davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Washington herald., 1914-01-14

machinery OF the postoffice department.
was ready to be put In motion
Contracts for mail bags, postal blanks.
paper, twine. sealing wax. canceitne
stamps, postage stamps. and stamped
envelopes, and mail lock and keys were
soon after awarded. The bulk OF the
stamps were imported from Europe ana
their scarcity for . time made cash pay
ments for postage necessary at the local
Office. But as a rule and certainly 30 far
as practicability went. the Confederate
postal system was In good running order
early in the summer. of 1s6l-
The constitutional measure creating the
postoffice department required that Il
should be self-supporting after March l..
1858, and Mr. Reagan was gratihed to be
able to sumbit a report showing that this
had been accomplished. The task Of
financing had been o difncult one.
IN the year ending June 30, 1850. be-
fore the war, the States which after
ward constituted the Confederacy
showed a deficit Of g. .T7s. q In the Fed
eraI Postal Service. Such a handicap was
a great one to overcome. and Mr.. Rea-
gan Immediately began to cut down the
operating expenses In such way as not
to materially effect the efficiency of the
department
The franking privileges were abolished.
Post routes in every State were revised.
Unless routes were discontinued. service
was reduced on those where a less fire.
quent delivery would suffice. and others
were cut down In length by extending
the main arteries OF communication The
blockade of the Southern coast by Fed
eral vessels did away with expensive
steamship mail contracts, and the rail-
roads of the South cut down by half their
contract rates for carrying mall.
An additional revenue was gained by
advancing the rates OF postage. Letters
and packages>were carried at the rate
of cents per half ounce. double rate II
the distance was more than 800 miles.
Newspapers and magazines were at cor
high rate. Printed books
under four pounds in weight were han
died at cents per ounce. Books and
periodicals published outside the Con-
federate States were charged double
rates.
By these means Mr. Reagan estab-
lished the postoffice department Of the
and kept II in operation until
the dissolution of the government. 1t
probably was the best managed depart
ment of the Confederate States.
TOmorrow, C0rrespOndence Between
Jefferson Davis and the Pope.
CCopyrisht. IsAJ
The Washington herald., 1914-01-14

nual report of the Postmaster General.
as well as duplicates of every printed
form, document, and map used by the
department. All but Mr.. Hobby accepted
the offer. The others followed instruc-
tions and secured copies of reports and
forms used in the workings of the Fed
eral system.
By this coup Reagan practically trans
ferred the brains of the Federal Postof-
flee Department to the Confederacy. and
was enabled at once TO duplicate the ma
chinery of the department at Washing
ton.
Il then organized a school," he wrote,
for the purpose OF enabling the officers
and clerks to qualify themselves for their
respective duties, and for my own infOr-
nation, with sessions in the department
building from S until 10 o'clock each even
ing
THE necessary books for the use OF
the department were soon received, and
with the information brought from Wash
inston, the appointment books were soon
made up. containing the names of all the
pOstmasters under our jurisdiction. the
amount Of the receipts of their several
offices, and the amount of compensation.
AT the same time we prepared the
books of the contract Office. showing all
the mail routes under our control. the
names OF the contractors for carrying
the mail on each star route, and the con-
tract price for his service. and like in
formation as to all contracts with rail-
road and steamship companies for car
rying the mail. We also prepared a COM
plete organization of the finance bureau
department.
All this was accomplished in record
time and when President Davis called an
session Of Congress early Nav
1851, he was surprised to find that the
The Washington herald., 1914-01-14

showed for that period an~excess of re-
ceipts over expenditures of s675.e4S.A
The story of the pOstoffice department
of the South is one of exceptional interest
Historians have, a rule, neglected II.
The limited writings of Postmaster Gen
eral Reagan and the official records of
the postal department are practically the
only available sources of Information on
the subject.
charge of the department against his
will He thought. as did nearly every
one else in 1861. that it would take years
of work to bring postal system into
order. Others before him had refused
the appointment President Davis had
first offered ii to Henry T. Elicit, former
United States Congressman from Mis-
sissippi, and then to Writ Adams, like
wise a former Congressman from the
same State. Both had declined.
President Davis then offered the ap-
pointment to Reagan. The latter was a
native of Tennessee, who had spent the
greater part of his life in Texas. He
had been prominent politically in the
Texas republic. After its annexation to
the United States he represented it in
Congress. His term of Office in Congress
expired March 4, 1861. Previously he had
been elected to the Confederate legisla-
ture by the secession convention Of
Texas.
By dint of persuasion Mr.. Reagan was
induced TO accept the post of Confed-
crate postmaster general. His appoint
ment was dated March 6, 1861.
His first act in Office decided the fate
Of the future Confederate postal system,
and established for himself a reputa tion
for clear-headedness and action: The
war had not yet begun, and communica-
ton still was open between the North
The Washington herald., 1914-01-14
THE WAR DAY BY DAY
Fifty Years Ago.
JAN H. lSs4EIhe Postoce the Confederate S The
Third Year Of I Exes Was Making Moay-How Postmaster Gen
era Reagan 0rga,ized The Confederate Postal Syaen
written expressly for The Heraid.)

Fifty years ago today the Postoffice
Department of the Confederate States,
In the third year of its existence. was
making money for its government. Since
its organization in 1861, the postal system
had developed from an expected burden
for the South. to one of the most yalu-
able assets that she had.
Full credit for the able administration
of the postal affairs of the Confederacy
was unanimously given to John H. Rea-
gan. the postmaster general of the Davis
government Through his efforts and
wise judgments the delivery of the mails
in the Southern States went on almost
uninterruptedly after their separation
from the national government.
His report. for the fiscal year ending
June so, 1852, which had been issued in
December, and which fifty years ago to-
day was attracting most favorable at
tention throughout the Confederacy,
The Washington herald., 1914-01-14
THE JANUARY GOWN
THING OF BEAUTY

1t is a thing OF indescribable charm.
the January gown. All the beauty OF
designing and color that have gradually
asserted themselves are utilized to make
a garment that at one period was sombre.
q think of lighSness, mingled with the
deeper basis Of velvet. For velvet and
the many stuffs of which it forms the
tended for wear under heavy coats of
fur.
Undoubtedly those useful wraps have
made II possible for designers to intro
duce delicate and filmsy textures into
costumes provided for the coolest season
OF the year.
Tempting Boreas.
No gown worthy the name fails to
show transparencies even if they are in
terlined with metallic tissue or with some
bold color scheme. Bodices are cut into
long points, and these fall over lace
inserts or panels OF the finest and soft
est brocaded silken gauze or chiffon.
A great deal OF thin and transparent
gauze. figured with velvet or with tin
sci. is in favor. Brown charmeuse, for
instance, may form the under part of n
drdped gown which shows panels of the
finest and softest gold tissue as the wear
er moves. The whole bodice is formed
Of gold is delicate and soft, and this
garment Is wrapped around the form al
most like a shawl drapery. finishing in
long point that trails to the hem OF
the skirt.
Ideal Trim mining.
Narrow bands Of sable are the ideal
trimming, but in many instances the
model is completed with a touch Of sable
dyed fitch. Vivid Chinese blue or Jade
green, as well as the tones OF yellow
now in favor. distinguish the new brocad-
ed transparencies and mouseline de sole.
Amber was the origin Of this popularity
Of yellow, and 1t Is supposed that the
idea Of using It came from Copenhagen.
Now beads. buttons, and ornaments are
all of amber.
VelOurs and Brocade.
One dress is in Bourgogne velours, with
a coat on the same tone, brocaded with
gold. The bands of fox might be black
or natural. and the hat Is composed OF
the two materials outlined with fox.
The second gown Is rich velvet. black
for preference. The brocaded ninon and
roses might be amber or glowing
cerise, with gold. The inset is plain
ninon and the bands are sable or dyed
fitch The black velvet hat has . white
ostrich plume
The Washington herald., 1914-01-14

and South. Reagan determined to get In
touch with men of Southern birth in the
Federal Postoffice Department and with
their aid, to attempt the stupendous task
of keeping the mail delivery system in
the South In running order.
II. p. Brewster. a brother-in-law Of
Senator Chestnut. of South Carolina. was
selected to make the Washington trip.
He left Montgomery. Ala, where the
Confederate Congress was then in ses-
sion. late in March. 1851. He carried with
him letters to George St. John Offiut
chief clerk in the Office of the chief postal
auditor: Benjamin Clements. chief clerk
to the Postmaster General; Joseph +.
Lewis, head of the bond department Of
the Postoffice Department; Capt.
Schwartzman, head OF the Dead Letter
Office; Mr.. McNair, of the Finance Bu-
reau, and Mr.. Hobby, Third Assistant
Postmaster General.
These men were requested to come
South and accept positions in the post
Office department of the Confederacy, and
to bring with them copies of the last an
The Washington herald., 1914-01-14
PRESIDENT LIKES IDEA
OF MILITARY CAMPS
Strongly Indorses War Department. 5
Plans for Summer Instruction
of COLLEGE Students.

Strong Endorsement of the War Depart
ment's plan for summer military camps
fer college students has been given by
President Wilson. The Presidents state
ment in regard 20 the camps. which were
held last summer, Is regarded as of
double Importance. because he is not
only the Chief Executive. but former
president of Princeton University. and
consequently is considered to have es-
pecially in mind the welfare of the col
lege students and the institutions them
selves
1t, was announced yesterday that camps
will be held next summer at Burlington.
VT, in Virginia or North Carolina, at tine
Preside of Monterey. Cal, possibly an
other ut Spokane. and one somewhere i'm
the Middle West. II is expected that
ESQ college students will be in atten-
dance at the camps. which will continue
for about four weeks each.
The Washington herald., 1914-01-14

voice of the .vengeful daughter OF Herod,
Bring me the head OF John the Baptist
on a charger Cleopatra slew the slave
she favored. Elizabeth sent Essex to the
block. Ruthven stood in Mary's way.
But nowadays il is done differently.
Bloodlessly. perhaps, but none the less
deadly. The barbs Of business suspicion
have succeeded the asp and the hemlOCk.
The stranglinS money trust and the
stock market maclstrom are the wea-
pOns used in place of sword and dagger.
BlCJdlessly. True Less deadly, No,
For the victim still survives. an eNcm-
piar 0f the eternal truism:
Hell hath no fury like woman
scorned.''
And in Joseph and His Brethren Mr..
Louis y. Parker has retold one of the
oldest stories in the world with all the
mastery and witchery of one who has sat
a. the feet OF the MaSI.
The Washington herald., 1914-01-14
CHANGE IN COMMITTEE.
FftzHenry, of Illinois, VIII Help
Probe Judge Spccr Charge.

The change in the personnel of the SUBJ
committee which will investigate the
charges against Judge Speer. of the
Southern district Of Georgia, was an
nounced yesterday by Chairman Clayton.
of the House Judiciary Committee. Rep
resentative Floyd. of Arkansas. a men,
Der of the subcommittee. asked to be
relieved from service on account of his
duties in Washington, and Representative
Clayton appointed in his place Represent
ative FitzHenry, of Illinois.
The subcommittee. which will begin
hearings at Macon, Ga, next Monday,
now consists OF Representatives Webb,
FitzHenry, and Volstead.
The Washington herald., 1914-01-14
MotionPicture
N.,.,, A Daily Feature
lNCWS In The Herald

This daily news feature Of The
Washington Herald 10 for the bSnO-
At Of everybody interested In motion
pictures.
Suggestions. comments, criticisms,
inquiries. and qusstions invited. Al.
dress communications to Motion
Picture Editor. Washington Herald
The Washington herald., 1914-01-14

star, consequently Offering but one big
role. In Maria Rosa this is different.
1t is real story of flesh and blood peo-
pie. remarkable in the viVidness Of its
color: reaching the very sublimity of love
and sounding the depths OF human hate.
The portrayal of the conflicting emotions
CT this sensitive. high-strung and emo
tionally intense Spanish girl Of the Cat
alonia Mountains is the most vital thing
have ever had to do.
More so than Madame NJ" l asked.
remembering the better qualities of the
character which Miss Donnelly succeeded
in dragging from the mire of degradation,
a demonstration of art which has made
the creation stand out among the great
characterizations of the stage.
Madam X was q great part, but there
The Washington herald., 1914-01-14
PINCH0T JOINS CoNFEREEs.
Pennsylvania House Progrcsslvcs To
Confer with State Leaders.

Accompanied by Clifford Pinchot. the
Progressive party delegation in the House
from Pennsylvania, left for Harrisburg
last night for a two days conference
with their State leaders. Representatives
Lewis, Walters, and Rupley, who propose
to stand for re-election-at-larget this year.
will be in the party. William Flynn, of
Pittsburgh, will be dominating figure at
the meeting. at which candidates for gov
ernor and Senator will probably be de-
cided upon.
The Washington herald., 1914-01-14
wen-kpoun Actor Dead.

New York, Jan. 13.-George X. Fortes-
cue, a well-known actor. died today of
Brights disease in St Vincent's Hos
p.tal His daughter Viola is now playing
in Indianapolis
The Washington herald., 1914-01-14
Presidents Cheer for III Tots.

Biloxi, Miss, Jan. 13.-President Wilson
has written cheering letter, to two sick
children here. who asked him to drive
by their house.
The Washington herald., 1914-01-14

"The Nagabosd's Conspiracy. 4 thrill
ing feature, Virginia Theater today.
Saturday, Selig's "Kathlyn" at 5c.-Adv
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1914-05-07
MOUNTAIN AGRICULTURE
Conducted by Prof Frank Montgomery Instructor Animal
Husbendry, and Special Investigator.

toward sunset. The pods should be
mostly on the inside Of the shock.
Chunks should be used TO keep them
of the ground and the shocks COW
cred with hay or cornstalks TO keep
them dry. Let them dry IS to 20
days then pick of the nuts. After
picking the pods should be cleaned
by revolving in cheap slat drum to
remove all adhering soil and to pol
ish the nuts. Cleaned peanuts are
sacked in 100 pound sacks for mark
ket.
On fairly good land and with some
attention 10 culture 30 to 60 bushels
per acre should be obtained and 100
bushels per acre is not infrequent.
Varieties
The Virginia running and the
Tennessee white are the best varie-
ties for eating while the Spanish is
most commonly used for hogs and
for hay. Peanut hay is about the
same value as clover hay.
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1914-05-07
SICK CLERK MAKES
MONEY WITH HENS
Young Man Untitled for Manual
Labor Achieves Success
with Poultry Plant.

This 10 how a young dry goods clerk
achieved success and heath. His III
health untitled him for manual labor
and his physician said he must quit
all indoor work and get out into the
open air OF die.
During his illness he lived principal
ly on eggs and knew the impossibility
Of getting absolutely fresh and tempt
Ing ones.
Knowing the great need Of them and
that others beside himself would be
willing to pay almost any price for
them he established an egg farm on
q trife over two acres Ave miles from
the city.
II took over a year to get on pay
ing basis. but he had vim and deter
mination and finally found himself
gaining the coveted health and living
at the junction Of Easy and Well"
streets.
He did all the poultry work him
self. collected the eggs twice day, as
sorted them as 10 color and size. sold
without brand In the open market all
unshapely and discolored ones; grad
cd and packed the othera In packages
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1914-05-07

terial and construction, and last five
to ten years. Anybody can make one
Roads should be dragged 10 or IL
times a year The time is after each
soaking rain. so that the drag will
form a smooth mud coat ON the sur
face When the frost Is leaving the
ground Is an excellent time; the drag
should be In use from then until win
ter. The work does not interfere with
ordinary farming operations, as when
II n the right time to drag the soil is
too wet or the conditions unsuited for
many kinds OF field work. II Is diff
cult TO invent a good excuse for not
with proper frequency on practically
all types OF earthly soils and those OF
the clayey or rolling sections, the drag
will make roads smooth. hard and con-
vex-the three fundamental character.
istics Of an ideal dirt road. The pro-
cess will form sort OF she'll or casing
over the surface which will shed water
like a roof. and by distributing travel
over the entire area, instead OF con.
fining Il TO the center. the shell will
constantly increase In solidity. At the
outset dragging cannot be done SO
rapidly as when the road has been
shaped mp by several sweeps OF the
drag; after this preliminary work. the
Job can be done In half the time orig.
inally required. Any boy and farm
team can operate the drag.
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1914-05-07
q, side view OF iarva; b, back OF larvs;
and d, views OF pups; e, cocoon.

The Green June Bugs tAllorhina
nitida) on one occasion worried col
ony of mine by attempting to pass
the guard at the entrance. Their thick
crust seemed TO protect them against
the stings, and after being rolled from
the alighting board by a gang OF an
CRY bees, they came back and tried
again. Narrowing the entrance and
destroying the BEETLES by hand served
after time to put a stop to the at
tack. The occasion for their peculiar
behavior seemed to be the nearness of
the hives to a mass of decaying yege-
table matter in which the BEETLES de
yeloped.
A good many enemies besides those
mentioned are known, but they are
not much feared by good beekeepers.
Prevention. keeping colonies strong,
in good hives, etc, are sufficient pre-
cautions against most OF them.
Among the Diseases.
The diseases known as Foul Brood
are quite a different matter, and the
very mention of foul brood is likely to
rasp the nerves of the best of beekeep-
ers. Two different diseases are known
by this name, one being designated
American Foul Brood, the other, Euro
pean Foul Brood Both are germ dis
eases, carried by rod-shaped bacteria
which attack the brood and infect the
hives and combs so that they must be
treated or destroyed to get rid of the
faint.
The two diseases may be described
as follows
American Foul Brood.
Grubs light brown at first, becoming
dark brown at an advanced stage Of
the disease A small stick thrust into
the body of such grub, when with
drawn brings with IL string OF gluey
matter which may reach length of
an inch or more before breaking. The
cells in which are diseased grubs are
capped, the caps being sunken and
broken finally. A decided gluey odor
Is given of by dead grubs. Drone and
queen grubs are less subject TO the
disease than those of workers.
European Foul Brood.
The grubs are attacked al an earlier
stage than in American Foul Brood,
and those attacked become restless,
and are marked with yellow spot
near the head end. They become en-
tirely yellow later, and then brown,
finally black. The substance OF the
dead bodies is less gluey than in those
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1914-05-07
FORAGE POIsONING

In a bulletin on forage poisoning,
F. W. Mumma. veterinary department,
Kentucky Agriculture, Experiment
Station, says:
In the last two months numerous
letters have been received from farm
ers reporting the presence of this dis
ease in very virulent form, resulting
in the loss of large numbers of ami
mails
The cause OF this disease is closely
related TO the feed. In the majority of
outbreaks observed In the Blue Grass
section and along the Ohio River coun-
ties, where IL has been most prevalent,
the cause is attributed to moldy or in
ferior ensilage. Samples of ensilage
have been received at the Experiment
Station for detailed study, and DIR. IL.
Garman reports the presence OF molds
which are considered the cause of for
age poisoning in one Of the middle
western states. -
The disease has occurred more
commonly in horses and mules where
ensilage was the principal feed. En-
silage of a high grade can be fed to
horses and mules with both safety and
profit, but when tainted or inferior,
ensilage should be fed very sparingly
to any class of live stock. Cattle, how
ever, are not so subject TO its i'll eff
fects as are horses and mules. The
practice of feeding ensilage to the lat
ter must be carried on with care, and
careful inspection of the ensilage must
be made at each feeding time in order
to discard all inferior portions. II
should not be fed early in the morn
ing or late in the evening when it is
impossible to deteN the spoiled and
inferior feed.
There seems TO be but little doubt
that this trouble could be wholly elm
mated, or partially so, by the correct
construction Of the silo, as a majority
Of the outbreaks have occurred where
the silo was improperly built All silos
should be covered. The silo expert
may not concede that this is essential,
but our observations lead us to believe
that this is an excellent precaution.
Any growth OF molds or decomposition
in the upper layers of the silage will
be carried downward by rain and con
tinue to spoil the ensilage.
The elimination of the losses, which
this year will approximate s25, 0000 90,
lies therefore, in prevention. Some
outbreaks have occurred following the
feeding OF moldy corn or hay. all Of
which must be discarded and de-
stroyed II the loss is to be entirely
prevented. Animals suffering from
forage poisoning do not as a rule re-
spond readily TO treatment This was
shown in the outbreak OF 1912, when
only "a cattle were saved from the 1874
affected; LAT horses out of 6l2 affect.
ed; IL mules out OF IFS affected. On
the appearance OF the disease a com.
plete change OF feed and quarters is
quite essential. and each animal
should be given a laxative TO rid the
intestinal canal of its contents aud
prevent the development of other
cases"