davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Askov American. [volume] (Askov, Pine County, Minn.) 1914-current, 1914-10-22
Germans Hurled Back
NJ amaerantEoRai Nvws ssrvges.

-
Paris. Des. 81 British warshipS
cannonading the Gcrsnasi land forces,
who had opened d terrific bofnbara.
tnefat Of fhe allies entrenched poal.
ton between Naauport On the Belgian
Nerfh Sea coast and Dgxnaude south.
ward on the Ypres canal, struck ter.
ror fo the hearts of fhs Teutons by
thair Ranking and enfiIadsng IRE and
AFOke the force III the attack.
The Beagians, fighting on their own
soil to regain thaiE country, dashed
forward and III desperate counter az.
tack hurried tbs Germans back.
First aid From shapa
This 10 the larHt tarnu ia the war In
ths fprth that naval vessels of any OF
The balligsrents have effectively aided
the land foreoe fn the operations. The
nring from the guns III war vessels
aIeng the coast IL the wess of pstend
has been haara FOR two days. but I'M
fli the official communication was H.
sHed from Bordeaux aud transmitted
f0f publication III General GAliienl sn
Paris the identity Of tho ships and
the purpose Of their bomhafdmant 81
tho coast remained hidden nnEer the
CLOAK of official military secrecy.
plan of Teutcns.
The German attack III fhsa section
III the ailgea frat III northern BEL
gtnm waA directed Ii frantic effort
ri break Elsrpugh along fhe coast ana
secure fooahoid on the French coast
slaa positions before the strength 81
abe allies should have become 20
great re to bar thelr progress without
resort TO fTuntaI attack with It's con.
sequent and inevitable carnage.
Believed BeiaIAns Demprailred.
Hi their advance which started from
the south 0g 0Atend en- SATURDAY the
nernsans hRa singled CUT The position
held by the Belgian forces q the
weakest point Ii the line because 81
thN reported danoraalxagiaa the BeI.
giant had suffered IA their successive
defsats which ended Ia the fall of
Antwerp nut king Alhertm troops
were prepared. They had dug them.
selves III and were supported hy their
shattered. hut with effective. artillery
After several hours of furious night
lux. ID which ths iseleiana naintasned
aoggealy their ppaitions, hurting the
enemy back lime after time wlfh
haaNx losses III each rspsaase, there
WAS heard tbs guns III the ehlps 10
seAwara- and the navy guns lad the
range, sor she fifst shots we're effec-
tive ard aeTnorallsing se the gssrman
attackers.
Monday the fire from the navy guns
became go SereFe and effective that
the Germans started TO withdraw. No
sooner was this vancouver discovered
by the BelKaaA c0gps commander than
b charge wan ordered and the coun
Ter attack soon tarned into i runt
with the Germans III fun retreat.
After punkifk and Calais.
Mienport il 10 miles west 81 OSsend.
Ii oseupIes i position ca tho coast
assSsss midway between usfaMd and
the Franco Belgian border. Aerosa the
border aud along the aeacoass To the
westward lie nnnkirk and Calais.
a&ainat which The Germans are at
segnpsanx to advance III their effort To
Askov American. [volume] (Askov, Pine County, Minn.) 1914-current, 1914-10-22

ANonnouth, Eng. via London, o..
so,--A well known Atlantis ,lns. - y.
FiSea here bringing q large nunha,
g canadian troops to augment fhoss
already eneamped In England s
Askov American. [volume] (Askov, Pine County, Minn.) 1914-current, 1914-10-22
More Canadian Troops Arrive.

monmouth, Eng. via London. Oct.
"a well kaswa atlantic liner ar.
rived here bringing q large number
o. Canadian troops to augment those
already sncamped In England.
Askov American. [volume] (Askov, Pine County, Minn.) 1914-current, 1914-10-22
Reh AAlnnsapolls street csr.

Minneapolis. Oct. ae.-- Keep yuur
eyes On the eoor. was the command
If three hoidup men who early today
held up the conductor ana rnotornan
u . Chicago avenae street car at the
south end on the line. they rot SIS
ia cash and two Watches.
Askov American. [volume] (Askov, Pine County, Minn.) 1914-current, 1914-10-22
British WarsIlips Help
Allied Forces RepeI
Germans.
ASSERTED ARhENTlEsEs HAS
BEEN REsoccupiEp AND Ao.
VINCE ON OuNKRk
CHECKED.

I.onaan, Oct FL The Morning Post
esrrespondent In the north Of France
saya he learns on excellent authority
that the allies hsye reeaptured 0a-
tend.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-12-04
100000 IN ART BURNED.
IIrr Destroys ola Masters shipped
Here ON Mississippi.

Fire IN the hold Of tho fr"igh; steamer
Mississippi OF the French Linz which ar
rived IN this port ou Novemhar - from
Navrc France. destroyed $1,000 600 worth
of old masters according to the Hcrdld
this morning Most OF the loss, o. about
$4,000. was sustained 10y IN, DuVtcn
Bros. Ffth avenue and Forty NTH street.
and included both paintings and antique
articles of art Another large loser In
r. klcinherger q 60. of Paris and New
York The latter conslgumCnts consisted
OF several cases OF Italian primitivcs on
wood panels and wrrc insured by a
French company.
The news Of the Are aboard thu ireightor
was kept quiet upon thu arrival Of the
ship In New York ana h~came known only
y, sterdHy when the story of the loss
Of the Naluabl" paintings was spread
through Firth avenue art circles. PAU
Fagct. general agent ~ IN" 'rcnrh Line
admitted last night that there mad h"c'
! f. ir" I'm tn hold. hut said that he did
/ not know ahout thu loss nf IN" paintings
| lie said that the tur Was discuNcrrt
! shortly after tn" ship had left Huvrr AN,
was put uut whru Capt. i.rtpuN ordrrr,
! the hold hlled with steam and water
This In itself was enough to ruin tn
! great masterpieces
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-12-04
LAW OR NOT, WARDEN
WON'T SEE SIX HANGED
IL Can Resign" He Phones Gov.
Hunt. Saving He Will
Not Be Witness.

rHoE>iN. Ar'z. Dec. g. Warden SINS
would not he %, thu stat" Pcritcrtary IA
December 10, when siN W,u a." g. b,
hanged. one a. time.
4 was .Tp'oy,t t. keep men FROM
rsrdplal. rct 20 XIII them" De" told thr
Governor "besidc- 20 is plvsrAllv inn
POSSIBLE r. ne To- 500 * men banged
without colilpsinf
"Eut the Law requires YOU to lac pre- s.
":t." she Govr.ior rom nd"d him
Il can resign. an not" Sims grtor;ed
II SIMS iysisns Riley Eryan. captain
- tho guard viii he acting superinto ud
emit. tn next % succession Is Yard Fore
man Walter W'usor. b" thor OF state
Land COMMIT .siuutr Milford Winsor.
Gov. Hunt Says both men would resign
bcior" hanging mar
Il do mo- believe IL Will br necessary
for sims q resign" GOV. Hunt said
THE law saws he snail WITNESS each eN-
"vut!ou hut provides 80 penalty h,
refuses 10 uo %.
My op'u on If that Sowchodv has boon
fouud - do tie WORT Iur nam, ur the
eNrcutioner VIII not hc made public I'll,
the fatal day Probably he WIZ want tu
leave m" STATE mat night II j. history
that the hangnan * f'r,lr. stunned Ny
society.
Il have not tahcn the matter ny WITH
M sims, but newspaper men probably
will Ice excluded Tn" Law requires that
rAecut o's h~ cnuduet'd with rs much
privacy as u. x ibl" and IS spirit viii not
rc violated"
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-12-04

he given IN the shuoeri Theatre on Tues
day afternoon, December Is. under tho
auspices OF NJ Gabriel Hano;auN. eN-
Minister Of Foreign Affairs cf France.
Miss Julia Arthur will make her first
stage appearance In fourteen years In
this city. playing in Thomas Bailey NJ
drchs M crcedrs.' William Faversham.
Mrs Fiskt. Miss Julie OPP. Miss Grace
George and NIL. Dorziat will also appear
The fair and kerness organized uy the
laiirs' auxiliary committee Of the French
branch of the y VI. e. \. Viii open AZ
o'clock to-day a. lo9 West Fifty fourth
street II will hc continued tomorrow.
Among the prrs Ms who have taken
s"ats and boxes for the all star perform
ducc of The Second Mrs TauqueraN" in
NallackS Theatre on next SUNDAY eve
Ming Tor the benefit ~ the Commute. II
Mercy are Miss i,llsu Te'ry. Mrs August
belmont. Mrs Philip NJ Lyd.e. Nrs.
Bourke Cochran. Mine. Nlzmnva. Mrs
John breNel Mrs Amos pluchni. IL "a
Warren, +. T. Gatyan and Mrs Villa n
Ast,g 6hnnler.
Charles Dana Gibson nrd Robert =.
Jones have dorated original sketches for
the M. I, .'r reproduced on the pro-
grammes. which Will Ice for sac
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-12-04
LAMAR CONVICTED;
NEVER LOSES SMILE
"Wolf of Wall street" Quickly
Sentenced to Two Years
in Federal Prison.
OUT on BAIL OF $40. 600

II took the Jurors less than forty-seven
minutes yesterday to find David Lamar
the Wolf OF Wall Street. guilty under the
Indictment charging him with impersonat-
ing Representative a. Mitchell Palmer
with intent to defraud J i. Morgan q
Co. and the United states Steel Corpora
ton
Within few minutes more Judge
Sessions who presided over the trial last
Ing three days. sentenced Lamar to twu
years in the Federal prison AT Atlanta.
but Lamar's attorneys prevented Inn
mediate execution of the sentence by an
nounclng their intention 10 apply for a
writ Of error.
The Jurors received the case at IL :2S
o'clock yesterday morning retired TO the
jury room and were back In court by
~ 10 o'clock Lamar awaited their com
ing with apparent calmness. at times
laughing and chatting. but those who
shook hands with him learned that his
palm was cold and perspiring In his
facial expression Lamar gave no indica
ton of any strain.
when the Jurors, headed by Foreman
l.. G. Gilies filed into the room Lamar
looked AZ them and smiled. He graSped
the lapels Of his black coat threw ou;
his chest and half closed his eyes. a thing
He did no, look toward his wife, who sat
not far away moistenng her lips. but
otherwise apparently calm.
When william Cloary. clerk Of the
court asked the jurors If they had found
verdict the foreman rose, hat In hand.
and announced
I'VE have, your Honor. We md the
defendant guilty"
Lamar. always susve. bowed and
smiled slightly He took his seat and
looked toward the Judge. A. he did so
he again half closed his eyes and opened
his mouth as II yawning
When tinted States Attorney H. Snow
den Marshall moved for sentence Lamar
stepped forward. In replying TO the
judgment should not he pronounced upon
YOU" ne bent forward and said II have
not" The defendant did not move
muscle as the judge imposed the sentence
OF two years The maximum Tor H.
crime is three wears.
C. y. Whitney OF Lamar's counsel. then
asked for stay Of senteuc" pending the
application for q writ OF erro'. He also
asked that the defendant bo released On
bail Mr. Marshall opposed the request
for bail, saying that the matter ShuuIi
be EFT to IL" Circuit Court ~ App' ais.
Judge Sessions however. thought that
the defendant should have thirty days i"r
tn" preparation Of the appeal and should
lie ~ liberty during that time. lie said
he would continue the ban q; l".""o
each In the Two indictments SIN pend
tag against Lamar and requ.r" a NJ"
bail bond OF ti0.0O0 in the ca" where
conviction had been obtained raAt made
$50. 900 In all
The Arrangements for bal we're quickly
accomplished Lamar, smiling more
broadly, would make no statements h's
wife o., that time was -iul ne aui 'hceI-
fui
Mr. Marshall would make no state
mrrt IN regard 10 ia. Vctt,'' 'Ncept that
Il SPOKE Tor itself lie ~,ud lie would
hay. something 2" say Nituu a few days
as 80 Wu'r h- would plac" Edward l.au-
teruarh, indicted with Lamar trial foi
conspiracy.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-12-04
CANCER OFFER BY MURDERER.
John Frank Hickey, Boys slayer,
Wrote Letter, Osborne Learns.

Sing Sings new warden, Thomas Mott
Csboru", has learned that the Auburn life
convict who offered some months ago to
subject himself iu experiments with cancer
Is John Frank Hickey, convicted on De-
ormhcr 81, l9l2, ~ numbering Joseph
lo,ephs, a seven year-oid boy OF I.acka-
wanna, =. Y.
Hickey mrs proposed himself for OK
pcrimrutatiou a C"w months ago 10 DR..
Roswell Park Of Bunaio, who mas since
died. Or Park turned the letter over to
the Gratwck Cancer Laboratory, u state
institution, and the director referred
Hickey's offer 10 Attorney General Thomas
Cdrmody, who turned Il down Hickey
had said In his letter that n" did not seel,
mercy but hoped he might do some good
to atone Tor his evil past.
After his conviction Hickey confessed
10 the murder 0f Edward Morey in Lowell
Mass. twenty wears ago. and Michael
kruck, a newshoy IN Central Park IN
1909, II was said too that he had con
f,sScd ~ attempting to kill soo~~ NJ
boys 'hruuGnpui iAe country.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-12-04
GARDNER TO DISCUSS
DEFENCES IN ST. LOUIS
Pleased over Encouragement
Received i'm Efforts IL
Cause Inquiry.

Congressman A p. Gardner Of Massa-
chuso;ts VINO VII nght - havr hts oil
calling for national defence inquiry 20
through the shor, session OF Congress, lett
yesterday FOR st Louis We VIII b" tn"
guest ihcgo ~ Frcdcrch W Lehman.
ons 81 the l,cd,c commissioner FOR tD'
United States At Niagara FAILS last sum
mer
Mr.. ,;ardncr expressed hmsrlt as
ulensed over the cncourn cement Ne has
received and j. receiving da!y IN MS
efforts t. bring about an investigation
when Viii not only inform the people or
thr country concerning the exact condi-
tlun Of their defences hut viii outline a
dcilnite policy FOR the first time In the
history Of the republic
"If he hll depended upon IN" voters
% the country 7 am satisfied 4 would
90 through" hr said Just before leav-
ing II am receiving letters and mos
sages daily from al parts Of the country
from men who say " Is ''me we knew
aoou, these things Also. | have conn
d.ncc that II tho measure Ia ever reported
ont If committee and can be brought to
Il vote in the House II will pass A ma
i,rity % tho members rrrspcctlN" ~
marty. would vote for 1t. our hght must
be- To- give them such an opportumiy.'
Mr. Gardner said he was invited {" -
Louis originally "a dclivrr lec'ur" on
"What W. PAY Cousressmen for' hut
public attention mas been so drawn to-
ward nationa. dsi,uc" that he has been
asked to address d, body Of citizens ON
his measure. tie will dc this Saturday.
lie had not been Informed eNcep'
through the newspapers that President
Wilson would receive him to discuss the
bill
Il Will return 10 Washington ny Mon
day" he said. "aud | will learn there
definitely when the President VIII see
me"
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-12-04
TEST SPERRY STABILIZER
Aero club Committe. ~, with IN,
Inventor

committee o. he Aero Club r,rt,c,.
pat"d IN - demonstration Of tu, Seer,
gyroscoplc siabiiizer for aeroplauos YES
terday afternoon az tho Baysi5. Y.cht
Club Lawrence b Spc'ry. who Nor he
$4,000 priz. IA the French ....p.,u.
safety contest las; Juur. mad" s.,..u
flights In the same Curtis mac niu,. cary.
ing As passengers, one at Il Time. Alt, x
llawlcy. president IT the Aero C..r.
Henry a. WIS" Wood. vice-presiI.
charles Jerome Edwards aad Heu.y
Woodhouse, governors II TIA, club -
toward Huntington, the sccretaIy. O,tr.
members II the club present a. f.e
DEMONSTRATION we're Robert P.uym Ar'uI.
johns. Everi Jansc. Wendell. V I
Mayo ana Edgar NJ. Bellneg
Tho Nero club members Ne, en-
thusiastiC about the flights. which iu,.p., .
fancy figures without any assisi,nc. t,..n
the pilot except touch OF the lrVer zone
trolling 'H" 1'rupltuc'~ direction Al
the uultr,4E was don, hN jhr gyro-yop.
stAbutz'r. Mr IinW.r, and Mr Edwarr.
decided To- get a flying boat equipped w'' b
the ins;rumen. ard Mr. Pluym arrange
for stahiliz"rs ON aerns which he is send
Ing 70 Russia
when the ics,s were concluded "
Woodhouse. who is managing editor e
FlpiHD. few with NJ Sporty from ,i-
They lcf: at : ~ O'clock and lLudr. .
,hc bridge twelve minutes later. thnulf
the saI' "Trip hy auto takes half al a""
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-12-04
PRINCESSE"S NEW PLAN.
Gables From Paris for ola clothes
for Refugees.

Pr.ucesse dc pix OF Paris. who is coli
lect!ns ~ooleu yarn for Frencl soldiers
and WHO recently appealed through TIM
Sun To The people OF the United States
cauled yesterday that she would he glad
70 receive old clothes FOR refugees ar
rlvins IN Paris,
This Is taken - indicate that the Prin-
cesse IL extending her activity to many
OF the homeless Belgians who are flock.
Ing into France Ia large numbers All con-
trihut'ons ~ this kind. " sent 10 THE
sun. VIII be snipped 10 the prncesse in
the same way In which yarn shipments
have been going.
Yesterday 5 contributions To the yarn
fund Included a package from "Somt
Women Of Kivcredge, y J." II has been
decided TO despatch the nest shipment b.
Franc" next week. go that It will arrive
Just before Christmas.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-12-04
RHODES SCHOLARS AID RELIEF
Ten American students Volunteer
for Work In Belgium.

LoNDoN. Dec 3,-'rcu American sta
dents at oxford, including eight Rhodes
scholars, have volunteered for service with
the American Commission for Relief h.
belgium and win he sent to Belgium to-
morrow To- assist Ia the distribution Of
food
The students are f. T. Holman.
Leland stanford University: r. Kit
rcdge, University of California s II.
Paradise of Nrdfold Mass. G. q. Bow
Zen ~ ST Louis, O. -, Lodormilk or
Willcox, Aria, II II. Simpson Of In
dinnapois. =. T. Nelson Of Ma, Will, =
u. l.. c. Wellington ~ Amherst, Mass.
w W Stratton ~ Sal Lak" city and
q f., SpauldiHg Of Los Angeles
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-12-04
"Navy In Fine shape"

TT the feet has no; enough SHIPS IN
e. all | have to say is that upon my
Recommendation Congress ordered three
dreadnoughts for this year and only one
Tor the year before. We have been maR-
ing progress ana the navy ~ In iinc
shape"
On ;orpedVes Secretary Daniels ISSUED
a statement compiled ny Rear Admiral
strauss. chief Of Ordnance. whose report
on torpedoes was made public TODAY.
The statement is In part as follows;
"Thc tfty-eght long range torpedo
tubes so often referred to as the only
ones the navy possesses are OF the 81
inch. 81 foot type and there il no ship
in the navy Yet Ia commission that II
prepared to TAX, them. They were manu-
featured for new construction, beginning
with the Nevada and oklahoma, and these
two ships will not go into commission
until about the end Of next year. So
far as the Bureau of Ordnance can as
certain these torpedoss have as high a
range or higher than any torpedoes manu-
factured abroad
We already have n sufficient number
OF these longer range torpedoes To- out
fight the eight most recent dreadnoughts
IN commission.
"ln addition there are being manufac-
turei sufficient number 20 provide al
the battlcShips beginning with the Nir-
gin'a class with -" long range torpedo.
The OHIO class, commissioned about 1904.
are ftted with Is inch tubes and tor
pedoes Of tire highest range cannot be
suhsttu"d Tor the equipment now fur
n!shed them without serious alterations.
"All ~ the arinored cruisers except
four or older designs are provided with
- inch tubes All of the cruisers and
all the dcstroyers subsequent TO destroyer
No. rs are provided with torpedoes that
were up To- date in range and speed one
wear ago. Since that time a scheme has
been developed for increasing the range
OF the Is inch torpedo and there are now
in process of construction Is inch tor
pedoes of the new type which WI. out
fight all destroyers from No IS with
the long range weapon.
Long range torpedoes are neither re-
CURED nor desired for submarines Sub
marine warfare 10 OF such a character as
20 make II advisable 20 use a short range
Nigh speed torpedo, and that II the class
that submarines are being furnished with
The AboukIr, Greasy and Hogue were
torpedocd recently, II will BE recalled. at
a range Of 500 yards"
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-12-04

senator Lodge states We are Insult
nciently supplied with aeroplaneS and
hydroplaneS, which are 80 essential to
year and in my forthcoming report to- be
published December ~. l nave atdentiN
advocated the fullest development OF This
branch Of our service.
Sin regard 10 submarines Senator Lpdgt
states that there are not enough IN pro-
portion to our fleet. nut the fact Is We
nave a larger number of submarines IN
proportion to our battle fleet than any
nation except France.
Senator Lodge Is mistaken in hi beUct
that many OF them would he practically
useless. OF course those ordered years
ago do not fully come W to thos" con-
structed according to present day plans.
81 have been particularly Interested IN
The submarine. and last year upon my
recommendation congress appropriated for
4 larger number OF submarines than they
mad ever appropriated in a single year
and authorized a distinct departure and
advance 10y providing that one Of these
shall bc Of the scagoing type. the iirst mat
any navy ~ the world viii possess.
'ln regard to his statement that We
nave had no fleet manuuNres for two
years and no divisional drills for one
year the fact Is that | myself have at
tended two fleet mgnruvrcs and target
practices and fleet ulIuruvres were also
held in the spring ui this year. The ships
are now returning from the fall manoeu-
'res and target practice.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-12-04
LODGE AND GARDNER
WRONG, SAYSDANIELS
secretary Insists There's Good
Equipment Of Torpcdocs
and Submarines.
"NAVY Is IN FINE SHAPE"

wAsniNGToN. Dee J--Statcmen;s made
- Senator Lodge and Representative
Gardner regarding the need for an investl
cation OF the national dafences brought
double responses to-day from Secretary
Daniels who issued Il statement replying
10 a remark attributed to Representatlve
Gardner regarding toipedoes, and another
statement taking up senator Lodges pub
lished comments.
Referring TO NJ fardners statement
n New York last night that he was In
formed there were only htty-cight long
cange torpedo tubes TN the navy. Secretary
Daniels showed that a. these tubes can
oc used only on the new ships, beginning
with the Nevada and oklahoma. the navy
was really preparing IN advance instead
IT being Delinquent IN THIS respect. The
Secretary took NJ Senator Lodges state
.uent In detail. Mi Daniels SAID ia part:
Senator Lodge has been a member of
tn, Naval Affairs Committee VI the Senate
for many years. and n IA. knows. as he
says. what we have why does he want
an inquiry? Congress determines what
the navy shall have. II Congress Will hp-
1ropriate for more ships the navy VIII
certainly build them.
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1914-03-16
ANTONIO SOCIETY
EVERES' MEMORY OF DEAD

Members OF the Santo Antonio So
.|ety to the number of $50 gathered
"a the Catholic cathedral yesterday
morning to attend services in mem
Irv of their deceased brethren. The
<crvices were opened with solemn high
mass. celebrated by Reverend Fathers
Rcdrigues, Stephen and Reginald. The
tnIopy on the dead was delivered by
rather stephen, following which he
read the list of names Of the departed
members of the society numbering
los.
These members who attended met
n the societys hall and marched in a
hcdv to the cathedral, where re-
served section was in waiting. There
vas also large number of persons
5ther than members in attendance.
rather Stephen spoke in Portuguese.
bis native tongue. his remarks being
eagerly listened to by those present.
Al Sociedade Portugueza de Santo AM
ionic Beneficente de Hawaii was or
ranized in Honolulu January |, 1877,
e capitalized at nearly $4,000 and
has in the neighborhood of 2250 mem
bers.