davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1914-09-17
PASTOR TURNS EDITOR.
Hankinson Divine Will Conduct Plant
~ NaIJAu r;$u

Hankinson, N. D., Sept. 16.-Rev.
E. P. Getchell, pastor Of the Congre-
gational church of this city, has asso-
ciated himself with three other par
ties and the firm have leased the Val
ley City Patriot plant with the priv
lege CT purchase later on. The firm
also u the subscription list of
The North Dakota Standard, a tenn
perance paper. published at Lisbon,
and will issue that publication from
the Valley City Office.
The Patriot will continue to be
published as a local newspaper at
Valley City, and The North Dakota
Standard will be enlarged and devot-
ed to temperance work, with the en-
tire state as a field.
Rev. Mr.. Getchell will tender his
resignation as local pastor this week
and will remove to Valley City as
soon as his successor here has been
named.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1914-09-17
=. :. :. :. :. :. :. :. :. :. :. :. :. :, !: (.
:. NEW CORPORATIONS. :
Q 9 :. :. !. :. :. :. :. {. ::

Thomas Hall. secretary Of state
reports the following new corpora
tions organized in the state, for which
charters have been issued out OF his
Office. from September l TO Septem-
Der -:
The First State Bank, Kildeer,
Dunn county; capital stock, sl0,Voo;
incorporators, Gunder Olson, 7. n.
Tharalson, both of Grafton, and Jor'
gen Howard, Hillsboro. Filed Sept.
g.
Scranton Equity Exchange. Scran-
ton, Bowman county; capital stock,
$4,000; incorporators, G. H. Stem
dorff, c. H. Ensign and H. H. Keller,
all Of Scranton. Filled Sept. 2.
Farmers Equity Exchange If Odes'
sa, Morton county; capital stock,
$40, 900; incorpcrators, Gottfried Kali
lis, A. Ringer and Curry S. Morris
all of Odessa, n. D.. Filed Sept. ?.
Farmers Cooperative Elevator
Company of Dunn Center. capital
stock, $4,000; incorporators VIC.
Bolton, B. r. Iyerson and Thcs. Flies
tad, all of Dunn Center. Filed Sept.
W. J. Holbrook & Company, Rug
by, Pierce county; capital stock, $25,'
600; incorporates, W. j. Hol5rook,
NJ. L. Holbrook and c. r. Weller, all
of Rugby, N. D. Filed Sept. 2.
Belfeld Grocery and Clothing Com
pany, Belield, Stark county; capital
stock, $4,000; incorporators, VaclaV
Taraba, Peter Rorakorski and Mytrc
Cymbaluk, all of Belfield. Filed Sept
2.
Van Hook Farmers Elevator Co.
Van Hook, Mountrail county; capita,
stock, $4,000; incorporators, J. "
George, w. H. Nelson, both Of Var
Hook and J.. A. Hage, Granville. FILED
Sept. 2.
E. A. Grain Company, Linton, En-
mons county; capital stock, SIS 900;
incorporates, E. A. Grain, e. l.. Crai1
beth of Linton, and c. W. Grain, Wa
tertown, S. D. Filed Sept. 2.
Musselshell Valley Farm LOAF
Company, Fessenden, Wells county
capital stock, $25 900; incorporators
7. l.. Beiseker, Fessenden, N. D,
C. H. Davidson, Darlington. N. D.
and r. A. Palmeter, Roundup, Mont
Filed Sept. 2.
Sioux County Abstract Co., Ft
Yates, Sioux county; capital stock
$1,000; incorporators, Ed. Schulen
berg, B. NJ. S~chulenberg, both of Man
dan, and G. ]. Johnson, Bismarck, N
D. Filed Sept. 4.
Farmers Union Mercantile Com
pany, Almont, Morton county: capita
pany, Almont, Morton county; inco1
porators, Martin James, Geo.
Chamberlin and o. B. Adams. File
Sept. 4.
Hebron Motor Company. Morton
county; capital stock, Sl0,000; inco1
porators, Theo. J. Bolke, Chas. w
Lorenz and Fred Braun, Jr., all o
Hebron, N. D. Filed Sept. 9.
Minot Electric Company , War
county; capital stock, $4,000; incor
porators, F. l.. Slough, R. w. Stoug!
and Geo. M. Stockwell, all Of Beach
N. D. Filed Sept. 9.
Tri-Township Telephone Company
Steele, Kidder county: capital stock
S1100; incorporators. c. E. Hurd, F
J.. Shipley and G.. l.. Mead, all 0
Steele, Filed Sept, IA,
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1914-09-17
SUITS AND COUNTER UiTS.
Game Warden and Doctor in Merry
Fracas at Starkweather.

Devils Lake, N. D., Sept. 16.-Devel-
opments have come thick and fast in
the Brownlee-C Gull case at Starkwea-
Their, which started when Deputy
Game Warden Gull was arrested on
the charge of assault, on complaint OF
DR.. w. j. Brownlee Of Starkweather.
On arrival in Devils Lake Gull told
his story to Assistant States Attor-
ney Smythe and the latter telephoned
to Starkweather, demanding thai JUS
tice Gill, who had issued the warrant,
dismiss the action. Gill decided to
stand pat, refusing to take orders
from the prosecutor until he had
been shown" Reports from Stark
weather are to the effect that the peo-
ple in that section are aroused to con-
siderable extent over the case in that
DR.. Brownlee would be classed with
the bantams while Gull sizes with the
heavyweights.
AS an outgrowth of the fracas Gull
has signed complaints charging DR..
Brownlee with having game in his
possession Illegally and with failure
to show his license. The records in
the auditors office show that the doc
tor was in possession of a license, but
which was at home. He had not shot
the birds in question, they having
been presented to him by a farmer
who returned his shotgun. 1t is stat
ed that the doctor met with an acct
dent yesterday, sufferingl4u severe in
jury. The warrant has h6tl'been serv-
ed on him as a result. \
On account of the attitude of the
states attorneys office in the matter
it is quite likely that the people OF
Starkweather will ask the attorney
generals office for a special prose
cutor to see that THE assault charges
against Gull are pushed. The game
warden admits that he slapped the
Starkweather dentist as the result OF
a remark made to him. ~
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1914-09-17
FINE CATHEDRAL.
St. PauI's Cathedral Was Opene'

St. PauI's Cathedral Was Opened
Sunday with Solemn Mass.
st. Paul, Mimi, Sept. 16.-St.
Paul's cathedral, viii oh is considered
one of the grandest churches in the
world, a opened with a solemn
mass Sunday morning. During the
seven years since the first work of
clearing the highly elevated site on
historic Summit avenue, was begun,
$1,300,0 900 has been spent. Archbish-
op John Ireland has been in charge
of the work.
It probably will be two or three
years more before the interior OF the
edifioe is completed. The remainder
of the work will necessitate an addi-
tional expenditure Of about 100000.
AS that money has to be raised by
subscription and the work cannot be
completed until the money is forth
coming, the final completion of the
work may be put off for several
years.
Because the site of the old cathe-
dral, r%esplendent as it is in the his
tory of the Northwest, has been leas-
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1914-09-17
DASHED ARM.
Langdon Butcher Badly Injured When
Struck by Sharp Cleaver.

Langdon Butcher Badly Injured When
Struck by Sharp cIeaver.
Langdon, N. D., Sept. 16.-August
Kuhna, employed at the Liebler meat
market, had a very narrow escape
from serious accident and will be laid
up for quite a few days. He had been
doing some butchering west of the
city, and in company with n of the
Liebler boys was preparing to return
to Langdon with the meat in IN auto.
mobile. August was standing Oh the
running board of the auto, waiting to
reach a gate so that he, could open 1T,
and when the auto came to the fence
he attempted to step off. In doing SO
he made a misstep and to save him
self from falling, threw his arm
around, with the result that it struck
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1914-09-17
FELL ON
Voltaire Farmer Badly Injured Will;
Oilinq Machine.

Minot, N. D., Sept. 16.-Tosten Tos-
tenscn, aged As, a prominent farmer:
living south of Voltaire, formerly rep
resentative in the legislature from his
district, was brought to st. JosepE's
hospital, Minot, by DR.. Adolph O.
Aaker Of Velva, in an extremely pre-
carious condition from wounds sus.
tanned on his farm this morning.
when he fell backward onto a pitch
fork.
Mr.. Tostenson was oiling his ma
chine in preparation for farm work
and was standing on one Of the
wheels when he lost his balance. lie
fell directly upon the handle of the
fork. which was standing in an up
right position. The handle pierced
his clothing and inflicted terrible in
ternal injuries. es3s
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1914-09-17
NEW EXTENSION.
S. D. Central Ry. Viii! Commence
GRADING North of WatertoWn,

S. D. Central Ry. vii! Commence
Grading North of Watertown.
Sioux Falls, S. D., Sept. 16.-It is
announced from an official source that
the South Dakota Central Railway
company, whose headquarters are in
Sioux Falls, will at once commence
the work of grading for its new ex'
tension northward from Watertown.
There is reason to believe that the
company plans ultimately to have its
Sioux Fals-Watertown line extended
through North Dakota, but the unset
tied conditions Of the money market
because CT the European war, makes
it impossible for the officers of the
company to complete the entire ex'
tension at this time.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1914-09-17
BUILD THEIR OWN.

Mandan, N. D., Sept. 16.-Because
the board Of education cannot see
it's way clear to erect a new high
school and gymnasium, the athletic
and alumni associations of the local
high school have announced a cam
paign to build a gymnasium. The
alumni have Donated all Of the funds
in the treasury, about 5000, and the
athletes plan special ticket sales for
all sports, benefits, ETC., and expect
to have 81, 1000 of 100000 needed by
the end of the school year.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1914-09-17
PROMINENT INDIANS
SETTLE DIVORCE Case
Mrs. Maude j. Parker, Sister 0:
Chief Bender, Famous Twill
er, Party to Case.

Mandan, N. D., Sept. 16.-A suit for
separate maintenance brought by
Maude j.. Parker VS.. William Parker,
pending in the district court here for
two years, was settled cut of court.
Both are fullblooded Sioux Indians
the wife being a sister of Chief Ben
der, the famous twirler of the Phila-
delphia Athletics. Their place of res.
idence was Fort Yates, Steuding Rock
reservation in North Dakota.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1914-09-17
TO GO TO FRONT.
Young Ardoch Man Joins Canadian
ARTILLERY for Active Service.

Artillery for Active Service.
Ardoch, N. D., Sept. 16,-Mrs. Ken
yon Of this place has received a let
ter from her son, Oscar Carpenter,
stating that he has Joined the Sixth
Artillery of London, Ont, and will
leave soon for the training grounds at
Quebec and will in all probability soon
sail for England and the great con-
fliut on the continent.
Oscar Carpenter has spent most Of
his life in Ardoch where he was edu-
Gated in the village school and then
went to the University of North Da-
Nota and still later to college in Wash
ington. While the young man has
never been a soldier he has been made
an officer in the Sixth Field battery
by Major Leonard, who was formerly
his employer in a big machine shop
in London, Ont.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1914-09-17
GOES INSANE.
Thon,as Koran, Bachelor Homestead.
er, Near Alexander, is Raving
Maniac.

Schafer, N. D. Sept. 16.-Neighbors
notified the authorities here that
Thomas Koran. a bachelor home
steader, ten miles northwest of Alex
ander, had gone suddenly insane. Dep
uty Sheriff Randall and Dud Chase
left here Immediately and returned
with the man. They experienced con-
siderable difficulty in handling their
man on the long auto journey here,
as he gradually grew worse. Koran
was a raving maniac when he arrived
here. He was placed in the county
Jail and later taken to the state asy-
lum.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1914-09-17

the sharp cleaver in the auto. A ter
rible cash was cut in his wrist, which
required several stitches, and on &C
count of the artery being cut the
wound bled profusely. He was hur-
ried to Langdon, where the wound was
attended to, and if there are no com
plications he will be on the job again
in a week or so.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1914-09-17
GIRL HIT BY AUTO.

C%asselton, N. D., Sept. 16.-Miss
Esther Fowler was the victim of an
auto accident that might have been at
tended with more serious results than
actually occurred, though these were
bad enough. Miss Fowler was cross
ing Third avenue, at the city hall,
when an auto came tearing up the
street and was ~squarely struck-prob-
ably by the fender-and dashed to THE
ground. She was scratched and bruis-
ed up considerable, had quite a blow
on the head, and of course experience
ed a nervous shock.
The driver of the auto which ran
into Miss Fowler passed on without
stopping and has not been seen since.
He is known, however, as his name is
Miller. He was returning from Fargo
and had been drinking to such an ex-
tent that his companion refused to go
further with him and sought to have
him put up at the garage for the night.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1914-09-17

Albert Hazen, a thirteen-year-old
Grand Forks boy, fell from the sec
ond story of a residence under con
struction, striking on his head. He
is suffering from conclusion Of the
brain. but is said to be recovering
slowly.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1914-09-17

The hasty retreat the Democrats
beat from their position on taxing
freight transactions is amusing, in
view OF the impending elections. 1t
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1914-09-17
FINE

Mandan, N. d., Sept. 16.-That I'm
Gle Sam is an exceptionally good far
mer or rather that his employees know
how to get the most cut Of North
Dakota soil, has been proven at the
Northern Great Plains experimental
station located here.
Threshing operations are about
over, and the remarkable yields Of
various grains secured have astound-
ed the farmers of the district.
Oats went from ni~nety-four to 112
bushels to the acre. Wheat averaged
from thirty-six Ito forty-one: barley
fifty1five bushels; flax twenty. These
figures are more than double the av-
erage good crops for North Dakota.
The government station here was
started two years ago and is the sec
ond largest in the United States op-
Grated by the department Of agricul-
ture. Land and buildings represent
an investment of better than $125 900.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1914-09-17

Now that liquor is being taxed,
everyone who drinks helps the gov
eminent out of it's financial stress.
Just another excuse for the bibulous.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1914-09-17
The Weather

Bismarck, N. D., Sept. TO- 1914.
Temperature, 700 a. m. yesterday, 4a
Highest temperature yesterday -. ~
Lowest temperature yesterday -. 40
Precipitation last "a hours -. 40
Highest wind velocity and dlrec-
ton yesterday .....-... IN. W
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1914-09-17

Antwerp, it is said, has developed
a new malady, called, The Zeppelin
Chill"
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1914-09-17
Indications,

For North Dakota: Fair tonight
and Thursday; not much change III
temperature.
ORRIS W. ROBERTS,
Section Director.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1914-09-17
THURSDAY, SEPT. II, 1914.
30 80
3 WHERE THE TRIBUNE CAN !
q BE BOUGHT. "


Fargo, N. D.
Waldorf Hotel
Gardner Hotel.
Grand Forks. N. D.
Hotel Frederick.
Devils Lake, N. D.
II. B Rosenberg. News Agent
C. J. B. Turner, News Agent
Minot, N. D.
Mansen Bros.
Dickinson, N. ).
st. Charles Hotel.
Minneapolis, MINI.
Kemp & Cohen, News Agents.
Hotel Dyckman.
Hotel Radisson-
Nicollet Hotel.
St. Paul, MINI.
Merchants Hotel
St Marie, 5th ST. News Agent
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1914-09-17

Goodrich has a new five hundred
pound bell as a fire alarm and cur
few. ..
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1914-09-17

Melvin Halseth, CT Denhoff, vas
badly bitten by a vicious dog. The
animal was shot shortly afterward.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1914-09-17

Jack Pecheck of White Earth was
drowned when the machine in which
ne was riding near Detroit, Mimi,
overturned in the water, pinning him
under it.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1914-09-17

Three men in the vicinity Of Mont
pelier attempted to buck the prohibit
ton law, and to get a threshing crew
drunk on liquor which they brought
with them. They succeeded in the
cast Of one of the crew, with the
result that a complaint was sworn
out against them, and they we're ar
raigned in court. Being unable to
furnish bonds they are reposing in
jail, waiting trial.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1914-09-25
LOVE OF ADVENTURE
SECRET OF SUCCESS

While the exhibition is of a thrilling
nature, do not forget that life on the
range even in this day is one Of per-
sonal danger and thrills. Hardly a
a day passes but what there is some
adventure and IL they all could be re-
corded a most marvellous book might
be written.
To the easterner particularly this
kind of a show appeals but 1t Is no
less attractive to the westerner who
makes his home In some Of the larg'
er coast states and OF the states be-
tween the Rockies and the Mississip
pi. This fact is attested to in the
large number of visitors from these
sections which come to Pendleton an
nually to see the Roundup.
The love of adventure is something
which probably will live forever in
the human heart. The feats Of iar-
ing men and women appeal to every
body everywhere. And the Roundup
supplies the necessary elements for
thrills and startling entertainment. II
is these things which have made the
Roundup the biggest frontier cele-
bration in the world.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1914-09-25
Mark MOOrhOuse Will be in Roundup No More
The Grim Reaper Claimed Sorry

The Roundup Is a time for unre-
strained jollity. for fun, for pleas
urable excitement, for pure enjoy
ment and the sights and scenes at
the exhibition produce but few other
sensations among the thousands who
sit through the thrilling entertain-
ment. But this year the Roundup to
many OF the spectators. especially to
those resident In Pendleton, strikes
q note OF sadness at intervals into
the great symphony OF Joy. There Il
nothing present TO mar the scene OF
gayety with a touch so variant. II Is
caused by something absent A fig
ure that has grown familiar to
Roundup audiences Is missing and II
is the knowledge OF the reason that
at times subdues the exhilaration OF
some OF those present.
During the year that has elapsed
since the last week OF frontier cele-
bration, death has invaded the ranks
OF the directorate OF the big show
and removed one OF the most valu-
able members, In the fullness OF his
young manhood, Mark Moorhouse.
one OF the originators OF the Round
up and prominently Identified with
its success for the first four years or
It's history. was stricken down in July
OF this year. Early In the month an
embolism OF the brain produced par
tial paralysis and he fingered until
the afternoon OF the 2sth when he
expired.
His death produced n profound sor-
row In Pendleton, for as infant. boy
and man this city had known him.
Born leRs than 33 years ago on a
farm not far from Pendleton. he had
ever since lived here and had risen
10 prominence both in the business
and social world. His activity in the
various enterprises which have made
him home known as the biggest 1T
tie city in the west" made him a val
ued citizen and that the ever-swinging
sickle should have cut him down when
his usefulness was not fully flowered
but made the sorrow OF the commu-
nifty more heavy.
Mark Moorhouse was one OF the
typical young men OF clty that is
known for its young men, Such as
he have created an atmosphere that
is distinctly Pendletons. and when
the first idea OF an annual cowboy
carnival began 10 take form II was
but natural that he should be one OF
those called upon 10 develop II
Though young in years the romantic
west which the Roundup commemo-
rates is not so far distant that he did
not know Il from personal contact
The son OF Major Lee Moorhouse. one
OF the early superintendents OF the
Umatilla Indian reservation and one
OF the most noted photographers Of
Indians in America, even his home
associations were essentially western
As a youth he wns one OF band o.
young Pendletonians frequently called
upon TO don the paint and feathers
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1914-09-25
HANK VAUGHAN AND HIS
HIS RESTLESS WAYS
CONTINUED from Page 1O)

HALEY rode to Athena and from
there took the road to the farm up
on which the grain was supposed to
be stored. Just before coming to
the reservation line, he met the far
mer with four-horse load of the
wheat he was going to seize. AS he
approached the wagon he noticed
that Hank Vaughan was riding along
side and that, as soon as Hank rec.
ognized the officer he jumped from
his horse and, selling the lines, tried
to turn the team back. His idea
was that If he got the grain back on
the reservation. a county officer
could not touch it.
HALEY rode up and, addressing
Hank, told him to stop. Hank paid
10 attention to the command. stop
II, Hank" came the order the sec
ond time and with that the gunman
whirled. his hand flying to his back
pocket. HALEY was watching for this
move, however and his own gun
FLASHED out and covered Vaughan be-
fore the latter could more than grab
the butt of his own sixshooters. "Stop
it, Hank" Hailing said for the third
time.
Vaughan looked into the muzzle Of
the gun for moment and then said,
Damn it, John, I'd rather die than
quit"
well, you've got to quit this
time" answered the officer. You're
playing a losing game"
You win," said Hank, take the
grain" and HALEY took 1t on into
Athena and foreclosed the mortgage
on it. Vaughan rode alongside into
town and confided to HALEY some
what as follows. Il don't care about
you taking me. John, but the blank
ETY. blanked blank blanks will adver-
tise it all over the country
Though he felt the sensation Of hot
! lead entering his flesh more than once
it was not a pullet that laid Hank
Vaughan low. He died a tragic death
] but no officer or other gunman
could claim the credit for it II
was his own folly and recklessness
that brought his career to an end
One day about the year 1894. he rode
into Pendleton and, after drinking
deeply of the fiery fluid that exhilar'
ates. mounted his horse and dashed
down Main street at breakneck speed
AS he reached the o. r. & n. tracks
his horses ironshod hoof slipped ol
the steel rails and the animal fel
heavily to the ground, pinioning tn
rider beneath and crushing him bad
ly. He died shortly afterwards.
He was past so years old when h
ded and more than 80 years of hi
life he was in the limelight of noto
r.ety. His widow still lives and &
yet making her home on her LAM
on the reservation.
East Oregonian : E.O. (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, 1914-09-25

Roundup he was commissioned with
the task Of conducting the show.
Exhibition manager was his title
and to him belongs a large share of
the success OF the Roundup from
the start. The rapidity with which
event followed event, the absence Of
the little delays and drags which SO
mar any entertainment as much as
anything else produced to the effect
which made the renown of the from
tier exhibition national in its scope,
and none contributed more toward
this tempo than he. SO efficient was
he, indeed, in this particular depart
ment that he held the position Of ex-
hibition manager and director of COM
petitive events until the day of his
death.
The fact that the 1914 show has
been made a success without his aid.
that the exhibitions have been con-
Quoted with the accustomed dispatch
in nowise detracts from the honors he
has won. 1t but simply emphasized
the fact again that the Roundup is
not dependent upon any one man for
its continued success but, operated
by reorganization and under a sys-
tenn perfected by himself and his as
sociates. 1t cannot help but retain
its high standard. But the fame that
belongs TO It now will grow as the