The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-09-06

the kingdom of Italy was established with Victor Emmanuel as King; Venctia, which was Austrla's, and Rome lid not become a part of Italy until later.
 Austria's Heel on Hungary
 After the rebellion of 1s4S-9 had been put down Austria proceeded To make Hungary feel her hand The latter was dismembered politically and deprived of her diet. The national constitution of the empire was abolished and absolutism's mailed fist came down hard for two years. By that time. however, he power of the empire was greatly weakened Austria was deep in debt She mad lost influence in Germany and territory in Italy. The Magyars had never given in, although de- feated. They had gone abroad in large numbers and Austria found them more than once fighting in her enemies armies.
 Tn despair the Emperor attempted con ciliation, but the constitution he granted was rejected by the Hungarians, who did not even send delegates to the leeis- lature, and it was not until 1867 that the present dual empire was organized in a manner satisfactory to the proud Mag vars. who permitted the Emperor to be crowned their King
 The only considerable war in which Great Britain engaged during this period was the Crimean war, in which she and her allies, France, Austria, and Pied mont, supported Turkey Tn the latter's refusal to grant Russia tine right of pre- lection over all Greek Christians living under fna had invaded Turkey were driven out and forced to defend themselves in the Crimean peninsula.
 After Il months of niuderous siege Sebastopol fell in 1855 Several terrible battles occurred during this siege. The severe weather, the awful casualties from lighting, and the lack of proper medical ana commssary service ren the total of Killed and wounded to large figures.
 Reactionaries Rule Russia
 Hussia' by the treaty of Paris in 1915, having secured the duchy of Finland rom Sweden and portion of Poland. mad within its borders a diversity of races. The Czar began with liberal policy, even toward Poland. He con
 eAc A4pckdtlon or HIS SeIIS ana ne did great deal to ease the condi- tons under which they lived. Many social and political reforms were car Tied out and industry was improved.
 However, the gain of radicalism abroad made him retrograde in many particulars. especially when at home he discovered mutinies and that secret plottings were going on in various parts of his empire. His attempts to give the Poles constitution were op- posed by his advisers and he was won over to much of the absolutism of Aus tria. He died in 1925. and brother, Nicholas. succeeded.
 An incipient revolution in St. Peters- burg was suppressed with several deaths. Nicholas was a. reactionary militarist. Repression was his policy and he pursued 1t for 30 years. Siberia became q vast prison for political of- lenders. 1b0,000 being sent there in 20 years. not to mention the many who suffered in Russia proper.
 The police and spy system established made the vigilance of Metternich, Ma po1eon and others look like innocent credulity. The press and literature during his reign were unl!er strict cen- sorship. as were also the universities and schools.
 A Polish rebellion in 1880 was put down. and the country, deprived of it's