davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1914-03-14
MADAME ISE'BEIL TALKS
Of Habifs, Mental and Physical and
Their Effect Beauty

the habit Of Stimulating any emo1loo ~
permanently stamped ON your taoaA
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1914-03-14

is a narrow sash of black chif-
fon with a wide butterfly bow at
the back.
In the model on the right red
ratine is used for the attractive
coat and skirt, which is very
smart worn with the white collar
and losely-f fitting white gilet
here suggested. Large pearl but
tons form the simple but effec-
tive trimming. The suitable
little chapeau is of black tagal
covered with moire.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1914-03-14

Taffeta is once more regain
ing popularity and will be seen
in many fashionable gowns in
the coming season. The toilette
illustrated on the left is of this
material in a lovely soft shade
of heliotrope, finished with a
bunch of blue and rose flowers I;
the hat is one of the very newest
styles.
The model in the centre is of
Hesh-pink crepe with raised
New-York tribune., 1914-11-22

schools in the country that require the four years
raining in college for admission, against
eighty schools that demand no college degree.
The four are Johns Hopkins, Western Reserve
Cornell and Harvard and there is good authority
behind a current rumor to the effect that Harvard
is weakening on this point.
Dean F. p. Keppel, of Columbia, who has
for himself position Of considerable influence
in the collegiate world by more than one thought
ful and timely utterance on academic needs, is
an enthusiastic supporter of the two-year plan.
When asked for his views on this question, Dean
Keppel said:
"lf we look back we will find that the assump-
tion which was recently almost universal, and
which still persists in the majority of minds
the assumption that four years is the natural and
probably dvinely ordained period for college
residence-has no foundation in fact The very
first college course proposed in the United States,
that outlined by President Dunstan of Harvard,
was to b. three years in duration. His plan was
modified before Harvard College came into being
but the course at the University of Pennsylvania
was begun at three years and SO continued until
after the Revolution. 1t is true, however, that
all through the nineteenth century four years
was not only the normal but almost the invariable
period :5r college residence.
"For some time farseeing educators have been
of the unanimous belief that at least two years
are was ed in our educational process and this
belief has been formally vouched for in recent
report of the National Council of Education The
trouble i that these educators cannot agree on
where to make the saving.
New-York tribune., 1914-11-22
MASTER OF ARTS DEGREE AS REWARD
FOR FOUR-YEAR COURSE.

at would not be necessary to do away with the
four-year course entirely That could be main
tanned and its successful completion could be
warded with the degree of master of arts, which
has generally accepted significance.
"To give the degree of bachelor Of arts for two
years work is not radical a suggestion as may
seem. Since 1860 that degree has been elevated in
colleges like Columbia to a point almost exactly
two years ahead of what it then was.
ain other words. although college entrance re-
quirements have been raised and although much
of the instruction given in college is now
given in the secondary schools the bachelors de-
gree has been held steadily at a point four years
distant from college entrance. The result is that
the average age of college students at graduation
has greatly increased. From 1880 to 1900 the
average age Of students entering Columbia in
creased exactly one year. and although statistics
for 1860 are not available it seems probable that
the average age is two years more than 1t
was then. President Hyde of Bowdon College has
pointed out that nearly all the distinguished
alumni Of Bowdoin graduated at about the present
New-York tribune., 1914-11-22
HOW DR.. BUTLER WOULD DEFEND COL.
LEGES FROM MENACING FOES.

IL his hgh-ceiinged study in the library build
ing OF Columbia, from which he can see the youth
Of the university d.sporting themselves upon the
green oasis called South Field, which is gradually
shrinking before encroaching college buildings,
Dr.. Butler laid before me his view Of the means
that must be taken 20 preserve the American col
lege from the forces which now threaten its de-
struction.
"The whole tendency Of our present system Of
education" said Dr. Butler, "is to postpone un-
necessarily the arrival at the period when self
support becomes possible. sure that the
public viii not long tolerate system Of training
which in its completeness includes two or three
years Of kindergarten, eight years Of elementary
school secondary school course Of four years and
college course Of four years, followed by a
period Of apprenticeship on small wages or on no
wages al all.
"Why to-day In many professions a man
reaches the age Of thirty, point beyond the half
way mark in the average span Of life, before he is
paying his way Such scheme Of things, If
maintained for long will tend TO beget habits of
New-York tribune., 1914-11-22

of municipal thinking applied to every young
professional man, be ne lawyer. doctor or en-
gineer, whose fortunes the city furthered by
field work.
Such a one, the Mayor thought should be glad
to serve when the city called upon him to pay
back his obligation, and he wanted two very deh-
mite things from Rubin: to wit, the re-establlsh-
ment of thorough cooperation between Folce
Department and District Attorneys office and
the Inauguration Of specific system OF valua-
tion in the Detective Bureau, the most important
of the police force.
Rubin's knowledge of the workings Of the
District Attorneys office guaranteed the first
and his work as advisory counsel to the Curran
aldermanic police investigating committee was
a sufficient earnest of the second. He finally
took the job Mitchell offered with the distinct
understanding that he would hold it until he had
accomplished the two tasks the Mayor put up
to him.
When he retired in October, less than
year after his appointment, the best testimony
that he had finished satisfactorily the work
Mitchell wanted done was the fact that for the
first time in the history of the New York Police
Department the retirement of commissioner
was not heralded in the press as a sign Of dis
agreement or fight between the retiring official
and the Mayor. For Rubin himself his retire
ment was also notable in the annals of city job
holders and political hacks in that Just previous
to resgning he declined fusion nomination
of Republicans and Progressives to run for Con-
eress from his home district
Mitchell knew that the worst condemnation
visited upon the preceding administration was be-
cause of its Police Department work. He knew
that the Police Departments policy and work
wreck more administrations Of New York Mayors
than any other department
Safe to say that Mr.. Mitchell put more thought
upon that single appointment than upon any OF
the fifty other big appointments he made Rubin
the man finally chosen. justified the choice. New
Workers have heard very little about him or his
work in the department, just completed. There
have been 10 daily stories Of spectacular raids IN
the white light district, wheh the theatre crowds
furnish an enthusiastic audience Rubin has
chosen rather the quiet and effective method OF
New-York tribune., 1914-11-22

preparation Of the Rosenthal It Rubin
who was sent TO the Far West to bring back the
man who was then looked upon the keystone of
the prosecution Of Becker. Again, when the
months of preparation had been completed, IT was
Rubin who was chosen by Whitman to prepare the
states for the jury.
When the exposures OF that famous case led to
an sldermanic investigation Of the police force it
was Rubin again who was recommended to the
aldermanic committee by District Attorney Whit
man as the man in his Office best qualified to deal
with police matters.
Rubin, then an Assistant District Attorney, was
sent down to see the Mayor-eect. In the period
between Election Day in November and inaugura-
tion day, on January l. the MayOr-elect Of New
York City is probably the most bounded man in
the United States. President-elect Of the United
States, who is the only elected official in the coun
try with patronage to dispense, more jobs to
fill, has longer period Of time, from November
to the following March, in which to select his
official family Also President-eect escapes
from the bother Of dealing with many of those
who are seeking subordinate positions because Of
the respect we accord ITO that high Office.
Not so, however, a Mayor-elect of New York
City He is importuned in the short space of less
than two months by thousands of oihce-seekers, in
spite Of all the buffers he may create and sur
round himself with declination of a Mayor
elects profer Of Office is than the pro-
verbal needle in the haystack
Rubin with the Mitchell offer Of Second Deputy
Police Commssonership in hand, opined that he
was through with public work; that his term in
the District Attorneys Office his final course
Of preparation for private practice, and that as
a young lawyer he thought it was time he was
-doing bit Of young law-ing
Mitches ideas of things municipal, however,
brought the young around quickly. Rubin,
like every young lawyer serving assistant to
the District Attorney. had used that position as
a sort of final course of work before going into
practice for himself. That Mitchel's view
of it and Rubin admitted it a correct one.
Then, said the Msyor-elect it was obvious that
n young lawyer who had been given such an op-
portunity owed the municipality something in
return The same argument in the Mitchell way
New-York tribune., 1914-11-22

The great educational leaders, like Eliot and
Gilman, and like Wayland. who said that the
time el.ment bears no natural relation TO the
course 0. study have accomplished something In
their efforts TO break up the traditional four
years To- kstep, but | think it is plain that the
real pressure is coming not from faculties or
PRESIDENT but from the students themselves As
soon as the changing economic and social condi-
tions of our country brought IL about that the
college was no longer a genteel institution, Civ
ing a l,;surey preparation for leisurely profes-
sional life, and so soon as the student body were
no long.r limited 70 those who assured Of
support from their families from endowments,
the question Of the time element rose insstently.
Let summarize what seem to me to be the
chief advantages of shortening the period Of col
legiate education. The first advantage is, Of
course, that il is made possible for many more
men ani women Of high ability to have the ad-
vantages of college training before entering
professional study or business life than Is now
the case The second advantage is the social one
Of comparatively early establishment in life and
marriage The third, operating within the col
leges themselves, is the zest Of students in work
the bearing of which they clearly see.
at is a commentary on the extent TO which
our colleges have become purely social institu-
tions that among the greatest obstacles to be
overcome in shortening the conventional college
course are the objections Of the alumni. who con-
slider that it is violation of their ancient rights
and privileges to give the degree Of their par
tcular colleges on a shorter period Of study than
was required when these alumni were students"
New-York tribune., 1914-11-22

prevention, which, while it produces no press
notices, makes larger splash in what might be
called the batting average of the Detective Bu-
reau.
To initiate such a system, where before every
thing had been appraised on its publicity value,
like the doings of theatrical star, required not
only a whoe-hearted purpose on the part of the
head, but forcefu energy exerted upon the
numerous inspectors, captains and men who go to
make up the bureau.
Hitchcock first made the card index system
famous in politics. Rubin did 1t in the New York
Police Department, and the results might be
worth the study of those many American mu-
nicipal police departments still running the old
and undoubtedly more picturesque lines.
Previously the Detective Bureau had been run
after the manner in which the old-fashioned
farmer kept track of his cows. Such a was
thought to be very good, another fair and another
poor, all estimates being based rumors gen
eralities that in reality proved nothing. The mod
ern dairyman, with his exact analyses of the
quantity and quality OF the yield OF each unit of
his farm, looks back with scorn the odtime
methods The applies to practically every
business that has kept pace with the times, and
yet it is undenable fact that that same old
fashioned non-specifc method is still in vogue in
almost every big municipal police detective de-
partment.
When Rubin entered the department he found
Just such a batch Of rumored and guesswork repu-
tatons Smith had the name of being of the
big men Of the bureau, based chiefly, and indeed
almost solely, upon the fact that he had
rested one of the defendants in Of the noto-
rious white light district murder The
most casual investigation revealed that his activ-
ity in that case had not been detective activity in
any way. but on the strength OF it he had been a
time-waster in the Detective Bureau at a salary
almost double that Of a uniformed patrolman for
more than four years.
Others, many Of them, owed their place in the
Detective Bureau to political influence, by which
they were advanced without rhyme or reason from
a 81 400 a year patrolman's job to that Of $3.50
a year detective.
Following up his card index system of record
ing the work done by the men under him, Rubin
New-York tribune., 1914-11-22

prepared his second filing system, based chiefly on
q summary of the records in the first index, but
supplemented by personal interview and per-
Sonal observation Of each man. The second set of
cards showed, in addition to summary of the
mans record, a notation to his personality, his
character. his education and as to any special
abilities he might possess in the way of knowledge
of foreign languages or because Of familiarity
with any trade or occupation.
The work of metropolitan detective bureau
calls for many kinds of men. Some would be
scorned experts in any other business under
the sun, as, for instance, detective who by ap-
pearance or manner would be admirably fitted 20
20 down into the haunts Of yeggmen and safe
blowers would by those very qualifications be dis
trusted in ordinary lines of business, but by the
same token would be an invaluable man in his
line in the Detective Bureau.
Practically Mr.. Rubin aimed to bring the De-
tective Bureau to a legal efficiency basis, and be-
cause of his previous correlated work in the Dis
trict Attorneys office he came into police work
legal efficiency expert. Before his advent the
detectives had failed in conviction in thousands OF
important cases because their evidence was not
thoroughly prepared from a legal point Of view.
Other cases, more than an optimist would like TO
believe were lost deliberately because complain
ants were not examined and ther complaints put
on record under oath Immediately upon the arrest
of defendants. That has been known as one Of
the smcothest methods of graft in police history.
Rubin changed all that--in fact, it was one Of
the first things he turned his attention to. When
a raid was made preliminary arraignment followed
Immediately, and at that arraignment the de-
tectiyes were ordered to testify and swear TO the
salient points in their case against the defendant
Actually this young lawyer brought the De-
tective Bureau TO the status Of a thoroughly
efficient and up-to-date wholesale house He put
the detectives on the plane Of travelling sales
men, and sales manager checked up more
rigdy on results than did Rubin in checking up
on the activities of the personnel Of this most
troublesome department in the thirty-odd that
transact the business of the City of New York
Each man was shown the exact workings of the
system installed by Rubin-by Rubin himself.
New-York tribune., 1914-11-22
AND HIS LITTLE CARDS REVITALLZED DETECTIVE BUREAU

More than that he was instructed in the methods
of it, to the end that he should thereafter be
called upon TO make his own record, not only in
the larger sense Of doing the things he was set
to do. but in the literal sense that he was called
upon to write down on the Commissioners card
index his own record Of his own work.
lie carried the idea further with a color
scheme. White cards represented assignments to
homicide cases; yellow, to bomb cases; blue to
robbery and larceny cases. Purple and red cards
were put into each mans filing case when he
completed a case, the purple cards representing
an arrest which came as the elimination OF an
investigation. In other words, they stuck out
prominently by their color in batch of cards as
the insignia of real and successful detective
work The red cards used TO note what are
known as pickup arrests, that is, arrests Of
criminals upon whom the detective happened 20
run across although not working specifically on
the case in which they were involved. Both
purple and red cards stood for real merit. A
preponderance of cards of other colors, however,
without a sufficient scattering Of the merit colors
showed man who die not clean up his assign
ments.
Another set of cards likewise instituted a new
system of police detective annals in New York, in
that it provided for the use of future heads OF
the Detective Bureau permanent record, in spe-
cifc form, OF the special abilities and character
istics Of each man in the department
Rubin carried the same General line of system
and efficiency into the higher ranks and broader
work of the Detective Bureau. Maps of each in
spection district punetuated with pegs of different
colors, corresponding TO the colored cards in his
detective record cabinet, showed him at glance
how much crime and how much investigation and
tracing down of crime going on in each dis
trict, and the inspector on his daily visit TO head
quarters was called upon to produce reasons when
a preponderance of pegs, other than purple and
red, began to stick up in the map Of his district
Even as the detective with the paucity of purple
and red cards speeded up his efforts because OF
that, SO the inspector who was faced with a map
showing q decided lack Of pegs of those eoors
speeded up his efforts and those Of the men under
him TO remedy the defect.
New-York tribune., 1914-11-22
RUBIN
By WILLIAM A. ORR.


"HE second largest business in the United
States has been so poorly managed that
two Of It's most important departments
have actually worked at pur-
poses Il costs, 20 run this business, in the neigh
oorhood Of two hundred million dollars q year;
u is the business Of the corporation Of the City
Of New York, and the two departments which
have been running at cross purposes are the Po-
lice Department and the District Attorneys Office.
There are upward of ten thousand men engaged
IN the work Of the Police Department, and until
the advent Of the present city administration a
large proportion Of the directing forces of that
ten thousand were as far from cooperation with
the presumably allied forces Of the District At
torney's Office as it was possible for them to be.
When John Purroy Mitchell and Charles Sey-
mour Whitman were elected Mayor and District
Attorney, respectively, the factor contributing
most 70 their success at the polls was the promise
Of business efficiency in the management of the
huge business Of the city Business efficiency
rests more upon thorough cooperation than upon
anything else, and both Mr.. Mitchell and Mr..
Whitman determined upon a programme that
would guarantee such cooperation between the
TWO big departments Of city work where it had
previously been lacking
city is directly under the Mayor or subject to
ms scrutiny through the medium Of his response
oll''y as the head Of the Board Of Estimate, but
he District Attorneys Office, being q county az
iair Is thing apart.
seeking for the man who would best be able TO
0fing about the desired teamwork, Mr.. Mitchell
p'cK'd out young Assistant District Attorney
-Of the Second Deputy Police COmmssionership
the lob which carrias with tn. diraction of
we Detective Bureau Of the Police Department.
~ Is THIS bureau which comes most constantly
,n'o contact with the District Attorneys office,
because through it are handled the major crimes
.hieh come within the province of the District
Attorney.
y Robert Rubin, the man whom the Mayor
'e'ected Tor the delicate job of readjusting the
previously strained relations between police and
prosecutor, had been thoroughly schooled in the
'"es o. the latter. In the trying days of the
New-York tribune., 1914-11-22


Chicago business man few years ago
n issued a gratuitous pronunoamento to
X ~ the world az large to the efest that
.ousge education was all tommyrot; in fact, that
- os no education at all, and that il actually un-
e...a y vouth for the serious business of life
", since that edict has such a bombshell been
.y,,o5ed in educational circles as was unwittngly
,orched of recently by President Lowell of Har-
- from the speakers platform at the confer
80 of the Association Of American Universities
hels a. Princeton n. J. President Lowell, accord
;rc 70 the newspapers, urged the reduction of the
traditional four years course in American col
leees to two years.
sVorrors!" "Mercy on u.s." The thought Of
sr,b radical. yea, anarcheal. suggestion, coming
from the august head Of immemorially august
Harvard threw the academic world into furor
President Lowell, however, had been innocent Of
snv very dangerous intentions and was not slow
h declaring that he had been misquoted. What
he had said. according to his statement to The
tribune was that a two years course in college
was "nuch better than college course at all,
and probably as much as be expected of most
Young men" Quite a radical statement as it
stands but not so shocking 10 conservative peds-
eorues as the words that ooverzealous re-
porter had put into the Harvard presidents mouth.
QUITE CHORUS OF ASSENT TO HIS SUP
POSED ASSERTION.
However, much Of the harm. II such II Is to be
considered, had already been done before Dr.. Low
eli corrected the misapprehension in the public
mind. for in the mean time several educators
more radical than he ha6 been encouraged to
utter sentiments fully sweeping those that
had been ascribed to him. while sacrileg,ous lay
men had again taken up the subject Of the need
for reform In the American college where they
had dropped it after the outburst of the icono-
elastic Chicago manufacturer
Here in New York discussion ensued that
brought out many suggestions Of intense interest
for every one who has at heart the welfare Of the
American college and of the whole American sys-
ten Of education. symposium gathered by The
Tribune resulted In the discovery of the fact that
many experts most qualified to speak educs-
tonal topics 20 ss far as If not further than the
reported utterances Of Dr.. Lowell and declare
that farreaching reforms must be introduced in
the near future If the American college is not to
lose most Of its value, or indeed, be swept away
entirely as an educational entity. Prominent
among those who approved the suggestion 20 cut
In two the four years term Of study for the bacca-
laureate degree were President Nicholas Murray
Butler and Dean F. P. Keppel, Of Columbia Uni
yersity, and Chancellor Brown, Of New York Uni
yersity.