The Yale expositor., 1914-12-31
STORY OF YEAR MARKED
BY SENSATIONAL EVENTS
Most Momentous Twelve Months of Modern Times
Reviewed-Great European War, Mexican
Troubles and Other World Happenings.

| the waiting world. 1t soon became APP
parent that Great Britain's purpose was
TO deal a fatal blow at German commerce.
! safeguard that of Belgium, France and its
own and render the enemy's fleet inopera-
| tive by holding il in the Baltic. week
! later, the port authorities of New York
We're notified that the Atlantic lines were
unobstructed, and "a few days afterward
| the Pacific lines were pronounced open
and safe" Sixty British war vessels
guarded the exit of the KEEL Canal and
prevented the thirty German battleships
anchored there from coming out. Within
| a few days, more than thirty of the great
| German ocean liners were informed in
neutral waters and number of German
l merchant ships were captured or de-
| stroyed.
| BY the middle of November more than
| four hundred war vessels and merchant
men on all sides had been captured or in
termed in neutral ports. The Emden in
| the Pacific and the Karlsruhe in the
South Atlantic, two German raiders,
preyed successfully upon allied and neu-
| trail commerce until the former was put
out of action During the past three
months the Germans have destroyed a
number of British cruisers by means OF
torpedoes. In an action off the coast of
| Chile, a squadron of five German war
ships sank the Monmouth and Good Hope
| with all on board. On October Gal
though 1t was not known TO the public
for a fortnight afterward-the British
super-dreadnaught Audacious was sunk
by a mine off the coast of Ireland. Short
| ly afterward. the British admiralty de-
clared the North sea a closed military
area.
On December s the German cruisers
Scharnhorst, Gneisau, Leipzig and Nuern-
berg, under Admiral Won Spec. were sunk
by British squadron under Vice-Admiral
Sir Frederick Sturdee, off the Falkland
islands. The German cruiser Dresden es-
capped, badly damaged. December 16 a
| German fleet bombarded the English coast
towns of Hartlepool Whitby and Scar
borough killing $50 and wounding 300 citi-
zens and causing much property damage.
! Three British merchant vessels were sunk
by mines laid by the bombarding fleet.
At the close of the year operations in
the west seem practically at a standstill.
December Il the Germans reported a vic
tory In Poland.
AS a result of the immediate paralysis
| in the financial world due to the sudden
embodiment of the European nations,
Americans abroad were subjected to
great inconvenience and not little actual
| hardship. Much relief was afforded the
Belgian sufferers and large sums of
money for the purpose were raised all
over the country.
|
ship Red Cross to European waters.
with a full equipment of physicians
nurses and supplies, on September r.
Chaotic Conditions In Mexico.
Early in the year foreign nations began
to be critical of the administration s
"hands-off" Mexican policy and to insist
that the Job of pacifying Mexico belonged
logically to the United States. Victo-
| riano Huerta had held the provisional
presidency for a year and boosted in his
cups that he would hold his office longer
than President Wilson would remain in
the White House. Meanwhile the bandit
chief Pancho Villa was steadily gaining
ground in the north. The fiercest battle
| of the revolution. which was fought for
almost two weeks, ended in victory for
| the rebel forces.
There was an appalling loss of life in
| this long continued fight, and more than
four thousand fugitives crossed the Rio
Grande and took refuge in American ter
| ritory Here they were cared for by the
| United States authorities.
On February President Wilson re-
voked an order by his predecessor in Of
flee to put stop to the shipment of arms
| and ammunition into Mexico by citizens
| of the United States. On April IA, Presi-
dent Wilson instructed Secretary Daniels
to assemble an imposing naval force at
| IamplCO, on tne MeNlCdn COdSt. HIS
was due to the refusal of the Mexican
president and his military aids to salute
the American flag as an essential feature
of an apology for an unwarranted arrest
and Imprisonment of several American
bluejackets who had landed on Mexican
soil to obtain a supply of gasoline.
Although the episode was the result OF
a misunderstanding in which all the par
ties concerned shared about equally. II
was manifest that Huerta was in no mood
to comply with any request Of the Wash
ington authorities, however politely and
even delicately made He refused to or
der the salute, and the naval demonstra-
ton followed.
Congress passed a resolution sustaining
the president in the position which he
had taken. On April Il Admiral Fletcher
seized the custom house at Vera Cruz
The Mexicans resisted the occupation OF
the custom house and the result was O
i fight, In which 16 Americans were killed
7 and II wounded. General Mas, in COM
mand of the garrison, withdrew and left
the Americans in possession.
Nelson O'Shaugnessy, the American rep
resentative, was given his passports and
requested to leave the country. Brig
Gen. Frederick Funston, commander OF
the American forces at Vera Cruz, was
ready to enter on a vigorous campaign.
Before hostilities were carried further
the diplomatic representatives at wash.
ington of Argentina, Brazil and Chile SEM
in to the office of the department of state
a formal tender OF their services as medi.
ators. President Wilson accepted the Of
fer and both Huerta and Carranza &C.
cepted the proffered mediation.
The medatory conference was held al
Niagara Falls, Canada, and opened or
May 90 On June IL the conference hat
agreed upon a plan accepted both by
President Wilson and Huerta, Then @
! deadlock arose over the choice for presi
dent-the American delegates declined e
accept the name of any unconstitutional
list.
| Meanwhile, the constitutionalists were
making unmistakable advance toward the
capital Their success was so pronounced
that II was evident they would soon be ir
control OF the government.
On July ! the conference came to ar
end without definite result. and four days
later Huerta was reelected president by
his partsans. On July Is the dictator re-
signed the presidency and took passage
for Europe. leaving the executive author.
ity in the hands of a prominent citizen
Francisco Carbajal
The new president and Carranza could
not agree upon the surrender of the gov.
eminent to the victorious constitutional.
list army, and on August 10 Carbajal re.
| cicnpd and tho cha nher ~ daputIaS die