davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-02-14
SPRAYING SUGGESTIONS.

When making the first treatme nt for
tie codling moth the effort should be
made to fill every calyX cup with the
Sa~'%oned liquid. The orchardist should
''?ake frequent examinations Of the
t 1es just treated to determine whether
or rot the calyX cups have been filed.
4 little magnifying glass is the great
est aid in this. IN making this exam
nation, it is best to not only examine
the blossoms on branches easily
reached with the spray rod, but also
the blossoms in the high tops Of the
trees.
The second spraying for the cooling
moth is done for the purpose Of coat
ing the outside Of the apples with poi
son to prevent the entrance of worms
through the sides Of the fruit. 1t is
made from ten days to three weeks
after the first application, and is best
done with nozzle Of the vermorel
type. which throws a finely divided
spray.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-02-14

A good breed Of fowls properly bred
is the first essential Of successful egg
production. For egg production alone
the White or the Brown Leghorns are
unsurpassed. For the general farmer
and others desiring both meat and
eggs White or Barred Rocks. White
Wyandottes and Rhode Island Reds
head the list Keep only one breed
and breed these by continuous selec-
ton for vigor and egg production.
No hens should be kept for laying
purposes after their second laying
year. On an average hens will lay Is
per cent as many eggs during their
second laying year as they win during
the first. After this they will seldom
lay enough eggs at market prices to
pay for their feed.
The ability to hatch and rear young
stock is the third essential. For the
general farmer keeping not more than
one or two hundred fowls. the natural
method Of Matching and brooding can
not be improved upon. For those in
the business of egg production on a
larger scale, incubators and brooders
are necessity.
A good poultry house, one that is
always dry inside and admits plenty
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-02-14

st. Petersburg on the conditions In
Russia and Siberia.
The same businesslike system used
in tracing the track of a storm is ap-
piled in determining the arrival of
frosts.
Flood forecasts are made in much the
same way. Information as to the
amount Of rainfall at the head waters
Of streams that cause floods are
covered by Geographic reports sent by
local observers. AS this rain reaches
the main channel. the height of the
water in the channel is determined by
successive gauging stations. Past rec
ords establish how much a height, say
of 20 feet at Dubuque. Iowa. will pro-
duce at Davenport This plan is fol-
lowed all the way down the Mississippi
river, and at each point full allowance
is made for the effects Of water from
tributaries, and from additional and
local rainfall. As a result Of these OBJ
servations in the recent flood, the peo-
pie of Cairo had warning a week or ten
days In advance. The Pittsburgh dis
trict can be given only IL to "a hours
notice, because a flood Is upon them
within "a hours after a heavy rain
storm.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-02-14
THE GREAT VALUE OF FORAGE CROPS FOR
THE GROWING PIGS

fed does nor mean that they snould BE-
fec alone.
The crops best adapted to grasing
with pigs are alfalfa, rape, clover. blue
grass. bermuda. rye. oats. soy beans.
and cowpeas. The nature Of the soil.
the climate. and the rainfall are In
fluences that should govern the selec-
ton Of the crops to be used. Alfalfa
| is the greatest forage crop on soils
suited to its growth. Rape and clover
are also excellent feeds. and both are
high in protein, the element needed to
balance ordinary grain feeds.
Farmers are urged to plan some
system Of forage crops for their hogs.
Now Is the time to plan some fields to
be sown to crops adapted to grazing.
If permanent pastures are available.
fence off a portion for the pigs and
plant some crop to keep the pigs
growing when the permanent pastures
dry up, and the returns from the
years work with hogs will be proper
tionately increased. Give the pig an
honest chance to make you money by
giving him green feeds in their natural
state, and his growth, health, and
pork making ability will be increased.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-02-14
WHY TREES SHOULD BE PRUNED

Pruning as applied to fruit trees is
a practice by which a portion Of the
tree is removed, having as it's chief aim
regulation Of growth and fruiting,
and shaping or training of the tree.
The process is most important as a
thinning Of the fruit buds. and for the
regulation and distribution Of new
wood. The practice itself will vary
with the several fruits. and the local
conditions.
The practice of pruning fruit trees
for the better development of fruit is
as ancient and time honored as the
science of fruit growing itself. The
Romans were aware of the benefits to
be derived from this practice. and
much sound advice may still be
cleaned from these ancient writers on
this subject. The progressive fruit
growers Of today are as consistent in
the yearly pruning Of the apple
orchard as they are In the harvesting
Of the fruit Yet how many general
farmers, and men who devote only a
portion of their time to orcharding,
neglect the pruning Of the trees alb
solutely. Many such men are ready
with an excuse for their negligence.
while still others are unaware Of their
folly. Unless a man is positively in
different to the quality of fruit borne
on his trees he has no excuse for such
neglect. and even then his bad example
is a positive detriment to his COM
munity.
While one Of the excuses often Of
fered for neglecting the pruning Of
fruit trees Is that it is contrary to the
laws of nature a close observation
not only proves the folly Of this rea-
soning. but it shows conclusively that
pruning is In accordance with natures
own methods rather than contrary to
them.
If we examine the branch of tree
we find all gradations Of dormant leaf
buds small twigs, fruit spurs, etc. A
close observation shows that there are
many more dormant buds than
branches, and that many small twigs
start to grow only to perish after
short existence. Only few buds are
able to produce twigs which eventu-
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-02-14
EGGS FOR MATCHING.

All eggs intended for Matching pur-
poses whether under hens or in incu-
bators, should be as fresh as possible
when set. These eggs should be from
sound. vigorous, healthy breeding
stock only. Choose medium sized
eggs that are well-formed and that
have smooth. normal appearing shells.
Thin or rough shelled eggs should not
be set. neither should eggs be used on
which there are any little warty-like
eXcrescences of lime, as these will be
sure to chip off in turning and leave
holes in the egg shell which will pre-
vent further development of the en-
bryo. Eggs intended for Matching
should be kept in a cool, dry, clean
place and should not be turned while
being so kept. The temperature of
the room in which they are kept
should not fall below 40 degrees or
go above so degrees T. Prolonged ex-
posture Of eggs to temperature of 70
degrees or above will injure the vital
ity of the germ and be almost certain
to result in dead germs or fully
formed chicks dead in the shell.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-02-14

tempt to improve upon the work OF
nature p The explanation of this Is a
simple one. Natures object Is the
production Of seed with provision for
It's distribution. If it has fleshy parts
sufficient to attract some fruit loving
animal which may. perchance. drop
the seed far from the parent tree and
thus reproduce its kind. natures func-
ton has been fulfilled. Man covets
the fieshy portion Of the fruit: there
fore. the quantity Of the seeds must be
reduced-reduce the struggle for ex-
istence-in order that size and quality
may come before number. The energy
of the plant is simply detected into
another channel
1t Is a common assertion that the
cutting off of portion Of plant is an
injury because it removes a certain
amount of living tissue. This theory
would lead one to think that a plant
had certain fixed vitality, from
which a given amount is Withdrawn
whenever portion of the plant Is cut
away. A plant is very largely what
it's food supply and environmental
conditions make it. 1t is constantly
being renewed. The removal of a por-
Iioi VI ~ SdA IlOL ucSlEOy us vitality
unless this be so great as to interfere
with the nutrition of the remaining
parts. 1t must be admitted that the
removal OF a large limb could often
times have been averted by earlier
pruning to thus divert the energy Of
the tree along desired channels
However, this would result in the
economy of time in building up the de-
sired portion of the tree during its
early development. and not in an
economy of vitality, for vitality is con-
stantly renewed.
There Is a balance between the feed
ing capacity Of the plaintiffs root sys-
tcm-and its top. That is, the more
efficient the root system, the larger
the top. If a large portion Of the top
is removed, the remaining portion
makes a rapid growth to
re-esta blish this balance.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-02-14
BY PROF. G. M. TURPIN.

of fresh air and sunshine without
drafts, must be provided.> This is ac-
complished by having three sides tight
and the south side largely open. Glass
windows are an unnecessary expense.
The building should be convenient and
not cost more than one dollar for each
bird it will comfortably house.
Proper method Of feeding consists
in the use of variety Of cheap grains
and mill products of good quality.
When fowls do not have access to in
sects, meat food Of some form Is an
absolute necessity. Lime in the form
of ground oyster shell or old plaster,
should be provided, together 9th
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-02-14

Many jewellers in towns and cities
feel great interest in forestry and
would be glad to give active aid to
the cause. Some are doing so by the
improvement Of forest lands which
they own. but there are greater num-
bers who are not able to do this but
who greatly desire to enjoy the forests
and to help along any movement tend
Ing to their improvement. The preser-
walton Of forests for natural scenery;
to check the winds and hold back the
waters; to stop erosion of valuable
farm lands; to harbor birds and ami
mails; to produce materials for build
Ing and manufacturing are matters
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-02-14
OUR BIGGEST ASSET.

The United Statea Is the worlds
ideal farming country. Its varieties OF
climate and soils make it a natural
producer Of almost everything that
can be furnished by the agricultural
and stock raising interests. There Is
not the slightest doubt that farm land
will ultimately become the most valu-
abb asset Of our country.
Agricultural statistics show that
there is more danger Of a shortage
than an overproduction of farm pro-
ducts, production having failed to keep
pace with the general development OF
the country. Farming, for this reason
and the improvements in machinery
offers the surest and quickest road to
success in it's history. At the same
time it requires less capital and ex-
perience to make beginning than
many other lines of endeavor which
hold out smaller chances Of success.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-02-14
ROOTS.

Roots are excellent feed for dairy
cows and are especially desira bic for
the fall and early winter, as they are
palatable, easy to digest. and stimu-
late the flow of milk. They are espe-
cially effective with cows that fresh
ened in the spring, and whose flow of
milk has been depressed during the
summer because Of annoyance by flies
and mosquitoes and unfavorable pas
ture conditions If such are given a
liberal supply Of roots when brought
t, stall feeding, the flow of milk is
often materially increased. Less grain
is required while roots are being fed
The change from roots to more grain
should be made gradually, adding
grain at the rate Of 1 pound -.r Ia
pounds of roots withdrawn.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-02-14
A WONDERFUL COW.

Starligh. Corey, owned in Duluth
Mimi, during 1913 produced $50 y
pounds Of butter fat, which is a new
record for Glass Guernsey heifers in
Minnesota. This yield is equivalent to
about 700 pounds Of commercial but
ter. She also calved for the first time.
Glass F includes heifers between the
ages Of 2a and years. She is half
sister to Starlight Fern. which made
a state record for Guernsey cows in
1912 and is the present state cham
pion-
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-02-14
HOW THE WEATHER BUREAU FORECASTS
STORMS, FROSTS AND FLOODS

Many people have an idea that there
is something mysterious and occult
about the work Of the Weather Blu
reau. in torecasting the coming OF
think that the observers must neces-
sarily get their data by reading the
planets. the stars and the moon. AS a
matter Of fact the forecaster Of the
Bureau foretells the coming Of disturb
tlnces in q businesslike way, very
similar to that in which a man who
US ordered shipment of goods
kpuld estimate the date of its arrival.
ia iSuppose business man has ordered
6 carload Of pineapples from the Ha-
sian Islands. He would know the
& age time it would take the steamer
to make the trip to the Pacific port
the average time for unloading and
loat rg into refrigerator cars. and the
averare number of days to be allowed
these ears for their trip across the
contin mt to- New York. His estimate,
however. would be subject to error be-
cause aae steamship might be delayed
by fog. or the cars might meet with an
accide!k
Stor. y. like pineapples. as a rule do
not orr -inate In the United States.
They core to us. some from the Phil
frpines. Japan. Siberia. Alaska. Canada
or the Gulf of Mexico. The Weather
Bureau gets cable, Geographic or
wireless notice of foreign storm. Sta
ton after station, or vessel after vessel
reports the storms arrival in its
neighborhood. so that the general di-
rection and rate of progress can be
determined very early. In fact. the
arrival of some storms can be foretold
ten days in advance.
The forecasters watch for the region
OF low barometer which is the storm
center around which the winds blow.
This whirl or eddy moves bodily for
ward with the general eastward drift
of about $50 miles a day in our lati-
tudcs. AS the lines of equal pressure
isohnrs). around the low center crowd
closer together. the winds attending
the storm increase In force. The fore
caster determines the direction of
increment of the storm and it's We
locitv. ,..a.
NHn weather disturbances are re-
1""t'' the forecasters know from ex-
ls,""nre about how long it takes them
TO reoch our Pacific Coast, and then
Enw IN" after they will reach the At
lar''" Coast. For example. If a storm
Cow ~ rom Siberia drifts eastward
.'rn.n.l the North Pole and reappcars
- A"ska. it should appear in wash
!l"t:~I and Oregon in about twp days:
sncn!d ret IN the Great Lakes in six
a., 9 nnl 70 the Atlantic Coast in SEVEN
~ ei~ht DAYS -".
tTr"rpected conditions may delay.
ms or divert them from the
!clt track Just as a refrigerator
may be thrown off it's schedule or
l.pped by accident on a wrong
Some Of these storms deplete
'Hselves by running into regions of
-ii%h barometer which are of greater
ma"nitude and extent than the storm
Itself Some Of them, however. travel
completely around the world
To keep tab on cold waves that come
into the United States from Canada
and Alaska. the Weather Bureau
studies the Canadian Weather reports.
England sends reports from Iceland.
the British Islands and Continental
Europe, and daily reports come from
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-02-14

which concern city people as we'll as
those who dwell on farms.
The obligation to protect the for
ests rests upon all and the opportunity
to enjoy them should be enjoyed by
all. Cities should own forest parks in
which the design should be to get
away from the conventional and costly
style of landscape gardening now so
common in city parks.
Such parks, If made as natural as
possible, would cost far less to estab-
fish and maintain than other parks
and would serve many purposes. They
would help to arouse an interest in
forestry and to show its practicability.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-02-14

forward to catch the door. The door
and trigger should be fitted to the top
before it is nailed on.
c shows the door, which, loosed
from the trigger, falls behind the rab-
bit as he enters the trap, and is hung
tightly at the top. and rests against
the cleat at the bottom, so cannot be
pushed outward. Bait with carrot or
apple.
Hang the bait on the back end Of
the box. The door is made of wire
bent up and down and fastened with
staples. Have enough space between
the trigger and the bait for the rab-
1t to have to push it to get to the
bait, then the door falls and the rab-
bit is caught.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-02-14
HINT FOR THE FARMERS WIFE.
Do Not Let Fat Burn in Cooking.

Do Not Let Fat Burn In COOKING.
The unpopularity of fried food in
many families Is due entirely to the
fact that the fat has been burned in
cooking. Fat when heated to too high
I. temperature splits up and may form
substances which have an irritating
effect on the throat and may cause d.
gestive disturbances. Fat in itself Is
very valuable food and If it is not
scorched should prove a healthful
rather than an Objectionable article Of
diet. A slightly burned taste and
similar Objectionable flavors can often
be removed from fat by putting into
it thick slices of raw potato and heat
ing it gradually. When the fat ceases
to bubble and the potatoes are brown,
the fat should be strained off through
a cloth placed in a wire strainer.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-02-14

ally produce flowers and fruit Such
then is the struggle for existence
among the buds and branches Of the
tree. Similar to the. struggle among
all the organisms Of the world. A
tree is essentially collection or colony
of individual plants. Every branch is
endeavoring to do what every other
branch does-to bear leaves, flowers
and seeds. But there are more buds
than there can be branches on the
tree. and there are more twigs and
branches than can bear flowers and
fruit. There Is a struggle for exist
ence among branches and some Of the
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-02-14
DON'T BURN THE STRAW.

ton o. wheat straw contains ap-
proximately 220 pounds of nitrogen, 80
pounds Of phosphoric acid, and 240
pounds of potash; ton of oats straw
has about 240 pounds Of nitrogen, so
pounds of phosphoric acid and $50
pounds Of potash. In addition to the
decrease of plant food elements. the
Il also suffers, when this material Is
burned, by the loss Of the humus.
which is badly needed on most fields.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-02-14
RECIPES FOR USING COWPEAA.
Among the recipes given for cook
ing cowpeas are the following:
Sandwich Filling,

Among the recipes given for cook
ing cowpeas are the following:
Sandwich Filling.
A mixture of cooked peas ana
cheese may be used for a sandwich
filing. In fact. cooked cowpeas
mashed and freed from the skina. by
being put through a sieve may form
the basis Of a large variety Of sand
wich filings. The cheese may be
omitted and chopped celery or nuts
added, or the peas may be mixed with
little butter and few drops Of
vinegar or lemon Juice. Leaves Of
lettuce dipped in salad dressing add to
the attractiveness of the sandwiches.
Cowpea Salad.
Mix cold cooked cowpeas with
French dressing and serve on lettuce.
endive, or water cress. The proper
lions for the French dressing are: 3
tablespoonfuls of salad oil, 1 table,
spoonful of vinegar, and one-half tea
spoonful Of salt. Add a few grains OF
cayenne pepper.
Baked Cowpeas.
Cook quart Of large white cowpeas
slowly in water until they begin to
soften. This will require five or six
hours. Put them into bean pot. add
one-haf pound of salt pork, and
tablespoonful Of molasses. Cover
with water and bake slowly six or
seven hours. It is we'll to- have tho
pot covered except during the last
hour.
Hopping John.
Soak one quart Of dried cowpeas
over night in water enough to cover.
Cook until they are tender, adding
more water If necessary. Cook q pint
of rice in pints Of water. mix tho
two, season with 2 tablespoonful OF
butter and teaspoonfuls of salt A
little beef or pork may be added to
the water in which the peas are
cooked.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-02-14

plenty of green food and fresh water
at all times.
Economy Of labor Is the sixth es-
sential of profitable egg production.
This can be largely brought about In
three ways: % The use of the colony
house system of housing where build
ings can be moved. ca BY the hopper
method of feeding so that the stock
need only be fed every few days or
once week, instead Of several times
day. CD BY the use of water
system which does away with tho
necessity of carrying water to the
fowls, and by giving the stock plenty
of free range both summer and winter.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-02-14
A RABBIT TRAP.

A is the trap complete, showing the
inner workings of the wire door and
trigger.
B is the top before 1t Is nailed on
and is shown turned oVer-upside
down. The wire door is turned up
against the top and the trigger pushed
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-02-14

Rations for chickens should include
a small portion of meat. but. as = rule,
1t Is quite expensive. Commercially II
is sold in such forms as beef scrap,
animal meal, blood meal, and nsh
scrap. Sour skim milk as substitute
for meat has given splendid results.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-02-14

No farm should be without fruit. A
farmer who has taste for fruit-grow
ing, and land suitable for it. should
have his orchards of such fruits as his
local market calls for and of such va
rieties as succeed best in his locality.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-02-14

contestants perish; however the de-
struction of portion of these
branches is conducive to the better
ment Of the remaining ones.
Every tree is a record of defeats
and disasters in order that the strong
er parts may live. If nature is such
a searching and unrestricted primer it
is safe to conclude that man may
prune also. In other words the fruit
tree is being continually pruned by
nature. Some readers will naturally
inquire then, "why should man at
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-02-14

Early in January a shooting party
was given in England by Lord Burn
ham for King George, at which time.
1t is reported. 5,40O pheasants We're
killed in two days.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-02-14

The rain does not fall alike on the
just and the unjust. because of the
fact that the unjust does not care
whose umbrella he uses.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-02-14
Deep Burrows
A hard bed makes early rising easy
BY GUM.

When you give the very best in you
all the time you are entitled to the
best the world has in return, and you
generally get it.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-02-14

Poor cows and indifferent dairymen
are the most Incorporating foes of
the dairy business
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-02-14

Some folks know so much about to-
day that their guess about tomorrow
amounts almost to a certainty. These
are the ones who are paying income
taxes.