davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1914-09-27

education and intelligence of a small
number of military leaders in the pres
ent war-to-the-knife conflict hangs the
fate of all Europe.
This becomes a question Of hrst i'm
portance to the civilized world; what
preparation to fit them for bearing this
mighty burden have these men. COM
paratively few in numbers; what train
ing and what schooling have they re-
ceived to qualify them in assuming
this. the greatest responsibility. any
single class Of men has ever had to
shoulder since mankind emerged from
barbarism and irresponsible authority
since 1t began to choose for itself
leaders who must render back to man
kind . full account of their steward
ship?
In the light Of this suddenly acquired
Importance the military schools Of Eu-
field received their education have, In
their turn. suddenly acquired an inter.
est to the general reader. The inforL
nation in this article concerning them
and their methods was obtained by the
writer from ofiicials connected with
the legations of the several powers re-
siding in Washington.
II will be noted that, while the mill
tAry schools Of the several European
nations differ among themselves in de-
tail. there IL a marked general SINH
larity among them which differentiates
Evening star., 1914-09-27
Arras the PICTURESQUE.
NIX G. CARPENTER

II HE picturesque old city OF ArrAs.
where the Franco-Britsh forces con-
centrated In huge numbers to check the
German advance, and where the British
fell back after the Germans occupied
Cambria. must have walked up and rub
bed its antique eyes to see its quondam
foes within its gates as allies of its be-
loved country. For Arras was within the
triangle over which the English fought
in the fifteenth century. -
The base Of the triangle was the sea
line from Harfieur to Calais, and the
apex was Paris. This is also the ground
over which some OF the nercsst battles
of the present war are raging, and on
which the allies are subboynly contesunG
every step Of the opposing forces. r.
For thirty years the English battled
until nothing was left Of their French
territory except the Norman islands ana
the newer conquest OF Calais ana ite
peace OF Arras. Philip Of burgundy
"solemn.y" forsook the English alliance:
and the English power In France feu
back.
This old town. which dates back to the
time of Caesar, is 100 miles northeass
from Paris, and has q population o.
something like 5000 people. While 1t y
most painful to think of this once ereah
art center as an Industrial place, one
must, when he recalls the oil WORKS, oye
works. breweries and the manufactures
OF hosiery, lace. beet sugar, soap ano
earthenware, which make II today
twentieth century commercial town
However, its glory cannot depart wniIe
the beautiful townhouse. dating froE
the sixteenth century, the citadel partiY
gone. erected by Vauban. marsnaI
France and the greatest military enfr
neer Of the seventeenth century, anu Sae
tain imposing houses In the Flemish sVle.
overlooking the fine squares. with eoe
nnnsr stories projecting over the foot
These topheavy looking houses were
huiit In a time when q mans house was
indeed his castle. and the pro3ecttn9 up
per stories were used to wage Warfare
on the enemy in the narrow street below.
The modern armies with their wonderfpl
and numerous equipment OF war must
often find it difficuit to get through these
narrow streets in the old towns OF France
and Germany. They are better suited 70
the timss when men fought hand 70
hand, and warfare was q matter OK M
dividual bravery.
That wonderful tapestry in the Anglers
Cathedral. which represents scenes from
the Apocalypse. was made in Arras. ana
some of the finest pieces used In the
decorations of the Field of the Cloth OF
Gold.
Robespderre, the most famous and
fanatical Of the republican leaders OF the
French revolution. was born there In
1SbS and later became q criminal judge
and o member OF the academy. He was
one Of the dandies and beaux OF ArrAa,
setting the fashion In clothes. and as
tonishing the most exquisite with the
richness of his laces and dress. This 10
difiicult to believe when ones Vision OF
him is always in the bonnet rouge OF
the revolutionist, standing. with impas-
stoned sioquence. encouraging the people.
Evening star., 1914-09-27

corps, placed upon training ships for
a two or three year service before be-
The German systsm makes tor special
devotion to the service on the part OF
the officer. At the extremely youthful
age at which he enters the cadet corps
he has not yet formed any strong Lean
ing toward any form Of life work, ~ 10
probable in case Of Q youth seventsen
or eighteen years Of age, hence. he 10
not liable to be troubled in later years
by any such inciinattons. Having
known aught but the soldiers life. he
views it with that complacent supe-
riority which springs from knowledge
wholly one sided. Like the old cavalry
veteran who looked upon the architect
OF Venice as an ignoramus Tor pnn1. psa!,3.
for cavalry to maneuveE. the German
officer, views everything from a mill
tAry standpoint, everything Is subordi-
mated to the soldier and soldering.
where the very foundations Of the gov
ernment are military and where boys,
at an age that in America would be
considered too young to be tntrusteo
with the responsibility Of pitcher Of
first base on the village school ball
team, are solemnly dedicated to q life
Of war and marched of to nine-yeAr-
old soldering. But 1t would be unfair
to an American boy to be thus COM
PEELED to a career long before he was
his liking or fitness for It.
It Is said that the German govern
ment, while encouraging physical exer-
else, discourages sports essentially
peaceful in their nature, such ~ base
ball. Indeed. the German youth in
knee breeches is. like Hannibal Of old,
dedicated in childhood on the altar OF
the war god.
It may be mentioned that the social
caste line is very strict in the Ger
man army It is next to impossible Tor
a private or non-commissioned officer
to get a commission; harder. II any
thing. than it is in the United 6tates
Army. The German ofiicer lives on q
plane as far above the rank and nle OF
his regiment as any that separates q
Evening star., 1914-09-27

The Copper Proper
ties of the Guggen-
helms and the Iron
Mountain of the Beth
lehem Steel Company.
The Nitrate Agencies
Backed by the Graces
and the United States
Steel Trust-A Fleet
of Steamers Ready to
Take Advantage of the
European War - The
Possibilities of Trade.
A Commercial Museum
for American Goods at
Santiago.
Copyrighted. 1914, by Frank c. Carpenter.)
Evening star., 1914-09-27

HE fate of the ma
tions Of Europe
hangs upon their
respective armies.
The fate of these
respective armies
hangs upon their
commanding off,
GERS. Wherefore,
1t is as clear as
the simplest logic
can make It. that,
upon the ability,
Evening star., 1914-09-27

in number, one at Sandhurst, near Al
dershot. with 800 cadets. which is de-
voted to the education Of the infantry
and cavalry officers; the other at Will
let's. with 200 cadets. devoted to the
artillery and engineers. The term at
Sandhurst 10 one and half years: at
WtliettB two years. Entrance to both
10 by competitive examination. and ca
years. After graduation they are as
signed to active regiments, with the I'll
tie OF lieutenant.
After nve years. service in the army
compete with other officers in examina-
ton for entrance to the Stan College.
The course Of this STAFF College OK
tends over two years. and upon gradu-
alton from 1t the ofiicer Is qualified for
any position in the British army. in
cluding a position on the general stan.
Graduation from the Stan College does
not mean that the officer will of neces-
sity be promoted. II, however, q young
ofacer does not choose to attend the
he will never rise above his rank of
lieutenant.
There is at Neither q special
school, recently established. for more
thorough instruction Of young officers
in the cavalry service.
Naturally. in her position a. mistress
Of the seas, 1t 10 to her naval schools
that England pays more attention. OF
these the principal school Is the cele-
brAted ono at Osborne. on the Isle of
Wight. Here. after standing a COM
petitive examination. the future ad-
After two years schooling at Osborne
the young cadet goes on one Of Eng
lands many training ships and there
serves two years as midshipman.
He fs then given commission on
board one Of the lesser craft of the
British navy.
The training ships have several bases,
the principal one being at Portsmouth.
There Is another at Dartmouth. with
lesser stations scattered along the
There are also several higher naval
schools for those officers who take spe-
cial courses. This is rendered neces-
sary by reason Of the fact that in the
ned branches Of special service render
ed necessary by the hugeness of the Or
ganization. Thus navigation, marine
engineering, construction Of sea forts.
docks and naval stations. handling OF
big guns, submarines. aeroplanes and
torpedoss and the general conduct OF
a squadron are but a few Of the many
special branches upon skill in which
depends the efficiency and integrity Of
the great navy.
be taught at one school. nor 10 II neo-
essary for one officer to know It all.
Hence after the course at Osborne and
the two years on board the training
ship the young officers are detailed for
special instruction to these special in
stitutions. such as the Navigating
School at Greenwich, the Engineering
School At Keyham and others In short
the training Of the British naval ON
Ger Is less a passing OF him through a
a in n
dreds Of others. and a more special
and Individual tutoring OF him along
the special branch Of navy work to
which he will devote himself.
Evening star., 1914-09-27

rying lumber and flour. and It has many
vessels engaged In the carrying OF MI
trates, which from now on vii, probably
60 through the canal. The GrAcoe are
especially fitted to handle present condi-
tions The hrm has its branches In Now
York, San Francisco. Los Angeles, Seat
tie and New Orleans, az we'll ~ IN Lon
don, Manchester and Birmingham i has
the ais;as od the ws ssss e sSSth
Just as our Wholesale houses divide up
their domestic territories, and its
branches. agencies and travelling salea-
men cover almost every part Of Ecuador,
1es rsrq T. 20 Rolsn ssns and !, Chile es, long
chinery ana in the handling OF kero-
sene and illuminating oils, but Il also
does general wholesale business OF inn
porting and exporting. selling everything
push carts to locomotives. It II the
South American representative for the
west coast of the General Electric snd
International Harvester companies II
is noted for taking big contracts. and
its capital and business already run
high into the millions
In addition to the GracSs, thsre ere
number OF other firms pushing American
goods who are ready to jump into the
eAs0.esSsA
est extent Among these are Wsssell.
Duval & Co. the successors Of the old
firms Of Flint. Eddy C Co. and Beechs
& Co.. who have been long noted In Chile.
and also Williamson, Baifour & Co. and
Anthony Gibbs. Thess companies have
offices In New York and are already en-
gagged In American importation. The
same might be said Of Duncan. Fox &
Co. which is an English house with
branches in the United States. All OF
these firms sell more or less American
nour. cottons and various kinds Of Amer.
ican machinery. Nearly all handle farm
ing implements and are ready TO take Or
ders for American goods Of any descrip-
tion. Our chief typewriter companies
have their agencies here and our phono-
graphs and graphophones are distributed
throughout every city and town. The
singer Sewing Machine Company Z in
evidence everywhere. and the National
Cash Register Keeps not only the 70.
counts Of most Of the stores but svsn
the cash Of the telegraph ana POST ofnces
~ well.
Many Of our grest combinations Of cap
Evening star., 1914-09-27

built by Americans. The most wonder
full Of them were the work of Henry
Meiggs, who had made millions in Cali
fornia about the time that gold was dis
covered there. Later on he failed. and
then came to Chile, where he made mil
lions more. 1t was Meiggs who built the
first railroad from Valparaiso to Santia-
60. He constructed the first and mos
difficult part OF Peruvian Southern that
now goes UP the Andes to Cusco and
Lake T1ticacA, and 10 q part OF the
through line to La Pas Bolivia. Aeiggs
also built the Central railway back Of
Lima. a road that will eventually b ex-
tended into the Amazon valley. United
States proposals to that effect having
been made within the past few years.
The Central railway was perhaps the
most remarkable feat OF civil engineering
ever performed. There is not = rack and
pdnion section connected with it. and
nevertheless 1t ascends to an altitude OF
three miles in the course Of one hum
dred miles, and the cars 90 over COM
paratively easy grades to that point.
Meiggs was q big man. and was not
afraid to deal in big money. Had he
lived today he would have been In the
same class with J. Pierpont Morgan and
Edward Henry Hartman. He offered to
improve the Valparaiso harbor at . cost
Of $4,000. 600. IL the Chilean government
would give him a ninety-nine-year lease
Of the sheltered side Of the port. The
government declined. and thereby lost
millions. which loss It 10 now trying to re-
pair by putting millions into the present
harbor improvements.
Among other Americans who have made
Evening star., 1914-09-27

A'hAN A1A1Os SAllSs -
HE great. war In
Europe and the
completion Of the
Panama canal will
mark the beginning
OF an enormous
trade between the
Cnited States and
Chile. Under the
old conditions this
trade has -trebied
s l ince 1905. and
within the past
Evening star., 1914-09-27

mines. eventually becoming one OF the
owners Of the Chuquicamata property
which has since gone into the hands et
the 0uggenheirns. --i.
FRANK G. CARPENTER
Evening star., 1914-09-27

ital have long been planning to work the
south American trade. and the present
situation finds them ready to take ad-
vantage Of It. The United States Steel
Company has had its agents in every
country Of the west coast. and for some
time Its own ships have been going from
New York to these ports by the way OF
the Strait OF Magellan. They will now
30 by the Panama canal, and their re-
turn frstshts viii be such goods Al have
Germany, France and Great Britain. The
United States Steel Company already
sells more than half Of all the steel used
In Chile. ana 1t IL rapidly absorbing that
class Of business throughout South Amer
lea. A Large part OF the building now go
ing on is in steel and the new railroads.
In course OF construction, will now be de-
their rails ana other materials.
The Bethlehem Steel Company is In
splendid shape to do an enormous busi-
ness with the west coast Of South Amer
out, 1t had almost completed a dozen
large steamers which were to be employ
cd in carrying the iron ore from its mines
near Coquimbo, Chile. to the Bethlehem
steel works. 1t was estimated that the
orc freight would amount to something
like million tons per annum. and the
ships were built with the expectation that
the return freight from the United States
to Chile would. be practically nothing.
The company expected to make its money
by carrying the ore 70 its own mills. The
present situation will enable this feet
to have full aareoes Of United States
goods on the return voyages. and the
company will probably do q general car
fying business in addition to its steel
and ore shipments.
80
The same will be true Of the nitrate
feet that in the past has gone south
through the Strait OF Magellan and
thence to Europe ana the United States.
From now on that feet win probably
20 through the canal. and a. the United
States 10 ono Of the largest customers for
nitrate. the steamers that land there will
load up with American goods and bring
thsm back 20 Chile. We are now taking
sonasthing like 4oo, 10000 pounds Of
nitrate q year. and Chile is ready to con.
sumo 4 like amount Of American goods.
This nitrate business is controlled by
Americana. It u handled by the Nitrate
Agencies, Limited. the majority Of whose
stock is owned by w. r. Grace &
Evening star., 1914-09-27

four years II has increased 140 Der cent,
1t already amounts to $4,000. 600 per an
mum. but this Is only about one-sixth Of
divided among Great Britain, Germany
and France. whose factories and ships
are now tied up In this terrible war. The
foreign commerce of this country now
aggregates more than S250.000,00 per
annum. and the bulk of it is with Europe.
In 1918 Great Britain exported thirty
million dollars worth Of goods to Chile,
and she took back In exchange goods to
the amount Of SIS O0O. 600 Chile's COM
merce with Germany has averaged more
than $J0.000.OOO per annum, and she has
been trading with France to the extent
Of $1SOOO.OOO. Belgium also has had q
has been sending in coal by the ship
load. In another letter / will take up
some Of the items and show the mighty
openings created by the war. This letter
shall devote to the present conditions
and describe some of the big things that
Americans are already doing with q view
to the future.
Within the past few months the Chill
can government has put its exposition
buildings at the disposal of a commercial
museum tor the display of American
products. The government 10 especially
friendly to Americans. and within re-
cent years it has bought a great deal Of
its railway material from the United
States. 1t now proposes to subsidize q
line Of steamers which will go northward
through our canal to our Atlantic ports.
and It ID anxious to establish the closest
OF trade connections with US In view OF
the loss of its European commerce.
Evening star., 1914-09-27

supervision and control Of the imperial
government; the Individual kingdoms,
assss SaSs sna oshsr oy.r
These schools are known as cadet
schools: the whole system 10 known as
the cadet corps.
size. though otherwise ranking no
higher. Is that Of Gross Lichterfelde,
near Berlin. It 10 by far the largest
military school in the world. as be-
which boasts ITSELF the leader Of the
world in all things military. having
many more than q thousand cadets at
OF the remaining schools. most Of
them are In Prussia, one being near the
historic imperial residence at Potsdam.
There are. however, nourishing schools
Ct Dresden in saxony, In Baden and
The most striking--indeed. one might
say, astonishing--thing about these
cadet schools IL the surprisingly ten
der age at which the cadet is admitted.
American 1t hardly seems possible that
even q martial prodigy could exhibit
any marked fitness for soldering at
ss 1ss sSw sT age Is thas s the
BY competitive examination. but GER
tainly such examination must be only
the merest form.
partial admission. The cadet is turned
over to the government. who assumes
complete control Of him, just as fully
as the West Pointer is taken charge
Of by the United States government.
The cadets live in regular boarding
houses, conducted by military officials,
ana every expense even sweetmeats
and pocket money. is provided out Of
In the matter OF 1uxuries and outlay
Tor personal qualification. the youthful
cadet Is much restricted. not. however.
from any penuriousness on the, part
expense in providing everything for
the health and welfare Of their charges
in the most bountiful manner, but be-
cause 1t Is desired to inculcate into the
breasts of the embryo officers habits
simplicity Of life. ' 49,"
The cadet remains in this school for
eight years. The education, during the
earlier years. Is naturally of a gem
eral character, much like that given
In the civil public schools for boys of
like sge. Still. they are surrounded
by general military atmosphere and
absorb the discipline and strictness of
military life In the air they breathe.
.ssn, no.n oivii ana military teachers are
tailed from the regular army.
After q few years Of this general
education the cadet devotes himself
more and more to the military side Of
his education, addressing himself espe-
cia1ly to the branch Of the service he
expects to enter. whether infantry,
cavalry, artillery or engineers. Also,
IL he intends to enter the navy, he IL
given special education in the neces-
sary subjects. for there are no sepa-
rate naval schools analogous to our
Annapolis.
This method differs from our system
at West Point. where all the cadets
are given the same education and
Evening star., 1914-09-27

When one comes TO consider the
military schools OF Russia he 10 as
else Russian, by their magnitude. She
has no less than twenty-five great in
stitutions. each with 400 or 500 cadets.
And these, which the cadets enter at
ten years and remain in until seven
teen, is but the first line OF schools
These frst schools are analogous to
the German Cadet Corps. The principal
one of these schools, known as the
Corps des Pages. 10 the specially arts-
tocratic school attended by the aons
OF generals and other military diGni-
taries.
After graduating at seventeen, from
these schools. the cadets 60 to one OF
about twenty finishing schools. These
are divided up into four classes. each
one devoted to one Of the four arms
of the military. In the infantry and
cavalry schools the term Is two years:
in those devoted to the artillery and
engineers. the term is three years. On
graduating from these schools At the
age of twenty or twenty-one the cadet
Is appointed to lieutenancy in n regt.
ment OF the great standing army.
The system 10 much like the Ger
man system. although more thorough,
at least in theory. In addition to the
first schools. 1t has the second schools.
with their terms Of two or three years
in the special line OF service which the
cadet will enter. Those intended for
the navy attend, after the primary
military school. the naval schools at
Kronstadt for two years. thence to
training ship. The caste Idea is very
strict in the Russian army. In no way
can a private or non-commissioned Of
fcer ever hope to attain oficial rank.
The Austrian and italian military
schools are modelled on a modified form
OF the German system The cadets,
however. enter the schools at an older
age-fifteen or sixteen years-and ara
put in the army as lieutenants at about
Italy, also special scientific schools for
the officers who desire to devote them
selves to the study OF some speciei
branch Of modern scientific war. such
rapid fire gun.
'The most OF military education.
however, consists in what is called
the esprit de corps OF the officers ana
army" commentsd ase .sn. an ola ,r"n,nass ws,esan
strong feeling Of pride and patriottsm
in the bosom OF a young cadet. he may
be deficient in some OF the intricate
theorems of the differential calculuA
but he will make g0od neia CON, .,
the north and the south during the
ctvfl war shows how much depends
upon that feeling OF pride In country
and army and regiment.
"If a man whose heart 10 filled With
this is put in command IL doesn't take
him long to become an efficient leader.
OF course, the matter Of military
genius 10 different. but no school can
create one of them any more than .
hundred Oxfords could create Shake
speare. But, with the ordinary leader
OF soldiers, I maintain that pride ana
patriotism are the best possible quaai-
fyAa ran have"