davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-04-05

accident, on the Boston and Maine Rail
road in November, 1905. which resulted
in the killing of seventeen passengers
and in the serious injury to nifty others,
the engine driver at the subsequent
court Of inquiry admitted that he saw
the signal lights set against him, but
that disregarding the rules which re-
qui-ed him to stop he had proceeded on
his way with undiminlshed speed until
the inevitable collision occurred. He
could not account for his conduct in
he matter. 1t was proved that he was
perfectly sober and that he was in Nod
health. though he confessed that he
was suffering at the time Of the acct
dent from headache. which he attrlh-
uted to excessive fatigue. The only
explanation possible under the circum-
stances was that his brain had sud
denly refused to work and that he had
been overtaken by dwaln
In October. 1907. "A terrible railroad
collision took place near Salisbury in
England in which a number Of Amcr-
can lives were lost. A few months
later Winston Churchill. in his capacity
as Minister Of Commerce and Of Labor
reported to Parliament the result of
his official investigation into the catas-
trophe, and declared that the latter was
shown to have been due to the fact
that the engine driver. Martin. a per-
fectly sober, healthy and careful man.
had been overtaken by a sort Of mental
stupor at his post. which prevented
him from obeying the signals that had
been set against him. in one word, that
h. had been overtaken by "A dwalm.
ha Il 4 ina
from these mental lapscs are small aud
fail 10 attract more than passing at
tentlon. 1t is only when they are of
great magnitude that they invite pub
lie reflection as to the means of avert
ing them. Search as one may, there
is only one remedy which can be dis
covered, namely n division Of rcspon-
slbility. 1t is nothing more nor
less than inviting disaster TO stake the
safety of hundreds of human beings
upon the sound workings of one usually
tired brain. liable to give way suddenly
and without warning at any moment.
-Just in the same way that each well
equipped vessel carries on board spare
pieces of machinery. ready To replace
at moments notice those that give
way during the "trip, in tn" same man
sponsihilltles of which comprise the
safety of the lives of others should have
ready by his side a double, empowered 10
take his place If his mind gives way.
No signalman should ever be alone in
his box. no captain without his double
by his side on the bridge, no general
without IA comrade 10y him OF suf-
iicicnt authority to take out of his
hands the direction Of the military
operations If he happens 90 he over
taken. as was Gen. Sir fumoroy Cooley
by "A dwalm.
OF course there are many objections
which will doubtless be raised tn this
notion of divided authority. But il is
the only means of averting tn" terrible
dangers resulting from the sudden Civ
ing way. even II only momcntarily. OF
that most delicate of all mcchanisms
the human brain.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-04-05

During the last twcnty-thrce months
there have been twelve sewer eXplo-
sions in New York city in which several
persons have been killed, many others
injured and much damage done To prop
erty.
ON the other hand there is this much
to reassure that part Of the pubic
| which may he inclined to be alarmed
| about the situation; that the scientific
and professional mon who look after
| these things are bending all efforts to
safeguard the public through all pos
sihle precautionary measures. These
men are in Federal. State or municipal
employ and in the service Of many pub
lie utilities corporations.
1t is said 10y these experts that be-
meath the streets OF New York the gas,
water and electrical forces are equal
in the amount of horse power to that
contained in Niagara Fails.
City officials. as We'll a. those persons
who are privately interested in the con-
struction and operation Of receptacles
for the conveyance of water. gas or
electricity beneath the streets admit
that nearly all the sewer explosions are
caused in their opln.on-although Of
this they are not Yet certan-by the
know for a certainty that gases do cause
such explosions. neither do they know
as yet exactly what causes such gases
To form. They say that explosions may
take place AT any TING AMI there is no
method known of preventing them.
Engineers seek to raasSur. the public
hy saying that the TwcntN-third street
explosion was due - a peculiar com
hlnation Of circumstances that may not
again occur "n loo years" They en-
plain that it was due I'm its inception to
the breaking of the water main, due To
d"frr ~" metal
About the danger from sewer eXplo-
sions due To the formation of unknown
gases they are mnI. uncertain.
investigations have DIS, luscl that in
cities whore sewers empty into tidrwatcr
outlets the explosions occur nearly al
ways at high tid", THIS has been the
case in New York. WITH the tidcwator
running back into the sewer. thus filling
up much moro Of me air space than
when the tide is low. any gaso!cnc or
similar suhHtanc. Is forced to- the ton
of the water and thus necessarily INTO
IN" smaller open SisCc he;w", The sur
iac" OF the water and the top Of the
sewer Itself This nf course backs the
gases toward tho manhp'os and the con-
d!t!ons being right explosions follow
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-04-05
PROPOSE LECISL ATION TO PROVIDE.
AGAINST DANGERS OF DWALMS
Here Abroad Will Attempt Annual Mental
Examinations of Wornen, Through
accountable Momentary Stoppage the Human Brain-Some
Notable Cases and Resultant Disasters

Manacle Rocks of the coast of Corn
wall.
Every vestige Of evidence rendered
during the subsequent investigation into
the cause OF this catastrophe, which in
volved the loss of over a hundred lives
several OF them American--went to show
that there was no other explanation to
he found save momentary alteration
OF mind on the part OF the captain
"a sort OF dwalm-such as that which
overlook Admiral Sir Geor Tryon at the
time Of the loss of his flagship Victoria
The Michigan was an almost new ship
and, like the machinery. was in splendid
trim. The night was fine and clear. Ihs
officers and the crew were thoroughly
competent and console ntious, while Capt
Griffiths himself was a man of acknowl-
edged abstemi usness, of rare expert
ence and seemingly In magnificent
health, physically as well as mentally.
As stated during the inquiry by one
Of the owners of the line Capt. Grif-
fiths must have known the sea road
from New York to London, and particu-
larly the British Channel portion there
Of. as well as a London chauffeur knows
Piccadilly or a New York taxicab driver
knows Fifth avenue. He was commo-
dore Of the entire fleet Of his company
and was on the bridge in actual COM
mand of his ship at the time of her loss.
Yet it was proved during the invcstiga-
ton that the captain had without any
apparent reason. altered the vessels
course from that which he should have
pursued and had deliberately run his
ship head on TO the rocks which line
that terribly dangerous but yet mag
nificently lighted southern coast OF
Cornwall.
No conceivable reason could he ad-
duced why he should have desired pur-
posely to wreck his fine craft. and the
moment the Michigan struck he seemed
to recover his full wits. acted with calm
ness and resolution. made every effor;
to save his passengers and crew and did
his duty to the last in the most unex-
ceptionable manner. going DOWN with
his ship. In fact the survivors were
unanimous in their praise of the superb
manner in which he behaved during the
twenty minutes that interviewed between
the moment of the striking Of the Mo-
hogan and her laundering. The only
explanation, therefore. OF Capt. Grif-
fiths's unaccountable conduct in running
the Michigan deliberately on the Mama
Gle Rocks is that at "a given moment
that IL to say. for about an hour or
so before the catastrophe took place
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-04-05

his brain must have temporarily given
way or stopped working; indeed. that
he must have been overtaken by a
dwalm.
The question will naturally arise. as
to why the first officer of the Michigan
on seeing the extraordinary course
which the captain was steering did not
venture to demonstrate. and to realize
that something had gone wrong with
his command But as I have pointed
out above. naval discipline Is very strict
almost as strict, indeed, on board the
big ocean liners as on a man-of-wa
The skipper Of a liner does not invite
familiarity on the part Of his subaltern
officers, and for the latter to remon-
strate II they saw anything that they did
not quite understand or which in their
opinion was an error Of Judgment
would In nine cases out OF ten result In
sharp censure, possible discharge and
extreme difficulty in finding another
ship, berths on an ocean greyhound
being at n premium among officers OF
the merchant navy. Moreover, Ii Is
doubtful whether any one of the Off.
GERS on board the Mohegan realized at
the time that so sound a brain ms that
Of the commander could possibly have
thus suddenly and unaccountably got
out Of gear.
Although have laid so much stress
upon the cases Of the battleship Vic
toria and of the ocean liner Mohegan
to illustrate the danger of these dwa,ms.
yet IL Is only fair tn state that they are
far less frequent at sea than on land.
possibly because officers of the Gov
eminent and mercantile navles lead
such a healthy. regular. open air life
on the briny water. The result OF this
Is demonstrated by the wonderfully
small loss Of life among ocean travel
lers. Thus between 1898 and 1902 there
We're $500 900 passengers carried on all
OF the Atlantic lines. with the loss Of
only seventy lives through collision
From 1902 to 1912 there We're 5000. 900
passengers carried by al, the trans
atlantic lines. with the loss Of only nine
lives through collision. For these elo-
quent figures I am indebted TO my good
friend Capt. Arthur II. Clark. one OF
the oldest members of the New York
Yacht Club and who for many years
has been the representative OF 1loyds
in New York.
On land. however. it is quite different.
Dwalms are responsible not merely for
scores hut for hundreds. nay. even thou
sands ~ fatalities. To them must be at
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-04-05
StepleSS Cars Boon to BOYS

Mo matter what else can be said IN
l Y regard To the new steplcss ears
now in operation on Broadway
they are certainly a. boon To the small
boy who depends on riding free.
The advent Of the pay as you enter
ear and the success If the idea Of
placing tin guard over the rear
bumper, thus frustrating the Efforts uf
those bent on obtaining free rides by
sitting ON the bumper have done
much to obviatr al chances of riding
on surface cars without paving the
necessary nckrl. The small boy. as
usual, suffered most from those inven-
tons.
1t goes without SAYING that it was
not an intentional act ON the part ~
the company proNidinG means for the
small boy to ride free. II must also
he admitted that the success of the
boys venture is contingent upon one
thing the crowded state Of the car.
The greater the crowd the greater the
chances of the small boys success.
The boy waits for crowded car at .
corner where he notices some one else
waiting when that person crowds into
the car the boy follows, unknown To the
conductor The boy makes sure to
hide himself behind the form OF an
adult. The conductor ON his cyrle falls
to notice the boy. and after the car
has run on for "A number OF blocks the
conductor cannot be positive the boy
failed to deposit his nickel in the box.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-04-05
Danger That Lies Beneath New
Works. Streets,

STRIKING illustration of the
~ forces hidden under the pave
~ ments of New York's streets
was given by the recent eNplo-
sions and flood at Twenty-third street,
broadway and Fifth avenue. Follow
ing the bursting Of forty EIGHT inch
water main and one six inch gas main
immense holes were blown in the streets
from which flames roared FOR many
hours, the new subway excavation was
flooded traffic was held up, windows
We're broken, street car filled with
passengers was thrown from the track
and a score OF persons were injured
The automobile of Fire Chief Kenlon,
containing himself and two hremen,
was thrown into the air, while debris
was hurled upward.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-04-05

- 70 matter what else can be said N
Y regard To the new steplcss ears
now in operation on broadway
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1914-08-22
WAL Ter C. HAGEN new OPEN GOLF
CHAMPION OF AMERICA when HE
Wins FROM 0UIMET AT CHICAGO
Oumets Play Falls Off Sadly nd Evans Gives Winner Only
Real Contest-Spectacular Finish Loses
By One Stroke

two rounds of II and 70 and finished
with 291 just one stroke behind Ha-
gen.
Evans score of al for today was
the best double round of the tourna-
ment and was accomplished despite
several missed puts. His irons were
nearly all perfect, but in the last nine
holes he missed two short puts and
had no luck with the long ones. He
finally drove to edge of the 18th
green, 277 yards and had left one putt
for a half with Hagen. The spectators
stood on tiptoe while the Chicagoan
tried the 30-foot putt. He missed by
II inches and the championship went
to Hagen. Ouimet lost the title with
graceful equanimity. He had no fault
to find. he said, having fallen off his
game as others had done before. He
won the title last year at Brookline
in n playoff with Harry Vardon and
Edward Ray, British professionals
Ouimet made ~ to Vardon's u and
Ray's7s.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1914-08-22

London Aug 22-(2 A. M).-Very little yet has become
of the operations of the early week which put the Ger
army between the Belgian forces and their French allies
and enabled the Germans to occupy Brussels
It supposed the Germans must have brought up very
strong forces behind their cavalry and that
battle been fought to compel the Begans aban
don Brussels and retire to Antwerp No information is avail
selves to the task of reducing Antwerp to endeavor to
their way southwark into France 1t seems, however
that the determination is to attack the Belgian army of
10000 men, who still in around Antwerp.
The Germans already advancing in the direction of
Client They occupied Aost Is miles northwest of Brus
e and Wetten miles southeast of Ghent and apparently
intend the whole of northern Belgium to the
Cavalry patrols have been far Mechn IA miles
southeast of Antwerp and it be expected before long
hear that the Germans have occupied Client and Bges
and possibly Ostend.
IT, however this is their decision clear invasion of
France through Belgium must still be much longer delayed
The German general has imposed tax of $4000O000
the City of Brussels.
The German forces partially investing the fortified
city of Naur with large force which operating against
with heavy artillery. The city noted for it's enacity
holding off enemy, having times wthsood through
long period seges by the French and the English the
Dutch
Having taken Brussels, German cavalry and army
of infantry reported proceeding westward both
banks of the Meuse.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1914-08-22
AUGUSTA MANIS
ASSURED THAT
SISTER is SAFE
OUT OF BELGIUM
Miss Deehan, Principal
of Cambridge School,
Sends Card

Miss Maude A. Deehan, principal OF
the Girls Trade School, Cambridge,
Mass, who has been in Europe since
the middle of June, has treasured her
brother, J. E. Deehan, So Eastern ave-
nue., Augusta, of her safety in Lon
don.
A card received by him Friday and
mailed Aug. s, reads
Safe in London. Had a terrible
time getting out of Belgium and Par
is. Without food rs hours, Don't know
when We'll get home unless govern
ment sends transport for U.S."
Relatives and friends In Cambridge
have been very anxious over Miss
Deehan's whereabouts and this is be-
lieved to be the first word received
from her on this side OF the ocean
since the war started.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1914-08-22
Only Nine Finish

Only nine of the 90 drivers who
started the race were on the course
at the finish.
Spencer Wishart took the pace early
and led throughout. running until the
18th lap without a stop. He led until
the 21st lap, when he blew tire. De
Palma might have taken the lead then,
but for a similar accident.
With a seemingly safe lead in the
Goth lap, Wishart's fuel tank started
tic leak and two laps later finally fore
ed him from the race.
Anderson had crept up on the lead
ers and shortly after Wishart's ac-
eident passed De Palma. From then
on, II was either drivers race. De
Palma by his victory today became a
favorite for the Elgin National race
tomorrow, another 36-lap contest. An
derson and milford are also entered
for this event. Each has won one leg
Of the trophy. Wishart expected TO
be ready TO enter.
Donnell, Fountain, Hearn, Walker,
Callieutte and Burke are tomorrow
entries who did not appear in today's
race. Oldfield. Tezlaff, Pullen. Chand-
Ter, Roberts and Heinemann of to-
days starters are also in the Elgin
national.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1914-08-22
No c. a bic Censorship
And a Modification
Of the Wireless
Supervision
Plan to Be Submitted to German
Charge Today Following An
Agreement Between Wilson
And Bryan-Gov't Surrenders
to Protest by Germans and
Presidents Order Probably to
Be Rescinded

Washington, Aug. 21.-President Will
son and Secretary Bryan have virtual
ly reached decision on the extent to
which the United States government
should endeavor to enforce neutrality
at cable offices and wireless stations
in the jurisdiction of this country.
No censorship on cables and modifi-
cation of the present strict supervision
of wireless are contemplated in a plan
which will be submitted tomorrow by
Secretary Bryan to Charge d'Affaires
Won Haimhausen of Germany Should
the German government, which has
protested against the strict censor
ship of the wireless. approve the new
suggestion it will be promptly put in
to effect.
The plan would permit the sending
OF code messages at the Sayville, L.
l., wireless station by the German
government or any other government,
but an American naval officer would
be retained in charge OF prevent un-
neutral messages being sent.
Following President Wilson's execu-
tie order no code message of any
kind have been permitted to leave the
coast wireless stations. Consequently
as the German government had lost
its cable to the United States it found
itself virtually isolated from the world
and protested against the strict en-
barge. Germany pointed out that un-
der The Hague convention, a neutral
nation is not obligated to censor mes
sages. The American government took
the position. however, that military
or naval information should not be
transmitted from the shores of the
United states directly to ships at sea,
as this was tantamount to using Amer
lean territory as q base for hostile op-
erations.
The plan that has now been brought
forward would give the German en-
bass? and cousulates in this country
an opportunity to communicate in code
directly with their home government
Diplomatic information as to the atti-
tude of other countries toward various
developments in the war and a wealth
of general intelligence about the out
slae world has been lost to Germany
for many weeks since the German ca
bles were severed, presumably by
British warships.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1914-08-22
AIR CRAFT ACTIVITY

Amsterdam, via London, Aug,
21.-(3.45 P. M.).-Notable &C.
tivity is evident among the Ger.
man air craft which fly frequent.
ly over Holland.
A Zeppelin, following the
course of the Rhine and equip
ped with strong searchlights,
passed over Zevenaar today.
Dutch soldiers shot at it and
the dirigible disappeared over
the German frontier.
Another Zeppelin flew over
Maastricht last night and fol-
lowed the road to Meeren after
ward disappearing.
German aerOplanes also have
been seen in several directions
scouting over Holland.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1914-08-22
SEVERE BATTLE SUSPECTED FROM THE
POSITION OF GERMAN FORCES NOW
BETWEEN BELG[ANS AND THE FRENCH
ULTIMATUM
EXPIRATION
A PROBLEM

Owing to the belief in official
circles that the German gov
eminent will avail itself of the
last minute of grace before re-
plying to the Japanese ultima
tum, demanding the evacuation
of kiao- Chow and withdrawal
of the German fleet from the
Orient, the exact moment when
this uItimatum expires has be-
come a matter of special ir-
terest.
Under tho terms of the Jap
enese note the German govern
ment was given until noon
Auq. % to return its answer.
But noon in Toxic and noon in
Berlin, Aug. %, are separated
by many hours.
II is believed here that the
determining factor will be the
place of delivery of the Ger
man reply and the channel of
communication between two
governments. If the answer is
made through the German en-
hsssy at Toxic, then the Berlin
government must address itself
directly to Count Rex, the Ger
man ambassador to Japan, by
the devious method of ca
BILE communication, passing
through the hands of its enc
mics, and must start the mes
sage from Berlin some time to-
morrow if it is to reach Toxic
by noon Sunday.
On the other hand, if the
government takes the ground
that the terms of the ultima
tunn may be met by response
delivered 20 the Japanese en-
bassy in Berlin, the reply may
be delayed until a few moments
before noon Sunday. Berlin
time.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1914-08-22
GERMANS CONCENTRATE

Paris, Aug. 21.-(2.25 p. M.
Official news made public in
Paris today says that the Ger
man forces continue to pass the
Mouse in the vicinity of Huy and
that an important concentration
is being carried out in Belgium
this friday morning. No
French territory is occupied by
the enemy except a piece of en-
closed land at Audun-Le-ROman,
in the Department of Meurths
and MOselle.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1914-08-22
WARNING TO SHIPPING

New York, Aug. 21-While diserediting reports that
German warship said be the Karlsruhe turks New York
port L. NoswOrthy acting British consul general today
tilted steamship operating transatlantic
vice of this harbor have its captains confer with him be-
fore taking their vessels out of that he might advise
them of the location British warshps other ships
the Atlantic.
Incoming liners have reported British warshp off the
harbor during the week and Noteworthy
said he could believe the German had to New
York waters The latest word of the of the German
warshp the American side of the Atlantic today when
the Italian reighter Naples said she
sighted the auxiliary cruiser Friedrich Wilhelm Der Crosse
former North German Lloyd liner about in midocean Au
gust II.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1914-08-22

Chicago, Aug. 21.-Walter c. Hagen,
% years old, native professional of
Rochester. N Y, today displaced
Francis Ouimet as open golf cham
pion of America by winning the tour
nament at Midlothian with a medal
score of 290 for the ~ holes.
Ouirnet fell off in his play, taking
29S for his total, and 1t fell to the lot
of Charles Evans, Jr., Western anna
teur champion. hampered by wrech-
ed right ankle, to furnish Hagen's
chief opposition. Outplaying the whole
field in a spectacular finish that cleo
trifieG the long gallery. Evans made
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1914-08-22
RALPH DE PALMA
WINNER OF CODE
CUP In ILLINOIS
Hard Pressed by Ander son at Finish of Desper-
ate Automobile Ra ce-Wishart Loses
Because of Fuel Tank Leak

EIgin, ILL.,, Aug 21.-Ralph De
Palma, hard pressed by Gil Ander-
son, won the Cobe cup automobile race
today, finishing the 305 miles in
4:05:50 lilo, an average of 1876 miles
an hour. Anderson finished "A seconds
later. Followed by milford in 40s.16
and Oldfield in 4:15.23.
event in 1918 when his average speed
was 66.S miles an hour. His fastest
lap today was sos. an average of
S2.5 miles an hour.