davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-02-22

However. by passing current through
only for very brief while. then cutting
it on, then turning 1t on again. gradu-
ally the funct ioning steadied until the
tube would work continuously and well
for several minutes.
DR. Irving Langmuir, also Of the re-
search laboratory stan. had found that
a hot tungsten cathode In a very high
vacuum, much higher than that or
dniarily employed in a Roentgen ray
tube. could be made to yield continuously
a supply Of electrons, and this supply was
regulated entirely by the temperature.
Here was the germ OF a revolutionary
procedure, for 1t meant that the cleo
irons hurled from the cathode were not
to depend upon the inducing attack Of
bombarding positive Ions from the
anode, but would be inspired by the
temperature Of the cathode and this
by suitable control OF current could
be regulated to nicely. ranging from
3,434 to AGO. degrees Fahrenheit.
The usual X-ray tube has a vacuum
OF few microns, but In tn case OF the
Coolidge apparatus this is reduced t.
not more than a few hundredths OF a
micron. and at this extremely low pres.
sure there are not enough molecules Of
gas available to provide transport for
the electrical charge, even though the
pressure Of the current reach the great
potential of 100000 volts. But when
the cathode is heated all this Is changed
and from II pours a stream OF pure
electronic discharge.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-02-22

T oNG before Coronado and his
band OF explorers from Spain in
L. vaded what IL now New Mexico
in quest Of adventure and gold
four centuries ago a race Of people lived
and fourished on the banks Of the
arroyos OF the upper Rio Grande region.
II is thought that they were there from
one thousand to two thousand years ago.
These prehistoric people built COM
munity villages Of stone and adobe, with
houses Of quaint desig". sometimes OF
pyramidal type and again suggesting
castle Of feudal times. and usually
their villages were planned with view
TO obtaining a plentiful water supply.
and always with regard for ample de-
fence The construction Of their DWELL
ings, built either in rectangular form or
in semcircle around a court with
terraced rooms erected blOcklike toward
the outer wall, shows that they feared
attacks from their enemies and took
precautions to be on the defensive.
During the last two years Nels c.
Nelson formerly of the University OF
California. has been conducting an ex-
petition in the Southwest and particu-
larly in the region OF the GalisteO Basin
and along the tributaries Of the Rio
Grande, in the sagebrush. arid land OF
gather archaeological specimens and to
determine through research by excava-
lions the prehistoric culture OF this
region in relation to the culture OF to-
day. Mr.. Nelson has recently returned
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-02-22

enveloping atmosphere in motion. The
ether impulses which spread in all d.
rectiOns from the face Of a Roentgen
tube target are X-rays
Roentgen therapy rests on the ability
Of these N-rays to change the living cell,
sometimes even killing the cell just as
sunlight does. But while the sunlight af-
fects principally only the surface of the
body. the N-rays exert an influence on
tissues lying deeper. Just how this
metamorphosis is brought about Is not
yet known, but apparently diseased cells
are made to purge themselves or to dis
solve and pass away into the ciroua-
ton.
We can not go into all of the technical
niceties by which DR.. Coolidge evolved
ure his discoveries came about while
studying how to improve the anti
cathode or target OF the ordinary com.
mercial X-ray tube. In order to deter
mine the ultimate resistance Of this part
OF the apparatus his experiments were
carried to the point OF the ruin or the
destruction Of the target
In thus learning practically how
much energy was required to destroy
the target he. learned some things that
might otherwise not have come within
his ken. Having thus evolved a salts
factory tungsten target he set himself
the task Of getting rid OF some Of the
other limitations peculiar to the N-ray
tube OF the usual type. Strange to say.
in doing this he found ways to upset
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-02-22

A Ill because Of a peculiarly un.
N yielding gray metal 1t has be.
n come possible to make Q de.
velopment Of revolutionary
character in the newest form Of x-ray
apparatus. The discovery is the result
Of the perseverance Of DR.. william
David Coolidge and his assoc iates Of the
research laboratory Of the General Elec-
tlc Company. photographers and radio
thcrapists declare this development Of
the N-ray tube to be the greatest dis
covery in the art since Prof. Wilhelm
konrad Roentgen in 1895 startled the
world with his original announcement
Of an invisible beam that could pence
irate Opaque bodies and make shadow
graphs Of hidden objects.
The metal in question Is commonly
known as tungsten. but it might better
BE called wolfram the wilful, as this is
the older name for 1t and the adjective
attached quite fittingly characterizes the
material DIR. Coolidge's X-ray tube IL
almost directly the consequence Of ex-
haustive efforts made to adapt tungsten
for service as q filament for mean
descent electric lights. He was not q
pioneer In this direction. for two Aus
TRANS, Messrs. Just and Hanaman, had
preceded him.
These ingenious viennese made Ma
ments out Of the seemingly intractable
metal by binding particles OF tungsten
or tungsten oxide with an amalgam
which could be worked into wirelike
form and then subjected to intense heat
in a vacuum. In this manner the ele-
ments Of the amalsam were burned
out and the tungsten particles became
solidifed as a filament. The light It
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-02-22
Use of: Tungsten in
the Apparatus
Pronounced the
Greatest De-
velopment Since
Original Discov-
cry of the Roent-
gen Rays

slightly different from that which will
paralyze and kill, and this Initiative
growth Is the very sign and symbol Of
malignancy. In q deep seated tumOr the
surface growth may be inhibited. while
the deeper layers are stimulated by the
same irradiation."
Apparently strength Is needed, but
strength that can he administered with
the incest discrimination. Now we shall
begin to understand better what DIR.
Coolidge has produced.
First, however, 1t Is necessary to un-
derstand how the ordinary Roentgen tube
works. The electric current enters the
tube at the eiectrode. which Is called
the anode. and ends its course at the
negative electrode. termed the cathode
When the current flows through the
tube. peculiar rays occur at the latter
point, and these are known as cathode
rays. They stream directly against the
path Of the exciting positive ions, which
are thrown on by the anode and which
actually induce the cathode rays by this
bomba rdment OF the cathode.
The cathode rays implnge upon the
interposed target, or anticathode as II
is so frequently called. The higher the
vacuum in the tube the greater the
speed Of the electrons or cathode rays.
because there are fewer molecules Of gas
to interrupt the flight OF the electrons
Accordingly. the greater the speed OF
the cathode rays the more penetrating
the resulting X-rays emanatlng from
the target.
To put II in another way. whenever a
rapidly moving electron comes in con-
tact with material body. "A conclusion
occurs in the surrounding ether analo-
gous to that which is caused when
bullet hits an object. and splinters from
the opposing mass. in their turn. set the
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-02-22

driven forth to strike the interposcd tar
get or anticathode. The more violently
they are impelled against the target the
stronger the resulting X-rays coming
from the anticathode. But, unfortu-
nately. this produces heat, and IL the
attack Is too impetuous or strong the
metal OF the target may be raised to the
melting point and scattered against the
inner walls of the glass tube. Therefore
by substituting the more resistant tung-
stem n very material gain was secured
and more powerful X-rays were placed
within the reach Of the photographer,
the man Of science and the radio thera-
pist.
Remember, until radum was discov-
cred and physicians found uses for 1t the
Roentgen tube was looked upon as a
remedial agent. In fact. the X-ray appa-
ratus has done some wonderful things in
battling with various diseases and II
has been used effectively in the treat
ment OF skin diseases. malignant growths.
sciatica, rheumatism, tuberculosis and
cancer. But unfortunately the control
Of the X-ray has been an extremely diff
cult matter, and this. in large measure.
has been due to the very instability or
uncertainty In the strength Of the rays
employed.
As one authority has said: what Is
needed Is IA more exact means Of defini-
ton Of what We are really using in a
given case. This necessity will
be more evident when we reflect how
small an interval divides the beneficial
from the noXious dose OF X-rays. 1rri-
tation and exuberant growth may be
produced by q dose Of X-rays only
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-02-22

On the left. X-ray picture Of q
metal rod passing through q metal
ring. Curious because OF the ap-
parent photograph Of shadows. On
the right. X-ray pictures OF lilies
OF the valley, showing that the
rays produce . veritable picture
Of the flowers substance and not
q mere shadowgraph.
Keowee courier. [volume] (Pickens Court House, S.C.) 1849-current, 1914-01-14
VIM. Sulzer Meets Defeat.

Albany, n. ", Jan. 7.-Beyond ef-
fccting an organization not much
work of Importance was accomplish
ed at the opening Of the 1914 legis-
lative session. Adjournment was
taken tonight to January 10. Thad-
deus c. Sweet, Republican, Of Oswe-
sembly on the first ballot.
Assemblyman William Sulzer, the
former Governor, failed in two at
tempts to get in his resolution call
ing for a general investigation Of al
legged political abuses by an Assem-
bly, committee. He voted with the
Progressives on practically all mat
ters Of consequence.
Keowee courier. [volume] (Pickens Court House, S.C.) 1849-current, 1914-01-14
Free Flower Seed
Hastings Catalogue
Tells You About 1t

If you are engaged In farming, or
Ii you plant only vegetables or flow
ers, you cannot afford to be without
the big catalogue published fresh and
new every year by the great South
ern seed house, H. G. Hastings & Com
pany or Atlanta, Ga, and sent abso.
lutely free, postage paid, to all who
write for it, mentioning the name of
this newspaper.
In this catalogue we tell you of a
splendid offer Of free flower seed to
all our customers, five magnificent
varieties that mean beauty about your
home and a pleasure to wives and
daughters that nothing else can give.
This catalogue tells you, too, about
our big cash prize offer to the Corn
Club boys of your state. 1t tells all
about our fine yielding varieties Of
corn and cotton--the kind we grow
on our own 5000 acre farm. 1t tells
about the best seeds Of all kinds for
planting In the South. 1t should be
In every Southern home. Write to-
day and let us send 1t to you.
n. G. HASTINGS G. CO.,
Atlanta, Ga.-Advt-
Keowee courier. [volume] (Pickens Court House, S.C.) 1849-current, 1914-01-14
DIR. II. ID. Smart Dead,

Charlottesville, Va, Jan. 4.-Rev.
Richard Davis Smart, D. D., promi-
nent Methodist minister, died here
to-day after protracted illness. DR..
Smart, during a long period Of SER
vice, had held various pastorates in
Virginia and South Carolina and had
been connected prominently with the
Little Rock, Memphis, st. Louis and
Louisville Conferences. He Is sur
vived by Mrs. Smart, formerly of
Cokesbury, S. c., and five children.
Keowee courier. [volume] (Pickens Court House, S.C.) 1849-current, 1914-01-14
WHAT THE NATIONS DRINK.
Liquor Statistics Show Norwegians
Most Temperate of all Peoples.

tPort Elizabeth, S. A., Telegraph
Statistics show that Norwegians
are the most temperate nation, con-
suming but 46 " pints Of beer and
AZ pints OF brandy per head Of pop
dlation per year.
" The Dane drinks on the average
1856 pints of beer, but little wine,
and only SO pints Of brandy each
year. The Swede manages to con-
sumo 81 pints of beer and 13 pints
of spirits. The Russian drinks tx
pints Of vodka and the same amount
Of beer The Frenchman, however,
takes 100 pints Of wine, Is pints Of
beer, and As pints of brandy. The
Britisher soothes himself with 8
pints of whiskey or gin, 3 pints Of
claret, and 22S pints of beer.
The Dutchman will drink 54 pints
Of beer and IL pints of brandy. TAX
ing every German province to obtain
an average, it is found that the Ger
man consumes 1879 pints OF beer,
10 R pints of wine, and 9A pints of
spirits. In Munich, however, the av-
erage amount per head rises to 85OR
pints, being the highest of any prov
ince, while the lowest average OBJ
tains in the northern province of AL
satia. Here the inhabitants are sat
isfied with only 144 pints Of beer per
head.
The Italian is the least of all ad-
dicted to alcoholic beverages, taking
only 3 ,pints Of beer, 1 n pints Of al
coholic beverages, and 144 pints of
wine per head.
Keowee courier. [volume] (Pickens Court House, S.C.) 1849-current, 1914-01-14
Radio Phone Smith to Pen.

New York, Jan. flames Dun
lop Smith, president Of the Radio
Telephone Company, was sentenced
to-day to year and a half in the
Federal prison at Atlanta and to pay
fine of $5,001 for conspiring to
swindle investors in the stock of the
corporation through use Of the mails.
Elmer E. Burlingame, agent of a
subsidiary company, was sentenced
to two and half years imprison-
ment and fined $l0,1OO.
The Ellsworth Company, a subsid-
iary which handled the parent corpo-
ration's stock, was fined $10,500.
The government charged that in
vestors in radio stock were swindled
out Of million dollars by the de-
PENDANTS false representations
Keowee courier. [volume] (Pickens Court House, S.C.) 1849-current, 1914-01-14
PENSION NOTICE.

Notice is hereby given that I will
attend, in the Court House, on each
Saturday in January, 1914, for the
purpose Of receiving applications for
pensions and preparing the same to
go before the County Board of Pen-
sions, which Board meets on the first
Monday in February, 1914. Those
already on the roll for 1913 need not
appear. Only new applicants Or wild
ows OF those pensioners who have
died and wish to apply as such Wild
ows will be required to make appli-
cation.
l would be glad to have all the
names OF those pensioners or widows
now on the roll who died during the
year 1913 reported to me so as the
1914 roll can be correctly revised by
the Board on the first Monday in Feb
ruary. J. w. HOLLEMAN,
Pensioner Commissioner Oconee Co.
Dec. II, 1913. 51-52
Keowee courier. [volume] (Pickens Court House, S.C.) 1849-current, 1914-01-14
And save N0ur he altha
MAKE YOUR TAX RETURNS.
Auditors Office, Oconee County, S. G.
December 10th, 1913.

The Auditors office will be open
to receive returns Of real and per-
sonal property for taxation from the
1st day Of January, 1914, to the 10th
day Of February, inclusive.
The Real Estate-Lots and Build
ings-. are to be assessed this year.
Taxpayers will be careful to list ex-
actly the number Of acres, number of
lots and number Of buildings on their
returns, as the assessment made now
will stand for the next four years
The Township Assessors are re-
quired by law to list for all those
who fail to make their own returns
within the time required by law
Hence the difficulty Of delincuonts
escaping the SO per cent penalty, as
well as the frequency OF errors re-
sulting from this practice. BY all
means make your own returns and
thereby save expense and confusion.
All able-bodied men, 81 to go
years Of age, are to able polls.
Please don't .eglect returning
your dogs.
For the convenience Of taxpayers
the Auditor, or his deputies, will re-
ceive returns at the following times
and places:
Seneca-Thursday and Friday
Jan. 5 and 16.
Newry, Saturday, Jan. II.
Richland--Monday, Jan. 10.
Clark's Store-Tuesday Jan. 20.
Salem-Wednesday, Jan. 81.
Little River-Thursday, Jan. %.
amassee-Friday Jan. 23.
Mt. Rest-Monday, Jan. 26.
Henry's Store-Tuesday Jan. 27.
Cannon's Store-Wednesday Jan.
28
Tugaloo Academy-Thursday Jan.
20.
Madison-Friday, Jan. 80.
Returns will be ZEN at all places
from 10 o'clock in the morning until
3 o'clock In the afternoon, except
the places mentioned on the i4th day
OF January. d. A. SMITH,
Auditor Oconee County, s. G.
Dec. II, 1881. STA
Keowee courier. [volume] (Pickens Court House, S.C.) 1849-current, 1914-01-14
"COnfederate Veteran" to Friends.

Nashville, Tenn, Jan. BY the
terms Of the will of the late S. A.
Cunningham, the Confederate Vete-
ram" published here, of which he
was founder and owner, is left to a
board of trust, composed of his per-
sonal friends and officers Of various
Confederate associations. In practi-
cal effect the bequest leaves the Vet
eran to the Confederate associations
in perpetuity.
Keowee courier. [volume] (Pickens Court House, S.C.) 1849-current, 1914-01-14
NOTICE OF FINAL SUPPLEMENT-
AND DISCHARGE.

Notice is hereby given that the
undersigned will make application to
V. F. Martin, Judge of Probate for
Oconee County, in the State OF South
Carolina, at his Office at Walhalla
Court House, on Saturday, the oath
day of January, 1914, at II o'clock
In the forenoon, or as soon thereaf-
ter as said application can be heard,
for leave to make final settlement of
the Estate OF M. A. Terrell, de-
ceased, and obtain final discharge as
A Of said estate.
(MRS.) ELLA TERRELL,
Administrative Of the Estate Of M.
A. Terrell, Deceased.
Dec. "a, 1913. 52-2
Keowee courier. [volume] (Pickens Court House, S.C.) 1849-current, 1914-01-14
Major Loses Fifty Numbers.

Washington, Jan. 7.-Major James
b. Hughes, First United States Cav
airy, found guilty and sentenced to
dismissal from the army by general
court martial at San Francisco, on a
charge of intoxication, which involv-
ed 13 specifications, will lose only
30 numbers. President Wilson, in
view OF Major Hughes's excellent
record in the war with Spain and
unanimous recommendation Of the
court of clemency," commuted the
sentence.
Keowee courier. [volume] (Pickens Court House, S.C.) 1849-current, 1914-01-14
SCORES "MEANEsT JUDGE"
Magistrate Who Fined Couple for
kissing Receives Scathing RebuI<e.

(Yonkers Dispatch to n. Y. Herald. }
Magistrate Jos. H. Beall, who on
Christmas day imposed fines of SO
each on a young man and woman
from New York who were arrested
here while kissing each other in the
street, displayed an anonymous let
ter which he received day or two
after the incident. 1t was post
marked New York, and read:
Judge Beall, Meancst Man in the
United States: Fine a couple Sc for
a kiss! You ought to have fined the
policeman 5000 for arresting the
couple. Where were you born-Pat-
agonia or Japan? Maybe you grew
on tree in Mexico. You are a
brute, and may you never have a
friendly kiss from maiden, wife or
sweetheart. Hope your wife refused
you kiss Christmas day"
The magistrate Is in doubt whe-
ther the letter was sent by some one
who really felt critical or whether it
came from an acquaintance who was
poking fun at him. At any rate, he
considered the letter a joke and
laughed heartily over it.
To-day he dismissed a similar
charge made against young man
from Ridgewood, n. ].
Keowee courier. [volume] (Pickens Court House, S.C.) 1849-current, 1914-01-14
TO TRAIN BOYS FOR WAR.
viii Ask Congress to Arm Rifle
CIubs-33I, 900 Krags on Hand.
Washington Post.)


With the reassembling of Con-
gress concerted effort will be made
by friends Of rifle practice to secure
the enactment Of law to permit the
Secretary Of War to issue old "Krag"
rifles, with ammunition, for use by
rifle clubs organized throughout the
country under the rules of the ma
tional board for the promotion of
rife practice. The proposed law
also will be designed to permit the
issuance of similar ordnance supplies,
not OF the existing service model,
and, therefore, not necessary for the
maintenance Of the proper army re-
serve supply, to schools having a uni
formed corps of cadets and carrying
on military training.
War Department officials are
agreed that the training of the
youth Of the country Is a fundamen-
tai principle Of national defense
No Expense to the United States.
They declare that although this
principle is universally recognized,
the United States is doing less than
any other nation to instruct it's boys
and young men in the use and knowl-
edge OF firearms.
No expense to the Federal Treas
ury will be incurred If the proposed
plan Is carried out, as the arms and
ammunition to be issued are already
owned by the United States, and, be-
Ing no longer used in the regular
army, are held in armories, where
they are passing into the stage de-
scribed by ordnance officers as obso-
lete
Under the proposed statute 40
rounds Of ball cartridges suitable for
the rifles issued would be allotted
for each range at which target prac-
tice Is had, the total not to exceed
120 rounds year for each man par
ticipating in the practice. All sup
plies would be issued subject to reg
ulations prescribed by the Secretary
of War, insuring the desired use of
the property as we'll as its proper
care, and it's ultimate return to the
Federal government.
Keowee courier. [volume] (Pickens Court House, S.C.) 1849-current, 1914-01-14
Chamberlain's 6iak2,San GGiliG, Shoisra Sr,,sg and
Never fails. Buy 1t now. 1t may save life.
NOTICE TO DEBTORS AND
CREDITORS.

All persons indebted to the Estate
Of M. A. Terrell, deceased, are hereby
notified to make payment to the un-
dersigned, and all persons having
claims against said estate will pre-
sent the same, duly attested, within
the time prescribed by law or be
barred
(MRS.) ELLA TERRELL,
Administrators of the Estate Of M.
A. Terrell, Deceased.
Dec. "a, 1913. 52-2
Keowee courier. [volume] (Pickens Court House, S.C.) 1849-current, 1914-01-14
CORN CLUB PRIZES
OFFERED FOR 1914
South Carolina Plans to Win Back
Southern Record Lost
In 1918.

Atlanta, Ga.-(Special.)- al.)-Enthusias-
tic plans are already under way In
Georgia, South Carolina and other
Southern states for the 1914 corn club
contests. These contests have in
creased the South's corn prod
by millions Of dollars during the past
few years.
II. G. Hastings, chairman of the ag-
ricultural committee Of the Atlanta
Chamber Of Commerce, has renewed
for 1914 his annual offer Of corn club
prizes in South Carolina and nine
other Southern states. Mr.. Hastings
offers $1,000 in prizes. or this amount
500 goes to South Carolina in three
prizes Of $50, $50 and 500 each. These
prizes are awarded under the direction
Of the United States government Of
ficials in charge Of the farm demon
stration work.
Word comes that the South Caro-
lima boys are going to make a power
full effort this year to regain the South.
ern record, which they held in 1912,
but which was taken away from them
in 1913 by Alabama. The South Car
olina record OF 228 bushels, held by
Jerry Moore, was beaten by 232 bush
els, raised by Walker Lee Dunson of
Alabama.
An interesting echo from last years
contest comes from Arkansas, where
the $50 prize, offered by Mr.. Hastings,
was won by q 14-year-old girl, Miss
Delphine Moore, who competed against
24J0 boys. because there was no girls'
club In tho state.
The corn club work has made won
derful advances throughout the South.
The fathers OF the corn club boys, who
first looked on the movement as a
fad, have at last come to realize it's
great practical value and arc now just
as much interested as their sons.
Keowee courier. [volume] (Pickens Court House, S.C.) 1849-current, 1914-01-14
For Frost Bites and Chapped Skin

For frost bitten ears, fingers and
toes; chapped hands and lips, chill
blains, cold sores, red and rough
skins, there is nothing to equal Buck
lens Arnica Salve. Stops the pain
at once and heals quickly. In every
home there should be a box handy at
all times. Best remedy for all skin
diseases, itching eczema, letter, piles,
etc. Csc. All druggists, or by mail.
H. e. Bucklen & Co., Philadelphia or
st. Louis. adv.