New-York tribune., 1914-11-29


the Treaty of Frankfort Bismarck con
templatcd a triple alliance between the
three empires. with the idea Of bring
ing IN aftorward "monarChiCnl Italy.
lie was following i'm the steps Of the
Car Nicholas Ills project was new
league ri mouarchism
The alliance was not concluded, but
~ entente was formed between the
three empcrorq IN 1872 and remained
Tor some ton wears the leading fact ~
international politics. lt was mennced
for a moment hy tho crisis between
France and Germany in 1875. and more
seriously by the situation in the Bal
tans ,u 1876. vhcr q rupture between
Austria and Russia seemed imminent
bismarck told SchWcmltt. thc Prussiau
Ambassador az -. Petersburg, that "our
first care was 20 preserve the friend
ship between thC monatchics which IN
n struggle with one another had more
60 lose as regarded their opposition 20
the revolution than they had TO vim"
and instructed him 20 make II clear 10
the Cars government that Germany
would not suffer Austria 90 lopc her
position as an independent power. The
result was that The Russian storm was
diverted from The Carpathians TO the
balkans.
bismarck FaNors Russo-Gcrman Fact.
4 letter OF Bismarck 10 Count Peter
>huyalov February. 1870 resumes his
general view of German political rcla
lions with Russia. Whatever the po-
ltical future Of our two countries may
bo. the part ! have played IN the past
allows me tho satisfaction OF knowing
that. respecting the necessity o. their
alliance. I have always been in agree
mCnt with the statesmen most worthy
o. esteem among your compatriots. As
long as ! am IN Office shall be faithful
90 the traditions by which ! have been
guided for ive-and twenty years, and Of
which the principles coincide with the
ideas expressed iu Your letter IN
regard 90 th" reciprocal services
which Russia and Germany can render
to ono another and have rendered for
more than q century without harming
the particular interests Of either. II
was that conviction which guided me
IN lS3S, IN 1894. I'M 1863, as IN the pres
eut instance. and for which ! succeeded
m gaining the suffrage of the majority
of my countrymcu.
None of the powers principally inter
cstcd we're satisfied with the results Of
the Congress OF Berlin 1SISl. and Rus
sia blamed Bismarck for not having
adequately supported her. There was
3 consequent coolness. and in the fol
lowing year Germany concluded de-
fensive alliance with Austria. which. IN
1852. was expanded into the Triple Al
lance. I'm pursuing this policy Ris-
marck thought that Austria and Ger
many might strive for further CON
sohdation. or. rather. for a renewal. Of
the understanding between the three
empCrorS. 81 regarded II as no less
cnloincd upou as 20 cultivate neighbor-
IS relations with Russia after than he
fore. our defensive alliance with Aus
Dia.2 The understanding between the
three cmperOrs was renewed by the
agreement of SkierneWjcze September
1850. and IN 1885. by the Reinsurance
Treaty" concealed from the other
members of tho Triple Alliance. Ger
many guaranteed to Russia support
against an attack by Austria for five
years.
Reinsurance Treaty" tnreneeed.
Bismarck's successor did not renew
this treaty. and the Dual Alliance be
tween Russia WAS concluded in 1895
Germany STILL so Tar as tho changed
circumstances permitted. aimed at
friendly relations with her eastern
ucighbor and showed good will toward
her az the time Of the Russo-Japanese
War. After that war "there was
81 ight coolncss i'm Franco Russian rela-
tIons. whereas there was an increase
Of warmth 90 those between Russia and
Germany."io
But the situation had changed pro
.oundiy. IT," foundation Of German
policy on intimacy with Austria would
naturally lead 20 sympathy with Aus.
triau aims IN the Balkans; yet Bis
marck could still say. - believe that n
would be advantageous for Germany IL
the Russians, in one way or other.
physically or dipiomatically, were TO
establish themselves al COnstantinople
an had to defend that positior."N But
with the rapid growth IN the post-Ris-
MARKHAM period Of German world-pol-
cy. which extended 10 the Turkish En-
pirc Iu Asia. sympathy was converted
INTO solidarity BY the direct German
interests in Turkey and on the Mediter-
raneau. Germany now sought TO cstab-
dsl herself automatically az Constan-
tuOplo. and she succeeded in doing so.
when the rest OF Europe was shocked
by the Armenian masSacres. Austria
iNlIh llUE FFiNF 'f'I man interests. ne
Austrian aim 20 control a passage
through the Balkan Peninsula and an
outlet OH the Hgcau coincided with the
German purpose. Gcrmany's fear Of
Slavsm. which had hitherto only re-
sarded Poland, now extended 10 The
south Slayonic sphere. Thus the de-
yelopmeut Of her world policy com
pletely changed the ground for her
future relations with Russia
Prussia Fears Liberalism.
An unfrendly critic might observe
that. while the Russian autocracy last
ed i'm an unmitigated form. Prussia vas
hand in glove with Russia, and that she
has waited until the government has
inaugurated a liberal policy, by the
creation Of a parliament. to 20 10 war
and denOunco the power which vas her
traditional friend as "barbarous" and
"Asiatic.' This is not an accident, and
the connection is probably to be found,
partly at least, in Poland.
Since 1872 the most determined and
persistent efforts were made. and the
! severcst measures adopted. 20 Germ ar
ize the Prussian Poles. In the struc-
gle known as the Kulturkampf Gs73-
'74) between the government and the
Catholic Church, the position of the
Catholic Poles was an important FAC
tor ENtea iV" purchases Of land f.or.