0ofga III eifriq
bcmiIbt smei giubrcher An finhen,
DE 5reitaa aadt aus Dem Gro.
crrplaAn Charles Sigafa's, TIA
sub H. stroBe. Bp6f Bitten 81.
9errcn iablen unS nnt0cm elmer
Der Gamer NIT Bernard Strafa,
Dem gruoer oeS 9oocrinbaberS.
mebrero Sdiiie ausseDedlelt bat.
te. oaS @eitr iudlteu - Sir @er.
oiientlihuua ron orei amenocmrnts
5nr aoHiititlon orci GloHate Dor
Den ollcueinen Rohlcn bat @oun.
Ntcrebcao Sl6g926 Sur gcrthcihlna
an mebrere 3eitsnacu bciimmt.-
Starte deACrihIaae iaHhcn lcsfen
Gonnertaa aheno uno 6reitas Rer-
gen i'm sanlen 9om. uno @eiscn-
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6lbrer Ser Ecmofratcn una Der
Replhlnfrer er1narten, SnR 0ir
Sraatt+drnngutinneu bconACrs bar.
moniIh hrrtaufen ncrocn. Eie
Gemcfrntm perocn Der NiSohiriiuq
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