davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1914-08-09

nave followed the improvements in ar
ti1lery.
Their point is that to all intents and
purposes the three-inch field guns of
Europe. which are the mainstay of
modern mobile army, are practically
Identical Germany. France. Russia
and England will go into battle with
artillery so nearly the same that it will
be possible to load a captured field
piece with the ammunition of the
captors.
Hence the question, of training will
be paramount. Most OF the artillery
officers are inclined to the belief that
France today has the finest artillery
men in the world, Most of the reforms
of recent years, they assert, have
come from France. Furthermore. they
believe that the republic demonstrated.
Its superiority over the cannoneers of.
the German empire when Bulgaria and,
the other Balkan states descended upon
Turkey. Here. 1t is argued, was a
1weH defined test of the German and
French systems. Germany was the.
tutor of the Turks; France of Bull.
Evening star., 1914-08-09

the rifiemen sit or kneel; at 500 yards and
the longer ranges the prone position is
the firing position. But matters OF this
nature change year by year. and the
tendency is strongly toward approximate
ing battle conditions with all fidelity pos
sible. for it is obvious that a. man may be
superior fs a target shot and inferior az
Evening star., 1914-08-09

y
The recoil system, which takes up the
recoil Of the. gun: rthe fconnter-recoil
system, which carries the gun back into
battery in tribe over q second, and the
adoption Of fixed ammunition have raised
the firing capacity of a gun. from about
one shot minute to from twenty-three
to twenty-seven shots minute,
The adoption of a panoramic sight,
which is also an instrument for angular
measurement. and the quadrant and
clinofneter, for giving the piece the re-
quired elevation. all of which are inde-
pendent of the recoil of the gun. have
made possible that which is called Sin
direct fire"-that system of fire by which
the gun may fire effectively on target
which cannot be seen from the gun. and
by which the gun may be effectively
used against an enemy to whom the
gun Is invisible. The invention of smoke
less powder has aided in this conceal
nent
The adoption of a mechanical fuse set
ter, obviating the old way of cutting"
Evening star., 1914-08-09

/, 1t will be recalled, that, the Turkish.
artilerymen did but little damage to-
the allies, while the artillery of the
latter played havoc with the Turkish
ipfsntry. In this. comparison-the only
. definite one so far obtainable-Germany
/ has claimed that she has been done am
injustice, for, the reason that !. Turkey,
had not profited by the lessons of the
Teutons. Both Turkeys equipment.
and her training had deteriorated I'M
spite of all that her German instructors
could do. &
with all of the nations of the world
using the same fields gun 1t is inter
ssting,y to, note the type they have se-@
2 The field gun or the mobile artillery of.
the modern armies OF the world repre-
sents up to- this moment the limit of
endeavor' and achievement of the ord
nance expert and the gunmaker 1t rep
resents the maximum of power and
mobility which artillery scientists have
. been able to combine
In facility, of handling and rapidity of
nre IL Is as much superior to the rified
cbreecf1-loading cannon of. the. Franco
Prussians war as that gun was superior
to the medieval bronze smoothbore. muz-
zle-loadfng gun which one sees on exhi-
oition in museums, and in range and ac-
curaey of fire II is as superior to the ordi-
nary brass and iron muzzie-loading field
pieces used by the Union and Confederate
armies In tbs American civ1 war as those
weapons were superior to the -ballistas,
scornions And other engines Of war en-
ployed by Rome and Carthage: 8
p The, change In the field gun, within a
generation has. been a revolution. The
main factor in this revolution was the
invention of a recou system whereby the
srecoff OF the agun'is not communicated to
the gun carriage. so that the shock of
firing does not Manage or delay the lay
ing or the sighting of the piece Another
factor was the adoption of fixed Or made.
up ammunition, so that g. cannon cart
ridge, the primer, propelling charge and
the projectile are made up like a giant
~
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1914-07-21
HEALTH OFFICERS
TO DISCUSS MILK
THOUSAND EXPECTS EXPECTED
AT STATE MEETING AT
MADISON, JULY 10.
OTHER IMPORTANT PAPERS
Or. Henlka to Speak on Proper Safe.
guarding or MIX in Transit.
Sewage, Water, Tubercu-
iosis and Other Topics.


Madison.-The biennial conference
of health officers of the state will
bring 1000 or more experts here July
16 and II. City milk supplies will be
one of the main topics, the subject of
four papers.
DR.. w. D. Frost, University of Wis
consiD, will discuss "EiGoIent Pasteu-
rization and Method of Procedure
DR.. d. Sauerhering, Wausau. will adj
dress the convention on ''The Activi-
ties of Health Department in Typi-
cal Wisconsin City"
DR.. G. W. Henika, deputy state
health officer, will speak on the meth
DDS employed in securing a safe milk
supply from the producer to the con-
sumner, Dr. G. c. Rutland, Milwaukee,
will read a paper on safeguarding a
city's milk supply
Water supply and sewage disposal,
as well as control of disease, will be
discussed. Thirty-five speakers are on
the program. DR.. ]. W. Coon of the
Wales sanatorium will discuss tuber-
culosis. DR.. E. A. Kitterer of Montfort,
will talk on rural sanitation. DR.. c.
M. Gould of Superior reads paper on
infant mortality. The sessions viii
be in the assembly chamber.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1914-07-21
FISH BOARD ON TOUR
STATE COMMISSION TO INSPECT
NINE HATcHERIEs.
More Than TWO Hundred Million Fry
Were Planted During Year
In Wisconsin Waters.

Madison.-The commissioners of
fisheries have started on their tour
of inspection of the fish hatcheries OF
which there are nine, located at Madi-
son, Sheboygan, Sturgeon Bay, Osh-
kosh, Wild Rose, Min ,cqua, Spooner
and Bayfield, On the tin Supt. Nevin
will make his annual report and the
commission viii hold its annual meet
ing
The spring of 1914 saw an Increase
of over 50,0OO,O00 pike, brook md rain
bow trout planted. For our CONNER
cial fishermen close to 72.0OO,0O0 lake
trout, bluefish and vhitefish were
planted in Green Bay and along the
Wisconsin shores of Lakes Superior
and Michigan. Some 235,371, 900 fry
were distributed and planted by the
state during the season ending June
80.
The fish commission members serve
without pay. The expense to the state
for the past year amounted to just
1850. The last inventory of the de-
partment shows a total valuation of
$210,00G, covering over goo acres of
land, nine hatcheries and distribu-
ton car exclusive of fish.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1914-07-21
Canadian Pudding.

Make sauce of one quart sliced ap-
pies, one-third cup sugar, one-third cup
water, a little nutmeg; stew gently,
then pour into buttered pudding disl;
and pour over 1t the following batter:.
One pint -four, one egg, salt, one cup
milk, two level teaspoons sugar, one
half tablespoon melted butter, one
teaspoon cream of tartar. one-half tea
spoon soda; bake In moderate oven;
serve with the following sauce: One
half pint boiling water, one-half tea
spoon salt, one tablespoon cornstarch,
teaspoon OF butter; soak this till It
thickens, then cool before adding one
cup sugar beaten with yolks OF two
eggs. Lastly. whip in stiny, beaten
whites OF eggs.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1914-07-21
GERMAN LUTHERANS ELECT
Boards for Ensuing Year Chosen by
Synod-Meeting Next Year
at WatertoWn.

Milwaukee.--At the annual meeting
of tie German Evangelical syrod the
following officers and trustees were
chosen:
Home missionary board-The Revs.
J. Glaeser, Tomah, and X. Butzen,
Menominee, Mich.
Northwestern Publishing house
board-The Rev. o. ETogedorn, Prof.
August Pieper and William II. Graeb-
ner, Milwaukee.
Finance board-The Rev. F Braeber
and G. Riedel.
Synod trustees-The Revs. II.
Knuth, Milwaukee, and G. L. Berge-
mann, Fond du Lac, and f. Saxrnann.
Trustees of Northwestern college
The 'aevs. K. DIacmiller, H. Brandt
and j Glaeser and DR.. l.. P. Him,
Fond dC Lac.
Preparations for the fiftieth ami
versary celebration of Northwestern
college, WATERFOWL, next year will be
made by the synod during the next
few months
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1914-07-21
APPOINTED BY M'GOvEaN
Membes Of Wisconsin Agricultural
Board and Other Bodies Are
Named by Governor.

Madison Gov. McGovern today ap-
pointed G. M. MiHills of Fond du Lac,
and Ira NJ j. Chryst of Hudson mem
bers of the state board of agriculture,
the former for the sixth congressional
district and the latter for the tenth.
The terms expire Jan. 1, 1916. Mr..
Mihills succeeds Charles l.. Hill, Ro-
sendale. Mr.. Chryst is reappointed.
Other reappointment by the governor
are:
Former Gov. ]. O. Davidson, mem
Der of the fish commission, term end
ing April 1, 1920
DR.. l.. A. Wright, Columbus, member
of the board of veterinary examiners,
term ending Aug. %, 1916
DR.. Thomas F. Ferguson, Lake &C.
neva, member of the board OF veteri-
nary examiners, term ending Aug. %,
1915.
Dr. ]. H. Leary of Soldiers Grove,
member of the board of veterinary ex-
aminers, term ending Aug. %, 1915.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1914-07-21
-FOUR CHILDREN
BURN To DEATH
PARENTS NEAR BLACK RIVER
FALLS RETURN TO FIND
HOUSE IN FLAMES.
WERE LEFT ALONE I'M HOME
Officials Make An Investigation Into
Tragedy-cause Of Fire That
Cost Lives o. Negro Chill
dren Unknown.

Black River Falls.--Four children,
aged from to IL, of Mr.. and Mrs.
Roberts, negroes, in the town Of
Taylor, this county, were burned 70
death when their home was DESTROYED
The children were alone at the time
and the cause Of the blaze is not
known. Mr.. and Mrs. Roberts were
at the home of a neighbor, and re-
turned to find other neighbors fgting
the blaze
When they asked for their children,
it was the first that the firefghters
knew of their presence in the build
ing. The fire had progressed SO far
that rescue was impossible. 1t is
thought the children were sutfocated
before they could give alarm. The
sheriff and district attorney of jack
son county have gone to make an in
vestigation. The father was before
the county judge few days ago and
was examined as to his sanity, but
was discharged.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1914-07-21
MUST HAVE ORDER TO PROBE
Attorney General Says Laws Terms
Must Be Carried Out in SUI
icide Cases.

Madison.-A coroner must not in
vestigate suicide cases unless he does
so under the direction of the district
attorney, the attorney general holds
in reply to State Health Officer c. A.
Harper He held that since the SUI
preme court has not passed upon the
constitutionality of the law, it should
be considered constitutional and valid.
In an opinion to Dist. Atty. H. A.
Sawyer of Hartford, Mr.. Owen held
that man conducting an optical office
in city who visits neighboring towns
for the fitting and sale of glasses is
not required to obtain license as a
transient merchant.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1914-07-21
RAILROAD LINE is PLANNED
Proposed Extension by Northwestern
Would Open Fine Timber Land
Near Amigo

Antigo.-Right of way is being
purchased by the Chicago and North
Western railway for an extension of
its line from Kopenck, ten miles
north of this city, to Pearson and the
Wolf river country. 1t is probable
that the line will be completed by
next fall. 1t appears very likely that
if the line is built beyond the Wolf
river il will be connected with the
other branch of the road at Wabeno.
The projected extension would, with
existing lines, form network reach
ing every portion of the county. The
country that will be opened up by
the line contains some of the best
timber in the county.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1914-07-21
WOMAN is HELD FOR ARSON
Mrs. JOS StoIz of Park Falls Confesses
to Setting Fire to Her
Home.

AshlaEd.-Deputy State Fire Mar
shall Charles Good of this city has
just returned from Park Falls, where
he recently arrested woman by the
name of Mrs. Joseph Stoltz, who was
charged with arson. Mr.. Good Sc
cured confession from the woman
to the effect that while her husband
was away she set fire to her home in
four different places and succeeded
in burning the building to the ground.
She admitted that she did this TO Sc
cure the insurance which amounted
to large SUM.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1914-07-21
Fall Nearly Fatal,

Waukesha.-William Williams, 6
years old, son of W. Fl. Williams, 449
Dunbar avenue, fell into some rubbish
while playing on the banks of the Fox
river Wednesday afternoon, severing
several blood vessels in his wrists A
companion notified Frank Thompson,
director of Bethesda orchestra, who
took the injured boy to his home,
when three physicians were summon
ed. Mr.. Thompson suppressed circu-
lation by the use of handkerchief.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1914-07-21
CAR FALLS FROM VIADUCT
Score of Passengers Have Narrow
Escape From Death In Acct
dent at Superior.

Superior than a score of pas
sengers on Billings park street car
had miraculous escape from death
when it plunged off the Twenty-irst
street viaduct while running at high
speed down the eastern approach,
clearing the structure before topping
fifteen feet. The car landed on its
trucks, and all but two of those on
board, mostly workingmen, escaped
with minor injuries and bad shaking
up. Two were taken to the hospital
with broken legs.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1914-07-21

Bake one medium sized potato.
when well done scoop out the inside
and put In basin. Work in confec-
toners sugar until creamy, then fat
ten and cut into squares and DIP
into unsweetened chocolate which has
been melted in saucepan. Garnish
each square with half an English wal
nut, place on wax paper and allow TO
cool. This dainty gweet is inexpensive
TO make and Is very relishable.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1914-07-21

is more. he has been repeating
il for 20 years and he within common
with some thousands of his brethren
who conceive ii the whole duty Of man
to vote the straight ticket and send
their sons to college-go on repeating
It for 90 more. II he lives.
Switchboard minds Press 3 given
button and get given bunk They
would keenly resent the suggestion
that they are doing business with the
same ONCE furniture that their fathers
used They would just as keenly re-
sent the suggestion that they are not
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1914-07-21
Lightning Caused Many Fires.

MISUNDERSTANDING caused three
times as many June fires in Wisconsin
than any other agency, according to
State Fire Marshal Hosts monthly
report. There were eighty from this
cause, all on unrodded buildings and
the losses amounted to s99,220. The
total number of fires during the month
were 305 and the loss $439, ASS. The
insurance carried was S884,620.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1914-07-21

doiLg business with the same mental
furniture that their grandfathers used.
They do so In print, and they do so
across their own dinner tables. Now,
it is inconceivable that they should
do this on purpose. Nobody except a
reformer Che asks nothing betterl
makes a spectacle of himself volun-
tarily. / suspect therefore that the
reason lies deeper: that it is a bread
and-butter reason TO be searched out
OF patrons. clienteles, customers. and
pay envelopes, and that honestly
loyable folks who so on fehearsing
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1914-07-21
Reloit Mob Threatens Man.

South Beloit.-A mob gathered
threatening to lynch David Christman,
who is held on charges made by girl
of Ii years. Other girls in g party
which Christman had taken to the
woods to gather flowers, are said to
have sustained the accusation. The Of
ficers took him away when the crowd
gathered. He says the story of the
girls is untrue. He is 30 years old and
married
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1914-07-21

AT the moment a scene was being
set representing the paddock at Ep-
som on Derby day. The visitors were
very interested and rather amused by
the realistic crowd that began TO as
semble about them on the stage. and
by the horses that were brought on.
Mr.. Raleigh noticed that the scene was
rapidly approaching completion, and
he suddenly had the idea O. getting
Lord Durham. a steward OF the Jockey
club. TO appear in the scene. AS he
talked to them. explaining what was
going on, he managed to get them to
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1914-07-21
VIII Name Eadeer Cadets.

Milwaukee. Washington dispatches
state that of the 200 cadets to be ap-
pointed to West Point in 1915 Wiscon-
sin has appointments from the Third,
Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth districts by
Representatives Nelson, Cary, Stafford
and Reilly, respectively, and one by
Senator La Toilette. The examination
VIII begin the last Tuesday in March,
1a15
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1914-07-21
Frear Files Petition.

acknowledgements James A.
Frear, Hudson, has filed sufficient pc
titions in the Office of the secretary
of state to place his name on primary
election ballot as candidate for re-
publican nomination for congressman
in the Tenth district. He was the
first congressional candidate to file
such petition for the September pri-
maries,
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1914-07-21

turn their backs to the curtain. There
he kept them until the prompter sud
denly exclaimed; "Clear. please." and
up went the curtaini
Lord Durham. glancing over his
shoulder. discovered suddenly that he
was In eull view of the great audi
ence
Good gracious" he gasped. What
shall we do?"
Keep STILL" Mr.. Raleigh whispered.
Don't move. and the audience will
think you are ordinary supers,"
Telling the story, Mr.. Raleigh adds:
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1914-07-21

Stage Managers Presence Of Mind
Made UnmlstakabIe Hit
With the Audience.

When The Derby Winner" the first
Drury Lane Uondoa) meiodrama with
which Cecil Raleigh was ever connect
ed. was being played. Lord Durham
and his brother went round behind the
scenes to see Mr.. Boucher, and the
latter brought them both on the stage
10 introduce them TO Mrs. Raleigh
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1914-07-21
THEIR MINDS IN A GROOVE
People Who Are Stationary 10 Their
Thoughts and Opinions and Can
not See the World Move.

AS often as anything is said TO my
heighbor. Wilcox, about the suffering
brought by the extreme weather TO the
tenement districts. his remark is. Yes,
but they don't mind 1t as yoa or
would" This response is as prompt
to act as the fare of safety match,
and something more certain. What
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1914-07-21
Above Criticism.

Manager-The critics say that in the
play "A Wronged Wife" you do not
exhibit enough emotion when your hus-
band leaves you. never to return.
Popular Acu-ess-Oh, l done, don't
l? Well, I've had two or three hus-
bands leave me. never to return, aud
guess / know as much about how to
act in those circumstances as any
body.-Stray Stories.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1914-07-21
plaxnround 70 on.n Soon

Neenah.-This city's municipal play
ground is nearing completion. II viii
be known as Columbian park. A base
ball diamond has been laid out and
provision made so that football can be
played
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1914-07-21
New Bank for Madison.

Madison.-State Bank Commission
er A. E. Kuolt has approved the ar
ticles of incorporation Of the Randall
State bank of Madison, with capital
stock of $4,000 The bank is to be
located in Wingra park, near the state
university.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1914-07-21
RiUOn Has Bad Fire.

Rfpon.-The third fire recently near
the Brown dry goods store did $4,000
damage. The Central meat market,
Burnside drug store and Brown store
suffered. Arson is suspected. The fire
threatened large part Of the business
district.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1914-07-21
Goes GRAVY on Train.

Grand Rapids.-While enroute to
Tomahawk to look after some farm
ing lands, Paul H. Johnson of Rock
ford, ILL.,, suddenly became insane
soon after the train left Grand Rapids
and attempted to jump through a
window He was taken from the
train at Wausau and is being treated
at the County asylum.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1914-07-21
Former MAYOR Expires.

Eau Claire.-Dr. Edwin Farr, former
mayor of this city and prominent in
the state Masonic order, died here. He
was 50 years old. He was a. grand
master of the Seventh State and grand
high priest.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1914-07-21
VIII Get Navy Relic.

Lake Geneva Washington dis
patches state that the house passed
the Cooper bill directing the navy de-
partment to give discarded battle
ship anchor to the Northwestern Mill
tary and Naval academy at Lake &C.
neva, Wis.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1914-07-21

~ AGREEMENT with the some~sl
b wellknown Mr.. Meredith, Uncle SzzzS
believes that civilized man cannot
live without cooks" and is putting that
M belief into demonstration In handling
~ the educational problems of the Phil
n ippines.
The Filipino, to be sure, had a civf
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1914-07-21
EN-. pIa, eIo HomecomIno.

Antigo.-The Elks' lodge Of this city
is working hard to make the homecom-
ing to be held here on July q TO 81 a
success. 1t has offered prize TO the
person able to give the longest list Of
present addresses Of former Amigo
residents.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1914-07-21

Rhubarb sponge is made as for Jelly,
but when 1t begins to thicken the beat
en- whites Of three eggs are whipped
in until the Jelly is quite stiff Serve
with whipped cream or a thin custard
made from the yollxs Of the eggs.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1914-07-21

Menasha.-The city Of Menasha is
considering the advisability Of chang
ing the present lighting system from
the arc light plan to the incandsscent
system of street lighting Some of the
streets are being lighted under the
new way
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1914-07-21
Bow Rsscues TWO Persons.

Notwithstanding alone at Beech
er lake, Mrs. L. E. Edwards of Chica-
60, lost her balance while trying to
land a bass and fell into the water.
Her husband attempted to swim to
her, but became exhausted. A boy
procured a boat and rescued both.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1914-07-21
PsNoccupled.

What are your views on this ques-
tion?"
Il haven't any" replied Senator
Sorghum. Il can't find time to 60 into
its abstruse economic aspect. Tx too
busy making I'D my mind which way
1t win be healthy for me to vote"
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1914-07-21
$177,412 For v. M. c. A

Racine-A total of $177412 was
donated in the campaign for a fund of
175,0000 with which to construct a
new building for the local Young
Mems Christian association. There
were 1926 subscriptions.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1914-07-21
Lumber Generations Resumed.

Grand Rapids.-The Badger Box
and Lumber company have begun OPP
erations again with large crew of
men. They will manufacture interior
finish. sash and door and all kinds of
mill work
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1914-07-21
Water Again Reaches Normal.

Neenah-Nvith the closing of every
sluice gate at the government dam wa
ter conditions are at a normal condf
ton for the first time I'm several
months. A fall OF two feet in the wa.
ter level was noticeable as soon as the
gates were closed
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1914-07-21
Reject Sewer Bids.

New London.-The city council re-
jected proposals for sewers from four
contractors, the bids being thought TO
be too high. The contracts call for
approximately $4,000 worth Of sewage
but will not be let until next year.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1914-07-21

Winter-A tract Of 1920 acres near
Winter has been purchased by F. w
Barron of Montana with the expecta-
ton Of eolonizing it with settlers from
western states.