davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-06-10
White and COlOred BlOuses

The assortment includes a variety of the
daintiest voile models, with insertings of wide
shadow lace, and the allover shadow
broidery. All of these blouses are simply but
beautifully trimmed. Dainter blouses have
never been designed for warm weather 90 -
wear An endless variety to choose voc
from; reg. $1.25 blouses, tomorrow.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-02-10
HA. AND MRS. HALL CELEBRATE
WEDDING ANNIVERSARY

In honor of the fifteenth anniversary of
their wedding MIR. and Mrs. Walter Or
vile Hall were hosts at a beautiful re-
ception Monday evening at their home
in Woodlawn.
The reception hall was prettily decor
ated with palms and pink carnations.
Miss Frances Macon, Miss Martha Chris
tian of Kentucky and Mr. Christian as
sisted the hosts in receiving their guests.
Mrs. Hall was becomingly gowned in
white lace over pink charmeuse.
In the dining room a red and green
color scheme was used. The lace COW
cred table held a centerpiece OF gold
basket filled with red carnations which
was suspended from the chandelier with
red tulle. A delicious salad and ice course
was served.
Mrs. George Brewer presided at the
coffee table and Mrs. d. B. Edmundson
and Mrs. r. r. Farssworth also assisted
in the dining room. Mrs. T.. b. Shanemen
poured punch in the library.
The affair was most delightful. One
hundred and fifty guests called during
the evening.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-02-10
Cheap and
Easily Made, Bat Ends
a Cough Quickly
How to Make the Very Best
Cough Remedy at Home.
Fully Guaranteed.

This pint of cough syrup is easily
made at home and saves you about So. 90
as compared with ordinary cough rene,
dies. 1t relieves obstinate coughs-even
whooping cough--euielSly, and is splen,
did, too, for bronchial asthma, spas
modic' Group and hoarseness.
Mix one pint of granulated sugar with
u pint of warm water, and stir for 2
minutes. Put 211a ounces of Pinex fifty
cents worth) in a pint bottle, and add
the Sugar Syrup. Take teaspoonful
every one, two or three hours. Tastes
good
This takes right hold of cough and
1ates the appetite, and is slightly laxa-
tive-both excellent features.
PineY, as perhaps you know, is a
most valuable concentrated compound of
Norway. white. pine extract, rich in
guaiaeol and the other natural healing
pine elements.
No other preparation will do the work
of Pinex in this mixture, although
strained honey can be used instead of
the sugar syrup. if desired.
Thousands of housewives in the United
States and Canada now use this Pinex
and Sugar Syrup remedy. This plan has
often been initiated, but the old success
full combination has never been equaled.
! Its low cost and quick results have made
it immensely popular.
A guaranty of absolute satisfaction,
,r money promptly refunded, goes with
his preparation. Your druggist has
Pinex, or will get it for you. If not,
send to The Pinex Co., TT. Wayne, Ind.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-02-10

of myself and / made good and so l was
engaged and have been singing with the
opera for two seasons
do YOU consider that your work has
been benefited to any great extent by
giving your time exclusively to italian
opera?' | asked.
"Oh yes" replied Miss Campbell. The
Italian method-the language-the at
mosphere is all conducive to a singer s
improvement, and you'd be surprised to
know how many people have commented
upon the clearness of my enunciation
since I've been singing in the Italian Ian
guage exclusively. You see, the English
voice is largely matter of being sit
uated in the mouth. so to speak. The
Italian is more nasal, and it's that beau
tiful, soft, fluency of the Italian tongue
that makes the voice more beautiful and
more resonant"
What would be your advice to the av-
erage American girl who is studying for
the operatic stage?" / asked.
IF she has any talent whatever, by all
means do so, should say" was the
quick reply. The American girl has, to
my way of thinking. the most beautiful
natural voice in the world. Besides. she
has beauty of form and a splendid mind,
and above all an infinite capacity for
work. One of the main troubles with
American girls, is in the teaching they
receive. So many American teachers fail
to do their part and in turn. the singer
is unsatisfactory after years of study and
often misses a great career merely by
not having the proper instruction
"Do you not thiylk that the Century
opera now so popular in New York
speaks very well for the advancement of
opera in English? l asked.
Il know the Aborns very well,' said
Miss Campbell. ''They deserve the
thanks of the entire country for their
magnificent efforts to popularize opera in
English, and bring our American singers
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-02-10
Cleaning Shadow Lace

II am a reader of your daily Corner,
but so far have not run across recipe
for cleaning white shadow lace VIII you
please tell me how to clean a waist of
mine, as / do not feel | can afford to
send it to a cleaners every time it is
soiled? EDITH X"
My advice would be, do not attempt to
clean it unless you are willing to take
the waist apart and put it together again.
The separated pieces may be cleaned by
laying them taut upon a white cloth. and
with rather soft, clean brush rubbing
into every mess mixture of two parts
talcum and one part borax. Turn each
piece, that both sides may be thus treat
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-02-10
SOUTHERN DINNER
WITH THE l.. /. C.

An old-time southern chicken pie with
accompanying dainties. is the menu
planned by the ladies of Pelham chapter
L. ID. c, in charge of the dinner to be
served today at the Earle building on
First avenue for the relief fund of aged
and infirm Confederate veterans. The
committee managing the dinner for Tues
day includes Mrs. c. K. Copeland, Mrs
Leo Reese, Mrs. Tom Simms, Mrs. j. f.
Washington Mrs. A. L. Benners, Mrs
j. b. Arid Mrs. Wade Wood, Mrs. Gus
Benners. Mrs. c. w. James, Mrs. Roy
Armstrong, Mrs. c. s. eye, Mrs. j.
Brown. Mrs II. a. Adams and Miss 1rma
DoZier.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-02-10
MISS HAWKINS HOSTESS
WOODLAWN GIRLS GUILD

Miss Edna Hawkins entertained the
members of the Girls Guild Monday aft
ernoon at her home in Woodlawn.
After the regular business meeting de-
lightful refreshments were served to the
following guests: Miss Katherine Greg
ory, Miss Helen Flowers, Miss Gladys
Hayes, Miss Doris Mackey, Miss Jewel
Mackey, Miss Margaret Proctor, Miss
Denice knight, Miss Susie Brown Miss
Edna Hawkins.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-02-10
FORCED TO EAT
CRUSHED ICE
And Was Not Even Allowed
Privilege of Sitting Up, But
Finally Wins Out

Kaplan. La.--Mrs. Casamear Burk-
hart of this town, gives out following
for publication: II feel that 1 owe my
life to Cardui, the woman's tonic I
was married last April. and was ii fair
ly good health. Shortly after marriage
my health began to fail, and for three
long months 1 was threatened with
serious sickness
passed most of my time in bed,
with a nurse at my bedside. At last
was told an operation was necessary.
l was SO weak I could retain nothing
on my stomach but crushed ice, and
was not even allowed to sit up in bed.
A friend OF mine advised me to use
Cardui, the woman's tonic and they
got bottle for me as a last resort.
After taking Cardui for one week. /
was able to be up in my room. After
continual use for two months / was
in perfect health, and could do all of
my work without firing
1 take an occasional dose of cardui
and Black Draught now, to keep my
system in good condition.
Several of my friends are using Car
dui with good results 1 am never with
cut it in the house"
There's bottle of Cardui waiting
for you at your nearest druggists. Get
1t and begin taking today. You viii
never regret it.
N. B-Write 10: Ladies' Advisory
Dept, Chattanooga Medicine Co., Chat
anooga, Tenn, Tor Special Instructions,
and 5f-page book, Home Treatm Tor
Women" sent in plain wrapper on re-
9usst.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-02-10
JOINT HOSTESSES
TO MISSIONARY SOCIETY

The Womans Missionary society of the
West End Baptist church met Monday
afternoon at the home of Mrs. w. NJ
Blackwelder. Mrs. w. w. Bussey dis
trict superintendent of the Woman's Mis-
sionary Union, was present and made an
interesting talk. The subject for the aft
ernoon was Life and Work of Rev. Isaac
Taylor Tchenor," led by Mrs. Gilmer A.
Allison.
Childhood and Young Manhood" by
Mrs. w. II. Thorpe.
Pastoral Work." Mrs. B. s. Williams.
Educational Work." Mrs. M. e. Bell.
Frontier Work. Mrs. Walter Bennett.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-02-10
ENEFIT MUSICALE

\ "benefit musicale" will be given Mon
day evening, February 10, by Mrs. L. II.
Salters and Mrs. N. c. Glass for the
benefit of Walker Memorial church.
Several prominent musicians will pre-
sent a programme, among them Mrs
c. j. SEVERN, Mrs. e. II. r. Flood, Mrs.
s J. Nann, Miss Lillian Hancock Miss
Katie Basenberg and Miss Julia Doster
of Shreveport.
An excellent quartet will add to the
pleasure of the evening and Mrs. Earl
McIin will give several readings
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-02-10
Fascinating Children's Story

ing thinker told story. The ending of
each part was, Well, I must be ganging
from the crown of my foot to the sole OF
my head 1t was a fascinating story to
children, and 1 would like to see it in
print. 1t was too good TO be lost. 1 write
in hope that some one may be able to
supply it. H. E."
We rarely fail to unearth old books that
are worth the gift of old age. Somebody
in our family is almost sure to have the
ancient volume of poem or essay wanted
Almost as sure, 1 may remark, to be
willing to lend or to copy the treasure
troye
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-02-10
ANNOUNCEMENTS


ANNOUNCEMENTS
Mrs. H. j. Monfee will entertain the
Domestic circle Thursday afternoon at
her home in Pratt City.
Dr. T. d. Parke will lecture on THE
First Seven Years OF a Cnilds Life" this
afternoon at 2:30 at the Pratt City
school.
There will be no meeting of the Moth
ers club in Pratt City during the month
of February.
The Young Peoples auxiliary of Wylam
will hold a meeting Wednesday evening
at the church.
The Ladies' Aid and Missionary society
of the Wylam Methodist church will be
entertained Wednesday afternoon by Mrs.
r. L. Glasgow at her home.
The Womans' Guild of Grace Episcopal
church will hold a white sale, a Valen-
tine party and a cake walk Saturday
from to 10 O'Clock at the Worthington
building in Woodlawn.
The Kennedy School improvement asso-
citation will give Valentine party Friday
February 10, for the benefit of piano
for the school.
Mr.. and Mrs. r. W. Afford will en-
tertain the Old Hickory uniform team
15S of the Woodmen of the World, Tues
day evening at their home in East Bir-
mingham.
The Daughters Of Israel Benevolent So
ciety will hold an important meeting this
a at z pip1prtx n r-ppSSpth ISra ell
All members are urged to be present
! The Catholic Woman club will meet
/ Wednesday afternoon at o'clock with
Mrs F. Herman, 1914 Third avenue
West End.
! The Ladies' Aid society OF the Fifty
sixth Street Baptist church will give a
| colonial tea on February 25.
| The Woodlawn W. c. T. T.. will hold a
Francis Willard memorial meeting Friday
al the Fifty-sixth Street Baptist church
/ Mrs w. NJ. Stevenson will entertain her
| Sunday school class with a Valentine
party Saturday evening in Woodiawn.
The Highland circle of the Ensley
Methodist church will! conduct sale Fri
day and Saturday afternoons at the Kill
\ gore Furniture company
| The baby opera which was given by the
| St. Margaret's guild of the Ensley Episco
pal church will be repeated at the opera
| house Friday evening.
| The W. c. T. L. OF Ensley will hold a
meeting this afternoon at the library.
PERSONALS
| Miss Eva Price of Garden City, is the
guest of her sister, Mrs. J. L. Groover ir
| East Birmingham.
| Mr.. VIII McGregor left Monday fol
| Fort Miles, Fla.
| Mr., w. b. Stonaker and family ar,
moving into their new home in East Bir
| mingham.
| Mr.. and Mrs. Wade Atkins of East Bir
mingham, announce the birth of a son.
Little Gladys Powers. who has bee.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-02-10

were written in poetry, designed with
gold ink and sprays of yielets in water
colors p
Games. in which three water color
prizes were given at the close, Were
played Refreshments were served, and
each little guest was given a small fancy
basket
Those who attended were Geraldine
Jones, Mable Fem, Mae Travis Fem,
Mary b Frazier, Mary Osburn, Carrie
Hatterck. Sadie Mcdonald, Mary Nc
Craney, Louise Perry, Elizabeth Lewis,
Mamie Grass Vivian Kennedy, Julie
Kelly, Margaret Pratt, Jessie Pratt
Mrs. Lewis was assisted by Mrs J. l..
Clements and Mrs e. Jones.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-02-10
DIR. ROUNTREE HOST
AT WYLAM LAST EVENING

DR.. Walter S. Rountree entertained a
number of friends at his home in Wylam
Monday evening.
The evening was delightfully."- passed
with music and refreshments.
Those enjoying this delightful hospital
ity were: Miss Leta VIII Goldsmith, Dr.
and Mrs. f. w. Mcdonald DR.. and Mrs
w. II. Avery, Miss Mrytle Avery, d. M
z. Davidson and Mr.. J. r. Rountree.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-02-10
Poems of Long Ago

Il should like much to get the words
and music of song, said to be now out
of print, entitled Tll Be Waiting in the
Cleaning, Genevieve.' 1t is not the late
song, In the Cleaning Do you think
any of the readers might have a copy.
LOUIS j.
VIII some reader of the Corner send
me the poem, old Tubal Cain Was a
Man of Might in the Bays When the
Earth Was Young?'
.WILLIAM II. r.
II am anxious to obtain two poems,
published some years ago. Do you think
you can help me? One is entitled "A
Plea for Judas Iscariot, by W. w.
Story; the other, No Sect in Heaven,
author unknown to me- "A. E. p"
The queries embodied in the foregoing
letters are laid before our intelligent ana
complaisant constituency. Watch for re-
plies.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-02-10
PLUNk EFT MEMORIAL CHU RICH
ENTERTAINS MONDAY

Plunkett Memorial church entertained the
members of the South Highland Presby-
terian church Monday afternoon in Fair
field at the chapel.
An interesting programme was given
and later light refreshments were en-
joyed.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-02-10
Fayors Direct Elections

Anniston February Especial J
AS result of the discussion that has
arisen regarding the public schools OF
this city, DIR. w. F. Marlborough has
gone on record as favoring the direct
election of school board officials, now
named by the council. Another public
meeting win be held soon at which the
school question Will be further dis
cuSsed.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-02-10
Marshmallow Frostiup

bon together two cups of sugar, one
nan cup of water, and one teaspoon OF
Vlnegar. Cook for about 20 minutes, or
untll, Wheh dropped from the spoon, the
mixture forms fine. silky thread Pour
TINS heated preparation very slowly upon
the well beaten whites of two eggs, beat
ing all the time. Pour Immediately over
ee cake layers.-IIindness of A. d. c.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-02-10
Invitation to a Card Party

IF I have an invitation to an after
noon card party, how soon after the in
vitation is received should / respond +?
Never having attended a card party, L
would be thankful for advice or informa-
tion as to what one is to do. Are there
any particular rules of etiquette?
MRS. c. H.
The earlier your response the more
satisfactory the action will be to the
hostess. If you cannot attend the func-
ton your declinature enables her to in
vite somebody in your place. Delay leaves
her in annoying incerttude 1t also in
vites suspicion as to your desires to ac-
cept. You may be waiting for what some
one styles "a subsequent and pleasante1'
invitation" but holding hers in case the
other should not arrive.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-02-10
SOME HELPING HAND
HINTS FOR THE HOME
by MARION HARLANp

| ed. Shake gently and repeat the pro-
cess Leave the second supply on the
lace Tor two days, shutting it UP in a
noX TO exclude dust. Shake and brush the
lace then. II you wish to have the waD
cleaner.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-02-10
ANDREW W-M'CORMICK
ENGAGEMENT ANNOUNCED

Mr.. and Mrs William b. Mentzall OF
Ensley announce the engagement and ap-
preaching marriage of their sister, Mar
garet Isabel Boyd, TO Mr.. Andrew Nc
Cormick. The wedding to take place early
in March.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-02-10
MISSIONARY SOCIETY TO HAVE
JOINT HOSTESSES THURSDAY

Mrs. Winn Cummings, Mrs A. X.
Stokes and Mrs. r. W. Stewart win be
joint hostesses to the members of the
Home Missionary society Thursday aft
ernoon from to 3 o'clock at the home
of the latter in East Birmingham.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-02-10

tian church in Ensley and the following
officers We're elected.
President, Mr.. Fred Matzet; vice pres
ident, Miss Violet Palmer corresponding
secretary. Mr.. Conrad Albert: recording
secretary, Miss Mary Carter: treasurer,
Mr. Given Adams; organist, Miss Minnie
Simpson.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-02-10
WOMAN'S BIBLE CLASS
GIVES VALENTINE PARTY

The Woman's Bible class of the Plum
l1ett Memorial church at Fairfield will
give a Valentine party February IA at
the home of Mrs. Harvey Sadler in Fair
field for the benefit of the class.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-02-10

to the front. The century opera stands
side by side with the metropolitan
opera-being backed by the latter, as we
all knOw-and there is quite a bit of
prestige in being member of such an
organization. OF course, it will be a
long time before grand opera in English
is appreciated and popularized, as it is
in Italian, French and German. We love
to think of grand opera in a gold set
ting, so to speak, the liquid gold of the
foreign tongue and foreign atmosphere,
and there is no doubt but that the Ital-
ian language, above all others, lends it
self more beautifully to the singer than
any other-although the German and
French languages make a strong ap-
peal
Take Louise Homer for instance, an
American woman who today stands at
the very head of singers" continued
Miss Campbell Here is an achieve
ment over years of work and study and
perseverance OF course. she had a beau
tiful voice to begin with. but she has
mastered the Italian, French, German
and English speaking operas as no other
American has ever done. If she can 40
it, why not others? And / love to hear
of American girls starting out on an
operatc career. I love to see them win
and they can do 1t, If they are only
patient and studious."
81 suppose you have a favorite role, =
| said in conclusion.
"I unhesitatingly say that Amneris.
she smiled back, lis my favorite, for in
it, as I said, / made by debut, and my
first success Next TO that, perhaps L
like Azucena best. Trovatore is one of
my favorite operas, and | like the
gypsy queen very much Rigoletto and
Lucia afford practically no scope for
the contralto, as is the case In many
operas, so after all, I presume l am not
at all original in saying that Amneris
and Azucena are my favorites.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-02-10
MRS. CARL SEALS
LUNCHEON FOR MRS. BUSH

In honor of Mrs. Albert Bush of Mobile
Mrs. Carr Seals will entertain at lunch
con Saturday at the Southern club.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-02-10
Recipe for Soft Soap

IF you have a recipe for making soft
soap, will you please send it to me?
inclose a stamped envelope. If against
the rules please print it in the Corner in
the usual way. MRS. G. W. s."
A simple recipe for soft soap was given
to me by a veteran housekeeper who
vouches for it's excellence. 1t is as fol-
lows: Mix 10 pounds of clean grease
with three pounds of washing soda and
two of borax. Stir well and add eight
gallons of boiling water. If too thick
add more water Let it stand covered,
for a week, stirring daily from the bot
tom. 1t will then be fit for use, but
keeps well and improves with age. Stir
well every time you take out any for
use, and keep covered to exclude dust.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-02-10
MRS. NELSON'S
THE DANSANTE

Mrs. Frank Nelson will have a party
of girls as her guests Friday at the
tango tea in compliment to Miss Flor
ence Harris of Montgomery, the guest of
Miss Edith Bowron.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-02-10

seriously Ill at her home in Ensley for
several weeks was taken to the Birmlng-
ham infirmary Monday for an operation.
Miss Rebecca Gay is ill at the home of
her father, Mr.. n. Is. Gay, in Ensley.
Mr.. C. J. Bay of Panama, spent Sunday
with Mr.. J. r. White at Fairview.
Mrs. NJ. A. Staten is i'll at the home of
her daughter, Mrs. c. B. Landle.
Mrs. D. A. Cook is visiting friends in
Alfalfa.
Mr.. Donald Mitchell has come from
Memphis to spend the winter and spring
with his aunt, Mrs. Minnie Thomas
Mrs ]. B. Beard has returned to her
-~-----~-~-~~~--~-~-.---~~~
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-02-10
MRS. MINOR HOSTESS
CLUB IN ENSLEY

The members of the Thread of the
Story club will meet with Mrs. j. w.
Minor Thursday afternoon at her home
in Ensley.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-02-10
CROCHET CLUB TO
RESUME MEETINGS

After rest of several months the
Thursday Afternoon Crochet club will re-
sumo its meeting. Mrs. W. Z. Oldham
will be hostess to the members Thursday
at her home in Woodlawn.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-02-10
Lasts Longer Than Empty Head

II am sending suggestion that / think
Will be help to many mothers. L have
found when repairing dolls that china
and celluloid doll heads will last much
longer if stuffed solid with soft paper be-
fore they are fastened to the body.
"E. T."
The principle is philosophical. An
empty head breaks far more easily than
full one, the filling lending resistance
from within to the thin shell inclosing it.
1t is the custom of some wise mothers to
remove the head from a dressed doll just
bought, stuff it rather tightly, and then
fasten again to the body" 1t lasts
much longer than the empty head
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-02-10
MRS. WEEK S TO
ENTERTAIN BIBLE CLASS

Mrs. w. l.. Weeks will be hostess to
the members of the Bible class of Mrs.
j, NJ. Hankins at her home in Wood
lawn, February &c.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-02-10
MRS. T. o. SMITHS
LUNCHEON FOR MRS. PIKE

Mrs. T. o. Smith will entertain at
luncheon Saturday at the Southern club
In compliment to Mrs. Bertram Pike.
Covers will be laid for 20.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-02-10
MISS MAE LEWIS
GIVES A BIRTHDAY PARTY

A happy afternoon was enjoyed by
party of little girls who attended birth
day party Saturday at the home of Mr.
and Mrs. J. +. Lewis in honor of their
little daughter, Mae Lewis. Invitations
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-02-10
SESAME CLUB
WITH MRS. BRYANT

The Sesame club will meet with Mrs.
J. C. Bryant Wednesday afternoon at
her home in Ensley.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-02-10

/ am enjoying to the full the privilege
OF passing on to readers and co-workersl
a direct heart message from an honored
member than whom none other has com-
panioned with us longer or done more
faithful service. He stands forth upon
our list of the tried and true" as our
Englishman' AS such and by the sig !
nature he affixes to his communications |
constant readers will gladly recognized
him:
II write to wish you and your splen1
did corps of assistants and all who are
willing helpers from Maine to California,
and from the Canadian borders to thel
gulf and beyond-the helping hands-and
the recipients of your bounty, the lame
the halt, and the blind, all who are inl
distress, all to whom our Savior admin
istered and for whom he went on earth
held a most tender, loving, divine ever
helpful sympathy, and for whom he died
that we might live, the Great Heping'
Hand To you all who are SO devoutly
walking in His footsteps l tender my love-
and high esteem with this, my New Year
greeting and prayer, that you and yours
may long be spared and blessed in your
unceasing work in the Masters vine
yard in your own chosen field of labor
A labor of love. w. c."
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-02-10
Eggless Cake

One cup of sugar one-haIf cup shorten
ing, half lard half butter; one cup sour
milk with one teaspoon of soda dissolved
in it, three scant cups of flour sifted with
teaspoon of baking powder, two tea
spoons of cinnamon, one teaspoon of nut
metg, one-half teaspoon cloves (all spices
ground, one cup of seeded rafsins,
dredged in flour and added last of ALL
Kindness of Mrs. w. r. s.