davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1914-08-23

A DVICES from Stockholm, though
~ meager, seem to be to the effeci
that If forced against her will into
the European war Sweden will side with
France, Great Britain and Russia against
the kaiser And yet the swedes are OF
Teutonic stock. the natural allies Of the
Germans in their battle against the Slav
Moreover. Sweden has always regarded
Russia with hatred, a hatred foundeo
on the memory of past defeat and the
knowledge of future peril.
In the days of Gustavus Adolphus, the
lion of the north" and his immediate sue
cessors Sweden was a world power the
defender of religious liberty in the north
a very dictator among nations. bu'
through Russia. largely. came her de-
feat 1t is a curious fact that the be-
ginning of her downfall dates from the
day when Charles the Twelfth conceiFeu
the tremendous project Of attacking MOS
COW. Like Napoleon. a century later' ne
ATTEMPTED the impossible, and then began
the despoiline of Sweden by the nations.
OF these. Russia was the CHER, her grow
ing power proving a terrible menace 10
the prosperity of Sweden. who was grad
ually stripped of her possessions outslue
the Scandinavian peninsula. Even flA-
land fell into the hands of Russia.
In the mind of many Swedes lie the
belief that through Scandinavia lies tHe
way to the open sea; that Russia coNets
that right-of-way as she coFets hothlil5
Mediterranean In the heart OF every
Swede lies a hatred of the Russia OF the
past and fear of the RUSSIA % lne
future that is the bitter root OF hatred.
fnr nsA1
And yet Sweden Will fgnt' II loieeo " "
6gbt on the side of the triple entente. a
striking example of how international as
Well as internal politics makes strange
bedfellows.
That even years of apparent FRIEND
shin had failed to lessen the dislike ana
distrust between the two nations tnat the
,Id .dape Scratch a Russian and find
a Tartar" still holds good; that Sweden
vet breads but dares to bait the Russian
hear ia proved by curious incident,
which occurred within the last two years
when the Olympic games were held at
c+ockholm, in 1912, the world was AT
peace, the nations were assenlpieu ~ q
snirit of friendly rivalry, the very atmos-
nbare was pacific and conclilatory let
trifine circumstance made evident the
s,ct that racial antagonism. national
hatred between the Sweoes ana hussiahs'
still smoldereo. =. .,.;on.
uttie Finland, Russian dependency. but
sometime Swedish territory and Swedish
Vet by allegiance. as Alsace-Lorraine is
French. :.
This tiny state. for country 1t can
scarce be called had assembled team
of athletes that was the marvel OF All
who saw the Olympic games They won
first place in event after event, ana tns
was a Finn. one Hannes kohiemeinen'
whose individual performance was noth-
ing less than spectacular. A youngster,
boyish and slight, he won the 'or a'oo
meters team race, to say nothing OF the
cross-country, where he romped away
from all contestants, record of victory
unequaled by any individual In any MOD
ern olympiad And all with smile on
his face.
At the end Of the stadium were three
Evening star., 1914-08-23

is used to also drive the dynamo of the
wireless set. 1t will be remembered that
In military sets a mast was always a
necessary adjunct. to uphold the antenna
wires. In an airship the antenna wire is
reeled up on large wheel and is let
out and allowed to hang below the air
ship when communication Is desired.
In an aeroplane only two men are need
ed; one to run the aeroplane and keep 1t
out of the range of possible ariship guns
from the enemy below and the other to
work the wireless set. Such sets can
communicate over about fifty miles with
a cart-type military station. Thus 1t will
be seen how easy 1t was for the Belgians.
in the battle of Liege, to send up their
aeroplanes. which, from high up in the
air located the German regiments and
telegraphed their positions back to the
forts
Not only was this possible. but the ac-
curacy of the Belgian firing could be con-
trolled. the men in the airship telegraph
ing too far or too near too far
to the left" or too far to the right as
the shells below them exploded; and once
the Belgian gunners obtained the correct
range, the slaughter was frightful
Evening star., 1914-08-23

have since been adopted by the gov
ernment
One thing can be set down as certain
regarding his future diplomatic career:
No utterance of his is ever apt to cause
embarrassment to himself or to his gov
ernment. Caution Of speech is ingrained
In him by nature and by training.
Some one certainly will rise up to say:
What about that speech of his that cost
him the embassy to Russia?"
That speech. 1t will be recalled, was
made December 13, 1911, when the Sulzer
resolution for the abrogatlon Of the COM
mercial treaty with Russia was under
consideration. Because of the attitude
Russia assumed toward naturalized
American citizens travelling abroad 1t was
proposed to do away with the treaty
Mr. Sharp favored this course. He said:
IF we temporize in this matter we
shall accomplish nothing. Not in many
years has our government had such an
oportunity to assist-yes. and protect. If
necessary-the inviolability Of American
Evening star., 1914-08-23

electricity. and no one knows precisely
what electricity is.
Investigations in the upper air will
teach us much that will be of value. I
note in the recent news that astro-
nomical observations are to be con-
Quoted this year from high flying
aeroplane. That is inevitable. Astro-
nomical study from the surface Of the
earth is greatly hampered by this en-
velope we call our atmosphere. Ris-
ing out of its denser strata, the as
tronomer will have a vision never be-
fore granted to an earth dweller I
look for great discoveries to be made
by Investigations conducted from air
craft"
In a speech made upon aerial naviga-
tion in the House nearly two years ago
Mr. Sharp suggested as a means of fur
ther developing the science, many of
the improvements and methods that
Evening star., 1914-08-23

wireless telegraphy and astronomy. al
though the order should be reversed, as
he started with astronomy and that led
him into the others.
1t was Mr.. Sharp who in Congress
proposed a bill providing for the trans
mission Of mails in Alaska and other
inaccessible places by aeroplane.
When Representatives Fitzgerald.
Mann and other watchdogs of the
Treasury beat the bill, Mr.. Sharp con-
tented himself with the statement, but
you will have to come to 1t In time"
He has been one of the leading pro-
ponents of the establishment of an avia-
ton corps in the army. No advance In
the development of aerial navigation has
escaped him. and he has become an
authority on the subject
Have you ever been up in an aero
plane" some one asked him.
No" and ! am never going-at least
Evening star., 1914-08-23

citizenship. no matter in what country
those rights are threatened, as 1t now
has in it's dealings with the Russian gov
ernment. A worldwide sentiment would
demand better treatment Of Russia's
Jewish people"
This was protest against religious in
tolerance and against the application Of
that intolerance to religionists Of Amer
lean citizenship 1t was made not as
diplomatist. but as a representative OF
Ohio in Congress. There is difference
between what one may say as repre-
sentative in Congress and as diplo-
matte officer abroad. And Ambassador
Sharp realizes the difference.
In politics Mr. Sharp has always been
regular in the democratic party, but
he has protection leanings. For example,
when the Payne-Aldrich bill was being
Evening star., 1914-08-23

made in 1909 he was one OF those demo-
Gratis who urged protection on wool
Ohio is wool-producing state. Then, In
making tthe Underwood tariff in 1918.
Mr.. Sharp stood out for 20 per cent pro-
lection on wool. against the 80 per
cent he had stood for in the Payne-Al-
drich BILL He carried the fight into tho
caucus and vas defeated. Then grace
fully he bowed to the verdict of the ma
jority in his party and voted for the bill
as a whole.
Neither a college professor nor a man
known chiefly as a politician. the new
ambassador is of type somewhat dif-
ferent from those who have been sent
abroad heretofore. Primarily he is
business man, but also he is a success
full politician. as his repeated re-elections
to Congress Indicate; he is an amateur
scientist and he is man Of pronounced
literary tastes-sound equipment for Q
diplomatic position.
ASHMUN BROWN.
Evening star., 1914-08-23

William Graves
Sharp, a New Type of
Diplomatist - Com
bines High Idealism
With Eminently Prac-
tical Attainments. IS.
Law Gave Him Train
ing, Pig Iron Financial
Success and Politics
Brought Him to High
Position.
Evening star., 1914-08-23

Messages Sent From
Aeroplanes Aid Troops
in Finding the Range.
Types of Apparatus
Devised for Military
Expeditions - Secrecy
the Vital Essential.
Aerograms Sent Twen-
ty-Five Miles From
the Top of a Forty
Foot Mast-Field Sets
Easily Erected.
Evening star., 1914-08-23

communication-for orders. for news
of the location of the enemy and for
news of its own successes and defeats.
Formerly telegraph and telephone
lines had to be strung across the coun-
try as it advanced, and these lines had
to be guarded, for interrupted commu-
nicatten meant disaster.
The cutting of calls and telegraph
lines was often the chief object of
scouting expeditions. Not more than
a few weeks ago the cables connecting
Germany to the rest of the world were
cut. and now, until wireless commu-
nication with that country is COM
menced, no one tell how things are
going there.
With wireless equipment in it's pos
longer fear the interruption of it's COM
munication system. In a few minutes
a wireless set can be erected and in a
few minutes more be in conversation
with the headquarters-twen
fifty, one hundred or even one hundred
and fifty miles away. Orders can be re-
ceived. the report of the days work
transmitted, and in q few minutes more
the set is taken down and the army Is
again on the march.
Nothing can stop the electric waves
that are flashed from the aerial wires
Of a wireless set. Over land or sea,
through towns and over hills, they travel
with the speed of light to their destina-
tion and are caught up and understood
by the skilled operators. No fears of
broken telegraph lines, of raiding
cavalry attacks on the guards along
these lines. need the modern general
have; his wireless equipment is always
ready and always sure,
Evening star., 1914-08-23
The Easier Task.
THE young Duchess of Marlboror

THE young Duchess of Marlborough Is
= noted for her apt and quiet episrams
At a luncheon at Marble House. her
mothers Newport residence. the duchess.
with a sigh, said of pretty girl who
had married n stupid. boorish type o.
man whom she hoped to refine and ele-
vate:
Poor dear! I'm afraid she'll find that
it's easier to make a fool of a man than
to make a man of a fool"
Evening star., 1914-08-23
Sweden, Russia's Ally, Retains Racial Dislike

cerning the selling OF military secrets 10
Russia which resulted in the recall OF
Capt Assanovitch. Russian military at
tache at Stockholm Whether there be
truth in that not. the fact remains
that the marriage between Prince VII
liam and Princess Marie has been dis
dinavia as the natural gateway 10 the
home in Russia.
X x
Sweden gained the height Of her power
long years ago largely through her wars
with Russia. War with Russia was 10 :.
great extent responsible for her fall from
her high estate. And Russia still looks
from the corner Of her eye toward Scan
dnavia as the natural gateway to the
open Atlantic.
If in spite of her distlust Of the great
er power. her fear of Russian aggression.
Sweden is forced into the fray and allie
with the cZar. ii will be because she feels
that she can trust To the loyalty ol
France and Britain to stay the hand uf
Russia.
Evening star., 1914-08-23

gree at least. is shown in the reports
of the fighting before the town OF
Liege. in Belgium, in which accounts
are given of the deadly accuracy OF
the Belgian gunners. who exterminated
company after company of the enemy
without even seeing them. the gunfire
being controlled by aeroplanes equipped
with wireless apparatus.
These machines would fly about the
Germans as they laborously made their
way over the field, and, observing the
positions of the various regiments.
would telegraph them to the forts. and
then hail of shot would be poured
upon the advancing men.
Thus a new terror has been brought
into modern warfare = the airship
which carries wirelsss apparatus. The
airship may be shot down If 1t is so in
cautious as to get within range Of the
enemy's cannon. but not before the oc-
cupants have telegraphed the informa-
Iion that they have been sent out to
get
Evening star., 1914-08-23
V U1g

Sharp Is anXiously awaiting opportunity
70 set sail for his new post as soon as
transp ortation may be obtained.
IN Mr.. Sharp is a curious blending of
the ideal and the practical. Observe
some of his political tendencies and read
some of his political speeches and one
might be prone TO set him down as a
star-eyed theorist out Of touch with the
sordid facts of everyday life
But observe his career and note another
aspect: Educated to the law at Michigan
University. prosecuting attorney OF his
home county in Elyria, Ohio for several
Years and then pig iron manufacturer
Success in his profession was followed by
success in industrial pursuits. How does
that match up with the idea of a star
eyed dreamer?
Mr.. Sharp at the time of his appoint
mont was rounding out his sixth year as
representative in Congress from the old
John Sherman district, once. in years
asone, rock-ribbed republican district,
and he Is a democrat Four of his six
years in Congress he has served on the
committee on foreign affairs. of which
he is the ranking member.
~
Some one had said that the typical
American Of today is a practical ideaIist.
Such IA definition Ats closely the new
fedged diplomatist. He is the sort that
dreams dreams and sees visions of the
better day just around the corner, of a
better adjustment of organized society to
human needs. or more ethiopian condi-
ton in the body polite: and at the same
time he is the sort possessing the ability
the courage, the resourcefulness and the
practical knowledge of men and their
ways to go out and fight man-fashion to
make his dreams come trae.
Wholly in sympathy, as a member OF
the committee on foreign affairs, with
what has been termed the altruistc for
eign policy OF the administration his ap-
pointment to a high place in the diplo-
matte corps was no surprise to those who
know him.
a composite photograph of a represen-
tative group OF successful American busi-
ness men would Il reveal countenance
much resembling that of Ambassador
Sharp. He has the athletic, well-muscled
compact frame. the thinning hair the
cloSe-ciirped mustache. the quiet air OF
authority that comes to those who direct
large enterprises or large bodies of men
The broad education, the culture, the ben
r.titS of wide travel abroad, that all are
typical OF the men who are to the front
IN the direction of American financial
commercial and industrial affairs today
france will find In him a true representa-
i've of this republic.
The strong jaw. the well set-up figure
and the habit OF command that is his
sIggest momentarily the soldier: but
lie is no soldier. and is vigorously op-
losed TO war, and anything that smackf
Of militarism. Quite much as the
secretary of State is he q peacemaker
but vet one who would prefer igh'
ia submitting TO national dishonor.
His long business career has taught
LiIn the value of courtesy. Not thai
The man is anything but naturally anc
Inherently courteous, but in large busi-
ness affairs, just as in the affairs OF
Evening star., 1914-08-23

1G iron seems al
most as remote
from diplomacy
and politics as 1t
is from poetry.
and yet William
Graves Sharp. the
new ambassador
to France, has
demonstrated his
ability to achieve
success with all.
At present Mr..
Evening star., 1914-08-23

n eminent mill
tary authority
when the present
European W a r
broke out stated
that, In his opin-
ion. it was going
to --be largely an
"aeroplane an d
wireless" W a r.
That his predic-
tion has been full
flied, to a de-
Evening star., 1914-08-23
GERMAN MILITARY WIRELESS STATION.

swift back and forth movement OF a
quantity of electricity in a long wire.
and this Oscillation" as 1t Is called Of
the electricity in the wire is produced
is stirred back and forth in a large
pond of water A series of little waves
or ripples Is sent out in all directions.
and q similar occurrence takes place
In wireless set.
The electricity in the set surges back
and forth about 100000 times per sec
ond, and as these surges occur waves
are sent out which travel with the
speed Of light.
A wireless set Is ordinarily divided
into four parts: a sending set, which
transmits" the waves: a receiving set.
which picks up incoming waves;
number of long wires, which are placed
high up in the air CASUALLY upheld on
a mast, known as the "antenna or
aerial" wires, which serve to send out
or pick up the electric waves. and final
ly some form of dynamo which pro-
duces the electricity for the sending
set.
In military sets these parts must all
be light and of simple construction. for
they must often be carried over rough
country on mule or horse back or in
automobiles They must be easily
erected in a short space OF time and
be rapid and certain in their usage.
The ingenuity which manufacturers
of wireless sets have expended on mill
tary and airship appartus has been
remarkable, and it has been we'll re-
paid In the results which wireless has
produced.
A number of different kinds of sets
are in use in European armies. accord
Evening star., 1914-08-23

During his service on the committee
on foreign affairs Mr.. Sharp always has
been friendly to appropriations for in
ternational congresses of scientific and
humanitarian character In explanation
Of this Mr.. Sharp said to the inter-
viewer:
"All appropriations to permit the
United States to participate as mem
Der in the work OF the different inter-
national commissions and congresses
are moneys we'll spent. They are help
full agencies in maintaining cordial re-
lations with the other powers, and this.
even though the particular cause for
which they have been called may not be
materially advanced.
Inevitably they bring representative
men of the several nations together,
and in this way is promoted that mu-
tual acquaintance and understanding
that is essential to the maintenance OF
international comfy. The more one ma
ton knows of its neighbors in the so
ciety of nations the less chance is
the"e of auarrels."
Mr. Sharp, being a manufacturer.
naturally has much to the front in his
mind what may be termed the purely
commercial phase of the diplomatic and
consular service. He is heartily in ac
cord with the policy. put forward orig
inally by Secretary Redfeld Of the De
partment of Commerce, and now law.
for the establishment of commercial
attaches at all the great embassies and
legations abroad for the promotion Of
American trade
the commercial activities of the diplo-
matte and consular service. "for greatly
improving that work II We would take
our share of supplying the worlds
markets. That it is the earnest purpose
"f the administra ton to bring about
these results. both in the interest of
a worldwide peace as we'll as to de-
velop our foreign trade, l am pleased
to believe
When the talk drifted around to the
matter of Mr. Sharp's own appointment
and the country to which he goes, his
face lighted up.
1T Is particularly gratifying to be
selected to go as ambassador to
France. the other great republic OF
the world with which in history we
have always been SO closely associat-
ed.' said he.
Here in Washington. where l have
there are many evidences testifying
to the close relationship between the
republics, evidences which are not
duplicated in the case of any nation
in the House day after dav throu~h
these years with the splendid, life size
portrait of Marquis de Lafayette fac
ing me from one side of the Speakers
desk and the equally splendid life size
portrait of Washington facing me
from the other. The selection of these
two portraits to adorn the walls of the
House Of Representatives is n singular
symbol of the friendship which exists
between the two republics and of
their unity as guardian of the princi-
Piles of the republican form of govern
ment.
Mr.. Sharp has a distinct advantage
over some ambassadors who have been
sent abroad; he has always with him
an ever interesting; topic on which a
perfectly safe and unembarrassing talk
may be made on almost any occasion
on which diplomatist has to speak
Natural science is his hobby and his
fad. His particular interests are now,
and have been for years, aviation.
Evening star., 1914-08-23

arbitration and adjudication in a court
such as that maintained at The Hague.
Trial by battle centuries ago passed
out of existence in the adjudication or
differences between individuals; IT Is
passing as a means of adjudicat1ng the
differences between nations On hu-
manitarian and on economic grounds war
is indefensible. 1t is revolving to thlnk
that thousands of innocent people. VINO
have no personal interest in the quarrel
and nothing of their own at stake
should, by the nod of the sovereign
power, be called upon to pour out their
blood in battle, impoverishing the race
and heaping huge financial burdens on
not only the survivors. but on unborn
generations as well.
To-day there Is no quarrel between
individuals that may not be settled by
duly constituted tribunals. Why cannot
the same rule be applied to the family
of nations?
Further, the advance of modern in
vention is making war physically I'M
possible. The appearance of new en-
gines Of war, the development of the
fighting craft of the air and Of the sub
marines. the possibilities that lie in
wireless direction of electric impulses
as weapons of offense and defense are
making war SO hazardous and SO dead
ly that presently there will be none so
wicked and so adventurous as to ad-
vocate it
Evening star., 1914-08-23

In all military operations secrecy is
essential. Unfortunately. no wireless
system has yet been invented which is
Evening star., 1914-08-23

absolutely secret in operation-that is
the waves of which cannot he picked up
by any one except the person for whom
they are intended 1t is. far possible
for any other wireless set TO receive the
waves sent out by sending set. Hence
many ingenious methods OF securing
secrecy In spite OF this fact have been
devised by the signal corps OF the ysfi-
Gus armies.
one of these methods is fhe use of a
cipher code. II is said that the war de.
partnents of the countries at todt5
possess dozens of different ciphers and
use different one every day. Many oi
these are so complicated that only those
i'll possession of the key to the code can
decipher a message SO sent 4 common
form of cipher consists in sending a
message backwards, or reversing the SIX.
nails of the telegraph code.
Still another method of securing sec
recy is by rapid changes in the wave
length OF the electric waves sent out
These electric waves have definite si2"
for every sending set and this size can
be changed to any extent by adjusting
various connections in the set.
Now. to receive an electric wave the
receiving set must be adjusted TO the
particular size of wave that is being
received. and the adjustment of the set
takes five minutes or so If the operator
does not previously know the size OF
the wave or wave length" as II is
called. However, If he does know II, the
adjustment is n matter of a few seconds
Therefore II the man at the sending set
keeps on changing the wave length Of
the waves he sends them out and tells
the man who Is receiving them. by =
secret signal, what wave length he IS
going to change to, the latter can adjust
his instruments very quickly; while soma
one who is not in the secret may spend
some time on his adjustments and mean
while be unable TO hear what is being
said.
In this way message may be sent ny
skilled operators in plain english and
yet very little Will be overheard by an
enemy.
Whichever OF the alliances now at war
wins it is certain that a sure and efficient
wireless telegraph system will have con
tributed largely to its success 1t seems
the wireless and aeroplane' war has
arrived, which may yet become an inn
portant factor in the final establishment
of universal peace.