davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-09-13

which is ninety miles from the sea, into
maritime port. at cost Of $15. OOO,Ooo.
This is by enlarging and deepening the
a sea canal. Other canals uniting the
navigable waterways of the Scheldt and
the Meuse basins have been improved,
and the old canal from Brussels to Char
leroi has been enlarged.
The social fabric of the astonishing Bel
CLANS under which they have developed
into an industrial and commercial nation
is complex one. yet it reflects the char
acter of a people differing in many re-
spects among themselves who can work
together for common ends.
For an artisan population, in which
skilled labor is extensive wages are low.
lower than in most of the European
countries A year ago the wages of me-
chanics, machinsts and tool workers who
worked ten hours cay six days in the
week was $6.75 a week. In the mines,
the wages were also low and the hours
long. and very strong political agitation
was necessary before reduction to nine
hours a day could be secured for the
miners. The glass workers and other
classes of artisans have their labor
unions.
The socialists are strong, and the gov
eminent has to recognize their standing
as a distinct political group. Many years
ago cooperative societies were started
for the avowed purpose of securing
cheaper bread for the working people.
While in the beginning these cooperative
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-09-13

The Belgian draught dog and the dog
cart as a means Of transport in the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-09-13

favorable position as an industrial and
trading nation with accumulated capital.
In seeking to promote the sale of Bel
gian products in foreign countries Bel
gian capital also went abroad to finance
various governments and to develop pri-
vate enterprise.
The Belgian artisan and the Belgian
peasant are thrifty and saving, notwith-
standing their small income. Brussels
and Antwerp banking institutions have
huge accumu,ations. When the native
industries were financed there was still
surplus which had to be employed. and
profitable employment could only be
found In other countries.
Some Of this capital went to Germany.
though little Is ever heard Of Belgian
loans in Germany. Some went to Turkey
in the form of loans to the government
in conjunction with other financial
groups Part of the loans in Turkey
were also made to private enterprises.
for which concessions were given by the
Ottoman government that made them at
least partially government enterprises.
Belgian capital also went to South
Africa for investment in some enterprises
over which conservative English in
vestors halted. 1t went Into Brazilian
railways. In the Argentine Republic 1t
has gone into numerous forms of enter
prise, including banks. In some other
parts of South America it is in street
railway enterprises and in loans.
Ten years ago when an American
syndicate secured railway concessions in
China the Belgians participated and
ultimately took over the whole enter
prise. In more recent years Belgium
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-09-13
The Marble Pawn.

T VAN VECHTEN OLCOTT. treasurer
y Of the American Peace and Arbitra-
ton League, said to a New York re-
porter:
THE advocates of war think to silence
US with the claim that human nature
is too evil. too savage, to rise above
rapine and wholesale murder. Well.
they are as silly in that as the lawyer
who cross-examined Hawthorne.
Hawthorne vas called up as wit
ness in u criminal case in Salem, and
the cross-examining lawyer for the de-
tense said to HIM:
You are a novelist, / believer
Yes. ST.
What was your last novel;
1.-THE Marble Faun.
"'"The Marble Pawn" Ell? And is
there a word of truth in THE Marble
Pawn" my man.?
"It-but it, stamered Hawthorne
it is a work of fiction.
Never mind that thundered the
lawyer. Never mind that. Answer my
question, yes or no! Is there word of
truth in this Marble Pawn or what
ever you call It"
Emo said Hawthorne.
livery good said the lawyer. You
admit there's not a word of truth IN the
whole long OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES book. He
glanced tr.umphantly at the jury. That
will do. sir. You may step down. We
have no further use for you m this
court, sir.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-09-13
Men Who KNEW War Was Connimg


trolling the shipping of the straits of
Dover.
Russia and Germany coniicted be-
cause Russia and the Slav people of east
ern and southeastern Europe have A nan
Slavic program of their own, and besides
Russia needs or demands an ice-free sea.
front. Constant.nople makes the Black
sea to her lake dominated by Turkey
which In turn is under the dom nation
VI germany. partner of Austria hold
ing in her border a vast Siay Formulation,
ana manifestly reaching out for Servia
rs she did for the Slav territory of Bos
ma ana Herzegovina. German Influence
with Turkey Is strong. and England could
not abide that there should be a German
or a Russian naval tase at CONSTANT
nople as constant menace to her Medi-
terranean and Suez commerce. There ar
a thousand other points which indt ated
that this monster conflict must come. and
a number of clear thinkers and good
writers read the future.
"Al military men saw that if Germany
attacked France she would do 1t first
through Belgium. 1t was an easier route,
or 1t was reasoned out that it would be
IL
should be encountered, it would provide
the reason for absorbing Belgium and
her sea front into the German empire.
Last year a book was written by an Eng
lish army officer who had distinguished
himself by a number of important books.
The German plan of campaign against
France through Belgium was foretold
very much as it has happened. / could
hand over to you the titles of a large
number of serious books in which this
war was anticipated. and the several roles
of Germany, Russia, Great Britain and
France foretold as they are being played
Some German books having consider
able authority have also insisted that
small neutral states should not stand be-
tween Germany and her destiny, and that
questions of neutrality would be held
very light when it came to attacking the
enemy by the route which promised
speediest success The German strategist-
author, Gen. Won Berhart, in a boob pub
liShed two years ago, wrote that treaties
were but paper defenses, and that the
commander " no can concentrate and en-
ploy greater masses In narrow space
will have superior force at the de-
cisive spot and that clearly pointed to
the use of Belgian territory, neutrality
or no neutrality.
1T did not require high order OF
foresight to this coming, but
most persons closed their eyes to the in
evitable, because it was too terrible to
contemplate.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-09-13
RUSSIAN MILlT AIRY BANDS

graduates of one of the national conserv-
atories Of music.
The Russian designation of these mill
tary and naval bands is musykalnaya
kamnanda. and they constitute an i'm
portant factor in the life Of the civil pop
ulation, the government using them for
the entertainment of the public, as well
as for the musical education of the
masses, very much as the United States
uses its military bands at Washington,
that is. in providing free concerts for
the people. Open-air concerts are COM
mon in the parks OF the larger towns and
smaller cities throughout Russia during
the summer. and in winter free recitala
are given in the barracks and public
halls. On Sundays, fete days and ma
tional holidays band concerts and orches-
trail performances are usual in the well
settled regions of vast Russia.
i
The Russian military band is consider
ably more than an army institution. The
cost Of maintaining SO many bands is
considerable even for SO rich a country
as Russia, but the government considers
them as a profitable investment. The
Russian soldier has come to require
music and he demands it, and these
bands entertain the masses and the
classes. These bands cater to the high.
est musical taste, and the average Rus
sian in the cities knows when music is
good, and he will have no other. The
bands play the new and popular music
by composers like Ivanoff. but on all the
band programs you will see such names
as Liszt. Schumann. Chopin. Tschaikow.
sky. Gunka. Strauss and Debussy
The army band spreads its musical in
huence over Russia in another way
After passing through the regimental
land school the bandsman serves three
years. Then he passes out Of the army
usually returning to his native village.
The custom is for him to carry back into
civil life with him the instrument he
played in the government band. His
musical training and accomplishment
make OF him in his home town a more
prominent and important man than hi
otherwise would be. He often takes VI
the teaching Of music. and almost invari-
ably keeps up the practice Of his art
Very likely he organizes a village band or
orchestra. and into this come amateur
musicians and other military bandsmen
whose army service has expired. About
fifteen thousand Russian army musicians
annually leave the army and return home
to their! families.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-09-13

~NE feature of the Russian army
which from time to time has been
brought to the attention of the
world outside of Russia, chiefly by pub
locations concerning themselves with mat
tiers appertaining to music, is the unusual
size and number of bands in the military
forces of the car The Russian soldier
has more martial music than any other
soldier in the world.
There is no regiment in the Russian
service without its own band, and at
posts where not regiment but only a
battalion is auartered, that battalion has
its band. And these Russian military
bands are big and impressive musical or
ganizations Within each is brass band
and an orchestra of string and wood in
struments with. of course. the necessary
touch of brass and sheepskin. The re-
suit is that while these military bands
play primarily military music, they also
adapt themselves to the performance Of
such music as the American hears at a
symphony concert
The regimental band in the United
States Army consists of thirty-six pieces,
and bands on fagships of the navy are
smaller The average Russian army
band. or orchestra, has from forty to
fifty musicians, and the orchestras of
certain guard regiments contain sixty
There are more than one thousandN Rus
sian regiments. and there are in the
army about $4,000. bandsmen Then in
the naval and military schools and In the
navy there are bands. and If to these are
added the twenty to forty musical pupils
of regimental orchestral s. hool and the
musical companies of battleships and va
rious cadet schools, the number of mill
tary musicians in the armed service of
Russia mounts to the surprising total of
approximately one hundred thousand
men. number greater than the whole
enlisted and commissioned personnel In
the American army.
Russia takes commendable pride in
its military bands, and the musicians
are all competent. The bandsmen are
trained in the regimental band schools
or In one OF the numerous musical con-
servatories maintained by the govern
ment. and each musical company has q
eandnctor and his assistant, both being
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-09-13

The People Who
So Bravely Defended
Their Neutrality
Against Germany's
Huge War Machine.
Twice the Population
of Texas in One
Twenty Fourth Its
Area-A Potent Fac
tor in World Com
merce How Belgian
Trade With United
States Is Affected by
the War-The Inter-
national Side of Bel
gian Character as Ex-
hibited in Expositlons
and World Finances.
Recuperative Powers
of the Stricken Nation.
BY CHARLES M. PEPPER.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-09-13

South America and the orient In compe-
tition with England, Germany and the
United States and the powerful little
Belgian locomotive is a common sight
*
The development of their iron and steel
industries with the technical skill re-
quired may have had something to do
with the success of the Belgians as mill
tary engineers. One winter day at Liege
a group of Japanese students was point
ed out to me. They were there to study
engineering. Another dav 1t was Young
Chinaman. a graduate Of one oe the fore
most technical schools of the United
States. who had gone to Liege to perfect
his education. Another day it was some
Young Brazilians The ring of forts at
Liege and the Notifications of Antwerp
are the best tribute to Belgian military
engineers.
Belgium has zinc deposits in the
province of IiSge and that is the basis
of the important zinc industry. the sup
ply for which is supplemented by impor-
tations from Australia and other coun-
tries. There are silver lead ores and
these are the foundation for collateral
industries There is the raw material for
glass, and that is why the Belgian plate
glass and window glass has been made
famous through the skill of Belgian
artisans.
There Is the raw material for cement,
and Belgian cement seeks the worlds
markets. There Is the rubber from the
kongo. and with mechanical ingenuity of
the artisans highly developed in en~ine
construction. Belgium makes automobiles
and boldly challenges the United States.
The textile Industries of Client have
been famous since the middle ages. and
the raw cotton and fax Of a dozen coun-
tries Is transformed into wearing apparel
by the looms there artificial SILK rae
oh tod or fnria r
numerous. An important element In the
national life is the existence of cottage
industr' es. There are 80 900 lace and en-
brnidery and linen workers employed IN
s175OfO.OOO of raw material annually for
its textile industries.
T.
The Antwerp diamond industry holds
its own against the compel ton OF
Amsterdam. and the Antwerp :apidaries
are especially favored by buyers in the
United States. 1t is a poor year when
rich Americans do not absorb at least
$1O.CO0OOO worth OF diamonds which have
been cut in Antwerp. The Antwerp syn
dictate at one time took the entire dia-
nond output of German southwest Africa.
There are other aspects Of the varied
work life of Belgiums but these illustra-
tons are sufficient to show how the coun-
try has become an industrial nation.
Intensive agriculture does all that is
possible to enable it to feed itself, but in
the nature of affairs it's contribution is
only partial. The agricultural life, how
ever. is fully as active and as self-con-
tanned as the industrial life. Belgium
farms are model farms, and the red tiled
farmhouses are as picturesque as those
in any part of Europe. While Belgium
has little surplus agricultural products to
export, its orchard area. which COM
prises 10000 acres, is SO well cult waited
and so productive that it is possible to
ship apples, pears, cherries and plums to
other countries
The Belgian draught dog and the dog
cart as a means Of transport in the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-09-13

party given the German army OF inva-
sion they showed themselves an aston
ishing people. A national character was
revealed which the world never sus-
pected. This character will not be al
tered whatever may be the outcome OF
the German occupation.
The peaceful people who showed their
military proweSs are stouthearted anu
dogged. They are also essentially in
dustrial. and their industrial qualities.
once the struggle in arms is over, VIII
reassert themselves.
a winter spent among them studying
economic conditions, which supplemented
several trips OF the usual tourist super
fciality, gave me some insight into the
industrial genius of the people. The hrst
impression was one of homogeneity, IN
spite oil the differences between the
French and Flemish populations. the two
languages, and the provincial traits.
The impressive thing was that in de
veloping an industrial civilization a BEL
gian nationality also had been developed
1t is this nationality that must be reck-
oned with in settling the questions grow
ing out of the great war.
Only residence among the Belgians can
give a proper conception OF their Won
derful Industrial organization. War
maps have made clear the country 6
geographical situation as a buffer pc
tween contending nations. These maps,
however, do not exhibit the real Belgium.
Here is a country one-twenty-fourth
the size of Texas and which therefore
could be put in the panhandle of that
imperial state. that has a population
nearly double the population of Texas.
Size
for comparison, Ee.g.um, with an area q
thousand square miles less than that OF
Maryland has six times the number OF
inhabitants that Maryland possesses.
Belgium area is a little more tna man
LOO square miles, and its population
is I,JOOvIO. Ii has more than oOo IN
habItanls to the square mile
So large a Douu-aUoD N so Sinail d
territory could only he ansndustrlal one
although there is farm area, and Bel
sian agriculture is the intensive va
Tiety The basis OF the ant-iike INDUS
trial life is partly natural resources IN
the form of raw material. and party
accessibility of other raw material WHICH
can he easily assembled
Llege me Selg an fIttsrursh, came INTO
being because of its own coal mines ana
the coal mines of Nanur and Hainauit
provinces Iron ore was available from
i.uxemburs and Aisace-Lorraine and tie
Meurthe-M ose.ie district of France. and
also by easy water transportation from
sweden. .-
some FOR exporta, ion. and some for use in
finished iron and steel products. The
Co. krell works were established more
than a century ago. Factor es tor nre'
arms followed. If the Liege works dc
no; rival the output of the Krupp works
at Essen in heavy ordnance, they are MOI
Gar beh nd. Il is. however. in the prod
ucts of peace that Liege exceis.
Belgian steel rails are laid down II
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-09-13

a Belgian Brazilian chamber Of com.
merce was established, and a commercial
museum opened in Rio de Janeiro as a
permanent exhibition of Belgian prod
ucts Belgium was then selling Brazil
eighteen million dollars worth Of prod
ucts. Its market in the Argentine Re-
pub ic had about the same va-ue, and In
Chile $5.OOoC0o.
In the orient there were sales OF ST.
100000 to Japan and almost as much
to China, while Austria la ABSORBED 80
100000 and British India SS,G@,sU. For
the time being all this market Is lost TO
BELGIUM.
Shipping facilities have been one source
of Belgiums success in international
commerce. Picturesque Bruges mas lost
the elores which We're its In the Gays
of the Hanseatic League, put Gnent. by
means of constant port Improvements:
has kept abreast with the demands OF
modern commerce. especially ior raw md
terial for textiles.
Antwerp as one of the great world
ports, has had the solicitous attention OF
the Belgian government, and notwlth-
stan ling the natural difficulties of the
Scheldt the port provides facilities for
commerce equal to that of its continental
rivals It's tonnage runs even with that
of Hamburg. Extensive port improve
ments were undertaken year ago.
An illustration of the progressive Bel
gian spirit in everything that relates to
the commerce and Industries of the coun-
try. is the plan to convert Brussels.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-09-13
BY CHARLES M. PEPPER.

ELGIUM'S place on
the remade map of
Europe which may
result from war is
yet uncertain. Bel
G ia n S, however.
will not change.
They have a fixed
place in world
ira e and in
dustry.
In the surprise
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-09-13

Belgium's position in international high
finance is that of a world power. This
has been the natural outcome of Its
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1914-09-14

. tcontinusd on Second 1AEe.l
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1914-09-14
Declares Prohibition
Policy Of Maine Is
Decided Success
Ton. Charles E: tiittfeffiiefd of New York
and Maine, Makes Convincing State
ment---The Ten Commandments, Ear
hest Prohibitory Laws, Violated For
Centuries and Never Repealed

Honorable Charles e. LAttlefleld, OF
one OF the foremost lawyers and jur-
lists in America He was for many
years the representative of hts dig
trtct In the house OF representatives
OF the United States, where he held
high positions on committees Of the
house and In the counsels OF the ma
ton
Mr.. Littleheld has been repeatedly
chosen by the Supreme Court of the
United States. the highest Judicial
tribunal in the world. to represent it
in the hearing OF difficult and inn
portant cases. One of the greatest
honors in Its power TO confer was
given him in It's recent cnUfce or
special master to hear the preliminary
testimony and argument in the his
toric and important Virginia West
Virginia debt case, which is generally
recognized as one of the most COM
pltcated and difficult cases the
Supreme court has ever had to decide.
Mr.. Littletield's work and recon-
mendations in this case may be the
determining factor In settling 1t.
u Mr.. Littlefield is an ardent believer
In the principle and the efficacy of
the prohibition law, especially as APP
piled to his native State OF Maine. Mr..
Littiefield has taken an active part
in several prohibition campaigns, and
has delivered a number of -stfeng
speeches on the question. AT the con-
clusion Of the hearing OF the cele-
-brated debt case here Saturday, Mr..
Littiefield was seen by a representa-
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1914-09-14
CUTTER RESCUtS
ARCTIC EXPLORES

washington. Sept. ia dispatch re-
ceived by the revenue cutter service
tonight from Captain Cochran. of the
revenue cutter Bear. brings the news
that the cutter has rescued eight mem
bers OF the Stefanson expedition. a
part OF which was caught in the ice
foes of the far northwest about a
year ago. Since then the members of
the party who have survived held out
on wrangelf Island. The names of
two members of the party who died
are given. and another was accident
ally killed. Eight others are missing
Stefanson himself became separated
from part of his expedition who were
on the steamship. Stefanson Is still
In the far north conducting his ex-
plorations on behalf of the Canadian
government. Messages have been re-
cefved from him which show that he
and others of the original party are
alive.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1914-09-14
FRENCH ARMY TAKES
MANY CANNON FROM
RETREAT|NG ENEMY
German Forces Fall Back All
Along Line. According to
British War Office

washington. Sept. IA resume OF
he important operations OF the British
Ind French armies in France during
he last four days was received at the
british embassy today from the Lon
lon war Office.
September 6 the southwark advance
K the German right reached its ex-
RENE points. Colummieres and Provins.
The movement was covered by large
anking force west of the line of the
liver Ourcq.
1.-THE southwark movement of the
nemy left his right wing in danger
p he evacuated the Creil-Senlis-Com
|iegne region. through which his ad-
lance had, been pushed. The allies at
Acked this exposed wing In flank and
h front On the eighth the covering
Orce was assailed by a French army
rom the Paris defenses and brought TO
ction on the line Nantuille-Houdon-
reaux. The main portion OF the
nemy.s right dwas attacked frontnlly
~ the British army. which had been
transferred from the north TO the east
K Paris army. and by French corps adj
ancing alongside OF II GU the line of
recy CoulomHiiers-Se
The combined operations have UP to
he present been completely successful.
he German outer flank was forced
ack ms far AS ourcd. There II made
krong defense and executed several
Rigorous counter attacks. hut was una
he 10 beat off the. pressure Of the
French advance The main body of
he enemy's right vainiy cndeavored to
esend the lines OF Grand NORM river
nd then that Of the Petit MORN.
ressed back over both Of these