davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1914-08-22
BLAME ON BRITISH
Berlin Places Cause Of War It
England's Door.
Germany Tried Until Last Min.
ute to Bring Peace.
AMERICANS ARE We'll TREATED
Ambassador Gerard Issues
Statement Of Conditions.
Arrests Were All Unavoidable.
He Assures Press.
AMERICANS ARE well TREATED

Berlin, Aug. "a laconic dispatch
OF seven words announcing the entry
OF the Germans into Brussels IL the
only news regarding the occupation Of
the Belgian capital published here.
The military authorities are content
Ing themselves with q brevity Of an
nouncements SURPRISING that said to
have been employed by the late field
marshal. Won Moltke.
The Berlin papers express admira-
ton Tor the swiftness OF the German
advance. but make no comment on
the German tactics. They occupy
themselves almost solely with the cor
respondence between Prince Henry Of
Prussia, Emperor William. and King
George. which was EXCHANGED lust be-
fore war was declared and published
TO- the first time Friday. The papers
arc unanimous in the opinion that
these documents. with the dispatches
exchanged by the emperor Of Russia
ana the German emperor. prove COM
pletely that Germany, until the last
moment, sought her utmost to main
tain peace with Russia and France.
Germany. 1t Is declared, desired to
prevent war with France and sought
only guarantee Of French neutrality.
England. however, refused to help in
obtaining such guarantee, and there
FORE 1T Is reasoned that England. IN
the first lace. was the cause Of the
war between France and Germany.
Jap Still There.
The Japanese charge d'affaires Is
still in Berlin The commandant of
Alsace-Lorraine, declaring traitors
have tried to use the telephone lines.
has issued orders that Pny persons
found making improper use Of the
telephones shall be Immediately shot.
Two more French gu.- have been
brought to Strassburg.
Americans Well Treated,
The American ambassador, James
w. Gerard, publishes in q newspaper
denial CT reports that Americans
have been ill-treated in Germany, He
states some few were arrested during
the first days OF the war, but adds
that such mishaps are almost I'M
avoidable during big wars, and that in
all cases those arrested were speedily
liberated.
Americans in Germany" SAYS the
ambassador, "enjoy as great security
| as they do in America. The populace
is extremely courteous and the gov.
eminent has made great effort tc
place special trains at the disposal OF
Americans, even during mobilization
The banks are very considerate. nav.
ing checks and letters Of credit
Ambassador Gerard said that he
desired to assure the American people
that the greatest politeness is thu
only help possible under the circum.
stances, and this has been shown to
Americans in Germany
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1914-08-22

man to whom they belong IL given q
receipt from the German government
and is paid for his property at the end
OF the war;
Mr.. Grolrs version of the German
situation is similar to that Of practi-
cally all the Germans in Topeka. They
do not believe tho reports Of German
defeat and German cruelty being re-
ceived here. They take the reports
that the kaiser's men are pushing
through Belgium as q matter Of fact
and venture that it IL their opinion
that the kaiser's army will s.clean
house" with someone before the war
is over
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1914-08-22
sIncrease.

~1ncreaSe.
Every one Of the 139 railroads aver
aged $472 less gross business per mile
in the last fiscal year than in 1913,
and, to do the contracted business,
spent $40 more, leaving for every
operated mile $572 less net revenue.
That this pressure between falling
gross and rising expenses is not con-
fined to the eastern railroads is shown
by the consideration of the three great
divisions Of the country. Eastern
roads. included in the compilation, did
$39,O24,323 less business, and spent
$15,112,430 more in expenses. losing
$54,137,753 in net. Western roads
showed a decrease Of $20,6S7,267 in
revenue. spending $1,727,433 more in
expenses, thus losing $22,409,7OO in
net. Southern roads entering into the
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1914-08-22
BIG FAIR AT NORTON.
Exhibits VIII Open August IS At Elm
wood Park.

Norton, Aug. z2-The Norton fair will
open for the fourteenth annual exhibit
at Elmwood Park on August Is and will
continue four days. E.lmwood Park
with its ample grandstand, fine track
and beautiful grove, is an ideal place
for holding a fair.
Several new features have been In
troduced this year.
A baseball tournament with q game
each day will be a feature. An unusual
number Of amusements will be ON the
ground.
A special effort has been made to in
duce the farmers to become interested
and a big display OF live stock and
farm products il expected A large
number of individual premiums have
been offered.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1914-08-22
SHERIFF ADDRESSED MIXERS.
Says He VIII Stop Rioting and Dis
orderly Conduct 1t Mulberry.

Mulberry, Kan. Aug. 22-J. d.
burlington. sheriff Of Crawford coun-
ty, addressed a meeting Of miners late
Friday in a street in Mulberry, talking
through an interpreter. He explained
that the district officers Of the United
Mine Workers Of America should be
obeyed. and that he intended to stop
riotous marching and the forcing Of
men from The mines. Later the sher-
III addressed a dozen ether impromptu
meetings Of miners.
meeting OF miners to which every
local union in the district, north Of
Pfttsburg. has been asked to send del
egates, will lie held at Franklin Sum
day morning.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1914-08-22
JEALOUSY CAUSES DEATH.
Young Man Shot and Killed Sweet
heart, Then Shot Hmself

E. Warren, 2S, Friday shot and killed
Miss Margarc. Phillips. c2, and then
inflicted a wound upon himself from
which physicians say he Ill not re-
cover. 1t Is said that Warren. who
was employed by the young woman's
father. v. NJ Phillips, q stockman,
was jealous CT Miss Phillips. Warren
was later arrested.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1914-08-22
RAILROAD news
American Railways Paid Out
g., zoo, 600 More in Expenses.
And Did Fifty Million Dollars
Less Business Last Year.
BIG GROSS LOSS PER MILE
Southern Roads Show Smaller
Losses Than Other Roads.
Other Items of General Interest
in Traffic World.

One hundred and thirty-nine Of the
largest railways in the United States
paid out $27,O00,00O more In expenses
In the fiscal year which has Just end
ed, to $51 100000 less business than
they did a year ago. The result was
a decline Of nearly $78,O00,0OO in net
returns, despite the fact that 1913
more miles Of track were in operation
than in the preceding fiscal year.
These figures are taken from a pre-
liminary report of revenues and ex-
penses for the year as compiled by
the interstate commerce commission.
''Such consumption of railway rev.
enues by ris ng COSTS" says the bu-
reau of railway news statistics, gives
some insight into the conditions con-
fronting American railways, which
forced the interstate commerce COM
mission to the conclusion, expressed
in the recent rate advance decision,
that the net operating income of the
railroads in official classification terri
tory, taken as a whole, is smaller than
is demanded in the interest of both
the general public and the railroads. "
The figures given out by the COM
mission, covering 139 roads, follow:
1914 fiscal year. Decrease.
Gross .........$ 81 1873, 981 $50, 703 397
Expenses ........... 1851, $4,000 '27, 1877
Net .................. 9O U,953.5Sl
Mileage ............. 156,791 y, 64S
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1914-08-22
KILLED BY TRAIN.
Aged Lady Of La Cygne, Kan, Meet
Death Under Wheels.

La Cygne, Kan, Aug. 22.-Mrs. Bell
White. IS years old, was killed by a
freight train here Friday. Mrs. White
was preparing to board a passenger
train when the freight train ctruck
her.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1914-08-22

report enjoyed a gain Of $9,004,1es in
business done, but expenses to do it
rose $10,41O,3 24, leaving q loss in net
Of $1,4O6131.
The Lexington intelligencer., 1914-11-06
Wentworth Downs Haskell.

From w. M. A. Trumpeter.
Wentworth continued he win
ming streak Saturday by defeat
ing the strong and heavy Has
kell team to the score of four
teen to nine. Both elevens were
evenly matched and the result
was certain until the fourth
quarter ended. Our team has
not yet been defeated and has
three wins and two ties to its
credit. Undoubtedly we should
have piled up a larger count on
the RED Men" had it not been
for injuries. Hotel, the star
fullback, was in the game for a
while, but he was just off of
crutches and consequently was
very weak. Werner played, but
he was also badly crippled.
Ewing played his usual game at
quarter while Hotel was a sub
stantial ground-gainer. Clore
and Winburn starred in the line
but they had nothing on Rogers
who broke through every time.
This trio, with Hartzell, time and
again would break through the
Indian defense and nail Has
kell back before he had the ball.
Captain Hartzell kicked off to
Haskell, who lost the pigskin on
downs. We drew the first blood
when Winburn blocked a punt
and Chambers recovered the ball
and went racing over the goal
line for a touchdown. Erwin
kicked a pretty goal. Hartzell
won the handsome belt awarded
by the Mcdaniel & Wiley Cloth
ing Company for the first cover
ed tumble. By forward passes
from Clore to Fullbright and
The Lexington intelligencer., 1914-11-06
Causes of the War Given in d
Nutshell.

l. Austria issued an ultimatum
to Servia.
2. That ultimatum, because of
its insulting, impossible pro-
visions, was practically a decla-
ration of war.
3. That ultimatum was sent
with the consent and approval of
the German Government.
4. That ultimatum was regard
ed by Russia and Servia, as tan
tamount to a declaration of war,
and both commenced to mobilize
at once.
Brushing aside the clouds of
vituperation, assertion, white
papers, &c, the above four facts
stand out as clear as crystal in
the mind Of the average Amer
ican.-Ex.
The Lexington intelligencer., 1914-11-06
The Christmas Thought.

Ideas on Christmas giving are
rapidly changing among the SEN
sible. Those who think as they
give are looking for a year-round
service as the important thing.
In a week Of shopping, with all
it's strain, you will not find bet
ter gift than a years subscrip-
tion to The Youths Companion.
1t offers its service, its clean en-
tertainment, its fine suggestive
ness week after week; and the
end of the year, which finds
many a gift in the attic, dust
covered and forgotten, brings
The Companion again, with all
the charm of last Christmas
tide.
No American monthly at any
price offers the same amount of
reading, and none can offer bet
ter quality. Less than four
cents a week provides this best
Of Christmas gifts-S2.00 a
year. If you subscribe now, all
the remaining issues of the year
will be sent free, and The Com
panion Home Calendar. A copy
of the Calendar is also sent to
those who make a gift subscrip-
ton. Send for sample copies,
and the Forecast for 1915.
THE YOUTHS COMPANION,
144 Berkeley Street, Boston,
Mass.
New subscriptions received at
this Office.
The Lexington intelligencer., 1914-11-06

several end runs with off tackle
smashes we advanced to their
nine yard line. Then the heavy
and powerful Indian defense
took a new brace and held us for
downs. Our fellows outgeneral-
ed and out played them in al
most every minute of play dur
ing this period was not much of
a resistance to our attack while
they were unable to make any
impression on our stubborn line.
Haskell at the beginning of the
second half kicked off to Err
win. After being held for
downs Ewing punted and Has
kelI after several successive
gains carried the oval over but
failed in kicking goal. Ewing
recovered a tumble and Cham
bers was sent around left end
for 35 yards. The ball then rest
ed on our opponents Z yard line.
jeff then bored his way through
for the final touchdown and Err
win was again successful in
kicking goal. Then by steady
gains Haskell lugged the ball to
our 20 yard line. Then they
sent a beautiful low kick from
placement through the uprights. /
The fourth quarter ended with
both teams struggling desper-
ately but neither being able to
gain ground.
The Haskells played a much |
more strenuous game in the last
haH While our boys fell down |
completely. While this years
standards were not upheld in
this game it was no doubt due to
the condition the team was in
after being buffeted by thes
Vets last week.
The Lexington intelligencer., 1914-11-06
Central College.

! the season, by Conservatory
talent, was given Monday even
ing in Murrell Auditorium. A
beautiful night and high esteem
for the participants brought to-
gether a large audience inter-
ested in a program presented
by Miss Hinesley, Pianist, Miss
Reagan, Soprano, and Miss Tod
hunter, Violinist.
The piano numbers included
classical and modern selections
Iarranged in pleasing contrast.
Miss Hinesley possesses a tone
of singing quality imbued with
warmth and feeling. And, with
adequate technic and musical
intelligence, she conveys the con-
tent of a composition with in
terpretative power. The I'M
provisation by MacDowell dis
played fine appreciation of
the lyrical and poetic quality.
Miss Hinesley closed the pro-
gram with a brilliant rendition
of Liszt's Twelfth Rhapsodie; in
which the sudden changes from
one mood to another were given
with masculine virility and fem
mime charm.
Miss Reagan was the vocalist
for the occasion and her singing
was given the enthusiastic ap-
proval of the audience. Her mez-
zo-soprano voice of beautiful
quality and good range has con-
sistently broadened and i'm
proved from year to year, till
she is recognized as a singer of
sterling worth and one of the
chief musical assets of both col
lege and town, Her numbers
for last evening were we'll
chosen and arranged, and dis
played her versatility of express
sion. The happy rendition of
The Gypsy Trail demanded a
repitition of that number.
Miss Todhunter, the highly.
esteemed and popular violin
instructor, was announced for
only one number, choosing a Sc
lection from the de Beriot Con-
certo in A minor. But the
Rondo was given with such pre-
cision, abundance of spirit,
and musical understanding that
she carried the entire audience
away with delight. Insisting
upon an encore Miss Todhunter
played with exquisite graceful
ness a Menuet by Beethoven.
The entire program follows:
Fantasia, G minor Bach
All! Rendimi (Miltrane) Rossi
Nachtstuck, F major Schumann
Scherzo, E minor Mendelssohn
Improvisation Mcdowell
Valse, A fiat Arensky
Rondo--Concerto, A minor de Beriot
Across the Hills Rummel
La Danza Chadwick
When the Roses Bloom Reichardt
The Gypsy Trail Galloway
Twelfth sRhapsodie List
Mrs. A. W, Allen, Accompanist.
The Lexington intelligencer., 1914-11-06
Old Landmark Gone

The livery barn on Ninth street
belonging to Wilson Frazier and
Mrs. R. w. Campbell is being
torn down. This barn was oc-
cupied for over forty years by
the late John c. Young.
The Lexington intelligencer., 1914-11-06
" h,7oIUi ..WHsI iigsb .lI 4
French Remedy for :.
E. Stomach Troubles

q d
The leading doctors of France have
for. years used a prescription of vege-
table oils for chronic stomach trouble
and constipation 't--t acts like charm.
One dose will ""1yince you. Severe
cases of years Standing are often greatly
benefited within "a hours. So many
people are getting surprising results
that we feel all persons suffering from
constipation, lower bowel, liver and
stomach troubles should try Mayr's
Wonderful Stomach Remedy. 1t is now
sold here by ar
For sane in Lexington, Mis-
souri,, by Westerman & Rankin
and druggists everywhere.
The Lexington intelligencer., 1914-11-06

N W. Potter went to Waverly yes
terday morning on business.
Mrs. J. Sawyer Cannon returned
Wednesday evening from a visit in
Kansas City.
Miss Florence Cauthorne of Waverly
is visiting here with Miss Mary Lii
liam Atkeison. eaa 80
Mrs. Ray Howaru and little son,
Leroy, went to Dover Friday for
visit, t'"l 20 ~
The Lexington intelligencer., 1914-11-06
EVERYTHING DEMOCRATIC
A Handsome Majority for the
Whole Ticket.

At the general election Tues
day the Democratic ticket oi
Lafayette county was elected by
majorities ranging from $50 t.
800. Even the Lexington town
ship officers, with the exception
of constable, were elected by bis
majorities. The officers choser
are as follows:
Representative, N. M. Houx.
Presiding Judge County Court
Zach w. Wright.
Judge County Court Western
District, Dan G. Wade.
Judge County Court Eastern
District, julius Vogt, Jr.
Judge Probate Court, S. N
Wilson.
Clerk Circuit Court, VIM. 7.
Tutt.
Clerk County Court, George w.
Bates.
County Collector, C. L. Wilson.
Recorder of Deeds, w. T.
Wernwag.
Prosecuting Attorney, William
Aull, Jr.
Justice of the Peace, Clyde C..
Wright, W. P. Cole, John
Hedge.
Owen Owen, candidate for con-
stable Of Lexington Township on
the Republican ticket was elect
ed over Joe N. Mitchell, candi-
date on the Democratic ticket.
Congressman C. w. Hamlin
carried the county over his Re-
publican opponent, A. W. Lovan,
by approximately 800 majority.
Mr.. Hamlin's vote is 3508; Mr..
Loyan's 27O2.
The state Democratic ticket,
w. j. Stone, Senator; James T.
Blair, Supreme Court Judge, and
Howard A. Gass, State Superin-
tendent Of Public Schools, were
elected. Stones majority will
be around sixty thousand votes.
The blighting effect of the
Kansas City Stars support as
sured the defeat Of the Moose
ticket in,a Kansas City. ( The
whole Democratic ticket was
elected. -'- 7.' o
The incomplete returns indi-
cate that all fifteen amendments
have been defeated.
Death of Miss Rosa TrOtter.
Miss Rosa Trotter died Tues
day evening at the home of her
sister, Mrs. Emma Gray, at 3 80
o'clock. Her death was due to
dropsy. Miss Trotter was born
near this city April 10, 1871, and
was 43 years of age.
Miss Trotter is survived by
three sisters and one brother,
Mrs. Jos. Williams, Sr., and Mrs.
Emma Gray of this city, Mrs.
Hattie Dozier of Pawnee, H.,
and P. G. Trotter of Kansas City.
The funeral will be held this
afternoon at 2;30 o'clock from
the home of her sister, Mrs. EN-
ma Gray, 2021 Franklin Ave.
The services will be conducted
hxy - ntr VIZ, ,.,.,.. ID C1.1
The Lexington intelligencer., 1914-11-06
MONDAY, THE BOTH DAY OF
NOVEMBER, 1914,

between the hours of nine o'clock a. m.
and five o'clock p. m, at the court
house (front) door in the City Of Lex
ington, Lafayette County, Missouri,
proceed to sell at public vendue to the
highest bidder for cash in hand the
above described real estate and per-
sonal property for the purpose of sat
isfying the said note and the cost of
executing this trust.
Witness my hand this the 9Th day of
November, 1914.
F. LEE WALLACE,
Trustee.
The Lexington intelligencer., 1914-11-06

Miss Rachel Andreen returned
Tuesday evening from a visit
in Kansas City.
The chronicle=news., 1914-05-08

ths American promoters that The pro-
iest Mas satirsly feasible 1, is ssii
iha, the Trans Siberian railway sub
saaush,iy followed much oi the iias
marked out by the Americans
I, Sss while engaged in making
further surveys. bsiiains iaiis that
,hs Aneriesn end oi the line Vas ali
reais under construction that a n.s'
sass tf courier fr0th ~. i'stsrsSafs,
reached ksansn Informing hiH, that
the enterprise had t.e@h abandoned
asa ordering the eRlsaiiIioE to f.'
tuFa la the rhitsi states for dis
charge.
The sase.ssfai isiias asi opera
,isa Of the .<sead A,iaa,is .apis in
1866 blasted the hBIars os the pro-
ao,.rs .f the AnsFisah-Si'sss'ah line
GSSstnn.sts aad CAPITALISTS i6-ossi d
soi,is apSa the EFsai "a,iay n.e-s-
saFg I. fin.ses fnF,hrF sNFsfihi.n,a
,ioas. Thus. all ii ,hs sAp+s;i.iohs
ees- recalled ani the Pfos1o'ihs hs
raapshS dissolved, rhs iE"aF Of fats
nsair i, possible fog krnHaas phHn Ls
tinaliS reached t-SaeOR. to send q
n'sssass so friends ia AhA-fisa ns
sshis,
Niss-i from ,hs siasipSih. st fit-
- years sxo. the PFoS-ss "a. oas 81
ii- Bsasi sisantin ever sohsia-s.a bs
's-h. To-Day. the undertaking is s,s'
,asiis accomplished. Tie Gals So
rssiniss link is-ins tho Lfiisins 81
iirriss strait,
The chronicle=news., 1914-05-08

fTOn -. i's,.TsbHEs across siberia ,o
iSihi opposite tho American term
inal GA HsTins strait.
Jusl Eoa the piIss acre To H. ear
Tisa asTDss the IhiFI3 or fort, miles
oi saIsF separating the tGo .on,in-
.Hts. MIS- negsr iuiig sSE4.i OaI, Eut
. : gi.s Of fioaiihg bu0ys. az ssaii
shiHs. fiFisiN anstOrsa, MSS Ihaush,
10 offer a soia,ioe of the pTsblsss-
The enterprise advanced in .ins
titHe ,o tre p1inl AhsFs representa-
ii,es NsEr seat ,o 81 fsssrsbars Ia
iaT the plan t.f0Fe the itassisH gov
.nH'sai. Suse.s< sIiensesi abe ssis-
son la the eaten, Of a Isn,atis-
SIRE HtrHt whereby "a. szar Nss 80
aFi-F tie s"HsITiissisn sG the nii-stis,.
ii7s shsneF-r iIs pEassisatliiIF sas
Demonstrated hY ,hE Afasrieah PRO
siD,rFs- riIi I-Fiaissios sas ssaatSa
foF an smsriss. sHsiassgiAs paris 10
ssri.5Fs Eastern itnssiS aai ,hs great
Si',eEiaH siias i"r the PaEtas" af io'
sslins a Fsa,s nHd ssstias ths fsasi-
Liii,F af riain,niniss ,sisgssrh iiAs.
in 'has Eesioas
NursFSsss siFS-ss -ssS risdH ia
tiFi'i.h 'Siumtia aEd Aiasks ard a
FoHtr Nas practically decided urSs.
NsartF all .t ,h. ~aF i, led ,hFoisn
On Hninhabi,aa region. locked in Ice
and shSs auEins s@tsn 80 rish,
s,aA;hs ~ Ihe S-s.. ThrsashSps ,his
EsFiuH j, pss proposed ss msis,ain
risS s,a,isBs =, irraBss.s raiE's.
sf.r~ st~ra,sFs anh isasrnsa @saisi
alasss tu an duss.
TrUsa 1868 To 1865 ss4ng fsassiss
8nf ssIs iii'i"as ~Sr1 sFsshisra ard
scat aa, ,s -spi6ro sHi asHaas'sat~
G.grs- E-ansn. Afterwards we'll
sAo~n In the tais.i States as a i-aS'
s,rr nni lecturer. ioirrd s.ln or shS
.x.s'i'tta. -h-a .nis - ssars "f
ssr. and spsat ssFr s~5 Frars in As'
ifFis. t's'Iiiins aHt ats- fassas sst-rsi'
ai 7.'si tir-ss kHnaaa Was a,sS an
rtt~st ,s,ssfsshsF and his mission
vss sa prove u tho satisfaction at
tho s"srfausa,s ard capitalists that
,ri-srarhir communication S"s.ia b.
H,siS,aia-i saas;sa,ty in shs semi
Isiisr scsi"Ss,
In Siberia. tt- ksHnan .spssiisi"r
Travelled thousands Of miles ~ dos
s'sr Aai horseback. taSesg,zati. &
climatic s.usi,ions AMI ssshii sas-
Ftyss i,s Evgust "a the .saF aad Ia
The chronicle=news., 1914-05-08

these various forms of signaling II due
to the fact that all the methods In
the group are only plans OF express
ing and transmitting the dots and
dnstcs uf the Mprs. codes such IA arc
In use In ordinary. everyday telegraph
Ing.
In military and naval operations
two Morse codcs are In use. namely tho
International Morse Code and the
American Mcrsc code. The former> IL
the signal code for use In commune
eating between the Army and tbs
Navy o. the United states and Is gen
orally employed not only for visual
signaling bus for radio tclcgraphy and
cable work. The American Morsu
Code is however. continued by the
Army on regular telegraph lines, on
short cables and on field lines. For
signaling with tho International or
General Service Code by means oi
nag. torch. hand lantern or beam oil
n scarchlight without shutter) there
Is but one position and three motions.
The position is with the nag OF
other appliance held vertically. the
signnlmnn facing directly toward tht
station with ~'hich II Is desired &c
communicnte Q rhc first motion. The
dot. is to III. 'Ight of the sender ans
embraces an are of 30 degrees. start
Ing with the vertical and returning tf
1t. The second motion, the dash. Is !
similar motion to the left OF the send
or. The third motion. front" u
dow award directly in front OF thu