The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-08-23

Drenan's account OF 1853. August 10.
going express. So; MaSwelrs ditto =.
Total ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. .,i.s3s
SECOND. THE FOREIGN OFFICE
One clerk at $500. tuo clerks at
rb soO Prs eSSn ,p,.,pre,er,,.......,.,"sS $50
Rent of the once ..,...,........... 200
Stationery. &C. OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES. Is
Gssettes from abroad and to be sent
- ABROAD ...'''''.'''''' .'.s''.,..''s 70
Totsl".."...,,....... sass
.issi
II would he tedious to review the
growth of the Department In detail
| Those who are interested will find all
the minute in Or. Hunts book Let
us take glance, instead at the huge
and deliberately organized machine OF
to-day. The hierarchy of the Depart
ment in the order OF rank under the
latest classification. that OF 1918. is as
follows: The Secretary OF State, the
| Counsellor. the Solicitor. the three AS
sistant Secretaries. the Director OF the
Consular Service. the Chief Clerk, the
foreign trade advisers. Then come the
heads OF divisions OF Latin American
Affairs. Far Eastern Affairs. Near East
/ ern Affairs. The Division of Western
/ European Affairs is under the Third
Assistant Secretary. Finally there are
number of Chiefs of Bureaus Diplo-
matte, Consular Appointments. Citizen
! ship, Indexes and Archives, Accounts
! Rolls and Library and Information. with
| below them the Translator, Assistant
! Solicitor, Private Secretary TO the Sec
! rotary of State and several assistant
chiefs OF bureaus. The clerical force
consisted in 1910 Of l56 members and
few have been added since. At the
( very foot OF the ladder are numerous
| messengers. watchmen and attendants
/ There is besides a resident diplomatic
officer who draws the same salary as
! the Counsellor, but is regarded rather
as belonging TO the corps of Ministers
! than to the office force. An anomaly
/ in the service Is that his salary and
that of the Counsellor, $500 a year,
though they are appointed by the Sec
| rotary are higher than the pay OF the
Assistant Secretaries. who are appointed
! by the President.
The duties OF many Of the officials
| are conveyed by their titles or those of
/ the sections over which they reside
1 The Secretary. Assistant Secretaries,
] N'dhS'll'l s1bllNllbI nave StUtTdl
authority over the whole Department.
! The COUNCILLOR is an advisory officer,
an eNperSin international law, history
and usage. Specifically the Secretary
and First Assistant supervise all the
active work, the Second Assistant takes
the diplomatic branch the solicitor
the Bureau of Citizenship; the Third
Assistant helps with the diplomatic
work and watches the Bureaus of Ac-
counts and Rolls and Library: the DI-
rector Of the Consular Service has I'M
der him also the Bureau of Trade Re-
lations. the Chief Clerk controls the
translators, printing office, office work
and services generally mail room des-
patch agents and stables. The regional
divisions care for all interests save
purely administrative ones in their re-
gions. There are a hundred other de-
! tails of classification in the work, all
reducing II to simplicity and efficiency
by means of endless complication. The
organization has been OF natural growth
and only obtained statutory recognition
! in 1878. Hamilton Fish, when Secre-
tary, laid the foundations of the pres
ent system. John Hay and Philander
&. Knox developed IL and brought II
| virtually To its present status.
In a general way the Department OF
State stands in the public mind as tn,
national foreign Office and in this way
It's functions in controlling foreign re-
lations, making treaties, managing tn,
diplomatic and consular service. issuing
passports, protecting American citizens
and promoting and protecting American
trade abroad and conducting sundrS
International Courte9ies are pretty vel
unders God. II does not generally occur
TO people that there is another phase OF
the state Department of quite equal i'm,
portanCe. But in fact the Department
is the very foundation of the domesti,
administration. 1t is the keeper of tn.
seal tnOt great seaD Of The United
States, and as such afiiXes 1t to docu-
ments Of great Importance wher
ordered by the President The Presi
dents signature is "A warrant for affix
ing the seal 10 any document. but tn,
signature must always be written he
fore the seal can be affixed. The orde
of procedure cannot be reversed. IN
all cases where n document not signed
by the President Is 10 bear the seal n,
must issue a warrant under his owl
hand ordering tho afiiXing of the seal
; At present the seal Is used on the com
missions or Cabinet officers and diplo
matte and consular officers appointed
by the President and confirmed by tn,
Senate. 1t is placed on all ceremoniou
and official communications. to the heads
of foreign Governments. II is affixed Il
all treaties, conventions and forma
agreements with foreign Powers, to proc
lamations by the President. exeaua
turs issued To foreign consuls and ex
: tradition warrants The pendent seal il
not used. and in fact no reverse wa
ever cut for IL. The seal is impresse,
}, upon a wafer Of wax on the documen
: itself.
The second domestic duty OF the De
partment, prescribed by the second sec
ton Of the law creating it. is to become
the custodian of the laws of the Unite,
States when they become effective
either by the Presidents signature or b,
other process. The engrossed copie
: are sent TO the Secretary OF State. VIII
= files them for safe keeping, has then
copied in books, publishes the correc
text and sends copies to the Governor
of the States. Exceeding pains ar
taken to eliminate error in all copies o
| the law, and so far as the Department
is concerned they are practically un