davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-09-19

growing, because seeding is only nec-
esSary once in several years, and
thereafter the farmer has only to cut
and harvest his crop or pasture it
down as his judgment directs. When
the hay Is stored in the barn he has
foodstuff that will replace a large
part Of the expensive concentrates
which it Is now necessary to buy on
stock farms to supplement the ration
of corn and cereal grains raised on
the land. In addition to these virtues
It is IN enricher Of the SOIL because 1t
belongs to the famous family Of le-
guminous crops which under certain
conditions have the remarkable pow
er Of gathering free atmospheric nit
rogen and storing 1t in the soil :
building It into their tissues for tho
nourishment Of growing animals.
dairy cows and other classes Of stock
which require large supplies Of pro-
tein.
These are but few OF the special
qualities which commend this plant
to the attention Of the farmer. Under
these conditions it is but natural that
men should strive to grow alfalfa,
for its successful production would
change not only the physical condi-
ton OF the land on many farms, but
greatly improve the financial condi-
ton OF the owner as we'll. So many
failures have been recorded that
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-09-19

localities, it Is of great importance
that every one should watch closely
any such disease or insect which may
come under his observation. If there
are any indications that it is of an
injurious character, he may save him.
self and others a great deal Of trouble
by reporting at once to the expert
mental station Of his state, giving all
the information he can in regard to
the insect or fungus, and sending
specimen II possible. For example,
while the gypsy moth Is not new
insect, 1t Is much more destructive in
some sections than others, and it will
be we'll for everybody interested in
fruit or shade trees TO be on the look
out for 1t and destroy it as soon as
found. It's occurrence should be re-
ported at once to the state expert
ment station. This is true of all such
injurious pests-whether insects or
diseases.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-09-19
SAVANNAH ,YlKM1y>xt
Caterpiller of tho gypsy moth.

Catorpiller of tho gypsy moth.
for. are less liable to disease than
neglected ones. Keep the orchard
clean, and destroy, as far as practical
BILE. all sources Of injection. Many
diseases, as, for example, pear blight
and peach-yellows. can be kept in
check by destroying diseased plants
or parts Of plants as soon as the
trouble is noticed. Wild plants which
can harbor and propagate plant dis
eases should be destroyed. Volunteer
apple trees growing near the orchard
are a constant source Of trouble to
the owner. Thorough and intelligent
spraying will reduce the injury arising
from most plant diseases to the min
irnum.
The same principle applies in large
measure to the treatment of injurious
insects. Study the habits and prevent.
as far as possible, conditions favorable
to their propagation or wtntering over
from one season to another. In treat
ing injurious insects and their destruc-
ton by sprays, we may divide them
into two classes: those which chew
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-09-19
REASONS FOR VARIATIONS IN CREAM TESTS
BY PROF. O. II. ECKLEs

and 1t always tests lower. A variation
in speed has a much greater effect on
some machines than upon others.
Speed also makes a much greater
variation in the test Of the cream
when the separator is set to deliver
thick cream than il found when the
thin cream is separated.
II the separator is adjusted to de-
liver cream testing 25 per cent at
regular speed, the test will perhaps
not be more than Q per cent less If
the machine be run only three-quar-
ters speed Of the regular speed, while
II the cream screw be so adjusted that
the machine run at full speed delivers
cream testing 40 per cent, at three
quarters speed the test may be from
z to per cent less. n
This variation due to speed is not
caused by difference in the amount
Of fat remaining In the skim milk
but by the proportion of the whole
that Is taken out as cream and as skim
milk. In other words, at a lower
speed more skim milk goes into the
cream.
The temperature of the milk sep
arated varies on the farm to some
extent from day to day. While there
Is great deal of difference In differ
ent makes Of separators in regard to
the effect of temperature on the test,
the rule Is that the colder the milk
the smaller the amount Of cream and
the higher the test.
Variations due to the temperature
of the milk undoubtedly are not as
great as the variation due to speed.
If cream tests 80 per cent when the
milk Is separated at 80 degrees, 1t
may from some machines test as high
as 40 per cent when separated at 70.
degrees. Under the average condi-
tons. however on the farm cream will
not vary more than 8 or per cent
of fat due to the changes Of tenn
perature that are apt to be found.
Separating the milk too cold also
results in the variations in the per
cent of fat In the cream. Ordinarily
the rate Of inflow into the hand sep
arator Is regulated by a float and
does not vary to any great extent.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-09-19
BY A. e. STENE.

their food, and those which obtain
their food by sucking the juices from
the plants. Nearly all insects Of the
former class are easily destroyed by
some form Of stomach poison. while
| the latter can be killed only by
contact insecticide.
Many people fear danger from pois-
oning by eating sprayed fruit and
plants. It Is not advisable to spray
plants and fruits with arsenical pois-
ons shortly before using them, but
there is no danger from fungicides.
Analyses in the chemical laboratory
at the New York Experiment Station
have shown that one would have to
eat. at one time, about 5000 pounds
Of sprayed grapes, skins included. in
order to get a serious dose OF copper.
In regard to pasturing cattle in an
orchard no apprehension need be
felt with reference to any spray as
ordinarily applied.
The warfare against plant diseases
and insects varies SO much with the
different conditions Of climate. soN,
etc., that no hard and fast rule can
be laid down as the number Of times
to spray, nor as to the time of spray
ing.
The spraying should be thorough,
and yet one should avoid using more
than enough to cover trees or foliage
we'll. In spraying, It always pays to
have good outfit. The pump should
be large and powerful enough to give
sufficient pressure for the proper
working Of the nozzle. The cylinder.
valves and plungers should be Of
brass or bronze. and should be so
constructed as to be easily taken
apart for cleaning and repairs. In
preparing most Of the spraying mix
lures, glass, stone-ware. or wooden
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-09-19

Occasionally, however. the faucet Is
not fully opened and the inflow Is,
for this reason. less than usual.
AT times the supply can is kept
nearly full during most of the time
the machine Is running and at other
times allowed to be nearly empty.
This may cause a small variation In
the test. When the supply can Is
kept nearly full there is more press
ure and more milk flows into the
bowl. If less than the regular guam
tity flows into the bowl, the tendency
Is to increase the per cent of fat In
the cream. A difference may be
made Of from to 2 per cent with
most separators by changing the level
of the milk in the supply can.
The per cent Of fat in the milk sep
arated has marked effect on the
per cent of fat in the cream. It Is a
common impression that more cream
Is obtained from milk rich In fat
than from that poor in fat. but such
is not the case. The richness Of the
cream separated affects the quality
but not the quantity Of cream and
practically the same amount Is OBJ
tanned whether the milk has high
or low per cent of fat. It is a
weii-known fact that the milk Of an
entire herd may vary in butter fat
from one day to another due to wea-
ther or excitement, and as the COW
advances in the period Of lactation
the richness of the milk increases.
A number Of fresh cows almost always
means a lower cream test.
These variations in the richness Of
the milk alone are sufficient to cause
variations in the test of cream that
will attract attention. The per cent
of fat in the milk in general is high
est in the autumn and early winter,
and lowest in the spring and summer.
AS a result Of this. the cream test
is generally highest in the fall and
winter and drops to the lowest point
In the spring and early summer. This
Is change that Is almost certain to
be experienced by all cream sellers.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-09-19
EXPECT AN ABUNDANCE OF WHITE GRUBS IN 1915
Beetles 81
BY J. DAVIS

tive estimate of the damage to corn.
timothy, and potatoes in these states
aggregating not less than $1,000, 900.
Available records show that May
beetles were numerous in 1914, hence
we may be reasonably certain that in
1915 the grubs vii, again be destruct-
vie and exceedingly abundant, unless
their numbers are materially reduced
by natural enemies, by artificial
means, or by adverse climatic condi-
tons. f'i3
White grubs and May beetles arc
preyed upon by numerous birds.
mammals, and insects, all Of which
are useful in reducing their numbers.
The most important of these enemies
are the birds. especially crows and
crow blackbirds. Domestic fowls may
properly be- classed as natural ene-
mics Of white grubs. All farm poultry
are fond Of these insects, and where
possible should be given the run Of
infested fields at blowing time Tur-
keys are especially valuable In this
Capacity. Among the mammals which
feed on the grubs the skunk is most
valuable, and indeed, some farmers
attribute the increase In these insects
to the decrease in numbers of skunks.
which are being killed off by trappers.
An infested field may be cleared OF
grubs by oasturing it with hogs. which
are fond Of the insects and will root
to depth of a foot or more in search
Of them. Such pasturing should not
be delayed later than the first part
Of October, since the grubs go into
their winter quarters. deep in the
ground, when cool weather comes.
Where 1t is impractlcable to pasture
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-09-19

One Of the most common causes OF
dissatisfaction in selling cream is the
variation of the test. A farmer natur.
ally thinks when the cream Is from
the same COWS. fed the same ration
MIXED by the. same man, and when
the separator Is used, that the test
or per cent of fat in the cream should
remain the same.
When sudden variations occur in
the test he feels that the test Is in
correct. It Is true that errors are
often made in the test, especially in
taking the samples, but variations
constantly occur In cream tests that
sre not due to this cause but to the
conditions under which the milk Is
separated.
It is impossible to run separator
under farm conditions without having
variations in the test Of the cream
occur and in fact II the cream buyer
should always give the same cream
test, 1t would be more suspicious Of
dishonesty than when 1t varies
slightly.
Our experiments indicate that the
following are the common causes Of
these variations!
/. Variation Of tho speed Of the
separator.
2. Variation in the temperature Of
the milk separated.
8. Rate the milk flows into the
machine.
4. Amount of water or skim milk
used in flushing the bowl.
S. Change in the richness Of the
milk separated.
s. Adjustment of the cream screw.
Change in the speed of the separa-
tor Is the most common cause OF
variations in the per cent Of fat In
the cream. The greater the speed of
the separator, the smaller the amount
Of cream and the higher per cent of
fat. A separator when run at three
quarters Of the regular speed may de-
liver cream testing as much as ten
per cent less in fat than when the
same machine is run at the regular
speed.
When run at the lower speed,
larger quantity Of cream is secured
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-09-19
VALUABLE QUALITIES OF ALFALFA
Alfalfa Has Many Useful Qualies-Yields From Three Eight
Tons of Cured Hay in Year. and Remains the Land for
Long Period of Time When Once Well Established
BY A. M. SOULE

No forage plant has ever been In
troduced and successfully cultivated
IN the United States possessed Of the
general excellence Of alfalfa. On
lands TO which 1t Is adapted. It will
yield from three to eight tons Of
cured hay, and It is decidedly super
Tor in nutritive qualities to red clover,
which IL generally regarded as ono
Of the best crops that can be grown
on the farm. Alfalfa remains per-
manently in the soil when we'll es-
tablished for periods varying in length
from six to ten years, though there
are instances on record where 1t has
grown on the same land for fully
fifty years
The growth Of alfalfa means the
material lessening OF the cost Of crop
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-09-19

Ponds somewhat on the variety and
also on the type Of soil Generally
Is to 20 feet apart gives ample room.
The plum naturally produces =
thick, dense growth. eventually ~.
sulting in an excess Of fruit spurs and
q heavily-shaded top. Under such
conditions the fruit 10 liable TO be
poorly colored, and the dense shade
tends to maintain a damp atmosphere
which encourages the development Of
plum fruit rot Sufficient pruning
should be done to correct. this ten
dency. Any cross branches should b
removed.
The problem Of what varieties to
plant is primarily local one. The
prospective planter viii do well to
consult some successful grower Of his
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-09-19
THE PLUM A DELICIOUS FRUIT
Few Fruits Are More in Demand Than the Various Kinds
Every Should Have Few Trees If for No Other
Than to Furnish Ample Supply for Home Use.
BY e. LITTLE

From the time Of the early settle
ments and more particularly since
the wild groves began to disappear
superior varieties of wild plums have
been carefully selected and improved
by bringing them under cultivation.
Among the standard varieties now
offered for sale by nurserymen and
generally grown there are many
which have thus originated.
The plum may be propagated either
by budding or by root grating. In
general practice the former is the
more successful, the work being done
at the close of tho active growing
period. The Mariana and Myrobalan
plums. and the peach, are often used
In southern and eastern nurseries
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-09-19

some may question the valuable quail
tiles referred to. but 1t is only Just to
say that these have not been exag-
gerated In any sense Of the word, nor
can they be exaggerated. for there
Is mo plant which can be cultivated
on the farm possessed of greater
variety of desirable qualities than al
falfa. Therefore, It is OF the utmost
Importance that those who wish to
cultivate It should fully appreciate all
Its peculiarities, for when once se-
cured it will repay the owner for the
strivings and i1eart-burnings to which
he was subjected In his efforts to
secure good stand.
During the first year Of its growth
alfalfa Ia delicate. It IL nothing like
as vigorous as red clover, and If tho
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-09-19

of cooperation. All members are SUBJ
jected to the following rules:
Keep clean nest material to insure
clean eggs; all eggs must be stamped
and graded as to size and color: eggs
must be gathered twice day In sum-
mer. The time of delivery Is decided
by the executive committee, distance
to city market will determine market
days. Time Of arrival OF eggs to be so
al ranged that no eggs are delivered
in the city to be held in express offices
over Saturday and Sunday. Members
must keep males separate from hens
from May 10th to Nov. LIST, so that
eggs will be strictly infertile.
Eggs must be delivered to egg depot
in egg containers so as to insure
against breakage, and must not be
exposed to not sun or dust.
Care, must be taken not to jar the
eggs If delivered m farm wagons.
The asso citation stands for quality
of product first Of all.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-09-19
TEMPERA1uRE ron, cHuRx1Na.

The proper temperature for churn-
ing varies at different times OF the
year. with character Of feed. with pe-
Rod OF lactAtion aud breed of COWS.
As rule, the temperature should be
about so degrees in winter and SO in
summer, and the cream should be held
at these temperatures for at least an
hour before churning. II the cream
Is too warm, tho butter wiH came soft
and salvy. It Will have poor keeping
quality and there will be large loss
OF fat In the buttermtlk. II the cream
IL too cold. 1t will froth and stick to
tho chuzn. It 10 weH to have the tenn.
perature 80 that chuEning may DO &C.
compnshed In twenty-five to thirty
minutes and the butter come IN firm
condtttosa. A dairy tlsersnometersl should
be used IN cout1otfings the. tampera-
ture. KS Il.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-09-19
DON'Ts FOR DOG OWNERS.

Don't believe that the more dog
eats the better it will be for him. A
light meal In the morning and full
meal at night are what he needs.
Don't feed your dog between meals
Don't forget that your dog Is Soc
liable animal and needs companion
ship.
Don't forget that a dog which Is
afraid of you is easily confused.
Don't forget to retain your dogs
confidence by rational actions.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-09-19

narily the best ttme to plow = be.
tween October first azxt fifteenth.
Since the beetles usually deposit
their eggs in fields Of grass, timothy.
and small grains, the crops planted
In these fields the year following q
season Of beetle abundance should be
those which are least susceptible to
grub injury such as buckwheat, clover
alfalfa, and peas. Care should al
ways be exercised in the selection Of
crop to follow SOD or old timothy
ground. Where hogs can be pastured
on the land the fall or spring previous
to planting. the grubs will be prac-
tically eliminated.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-09-19

vessels should be used, because the
common metal vessels are corroded
by a great many of the chemicals
used.
In view Of the fact that injurious
insects and plant diseases are con-
tinually being introduced into new
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-09-19
The Way to Happiness.

cept the laws Of nature. not with
meek resignation, but as her sons,
who dare to search and question; to
have peace and confidence within our
souls-these are the beliefs that make
for ess,-Maeterlinck.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-09-19

and seriously affected. Probably the
most serious outbreak Of white grubs
occurred In 1912. following an
abundance Of beetles in <1911. In the
worst infested districts 1t was not UNI
usual to find from 40 to so grubs :,
single hill Of corn. Indeed, in a
corn field in Iowa, devoted to timothy
in 1911. the writer found II grubs In
an area 21k feet square and 5 inches
Geep. This really represented less
than single hill Of corn, for the hills
in this field were n feet apart. From
a personal survey Of the infested ter
ritory made in 1912 IN three states,
as we'll as from reports Of farmers
and others, we have very conserva-
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-09-19

hogs IN an infested Aeld muclf guod
can be accomplished BY fall blowing.
The blowing should be done late but
should not be delayed until the ground
becomes chilly and frosty for then
the grubs will have gone down be-
yond the reach OF the ptosE 01li.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-09-19

One Of the best places for growing
chicks is the cornt1eld, where they will
have plenty of shade and where they
will find lots of bugs and worms to
improve their diet.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-09-19

home community and make careful
study during the fruft1ne season.
The many ways IN watch plum0
may be prepared for the home table,
and the distinctive characteristics
possessed by some Of the varieties
making them especially we'll adapted
for culinary use, makes careful -.
lection Of young tEses nsossSary.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-09-19
SOME GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON SPRAYING
Injurious

Plant diseases are caused by fungi,
bacteria, careless treatment and UNI
favorable weather. AS in animal dis
eases, the remedy depends. to a great
extent. on the cause. In general, q
constitutional treatment is always in
order. Good thrifty plants, we'll cared
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-09-19

Prior to the civil war the south was
the big farm of America and now
after fifty years it bids fair to again
assume this important position.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-09-19

The common white grubs or grub
worms, as they are often called, have
for years been recognized as among
the most serious pests to farm crops.
notably corn and timothy, while
strawberries, potatoes, and nursery
paintings have all been frequently
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-09-19

Farming and fruit growing is a
business, as highly commercialized as
running a retail store or operating a
factory.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-09-19

Don't forget that six-months- old
puppy is lacking in experience In the
worlds affairs
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-09-19

AS social and educational factor
cooperation has developed to re-
markable extent in Europe. these mu-
tual organizations taking the lead in
community Improvement, entertain
ment and recreation.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-09-19

The New York staAe forest%nurusries
have cahacity Of %, eoe, 900 tyouns
trees year. @ w. 4s, +.fis.sslg4z
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-09-19

All growing turkeys should have as
much grain as they will eat twice a
day.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-09-19

An ounce Of charity 10 betters the
Q ton Of advice.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-09-19

Good credit comes through good
business.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-09-19

Salt in whitewaah makes 1t stick.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-09-19

Fight the flies at all timeA
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-09-19
Woman's Cooperative
Egg Association

Oklahoma farm women have or
ganized q cooperative egg association
that has for its object the increasing
of profits to poultry raisers by means
The day book. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1911-1917, 1914-03-28
MAY BE A GENERAL STRIKE ON
NATALBY'S

There will probably be a general
strike on .Natalby's restaurant called
within the next few days. Last night
the Mattresses Union heard the
grievances of the girls who walked
out of Natalby's.
The Natalby girls told the Wait
resses' Union their complaint against
the food served them and the 81 a
week wages paid them. The girls
chief kick on the food was because
they were only given hamburger all
the time.
1--WE are getting ready to take
action" said Elizabeth Maloney, bust
ness agent of the union. "But we
would like to wait until the Heinrich
matter is settled"
The day book. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1911-1917, 1914-03-28

81 cannot believe that this morning
or this afternoon is this afternoon"
Alice said ct seems as if L had lived
year. -
Then our courtship has been long
enough to satisfy all convention"
Sharp returned. e
(THE END)