Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-09-13
PRUSSIAN AND AUSTRIAN POLAND

The military operations of the Grand
Duke Nicholas, commander-in-chief OF
the armies of Russia in
Russian oriental Prussia ana Aus
TRAN Poland or Galtcia, It
Suceess. appears from the dis
patches, have had continued success
A dispatch from London the 9Th instant
reported that the Austrians were retir-
ing everywhere. and that Russian Poland
had been evacuated.
A dispatch from Petrograd says that
the Russians are now concentrating
their efforts against the first Austrian
army, with the object of taking
Przemsyl, their last fortress in Gal.cia.
Przemsyl is situated on the River San.
1t possesses an important fortress. and
the city a population of $4,000. The
population is composed of $1,000 Poles,
$500 Ruthenians, or Russians, and $500
Germans. Przemsyl is a commercial
city, and the fortress Is we'll defended
with, girdle Of forts and magazines and
a garrison Of 1000 men.
Galicia is an Austro-Hungarian prov
inee bearing the official title Of ''Galicia
and Lodomeria," which. with Cracovfa,
includes the grand duchy of Osviceim,
Auschabitz and Zator. 1t has a popu a
ton of 6.69s. 900. its extent east to west
Is $40 kilometers. After Hungary.
Galicia is the largest province of the
empire, and was an
nexed to Austria in 1872.
Galicia is almost wholly Slav. Christi
anity was introduced there by Cyrilla
and his brother, Methoda, the two great
Slav apostles, in. the ninth century.
These two invented the alphabet from
which both the Russian and Serb let
tiers are derived
| In the tenth century the kings Of b.
| hemia possessed the country as far as
the San and Stryj rivers. the remainder
belonged to Russia. In 500 Boleslaw the
occidental Galicia to Poland. In the
| oriental or Russian part reigned princes
who resided at Galeth or Haliez and a,
Vladimir. Some Of these played a con-
siderable role in the history Of oriental
Europe.
| In the commencement Of the Twelfth
century Koloman procured from tbs
Pope the title of king Of Galicia anG
| Lodomeria." The title was taken by tn.
| Russian prince Daniel. One of his son.
founded in the twelfth century the cit,
| Of Lemberg, which now assumes (undel
the recent order Of the car that al
names bearing the suff1x berg shall b.
changeG that Of Lvov.
| X
| In 1924 the country Of Galicia was gov.
erned by the Princes George. There wal
| an invasion of Jews
Early History cossacks. Turk s
Swedes, and Galicis
| VI oa1eAa' suffered much. In IT.
Marie Theresa through the influence OF
Frederick assumed the title Of Queen Of
Bohemia. and claimed the duchies OF
| Osviceim and Gator; as Queen Of Hun
| gary she occupied RED Russia" a part
| of Podolia, Saudomet and Cracovia. This
government had an extent of 1.500 miles
| square, 2.500.OO0 population under the
name Of 'Galicia and Lodomeria." The
capital Of the government was Lemberg
Galicia actually Is the moral and po
liticat foyer Of the Polish people. From
an economical point of view the situation
Is less prosperous than that Of Russian
Poland: from political point Of view thu
| reclamations of the Russian part Of thu
population Is a matter Of disquiet, and q
writer several months ago declared that
'in case Of war between Russia and Aus
tria, Galicia would surely become the
battlefield between the two nations"
Lvov Tor Lemberg) Is the capital o,
Galicia and Lodomeria on the Pelter
been rebuilt and is well paved will
beautiful squares. The city was founded
in 1850 by the Ruthenian king Daniel
Poland actually Is divided between
three states. Prussia. Austria Hungary
and RussiA. Poland constituted formerl,
an Independent monarchy which, during
certain moments. played a prominent
role in the destinies of Europe.
The Poles Of Austria form a com
pact mass in the occidental part OF
Galicia and silesia. and also in Buko.
VIVA, which formerly constituted a part
of ancient Moldavia. Czernowitz, or
the Pruth. is the capital Of Bukovina
and contains population Of $3.50 in.
| habitants. -.
A recent dispatch. from Buchares,
announced that on the 9Th instant the
Russian forces had occupied Czerno.
WITT 'unonposed. On the same day 9
Petroerad disnatch announced that Is
+. squadron OF Deaths Head Hussars, OF
| which the crown. prince was the com.
mander during his stay at Danzig. had
been defeated and cut IN near Rococz
| in Poland" And the dispatch added
''The sale of sr1rttuous liquors had beer
! prohibited in Danzig for the duration
of the war"
Danzig. 1t may be interesting to note
| is a city remarkable for it's extensive
i manufacture Of BRAN
UanZlg and dies and other in
r:n TEL. toxfcants. and its sup
4"oA preston of the sale
Of spirituous liquors is evidence that
the Grand Duke Nicholas is an unex-
nected partisan of the woman's Chris.
! tan Temperance Union and Anti
Saloon League. D-nzig is famous, be-
sides. as the birthplace Of Fahrenheit
and Schopenhauer
A Petrograd correspondent says:
The Russians are being received
with open arms by the populations OF
most of the cities Of East Prussia and
Gallcia. The Galicians at flrst fled IN
the approach Of the Russian, but later
finding that their fears were unfound.
ed. they returned and fraternized with
the troops. In other villages the in
vaders were welcomed by PROFESSIONS
OF the priests and people with crosses
and banners. who met the soldiers nut.
bread and salt" 'Aeh
vast number of prisoners had beer
taken IN the recent battles on the Aus.
trian frontier s2,o0O. and that yoluntary
militia were organizing for the purpose
| of transporting and feeding the wounded
An uprising was feared by the Austrian
in the crown lands Of Rukovfna M