davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1914-11-08
A Russian Sentinel.

THE sternest ideal of military duty
l is fulfilled by the Russian soldier.
An illustration Is given by an English
officer, who has seen service in the east.
On leaving an Armenian village, he
passed a beautiful green valley, water
eb by ariver that flowed between strong
embankments. His Armenian servant
told him that. after a great storm, the
river has risen in such food that the
persons living near the bank fled for
their lives.
There was a powder magazine near
the river. The sentinel who was guard
ing it prepared to retreat, but the off,
GERS who were watching the scene from
a mountain forbade him to leave his
post. For an hour the sentinel strug-
gled against the rising waters, clinging
desperately to the lock OF the maga-
zine door.
The water rose to his chin, and when
Napoleon, who was student there,
the Hood ceased. He was decorated by
the government with the ribbon Of
some honorary order in recognition Of
his heroic obedience.
Evening star., 1914-11-08
Origin of the Turks.

Nov that Turkey. 'the sick man
of Europe" has seemingly en-
tered into the war. the facts Of the
early origin OF that nation are of In
terest. With a population of $4,000, 900
directly under the Sultan of Turkey
today, 1t seems strange to reflect that
when the Turks first appeared in his
tory they were wandering Tartaric
tribes, rowing about the plateaus OF
Asia, and generally known under the
name of Scythians.
They asserted that they were de-
scended from a person named Turk,
who was grandson of Japhet. In the
sixth century they left the barren ta-
hlelands of central Asia and spread
into the steppes of the country now
called Turkestan.
Their religion was a barbarous pa
ganism, and owing to their roaming
ing OF Eentleness in their worship,
not even a temple. Hence they pre-
sented an inviting field for the incur
sion of the Arabs. who at this period
brought them into the fold of the
Mahometan religion.
Mahomet was born in Arabia in $50.
and though of wealthy parents. early
Jewish books on that subject. His own
people then professed a system of
polytheism. but the reformer attacked
this, preached that there was but one
God and that Mahomet was His proph-
ct.
From few followers his believers
grew into the thousands. and when
Arabia had been converted these Mos
lens, with fire and sword, entered
Turkestan and obliged the Turk to
accept the Mahometan religion. They
soon became its most ardent eXponents,
and SO great was the growth that to-
day there are 200.O00.000 people who
believe in the Koran. the Mahometan
bible. worshiping God as Allah and
Mahomet as His prophet.
The green silk trousers of Mahomet
were for a long time borne as the ban
ner of the Moslem army. The incur
sions of the Turks into Europe won for
them many Christian provinces at va
rious times. among them being Ar
menia, Servia and the Balkans.
Evening star., 1914-11-08

in phosphor bronze instead of steel
Great Britafn's torpedo factories. where
the Whitehead class is under conStruc-
Greenock: the plant of Greenwood &
Bailey. at Leeds, and Mr.. Whitehead's g
factory at Weymouth. Great Britain's
torpedoes of today are both of the o.
inch variety and the 1s.6-inch. They
have an extreme range, 1t is said. Of
A short range is travelled by them at
a speed of forty knots.
Japan also uses a good many of the
Schwartzkopf type. and also a con-
siderable quantity of Whiteheads Nip
pom lis also now experimenting with q
gasoline-driven 23.6-inch multi-cylinder
motor torpedo.
France is using the Whitehead tor
pedo. constructed at the factory at Tou-
lon for the government torpedo station
at CherbouTg, where the torpedo train
ing ship is the old double -turreted
United States monitor Unandaga. re-.
fused by this government and purchased
by France from the builders.
In the United States Navy the White.
head. the Schwartzkopf and the Howell
torpedoes are used, but chiefly the
Whitehead. and some idea Of the cost
of the deadly fangs of the submarine
craft may be gained from the fact that
quite recently the United States paid
$4,000 for a single pair of torpedoes
while 1t costs only about $3.50 for the
projectile and powder which form one
charge for the new fourtesn-inch naval
rifles.
From the time a torpedo Is assem-
bled it is treated exactly as though 1t
were a thoroughbred race horse, or
Evening star., 1914-11-08
Torpedo Er1ER61NG FRor1 ABOVE WATER TUer
On: GERrIAN CelusER

forth each individuality which appears
in the torpedo. From the factory the
weapon IS sent to the official depot of
whatever government purchases it. 1t
goes plainly and distinctively num-
bered and accompanied by it's so-called
history sheet.
At the depot it Is taken from its spe-
cial wooden case and adjusted. oiled
and covered with a thin, protective
coating of grease.
From time to time it is used in tor
pedo practice. and for this service the
deadly war head is replaced with what
is called a practice" or collision"
head. This head Is collapsible, and is
filed with calcium phosphide. instead
of gun cotton, and when the head Is
collapsed the action Of the water upon
the chemical causes it to burst into
flame after it rises to the surface. thus
indicating its position and making sure
it's recovery.
All torpedoes when used in practice
are adjusted so that when their run is
made they Will rise to the surface and
float. When a war head" torpedo is
fired it is set to sink after the COM
pletion Of its run.
Upon these practice tests each tor
pedo Is carefully watched by the tor
pedo lieutenant" of the ship from which
1t is fired and he carefully notes upon
the history sheet any peculiarities
which may develop. Perhaps the tor
pedo shows a tendency to veer to port.
or perhaps to starboard. Again one
torpedo may ride lower in the water
than its fellows, and these facts will
be of untold value to the torpedo lieu
tenant upon whom devolves the task
of adjusting his dangerous children
Evening star., 1914-11-08
Honesty in. War.

THE French marshal Turenne was not
l only a great general. but man of
singular honesty Of character as well.
Many incidents which are related of
him show his modesty. generosity and
honesty, as well as his courage and
military ability. A little story of one
of his German campaigns illustrates
his rare scrupulousness. even in time
of war.
The authorities of Frankfort believed,
from the movements of his army. that
he intended passing through their ter
ritory. They sent a deputation to him
which offered him a large sum OF money
if he would alter the direction Of his
march. and leave Frankfort unmo.
Tested.
They were surprised in more ways
than one by his answer. 'Gentlemen."
said he, my conscience will not permit
me to accept your money. for I have
never intended to lead my army through
your town."
Evening star., 1914-11-08
Tor PEDo War HEAD BUILT OF SLABS
OF GIN 0OnTORJ
TORPEDO T1TTED WITH DAVIS GU1N>
AFTER Fy ProSToAI
Re ExPLOSIoA

prior to 1870. offered to his government
a self-propelling torpedo in shape much
like boat, driven by steam or clock
work mechanism. and directed from
rudder. The bow of this miniature
torpedo launch" was filled with gun
powder. to be exploded by a pistol in
the bow of the boat.
But the Austrian government, while
recognizing the value of Capt Lupus
invention, expressed the opinion that
the device would not be practical with
out a better form of motive power and
a system by which the craft could be
steered Independent of a base.
Robert Whitehead. whose name most
Of the torpedoes Of the world bear so to.
factory at Fiume. and to him Capt.
Lupus took his model. Mr.. Whitehead.
given the germ of the idea. then de-
teal working mechanism and steering
device. all contained in fish-shaped
hull.
But still the Austrian government was
unwilling to undertake the expenditures
necessary for the development Of the
torpedo: SO Austria invited other world
powers to witness tests and participate
in ater them m Tss ass the the r9sgt nSsb that
sent a committee to the factory at
Fiume, which brought back with it two
of the weapons. After many tests, the
British government purchased the right
to manufacture torpedoes in England
and the right to use all Improvements
to be made thereon, of which 1t was
to be kept advised, for the sum. of
100000.
OF course. during the forty years
which have elapsed. there have been
many important improvements upon tor
pedoes. Yet. in general way. the prin-
ciples Of these submarines without
crews" have changed surpri isingly little.
These innovations include the gyro-
scope apparatus. the invention of L.
devised alcohol burner. which super
heats the compressed air in torpedoes
still using this form Of motive power, to
give greater speed. and. consequently, q
wider range of activity. Then there Is
also a composition known as "motorite.
solid in form, and for this reason more
easily handled than compressed a +, which
may be used to drive a torpedo engine.
But Of all these Innovations, perhaps
the gyroscope Is the most important.
Each nation now manufactures prac-
tically all the torpedoes it uses thanks
to Austria's inability to see into the
future at the time the Lupus torpedo
was offered to her. Germany. at the
Krupp-Germania works. manufactures
a great number of torpedoes. Yet the
ones she prefers for use upon her sub
marines and battleships are what Is
known as the Schwartzkopf torpedo,
made in Berlin. This type Of explosive
sent the Aboukir. the Hogue and the
Cressy to the bottom. Russia also uses
Schwartzkopf, which is nothing more
Evening star., 1914-11-08

highly confidential for a number Of
years until it was realized that the ex-
perts of every nation knew about them.
The secret operates the balance of the
torpedo, and keeps the instrument at
the depth at which 1t is adjusted to run.
This is accomplished. by hydrostatic
able disk fitting into the orifice of the
chamber, and made water tight by an
India rubber joint This disk is kept
out or shut by spiral spring operat-
ing from inside. and which may be ad-
justed to equal the pressure which the
water would exert at the depth at which
the torpedo is desired to run. AT tho
set depth this valve remains at an
valve is forced "in"; If above. "out."
In addition to the hydrostatic valve,
and acting in conjunction with 1t. is a
pendulum weight. which. connected with
motor" exerts with the inclination Of
the torpedo lifting force of $50 pounds
upon the rudders to every half-ounce
Of push or pun on the motor from the
down helm to the rudders whenever
necessary.
Behind , the secret. , lies s,r the engine
ffty-six indicated horsepower COM
pressed air engines. which drive single
shaft to the after propeller. A bevel
gear from the after shaft works a shaft
opposite direction to the rear screw.
thus keeping ;n accurate balance.
Abaft the engine room comes what is
known as the 'buoyancy chamber" This
compartment, through which pass the
main propeller shaft and the rods for
working the diving rudders. provides the
fotability of the torpedo. should it fail
to explode upon it's run. and makes its
recovery poss BILE through floating 1t
upon the surface. This chamber also
holds in its forward part an instrument
known as the gyroscope.
This apparatus consists principally Of
a heavy hywheel suspended in gymbals,
upon a delicate balance. with practically
no friction. When the torpedo is fired
this wheel is set spinning by a power
full spring at speed of more than
1000 revolutions per minute. 1t exer-
cises a directive force upon the torpedo.
If a torpedo boat desires to fire a tor
enemy lying dead ahead. the gyroscope
would be set with it's axis pointing to
the enemy, and after the weapon has
been launched at an angle of forty-ive
degrees away from the hostile ship, the
gyroscope. connected with and acting
upon the rudders, will send the tor
pedo unerringly to its mark.
The locomotive torpedo. by which every
nation sets such store as means both
of attack and defense. might have been
the exclusive property of Austria, had
that country been far-sighted enough to
hold that of which once she had COM
plete control.
The torpedo was the invention Of an
Austrian naval officer. Capt. Lupus. who.
Evening star., 1914-11-08
A Dead Give-AWay.

John A. HENNESSY. in a recent ad-
} dress in Brooklyn, said of a certain
controversy:
That was a dead give-away on our
opponents part. That showed them
up as little Willie Budd showed up
his father.
Little Willie said fretfully one day
to a rich aunt:
".Auntie, make a noise like a frog
"'Why, Willie, what do you want me
to make a noise like a frog for?' said
the rich aunt, with an amused and
puzzled laugh.
".Oh, because whined little Willie,
whenever l ask pa for anything he
always says wait till yer auntie
croaks.'"
Evening star., 1914-11-08

ture of Monticello which has SO far es-
capped most narrators. and that is that
under the house. which crowns high
knob on the western side of the noun
tain. is a subterranean passage through
which. it is said, Jefferson escaped once
when the British cavalry officer Tarle-
ton raided that section.
The grave of the author of the Dec
laration of Independence is at Monti-
cello, but the spot is still owned by the
descendants of Jefferson. as that stipu-
lation was made in the sale. Mr.. Levy's
affection for the place and his wealth
Evening star., 1914-11-08

was obliged frequently to speak, an
him.
At one place he rose, and, going to
the front of the platform, said in an
ordlnary voice. with an assumption of
the hearers:
am not going to make any speech
tonisnt-- expecting to follow this
introduction by a few telling words.
rose. and. yawning aloud. remarked.
knows you amt er going to make
no speech-for I have heard you be-,
Evening star., 1914-11-08
The VictOrS.

<<T NET in Milan." said returned
tourist. Gen. Angelo Gatti. the
Italian tactician. Gatti talked luminous
ly on the war. This, remember, was
about September 1.
Gen. Gatti said that the allies in
France had been too audacious at first
hence their hard luck. He said they had
now learned their lesson. and were doing
better.
In warfare said Cen Gatti. the
rash are annihilated. The timid are
crushed. Victory crowns those alone
who mingle rashness and timidity to-
gether-those. so to speak. who run
Evening star., 1914-11-08

bone and sinew and muscle of the ma
ton.
Senator Root of New York is author
lty for this story. relating to one OF
these statesmen:
The congressman had just finished an
impassioned tribute to the farmers of
the nation. In the lobby, after he had
finished his effort. he was graciously
receiving the plaudits of his colleagues
when venerable member approached
him.
Il take it," said the venerable mem
ber. that you are a farmer?"
Il am" said the speechmaker. He
added proudly: And 1 have enough
law business on the side to make it
pay"
Evening star., 1914-11-08

a halfback at college. 1t happened that
Hamlin, who was assistant secretary
of the Treasury under Cleveland. came
to Harvard to give lectures in political
and governmental matters. and among
his most interested pupils was young
Rogers
The study proved SO fascinating that
Rogers determined to enter public life.
and did SO. reaching Congress to servo
his first term March 4, 1912. When
making his canvass of his district he
Evening star., 1914-11-08

have restored to the plantation all of
its original land belongings. so that
now the estate comprises 736 acres. the
son.
The house stands almost an exact du-
plicate of what it was hundred years
ago, the colonial furniture being repro
found. but most of the things. especial
ly those Of great value. were those
used by Jefferson.
The old colored woman who opens the
lodge gate to admit visitors rings the
huge bell which rang a century ago,
and she is the fifth generation to per-
form this service
Evening star., 1914-11-08

so that they will do their deadly work
with the greatest accuracy.
Torpedoes may be fired In two ways:
First, from above water tubes. the kind
which are usually found on battle
ships, and which is considered the
more hazardous method, because OF the
likelihood of the war-head being struck
as it is discharged. and, second. Its
discharge from a submerged tube some
two or three feet below the surface, as
in the case of a submarine.
In firing the ''above water" tube the
torpedo Is directed with the aid Of a
contrivance very similar to the sights
Evening star., 1914-11-08
A Requisite.

There are a num-
Der Of profession =
al farmers" in the
House and Senate.
They are the indi-
viduals Of the long
tailed coat and the
rough-hewn v e st,
who rise in their
might periodically
to inform t h e 1 r
brethren that the
man who labors in
the wheat fields and
who garners the
crop is the back
Evening star., 1914-11-08

in his most eloquent style on the ini-
quities of the other party and describ-
ing how the country would soon be sunk
In the depth of dependency. etc, a
man in the audience rose up excitedly
and shouted, "I have been robbed. my
pocket has been picked"
rs that So" exclaimed Williams from
the rostrum. That is strange-I did
not know any republicans were pres
ent"
shouted the man, in return. Now,
who was the democrat low down enough
to pick a republicans pocket in Mis-
sissippi?"
Evening star., 1914-11-08

the envelope was The statement mat
he missive had been found when the
post Office was recently moved
II had become stuck in the slit In a
table and had slept there peacefully
through the years. unaware that since
II was mailed the airship had arrived
and that the tango had come and al
most gone.
Its contents were from a lad who was
studying law and wished some docu-
ment to aid him in this course.
Evening star., 1914-11-08
Remember L0uvain!

GILBERT FRASER, the British con-
~ sui in Baltimore. was defending the
allies-at the wars inauspicious begin
ning-against the military critic.
But these allies of yours" the critic
grumbled, "are always on the defensive.
They don't take the offensive enough.
Look at the Germans now
But" said Mr.. Fraser, quietly, it's
impossible, absolutely impossible, for
anybody to be as offensive as the Ger
mans"
Evening star., 1914-11-08
Heard Him Before.

r e pr e S entative
John Jacob Rogers
Of T.. Massachusetts,
comes from the
great manufactur-
ing districts. the
section in which
the immense mills
have brought to
America a large
foreign population.
Rogers is a young
man, a Harvard
student. and really
began his congress
sjonal career while
Evening star., 1914-11-08
Jefferson's Home.

r pre- S entative
Jefferson NJ. Levy
of New York is en-
titled to a debt of
gratitude for his
pre- g e r walton of
Monticello. the rev.
olutionary home of
Jefferson. W h l C h
perches high on the
side Of the noun
tain ov e Hooking
Charlottesville and
the University OF
Virginia.
There is one fea-
Evening star., 1914-11-08

IT was a submarine which in less than
an hour sank the Aboukir the Hogue
and the Cressy. three of Engiand's proud
est fighting ships. September % last.
But the actual work was done by the
nalf dozen torpedoes which were
launched from the submarines sub
merged tubes.
Few laymen realize that torpedo Is
n great deal more than mere explosive
she'll As a matter of fact. no more
comprehensive description can be given
Of 1t than that recently voiced oy
naval expert. who said:
"A torpedo is nothing less than an
actual. practical submarine boat which
performs its functions with deadly ana
almost unbelievable mechanical ac-
curacy, automatically and without the
aid of crew. The mechanism wh1ch
operates 1t comes as near being proto-
type of the human brain. perhaps. as
anything ever perfected from engines.
horoscopes. wheels and gears. And each
constructed exactly alike-has personal
tdiosyncras res. which must be taken ac-
count Of to the last degree in handling
them and launching them.
d. NAV be launched at an angle OF
rorty-fve degrees from the side Of a
submarine. and may be derended upon
10 accurately find a mark dead ahead.
or dead astern, Of the torredo boat. Or,
again. 1t may be counted upon to travel
at rate of forty knots an hour to
within a single yard Of a point aimed
at. 1000 yards awav. and upon Its
arrival to deliver stupendous wound
from the hundreds of pounds of gum
cotton in its war head"
The modern Whitehead fish" torpedo.
a type which Is in use in practically
every navy of the world today. con-
sists Of a cigar-shaped case from four
. cen to nineteen feet in length. and
Weighing half ton. 1t is divided into
six compartments. At the nose of the
-orpedo lies the war head. This con-
aims the explosive. which usually con-
sists Of dry and wet guncotton weigh
ing several hundred pounds and capable
Of exploding into a gaseous mixture OF
some 5000 times Its own volume. The
war head is exploded by contact with
the hull of ship, which releases a So
called pistol operating upon a full
inmate of mercury detonator-
Aft of the war head is the air cham
Der. containing the motive power for
the engines of the torpedo. This cham
Der is constructed of the finest steel
procurable. and is worked from a solid
sealing, cup-shaped ends. giving to 1t
an hermetical tightness. 1t contains air
at a pressure of $3.50 pounds to tho
square inch, and its contents weigh
about 126 pounds.
Next to the air chamber is what was
known in early torpedoes as "the secret"
This, in reality, is the brain of the
weapon. and its workings were kept
Evening star., 1914-11-08
A Dead Letter.

Representative j.
J. Esch of Wiscon-
sin received in his
mail the other
morning a very
Rip Van Wrinkle of
4 letter, one which
had been slumber-
ing for twelve
years behind the
casing of the post
office at La Crosse,
in his native state.
The postmark was
La Crosse. 1902,
but in pencil across
Evening star., 1914-11-08
MEANING OF FABIAN TACTICS

in Rome and he became the second
founder of the family. Fabius Eximus.
who won his laurels and his spurs
ed from that boy, and there was an
other famous member of the family
whose name was Fabius Pictor. who
wrote a history of Rome and who
is often referred to as the earliest
Roman historian.
Evening star., 1914-11-08
Already Torpedoes
Have Played Impor-
tant Part in the Euro
pean War They
Operate With What
Seems to Be Human
Intelligence How
They Are Discharged
and How They Hit
and Wreck a Ship.
Torpedoes in Use by
the Various Belliger-
ent Powers.

AVAIL experts tie
world over are to-
day admitting that
the S u p e rdread-
noughtS of the ma
tions could well be
replaced with sea-
going submarines
not one-tenth the
size of the great
warShips-t o t h e
greater efficiency
of the navies, both
Extensively and de-
Evening star., 1914-11-08
Only Republican Present.

S e n tor Johr
S h arp Williams
comes from a state
that is unanimously
democratic. a re-
publican being as
scarce as hens
teeth in Mississippi.
But oc &C a sionally
there w a n d e r 8
down from the
north a stranger
who belongs to that
organization. and
be Is looked upon
as a curiosity. as a
Evening star., 1914-11-08
The GIRoScOPE WHICH MA1SES POSSIBLE
AN 1MpT;N1AT1MG GoUR A ToRPEpo

the possessor of human intellect. In
the factory where 1t is made-and even
the largest factories can produce no
more than two torpedoes a day-an ac-
curate history sheet is kept" setting
Evening star., 1914-11-08

Another feature of this foreign
horse demand is that the American
army is put at a disadvantage, for our
army buys it's horses in the open mar
ket and even now its stock is not Of
the grade demanded by the service.