davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Tensas gazette. [volume] (St. Joseph, La.) 1886-current, 1914-10-30

ana QleClO0oS an ouOT uOue
iceberg surroun n d 9 d by
smaller pieces that have
broken on.
Returning to realities. Sir
Hiram states that while
the apparatus will work ex-
actly a. described with the
devices already designed,
he IL not going to rest at
this point. He says that
he viii shortly produce q
recording instrument with
a selective power that will
not receive any vibrations
except those due to the
echo of the blast sent out.
This will eliminate all
noises due to the ship and
the sea. and produce . very
clean record.
Tensas gazette. [volume] (St. Joseph, La.) 1886-current, 1914-10-30

dstsct floating object several miles away to esti-
nate its size, shape and distance and to recognize
ths character of neighboring. shore so that har-
Tensas gazette. [volume] (St. Joseph, La.) 1886-current, 1914-10-30

boe, for instance. may be
eaSsly entered In q fog.
An this IL to be done sim
ply By receiving and re-
eoedins the echoes sent
tack BY the objects to be
dstsctsd; but the sound
hat produces the echoes
= not high enough in pitch
b b audible. Its vibra-
tions are powerful and
slow and are given out by
: hinge siren at the ships
beWs. The echoes are re-
esivsd and recorded by ap-
Daratus that serve as ears
~ which are able to give
y much more information
tn . real ear could do.
This latest collision pre-
vsnter ID another adapta-
tion Of q phenomenon in
tAs natural world. Sir H.
IAN Maxim has taken his
cue nom the bat, which
- was reminded 10 en-.
sbled to tell the distance
of objects by the beat of
ID wings.
In bats the sense organs
ars highly d developed.
When . bat flies about in
total darkness the beat of
tts wings sends out q Sc
RES Of pulsations, or
wsvea These waves
strike against all surround
ing objects and are reflect.
- back and received by
The 00naifiva or~aps whs.h
form part of the faca ~
Tensas gazette. [volume] (St. Joseph, La.) 1886-current, 1914-10-30

repeated blasts we find that the
distance between US and the op-
iect diminishes about one-third OF
a mile in q minute. This, OF
course, is due to our own speed
and indicates that the object ID
stationary.
When we are two miles apart
the reflection of our blasts rings
the bells and the indicator shows
q different record from what we
Tensas gazette. [volume] (St. Joseph, La.) 1886-current, 1914-10-30

8 A RESULT Of the Titanic disaster, Sir
Hiram Maxim. the inventor OF the
Maxim gun. has evolved plan for CIV
ing ships sixth sense" that will enable
them to avoid icebergs in a fog by the
same means by which a bat finds its
way about in the dark. For q year or
more he has been working on q device
which he claims will enable a vessel to
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1914-08-24

While in summer baseball, trips to the woods. etc, constitute counter attrac- lions. in winter the want of something with which to employ the idle hour is often strongly felt; hence the club will be wise that constructs it's range so as to permit shooting by night as well as by day and in winter as well as in summer. This implies illuminated tar gets and a sheltered firing point, of which at least a portion can be warmed in winter. The whole firing point should be roofed so as to afford shelter from sun and wet, but as the attend anee of members is usually less in win ter than summer it will not be neces- sary entirely to inclose the whole, but portion sufficient to allow of say 8 per cent of the members shooting at one time should be so constructed that it can be warmed. and the inclosing medium should be removable in sum naer =
 Something in the nature of a club house or a pavilion is desirable. The most successful club is generally that which, while steadily prosecuting its primary objects, does not enirely ignore the social aspect. For this reason it is impossible to emphasize too strongly the desira bility of a comfortable, at traetive pavilion in conjunction with a comfortable, pleasant and easily ac- cessible range.
 In addition to butts and clubhouse the club should provide a few club ri f1es and telescopes for theg general use of members. A small charge of say 5 cents per day for the loan of these will pro vide a. fund which will eventually pay their original cost and subsequent re pairs and renewals.
 Points on HandieaPpins.
 One of the most important items Of successful club mana cement is handi- capping. Nature has failed to endow us ali with equal ability, and no amount of effort on the part of some men will enable them to equal the performance of others in all kinds of sports. This is the case in rifle shoot ing, although steady, careful practice will work wonders with many of those who at first think they can never become good shots. Consequently to make it possible for these to com pete with any hope of success it is necessary to establish equality artifi- cialIy This may be accomplished by process known as handicapping. With the decimal system of scoring with ten points as the highest value of a hit, good method of al1otttng handicaps is to regard the members ability as expressed by the average value per hit of his shots and al1ot him the difference between this aver age and ten as handicap per shot, null tiplyfng this handicap by the number of shots in the competition. For ex- ample, if A in few targets scores 2s2 points in thirty shots. the average value per shot is 9.4. This is As fig ure of ability, and his handicap will be 0.6 per shot, or six points in a ten shot competition and eighteen in thir- ty shot competition An absolute novice l should average between six and seven
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1914-08-24
3 Shooting Becoming Popular National Spor

and, as the earning capacity of the range upon which the income of the club is largely dependent is exactly proportioned to the number of targets multiplied by the number of hours in which they are, available for use, target accommodation, sufficient for at least 10 per cent of the club to shoot at one time will never be. found too much nor add materially to the cost of the range.
 Day or Night, Summer or Winter.
 Target shooters have not, as a rule, too much spare time during daylight even in summer and none in winter
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1914-08-24

covering expenses and provfdefor talk ing up bonds The sale of old copper and lead, special matches and other sources of income will suggest them selves to an energetic management.
 If the proposed system of financing is adopted an annual subscription of $2.5O, collected by half yearly or quar- terly installments, should suffice
 A small bore rifle of good design and construction is as effective as any for target shooting up to 100 yards. In designing range, therefore, you are not necessarily limited to seyenty-fiye feet. In fact, ranges which admit of shooting at several longer distances, such as 50 and 100 yards, afford more variety and are on many grounds preferable. While, however, seventy i've foot ranges can often be built in some existing building at relatively little cost, longer distances mean out door shooting and specially constructed ranges for making such shooting pos sible at all seasons. For this reason, though clubs are strongly advised to make such arrangements at the begin ming that they can eventually provide sufficient target accommodation for a large membership and expand their range to 100 yards, many will prefer
  to start with an indoor range of seven ty-five feet or less, for, be it observed, very good practice can be had on range as short as forty feet. Seventy five feet is generally recognized as the standard distance for indoor ranges.
 The Outdoor Range.
 Though in a sparsely populated coun- try it is often simple matter to i'm provise an outdoor rifle range suitable for % ammunition, improyised ranges almost invariably lack that comfort and convenience so essential to the permanent prosperity of a rifle club and, of course, can only be used for a few months in the year, The fact is that while the present clubs consist mainly of enthusiasts prepared to sub init to almost any inconvenience in the pursuit of their hobby. the gener ality of mankind neither possesses ex- ceptional enthusiasm for anything nor can be induced for very long to toler- ate even a moderate amount of dis comfort and inconvenience. Yet it is mainly upon its success in attracting these that the future development of the rifle club movement depends.
 Consequently the first consideration is the choice of a range site upon which shooting can be conducted with due regard to the safety of the public and which is conveniently accessible and served if possible by train or trolley car. The ground should be inexpen- siye, with pleasant surroundings, and. if possible, should have such natural features as would dispense with the erection of large, costly butts and firing points.
 To give variety to the shooting the site should be wide enough to admit of firing at three butts -25 yards, 50 yards and 10o yards distant simultaneously. Each butt must be large enough to ac- commodate an ample number of tar gets. Members do not like waiting.
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1914-08-24

shooting and is more equitable, inas- much as the member who does the most shooting and thereby uses the club facilities the most contributes the most toward the clubs expenses.
 At a conservative estimate the aver age member will shoot 2.ooo shots a year. With fifty members the club will consume 100000 rounds. This will cost the members 50 cents per hundred, while the club will derive net profit of $25o a year. These figures are very conservative and with an economical management will go a long way toward
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1914-08-24

cluded from this alluring pastime, which is another reason for it's grow ing popularity. Rifle shooting, more over, is possible at all seasons of the year, for even an outdoor range can be protected in winter so that it's use need not be interrupted.
 One of it's principal advantages as a sport is the fact that by the employ ment of 8 system of handicapping the beginner competes on equal terms with the expert, though everybody gets full credit for his profciency,a thing which is difficult to arrange in other sports.
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1914-08-24

the individuals in it. You yourself may see an opportunity for a gun club in your community.
 You can start a good rifle club with as few as two dozen members, but the interest will be. greater and the financ- ing easier if you can get fifty. That is not difficult. There are probably sey- eral dozen persons scattered around your locality who like to5sshoot, even though you yourself know but few. You have only to bring them together. And even if there are not many shoot CTS every small town and city neigh
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1914-08-24

Rifle shooting does not call for physi-l cal strength or prowess like athletic sports. But it does demand mental and physical control in marked de- gree and develops these quaIties; hence it's great value to boys and young men. Learning to hold rifle without letting it wabble and to pull the trigger without jerking it means discipline. It is discipline in it self Rife shooting requires great deal of practice all the year around. This develops will power. determina- tion and stick-to-it-iveness It also more than almost any other sport de ve1ops concentration, self control and sscold nerves' Many are the matches where victory or defeat depends on the man shooting. and he must be able to keep his hand steady and his ejudg- ment cool under the hard strain of an exciting competition. There is more individual work in this sport than in any other. Tn baseball or football it is teamwork that counts. One man may have an off day and not make much difference to the team, but this is not true in shooting Rife practice devel- ops clean living and temperance. The rifeman has to say goodby to bad hab- it's if he has. them.
 A Change of Opinion.
 The old idea that if. is dangerous to let Son Johnny have rife is fast dis appearing. Once every mother firmly believed that Johnny, if he were al- lowed to handle firearms, would shoot himself or somebody else, perhaps with @the gun that wasn't loaded The newspapers every little while print ac- counts of such accidents. But that is an argument in favor of organized rife shooting, not against it, How do fire arms accidents usually occur? Through ] the earelessness of somebody who does not know how to handle firearms, some body who has had no instruction and training in their care and use. Johnny may be forbidden to have a rife, but he is allowed to go camping with other boys. Somebody sneaks cheap fire arm into camp. None of them know how it should be used, and one after the other proceeds to ..fool with it'' Then the accident.
 How to Organize.
 A small bore rife club usually starts with one man This man owns a rifle, own sake, he feels that there would be much more pleasure and profit in it if he could get some other riflemen to- gether and tIns provide for all the zest of competition. Or this prime mover may be the good citizen who sees in the estab ab1ishment of a rife club means of helping the boys or of supplying a need in the general social life of the c9tnmunity. The purpose behind the pfoject may also be incident to the de f tve1opment of one or more of the exist ing local organizations, like a frater- nal order. the grange, the Y. M. c. A., the churches Reasons for starting a rifle club thus extend all the way from the sheer fun that shooting affords to ] the good it may do the town and to
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1914-08-24

bonds carry interest at 5 or 6 per cent and are to be bought back by the club as funds accumulate. With good management, providing constant inter est for members by matches and other events, it is a simple matter to have
 club out of debt in year with fine
 quarters and equipment. With a fairly large membership the difficulties of raising capital and maintaining an in- come are relatively small. Let us sup
 pose that you have secured fifty mem bers at the start (not a large number to get together in small town or a
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1914-08-24

borhood has fifty young people who win like shooting when they get ac-- quainted with it. You can find that many in your town. It is only neces sary to put the proposition before them in an interesting way and bring them together for organization. When you issue the 1nvitation to the first meet ing be sure tosextend it to every body
 men and women, boys and girls, old and young, rich and poor The more people brought out the better the club
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1914-08-24

city neighborhood Fifty $5 bonds will provide a working capital of $25o, and these can be easily sold to members.
 The Self Supporting Club.
 In addition to capital a club must have income to meet its current work ing expenses. Heretofore under the system on which clubs have been man aged practically the only source of in come has been the members subscrip- tions. The effect of this system is to impose an equal expense on all mem
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1914-08-24

will start off. Put the proposition on a platform of neighborhood pride and court newspaper publicity.
 Finance, organization and manage ment of the club are simple enough if one keeps in mind certain principles that bring success. To provide money for ranges. rent and equipment the club usually issues bonds in small denomina- tions and should have little difficulty in selling theu to mernber~ These
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1914-08-24

bers irrespective of the amount of shooting they do, and this expense has been such as to deter the less well to do members of the community from
 Joining the club. A far more prefer able system is to impose light annual subscription and to derive the greatest source of income from the sale of am- munition used in the club to>the mem- bers at a profS This can be done without unduly adding to the cost of
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1914-08-24

By GENERAL GEORGE W. wINGATE. president Public Schools Athletic League, New York City,.
 TMOPULAR interest in small bore rifle shooting is so rapidly in
 creasfng that there can be little
 question but that within very
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1914-06-28

he next turned his attention decoration The bands
composed Of geometrcay repeated unit, are highly
decorative and are in just good dishes OF
the present day The flower Greek vase painting
was the decorative band jeze OF human figures and
animals, which the Greeks applied TO the bowl part of
Inc vase On TINS were depicted scenes representing
the reiigous beliefs of the people, the intermin Cling
OF gods and men, pictures OF daily life Thus The
commonest household object often exalted above
the lower level OF utility and received spiritual mean.
Ing, becoming a thing OF beauty and JOY forever
In almost every respect Roman pottery inferior to
GreeK II is less artistic in shape and less original in
ueasn' tnoush often II is merely imitation of the
Greek Nor could better results have been expected
Ihe Greek worked out his art for the love of it, the
Roman adopted what the Greek left behind and added
to ii on his responsibility enough TO satisfy his
sense OF luxury and display work of the Greek was
characterized by beauty and restraint that ,o.
man by lavishness and ornate design.
After the conquest OF Italy by the bdrbarans interest
IN pottery waned The Christian nations manifested
tianity was spreading northward among rankhearted
out uncuitured. people Before the fifteenth century
only leaden glaze known. the year 100
thls was IN use in the Italian city Pesaro and pot
terles OF Italy were the best developed in Chris
tian Europe. The glaze was transparent and allowed
the eowish bisque the body to shine through
Some time before the eleventh century the Moors
introduced new kind of pottery into Spain It was
distinguished from the Arabian and the Persian wares
ustre and the Wilderness of the glaze This pottery is
known as Hispano Moresque: its manufacture beca
centered on the island of Majorica in the Mediter.
ranean The groundwork OF the was white
enamel obtained through a mixture of tin and the
ware was decorated with stars and medaons in blue
and with long foliage in pale yellow
FROM Maiorica the enamel found its way to Italy uR-
der the corrupted name of Maolica supposed to
have been introduced that country by Ica della
tooDla the sculptor, who used the advantage
in his reefs
AS for England little can be said of the deveonmert
Oh pottery until 1920 AT that time the Bursem
potter in Staordshre noticed the whiteness of some
silica powder used by veterinary surgeon and con
was even more successful than he had hoped The
oouE OIL the ware not only became winter but
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1914-06-28

The earliest pottery made from inferior clay
that was coarse and filled with grit Gradually men
learned to look for finer whittier materials and TO wash
them so as TO make them whittier than before When
the oven in which the pottery baked to
higher temperature harder. better resulted
serious difficulty had to be was
porous absorbed moisture, and therefore did
satisfactory material for holding liquids This led to
the discovery OF yarnish that would exterior
OF earthcn vessels and render them proof against leak
age. Later glaze discovered that no, only i'm.
proved the practical value Of the ware but made it
more attractive we'll.
In early times the greatest pottery centre was
Egypt Even during the New Stone Age the Egyptians
are said TO have made great progress in the manufacture
OF red and black earthenware which later
came famous. AS early 1000 B. c. they we're noted
Tor the making of trapslucen turquo glaze
with which they covered their pottery ard they also
understood the composition of glass. Moreover they
had progressed far in the decorating that even
the Greeks centuries later were not ashamed 10
Initiate them.
The dishes OF the Greeks unlike our ovn--not
SO different in shape, perhaps might imagine
but different in size and material and decoration There
were large earthen platers which meat was served
and plates and saucerlike dishes fish, There we're
recepaces for vinegar and sauces small boxes OF
all shapes and sizes, which purposes
Several kinds we're for oils perfumes others for
frt or MOVERS still Others OF perhaps the attrac
tive shapes, were wine jars and drinking cups
When the Greek had made of appropriate forms
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1914-06-28
Where Our
POTS, PANS
and DISHES
Came From

z r o relics interesting tina" he rude pots
N in which primitive cooked his food and
prepared his beverages. and no class OF relics
mas been preserved to in numbers Two rea.
sons Tor this abundance the imperishable nature OF
sunbaked clay and the slight pecunary value of such
utensils which rendered them from destruction by
conquerng
The use Of clay for the making pottery was with.
out doubt discovered independently by rudest saw.
ages in all parts of the world Their very footprints
perfectly represented in the damp earth. suggest
to them Its Elasticity: and knew the use OF
fre, as men even did during the Old Age knowI
edge OF the baking OF clay could to come
The savage might first avail himself the dried fruits
or trailing vines to his purpose cooking uten-
siis and smear the gourds with moist order to
protect them from fire Before long would be forced
10 appreciate the permanent earthcn shell
and perhaps be willing TO dispense with gourd en-.
tirey.
FOR thousands OF primitive man patiently
SNAPPED MS pottery by hand; and the work moding
Was done SO clevery that in many no one is sure
whether or not the maker the use of potter's
wheel This invention which still in use in mott cries
To-Day. was discovered before the time OF Mena who
relsned in the fourth millennium before Christ
AFTER II mad been nodded the pottery was allowed 10
Dry occasionally before the clay hardened some
simple FORM OF decoration into it's surface
WIN sharp stone The separately nodded parts such
as handles, eet or mouths added shortly before
the pottery was placed in the kiln furnace for firing