Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-09-20

houses. Alfonso reigned ten years. and
on his death in 1885 there was another
regency by his queen for their child.
Alfonso XIII. This condition existed
for sixteen years. when the king be-
came of age
The sister kingdom. Portugal, suffered
also from bad incompetent kings
and from revolutions. King John VI
had fled from Napoleon to Brazil. The
soldiers revolted against English oecu-
patton and constitution was adopted
and John returned to his throne. Fol-
lowing his death in 1926 Portugal was
governed by his successor in Brazil,
Dom Pedro. for short time. He pre-
ferred Brazil to Portugal, however.
and abdicated in favor of a daughter,
Maria, whom he hetrothed to his broth
err, the latter to act as regent till she
became of age. This brother Miguel.
however. was made king by those who
feared Dom Pedros liberal measures.
The princess adherents rehelled and
war went on for several years. Miguel
was defeated and Portugal had queen
until Maria'S death in 1853. Her sue
cessor, Pedro V. lasted only eight years.
Next came Louis ]. who reigned nine
teen years. and Carlos i, who occupied
the throne from 1889 until 1908. when
he was assassinated with the crown
prince. Another son, Manuel II, ascend
ed the throne. but the promise that he
gave of carrying out the reactionary
and illiberal policies of his father re-
suited in a revolution which drove him
present republic
Belgium had a more fortunate set of
monarchs. Under Leopold l of Coburg
the country prospered. 1t was during
his reign that the army system was or
ganized which has borne such good
fruits in the present war. His son.
Leopold II. became king in 1866. The
prosperity continued, and although
there Were riots by socialists and 9th
ers. the kingdom advanced materially.
The present king, Albert ]. his nephew.
was crowned in 1909. The constitution
has been broadened and the suffrage
greatly extended.
In Belgium's little neighbor, Holland
three Williams governed 1t in success
sion, until on the death of William III
it took queen in 1890, who reigns rs
Welhelmina. There has been a growth
of parliamentary power and a liberal
izing of the constitution. 1t has been.
like Belgium and Denmark, happily
free from political upheavals.
Long standing friction between S,ye-
den and Norway resulted in peaceful
separation. Norway taking as king n
Danish prince who rules as King Haa-
kon VII The present Swedish rovr1
family. descends from Bernadotte, IA
poleon's old marshal. who was adopted
as son of King Charles Kill who
was without an heir. Bernadotte. as
Charles XIV, was king until 1874 The
constitutional history of Sweden dates
from 1866.
Greece had been under Turkish do
minion for many years. Not only had
1t lost its independence. but even it's
ancient tongue. In spite of this ard
unspeakable oppression, the Greek,,
still dreamed of Independence, and tfr
revolutions in Spain and Italy re-echor6
among the Hellenes. In 1921 they re-
volted and for eight years waged >
war in which they were almost extir-
guished The war of the revolutio-
was marked by great barbarity on T.
part of the Turks. who had always Pc
secuted the Greeks brutally and scv-
eral times massacred whole villar-e~
and carried off women and children -
slaves.
One of the reasons for the TT -
severity was the fact that the Cirao,-,
were Christians, and that, too. wa
reason why Russia interviewed in =.
name of the Greek Church. But
Intervention of the powers did
come until the Turks with a -
army. had embarked on a war whit
threatened to destroy the whole Grsa-'-
nation. The butchery of Missolopg
occurred, and the occupation of Larry
part of the country followed. While
the whole civilized world shudderes
at the atrocities of the Turks. Russia
became jealous of England's sympathy
for the downtrodden patriots. and,
fearing an advantage to the British
lTOHu IHlS, dltST peaceful
had failed, accepted a challenge OF
war from Turkey in 1928, and in
vaded the country.
With French aid she brought the
sultan to terms, and Bavarian prince
became a Greek king. Turkey also
lost wallachia and Moldavia, on the
Danube, save for a nominal control.
Otto was the youngest king OF mod
ern times, being but seventeen when
crowned. He found a state of affairs
quite like that in Albania today. Tho
people were turbulent, undiscipHned
and uneducated. Coming from realm
where absolutism was the rule, the
young king, with the advice of his-
own countrymen, began a reactiona y
reign which lasted almost thirty year
His subjects blamed him for not Sc
curing. more territory by the treaty o
Berlin, and he was deposed. and in hitt
place in 1868 came George, the son g
the King Of Denmark, who lived to Sc,
the Turks again defeated. but WAC
died by an assassin's hand in Salontll
last year The kingdom was increasee'
by the cession of the Ionian lslant
by England. and Turkey gave UP
part of Thessaly.
tTo BE CONTINUED NEXT SUNDAY