davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Der Deutsche correspondent. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1841-1918, 1914-08-02

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Der Deutsche correspondent. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1841-1918, 1914-08-02
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Der Deutsche correspondent. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1841-1918, 1914-08-02
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Der Deutsche correspondent. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1841-1918, 1914-08-02
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Der Deutsche correspondent. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1841-1918, 1914-08-02

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Der Deutsche correspondent. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1841-1918, 1914-08-02

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Der Deutsche correspondent. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1841-1918, 1914-08-02

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Der Deutsche correspondent. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1841-1918, 1914-08-02

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Der Deutsche correspondent. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1841-1918, 1914-08-02
GtsIIenaeindyc.
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The Washington herald., 1914-04-12

in such manner had been abandoned. The
United States had repeatedly announced that
we would not permit it to be built or conducted
by any Old World government. Colombia was
utterly impotent to build it herself. Under these
circumstances it had become matter of inn
perative obligation that we should build it our
selves without further delay.
A Partial List Of "Rsvolutioas"
csding ffty-three years the governments of New
Granada and of its successor, Colombia, had
been in constant state of flux; and the state of
Panama had sometimes been treated as almost
independent, in loose federal league and some
times as the mere property of the government
at Bogota; and there had been innumerable ap-
peals to arms, sometimes for adequate, some
times for inadequate reasons. The following is
partial list of the disturbances on the Isthmus
of Panama during the period in question, as re-
ported to us by our consuls. 1t is not possible to
give complete list, and some of the reports
that speak of revolutions" must mean unsuc-
cessful revolutions:
May %, 1s5O.-Outbreak two Americans
killed. War vessel demanded to quell outbreak.
October, 1s50-Revolutionary plot to bring
about independence of the Isthmus
July %, 1s51-Revolution in four southern
provinces. I.:
November IA, 1s51.-Outbreak at Chagres.
Man-of-war requested for Chagres.
June 81, 1s53-Insurrection at Bogots, and
consequent disturbance on Isthn1us War vessel
demanded
May 3d. 1s54-Political disturbances. War
vessel requested.
June %, 1s54-Attempted revolution
October. "a, 1s54-Independence of Isthmus
demanded by PROVINCIAL legislature.
April, 1s56-Riot and massacre of Ameri-
cans
May 4, 1s56.-Riot
May IS, 1s56.-Riot
June 3, 1s56-Riot
October 2, 1s56.-Confct between two ma
tive parties. United States force landed
December IS, 1s5s.-Attempted secession of
Panama.
April, 1s59.-Riots.
September, 1S6O-Outbreak
October 4, 1s60-Landing of United States
forces in consequence.
May %, 1S61.-Intervention of the United
States forces required by intendente
October 2, 1S61.-Insurrectio and civil war.
April 4, 1s62.-Measures to prevent rebels
from crossing Isthmus.
June 13, 1s62-Mosquera's troops refused
adnlittance to Panama.
March, 1S65.-Revolution and United States
troops landed.
August, 1s65-Riots unsuccessful attempt
to invade Panama.
March, 1S66-Unsuccessfu revolution
April 1s67-Attempt to overthrow govern
ment
August, 1S67.-Attempt at revolution
July 5, 1s6s.-Revoluton provisional gov
ernment naugurated.
August 90, 1s6s.-Revolution provisional
government oyerthrown.
April, 1S71.-Revolution; followed apparent
ly by counter-revolution
The Washington herald., 1914-04-12
Former President Tells Of Negotiations
and Why He Took the Bit in His
Teeth, Bringing a Longadiscussed
Matter to a Successful Conclusion.

By far the most important action l took in
foreign affairs during the time l was President
related to the Panama Canal. Here again there
was much accusation about my having acted in
an 'unconstitutional" manner-a position which
can be upheld only if Jefferson's action in ac-
quiring Louisiana be treated as unconstitutional; ;
and at different stages of the affair believers in
a do-nothing policy denounced me as having
''usurpcd authority meant, that when
nobody else could or would exercise sufficient
authority, exercised it.
The Washington herald., 1914-04-12
Absolutsm with a Touch of Humor.

Meanwhile Colombia was under dictator
ship. In 1898 NJ. A. Sanclamente was elected
President, and J. NJ. Msroquin Vice President,
OF the Republic OF Colombia. On July 81, 1900,
the Vice President, Maroquin, executed coup
detat by seizing the person of the President,
Sanclamente, and imprisoning him at place a
declared himself possessed of the executive pow
er because of the absence of the President"-a
delightful touch of unconscious humor. He then
issued decree that public order was disturbed,
and, upon that ground, assumed to himself legis-
lative power under another provision of the con-
stituton; that is, having himself disturbed the
public order, he alleged the disturbance as a
justification for seizing absolute power. Thence
forth Maroquin, without the aid of any legisla-
tive body, ruled as dictator, combining the SUI
preme executive, legislative, civil, and military
authorities, in the so-called Republic of Colon1-
bia. The absence of Sanclamente from the
capital became permanent by his death p prison
in the year 1902. When the people of Panama
declared their independence in November, 1903,
no Congress had sat in Colombia since the year
1898, except the special Congress called by Mar
oquin to reject the canal treaty, and which did
reject it by a unanimous vote, and adjourned
without legislating on any other subject. The
constitution of 1886 had taken away from Pam
anna the power of self-government and, vested it
in Colombia The coup detat of Maroquin took
away from Colombia herself the power of gov
ernment and vested it in an irresponsible dicta-
tor
Consideration of the above facts ought to be
enough to show any human being that we were
not dealing with normal conditions on the 18TH
The Washington herald., 1914-04-12
He Shows that the Government, in Nom
inal Control Of the lsthmus, Was Not
Stable, and that Canal Was an Inter-
national Need.

mus and in Colombia. We were dealing with
the government of an irresponsible alien die
tator, and with condition of affairs on the
Isthmus itself which was marked by one un-
interrupted series of outbreaks and revolutions
As for the consent of the governed theory,
that absolutely justified our action; the people
on the lsthmus were the governed" they were
governed by Colombia without their consent,
and they unanimously repudiated the Colombian
government, and demanded that the United
States build the canal
The Washington herald., 1914-04-12

March 1S83.-Riot
May, 1ss3.-Riot.
June, 1SS4.-Revolutionar attempt
December 1sS4.-Revolutionary attempt.
January, 1ss5.-Revolutioriar disturbances.
March 1SS5.-Revolution.
April, 1ss7-Disturbance on Panama Rail
road. .E ~
November, 1SS7.-Disturbance on line of
canal.
January, 1ss9-Riot. -
January, 1s95.-Revolution which lasted I'M
til April.
March, 1s95.-Incendiary attempt
October, 1S99.-Revolution.
February, 1900. to July, 19OO,--Revolution.
January, 1901.-Revolution.
July, 19O1.-Revolutionar disturbances.
The Washington herald., 1914-04-12

We had again and again been forced to in
tervene to protect the transit across the Isthmus,
and the Intervention was frequently at the re-
quest of Colombia herself. The effort to build
canal by private capital had been made under
De Lesseps and had resulted in lamentable fail
ure. Every serious proposal to build the canal
in such manner had been abandoned. The
United States had repeatedly announced that
we would not permit it to be built or conducted
by any Old World government. Colombia was
utterly impotent to build it herself. Under these
circumstances it had become matter of inn
perative obligation that we should build it our
selves without further DELAY.
The Washington herald., 1914-04-12
The Time to Act.

During the nearly four hundred years that
had elapsed since Balboa crossed the Isthmus,
there had been good deal of talk about build
ing an Isthnus canal, and there had been va
rious discussions of the subject and negotiations
about it in Washington for the previous half
century. So far it had all resulted merely in
conversation; and the time had come when un-
less somebody was prepared to act with decision
we would have to resign ourselves to at least
half century of further conversation.
The Washington herald., 1914-04-12
Our Rights Asserted.

For nearly fifty years we had asserted the
right to prevent the closing of this highway of
commerce. Secretary of State Cass in 1858 Of
ficially stated the American position as follows:
Sovereignty has its duties as we'll as its
rights, and none of these local governments,
even if administered with more regard to the
just demands of other nations than they have
been, would be permitted, in spirit of Eastern
isolation, to close the gates of intercourse of
the great highways of the world, and justify
the act by the pretension that these avenues of
trade and travel belong to them and that they
choose to shut them, or, what is almost equiv
alent, to cucumber them with such unjust rela-
tions as. would prevent their general USE"
The Washington herald., 1914-04-12
COL. ROOSEVELT AND THE PANAMA QUESTION

lombia in acts which were quite incompatible
with the theory of her having absolute and un-
conditional sovereignty on the Isthnus, are illus
trated by the following three kilograms between
two of Our naval officers whose ships were at
the Isthmus, and the Secretary of the Navy on
the occasion of the first outbreak that occurred
on the Isthmus after became President "a year
before Panama became independently:
. September II, 1902
Ranger, Panama
United States guarantees perfect neutrality
Of Isthmus and that free transit from sea to
sea be not interrupted or embarrassed.
Any transportation of troops which might con-
travcne these provisions of treaty should not be
sanctioned by you, nor should use of the road
be permitted which might convert the line of
transit into theater of hostility. MOODY"
Colon, September 20, 1902
Secretary Navy, Washington:
Everything is conceded. The United States
guards and guarantees traffic and the line of
transit. Today permitted the exchange of Co.
lombian troops from Panama to Colon, about
1000 men each way, the troops without arms in
trains guarded by American naval force in the
same manner as other passengers; arms and am
munition in separate train, guarded also by naval
force in the same manner as other freight
MCLEAN"
Panama October 3, 1902
Secretary Navy, Washington, D. c.:
Have sent this communication to the Amer-
can consul at Panama:
Inform governor, while trains running un-
der United States protection, l must decline
transportation of any combatants, ammunition,
arms, which might cause interruption to traffic
or convert line of transit into theater hostities.
CASEY"
When the government in nominal control OF
the Isthn1us continually besought American in
reference to protect the rights it could not
itself protect, and permitted our government to
transport Colombian troops unarmed, under pro-
lection of our own armed men, while the Co.
lombian arms and ammunition came in sep
aratc train, it is obvious that the Colombian
sovereignty was of such a character as to
warrant our insisting that, nasmuch as it only
existed because Of our protection, there should
be in requtal sense OF the obligations that
the acceptance OF this protection implied.
The Washington herald., 1914-04-12
The Time for Delay Passed.

l had done everything possible personally
and through Secretary Hay, to persuade the Co.
lombian government to keep faith. Under the
Hay-Pauncefote treaty it was explicitly provided
that the United States should build the canal,
should control, police, and protect it, and keep
it open to the veseels of all nations on equal
terms. We had assumed the position OF guar
antor OF the canal, including, OF course, the
building of the canal, and of its peaceful use by
all the world. The enterprise was recognized
everywhere as responding to an international
need. 1t was mere travesty on justice to treat
the government in possession of the Isthmus as
having the right-which Secretary Cass forty
five years before had so emphatcally repudiated
to close the gates of intercourse on one of the
great highways OF the world.
When we submitted to Colombia the Hay
Herran treaty, it had been settled that the time
for delay, the time for permitting any govern
ment of anti-social character, or of imperfect
development, to bar the work, had passed. The
United States had assumed in connection. with
the canal certain responsibilities, not only to its
own people but to the civilized world which i'm
peratvely demanded that there should be no
further delay in beginning the work. The Hay
Herran treaty, if it erred at all, erred in being
overgenerous toward Colombia. The people of
Panama were delighted with the treaty, and the
President of Colombia, who embodied in his
own person the entire government OF Colombia,
had authorized the treaty to be made. But after
the treaty had been made the Colombia govern
ment thought it had the matter in its own hands;
and the further thought, equally wicked and
foolish, came into the heads of the people in
control at Bogota that they would seize the
French Company at the end of another year
and take for themselves the forty million dol
lars which the United States had agreed to pay
the Panama Canal Company.
The Washington herald., 1914-04-12
A Sham and q Shield.

President Maroquin, through his minister,
had agreed to the Hay-Herran treaty in Janu-
ary, 1903. He had the absolute power of an
unconstitutional dictator to keep his promise or
break it. He determined to break it. To fur
nish himself an excuse for breaking it he de-
vised the plan of sumnloning Congress espe-
cially called to reject the canal treaty This the
Congress- Congress of mere puppets-did,
without dissenting vote; and the puppets ad
journed forthwith without legislation on any
other subject The fact that this mere
sham, and that the President had entire power
to confirm his own treaty and act on it if he
desired, was shown as soon as the revolution
took place, for on Nvember 6 Gen. Reyes, of
Colombia, addressed the American Minister at
Bogota, on behalf of President Maroquin, say
ing that IF the government of the United States
would land troops and restore the Colombian
sovereignty the Colombian President would
declare martial law; and, by virtue of vested
constitutional authority, when public order is
disturbed, would approve by decree the ratihca-
ton of the canal treaty signed; or, if the
government of the United States prefers, would
friendly members-next May to approve the
treaty" This, of course, is proof positive that
the Colombian dictator had used his Congress as
a mere shield, and sham shield at that and it
shows how utterly useless it would have been
further to trust his good faith in the matter.
The Washington herald., 1914-04-12
Colombia Aequiesees.

Under the Hay-Pauncefote treaty, signed
shortly after 1 became President, and thanks
to our negotiations with the French Panama
Company, the United States at last acquired
possession so far as Europe was concerned
which warranted her in Immediately undertak-
ing the task. 1t remained to decide where the
canal should be, whether along the line already
pioneered by the French company in Panama or
in Nicaragua. Panama belonged to the Repub
lie of Colombia. Nicaragua bid eagerly for the
privilege of having the United States build the
canal through her territory. As long as it was
doubtful which route we would decide upon,
Colombia extended every promise of friendly CO.
operation; at the Pan-American Congress in
Mexico her delegate joined in the unanimous
vote which requested the United States forth
with to buid the canal; and at her eager request
we negotiated the Hay-Herran treaty with her,
which gave US the right to build the canal across
Panama. A board of experts sent to the 18th
mus had reported that this route was better than
the Nicaragua route, and that it would be well
to build the canal over it provided we could pur-
chase the rights of the French company for forty
million dollars; but that otherwise they would
advise taking the Nicaragua route. Ever since
1916 we had had treaty with the power then
in control of the Isthmus, the Republic of New
Granada, the predecessor of the Republic of Co.
lombia and of the present Republic of Panama,
by which treaty the United States was guaran-
teed free and open right of way across the 18TH
mus of Panama by any mode of communication
that might be constructed, while in return our
government guaranteed the perfect neutrality of
the Isthmus with view to the preservation of
free transit.
The Washington herald., 1914-04-12
Incapable of Keeping Order.

The above is only partial list OF the revolu-
tions rebellions, instructions, riots, and other
outbreaks that have occurred during the period
in question; vet they number ffty-three for the
ffty-three years, and they showed tendency to
increase rather than decrease in numbers and
intensity. One of them lasted for nearly three
years before it was queed; anotheI for nearly
a year. In short, the experience of over half
a century had shown Colombia to be utterly in
capable of keeping order on the Isthmus. Only
the active interference of the United States had
enabled her to preserve much as semblance
of sovereignty. Had it not been for the exer-
else by the United States of the police power in
her interest, her connection with the Isthmus
would have been sundered long before it was.
In 1856, in 1860, in 1873, in 1885, in 1901, and
States warsfips were forced to land in order
to patrol the Isthmus, to protect life and prop
erty, and to see that the transit across the 18TH
MUS was kept open In 1861, in 1862, in 1885,
and in 1900, the Colombian government asked
that the United States government would land
troops to protect Colombian interests and main
tain order on the Isthmus. The people of Pam
anna during the preceding twenty years had
three times sought to establish their indepen-
dence by revolution or secession-in 1885, in
1895, and in 1899.
Colombia Asks for American Aid.
The Washington herald., 1914-04-12
COL. ROOSEVELT

When he was discussing the Panama situation.
September, 19O1.-City OF Colon taken by
rebels.
March, 1902.-Revolutionar disturbances.
July, 1902.-Revolution.
The Washington herald., 1914-04-12

published by special arrangement with the Out
look, which Theodore Roosevelt contributing
editor. through the Mcclure Newspaper Syndicate.
Copyright. 1914 by the Macmillan Company. All
next insallment will appear in Sundays Herald)
The Washington herald., 1914-04-12
Colombia Asks for American Aid.

The peculiar relations of the United States
toward the Isthmus, and the acquiescence by CO.