davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-01-18

tom The height Of water in the barrel
determines the pressure. This is known
electrically as the voltage and Is equiv
alent to the electrical pressure between
two wires attached to an electrical ap-
paratus If the size Of the hole In the
barrel is increased the water will flow
faster. The size of the hole determines
the restraint of the water. and Is, there
fore. equivalent to electrical resistance.
The larger the section Of wire, the small
er the resistance.
The rate at which water flows from
the barrel Is similar to the electric cur
rent, which Is measured in amperes. The
product of the current in an1peres and the
pressure In volts gives the power in watts
A valve of I46 watts is equivalent to one
horsepower. If current of one ampere
flows for one hour there Is an ampere
hour. and If the rate Of power during the
hour is one watt there is one watt hour.
One purchases electricity by the watt
hour, though the quantity is usually ex-
pressed in thousands OF watt hours or
kilowatt hours. This unit is analogous
TO the total amount Of water flowing out
of the barrel in a given time.
In driving an electric car one is deal
ing with the same power OF nature that
is so generally used for purposes OF
illumination, street car propulsion and
various industrial applications. In each
of these latter cases simplicity has been
q large factor in determining the adop-
ton of electricity. In the same way
with automobiles, the electric car Tor
service within it's convenient radius of
distance and speed is endowed with
simplicity of construction and operation
which is almost ideal.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-01-18
Charge in a Battery.

The real index to the condition of
charge in battery is, of course, the spe-
cific gravity of the sulphuric acid cleo
trolyte. AS the cell is discharged. the
specific gravity falls, ranging from l,2so
in a fully charged condition down to ], 100
when the cells are about exhausted. The
proper time for starting or stopping the
charge is fixed by the reading OF the
hydrometer, and to show the simplicity
and convenience of using this instrument
in electrolyte drawn from one OF the cells
by means of a syringe. full size illustra-
tons are being got out by the company
making the test For any given car
definite relation can thus be worked out
for the number of amp-hours or miles
travel in a battery In terms of its spe-
cific gravity OF electrolyte. For example.
a certain pleasure car which will run
seventy-two miles on good streets when
charged to a density of 1850 can posi-
lively be relied upon to go sixty miles
when the gravity has fallen to 1880. for
ty-two miles at 1.240 thirty-six miles at
1920 twenty-four miles at LOO and
twelve miles at 1850. becoming fully eN-
hausted at 1,16O.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-01-18
HEADS TOURING BOARD.
Frank x. Mudd Succeeds Howard
Lonpstreth Of Philadelphia.

Frank x. Mudd. member Of both the
Chicago Automobile Club and the Chica-
go Motor Club. is the new chairman of
the touring information board of the
American Automobile Association. How
ard Longstreth Of Philadelphia, who has
served for the past three years. asked
to be relieved of the Craftsmanship on ac-
count of increased business duties. anc
President John A. Wilson in casting
about for a successor hit upon Mr.. Mudd.
The appointment Of Mr.. Mudd will
meet with approval in the west, and his
location-in Chicago-will be particularly
advantageous, in view of the increasing
amount of touring which is taking place
in the middle west.
Recently, as chairman Of the runs and
tours committee of the Chicago Auto
mobile Club Mr.. Mudd started work on a
tour to the Pacific coast in 1915, In which
year that section of country will be Wis
tied by thousands Of A. A. A. members.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-01-18
MAKING Of CONCRETE
ROAD DEMONSTRATED
Section 1890 Feet in Length in
New Jersey Used as
Experiment.

A demonstration of the value of con-
crete for road purposes was recently de-
cided on by the state roads department
Of New Jersey and the board of freehold
ers of Warren country. The section Sc
lected for the demonstration was a
stretch of the Morris pike, 1890 feet in
length, between Washington and Phil
lipsburg.
The details. furnished by State High
way Engineer r. A. Meeker, are as fol-
lows: THE work was done under the
supervision OF the county engineer of
Warren county and w. A. MacIntyre.
road engineer.
This road was built in sections OF the
following widths. IA, is and IS feet. in
order that the suita ability of the different
widths of road might be tested. The con-
crete was mixed in the proportion of one
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-01-18
Spread by Machine.

1.-The cement was mixed in concrete
mixer which was moved under its own
power and was also geared to elevate
the hopper containing the sand, cement
and stone and dump the same into the
mixing compartment
1.-The cement was mixed to the consis-
| tency of very thin mud and poured upon
the road from hopper attached to the
| machine. This hopper was moved to and
fro and from side to side by means Of
boom attached to the frame of the mix
ing machine.
las the concrete was in a semi-liquid
state, it was necessary to fasten side
forms on each side of the road to hold
| the material in place until 1t had set.
After dumping the concrete on the road,
| 1t was nodded into shape by means of a
| templet which rested upon the side forms,
after which any irregularities or depres-
| sions which might develop were removed
| by the use of wooden floats.
1.-The concrete was laid in sections of
| 80 feet and then, in order to provide for
expansion and contraction, there was in
| serted strip of tar paper running the
! entire width of the road.
After a section was completed and
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-01-18

far west are at present the most active
in the promotion of racing, but the fact
remains that the effete east is hungry for
sped contests. 1t is our confident belief
that a road race staged somewhere in
the proximity of New York or Philadel-
phia would be productive of ten times the
interest that used to be shown in the old
Vanderbilt days.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-01-18
Rain Water Is Preferred.

When hard water is constantly used In
the cooling system a continual deposit Is
being made in the jacket and radiator by
the mineral elements in the water. When
possible every advantage should be taken
Of every opportunity to replenish the
cooler with rain water which natures dis
tillery has freed from all mineral de-
postts.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-01-18
AUTO TRADE OUTLOOK
ISVERy ENCOURAGING
ii. o. Smith, However, Says This
Years Output Will Be
Conservative.

There is probably no one connected
with the automobile industry better
qualified to analyze the general trade
condition of the business than II. Q.
Smith, chairman of the Board of Trade.
Automobile Chamber of Commerce. of
Indianapolis. He sums up as follows
Optimism. as I understand it. is war
ranted only under two conditions, one
being when the correct reading OF tile
future presents encouraging conditions.
the other when the past and present re-
fleet favorably upon a situation.
Il do not believe that pessimists could
ever have developed the automobile in
dustry, although the results of each
year have more than justified the views
of the most optimistic. What other OF
our great industries can show the ratio
of gain each and every year over the
preceding years for a period of ten
years which will compare with the show
ing of the automobile?
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-01-18

dried for few days. a coating Of dirt
was thrown over the, concrete, and this
was kept moist for number of days, in
order that the cement might not dry too
quickly. After the side forms are remov-
ed bevel is made of concrete and this
is followed by a stone and dirt wing,
making the entire finished width of the
road from gutter to gutter thirty feet
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-01-18

part Of cement, two of sand and four Of
stone. This was laid to the depth OF six
inches on the surface of the old worn
out macadam.
THE entire length, with the exception Of
one stretch of 1900 feet, was finished in
cement. This latter was covered with a
bituminous cement prepared according to
what Is known as the Dolarway specl-
fication.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-01-18

in the automobile business. all tho way
from the engineer to the business man. as
is to be found in any other lines. and the
ability Of these men feel will be demon.
strated."
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-01-18
Simplicity of Operation.

In driving an electric car there are
three functions to be attended to: First
the steering: second. the braking, and
third. the controlling of the speed. The
operation Of the first two is common to
all automobiles: the simplicity of the
third is characteristic of the electric
alone, for the operation consists in NOV
ing the single controller handle. Even
reversing is IN general accomplished by
a backward movement of this same lever.
The motor is one of the vital organs
of an electric car. 1t consists of a
cylindrical iron shell or frame about
twelve inches in diameter by fifteen
inches in length. At the center
of this frame is the arInature. which
revolres. Attached to the inside of the
frame are four blocks of iron whose
curved faces fit very close to the arma-
ture. These are the field poles. Around
each of the poles is a coil of wire called
the field winding. At one end of the
armature is ring made up of many
copper strips set side by side-this is the
comnutator. Four carbon blocks called
the brushes rub on the commutator. A
wire connects the brushes to the fields
so that the current passing through the
armature also passes through the fields
This connection constitutes a series
motor. The whole unit is Of the general
type which is almost universally used
on electric street cars
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-01-18
BIG AUTO RACES SHOW
REVIVAL OF INTEREST
Preparations Being Made in Many
Sections for Speed
Contests.

The many predictions that racing
would again return to favor in this coun-
try. as it has in Europe. are further
strengthened by the plans which have
already been made for the holding of
speed contests in various sections Of
the country during 1914.
One eastern company has already been
an earnest advocate Of properly conduct
ed racing. believing that it Is one Of the
most important factors in the develop
ment of high-grade motor cars. Racing,
this concern believes. is directly respon-
sible for the present tendency toward
elimination of weight and bulk generally
and the growing demand for small high
speed motors.
Outlook Is Bright.
Never before in the history of Ameri-
can automobile racing has the outlook
been SO bright at this time Of year. AL
ready plans have been completed for the
running of the Vanderbilt and Grand
Prize races at Santa Monica, Cal, in
March At this meet no less than $4,000
in prize money has been offered The
next big event viii probably be at In
dianapolis May 30. when the annual 500
mile race will be run. This contest prom
ises to be the greatest in the history of
the Indiana speedway. One Of the rae
ing drivers. Spencer Wishart. on his re-
turn from Europe, few days ago. an
nounced that no less than twelve foreign
speed creations would be sent over for
a try at the $4,000 which is offered in
prizes.
Sioux City. Iowa. has plans for a two
mile speedway, the initial meet of which
is to be held July 1. Seattle, Wash, also
has a twoimile track under way. to say
nothing of the smaller tracks where in
teresting events are sure to be held. OF
course, Elgin, ILL.,, will have its annual
road races in August. as usual.
These few meets are sufficient evidence
that interest in racing is far from dead.
1t is true that the middle west and the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-01-18
Paige Car Delivered.

A Paige 80 five-passenger touring
car, fully equipped. was delivered last
week to A. l. Thurman.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-01-18
Much Adverse Criticism.

"A great deal of adverse criticism has
been circulated regarding the automo-
bile business: most Of 1t is not war
ranted and is without foundation. clearly
proven by the fact that for the season
Of 1913 more than % per cent more cars
were sold than in any previous year
I'VE hear rumors of overproduction and
falling off in buying. As to overproduc-
ton this business unlike any other to
meet the pubic's whims. looks to the
manufacturer to make an absolute clean
up at the end of the season branding any
stock which may remain on hand as a
surplus due to overproduction. With any
of the other great industries it is never
expected that the visible supply of stock
will be entirely exhausted.
For the last three years We have had
on hand in this country, as best 1 can
Judge. between ) and 10 per cent of the
seasons production, these cars for the
greater part having been slightly changed
and converted into the new models or
series until this year, but TINS season.
with the almost universal shift from
right to left side drive: 1t was impos-
sible to change any stock cars with right
hand drive which might be on hand the
first of June, so as to call them the new
series or models. and that this naturally
meant that these cars had to be disposed
of before the new models could be
brought out, thereby placing time limit
and under conditions when general busl-
ness activities were below normal.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-01-18
EXCESSIVE SPEED
SOON KILLS ENGINE
Many Motorists Not Content to Go
Along at Moderate
Pace.

Even the most modest .mo.or car tray
eler does not like being left behind al
the road by the fortunate owne- OF
more powerful car. and consequently
he runs his car all OUT on cvary oc-
oasion. with the result that the wear
is much more quickly observable than
II ha were content to paddle a;onS at
a speed well within the sapa bilities of
his vehicle. II is a well recognized fact
among railway and steamship men thst
if locomotive or steame. is ueed to
It's topmost speed all the time IL must
be thoroughly gone over every trip.
On the other hand. and in contrast to
this lard usage, is the mod arate use {.
which SOW vessels and trains are put
Many Of the former make a speed or
perhaps fifteen or seventeen knots on
their trial trip. but are usually run at
nearer ten or twelve miles per hour
At such easy speeds the engine AMI
boilers require no forcing whatever.
require little overhaulins as TO bea.
ings and boilers. and last The season
out without the slightest hitch from
the mechanical plant. For the same
| reason it is desirable to have an en-
CINE in a car that is capable of DE-
veloping. say. a third more power tha;i
| it Is the intention to hapitneliy re-
quire.
Soon Develops Knocks.
| No part Of the vehicle is then under
excessive strains. The engine runs
smoothly and quietly. When called on
! for power for a few minutes to mount
{ hill or a bad stretch Of road, IL does
SO without effort and without redrc-
ton Of speed. A large touring ca made
to run at forty or fifty miles per hour
ought to last years II used at reason
able speeds-say, an average of twenty
to twenty five miles per hou.. In con-
| trast to this is the moderate-powered
car. with a maximum speed Of twenty
OF thirty miles per hour. II ITS driver
takes that speed out Of 1t all the time
1t soon develops knocks" worn .seare,
etc.
| Only one possible objection ..an be
raised to running an engine below its
normal load. and that 10 In reduced
economy Of fuel consumption. but The
increased cost of gasoline is a low
price to pay for the added comfort dur
ling the ride and the low cost os up
keep. II motorist thinks 1t desirable
to travel habitually at twenty miles
lper hour. then he ought to buy a car
lcapable OF doing at least thirty-fise
miles. II he wants to travel fifteen
miles per hour. then q car capable OF
twenty five or thirty miles per hour
will give the best service and continue
Ito give 1t for a long time.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-01-18
Motor Is Automatic.

\ feature which tends to simplify the
operation of an electric car is the auto
matte action of its motor. Without any
change in the position of the controller
handle. the motor will slow down when
ever the car begins climbing hill, and
the amount of the slowing down increases
with the steepness of the grade. This is
Just what person would do, because one
walks up hill slower than he moves on
the level Again, when the car reaches
level ground or is coming down the hill
the motor will speed up and the car will
run faster. This automatic action of the
motor is a great advantage in favor OF
this type of car, because it guarantees
that the speed of the car will be in keep
ing with the kind of work the car is
called upon to do.
The controller of electric car Is
made up of a number of stationary cop
per fingers which press against a drum.
As the controller handle. which is at
tached to the drum. is moved, the sta
tionary fingers touch different portions
of the drum. This movement changes the
electrical connection between the battery
and the motor so that the car will run
at different speeds. Generally the car
will have five speeds. though it is not de-
sirable TO run for a great length of time
on the first and third notches-
The battery lis at present receiving
more attention from the electric vehicle
interests than any other feature of the
electric motor car The battery is the
distinguishing feature between the cleo
tric automobile and all other types. Stor-
age batteries have been in successful use
in connection with other electrical applf-
cations for many years. but the types OF
batteries which were suitable for sta
tonary service were not satisfactory FOL
traction service. For this reason the
storage battery for electric automobiles
has for several years been undergoing
process of Improvement until the types
at present used have reached a very sat.
isfacfory stage of deyelopment
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-01-18
Travel Range Increased.

Whereas a few years ago car which
could travei as much as forty miles on
single charge of the battery was pointed
out as a wonder, it is today common
practice to build cars which will travel
eighty miles or more on single charge.
But the speeds have improved in almost
as great a proportion. Stock cars can
now be obtained which are guaranteed
to cover 100 miles at an average speed
of twenty miles per hour. Thus the cleo
trio car has been raised from compare
lively slow machine whose range of travel
was very limited, to car whose speed
is about as high as compatible with COM
fort and safety, and whose range of
travel is more than ordinarily required in
a days run. This development has not
been accomplished through the improve
ment of the batteries alone. but through
the use also of more efficient motors,
bearings, tires, etc.
The two types of batteries in common
use at present for driving automobiles
are known as the lead and the Edison,
respectively. In both cases the battery
consists of number of cells which are
connected by means of straps from the
negative terminal of one cell to the posi-
tive terminal of another cell. In both
cases the cells contain number of thin
metal plates immersed in a liquid. In
lead cell this liquid. or electrolyte. is
weak solution of sulphuric acid. so that
this kind of battery is sometimes spoken
of as the lead-acid battery. The electro
lyte in the Edison cell is a solution Of
caustic potash. so that this battery is
often spoken of as an alkaline battery.
The supply of energy for driving car
is introduced into battery by charging
The charging is usually done at night.
either in public garage or at properly
equipped private garage. The battery
should always be charged after long
days run, but If the car is not driven
much the battery may not have to be
charged for three or four days. To charge
battery connection is made through
charging plug which is showed into a
socket mounted on the car. The flow of
chemical change in the plates which is
equivalent to the storage of energy.
Measuring the Charge.
The rate at which the battery should be
charged is explained in the instruction
book furnished with the battery. The
time required for a charge increases in
general with the miles which the car has
been driven since the last charge, and
ranges from one to seven hours. The bat
terry instruction book also explains the
different ways of telling when the charge
is completed, such as by the voltage of
the battery, the specific gravity of the
electrolyte, and the number of ampere-
hours put in.
Various quantities met in electrical
work have received special names, such
the volt, the ampere and the kilo
watt. To understand the significance of
these units one may think of barrel Of
water with a hole punched in the bot
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-01-18
Reforms to Be Worked Out.

1T would be just as reasonable to ex-
pect the abandonment of the telegraph.
telephone and other of our modern agen-
cies as to expect the discontinuance OF
the use of motor cars We not only have
the right to expect the continuance of the
use of the motor car, but can be sure
that its use and influence will continue to
broaden.
This year production plans will be a
little more conservative, and we may
have reached the point where the demand
will not continue to represent an increase
over every previous year. However. II
We count upon steady demand some
where approximating that Of the season
of 1928 this business can claim the per-
manency and stability of any other line
of business.
1T is natural to expect that there are
reforms to be worked out in business
which has grown to the proportions OF
the automobile business in SO short a
space of time, but. on the other hand. ]
believe there is as much talent and ability
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-01-18
ELECTRIC AUTOS
INCREASE IN FAVOR
Simplicity Of Battery-Driven
Machines an Especially
Pleasing Feature.
IMPROVEMENTS ADD
TO CARS UTILITY
Travel Radius Doubled by New
Types of Observation-Disclosures
and Operation Described.

"A feature of electric automobiles is
their simplicity, both in operation and
construction" says II. F. Thomson,
secretary of the Electric Motor Car
Club of Boston. In fact. an electric is
50 simple that one frequently hears
other types of cars described as simple
as an electric" Such compliment is
well deserved.
The power plant of an electric car con-
sists only of battery, controller and
motor. The energy for driving the car
is stored in the battery. The controller.
as its name implies, controls the cars
speed. The motor is the driving unit.
When the car is being driven the electri-
cal energy is delivered by the battery
through the controller to the motor. The
motor transforms the electrical energy
into mechanical energy, which Is in turn
delivered to the wheels of the car by a
mechanical connection such as shaft or
chains
The day book. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1911-1917, 1914-04-07

on bridge, and serious injury to two
men in car.
st. Louis.-DaVid L. Almerigi, ItaI-
ian merchant of Colgate, Okla, ar
rested, charged with murder of form
er partner, Benz. w. Jones, whom he
had suspected of paying attention to
his wife, Mrs. Almerigi.
London.-EngIand and Wales have
$4,000 inebriates, of whom 10000
have so far escaped police court con-
victions, according to latest govern
ment statistics.