davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1914-05-05
CAPTURE
WOULO-BE SLAYER
Isaac Kalxana Held for Alleged
Attack on wife and chinamap
with Knife.

Isaac Kakana part-Hawaiian, was
bronghtto the pAliee station yestsrdly
afternoon and b0pked for attempt TO
murder Il being alIased that 80 q re-
sponsible for the Injuries TO Grace lkes
walo, Hawaiian woman, who was
found at the corner Of Krklr lane and
Fort streets at seven o'clock In the
morning, badly eut about the face, meek
and arms. A Chinaman named Lung
Chong is also alleged TO have been
slashed BY Kakana. >
Jealousy of the woman, said to be
Kakana 's wife, is declared to have
prompted Kakana TO make an unex
pected call at the woman's apartments
in Kukui lane. From the stories OF
tenants Of the building, Kakana Is said
10 have found Ciong in the room with
the woman. n
After stromy interview, Kakana is
allegel to have drawn q n knife an
made the assault on the woman ant
man. Fleeing from the room, the won
an staggered down the lane to Fort
street, when she fell from the loss of
tlcod, remaining uneonsc Gus unit / taker
to the Queen g Hospital in the police
ambulance.
The Chinaman, while badly wounded
ran to the police station, where be told
his story, and though the district was
at once surrounded by police, Kakana
made his escape.
About four 0 clock yesterday after,
noon a telephone message informed the
police that Kakana was on River street
near Beretania, and few moments
later he was locked up at the police
station.
While the woman suffered consider,
able loss Of blood and Is in a serious
condition, il is believed she will re-
cover. So far she has been unable tc
give an account of the affair.
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1914-05-05
PRESIDENT HUERTA NAMES
MEDIATION CONFEREES

WASHINGTON, May 4. -(Assoeiat.
ed Press Cable )--Provisional President
Hnerta of Mexico has named Elimie Ra
hasa, a jurist, and Augustine calfndo,
under secretary Of justice, as conferees
TO aid in the settlement Of the dispute
between the United States and Mexico.
The third member Of the committee will
be named tomorrow. va
Secretary Of State Bryan announces
that the United States is not yet ready
to name n committee.
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1914-05-05
JUDGE COOPER RESIGNS
As REGENT or COLLEGE

Governor Pinkham yesterday an
nouneed that former Judge Henry T..
Cooper had rendered to him his resig.
nation as member of the board Of
regents Of the College Of Hawaii. with
the acceptance Of Regent Cooper's re-
signation there win be two Vacancies
on the board, the term Of Regent @.
Montague Cooke, Jr, having expired on
April 80 last.
1t is expected that the Governor win
at an early date I'LL these vacancies.
The other regents and the date of the
expiration of their respective commits.
sions, are; Alonzo Gartley, April 80,
1875 Charles X. Hemenway, April 30,
1916; Ralph $. Hosmer, April 80, 1918.
Regent Cooper's commission would 9th.
erwise expire on April 80, 1917.
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1914-05-05
CARRANzA WOULD KNOW
PURPOSE OF MEDIAToRS

WARRINGTON, May 4, ~ (Associat.
ed Press Cable) General Carranza has
inquired of the mediators of sonth
America as to the extent of the func-
tions Of any Representatives he may
name TO the proposed conference.
Carranza also seeks information as
to the nature Of the conference and
whether II is limited TO the controversy
between the United States and Mexico
or whether il includes the internal diff
ferences in Mexico. 4f.
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1914-05-05
BOARD OF EDUCATION
members SENT TO JAIL

CHICAGO, May l.--(Associated Press
cable)-Eight members of the board Of
education of this city have been sen,
fenced to thirty days imprisonment for
contempt of eonrt,
John Jellle, millionaire oleomargarr
inc, manufacturer, has been fined $l0,O 900
and sentenced to two years imprison-
ment on a charge of conspiracy for re.
tusing to reinstate four members Of Tho
board who had voted against Mrs.
Young for the superintendency Of pub.
lie schools
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1914-05-05
National Strike Threatened,
WARSHIP IS
SENT TO SAN DOMINGO

WASHINGTON, May 5, ~ (Assoei-
atel Press by Federal Wireless) The
cruiser Washington, which was en- route
to Vera Cruz, was intercepted yesterday
at Eeyj- West ana ordered TO San Do.
mingo, where foreigners are reported to
be In panic in consequence of Presi,
dent Boras bombardment Of the insur.
gent city Of Puerto Plata.
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1914-05-05
100000 TONS
ESTIMATE OF
SUGAR CROP
Yield Will Be Largest Ever Re
corded In One Year In History
OF Islands Planters Have Rea-
lized Ten Million Dollars From
cargOes Already Shipped To
Mainland.

TIE revised estimate Of the 1914
crop which win be handled by the
Sugar FACTORS Company is 400, 900
tons. The preliminary estimate was
100000 tons. a. NJ. Novel; stated
yesterday that indications are that the
total crop for 1914 including all plan
tations, will be 100000 tons, the
largest crop ever grown in Hawaii.
The Sugar Factors have shipped
100000 tons TO date, 10000 tons 10
the East aud $4,000 tons TO San
Francisco. Arrivals up to date, have
been 200 900 tons, 10000 tons are
afioat.
The average price OF sugar arriving
at market TO date has been about six
ty dollass per ton. This New York
price nets Hawaiian shippers about
atty dollars average so that ten mil
lion dollars has already been returned
TO local account. The cost 60 Eastern
markets, freight, insurance and
tharges paid, ranges from eleven =
twelve dollars per to- Neas
Coast marks4~ a Wfi aft
ten dollars t.s p
be taken aeE@ tEs, iF6-
alton Of the a @ ~ teaGf
rived at des
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1914-05-05
CAPTAIN WALTER M'LEAN
TO Be REAR ADMIRAL

WASHINGTON, May IL (By Asso.
ciated Press Cable) --Capt, Walter Me-
Lean, member Of the naval examining
and retiring board, now stationed at
has been nominated by the
to promotion to the rank Of
rear admiral. .... r,H E
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1914-05-05
MEDIAToRs WITHDRAW INVITATION TO cARRANzA
TO PARTICIPATE IN ANY FURTHER NEGOTIATIONS

WASHINGTON May So. Associated Press by Federal Wire
carranza and the have been pra
cay eliminated from the mediation proceedings according
vices received here yesterday The American medators have
graphed to Carranza that in view Of his agree
arsce with uera pending the that they
have withdrawn their invitation for him participate the pro-
ceedings. t FUa tts $1,000 ,sg
From the City OF Mexico word understood in
that city that the conferences Of the medors held Mon
treal 3ENg
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1914-05-05
THREATEN TO RELEASE
BLAZING OIL IN RIVER

x TAMPICO, Mexico Nav 4. x Asso.
ciated Press Cable) The Mexican au,
thorities at this city have notified Rear
Admiral Mayo that II he attempts to
enter the Panuco river they would
empty the oil reservoirs and ignite the
oil, thereby destroying the city and
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1914-05-05
CRUISER WEST VIRGINIA
DESPATCHED TO MAZATLAN

SAN FRANCISCO, May 5.-(Asso-
eiated Press by Federal wireless) The
cruiser West Virginia sailed yesterday
for Mazatlan, ON the Mexican west
coast, carrying 1876 marines, three of
the new type Of automatic rapid-fre
guns and million rounds Of ammuni-
tion.
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1914-05-05
80 DEAD, 100 INJURED,
IN FIRE At VALPARAISO

=. VALPARAISO, May 4.---(By Associ-
ated Press Cable) Fifty are dead and
one hundred seriously injured as the
result of a FIRE which destroyed large
portion of the business section of this
city.
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1914-05-05
WILSON OUTLINES MORE
WORK FOR CONGREssMEN

:. WASHINGTON, May 49, Associated
Press Cable)-FOllowing an interview
with President Wilson, Congressman
Oscar Underwood announced that the
Clayton antitrust measure, the Coving-
ton Interstate trade commission, the
stock securities and the rural credits
bills win be considered before adjourn
ment of congress July |.
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1914-05-05
GENERAL vELAsCo THREATENS TO LEAD REVOLT
AGAINST HUERTA; DISSATISFIED WITH TREATMENT

VERA CRUZ May Associated by Federal wireIess)
Another military revolt headed by General Veaso
ened against Huea Veaco the general who defeated by
Villa forces at Torreon Veasco said
because of the failure of the him
in the defense of Torron and he said
will again lead column of troops against
declared that there is much plotting among the against
Huerta. ~. 8Gst ~
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1914-05-05
GENERAL zAPATA ISSUES PROCLAMATION THAT
HE WILL MAKE ATTACK ON CITY OF MEXICO

VERA CRUZ Mexico, May Assoeated Press by Federal
Wireless have been received here of proclamation
May first and signed by General Zapata which
southern rebels under Zapaa lead will the City of
May fifth The proclamation condemns
to death in the event Of their capture,
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1914-05-05
AMERICAN REfREsENTA1IVE TURNED OVER TO 4 4 vi
BRAznIAN MINISTER; ORDERED OUT or MEXICO

CITY OF MEXICO May o. Associated Press by Federal Wire
essDr Edward Ryan American who employ
Of the United States in aiding foreign refugees and
Gently released from the prison at Zacaecas where he held
and threatened with execution until his precament
known demand made for his release by Representatives
several nations arrived here today taken
turned to the Brazilian minister The latter received
ons TO send Doctor Ryan to the Uhd States early possible
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1914-05-05
AMERICAN CONSULAR AGENT HELD IN JAIL
AND THREATENED WITH EXECUTION BY MAAs

VERA CRUZ May Associated by Federal Wireless)
1T reported here yesterday that John Sman acting
lean consul at San Luis Poo has been held prisoner for eleven
days by General Mas and threatened with
reported to have been seized and placed Jail
before he learned OF the taking this city
and before he could leave San Luis Potosi. agf
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1914-05-05
LEGISLATURE
HOLDS SPECIAL SESSION

DENVER, Colorado, May 4,-(Asso.
eiated Press Cable)--A special session
Of the legislature met today to consid.
er the strike situation in the coal
region around Trinidad and walsen.
burg. -.
There is considerable talk on the
part Of the Republican members Of .
threatening nature, it being implied
that efforts may be taken toward the
impeachment of Governor Elias M. Am
mons
Arms Have Been surrendered.
4 WALSENBURG, Colorado, May A.
(Assoeiated Press Cable)--Ieaders OF
the striking coal miners announce that
all arms, in the possession Of the strik
ers in Huerfano county, were surrend
cred last Wednesday,
National Strike Threatened,
INDIANAPOLIS, Indiana, May Az
(Assoeiated Press Cable le)-Oficials OF
the mine workers International union
are considering calling a nation wide
strike unless some amicable settlement
is reached in the Colorado situation.
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1914-05-05
HILoNIAN ARRIVES.

A message received last night BY the
Guide reported the arrival at San Fran.
cisco of the Matson steamer Hilonian,
which left Hilo April 2s.
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1914-05-05

VERA CRUZ May ASSOCIATED Press by wireless)
"A who said to have killed eight the
lean sailors and marines who lost their lives fighting
dent the occupation Of this city by the American forces
rested here yesterday and will be tried today by military
the charge Of murder The said have mercessy
snped the Americans from top claimed nearly half
Of tho American dead her toll
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1914-05-05
WIRELESS HEARS FROM
JAPANESE CRUISERS

{. Operators at the Mutual Wireless
station got in communication late last
night with the japanese cruisers
Azuma and Asama but were unable
definitely to learn their location or
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1914-05-05
First American Sailors Killed in Mexico

Above is shown William Poin-
sett of Philadelphia, sailor on
the Florida, killed by the first
Mexican shot fired at the seiz-
ure Of Vera Cruz. Poinsett was
raising the American flag when
he fell pierced through the
heart. Below is shown John r.
Schumacher, also of the Flor.
ida, who fell shortly after, and
in the lower panel is shown the
dreadnought New York, which
it is said has been ordered
through the Panama Canal to
the Pacific Coast, being the first
warship to go through,
..
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1914-05-05
State Department,
Washington, D, c.

ascertain when they were expected TO
reach port.
~ the ships are on time they will
arrive May q hut what time OF day
has not been stated II is probable,
however, that more information win be
obtainable as they near Honolulu.
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1914-05-05
H0LT's APPLICATION FOR
MARSHAL Acknowledged

United States Marshal Harry H. Holt
Yesterday received notification from
Washington that his cable application
for regular appointment as successor
to the late Marshal Eugene r. Hendry
had been received by the department
Of justice. Following Marshal Hen
ldfy's death Holt was appointed by Fed
eIal Judges Sanford b. Dole and Charles
=. Clemons as Omitted States marshal
for the Territory of Hawaii until his
successor is appointed by the Presi.
dent. y The letter received by Holt
reads as follows:
Estate Department.,
Washington, ID. c.,
April "a, 1914.
Harry Holt, Esq, Chief Deputy
United States Marshal, Honolulu, Ha.
waii - Sir: The attorney general d.
rects me TO acknowledge receipt Of your
communication of the twenty-third in,
slant, applying for appointment a.
United States marshal for the Territory
of Hawaii, which has been fled for con.
sideration at the proper time.
Respectfully,
CHARLES b, SANBORGER,
u.u, HAppOintment CLARK -
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1914-05-05

probably causing death and destruction
to the United States vessels.
The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1914-05-05
WOMAN 'SN|PER" CHARGED
WITH KILLING EIGHT OF THE
SEVENTEEN AMER|CANDEAD

for Murder and Will Be Given
Trial Today Before Military Court at
Vera Cruz---General Velasco Planning
Revolt Against Huerta---Carranza Is
Eliminated from Mediation Scheme
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1914-12-22

Beware OF Gas While Working in the
Silo.

D. A. Payne, who resides in Sank
county, was nearly ogercome by gas
recently while taking silage from his
silo. He was 40 feet up on ladder
when he felt himself being overcome
by the fumes emitted from the
heated fodder but retained his senses
long enough to reach the ground in
safety. This should serve as a
warning that there is more or less
danger from fumes when taking
silage from the air tight silo in which
the ensilage is generating so much
heat and consequent gas. In Dunn
county near Menomonie four persons
were overcome in silo and died as a
result, and Others have had narrow
escapes. With 1880 silos in the
state there is plenty Of opportunity
for carelessness when taking the fod-
der from the silo.
At the Marathon County asylum,
in this city, several men lost their
lives by being overcome in the silo on
the asylum grounds. Farmers can
not be too careful in this regard.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1914-12-22
BASKET BALL.

The first basket ball game of the
season was played last Thursday even
ing at Wittenberg between the Wau-
sau high school team and the Witten-
Eerg five. The game was not at all
fast, nor did the local boys score as
often as they should have. The score
at the end of the first half was, Wit
tenberg 5, Wausau u and the final
score was Wittenberg s, Wausau %.
The local players had not been
practicing very long-about two
weeks. Out of those who tried out
the following were sent against the
Wittenberg team: Herman Riebe, If,
Clyde Smith and Clarence Matthew
sou, r. f.; Charles Pond, c.; VIM.
Doonan, /. g.; and Elvin Hartlett, r. g.
This lineup worked we'll and will un-
doubtedly remain intact the rest OF
the season.
The second game of the year will
be played on the evening of January
the eighth at Tomalawk. The Wau-
sau team is out after championship
this year and practicing is going on
every evening despite the fact that
vacation is here
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1914-12-22
THE WAUSAU CLUB.

At a meeting of the directors of the
Wausau Club held last Saturday
evening E. G. Dawley was elected
president for the ensuing year. The
president appointed the following
committees
Finance--C. B. Bird, w. L. Ed
monds and E. b. Thayer.
House, N Manson, O. q. Eehi-
haber and j. S. Landon.
Entertainment--6. K Gooding, R..
C. Deutscn and W FL. Thorn.
The clubs formal party Of the year
will be on New Years Eve, and every
arrangement is being made to make
it especially an affair Of pleasure to
all who may attend.
On New Years Day there will be a
dinner at p. m. TO which all club
members are invited 10 attend. There
will be orchestra music from 4 O'Clock
D. M. An informal dance will follow
in the evening.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1914-12-22

Notwithstanding nuts, jellies,
fruits, marshmallows, brittle centers,
ETC., all hand made. See our assoTt-
ment when you think of purchasing.
John Stark, Candy Maker. adv-2t
Williams & Beilke's delivery horse
and wagon stirred up quite a dust
Friday morning, by flight south on
Third street, landing on the walk in
front of the city hall The damage
was hardly noticeable.
The active and honorary pall-bear-
ers at the funeral of Henry Grob yes
terday afternoon were as follows .
Active-Mayor John Ringle, Gustav
Mueller, Henry Juers, Louis Marchet.
ii, John w. Miller and Jacob Gems
man. Honorary-J. K. B. Hubbard,
Casper Fenhaus, Oswald Plisch, John
Egeler, Chas, Thielke and james;
Young, members of Cutler Post, G. A.
r. A number of the members of Co.
G attended the funeral in a body.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1914-12-22

Mrs. Alfred Zimmerman is i'll with
pleurisy. Mr. and Mrs. Zimmerman
we're planning TO go East for the hol
idays, but illness of nearly every
member Of the family has prevented
The children of the First Methodist
church brought splendid array OF
gifts for the poor last Sunday. The
Mercy and Help committee of the
Epworth league of that church will
distribute the gifts to the needy on
| Wednesday.
J The Healy- Brown Co. and the Wau.
sau Ice & Fuel Co., are making prep
arations for ice cutting and the stor.
age of same. This WORK will com.
mence as soon as the ice reaches the
proper thickness for handling. Indi.
cations are, at the present time that
the harvest will not begin until after
the close of the year, 1914.
Fire threatened the home of Mrs.
E. G. Zimmerman on Grand avenue
at about three O'Clock Sunday after
noon. Sparks from burning chin
ney ignited the roof, burned hole
in it, which soon spread in the attic.
The prompt arrival of Fire company
No. l, by the use of chemicals, quick
ly had the blaze under complete con-
troll. The damage amounted to
about 800. Insurance carried.
Charged with petit larceny, Frances
Poloski was arrested Friday morning,
the allegation in the complaint being
that she had purloined some minor
household articles from Miss Minnie
Lemke to her own use. Mrs. Poloski
plead not guilty in municipal court
and was to have her hearing Saturday
morning. but which was postponed
until Wednesday. Mr. Poloski says
that she purchased the articles in
question several days ago.
j. Moran, a switchnlan on the
Northwestern road, while busily en-
gagged in coupling cars at Wausau
Junction on Thursday morning, had
his left arm squeezed between two
couplings, the result being double
fracture just above the elbow. The
injured man was taken to st. Mary's
hospital where every attention was
given him, with hopeful prospects of
saving the fractured limb. Mr.. Mo-
ran and family reside at POT Sumner
street and he has long been in the
employ of the railroad company.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1914-12-22
COUNTY SUPERINTENDENT.
State Superintendent Appoints j. E.
Giessel to Succeed the Late
Wenzel Pivernitz.

State Superintendent G. P. Carey
appointed j. E. Giessel of Edgar,
county superintendent of schools to
succeed the late Wenzel Pievernitz.
Mr.. Giessel has been in the city since
yesterday visiting our county schools
and the message of his appointment
was telephoned in to him. The ap-
pointment takes effect on Jan. 1st.
Mr.. Giessel is principal OF the Edgar
school and has been since 1908. He
taught school in Shawano county for
eleven years and is in every way fitted
for the position. He is married
man and has two sons, the older one
twelve years of age. The election for
the office takes place next spring.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1914-12-22
MEN INJURED
Clytus Mormon and John Jensen Fell
from Telephone Pole
Both Improving.

Last Wednesday morning Clytus
Norman and John Jensen, while at
work for the Wausau Telephone COM
pany, three miles east of the city
near the Zemke school house, were
badly injured. They were stringing
wires for the new farmers line and
were up at the top of q twenty-five
foot pole, which was on a corner and
upon which was heavy strain. The
pole was strongly guyed by wire cable
and every precaution taken to make
it safe. The extremely cold weather
had frightened up the wires and in
creased the strain upon the pole. The
guy wire gave way while the men
were at work putting up additional
wires and the pole broke in the center
precipitating the men to the ground.
Mr.. Mormon sustained broken heel
and Mr.. Jensen struck on his head,
fracturing his skull above the left
eye. The men were rushed to st.
Mary's hospital where they were at
tended. Mr.. Mormon, who is a son
of the late f. Fl. Norman, is now at
his home, having been taken there
last Sunday and is able to get about
on crutches. X ray pictures were
taken of the heel and after the bones
were set in place it was placed in a
plaster cast.
Mr.. Jensen is twenty-eight years of
age and married, and he resides at
818 Steuben street. A sister came up
from Tomah on Thursday. He has
two brothers here: Chris. Jensen, who
operates store on Bridge street and
Peter Jensen, who is line man for
the Wausau Telephone Co. Mr.. Jen-
sen is at the hospital and is improv-
ing with every prospect of getting
well.
This is the first accident of serious
nature that the Wausau company has
ever had.
Wausau pilot. [volume] (Wausau, Wis.) 1896-1940, 1914-12-22

There is plenty of snow at the
South of us. IN Chicago the idle
have been given work shoveling snow.
A son was born unto Mr.. and Mrs.
NJ. w. Sweet at Appleton on Satur-
day. The little one only survived
until Monday morning,
The sidewalk near the Northwest
ern depot and another on the corner
of Second and Mcclellan streets are
reporte>s as in bad condition.
At meeting of the directors of the
Wausau club house, held on Saturday
evening, E. G. Dawley was elected
president for the ensuing year.
Boys, skating on the river near the
Harrison boulevard Sunday, started
fire on the bank of the stream which
soon spread to an alarming extent.
Co.'S No. and 4 of the fire depart.
ment promptly responded to the cal
for aid and soon put an end to its
further spread.