Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-09-13

gained lost ground. and the diet de-
clared the nations independence, with
Kossuth as president.
Russia Joined Austria to put down
the rebellion and sent large army for
the purpose. Caught between Austria
and Russia, Hungary was beaten. Kos
suth and some others fed, but m. ny
patriots who were captured or who
surrendered were put to DEATH All re-
form measures went by the board and
in less than two years Hungary was
back where she had started.
The German unity movement was
travelling hard road. but finally at
Frankfort an elected parlicm took
up the question of constitution. The
M tier of admitting Austria was
thrown out, and in March. 1s49, it was
decided to form a hereditary empire
with the Prussian ruler as the head,
Not only did Austria object but Fred
erick William ". declined to be their
king. Austria in 1851 compelled the
restoration of the old German confed-
Grafton.
Frederick William " in 1850 granted
his people a constitution which. while
not all that the liberals wanted or ex-
pected, was accepted.
Italy did not escape the revolution
airy wake. Under the most adverse
conditions Imaginable the patriots in
various states-poets. journalists, and
advocates-did what they could to keep
alive the fires of freedom. Persecu-
tions. the jail OF the gallows did not
deter them. Hundreds were cast into
obscure prisons by their petty rulers
and forgotten. Their writings were
burned and the printers sent to the
Rallows. Spies thrived everywhere,
The Carbonari started mutinies among
breaks. but there was a sad lack of
system and coordination among the
revoiutionfsts. and many va1uaDie lives
were wasted and much time lost.
Patriots like MaZzini at home or in
exile were unceasing with their pens,
melting pity abroad for Italians or
urging their countrymen to action.
They started small newspapers. which
had furtive circulation among the
people Ma zzini was constructive
revolutionist, but there were plenty
who believed in force.
Then ensued years of missionary
work spreading the gospel of Italian
unity and freedom to all people MAJ
zini. with a price on his head, had to
spend most of his life in London.
Working each in his own way were
Balbo, Gioberti D'Azelgia, Cavour, and
others Cavour, an aristocrat and a
study agriculture in all it's relations in
order to teach his countrymen how to
prosper and how to be free. The politi-
cal resurrection of Italy. long and
painful, had begun.
Naples revolutionists opened the 1s4s
ball by extortfng a constitution from
their king. and the news of the sue
cess OF the revolutions in France. Aus
trla and elsewhere greatly encouraged
Italy. Some states granted small con-
cessions to the people. Charles Albert
OF Piedmont perhaps went farther in
this direction than any other ruler. I'M
less 1t was the Pope. The revolutions
at this time, nevertheless. failed for
want OF co-oDeration. and reaction set
in as usual. the liberals being made to
feel the mailed hand of Austria and
the Italian rulers. The patriot army.
led by King Charles Albert of piod-
rule in Lombardy and venetia. had
been beaten, but the Italian unionists
were not discouraged. 1t was hope
full sign to them that a king should
lead them, and they had reason to look
with the same favor on his successor.
Victor Emmanuel II.
The great adviser of this king was
Cavour. who had now risen to be
leading statesman of Italy and force
to be reckoned with. He had trained
himself for statecraft, and to natural
aptitude he added learning. foresight
and the advantage of travel. He set
about to gain powerful ally for his
king, and he caused Piedmont to as
sist France. Austria and England in
its war against Russia in 1S54-5. For
this he was much blamed. but to it was
due the aid given to Italy by Napoleon
III in later years. The partictpat ton in
the war gained Cavour a place in the
subsequent congress of Paris and a
chance to present Italy's case and to
denounce Austria. This raised him TO
the front rank of diplomats and gave
Piedmont standing among the nations.
In 1853 he and Napoleon met secretly
and concluded an alliance against Aus
tria, to be carried out under certain
conditions and to be followed by GER
tain results Austria was to be af-
tackled the latter France would come
to Piedmont's aid. The rest of Italy
was then parceled out much as con-
gress of nations would have done. In
return for French aid victor En-
manuel was to give his daughter as
wife to an old roue, Prince Napoleon
"Plon Plon."
The war came on as designed. The
Italians engaged the Austrians, but
Napoleon's army did not arrive until
the italians were almost routed. Final
ly the united armies defeated the AUS
trians at Magenta and Solferino. Then,
instead of helping to press on and
drive. the usurpers IRON h sene.i s nI as
Ian, Napolean III. turned about and
concluded peace with Austria without
the King of Italy's consent.
The Pope was to be president of the
Italian Confederation. Lombardy was
to be ceded to Piedmont through
france venetia, still under the Aus
TRAN crown. was to enter the confed-
aration Modena and Tuscany were to
take back their dukes, whom they had
driven out.
Napoleon had become alarmed at the
growing Importance OF PIEDMONT TO
which three other states had asked TO
be Joined. Prussia was modifying her
troops on the French border, and he
had other troubles, The Italians, much