davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-09-06

on board either a neutral or enemy
ship on the high seas, is inviolabAe.
and there be subject to detention. the
spondence must be forwarded as
soon as possible.
The only occasion when the force of
the Regulation OF postal inviolability'
does not apply is in case of a viola
ton of a blockade. Although the cor
respondence sent by postal Is thus held
sacred, the ship carrying it is not ex-
empt from ire rules covering mer-
chant vessels in time of war.
The ship cannot presume upon the fact
that she Is mail carrier to ignore the
commands of a belligerent battleship.
The second article says: THE ship,
however. may not be searched except
when absolutely necessary, and then
only with as much consideration and
expedition as possible
This regulation explains how it comes
that foreign mails, though delayed, are
still arriving in this country.
The next article relates to fishing
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-09-06

prohibiting be1ligerents from using
neutral ports as bases OF operation
against their enemy. Nor can neutral
power supply, in any manner. directly
or indirectly, warships. ammunition or
other munitions of war to one or the
belligerents. Belligerent warships can
not be built and started from neutral
port. The treaty specifically provides
that the neutral nation may use the
means at its disposal" to prevent such
an expedition against another nation.
Battleships may not stay in neutral
harbors longer than Is necessary be-
cause of injury suffered in storm or
because of the stress of the weather.
Neutral pilots, however, may be en-
ployed aboard a be1ligerent battleship.
There is subtle touch of irony in ar
ticle fourteen of the convention. which,
after prohibiting battleships from re-
naming in neutral waters longer than
is absolutely necessary, adds:
THE regulations do not apply to war
ships devoted exclusively to religious,
scientific or philanthropic purposes"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-09-06
An Exaggeration.

THE proneness of mankind to exag-
gerate its experiences, whether for
Joy or sorrow, Is no doubt responsible
for many Of the tales Of hardship and
suffering with which the American
public has been RECALLED since the out
break of the war. Add to this that
every tale Is always trebled in the
of them are colored beyond all rec
ognition of the original facts reaches
well-nigh a certainty.
This is aptly illustrated in the OK
States consular service. who recently
arrived III Washington from Holland.
II sailed from Antwerp on the
steamer Finland August g." said the
official. Soon after We left port
had a conversation with an American
woman who had been spending some
time this summer in one of the re-
sorts on the border between Belgium
and Germany. She expressed to me
the greatest satisfaction with the man
ner in which the German soldiers had
treated her.
They honored her passports. she said,
without hesitancy, and offered her
every facility for speeding her home-
ward journey.
The next morning. however. I over
heard her repeating the story to .
party Of women gathered on the deck.
To my surprise. in this new edition
officers had looked at her In an in
sulting manner. The following day she
stated that one of the German officers
had insulted her. Each day she en-
larged upon her experience until by
the time we reached New York she
had been subjected to all manner Of
fndignities In a newspaper next morn
ing I saw an interview with her In
which she stated that the Germans.
after taking away her clothing. money
and passports. had cast her out to
wander all night about the streets Of
the town.
Hence I warn the public against
believing too implicitly In the tales OF
those who claim to have suffered Sc
verely. Folks-some of them-Are
mighty pr sne to exaggerate."
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-09-06

Re died at st. Helena in 1921. He
was not brought back to France until
1s41, and the generous and grandiose
act was done, to the detrtment OF the
Orleans dynasty, by the gallant young
Prince de BONNEVILLE. younger son
of the then reigning King Louis
Philippe BONNEVILLE, with whom. as a
druling ancient man. 1 used to chat
on the bench before his mansion in
1896, when I lived on the Avenue
d'Antin. He had all but lost his reason.
and we would chat together sympa-
thetically until the valet would come
bility for me, monsieur" the fiunky
used to say.
Thus Napoleon's true funeral took
place twenty years after his death
1t was the most grandiose parade OF
Paris of the nineteenth century; at
least, there has been nothing like It
since, The wrought-iron monumental
lampposts, with urns at their submits.
which still line the Avenue des Champs
Elysees, were made and erected for it
cortege passed. The body lay in state
two days, under the Arc de Triomphe,
found myself with the veteran.
rs it true that they belong by
the young soldier.
The old fellow was troubled. Vet
eran of the Crimea, with all his pride
loyal to the Bonapartes, he did not
know how to answer.
In truth, most of the sacred objects
had been inherited by Napoleon III
from members Of his family, or bought
with his own money while emperor,
or presented to him personally by
third parties.
It is also true that they were award
ed by the highest French courts to
Eugenie as Napoleon Ills widow and
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-09-06

either picric acid explosives, or a recently
developed explosive of great potency
known as trinitrotoluoL Picric acid is
formed by acting upon phenol with nitric
acid Capt William l. Westervelt, In
"Gunnery and Explosives" says OF picric
acid:
'As a shell filler It may be pressed into
the explosive cavity or melted and
salts it must not be assembled In projec-
tiles until the cavity is thoroughly coat
ed with a non-metallic paint. Picric acid
Is the basis of many of the foreign shell
fillers as. for instance. melinite. lyddite,
shimose, ecrasite, etc. The difference IN
composition consists usually in the addi-
ton of an ngredient-camphor. nitro
napthalene. dinitrotoluene, etc.-to reduce
the melting point
Il
Mines are fired by electricity and a det-
onator of illuminate of mercury. a very
sensitive high explosive formed by the
action OF nitric acid on mercury. In the
automatic contact mine are dry batteries
so set that when the mine is struck the
circuit Is completed. which explodes the
illuminate OF mercury. which detonates
the main explosive charge. In the casa
Of the other type of mines the current -
turned on from the shore station at the
will of the observer or operator
The mine Is attached to an iron weight
or block. which carries it to the sea bot
tom. and a clockwork system unreels a
cable. which permits the mine to rise to
a height above the bottom and a depth
below the surface previously determined
on. The mine-planter ship is fitted with
a launching runway from the stern to
the water, down which the mines are
lowered. and then dropped as the ship
steams on.
The mines are dead when launched
by reason of a soluble substance inter-
posed between electric wires intercepting
the current AS this substance is DIS
solved in the water the wires are brought
into contact and the current in that part
Of the circuit is established Then q
blow would complete the circuit, which
would explode the mine
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-09-06
English Generals Plan.

THE European has grown so accuS.
toned to sneering at the Ameri-
can for his ignorance of European az
fairs, especially since the outbreak OF
the war, that we have grown to take
the snub submissively, with never
thought of the ever more gross ignor-
ance of things American on the part OF
Europeans.
Yet that such ignorance is common
in Europe, even among the educated
and military classes, there is no doubt
The elder Charles Francis Adams. who
was United States minister to Great
Britain during the civil war. used to
tell the following experience with
prominent Englishman:
Late in July, 1863. there being no
cable then laid under the Atlantic,
steamer from New York brought to the
American legation in London dis
patches announcing the fall of Vicks-
burg and Lees repulse at Gettysburg
on the same day. A few evenings later
/ held a reception in honor of the dou-
BILE victory, inviting all the prominent
figures of English official society.
Among the guests was Maj. Gen.
Garnett Wolseley, afterward COM
mander-in-chief of the British army.
After congratulating me upon the dual
success of the Union arms. he added;
Yet l think your generals made q
very serious blunder. Mr.. Adams"
Tn what respect" 1 asked, some
what mystified; for it had seemed to
me that Grant, at Vicksburg, and
Meade. at Gettysburg. had done about
all there was to be done.
why. in resting upon their arms,
explained Cen. Wclseley. in order to
make the two victories complete. Gen.
Grant should have Joined his forces
with those of Meade that night and,
by daylight the next morning. fallen
upon the remnants of Lees army and
crushed it,
Though sorely tempted. I considered
my position as minister and refrain
ed from calling the doughty generals
attention to the fact that Vicksburg
apart!
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-09-06

CLAN cities. The United States minister
Is reported to have filed a protest with
Germany. The allies have also protest.
ed.
form of warfare, as published in this
country, Is designated as treaty series
SIG. 1t announces that the declaration
was signed at The Hague by plenipoten-
tiaries of the United States of America,
the Argentine Republic. Austria-Hungary.
Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, China.
Colombia, Cuba the Dominican Republic,
Ecuador. Great Britain. Greece Haiti.
Luxembourg, Norway, Panama, the Meth
erlands. Peru Persia Portugal. Siam,
Switzerland, Turkey and Uruguay.
Notice the names Germany, France.
Russia, japan and Servia, five of the
seven nations now at war. are consplcu-
ously absent.
The Hague conventions are so worded
that beiligerent. without having ratified
one of the treaties. may announce his
willingness to respect II. Evidently. how
ever. Germany has not accepted this par
tcular convention. Hence attack from
the air does not signify uncivilized war
fare to her. This view comes after read
ing the treaty above referred to. The
declaration reads:
1.-THE contracting parties agree to pro-
hibit for period extending to the close
of the third peace conference. the dis
charge of projectiles and bullets from
balloons or by other new methods of
similar nature.
The United States has ratified this
declaration. So have Great Britain and
Austria-Hungary.
There Is, by the way, distinct differ
ence between the signing of a convention
governing conduct of wars and the
actual adoption of it by a nation. At
the convention the plenipotentiary may
sign such treaties as he believes are for
the general betterment-or he may reject
them. But after he has stamped his APP
proval on single convention, or series
of conventions, his government must act
officially.
Provisions for the opening of a war
are simple. Under The Hague conven-
ton, nations recognizing that hostili-
ties between themselves are inevitable
must issue either 'rea Soned declara-
ton of war-one in winch the nauon
making the declarat ton outlines its po-
sition-or by an ultimatum with con-
ditionaI declaration of war. Thus Eng
does not apply is in case OF a viola
eft of neutral nations, while Austria
might give Servia forty-eight hours in
which to do a certain thing. with the
understanding that war would auto
matically. begin at the expiration of
that time.
Neutral powers must also be notified
of the declaration of war. The conven-
ton covering the manner in which ma
tions must begin hostilities Is the
shortest of all 1t comprises only
eight articles.
Restrictions as to the capture of YES
sells in time of war form a separate
convention of the nations
Under the terms of this treaty, postal
correspondence Of neutrals or be1lig-
erents. whatever its official or pri-
vate character may be-" when found
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-09-06

Looking after two or more battle
ships OF warning nations becomes the
duty of the neutral country In whose
port they have sought shelter. The
Hague convention provides that when
the time of departure comes they must
be sent out twenty-four hours apart
The first ship to enter the harbor Is
the first one to leave. Fighting ships
are only allowed to make such repairs
in a neutral port as will make them
seaworthy. They are not allowed to
increase their fighting strength. SINH
larly. while they are allowed to re-
ceive provisions in a neutral port, they
must only purchase the amount which
they would order if they were on a
peaceful footing.
Local authorities of the neutral port
In which the ship has sought safety
are authorized to determine for them
selves what repairs are necessary and
what are in violation of the treaty.
After a vessel has once coaled in the
port of neutral power she is pro-
hibited from visiting any other port
of that same power for three months.
Should the battleship of a nation at
war enter a neutral port with a cap
tured vessel of the nation with which
she was at war-and the ships are
only permitted to enter when it is
necessary because of weather or some
serious injury-she may remain until
the circumstances which necessitated
her entry are at an end. II the bat
tleship refuses to leave with her prize
the crew of the prize ship are released
and the men o'-warsmen who are con-
voying the ship may be interned OF
course, there is the international
three mile limit from shore within
which no hostilities may occur between
vessels of two hostile countries cruis-
ing the coast Of a neutral power.
One official in Washington stated
that in the event of a violation of
the neutrality rules by a foreign ma
ton this nation might. under the pres
ent circumstances, ignore 1t until after
the conclusion of the present war.
when she would file formal COM
plant before The Hague conference.
ethical" way of bombarding unde-
Tended towns and villages in time Of
war. There Is a general prohibition
against such a bombardment And II
a hostile navy demands a contribu-
ton from an undefended town the
town Is theoretically protected by
article ", which reads:
''Undefended ports. towns and VII
lagos. dwellings or buildings may not
be bombarded on account of failure
to pay money contributions"
This general prohibition is subject
to two exceptions: First, in the case
of undefended towns or villages which
are engaged in the manufacture of war
material. or which serve as depots for
q hostile nation: second, where mill
tary expediency" demands the imme-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-09-06

OF

boats and small boats engaging in
local trade. These are held to be ex-
empt from capture as well as their
appliances, rigging, tackle and cargo.
Furthermore. the treaty calls for an
agreement among the nations that
they will not use these little boats for
military purposes, while at the same
time preserving their peaceful appear
ance. This exemption also applies to
ships engaged in scientific, religious or
philanthropic missions. When the mer-
chant ship of an enemy Is captured
and the officers or crew belong to
some neutral nation they are not to be
made prisoners of war. In the case Of
ships officers who are citizens OF
neutral power. a written guarantee Is
required that they will not in future
serve the enemy.
There are thirty-three articles to the
convention treating with the rights
and duties of neutral powers in time
of war. Among these is a paragraph
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-09-06
Warfare by Civilized Nations of World Hague Conference

ed damage to shipping will be extern
sively argued before The Hague tri-
bunal in future years.
At the conclusion OF a war all mines
are to be removed according to article
of this convention. Each nation is
expected to remove the mines which il
planted. and Will he held responsible
for those which are left and ultimately
damage merchant ships.
The next treaty deals with the terri
torial status of neutral nations in time
of war. Article l consists of this single
The territory of neutral powers is
inviolable"
The remainder of the treaty largely is
an elaboration of this sentiment. Ma
tons at war are expressly forbidden to
march troops or carry munitions OF
war across the territory of a neutral
nation. Similarly. they may not erect
wireless apparatus on neutral soil.
When troops of a hostile nation in
wade n neutral territory II is the duty
of the neutral nation to intern tho
troops and remove them with all possible
the theater of war. There the troops are
to be confined In camps Officers giving
their word not to leave the neutral terri
tory without permission. may he given
their parole.
This restriction. however, docs not hold
in the case Of sick and wounded troops
These may be brought into neutral ter
ritory, provided the convey ances bring
ing them contain no guns or other mt
nitfons of war.
Railway material etc, belonging eitu.-
to the government of neutral nation or
to companies operating under tina. gov
eminent. is only to be taken by belliser.
ents-when, of course, II Is on their soil
In cases of the utmost necessity. Once
taken. it shall be returned as soon as
possible. Compensation Is required when
a belligerent nation uses the property of
a neutral power.
In its adoption Of the regulations pro-
mulgated at the Geneva conference The
Hague convention between nations pro-
vfdes that every protection shall be af-
forded the hospital ships both of neu-
trails and bellieerents. Military hospital
ships are to be distinguished by a coat
Of white paint and a wide band Of green
running from stem to stern Hospital
ships equipped by relief societies either
of belligerent or neutral nations. are
painted white, with a hand OF red in
place of the green stripe. These ships
further make themselves known by flying
the Red Cross flag. This protection is
also accorded field hospitals. whether
equipped by a neutral or belligerent
nation.
How many Of these conventions will be
II the war Is long drawn out and men s
sensibilities become dulled? Already many
Of the conventions have been viola ted.
But how could little Belgium intern an
army OF 100000 men? Even II the Ger
mans had peacefully permitted their arms
settled down in camps as the Mexican
revolutionists did. they would have eaten
the Belgians out of house and home in a
week.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-09-06

dtate destruction or capture of q GER
tain site
Under the first exception the COM
mander of the force which is about to
begin the bomba rdment Is required to
notify the town authorities to sur
render. He waits until a reasonable
time" has elapsed. Ii the authorities
then show a disposition to defy him
he may begin his artillery attack. The
commander may simply order that the
shops or depots be Immediately de-
stroyed II the town authorities re-
fuse this demand the fact that they
are defenseless will not save them.
Under the second exception the same
the residents may have time to leave
the danger zone. AT the expiration of
the time limit the attack is begun.
Although the small undefended
towns may refuse to pay contribu-
ton levied upon them, they have no
right to refuse acquisitions for provi-
sions, providing the acquisitions are in
proportion to the resources of the
place The officer who makes this
requisition is supposed to pay for 1t.
as far as possible. in cash. If this is
impossible he should give receipts for
such foodstuffs, etc, as he takes away.
There has been complaint in the Eu-
ropean war that hospitals and other
edif1ces protected under The Hague
convention have been attacked. Arti-
ing that sacred edifices, buildings used
for artistic, scientific or charitable
purposes, historic monuments, hospi-
tails. etc. shall be spared. the article
continues:
at is the duty of the inhabitants to
indicate such monuments. edifces or
places by visible signs, which shall
consist of large, stiff. rectangular PAN
els. divided diagonally into two COL
ored portions, the upper portion black,
the lower portion white"
Under the convention relating to the
laying of submarine contact mines the
first two restrictions are that no mine
shall be laid that will not become
harmless one hour after the person
who laid 1t ceases to control 1t. and
be laid which shall not become harm
less as soon as it is separated from its
mooring. 1t is additionally provided
that no nation shall use torpedoes
which do not become harmless after
they have been fred and missed their
mark.
Nations are prohibited. in the next
article, from laying automatic contact
mines off the coast and ports of an
enemy with the sole object of inter-
cepting shipping. Every effort is made
to protect peaceful shipping. Contact
mines, 1t Is provided, should be re-
moved as soon as possible, and, mill
tary exigencies permitting. warning of
the danger zones should be sent to
ship owners through diplomatic chan
nels. How far this regulation has
been followed by the great powers
now at war probably will not become
generally known until the conclusion
of the present war. But 1t Is pre-
dicted that the question of unwarrant-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-09-06

under his will. after thirty years Of
litigation. Probably she never con-
templated taking the more illustrious
merely keep the Bonapartist family
claim alive.
Certainly she might have taken the
bench of st. Helena among sixty three
objects that bore the ticket Belonging
to the Emperor" q. e.. Napoleon III,
her husband) in the old Museum of
to her taking the belt buckle Of Pepin
the Short and the jeweled box of
ST. Louis, bought by Napoleon III for
10000 francs from the Abbey de Lys.
But Eugenie's legal rights were too
magnificent, and Immediately after the
courts made her final award, in 1907.
the famous antiquary, Velche, raised a
cry before the public enumerating the
historical and intrinsic value Of the
relics thus awarded to Eugene.
No one can look on them without
dreaming They are four magnificent
Moorish saddles, embroidered in gold
and pearls, picked up by Napoleon after
1ne at At pnbc sae they
would bring above 100000 for their
romantic history An oriental seim-
itar. gold-handled. heavily jewelled.
picked up by Napoleon equally in the
SIlduOW VI luo IyIdHlAdS, at eio pc5aii-
ming of his career, and worn con-
stantly by him. Estimated at $4,000
for its material, 1t is really worth
100000, or perhaps double An Amer
lean. they say. offered Eugenie's law
yers quarter of million dollars for
1t in 1907. The parade saddle of Ma
poleon I, flashing with jewels, esti-
mated at 10000; the American offered
100000 for It.
Then the sacred high glass case of
all! Here is the "capote girls" of the
hats, cocarde, his cross of the Legion
Of Honor, his illustrious gray over
coat worn at Friedland, June IA. 1904;
his gloves. his pistois-the whole
legend of the Eagle.
The old veteran dreamed awhile, then
spoke at last:
'aThese things belong to France" he
said. ''France paid dear for them"
once saw party OF French Boy