davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-05-30
Some Of survivors, Tales.

Some Of the survivors were able to
give snatches of their experience. Mr..
Longley, the rancher OF Crawford, Il. c.,
explained quietly that he had made up
his mind that he had to die. The boats
had gone. He could find nothing that
promised to support him in the water.
He made his way to the rail of the ship
and waited until she sank. As she went
down he held his breath. held 1t for an
age. 1t seemed to him. but finally he
came to the surface and luckily near
a lifeboat. A sailor seized him by the
coll,r and hauled him in.
One of the most pathetic sights to-
night was the entry into the Chateau
Frontenac of 'eight-year-old Florence
Barber of London. Ont, who has lost
her mother and sister. Less than a
year ago her father was killed in Lon
don. Ont, and the family were on their
way to Cumberland. England. The lit
tie girl was picked up in the river by
Robert Crellin of Toronto who jumped
overheard and was swimming when he
saw the child floating She was wrapped
in n blanket and to that she owes her
life because the blanket kept her float
ing until Crellin grabbed her. She flung
her arms around his neck and almost
choked him. He managed to get hold
of a piece of wood, upon which he
placed the girl.
Crell!n dog padded for some time and
when he saw a small boat some distance
away he swan TO II, pushing the girl
ahead of him. The two were picked up
and taken to Rlmouski. There an old
Indian woman ran into a shack and
brought out some clothes, which she put
on the girl. Tonight the child Is cling
ing to Crellln and crying for her mother.
At the Chateau, when women heard
her story. they turned away their heads
and wept. The child Is utterly alone in
the world but the man who saved her
declares that he will look after her.
w. Davis OF Montreal said that he and
his wife were asleep and were not
awakened by the crash. They got out
of thei- berths when the water began to
come In and were able because OF the
fortunate position of their stateroom
TO make their way TO the boat deck,
The Empress was listing and II was i'm
possible for him and another man on
the top deck TO get one of the boats
launched. They gave II up. As the
Empress sank. Davis put his arm
around his wife and told her not TO
cling TO him. They were sucked into
the whirlpool as the ship went down.
and Mrs. Davis was wrenched from his
grasp. He kept his nerve and swan to
her. grasped her by the hair and sup
por'ed her and himself upon a piece
OF timber until they were rescued. Mrs.
Davis was unconscious and near to
death when help got to them.
j. l.. Black and his wife, who live in
Ottawa. jumped together before the
shin sank. They were awakened by the
crash, but they got on deck too late to
find places In iifeboat. They decided
20 Jump and take their chances.
Fortune was with them. for II sen,
wreckege 20 Mr.. Blacks hand and he
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-05-30

kept his wife above water until boat
from the Lady Evelyn reached them.
Philip Lawlor. a steerage passenger
who arrived here tonight on the special
train from Rimouski. told the reporters
that there was an explosion Immediately
after the collision. Lawlor lost his wife.
but saved his fteen-year-old son.
They were steerage passengers.
II was awakened by the shock" no
said. 1.-THE ship shook as II there had
been an earthquake. Then the water
rushed into the steerage and at once
heard a Kissing and a loud explosion.
fancy that numbers were killed be-
cause ! was literally hurled with my
boy out of the steerage. I tried to
grasp my wife but I couldn't manage
it,"
The ships doctor of the Empress, DR..
Grant. said that he was asleep when
the collision came. He didn't know
there had been an accident until the
liner listed heavily and he was thrown
out Of his berth. All lights were out,
but the doctor scrambled through dark
ness TO portfolio which was big enough
for him to work his body through. The
list was so bad that he had been unable
TO climb to the deck.
IT found myself in the water" said
DIR. Grant, "and l swam toward the
lights OF a ship that turned out 10 be
the collier that sank us. I was nearly
gone from cold and WEAKNESS when a
lifeboat picked me up. I was carried on
board the Storsdad and wrapped In
blankets"
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-05-30

" KNOWN
SEA DISASTER
lumber of persons rescued from the
VS.:
o'HARA, O. H., Toronto
o'HARA, MISS HELEN, Toronto
ISLANDER, r., London, England.
OWEN. W. T.
P
PAscHKowDIs. W.
PATTON. MRS. II. t.
PATRICK, JULIAN.
PBRKINsoN. r.. H., bedroom steward.
PETE, s. A.
PETIT. GEORGE
pROBSTAI, p.
PUoMIRE. Z.
PYKARA. A.
QUINN. WILLIAM.
RANDALL. CARL.
RAUTALA. X.
RAMYEMA. A.
REBELJcHENKE, sILoER
REGINALD. A.
RENNE. -
RIcATETENro. FEEDER.
RICHARDS. GEORGE C.. Terre Haute,
RICHARDS. MRS. g.. r.rre Hsut.. Ind.
RIcULENTE -
rim. JOHN.
ROBERTS. W.
RoMAMECHI. r
ROWAN. W., steward.
RoMARUH. JOHN.
ROVER, WILLIAM.
RIDLEY. A.. boatswain's mate
RYAN. JOHN.
RYAN. PHoNA.
RuBINsTEIN. JACK
sAEs. -. assistant purser.
SALE. JOHN.
sALIO. ].
sAMcoMIA. MOORE
SAMSON. W., chief engineer.
sAMUELsoN. C.
sANpERsoN. r.
sAPEKE. -
SAvEIN, -.
sAwRNsToNE. NJ.
scHAKALIDA. W.
SCOTT, -
sEARLE. EVA. Seattle.
sELlNlski' W.
sEYBoLD. T.. Ottawa.
shANNoN' EDWARD.
shELAk,
oiMMoSbS' fbeiNALD' LONDON Eng
land;
SmMoSDS, MINIS ~ hohooh' England
SMART, ALBERT
SMITH. ALBERT
SMITH. c. II.
SMITH. II. II.
SMITH, J.
SMITH. j., Jr
SPENCER e 8
spt,oSrp n p
sPRAoCE r ou.r,.,m.r.r
STARR. -. baker
strNpER "A
sUzzERA. ADAM
SWAN. -. enrinss,
-r,
IALNEPkA' A.
IATT I,
IAILoN, Niles H. montreh!
riDprLl ~ "
rOIHAcA ArrxASnrn
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-05-30
LOST LINER HAD NO
SHELL TO BUOY HER
Sank Quickly Because She
Lacked the Inner Hull Of
Newer Vessels.
INSURED FOR S2,OOO,OOO
List to Port Blocked Efforts to
Rescue Passengers in
Life Boats.

The Empress OF ireland and her cargo
were insured at Lioyds In London for
| 100000. 1t Is said tina, ner cargo
was valued at about $4,000. She was
pretty much like most OF the liners In
service between Canada and the British
Isles. Under normal conditions abe was
regarded az q safe ship. She had life
| boats apenty for the accommodation OF
| all hands aboard. This was the result
| OF the change OF the Board OF Trade
| regulations due to the inquiry following
| the loss Of tho White Star liner Titanic.
But she was not such ship as the
Olympic, the Imperator. the Aauitanla
| and the other great liners plying between
this port and Europe inasmuch rs she
! was unprotected by the double hull. or
inner and other skin above the water
line. She was not the modern ship
within a ship" her chief reliance In case
OF collision with other ships or icebergs
being solely In her transverse bulk
heads.
The transverse or athwartship bulk
heads, and there were ten Of them. failed
her because the ponderous collier
| Storsdad smashed into her diagonally.
ripping out the buikheads from point
about emidship on the port side to the
| stern.
List Blocked Life saving.
Launching lifeboats under the circum-
stances was problematical The great list
to port that followed the collision put all
the lifeboats on the starboard side out OF
commission, as none OF them were lowered
BY improved apparatus that dehcd the
effect OF heavy lists. Even II the Storsdad
were merely under stecrage way, going
perhaps at about three or four knots her
| momentum under the mighty weight of
her cargo OF 1000 tons OF coal would
have been irresistible, taken in conjunc-
ton with the forward movement of the
14,l92 gross tons of the luckless liner.
Only the nearness Of another steamship
can reduce the loss OF life on a liner In
fog. provided the liner Is not equipped
with double hull. enabling her to stay
afioat many hours. This was illustrated
| In the case of the sinking of the steam
ship Oregon of Fire Island by a Goa.
laden schooner A North German Lloyd
steamship happened along In time TO take
| of all hands.
The Empress OF Ireland was built in
| 1906 by the Fairfield Company Limited at
Glasgow and was rated first class by the
| British Lloyds. Each OF her twin screws
| was driven by quadrupie expansion en-
gines that gave her maximum speed OF
about seventeen knots.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-05-30

OMEN IN LIST
RS OF GREAT
ports received here tonight put the
survivors given In these reports foil
GoDsoN, r. T., Kingston, Ont.
L. A., Montreal.
J.
GRANT. DIR. J. r.. ships surgeon
GRATwICK. -.
GRAY. ARTHUR.
GRAY. MRS. NJ. Terre Hsute, Ind.
GRAY. MISS W., Terre Haute, Ind.
-.
aREvERI. ALEXANDER.
GREY, -.
MRS.
r.
HAMPTER. W.
HANSON. T.
HANALAiME. d.
HARBANEN. RENNE,
HARON, y. ID.
HAYES. frst assistant purser
HEATH. II. L.. Chicago.
HEATH. J. r.. Chicago.
HELGHES. -.
HELLER, W.
HELKIs. HUGH.
HENDERSON. O. W. O.. Montreal
HENRALAIN. W.
A.
HOBINsKI. C.
HOLM. s. r., buGler.
HOLT. r.. steward.
HUGHES. HUGH.
HUNT, DIR.
HYANsoN. l.. A.. London
JEIL. X.
TOMBSTONE. ].
JOHNSON. D., Fredericton, N n
KALEYUTAf.A. -.
KAMINfsHf. z.
KAvAIsKE. EVAN. Duluth. MINI
KEESAK. ~.
KENDALL. II. NJ. O.. captain.
KENT. LIONEL. Montreal
KERMAs. MICHALE.
KIN0sCoTT. -.
KIRTHLEY. MRS.
KLAMoNT. A.
ADAM.
KOHL, GRACE. Montreal
KoRoNIE. GRACE.
KoscHRI5s, -
KRABscHENKY, -.
KRUTfN. J.
KRUsE. HERMAN. Rochester. MINI
kRusE. FREDA. Rochester. MINI.
KUTCHAM. NJ.
LANGLEY, J. w, Merritt. p. C
LANGLEY. MISS NJ. f., Vancouver.
LASKI. X.
LAUREN. -.
LAW. T.. Calgary.
LAW. MRS. T.. Calgary
LAW. MASTER, Calgary.
IAwLoR, II.
LEA. RowELL.
LEDDELL. II.
LEE. ALICE. Bahama
LEMMI -.
LENALY. J. X.
LENNON. j.. Winnipeg
LAS. L.
LrNoUIsr. MISS MARTHA.
LfsroN. MISS A.. London. England.
LowLER, HERBERT.
LYON. CHENA
MAGUIRE, a
MAGUIRE. J.
MALTE. -.
MALLocK. c.
MATTER, A.. indianapolis
MeAMMoND. D.
MeALPIN. A.. Montreal
MccANE. J.
MccURDY. THOMAS.
MCDONALD. C. p.
MeDouGALL or MACDONALD. C
McwILLIAMS. II.
MEASURES. W. Salvation Army bands
man.
METcALFE. G. J.
MINANcH. ..
MIsITE. +.
MoIR, MRS CHARLES. Toronto
MOORE. ".
MoRELAND. A. REGINALD.
MORGAN. j.. Winnipeg.
MORGAN. WILLIAM. winnipes
NOSE. H.
NOSE, SZCK.
MULLIN. MRS. ANNA, London
MUNTEAC. T.
MURPHY, JOHN.
MURPHY. o. s.
MURSINSEN. NJ.
MoUNsEY. MRS. W, Chicago.
MUZY. xBUK.
NATLocK. MISS r.
NELSON. +. NJ.
NEWTON. JENNIE. Antler, N n
NoRNNICKY, p.
NOSEAL, -
NOvEK, -
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-05-30
CAPTAIN ON BRIDGE
AS EMPRESS SANK
Survivor Tells Of Kendall's
Bravery i'm Hour of
Deadly Peril.
SHOUTED CALMING WORDS
Valorous in Danger, He Cries
When He Hears Ship
Is at Bottom.

QrEREc. May 2s.-The first definite
stories Of the disaster were obtained
here when the special train bringing
1896 OF the rescued from Rlmousk ar
rived at Lewis, opposite this city. at 8
p. NJ. In the party were sixteen women
and two children. There were twenty
nine from the first cabin, twenty-nne
from the second, 101 from the steerage
and 257 OF the officers and crew. The
special brought the news also that
thirty-seven survivors had been left at
Rimouski in care of doctors. This
brought the number of rescued up 10
433. and indicated that 934 were lost.
Thomas Smart OF Toronto was the
last man to speak to Capt. Kendall.
Smart was sitting out on the upper
deck. Kendall walked past about 1880
o'clock and said: ut Is q nice night,
but II looks to me as though a fog is
coming" Then he added Significantly:
you never know how soon a fog drops
Its pail upon you at this part OF the
river"
They chatted together for some time.
The captain seemed to be in a good
humor. Soon afterward he went to the
bridge.
AS soon as the crash came. Smart
says, he looked at the bridge and be-
lieved he saw Kendall there. He was
holding on to the rail. shouting some
orders TO a number of the crew. He
leaned over and waved his hands to
some one. Smart does not know to
whom he was speaking, but he heard
him say distinctly, keep your heads
there and don't get excited"
When the boat dropped sideways into
the water the captain seemed to realize
that she was lost, because he shouted:
Hurry up there. everybody! There is
not u minute to lose. Get the stewards
| through the corridors. If there are
doors locked. break them in. get the
people out, and don't forget that the
women and children must come first"
He spoke through a megaphone, but
there was so much shrieking and moan
| ing that his voice was drowned. He
stuck to his post to the very last" said
| Smart.
The last words he said before the
ship went down were: Heaven help
us, because we cannot help ourselves"
! Then the lurch of the boat drew him
I into the water. He slipped off and I
! thought he was sucked under, but when
I got onto the Lady Evelyn l saw him
stretched out there and they were CIV
ing him some brandy to revive him.
When he was able to speak he looked
around and asked Where Is the ship
passenger who looked like sailor
told him the boat had gone. Kendall
pressed his face against a piece OF dirty
tarpulin and cried as though his heart
would break. He IL still at the wharf
at Rimouski and his condition is very
serious.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-05-30
Had Submarine Signals.

She was a four decker. schooner rugged
and WAS SIS feet long, 6S.7 feet beam and
OF 36.7 feet depth OF hold. She had ac-
commodation for $50 first cabin. 400 sec
ond cabin and 1000 third class passen-
gers. She was fitted with submarine sig
nails 10 warn her skipper OF the nearness
OF shoals and equipped with warning
bells that might be heard through the
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-05-30

serve, He was on his first trip as COM
mander OF the Empress of Ireland. He
was selected for his post from among
100 captains In the service just week
ago
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-05-30

identity has not been established let 20
her hold on a broken timber and tried
TO swim to the Lady Evelyn. She was
nearly naked and too far gone from
exposure to reach the steamer. She
drowned before a boat from the Lady
Evelyn could get to her.
The Eureka picked Nv thirtv-iwo OF
the survivors who were uninjured. re-
covered some of the dead and was able
to bring ashore also a few OF those who
had been badly hurt. The Lady Evelyn
brought to Rimouski a large majority
OF the survivors. She saved Capt. Ken
dali, who was badly hurt when he
ieaped from the bridge of the Empress
just as the ship sank and fell upon a
hatch cover. It happened that No. 2
lifeboat was near the hatch and men,
bers Of the crew hauled their captain
into the boat In time to save his life.
Capt. Kendall Is seriously injured and
there was "A report In Rimouski tonight
mat he might die of his injuries. The
Eureka and the Lady Evelyn cruised
near the scene OF the disaster for half
IN hour, until their commanders were
certain that there were no more sur
vivors TO be picked up. II was hoped
at that time that the Storsdad had been
able to save hundreds. "a hope that was
soon dissipated. No more than fifty
were on the collier.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-05-30
ONLY A FEW WOMEN IN LIST OF KNOWN
SURVIVORS OF GREAT SEA DISASTER

MONTREAL May 2The latest reports received here tonie
Empress 433 The list of survivors given In these
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-05-30

The chief wireless operator OF the EN-
press. Hayes, said:
IL was ordered to sound tho s O s
Immediately after the collision, but after
we got to Father Point was unable to
talk to the operator there until five min
utes after the collision. The dynamos
went to pieces, but finally enough power
came on to let us flash our peril. /
should say that tho ship went down
about seventeen minutes after she was
struck"
The condition of the survivors. Ss6
in number, who arrived here to- night on
the special train from Rimouski was
pitiable. They were detrained at Lewis,
on the opposite side Of the river from
this city, and were brought here By the
ferry steamer Pclar!s. There was
Elmore County Republican. [volume] (Mountain Home, Idaho) 1910-1915, 1914-12-26
REFUSED TO RECOGNIZE DAY
Purltans of England Made Christmas
illegal and Declared II Mis-
demeanor to Be Gay.

English Puritans of the seventeenth
century guarded against looking upon
the rosy side of life.
Because Christmas is really a sur
vival of the Celts' Yule, and is not
the actual anniversary of the birth OF
Christ, they refused to countenance
Christmas festivities Not only did
they refuse to recognize the day but
they made laws to that effect.
The parliament of 1914 passed an
act ordering all law abiding citizens
to observe December 25 as a solemn
fast, to be spent in silent atonement
for previous Christmas days that had
passed in riotous living and merry
making.
Naturally the community did not
share in these hard and fast rules,
and many turkey was surreptitious-
ly killed, and many a plum pudding
quietly boiled. But woe betide the
unfortunate offender against the act
were he luekless enough to be dis
covered.
Soldiers were sent to search the
houses of those suspected of harbor-
ing such delicacies as mince pies,
etc. and many were the pitched bat.
ties between disagreeing sections of
the public.
Elmore County Republican. [volume] (Mountain Home, Idaho) 1910-1915, 1914-12-26
. .
= CONGREGATIONAL NOTES I

.
Rev. John A. Peake will preach
next Sunday forenoon. To most o.
the people of Mountain Home, Rev.
Mr.. Peake will need no introduction
having been several years the eff
cient pastor of the Baptist church
here.
Eve, at 7:30, Subject, Moody, the
Great Evangelist, Incidents in His
Life and Work. Special music both
morning and evening.
The Ladies' Mss .onary meeting will
be held next week, Thursday after
noon, with Mrs. l.. l.. Spring, hos
tess. Subject, The Ministerial re-
lief Society, and very interesting.
Ladies' invited.
The Cantata, while not netting
large financial returns, reflected much
credit upon all connected with it.
Over siXtyflve people had part i'm 1t,
and no break occurred from beginning
60 end. In behalf of the Christian
Endeavor most hearty thanks are ex-
tended to all who helped.
The death of Mrs. Harley removes
another old landmark from our midst;
highly respected; SANITY Christian;
beloved mother. Our hearts go
out to the bereaved.
Section Three met Tuesday with
Mrs. Ed Johnson, having a Christmas
tree, even Santa Claus was there,
with a large attendance of Its mem.
bers and some guests. Delicious
refreshments were served by the
hostess.
Elmore County Republican. [volume] (Mountain Home, Idaho) 1910-1915, 1914-12-26
DIET THAT PROLONGS LIFE
Cheese In Place of Meat 10 Recon-.
mended for Those Whose Arteries
Are Hardening.

Hardening of the arteries, which fire.
quently accompanies old age, is the re
suit Of condition OF the blood yes
sells in which the blood pressure Ii
raised above normal In varying de-
grees The result Is weakening OF
the vessels, making them likely to
rupture even under normal blood
pressure, but especially so when the
blood pressure is high.
The hardening of the arteries with
high blood pressure is caused by Ger
tain poisons In the blood derived from
food, particularly certain kinds of pro-
tein food. Meat, particularly red
meat, is thought to be the principal
offender; but all proteins are suspect.
ed of aiding In making the condition,
The remedy is obvious; stop eating
proteins But proteins are absolutely
necessary to life. However. 1t has been
discovered that all proteins are not
equally harmful.
1t has been found that cheese In
various forms can be substituted for
meat indefinitely, supplying the body
with the necessary amount Of protein
without the poisonous purin bodies.
AS result, the blood pressure is low
cred, and in recent cases, hardening
OF the arteries is prevented.
Elmore County Republican. [volume] (Mountain Home, Idaho) 1910-1915, 1914-12-26
QUEER SCENES OF WARFAEE
Large Part of Battle of Monterey, In
the Mexican War, Was Fought
Indoors.

At the battle OF Monterey, in the
Mexican war, our troops were able to
command the streets of the city with
their artillery, but they experienced
much difficulty in driving the Mexl
cans fiom their houses. Accordingly
as the city was built of stone or adobe
the Americans broke through the walls
from one house to another, fighting
and driving out the enemy as they
proceeded. Thus 1t appears, says an
exchange, the battle of Monterey was
largely fought indoors.
In the time of William the Silent,
when the Netherlands were fighting
the Spaniards. number OF Spanish
vessels became frozen in on the Zuider
Zee. Out came the Dutch on horse.
back on the ice to attack the Span
iards. This is probably the only battle
of record where cavalry was employed
directly against naval force.
There have been battles fought un-
foreground. Choicest of these was the
fierce encounter pertaining to the siege
of Harlem in the Dutch wars. The
Spaniards mined and the Dutch coun.
termined with equal industry and be.
low the ground terrific conflict en-
sued. When, after the commune, the
Versailles troops took Paris, they
chased certain of the communist
forces to the great sewers of the CAPT
tai, and in these more than one san.
culinary battle occurred.
Elmore County Republican. [volume] (Mountain Home, Idaho) 1910-1915, 1914-12-26
90
u EPISCOPAL CHURCH y
News Items y

The heartfelt sympathies of the en-
tire congregation are extended Il
those remaining to mourn the loss Of
their Mother, Mrs. Harley Sr. who
passed peacefully away at the home o
Mr.. and Mrs. j. Whitson last Tues
day morning.
A special Christmas Service will
be held i'm the Episcopal Church on
Christmas morning commencing at .
o'c.ock to which the public are heart
lily invited.
Next Sunday is st. John the Evan
gelist Day and special service OF
commentator will be held that
evening in our church commencing
at 1880. The members of the Mason
ic Order and OF the Eastern Star
Lodges OF this town have been in
vited to attend. Special Music has
been arranged and hearty invita-
tion is given to all who are interest
ed to be present.
The Young Ladies Club met ON
Wednesday evening at the Rectory
and ass SIZED Santa Claus in packing
and in arranging the various presents
for our Sunday School pupils. they
also filled about 50 stockings with
"a ndv and oranqes
The Christmas tree which took
place Thursday evening was held
in the Church. The church was
fitted up for the occasion and an
inJenior Christmas scene was In posi-
ton with tree which was loaded with
presents and goodies.
"A fine program had been ar
"a under the direction OF Mrs. |
and MISS Watts and we offer our
sincere thanks 10 them for their kind
ly interest and assistance. We also
wish 10 thank MIR. Alvin Nelson OF
the Nelson Grocery store for his
kind donation OF oranges and Mr.
Weed of the loan of a string oil Nights
that reached round the entlre church,
making Inc inferior very beautiful for
the Christmas tree.
There Will be no meetings during
next week, the festivities have been
700 Iuuca even tor us aud we require
a rest. All Clubs and classes win
reopen the following week commenc-
ing with the Junior Girls Club meet
ing Monday afternoon, January 4th
at four o'clock.
Elmore County Republican. [volume] (Mountain Home, Idaho) 1910-1915, 1914-12-26

Some generous person." said little
Socrates Bulginbrow, of Boston, has
been kind enough to send me copy
of Mother Goose's lyrics for Christ
mas, Do you know, the theory that
a representative of the bovine genus
at one time leaped over the chief
luminary of the night leads to some
interes ing calulations as to the mus
cular development of the cows of that
time. | have ascertained that they
must have been endowed with
strength proportionate to that of the
flea of the present day."