The daily telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1901-1926, 1914-11-24

| to its own advantage. Mighty Rus
Isia,s only ports upon warm water
Iwere In her Black Sea territory.
il Conventions Of the Powers, however,
have held her shut up fast within
the inland sea. For q century these
conventions have stood between
Russia and Der ambitions to have an
outlet on the Mediterranean.
BY Five Power treaty IN 1871, II
was arranged that NO ship Of war o.
any nation other than the Ottoman
4 should pass the Dardanelles with
4 out express permission Of the Porte.
i The closing Of the straight was re
affirmed at London in 1871 and al
Berlin in 1873. Even merchant yes
sells must have passes which they
4 are required to show to the author
tiles at the narrows. Boats may pass
i through only during the daytime, vel
/ they are required to pay a small
4 lighthouse fee.
The straight is a narrow. irregular
channel. connecting the Aegean sea
with the Sea Of Mafmora. It cuts
Europe from Asia on course from
4 southwest to northwest. It IL only
4 about forty-ffTe miles long, while 1t
varies In width from one to five miles.
Hts average depth is 1870 feet. Upon
the European side the shores are
steep and barren, and their inhos-
pitable line Of battery-crowned rocks
makes the Dardaneiies; a place for
unusually strong defense. The shores
on the Asiastic side are longsloped
and very fertile; for the most part
being closed with beautiful forests.
The Dardanelles guard the ap-
proach to Constantinoplei from the
Mediterranean, as the Bosphorus
guards the approach from the Black
sea. They were first fortified by two
castles, one ON either shore, in the
path Of Xerxes and Alexander, built
by Mohammed II in 1859. These
have been often remodeled. During
the last century. with Turkish power
on the wane, and the Turk himself,
apparently acquiescent, the remodel
ing and extending Of the old FORTH
cations was brought about by French,
English and German prodding. as
temporary interests pointed toward
the Golden Horn.
Most OF old Poland which survives,
in race and in political conscious
ness, in typical culture and in folk
character, survives in the Austrian
crownland OF Galicia. Under the
more sternly repressive rule Of Rus
sian and German overfordship, the
Poles In Russia and Germany have
been driven little by little from their
stronghold Of national feeling. They
are becoming half-hearted Russians
and Germans, for Russia and Ger
many have done all In their power
to assimilate the we'll nigh unassimu-
liable Pole, In Galicia, however, with
constitution Of their own, under q
perplexed and lenient central govern
ment, consciousness Of old Poland
remains, and has grown in inten-
sity in recent times.
Hemmed in by Russia on the
north and east by the suspicious bor-
der patrol, naturally cut of from
Hungary on the south and southwest
by the Carpathians, barely. touching
its sovereign Austria, on the west,
the Galician Pole has been left to
himself, to the single-handed solu-
ton of his own difficulties, political,
economic and administrative. With
little to prod him into violent indus
trial exertion, he has continued the
past into the present, with its quaint
customs, its devotion to agriculture,
and its poverty-stricken idealism.
Galicia slopes away from the Car
pathians to meet the boundless Rus
sian plain on the north. Its south
ern uplands are devoted largely to
grazing grounds for horses, cattle
and sheep. In the middle lands, ce-
reals and sugar-beets are grown. The
crownland is sparsely populated, and
in many parts its lands are very fer
tile, so that more than enough of
breadstuffs, meat and other products
are raised for home consumption,
permitting the expectation Of cereals
and meat products in considerable
amounts, mainly to Germany.
Galicia is Poland, ancient Poland.
and like the Fatherland OF old, fits
masses are miserably poor, while its
classes are very rich. One-third of
its ullable lands are held by great
landowners In estates of more than
1,400 acres, and one-half are held in
blocks of fourteen acres or less.
Galicia is agricultural. 1t has little
mineral wealth, and less industry.
Much Of its 30.321 square miles are
morass, sand or forest land. and all
else Is given over to farming. True,
in the Carpathians are found the
richest oil fields in Europe, and good
zinc mines and rock salt Quarries are
worked. Still. its mineral wealth has
small significance. The forests,
which are estimated to cover one
quarter of the whole surface OF Ga
licia, contribute to large lumber
trade with Germany.
Most of its manufactured articles
are the products OF home industry,
though there is a beginning of tex
tile industry and its oil rehneries are
important. About ~ per cent of its
people depend directly upon the soil.
They are mostly illiterate. small far
mers and day laborers, who pass the
I.seysre winters at home, and regular
ly leave their wives to work the farm
in summer while they exc out bare
liyelihoods by taking seedtime and