Evening star., 1914-08-02

eior's degree from a college or university
Of recognized standing, such training to
have included at least two years special
work In sociology or economics. and at
In municipal or state departments deal
ing with such sub5ects as are related to
the care Of dependent delinquent and de-
1ecttve children, or service in a charity
organixation society, Juvenile court. child
similar organization. This examination
Tor social service expert is what is known
as ''non-assembled.' that is, the appli-
her home city. or anz '' Place where, ~ he he OF or
she may be. bnt raperR must be filed with
the civil service commission at Wash
ington prior to the hour Of closing
The frequency Of outbreaks OF typhoid
fever which have been traced to the
serving Of contami-
UIukl0g water mated water for
on Steamships. ,na 1,nh,ns a and COOK
passenger and excursion vessels has stirn-
ulated Officers Of the United States pub
lio health service this summer to keep
closer watch than ever on the water sup
ply Of all such boats. Before the present
season has closed It Is expected that the
water supply not only Of American YES
sells. but railways as we'll. will be more
emciently protected than those of any
other country in the world
FolloW1ng the investigations made last
year Of drinking water served aboard ves-
seis operating on lakes and rivers of this
country, the government. through the
united States public health service, be-
gan Immediately to prepare regulations
looking toward the protection Of the
health OF the travelling public. Early in
the present summer a regulation was is
sued prohibiting the furnishing Of water
Tor drinking and cooking purposes which
mad been taken from any harbor of the
United States or from any other place
wnere 1t has been or may have been con-
tamlnateo by sewage. Provisions were
already In force protecting the water sup
ply Of railway lines.
Tho next step which will be made to
prevent typhoid Will be regulation which
water to employees Of both steamship and
railway lines, and this provision It is
thought will absolutely center on the
transportation companies the responsible
ity Tor obtaining a pure supply of water.
surgeon General Rupert Blue Of the pub
essAA O0h SACo lldS CalleQ attenelOn OF
shipoWners frequently to the excessive
number of typhoid fever cases among
seamen employed aboard merchant vev.
sells of the United States. The public
health service discovered that there were
nearly 400 cases Of typhoid fever among
seamen last year. and that taking two
ana one-han months as a fairly low aver
age OF the loss Of time for each man who
Is attacked and $3.50 as the average ware
OF each man. there was an economic
ioss amounting to eighty years of actual
working time. or 341.OOo in the mems
wages. o e'
Ihe government ia working toward a
point where all ship owners will be nre-
vented from getting their water supplv
from any source which Is exposed to city
sewage, or which Is contaminated IN
any way. The Investigation of DR.. Hugh
ae vain Of the United States public
neaith service last year showed that
many OF the ship lanes on routes on the
Great Lakes passed through water badly
contaminated because Of frequent service
maintained by the steamship lines. On
some OF the lanes a ship passes another
every seven minutes.
Special methods Of treating the water
to purify it have been advised by the
service, and in most cases where the
danger from typhoid has been shown the
public health service officers report that
the ship owners are following Instructions
and doing their best to protect their sea-
man employees as well as passengers
from typhoid infection.