Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1914-09-18
p(0LAND'S AMBITION
OF 142 YEARS MAY
BEGRANTED BY CzAR
Res,scitation of Ancient
Kingdom Would Set Up
Barrier to n-Germanism
and Win Poles to Russia.

N ''"e of the Czar of Russia to restore
,,,adom of Poland under autonomous
wv .orrnent. Should the promise be full
eiod It will afford the realization of
E po,sh aims of 142 years.
Tho resuscitation Of the ancient king
+ 49,, ,you,d set up an effectual barrier to
4 n,,.cermansm and would certainly win
49,. .,,rnort for Russia in the present war
,ha Poles of Austria Hungary and
o,-many. The student of history will
s,.oonize the tremendous irony of this
II..ocIonation by the descendant of Cath
p,na tbe Great, at the cost of the de-
.md,nt eIId of her ally in the dismember-
.ont of 1772 Frederick the Great of
Prussia. , ,..,., ....,,..,,.,
.,oh dramatic necessities as this. The
c,in,ean War led to the emancipation Of
,ho serfs, and the Japanese War to the
i seoinnng of tho establishment of parlia-
i rnsntary institutions. 1t was, therefore,
sSoyitab that when Russia began her adj
vance upon Germany and Austria that tho
4 poIish population from the Baltic TO the
4 Csrnathians should receive some such dra-
n,atie inducement to choose their destiny.
POLAND ONCE POWERFUL.
4 IN The middle Of the eighteenth century
& ro-and was q large and powerful ling-
4 dom. while It's beginnings go back to al
most legendary ages. From the time Of
j ma reign of Mievzslaw. between 0e2 and
4 ea2 history that Is accepted by modern
i Mstorians as authentic, has been written
about Poland. Under his reign she was
rhristianized, an edict being issued In
40 that every Pole who had not been
baptized should undergo baptism.
Mec5slaw was succeeded by his son
goleslaw, surnamed the Great, and after
him came long line OF kings. who upheld
the fortunes OF Poland on an equal level
with the constantly warning peoples OF
Europe, as then constituted. From the
very beginning Russia was an enemy.
Relations with the Germanic nations were
in the main peaceable, although there
were wars with them. Austria's name
does not make its entrance into Polish
history until comparatively late, but then
Austria was as an enemy.
During the reign of Bolesaw the king
murdered with his own hand st. Stan
Isaw. who had interdicted all the Polish
churches. He was forced to flee into
Hungary, and for 200 years tho Popes
refused the title of kingdom for Poland
a. result of the murder.
In the reign OF CaSimir III. called the
Great, the material prosperity of the
Kingdom increased notably. The prInci- /!
pal towns. DantSlc and Cracow, to in
crease their commercial Importance,
Joined the Hanseatlc League, and the |
towns on the Nistula grew in wealth ana |
number. At this time the name of War |
raw began to appear, though it was not
made the capital of the kingdom until |
about 1872
BEATEN BY THE TURKS G3sO
Shortly after 1889 the Poles, under
hing Wiadyslaw, were seriously beaten
BY the Turks at Varha. in Bulgaria, and
the kingdom was in straits. even though
bonemla ana Hungary had been added
to the dominion by election shortly
after Wladyslaw's accession.
slsismund IL Q54S to 1879 lost the Pala-
innate OF Poictsk to Ivan the Terrible
ehd LlVonia to the Swedes. In his reign
jthe Diet Of Lubln closely bound Poland
ana Llthuan!a. The throne had now be-
come elective, and the mobiles had grad
ualy encroachcd on the power of tha
KING by the adoption of the pacta. con-
'eh'a' After Sigsmund II there was an
'n.erreSnllm. and the throne was publicly
ohe[ed Tor election by the mobiles. Tho
eanuiaates were tho Archduke of Aus
u. una, swedish prince, Ivan the Terrible
y, " tt russia and Henry of Valois, brother
OF the French king.
Inc French duke was elected and
r,sneu ,e ., me pacta conventa, which he had
nv intention Of carrying out He was !
Jus Oh the worst characters his line had
p'Uuucea' ' and sharing in the guilt of tho !
massacre nnI OF st. bartholomew, came there ;
ruppopuisr He had littlo love for his
months. " '''u"ie ior H'c
me greatest of Polish generals, and
w S',,1 It inc tlrst soldiers of the age, So .
,HsM' ~, way mado king in 1914, under the
,ras " 1ohh III. During his reign there
Tss vas now invasion of Turks and Mos
iaS ,Sa WIN huge army. In 1888 they swept I
vi.,n ". pialls OF Hungary, and laid siege TO
rrora+.; emperor Leopold and his court
pIVHptiy ned. The Polish King. who had
osen solicited by the Emperor himself and
-tyH ,lSy "nom all Europe looked as it's pos-
~. 'n..o only savior. Joined with the German
,,p rSops ana led an assault that nut tLe
,y completely TO rout. Six pashss
v,1 .ros,,s.a sLain and the booty captured was
Ind &c were more wars, in which France
bs Sweden sweden and Russia figured, and in
ept ~, lg years the kingdom was =
ma Iy fractional strife and anarchy :
'au a pnlaging by the peasantrv, Than =
he "a a KING who was a mere puppet in r
,I,t. "anus or Russia In l7GS a few pa. h
o,rH met In the town of Bar ana g
ootnS the Confederation of Bar. II ii
ba Sa.ss 'noush they would throw off Il
rsraWsh Vte,sh Influence, but finally Russia l.
aliu lhe band broke up. r
IT. tNNllTlON AGREED ON. a
s,5r partition of tile country had al o
,ns., oeeh agreed upon secretly between Il
att russia and Austria, the idea
re5as, peen suggested apparently by I,
Irsdsrlck the Great. r.
80 I,@ the partition was nut into e. N
egirad usSa @ aud Austria getting their f,
alIed ur prutuoll ald Russia what was a
eyop5 INTO Russia, with all the land b.
biigni inc Duieper. The Poles woro "
ouTtr,. sanction this plunder Of their ~
men, ny Diet held in ms, Strife N
,sir 1, 'he mobiles followed, and again hi
,r LIS intervention, Russia oxtendInc Ia
olb,.I - the centre OF Iithuanis and III
sr Tba5 An insurrectiou broke out nm al
,st. I'addeu5 Eosciusko. but he vas d.- 50
I Nacis'i s'l made prisoner at the battle 81
ard UieJo"lce Uey"lce Ia 1874. Shortly after al
1m ~ %pSLsaw was taken. and the king ir
sirrad Vtahd came to am end. The Kim. ~
oned 'ue crown In 1895 and was sum- VI
IA. St Petersburg, where. n was t'
iliatia was subjected TO continual mn III
p alsd there. u the '@af uhul in
"a ne ne treaty Of Vienna i'm 1914 thar.
N ,SsaA resettlement oF Porar1 -, Cs
ent to 7liS BmSs ot which that portion which mn
onal s,,btI,ss was 10 form a coustitu- a,
leral c5,,r. 10 the Car. with a fairly ~
bsao,,aSe'o1 institution. Two rovoI1Itions az ~
mptcd "ttA' IN 1880 and 1862. ,yrro a. 90, %,
hcb w. Polish patriots, both or pi
"''e unsuccessful W ~