Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-08-30
RUSSIA'S NEW PLEDGE TO POLAND

ting close to the people. Whereas they
had formerly held themselves aloof
from the people they now frequently
in public. and from the ball
comics of the palace saluted the crowd.
which clamored for their presence with
almost childish joy
The duma may be said to have adrotlv
brought this situation about, based upon
the real interest taken by the car and
czariha IN certain measures adopted for
the amelioration of the people, including
the Jews.
When mobilization was decreed the rep
resentatives OF the different nationalities.
foies, rims. Lithuanians, German Rus
slams and Jews. arose and declared that
they desired to forget their past griefs
and would now join their brothers in the
army and side by side fight with the
Russian people. Surely there was some
thing changed in Russia. A correspondent
VINO witnessed these scenes writes that
II the government would seize the oc-
casion 1t was possible to bring about
among the many elements most durable
union
In view of the grand dukes manifesto
to the Poles Of the empire it will prove
instructive to mention briefly Poland's
relations to government-relation all
the more serious that the word Poland
derivation of the word pole-signifies
Slav Poland is Slav and thus may
become In a political emergency a strong
FACTOR in the formation of that Slav ma
ton which may be brought into existence
at any moment
Poland is bounded north by Prussia and
the Baltic. east by Russia. south by Hun
gary and Turkey. west by Silesia-Prus-
STA. The provinces OF the Vistula belong
to Russia and constitute a government
with 100000 inhabitants, and the capital
is Narsovia The province of Galicia be
longs to Austria. and contains $3.50. 900.
and the capital is Lemberg. The Grand
Duchy OF Posen belongs to Prussia, and
contains a population OF 1,720.000, and
the capital is Dantzig.
The history OF the Poles is lost In leg
end. Tho original inhabitants were
named Antes. Henetes.
Polish vendes and then S1avs.
History. i The first rsa.. DYNASTY Past
ceeded in 1882 by the Jagellons There
was union under Vladislas Of the thre.
crowns of Bohemia, Hungary and Poland.
and this combination lapsed under Sigio-
mond
In 1913 Sigiomond Wasa committed the
fatal error OF ceding Prussia TO the elect
ted
the basis of the future power of Pr,lssi;,
which the treaty of Westphalia augment
ed while Sweden increased her strength
on the Baltic. The treaty of Polausoy.
1854, concluded by Sigiomond VII with
the Russians assured to Poland the pos
session OF Sivonia, but the treaty of Web
ian In 1861 determined the loss of Prus-
sla The treaty of Olivia, 1870. gave
Sivonia to Sweden.
The reign of John Sobieski. l674-1G.3.
shed ulster upon the expiring nation
Sobieski in command of a Polish army
aeleated the Turks who We're besieging
Vienna, in 1853. On the death of August
IL the Emperor Charles VI and the Car
ina Anne Ivanowna interfered In the cleo
ton of August Ill Louis XIV, King of
France. son-in-law of Stanislas Leczinski,
declared the election should be free and.
Stanislas. hurrying to Varsovia, was pro-
claimed King of Poland, 1885 But August,
supported by the Russians and Austrians.
drove his rival away. France interfere.
won the victories Of Parma and Guastaiia
but recognized August III in the psi.c
OF Vienna 1I3S. Stanislas was given the
duchies of Lorraine and Bar. which 1T
his death should revert to France
Disorders increased in Poland The
confederation of Bar. 17GS. directed
against Russia, eliminated in 1712 III the
first partition of Poland between Russia
Prussia and Austria. The civil war OF
1892 furnished Russia pretext for a
new Intervention, and Poland was sub
jected to a second ACKNOWLEDGMENT in
1913, in spite of brave Kosciuszko, when
Prussia took Varsovia. Austria took
Cracovia, and Russia the rest. A third
dismemberment in 1898 blotted Poland
from the map as a nation and without
any justification for The spoliation,
The treaty of Tilsit in 1907 restored in
dependence to part of Poland which
was detached from Prussia and created
sovereignty of Frederick August. King of
Saxony, but the treaties of 1sl5 reuait-
ed the duchy to Russia. which conceded
some privileges to Poland.
The new state revolted in 1880, hut not
withstanding the successes of Osbio,enka.
Chlopicki and Grochou. the Russians en-
tered Varsovia, when the minister OF
foreign affairs used the proverbi i
phrase, Order reigns in Varsovia
Cor Warsaw.
severely repressed. Since then Poland
has been Russified and Germanized viii
method. In 1905 the constitution Of the
duma was the starting point of nov
order of things in Russia and Poland.
and the Poles would profit thereby.
From 1906 in fact the Polish deputies
in the duma adopted conciliatory ati-
tude toward the govern
Conciliatory ment with the UNDER
standing that their cor
AttlIuue. dial adhesion would re-
suit in the grant of real privileges 10
Poland.
It is recalled that the question of POLISH
autonomy was discussed sympatheticalir
in the duma. the press and in all polit
cal circles in Russia in 1906. Above al
it was one of the prominent subject
discussed in the SlaV congress
Prague June 90. 1909.
Poland has not stood still, for as,..'
from her sturdy. steadfast patriotism 81
has become positive and practical aft"
having been mystic and romantic. Pri
vate fortunes have been increased, f.
the population is intelligent, energrt
and industrial. In fifty years the linda
tries Of Poland have increased ten-fold.
In consequence the nobility as well as tin
bourgoise capitalists favored a royallst
government and We're always hostile To
revolution. The aristocracy. for a fact.
follows a policy of announcement of
economic interests and repudiates all idea
OF separation from Russia, with whom its
interests are inseparable.
The appearance of the Polish patriots
and orators Dofrotvorski and Lednitzki
in the congress Of the zemstvos. on No
vember p. 1905. was point of departure.
They made speeches that were moderate
and commanded attention. In the name
of Poland they asked that the state OF
siege in Poland should be raised. that the
Polish language should be admitted in
the schools and administrations in Po-
land. The congress not only accorded
the demands of the delegates but it
voted by les to 16 the autonomy of Po-