Norwich bulletin., 1914-11-17
NOT A WAR OF
 ONE MAN OR NATION Prof. Emery of Yale Speaks Upon ln- teIIectnaI Foundations of Present Struggle.

Professor Henry Crosby Emery of Yale university was heard Monday evening in the fourth of the Slater hall course of popular lectures in his defer red address upon The Intellectual Foundations of the Present War. The first part of the lecture, which was written months ago and before the war was thought of, dealt with war in general as viewed in past ages. These generalizations might of course be made to apply to the present situation. There have been three separate theo- ries held by society during it's his- toric development-the theory of in dividualism, of socialism, and of na- tionalism.
 IndividuaIisna comedies a. struggle between individuals and takes no &C., count of class or political strife.
 Socialism thinks only of the strug- gle of classes within a. given society and the way in which one class suc- ceeds another in power. It fails to see people and claimed to ignore national boundaries.
 Nationalism forgets the competition of individuals, of trade and commerce, and of the classes in a community.
 Two of these theories may be com oldest and was held for centuries. Until the reaction in the l9ta century, when it gave way to indiyiduallsm. This was the result of philosophy and economies, changes of ideas in France and England and commercial condi- tions. The exhaustion of the NRpo- leonic wars and the undoubted lead of England in commerce made for peace, free trade and laissez faire. For 50 years individualism and cosmo- politanisn held sway. Then came another revolutionary change in the o=y. National antagonisIns revived and the Darwinian theory was used to point to the evolution of the func- tions of war, eminent authors noting the uses of conflict as shown by past wars. Economic conditions were stu died 8 a cause or effect Of these wars Has the teaching of these ideas been a cause of war or an intermediate step?
 One thing has become clear in the past months. This is a war of the people; not of one man or one nation. The people are a unit on each side in thinking their side is in the right and that they know why they are fighting. It would seem to have been inevitable. Whose influence has made it so? It is too much flattery to either credit it to Bernhardi or to Treitsch- Ike. All of a peoples teachers either have a great influence or are the result of the spirit of the age.
 It is a, fascinating problem to de- termine whether the war is the result of economic conditions or of the teach iEg that a struggle was necessary. There has been in Germany a feeling of fear; of dread for the future, when Germany might be contracted into a second-rate power because more ex- pansioIl was not open to her, and a feeling there would be a. conflict to try to ward 1t off There is an in- tense feeling of nationalism. They want tSSsr own culture, whether the best or not. One thing which shows the intensity of this feeling is the way in which great Jurists are trying to revive the old German laws-lons ago superseded by Roman law-sinaply because they were the laws Of their forefathers. This feeling goes to the heart of the people, who take things so seriously and who fear that Ger man influence is threatened. They take their philosophy seriously tY the matter of evolution and of population They take history seriously, potn their own and that of other nations. Most important, they take English history seriously. They ascTtbe Eng lands prosperity to her aggressive ness and try to copy her. If they have an obsession. 1t is envy of Eng have been the anvil for the hammers of England, France and Spain, they say, and brutal ueo-mercantilism should not be established again. A writer on political economy says then cannon must shelter their commerce and they must claim a share in the supremacy of the sea with England. England replies that she has no in- tentiou of interfering with their com merce. But Germany is afraid. She thinks her life blood Is at stake: the maintenance Of her population. These same ideas have been found in other nations, Hut !n Germany the weight of authority of the nstior's teachers had been thrown !n favor of thes ideas, while in England and America 1t has been thrown against them
 Certain doctrines do lead to war Back of 1t aA arc economic changes which !napa1. FNree trade and rivalry started a. movement which increase h population and competition have aug Yuented until war became an ultimate