davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-12-18
Live Stock Market

Kansas City, December H.-Hogs Re- ceipts, 10000; lower; bulk of sales, s7 O5a 7.25; heavy, S.10Q7. .25; packers and butch CTS, S.1oQ7.25; light. $7@7. 20; pigs, s6.65@ 6.90. ! 7fsf
 Cattle: Receipts. 5000; steady; prime fed steers, s9G10.25; dressed beef, steers. Sd9; southern steers, s5.506l7 30: cows, A. 6cq6,70; heifers. $6G6 .5o stockers, $sQ 7.T5 ss- Fl, !,
 Sheep: Receipts. 750o; lower; lambs Ssa $50; yearlings S6. 6.25@7 50; wethers, $5. .25@ 6; ewes. H. 75q5 60; stoclxcrs and feeders, $3.7507. .sss ], s~l St Louis. December 17.--Tfogs: Receipts. s40O; steady; pigs and lights, $6.25Q7 30 mixed and butchers N.20d7 40; good heavy, q. .3Od7 40.
 Cattle: Receipts. 45o0; lower: native beef steers. $7.5O110.5o; cows and heifers, s5a 9.25; Texas and Indian steers, s57517. To cows and heifers, $4dl6; native calves, s60ls. Sheep: Receipts, 3100; lower; native nut tons. s4.75q6. 50; lambs. $sQs.3b yearlings, s. .50G7. .35.> w
 Chicago, December 17-Hogs: Receipts. 32, 900; active; bulk of sales, $70v~ 50: light, $6. S5@7 .35; mixed, S. 9007. 40; heavy, s6.s5@7 45; roughs s6.s6@7; pigs, s. 750t7. .a5. Cattle: Receipts 6000; weak; native steers. $57lO; western, s4. 9oQ17. 45; cows and heifers, g. 90@7. .75; calves, $6@S. 75.
 Sheep: Receipts. 22.0o0; weak; sheep, s5 4o@6. 40; yearlings, $ s,5O@7 50; lambs ss.5O QS.70. fs
 Coffee Market
 New York, December 1.-The coffee
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-12-18
Hubbard Bros. & Co.'s Letter

New York, December 17.--(Special.) Cables this morning were not quite as good as due and Liverpool was a mod crate seller here early on arbitrage trans action. Houses with German connections were good buyers of October again and as very little cotton was for sale early from the south, the market gradually ad- vanced.
 In the afternoon exports about 107,0O0 bales were reported for the day, and this led to a considerable short covering on the part of local traders who have been quite bearish. On the rise there was con- sidera ble realizing and naturally some hedge selling from the south. It seems to us likely that this will increaee as the market advances.
 Sentiment here tonight is mixed. as the local tralers were much surprised at the strength displayed during the past few days.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-12-18
Street Improvement Assessments

'The main argument with those who contend that comparison of the tax rate does not show the real situation is that assessments for street improvements in Birmingham are excessive and are higher than in other southern cities. This is shown to be not fact by rhe ta- ble submitted below, showing that the average for five cities on street assess ments was $307000, while Birmingham's 8 assessments for this purpose were sSs7,- 600. This amount is exceeded Wy Mem phls, Dallas and Atlanta. The table also shows that Birmingham Is far below the average in general property taxes and payments on governmental cost, on ex- penses of running departments and for outlays and equipment
 The table referred to above by MT. Ward Is one that has been asked for several times by men interested In the solution of Brminghams financial prob lem. At meeting yesterday at the Chamber of Commerce between MT. Ward. Frank Nelson, J. l.. Yancey. Syd- ney J. Bowe Pasohal G. Shook and others, this table was gone over. as it complied with the request of these mel that they be given some kind of data to show just exactly what it cost to run this government and how much the city had to do it with, compared with other cities.
 In the table under the head of revenues 1t Is shown that the annual receipts from licenses for the city of Birmingham is S06,s6S per annum A large part of this. however, s21S,000 to be exact, comes from the liquor license. leaving for other li- ccnses s29O.S6S, thereby refuting the argu- ment of many people that the license schedules of Birmingham are so high us to make up for the small rate of taxes.
 The per capita payments toward the revenues from all sources of the following cities give some very Illuminating facts:
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-12-18
Sugar Market

New York, December 1.-The sugar fu- lures market was without special feature early today. Trade appeared to be wait ing for news from the coming crop, which has been delayed by recent rains. Spen- ing bids were 4 points higher to points lower. The spot market in the street was firm; centrifugal, 3.95c; molasses su- gar, S30c; refined firm and unchanged Futures closed firm with prices to 5 points net higher. February, 2.S4c; May Be; June, 305c; July, 212c
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-12-18
Montgomery Market

Montgomery. December 17.-(SpeciaI)
 Spot cotton was quoted here today as follows: Good middling. 6zc strict mid ding. exc: middling. 6asc: strict low mid ding. Sac: strict ordinary, 5Ac; strict good ordinary. 411c; good ordinary. s%c. Market quiet
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-12-18
ASHORE
 AND IN DANGER

Colon, December 17.-The Norwegian steamer Falk has been ashore on the San Bias coast, near Diablo. since Tues day, according to advices received here today. She has little cargo and her posi- ton Is regarded as dangerous. She car ries no passengers.
 The spot where the Falk grounded Is about 100 miles east of Colon.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-12-18
Woman Badly Burned

Florence, December 17.-,special. ,--An accident which came near proving fatal occurred late yesterday. Mrs Ray Wiley of East Mobile street was standing with her back to the grate when her clothing ignited and enveloped her in flames She ran out in the yard screaming. Her cries aroused neighbors who immediately went to her assistance. The flames had gained such headway her body was burned badly. Her condition is serious this morning.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-12-18
Bonds
Mercantile Paper

New York, December 17.-Closing: Mer- cantile paper, 4@41k per cent; sterling ex- change steady; 60-day bills. $4S4.S5; for cables, s4.s7.S5; for demand, s4S7.25. Bar silver. 491ac; Mexican dollars, 377sc. Gov ernment bonds steady; railroad bonds ir- regular. Time loans dull; 60 days, per cent; 90 days, 4q414 per cent; six nor ths 4GI414 per cent.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-12-18
New Orleans Spot Cotton

New Orleans December 17.-Spot cotton steady. Sales of spot, 1050 bales; to ar rive, 145O. Good ordinary. 5-16c strict good ordinary, 13-16c; low middlng, 6 5-16c; strict low middling, 6 11-16c; mid ding, 1-16c; strict middling, 5-l6c; good middling, ' 11-16c; strict good middlng. S1-16c. Receipts. 11,2so; stock. 2sS,ns.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-12-18

sumers and sustain the water com pany's claims on all the unsettled ac- counts"
 Commissioner James Weatherly. who has taken the lead in tho city's iitiga- tion against the company, was out of the city yesterday and statement from him could not be secured last night.
 Commissioner Ward said he was not in close enough touch with the litiga- tion to give an opinion.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-12-18
Hubbard Bros. & Co.

ese. scSHss Sfton fS"sas EEcsnrs N
 New Orleans Cotton Exchange. New York Produce Exchange. Associate Members Liverpool Cotton Association. sa:e of Cotton and Cotton Seed oil for future delivery; Special attention and spot cotton for delivery. Cos-ssponl.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-12-18
Liverpool Cotton

Liverpool, December 17.--Cotton, spot more quiet, prices steady American middlng fair. 5.25d; good middlng. 4,63d; i; middling, 4.39d low middling, 5.92d@3.92d; ; good ordinary, 3.33d; ordinary, 2.s5d Sales, 5000 bales. including 5250 American and 1000 for speculation and export Re- ceipts, 43,O00 bales, including 42,70O Amer ican. Futures closed steady. March and June, 414d; July and August, 4201sd: De- tober and November, 431d; January and February, 4.361fd low middling, 392d.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-12-18
Interior Cotton Movement

Houston; Middlng. 7-l6c: receipts. 22,- 1S0; shipments, 21,711; sales, s373; stoek 164,927.
 Memphis: Middling, 7c; receipts, o575; shipments, 40s7; sales. $500: stock, 2e5, ,S97 Augusta: Middllng, 7lsc; receipts, 2976; shipments, 2637; sales, 1494; stock, 15S,974. St. Louis Middling, 7lse; receipts, 32S9; shipments, 33s7; stock. 35,353.
 Cincinnati Receipts. 1dS6; shipments, 1900; stock. 4202.
 Little Rock: Middling, 67sc: receipts, 1229 shipments. 45O stock, 55,526.
 Dallas: Middling, 13-16c; sales, 15,652. Total today: Receipts, 3s135; shipments, 33,5S3; stock, 6S4,s79.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-12-18
New Orleans Rice Market

New Orleans, December 17-Riee was steady today, with quotations unchanged. Receipts, rough, 11,345; millers, 15.2i3; clean. 53O1. Sales, 77S sacks rough Hon- duras at 2.s6M3.90c; 1883 pockets clean Honduras at 2ssd5c; 1924 pockets Japan at 3A13 11-16c.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-12-18
Fruits and Produce

LemOns-$350. Limes-75I90c Virginia Cabbage-2c Ib. Northern Apples-Barrel, fancy, s3d4. Peanuts-6lz@91ac. Florida Oranges-$2.75. California Oranges. $225. Grape Fruit-$2. 75Q3.25. California Grapes-$2.75 per box. Catawba Grapes-17c per basket. Malaga Grapes-$5.5OQ6 per keg. Tomatoes-s3@3.5 50 per crate. Cocoanuts. s4 per sack. Cranberries-Per box, s2; per barrel, s. Rutabag gas-1Hc lb. Celery-s450.. Walnuts, 16G20c per lib. Pcans-16M30c per ID. Filberts-15c per fb. Alnonds-20c per ID. Chestnuts-9c per lb.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-12-18

New York, December 7.-Cotton flu lures opened steady. December offered 6.97c; January, 7.10c; March, 7S2c; May, 7.4sc; July, 7.66c; October, 79ic.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-12-18
Seed in Washington

Washington, December T.-(Speciai.) Lieut.. Gov. Walter D. Seed and his son, Ensighn Dudley Seed spent today in Washington on a visit of recreation and called on several of the statesmen from Alabama.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-12-18
St. Louis Grain

St. Louis, December 17.-Wheat, No. 2 red, sl17dt.1S; No. hard sl.17@1.1sis; De- cember, $1.16lz Corn, No. ?, 651R@6dc; No. ? white, 66@66lac; December, Csc. Oats, No. ?, 4Sc; No. 3 white, 49lsc; Decem- Der, 4Sc.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-12-18
Chicago. January 17.--Grain and pro-
Chicago Grain

Chicago, December 17-Wheat, No. 2 red, S1.lSs4d .20ls No. hard, S.19Q1 20ss Corn, No. yellow, 6i1s@65c. Oats, stand ard, 49isd49%c. Rye, No. 3, sl.O9is. Bar ley, 60q7oc. Timothy, sa.45G6.25. Clover, $12.50a1450 Pork, s16.5o. Lard, sl0.15. Ribs. S9 25d1012
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-12-18
Nayal Stores

Savannah December 17.-Turpentine, no sales; Ac; receipts. 231 shipments none; stock, s4,o3o. Rosin firm; sales, a9o re- ceipts. 1905; shipments none; stock. lss,- S6S, Quote. A, B, c, D, $3.s0; E, F.. c. H, $3.S5; I. $50; K. $s.9o14; M, $445; N, s5. .45: VIC, $5.70; wv, $5.S5.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-12-18
Kansas City Grain

Kansas City. December 17.--No. ? wheat, hard, T.H@114; No. 2 red, s1.13 Corn. No. mixed, 6S1sc No. white, 63iaff64c. oats No. white, 47a5Oc; No. mixed, 43U45c.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-12-18
Flour and Breadstuffs

self-rising flour. sS.45; Tennessee four. SC 20: Indiana flour. s625; spring wheat flour. s6.4o hard winter wheat flour, s. .S5: shorts. sS2; pure wheat bran. $2s; c. s' meal 7h per cent $25; Cremo. meal, per ton, s22; c. s. hulls. g ton: No. timothy hay, per ton. $24; mixed alfalfa and John son grass. per ton. Sls: pea green alfi na, western. s25; mixed feed. per ton, y3l: oats, per busrel. 65c; corn. per bushei. S6c: cornmeal s165 per s6 pounds.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-12-18
Cotton Seed OiI

New York. December 17.--While quiet. the market for cotton seed oil was high sr today on covering of shorts induced by the strength in lard and cotton and light offerings of crude. Final prices were 4 to 5 points net higher Sales, $500 bar rels.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-12-18
Fish

Salt Water Trout-10@12c. Blue Catflsh-7hc. I43. Red Snapper-7zc. Gray Snapper-5c.
 Mullet-5Q51xc. ~ Spanish Mackerel-121kc pound. Fresh Pompano--2o@2bc Delaware Oysters-Standards. S1 IS gal. lon: selects. $l.50 gallon. Gulf Oysters-$3Q850 per 1000
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-12-18
New York Spot Cotton

New York, December 17.-Spot cotton quiet; middling uplands, 74oc; middling gulf, 7.65e. No sales.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-12-18
Call Money

New York, December 17-Money on call steady; high, 3I4 per cent; low, 3 per cent; ruling rate, per cent; last loan 314 per cent; closing bid. per cent; of- fered at 3A per cent. 4as@
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-12-18
Dry Goods Market

New York, December 17.-Raw silk was sold more freely today. Prices were steadier Men's wear prices were higher in consequence of high wool and large orders received for uniform cloths. Cot ton goods were in steady demand for job bers. Fruit of the Loom, A bleached cottons were advanced 1sc to 7ssc yard.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-12-18
Crea merv Producfs

Creamery Butter-a2d 2ds51kc: process but. ter, soc; oleomargarine. 1502sc
 Full Cream Cheese-17c; imported Swiss. s3c; Pimento. doz., N.S.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-12-18
LOCAL QUOTATIONS
Spot Cotton
The Iron Market
Poultry and Eggs

IfeTs, IZC.
 Live turkeys. i6c; dressed turkeys, 1sc. Fryers-114-11a lbs. average, 15c. Ducks-15c lb. Guileas-30c.
 Noosters-35c. Geese, 75@90c. Eggs-Candled, 23c; extra graded can dled, soc; candled carton eggs, BOG.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-12-18
Hides and TaIlow

hides (half cured). 15Q1ec; green hides, (fresh). 14Q15c; dry flint hides. 2s@2sc; dry salt hides, 26q27c; damaged hides, half price: sheep skins. 25q80c, norss hides. s2@S; sherlings. 15G25c: goat skins 30G35c: kid skins, 10c: tallow. 5N6c: be~s- wax, 2s@30c: washed wool, 2602sc: clear unwashed wool, 17922c; hurry wool. 1nG12c: ginseng. A.0o06.0o.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-12-18
Sacra menfo Oustod

San Francisco, December 17.--Pacific Coast Baseball league directors decided today to take Salt Lake City into the league in place of Sacramento, which was unable to support club.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-12-18

These figures show that the average of five cities receive 65 per cent more reve- nues from all sources than does the city of Birmingham.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-12-18
New Orleans Cotton Futures

New Orleans, December 17.-Cotton closed very steady at net advance of to 10 points.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-12-18
Meats

Extra Ribs-11hc. Bellies-20-25c; 12c. Boston Butts-14c. Pork Loins-16c. Breakfast Bacon-24c. Spare Ribs-12c. Regular Hams-16c. Skinned Hams-17c.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-12-18
Metal Market

New York. December 17.-Tin dull; five- ton lots, s34@34.25; 5-ton lots, SS3 S7@34 .S7 Copper quiet electrolytic, 1337@13. BOG; casting, 13. 12@13 .25c. Iron quiet and un- changed. At London: Spot copper, R57 los; futures, e5S; spot tin GAS, futures 9146 los.
 New York, December 17.-Lead quiet 3.7o@3.S5 London. e19 Spelter steady s0. 65@5.75. London, R27 12s Cd.
 London, December 17.-Bar silver, 225sd per ounce. Money, 11s per cent; discount rates, short and three months 2B per cent.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-12-18

New Orleans, December 17.-Cotton opened quiet; January, 7.02c; March, Il4c; May 7.33c; July, 7.53c; october. 7.esc
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-12-18
FLAT RATES IN CITY, METER IN SUBURBS
 UPHELD BY COURT
(Continued from Page Five)

the reason that they had special con- tracts for meters. They must now set tie their accounts as heretofore rem dered by the company on the basis of the old flat rate.
 What Windham Case Means
 Another case decided today in fa- vor of the water company is that of Windham vs. the Birmingham Water works company. In this case the su- preme court reverses the case of Kelly against the water company which caused much confusion in the rights of the company to enforce payments of it's accounts in the suburban munici- palities taken into Greater Birmingham in 1910; that Is. Graymont, North Ha- ven, East Lake. Woodlawn Ayondale Elyton. West End, Pratt City, Ensley and Wylam.
 "The supreme court now holds that the contracts of the water company with these former suburban munich palities are valid and that the meter rates provided in these contracts can be enforced even though the quantity of water used Is less than 1000 gallons per day.
 '"The result of this decision is that all consumers in the outlying munich palities will be required to settle tho bills that have been rendered in &C., cordance with the meter readings and not by the minimum charge or the flat rate charge. as many consumers have been insisting was their right under the Kelly decision
 These two decisions clear up all ex- isting disputes between the Birming- ham Waterworks company and its con-
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-12-18

Mrs. Jessie F. Moss, one of the princi- pal owners of the Huntsville Wholesale Nurseries the largest business of rs kind in the country, died at her home near this city today after an illness of four weeks. Mrs. Moss was a native of Vermont and after marriage resided In Dayton. O.. for a time. She became in- terested in the fruit nursery business with Mai w. r. Heiges and they estab- lished the Huntsville Nursery. which grew to be one of the largest nursery plants In the world She was 70 years old. Mrs. Moss is survived by one son. Mir Milton Moss.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-12-18
RAISE IN TAX RATE
 OR MERGER OF CITY AND COUNTY ONLY
 REMEDY, SAYS WARD
Continued from Page rive)

to have operated on a smaller tax rate and do 1t without n deficit. Why should this city be expected to have done something no other city has ever done2
 Approached from any angle. the taxes paid by the people of Birming- ham are less than those of any town in the United states outside the village class, as shown by the reports of the United States census bureau. All the city governments of Europe levy a higher tax rate than the cities of America, which experience of hundreds of years has taught them Is the best plan. They put much money in a com mon pot and then reap the benefits.
 "rhe ono exception wherein Birming- hams levies higher rate than other cities Is the license schedule. This is higher than any other city in the coun- try except New York and Chicago. The city authorities have never attempted to justify the license schedule except upon the grounds of necessity.
 Comment by Citizens
 The many able articles appearing in tho press of the city within the past few days show that the people are alive to the seriousness of this situation Sev- eral of these gentlemen have called at tention to the fact that while tho si rate was lower than in other cities there were other taxes added on which offset this discrepancy. In ono case, de- rartmental fees, meaning building and plumbing fees and so forth, were re- ferred to in this connection.
 "A comparison with five other cities of equal population, Atlanta, Nashville, Memphis. Richmond and Dallas, Tex. shows that the income from this source in Birmingham was 34 cents per capita. while the average for the live cities was 2S cents. On this item it can be seen we are not much out of line with the other cities.
 Another point made was that while the tax rates of the different cites was compared, the comparison was not fair because the rate of assessment was not taken into account. This argument IS offset on the same table which showed the actual amount of money collected as property taxes This column Is really tho crux of the situation. It shows tho average property taxes received from all cities Of the country between 100000 and 300.o0o population to be 2,l9J,oo, against Birminghams $72S,OO0 for tho | same year.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-12-18

New York Cotton Futures New York, December 17-Cotton closed firm.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-12-18
HUNTSVILLE

Huntsville. December CSpeciai.) -Dr. Jere r. Coyle. a prominent citizen of Huntsville, died suddenly at his homo on West Clinton street this morning of heart trouble, He had not been sick anu had been performing n few small tasks about his yard as usual when he walked into his room and fell to the floor dead. Dr. Coyle was for some years a real estate dealer of this city but during re- cent years had been engaged in the prac- tce of dentistry.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-12-18
Coffee Market

New York December i7.-rhe coffee
Norwich bulletin., 1914-09-24

is affected by the stagnation in trade with the countries at war, four of them, Great Britain, Germany, France and the Netherlands, each offering a market for over a billion dollars, worth of foreign products. While Belgium just fell short of import ing a billion dollars worth of goods, of which only eight per cent. came from this country, there are Italy. Canada, Russia, India, Australia, Ar gentina and Japan with imports rang ing from 722 million to 300 million. These countries vary greatly in their purchases from the United States, Canada taking 65 per cent. and India but three per cent. As a market for American goods India is only one third as important as Brazil, Austria Hungary is equal to Cuba, Japan Is about fifteen per cent. as large as Canada. while China is only half as large as Argentina.
 It is therefore quite evident that there is plenty of opportunity for trade expansion even among the countries at peace for they are going to need a certain portion of the supplies which they obtained from other sources. even though their trade is somewhat curtailed by reduced market for their output.
Norwich bulletin., 1914-09-24
THE WAR PRIMER By National Geographic Society

ChaIons- Sur Marne to Nancy-The country lying between Chalons-sur- Marne and Nancy is rich in history and full of points of present day in- tween Nancy and Chalons is S5 miles; by rail it is 112 miles, and by canal, The Marne and the Rhine, which ex- tends from the head of navigation on the Marne river into Germany, about 12O. The first important town out of Chalons by rail is Vitry-le-F Francois, with population of about 5000. This place was formerly fortified and, be- ing located at the crossroads leading to Chalons, Chaumont, Fontainebleau and other points, is a strategic posi- tion. Beyond Vitry is an uninterest- ing farming country, after which we come to Bar-le-Duc, with its monu- ment to the boys of the Mouse, who fell in the war of 1870, its beautiful church of St. Pierre and it's monu- ment of the Michaux, a family who introduced important improvements in the manufacture of bicycles. Be- yond Longeville there is a, railroad tunnel two and half miles long, and 8. long series of cuts and fills through which the line passes through the heights between the valleys of the Aisne and the Mouse. Ninety-two miles from Chalons is the fortified town of Foul, which resisted the Ger mans for 40 days during the Franco Prussian war; A little further on lies Liverdun, where a tunnel carries the Mouse and Rhine canal beneath the town. The scenery in this region is said to be perhaps the most beautiful in the entire journey from Paris to Strassburg. Nancy is 20 miles from Foul by rail. The railroad from Cha Ions to Nancy parallels the Marne river and canal to NancoiS le Petit, crosses the Mouse near Sorcy, and the Rhine near Nancy. West of Bar-1e- while east of that point they run north and south, which makes the military problem in the two sections somewhat different.
 ChaIons to Verdun.-The country lying between Chalons- -sur-Marne and Verdun is now being fought over by the Allies and the Germans. Eleven miles north of Chalons is St. Hilaire- au-Temple, the junction point between Rheims and Verdun. Three miles fur ther on is the large military camp De Chalons, and three miles beyond this as Atilla's camp. It was near here that Atilla the Hun was defeated in the Battle of Chalons+a battle which Sir Edward Greasy reckoned among the Is decisive battles of the world, in which was successfully checked 1Atil- las mighty attempt to found a new anti Christian dynasty. Thirty-t three miles beyond Chalons is the town of Valmy, where the Allies under the Duke of Brunswick were defeated by the French in 1792. This was the fam ous "cannonade of Valmy,' wherein, according to Carlyle, the French Sans