davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1914-04-08

this is brought about, so that every
white Democrat can vote in our
primary. He does believe that such
restrictions should be thrown around
the primary, ae will prevent dead
men, radicals, Bull Mooses and res
idents of other States, naming the
standard hearers Of the democracy
of South Carolina.
He Is in favor of thorough re-
form of our school laws, SO that it
shall become the duty of the State,
and not of the various counties, to
educate the children of the State.
1t is contrary to all public policy,
that negro children in one county
shall receive more per capita for
their education than white children
of another county, as is now the
case. All are the children of the
State of South Carolina, and not of
any specific county; therefore, it
is the duty of the State to see that
each child has an equal opportunity
to obtain common school educa-
ton.
He is in favor Of a thorough re-
form of our taxing department, so
that the burdens of government
will fall on those most able to bear
it and who receive the greatest ben
eft from it. As at present organ
lied, the taxing department of our
government expends it's greatest ep-
ergy on every NANCY pig, lousy calf,
bankrupt stock of goods, and all
half worn household and kitchen
furniture, on the tax books, while
many just sources of revenue are
left untouched.
In other words, under our pres
ent tax laws, our tax officials are,
with devoted zeal, catching the
m easily revenues that drip from the
spigot, while the bung is left wide
open, and just revenues, that should
enrich the Golfers of the State, are
allowed to flow into the pockets OF
private individuals and corpora
tions.
He believes that our land-hold
ings IN this State are entirely too
l,-ua and that for the oreatpSt de-
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1914-04-08
Cough Medicine For Children

Too much care cannot be used in
selecting cough medicine for
children. 1t should be pleasant to-
take. contain no harmful substance
and be most effectual. Chamber
lain's cough remedy meets these re-
quirements and is fayorite with.
the mothers of young children
every vhere. For sale by all dealers.
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1914-04-08
For Treasurer.

Mr.. q S johnson announces his
candidacy this week for the office of
county treasurer. He is well known
throughout the county and has a
large number of friends who will
support him as Loyalty as they did
two years. Mr. johnson is a good
business man and if elected will do
his best to give entire satisfaction.
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1914-04-08
For Supervisor.

To the Voters of Edgefeld County:
/ respectfully solicit your unbiased
suffrage as candidate for Supervisor
of your county, and if elected will try
to serve the people as near right as I
conceive, pledging myself to support
the nominees of the Democratic party.
w. G. Wells.
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1914-04-08

l respectfully announce that l am a
candidate for the Office of Supervisor
of Edgefeld county and solicit the votes
of the people, pledging myself if elect
ed to a faithful discharge of the duties
and to support the nominees of the
Democratic party.
R p Morltr;,
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1914-04-08
Gard of Thanks.

We take this means of thanking
the people of Edgefeld for their
Kindness to us and to our father,
Mr.. George Johnson, during his
late illness. We shall treasure their
friendship and will ever hold in
grateful remembrance the many ex-
pressions of sympathy and kindness,
holding ourmselves ready to .recip.
rocate whenever an opportunity is
presented.
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1914-04-08
Notice.

~ highly-bred Stallion will
sand at my farm near Red Hill for
$1,000 to insure sound colt. Good
speed and works anywhere.
R. l.. BODIE.
r. +. D. Modoc, S. G.
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1914-04-08
For County Treasurer.

Approaching your past favors for
Treasurer of Edgefeld County, and
pledge myself to support the nominee.
The term of this office is now four
years.
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1914-04-08
(From The Union Times, March 1S
1Sl4.)

The writer had the pleasure some
time ago of visiting the farm of
Hon. Lowndes Browning in Cross
Keys Township.
Years ago, Mr.. Browning realized
that the one crop, all cotton, theory
of farming was a delusion and
a snare, and began raising bis
own meat and corn. 1t has been
"a years since he has had 70 use any
cotton money to buy meat for his
plantation. Not that be has no;
bought bacon all these years. but
each year he has sold more than
enough hogs, hams and lard to buy
all the meat needed on his place.
He has very nice bunch of short
horn cattle and fine flock of Ram
baulliet sheep. In fact, he lives at
home.
He is president of the County
Farmers Union, and during his adj
ministration, this organization has
put on new life, and is proving
quite beneficial to it's members IN
the purchase of fertilizers, and 9TH
or farm supplies.
Mr.. Browning is very much in
terested in the education of the ris-
| ing generation, and he takes great
pride in the consolidated school
that has been established at Sedalia,
Largely throui h his efforts. AS an
incentive to agricultural develop
opment, he has given the use of
several acres of land adjoining the
school lot, on which the school
board will have an experimental
farm for three years, profits to be
used for the school.
He has served several terms in
the house of representatives, during
the session of l91l-12 being chair.
man of the Ways and Means COM
;mittee, and the two appropriation
bills introduced by that committee
were only amended by the house to
the amount of $s3.75. This is
record that has never been equaled
by the Ways and Means committee
!, of any other term. The senate
made few changes, and the vetoes
of the governor we're always opposed
by a majority of the house, in most
instances, by the necessary two
thirds majority.
Mr.. Browning was the author Of
the refunding bill of 1912, and
while this bill involved about &c.
100000 90, one of the largest fnan-
cial measures ever handled by the
State, the house of representatives
passed it without dissenting voice,
even without an aye and nay vote.
When it was vetoed by the COVER
nor, it was passed over his veto in
the house by vote of 70 to IL,
and an equally large majority in
the senate. This act, if pllced in
operation, should save the taxpay-
ner rs W wear G for 5wenty years,
-.
asylum bond Issue joint res oiution.
Submitted 10 the people at tie last
election. While this resolution re-
alir Ip;,ad . ,,at',';,. or lIo Ta,cs :,
Az; G;5 49,, ,on.iS., ,Ia ,,n.+1i,5. ,.5.
.,.L;,I ,Eo ra.,r,,.:o, .,,I,l g.,
,!,.rasoro 5;3 No, h.o,r. .qv IT,
,,..,.',l ,,.,,, ,.,. .,.
- ..,s,,-.a
''' 49,;
,I..r -,
-, ,s,. ..,s.,;
g,;,.g..,,.. i.
;, ~, ,,,..Io ,,. ,..
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1914-04-08

Cures Old Sores, Cttasf Remedies Won't Cure.
rke worst cases, no matter OF how .cng standing,
are cured by the wonderful, old reliable DR..
Porter's Antiseptic Healing OIL 1t relieves
Pain and Heals at the same time. 2Sc, SOC. Sl.oo
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1914-04-08
Wednesday, April 9th.
LOCAL AND PERSONAL,

AUOAL AMI GASS1NS1Ls
Wanted-Blue Back Spoilers for
'The Deestrick Skule."
The friends of Mr.. Evan Cochran
were glad to see him on our streets
Monday.
DR.. B. L. Allen of Johnston was
among the visitors in Edgeteld
Monday.
Mr.. James A. Dozier of Augusta
spent the weekend here with his
sister, Mrs. II. A. Smith.
Old 96 District Chapter, D. A.
r., will meet with Miss Sarah Col
lett on Tuesday, 2lst April.
Mrs. James S. Byrd and little
Fitzmaurice are in Columbia with
Mr. and Mrs. John Fitzmaurice.
Hon. John C. Sheppard left this
morning for Asheville to spend
several days with his son, Mr.. J. G.
Sheppard, Jr.
Mrs. Arthur Childress of Ridge
Spring, ACCOMPANIED by her two
lit lie sons, Luther and Benjamin, is
here visiting relatives.
Mr.. James NJ. Bell will probably
be candidate for the office of su-
pervisor, if it is definitely decided
that there will be vacancy in that
office this year.
Mr.. and Mrs. E. G. Winn of
Plum Branch were cordially greet
ed by their friends here Monday.
The intervals between their visits
to Edgefeld are too long.
Mr.. H. H. Sanders has broken
ground for his l0-room brick resi-
denee. Four colonial columns will
grace the front and when complet-
ed it will De one of the handsomest
homes in Edge6eld.
Mr.. A. S. Tompkins seems tc
have two homes now. One in Char
lotte and the other in Pig fown.
He is again with his brother, Mr..
D. A. Tompkins in Charlotte this
week.
For some time the Choral club
has been planning to give concert.
Friday. the lst of May, has been
selected as the time for holding the
concert. An exceedingly attractive
programme is being arraL d.
Mis- Madge Turner is visiting
friends in Edgefeld. There Will b.
general rejoicing here when she
and Mrs. Turner and the other
members of the family return to
Edgefeld, their first love, to reside
permanently.
Miss Lizzie Roper of North Angus
ia, adauehter of Mr. and Mrs J H P
Roper, spent Saturday and Sunday
in Edgefeld with Miss Florence
Minis. She was greeted very cor.
daily by her Edgefeld friends.
Mr.. L. NJ. Johnson will soon he
Gin the erection of a residence on
the lot opposite Mr.. T. ]. Norris
home which his Iamcnted father,
Mr.. George .. Johnson, purchased
some time before his death Tho
friends Of Nr. ,Johnson'S family arc
delighted that they will make ahejr
home peImanent'g IL Edqe6el3.
Mr.. A. z. Nicholson xiii be
candidate FOR the tIirc "f n,~.ar +.
equity. We nndcrsras5 th1t$ VI.
Smith. Eso., VIII also S,taa
election Mr. III. " naaa@ a
been URGED % become q emd.i-n
for this position hna NOT
that he VII enter The aca
There are two randiaaas ras,ht
office Of mayor Of E3eet;a1l. MIR
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1914-04-08

Just received oarrel of Aragon's
fresh roasted coffee, 25cts. pound.
L. It. May. y
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1914-04-08

Hart Schaffner & Marx are the
largest and finest clothes makers in
the world. Their prices range from
$500 up to the finest, now we
have marked the price from $500
and the finer grades in proportion.
See US about your next suit.
L G Mertins, Augusta Ga.
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1914-04-08
Religious Notices.

Edgefeld Methodist church will
have preaching services next Sun
day both morning and night. Morn
ING II o'clock. Night s O'Clock.
Special sermon Sunday morning.
DR.. N. D. Jcifrios Will be in
Iiart>yii" conducting protrac,eG
meeting this wcc, nd NET The
pulpit will L.. piled bY Fro>i-
aen' .>rrhur ! Hat. oG Go'<er coi
lega ~ I:@0 ir. a'i a. ~.
.l" Eg b
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1914-04-08
BROWNING, CANDIDATE
FOR GOVERNOR.

Times Man Gives Account of a
Visit to His Home---Proares-
sive Farmer, Active In
Halls of Legislature,
Brief Ske tch of His
Acts as Public
Servant.
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1914-04-08

Mr.. L. NJ. Johnson will soon he
gin the erection of a residence on
The lot opposite Mr. Z. J. Norris
home which his lamcnted father,
Mr.. George . Johnson, purchased
some time before his death Tho
friends of Mr. Jofnson'S Family arc
delighted that they will make fhejr
home permanent y IL 5dgeljgl3
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1914-04-08

Mr. and Mrs. NJ. w. Holston
were among the visitors in augusta
Tuesday.
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1914-04-08

Attention is directed to the ad.
vertisement of Otto gasoline engines
in this issue by Mr.. A. p. Aldrich
of Greenwood. The Otto engines
stand in the front rank of engines
of this type and those who contem-
plate buying an engine should com
municate with Mr.. Aldrich before
placing their order.
High grade clothing at $1,000
and $3.50. Specializing on these
two prices we offer ready-made
M ems garments that cannot be
equal in any other store for less
than $500 and $3.50 in newest
and latest styles. The national are
in blue, tan, gray and the neat
striped effects. BY no means pur-
chase until you see our line.
Rubenstein.
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1914-03-07
South Trego

Very changeable weather these
days.
Tom Kutina called on A. r.
Mckinley Sunday.
Mr.. and Mrs. Frank Benisch
spent Sunday with Mrs. Kate
Swan.
Mrs. James Benisch called on
Mrs. Solomon Defines Monday
afternoon.
Look out girls. Wolly and Carl
are sporting a nice buggy team
these days.
Mr.. Wolly and Carl Folkers
called on James Benisch Tues
day afternoon.
Mr.. and Mrs. w. B. CIPHER
spent Wednesday with Mr. and
Mrs. Day CIPHER.
James Benisch was the first
one to commence working in the
field for spring crops.
We understand that the sur
prise party at Mr.. Aspergren' 5
was a success after all.
David Defines, sr. and Fred
Deitz left for Russell Saturday
for a weeks visit with friends.
Jas PtaSek and several of his
children from Ellis spent Sun
day with Mr. and Mrs. V. Ben
isch..
We forgot to note that Mr..
and Mrs. Solomon Defines are
the proud parents of a bran new
boy at their home.
Mr.. and Mrs. Pete Schneider
returned from Russell Tues
day after visiting a few days
there with relatives.
Mr.. Arnott of Mcpherson was
in this vicinity the first of the
week looking over his farm; he
will move out here about May l.
We welcome Mr.. Arnott into our
midst.
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1914-03-07
Big Creek

Nice weather again after the
cold wave
The last hard freeze injured
the wheat pasture the worst yet.
Mr.. Bassler had a very sick
horse the latter part of last week.
The appraisers appraised the
property of A. A. Dinkel last
Monday.
Attorney James Nolan of Ellis
was in East Trego on business
the first of the week.
Guess the teachers in the
vicinity of Ellis wilt all attend the
Golden Belt at Hays City Friday
and Saturday.
The members of the district
F. A. & G. U. of Ellis were work
ing on their coal sheds in Ellis
the first of the week.
G. w. Henderson of Ellis has
sold his hardware. store to G. w.
Murden of Ellis, who will con-
duct the business in the future
Henry Hillman wife and daugh-
ter of Minnesota spent few
days of last week and the first of
this week with w. +. Cross and
family.
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1914-03-07
CORRESPO NDENCE
CoHyer

VIM. Cox was in town Wednes-
day evening
F. B. Acre from Wa-Keeney
spent Sunday in Collyer.
Stumph is located on the Adam
Spitsnaugle place which he has
rented.
Miss Dorthy Brown returned
from Morland Wednesday after
weeks visit.
G. NJ. Hilderbrand returned
from an extended visit with his
folks at Russell.
Ed. Guschewsky, our assessor,
started looking up what every
one is worth Monday.
Miss Anna Briggs is able to
be up and around again after a
severe siege of sickness.
II. E. Allison spent Sunday at
Waldo. Kans., returning Monday
morning happy as a lark.
John Parsons from Quinter.
Kans., was in our town Tuesday
looking after some legal bust
ness.
j. J. Harrison left Monday
night for Douglas county to look
t e his land interest. E d
Berhns accompanied him.
Mrs. Florence Tilton came in
on 104 Tuesday morning from
Zurich for a short visit with her
parents. Mr.. and Mrs. E. J. Til
ton.
Several linemen stopped over
in Collyer. Tuesday night. They
were Strengthening up the tele-
graph lines blown down by the
recent storm.
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1914-03-07
Pioneer

Miss Xepha Harlan enter
tanned several of our young folks
Tuesday evening.
Isam Phares and family are
all well again after severe at
tack of the grippe.
Several of our Farmers Union
boys attended the county meet
ing at WarKeeney last Saturday
Nels Anderson is again able to
be up and around. He has i'm
proved faster than one could
imagine.
John Mailman, one of our best
pupils, says he has quit school
for this term. we dislike very
much to think of any boy having
to stop school on account of
work.
Mr.. and Mrs. E. A Kellogg
and Chas. helped move Claude
F. Reeves and family to their
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1914-03-07


new country home 1 1-2 miles
east of Ogallah. Thursday. Febru-
airy 26.
Miss Velma Stephens is to
give a party at her home Thurs
day evening for Mr.. and Mrs.
VIM Dillinger, who expect to
leave for Colorado, Saturday
night. We are indeed sorry to
see these two happy young folks
leave US.
The Pioneer Literary Society
gave their long looked for pro-
gram of Burnt Cork Comedy last
Friday night. The program was
rendered by 10 blacks. a boys
and II girls. People say they
looked like coons from good old
Alabam? The program lasted
two and half hours. There was
certainly the biggest jam we
ever witnessed at Pioneer. We
would be safe in estimating 200
present. A wagon load of about
25 from Wa-Keeney came out
and some of the boys say
they had to stand on the outside
and look in the windows. This is
hard luck boys. come again,
earlier so you can get in. There
were some parties of our imme-
date vicinity that came and af-
ter seeing the jam turned around
and went back home. We under
stand there were others that
started and got stuck so that
they never got there at all Space
does not allow the writer to give
"a complete outline of the pro-
gram, but there were such as
crap games, speaking, singing
dancing and shooting all of which
kept the crowd in pleasing
state of mind during the pro-
gram and at least for day fol
lowing, because at Wa Keeney
Saturday we heard all kinds of
compliments on the doin'S at
Pioneer Friday night. All that
came please come again. Our
next meeting is March 18th.
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1914-03-07
OgaIlah.

Mrs. John Clark retu n d
home from Sharon Springs.
Rev. Reed will begin series
of meetings hereThursday even
ing.
DIR. Kidd Jr. and Cashier Nick
yelson of Ellis were in town a
short time Wednesday morning.
w. A. Tawney is remodeling
his chicken house preparing to
take the best of care of thos ?
thoroughbred Rocks.
Mrs. Maxwell left for her
home Tuesday morning after an
extended visit with her daugh-
ter, Mrs. r. W. Blakely.
Walter Musgrave returned
from Kansas City the latter part
of last week. Walter took down
a car of fine hogs and struck a
good market.
Mrs. W. A. Tawney enter
tanned Wednesday evening in
honor of her fathers 73rd birth
day. Some friends from Wa
Keeney were present.
Born to Mr.. and Mrs. Fred
Harrison February %, an eight
pound boy. Mother and babe
doing fine and we hope dad
will recover in a few days.
We went out to Pioneer on the
date set for those darkies to per-
form. They were sure there
with the goods and if you WASH L
there you missed great sreat,
but we are glad that you wasn't
for room was scarce; this was
one place where there was not
room for one more. 1t took us
three days to come back to our
natural size after being packed
for two hours.
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1914-03-07
Voda

VIM. Cox made a business trip
to Ellis Monday.
T. J. Beldin was in Voda on
business Saturday.
Miss Mary Zeman is at home
spending her vacation.
ALT Parsons infant child is re
ported sick with pneumonia.
Jim Wanda delivered a load of
hay to Chas. Sellers Monday
Ask Joe Littlechild where he
spent last Sunday afternoon and
evening.
The wolf hunters did not sue
coed in getting many coyotes
Tuesday.
Mr.. Cox's cellar, John Rush
and all took another fall again
Tuesday.
Mrs. Pryce Owens spent the
latter part of the week with Mrs.
r. Owens.
Doc Rush was assisting his
brother, John, on Mr.. Cox's Gel
lar several days.
Mr. and Mrs. John Rush have
moved onto their farm in Ora
ham county this week.
Miss Carrie Stradal had the
misfortune of getting stuck last
Saturday south of Voda.
Mr.. Tripleb had two cars of
baled straw on track, which he
hauled to the Davidson ranch.
Miss Belle Glenn, who was
nursing John Stradal's little girl
returned to her home Sunday.
Robt. Kirk left Monday for
Kansas City. Mo-, to take in the
big thoroughbred cattle sale this
week.
Davidson's mules hitched to a
hay rack took spin around here
last Thursday. but were caught
before any damage was done.
Chas Kristof and David Owens
were the lucky ones to draw the
three pound boxes of chocolates
at Mr.. Vandewaters this week.
Now girls be on the lookout.
Last Sunday at the pleasant
home of Mr.. and Mrs. Richard
Owens large gathering of rela-
tives gathered to witness their
25th wedding anniversary. At
noon a bounteous dinner was
spread which couldn't help but
supply the inner wants of man.
Those present were: Messrs.
and Mesdames J. Horak, Ru-
dolph Horak. Geo. Kristof, Ralph
Kristof, Scott Bailey, c. Theil
a f m lily. Richard Owens,
Pryce Owens. Mrs. IT. Schlm-
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1914-03-07
Ransom

George Carr of Arnold was in
Ransom last Sunday.
Hal Miner was Ransom visi-
tor one day last week.
1t is reported that Kennith
Scott is on the sick list.
Miss Mabel Ray went to Mo-
doc last week to visit relatives
for short time.
Mrs. L. B. Shaffer returned
from a trip to the eastern part of
the state last week.
Walter Doerschlag made trip
out to his farm one day the for
mer part of the week.
Grandpa Leighton who has
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1914-03-07

Fresh beef at Bakers. adv
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1914-03-07

kowitsch and family. Messrs
Chas. and John Kristof and Joe
Littlechild- Mr.. and Mrs r.
Owens were the recipients of
some most beautiful silverware
May Mr.. and Mrs. Owens have
the pleasure of celebrating their
anniversary 25 years from now
is the wish of their friends.
Western Kansas world. [volume] (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, 1914-03-07

been quite warm and we have no
complaint to make except we
could do with little less wind.
That is the one serious draw
back the wheat has to contend
with now and we are hoping for
a good rain to pack the ground
and stop it from blowing, al
though there is very little in
these parts that has been dam
aged any by blowing.
S. A Graham received car of
alfalfa hay last week which was
quite badly damaged. It looks
as though there should be some
drastic law that would stop any
party from shipping such poor
hay when a person pays for No 1
AS it is, it is hard for dealer to
get justice in a matter of this
kind unless the dealer at the
other end is just.
Chas. Horchem was quite Sc
verely hurt last week in trying
to stop a runaway team. It
seems that the team was in the
hands of his children and while
standing one of them rubbed off
his bride and started to run,
the children jumped out and the
team ran home where Mr.. Hor-
chem tried to stop them while on
horseback from running into a
buggy and in making quick
turn the saddle turned and he
was thrown on a pile of lum Der,
which bruised him considerably.
We are glad to note that Sen
Gore whipped the dickens out of
that set OF. grafters recently 1t
is lamentable fact that any
one is allowed to bring suit a.
gainst anyone on so himsy a
charge as that and we would like
to see law enacted that would
put this brand of persons behind
the bars. Although Sen Gore
won the suit and is probably
more popular than before, never
theless it cost him a lot of money
to defend himself and from what
we can learn he is not rich and
depends on his salary for a living.
Had a dandy time at the liter
airy last Friday night you ought
to have been there althouough
we hardly know where you
would have stood as standing
room was nearly all taken up and
the hall was well packed. The
program was shorter than usual
but was good. After recess
there was a debate on the sub
ject Resolved, that the Govern
ment should prevent extended
strikes by compelling immediate
arbitration. with A. G. Kraus and
W. A. Doerschlag on the affil ma
tive and Morris Dubbs and AL
bert Johannes on the negative.
The judges gave the decision to
the affirmative