The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-04-12

trial pursuits. and caring only to roam
the plains with their fiocks and herds,
has afforded poor ground for the SOW
ing of seeds of westernism. But Russia
had latterly hoped to cOunteract the
power of the priests by education. and
established a paper, the NeD Mirror.
A casual reference to the globularity OF
the earth came near to wrecking the
careful efforts of the editor to steer
clear of matter offensive to the lamas:
an offence as simple II not no serious
as the creased cartridges that started
the Indian Mutiny. The Mongol natioA
Is priest ridden, and the fanatical CO.
hesivcness that gives the spiritual
loader his fulhess of power prevents him
from using 1t for the political advance
ment Of his people. Between the princes
and the priests he Is hand tied.
To such a pass have the descendants
Of Genghiz Khan and Kublai Khan
been brought by centuries Of degenera-
ton. The vast empire that swept from
the China Sea to the very gates OF VII
emma broke by its own sagging weight
into n number OF discordant princlpali-
ties. The defeat of the Golden Horde
at Kalka In 1880 relieved Russia Of the
Mongol yoke, and by the end of the
fourteenth century the Mongol was
expelled from the throne of China by the
Ming dynasty. Even then the tribes
ranged over the present Mongolia, ST.
IBERIA and eastern Russia. But now
they were merely congeries OF wan
derng, warning clans fearful to neither
China nor Russia. In the seventeenth
century the Ming dynasty was driven
out by the Manchu Tatars. and under
their rule. the Ching dynasty. Mongolia
as well as Manchuria and Tibet came
under Chinese dominion. 1t was In
1891 that In exchange for acknowledge
ment of Manchu suzerainty the En-
peror KanC Hsi guaranteed tho Inter
nal privileges and hereditary rights
or the Mongol princes. Buddhism sup
pressed any possible tendency to Q re-
vival Of aggressive nationality, and 10
n race OF warriors became tho rowing
herdsmen of the plains. Chinese rule
had been growing very irksome even
to these uncouth plalnsmen when in 1911
the revolution in China gave the Mon
gols and the watchfully waiting Rus
SLAMS their opportunity. In response to
an appeal from a deputation OF princes
Russia made representations to Pekin.
calling for restoration Of the Inner
status quo" IN Outer or northern Mongo-
LA: for cessation of Chinese COLOMBIA
ton and for the withdrawal of Chinese
troops. Pekin rejected the proposals
and in November the Mongols declared
their independence and put the Chinese
officials at Urga out of business.
Then Russia advised China that her
negotiations thereafter would be con-
Quoted direct with the Mongol Govern
ment, and in October. 1912. a political
convention and commercial treaty was
signed at Urga, by the terms OF which
the Russian Government engaged to
support Monaghan autonomy, the Mon
-olian plenipotentlaries binding their
country 10 n course most favorable to
Russian trade: but the protocol did not
attempt to fix the relations of autono-
nous Mongolia to China. The Chinese
Government declined to recognize this
agreement and began warlike prepara-
lions along the Monaghan border. Rus
STA. to conciiate China, then agreed
April. 1879 TO recognize China's SUI
serainty over Mongolia: and China re-
ciprocated with promise not to in
fringe upon the self-government OF
Eotia,ions with Russia the Chinese
Government was also making advances
TO the Mongols with view to getting
Mongolia into the Chinese Republic The
Monaghan contention has been that OBJ
legation ran to tho Manchu dynasty. pos
sibly inherited by its successor, but GER
tainly terminated with the revolution
that established the representative Gov
Ay,ovf aAV.t IN
veloped situation that, the authors
think. may yet prove Mt for interven-
ton by the Powers. And Japan IL as
suredly not blind to the commercial and
colonial opportunities Of Mongolia
though her cards have not yet been
laid on the table. Chinese troops s,lf-
fered reverses a, Kalgan late in the
year: these they attribute to the intense
cold, compelling them 10 wear constantly
fur gloves that made effective rifle work
Impossible. The war party at I-rga Is
very powerful and obstinate. kalgan
Is the gateway 70 Pekln. and only ia
miles from It by rail.
Among the Mongolians the English
travellers discern this situation:
The MonGo.s are not by any mean. unsnl-
nous IN their pieasurs AT the conclusion %
some OF them hard hit by the withdrawal
~ the suhsidies which they used 20 receive
from the Pekin Government Now they
havs TO obey the central Mouso, Govern
m-nt At rrsa, which 10 nearer at hand
than Pekin and IL more exacting IN It's
requirements
More revenue In required to meet the .x.
penses involved in the upkeep of an ARM
In the ncld, consequently extra taxation
has to he enforced Tn. Moncola
are beginning - ind out. too that govern.
ment by their own countrymen IL more -.
we're and harsh than II was under the old
regime. The withdrawal OF the Chinese
merchants Is another blow. Tho Monsols
hoped to receive full Independence and ar.
not satisfied merely with internal autonomy
Moreover. the Outer Mongol.ans de-
spise tho men OF Inner Mongolia, who
FOR the most part remained loyal to the
Chinese Republic. And toward Russia
there Is dissatisfaction; they want an
accredited representative at ST. Peters
burg and Russian Minister instead
Of Consul-General at Urga
trga. the sacred city of Mongolia. seat
or the Hutuktu. "a divided into Moneol,
Russian and Chinese sections. In Kurin,
ri he