davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Arizona republican., 1914-10-17
WHY SATURDAY IS THE
 REAL SABBATH. BOND
Adventist Elder Upholds Practice oi
 His Denomination

Saturday, the seventh udY ol lle week, is the Lords Day, and the Sab bath commanded to be kept by all Christians" said Elder J. E. Bond, president of the Arizona conference of the Seventh Day Adventists. in ser mon at the Adventist camp ground, North Tenth and Pierce streets, last night. Sunday is not now, and never was the Lords Day of the Bible, he continued. Tt is not even the Lord Day of the New Testament, for Jesus i said he is Lord of the Sabbath day, and the Sabbath day is Saturday Jesus was the Fathers agent in crea- tion, the one who first rested on the Sabbath, and placed his blessing on it..
 We read in Matthew "A that Jesus comma nded the disciples to pray that they be not compelled to flee from Je- rusalem at the time of it's destruction ! either in the winter or upon the Sab bath day. Jesus, who could predict it's destruction, must have known that 1t would not be destroyed until 70 years l after his crucifixion and resurrection, and during all that time the Sabbath 1 lIdu DOl Decll tlidllStu li'ili ti'N HN' oAAN N'- to the first day of the week.
 Jesus said, The Sabbath was made for man Man is here used in the generic sense, including the entire hu-
 man family, Genesis 2:1-3 shows us the Sabbath was made 2500 years be- fore there was Jew in the world. It was made before man sinned and man was to observe it, not because he would become worldly minded otherwise. fo1 he then had no tendency in that direc- ton but Because Christ had created the world in six days, and rested the sev- enth.
 Christ kept the Sabbath all through his lifeN He never changed the law as i long as he lived, and he sealed the covenant with His blood. Paul says 1 in Colossions 3:15 that even a man : covenant after it is sealed, and the ] testator has died. mo man disanulleth or addeth thereto Then if any change was made in the covenant after i Christ's death and resurrection, 1t must have been made by a forger.
 My dear friends. the fourth com mandment of Exodus 20:S-l1 still stands just as God gave it. He gave it for Man. Men who fail to Keep II thereby incur the displeasure of their Maker"
 Elder Bond will speak tonight or
Arizona republican., 1914-10-17
Not a Trophy of War"

The Defenders seek to dazzle us with the show ing that the mines and railroads pay a much larger percentage of the taxes than they did before that creator of wealth, the commission was born We are glad to know it, but what good does that do the rest of us? It has frightened our burdens The taxes of the farmer the business man and the heme-owner have also been increased.
 The mines and railroads in times past did not bear their share of the weight taxation We had reason to believe, expect that when they were compelled to do so. the weight would be lifted in part from those who had been bearing more than their share of it. But that has been done and every taxpayer knows that it has not been done |; never will be done until the voters replace extrava- gance and ncompetency at the capitol with economy and efficiency.
 It is nothing to US how much more the mines and railroads taxed if the excess is to be frt- tered away, it has been during the last three years.
 The excess whatever it may be, belongs to the people and to the administration by right of dis covery and seizure It is of the trophies of war" such as the governor recently proclaimed the great white state automobile to be-
Arizona republican., 1914-10-17
LONDON BACHELORS, CIuR

This is the most exclusive social organiza ton in London. It is exclusive of the exclusive, the most unique and ultra fashionable of all the social clubs in the worlds metropolis. It's members include royalty, nobility and the elite of the old country families in Great Britain and Ireland These are often spoken of "the blue bloods of the empire" The ethical standard of the club possibly it's most distinctive feature. No become a member who cannot show immaculate record Of personal honor and who cannot exhibit the closest adherence to the highest ethical codes in individual life Tip ping and gambling strictly prohibited. Am bassadOrS who accredited to the court of St James admitted to the club. In the case O diplomats their mebership ceases when their missions terminate The active membership is
 limited to 600 The name Bachelors club is a par tial misnomer for the club has honorary member ship which there are many married people But the active membership is confined to those who have chosen the bachelor life. When a bachelor member chooses to marry he pays fine of $100 and then is placed the honorary list. But the real for noticing this club to emphasize it's high ethical ideals. No who has blot on lfe's record, who has been known participate in shady questionable transactions in business can come into membership. This high standard is having good influence all the club life of Lon don and is helping keep the society and social life.-Northwestern Christian Advocate.
Arizona republican., 1914-10-17
Arizona Republicans Editorial Page

It denied these privileges to the smaller hotels and the not coinected with of the three hotels. It created monopoly of the Sunday traffic in rum and confined it to these three hotels.
 Mayor Young fought this ordinance with the greatest vgor, and his remarks the night of it's passage and subsequently, of the lurid character He crowned his efforts by voting against the measure, and he declared when it adopted that Phoenix had been put to shame.
 All this is matter of record And this thing stands out indisputably:
 THE MEN WHO WERE SECRETLY BEHIND THE OPPOSITION TO ORDINANCE NO. 6 ARE THE SAME MEN WHO INSTIGATED ORDNANCE NO. 13, AND THESE SAME MEN ARE NOW VIC IOUSLY FIGHTING GEORGE r. YOUNG, THE PROGRESSIVE CANDIDATE FOR GOVERNOR.
Arizona republican., 1914-10-17
GLOBE ROAD
 GAN BE PUT
 IN CONDITION
Senator Smith Secures Con- sent of Forest Service to Use Convicts-ROad Fund Available for Use on Tou-
 rist Highway

Having enlisted the heads of the forest service; Senator NJ. A. Smith of Arizona was able to announce in a letter to the board of trade yes terday that road work on the Globe Phoenix highway may now be sped along toward completion within the time specified by the Southern Pa cific in their agreement to route 2O,- GOO exposition tourists through Ari- zona's capital next year.
 Tn a letter to MT Smith, the for cent of net receipts for forest pro ducts and grazing in Arizona will now be available for road work, the sum amounting to exactly $25,359.34. This fund is turned back to the state for use on roads as com penSation for the loss of taxes on lands withdrawn for forest service purposes and is made available by special act of congress.
 With the odd five thousand dollars and half hundred cOnvicts, the state can soon prepare the way for the tourists. For the best news i'll MT. Smiths letter is contained in the statement that he has prevailed upon Chief Forester Graves to permit con- victs to be worked on reservation roads.
 Fifty men with shOvels, can speed fly repair the fifty odd miles of highway. The road was built SC well originally, that no extensive work is necessary. It is pick and shovel proposition, says Harry Welch
Arizona republican., 1914-10-17
ACC. MEN BACK FROM HEARING
Commissioners Geary and Jones Return from Chi cago - Railroad Charged With Having Given Secret Rate to Senator Clark

Back from damp, drizzly Chicago after weeks hard work at the most important rate case in the his tcry of the west, w. Paul Geary, chairman of the corporation commits sion arrived in Phoenix yesterday morning. Commissioner F. A. Jones will reach the city today.
 Commercial bodies of Utah, Wash ington and California, joined with the Arizona, Idaho, Nevada and New Mexico commissions in fighting the proposed exemptions, and the matter is now in the hands of the interstate commission for decision. In case the petition of the carriers is denied, 1t will mean the retention for Arizona of the marked reductions in schad- ules recently supported by the su- preme court of the United States. | In connection with the exhibits submitted by the Arizona commits sioners, Chairman Geary said,
 q have nothing but praise for the rate department of the commission i in the preparation of the exhibits in- troduced at the hearing, and for the testimony of my colleague, MT Jcnes, in explaining the same at the hearing. His bearing on the witness stand and evidence was of the strongest possible assistance, not only to Arizona but all intermountain states as we'll"
 Tn connection with the hearing noN being conducted before the inter state commerce commissions exam iner in San Francisco, the following
 despatch of interest in Arizona was given out yesterday at the office o1 the corporation commission:
 "At the hearing today before ths special examiner of the interstate
 commerce commission. alleged copies of private correspondence between
 President F. P. Ripley of the Sants Fe railroad and former United State' Senator w. A. Clark of Montana
 were introduced purporting to show lthat the railroad had allowed Clari a secret rate on machinery to his |smelter works at Clarkdale, Ariz. w. c. Donnelly, until March l l1913, confidential secretary of Ed lward Chambers. vice president Of tn
 Santa Fe, testified that he had ab stracted from the office private let ters and had made copies of then for his own use Some of the origin
 als, Donnelly admitted he had ob
 tained by the use of specially mad
 keys
 The copies of the letters indicated that Clark and his interests enJoye a transcontinental rate of $l.50 pc
Arizona republican., 1914-10-17

100 pounds on machinery, the open rate being $1.S7B.
 The hearing was in response to q petition by Donnelly who seeks to obtain refund from the Santa Fe of rate charges for the Western Ma chinery Company. ct al. G. II. Baker Santa Fe rate clerk, stated that If the railroad was ruled against by the commission it would be forced to make refunds aggregating s2,000,000.
Arizona republican., 1914-10-17
CIRCULAR EVOLUTION

"Jim'-errand boy. "JamesL-office boy. .'Brown'-clerk MT Brown''-head clerk. "Brown"-junior member of the firm. James s'-son- in law of head of firm "Jim-head of firm and power the Street
Arizona republican., 1914-10-17

Cleveland fans enjoy themselves |ieering the Maps whenever an error is made. All player on taIi-end team has to do is to look happy while living a dogs life on the dia- mOnd.
Arizona republican., 1914-10-17
ALL OF A TWIST

'Is that woman over there having fit?"
 No Her full of bundles and she's trying to see what time it is by her wrist watch.-- Birmingham Age-Herald.
Arizona republican., 1914-10-17

"So you intend stay in Africa two years, baron? Are you not afraid that you'll be entirely forgotten in the meanwhie?"
 "Thats just what I hope"-Munich Meggen- dorfer Blaetter.
Arizona republican., 1914-10-17

Who Changed the Sabbath, and When?" His subject tomorrow night will be. "The New Earth.
 A special meeting will be helo al Il o'clock this morning, tolioWlhS 'he Sabbath (correcD school, which Will be at 9:30 a. m.
Arizona republican., 1914-10-17
COUNTY PROGRESSIVE TICKET

For State Senator L.-W. COGGINS For State Representatives PHIL c. ENSIGN PAUL s. KANTZ
 II. A. DIEHL JOSEPH E. NOBLE
 For Sheriff GEORGE B. WILCOX For County School Superintendent SARA M WHITFIELD For Supervisor LOUIS S. THOMPSON Phoenix Precinct Ticket For Justice of the Peace, East Phoenix Precinct JOSEPH PORTERIE For Constable, East Phoenix Precinct w. P DOHENEY For Constable, West Phoenix Precinct HARRY PROOFS
Arizona republican., 1914-10-17

"Y" lecture course; reserved seats cr sale this morning at Y. M. (. A. 10 o'clock. First come, first served; no telephone orders taken.
Arizona republican., 1914-10-17

Lecture course tickets, $2.5O Tor twelve lectures, including reserve
 seat Plat open at ''Y' at 10 o'clock
Arizona republican., 1914-10-17

Peace has been our principle, peace is our interest, and peace has saved to the world this only plant of free and rational govern mcnt now existing in it.
Arizona republican., 1914-10-17
PROGRESSIVE STATE TICKET

For Governor
 GEORGE U. YOUNG - For United States Senator J. BERNARD NELSON For Judge of the Supreme Court
 P. II. HAYES
 For Attorney General J. l.. B. ALEXANDER For Corporation Commissioner
 F. F. MOORE For State Mine Inspector
 R. l.. STALLINGS For Tax Commissioners FRANK H. PARKER
 J. E. SUITS In addition to the foregoing the progress sive state candidates have endorsed E. A. Jones, democratic candidate for the corpora ton commission, and J. C. CaIIaghan, demo- cratic candidate for state auditor, and the candidates urge all proeressives to vote for them.
Saturday news. (Watertown, S.D.) 19??-19??, 1914-10-15
OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS, BOARD
OF COUNTY COM
Miiss,oNERs.

Watertown, s.. D., Oct. 9Th, 1914.
Board met in regular session; all
members present, Michaels chairman;
Westfall, Paterson, Ristvedt and
Schulz.
The regular salary bills of the
county officials were allowed.
On motion the following bills were
allowed.
Henry Independent, county
printing 8.97
Park & Grant, supplies $50
M. r. Allen, electric supplies. 500
Mrs. G. B. Coggshall, stenog
rapher, municipal court 51.50
IS II. Ohtness, repairing flag rs
n. j. Herring goods for Hardt 1900
Watertown Gas Co., gas main as
into urssSas 1920
j. G. McFarlands collection
Of back personal taxes LOS
Dakota Central Telephone Co
phones and toll two months 63.0l
Saturday news. (Watertown, S.D.) 19??-19??, 1914-10-15
Richards Challenges
Governor F. M. Byrne

R. o. Richards. independent1pro-
gressiye candidate for the governor
ship, according to a press dispatch
from Huron, has issued a formal
challenge to Governor Byrne to de-
bate the tax issue.
Mr.. Richards states that in the
campaign-mattertsen out by the goV-
ernor the Huron mans position with
reference to the dual system of tax
alton is not properly set forth. Mr..
Richards also declares in his letter to
Mr.. Byrne that the latter is appealing
to class prejudice in discussing the
question.
The concluding portion of Mr.. Rich
ards letter is as follows:
Whereas, you have taken a posi-.
ton on taxation before me in private
that you now deny in public, L there-
fore challenge you to a joint public
discussion of u respective plat
forms and published statements made
in connection herewith, In order that
the public may have a better oppor.
tunity to determine the merits of ON
respective public policies, than is OBJ.
tainable from ex parte statements
Saturday news. (Watertown, S.D.) 19??-19??, 1914-10-15

=a N.HHE
IF you accept this Invitation, the
details, as to the time and places OF
holding meetings can be arranged.
through my secretary at Huron.
The time allotted to each meeting,
hall rent, expense of presiding ofic-
er, etc, to be borne equally between
us.
"At present Z am travelling by
tFord' automobile and would be glad
to have you accompany me from
place to place, as my guest, il you
are not too cosmopolitan to use this
method of transportation
Kindly fKTor me Mitl an early
reply addressed to HMr0n and the
same viii receive Immediate atten,
tom
Most respectfully,
-R. o. Richards
Saturday news. (Watertown, S.D.) 19??-19??, 1914-10-15

Chas. Elgie U s 4.Q0,
"A. Reichert s so
John Riley 500
wv N.Kiley 600
III. "A. Hildebrandt 40
Chas. Aldous ssa; 600
Earl Robertson !. . ... 2siOI
Geo. Ingr1fm Zoe
The following were selected ITO act,
as judges OF election 1.-THE general
and special election to be- held on
November 3rd, 1914
Watertown, LIST ward: n. |. Lainpy,
Nels Nelson. J. b. Dore.
Watertown, End wards Frank Cam
non, G. K. Oyerhuise. John Mahow-I
aid.
Watertown. 3rd ward Chas. BeT.
rette, w. ]. Schliesmann a. ~ French
WATERFOWL 4th ward: MA. Flock
man, II. h. kichaels. Murphy.
K~ranzburg; Nicholas Rtes, Ls n.
IO'Toole, f S. Bohls.
Sheridan: Il. b. Reynolds, n
| Wess, Bernard Schrnit. 81
Pelican. u. CT Eichhorst, B. A,
Bradley, VIM. "A. Dean.
Kampeska: 3. D. Wheeloek. M. y,
McFerran, Leo gBlais.
Henry Township: g. N. Strange,
Patrick Walsh, Michael Washtoak.
Henry Town: M. G. Michaels, War
rem Page, John Mondloch.
Elmira: Mex Kirsch. August zechl
p. nj. Bauer.
Lake: Warren welch, G NJ. vii
liams, 4. 3. Riley.
Richland: ]. j. Purcell Sra Geo
Croft, w. r. Ostrander.
Graceland: r., Nv Sasse, Oscar Ad
/ ans, IA. i. Happier.
Waverly. Roy Dougherty, Johr
4 Mort, Daniel O'Eare.
RaryilIe. II. B. Stein, Herman r
jLange. II. u. Hommel.
Fuller: J.1W. Carroll, 81 McElhana.
4 Geo. Kahnke.
Florence: Chas. Jones, AZ D. GIL
lies, Chris. Gilbertson.
Phipps. Herman Stee, re Hau
man, Thos. Armstrong,
Leola, South Shore. John y. Burt
Rudolph zielsky, Wa. Current.
Germantown. s %. Monahan. HI. T
Gulwiek, w. il. Sweeney
Dexter Melvin "a. Dahle, John Pol
ham. Hans Johnson.
Eden: q. II. Ristvedt John Hoe
stad, James IA. Groves
Wallace: O. A. ROLAND, Al ]
Il Faehn, Frank b. Benson.
Board adjourned TO October 7th.
October 7th.
Board met an per adjournment.
The following bills not being proI
erly vouched for were on motion lai'
over: Educator School Supply co
$500; Capital Supply CO., $l23.8e
and Barnard Company, 1880.
On motion the bill OF John Nichol
son for insanity fees was rejected
$3.50.
On motion 1t was decided that Cod
ingson county would build count
bridges for the ensuing year as pre-
vided by law under the supervisor
Of the county board and not iet con
] tract.
Saturday news. (Watertown, S.D.) 19??-19??, 1914-10-15
W.x.Mss He There?

A minister who had expended time
and energy in e~ndeayoring to reform
a parishioner Of bibulous tendencies,
met him On the street one day and
said: James, i really feel you are
making good Broadway in your strug.
gle to overcome your Nnfurtunate ap'
petite. | was so glad to see you at
prayer meeting last night"
James looked at him in some be.
wilderment and asked -sWVsWas there
where ! wasg
Saturday news. (Watertown, S.D.) 19??-19??, 1914-10-15
i. sherin, ONCE rent and

"a. j sherin. once rent and
heath -. N 21.sol
b, wv. vaux, livery N. 8 .5Ql
Beach Printing Co. records
afsss banks II. $500
Watertown Light Co, light
for September 4I.6S
Watertown Water GO. water
j. NJ. Distz, repairing chairs $50
Watartown Printing and
Binding Co. county print
ing and supplies 800
Il. o. Moore, repairing chair rs
Max ern are Of Geo. Rein
meyer l8.ou
Oscar Thunoll, care OF Mar
tin Thorson 32.b0
Baskerville & Dahl cultivat-
or for poor farm 5000
Selmser Fuel and Feed Co,
fuel for poor farm 10000
A. T, Hopkins, stenographer
ices =. So. ..,.... /. s... oo.Vv
State Treasurer, public ex-
animation of county records 10000
Florence Forum, county print
ing ..s.s.. ~. Y
VIM. McKool, groceries for
Mrs. York and Mrs. Solues. 24.00i
]. B. Mclaughlin livery 1925
Ed Lamm, rent of county
Judge office ..... 1000
Melham Bros. Lumber Cos
material for Mattiesen bridge.176.35
Gilruth Grocery, groceries for
Door farm s...85t.5
Botsford Lumber Co, screen
door for poor farm LIB
B. zimmerman, cutting barley
at poor farm -, 500
Lee Bros. twine. etc. for
poor farm ~ s......t. S.Su
County Treasurer, for moth
ers' pension, labor on Ma
thiesen bridge, Transports
ton OF poor, postage, court
orders, automobile, road
and cyclone relief 2962.47
Allyn & Bacon, school books. 1880
The RNtteTick Co, same 1b.le
american Book Co. same $3.50
d. G, Heath Coz, same ... 45.1o
Row-Peterson Co, same 32.5l
Rand McNally Co. same 103.8Q
Chas. q. Merrill Co, same $3.50
Educational Pub. CO., same Sl.9s
Silver Burdett B Co, same. 5l.2i
Laurel Book Co. Same 37.5z
City of Watertown, jury and
clerk fees
r.. F. Jones. officers fees,
municipal court IA
For witness fees municipal court:
Gaumitz SIC
D. Fisher ........ 2.ll
Geo. Strange 49,. 2.I0
II. Scott 2.1t
lH. j. Bartron 2.1l
Lon Terry ..i... .. 500
Mike Florey 8.0e
Ia. G. Johnson 500
Frank Elkins 2.1l
e. Fransen 4.20
Il w. Smith 4.0C
Jake Gilman 4-0e
Saturday news. (Watertown, S.D.) 19??-19??, 1914-10-15
State Of South Dakota,
County of Codfngton

rO~CV $3.50 DGCNT
County of Codington 58 ##
u G. Miller, Auditor, being first duly sworn, doth say that the Treas
|urers exhibit hereon is q true and correct statement of the financial con.
Ediion of Codfngbn county, as appears by his books, and that the Auditors
exhibit is a.true and correct statement Of all warrants drawn 9 the treas
true and correct #
). 6. Miller
Subscribed and sworn to before NJ this 9Th day of October, 1914.
Geo. b Coyes,
Notary Public.
Saturday news. (Watertown, S.D.) 19??-19??, 1914-10-15
-FuNps-MHERE DEPOSITED
State Of South Dakota,
County Of Codington

Of South Dakota, ~
County OF Cpdington @# 8#@N 58s ## s
IA. "A. HldebrandG TEeasurer, being duly sworn, doth Gay that the SHOVE
exhibit is q true and correct statement OF the financial conadon OF Cod
fngtonS County. q appears by airs books.
II "A. Hndebramdt.
- . Geo g. GLOVES,
lsEALl Notary Public:
Saturday news. (Watertown, S.D.) 19??-19??, 1914-10-15

AUDITORS AND rREAsuRER,s DETAILED EXHIBIT OF RECEIPTS
AND DISBURSEMENTS iN7THE COUNTY OF CoOlNGs
TON FOR THE QUARTER ENDING SEPT. 50, 1914
Showing Amount Of Funds In the Treasury and Where Deposited.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1914-07-13
BY Tilt SCISSORS
THERE EVER MIND

Years have passed. but still hear
them,
Mothers words, There. never
mind"
Years. Time seems only to en-
dear them
To me as il flies I find;
Mothers gone. but still l often
Find myself where troubles nigh.
Half expecting her to soften
II as in the years gone by.
Years, but still see her rocking,
Holding me upon her breast.
Both her arms about me locking,
Setting all my fears at rest:
Years. but still I hear her telling
Me in voice so low and kind.
While my tears are slowly yelling.
Soothing like. There, never mind.-
All my boyish troubles vanished
When she spoke those words to me
All my tears were quickly banished.
Soon / slumbered peacefully:
Oft ! wish when woes beset me.
And grim worries now l find.
That old Father Time would let me
Hear her say. There. never mind,'
New York Morning Telegram
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1914-07-13
HOW THEY TOOK THE ,DECLARA-
TION

In New York. July 9. 1776.-Wash-
ington read the Declaration of Inde-
pendence to a cheering brigade form
ed in hollow square, where the city
hall now stands.
Other brigades heard ii from oti er
readers That same evening Geo ge
the Thirds statue at Bowling Green
vas thrown down. the lead TO be ait
-rw1rd run into bullets
July 1O-Debtors prison thrown
open II was on an upper floor Of tine
old city hall, then at Wall and Nassa I
street.
July ls-British arms torn from the
courthouse and ordered out Of all the
churches. Pictures Of George III taken
from the council chamber, torn to
pieces and burned.
In 5ofton: July 1s-Dec Ira;i,n
?rac.airned from the balcony OF tie
s ..4- house
Thee cheers from the psoole; 10
ydrs frcm the forts aT1 the artillery
Cohtiran' al troors psraded; C llation
In trc council chamber. with tOasts
q :-e [ nited States. 20 congress, L"
Washington and liberty.
Al &eHport. K. L.: JJIy 20 -Bri-
g-he or parade; the Declaration read
,, 'nc ftcretary Of ~" asemt'. J.?
gar en- Fort Lbcrt ssi - by
the tti1sCe. firing from the east to
ives. ir 13 divisions.
~ T.. adelphia; Juiy s. eciA'a
| tiJ,i read from platfcrm. ~ the site
/ house. after celebrated procession,
I 5n'S APPLAUSE.
* gs Il ms removai from lnde-
! rcrdencc IIall to Stat house and bur
4 r-I
At Trenton, July s-Independence
| proclaimed before assembled legisIa-
| tors. militia and citizens
Al Princeton: July NASSAU Hall
| Illuminated: yolleys OF musketry; un-
iyersal acclamation.
At New Brunswick. y. j.. July g.
| Declaration received by express rider
and read in front OF white Haln Tay-
ern. by Col John Nedson, amid pro-
longed cheering.
At white Plains. \. r.. July s-De-
ciaration ordered read with beat OF
drums on the following TUESDAY.
A. Charleston s C.. Aug. 5-Troops
paraded: Declaration read az Liberty
Tree; heers. nags. and drums. The
Liberty Tree WAS a wide-spreadlng liye
oak. under which public gathering'
were hel9 as early a 1905.