davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-08-15
The Olive Industry

Olive oil has not secured the same
hold on the American public and OIL
manufacturing is not prontable ex-
cent in connection with the pickle
business, the smaller and less desir-
able berries being utilized for this
purpose. Practically all of the OIL
now manufactured in California Is q
by-product merely Of the olive PICK
ling industry. The resulting produc'
10 an oil Of very high quality. but the
Americans are not yet an oil consum-
Ing people.
In considering the future of the
olive business it must be borne IN
mind that the olive IL real food
and that an acre Of olive trees Will
produce more in food value than the
same land devoted to almost any
other crop. When We contemplate the
vast extent Of the olive industry in
the old world and the Importance OF
the olive and tn products to the food
supply, especially Of the countries
bord erinR the Mediterranean. we can
not fail to be impressed with tho pos
sibiltties Of this crop in the limited
sections Of this country suited to Its
culture.
Tho area that will produce olives
in this country 10 limited practically
to portions Of California and It seems
extremely improbable that the olive
business can ever be overdone here.
The best authorities Of today agree
that among the fruit products Of Cal
tfornia none offer great promise than
this
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-08-15

which calves in tho fall will produce
. greater yield during tho year as the
summer grass stimulates secretion
during the latter part Of lactation.
Tho calf's quarters should not hh
allowed to accumulate a lot of dam .
dirty materials as this 10 almost ~ =.
to result In sickness and bad resu .
The bedding should be abundant AMI
changed often. In order that Tia
pens or stalls be kept clean they
should be In the choicest part OF the
barn where sunshine and light are
abundant. In summer they should
have access to pasture where ther.
is plenty ef shade.
Where valuable calves are raised It
IL advisable to have q separate pen
for each animal. Calves should be
fed In q stanchion. The most cns-
mon trouble In calf raising is scs'n I.
or indigestion. This Is brought u J:
overlooking. feeding sour or old y ).
cold milk, and dirty pals trough !.
stalls. Success depends largely ~,
the ability Of the feeder to pr (:
scours. It is easier TO prevent :
than it is to cure them. wa, !.
the small points End X, Ing
tons right success will take the ~ =
Of failure. 81
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-08-15
THE SHEPHERD AND HIs FLOCK

No man who understands his bust
ness will ever allow his sheep to stand
on wet or muddy dirt floors.
When selecting sheep for breedinS
beware Of the long legged, ransy
breeds. Got those that are close to
the ground. There Is no money In
raising sheep legs.
If the pastures are short this fall
the sheep must have some grain or
they will fall back to q point where
all profit will be lost in bringing them
up again.
When pastures get short the sheep
will eat the roots Of the grass right
out Of the ground II too many ara
kept in ono lot. Better feed some
grain and save tho grass.
Ever notice that the pastures where
sheep are kept grow better grass than
those used for horses or COWS?
A South Dakota man writes that he
has kept coyotes and even dogs away
from his flock by setting up scare
crows in the shape of man. These
he changes from one part Of the
pasture to another every day or two.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-08-15
ABOUT DUCKS AND GEESE.

Never feed ducks without first pro-
viding plenty Of fresh, clean water as
the birds always take sip OF water
after each mouthful Of food.
+ Ducks will often choke themselves
on dry food unless water Is right at
hand.
chicken will pick up the grit 1t
needs but ducR will not. therefore
1t must be provided for them In their
food
Young geese are ready for market
when the tips Of their wings reach
the tail or In about 10 or IL weeks.
II allowed free range Of the farm
geese will practically take care of
themselves and only require q hand
full Of grain once day.
A swamp where other animals sell
dom go furnishes excellent pasturage
for geese In the late summer and early
fall as they find in such places ten
der grass and roots and many fat
juicy bugs and worms.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-08-15
EFFICIENCY ON THE FARM.

One Of the most frequent sources Of
loss on the farm Is an insufficient re-
turn from work horses.
Have you satisfied yourself on the
following points?
It costs 500 annually to keep the
average horse bat this horse works
only q little more than three hours
each working day. This makes the
horse labor cost approximately 10
cents an hour.
Do you handle the horse labor on
your farm 20 that tho annual cost Of
keeping your horses - lees than the
average, or 50 that the number Of
hours worked IL greater7 Both meth
DDS will reduce the cost Of horse
labor, but the latter offers BY fAf the
greatest opportunity.
Can you revise your cropping sys-
tenn 20 that fewer work horses win BE-
needed. or 70 that the work will be
more equally distributed and thus
make It possible to employ them moes
hours each YEAR,
Can you raise colts and thus reduce
tho cost OF keeping your horses?
Can you arrange to use your work
horses for outside work when not busy
on the farm7
Can you reduce tho cost Of keepins
each horse by feeding less feed OF
cheaper feed and still give proper
ration3
Farm work done With fewer horses
means a saving OF 800 year for each
horse not nseded.-A. II. Benton.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-08-15
Pan and lighted 'lantern.

In this way and thus to know !.
when to begin applications of
A lantern or light trap m;.
easily and cheaply made ss fol.
Arrange in some way by Using - :
barrel or stake with q board on top,
to raise the trap foot or two above
the plants you are trying to protect
Place on this shallow pan or tub
containing an inch Of water with tust
enough kerosene oil to form film
over its surface to kill the insects that
may fall into 1t. In the middle Of the
pan. set an ordinary lighted lantern.
Let this burn brightly through the
night, to attract the moths. No one
knows how far this will attract them.
Doubtless much depends upon the
brightness Of the light or the dark
ness Of the night. This Is very
simple and effective method OF ex-
terminating the moths Of many injur-
ious insects. Flying against the Ian
tern, tho moths simply drop into the
oil and water and their career Of use
lessness 10 over.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-08-15
by r. PEARL

lost. 50 that as ordinarily used It does
not carry so great an excess Of nitro
gen. Because of its excess Of nitro
gen 1t will be much more economically
used in connection with manures car
rying phosphoric acid and potash. As
both acid phosphate and kainit prevent
the loss Of nitrogen, 1t 10 possible to
use them in connection with sawdust,
good dry loan or peat 50 az to make
we'll balanced fertilizer. A mixture
of 80 pounds poultry manure. 10
pounds sawdust, 1s pounds acid phos-
phate, and pounds of kainit would
carry about as per cent nitrogen, 49,
per cent phosphoric acid. and 2 per
cent potash, which, used at the rate Of
2 tons per acre, would furnish so
pounds nitrogen, 1856 pounds phos-
phoric acid. and 80 pounds potash.
The treated droppinss should be
we'll sheltered until time to apply
them to the land, that is. shortly be-
fore blowing. Any form of shelter
may be used. For temporary plant,
or for a small farm. small wooden
building or bin In a larger building
will suflce; but for q large. psrman-
emit poultry plant cement manure
shed or tank is advisable. Tho Maine
Station poultry manure shed Is 30
excellent building that it will be
described here. The shed Is large
enough to accommodate the droppings
from 1000 birds for period Of ono
year and tho droppings collected from
the range whore 5000 chicks are an
nually reared.
The inside measurements Of this
shed are 12x7 IT. It is It. high
at the caves and It. in. to
the peak Of the roof. The droppings
are thrown In through trap doors in
tho roof, and taken out from one end
which Is removable. The other three
walls. the floor and the foundation
are cement. The gables are board.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-08-15
PRESERVATION OF POULTRY MANURE

and the gable at the plank (remov-
able) end Of the shed is also remov-
able to give more room when shovelins
the manure into carts. 1t is held in
place by hooks.
The plates and rafters are Of 2x4
In. timbers. Inch boards are used for
roof boards, gables, etc. Tho roof 10
covered with roofing paper. The two
trap doors are also covered with this
roofing. These doors are It. 4 In. Z :
It. 10 in, and At over a frame In the
roof. to which they are hinged at the
top. A wide raised walk. gradually
inclined SO the end Of 1t Is only ! It.
in. from the caves. Is very con-
venient from which to reach the doors
with the baskets Of droppinSs.
The poultryman or farmer who
properly cares for the droppings can
add neat further profit to his bust
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-08-15
Moles Useful

As to tho economic status Of the
mole 1t may be said that by its &C.
tivities 1t commends itself to farmer
and gardener for reasons other than
Of its food habits. One Of the most
abundant Of small mammals, for
ages 1t has been working over the soil
te the benefit Of plant life. This tun-
neling by the shifting Of earth parti-
cles permits better aeration of the
soil and favors the entrance Of water
from tho surface. It also mixes the
soil and subsoil. carrying humus far
Their down and bringing the subsoil
nearer the surface. where its elements
Of plant food may be made available.
Tho mole has also commercial
value, as In recent years, owing to tho
gradually decreasing number Of wild
fur bearing animals, moleskins have
found ready market. 1t 10 signifi-
cant Of our lack Of attention to small
business matters. however, that Amer
tcan moleskins are not quoted or Of
fssed on the markets. All the skins
used by our furriers are imported
from Europe. Auction lists Of fur
dealers In London show that more
than 8, 100000 moleskins were sold In
1911, 1919. and 1919. Recently a
small lot Of American molesktns Sc
CURED by the Biological Survey was
prepared and made up by an expert
furrier, who pronounced them In ev-
cry respect equal or even superior to
European skins It seems likely,
thsrefors. that new industry
amounting to many thousands Of
dollars annually might be developed
in this country. Al the price Of labor
in the United States is higher than in
Europe. it IL possible that for tho
present the farmer boy may be the
chief beneficiary Of the new industry.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-08-15

Of the plant 10 still in bloom. It is
hardy and never winter-kills in the
South Atlantic states when properly
handled. It's ability to do well on
sandy soil has given 1t the name Of
sand vetch. When the land is suit
able, well inoculated, and fairly fer
tile, common vetch does we'll, and be-
cause 1t is earlier, more easily handled,
and less expensive in seeding 1t 10
preferred to hairy vetch. but for gen.
eral purposes 1t Is not 90 successful.
vetch can be used for hay, pasture.
soiling. ,silage, honey production. and
soil Improvement.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-08-15

0Q0 Woe6 such as ptgweed, Wild
o1DA pufsi1ne and morning glory
- A11o 0oh5eot to root knot troubles.
egBsmSos Of irregular shape and
- may appear anywhere on tho
~ Useusn. Affected plants arc
0o1noQ6 In growth and their foliage
q b hAsr shade Of green than nor
~ SASA however, may b hard 10
4ot vhsu . larss area II uniformly
6osriod
~ trouble Is caused BY . very
W4 worm belonging to the group
e3oAugseodes- The worms may live in
- sell for months, but quickly die
IA ths gals after the death Of the
p1pA A generation, from egg to egg,
D about q month. and one female
ua.sfly lays several hundred eggs.
The worms live over winter in pro-
tasted parts Of the soil. or in the gals
% pssSnnsal plants. They are readily
unsupported to distant places on fig,
Deoeh. or mulberry trees. or In Irish
seed potatoes.
Areas can be most quickly cleared
Of the 3a,festation by keeping the land
absolutely bare for two years. The
next most effective plan is to plant
for two years in resistant crops. az
winter rye or oats followed by Iron
cowpeas or peanuts and repeat the
second year. Susceptible weeds must
not be allowed to grow. Some re-
duction can be accomplished by break
ing the land deep in dry weather and
allowing It to dry out as much as pos
stble.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-08-15

nnak3en. 10 ob~iats these difficulties
tAe following method has been de-
vlsed By the writer and has been used
With suooesA The simplicity Of the
method and It, complete effectiveness
oseQ - Justify Q description
1he tasDsi u covered whfls still
mnatuss. and before the antisss have
peo<sudsA with q ten-pound MANILA
Dapse sack, suoh - u commonly used
IN g1oosxy stoTsA The mouth Of this
onck b securely gathered around the
otalk beneath the tassel and pinned
WIN Q Sa<hSr sioux long pin. Ordin-
Daey pins - too small. The ear u
HAsw4Ds eo~sssd Win q similar sack.
whtsh - drawn tightly over the top
Of the eaF, folded around tho stalk on
the opposits side and the folds pinned.
Tne ssoktng Of NE ear must DO done
bGfoee the sNA1 have begun In the
lsase 10 pvotvude from the husks.
Otherwise poiiina&ion Of the protrud-
Ing din from vasrant pollen 10 al
mose oestatn 10 occur.
When tho silks have grown to q
jength Of f,ve Or six inches within the
rack, the ear Is usually In the best
condition for pollination, since by that
t1ne most OF the silks have grown
out. The nrst silks to appear are those
from the basal kernels and 30 on pro-
EroGsivsly outward. the tip silks being
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-08-15

One Of the most valuable by-prod-
ucts Of any livestock industry Is the
manure. Its proper care and use Is
one Of the distinguishing features Of a
successful stock farm. The high nit
rogen content OF poultry droppings
make them in certain respects the
most valuable Of farm manures.
Poultry manure contains more nit
rogen than any other farm manure.
because in birds the excretion Of the
kidneys Is voided in solid form (uric
acid) with the undigested portions
Of the food. This form Of nitrogen
is easily available to plants. Unfor-
tunately, however, 1t 10 not stable.
Putrifactive processes easily change
it to ann onia compounds. and unless
special care is taken of tho droppings
one-third to one-half Of the nitrogen
passes of as ammonia gas.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-08-15
USE OF FERTILIZERS
INCREASING.

Imports Of fertilizer materials have
increased. according to data Of the
bureau Of foreign and domestic COM
merce. department. Of commerce. for
the period ended With April, 1914. in
dicating greatly enlarged arrivals Of
nitrates, potash salts, and other SIM
liar materials
Katnit, potash salt OF very low
price, was imported last year to the
extent Of 10000 tons, valued at
$1,000. 900: sulplsate Of potash. $4,000
tons, valued Ut nearly $2,0o0,o00; and
other fsrtiliser salts. $4,000 tons. val
ued at 32,oOo,0o0. About 90 per cent
of the imported potash Is used for fer
timers, and only about 10 per cent in
the manufacture Of glass. soap-mak-
ing and other chemical industries. TIL,
imports OF both the nitrates and tt,a
potash sal&s have more than doubled
In the last ten years
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-08-15
THE CULTIVATION OF VETCH
Show That All Kinds Of Stock Will Eat Veh
and That By Proper incubation and Seeding Can Be Grown Success
fully All Ordinary Soils in the Southern and South Atlantic States

only three are cultivated TO any extent
in this country-thess are the narrow
ieaved vetch, English, Oregon or
common vetch, and hairy or sand
vetch. The native or narrow-lesved
vetch is hardy, grows erect whom the
plants are close together, and natures
earlier than the other varieties. When
ripe the pods burst open and scatter
the seed.
Common vetch resembles the mar
row-leaved variety, but grows larger
and does not shed its seed 20 readily.
Hairy vetch has from 70 100
branches on each stalk-freQuently
from s to 9 feet long. Tho hrst pods
near the ground ripens while the top
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-08-15

vetch should occupy an important
place in the agriculture of those states
where It can be raised with success
In four years comparisons on over
500 fields, vetch has consistently made
heavier growths and greater yields
than crimson clover. red clover, or
bur clover. although under favorable
conditions these have done we'll.
Vetch is high in protein content, is
a good hay, pasture, and soiling crop,
and its more general growth would
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-08-15

be put on grass without further ae.
tsntion. while the spring calf goes on
dry feed when weaned. For the frst
three months 1t does not n,Attsr mate
rally whether calves arc eating hay
or pasture. but the second stx months
they will do better on grass than any
other ration. Ordinarily the COW
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-08-15
ARTIFICIAL P0LLINATION OF CORN
By H. F. ROBERTS.

IN the breeding Of corn, some dim
eulties are encountered in the tech
ntque Of pollinAtion, in respect to the
prevention of contamination Of the
Stlks by foreign pollen. carried on the
hands or instruments Of the opera
Tor, ~ he goes from plant to plant
ongagsd in the work Of artificial pol
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-08-15
Grape Juice is increasing

larfty, oOth because OF Its a. ~ :, !
flavor and it's non-,ntoxicatinE .
ity It is matter Of but a s.io.. iiite.
until grape juice will be IS mucii )
staple in every farm hcmp IS /,
jellies and preserves Swee, :.
cider has as much claim for p. :
larity as has grape juice. and COM.
bined with It's value in the form Of
vinegar. cider is of much more i'm
portance. A cider press should form
part of the equipment Of every or
chard. -s,,ts+ IL.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-08-15
Root Injuries
BY N. FULTON.

Root knot trouble occurs in sandy
types Of soil in some sections Of the
United States. Many crops are affect
ed including alfalfa, vetch. clovers.
tobacco. potato, sweet potato, water
melon, cucumber, canteloupe and to-
mato. Many other crop plants are
affected q well. A few OF the COM
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-08-15
Trapping Moths Ii
By ". E. H1NDs.

Many destructive worm moths arc
readily attracted to lights and may &c
trapped In large numbers, thus pre-
venting many worms, but OF course
this cannot be considered as suh-
stitute for poisoning. It will be help.
full to ties. the emergence r. the moths
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-08-15

aid In the development Of the live
stock industry and remove much Of
the existing necessity for buying hay.
vetch is used as a cover crop to pre-
vent the teaching and washing of soils.
Like all legumes. 1t improves land by
adding nitrogen and organic matter
to the soils. AS 1t grows through the
winter and spring and may be har-
vested In time to plant corn or cow
peas on the Same land. It should be
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-08-15

Breed every year from the strong
est, best developed fowls and espec-
tally from those Of good laying quail
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-08-15

All small fruits, such as strawber-
ries. red raspberries and currants, re-
quire q well-drained loamy soil
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-08-15
by A. SMITH.

used in building up impoverished soils
and in maintaining the productivity
Of the land. The vetch crop does not
require horse or man labor. at any
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-08-15

To sleep out OF doors for = month.
IL said by certain physicians. to b
better than . trip to Europa
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-08-15

upon the pack in large measure
depends the success in marketing
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-08-15

The mechanical condition OF poultry
manure Is poor. 1t Is apt to be sticky
when fresh and lumpy when dry.
Used alone 1t Is a one-sided nitrogen
GUS fertilizer. AS usually managed,
one-half or more Of Its nitrogen ts
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-08-15

It - conssFvattvely estimated that
more than 90 per cent Of the deaths
Of hogs from diseass are caused from
hog cholerA
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-08-15

aCroes section VI manure shed,
showing plan Of construction; b-hor-
iDontal section of front, showing
planks in grooves In the cement walls.
ness For example, the droppings
from 1000 birds, II preserved without
loss, will be worth at least $500.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1914-07-21
What Every Mother Wants to
Know About Her Baby

Noon-12 tablespoons of clear soup,
or 6 tablespoons of beef juice, with
stale or toasted bread.
Mid-afternoon-Milk with or with
out toast.
Supper-Gruel made from oatmeal
farina. barley, hominy, rice q wheat
ena, cooked thoroughly Mix s table
spoons of this thick cruel with the
same quantity of top milk. Serve
with zwieback, apple sauce or pruns
jelly.
Be sure to strain all soup that Is
fed to children of this age, especially
in summer Thick vegetable or corn
soup is dangerous. Half-cooked &c
real is indigestible.
A child of year to Is months OLD.
should drink from one quart to IA
quarts Of milk daily.
7.-Should bottle milk be warmed u
summer?
For the young baby, yes. Breast MIX
is warm the year round. Cold milk
not so easily digested. 1t need not %
warmed for the baby a year or more
old. but it must not be served ice
cold.
Rock Island Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1893-1920, 1914-07-21
ThE TABLE

Beef Stew with Dumplings - Aitch-
bone weighing five pounds, four cups of
potatoes cut into one-quarter inch
slices, two-thirds cup of turnip cut into
half-inch cubes, two-thirds cup of car
rot cut in half-inch cubes, one-half
small onion cut in thin slices, one-quar-
ter cup OF flour. salt. pepper. Wipe the
meat, remove from the bone and cut in
one and one-half inch cubes, sprinkle
with salt and pepper and dredge with
flour. Cut some of the fat in small
pieces and fry out in a frying pan. Add
the meat and stir constantly. that the
surface may be quickly scared; when
well Drowned, put in kettle and rinse
the frying pan with boiling water that
none of the goodness may be lost. Add
to the meat the remaining fat and the
bone sawed in pieces; cover with boil
ing water and boil five minutes, then
cook at a lower temperature until the
meat is tender (time required being
about three hours). Add the carrot,
turnip and the onion with the salt and
pepper the last hour OF cooking. Par
boil the potatoes five minutes and add
to the stew fifteen minutes before tax
ing from the fire. Remove the bones,
large pieces OF fat and then skim.
Thicker with one-fourth cup OF -four.