davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Redwood gazette. [volume] (Redwood Falls, Minn.) 1873-1940, 1914-12-16
A WAR STORY

The long line. of RED earth twisted
away until itiVas lost on the left
and had dipped down behind hillock
on the right .sFlat, open country
stretched ahead, grass lands and
fields Of stubble,> lifeless and deserted.
There was no sign Of the enemy to
be seen, and notseven puff of smoke
to suggest his. whereabouts. But the
air was full of the booming of heavy
guns and the rising, erie Shrek of
shrappnel. R
Behind the red line of earth lay
the British, each man with his rife
cuddled lovingly to his shoulder, a
useless weapon that yet conveyed a
sense of comfort. The shells were
bursting with hideous sharp
flashes of white light, loud report,
and then murderous rain of shrap-
mel
"Crikey!" said little man in filthy
rain-sodden kahki, as handful of
earth rose up and hit him on the
shoulder; that was narsty shave
for your uncle.'''
The big man beside him grunted
and shifted half an inch Of dead ciga-
rette from one corner of his mouth
to the other. "You can old my and, =
said he with grin.
Four or five PAGES up the trench a
man staggered, stumbled to his knee,
coughed with q rush of blood, and
tumbled over dead.
"Dahn and aht," said the big man
gruf1y. "Gawd! if we could only get
at 'em!"
The wall of a distant shell rose to
a shrek, and the explosion was in
Simultaneous. TIE little man suddenly
went limp, and his rife rolled down
the bank of the trench.
His friend looked at him with I'M
speakable anguish.
"Got tin the perishin' neck this
time, Bill" gasped the little man. Bill
leaned over and propped his pals head
on his shoulder. A large dark stain
was slowly saturating the wounded
mans tunic, and he lay very still.
"Bill"-very gfaintly-then with sur
The Redwood gazette. [volume] (Redwood Falls, Minn.) 1873-1940, 1914-12-16
WHO WILL BE THE
SPEAKER IN 1851
Continued from first page.

mate the county option fight
from the speakership contest
for, as a matter of fact, the
speaker can exercise but small
influence over the destiny of that
measure. The members are elect
ed upon that issue, very large
ly, and no speaker, even should
he be foolish enough to attempt
it, could change votes from one
side to the other.
This paper favors Sam Y. Cor
don for speaker, but it sees no
reason for not giving Mr.. Flow
ers credit for all that is coming
to him in spite of the fact that
he is not "our candidate Min
nesota Mascot.
The Redwood gazette. [volume] (Redwood Falls, Minn.) 1873-1940, 1914-12-16
BELVIEW EVENTS

Mr.. and Mrs. c.. F. Rain were
business callers at Redwood
Falls Monday.
O. F. Lindell and family were
guests at the L. Rasburg home
Sunday.
VIM. Mack, a prominent Kin
tire farmer, who has been serv-
ing on the Federal Jury, re-
tuned to his home Saturday.
Willard Simpson has bought
number Of new and second
hand sewing machines and is
now conducting a store along
that line.
Henry Lamb and family were
business callers at Redwood
Falls Saturday.
A. o. Gimmestad spent a por-
The Redwood gazette. [volume] (Redwood Falls, Minn.) 1873-1940, 1914-12-16

tion Of last week at the Twin
Cities.
Mr.. and Mrs. w. Peterson and
Misses Nellie and Clara were
guests at thesG. F.. Rain home
Sunday.
The Y. p. s.. met in the church
basement Friday evening.
w. II. Pease spent a portion
Of last week at Echo. $50
The Norwegian Ladies' Aid
met in the church basement
Wednesday afternoon.
The Redwood gazette. [volume] (Redwood Falls, Minn.) 1873-1940, 1914-12-16
CAMERAS

In winter or summer a pic
ture record of persons and places
is often a valued possession that
can be easily secured by having
a camera ready for use.
The Snap Shot box cameras
at $500 and $500, the new COM
pact vest pocket size, the fold
ing styles in larger sizes in any
grade desired, also films, cards,
printing paper, chemicals and
other photo supplies.
The Redwood gazette. [volume] (Redwood Falls, Minn.) 1873-1940, 1914-12-16
LEATHER GOODS

Most complete line ever placed
in town.
Pillow Tops and Table Scarfs
Book and Magazine Covers
Address Books, Shopping Lists
and Letter Records
Glove, Handkerchief and Neck
tie Holders
Hand Bags, Pocket Books and
Bill Books
Music Folders and Rolls
The Redwood gazette. [volume] (Redwood Falls, Minn.) 1873-1940, 1914-12-16
MORGAN NEWS


Miss Ellen Horn, of Redwood
Falls, visited with friends here
the first of the week.
Mrs. Chas. Lamberton and
son, John, of Redwood Falls,
were guests at the w. H. Ball
home Friday night.
Mrs. S. S. George was at Red
wood Falls Friday, doing her
christmas Shopping"
Ben Croskey went to Cumber-
land, Wis.,, last week to visit
with his uncle, Lee Croskey, who
recently moved there.
Mrs. Alice Warner was bust
ness caller here the first of the
week.
A. P. Sonsteby has gone to
Sacred Heart, to visit his moth
er and also brother he has not
seen for nine years. He expected
to return yesterday.
The Sunday Schools are busy
preparing the usual Christmas
programs to be held in the diff
ferent churches at the holiday
time.
Rudy, the youngest son of J..
Gluth, surprised his friends by
becoming benedict on Monday.
The wedding occurred at the
brides home at Lamberton. The
bride, Miss Veronica Pectecal,
was at one time employed as
etenographer at the Farmers
Merchants bank, so her many
friends here are glad to welcome
her back, and the happy couple
will begin housekeeping at once
in the pretty modern home the
groom has just erected in the
eastern part of town.
Another wedding of special in
terest to the Morgan people took
place on Tuesday morning, when
Miss Clara. youngest daughter
of julius Gluth was united by
marriage to Louis Hansen, a
prominent farmer of Evan, and
brother of John Hanson of this
place. Miss Sophia Hanson at
tended the bride. The wedding
service was a very pretty and
impressive one, witnessed only
by relatives of the contracting
parties.
A very pretty church wedding
occurred on Wednesday MORN
ing when Miss Julia Laube be-
came the bride of Herman Otto.
Both bride and groom have re-
sided near Morgan and have
a host of friends who wish them
a long and happy welded life.
They will live on the grooms
fathers farm, Carl Otto and
family having recently moved
into their new home in Morgan.
| The Presbyterian Ladies Aid
realized the neat little sum of
ninety dollars from their church
supper Friday evening. The en-
tertainment committee furnish
ed fine program. Every num-
her being heartily appreciated.
i Miss Horn of Redwood Falls de-
lighted the audience with one OF
her whistling solos as also did
little Master Quentin Hartwick,
Both responded to the hearty en-
cores. Mrs. Porter and Miss Mae
Colwell rendered two readings,
the jumping jack drill was well
ldone. The Misses Albrecht and
Kempton sang a duet and the or
chestra furnished excellent mu-
Isle.
i Joe Hartwick has been con-
fined to the house the last few
days
The Redwood gazette. [volume] (Redwood Falls, Minn.) 1873-1940, 1914-12-16
HIGH
GRADE
PERFUMES

as they have been perfected and
are now being produced and are
being supplied here are steadily
growing in popularity and sale.
The most pleasing products
and distinctive odors in hand
kerchief extracts and sachet
powders in tasty gift packages
and in bulk, from the following
well known makers:
Scion Palmer. New York
Paul Rieger. 49,. California
Colgate & Co.. New York
Mellier st. Louis
Andrew Jergens. J. Cincinnati
Ricnard Hudnut. New York
Vogue Perfumery Co. New York
are supplied in sufficient variety
to insure satisfactory purchases
ATT
The Redwood gazette. [volume] (Redwood Falls, Minn.) 1873-1940, 1914-12-16
BOOKS

Always one of the most APP
propriate of the Holiday Lines.
Newest Books by well-known
authors
Popular Copyrights at the pop
ular so cent price.
Holiday Gift Books and Booklets
Books for Young People
illustrated Juvenile Books
Bibles and Testaments
The Redwood gazette. [volume] (Redwood Falls, Minn.) 1873-1940, 1914-12-16
QUALITY

Christmas and Greeting Cards
and folders; new, unique. artis-
tic, the finest line published in
America, the most appropriate
for inexpensive holiday greet
ings, from the we'll known A.
M. Davis Co. of Boston.
Notice especially the $1.O0 box
assortmentS.
ALSO
Christmas Tags, Stickers, Pos
ter Stamps, Cards, Place Cards,
Calender Pads, Tape, Cord, Tin
sci, Seals, and other decorations
from the Dennison Line
The Redwood gazette. [volume] (Redwood Falls, Minn.) 1873-1940, 1914-12-16
n
Poor

prise ABlimey! 'E's blubbin'! Poor
old Billp'
The big man was shaking with
strangled sobs. For some moments
he held his friend close, and it was
the dying man who spoke first.
"Are we dahn 'earted?" he asked
The whisper went along the line and
swelled into roar.
The Redwood gazette. [volume] (Redwood Falls, Minn.) 1873-1940, 1914-12-16
RELIABLE
PEOPLES
ALMANAC
AND

Handbook of Useful Information
is supplied for the purpose of
replacing the cheap patent me-
dicine almanac with its usual
Objectionable features.
The contents of this book have
been carefully prepared and Sc
lected, by authority of the Ma.
tional Association of Retail
Druggists.
It's calender features are COM
plete, it's advice and information
for securing and maintaining
good health is reliable and OF
exceptional value, it's entertain
ment features are wholesome,
making it we'll worthy to be
carefully preserved for refer
ence throughout the year Of
1915.
It will be supplied to those who
call for it or it will be mailed
free of charge on request
The Redwood gazette. [volume] (Redwood Falls, Minn.) 1873-1940, 1914-12-16
500
BOXES
STATIONERY

purchased from sample lines and
from stocks closed out at the
close of this season makes OPP
portunity for special sale on
this line that we will continue
for a season.
Sample line of Holiday Boxes
in price from 25c to $500 will
be offered at $50 Discount.
Boxes of fine grade papers, a
lot of SOC and Coo values. Special
price .oSS
One lot of 35c and 40c values.
Special price .23c
One Lot of 25c boxes. Special
Large Lot of Box Papers of
15c and zoe value. Price. !. lie
Missouri Valley times. [volume] (Missouri Valley, Iowa) 1874-1931, 1914-02-05
Esteemed Neighbors

Friday, Feb 6. 1914, is the
regular meeting of the Camp,
snd at this meeting we mast
elect IL delegates to attend the
county meeting at Logan, April
4 h, whose duty is to elect
delegates to State Camp to
send delegated to heed camp at
Toledo Ohio, in June.
Now this is tbs time to speak
your mind On the rate question
and will BE- our last opportun-
ity, so please come out and take
part in this the most important
meeting for three years.
f6 Leroy Doty, Clerk.
Missouri Valley times. [volume] (Missouri Valley, Iowa) 1874-1931, 1914-02-05
Building And Loan

There seems to be a rapidly
increasing interest in the Build
ing and Loan business in this
state. Within the last few days
j. S. Dewell, secretary of our
local association, has received
inquiries from Marshalltown,
Waverly and Denison, asking
information relative to organi-
cation and operation of these
associations.
It seems that the good work
Of our association is known at
some distance from home, and
from the nature of these COM
munications, we are apparently
considered an authority on such
matters. It would be we'll for
our home people to give this a
little more attention at once
than they have in the past few
years.
Missouri Valley times. [volume] (Missouri Valley, Iowa) 1874-1931, 1914-02-05
Calhoun

Evidently the ground hog
saw his shadow Monday Feb. 2
Mrs. Landon of Council Bluffs
spent q few days win ner SIN
Webster, north of ( alhoun.
DR.. Cutler of Magnolia was
called to see Jt e Steen VINO has
been having q siege of grippe
DR.. DeVore of Mo. Valley
was called to see Robt. Cassidy
who is quite sick at his home
south of Calhoun.
Mrs. Ada Dennis of Mich. is
visiting her mother Mrs. John
Steen Sr.
Miss Estelle Morrison of
Nicola spent Sunday with her
sister Mrs. John Donaldson.
d. N. Pier:y's family Sunday
ed in Calhoun the guest OF Mrs.
Charlotte Percy.
Mr.. and Mrs. Chas Skinner
and son Leslie spent Sunday at
the home of his parents in Tay-
lor twp.
Mr.. and Mrs. Robt Noyce of
Mondamin spent Sunday at the
parental Fl, zgibbon home in
Calhoun.
Mrs. John Brown returned
Saturday from Lincoln Neb.
where she had spent a couple
of weeks visiting her daughter.
Miss Hepsey and Prudance
Jones returned Saturday from
their visit in Kansas with relat.
lives.
Chas. Mickey's gasoline en-
CINE was busy Monday and
Tuesday saving wood for Harry
Fitzgibbon and VIM banks. .
Missouri Valley times. [volume] (Missouri Valley, Iowa) 1874-1931, 1914-02-05
Elmdale Items

Fred Hughes has been in
Neb. lately on a 2-fold errand.
to see one of his old school mat
es and to buy some shoats. He
believes if the cholera don't get
among them there is money in
hogs.
81 hear by the still small
voice." that there is a wedding
not far off, maybe two.
Oscar Craven and family
have moved into the Hanson
place south of Julius Keeney.
Saturday is a big day, the
merchants help to make it SO
by selling cheaper that day than
any other, and then It's also a
good time to see old neighbors
and have a little chat, maybe
on the side walk as we are pass
sing to and fro. Hitching posts
are at q premium that day.
Jim Owens and wife took
quite a trip out west, he liked
the country better than his
wife did.
l was reading about a cat
that would always go to school,
we have 2 dogs that attend
school. | don't know what
grade they are in but they are
learning.
Uncle Benton has been laid
up for q week on account of
the sore on his leg, it bothers
him to sleep nights. He is some
better now.
E. Green's horse had the mis-
fortune to run a nail in his foot
got the nail in town, will be
laid up some time.
Mr.. Mech will have a new
ice house and a summer work
shop. 1t is difficult now to get
ice.
Mr.. Olstein will work the
Craven farm and Chas. Frazier
the Van Patten.
Missouri Valley times. [volume] (Missouri Valley, Iowa) 1874-1931, 1914-02-05
tfd2
!" BARGAIN Glasses :

Are about as useful as bar.
gain eyes would be.
The man who offers you S.
glasses for ST is either a FOOL
or a FAIkIR-if glasses are
worth SIS, he can get SIS for
them; ii they are worth ST.,
they are apt to do your eyes
more injury than good. 1t
doesn't pay to take chances
with your eyesight. Here you
will be assured of a scientific,
accurate eye examination and
glasses that are ''full value".
That's enough for any honest
man to promise.
i. D. Brown g Son
REGISTERED OI'TOMETRISTS
Missouri Valley times. [volume] (Missouri Valley, Iowa) 1874-1931, 1914-02-05
Notice

The Brotherhood of All Rail-
way Employees will give a So
cial dance at Walkers haff> Feb.
9th, admission Csc. Ladies
free Come and enjoy yourself
good music.
A c. johnson,
f9 Sec.
Missouri Valley times. [volume] (Missouri Valley, Iowa) 1874-1931, 1914-02-05

E G. Jon s has advertised a
public sale for February 10th.
There is not hing K mafkable in
this until it is kn 'wn that Mr..
Jones has {. CT ned the farm for
fifty two YEAR, and is nnw leav-
ing it 50 that his son may con-
Cinue the work the father has
so successfully carried on for
50 many years Mr.. Jones HIS
purchased the Chas Pitzer farm
at St. John and will make that
his home after March the first.
Mr.. and Mrs. Jones are getting
along in years ard as the old
home place is about seven miles
from town they decided they
would move closer to town 80
that they could be closer to
their friends and church.
Missouri Valley times. [volume] (Missouri Valley, Iowa) 1874-1931, 1914-02-05
p A | M

Snow begins pf omptIy at 7:l0
Seats resei yea Tor pars les cam
not be held untillater thar, 500.
Pnoee So REQ.
Missouri Valley times. [volume] (Missouri Valley, Iowa) 1874-1931, 1914-02-05
Thursday Night
The Man srcln tie Vest

A splendid Two reel LLbin
feature with Romano t'leit ing
in the lead. The man d. ally
demonstrated his fearlessness
and won the girl over many
obstacle S.
Missouri Valley times. [volume] (Missouri Valley, Iowa) 1874-1931, 1914-02-05
fG!}
Notice

All those indie bted tome are
requested to cali and SETTLE. If
you haven't tie cash give me
your note.
# 7. Foss.
Missouri Valley times. [volume] (Missouri Valley, Iowa) 1874-1931, 1914-02-05
Timing CUPID.

A dandy V'tagfaph comedy
with Lillian Walker and WALTZ
Van featured
Missouri Valley times. [volume] (Missouri Valley, Iowa) 1874-1931, 1914-02-05
R. N. of A.

The dance that was to be CIV
en- by the Laurel Camp, r. N.
of A., will be postponed on ac-
count of the death of Mrs.
Duncan, mother of neighbor
Hatcher. Com.
Missouri Valley times. [volume] (Missouri Valley, Iowa) 1874-1931, 1914-02-05

y. II. Scott OF Des Moines,
formerly Editor of the Girls
weld American, was a pleasant
Times caller TO-DAY He is 2
brotI,er-in-iaw Of w. IA. Carlisle
Coming Monday afternoon
and evening ''Tbe Lion and The
Mouse" in 6 reels at the Pain.
Harwood Demmon was ope
rated on in Omaha yesterday
and is getting along as we'll as
could be expected. The opera
ton was quite g serious one as
the appendix was very badly
inhamed.
T Say, are you going? Going
where? Why, to the revival
services at the Christian church
every night. You ought to
hear MIR. Funk's solos.
Mrs. Hal Newton returned
from Rock Island this morning,
where she>has been the guest of
friends for the past week.
A. C. Briggs OF Shenandoah
was here today on business.
Mr.. Briggs will probably bid on
the paving to be done this
spring
Missouri Valley times. [volume] (Missouri Valley, Iowa) 1874-1931, 1914-02-05
Notice

Having added an oxygen ac-
etylene welding plant to my
automobile repair shop / am
prepared to do any welding in
the trade that belongs to the
business. All work guaranteed
Give me a trial.
E. E Jones,
tfd2 Phone 40 f..
Missouri Valley times. [volume] (Missouri Valley, Iowa) 1874-1931, 1914-02-05
Died

Mrs. |. F. Duncan died at her
horne near Beebeetown this
morning of tuberculosis. She
has been sick for the past sev-
eral years. The funeral will
be held Saturday at 10 a. M,
Rev. Crewdson officiating anc
burial in Boomer cemetery.
Missouri Valley times. [volume] (Missouri Valley, Iowa) 1874-1931, 1914-02-05
Program for Frid ~ evening.
The Periis 81 The
sshite lights.

A strong 2 Yeel Kslem drama
Anna Nilsson as q show girl I'M
Willingly places herself in the
power of . scoundrel, whom
she later shoots and kills in self
defense. She is later offered a
position on the stage where she
could make a fortune by her
notorlAtv. Come and see how
things finally work out.
Missouri Valley times. [volume] (Missouri Valley, Iowa) 1874-1931, 1914-02-05

People who wish to purchase
a range will do we'll to see
Brundige this week or leave
their order as there will be no
aluminium ware given after
this week.
Missouri Valley times. [volume] (Missouri Valley, Iowa) 1874-1931, 1914-02-05

Mr.. and Mrs. ]. R. McLaugh.
lin entertained Prof. and Mrs.
Reed and Mr.. and Mrs. Ross
Mclaughlin at six o'clock din
ner last evening.
Missouri Valley times. [volume] (Missouri Valley, Iowa) 1874-1931, 1914-02-05

I r. Pike was an Omaha
passenger today.
Missouri Valley times. [volume] (Missouri Valley, Iowa) 1874-1931, 1914-02-05
o E. S.

Regular meeting of the 0. E.
5. Friday Feb 6, at 1870. A
full att ndance is desired.
Ella M. Barrett, w. M.
Missouri Valley times. [volume] (Missouri Valley, Iowa) 1874-1931, 1914-02-05
loves cid Dream,

A good Vitagraph comedy
featuring the incamDa' able
Flora Finch ard John Bunny.
Missouri Valley times. [volume] (Missouri Valley, Iowa) 1874-1931, 1914-02-05

Mrs. A. Christensen enter
tanned about twenty lady
friends at a five o'clock lunch
con yesterday afternoon, in
honor of her daughter, Mrs.
VIM. Bay Of Chicago.
C. w. B. M. will meet Friday
at 2::30, in the parlor Of the
Christian church. Mrs. w. D.
Crewdson, leader. Light re-
freshments will be served by
Mrs. Doty. and Mrs. Hansen.
Mr.. and Mrs. Allen of Ogalala
Neb, cousins of DR.. Giddings,
spent yesterday here with DR..
and Mrs. Giddings.
Mrs. James Pike of Gladbroek
la. and Mrs. Julius Veining of
Spragueville Ia, are here for a
few days the guests of Mr.. and
L. r. Pike.
"The Lion and the Mouse
in six reels at the Palm Monday
afternoon End evening.
Z.
Missouri Valley times. [volume] (Missouri Valley, Iowa) 1874-1931, 1914-02-05
Missouri
Valley
Iowa
g Out Of Business

those who did chance attend this
of Mems and boys clothing furnishings
be till we have closed The rs goods
We what Note below:
Evening star., 1914-03-29
SUNDAY MAGAZINE FOR MARCH ce 1914

@You were two days out of Panama. with fair weather
ruling until about o'clock of the night of the strand
ing. Then it turned very black, with heavy rain
squalls and you took the bridge remaining there until
she struck 1t thick think you called it. And
you were confident of your position because of your
MONDAY reckoning and the observed hourly there
after. And you had made due allowance for the Mexi
current whose set along the coast at that point IS
fixed by the charts anywhere from eighteen twenty
four knots day. And now you come here and ask
believe that this particular night that current
suddenly went wild and made anywhere from thirty
to thirty-6ve knots and landed your ship high and
dry?"
Il ask the inspectors to believe that answered Jes
sup, endeavoring to control his voice
"Oh, by the way, how many passengers were you car
rying9"
-Four hundred and eght-and not one lost not
life!' and Jessups voice rang with pride AS he rem
dered this his gaze found his daughters where
leaning forward tensely, she sat beside Pericles.
aThat's ALL" snapped Gleason, and Jessup stepped
from the witness stand amid murrnurng of many
voices.
aAny more witnesses to call?' asked the examiner as
the Captain passed him.
Jessup sent helpless glance toward Percles; but
the giants head turned away in the direction of the
entrance to the inquiry room.
"Have any other witnesses, Pericles?' whispered
Jessup crossing to the salvor's side.
mo; l think that's all" he answering, when he
stopped with sharp intake of BREATH caught Jessup
by an arm, and pressed him into seat behind his
daughter.
the doorway. Head held high, his smooth, dark
face pale and set he walked down the aisle leading
the witness stand with glance neither to right
to left. AS he stepped the small platform he raised
his right hand and turned toward the inspectors
II wish to be sworn in this inquiry, said he and as
Evening star., 1914-03-29

this statement went out to the audience there followed
stir of expectation.
4What does he know about it? Who is he?7 asked
Martha Jessup and her father
But Perices answered neither of them. His gaze
fixed on Jordan, receiving the oath.
"My name is Benjamin Jordan began this unex-
pected witness and as this went through the in
qury there murmur.
Jordan paused slightly; but it was not because of
the murmuring. Samuel Ashton, vice president and
general manager of the Pacific Navigation Company,
had just taken up position inside the entrance door.
Pericles Ashton too and knew not what to think.
II have been licensed master mariner for twelve
years past Jordan continued a calm even tone and
though he had fixed in his mind every word that he
meant to utter from that witness stand. "I
thirty three years old On the night of February
ond last was commander of the steamship Granada of
the Pacific Navigation Company's line, bound from
Panama toward San Francisco. That the night
the steamship Totec of the Isthmian line, struck
the of Nicaragua. The charts report current
setting to the southeastward at that point of from
eighteen to twenty-four knots hour. That night
that current making not less than thirty-five
knot set The Granada at ten p M. eighty-five
miles to the rard of the point where the Toltec
went ashore at eleven P. NJ. 1t very thick l
on the bridge with my first and fourth officers.
Suddenly there clearing ahead. l alone
it. 1t and went like the twinkling of an eye,
and yet it time enough to the rocks ahead
not than two ships lengths away. Another two
minutes and we should have been piled up signaled
full speed astern with my own hands, then ordered
full ahead and steered due west for miles, and then
bore north again. In six hours that had
seven and three-quarters miles off course"
THE silence of vault reigned throughout the in
quiry the witness finished that statement.
The assistant district attorney, who had taken seat
in front of Jordan, stood up and studied him for per-