davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-09-26
APPLE GROWERS ARE STRONGLY
ADVISED TO USE COLD STORAGE

, color. and should not be confused with
| the latter.
Care in all handling operations is
| the second important requisite of sue
cessful storage. A class of fungi, or
which the common blue mold is an
example. are known to be unable to
attack and cause decay of healthy,
uninjured fruit. In spite of this fact,
very serious rots, both in storage and
in transit to market, are the work or
fungi of this type, and the largest
contributory cause in all cases is
brulsing or skin breaking suffered by
the fruit in the picking and packing
operations. Microscopic bruises ana
breaks in the skin are large enough TO
afford entrance to the spores or these
fungi and the necessity for the utmost
care in all operations connected with
the handling of the fruit to avoid
bruising and mechanical injuries is
more urgent than most growers real
ize.
There is a marked difference in con-
dition between fruit stored promptly
after picking, say not more than two
DAYS later, and otherwise comparable
lots of which the storage is delayed
ten DAYS or two weeks. Such delay is
especially injurious during a period or
warm, humid weather. The delayed
fruit at withdrawal from storage is
ripper, yellower and duller than the
corresponding Immediate" stored
fruit and in addition develops more
serious scald and decay. The I'M
portance of eliminating all avoid
able delay in storing cannot be too
strongly emphasized.
Storage Temperatures.
Thirty-one to thirty-two degrees
Fahrenheit is the standard storage
temperature for apples, and this has
been found to be best for long keep
ing of fruit. Higher temperatures
hermit the ripening of the ruit to adj
vance more rapidly than at thirty
one to thirty-two degrees Fahrenheit,
with the result that the fruit at these
temperatures reached the end OF its
storage life much sooner. In addi-
fion the lower temperature retardS
most effectively the development of
fungus decays and skin blemishes.
For short storage period higher
temperatures may be used without
serious trouble especially with the
better keeping varieties, but for long
keeping thirty-one to thlrty-tWo de-
grees Fahrenheit Will best MAINTAIN
the color, quality and texture of the
fruit.
Apples should be withdrawn from
storage while still firm, and in this
condition can be held on the market
in satisfactory shape for several days
or weeks. If allowed to become eX-
cessively oVerripe In storage, how
ever. they will break down very fast
on withdrawal Apples from thirty
two degrees Fahrenheit will, as a
rule, hold in better condition after
withdrawal from storage than will
comparable lots from higher temporal
lures.
There are several other factors af-
| fectlng the behavior of apples in
storage, but those discussed have
been found to be of greatest impor-
i lance, and their proper control will
solve a large percentage of present
serious storage difficulties.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-09-26

As the sheep breeding season is now
opening, the United States depart
ment of agriculture urges the desira-
bility of maintaining a small flock of
sheep upon the farm. With proper
care and attention, flock of twenty
five or thirty ewes can be kept at very
little expense, and they will prove
of inestimable value in freeing the
farm from weeds, and adding some
thing to the farm income In addi-
ton to providing considerable sup
ply of delicious wholesome food for
the farm table, there will be a sur
plus for sale, and an additional item
of revenue in the form of WOOL
Many farmers make a practice OF
buying ewes III the fall, breeding them
and selling the lambs the following
summer. Such ewes can be carried
through the winter on wheat and rye
fields If not pastured too closely, or
on clover hay with some roots and
little linceed meal. If the clover hay
is not available, corn fodder may be
used as roughage, in which case it
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-09-26

Eyersreens have some characteris-
tics that make it necessary to handle
them with greater care than other
trees. The writer once saw man
nlanting some evergreens. He
thought he would save the cost of
buying the evergreens from a nur-
seryman and for the expert advice
that nurserymen might give him. So
ne spent a day in the woods, digging
evergreens, and hauled them to his
home. where he unloaded them in q
place exposed to the wind and sun.
The next day he planted them with
great care. A month later nearly all
Of them were dry and dead, only an
occasional one surviving. He had
planted windbreak, which, Of
course, did not materialize.
His failure was due to the lack of
advice the nurserymen could have
given him. The expert would have
told him that the sap in the ever
green is not like that in deciduouS
trees. but IL is of a resinous nature;
that when the tree is being trans
planted it's roots must be kept moist;
and that il the gummy substance in
the roots is allowed to become dry at
the point where it comes into contact
with the air the tree will die, no
matter how carefully planted. The
man did not know this; had allowed
his trees to lie exposed to the wind
and sun till the gum was hardened
in the roots, and all his subsequent
care had not availed.
The few trees that did survive had
evidently been thrown into position
where the roots were protected FROM
drying out This matter of the ma
ture OF the sap is a small one. but 1t
is all-important for every man to
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-09-26
If FARMERS FURNISH MILK
CHEESE INDUSTRY WILL BOOM

and reaches the consumer within
month of manufacture. This is.
therefore, an opportunity for the
American maker freed from competi-
ton to sell his article and by the
fuller opportunity to work his fac
tory, to perfect his method to such
degree as to hold that market when
competition returns. Though more
perishable than Cheddar, Swiss and
some other varieties, this should not
prove to be a serious obstacle to in
of the best quality always commands
good price.
In addition to Camem bert there are
a number of other fancy foreign
cheeses which are popular here and
which could doubtless be initiated
successfully by American cheese MAX
ers after a little experimental work.
Among these varieties are Edam,
Gouda, Parmesan, Roquefort, Stilton
and Gorgonzola. Although there
seems to be no reason why such
cheeses. should not be made in the
United States, they do not, in the
opinion of experts, offer at the pres
ent time the most promising field for
American cheese makers. For the
present, at least, it would probably be
better for them to encourage the de-
mand for standard types, such as
Cheddar, Swiss, Limburger, pineap-
pie, etc.
The field for Cheddar is particularly
promising because of the fact that
the flavor of this cheese, while always
distinctive, can, nevertheless, be made
to vary widely. This variation en-
ables 1t to act as a substitute for a
number of other varieties. In short,
the experts in the department of ag-
riculture are confident that with care
and foresight at the present time the
American producers will do much to
place American cheeses on a perma-
nent equality with the European va
rieties and sweep away a prejudice
that has held back the industry In
the past.
AS long as the general public be-
lieves that the imported product is
necessarily the best, the tendency on
the part of American manufacturer
is inevitably to turn out goods tn ,
will sell because of their low price,
not because of their high quality
The best way to remedy this condi-
ton of affairs and to make friends
for domestic cheeses of foreign tyne
is for American makers to label their
products frankly as American goods
This will give the consumers an OPP
portunity to compare our best home
made products with the imported ar
ticle The result will be the removal
of long standing prejudice and an
added incentive for manufacturers to
improve the quality OF their products
1t is thought that this can be done
and the price still kept below that
necessarily demanded for imported
cheese. But any temporary advant-
age gained by the present situation
cannot be maintained unless Ameri-
can cheese makers work for quality
of their products. Eventually, they
will again be obliged to compete with
Europeans who for generations have
looked upon cheese-making as g. fine
art.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-09-26

used for breeding with good results
although she may be as much as five
years old Never buy a eve that has
a broken mouth, that is, with teeth
that have been broken off or lost.
None but pure-b bred ram should be
used. 1t is not necessary to have a
show animal, but a strong, vigorous
buck is essential. Shropshire Oxford.
Southdown and Hampshire rams sire
excellent mutton lambs and these
breeds are recommended for the farm
States. A suitable ram can be bought
for So to 500.
The two principal draw backs to the
sheep industry In the farm States are
dogs and stomach worms. The dog
nuisance can be obviated to a great
extent by placing dog-proof fences
around the pasture. The United
States forest service has had excel
lent results in protecting sheep from
coyotes and wolves by building fences
constructed in the following manner:
A barbed wire is first stapled to the
posts right on the surface of the
ground, Three inches above this is
placed a panel of close woven wire,
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-09-26

In view of the interference with the
European market and the large pro-
duction of American apples this sea-
son, specialists of the department OF
agriculture call the attention of apple
growers to the advantages of cold
storage for steadying the market at
harvest and for lengthening the sell
ing period.
Cutting of the market will result,
1t is feared, in many thousands OF
barrels of good apples rotting in the
orchard or being disposed of at prices
which figure a net loss to the grower.
The following are the directions
given by the apple-handling special
lists OF the department for using cold
storage successfully in handling ap-
pies:
The proper function of cold storage
is to retard the ripening processes or
the fruit and the development OF de-
cay organisms and skin blemlshes.
The first responsibility Tor the Keep
ing quality of his fruit rests with the
grower, since it is his growing and
handling methods that largely deter
mine it's vitality, freedom from dis
ease, and general condition when
stored. Cold storage is not remedy
or a restorative for poorly developed,
weak imperfect fruit, but is the most
effective method of preserving the
quality. flavor and appearance pos
sessed by the fruit at time of picking:
The first step in successful cold
storage of apples has been found to
lie in the practice of such cultural,
spraying and pruning methods as IN
sure production of sound, healthy,
well-colored fruit, free from disease.
Assuming this as the first requisite,
the following factors have been found
10 most influence the keeping quality
of the fruit, and furnish best cohdl-
tons for long storage;
1. Proper maturity at time of pick
ing.
2. Care in all handling operations.
3. Prompt storage after picking.
4. A proper storage temperature.
Maturity Tests.
Careful and extensive Investigations
have demonstrated that fruit packed at
full maturity can be held for a longer
period in storage and is less affected
bv scald and decay than that picked
when somewhat immature. Two inn
portant commercial varieties, Rome
Beauty and Winesap, have been found
10 be especially susceptible to seald
during storage If picked prematurely
There is no doubt that several thou
sand dollars are lost to the industry
each year through the improper pick
Ing of these two varieties alone. me
results emphasize strongly that more
care and attention should be paid to
this detail of the harvesting opera
tions than is usually the case.
BY full maturity. however. is not
meant over-maturity, which may
cause fully as heavy losses as imma-
turity Each grower should study his
own fruit and his own conditions in
order to determine the proper picking
stage. Probably the most reliable
single indication of maturity is the
whitening or slight following of the
"ground color of the fruit. This is
Tie color underlying the blush or red
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-09-26
Quaint Story Of Candle-light Time

In My YOUTH the authorship of.
which is not made known, published
by The Bobbs- Merrill Company, In
dianapolis. is now book OF special
attra ctiveness and true literary
merit. II is written in an easy,
dignified style. Treating of events
and scenes Of fifty years ago dur
ing the rustic beginnings of the
Middle West, it has throughout so
much of accuracy in the pictures
drawn of that time that not only
are memories Of older people re-
freshed, but the book has value as
historical document.
This book deals with that period
in Mid West history just prior 20
the Civil War. The locale is what
was then known as the New Settle
ment-a colony OF Friends located
near Richmond, Ind, IN wayne
county. The little hero of this fas-
cinating narrative is so bookish as
to alarm his mother and incur the
admonition and dire prophecies OF
the scattered neighbors.' Indeed, the
advent of new books, at long inter-
walls. are the landmarks OF the
child's biography events or more
magnitude than any other domestic
happenings A long course Of FOX 5
Journal, and two or three other ury
treatises, prepare little Robert for
less stiff reading. A visiting minis
ter gives him the first part of Dick
ens's "Child's History of England;
stray geography by Peter Farley
opens new vistas and enlarges the
nearby horizon: a battered speller
has engrossing sentences at the bot
| tom of every page; old readers are
highly priced and even dog-eared
arithmetics are not despised In the
pioneer DAYS such was the manner
of satisfying the craving Of an eager
mind.
!, The counting Of the country girls
by the big boys. the incessant smok-
Ing of pipes BY the old women in
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-09-26

Copies of amy of the new publlca-
lions listed here may be obtained free
upon the application to the editor
ana chief OF the division Of publica-
tons, United tates department of
agriculture, Washington, d. G., as
long as the departments supply lasts,
or from your congressman or sena-
tor. When the departments supply
is exhausted publications can be OBJ
tanned from the superintendent of
documents. Government Printing Of
ice. Washington, D. c., by purchase
only. and at the price noted herein.
Send all remittances to the superin-
tondent of documents direct. His Of
flee is not part OF the department
OF agriculture.
Production of clean milk, is pages,
8 illustrations (Farmers' Bulletin 6O2).
This bulletin Is intended to be of
special value TO all persons engaged
in the production of milk, and also
10 consumers who are interested in
procuring clean. safe milk.
Collection and preservation OF in
sects and other material for use in
the study of agriculture, Is pages, 10
illustrations Farmers Bulletin 6O6).
This blu letin is intended for the use
cf teachers in rural schools through
out the country.
Removal of garlic flavor from milk
and cream, pages. l Illustration
tFarmers' Bulletin 60Sl.
Domestic breeds of sheep in Amer
lea. 50 pages % illustrations depart
ment Bulletin 94). Price 20 cents.
This bulletin gives detailed Informal
ton as to the origin. adaptability,
distribution. distinguishing charac-
teristics, etc, of the various domes-
Tic breeds of sheep. 1t is of especial
interest to sheep breeders and to the
sheep grower who is DESTROYS of Sc
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-09-26
NEW BULLETINS YOU CAN GET
FROM YOUR CONGRESSMAN

curing the best breed adapted to his
particular locality.
The application of refrigeration to
the handling of milk. Lightweight
pages, thirty-seven illustrations.
department Bulletin ninetyeight)
Price ten cents Discusses the
application of refrigerations in the
operation OF the modern milk plant
and describes the various forms of
mechanical and other systems of
cooling. OF interest to producers.
shippers. dealers, and consumers of
milk generally, and also to manu-
facturers of refrigeration machinery
and appliances
Operating Costs of a Well Estab-
lished New York Apple Orchard
Sixteen pages, three illustrations.
department Bulletin 1907 Price five
cents This bulletin contains data on
the cost of producing apples on q
mature orchard operated in connec-
ton with a general farm in western
New York. The information is APP
plicable to all similar operations.
Experiments in the Destruction of
Fly Larvae in Horse Manure. TWEEN
ty-six pages, four plates. Contribu-
ton from the Bureau of Entomology.
professional Paper). Department
Bulletin 1872 Price ten cents. This
bulletin reviews some recent expert
ments whose results point to an
economical, practical, and effective
way OF destroying fly larvae by
chemically treating manure. II in
cludes an account of the effects Of
certain larvicides on the value of
manure, as estimated by chemical
and meteorological analyses.
Twenty nine pages, eight illustra>
tons. Contribution from the Bureau
of Entymology. professional Pa
PERI Department Bulletin ninety
sikh Price five cents. A study Of
the effects of temperature on bees,
and of interest to beekeepers gener-
ally.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-09-26

American cheese makers are being
urged by the United States depart
ment of agriculture to take advan-
tage of the present excellent oppor-
tunity to establish a reputation for
their products that will outlive the
present disturbance in international
commerce. European cheeses have
long been popular in this country,
and it is popular belief that they
cannot be equaled by the domestic
product. For example, in the fiscal
year ending June 80 total of 63.
7S4,313 pounds of cheese were import
ed into this country. 1t is not yet
possible to say to what extent this
trade will be interferred with by the
war, but it is certain that the inn
ports for the current year will be
much less than they have been in the
past.
There is no reason why some OF
this deficiency cannot be made good
at home if the farmers will furnish
the milk. Already American cheeses
have been made which rank, in the
opinion of experts. fully as high as
foreign cheeses OF the same class
The popular preference for the i'm
ported products, however, has hither-
to prevented these cheeses from sell
ing on their own merits in COMPETE
ton with European produce
Llmburger American Product.
One of the most striking instances
Of this is Limburger cheese. In quail
ity and price American cheese of the
Limburger type long ago drove its
foreign rival out of the market
Practically no foreign Limburger has
been imported into this country fol
many years. Many consumers, how
ever, have chung to the belief that
they were eating a foreign cheese
There is no reason at all why they
should not now know that the Amer
lean product is exactly as good as the
foreign. Moreover, now that some OF
the more expensive types of highly
favored foreign cheeses are not likely
to reach us for long time, the IL
mand for domestic Limburger should
be greatly increased. The market
thus created should remain gooo
one long after the present conditions
have been remedied for once, the
consumer becomes accustomed to the
American products he is not likely &c
abandon 1t for more expensive for
eign one, which is no more satisf &c
tory.
Much the same is true of cheeses OF
the kind popularity described as SWISS
Cheese of this variety is made exactly
as well at home as abroad. In the
past, it is true, American makers
have been confronted by several diff
f1culties, but government investiga.
tors have solved many of these prob.
lens, and it is now possible for ex-
pert cheese makers to turn out Swis;
cheese of uniformly high quality.
Camembert has been made in Amer
lea with some success already. This
variety has suffered more, however
from actual opposition by the promo
ter of the imported article than Other
kinds. Camembert is ripened quickly
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-09-26

should always be supplemented with
bran or linseed meal. Lambs should
come early and should be taught to
eat as soon as they are old enough.
Give lambs access to corn by provid-
ing creep through which they can
go without allowing the ewes to fol-
low.
Ewes can be purchased at the pres
ent time at prices ranging from So
for common, inferior sorts to 81 for
good fairly well-bred ewes. For farm
purposes the black-faced ewes are
more popular than the Others, al
though good results can frequently be
obtained from the white-faced ones.
In buying ewes, be sure that they
stand well on their feet, have good
straight backs and good mouths.
Ewes that have broken teeth, or teeth
that are badly worn down, should
not be bought AS rule, a sheep has
one pair of permanent incisor teeth
when it is one year old. two pairs
when it is two years old, and three
pairs or a full mouth when it Is three
years old. A full-mouthed eve, If the
teeth are in good condition, can be
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-09-26
Hairpins Used as Decoration
Since the Earliest Times

Hairpins have been elaborated as
a means of decoration since the ear
Hest times. Particularly beautiful is
the delicacy of their workmanship,
two of the finest specimens being the
gold pins which We're found at Sala-
mis- in Cyprus, and are now in the
British Museum. Even more hand
some were the Saxon pins of later
date, with their shank of brass. head
of gold and embellishments of gar
nets and pearls. There were, too. the
larger sort of pins so conspicuously
and frequently mentioned in the
Bible. The instrument driven by Jael
through the temple of Sisera was
probably a tentpin, while Delilah fas-
tened the web on Samson's hair with
pin or batten.
In the Middle Ages pins were a
great fashion-indeed a necessity-in
France, and we have it on record
that in 1347 10000 pins were removed
from the royal wardrobe for one of
the French princesses.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-09-26

thirty-six inches high, and above this
two strands of ordinary barbed wire.
Care should be taken to see that there
are no openings between the ground
and the lowest barbed wire. An in
closure made in this manner, into
which sheep may be turned at night,
is inexpensive and dogs will not get
through it, Most of the damage by
dogs is done at night.
The presence of stomach worms is
a very serious drawback. The young
lambs become infested with them by
eating grass to which the worms have
attached themselves, the eggs being
deposited by the mature sheep. 1t is,
therefore, desirable to keep the lambs
on land on which the mature sheep
have not rum and, il possible, in cases
of bad estations, to keep tie la'nps
away from the mature sheep as much
as possible.
In the farm States, the farmers will
find 1t to their best advantages l. re-
gard the wool from the sheep rs a
by-product, and direct their principal
attention to the production OF lambs
and mutton for the table.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-09-26
START GERANILlN SLIPS NOW
FOR WINTER BLOOMING

Have YOU started your geranium
slips for winter blooming? If you
have not it is time to do it now.
If started at once they will make
"a good growth before it is time to
take them into the house and young
plants always make brilliant
showing during the winter months
in n profuson of bloom. Break on
good, thrifty slips that are slightly
woody and set them out in box
of clean sand. Keep them we'll
watered. but not too wet, and for
q. few days set them in the shade