davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1914-10-01
Fishing Boat Strikes Mine.

Rome. Oct. Another floating
mine. according to advices received
here. has exploded near Riminb, Italy,
blowing up a fishing boat, killing nine
Of its crew and injuring a number Of
ethers.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1914-10-01

Quebec. Oct. More than 80, 600
Canadian troops of British, Welsh,
Scotch. American and German descent
have left to fight for England. accord
ing to Colonel Samuel Hughes. Cana
dian minister of militia.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1914-10-01
Never Drank Nor swors.

Upton. Mo.-George Schreck. who
came here from Berlin, Germany, az
ty-six years ago, is dead at the age OF
ninety-one years. 1t Is said he never
uttered an oath, never used intoxicants
and paid every penny he owed
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1914-10-01
kAlsER's PRIZE STOCK IN
RUSSIAN HANDS.

Petrograd, Oct. lit is re-
ported that the entire stock OF
pedigree cattle from Kaiser
Wilhelm's shooting estate at
Romenten, East Prussia, one
OF the greatest breeding estab-
hshments on the continent,
has been coniscated.
The prize stock has already
arrived at Smolensk and will
b distributed by the Russian
agricultural institute to the va
rious breeders In Russia.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1914-10-01
GRAIN AND PROVISION PRICES


Duluth, Sept. So.--Wheat-On track
and to arrive, No. l hard. s1.1oh; No.
/ Northern, s1.oSh; No. 3 Northern.
$1.o5h. Fax-on track and to ar
rive. S1.44.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1914-10-01

down pains AND
backache, and h a d
h e a d a C h e a good
deal of the time and
very little appetite.
The pains were SO
bad that i used to
sit right down on the
floor and cry, be-
cause it hurt me SO
and | could not do
any work at those
times. An old wo-
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1914-10-01
South 81. PAuI Live Stock.

South st. Paul, Sept. 3o.-Cattls-
Steers, $6.00Qa.0(. cows and heifsrs,
$4.6oQ7.60; ca res, 5oQ1 .25; stock
srs and feeders, $4.751f.25. Hogs
$S.1oGS.S0. Sheep-Lambs. $4,000
1925; ewes. S2.5o94.76.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1914-10-01

Chicago, Sept. observation-disclosures,
96.75011.06; steers. $6.20@910; stock.
ers and feeders. S. 8 9S.20; COWS and
heifers, $3.bo@9.10; calves, $500
11.25. H~ogs--Iight. $8.e0T9.20; mix,
ed, $S.1009.20; heavy, s7.85@S96;
rough, $7.S5ns.0o; pigs. s4.75Gs.ec
Sheep-Native. $475@5.75; yearlings
$5.6006.30.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1914-10-01
PENROSE SULLIVAN PROBE
Senate Committee Considers Norris
Resolution.

Washington, Oct. Reconsideration
Of the Norris resolution to investigate
alleged use Of huge sums of money
~ Roger Sullivan Of Illinois and
Senator Psnrose of Pennsylvania to
obtian their nominations In the recent
senatorial primaries was resumed by
tn senate elections committee.
The Pennsylvania primary was the
oDeeto1 order Of business. Charges OF
- Nafienel Popular Government
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1914-10-01
CONGRESS- MAY TAKE RECESS
Wilson Approves Program Calling for
Postponement Of Legislation.

Postponement Of Legislation.
Washington, Oct. President VII
son has approved a legislative pro
gram for congress, which include.
postponement of consideration OF q
ship purchase bill until Nov. Is, FOL
lowing the fall elections. The plan
as outlined by officials includes recess
by the house within the next ten days
until Nov. is. The senate is to finish
consideration OF the Clayton trust bill
and the war revenue bill and then
also recess.
The president plans to go to the
summer White House at Cornish, N
H., for about a weeks stay as soon az
the legislative situation permits.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1914-10-01

Suffrage circles were thrown into a
fiutter by the report that the Baroness
de Bazus, who was Mrs. Frank Leslie
and who died on Sept. Is, left nine.
tenths of her estate, estimated at 81,
000. 900, to the cause. According to
the report, Mrs. Carrie Chapman Gait
president of the International Won.
an Suffrage alliance, has been named
to direct the expenditure. Mrs. Gait
admitted at her home that she had
been notified of such a bequest.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1914-10-01
IN SUCH PAIN
WOMAN CRIED
Suffered Everything Until Re-
stored to Health by Lydia
E. Pinkham's Vegeta-
bic Compound.

Florence, So. Dakota OF used to be
very sick every month with bearing
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1914-10-01

league that hundreds of thousands of
dollars we're spent for the two csndi-
dates were before the committee.
The Dolores star., 1914-07-31
M. BUILDINGS H|GR|


New York.-A well-knova Insurance
company has stated IL intsntioa Of
quitting % . buiidias that viii tower
Dol feet into space and possess some
sixty-odd stories. a few months ego
. piece Of ground ct the junction Of
Broadway and Wall street was sold
tor $500 . square foot. or t3s. o0o. 900
psr acre. This b the highest Dsios
sver paid for . building site.
The giant among thsss skyscrapsrs
b the Woolworth building. which
reaches . height shove the pavement
Of 76s fest. Il b more than twice the
height Of 81. Paui's cathedral and
soms 800 feet higher than the Great
Pyramid Of Chsops. 4 few. months
sso the %s-story Metropolitan building
Geld the palm for height Its topmost
pinnacle 10 SIS feet above the level
Of the street. Il was this building
which took the record from the A.
The Dolores star., 1914-07-31
GMpGRoR AND kAisgR cHggRGo
WHEN PLANS ARG ANNouNcgo
ron MAss,No WAN eoRcgs.
MARTIAL LAW DECLARED
SGRO GOVERNMENT R9Movgu
CAPITAL ron FEAR o.
COMMANDMENT.
wsr situation Told In Brief.

Der q IL. historic Triple AiiisnSs.
with : :ss.Siny army ,S e g a,s ioo iSoo
mem %sn : ana navy ~ sos%p4sns
sells. seryla. one OF the Balkan
sists Of $4,000 mon. with . total war
footing Of ". oog; Oh; me- no rs ssl.
many. which can throw s71.00e reg-
ular troops into tho field At amy
moment and can command tbs serv.
Ices OF a,25o000. all Of them trained
SIDES la ' III. vast i a1a Force. Germany
has . navy q SIG ships. most OF
Russia. second of the military pow
snd q fo ss: 81 Sorid Uss men .na
war strength Of l,st5,0o0. Russia's
navy. largely rebuilt since the Rus
So Japanese war. consists OF lsS
'h rS. e. various si:::s' r.,,.., 70
obey the ultimatum issued by Aus
tria, In which demand was made for
the suppression Of the Pan-Servian
movement and the acceptance by the
for the murder Of the Crown Prince
and Crown Princess OF Austria who
were killed by . hand Of anarchists
a few weeks ago.
war. in which Russia would defend
servia against Invasion BY the
forces Of Austria and Germany.
would rally to the support of her
ally and neighbor. the dual mon
archy. Ultimately France. which II
In alliance with Russia and Italy.
which 10 the third member Of the
Triple Alliance, might possibly be-
come embroiled. An attack. such a.
contemplated by Austria. would be
directed against the Integrity OF all
thg Balkan statcs. whose territorial
alignment was settled by the peace
treaty following the recent war In
the Balkans. and would. ~ success
full. probably result In the absorp-
ton OF most Of that section OF Eu-
rope and Asia Minor formerly the
domain Of the Sultan. upon which
Austria has long cast envious eyes.
The Dolores star., 1914-07-31

vieHaa. July 2s.-Diplomatic rela.
lions between Austria-Hungary and
serviA. we're formally broken Off Bat.
urday. The 8ervian government wait.
cd until tho last moment left II By tho
terms Of the note. and only ten minutes
before the hour Of six. when the Aus
troHungartan ultimatum expired. did.
the Scrvian premier appear at the
legation and present his governments
reply to the Austrian minister. Baron
Giesl Won Gieslingen.
The details OF the tenor of the reply
we're not revealed here. but the terse
statement was made that Il was "un-
satisfactory"
Immediately upon receiving the note
the Austrian minister informed the
foreign office. and diplomatic relations
were broken off. Half an hour later
the minister and his staff with their
families had boarded train for Aus
TRAN territory. Martial Law was de-
clared throughout the Austro-Hun.
garian empire.
A high official Of the Austro-Hun-
gartan foreign office made the follow.
Ing statement:
should Servia at this stage Of a..
fairs take military measures against
Austria. every penny Of this cost Of
Austrian mobilization will have to be
paid by Seryia."
An official communication points
out that the foreign situation has as
sumed n Development which makes re-
gard for military necessities the su.
preme Law. II proclaims . series Of or.
dinances applicable TO the whole en-.
pire. including Hungary.
These ordinances include the trans.
fer of the civil administration Of Bos'
MIA, Herzegovina and palmatia TO the
commander In chief the suspension
through the empire Of tho constitution
al laws on liberty OF assembly; Of pri-
vate correspondence: Of the press; tho
suppression Of juries: the restriction
OF the issue Of passports: tho submis-
sion Of civilians accused Of reprehen-
sible acts against the army to military
Jurisdiction: the partial prohibition OF
the export and import OF products. the
enforcement of military Jurisdiction
generally. and the closing Of the pro-
vinciai diets and the reichsrnsh.
The communicates trusts thrt all
Austro. Hungarian subjects will appre-
ciste the grave nscessiiy ~oich com.
polls the government In the exercise Of
Q heavy responsibility 10 take excsp-
ti0usl measures.
Il 10 reported that the mobilization
Of five Russian army corps has been
ordered.
King Peter NssusWa
According 70 messsGss received hese
ths mobilization of the sesviAn army
was ordered at 3 O'Clock II Tho after
nooa. King Peter. Who hsd hursssdiy
returned 10 Belgrade. whoa The Ans.
tsias uilimatum vas announced. len
The capital % > special traia With TIE
prssetpal members q he esvssnosss.
N he rsallsasioa thae the Austrsaae
esula eapturs Belgrade vithose am
euisy. fhs Temporary go q ~ ~
seunsos Win - establlsAe1 q kfege'
rowan.
The Dolores star., 1914-07-31
Colorado.

SSsVS00Vs
nNear Breckenridge the Silver Ways
PROPERTY Is being put In shape Tor
steady production.
The Snake River mining distriss
Summit county. Of which Moutssuna
Is the principal town, 10 very active
thsse days.
Cripple Creeks Jerry johnson nina
recently shipped three carloads Of ors
(seventy-five toas) which sampled
from S32 to $40 per ton In gold.
Work has been resumed on the May
flower mine near Silverton, by the
Mayflower Leasing Company. A crew
OF about twenty men went up, and
shipments were again started and will
be crowded all summer.
In the Cripple Creek district the
Rigi mine, owned by the Rigi Group
Gold Mining Company (limited), q
former British corporation, now con.
trolled by the Baroness Won Richtofen,
a former Denver resident, Is again pro.
ducing.
In Boulder county, Col. W. H. From
has secured control Of the mineral
farm at Upper Magnolia, and is pro-
pairing to inaugurate an active cam
paign Of development. The property
consists Of 173 acres Of patented land
and several lode claims.
A report from Ouray says the Sieeel
Mountain Consolidated Mining Com.
pany in which number Of Hotchkiss
and Delta people are interested, have
started force of men working on
their group Of claims on Siegel noun.
tain, near the Frank Hough.
In Gunnison county George Brant re-
ports that the vein on the Ohio City
Gold and Copper property has widened
to nine feet. The entire body is min
eralized quartz. and is good grade Of
mill ore. Good-sized streaks Of higher
grade mineral are coming m, and indi.
cations are that with more depth the
ore will be smelling grade.
With strong body Of smeiting ore
near the tenth level. and development
active In other directions, Cripple
Creeks Mary Mckinney Mining Com.
pany has declared q 2 per cent quar-
terly dividend on its $1,319.200 in H.
sued shares. This dividend foots up
$2G,lS5. and makes the total dividends
paid equal $1.169, 800. or close to the
velvet" mark.
The Dolores star., 1914-07-31
Man Fatally Shot BY srothsr Striker

Trinidad. Coio--Joc Caruso. strik'
or. was shot through the abdomen by
Tony Baddurio. another striker, at
Old Segundo Baddurio Is Mt large
and the wounded man is ut the hos.
pital here. He Ii not expected to re.
cover. The shooting took place ut un.
Ion headquarters In "Old Town,
where. according to eports, n number
Of strikers had gathered and were
drinking. The cause Of the shooting
has not been learned. Summoned TO tho
scene. Capt. Guy Cushman Of the fed.
erai troops at seGundo seized and dis.
posed u the beer found Mt the place.
and with camp officers started q
search for Raddurio.
The Dolores star., 1914-07-31
RUSSIA 70 AID SENS
WHOLE WoRIo AWAITS AcTpoeo
o. rhg CAR
HE iassrssrsWss vtsul1 lavssvs oshoe'
pe~sss sa1 AAsks csesliss otsver
els - olav Aea,Wse Tsvteeo
fer ovprsmsey.


Ausesoa. -Bsrvian minister given
passports. AsvtrtUal dsciArasi0a -
war
ossvta---Army mobtlissA and Cab
met summoned to meet fer fiaal ac-
ubs.
RuasAa.--Csar rsnswa insistsn
that Bsrvia refuse TO bow 10 all de-
mands
TAI. rae; ordssd % = ss.a e. snd
army put on war footing.
rfaoeos-Officers on leave or
der{d TO report to posts.
Ges0aay.-Effirts being made for
backs Austria and warns nations to
keep hands Oft.
1ealy~--Announcsms made that
Kingdom will stand BY Austria.
The Dolores star., 1914-07-31
RULING BY RATE B0AR0
Q losGs COLORADO GATEWAY
FOR oGNGRAL TRAFFIC.
unIon Psetsle 10 AlteWea . 0ssDos
Through Freight uW,sss Asesivst
A. Terminate.

western Newspaper UAisn News sssvics.
Denver.-By an order issued By tAs
Interstate Commerce Commtssi0u. The
Union Pacific railroad II permitted 70
close the Colorado gateways for rem.
eral traffic between exclusive points
In the Northwest and east Of the Ms
souri, river. An order to restore routes
and privileges previously In existeuce
on fruit and lumber has been ordered.
The order prohibits shippers In MIS-
souri, sending shipments to points IN
the northwest on the Union Pacific
lines on the Burlington or other roads
for delivery to, the Union Pacific IN
Denver. II also prevents shipments
by the Denver & Rio Grande for de-
livery to the Union Pacific 1t Ogden.
Utah. All shipments destined for
points In the Northwest ON the lines
Of the Union Pacific must be delivered
to that road at Kansas City or Omaha.
The rule applies to both eastern and
western shipments.
An attempt by the Union Pacific to
close the Colorado gateway more than
a year ago was prevented by the Inter
ktate Commerce Commission. pending
a decision. A similar attempt by the
Missouri Pacific to close the gateway
to all roads ether than the Rio Grande
was also stopped.
The Dolores star., 1914-07-31

osshsm's New City Hall (ss sser'ss).
story Singer building. with . height of
sl3 feet above the pavement. Adjoin-
ing this edince 10 the City Investment
building. 30 stories high, it, roof some
$50 feet above the curb. Then We
have the Park Row building. the
height from the road 10 the top Of its
nasstaR being NO less than 447 feet.
and the Times building. which rears
ito head 500 feet into the air. while
tho famous Flat Iron structure. with
it, 20 stories. attains to some 800 feet.
Two factors have made these edinces
practicable-the passenger elevator or
lift and tho steel-case system Of con-
struction, which enables the architect
to design his building to any height
desired.
Naturally. before anything can be
done the foundations have to be Sc
cured. On account Of the great weight
Of these skyscrapers-the Woolworth
edifce has . total weight Of 100000
tons--the foundations have to be very
strong. The majority Of skyscrapers
rest on concrete piers sunk down into
the earth until they reach solid rock.
The Woolworth building. for instance.
rests on &C. Of these piers, reaching
down to . depth OF 100 feet below tho
level Of the street. These piers arc
really immense steel cylinders known
as caissons. Into these concrete Is
poured. and ~ II solidihes II Is
squeezed together under enormous
pressure exerted from above by com.
pressed air. Thus the foundations OF
the skyscrapers are as firm and ~
solid a. the rock on which their piers
rest. Sometimes. II the soil below the
surface b at all loose" the engineers
make . great bed Of concrete. which
forms the rock" and then sink their
csissons into II.
A soon ~ the foundations arc
ready the erection Of steel cage be-
gins. The bottom portion. or feet Of
the columns. are anchored into the
piers Of concrete. this being done to
enable the building to resist wind pres
sure. When once the columns are
6ru,iv sacured connt ruction goes
The Dolores star., 1914-07-31
s.2oo Acres Open to Settlers.

OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES are given
an opportunity TO settle upon 1900
acres Of arid lands IN the vicinity OF
Craig. along the Moffst railroad.
Through the action OF the State Land
Beard. The acreage was part Of the
tract Of $4,000 acres segregated under
Carey act restrictions by the state on
behalf Of the Great Northern irriga.
ton project.
The Dolores star., 1914-07-31
oyasmIss ezp,ssIea Msnelss chIisrsn.

Akron. Ohioa--Three children were
probably fatally injured here when
stick Of dynamite with which they
we're playing exploded. The injured
we're Leroy Lind. Norville Lind and
Harry Lee.
The Dolores star., 1914-07-31
esss,a. csssaass psr,ss pssss.

wsshingtoa. -Advtcss 70 the sfssoe
that 0snesHt carraAsA y noe dispsanA
70 make : formal agrssmsas gsaating
amnesty n advance q his acsunl -
ssmptioa u power - neztee Guy
rssehsA wssAinsssa frs0 ~ 49,
quarters d ths coasstsu1tsaaltsl 49,
THIS b - n llso w1sh ~ ~
Anefteaa eovssu0aos ~ pgov1nn0o3
ua1eesiee1 - - Ca01nnR0 no60n161
90 = inslaas1 uoon ~ 49, -
Dgsosee1 oonGo oon1ngoooo = 49,
g ~ vssy 1oG1nn1na
The Dolores star., 1914-07-31
posthunous Child inhsrlts Estate.

Denyer.-A posthumous child f. not
affected by the terms Of any will Of
its father. II inherits Of the fathers
estate such part ms II would have re-
ceived had the father died without
leaving will. This Is the gist Of a
decision made by County Judge Roth
gerber when the will OF Gerhard Al.
bert Meyer was offered for probate by
Mrs. Kunigunde Meyer. the widow. As
a result OF the decision n baby born
to Mrs. Meyer several months after
her husbands death will receive n
share Ut the estate while the other
children receive practically nothing.
The Dolores star., 1914-07-31

London, July 2s.--Ths darkest war
cloud which has appeared on tho Euro
pean horison since Germany sent war.
ships to Agadir In 1911 has srisea
within three days.
The servian government has refused
to comply with Austria's Demands the
most humiliating ever asked At An n
dependent nation. for the explatina q
the Sarajevo murders for which Aus
tria holds anti-Austrian conspiracios In
SArvia responsible and for guarantee
Of future good behavior.
At $50 O'Clock. when the Austro-
Hungarian ultimatum expired. the Ser.
Wan premier handed to the Austrian
minister ut Belgrade Servia's reply.
The minister Immediately severed dip
lomatic relations and started for home.
Tho contents Of the note have not
tion In London understands that II 20
ceptsd some Of Austria's conditions
and rejected others. Apparently Aus
tria wss resolved to have the whole
hill paid or nothing.
The vital question To Europe b
vhether Russia viii come "a the req.
cue Of her little Slav brother. tnvolv-
ing the other powers end making q
the war . dread struggle d slav
asain.t rsusou for Eurooean auprsm.
acy.
49,. 49, q. p.....A.. -
80. ~ - -s..,,.....
-. !. -. !. - !" I..-s ~ ~
- .s.A.,,s 49,, 49, -. ~
-
-s -. 20. = ~
.nl ''o' ''eppsu " '"s 49,
~
Inc 6ervians nave o9c.oed MOI %
attempt TO defend Belgrade. the "a.
rison having already oeen wsthdrawn.
according to Vienna reports ana the
seat OF the government removed from
Belgrade to kraguycvata. seroag
strategic point sixty miles 70 the south.
Many rumors we're current. some -
sorting that Austria had given 6erv!A
further time In which to reply 70 hsr
peremptory note. Others that she hal
refused to do 20. and stu others that
servta maintained an altitude q Do
fiance and wac preparing for the worst
eventualities.
Statesmen II. all countries meantime
were making endeavors to bring about
peaeeable solution and all sought 70
restrain movements OF panic.
The Dolores star., 1914-07-31

Governor Ammons visited the State
rsachers College q Greeley.
The Dolores star., 1914-07-31
Deny states RICH. to R.suIs.s Rates.


Denver.-With characteristic corpor.
alton impertinence the Colorado &
Southern and the Burlington railroads
ignore the right OF the people through
the railroad commission and the Dis
triet Court to regulate rates on coal
from the Northern fields and to pre-
vent the imposition Of exorbitant
switching charges. These two COM
panies filed their answers In the &C
ticn brought by Attorney A. L. VoGl
at the instance Of the Consumers
League. The action brought by vogl
sought to enforce reduced rates on lig-
mite coal from the Northern coal fields
20 Denver, and also was . protest
against a schedule OF switching en-
gines amounting to 20 cents q ton or
81 minimum for switching cars to In.
dustries on the originating line or tn
other lines. the manner In which the
bulk OF the coal consumed by Denver
Is handled.
The Dolores star., 1914-07-31
Wyoming.

Rawlins Is agog over report that
q large flow OF oil has been struck
eight miles south Of the city by pros
fectors who drilled In several local..
fduring the winter and spring.
\The largest oil well found, as yet. In
this section OF the West, was discov.
cred near Thcrmopolis on the ground
that Is in dispute. T. W. LaFleiche
was In communication with parties In
that city who said that the yield would
be greater than any In the vicinity.
but did not state the probable output.
A. ]. Bankson. representing the Du
papt Powder Company, shot a well for
Midwest Company on the north
- quarter OF section % In the Salt
Creek field. near Casper. The produc.
tioa OF the well was increased from
sixty to 500 barrels per day and Is now
flowing a steady stream Of wealth
into the tanks.
The Ohio Oil Company. drilling In
the Grass Greek country. has brought
In an Gil well. Its capacity is not
known, but IL Is believed not TO be n
large one. 1t Is also reported that the
Valentine crowd at depth Of $50 fee
struck a slight flow OF gas In the
well which they recently began drill
ing In the Buffalo basin.
The Dolores star., 1914-07-31
c. o. p. Wins Fight to Name Judges.

Denyer.--The Republican party Is TO
be recognized ms the second party In
the state and Ia " be allowed the ap-
pointment Of election judges instead
Of the Progressive party as the result
OF a supersedeas granted by Justice
white OF thu state Supreme Court
The Dolores star., 1914-07-31
Civil Service Jobs Open.

Civil service Jobs Open.
Denver.-Uncle Sam, through his
civil service commission. announces
vacancies in eight departments Of tho
government service. with salaries
ranging from $500 to S2.760 . year.
The positions for which examinations
win be held are marketing specialist,
cotton seed and its products; tele-
phone linemsn in the lifesaving serv-
ice; statistical expert. social service
expert, engineer In the Indian service,
highway bridge engineer. junior high
way bridge engineer. Junior fuel en-
sineer and mechanician. All the POSI-
tions are permanent. as the incum-
bents are under civil service. and al
vaneement is rapid. Inquiry may be
directed to the Denver civil service
branch or to the head officers OF the
service ut Washington.
The Dolores star., 1914-07-31

PtsAlM0 evss ~ Messeseaeoe
Chicaso.--rish1Ag = Q eure ~ ~
voesnees 10 e1voeoee1 10 IL Seeea
wsskly bsilstia q tAs chleaee laDass
NEAT q hsa1tA.