davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1914-10-25
O animals think?" DR.: Frank
Baker, superintendent OF
the National. Geological
Park, was recently asked.


question to answer, directly" he SAID.
Most people have. a mistaken idea
concerning the reasoning of animals.
attributing to them many of the same
powers that are possessed by man. In
telligence is the most highly developed
in those animals which have associated
with man, such as the horse and the
dog, but even in these it is very rudl-
mentary. What we call the intelN :
gence Of animals. is limited for the
most part to sense perception and
sense memory. They take the first
step In knowledge; they perceive
things and discriminate between them.
but they do not take the second and
final step-combine them and form con-
cepts and Judgments"
In this DR.. Baker agrees with John
Burroughs, who says that we may com
pare the intelligence of animals to that
Of very young child-that is, percep-
tive, but not reasoning, Intelligence.
Early In child's life 1t knows its
mother. fears strangers, and is attract
ed by certain objects. The child is
then said to show intelligence. but 1t
Is a long time before it can perceive
things In their proper relationship or
take the step Of reasoning. 1t is prob
ably so with animals-they recognize
those who have befriended them. are
more or less tlmlQ In the presence u
strangers. and become attached to GER
tain things and places. They know
their kind, mates and enemies. and they
can distinguish between hot and cold
hard and soft, and many other things
that for thousands of years It has been
necessary. as means of self-preserya-
tion, that they should know, But be-
yond this. it is claimed, except when
trained. they neither have. nor can. go
IT have already stated" continued
Dr. Baker, that intelligence is the most
highly developed In domestic animals
For centuries they have associated with
man and this development, rudimentary
though 1t Is, is but natural outcome
Some time ago took my house cat over
to the park. Away from her natura!
environment she was very unhappy ano
before long died Of Inconsistencies.
DIR. Baker then discussed the horse
COW and dog at considerable length
frequently a horse, COW or dog viii
open a. door or gate to get to feed or te
get out of stable or house. which
would indicate a degree of intelligence
the power to initiate. to profit by.expe-
rience. but never will it close the door
or gate behind It: this would involve
an after -thought that has never been
necessary and of which, therefore, the
animal Is not capable. A horse VIII
Evening star., 1914-10-25

Gay and Fashionable
Watering Place in
Hands of Invaders.
Ostend's Season" Be-
gins in June and Lasts
to Middle of October.
Second Seaport of Bel
gium Popular With
All Europe as a Sum-
mer Resort - Long
Piers Now Crowded
With Homeless, Seek
ing Steamers to Eng
land and Safety.
Evening star., 1914-10-25

applauded. % however. g by the increased
audience of admiring dandies who
lined the shore. a stern command was
heard issuing from the depths of one
Of the beach chairs Instantly the girl
dropped her skirts, and cried, "Oui.
oui, madame" Grasping a child with
each hand, she quickly hastened up the
shore and was lost to sight in the
crowd on the Digue steps.
The old lighthouse is now used only
as a signal station, to which. there is
no admission The Estacade, which
consists of two estaches, or piers.
curves out into the sea for more than
1000 feet They not only shelter the
harbor, but afford splendid view OF
ARRIVING and danarting steamers. The
Evening star., 1914-10-25

evitable public square. Here several
evenings a week the city band plays
and the people, young and old. gather
in the square to hear the music.
visitors from across the sea were
greatly amused ito see the crowos OF
Belgians of all ages, who danced IN a
ring around the bandstand, raising nrst
skipped about in great glee to the In
spring strains of one OF John Fnlnp
sousa's American marches. Light
hearted, simple-minded. CHEEKY country
folk are they. who no" SO % unanseer e;sery
Oh ogtend.s s Hotel de Vile. or town hall.
is a large building In the Place
d'Armes. The ground hoor Is oecuPieo ,.a
in times of peace by the Societe LII
teraire. while the floor above is used as
the bathrooms of the casino. where balls
are given three evenings week. Inc 9
tower Of the town hall Is surmounteo
by a large thermometer TOT measuring
the wind. r..
The ancient-looking Church OF st.
Catherine in the Rue Christine Is really
a modern ediflce, built In the style OF
the thirteenth century, a copy OF an
old church formerly II" Gnent' put ho"
destroyed
The Kursaal is typical1y Flemish
building which was erected in 1876 at
a curve Of the shore about midway oi
the length of the DtSue. IL IS 'tue WI
of two famous Brussels architects ano
has a fine restaurant, cafe and reading
room, besides spacious assembly cal
and: exterior galleries affording a loNely
view Of the sea and shore. The kn>-
saal, with its gardens. occupies a space
of more than 1900 square yards. ana
it is the favorite resort in Ostend, out
it is only open to subscribers.
If popular rumors are true the ma
bitues of the Kursaal regularly enjoy
themselves with roulette and. other
games of chance, after the fashion OF
Monte Carlo. But there are no: longer
any brilliant lights cleaning out from
the windows of the KursaaIs spacious
saloons. The gallants and fair DANES
have vanished and the beautiful rooms
are deserted, or they may now be oc-
cupied by gruff warriors with clankins
spurs or filled with part of the home-
less thousands of weeping children and
sad-eyed women who have nowhere to
go and who lack even the common
necessities of life.
In the days before: the war Ostend
even this year, was the city OF song
and laughter Daily concerts were given
every afternoon and evening in the
Evening star., 1914-10-25

quickly drag it out. .Uusually he wouio
get one or more reaches each time NO.
all monkeys are SO Intelligent. however
I have known some that were hopeiessiy
stupid. Often individual animals"tn the
same species will show widely dfhef-
ent development"
"Some people seem to think" CON
tinued DR.. Baker. that 1t Is hardship
for animals to be confined to a cage
or a pen, but this is not so. II they
are given kind treatment plenty OF
proper food, water, exercise ana resi-.
they are as happy and contented as II
they were in their natural naoi.at:
down by falling tree and pack OF
wolves got out One might naturally
think that SO wild and fleet an animal
would have gone at once. into the
woods. but they did not. The keeper
went to them with a pan of food and
within half an hour they were back
I'm their pen The same was true OF
some deer that some time ago jump
ed out of their pen: they were out
to get homesick and jumped back. 1t
Ia frue that animals often display
considerable degree of restlessness,
but 1 attribute this more to their In
herent nature than TO ofs'fe 10 get
out. e.,
"rhe elephant is perhaps the hardest
animal to keep confined. not because
Confinement is a hardship, but because
of a certain mechanical ability which
1t has developed. In its natural state
it roots up trees, so as TO De aoie TO
reach the leaves, and we. are NOT sur
prised that, when confined 1T tries TO
root up fences and batter down walls
and. doors. It realizes its condition and
knows how to alter It. O1ten II is
found necessary to fetter the elephant.
This is done not only here. but in India
as well. We have had considerable
difficulty at times In keeping their fet-
tere on. We had a female once who
kept knocking and pounding her chain
against the floor until 1t finally came
MI she wandered about the park for
a while. but soon came back to h6f
accustomed place, apparently con-
yinced that no other spot suited her
so well.
Nothing has, impressed me more
strongly than the affection that certain
animals and birds have for their keep
ers and for each other DO not believe
that there is an animal In our collec-
tion. Including the reptiles. that does
not know its keeper. of7course, some
have their favorites among the keep
ers. manifesting great anection Ior
them. This is especially true OF the
monkeys. They seem particuiariy 1ono
of being petted and handled AT one
time we had a baby orange-ou-tang
which at every opportunity would
lump into the keepers arms 70 pc
careased and would chatter as II 1t
were trying to talk to him.
sWe once had 4 cub HON. A femaly In
Evening star., 1914-10-25

q splendidly constructed walk entirely
laid in terra Gotta bricks. as level and
smooth as a dancing floor. 1t is pro-
tected from the inroads of the waves
by a stone dixie or bulwark, which Is
twenty-five feet high and almost sew
enteen feet wide. It slopes gradually
down into the sand. and. in5 places. into
the sea itself, flights of steps here and
there permitting the promenaders to
descend to the shore, while the little
folks take delight in running up and
A long row of splendid modern hotels.
gay shops and handsome dwellings
grace the entire length of the Digue.
and there are many pretty villages
from all of which superb view of the
sea Is obtained, as well as of the fash
ionable crowds which parade the walk.
The children at play in the sand below
and the fashionably gowned tourists
occupying the quaint little white mar
quise tents and the hooded cane beach
chairs are made familiar by the artists
picture called "On the Beach at Os-
tend" in the Corcoran Art Gallery.
The bathing at Ostend is famous. and
Is indulged in from in the morning
until at night. Although many nun
dred bathers enjoy a sea dip every day.
double their number content them
selves with viewing the passing SAS"
of the crowds sporting in the waves.
and in watching the young people 1 VINO
1oll about on the sandy shore IN BEL,
gium. as they are prone to 90 at al
watering places In the world.
Adjoining the Digue on the soutn-
western side will be found the prfnci-
pal bathing places, which have sor-
geous collection of gayly striped peri
patetic bathing machines. or pain
houses on, wheels, of which there are
more than 400 in number: The use OF
the petite maison is included for a
time not exceeding forty minutes IN
the modest .one-franc fee paid for ones
bathing suit and two bath towels.
Many exclusive. tall and angular
English ladies' take their mornings $
dip at an early hour to insure perfect
privacy. Not so the dark-eyed viva
cious French and Belgian beauties,
who are seen for hours sporting In the
sea One of the most curious Things
about the Ostend sirens. in their skim
tight, one-piece, gayly colored SILK
costumes is that after being modestly
drawn out into the sea in their bath
house by huge quadruped In charge
of a stalwart driver. for suhcient
distance to insure the fair bather I'M
munity from all the prying eyes. peep
ing from beach chairs, and from the
rows Of men upon the shore. the sea-
nymph almost invariably, II young
and handsome. will come back and
Evening star., 1914-10-25

huge music pavilion. near the old-light-
house In the small but pretty modern
Parc-Leopold the children played. and
in the Parc-Hepriette-Mar with It's
knoll. its many tennis courts. and nn-
merous large ponds crowded with
pleasure craft, there were not only
bands, but the music of many voices
and the joyous shouts of happy chill
dren all day long. But the horrors of
war have desolated Ostend, the sur
rendered city.
1t is said that a month ago. when the
first rumors of the German army's in
vasion were feared. the thrifty Belgian
hotel keepers silenced the gossip,
dreading to lose their annual golden
harvest from the throng of summer
visitors who crowded their hostelries.
But as the invaders neared the city OF
pleasuer Ostend was emptied OF all who
could find a means of escape. Even the
Belgian residents who could go crossed
the frontier into France or. with their
families, took steamers for England
across the channel.
The new lighthouse situated beyond
the entrance to the harbor and the
Bassin de Chasse is now Of particular
Importance. 1t is known as the Nou-
veau Phare, is 100 feet high and
pOSSCSSCS d Sp1cu0lu 1dutcTus WHICH
boasts a wonderful series Of fine glass
prisms shaped like beehive with
copper reffectors. plated with platinum,
by means of which the light is intensi-
fed a thousand times, enabling 1t to be
distinguished for forty five miles.
In fine weather. from the top Of the
lighthouse, a splendid view can be had
of Nieupott. Furnes and even Dunkirk.
to the southwest, while the Kursaal OF
'Blankenburg can be seen to the north
east, and the fairy towers Of quaint old
:Bruges are plainly visible to the east.
In. what is known as the Section
Est" not far from the old lighthouse. is
a large bathing establishment devoted
exclusively to the less robust visitors.
who may here secure the services of a
"baigneur." or il a woman a "baig-
neuse," for small extra fee; while
in the Etab1issement Hydrotherapique
near the Kursaal those who fear the
surf may indulge in warm sea baths.
massage and other luxuries.
Just to the side of the Kursaal, on the
sand below the Digue. a thrifty Flem-
ish woman used to erect her flag stand:
She did a brisk trade in the flags OF
all nations, each being the same size.
for every youngster apparently. at
sight of her gay flags, instantly insist.
ed upon having the particular flag OF
Evening star., 1914-10-25

King Louis XIV took the fortress after
a siege of eighteen days. In 1894
who retained it in their possession un-
til the fall of Napoleon. Many years
ago the Qualifications were completely
demolished and transformed into broad.
modern promenades, and today a splen-
did row Of fine buildings lines the en-
tire shore.
At the extreme end of the Digue. upon
a high dune, stands the summer villa
or palace of the Belgian king. 1t Is
handsome but homelike mansion.
perched high up on green terraces and
surrounded by a we'll kept garden. The
view from its broad veranda is mag
niflcent, and it is said that this Ostend
residence was always the favorite
abode of the late King Leopold II. who
Evening star., 1914-10-25

of travel which connect England with
the rest of Europe
OF all the many cosmopolitan and
celebrated watering places abroad. none
are more frequented annually than is
Ostend during tho entire length of the
season." which begins early In June
and ends about the middle of October.
1t Is estimated that no less than 10000
visitors, exclusive of passing tourists,
invade this delightful city of the sea
every summer, travellers who come
from France, Germany, Italy and
America, as well as from nearer coun-
tries like England and Holland. Many
well-to-do Belgian families also have
their summer homes at Ostend or in
the adjacent smaller watering places.
The railway station or ia gare" is
situated at quite a distance from the
fashionable hotels which line the shore,
but 1t is connected by rail W: h the
Care Maritime and the city; and omni-
buses and cabs meet all steamers and
trains and convey travellers to the de-
sired destination for a moderate fee.
Ostend's boardwalk is known as the
Ddgue. and although 1t extends for
more than q mile along the shore. It ID
Evening star., 1914-10-25

that she was named for her aunt and
godmother. the lovely Empress Eliza.
beth, wife of Francis Joseph, head OF
the Austro- Hungarian monarchy mother
of that Rudolph whose tragic death and
the scandal it involved saddened the
last years of her life. Eight years
after the tragedy which robbed her OF
her only son, while still IN deepest
mourning. she was assassinated by an
Italian fanatic one morning as she was
about to step ashore at Geneva, swift
zerlaud.
ostend can boast of few. buildings
worthy of note. The city proper Is the
ordinary. squat little Flemish town.
thickly built, and boasting OF the in
Evening star., 1914-10-25

her husband, and has shown the most
intense love and loyalty to her humble
need, devoting herself most enthusias-
tically' to plans formulated to assuage
their terrible condition. Elizabeth comes
naturally by her noble unselfshness. Tor
royal -oculist, Duke Carl Theodore Of
Bavaria. who has made his royal posi-
tion subservient to his Hfework OF love
in seeking to ameliorate the woes OF
the sightless poor. The duke is a most
modest humanitarian, although his nu-
merous wonderful cures entitie him to
the highest rank among the noted eye
specialists of Europe.
1t is interesting to remember. in con-
nection with Duke Carl Theodore's 8
daughter. Elizabeth. Queen of Belgium.
Evening star., 1914-10-25

cautiously step on thin ice or an un-
safe bridge. even though II nad never
seen ice nor crossed bridge betore:
this is. an inherited instinct, for OF
prime IMPORTANCE to 1t .is a firm FOOT
ing. On much the same prfnciplesis 1t
able to find Its way home. or to water,
through dense forest. or across
trackless plain. But contrast this IN
telligence, or rather perception, much
keener than our own, with the fright
which many horses have at the harm-
less flutter Of paper or at wnlte
post by the roadside And yet this rear
has been equally necessary through
thousands Of years as means OF SELL
preservation, :.c
what animal in the park would you
say displayed the most intelligence:
DIR. Baker was asked. :.
The monkey" he answered. This
rudimentary intelligence in animals is
affected, very directly by the habits
and propensities of the animals them
selves, The monkey. for example. Is
very fond of playing tricks and Of han
ding tools. I once watched an orans-
ou-tang play with mallet which we
kept in the cage. He would look at II,
the same as q man.. While he was
pounding on the floor the head of the
mallet suddenly came of. He picked 1t
up. carefully looked 1t over and eau
tiously fitted 1t back on the handle
That is about the highest degree of In
telligence I have ever seen In an, anil
NAL The orang- ou-tang and the CHM
panzee, of course, most closely resem-
Bile man.
r
For a while we kept a bonnet mon
key in a cage next to a hyena- The
two were not exactly friendly neigh
bors. There was a small hole between
the cages. and the hyena would put his
hand down to this hole and snarl and
scratch. At first the monkey was
frightened, but he soon got accustom-
ed to it and decided he would have
some fun. He. carefully selected some
splinters and pieces of stout straw.
went up to the hole, made a noise so as
to get the hyena down. and then poked
the splinters and straws in the hyena' 8
face. The hyena was very resentful
and angry. but the monkey seemed to
enjoy it very much, apparently con-
scious that he was outwitting his un-
pleasant neighbor. Once I saw him go
to the corner of his cage. reach around
and scratch the hyena on the nose. He
could not see- what he was doing. but
he seemed to realize that he was safe
and that her was making his neighbor
uncomfortable.
"On another occasion I saw monkey
getting reaches out Of cracks in the
woodwork Of his cage. He was very
fond of these reaches for food He
would get q straw. bite 1t on to a length
of about six inches and run 1t along the
crack for . little distance and then
Evening star., 1914-10-25

STEND. Belgium's
gay city of life
and laughter, has
become o st e n d
the city of signs
and tears. Recent
press re por t 9
state that the
fashionab BILE wa
tering place sue
cumbed to the
Germans without
a struggle. The
The river press. [volume] (Fort Benton, Mont.) 1880-current, 1914-09-09

out Of commission any number Of aero
planes before they can get within strik.
ing reach. The latest Zeppelins are
mounted with guns on all sides. bot
tom. top and either side. SO that they
a engage an enemy from any angle
I'm figuring out the strength of the
opposing forces. with England. France
and Russia on II side and Germany
and Austria on the other side. it seems
to me that the aerial %contending forces
are very nearly equal in strength. al,
though it is just possible that owing
to the tremendous advantage Germany
holds with its great Zeppe!ins Ger
many and Austria may be considered
slightly in the lead. During the past
ten years Germany has expended ap,
proximately $100.OOO.OOO to produce it's
The river press. [volume] (Fort Benton, Mont.) 1880-current, 1914-09-09

FRENCH AEKOrLANE WITH MOUNTED GUN.
great war air fleet. while it has cost
France approximately $(O.OOO.OOO for
the same purpose"
On one question the experts appear
to be agreed, and that is that height
will be the governing force in any
aerial battle. An aeroplane. ever witt,
the advantage of a hundred yards.
might destroy Il dirigible more easily
than the dirigible could destroy an un
armed force below.
A number Of light guns have been
invented which can be fired from aero
planes. the gunners and pilots bein.
protected from rifle fire by the armor
Of the machines. Also special guns
have been invented for firing from the
earth upon flying machines.
Bombs intended to be dropped have
now been standardized and provided
with rotary tails. which make possible
much more accurate throwing. A bomb
now In use by the French aviation
corps contains a small gasoline tank
with mechanism which eXplOdes it on
contact. and it has been found extreme.
~ valuable for the starting Of con
flagrations.
For the first time in the history of
aviation the general practical value If
air craft in war is to he proved. Italy'S
operations in the air when she fought
turkey were OF no real value. for the
Italians merely dropl'ed bombs over
the ented en~rampmen'S Of >cmicivi
lized Moors. This new branch Of the
military service has now its "pIortuni
~ IT, prove its value. ana ia one knows
all the possibilities that IN. air tiyh,c,
has before him.
The river press. [volume] (Fort Benton, Mont.) 1880-current, 1914-09-09
Find Plenty Of Suckers

New York. Sept. 1.-THE old adage
about the high birth rate of suckers"
finds new proof in the rounds of the
Manhattan police. Wireless wire tap
perS, SMOOTH gentlemen who sell the
Brooklyn bridge or sections of Cen
trail park to guiless foreigners, even
the %purveyors of green goods and
gold bricks, still find victims in spite
of the frequency with which they have
been exposed. Just 10 detectives
are looking for the Inventor of that
ancient machine which was supposed
to make money by the simple device
of splitting up M ordinary bill into
two of the same denomination. The
hopeful investor in this case turned
over $500 in real money and received
in exchange a package supposed to
contain $500 which he was warned to
leave unopened for "a hours in order
that it might have time to dry-and
incidentally. of course, that the swim
dler might have time to make his
getaway"
The river press. [volume] (Fort Benton, Mont.) 1880-current, 1914-09-09
PacifyinQ Butte AQitators

Butte, Sept. 3.-Nine members of
the Butte Mine Workers union, who
have been arrested since martial law
was declared here, are to be taken
before the military commission of the
Montana national guard for trial.
Four of the men are charged with
aiding in deporting men who refused
to join the union. Four others are
being charged with carrying con.
cealed weapons, and another man is
being held for investigation.
The military commission has been
appointed but has not yet organized.
1t will be the highest tribunal in Sill
yer Bow county, and no appeals from
it's sentences can be taken. 1t will
try mel charged with felonies.
Butte was quiet as it has been since
the state troops arrived. No interfer-
ence with the militia has been at
tempted, despite the threats that were
made prior to the advent of the Mon
tana guards.
Provost Marshal Frank Conley has
had militiamen searching the moun
tains south of Butte lor Muckie Nc
Donald. president of the union, but
only slight traces of Mcdonald and
]. +. Bradley, vice president of the
union, have been found. 1t is known
they have taken refuge in one of the
nero gulches near the continent
al divide. The arrest of two men
early yesterday as they were carrying
provisions to Mcdonald. il is Thought.
will cause Mcdonald and his compan-
ion to surrender o unless they
reach a ranch house where they can
obtain food.
Provost Marshal Conley early today
discharged a policeman who criti-
cised Governor Stewart for having
se"t the militia to Tut,e.