davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-04-12
MORE MONEY FOR THE FARM
HAND.
Than In IRctOrtes--ERrW values
Nearly Doubled.

Tho money wages Of farm tabor in
creased about 20 pCr cont during the
past year and about II per cent dur
ing the past four years. Sin 100. the
increase has been about 81 per cent.
These estimates are based upon reports
Of correspondents OF IN" bureau of
statistics agricultural forecasts OF
the Depart ment of Agriculture.
Wages ~ farm labor tended upward
during tn, decade Of the seventies;
they wore .lmost stationary during the
c.ghtles and declined from 1892 10 1894.
since which tmo they have steadily
tended upward i'arm wages now, COM
pared with wages during the eighties,
are about 30 per cent, higher; compared
with the low year of 1894. wages are
now about 81 per cent. higher.
Tho current average rate Of farm
wages IN the United States. when board
is included. is, by the month, s2l.3s; 10y
the day, other than harvest, SllG, at
harvest. Sl.5;. When board is not in
Guided ~" rat" Il, lay IN" month. t3O.Sl;
10y the day, other than harvest. 81 $50;
hy 10, day al harvest. $l?!,
IT," money wages of farm labor has
Increased relatively more than wages
for labor e.. city manufacturers dnrlnc
the past twenty or thirty years, \
comparison VI the average OF wages
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-04-12
Of the He the
JOY OF O

Of drainage. Fine siftcd garden loan
should be placed IN and around the
cups or pieces Of sod and IA pinch of
seed placed in each. then water gently
and cover with sheet OF glass. The
window box method of propagation IL
especially adapted Ia the tcnderrst
plants. poppy. cucumber. heliotrope, Sc.
When large enough they should be
thinned out to two or three for each
container: the plants lstill in their cases)
should be carefully lifted out the cases
gently split to allow for root eXpan-
sion. and bodied in the garden. Plants
treated in this way do not feel trans
planting and suffer no intcrrui ton OF
growth; they stand direct sunshine and
thus require no artificial shade.
Now plant the garden cdgins. Long,
narrow branches Of evergreen f.ngl sh
ivy can be set in a narrow trench along
the borders of the garden. Peg the
slips down with C,othespins: nj the
trench up To the leaves: Il will now
start rapidly into growth and keep pace
with the early flowers. forming a per-
enniai border. During the summer
keep the ivy pinched back to line:
and in the autumn plant crocus bulbs
at set distanc. under the leaves; next
SpiilS bIhH Will W AAii duliib llfI
s!stenCe, force their way through the
ivy leaves with "A charming and novel
effect. II colchicum bulbs are planted
with the ivy in the spring y"u will get
n similar decorative effect In the fall.
The colchicum is the autumn orocus';
II loses It's foliage in August before
blooming: then II Is marvel Of beauty.
Every amateur gardener should have
an index prohihltOrius 10 remind him
what not to plant. Take catalogue az
vice with many grains Of salt. There
are some plants that are sent 10 Chas-
! ten us They often have som" element
/ Of beauty, but are frGhtful In dIsposi-
! ton, being selfish mOnopolsts. Their
natural depray!ty Is almost human. I
once bought q bOcCoula plant poppy.
| For two years thereafter | was kept
| busy eXCavating It's suhterranean ten
| taclcs. Its main root when found was
heading straight for China. year
later when | fondly hoped II had been
cXterminated 1t rcappcarrd In the very
heart " a bush belonging To- absolutely
the thorniest of the rose species. where
It found a most effective fortress. It's
cunning in thus ntrenChng Itself
within n natural Zarciba was an exam
pie of cunning that suggested tho pro
tcCtivc coloration' device OF certain In
sccts and animals We tunncllod under
the bush and cut off it's tail in the hnpc
to thus release It's head, but Il Is sti!
there. The arela Nlerculcs's club Is
another menace to the domestic peace
of any garden. Put these. ana a few
others ON the list ana mark them "do
fcndu."
DO you know the achimInes' fot
may not lind ii except in the catalogue
of the importing houses. II IL dear
The bulb iS Of easy culture, long season
of bloom and the flower Is so blue
Plant them On ntsse and you VIII thlnh
bill of sky has fallen in the garden
or IL set I'm long border YOU Will have
lovely ribbon Take up tn" hulh
after the first FROST and cherish them
Force them m the egg cups next sprlnl
before planting. Another bulb Just "A
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-04-12

per employee in manufacturing indus
tries, as reported by the Corsuscs Of
1910. 1900 and 1890 indicates that the
wages Of such employees increased %
per cent. in ten years $500 To 1870,
and increased only % per cent. IN the
twenty years: the increases In farm
labor wages We're approximately 81 per
cent. in the ten years and about 80
per cent. in the twenty years. This rela-
tive gain Of rural upon urban wages
acts automatical' upon the movement
from country To city.
Wages Of farm labor have been in
creas!ng rapidly not only in the United
States but in most If not all other
countries OF the world. In the CEN
trail agricultural region of Russia the
increase in the wage per day paid
to make labor over that for the years
l90l-ls05, in 1910 was about 90 per
cent. In Hungary the wages Of agri-
cultural laburers increased about 60
per cent In the ten years from 1897
20 1907. In Denmark from 1892 TO
1905 wages of farm labor with board
increased about 30 per cent. and with
out board 80 per cent. In sweden
wages Of agricultural iaborcrs Increased
3s per cent in the ten years from
data showing the wages IN country
and towns. wherein Is shown tina wages
with board increased 10 per cent. in
country and Is per cent. IA towns dur
ing the ten years from 1925 To 1905,
thus showing n greater gam in cOun-
try than IN town wages In Japan,
where economic conditions have been
changing rapidly tho yearly money
wages Of AGRICULTURAL labor more than
doubled In the fourteen years from 1894
| 10 1905 and increased ~ per cont. tro4n
| 1898 10 1905
! LAND VALUES HAVE NEARLY poUBi.Ep
Although farm wages IN the Unitod
States increased about 81 per cent from
| 1900 To 1910 lind values nearly doubled
| in the same time. indicating that IN the
/ distribution Of the proceeds from FARM
/ ing operations a larger proportion now
| goes to capital uCcoun; ana less 10
labor account than formerly, ia" in
/ t"resr rate If return on The capitalized
! value of land, however. Is probably
/ less now than twenty-five or thirty
years ago The value per acre OF crop
| production Increased nbout 30 per cont.
/ from 1900 20 1910.
The premium ~ harvest wages over
/ ordinary dlV WAGES on the farm T.
gradually lesScning Thirty years ago
wages at harVvs, averaged nearly CO
, per cent. higher than WAGES At other
! than harvest time, twenty wears ago
/ the premium was about ~ prr conf;
ten years ago, about 81 per cent; AVID
last year about - per cent. porhnps
,his is due in part e. improved labor
saving harvest machinery ANA Ia part
20 an improved system ~ farming, hy
: Nj Il. -. 3 a,
distributed through the year.
The money wages , hen board Is fur
nishcd is ahout 81 per cent. lcss than
when board is not included, that H.,
nearly oue-third oc what = man earn,
Is charged Ia board, This ratio has not
changed materially IN the past thirly
years.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-04-12
By SUSAN II. OkIE.

And Winter. arousing from has frozen sleep
Wears on his smiling face dream Of
Spring"
After the stress and struggle Of mid
die life there comes to many Of us an
Irresistible call for more intimate
relation with our fond old mother the
earth, whose bosom IL SO soon 10 cradle
us into the eternal sleep. 1t is a psyche
physiological symptom of age that
should bring comfort as well AS re-
Election. Bacon. that wlsest and bright
est OF mankind when driven from the
fields OF his worldly triumphs found a
solace In his garden and left a delight
full handbook for the generations then
unborn, who In turn find quiet hap
piness in helping nature to Infinitely
vary te miracles of creation. He who
plants the seed or bends the twig claims
and receives a share of the JOY that
comes to the creator OF any beautiful
object, be 1t statue. picture or plant.
William Morris exclaimed: PAY for
your labor! The Joy Of creating Is
your pay"
Even the disappolntments of your
garden bring content and happiness;
u
cess, and are never final as our plumbers
in love, in business or in ethics are apt
to be. Start your garden with tiny
modicum OF love; It will increase with
a Joyous exuberance. Mature never
did betray the heart that loved her"
When one has lost all the illusions
of youth, when our children have left
the parental rooftree. when fashions and
worldly society have ceased to interest
us. when vision grows dim and books
are forbidden, and We no longer
"hearken. with credulity. to the whis-
pers Of fancy" then-go to your gar
den,
The robins and crocuscs are here
Now is the accepted time. Put in the
seeds and watch their development
thanking God you are alive and sus'
ceptlble to the purest joy on earth ex
cept motherhood, and without Tho
poignant sorrows that too often ac
company that great blessing
To prepare the tender plants 70,
need a sunny window and box of sand
You must then improvise containers
| these may be small squares of inverted
sod, or paper drinking cups or halves
OF egg shells. The cups should he per
forated at the bottom so as to PERM
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-04-12
Making the furrow for seeds with line and hoe

portance as to the professional gar
dener. There are some interesting facts
regarding the soil that amateurs may
wish to know.
Writer'S frequently mention the tex
ture Of the soil. Texture means the size
Of the earth particles entering into the
composition of the soil. Sandy soil Is
composed Of coarse particles, and clay
soils Of very fine particles. The smaller
the particles of the soil are the greater
In It's water holding capacity. Sandy
soil, therefore. is well drained. but is
supposed to suffer more during drought
than do clay soils. This, however, is
contrary to the experience of the editor
OF the Gardening Department. Watch
ing the same crops for many years on
sandy soil and clay. the crops on the
clay land suffered most in extreme
droughts and produced smaller yield
than those on sandy soil. The sand
seems TO supply moisture from below.
by capillary attraction. to the roots
of the growing crops, keeping them in
better condition than the crops on the
clay land.
Soil temperature is an important fac
tor in large operations and depends on
the water and air contained in the soil,
technically called the water content
and air content Of the soil. A very
moist soil is cool. II air penetrates the
soil to some depth 1t has a tendency
TO warm the soil quickly In spring.
time. Clay soils saturate with rnois-
ture. are cool. whereas coarser sands
with their supply OF air are warm.
The color OF the soil has an influence
on its temperature Dark soils absorb
heat. whereas light soils reflect the
suns rays. Moisture and air frequently
counteract the influence Of color. Fine
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-04-12

precious is the hardy cyClamcn Il Is
practically unknown In this country;
all through the winter my specimen Of
thls brave little hcdcrafoiio has lived
III the open--an oasis OF verdure in the
frozen desert Of garden. It's bloom Is
Just like that Of tine tender Persian
cyclamen, except that OF the hardy is
smaller and more profuse.
Another rare and hardy plant FOR the
garden is the Glacafolia shortia; the
flower with history. I. was d.scov-
cred IN North Carolina a hundred years
ago by an English traveller and taken
by him to England. where IL bloomcd
and died. leaving a written obituary,
however. in the London botanical Gar
dcns. Then II was rediscovered. again
ia the mountains of North Carolina. by
Prof. short, whose name il now bears,
Il is quite beautiful In foliage and In
bloom
But one cannot tell OF all OF the de-
lights Of the garden. I must be content
II ! have given my coworkers in the
garden jus. wrinkle or two that may AT
least result in their experimenting with
unfamiliar plants with prospect OF
success that when IL comes Is blessed
ness,
OF cours" you can buy flowers but
they are like other peoples children
prettier than ours. perhaps. but no,
our own. We did not watch them from
babyhood. They are only ours by RICH,
of purchase and have rot been made
precious to us by the love and care WI
have expended in rearing and safe
guarding them. Tho millionaire may
have his vaulted domes of glass to shel.
ter his rare eNotics and To hc visited
ocCa sionally. as he visits his picture
gallery: hut a violet that one has
planted and tended. bursting into bloom
and sending its fragrance into youi
very soul. IL productive OF far keenc'
and sweeter happiness 10 those OF thai
emotional temperament that make
them exqu!sitely susceptible 70 joys 81
this kind
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-04-12
GARDENING NOTES.

Musa ensete. Abyssin!an hanna, Is .
splendid plant for the open air In sum-
mer for use singly or in groups. II
attains large proportions when supplied
with manure ana water. 1t Is easily
raised from seeds. treated as recon-
mended above for Cannas.
In the autumn, when the weather
grows coo' the growth Of the plants
will he checked and the foliage can DO
cut back considerably. the plants taken
up and planted IN tubs or boxes and
safely stored in the cellar or any place
free from frost, providing IN" soil IL
watcred occasionally sufficiently 20 keep
them from drying out The leaves are
broad and tropical in appearance. y
situation where the plants will be
somewhat shaded from strong winds Is
desirable az the foliage IS apt to tear
when whipped by higl winds.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-04-12
LBERT e. WILKINSON Of tn.

A LBERT z. WILKINSON Of the
N New York College Of Agricul-
n ture has given some excellent
advice on the vegetable garden
In a recent bulletin issued by the coll
lege. The opening Of the subject is de-
voted to dos and dont's. all good, but
rather too many OF them for the ordi-
nary amateur.
A good, well drained piece Of land
well fertilized and cultivated. will give
good results. The garden should be
located where It will have full exposure
TO the sun. The careful amateur sup
piles the necessary water. SO the char
acter Of the soil Is not Of so much i'm
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-04-12

sands constitute the most productive
trucking soils
For the home garden annual appll-
cations Of stable manure are to oc de-
pended on rather than applications OF
commercial fertilizer The manure
should be ploushed or forlSed under and
II does more than supply food for the
plant. IL Increases the water holding
and the al: holding capacity of the
soil. II promotes root development and
nourshes beneficial bacteria.
After ploughina the land ehould be
thoroughly narrowed. or If the land
has been spaded 1t must be thoroughly
rakcd with long tooth iron rake.
Heavy soil land when plough,d requires
cross narrowing with Il disc barrow,
followed by spring tooth or spike
tooth harrow.
sowing seeds out of Doors.
The best time for sowing Is a ques-
ton TO be determined hy experience.
No definite date can be depended on
year after year. or even for two years
in succession. The time for sowing de-
ponds on soil moisture. soil temperature
and climatic conditions. Climatic COM
dltlons are likely to become settled
about May |. At this time the
soil ia in condition for the most rapid
growth OF plants. Cold weather plants
may be planted much earlier in the
season. Warm weather crops must
wait until u" uahEer irV'1 'ros' - past
Seed Testing.
Seeds may be tested on b.ott,ng pa
per or hne sand placed IN Il saucer or
, plate anu molstened win water \ Few
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-04-12
Pure Canada UrleaChed
HARDWOOD ASHES

Tho NrNI = Nll''I INH NVsI TN'T'TH
Fertilizer rn EAIih
Potash hue aul pho1. Acld are contained
IN ashes. Tho Potash h. an active rals'lc
Potash ana the Lime re- ~ vegetable Lime.
which is tho pui"7t hHd strongest FORM OF
lin"
The loyn' Drlnd Ashes arc the hest hy
test Address JOn> JpNNr. box .O' II.
Lucknow. Ontario. canada.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-04-12
ANTING THE HOME VEGETABLE GARDEN-WF1AT
TEXTURE OF THE SOIL IS--WATER AND AIR CONTENT
Color of Soil Affects Its Temperature. Starting Seed
Depth to Sow. Watering, Spading, Trans
planting and Proper Fertilizers

large crops of vegetables. termination
will he greatly benefited If irrigation
Follows directly on SOWING
s.,
Sometimes IL Is advisable TO shade
the ground IN which seeds have been
planted IN order 10 prevent undue eVap-
Grafton OF SOL moisture. Old ncwspa-
pers spread over the soil Will check me
suns rays AID tho sweep OF the wind
and prevent he formation OF crust
that might interfere with plant grown.
AS soon as the young plants break
through the ground the covering must
be removed Immediately. otherwise the
plants VIII grow sp!ndly.
Paintings should usually be made In
shallow boxes or fats, as they ere called.
Flats are usually made IL 10y II inches
The inside depth is 2Is inches. Ten
flats of this size will he accommodated
under each hotbed or cold frame sash
Holes must he bored or cracks left IN
the bottom for drainage.
~! the fiat with the best soil obtain
able Mixing little sand with 1t Will
insure good drainage. The soil IN the
fiat should he level 10 prevent uneven
watering. Fili the fiat level with earth
and press II down evenly with piece
Of board Make the burrows by lay
ing a strip of board across the box
and marking with n sharp stick. The
seed is now sown In the burrows at the
rate OF from nve to fifteen seeds per
inch. Evenness Of sowing IL important
After the seed is sown the soil Is
levclled over the rows and pressed down
with a board. II the surface is no,
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-04-12

be transplantod. much thicker sowing
may he practiced.
soaking the seeds.
The first process in termination Is
the absorption of water 10y the seed.
This enables the tiny pantlct within
the seed coats to become active. II IS
possible TO advance termination a few
days by soaking the seeds over night
in warm water. on the following morn
ing they should he carefully planted
By hand TO avoid bruising
Unless the seeds are to be transplanted
they should not bc sown broadcast.
Seeds sown in drills are covered az a
uniform depth and the seeds mako a
united effort to push through the soil.
and It Is possible to cultivate the soil
as there Is a regular and definite space
between the plants.
Depth Of sowing.
According to the gardeners rule
seed should be sown AT a depth twice
It's diameter but Judgment must be
exercised in the application of this
rule. The question OF the depth de-
ponds on ut least four factors. Of which
the arst Is size. The larger The seed
the deeper Il should be planted. Beans
may no PLANTED az n depth OF an inch
or an inch ard half; celery or carrot
seeds arc merely pressed into the soil
The texture Of tie soil Is a second fac
tor II the soil 10 sandy the seed may
be planted at a greater depth than IL
the soil is clayey. \ dry soil requires
a deeper planting than a moist soil.
There Is more moisture In the soil in
I tho early spring and in the late fall,
than In the summer. Seed sown at
these seasons should be nearer the sur
face than seed sown In the summer.
In the home garden straigh: rows
, are practically a necessity. not only
, for better appearance but for economy
in space.
In hand sowing the first step II to
mark on the row. using a line or piece
OF board or scantling. with pegs at
required distances apart After these
marks or lines have been made the next
step is the opening Of the furrow. This
may be done with hoe or with the
/ power wheel tools After the furrow
is open II Is necessary that the seed lie
sown and Immediately covered before
! the soil has dried Hoe the soil bacl,
and press II down firmly with the feet
i For large gardens a hand seed drill
/ is used which opens the furrow. drops
the seed and covers IL. presses tho soil
and marks the next row.
| In hand sowing a clay soil MAJ be
| pressed down with the hoe: sand will
require foot pressure.
! Watcrtn~
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-04-12
DO You Love Flowers?

To Those VIM APPRECIATE DUAL T.,
Fifteen Ola Mt orchid TlOwcrlng Gladulus bulbs
en- oh spe ola Sc lection nd Including the new and
rare blue giadiolus "pthcock" like glaut gansy
blossoms, sent prepaid 59, Artistic hnohlrt of
rare and wonderful vladioll free, Twenty tive
awards received season of iDl3
II, T.. MEADER. Dover. y. II
Gladiolus Spccla list,
When ordering. mention the sun, and receive
free packet Butterfly sweet fcAs.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-04-12
Frming the soil the seed by the OF the feet

shock 70 tho main stem II 90 severe
that the plants are not likely 10 survive.
Such plants may be transplanted II the
seeds are planted in pots and tho en-
tire plant with root and adhering earth
Is transferred to the garden. Many
gardeners prefer to transplant on .
rainy day or cloudy day preceding or
following rain
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-04-12
Watering.

An abundant and constant supply OF
water Is Necessary in order to produce
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-04-12
Care After nnsplnuting.

For n day or two after transplant.nE
the plants should hc shaded to lessen
the evaporation and increase tho root
growth To balance the loss Of moisture
from the leaf surface.
As the season advances toward the
time when the plants can he safely
transplantcd to the garden thcy should
De prepared to stand the change from
the house or cold frame To the more
rigorous conditions Of the open field.
This hardening should he brought abou.
gradually. Water should he used spar
ingly. and from day to day the tenn
pcrature should be lowered by grad
ual increase OF ventilation until the
plants can he fully exposed.
Plants with fibrous roots such as
cabbagcs, tomatoes, lettuce. peppers
parsley, celery and onions may be trans
planted easily. The root surface of
these plants is So well developed that
the plant is benefited by transplant .ng
Peas, beans, corn. hrcts. turn!ps. rad
lshes. melons and squash haV" few
nbruuS roots Most If these have I. tap
root or one or Two main root, ana
small latorais extending from them
making x difficult To- transplant sue
cessfu.y. When tfausplan,ed the lat
erals are i!kely 10 be destroyed. and III,
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-04-12
THE GARDENING DEPARTMENT
OF THE >J< APPEARS
EVERY NDAY

throughout the year. TIL" Gardeninr
DeDart ~ cnt is NV avs ,ntcrc>tiis and
cont aims much Valuable Informal! pr.
Inc l,dtOG the Iatet new" or the hur-
ticulturai and observation-disclosures, ANA
the most recent results or the in>cstl.
Ept Ions OF the various state aud me
United STATE. Agricultural Depart
Nents. New plants and dover. and
gardening inpiNVds are here an.
no,inc cti, often the first source Of In.
fOrmR; iou.
suggestions and rhN ice are CIV"
b., the Editor. ant uu"~' 10. reg ird-
Ing garipniUs probicnis arr an ~ cred
promptly Without charge.
~'ibscrtpt ION price. ~ mall. post.
paiu. ~. 40 per year. 20 cents per
mouth.
<ddrrs. The GHrd"uin& DVunrt.
lent. The New fork ~un.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-04-12

And Winter. arousing from his frozen sleep,
Wears on his smiling face dream Of
Spring"