The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-01-11

sets forth. are prejud!ces to be avoided.
Man lives by bread alone. idealistic con-
lectures TO the contrary notwfthstand-
ing. There is an essay here on First
steps Toward Millennium" but the
millennium IL an ideal" In which he Is
pound not to believe.
a man Of what may lie called this
brutal nationality undoubtedly has his
uses. II Summers voice had had a
larger carrying power. deinagogucs
would have gone in fear Of him, and
been led to think Of what they were
going to say before they said II. And
II the voice had been moro "sympa-
, thetic" It seems safe to say that 1t
would have carried further.
ono OF the most interesting and typi-
cal OF the essays here collected is that
on Earth Hunger" which Is also new.
II was written III 1896, Just after Prcsi-
dent Cleveland had sent to Congress
the message about the Venezuelan
boundary question which SO agitated
the English speaking world. This is
evident from illusions In the essay
itself. which indeed may have been in
| spired by the political situation. The
essay may be called an explanation Of
the progress Of civilization rs condi-
| toned by the ratio Of population To
| land. II begins with the decline of
Greece in the three centuries Just be-
, fore the Christian Sra. Il decline which
the author is inclined to ascribe to the
, laziness and general worthlessness OF
| the population" The population OF
Italy similarly decreased under the chi
! pire from what 1t had been under the
| republic. insomuch that large tracts OF
| 10 80 >
ern Europe. during the feudal period.
! cultivation Of the soil and consequently
population rose or fell together ac-
cording to the security or Insecurity Of
| the tiller In rcaplng where lie had
: sown. The highest civilization. accord
| ing to Prof. Summers generalization, IL
tina: under which the greatest number
OF persons can inhabit a given area in
comfort. The dcnser the population Of
a given area, then, always with this
condition OF Comfort" or "a higl,
standard Of living" the greater the poo
| liticdl and social success and the polit-
, ical and social wisdom with which the
affairs of the community have been ad-
| ministered.
In the Middle Ages the serfs Of west
ern Europe became freemcn and yoe-
many through the inducements offered
to them by moro favorable terms and
tcnures on the part Of the landlord to
Increase his income by taking up waste
| land. The greatest significance Of the
! discovery Of America is to this observer
"the winning of "a new continent for the
labor class" It was not until the nine
teenth century that the relief or the
outlet thus offered became very impor-
| 49,
| only then was transportation so cheap
ened and facilitated as to enable large
numbers Of laborers to take advantage
of Il. 1t might he added that Il has
not been until the twentieth century
! that the relief was extended TO southern
| and eastern Europe by still further
| increase OF facilities for emigration
This latter extension has brought new
political ana social questions for the
receiver Of the emigration. Il IS In
Europe that the earlier emigration has
| brought It's chief political and social
| questions. the earlier immigrants hav-
Ing been So readily ussimilated N t.Gs
| country as not to disturb its lnstitu.
| tons. The lowering OF the rent OF
agricultural land In England and 10y
| American competition has put a pres
sur upon IN ,h"u'.s 80,
''''N' never Avn pioIc' S' e
surg ,'.H' wv M"ea' I'm 'N'i,e' '''1'
| mao Ley more ',Ieet o,' iueas !" r.u.op.
| '!''" INV V.eus ''p.H -,''o, w. a''. '"1'
| inc GA "oriu aris'oNr"e,eS "eea carr
, li'H' ioE Nh'eiiea" i.o'i'i,S u on'y
a'ne''ca" eunlpe,.''o'' "'''' "'' ''"e'
'Ar rent oi H'iu'
80 Tar the rcSuic OF 'He E"'opeaH
cilr'h munger mas peeH un'i"Neuis
good except To the privileged c'asses !"
EUROPE. 10 whose AMUSEMENT Lio!'
George Is JUST no" SO powerfully con-
triDutins. But our author draws d
Just anu important distinction petweef
economic and "politicaI eaEth nun
ser. So long AS the Government Il
which tAe settler goes IS not iyrannica
or oppressive It does not much matter
what It calls itself. as American set
tiers have shown By moving over tho
line into Manitoba. They are US vel
ago from the United States TO Texa.
4 Y.tl. et.,F.N