davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1914-08-24
DEMANDS ARE VIOLATION
OF THE HAGUE AGREEMENT
"Contributions" Enormously Greater
Than Can lie Justified by Military
Necessity.

Especial Cable 20 The Times Dispatch I
LONDON, August 23.-Legal experts
quoted by the London Daily News in it's
Issue Of to-day (Monday), agree that
Germany's demand for 100000 900 from
Brussels and sl0.0oo.OOO from LEGO
constitute violation of Tho Hague
conference agreement of 1899.
Article 4S of this agreement directs
that If tho occupant collects any taxes
In the territory occupied. he shall per-
form tho services for which those taxes
are paid.
Article 40 runs: "If. besides the taxes,
the occupant levies other money taxes
in tho occupied territory, this can only
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1914-08-24
HIS ITCHING
eczema GONE
RESINOL DID IT

Davenport, Iowa, May .. 1914: II had
Il severe, torturing case 90 eczema on
my feet. hands, arms and body for
about four cnths. and suffered uh-
told misery. Tho itching was some.
thing awful. In a coupls OF lays il
spread all over me- with smAi blistr!s
and then formed a raw mass of sores.
1 tried -. -. and many other
remedies and prescriptions. but I only
grew worse. Finally | read of Resi-
mol Ointment and Rcsinol Soap. and
commenced using 1t. | got relief from
the first treatment-Resinol STOPPED
THE ITCHING INSTANTLY, and
could sleep tho first night. / used four
or five jars of Resnol Ointment and
Soap also. and I am entirely cured of
that discase-eczcma, and | can cheer
fully boost Resinol" (Signed) c. w
Fuller. T13 Il. 10th st.
Res inol Ointment and Resinol Soap
also form II most valuable household
treatment for pmplcs, sunburn. heat
rash. insect bites, etc. For trial. free
write 70 Resinol, Dept. 32-R. Baltimore
Md. Sold by all druggists-Adv
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1914-08-24
WAR NOT OF SOLDIERS,
BUT OF WHOLE PEOPLE.
Every Man and Every Home In Each
of Combatant Countries VIII
BE Touched.
II. G. WELLS WRITES ARTICLE
No Easy Triumphs or Prancing Vic
tories for Either Side, but Hidoous
Butchery and Disease-Manisind
Faces Awful Winter.

Especial Cable to The Times Dispatch
LONDON. August ell. q. Wells,
Englands foremost novelist, writes as
follows for War. the illustrated new
weekly.
What is the object of this war? We
cannot simply put the Germans back
over the Belgian border, and tell them
not to do II again.
I'VE find ourselves at war with that
huge military empire with which we
have been doing our best to keep peace
since first it rose up on the ruins Of
French imperialism in 1871.
We have now either to destroy or
be destroyed. We have not sought this
reckoning. We have done our utmost
to avoid it, but, now that it has been
forced upon US, it is Imperative that IL
should he a thorough reckoning.
This is n war that touches every
man and every home in each of tho
combatant countries. 1t is Il war not
of soldiers. but of whole peoples. 1T is
war that must DO fought to such Il
finish that every one in each nation en-
gagged understands what has happened.
'There can be no diplomtic settle
mcnt. That VIII leave German i'm
perialiSm free to explain away its fail
ure to its people and start new prepa-
rations We have 10 go on until We
Germans as a people know that they
are beaten, and are convinced that they
have had enough of war.
We are lighting Germany, but we
arc fighting without any hatred Of tho
German people. We do not intend to
destroy either their freedom or their
unity.
''ConsiGcr what the Germans have
been and what the Germans can be.
Here is a race which has for Its chief
fault Loeiiity} and belief in teachers
amiahlc of peoples, naturally kindly,
comfort loving. child-lovlng. musical.
artistic. .ntGllisent In less respects
trysice are the most civilized in the
world.
Led by men of genius. physical and
mind and spread throughout the
world. | wish it were possible TO say
that the English and Americans alto
gcther escaped its corruption. but now
at last we shall shake oursclf free
from hrussian Imperialism, which will
either conquer all of us or he smas ID
by all as thoroughly as Germany in
1871 smashed the rotten Imperialism of
NAPOLEON III.
Element tina, shall stop this. sort OF
thing forever. Every soldier who fights
against Germany now Is crusader
is not just another war. 1t is the last
| war, for England. France. Italy. Bel
GUM, Spain and all little countries of
Europe are heartily sick of war.
The Car has expressed n passionate
hatred OF war. Most of Asia Ia un-
, warlikc. The United States has no
Illusions about war. and never was
war begun with so grim a resolution
in England, France. Belgium and Rus
| sin.
There is no thought OF glory. We
| know we are facing unprecedented
slaughter and agonies. We know that
| for neither side will there be easy
triumphs or prancing victories. AL
ready there is hideous butchery. and
! be otherwise? We face perhaps the
most awful winter that mankind ever
faced"
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1914-08-24
DIG BATTLE IN PROGRESS
NEAR CIItRIEROI

LONDON. August - G:05 A MD
TeleEraphing from Rosendaal, Holland.
the correspondent of the Central News
says:
There is no doubt that big battle
Is In progress In the neighborhood of
Charleroi. Belgium. The Belgians are
rushing troops In that direction. Only
5000 troops are left in Brussels
The Germans have occupied all the
villages between louvain and Alost.
that the passage of their main army
across Belgium may not be interrupted.
There are no Germans except scouting
patrols around Client"
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1914-08-24
UNSIGNED DISPATCH
COMES FROM RERIIH

NEW YORK, August 2g.-The follow
ing unsigned dispatch has been re-
ce!ved by the Associated Press:
Berlin tno date. wireless to Sayyille
Long Island. August 23.---The third
French army has been defeated This
Is highly important. Strategically as
we'll as because of It's moral effect. The
campaign seems 10 be product OF the
much discussed French policy to an
ticipate an advance into Belgium by
attempting to crush the centre Of the
German positions in Lorraine. which
they were led 10 believe were weak
AS result OF the French failure. 1t
is held probable that they will renew
their defensive position. German ex
perts are confident the frontier forts.
like those at Liege. Will speedily sue
cumb 10 the heavy artillery"
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1914-08-24
ALLIED ARMIES ENGAGED
IN rERRIEIC CONBAT

Especial Cable to The Times Dispatch !
PARIS, August 23.-The wherea bouts
or the British army. which for days
has been shrouded in mystery. is re-
vcaled tonight in an official statement
from the War Office, which announces
that the allied French and British
armies are engaged in terrific battle
with the German army on front .ex-
tending for 100 miles from Mons. Bel
GUM. to the Luxembourg frontier
The statement says that the allies
are engaged with the entire German
army. both active and reserve.
The War Office adds that the battle
is OF such huge proportions that it
cannot be followed step by step, and
that therefore it is unlikely that any
thing can be learned about it for sew
eral days.
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1914-08-24
ATROCITIES COMMITTED
ny AUSTRIAN FORCES

Especial Cable to The Times Dispatch
LONDON, August 23.-The Servian
legation in London has received from
the Servian military authorities n re-
port OF atrocities committed by Aus
TRANS during their retreat.
The Central News is officially in
formed that the Servian government
has requested the Spanish minister at
Vienna to protest against these atrocI-
ties. The protest points out that.
should these abuses continue. 1t would
be most difficult for the Servian au-
thoritieS to prevent che Servian SOL
diers from seeking revenge for these
violations OF the usaEes OF war. The
protest adds that tho Servian army
Will have recourse, upon the discovery
of the perpetrators OF these outrages.
to the most rigorous measures pos
sible.
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1914-08-24
NUMEROUS VOLUNTEERS
For PERII.OIiS MISSION

PARIS, August 23-Colonel Folque.
commander OF a division of artillery Mt
the front, recently needed q few mon
for perilous mission and called for
volunteers.
Those who undertake this mission
will perhaps never come back" he said.
and he who commands Will be one OF
the first sons of France TO die for his
country in this war"
Volunteers were numerous. The son
of Colonel Folquc asked for the honor
of leading those who would undertake
the mission. The colonel paled, but
did not finch. lis son did not come
back.
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1914-08-24
VICTORY OF GREAT
STR tTrY.EIC VaUTr-

LONDON, August 23.-The Russian
embassy here to-day made public the
following report sent by Grand Duke
Nicholas TO st. Petersburg:
After two days battle, the Russian
forces are victorious. We were on
posed by three German army corp,
We have captured many guns. Tho
Germans lost heavily and were com
PEELED to retreat. Our troops are in
pursuit of the enemy
This success has been achieved by
General Rennenkamp's army. 1t is n
victory OF great straegic value"
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1914-08-24
PARLIAMENT nciccts I'LL.

Especial Gable to Tho Times Dispatch.l
STOCKHOLM. August 23.-parlia-
ment has rejected the bill for extern
sion OF the woman's suffrage bill. The
vote was favorable to tho bill I'm the
second chamber, but In the first cham
her It was adverse. The Liberals and
the Socialist party had given the bill
their support
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1914-08-24
BRITISH TOURISTS
LEAVE SWITZERLAND

Especial Cable to The Times Dis patch. I
BASEL, SWITZERLAND. August %.
Eight hundred English tourists left
Switzerland to-day on n train arranged
for by THE British legation. a second
train will leave on Tuesday to be fol-
lowed daily by special trains. Two hun
dred English tourists. who left on
Thursday. reached Ballorbe, but were
able to proceed no further
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1914-08-24

be for military necessities or the adj
ministration of such territory"
Article 90 prohibits general penalties
or hncs
Article 81 again prohibits the requi-
sition of goods or services, save for
military necessity.
Article 53 forbids cash to be taken,
save that strictly belonging to the con-
quered state.
1t is obvious that these "contribu-
tons as they are technically called.
arc enormously greater than any that
could be justified by military necessity.
In fact, they are simply ransoms. and
Germany is asking to make Brussels
pay for the huge armies necessary not
TO subjugatc her, but to defeat the
allies. 1t remains TO he seen how this
eXtortion can be levied.
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1914-08-24
Cruiner Ordered to Dinnrm.

LONDON. August "a G2.50 A. MI
The British official press bureau makes
tho following announcements:
orders have been issued by the
AustroHungarian government to the
cruiser Kaiserin Elizabeth, lying in
ltiauchau harbor TO disarm and the
crew proceed TO Tien Tsin."
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1914-08-24
RETREAT or GERMANS
RItPOREIiD IN RIraSIa

LONDON, August 23 (S:o6 T.. Nh
Reuter- Telegram correspondent at St
Petersburg sends the following off,
cial announcement made public in the
Russian capital to-day:
The fights of the last few days have
resulted In a wholesale retreat of the
Germans, giving the Russians control
of that part of East Prussia beyond
the Vistula River"
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1914-08-24
ALL OF NORTHERN nE1.GIUM
ENA(I-ATIN ny GER NJ A ~

AMSTER DAN. August % (via Lon
don.-The correspondent OF the Tele-
graf Mt Antwerp telegraphs under to-
days date that all OF Northern Bel
GUM seems to have been evacuated by
the Germans
Up to 10 O'CLOCK Sunday morning, he
says. there was no indication OF n Ger
man advance on Antwerp.
According to the postal authorities
train service to Client and farther west
has been restored. as has communities
tion over the line from Antwerp to the
frontier of Dutch Iimbury
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1914-08-24
only One Candidate.

I.YNCHBURG, Va, August 23.--Seth
Pcrrow Will be tho only applicant for
appointment for the postmastcrship at
Reusens. and he took tho examination
before the local~civil service examin-
ing board. The examination was con-
Quoted in the Federal Building by l..
NJ. bunch, OF the local board.
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1914-08-24
ITALIAN INTERVENTION
RELIEVED PRORkUJ H.

MALTA. August % (via London In
nuental Italians living here declare
they have good reasons to believe that
Italian intervention In tho war In favor
of Great Britain. France and Russia Is
only question of days. Since the
Mediterranean Is free OF hostile ships.
Malta has resumed It's normal aspect
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1914-08-24
DIoody Fighting Reported.

LONDON, August Pa dispatch TO
the Havas agency from Ostend saws
bloody fighting is reported at Luttre.
I'm the Province of Hainault, and that
an important battle is raging in that
province
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1914-08-24
VICTOR EzzAoOEL -
-dIoS TLZ2ZT
H~Op G~~afs>~ooo< A4-osAu~ooa~t
GERMAN INVADERS
FACED BY ALLIES
ALONG VAST LINE
Continued From First Page.)

judged that further resistance WAS I'm
possible. he blocked up the tunnel by
running several locomotives into each
other and set fire 10 the fuses leading
up to the mines surrounding the forts
Ills mission then accomplished. Ma
jor Namechc determining that the Ger
man flag should not ny even over the
ruins of his fort, blew up the powder
magazine. and persisted"
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1914-08-24
GREAT sERVIAN VICTORY
OVER AUSTRIAN FORCES

NISH. SERVIA, August 90 (via Lon
don).-The following official communal
cation was made. public hero to-day:
After the great Servian victory, the
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1914-08-24
Report of Heavy Losses.

ROME, August ga message from
Nish states that the latest reports or
the Austrian defeat ut I.osnitZa were
that the Austrians lost $4,000 dead and
wounded. and that tho Servians cap
tured eighty guns. The Servian losses
were also very heavy.
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1914-08-24
Sea Routes Safe.

TOKYO. August 23.-The Chamber OF
Commerce has announced that Oriental
European sea routes are safe, except
in tho neighborhood of German pos
sessions. The route from Japan to
Seattle is declared to BIO safe, but by
way OF Honolulu 1t Is advisable to
steam TO the north and to maintain
vigilance
me Janasese government liz OK
pectcd-.o make an important declara-
ton Tomorrow.
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1914-08-24
THE WEATHER

Forecasfi Virginia-PartIy cloudy
Mondnyi thunder showers and cooler
at night or Tuesday.
North CRrollnn-'Thundcr showers
Monday afternoon or night and prob
ably Tuesday.
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1914-08-24
TROOPS NOT QUARTERED
IN (ITY

LONDON, August GA dispatch to
the Havas Agency from Brussels by
way of Ostend says German troops are
in tho outskirts of the city and the
surrounding villages, but have not been
quartered In Brussels itself.
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1914-08-24

of
N its
of
o is rbcd
membe of Redo
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1914-08-24
Special Local Data for Yesterday.

~ noon temperature. ........... 81
., NJ. temperature. 90
Maximum temperature up to s
NJ -h. "a
Minimum temperature up to 8
p. NJ. $3.50. 60
mean temperature. ............... So
Normal temperature. .... &c
Excess In temperature. ...... q
Deficiency In temperature since
March -. :..:........ 1874
Accumulated deficiency in tempera-
ture since January 1......... Goa
Deficiency in rainfall since March
49,, $50
since January ................. 6.7o
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1914-08-24
Specials al s. ULLMAN'S SON

1S.o-iS:. East ,fnin Street, and
SOC east iinrshnli Street.
Goo9 Sdtt FORK pound ......... 11o
Zoo" Lard per pound ...... 10
NcW 'aii'sons' PHSket".. ........ 2Jc
SnoWilakc fiour, Dbl. SO; bag. 80. f2o
Now CIl'onS' quart. ............... Sc
Dolly warden Flour bag. 35c
nc" '"pnaSc' pound. ........... 30
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1914-08-24
MUST HE PREPARED
FOR SUCH EMERGENCY

On the other hand. manufacturers
point out. tho conflict hns driven home
the realization that tho United States
must in the future be prepared for such
an emergency as this. With the future
in view and much foreign trade to be
had for the asking. many manufac-
turcrs think that the impetus to Amer
lean manufacturers Will he trcmen-
dous
The drug situation perhaps more than
anything else has impressed the United
States with the necessity of action. In
an editorial to appear In it's Scptcm-
Der issue. the American Druggist points
out that IL the European conflict Is of
more than six months duration Ameri-
can consumers OF German synthetic
drugs Will face n famine. Those who
now have stocks on hand are warned
to conserve them.
Production of these drugs in the
United States-for we have the raw ma
terials, the article says-would meet
the situation. Yet such plan would
have its difficulties. 1T would prob
ably not be impossible to arrange with
the German patentees to manufacture
these products in the United states on Il
royalty basis" says the article, but in
view OF tho uncertain duration OF the
war the patentce would probably not
make terms which would tempt Amori-
can capitalists TO erect laboratories and
train and organize chemists to carry
out the manufacture of these synthetic
| dycstuffs and drugs.
PROSPECT REGARDED
AS DECIDEDLY GLOOMY
This industry has been the out
growth of fifty years of study and de-
velopment in Germany. 1t can only he
| carried on economically on 4 large
scale. 1t is not probable that the Ger
man manufacturers would wish to have
established In the United States labo-
ratorics which would practically dupll-
cate their own, and thus after the war
entail the operation OF duplicate
plant. The prospect, therefore. for sup
! plies of synthetic chemicals and dye
stuffs after the consumption of the
existing stock is decidedly gloomy.
''In the matter OF dyestuffs. the man
ufacture of which Is associated with
shat of synthetic drugs, the worlds
supply will last somewhat longer for
the reason that the largest users OF
these dyestuffs-German. France and
England-will use little or none dur
ing the war. The United States uses
probably one-fourth OF the worlds
| supply. and the remaining three quar-
ters of the worlds supply will be sur
| ficicnt to keep our cloth. silk and print
| mills busy for n year"
TaÌˆgliches Cincinnatier volksblatt. [volume] (Cincinnati [Ohio]) 1885-1919, 1914-09-14

lnebr als einulal BON einem beporite.
bcnoen Ssriegc Die Gebe. Die Gntla'
bung erfolgte our6 ben golfantrieg
Dor 5tpei sSnbren. Dem 3nn @ritalinen
Der @elt Der auiier in Solge ieiner
Sriebenstiebe nift perbirDerte, neil
cr bon iciner SSnterpention eine.l oil.
gemeinen europaiihen arieg, lpie er
Jest entbramt lit, befiir6tete, 9urd
bieie friebli6e @eiinnung bes aaiiers
BRETT eernadt, ihritt HnBlano an Die
peitcre @usfiibrling oes Trogranms,
peIhes oaralti ab5ielte, @osnien itno
ole Ser5e9opina Seiterrei6 81 neb.
men lmo an Serbien 5u ii6ertragerL
oas bcfanntIiG Elm @aiaQ 9fublanos
lit. Die 8orausiebltg mar, oaB
Oeiterrci6 ii6 bas gefallen laiien
miiroe, neil es tlid)t alf Die Inter
itiiblng 6es Oelitiden aaiiers rednen
fonnte. 9ieier lpa6te aber enollf aus
ieinem fSrieoensi6linnmer aui uno
erfuBte, bab, !ucml er Seiterrci6 nidt
balf, oieies untergeben Diirbc, no.
nit audi Geutid,Ianos Sdidial 5eiie.
gelt geipeien pare. slbcr nod in Die
fem ttten gllgcnblif periudte or ben
g8eltirie6en 5li retten, iubem er HilB'
Inuo aufforoerte, Seiterreifl pno
Serbien ibren Streit aaein au$fedl'
ten 81 laiieu. glIs Die 9Intmcrt IN
elmer Niobilna6ung 9tuBIanbS be.
itano, blieb hem aaiier nidts iIbris,
ais sur Netting Seiterreidls, nit
lpeIhem 9eutidlano @eidife I'M.
trennbar oerfniipft iinO, einjui6rei.
ten.
@er oaber angeiifts folder Sbat.
laden bebouptet, 0ab Der Safer ben
arieg mutbpiltg berauibeitroren
babe, itcGt iitb 5u Der @abrhelt in
fraiien @ioeriprllh unb mer iih Die
angeiiihrten Gbatiaten oer1eaen'
lpdrtigt, Ger miro niht Den borrenoen
llniinn reoen, oab Der arieg aus Ell
ner 9alne oe3 8aiiers @il1elm ellt'
itarben ici, ooer pie bie enalilden
3eititnaen iagen, ein ngmperor g9iI'
liams @ar" iii. Ger freu0ige Spfer.
mlth 0cs oeutiden 8oIfes befrnbet,
oab es iein Griea lit lnS uidt elm
ariea oes aoiiers, bab es gu ben
@affen nearificn BOT, nm Die 3ilm
llnterqonGe ocs oeutiden Heidcs ae'
ihuiebete GclitNporitng NIT bcm
Shperte 81 5crmaImen.
TaÌˆgliches Cincinnatier volksblatt. [volume] (Cincinnati [Ohio]) 1885-1919, 1914-09-14

ielbit 5ugeitanben, bab iie Dor feds
Wonaten bic neuen Hetruten. bic fie
aufsebraht baben, nidt ins Treffsn
gefbidt tperben tOnnen, neil iie erit
einerer5isrt tperbsn miiHen nnb 70
lanse pirb bic gntideibungsidIa
beitimmt nift bdueru. Oa aber bic
OeutIden ben s5ranooien numeriid
iiberleaen iinb, BON Der srDbcreu beltt.
ffen 4riegstiidtigteit gar niht au res
ben unb oie 9eutiden i'm 2aufe po1
sipei @od,en beftGnoig tpeitere Streits
frGfts beran5uaiebsn permOsen, 10 1T
ni9t erii6tli9 pie bic 5ran3pien ets
ner sermalmenben Rieoerldge entssben
tonnten i,nb fpenn bas geIheben 1T,
brdu9t man iid iiber ben 9ries, oen
ole Gngldnber nd9 @ernidtling bes
franSOiif6en Seeres Su fiibren sebens
ten, teine Gorge gu MAIDEN. @enn Der
Gppf abeeidlassn III. iino audi Die
iibrigen 9lieber tOot, 4lio lafe iih
gtiemanb bur6 bic Na9ridtsn bon
benz 3uriidsebsn Der 0sutiden dnaiti~
gen. Sas iinb nidts dls ManDper,
beren 3tped uno 9runb MIR
bic beutf9e arisssleitung isnnt.
@ill man aber bur9aus be-
itimmten 5roit. 70 fiubet man ibn IN
Der Sbatiate, baB bic 9euti6en nit
ibren Sperdtionsn in Der 9tdbe BON
9er6un srfolsreid limb unb bort tpirb
Der 5aiiptI1laa fallen, pds alio be.
ipeiit, oab bic 9suti9en on Der ri6s
tisen SteIle bas Ssft in 5Gnben bas
ben. gu bemert,u if auBerbem. baR
cine arobe Slantsnbepssung Der Otuts
ffen i'm @anse 1T. @snn ipir iins
aud ieber Qniitt barber entbaltsn.
ipsl6sn 3tped iie psrfoIgt nnb rpis srs
fOlsreid fis fsin piro, 10 it bod aus
bem T8an0per gu srIsben. bab ben
Deutften cine grObe Sesrssmabt our
8rfiigung itsbt. Osnn nur NIT elmer
iol6en laiien Iid umfaFenbe Jlurltis
sManSpsr ausfiibr.n ilrlo, pi'
mir bereits seIogt bu6en, liest IN oisier
llebersabl cine iitere Getpabr pes
f6lisblid.n Sissss.