davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-06-14
PSYCHOL OGY TO AID MOTION PICTURES

The structure of the eye Is such that
delicate accommodations are constantly
taking place, and these are accumulated
the moment the gaze is directed to
follow moving object. Furthermore,
the more rapid motions are not seen
as motions. but as things.
In the case Of the ions what is
actually seen is an illuminated path. n
streak or line, not at all motion.
1t is like the wake of a meteor or a
flash of lightning. which usually as
sumes an extended form because the
motion is too swift for the eye to
follow. This appears to be the case
throughout nature.
You see things as stationary when
their motion Is too rapid for the eye
to follow; all vision is mediated by rad-
ating energy, which represents the most
rapid motion known, though ii is never
seen as motion, but only as color or
light, so that you might say in general
that motion becomes vsibly such in
proportion To its slowness. or at any
rate. in proportion To its susceptibility
To visualize muscular analysis \ common
illustration of the tendency of rapid mo-
ton to lose its characters as motion is
the case of the spokes Of "A rapidly re-
volving wheel. which with sufficient
speed resolves itself into a disc of color,
or into bands varying in hue with the
distance from the hub.
The actual relation of vision to the
perception Of motion is beautifully illus
trated by certain artistic conventions.
The swift motion of a quadruple rum
ming has been represented from an
| mDIprn nv nia q he
limbs as extended parallel before and
behind at their greatest reach.
An illustration might be drawn from
| the revolving wheel; motion is actually
seen. or best seen, in the twinkling of
the spokes nearest the hub. where the
movement is really slowest. Again, il
YOU will watch a rapidly receding train
or car. instead of a uniform shrinking
Of the image. 1t will he seen to diminish
in succession OF contractions, the eye
interpreting the constant motion as a
series of positions or pictures, very
similar in effect to the flicker of a
cinematographic picture.
The tendency to elongate the bodies
OF moving animals gives light from a
different vantage. Doubtless the actual
extension of the moving animals is
greater than that OF the same animal in
| repose. The instructive nationality of
this convention must be realized when
you reflect, for instance, upon the rela-
tive ease with which you represent rapid
motion in the case of the trout as COM
pared with the bass, or the minnow
against the sun fish. Chubbiness Is OPP
posed to speed, which plctorially tends
to assume the general form of a streak.
In the ordinary vision of daily life the
eyes, the head and the whole body are
In continual movement. There are no
distinct and lasting images on the re-
tina: the physical conditions are those
or the Photographic plate when the
camera is constantly moved hither and
thither. But the world that you see
appears to all distinct and unshifting.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-06-14

stationary background or because you
yourself are in motion, in body, in head
or in the eye muscles. From vision
alone. unaccompanicd by kinesthctic
sensations. It is frequently impossible
to tell whether 1t is the perceived OBJ
jects or ones own body which moves.
A familiar illustration Of this is the
experience Of uncertainty which comes
when one Is seated in railway car be-
side another train as to whether 1t Is
ones own or the parallel train that Is
starting. The visual sensation of mo-
ton so strongly suggests the accom-
panying muscles that 1t Is only by COM
pairing the observed train with some
object known to be stationary that you
can assure yourself that you are not In
motion. Similarly II a train passes at
express speed your own more slowly
moving car II gives you not only the
visible but also the bodily feeling of
slowing down: you are able properly to
Judge your own speed by observation OF
telegraph poles or other stationary OBJ
jects which themselves have the Illusion
Of motion. Thus 1t Is evident that per-
ceptiOn of motion is normally visual
muscular, and in ordinary experience IL
is the muscular element which tells
whether the bodies or the perceived OBJ
jects are in motion.
This does not mean that the sense Of
sight cannot by itself give perception of
motion. Most of your realizations OF
motion are purely of this sense. Parti-
Giles too small for detection while at rest
become visible as soon as they are in
motion. Even so large an insect as the
house fly Is often difficult to discern II
| It remains stationary. Perhaps the
most astonishing illustration of this
| power is the fact that the illuminated
paths OF ions-the lnfniteslmal particles
| Of the infinitesimal atoms that compose
the invisibly minute molecules-have
been shown to be visible.
And in the biological realm the fact
| that the very young OF many animals
| escape observation by lying unmoving,
| while most animals may he startled
| into motionlessness, illustrates the rela-
| tive imperceptibilty OF stationary OBJ
| jects Furthermore, there Is an obvious
| difference between visual perceptions of
| motion dependent upon the muscles of
| the body in general and purely visual
motion.
In the former case the movements OBJ
| served are indistinct and blurred as
I compared with the minute discrimina-
tions of which pure vision is capable.
| The rapid motion of the body or the
| head or the eyeballs results in an i'm
preston Of confused rather than Of clear
cut change. 1t is only when the eyes
| are definitely focused upon an object
| that minute changes can be Observed
| "A glance at sunny meadow shows It
all green, while to your steady gaze
| 1t resolves into play of colors. Per-
haps you can generalize with the
statement that bodily movement tends
to resolve motions into continuities,
static vision into discrete elements.
For It Is not at all certain that your
understandings OF motion. even in
vision, are not ultimately muscular.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-06-14

Paintings and memoirs have recorded
for us some OF her magnificent crea-
tons. On one occasion. Josephine.
clad In silver striped robes and crowned
with dark hued grapes. looked radiant,
scarcely older than her daughter Hor-
tense, bride of 20" on her first pub
lie appearance after the coronation.
"she wore a gown OF rose colored tulle,
strewn with silver stars, and in her hair
diamond ears of wheat. She was simply
dazzling and outshone all the ladies of
the court, many OF them noted for their
youthful beauty"
Then again she had chosen "a simple
dress Of white moussellne. with a string
Of pearls around her neck" She looked
80 young and exquisite that Napoleon
exclaimed: "Ah. Josephine. / shall be
jealous. You must be up to some mis-
chief. Why do you look so beautiful
tonight" This was in 1903. She was
10 years old-and a grandmother.
Josephine spent enormous sums on
her adornment. Although Napoleon al
lowed her 1000, 900 francs year she
was forever in debt. Her dresses alone
cost from 10000 to $4,000 francs a year
sometimes as much as 100000 francs
In the summer she wore only dellcat,
bareges and mousselnes, richly en-
broldered; in the winter velvets and
satins Of striking cut.
She was very fond Of shawls ant
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-06-14

understood the art OF draping them with
classical grace. Certain of these Won
derul fabrics were almost priceless.
Not one cost less than 600 francs. She
was the happy owner OF several hun
dred pieces, some of which she had re-
morselessly cut up into covers for her
numerous pet dogs. Famous among
these was Fortune. Some very amusing
tales are told OF the encounters between
Napoleon and this tyrannical little
favorite. When fate overlook Fortune
in the shape Of a large butchers dog.
Napoleon Is said 10 have tipped the
brute's owner, delighted at being de-
/ lvered Of his rival.
The care OF her beauty was, of course,
as important to Josephine as the choice
Of It's costly envelopes. She mastered
the art of cosmetics. The greater part
II each forenoon was spent in her dress
ing room, to which no one had admls-
sion except her favorite waiting women.
They alone knew the secret lotions and
manipulations by which the Empress
preserved her skin young, smooth and
| beautiful.
To heighten her natural advanta ges
she did not disdain powder and paint.
| She spent thousands OF francs on rouge
which she used with rare skill and ar
tistic tact, adding to her olive beauty a
delicate velvet blush Much time was
devoted to the care and ARRANGEMENT Of
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-06-14

her beautiful, thick. dark hair and a
salary Of no less than 5000 francs
year was paid to hairdresser.
Josephine loved to wear flowers. dia-
monds and pearls in her couture. While
these finishing touches were being
added the presence of her ladies in
waiting was allowed. At this time also
the Empress received modistes. Jewell
lers, furriers. &C., examined the robes.
bonnets, shawls and gems they dis
played before her and bought whatever
struck her fancy without even inquir-
ing the prices. This extravaganza Of
ten led to violent scenes between her
and Napoleon. At the end Of such vol
canic episodes she would weepingly
promise reform-a promise she was
quite unable to keep.
Though Josephine was irresponsible
in money matters and greatly valued
beauty, fashion and external advan-
tages. she was by no means a mere doll.
Not only in the hour of supreme sorrow
and sacrifice did she prove herself a
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-06-14

Acclaimed Queen of
Fashion Long Before
She Was Crowned
Empress, the Charm
ing Creole Revelled in
Love of Finery and
Splendor

AS early as 1903 she POSSESSED 4 won.
derful collection of Jewels, can. .. and
pearls. These last alone wor, az that
time estimated at a million francs. SIN
she was ever ready to spend ,N,ri,,,n,
sums on any gems which happened 70
please her. Hats and bonnet, also
made up an important item uf n.I OK.
penses. She owned several hundred n,
time. all alluringly trimmed with
feathers and flowers. As th,v wore
very becoming she was fond Of wearing
them.
She had recourse to their mc'owinr
shadows especially during M, irving
times just previous to her divorce when
her Intuition told her that Napoleon had
decided she should be sacrificed nj.
though the fatal word had no, been
spoken. During this period gh. AWAY,
appeared at their constrained t,.n a
tete dinners wearing some how.trhinp
little white poke that gayly shaded her
grief stricken face and mournful eyes.
Although Josephine squanderei onor
nous sums, 1t must not be thought that
she spent her income solely b. indulge
herself. She was genuinely sympathetic
warm hearted and compassionatr. and
generous to a fault. \ great part II her
| money went to the poor, Of whom she
is said to have personally supported
more than 1000. besides assisting many
needy aristocrats whose property had
been confiscated. Her sweetness OF
temper and graceful desire To please and
shed happiness. the lively interest she
felt in the welfare of all the people she
came into contact with, made her
a stimulating and delightful com.
panion. equally attractive to men and
women.
Her charm outlasted both youth and
happiness. In the spring OF lSli living
at Malmaison. divorced and helrthrpkcn
over Napoleon's downfall and exile, she
greatly fascinated Alexander Of Russia
The Car was completely captlvated by
Josephine and called upon her repeat
eddy during the allies stay in Paris He
was received by her only few days
before her death. when the apparently
slight indisposition that was to carry
her away suddenly already had seized
upon her.
1t Is recorded that at this las, inter.
view. she wore an old rose wrapper.
just newly arrived from Paris. and
looked a picture of frail loveliness
Upon his next visit Alexander was dis
tressed to learn from Hortense and
| Eugene OF the sudden aggravation Of
their mothers condition and their grave
fears for her life. The following day
| May 20. at noon, Josephine died in the
| arms Of her son. She is buried in the
little church at Rueil. whose silvery
| bells she had heard at Malmaison al
| through the years Of her joys and the
years of her sorrow.
The cause Of J0sephine's death belnr
| simple cold, 1t was insisted that she
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-06-14

tually the little General had his way.
A few months after this first meeting
he and Josephine were married. AS
he was six years her junior, the two
corrected natures blunder ny giving
both their ages as 2S. She did not
look over % anyway, we are told.
There was two days honeymoon
in the gay little house Barras had given
Josephine. Then the young husband
had to go to war In Italy. 1t was from
this campaign he sent her the fiery
love letters that have recently been
published. Josephine used to read them
to her friends with the comment Isn't
Bonaparte funny She was still fancy
free. Her turn TO fall in love was to
come. She finally capitulated to his
wonderful magnetism.
After the italian victories began the
rapid ascent from Cheyenne" 10
madame" and finally to 'Sour majesty.
Josephine played each role with con-
summate charm, and dressed her part
to perfection. Ever since she had first
appeared in society. in spite of her
poverty. she had succeeded in always
being faultlessly gowned. Now that she
no longer was restrained by financial
difficulties she fairly revelled in her love
Of finery and splendor. Her taste was
exquisite.
Paris had acclaimed her queen OF
fashion long before she was crowned
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-06-14
by DIR. LEONARD *. HIRsHBEnG.

n SHCHOLOGY has in recent years
- stepped Galatealike from its ped
i estal and become thing Of vital
flashes. 1t has been happily in
voked by advertisers. by baseball mag
mates to improve the great game, by the
medical sciences. by the magazine and
newspaper maker and last, but not
least, by the motion picture men.
Prof. Hartley b. Alexander of the Uni
verslty OF Nebraska has just presented
To the anxious world an account of his
new observations upon the psychology
Of motion, which should prove to be
stimulating and helpful, despite its
heavy howitZerlike charge of techni-
calities. He says the key to an under
standing Of all motion, and this means
the movie, is the human perception of
change. Always to perceive the same
thing Is the same as TO perceive nothing
at all. Perceptions gain in reality from
their variety. which is nothing else than
moving rapidly from one thing to an
other.
The relation of sameness to differ
ence unity to variety. the one to the
many, Is represented by means of the
| notions of change and motion. For ex-
ample. says Prof Alexander you define
any given line mn as the path of a
moving point, passing from m to n, and
n represents the elements of difference
in the complete understanding, the path
y. the uniting sameness no element in
the group Is significant apart from the
others. All the notions of motion, and
hence all the notions Of space, are built
upon this idea.
The case of non-spatial change Is
| analogous. The succession of two ex-
perlences in time Is conceived as a kind
OF addition, plus b, in which the plus
Is sort of tie, at once joining and hold
| ing apart the qualities a, b. distinguished
as before and after. Indeed, time in
general is commonly symbollzed by lines
showing the fundamental Identity OF
spatial and temporal continulties.
Purely ideal changes follow the same
| plan, as may be clearly seen in the
| syllogistic Inference: A Is h, Il Is C,
therefore is C; A and C represent the
| differences united by the middle term
H. which is the tie that justifies the pas
sage from a to C, and which must be
felt, even II 1t is not expressed in the
| conclusion. a beginning, a middle and
an end are alike present in the spatial,
| temporal and logical perceptions: and
| In this general form Of perception the
middle Is the fluid or moving connection
which tells that this solid beginning has
| passed into just this solid end.
Everything that changes" saith
Philosophus, "is something and Is
| changed by something and into some-
thing" and II you make that by which
thing is changed an inherent force
this saying will serve as pattern for
all the understanding of reality.
The Greeks accepted as an axiom OF
physics that "some things are in mo-
tion and some at rest" This but states
formally what is known to be true. You
| see moving objects, but you see them
as moving only because they traverse a
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-06-14

woman OF deep and strong feeling but
all through her years Of happiness she
was Napoleons true helpmate, sharing
all his plans. smoothing with exquisite
tact the effects of his rough and abrupt
manner, turning by graceful affability
his enemies into friends. She had in
deed no small share in his phenomenal
success. Napoleon himself acknowl-
edged this in the often quoted remark,
Il win battles and Josephine wins hearts
together We are irresistible" He was
besides not little proud of Josephine's
beauty and taste.
Josephine had the temperamental
woman's passion for perfumes, jewels
and flowers. In her gardens at Mall
malson the choicest roses We're culti-
waited and friends and admirers from all
over Europe sent her beautiful and I'M
usual plants for her greenhouses. The
rooms OF her residence were well
stocked with costly paintings, mosaics
and statues.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-06-14
Although Napoleon Al
lowed Her 100000
Francs a Year, Her
Inordinate Love for
Adjournment Kept Her
Forever in Debt--Mas-
tered Art of Cosmetics
By HELEN wOLJEsKN.

IN rambling down the avenues IT his
tory one meets many extraordinary
women. one of the most adorable
will always be the graceful creole,
Josephine Rose Tascher de la Pagerie.
Though not beauty she was a charm
ing woman. Her pictures show deli
cate. symmetrical features. dark, ca
ressing eyes. a supple figure of middle
height. To her attractive appearance
was added n sweetness and gentleness
Of manner that won all hearts.
1t is fascinating to follow the stages
Of her development from the gay, sunny
baby "Yeyette," brought up like prln-
cess on her fathers Martinique plan
tation, to the shy, docle girl OF 16 land
ing in France. the betrothed Of boy
she scarcely knew; then the neglected.
lonely little bride of a fashionable young
nobleman. and finally Divorce at Fl.
II was at this stage that her life really
began.
The sorrows Of marriage. the respon-
sibilitles of motherhood and the tnan-
cial difficulties following her divorce ma
tured her without embittering or dis
printing Her beauty and charm burst
into full bloom. She became the jose
phine history knows the woman who
COmDlTeO creole lnNblenGe Win ldTlSliU
style, Of radiant amiability. responsive
and compassionate, bewitching and tam
talking, frivolous in her flirtatlons, de-
voted in her friendships. tender pas
sionate and loyal in her love. "Pa'ole
d'honneu'. cette femme est deli'ante" In
the fashionable slang OF the directoire
Some historians insist that after
seven years of separation, in 1891, the
Beauharnais were remarked and en-
joyed together a period Of peaceful hap
piness. Others have IL that only a
friendly reconciliation took place. How
ever this may be, so much is certain.
that after Alexandra de Beauharnais's
arrest Josephine. brave and forgivlng.
kft her children and followed him to
Paris. where she did everything in her
power to save him from the guillotine.
But all was in vain. She herself finally
became a suspect, was thrown into
prison and came near sharing her hus-
bands fate.
When Robespierre's overthrow set
her free she was a widow. her property
confiscated and no income to be ex-
pected from Martinique, where her
father had died. leaving nothing but
debts.
Josephine did not mourn long. She
was 81 years old and ravishingly pretty.
She loved life and gayety and glitter.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-06-14

had died of broken heart, Napoleon
was naively pleased with this weston,
Here was a woman who had been Ioya'
to him although he had disown'd her'
woman who had offered to sh t MS
exile with him in spite of the IL 'Fre'
and who now had died for love Of I'm
1t was balm on the many wounds '''y
inflicted upon his amour proper.
This period, and the years that Io'-
lowed, were times of cruel dIsl.lHs.'H7
and humiliations for Napoleon Between
Marie Louise and Sir Hudson Lowe NJ T.
hard to decide which was NOR" heart
less and merciless to the fallen N'ah
But the more hopeless his present the
more Napoleons thoughts returnr' 10
his past and the Guar Of that p"
Josephine. When he died, seven 'n'.
after her. May s. 1921, his last aA!'.
words were France" and "Joseph No.
So this dazzling and sanguinary ch"l'.'.
Of modern history ends, like l'''
eIegy. with the broken whisper pl .
woman's name.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-06-14

With the help Of generous. though not
unselfish. friends she was able to play
her part in fashionable society as be-
fore. The story goes that at this time
she owned only six chemises. though. 1t
Is added. she possessed sixteen becoming
gowns. Later she compensated herself
of these prlvations in lingerie, Her
budget as Empress shows that in one
year alone she purchased 500 lace
trimmed chemises at 800 francs each.
In 1896, two years after her husbands
death. Napoleon entered Josephine's life.
She was not then much impressed with
the small. thin, sallow faced little
General" who at first sight had fallen
violently in love with her. Still even
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-06-14

~ SYCHOLOGY has in recent years
- stepped Galatealike from its ped
i estal and become "A thing of vital
The Big Sandy news. [volume] (Louisa, Ky.) 1885-1929, 1914-01-16

is improving
Curtis Burchett was the guest of
Miss Rozella Bellomy Wednesday.
Mrs. Dock Vanhorn was visiting
Mrs. Flora Curnutte one day last
week.
Albert Hoosier, of Huntington, w.
Va, was visiting James Curnutte
one night last week.
Iva Gillian, Sophia Stump and
Pearl Vanhorn were visiting Miss
Nola Vanhorn Sunday last.
Homer Stewart, of Catlettsburg
was visiting his cousin George Bryan
last week.
Tode Hatten was the guets of
Miss Lucy Powell Sunday.
Thomas Stump and Earl Vanhorn
returned to their work at Sciotoville
Sunday.
Esther and Minnie Burton were
visiting their sister, Mrs. Fannie
! Stump.
Eva vanhorn was visiting Miss
Susie and Iva Gillian Thursday
Seba and Ida Stewart attended
1.-THE singing at Buchanan chapel
Sunday.
Barney vanhorn was visiting Mar!
Stump Sunday.
Jno. Copley and Dee Edmond pass
ed up our creek Thursday.
Jamie Curnutte and Iona Woods
were visiting Mrs. Dica Curnutte
one day last week.
Henry Lambert was calling on
Jessie Stump Sunday.
DR.. Allen Prichard passed up oul
creek Sunday.
+ Nola Vanhorn and Sophia Stump
were calling on Iva and Susie Gil
liam Sunday.
A. j. Petry, who has been visit
ing his daughter, Mrs. Flora Cur
Mute, returned home Tuesday.
Uric Miller and Ally Humphrey
passed down our creek Sunday
Pearl vanhonn was calling on So
The Big Sandy news. [volume] (Louisa, Ky.) 1885-1929, 1914-01-16
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