davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1914-11-15

before he became eushrined in myths
and legends
The Shiites include the 5000, 900 fol-
lowers of the prophet in Persia and
most of those in India as well. They
regard Ali as the first and only right
full successor to the prophet and ven
crate his sons as holy martyrs. To
the sect known as Sunnites practically
belong the rest of Islam, for the other
sects, although many. are numerically
not of Importance.
Mahomet WAS forty years old it is
known. before he became imbued with
his own important mission and pro-
claimed the great tenet of Islam:
There is no God but God, and Ma
homet is his prophet"
For twenty-four years he lived hap
PLY with khadijah to whom, in spite
of the laXity of morals in Arabia, the
prophet is said to have been faithful
until her death in Cpl AID. She was
the first Of his converts. his second
being Ali. the son of Abu-Talib. his
uncle, who reared him. Ali became
not only Mahomets adopted son. hut
also his Son-in-law by marrIn.. his
daughter Fatima.
:: !:
Shortly after his wifc's death Ma
homet, also lost his uncle and the
Koreishites presently made war upon
MIN and tried to put the self-an-
nounced prophet to death 1t was at
this time, in July. 622 AID. that Ma
bomet fed to Mednda. the flight be-
ing known as The first "Hegira. mark
Evening star., 1914-11-15

mildness, abstinence from spirituous
liquors and ascribes particular merit
to death in the cause of religion.
While it is impossible not to admire
sincerely the wonderful reverence and
absolute submission of Mohammedans.
they carry their submission to kismet,
or tate, TO what appears to the Euro
pean as ridiculous extent. If Il
house catches fire. ii is the will of God.
so great care must be taken not to at
tempt too hastily to put it out for
Allah kerim.' God will provide.
All misfortunes. griefs. losses and
evils of all kinds are "kismet- dir
the viii of God-and, therefore it is
impious for the finite mind to question
or even attempt to ameliorate all the
ills which flesh is heir to-
Moslem mothers consider it sinful to
show their grief for a lost child. They
are bereaved Spartans. who conceal
their suffering, believing that undue
grief causes the chiid-soul to be driven
out of paradise. Children, on the other
hand, are taught 10 consider it a
sacred duty to mourn every day and
pray constantly for the happiness oil
their parents in paradise.
While the Moslem is usually marked
by soberness and frugality. and is good
natured. ordinarily truthful and very
charitable. he is by his religious train
ing always apathetic and indolent. The
innate conviction born in him that
nothing matters kills all useless ef-
fort Islam as 4 whole, no matter in
what portion of the earth it is found, is
very supeTStitious. All Mohamme edans
delight in miraculous stories, and pro-
tect themselves from the evil eye and
disaster by beads, charms and amuletS.
Throughout Albania, where the peo-
pie are so poor that they have but
Scanty food and no more clothes than
decency requires, every child seen, no
matter how nearly naked and dirty
Evening star., 1914-11-15

most ends of the Islam world. No
matter how busy may be the mcr-
chant, how weary the lahorer. instantly
at the muezzin's call the Moslem sinks
to his knees. Turning his face to-
ward the kaaba at Mecca. he begins
his prayers as devoutly as if he were
in a mosque.
The devotion and intensity of Islam's
religious absorption is revelation to
many Christians who are familiar only
with their own services. To Moham-
medans Allah is both omniscieut and
omnipresent. Their whole lives are
spent in propitiatine their jealous God
and in fear of the day Of judgment
= j.
Every devout and true follower Of
Islam is obliged to make at least one
pilgrimage to Mecca, the holy city.
during his lifetime. The only requi-
site excuse is a lack of money for the
journey and to provide for the pill
grim's family in his absence.
In the famous mosque of St sophia.
as in every place of Mohammedan wor-
ship in the world, the direction of the
'ha ajar-af- -aswud." or sacred black
stone, in the kaaba at Mecca is indi-
Gated by a niche known as the mihrab,
on each side on the floor stand two
enormous candles. The mihrab, or
sanctuary, in ST. Sophia is not placed
in the center of the semi-circle wher"
Constantine's high altar once stood. for
il must always be placed with exact
relation to the direction of Mecca.
A myth, said to he believed by all
Islam is to the effect that the religion
of Mahomet will endure as long as the
two enormous candles on each side of
the mihrab are unconsumed. In conse-
cuence of this legend the sacred en-
Evening star., 1914-11-15

,,de 4 deep impression upon his po-
etical mind, and later bore much irul'-
Arabic lore and his contact WIN ''uu"
ism and Christianity caused Mahoi'le.
10 hecome troubled in mind and, II Is
related, he prayed long hours IN SOU
tary pIaces seeking divine guidance
While still a young man Mahomet iiiai
ried the widow khadlJah. Aithoush 81 I
was some fifteen years ms SENIOR shs
made him a congenlal heiphia'e AN"
bore him six children.
Ea1iua. Mahomet's favorite daughter
is the most famous of his children. She
married Ali. her fathers adopted son,
who succeeded the prophet as fourth
calf Their sons, Hassan and Huessln,
hotb lost their lives after the assassl-
nation of Ali in attempting to regain
tho c.1ifate. Their followers brought
,bout the great sChism which still d.
,,;da AJohammedans into SunnlteS ana
Shites.
The Sunnites believe in the divine Of
fee of the Khalifa, as the vicar of Ma
homet. They accept .Nbu-bekr, Father
of the Virgin. Omar, and Osman as the
three first Califs and the sin BOOKS OIL
Tradition called Sunna. There are
four schools of the Sunnites: The HIN
afiyas in Turkey, central Asia and
northern India the Shafi'iyas in Egypt;
the AIalakiyas in Morocco and northern
Africa, and the Tambaliyas in parts OIL
Arabia the only distinction between
the schools, or sects, being minute
points of differentiation in law and
ritual
on the other hand the Shiites entire
X reject the Califate. They maintain
that after the death of the prophet the
Mahommedan succession was vested
only in the Immams The first lmmam
was Ali, adopted son OF Mahomet, ana
also the husband of his daughter Fa-
TINA. Ali was hardly dead, it is said,
Evening star., 1914-11-15

like many theories, vague and uncer-
tain of results, for this religion applies
to every part of our daily lives and
through the sincere, earnest apphca-
ton of these truths, which are Christ's
teachings. we may overcome the OBJ
stacles in the way of success i'll any
undertaking and grid ourselves for the
battle of life with a strength that
combats and overcomes failure. weari-
ness and physical disability.
Another beautiful and comforting
thing about unity is the fact that the
people who reach out to the society for
its thought and prayers are always
helped-and without price-for the
service is given through universal
prayer and the teaching of how the
Scriptures may be applied to our daily
difficulties. We are to strive to let
the old personality die daily, to give
up the old viewpoint with its pride in
things of this world and the strife for
personal aggrandizement.
People who are helped send to the
headquarters a free will offering ac-
cording as they see fit. Other than that
there is no thought of money in con-
nection with it's benefits
All of her married life Mrs. Nroo-
man has been the comrade of her hus-
band and his sympathetic assistant in
his researches and travels for material
for his extensive literary work and is
so thoroughly imbued with his ideas
and progressive projects that she i'll
sists that he is her only hobby.
Evening star., 1914-11-15
Full of Meaning.

A PROPoS of the resignation of GER
4 \ tain prominent New Haven direc-
tors. Charles S. Mellen. bronzed from
his long rest. said in New York i'll
terview:
These designations are not, as you
imagine. full of meaning. No, they are
not significant. They don't resemble
the farewell speech of the British re-
cruit's wife.
LAS this good woman kissed her nus
band goodbye at the railway station
she looked up into his face earnestly,
and said:
Y Goodbye. Bill, an if we thoomp the
kaiser the way we've thoomped me, he'll
be sorry he ever went to war;"
Evening star., 1914-11-15
ing the beginning of the Mohammedan

ing the beginning of the Mohammedah
era.
The third convert 10 the theory OF
NIahomet's divine mission was Abu-
hekr. who was his devoted disciple
and the father of Ayesha. the prophet S
second wife, whom he eSpoused snort
ly after reaching Medina. AZ the Tune
he welded her cold khadiJah beng
dead) she was but nine years OF age
Although in later years Mahomet took
to his bosom ten other wives, they
were all widows like his first mate,
and little Ayesha retained the distlnc-
tion always of being not only ms
Youngest. but also his favorite wife.
Plural marriage and harems were
Arabic institutions, not due to Ma
hcmet himself.
Abu-bekr, the name of Ayesha's faith
er, was derived from her, meaning in
Arabic, ia thcr OF the Virgin" After
the death of his famous son-in-law,
Abu-bekr this chief supporter and
faithful follower) succeeded the proph-
ct as first calf.
Ayesha was herself much revered.
being known as Mother of the Be
LEVERS The childwife survived her
lord and master some forty,-six years,
exercising considerable influence in the
politics of Nohammeda nisnl, it is said.
until her death, at the ripe old age of
siXty-seveu.
All the world knows the story of how
Alahomet received his inspiration from
a vision in which, it is claimed, the
angel Gabriel appeared, in the sacred
month OF Ramadan. holding out a silk
en- scroll on which the texts of the
Koran were written in letters of light
X
= ::
The language of the Koran is. by
scholars, considered to be the purest
Arabic, and it's ia surahs, or chapters,
contain such charm of style and poet.
ic beauties that it remains inimitable
It's moral precepts are pure, and it in
culcates obedience to God, charity
Evening star., 1914-11-15

and for the fifth and last time two
hours later, the mueZzin comes out
upon each minaret. He steps to the
railing and stands silent moment.
shutting out the noise of the world be
low by covering his ears with his
hands Then, with eyes raised in
alteration. he slowly chants his call:
God is great: There is no god but
God; Mahomet is His prophet. Come
to prayer. Come and be saved. God
is one God alone. Come to prayer
He repeats this to each point of the
compass, and as the cry dies away from
one minaret it is taken up by another
muezzin on some nearby tower and
repeated and repeated until the name
of Allah has been borne to the utter
Evening star., 1914-11-15

that the many followers of Islam, not
only in Russia, but also in India and
Egypt. have thrown their allegiance
to the Christian nation under whose
protection they live. The threat of Il
holy war; it is claimed, is untenable.
and on account OF the lnnumerabie
jarring sects among the great Moslem
hordes of Asia and Africa. more apt
to react upon Turkey herself by stir
ring up anew the strife among the
Arab tribes. which are reported to be
almost in chronic state of revolt
against the sultan.
In this connection it is of interest to
know that by a statistical survey of
Islam throughout the entire world,
given at the missionary conference
held at Cairo. Egypt. in 1906, there
We're estimated to be about 2$s.966,17o
Mohammedans. OF these. Asia was
rica, 5S,364.537: Europe (not including
Russia, which is reckoned with Asia),
S.41O,4o2. and America and Australia,
taken together. with some $4,000.
of Islam in Africa under the Christian
rule or protectorate of Great Brit
ain and France is estimated as being
45.169.91O, and in Asia, 65.OS9.O21. The
Mohammedans in German and Italian
possessions in Africa are estimated
at more than 100000. in the Amer
ican possessions in Asia, with those of
the Netherlands, and Russia. in Eu-
rope and Asia, they total 4a.4IS,S6O.
while nearly million and half more
are estimated to be in the other states
in Europe, Greece, etc, together with
the Moslems living in Australasia and
America.
Under non Christian rulers in Africa
the Chinese empire, Siam and For
mosa, "the faithful are reckoned at
nearly 100000, while there are 15.-
100000 more under Turkish rule. In
Morocco, Oman and Nejed, etc. Afghan
istan and Persia, the total Ismalites
are believed to number 22,40O,000 more
The Arabian Prophet Monammed, or
NIahomet, the founder of the faith of
Islam, was born in the city of Mecca.
in the sixth century. probably about
the year $50, A. D. He was the post
humous child of Aballah, member OF
the Hashem family, who were princes
of Mecca, and who, it is claimed, were
the guardians of the original Caaba, or
Kaaba This Kaaba is the black stone
adored by Mohammedans today in the
Evening star., 1914-11-15
Mosque OF OMAR. JERUSALEM.

10 send forth the fiat from Mecca that
the faith of Islam" was endangered, it
is believed that the Bedouin tribes and
the barbarian MoSlem hordeS OF Asia,
Africa and Europe would rise with the
fanatical frenzy possible only in a re-
lisious war. and hurl themselves upon
the Christians wherever they might
tnd them.
The belief is prevalent, however, that
the sultan himself has haG to pay
Mecca. The great imam at the sacred
mosque in the holy city, it is claimed.
is alone recognized by many devout
Mohammedans as having right to
claim direct descent from Ali, the first
imam, and greatest of all the follow
ers of the prophet
Abdul Hamid. it is said. was able to
retain his insecure seat on the totter-
ing throne of Turkey as long as he
did only by the payment of huge sums
to propitiate the church authorities at
Mecca. The Ottoman dynasty is not of
Mohammed's blue-blooded Arabian
stock, but descendants of Osman l, the
founder of the Osmanlis, who became
chief of his tribe, and assumed the title
of emir-not of sultan-as late as the
year 1899.
Those most converSant with the Otto
man government and its crafty Off
cials, who are believed to be in the pay
of the Germans, are cognizant that a
Moslem will believe anything. Plans
are already made. the story runs. by
the Turkish government to mislead the
ignorant and superstitious Albanians
and Asiatic Mohammedans as to the
cause of Turkeys participation in the
war.
The Turkish situation has been at the
bottom of every European war for 200
years, directly or indirectly. but 1T ls
believed by many that the time has
now arrived to rid Europe forever of
the cancerous sore of Mosiemism. The
sick man of Europe's feeble hold on
his European dependencies. it is be
lieved, will now be quickly shaken OF.
and the people freed from the blight of
Moslem fatalism and the consuming
corruption of Turkish rule.
1t rs reported that from many parts
of the Mohammedan world accounts
are being received which repudiate the
authority of the sultan. 1t is known
Evening star., 1914-11-15

She is now the chairman of the I'LL
nois state committee of the D. A r. on
conservation.
Public waterways is another topic
which holds her interest. in which also
her mother has been a pioneer, as she
has vastly improved her land holdings
in Iowa and Illinois by irrigation.
So also she is the co-worker with Mr..
Nrooman in the application of his
Evening star., 1914-11-15

tenets of Islam, no matter who or
what he may be, is immeasurably be-
meath the lowest true believer"
This sense of infinite superiority ac-
counts very largely for the Moslems
lack of initiative. He lets others man
ufacture the thing he needs. He is
too proud to do many things. and too
stupid for others. His religion breeds
blighting fatalism which saps his
life and makes all effort useless. But
while the Turks and other Mahomme-
dams living in towns may be lazy or
shiftless, there are no more indus
trious laborers than the peasants. The
Turk particularly is famed for his val
ue as a soldier the Islam faith max
ing all Mohammedans invulnerable. If
God wills it, they will live. if other
wise. they will die In n holy war
is added the belief that death in n
fight for Islam earns its sure reward.
The mosques of Constantinople are
famous for their oriental beauty. No
city in the world is more enchantingly
reminiscent of the stories of the l,ool
Nights than is the sultan's capital on
its seven hills. Among the dark green
spires of the tall cyprus peep out
the white buildings and the marble
domes, and graceful minarets of the
many mosques are outlined sharply
against the blue of the oriental sky
like slender fingers pointing heaven
ward.
* j;
The meuZZin is as impressive as the
graceful minaret on which he stands.
Five times each day he chants his
liquid call to prayer AS the hour ar
rives, he it in Asia, Africa or Europe,
the same cry of the muezzin floats out
from every mosque in Islam. At sun
rise, when the sun begins to decline,
midway between sunrise and sunset.
Evening star., 1914-11-15
The B@wl@v@rdi@r Discusses
Winter Modes for Men

or winter suits will get suit COM
parable to any you may see on the
street"
A trip to the shoe stores shows that
the styles there remain unaffected by
the war. Dealers do not expect any
radical changes: 1t would seem that
the English style, so-called, maintains
it's popularity. The blunt, heavy
tipped bulldog type Of shoe is not
being purchased extensively this
year as last. Any number of the
common sense" shoes, which are sup
posed to make up in comfort what
they may lack in appearance, have
made their showing on the autumn
market.
i
There seems to be a growing i'm
preston among certain haberdashers
that the doom of the derby hat has
been sounded at last. The creation
which astounds the conservative dress
ers this year is the cloth hat which
looks like an old-fashioned sugar loaf
with the top cut off.
One Washington dealer has intro
duced a novelty in dress which owes
its inspiration to the war. 1t is q
necktie with three longitudinal stripes.
One style is red, white and blue, the
tri-color of France, ana the other is
red. white and black, the German
colors. This innovation can scarcely
be called an artistic success Indeed,
most suits of clothes fairly cry with
agony when placed beside it. But it
is effective and will doubtless find
favor among the more youthful
dreSsers.
One dealer declared that it was high
ly probable, as result of the war,
that the black sock would give way
to hose of another color.
American chemists he added, have
the chance of lifetime in the devel-
opment of the dyeing industry
THE BOULEVARDIER.
Evening star., 1914-11-15

reformer that is not bound by sects
and creeds, but is altogether humani-
tartan.
She is devotee of all outdoor life,
plays golf. rides horseback, revels in
canoeing and tennis and, in fact, gets
her most satisfactory relaxation in the
open and it's sports. Just in propor-
tion to her enjoyment does she regu-
late her duties. And they are mani
Evening star., 1914-11-15

Yu7 ILL the European war bring
w about another revolutionary
change in American men
fashions? Washington clothiers have
speculated extensively upon this possl-
bility. Their opinion is divided, some
maintaining that the coming of spring
will see a number of radical alter
ations and others insisting that the
present mode must necessarily serve
rs a guide. since most mems fashions
originate in London
1t requires no strain upon the mem
ory to recall the american college
type" of clothes that were the vogue
a decade ago These were the garments
which brought ridicule upon their
wearers whenever they went abroad
The tremendous, padded shoulders. the
wide-cut peg" trousers that moved
like the neither garments of zouave,
and the excessively high coiiar--ali
these were the ordinary sights.
Will the American man feNert TO
them"
Among the leading Washington cioth-
iers the impression prevails .hat .lle
exargerated shoulder is gone Tor Sooa.
Padding may return, but not the STedl
mattreSslike humps wh1ch lofi,eiiS
adorned the shoulders of the Beau
Brummel like lnisfit cpaulets.
1T is a noticeable fact, sald one
dealer. that the innovations this year
are not so much in styles as IN col
ors. This change, ] think, Will be
more pronounced ds the war continues.
The reason for this is the temper
amental difference between the Amer
lean man. especially the young man,
and the Englishman who mas lafSeiy
dominated the question OF styie.
Most Englishmen would shy IKE
frightened horse if they were packed
into purple suits. but tne young
American, even the young man OF eX-
cellent taste, enjoys the experiment Oh
escaping conventional raiment occa-
Sionally.
THAT is one reason why the plaid
suit is in popular demand this year.
The interviewer changed the subject
to the question of prices.
There seems little chance of an in
crease, the dealer stated. Evidence
of this is found in every store window
where mems clothes are sold. Thirteen
dollar and fourteen-dollar SUITS are
still obtainable-and l believe, with all
sincerity. that they are better than
! those which have been sold before at
the same price.
He added that these prices were. OF
course, considerably below what
good" dresser would pay for suit.
But he concluded, the man who
has S25 to pay for one of the new fall
Evening star., 1914-11-15

Mrs. vrooman's love of politics grows
out of a real love of people She likes
to meet and talk with people of all
kinds. She gets their viewpoint, which
is the secret of her enjoyment in for
eign travel and also the secret OF the
delightful charm of her written travel
sketches These, too. reflect her origi-
nality.
A book of travel sketches is soon to
appear which is made up of the work
of both Mr.. Vrooman and his wife, and
their unity of thought and pride in
each other is evidenced in the fact
that each has dedicated his written
work to the other.
In Mr.. Vrooman's opinion, his wife is
the best political mixer he ever saw.
During his thousand-mile campaign
trip he insists that she made ten
friends to his one. She likes to do and
say things that please people, and
none of it is a pose, but comes from
the interest she feels in every one she
meets.
For one year she visited the prison
at Bloomington and gave Sunday talks
to the prisoners, helped them with
their paroles, got them books, things
to work with and in every possible
way endeavored to stimulate in them
a new. wholesome interest in life, so
that when their time was out they
would have the courage and practical
ideas of beginning life over again.
Her religion dominates her life. yet
she is not pious in the sense of teach
ing Sunday school classes and being a
constant attendant at church. Hers is
the religion of the political and social
Evening star., 1914-11-15

T. Scott, served two terms as president
general of the Daughters of the Ameri
can Revolution, and under her regime.
that organization was conspicuously
brilliant and prosperous. Naturally,
with both her mother and aunt, Mrs.
Adlai Stevenson, wife of the Vice
President during the second Cleveland
administration. so deeply absorbed in
the D. A. R. affairs, Mrs. Nrooman also
Evening star., 1914-11-15

OW that Turkey
has already been
drawn by the hos
tile action of her
Black sea fleet
into the vortex of
war, the question
arises as to the
fate of the Otto
man empire IL
Europe. 1t is a
question whether
or not the par
Evening star., 1914-11-15
WIFE, OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY

modern views and scientific ideas that
have long been considered so radical
He has been putting these ideas of his
into operation on the 5000 acres of
land in Illinois and watching their
evolution with unfailing zeal. and
much of his success in the big things
has been due to the enthusiastic CO.
operation and unfaltering faith of his
wife.
Evening star., 1914-11-15
RS. CARL SCHURZ

RS. CARL SCHCRZ
VROOMAN, wife
of the assistant
secretary of aGri-
ture, possesses a
brilliant mind, u
keen wit and a
temperament that
fairly radiates the
JOY of living.
With a faculty of
adaptability t o
circumS stances and
Evening star., 1914-11-15

has devoted Il great deal of time to
that work.
After her marriage, which occurred in
1896, Mrs. Nrooman gave much time
and interest to conservation. Mrs
Scott was one of the pioneer workers
in that cause. Her daughter followed
her lead, and she has accomplished
some valuable work in this line.
Mrs. Vrooman was delegate to the
conservation congress which was held
in Kansas City a couple of years ago.
and her address was considered one OF
the best given during that session.