davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1914-01-18

commence until February. 1910. The
construction was practically the same
as that at Gatun. except for the use of
the huge sand cranes--the invention OF
Engineer Williamson. These great
cranes stretch their giant arms across
the locks and rival the steam shoveis
of the cut in the accuracy of their
work, for the sand and concrete al
Ways Lands ex aessiiy where II Is needed.
Dredge Corozal Arrives.
At the Pacific entrance the French
had dredged narrow channel from
deep water, three miles inland, and II
was used by ships going to the Bal
boa docks. This. however. was mere
ly drop in the bucket and a large
amount OF dredging was required In
the Pacific channels. For a. time sew
eral of the old French dredges were
used. but their work seemed like emp
tying rain water barrel with a tea
spoon, SO the Canal. Commission se,
about to secure a real dredge.
This dredge bears the name OF
Corozai. and came from Scotland.
making the trip under her own steam
from the Builders yard to Balboa,
1c.0s4 miles In. 90 days. She il said
to be the largest sand and mud litter
in the world and has been At work
since April. 1914. The length Of the
craft 10 zsS feet with q nodded
breadth Of forty-five feet. She IL CAP
able OF lifting 1900 cubic yards Der
hour from depth Of fifty feet and of
discharging the spoil direct into the
hoppers or barges moored along side.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1914-01-18

Pacific locks was obtained at a quarry
opened In Ancon hill. near the Pacific
entrance of the. Canal. and the sand
used In concrete mixing was brought
from Chame. about twenty-three miles
up the coast from Panama The ex-
pense OF obtaining this material for
the Pacific division was much less
than that OF the Atlantic section. The
Pacific section. however. had one dis
advantage. the fact that the Pedro
Miguel and Mirafiores locks were sep
arated--making them practically two
distinct Undertakings There was q
vast amount OF excavation before a
proper foundation was secured for the
locks. especially q, Miranores. where
nearly two and one-ouarter million
cubic yards OF earth had to be re-
moved. Added to this several bad
sl1dAa occurred. which greatly rstard-
- the work.
The FIRST concrete for thu Pedro
Miguel locks was laid in September.
1909. seven days after the beginning
Of the Gatun locks. The Mirafiores
locks were the last ones to be con-
structed as the work there did not
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1914-01-18

! understand this, for during the last
year everything has been rushed to
| completion.
| Why Fertilization OF the Canal =
| Necessary.
Break waters at the Pacific have
| been completed and the huge trestls
connecting thu islands at the entrances
OF the channel Is we'll ON the way.
Already the great guns which are to
be set up on Naos Island have been
shipped to the tsthmus. The giant
cannon will guard the Pacific end Of
the Canal and establish complete cons
, troll over the Canal In time OF wAr,
! should this nation ever again have the
misfortune to engage IN a conflict with
another country, for In time Of war
1t IN quite as important as the Canal
be closed to the feet OF an enemy ~
It is for the Canal to be opened tc our
own fleet, especially II that enemy
should have ships on both the At
lantic and Pacific Oceans.
Like the other two divisions. that
Of the Pacific is nearly complete. On
August 81. the dyke. which Ireyented
the water from entering the steam
shovel cut, was blown up and the WA
ter poured into the 5.o0o-foot channel
between Miraffores and the Pacific. II
required 81 geo pounds Of explosives
to destroy the dyke. The dradge-
Marmot, was then set at work nd by
November /, Of this year. Il IS sx-
pected that large ships will be able TO-
traverse the Pacific end of the Canai
a distance OF eight and one-half miles
up to Mirafores locks. The launch
Birdena, made the trip from the dyke
10 the locks on September 2. the nrst
vessel to pass through this section q
the Canal under its own steam.
Tho work OF the civilian engineers
has been little short of marvellous
Beginning their lahors as they did AZ
much later period than either oK
the other two divisions they have8
steadily pushed ahead. overcoming diff
fculties which would have frightened
off men Of almost any other nationals
ity, they are nearing the end Of their
trials. SO here's to Williamson and
Cole, the builders Of the Pacific di-s
vision of Uncle Sans biggest under
taking.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1914-01-18
How 1t Was Built By Civilian Engineers A Com
plete Story Of the Construction Of the Pedro
Miguel and Miraflores Locks.

the French canal days and bear re-
spectively the names of Saint Peter
Michael and Mirahorea a dist.n-
guisbed Spanish soldier. At Pedro
Miguel the French had two small
dredges in operation and had already
made emplacements for their locks.
while at Airafiores they had a small
settlement and this has been contin-
ued by the Americans as a small labor
camp. This section of the Canal. while
lass spectacular than either OF the 9TH
err two sections. the task OF building
Ii Was none the less formidable for
the lock construction involved the
placing OF 100000 cubic yards of
concrete while the dry excavations
amounted to $500, 900 yards.
On the Pacific side. the first dam
n a+Aedi r. ht-fetare Miguel and
serves to hold the waters OF Gatun
Lake at It's southern end of the cut.
1t is 400 feet long and about forty
feet wide ct thu top. The maximum
height Of the water against this dam
will be forty feet. The plan OF con-
strnct.on Is much the same as at
Gatun except that the Pedro Miguel
dam IS much smaller. The lock con-
struction is unlike that at Gatun as
there the three locks form n eontin-
uolis wall while those OF Pedro Miguel
ard Hisafiores are divided by an arti-
fetal lake. This, body OF water Ii
formed by the dams connecting the
walls Of the Mlrafores locks with
high ground on either side. The dam
10 the westward is formed of earth
and Is about a.70e feet long. having
It's crest about fifteen feet above water
In Msranores lake. The east dam will
be OF concrete containing 18.ee0 cubsc
yards. In about 500 feet long and
forms spiliway for the Mirahores
lake with crest gates. similar to those
of the Gatun spiiiway. and capable of
dlscharging 1900 cable feet Of water
per second The Cocot River II the
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1914-01-18
principal feeder of this lake.
Highest Gates and Walls of the Cal

Highest Gates and Walls OF the Canal.
The highest gates and the highest
lock walls are at Mirafiores. and these
locks are the only ones having no In
termediate gates. Furthermore the
area of the upper locks L. greater than
the lower, because OF the omission
OF the Intern ediate gates In the latter.
The combined result 10 that the vol
nme OF each lower lock IL less than
that OF the upper locks when the tide
is higher than about two. feet below
meantide. and the lock 10 Incapa Bile
OF receiving the full contents Of an
entire upper lock without causing An
overflow OF the walls and gates. A
portion OF the water from the upper
lock must be wasted through the cul-
verts or cross emptied into the twin
lock. To diminish this waste m far
- possible. the volume Of the lower
loaks hAs bsen enlarged BY increasing
the height of the wallis and gates to
elghty-two feet which 10 the maxi
mum. consistent with economy and
safety IN construction.
The rock used In the building Of the
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1914-01-18

country. Every bureau and every de-
partment issues an annual report
which IL given = permanent binding.
and all Of these documents 60 TO the
Superintendent Of Documents for dis
tribution.
In order to zee how this great vol
ums Of work IL systematised one can
suppose that the Department Of AgFi-
culture has prepared . new farmers
bulletin ON some popular subject. Ths
editor OF the department sends the
copy" to the Government Printing
Once. together with printing reQui-
sition for an edition Of = certain size.
A slip Of notification u also sent to
the Superintendent Of Documents, and
on this slip Ii written series Of key
numbers which direct him q TO the
preparing OF the mailing list for ths
Hin hs1rs
own key. which number II printed on
zach name stencil shonld Il happen
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1914-01-18

~HAT part of the Panama Canal
known - the Pacific Division
begins 1t Pedro Miguel and ex-
tends to the deep waters Of the
PActhc Ocean. embracing the locks at
Pedro Miguel and Mirafiores A ship
on leaving Culebra Cut will enter the
lock at Pedro Miguel and begin its
descent to the Pacific. The drop here
II . little more than thirty feet The
ship will then enter small lake. the
elevation Of which IL about fifty-four
fest above the sea level. and viii 60
under In oVn steam for about one
and one-haif miles to hirafiores- At
this point Il will pass through the two
Doeks and Be lowered to the sea level
passing out into the Pacific through n
channel about eight ard one-half
miles IN length with a bottom width
OF ave hundred feet The entire trip
from the Atlantic IL expected to con-
sumo from ten to twelve hours. three
Of which viii be spent In passing
through the six locks. While the work
OF the Pacific Division has been done
under tho direction Of Col. Goethals,
the actual construction In being car
ried out by civilian engineers, In
May, 1907, Mr.. q. 3. Williamson.
wefi-known civil engineer who had at
one time been In the employ OF the
United States Government. was called
to Panama by Col. Goethais and given
. position ~ division engineer Of locks
and dams.
Civil Engineer Williamson Takes
Charge Of Pacific Division.
When the reorganization took
place In 1908. Mr.. Williamson
was made Division engineer OF the
Pacific Dtvision--a position which he
held until December. fs12. when he
resigned Mr.. II. Q. Cole, his assist
ant, another civilian. then took charge
and this section OF the work is being
completed under his direction Both
psdro AffKuel and Mirafiores date from
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1914-01-18
SORTING ne NJ
C0r-pxS1o r77e<2k
NKxZIar G5xEx'nT

noations. the greater number Of scion
tinc. economic and congressional doe
uments that are daily turned in for
printing. There are over . thousand
OF these. and they are all we'll enough
known over the country to have
regular mailing lists. There II scarce
~ an office In the government which
In the course OF year falls to turn
out at least one publication Of some
sort. The Department OF Agriculture
makes the greatest use Of printers
ink. its widely varied publications
alone circulating thirty-two million
copies annually. The farmers bulle-
known OF all the documents coming
from the great printing once in Wash
ington. They are published every
once In WHILE and their circuia-
ton varies even more than their
periodicity. Some OF restricted inter-
est will run only q few thousand. and
other popular editions will run to over
a million copies. The most popular
document ever published at the Gov
eminent Printing Office was the ia
nous Uncle Sans Cook Book" while
all poultry bulletins are In great de-
mand at all seasons of the year.
FINE Bookworx.
But the government takes up other
work beside the printing Of occasional
leaflets and paper-bouHd pamphlets.
and there are more pretentious vol
umes from the bindery. Some OF
these. such as certain publications n
sued by the Smithsonian institution.
are beautiful examples OF bookwork.
Illustrated with photographers and
autographs and. often bound In rich
feathers. The Census Bureau fur
work r-ttirc htfnttr1x dr.
.partment. It's characteristic navy blue
bindinxs beinK familiar III Ovsr tha
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1914-01-18

busy turning-nllt wrappers ana en-
velopes, and these are being added 10
az the work becomes more and more
systematized. The stencils In ths ma-S
chimes feed down from q column, hkAs
paper drinking cups in vending me-
! chimes. and the wrapper feeds from
a roll. the machine cutting the propAf
length wrapper as it prints It. EAchs
machine 10 capable OF addroogtn98
thirty thousand wrappers per day. All
OF the wrapping 10 still done BY hand
as satisfactory wrapping machines
have not been found to do the work.
In soma instances, al many - my
girls are employed to wrap stngfe
edition. The girls throw the wTApp40s
and sealed copies into shA1t0WS
trough which runs an endlsss bolt
the latter carrying the documsn9s H.
to mail sacks. The wrappers Are At~s
ranged by cities and states, - thAes
when the mail bag II full 1t need ous1
be sealed and addressed. putting Nc
work upon the railway mail cierh
In the room with the wrApptn9s
girls and the addressing machines Aras
the automatic envelope seolsra Thtg
il a simple machine. In which the en-z
yelopes slide along q thin metal piates
whore they are touched by : mciak-sI
ened roller. At . break IN the plat
the faps slide through to the unpeFs
side and are scaled to the snvslopNe
by the double pressure OF TWO aseess
rolleru, They are then droppsd -.
reotly Into Q small sack. when = -.
tached = the machine. THIS masoAas
viii ssea aSeut one hundrsd ana nksS
envelopes per minute.
The Congrsasional Record
one a The impressive speetae1es ~
.As Government Printing o6nos = IT,
whiting anA mailing Of the eAalNss
Ccnrreeaaoual Record. Dven ekDee
eneed puhliahers marvel Ut the mAM
mar n which the printing ard na4it*I
inr 1. done. The Record = . paSelsg
cation which sometimes for we~m N4At
average daily one hundred ana t0sxS$
pages Of solid printed matteF. eeA9s8
yerine number OF words. much M&0N
Than IL printed in any daily nswspo1
or weekly or monthly magazine 80
Con9ressional Record - often pe394e
in fsverish haste In the small 1o14
Of the morning, yet II y rsmAS4
free from errors. either Of -
composition or Of makeup. ~
stuttsrings Of the linotype nsvee
into the Record. the proper worN
capitalized, or left uncApataiias
the spelling 10 always unifoxu ss Y
though written. printed And 0eslAe
IN twelve hours. Il compares ves1 Il
vorahly In accuracy with ~ 3
specimens Of bookwork. Ss|sS|
The largest Record ever iesoaa s1s .a.3
-
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1914-01-18

Uncle SAM - now one OF the
greatest publishers In the world.
Even he did not fully realize
~ what IN extensive publisher he
was until = short time ago. when. I'M
der the new law drawn upon the rec
ommendation Of the Cleveland Econ
omy and D0iciency Commission. all
NAMING and distributing of public
documanto was taken from the hun
ared or mors departments. bureaus
couunissaona, services and Offices and
concentrated IN the ONCE of the SUI
pss1ntsnasnS Of Documents. one Of
the buroono Of the Government Print
Ing O0cA.
The Oupsrmesndsnt Of Public Docu-
nsn4u AAs had charge Of the work
sInse ths law was passed. and after
sevaGu1 N0nth9 experience In distrtb-
ut1n9 ~ Government Printing Once
puhe1cnt3ans ~ = willing and anxious
- togeffy thnk Uncle Sam 10 the great
~ pubiAshss On earth. There II con-
aadesah)o fouDdAtton for the state
ment for the new central mailing Of
acs = now ssnding out over = mil
lion coDles Of publications each week.
nnnssnss Mailing List.
Over Z Thousand separate mailing
lists must b kept in the fle-Foom for
tho vAS1eus publications.. There are
acres Of bins and shelves containing
the hack number nles, on which there
10 always . stoAdy demand. In fact,
the entire government in all its
branches = blocked out In this great
stockroom, ~ II on q relief map
divisions OF the room for departments.
sections for bureaus. stacks for dtvts-
ions and the bins or plgeon-holes filled
with their hundred or two hundred
copies OF single publications. In this
stockroom 10 employed force of
clerks 70 the average number Of one
hundred and Twenty-Five. The force
II sometimes a. large a. one hundred
and nifty, while at other times
Il drops down to ninety. The en-
Dloyees are assisted in their work by
battery Of mechanical addressing
machines, envelope-licking machines
and automatic mail sacking devices.
All this u part Of the activity cre-
ated by tho new law.
From his fifteen- miliion-dollar pub
lishsns plant. the Government Print
Ing once. Uncle Sam issues with other
thlngs three daily newspapers. Ave
weeklies and half . dozen monthlies,
- weh n monthly illustrated mag
aslnA, the Pan-American Union.
The REGULAR publications BY no
M hssif
9Asnss publishans business The major
ysesfAeA a. y = y The occastonal pub
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1914-01-18

Ing. It will BE- mailed dAt In envelopes.
The mailing Lists are made up accord
Ing TO clAsses-ohemists are In one
claas. stock raissrs In another. fruit
growers in = third. etc.. from these
classtncations the list has been made
UP for the new bulletin. which u sent
to all classes which might have = pos
sibls interest In It. With the key num-
bsrs the chief Of the mailing sections
goes to his files Of stencils and draws
out the long boxes required. Tho stem
ellis are made Of wAxed paper
stretched tight ever rectangular paste
board frames. and tho stenciling II
done on ordinary typewriters equip
ped with pin-point dies that perforAte
the waxed paper. the Ink Of the Ad-
dressing machine flowing through The
pin holes ana printing ON the wrap
QNA
--@r
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1914-01-18

to be = document for which there u
no mailing list It would be put In
stock to await the miscellaneous de-
mand for It. Presently. from the
printing once comes the Jacket tor
the work. . large form page containing
complete printing instructions. style Of
type. composition. paper. binding. etc.
a. we'll a. the key numbers showing the
distribution. The Superintendent Of
Documents. being storekeeper who
occasionally advsrtisss his wares.
must ever have an eye for business.
and II from = psrusal Of the Jacket.
the forthcoming document looks sala-
BILE, he may order m additional guam
tity for the government book store. Of
which he has complete charge. Thia
in the case Of : farmers bulletin. h
called 'ridinG the Department Of Az
,rtculture Jacket sz--
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1914-01-18

Detail q management
Presently, the nrst AZ tn copfas Of
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1914-01-18

Addressing MachlneA
eix addressing machines ass kspt
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-01-08

electric gear shift meeting, held at our
showrooms. Ills Broadway, this morn
ing said George II. Strout. general sales
manager of the Haynes. yesterday.
Frank n. Mutt. chief engineer Of the
company. an authority on electric gear
shifting. was the principal speaker. lie
explained at length the application OF the
vulcan device to the Haynes car. its sim
plicity in operation and its advantages
over the hand shift method OF changing
gears. X, W. Grlswold, president, and
w. a. McCarrell. chief engineer Of the
Vulcan Motor Devices Company, Phila-
delphla, also addressed the meeting.
Dealers visiting the Haynes exhibit at
the Auto Show were Informed Of tho meet
ing. and thirty-four Of them attended.
No hand shift is used on the Haynes car.
In place OF the lever there IL "a small dial
OF push buttons. known as the 'selector'
switch, In tho centre of the steering
wheel There are seven OF those buttons.
One, two and three control the three
speeds forward. low. intermediate and
high. The reverse button Is marked r.
neutral M while starter and the horn
are marked IS and II respectively"
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-01-08
PATTERSON ARRIVES.
Tross-t Ountry LOsier speed0meter
shows O,Ss0 Miles.

J. Neil Patterson, who recently COM
pleted a Unconstitutional trip in a Loxier
six. arrived at the broadway salosrooms
of Harry s. Houpt Inc. at midnight on
Monday. having driven from Detroit in
three days time. Pattersons LoEier shows
a speedometer record Of $3.50 miles, all
of which has been travelled in the past
three months.
The Patterson Lozier will remain In
New York until after the show. After the
show Patterson will start back over the
same route with San Francisco us his
terminal. Arrangements are being com =
pleted for a trip around the world in the
trans continental Lozier. This Is to take
place In 1914, and several Dctroiters have
already agreed TO accompany Patterson
on the trip. The globe girdlng stunt will
include a big game hunt in India, and
moving pictures will be taken OF inter-
esting scenes in foreign countries.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-01-08
Other New Features

This HUDSON Sx4O also brings other attractive
features.
= The gasoline tank in the dash
Extra tires ahead of front door.
Disappearing extra tonneau seats.
Zone Man" top covered with pantasote
Quick adjusting curtains attached.
Left side drvedimming searchights hinges
concealed speedometer gearntegal wndshiedotor
electric All instruments gauges within
driver
At last years Show there any price showing
many attractions
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-01-08
EFFICIENCY LOWERS PRICE.
q oedrich Tire Company says Con.
sumers BeneAt.

No other subject in the nations In
dustrial evolution has attracted as keen
interest as the efficiency movement.
Railroads. manufacturers and even states
are turning to experts on efficiency to
cut down the waste and losses that re-
suit from slipshod management. Even
the Federal Government has presl-
dents commission on Efficiency and
Economy.
The Goodrich organization Il we'll
pleased 20 see these methods IN operation
and to know that they have made II pos
sible for this company to lower prices 20
consumers first. The Goodrich company
feels that 1t has the satisfaction OF know
ing that never before was a tire made
better. either by itself or others. but the
Goodrich can offer 1t at a price Is per
cent less on the average than before
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-01-08
NEW MOODY BOOK PUBLISHED,
"Anulysis of Public Utilities aud
IudustriaIs," First Of Kind.

The first edition Of "Moody's Analysis
of Public Utilities and lndustrials'' has
Just been issued. The book represents
the first attempt made to present the
complete facts regarding public utilities
and the rating of their bonds and stocks
There are approximately 1000 different
bond and stock issues rated.
4 history Of all the companies cited
IS given from their organization. and in
addition each issue Of bonds and stocks
IL placed under a separate heading and
given Il rating extending what are called
gilt edged Investments down to the
more speculative issues.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-01-08
Also Our New Six.54

You will also find here our new Sx-54, wit
base. A larger car than the HUDSON Six-40 fs
greater size and power
The design and equipment are almost i'd
hsndsomest cars at the Show The Six-54 sells
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-01-08
About 1000 New CadiIlscs Out.

According to Sales Manager Howard OF
the Cadillac company approximately 1000
cars of the 1914 model, with the two
speed axle have already been shipped from
the factory. This amounts in retail SELL
ing value 10 more than s14, 900. 900. and
Is less than half the contemplated output
for the year.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-01-08

Those who want utter simplicity. no un-
necessary weight and added efficiency should
see without fail the Weidely Motor.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-01-08
TALK ON ELECTRIC SHIFT.
Haynes Dealers Attend Meeting 90
Learn Of Electric Device.

The interest manifested in the Vulcan
electric gear shift. standard equipment on
Haynes cars prompted us to arrange our
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1914-01-08

All 1914 Premier Skies carry Weidely
Motors All other American-made Cars
carry about the same motors as a year ago.