davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1914-10-04

and for each clasp entitled to be worn
for further brave acts an additional
five pounds year. In some cases
still larger sum is granted to those
who are in need Of it. 1t is a rather
rare honor, for. since it's foundation in
1852 up to 1904, there have been but
521 awards. fifteen of these having been
poSthumous.
The order as it's name implies, was
instituted by the late Queen Victoria.
and some of the love borne by her
subjects for her seems to enter into
the regard and veneration in which
the cross is held by the British of all
classes. In the center of the cross is
the royal crest of the lion and crown
and below it scroll inscribed with the
simple words For Valour." The re-
verse of the cross is plain, the name
rank and corps of the Wearer being
engraved the back of the bronze
laureated bar. from which the cross
proper depends, and which is connected
herewith by a bronze letter "V."
The Austrian Order of Maria Theresa
ed by the famous empress of that coun-
try. the enemy of Frederick the Great,
in 1857, as a reward for officers who
had distinguished themselves in war.
Admission to the order depends entire
ly on personal military merit, and nei-
ther birth, family connections, religion
or long service can help procure 1t, all
officers being equally eligible. 1t takes
the form of enameled white cross.
Evening star., 1914-10-04

of the Legion of Honor. and the soldier
of the cZar marches and fights with
the vision of the cross of st. George
before him.
Austrian and Hungarian covet either
the order of Maria Theresa or the
medal for valor, for in the dual mon
archy there are two orders nearly
equal in desira bility, one for officers
and one for men.
The heroism of the members of the
little Belgian army is rewarded in the
shape of the decoration of the Order
of Leopold
The order of the Double Headed
White Eagle is the prize wished for
by the Servian.
Already the decorations have had
proud recipients, and doubtless there
Will be many more.
\ small bronze Maltese cross, severe
and unostentatious. AN inch and a half
gain which a British soldier or sea-
man deems no danger or hardship too
great. Nothing except signal act of
valor or devotion to the country per-
formed in the presence of the enemy
gives claim to the honor. The words
lin the presence of the enemy were,
for a time, abrogated, but were soon
restored to force. and every grade and
rank of both the British and colonia.
forces of King George is eligible, with
the single exception of the native
ranks of the Indian army. They. how
ever, have an equivalent in their own
Order of Merit.
In the cases where the heroes are
below con- rlisSioueG rank pension of
ten pounds year goes with the honor,
Evening star., 1914-10-04
lS[K LIFE AND LIMB

creased to twelve in time of war.-as at
present, are available for Red Cross
nurses as rewards for great and ex-
ceptional devotion to the sick and
wounded This medal is one adopted
by the Red Cross committee in charge
of the Florence foundation named aft
er ard esta ablshed in honor of Florence
Nightingale. who esta blished the first
modern school for the training of
nurses No country may propose more
than one candidate yearly for this
honor. so that its value becomes at
once apparent. The final awards are
made by the International Red Cross
committee at Geneva.
The emblem is in the shape of
double-poiuted shield, surmounted by
a wreath containing a red cross. On one
side is a reproduction of the famous
statuette of Florence Nightingale.
often called The Lady of the Lamp
after Lonsfellow's poem. which in
these words describes her gentle serv-
ices:
I.o, in that house Of misery
A lady with Il lamp |
Pass through the elimmerinS gloom,
And fit from room 10 roonl-
And slow. as in dream of bliss,
The speechless sufferer turns to kiss
Her shadow il falls
Upon the darkenlng walls.
Evening star., 1914-10-04
A Royal Knitting Bee.
rHE British secretary for war,

THE British secretary for war, Earl
Kitchener. has asked Queen Mary
to assist in raising 100000 pairs OF
for the British soldiers at the 'front.'
for as the cold weather approaches tho
extrsme need for these articles is felt.
1t is very fortunate that the appeal
was made directly to the queen, as
knitting is her hobby, and many poor
person of her kingdom wears a good.
warm pair of socks or wrist1ets with
out being any the wiser that royal
fingers have fashioned them Tor char-
ity.
The queen has sent a general appear
throughout England and the British
possessions beyond the seas. as well as
10 America through Lady Paget, to aid
in the work and the clicking OF
needles will soon be heard around the
globe. Young Princess Mary is knit
ting wristlets, as she has not yet mas
tered the art of turning the heel of a
sock.
Americans recall with pride ana
patriotism the noble work of Martha
Washington in knitting socks for our
"a geeG and barefoot soldiers at Valley
Forge during that dreadful winter
when starvation and disease were de-
Melting the ranks with a desperate
rapidity.
Knitting was also her hobby. and she
knit with great skill, enlfsting the
services of the women of the country
and her own servants In the work.
and whether in camp with Gen. WASH
fnpton or taking care of the planta-
tions at Mount Vernon, she was never
idIe- and had the satisfaction of the
grateful thanks of the army.
Evening star., 1914-10-04

spending artillery brigade of four bat
teries of eight guns. Mounted troops
include the transbaikal, Amur and
Usuri Cossacks and the Primorsk dra-
goons and number thirty-six "sotnias,
or squadrons, in time of peace. There
are, also, two horse artillery batteries
of CoSSackS on a peace footing, so 1t
becomes at once apparent that the Cos
skilled in other branches of arms.
There are also five rifle brigades, a
Turkestan Cossack division and a
transcaspian CosSack brigade, and, at
tacned to each army corps, Turkestan
artillery brigade.
X X
The numbers of the armies of Rus
sia and their great variety in race, re-
!igion, language, formation and organi-
zation of the various bodies make even
the briefest possible allusion to them
task. The peace strength of the armies
of the czar at the most moderate esti-
mate is upward Of 100000 of all ranks.
In war such as the present one her
resources in trained troops are almost
incredible
The ruler of Russia is, even to
greater extent than in the case of Ger
many, the captain of the host" but it
is somewhat doubted If the present
czar is as absorbed in matters military
as is William H. He has not the same
restless character. nor, perhaps, the
same aptitude, and his intimate knowl
edge of detail is undoubtedly I4r less.
Only questions of the highest ir:por-
tance are submitted to him, matters of
lesser Importance being decided by the
war ministry. The higher general staff
is not, as in the German empire, a
practically Independent body, but Is un-
der the ministry of war.
The infantryman, as in all armies, is
Evening star., 1914-10-04

and fifty-four of line dragons. This
does not include the Cossack regi-
ments. Each regiment embraces a spe-
cial detachment of sixteen men and
an officer especially trained for scout
ing duties, long-distance rides etc, as
well as one of sixteen men and two
officers trained as pioneers to destroy
railroads and telegraph lines. and also
to act as signal men and telegraphers
Cuira ssiers generally wear dark
green single tunics, blue trousers,
white caps and knee boots. But GER
tain special regiments, such as the
czarina's regiment, are resplendent in
white tunics gold breastplates and
gilded helmets on state occasions. In
fact, the cavalry show much greater
variety of garb than the infantry some
of the uniforms being gorgeous in the
extreme. The cars lie guard hus-
sars wear scarlet coat and cap. with
blue trousers. The Grodno hussars,
also guard light cavalry, green-laced
tunics, red breeches and fur BUSHES,
and some of the other corps uniforms
are reminiscent of the time of the
Napoleonic wars. Line Dragons wear
the usual dark green tunic, but are
distinguished by yellow or white metal
buttons.
All the cavalry are armed with
curved saber. rifle and a bayonet.
The rife is not carbine but is SINH
lar to the infantry musket and is car
ried across the shoulders. The total
weight carried by the horse, excluding
the rider, averages 119 pounds.
Field artillerymen wear the usual
green, with minor variations. The
horse artillery uniform resembles in
the main that of the field artillery, but
in the battalions of fortress or garri-
son artillery the men are distinguished
by shoulder straps bearing the initial
of their fortress. They are armed and
equipped like infantry. as is the GUS
tom in most countries. Engineers
wear green, also, with various facings,
the Asiatic units bearing on the shoul-
der strap the initials of the districts
where they are recruited. The train. or
army service corps battalions wear the
usual green. as do the greatest part of
the remaining branches. such as the
balloon deta chime ent,. the frontier guard,
the military topograp piers, the veteri-
narians, the men of the intendance-pay
department and of the medical depart
ment.
Officers in the Russian army provide
their own rations rule. the allow
ance varying from about SO in the field
to s1.50 on the march for officers COM
manding regiments, down to so cents
in the field and 25 cents on the march
Evening star., 1914-10-04

three-quarter ounces of. salt in another
bag. drinking cup, a housewife"
soap. cloth for repairs and materials
for cleaning the rife. On top Of the
kit bag. and hanging over the right
shoulder, is the aluminium water bottle,
which holds over a pint In addition
to all this is carried the rolled up
great coat, and strapped to it is not
only an aluminium mess tin. but an es-
ira pair of the heavy high boots. And
this is not ALL Tent material is di-
vided at the rate of fifty-eight pounds
for each six men.
Certain regiments are called rifles"
They are light infantry corps with a
better stamp of recruit than the or
d1nary line regiment, but the arms,
uniform and equipmnt. but tn arms,
Caucasian native rifle battalions wear
a picturesque Circassian costume with
a conical cap of black lambs wool.
The grenadier regiment, named after
the Emperor Paul l. wear on dress oc-
grenadier cap so popular in the time
of. Frederick the Great and the Aemri-
can revolution.
The Preobajhensky guard regiment
in existence at the time of Peter the
Great, whose son was one of it's Off
GERS, as have been later czare-
witches and many other royal and
furnish the guards for the royal resi-
dences. and 1t is the privates on sentry
duty from such corps whom the czar
by age-long custom salutes with kiss
on Easter morning with the sentence:
Christ is risen" He is rison, indeed"
replies the proud sentry, and probably
doesn't wash that cheek for many a
long day. But, it is said, that cheek
is thoroughly washed and anointed
with pleasant cosmetics before the
ceremony, and under the strict super
vision of the officers, too.
Although the Russians are not by
any means temperate people. the
effect of alcohol on the mems en-
durance is thoroughly understood by
the authorities, and it has been stated
that when troops are lined up for a
long march in hard winter weather, a
corporal goes down the ranks inspect
ing each mans inner condition by the
old-fashioned expedient of smelling his
breath. Any who give forth the fumes
of alcohol are not only removed from
their places, but are placed in the
guardhouse.
1t has been said that the Russian
army is weak in cavalry, both as re-
CARDS total numbers and the proper
tion of an army corps who are
mounted. This may be SO: the results
of the war only can tell. But the fact
remains that the Russian cavalry would
make a very siZable army in itself
1t includes four regiments of cuiras-
sier guards, six of guard light cavalry
Evening star., 1914-10-04

ferent however. This race, living in
the southwestern portion of European
Russia, hold their lands by military
tenure and are liable to service for life,
and every CoSsack of any age can be
called out in an emergency of national
defense. There is also certain sys-
TEN whereby men volunteering for one
year and paying their own expenses
can become officers for reserve troops
in case of their mobilization.
i
Twenty-seven army corps comprise
the field army of European Russia. the
guard corps, the grenadier corps and
twenty-five regular line corps. The
cavalry includes two guard divisions.
a guard brigade and fifteen line divi-
sions. OF the twenty cavalry divisions
fifteen are permanently attached to the
various army corps and four are form
ed into two entirely mounted corps. In
all, the first of the three Russian
armies includes the surprising total of
LOSS battalions of infantry, 642 squad
rons of cavalry and 491 batteries of
artillery three aerial battalions. eleven
independent companies and special
instruction section.
The second army, that of the eau
casus, consists of three army corps.
four cavalry divisions. brigade of
Cossack infantry and two brigades of
Cauca asian rifles, one Of Christians and
the other of Christians.
The ASiatic army is in a way mis-
nomer, for it's men. with the exception
of few Turkomen irregular horse
bodies, are all Russians. The largest
part of this great force is in East ST.
IBERIA, and these forces have been IN
creased and reorganiZed since 1904 un-
til they are most formidable. In the
Asiatic army there are eleven divisions
of Siberian rifles, each with corre-
Evening star., 1914-10-04

for subalterns. When officers cannot
obtain supplies. however. they are en-
titled to the rations of a private plus
a pound of meat and a half pint of
brandy per day. No emergency ration
is issued
Since the days of 1914. when the al
lied enemies of Napoleon entered the
French capital, no part of the Rus
sian forces. and perhaps no soldier in
the world, have taken such a hold on
public Imagination as the Cossack cav
airy. Extending as this race does from
the River Don to the Anlur, it pervades
a large portion of the realm of the
car People usually spea kof Don
Cossacks," and, as a matter of fact. by
far the largest number OF Cossack
czar. People usually speak of Don
province, which lies to the northeast of
the Sea of Azov. and by the kuban
province next below it. But these
troops come from many other portions
of the empire. They are brave and pic
and war from early youth. They were
the greatest single factor in the ha-
RAISING of the French retreat from
Moscow in 1913 by the Russians, played
forces allied with Wellington and
Blucher. which wrought Napoleon's
downfall, and may confidently be ex-
pected to give splendid account OF
themselves in the present great con-
fiict
breasted frock coat with skirt to the
knees and wide trousers with broad stripes,
great coat and vizorless cap or hat of
wool. The Ural, trans-Baikal, Amur and
Usuri Cossacks are recognizable by very
high black BUSHES with a long woolen
colored top. Coats are usually dark green
or blue, but not always. Some corps wear
dark brown, and guard Cossack regi-
ments wear short tunic or either light
or dark blue or scarlet. the Gears own
regiments being clothed in scarlet.
There are other local dresses, such as
red leather trousers in Turkestan, and
Evening star., 1914-10-04

dark gray Circassian frocks in Kuban
regiments. No spurs are worn on the
high boots, but a whip with a long lash
is carried. The Cossack sword has no
guard, and some bodies carry a dagger
in addition to the saber. The rifle has
no bayonet. Front rank men carry a
nine-foot lance, but with no pennon at
tached.
This plan of having only the front carry
lances would seem to be excellent one.
by the way, for it is difficult to see just
what use lance is to any but front
rank men in a charge or melee" Some.
regiments, notably the Kubans, carry no
lanceS.
- -,
Cossacks are equipped much like regu-
TAR cavalry, except that they carry forty
rounds of ammunition in bandolier
pouches over the left shoulder The Cos
sack is never separated from his horse.
in fact is practically lost without 1t, and.
for the sake of both, the equipment Of the
steed is kept as simple and light as pos
sible In action they use a peculiar bat
tie formation of their own that has come
down to them through the years, called
the lava.
There are several bodies of Cossack in
fantry, equipped and armed, however,
more like their riding brothers than like
other Russian infantry, and also Of fort
ress and horse artillery
Russian uniforms generally are an ex-
tremely infrequent sight in Washington.
if they ever occur at all, but Washingto-
mans, since the occupation of the post by
the present Russian ambassador, have
been made more or less familiar with the
Cossack garb and racial type throug
the constant public appearance of the
Cossack military orderly attached to the
embassy. He wears such a variety OF
picturesque and handsome uniforms that
it is hard to tell to just what branch
of the race or regiment he belongs.
Evening star., 1914-10-04

the most important and most numerous
factor in the armed strength of Rus
sia. Twelve of him are regiments of
the guard and sixteen are grenadier
regiments. so-called. of course, but the
equipment and armament are the same
and the differences in appearance are
nant color of the uniforms of the Rus
sian infantry. Both the double breast
ed blouse, for Russia is generally
cold country, and knickerbockers are
of dark green. The caps are either fiat,
of dark green cloth with vari-colored
bands to designate the regiments, or
are close fitting, fiat-topped. vizorless
ones of curled wool The heavy over
brown, while in very severe weather a
sheepskin coat with a hood of camers
hair cloth is worn Folded footcloths
instead of socks are used, as in the
like those of Alpine climbers. made in
three compartments. one for the thumb,
another for the forefinger and a third
for the rest of the hand, are worn.
cuffs, trimmings, etc, and scarlet pip
ing on the trousers. In grenadier regf-
ments the regimental number is shown
on the cap band and that of the divi-
sion on the shoulder strap.
!.
In summer, which in Russia is often
for short time very warm indeed.
white linen blouses replace the double
breasted and heavy ordinary coats, and
on field days the contrasted green and
white give very pleasing effect to the
masses of troops. But the crowning
glory of the Russian foot soldier is
his boots. All regiments wear them,
high and stout. and skillfully wrnkled
around the ankle. No other footgear
is provided. and the Russian infantry
man may be known the world over by
these Napoleonic articles of footwear.
Officers, sergeant majors and lower
grades of commissioned officers are
all armed with sword and revolver.
The bayonet is not sword bayonet,
but is quadrangular, and is always car
ried fixed. Small guidon flags are
affixed to the bayonets of file-closers.
When the Russian infantry goes cam
paigning it looks almost like spring
moving day. belt supports thirty
rounds of ammunition. a bandolier
thirty more. and reserve pouch, with still
thirty more hangs by strap over the
left shoulder. The waterproof canvas
kit bag is suspended over the right
shoulder toward the left. 1t contains
two shirts, one pair of drawers, two
pairs of foot cloths, a towel and a pair
of mittens. more than four pounds of
biscuit In two separate bags, one and
Evening star., 1914-10-04

lips of any other of the rulers of the
earth The resources of the czar in
armed men are enormous, and have
given rise to the expression so often
heard since the outbreak of the great
European war, The steam-roller cam
paign.
The mere numbers of the Russian
forces are appalling, and they are
: moreover. extremely well trained and
.Iell equipped. The lesson taught by
the Russo Japanese war has been we'll
driven home, and if the armies of the
car are not now ready for anything
in the way of difficulties and distances
to be overcome they probably never
will be. Moreover. they are more than
ever before inspired by an intense 10y
atty and personal devotion to their
chief. and their racial and political diff
ferences, once so numerous. are in the
present campaign apparently largely
placed in the background.
AS in most of the other great ma
tions of Europe, military service in
Russia is both compulsory and univer-
sal Most of the men are of the peasant
or farmer class. for Russia is country
of few large cities. and the tilling of
the soil is the peaceful occupation of a
majority of her inhabitants. Such men
are 'moujiks,' or peasants, and all are
potentially soldiers; hence the use of
the term by Nicholas Service or
rather liability to service, begins at
the age of twenty and lasts until the
forty-second birthday.
Most countries have an army. Rus
sia has three, each a force large
enough to guard IN ordinary sized
kingdom. They are known as the
army of European Russia, the army of
the Caucasus and the army of Asia.
Each is practically distinct from the
others. and each has slightly differ
ent terms of service. But, generally
speaking, service in the first line, or
the forces usually maintained on a
peace footing, is three years in the in
:antry, field and foot artillery. and four
years in other branches. Next come
either fourteen or fifteen years in the
zapaS,' or reserve; during which the
soldier must go through two trainings
OF six weeks each. After eighteen
years in the first line and its reserve
lac passes to the "opolchenie, corre-
spending to the ''landsturm" of Ger
many and Austria Hungary. and re-
mains therein for five years more.
ing the house of Romanon it is diff
Evening star., 1914-10-04
&@SN1

the first republic. Under the restored
Bourbons it became the Order of the
Holy Ghost. bearing the effigy of Henry
". but Napoleon III restored it's inn
perial character, and. of course, 1t has
since become a republican institution.
The number of the chevaliers. or low
est class entitled to the order, is un-
limited, and it is this that is given
brave soldiers in return for their serv-
ices. 1t is also civil decoration, but
the other is more priced.
Evening star., 1914-10-04

equally gratified with the medal of
valor, a simple circle suspended from a
bi-colored ribbon and bearing the
words. Der Tapferkeit," literally, the
bravery" or, better, courage"
The military Order of ST. George, to
which the Russians aspire, was insti-
tuted in 1863 by the Empress Gather
inc II as a reward for officers of both
the army and navy. The Gar Paul l
did not keep the order in operation,
but his son. Alexander !, revived it. 1t
originally consisted of four classes for
various grades of commissioned Off
Evening star., 1914-10-04

RUSSIAN ORDER OF ST. GEORGE.
GERS. but. later, in 1907. a fifth class
was added for the benefit of the in
ferior military grades 1t is the re-
ward for the taking of fortress or a
vessel, for conspicuous presence of
mind or for such counsel as may lead
to victory, in this last item being
different from the Victoria cross.
A gold-edged white enamel cross of
the Maltese design is the form of the
decoration. In the central circular
plaque, on a red field. appears the fig
ure of St. George and the dragon in
enamel. On the reverse is the royal
cipher.
The Belgian troops and civilians both
strive for the Order of Leopold. 1t is
divided into the two classes, civil and
military. and was founded in 1892 by
Leopold L, shortly after the accom-
plishment of the independence of his
small but brave country. There is also
an order founded by the late king. Leo
pold II, and of the same name. but it
does not carry nearly the same distinc-
ton. The badge is quite an elaborate
affair and resembles somewhat the
cross of the Legion of Honor of France.
II consists of a white enamel Maltese
cross, resting on a wreath of green
Belgian lion in gold, and the military
Evening star., 1914-10-04
lust Another Case.

rNAYOR mitchell of New York.
1VA apropos of Brooklyn cashier who
had stolen S150.00O from his firm, said
And yet this young fellow earned
good money-s55 a week, in fact. It's
lust another case of speculation
speculation leading to peculation."
Evening star., 1914-10-04

seems to be no doubt that the average
man. both now and In the past, is
valued more highly and is the object
of greater envy because of a military
medal.
As long wars occur and human
nature is the same the medals of
veteran soldier are apt to command
more attention than those due to some
sJatesnanlike or scientific service. The