davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-10-22

force war on Germany? These docu-
ments clearly prove that such COM
pacts never existed.
The Belgian nation preferred ruin
and death to the shameful perjury pro
posed to her by Germany. For this
reason alone Germany has devastated
and immersed in blood a peaceful little
country. Today she seeks to rob her
of honor, her only remaining treasure.
The official documents, the confess
sions of the German statesmen. the
ruins of Louvain, Malines. Aershot,
Termonde and of so many villages
burned and RACED to the ground; the
blood of her children. unjustly mas
sacred, are the testimonies which the
Belgian people cite before the tribunal
of public conscience. To this tribunal
without fear, the Belgian nation con-
f1des the cause of her honor"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-10-22

cheapest upon the market, they may
also be quite expensive in proportion to
the value of the cloth with which they
are covered. With the present fashion
of trimming the costume with buttons
of the same material came the patent
ing of small machines now in use in
store. upon which metal shells of any
desired size may be covered with ma
terial to order. These shells are made
in variety of forms The acorn is a
new shape made popular this year.
Other styles have rims of metal or Of
contrasting material.
Many of the fine fancy buttons sold
as imported have really been manufac-
The threatened shortage of the Euro
pean Importation has stimulated the
American manufacturers to produce
larger quantities of high-grade goods
designs will be in demand and the man.
ufacturers will try to produce them.
One large firm has increased its de-
signing force until it has now no less
than fifty man and woman artists de-
voting their time to the designing of
new buttons, to be used chiefly for the
decoration of the clothes of the Ameri-
can woman. This factory, which is one
of the largest in the country. pro-
duces buttons of many kinds, including
those made of metal, cloth, horn, bone
and other materials
Last year the United States exported
buttons to the value of $654,372, which
was an increase of nearly so per cent
buttons went to Great Britain and Can
ada, only about $4,000 worth having
been shipped to South America. It is
estimated that the demand from Eng
land and Canada will be as heavy this
year as last. In addition American but
tons will be wanted in large quanti-
ties in Central and South America. be-
cause of the difficulties these countries
will have in securing their supplies
from Europe, as formerly.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-10-22
Other Nations Write War Risks.

War risk marine insurance bureaus.
similar to that recently put in operation
by the United States. have been estab-
lished by the governments of Belgium.
Denmark. France. Germany. Greece.
Great Britain. Italy. Japan. Norway and
Sweden, according to announcement
made today by the Department of Com
MERGE
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-10-22
Mems Shoes

Russia Calf, Gun-metal, and Patent Colt
shoes-on the English lasts; blind eyelets;
Lace or Butcher styles The most popular
shapes Of the season-and the best % or
of $3.50 and S. grades .9C.0C
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-10-22

Buttons used upon clothing are man
ufactured from any conceivable mate
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-10-22

Sweaters
Mems Atwood shaker-knit Sweaters; full
fashioned, with large roll collars ~Aoe
Regular $3.50 grade 94.S0
Mems Wool Sweaters, in Blue, Brown, and
Red-with and without collars. n1or
Sold up to S. 3l 90
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-10-22

Samuel Lee. nine years old, colored,
died at a Baltimore hospital from burns
received Monday night when his home
caught fire. The boys sister, Velma
Lee, eleven veal old, is at the hospital
in a serious condition.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-10-22

saw a traction trench digger for the
first time. 1t is a kind of motor pillow,
and digs a trench four feet deep and
four feet wide. 1t is also used for
grave digging"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-10-22

name of the architect. but Senator
Swanson said he had forgotten it, Tn
der objection by Senator Kern of In
diana the bill went over.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-10-22

Last week the United States govern
ment gave a fresh impetus to the fresh
water pearl
Fresh Impetus Given to button in
Pearl Button Industry. the ofticia,
dedication of a new biological station
at Fairport, Iowa, devoted to the
study and improvement of the fresh
water mussels, the shells Of which are
used for manufacturing buttons. The
utility of certain variety of fresh
water mussel shells for the manufac-
ture of pearl buttons was discovered in
1890 by John Boepple, to whom the
town of Fairport erected memorial
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-10-22
BUTTONS AND BRAIDS.
By Frederic J. Haskin.

Buttons! Buttons! Buttons. Whence
come our buttons?" Is the question
which is agitating the minds Of traders
in buttons and trimmings in every part
of this country. Dame Fashion has de-
creed that this is to be a button sea-
son. The styles, especially in women's
clothing. are greatly influenced by the
war, and military effects In braid and
buttons are in greater demand than
ever before for trimmings Yet the war
which Is responsible for this demand
is also responsible for a shortage of
supplies. because the European manu-
facturers have always contributed
largely to the American button trade.
Buttons are of almost limitless varie-
ty and they serve for many purposes
They decorate our clothing as well as
upholstery in our automobiles and fur
niture. Push buttons summon our serv-
ants. turn on our lights and announce
the guest at our front doors. Metal
buttons are used in many kinds of
machinery. and they can usually be
purchased more cheaply in bulk than
they can be manufactured in conjunc-
ton with the other parts of the ma
chine.
The best recognized use of buttons
is that of decorating clothing. 1t is the
buttons for this purpose which are
most affected by the importations from
Europe. Last year more than $z,O00,OOU
worth of buttons were brought into
this country.
This included many of the finer
grades and thousads of gross of the
cheaper buttons. The finer buttons can
be duplicated here more readily than
the cheaper ones. 1t may be necessary
for dealers materially to increase the
price upon the cheapest variety of but
tons when the present stock is ex-
hausted. These cannot be made here
as cheaply as they can be imported, be-
cause OF the fact that America cannot
compete with Europe in the cost of
hand labor.
The bulk of the button importation
for this country came from Germany.
although Austria. France and England
have also supplied US with buttons,
and about $4,000 worth were sent in
from Japan. These Japanese buttons
can still De secured, but they are chief
ly pearl buttons of medium quality.
and will not greatly affect the gen.
eral button trade, especially as a great
er output of pearl buttons in this
country is expected this year.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-10-22
Buttons for Clothing
From Many Materials.

to the costliest metals and jewels.
They may be as cheap or as costly as
their owner wishes. Buttons for ma
DANES coat made of carved ivory or
pearl, of richly decorated metal or
hand-painted porcelain may be cheap
at IS apiece, while the manufacturer Of
ready-made underwear grumbles if the
price of buttons increases from 10 cents
to IL cents per gross for his cheapest
grades. These last buttons are likely
to be made of tin from the junk pile.
They are covered with cotton fabric
and turned out from machines by the
gross in less time than it takes to tell.
These cheap metal buttons were made
possible by the ingenuity of a man
named Sanders, who invented a ma
chine for manufacturing cloth-covered
buttons early in the nineteenth cen
fury. The metal is stamped into shell
form. the shell consisting of two disks.
The back disk is perforated by a hole
through which a tuft of cloth is drawn
to serve as shank.
While fabric-covered buttons are the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-10-22
BELGIAN P. 0. CLERKS
REPORTED ON STRIKE
Alleged They Decline to Work With
Germans-Troops Damage
Kings Palace.

LONDON. October %. so a.m.-The
correspondent of the Daily Mail, who
has returned from Brussels, gives new
details Of the life there. He says: "a
fortnight ago hundreds of Belgian
postal clerks struck. declining to work
longer with the Germans The same
day all the post boxes were placarded
with German poster telling the people
to call for their letters. Hundreds of
Germans have been imported to take
the places Of the strikers
"All the grounds at the palace of
Laeken, one of King Albert's summer
residences, are occupied by troops. but
the palace itself was occupied only for
three days by the officers. During their
occupancy. however. much damage was
done to the pictures in the palace.
Money Signed With Rubber Stamp
The officers had dinners brought in
from the hotel. and paid for them with
bills that were signed with rubber
stamp belonging to King Albert which
was taken from the kings desk
The restaurants of the hotels are
being used for the distribution of iron
crosses, The correspondent was pres
ent at banquet to army airmen given
in one hotel by the general staff Octo-
Der 10. They spread out a large mar
of London and remarked on the loca-
ton Of the Bank of England. the war
Office and parliament. The officers now
speak of attacking London before TAX
ing Paris.
"The correspondent while in Brussels
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-10-22

tablet. Boepple also invented a simple
machine which made 1t possible for
any one to manufacture buttons. The
people of that section of Iowa went
button crazy. Farmers put button ma
chimes into their barns and sheds. and
quantities of buttons were turned out
with a small investment of capital.
Their quality was not uniform, but
number of factories were started with
better equipment.
1t turned out, however, that the crop
of unto mussel shells could not be de-
pended upon each year, so the industry
languished. Then the United States bu-
reau of fisheries came to the aid OF
the button-makers and conducted ex-
periments with a view to securing a
more dependable species of mussels for
the purpose. Two species have been
propagated by the bureau known scien-
tifically as the: lampsilis and the quad
rulas, which have been found to be
superior to the unios first utilized by
Boepple. The United States has now
invested S150.00o in the mussel- breed
ing work at Fairport and the dedica-
ton of the new station has brought
about an impetus to the button making
industry. Factories which had been
running on half forces have increased
their number of employees, stimulated
by the prospect of an increased demand
for their products as result OF the
war and of a sufficient supply of ma
terial because of the aid given by the
government.
The button industry in Iowa has been
closely confined to the district in which
the mussel shells are found. thus saw
ing the expense of shipping the shells
long distances to be manufactured into
buttons. Nearly five thousand fisher
men are employed in gathering the
shells for the manufacture of these
buttons. Last year they gathered
about 10000 tons. for which they re-
how r.
vested a good crop of fresh water
pearls amounting to $4,000 in value.
Their boats and equipment are valued
at about $250,000.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1914-08-08

Training in the manual arts develops
the creative tendencies of the human
brain. II stimulates the mental or
ganism to exertion along inventive and
constructive lines. II takes educational
form when applied visibly and physi-
cally. under the influence Of tuition,
rule and example.
Manual training, as taught in the
schools, means the illustration OF prln-
cples. It's psychological effect IS 70 CO.
ordinate the hand with the eye. Man
uaI training cultivates the motor pro-
clivities of the child, but manual train
ing of itself must not be expected to
reach a specific point IN the mental
e1uipment of the child. IL Is intended
only as general means OF stimulating
the growth Of certain faculties which
are present in the child in latent or
embryonic condition. When such rae
ulties have become awakened and re-
sponsive, the next step IN the process
of their development lies IN the oppor-
tunity TO exercise the function OF sug-
gestion and Of invitation.
This may take the form OF repre-
sentation TO the child OF many differ
ent physical objects, necessarily con-
structed or made by human hands, and
rot objects created by nature: This
process is known as vocational guild
ance. 1t incites the child mind to ex..
ercise the affirmative functions Of
choice or selection.
In this process there is also involved
the negative sense Of discrimination.
The child is thus led carefully up TO
the point where it begins to think and
70 reason independently. The things
that it desires mentally are expressed
by its preferences; the things that 1t
wishes to perform in motor sense are
shown by its procliyities, and finally
by its physical actions.
At this point stimulation and edu-
cation join hands, and development
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1914-08-08

will make the best showing. Millions
of dollars Of public money are annisi.
ly being expended by inexperiefced
though enthusiastic people IN an ef-
fort 10 surpass their neighbors mime
establishment Of vocational training IN
the various systems. In the mad rush
for fame and public appreciation ex-
travagant school plants nave been ac-
quired by public school systems, huge
quantities Of machinery have been pur-
chased and the whirring OF expensive
motors and engines, the revolving OF
wheels and the noise Of rapidly moving
machinery that is fast becoming ooso-
lete have been taken and mistaken IS
the exemplifcation Of vocational tram
ing.
schools as factories. Credit is claimed
for making such schools contribute TO
their own support. A few lines OF SIM
nle objects of a salable character are
made. and are continued 20 be made
in order 10 provide for a factory out
putt Sometimes--in fact, often.
these are produced with little regard
for the educational value 70 the child
Of their production.
Children are obliged TO engage In
pursuits chosen for them without study
and observation Of their proclivities.
Conditions Of manufacturing are main
tail. d which might almost be regard
ed as in conflict with the child labor
laws. School buildings are loaded 70
the danger point with weighty maehin-
ery. Sometimes this is done far be-
yond the legal limit set for safety.
building rules and regulations are dis
regarded. and all Of this is done IN the
name of vocational training
Society people and others who have
acquired the vocational fever" 20 TO
the schools to buy aprons and bibs for
their children, all in the name OF edu.
cation. This is not real vocational
training. Il is only misguided and n
responsible educational enthusiasm and
effervescence.
II will probably remain for private
enterprise as represented by the pri.
waite schools 10 enter upon the held o.
vocational training" and to properly
exemplify its benefcent principles ana
scientific processes. IL will probably
be the private school that will be most
successful in cultivating the chlid
mind along vocational lines, in accord
ance with the true principles, involved
in this form Of education.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1914-08-08

have made progress and have achieved
magnificent results. After this one cen
tury. and that a century of relentless
persecution. their numbers have reached
seventeen thousand. They have uni
versities, colleges, churches and mis-
sionary stations all over the world.
The plan Of studies has been revised
10 meet the necessities of the time, but
the methods and the sound principles
OF the famous Ratio Studiorum have
beer retained. Considerable liberty is
given to those at the head of the soci-
ETY. in the different countries TO adapt
the plan Of studies to the necessities
of the time and place. While the classic
Latin and Greek remain in the courses
of the Jesuit nigh schools and colleges,
modern languages and literature, his
tory and mathematics, physics, chem
istry, biology, astronomy, geology, po-
litical economy, logic, ontology, cosmol-
ogy, psychology and ethics have also
their place in the curriculum.
In the United States the Jesuits have
ten universities, thirty-eight colleges
and fifty high schools, with an attend
ance of nearly twenty thousand stu
dents. DR.. Barnard, the first United
States Commissioner of Education,
wrote in "The American Journal OF
Education" (vol. V, p. 2l5): "The past
as well as the present organization OF
the cchools Of the Jesuits, the course
Of instruction, the method of teaching
and discipline are worthy of profound
study by teachers and educators who
would profit by the experience Of wise
and learned men"
In the system of the Jesuits the OBJ
iect of education is the full and har-
monious development of the intellect
ual. moral and physical powers of the
student. 1t is not, therefore, mere in
struction or the acquisition Of varied
information, although instruction and
the acquisition of knowledge neces-
sarily accompany any right system OF
education. But the gaining of knowl-
edge or varied information is sec
ondary or concomitant result Of edu-
cation. The Jesuit system aims at
developing the moral and intellectual
faculties OF the student and sending
forth to the world men of sound Judg
ment, of acute and formed intellect and
upright and manly conscience. Since
men arc not made better citizens by
the mere accumulation of knowledge
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1914-08-08
JESUITS AND
EDUCATION
B, rnoma. j. Mccrus,y $ j. President rodhnm University

Revolution. Their enemies knew that
they were like wall Of adamsnt de-
Tending constituted and lawful au-
thority. Two hundred thousand Of
the best students in Europe were IN
their colleges. The Jesuits we're sup
pressed in France in l764, and
throughout the world in 1913. One
generation educated in false princi-
pies accomplished the work of de-
struction. In 1898 the Revolution was
an accomplished fact. Louis XVI and
Marie Antoinette we're put TO death.
The Reign Of Terror deluged the gull
lotine with the best blood Of France.
Dsnton, Msrat and Robespierre had
their day Of tyrannical domination,
and Europe was devastated for a
quarter Of century by fire and
sword When the Jesuits were re-
stored in 1914 the Bourbon kings,
who had been duped into clsmoring
for the suppression Of the most loyal
and enlightened body of educators in
the world, had been swept from their
thrones by the whirlwind OF desire
ton brought on by the Revolution.
From its foundation in 1857 to its
suppression in 1873 the Society Of
Jesus had done great work for edu-
cation and religion. IL had led the way
in the best educational reforms. The
response of the Catholic world was
prompt and generous. After the first
sixty years Of their existence the
Jesuits had three hundred and sew
enty-two colleges founded and en-
dowed. In 1906 they had seven hun
dred and sixty-nine colleges, with more
than two hundred thousand students.
The Popes and the best Catholics have
favored the Jesuits for their intellec-
tual and moral excellence and for
their heroic efforts in propagsting
the faith Their enemies have usu-
ally been those who opposed the Cath
oiic Church. or who were envious Of
the success Of the society. In 1853,
when the general persecution began,
the Society Of Jesus had about TWEEN
ty-three thousand members, doing ed
and missionary work
hundred and seventy-one seminaries
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1914-08-08

exercises Of their austere profession:
attest the same as thousands of
others brought up by them, not one
will be found to contradict me. Hence
! can never cease wondering how any
enc can accuse them Of teaching cor
rupt morality"
The best testimony Of what they can
do is in the intellectual and moral men
they have trained. They educated poets
like Calderon, Tasso, Corneille, Moliere
and Fontenelle; orators like Bossuet
and Bourdalone; scholars like Calico,
Descsrtes, Button. Lipsius, Muratori
and Montesquieu; statesmen like Richie
lieu; generals like Wallenstein, lilly
and Condo They trained saints like
st. Francis Xavier, ST. Aloysius, st.
Francis de Sales and St. Peter Claver.
They gave to the church Popes like
Benedict XIV and Leo XIII. In our
own time they have sent forth from
their colleges men who have risen to
the highest positions in Church and
State, and who have achieved great dis
tincton in the domain OF science and
literature.
At the word Of Pope Plus VII the
society came forth from its grave. On
August 7, 1914, the Jesuits started on
a new career OF efficiency and service
in the cause Of education and religion.
They had now TO work under altered
and unfavorable conditions. Their great
colleges, their well equipped Libraries,
Laboratories and observatories. were all
confiscated or destroyed. The intoler-
ant prosecuting spirit of the so-called
Liberals spawn Of the Revolution
is yet dominant in France, Portugal.
Spain and Italy, as well as in some Of
the republics Of Latin-America. Though
Catherine, the Empress of Russia, and
Frederick the Great Of Prussia insisted
on keeping the Jesuits in their domin-
ions after the Brief Of Suppression, the
society has since been expelled by the
successors Of these wise rulers. In the
present German Empire, owing to the
laws passed under Bismarck, the Jesuits
remain under the ban of expulsion. The
Catholics Of the loyal Centre Party in
the Reichstag have many times passed
the bill for the recall of the Jesuits,
but the Lutherans in the Bundesrath
still keep out of their fatherland the
scholarly Jesuits who so often crushed
them by trenchsnt and unanswerable
arguments.
In spite of all this opposition they