The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1914-02-25

E's ~ q NhoN ID narrower IIldIl %
feet 10 difficult to maintain for the
above stated reason that cn narrow
roads the teama are moro apt to track
than an n wider road causing it to rut
II subjected to heavy hauling.
The road should not be loosened.
abnolutely necessary. The road
should be gradually raised, not low
cred; hardened. not softcnnd.
On Hat lands where water moves
slowly, grading material should he
taken from tho lowcr .litc;, and cuI-
vcrts Supplied whore waterways 90
eur. a shallow ditch ON the upper
side makes II possible ~ give rulvcris
q good IAN. Two OF fnerc small pl,,cs,
iuslnad uf ono latsa ono Of cuual ca-
pacity, may be used for cuIvcrta. es-
p"ctslly lf tho large pirc c.cassitates
much grading or raising cf the road
WaY. At least 6 tnsfies shnlld hn lief,
between each pipe and earth should
be tarnped around them thoroughly
so ss TO prevent - washout.
10 prevent washing on steep Dads.
the water should he carried under the
s~urfsre at Frequent intervals from
the upper to the lower side, and from
the lower side away from the road.
Five I"-inch pipes in y milo Of road.
WY ~ about as rhG<, and far bot
tor thar ono 2l-inel, riyc. The water
must liza ~diapoSed Of before ii gazing
force III Roadway, or has time To dam
age the road.
Tho maximum velocity for n "a
inch vitriiicd tile flowing full without
head On 81 grade of 2 inches per hun
lreh fn"i is 80 feet per second. or
about 2 IA miles per hour. When
the grade IS incrcared &c inches in
100 feet, The velocity becomes 20 fcet
Per second or about 1S "a miles per
hour. Tho discharge far the 24-inci,
pipe in tho first instance will he e.
0S6 gallons per minute and FOR the
s'ecpcr grade $3.50 gallons per min
utr. II will therefore he Econ that
= 3i'lnrl, pipe laid on . grade Of 3s
inches to tho 100 feet will have over
1--WE times the capallty Of the same
s,ze rlpe LAID OH q grade OF ] inch 10
tho 100 fcet.
Under tho sslre conditions tho MAX.
irlum velocity far . 1csincll tile on a
grade OF ] inch JET 100 feet equals
I Ia feet per second or about Is
n''les nor hour aud for the same tile
ON r grade Of &c inches to the 100
feet the velocity would he IA feet
per second or about s t-6 n,iles per
hour. Tho discharge for the ts-jnch
ti'a in The first instance Womb he aaG
gallons per minute, aud for rhe
sleeper Grade $3.50 s%sllnus rer min
ute ~ about FIVE times as much.
ny increasing tho fall, rc increase
the capacity of the pipe. decrease the
size or the pipe necessary. aud thore-
fore decrease the cost Of the culverts.
Furthermore, cnIverts laid tst will
soon fill up, hnt if given Il good fall.
they Will keep themselves clear.
" much fall Is obtained in q rul.
vert pipe. the eplllway should be pav-
ed, Earth should he tamped under
and ground the pipe tn layers. and
should he OF Alr1cient depth to IRE
vent h pipe from being broken by
traffic; but under no circumstances
should n ridge over the culvert be al
lowed, for IL not only endsngers the
life Of the culvert. but Is a. menace to
traffic.
I'm oifnIr,I,t 4 a, a ~ ,,,, k-1.~ ....l
cu'Ncrt ripe will fail IN most casc..
The water should tz drained off by
means of open bitches: The soft mud
thrown "nt aud replaced Will, lust.
enough good firm earth to make il
level tafter ronsnlidationl with tho
surrounding surface. IL mud hole. in
earth roads, aro filled Will, hr,sl, or
stone. il Will pHuaIly result. fri two
mud holes. one al. each end.
Repairs 4" roads should be made
whrn needed. and not onco 8. year
after crops arc laid by" ono DAVIS
labor, .iud'cio,sly distributed through
out the year. will accomplish more
and better work in the maintenance
OF an earth road than the SAME
amount OF labor expended In six days,
especially il the six days arc in Au-
E7,rt. septemher. or October. when
the ground is hsrd and dry.
Recnuse OF its simplicity. It's o.
cheney and cheapness. tho eplit-lng
draE or some familiar device ia des-
tined To cnn1e into more aud more
general usc. WITH tho drag properly
built and it's use well understood. tho
maintenance of earth and gravel
roads becomes a simpla aud inexpen-
sive matter. Care should he axe TO
make tho log light that one man con
ut Vt with ease. as p lieht drag car
ha drawn by two medium sized horses
and responds mora readily to various
methods Of hitchinr and shifting pe-
sitions Of the operator than a heavier
one.