davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Bonners Ferry herald. [volume] (Bonners Ferry, Idaho) 1904-current, 1914-07-10

Top of base, eight inches from floor
square edge.
End brace plate, ten inches wide
nine inches high.
Casters, six inches In diameter, l r.
inch face, extra strong caster socket
Base frame two inches by one quar-.
ter-inch angle iron.
Great Damage Caused by the Chnch'
Bug.
The department of agriculture states
that chinch bugs in 60 years have
probably caused loss of s350,O0O,O0
TO the American farmers. The bugs
are more effectively destroyed during
the winter months than later when.
they have left their winter quarters.
The burning of dry grass leaves and
rubbish along the margin of woods and
fields is the best method of destroying.
the pest during winter weather.
The chinch bug is distributed gen
orally throughout the United States
except in the extreme West, and h. 3
caused particular damage TO the-sta rl--
grains throughout the Middle west
The greatest losses from tie insect
have been in Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky,
North Carolina. Missouri, Iowa, Wis
consin, Minnesota, Kansas, Nebraska
Oklahoma and Texas. The bug when
full grown is about one-fifth Of an inch
in length. 1t is black with numerop 3.
hairs. Pasturing sometimes aids in
the destruction of the bug. This IL.
particularly effective to the north
ward in the Middle west, when the.
grass is green and matted or occurs.
along hedge rows and rail fences SC
that 1t cannot be burned Leaving the,
ground bare Of vegetation permits the
bugs 10 be exposed to the winter
weather, which kills them. 1t is often
possible to clear out hedge rows and
along rail fences, piling the refuse to
one side where il can be burned later.
1t is most advisable to get rid of the,
bugs before they enter the young
Bonners Ferry herald. [volume] (Bonners Ferry, Idaho) 1904-current, 1914-07-10
Spraying Fruit Trees.

1t Is not necessary to apply arsen-
ate of lead. paris green or other ar
senical poison to fruit trees. except
when the trees are in leaf. These
materials are poisons, used to destroy
insects which eat the foliage and fruit
Because of this, these poisons do no
good at times when the leaves are OF
the trees.
Bonners Ferry herald. [volume] (Bonners Ferry, Idaho) 1904-current, 1914-07-10

wheat in the early spring. Once they
have reached the wheat they are not
readily accessible. Most of them.
spend the winter In the thick punches
of clump forming grasses In waste
places. pastures and meadows. along.
roadsides and railroad rights OF way.
Bonners Ferry herald. [volume] (Bonners Ferry, Idaho) 1904-current, 1914-07-10
RenovatIna Crease Spots.

Benzine or naphtha is the best
thing for removing grease spots from
woolens, while ether or chloroform
should be used on silks and other deli
cate fabrics. Whatever solvent is
used should be applied with a thick
piece OF sateen to avoid the danger
of dust
Bonners Ferry herald. [volume] (Bonners Ferry, Idaho) 1904-current, 1914-07-10
Economical Cow.

A cheap COW is not always the most
economical. The value of dairy COW
should be based upon her capacity to
produce, and not upon the appearance.
Of the animal itself
Bonners Ferry herald. [volume] (Bonners Ferry, Idaho) 1904-current, 1914-07-10
DrIed-Frult confeotion.

For something delicious and dainty
spread the buttered fudge pan with
minced dates before turning the candy
into H.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-08-08
REMEDY FOR FLEAs.

Get barrel of air Stacked lime. It
won't cost much. Scatter 1t freely
and plentifully In all out-houses, on
both floors and the walls for height
of two or three feet
Scatter the lime freely all over tho
cellar, the walls and floors, as above.
Scatter it freely in the dog kennel.
in the chicken house, along the walks
leading to the out-houses.
If the f1eas are in the house take
up every carpet and rug, sun all I'M
washable bed-clothing and wash ev-
erything that can be washed in hot
water-hot enough to kill the fleas.
blankets look" them over every
the wool. If the lime Is scattered
| thickly enough and left on for several
days. 1t is sure.
It has been tried on several farms
that were literally alive with them.
Everything must be busted with 1t
and busted thickly.
The lime must be freshly air-slacked
and strong. The work must be thor
ough and the lime must not be stinted.
This will rid the barn, the hos
house, the stables and all out-houses
and there Is no possible way for the
fleas to live in the lime in the cellar
If the work is thoroughly done.
Use plenty of lime and leave 1t on
for several days, then sweep UP loose
ly and If there is flea found. dust
thoroughly again.
Leave the lime in all the cracks and
crevices when you sweep.-A Victor.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-08-08
FITTING SHEEP AND LAMBS FOR Elxs::
By G. G. HUMPHREY.

mails Of meat producing types are fire.
quently condemned by farmers and
breeders who have never fitted and
showed live stock. 1t is true that one
can justly criticise the high condition
in which such animals appear if one
does not understand that the owner
has fitted them simply to show to the
public the possibilities Of animals Of
such selection and breeding. The
show ring il not intended to educate
the stockman to have his animals IN
show yard condition at all times, but
rather to educate and inspire him to
select animals of superior breeding
and Of such individuality that he can
make them attain the size. conforma
sirable when the time comes to mar
ket them.
Though the extremely fat animal
Is in poor condition to breed most
successfully, In that condition it dem
onstrates the possibility of offspring
which it or similarly bred animals
may produce when in proper breeding
condition. The fat steer. wether. or
barrow-;is safer means Of demon
strating such qualities than is the
breeding animal, but there can be no
objection II the owner chooses to At
and show some of his breeding herd
or flock at his own risk to promote
the interests Of the> breed and adver-
tise his work as stockman. While
he may be criticised for overlooking,
many stockmen may be criticised for
undertaking and failing to bring out
the full development Of their animals,
j No serious objection can be offered
to show yard animals when people
understand the object Of showing and
know better than to invest their time
and money in endeavoring to initiate
show yard standards Of condition in
maintaining the practical breeding
herd or flock.
When sheep have been once highly
fitted and shown they cannot be kept
in that condition. but must be reduced
in flesh. This must be done most care
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-08-08

It is appalling to note. as one drives
through various sections Of the coun-
try, the many splendid trees turning
prematurely brown or yellow or being
entirely defoliated by some insect
pest or disease.
Grand specimens Of oak. elm, maple.
ash. chestnut-every variety Of tree
almost Gin some localities one variety
more than others) sharing the same
fate.
Millions of dollars worth of trees
have been destroyed by these wretched
foes within the past few years, re-
gardless Of the fact that millions Of
dollars are annually spent In the en-
| deavor to prevent the destruction of
our trees.
Certain writer's have attempted to
estimate In money value the loss
caused by the blight of chestnut bark.
Just how this loss is estimated is not
absolutely clear. However, 1t is in
teresting to note that In 1908 one
| writer estimated the damage in and
about New York City between Ave
and ten million dollars. In 1909
another writer estimated the damage
throughout parts Of the east at ten
| millions. He says: The damage al
ready done In the states of New York.
Pennsylvania and New Jersey, would
not be less than twelve millions OF
dollars"
| In 1911, twenty-five millions were
given as a conservative estimate of
| the financial loss to the country. ten
millions being the amount estimated
for the state Of Pennsylvania alone
allowing seven millions for forest and
three millions for ornamental trees
In 1912 a writer Gone Of the men In
charge Of the trees of the New York
Geological park) said: THE loss
| throughout the area now infested with
chestnut bark disease is fully one
hundred million dollars"
DR.. r. T, Morris. OF Stamford
Conn, who has experimental with
! more different varieties of chestnut
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-08-08

we'll subdued, mellow, rich soil with
fertility near the surface. No crop
responds more readily to good tillage
and the prudent farmer soon finds
that it will amply repay him to put
extra cultivation with disc and fine
tooth harrow upon the land in pre-
pairing a good mellow seed bed. 1t is
useless to try to grow barley upon
poor sandy lands or worn out soils.
neither does 1t do we'll on ground that
has been newly cleared. or where the
land Is in poor filth or not we'll
drained.
In the rotation barley follows corn,
peas. potatoes or root crops to best
advantage. 1t is one of the best nurse
crops to use where the desire Is to
seed down to ciovers or mixed grasses,
because 1t uses less moisture than oats
or wheat, is removed from the land
early, and being sallow-rooted is not
a heavy user of soil fertility.
Barley serves as d ready money crop
for most growers and Is usually put
.on the market soon after threshing.
1t is not good practice to put weather
beaten or damaged barley on the mar
ket as the price will be cut severely
even though the feeding quality Is
but slightly impaired. It is far better
to use such injured barley on the
farm and secure both feeding and
fertilizing value from it.
Different varieties should not be
mixed when being put on the market
either as seed or mailing barley.
Farmers should grow but one variety
of barley and that of the very best.
Different varieties of barley when
placed on the mailing floor for sprout-
ing terminate at different periods Of
time which leads to positive loss on
mixed types of barley, and CORE
spending reduction in price. The
malster desires barley oe one dis
tinct type and this should be uniform
in quality and size Of berry. From
reports sent to the leading masters
and brewers OF the United States. no
less than 95 per cent of those report
Ing preferred the six-rowed, bearGad
| barley.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-08-08
Pure bred Southdown. Champ;op
yearling wether International 1913.

Pure bred Southdown. Cllamp;ou
yearling wether International 1913.
show sheep In flesh Is accomplished
chiefly by cutting down their feed
very gradually and being sure that
they obtain an abundance Of outdoor
exercise.
The standard of excellence, which
governs awards made In the show
ring, demands the highest degree OF
perfection it is possible to obtain. Tho
exhibitor must breed and care for all
animals in a manner to bring out all
the merit and the possibilities they
possess, the same as the horseman
breeds and trains his horse to develop
all the speed possible IN order to go
mile In the shortest time. To the
extent that a man falls to select and
fit his animals properly in just so far
is he apt to fail In having his animals
awarded highest honors in the show
ring. Tht live stock judge must rec
ognize size, excellence Of form, quail.
ity, and, in classes of fat stock, high
conditions of flesh, all OF which de-
pend upon the careful selection and
skillful feeding Of the animals.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-08-08

I ber'' cows are round whose milk does
not pay for the feed consumed by
them. BY replacing the poorest cows
with better ones. the herd will be
improved.
Although there is only about one
eighth as much fat in separator skim
milk as in milk skinned from crooks
or shallow pans, it should be tested
for fat frequently to see If the sepa-
rator is skimming as closely as 1t
should. Ordinarily separator skim
milk tests about -hundredths (.O5)
Of one per cent. but IT, by running
the separator too slowly or separating
the milk when too cold or for other
reasons. the skim milk should contain
.1b per cent or more fat, the loss may
amount to 81 or 50 per COW per year.
This amount Of money will more than
pay for the entire expense Of INSTALL
ing and operating q Babcock test. AL
though the fat in the skim milk is
not wasted when fed to pigs or calves,
yet 1t Is much more profitable to sell
butter fat as cream or butter than 1t
| is to make veal or pork out of it.
The dairyman who buys and uses
| a Babcock tester will soon find that
| testing the SKIN milk ne Will De aDl0
to see that no butter fat Is being
wasted.
On many dairy farms the Babcock
test is saving annually many times Its
cost, and at the same time is enabling
farmers to select their best cows and
improve their herds as rapidly as
possible. A Babcock tester should be
used regularly on every dairy farm
and in every rural school in the coun.
try.
| Cow testing Is of great Importance.
Anyone who knows how to handle
the Babcock test can successfully test
the cows in the home herd. Thou
sands of dairy farmers are now test
ing their own cows. or have joined
COW testing associations in order to
have the work done for them, at a
cost Of about one dollar a year, for
each COW in the herd. Very few
dairymen who have had their cows
tested for year or more are willing
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-08-08

to discontinue the work. For by this
testing the owner knows the weight
of milk and of butter fat produced by
each cow. This enables him at the
end Of the season to pick out his most
profitable cows whose calves should
be kept to improve the herd. and also
to know which are the poorest cows
in the herd which should be replaced,
because in very many cases they do not
pay for their feed
For COW testing, it Is necessary to
weigh and test the nights and morn
ings milk Of each COW, once In each
month. This is the plan followed by
most COW testing associations, and 1t
is also suitable for farmers who do
their own testing. In addition to the
Babcock test outfit, milk scale is
needed. After buying the milk scale
and using it few times many find II
so little work that they prefer to
weigh the milk every day, although
the testing is done only one day In
each month. The daily Weighing or
milk enables the owner Cd to feed
each COW in the most economical way
according to hep flow of milk, and to
observe how the flow of each COW is
affected by changes of feed or other
condition; ca to quickly detect any
sudden decrease in milk flow, which
may indicate illness. and to give
prompt treatment to such cases; (3)
by comparison of one days milk now
with another, the owner can be sure
that the milk used once a month for
fat testing is normal in quantity; co
daily Weighing Of the milk shows
which mixer Is doing the best Work.
If the milk is weighed daily. the
total weight of each cows milk at the
end Of the month is obtained by add
ding up the daily weights If the milk
is weighed only on one day in the
month, this weight is multiplied by
80 or the: actual number Of days IN
the month to get the total weight for
the month. To get the weight of but
ter fat produced each month, the
weight Of the months milk Is multi
piled by the per cent Of butter fat
which it contains, found by sampling
and testing each cows milk for fat.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-08-08
AN IMMENSE
SCUPPERNONG
GRAPE VINE

The vine shown in the accompany
ing illustration is the largest vine of
the scuppernong species In the United
States. and probably the largest in the
world.
It covers over an acre of ground,
and yields from one to two tons of
fine large grapes annually, according
to the season. 1t is known to be over
800 years Old and according to the
tradition of many on Roanoke Island,
North Carolina, where it is still grow
ing hearty and vigorous, it is believed
to have been planted by members of
Sir Walter Raleigh's colonists, who
occupied the island at different times
from 1855 to 1890. and who were the
pioneers of English colonization in
America. 1t was here that the flag of
old England was first spread to the
breezes of the new world, and not far
from the birthplace of Virginia Dare,
who was the first child born in Amer
lea of English parents
Differing from many other varieties
of grapes. the Scuppernong vine re-
quires no pruning; 1t grows quickly.
and is almost immune from disease.
The fruit is larger than any other
domestic grape, often measuring from
to 3 inches in circumference.
In the South It is extremely popular
for the table, and as wine grape
the demand far exceeds the supply.
1t reaches it's greatest perfection in
the counties bordering the Atlantic,
and the Sounds of rAlbemarle and
Pamlico, where soil and climate seem
particularly favorable for its cultiva-
ton. 1t has been tried with indiffer-
ent success in many other states.
Even in California repeated plant
ings prove the vine has no liking for
the conditions found there, and vice
versa the vinifera of California In the
home Of the scuppernong have failed.
"A. D. Dart.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-08-08

commonly believed that 100 pounds
Of milk from one COW would make az
much butter or cheese as an equa
weight of milk from any other COW
Cows wsre valued according to the
number Of pounds Of milk they pro-
duced.
It 10 now we'll known that the
weight Of butter or cheese that can be
obtained from a given quantity OF
milk depends to a great extent upon
the weight of fat present in the milk
For this reason. milk and cream are
now both weighed and tested for fa'
by the Babcock test at most factories
patrons are paid according to the test
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-08-08
CHESTNUT BARK BLIGHT FUNGUS
Very Serious Apparently Little Understood Fungus
Il Working Great Havoc With the Chestnut Trees In
Many of the Eastern States
By G. CLINTON

trees than any one else in that stats
and who has twenty-six kinds ot
chestnuts in his own orchards, SAYS:
III the blight killed only the cll
trees ready for marketing the damage
would not be very great. Loss arises
In part from the irregularity of its
attack. Each season some trees de,
thereby making cutting and markr..
ing inconvenient. The market
often glutted so that they can no
disposed Of to advantage Fur
loss may arise in the deterioration, I
the dead trees IL they are not cut $,
after death. through decay started ii:
other fungi and by insect depre la
tons.
Millions OF feet Of fine chest~st
timber. valuable for planking. paS.
telegraph poles and cord wood. Il
be lost within the next two yen :
continues DR.. Morris IT tried to d..
pose Of about one thousand chestsf;,s
trees. but could not find purchaser.
and all my neghbors are in the same
predicament." The type Of DAMAGE
mentioned is inconspicuous as COM
pared with the loss that occurs through
the death Of trees which are not yet
flt for commercial purposes and can.
be used only for cordwood. The
greatest loss Is caused where future
profits are entirely cut out by tn:
death Of half grown trees and sproui
growth too small for present use. II
the disease progresses In the future
as actively as in the past the pros,
poets Of our chestnut forcats are Very
poor indeed. This means serious inss.
for the chestnut is one OF the NEST
useful forest trees in all parts of the
country where 1t occurs.
Besides the loss from a conr,er~ial
point Of view. there is the cam, !.
caused to the shade end Hr,n!-,e l
trees, and to groves lert o., -e' /
and parks. for assths:c rc',.e. 4
practical purposes.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-08-08

Fitting live stock and showing It at
fairs and expositions has become an
esta blished custom in countries where
improved live stock is maintained.
BEGINNING with the district or county
fair, where the show Is of local In
terest, and passing to the larger shows
of state, national, and international
scope, the fitting and showing OF
superior types Of farm animals Is Or
g1eat value and Importance to the live
stock industry. 1t impresses upon the
minds of all who see the exhibits a
knowledge of the types and breeds
Of farm animals adapted to various
purposes, and demonstrates the posi-
bilities In we'll bred and we'll selected
animals when brought to the very
best condition by proper feeding and
fitting.
To promote this means of educa..
ton, state fairs. associations and often
times individuals directly or indirectly
benefited, offer liberal prizes to en-
courage breeders to spend their time.
energy, and means in fitting their
animals for shows. Exhibitors, how
art and skill which they develop In
selecting and feeding their animals
and from the publicity they derive
from showing them. To be able to
show superior animals Is the best kind
Of advertising a stockman can en-
ploy. Such advertising Is more to be
sought after than the prize money Of.
fered as premiums. On the Other
hand, poorly selected and fitted ami
mails detract from the educationa
! features Of the show ring, misrepre'
sent and injure the breed represented
give the owner a poor reputation al
breeder and discourage, rather thar
encourage. onlookers in selecting ane
rearing better live stock. Too much
emphasis cannot be placed. therefore
upon carefully selecting and fitting
animals which are to serve for show
purposes.
| Well fitted animals exhibited In thu
show ring, especially fat breeding AMI
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-08-08
BARLEY CULTURE IN THE UNITED STATES
BY r.. A. STONE.

kernels crushed by passing between
rollers. II finely ground the gluten
therein makes a sticky mass as soon
as it Is brought in contact with moist
ure and it Is not then readily masti-
Gated or digested. Only a limited
amount Of barley is exported from
the United States and this Is largely
as a feed barley owing to the mixture
of varieties.
Barley commonly is classified as
six-rowed, four-rowed and two-rowed.
There are bearded, beardless and hull
less varieties under these classical
tons and there are also fall and
spring varieties as in wheat. The
term variety is used by seedsm en-,
plant breeders and farmers in a wider
and less rigid sense than that ap-
piled by the botanist. Races of bar
ley, the type Of which has been Aare-
rally changed by careful selection or
cross breeding for period Of years,
In common practice are designated
as varieties" Where q superior bar
ley has been developed from single
seed and carried through a course Of
several years breeding by selection
or hybridization and selection and a
record kept Of the same. 1t is known
as a pedigree barley.
Through several years experiments
ton it has been found that the com
mon siX-rowed barley is preferable to
other varieties and more prot1ta BILE
for the average farmer to grow. At
conservative estimate. SO per cent OF
the barley now grown is six-rowed
barley.
Experiments with two-rowed bar
ley through several years breeding
work, clearly prove that the farmer
generally speaking, can not get the
returns from this crop that can be
secured with the six-rowed variety
It is not as uniform in breeding as the
six-rowed barley. The straw Is frail
and lodges easily thereby injurine
the quality of the grain and reducing
the yield.
Barley is a shallow feeder. its roots
,, growing near the surface Of the soil
It does not feed so extensively as oats
or wheat. therefore it requires 6