davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1914-11-04

In America there is a rustling among
lie autumn leaves OF the aviation fields
.hcse October days over the news OF
seriu! conflicts that slips past the mill
tary cenSorS and reaches the eager ears
Of the airmen ON this sidesOf the ocean.
The ];eroplAnc is being put to the test
Of practical service in the field, in
which its use has been developing ever
since the first demonstrations OF its
scouting value were made by Uncle
Sans soldiers in Texas five years ago.
At the War Department it was stated
that the builders Of eleven types of
%aeroplanes had given notice that they
would compete for the army prizes.
Their names were not made public by
the government, but through trade
sources most Of them are known and
several have supplied pictures Of the BIZ
planes they contemplate entering in the
trials at San Diego on October 20. Those
building machines for the scontcstSin-
Glade Orville Wright, Of Dayton, Ohio;
Glenn Fl. CnrtiSs. OF HammOndsport.
\. u: Glen l.. Martin, Of Los Angeles:
Thomas Brothers. of Bath, n. Y; Silas
CriStofferson. Of San Francisco; Edison.
i. Gallaudet. of Norwich. Conn; Maxi
milan Schmitt. of Paterson, n. j.. aud
Charles L. Kirkham,' of Sayona, n. V,
and A%vondalc, n. j.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1914-11-04
BERTHA KRUPP.

The Baroness Bertha Krupp Won
Bohlen, or as she will always be
known-Bertha Krupp, is a charming
young mtron, unassuming, charitable
and beloved by all those who have
the fortune to know her. is one OF
the most conspicuous figures in the
great war which is devastating Eu-
rope. She is one of two sisters, the
only children of the late Alfred krupp,
the gunmaker of Essen. The young
matron is noted for the charities that
she supports with her immense for
tune. From the income from the man
ufacture of the big guns which
breate destruction, a fraction is set
aside by Bertha Krupp to help some
of her $4,000 pensioners. A large or
phan asylum is supported by the
Krupp money. The success of the
German army is due in great measure
to the Krupp factory. 1t has supplied
the enormous siege guns which have
enabled the Germans to smash the
Belgian and French forts opposed to
them.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1914-11-04

in America, we mikht note that q
per cent of the inhabitants of Japan
and 80 per cent OF the Australians are
savings bank depositors.
THE population of the United
States is greater than the combined
population of England and France.
yet these countries together have
more than $1,000, 900 savings bank de-
p%ositors. We have a little over 5000
900. Germany, with seven.tenths the
population OF this country, has more
than 20, 900.
France has the lowest wage scale
and the highest percentage of savings
bank depositcrs. 34.6; Germany has
a slightly higher wage scale and a
slightly lower savings bank percent.
ae. 31.7; England has a wage scale
still higher and a savings bank per-
centage corresponding lower, o0.2,
while this country has by far the
hihest wage scale and by far the low.
est savings bank percentage, SO.
Trade for trade, the American
wage scale OF often not far from three
times the French scale. Contrari"ise,
the percentage of savings bank depos'
itors is three times as great IN
France as in this country. Ihls may
be a coincidence. but it is at least
a suggestive one. The fact remains
strongly to suggest that extravaance
rows and thrift decreases with the in
creasing wage scale
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1914-11-04
Bible !! ]! At DICKINSON
TWO Centuries OLD

Dickinson, N. D.-Nov. 3.-There is
at this time a Bible in Dickinson of a
kind comparatively few people have
seen, or for, sthat matter will ever
have the opportunity to see, as it was
published in 1874, nearly two centur-
les ago, and there are now very few
books Of like age.
This Old Bible is excellently print
ed in German 5 and is ~profusely illus
trated with wood cuts showing the
Imaginative conception of people at
that time, of events told Of in the
Bible from sGenesis to Revelations in
such a manner that people of this day
may readily recognize, from the real
" fine illustrations, what Biblical
story artists had in mind when max.
ing the wood cuts.
The aged book is in a fine state Of
preservation, heavily bound in dress
ed sheepsk:n, tight drawn over wood;
corners metal protected and so we'll
was it done that the ravages OF time
have had sDslittle effect on the book
only a few leaves are detached. AS
an example Of the binders, printers
and bokmakers' art it compares fav-
orally with similar work done~within
as it does Martin Luther's version of
the old and new testaments, this old
Bible is of unusua! interest.
4 rcIic that most any n would
! prize is this old German Bible, but
it is probably dearef to the-3Jenner
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1914-11-04
A REPUBLICAN ICTORY.

Fragmentary returns in North Da-
kota and throughout the nation indi-
cate a glorious Republican victory
In North Dakota scattering returns
show that the entire state ticket is
safe.
Governor Hanna was given an 7
phatic endorsement at the polls and
the entire state ticket is safe. II is
too early to estimate Hanna's major
ity, but averaging returns of two
years ago with the results of yester-
day. the governors majority should
exceed the 5000 majority of two years
ago.
Suffrage is defeated decisively.
Where it was supposed to have it's
most ardent supporters, tho vote fell
off far below the lowest projection
>prophesies of the suffragists.
The splendid endorsement of Han
ma shows that the people of the state
were not misled by the unsupported
statements of his opponent.
Outside the state Republicans made
marked gains in the House Of Repre-
sentatives, showing that The Demo-
cratic policies have not the u%nG1iali-
fed endorsement of the American
people.
AS far as can be judged NV, the
elections net a distinct victory for
Republican principles.
And Joe Cannon and "Nick' Long
worth Came back.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1914-11-04
THE CHRISTMAS SHIP.

Merry Christmas will sound like
a hollow mockery in the homes OF
half the nations in the world. Thous-
ands today are feeling the pinch of
hunger. Their sorrows are made
harder to bear because of personal
discomforts.
Even if peace comes before the
dawn of another Christmas, the sting
of war will still be felt.
There seems little chance that the
lannon's roar will give way to the
Christmas bells and the peace on
earth good will toward men"
The butchery and carnage besmirch'
ing modern civilization probably will
cast it's heavy shadow athwart Eu-
ropes Yuletide celebrations.
But United States will send Christ
mas comfort, if not a message of
cheer, to4the thousands who otherwise
will know no Christmas. The idea
of a Christmas ship is a good one
and springs from the generous heart
of the American people, who never
stand Indifferent when others are SUI
fering.
Twice blest is the nation who sue,
cors another in the hour of her trib.
ulation.
Let us help to carry the spirit OF
Christmas into the sorrowing war
stricken homes of Europe.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1914-11-04
THE MONROE DOCTRINE.

December 2, 1S23-President
Monroe, in his annual message,
declares: "The American CONT
nents = s. are henceforth
not to be considered as subjects
for future colonization. s. ~ s.
We could not view any interpo-
sition for the purpose of oppres-
sing them (the independent gov
ernments Of the Western :Hemi-
sphere), or controlling in any
other manner their destiny : s.
in any other light than as the
manifestation of an unfriendly
disposition toward the United
States.'
March, lS67-The Monroe Doc.
,trine is successfully asserted to
compel the withdrawal of French
troops from Mexico.
December, 1S95-Great Britain
refuses to acknowledge the valid
ity of the Monroe Doctrine IN the
Venezuelan boundary dispute, but
yields upon President Cleveland's
threat of war.
19G1-Germany officially recog-
nizes the applcation of tie Mon
roe Doctrine TO Esneyaela
l912-The scope of the Monroe
Doctrine is extended by Senate
resolution TO anticipate a rossi-
pie attempt bv Japan to get a
foothold i'll Mex;co in the Magda.
lena Bay affair.
September 3, 1914-Germany
otficiallySaccepts the application of
the Monroe Doctrine principle to
South America.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1914-11-04
NEED MORE THRIFT.

That the Americans are an eXtrav.
agant people has passed almost into
an axiom-at least in Europe, where
judgment is based on what is learned
of Americans from those who travel
abroad. That Americans who stay at
home, and especially those of moder.
ate or extremely limited income, are
extravagant has not so generally been
commented on. A writer in the In
vestor's Magazine, however, contends
that lit is possible to show in cold
figures that we are the least thrifty
nation in the world, and that we rank
below such poverty-stricken nations
as Italy and Japan, SO much so that
when comparison is made with coun-
tries in which thrift is practiced sys-
tematically, the comparison is one to
make us ashamed
DR.. Henry Smith Williams is re-
ferred to as having recently compiled
figures which show that ten leading
European countries average 373 saw
ings bank %depositors for every thous-
and Of population, whereas in this
country there are only SO depositors
for a thousand. DR.. Williams table
showing the number of depositors for
a thousand in each of several coun-
tries follows: Switzerland, 544; Den
mark, 442; Norway, AS; Sweden, 404;
Belgium, 397; New Zealand, 800;
France, BAG; Holland, 1926; Germany,
317; England, 302; Australia, 300;
Tasmania, $50; Japan, 20; Italy, 22o,
and this country, SO.
Dr.. Williams is quoted:
.H we were seek to further evil
dence that life is not elsewhere quite
SO strenuous for the average mar as
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1914-11-04
ROTATION
OF CROPS IN STATE

Fargo, N. D., Nov. 3.--The rotation
of crops is one of the solutions Of
better farming. For North Dakota
it will mean reducing the wheat acre
age, but the better yields secured will
keep up the total amount of wheat
raised. R. C. Doneghue, agronomist
of the North Dakota experiment sta
ton, in the following article gives "a.
very good discussion of how to plan
a rotation: .
"The planning of a complete rota-
ticn of the crops which give the great
est net income for the region in ques-
ton in such sequence in the cropping
system that the largest net income
for the farm will be obtained. In
order that the system may be perma-
nent, it is Unnecessary that some pro-
vision be made to maintain the fer
tility CT the soil for future produc-
%tiveness. In planning a rotation the
following principles should be kept in
mind:
First. Cultivated crops, like corn
and potatoes. clean the land of weeds,
conserve soil water, and improve the
physical condition of the soil.
Second. The legume crops, like
clover and alfalfa, keep down weeds,
buildu p the organic matter in the
soil and add nitrogen to it.
Third. Grass crops, like timothy
and bronze grass, keep down weeds
and build UP the organic matter in
the soil. but add no important ele.
ment of plant food.
Fourth. Wheat and barley are rel
atively weak feeding crops and should
be placed in the most favorable place
in the rotation. They allow the ac-
c%umrlation of certain weeds and al
low the soil to get into poor physical
condition.
Fifth. Oats are ranker feeders than
either barley or wheat. and do not
demand as favorable development Of
physical conditions in the soil
Sixth. Flax is a wear feeder and
demands a good place in the rotation.
As a rule, it does best or sod and
when given this place in the rotation
does not seem to injure the land for
small grain production. When seed
ed On old land OF which a rotation has
not followed, it fails to improve the
land for wheat production. 1t'shOuld
not be seeded twice in succession on
the same land, and when it is grown
q period of even or eight years
should intervene before it is seeded
again.
Seventh. Glover does best when
seeded with a nurse crop III the more
humid portions of the state. Barley
or wheat make very good nurse crops.
Eighth. Alfalfa does best wien
seeded without a r crop Oh land
that grew a cultivated crop the pre-
viOus year,
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1914-11-04

family than to others. A partial his.
history of the Jenner's'and their an.
cesters is written on the front v
and the first imprinted page of what
was evidently a family Bible. Among
other M there is that Of George
Jenner, who until a few years ago,
worked in J.. G. Cartwright's store in
Dickinson. When George Jenner left
Dickinson he left the book with G. G.
Bowers, and on the eve Of departure
OF the latter for the east last week he
arranged to leave the old relic in the
hands of a friend, who will keep it
until it may be delivered to the man
who Left it at the Bowers home.
FAUNcE's SALE SUCCESSFUL.
The sale still continues at Faunce's.
You should call and see the bargains
offered in suitcases, trunks, bags,
telescopes; also, in paints, oils, ala.
bastine, wall paper, crockery and
flower pots and stoneware. All going
at cost and below. Faunce, Fourth
St.-Adv.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1914-11-04
WEDNESDAY, NOV. 4, 1914.

-
q WHERE THE TRIBUNE CAN :
Q BE BOUGHT. =
Fargo, N. o.
Gardner Hotel.
Grand Forks. N. D.
Hotel Frederick.
Devils Lake, N. D.
II. B. Rosenberg, News Agent.
C.. J. B. Turner, News Agent.
Mlnot, N. D.
Mansen Bros.
Dickinson, N. }.
st. Charles Hotel.
Minneapolis, MINI.
Kemp & Cohen, News Agents.
Hotel Dyckmai.
Hotel RadIsson.
St. Paul, Mlnn.
Merchants Hotel.
st. Marie, 5th st. News Agent.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1914-11-04
Moves German Frontier, on Paper.

Moves German Frontier, on PAPER.
London.-Advices have reached here
that a large German electric company
has sem circulars to its customers say.
ing It is to sign contracts to deliver
goods at "Irun on the German from
tier" Irun Is a Spanish town on the
Irsach.Spanish 3rpn4aeH -
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1914-11-04
The Weather
Forecast.

For Nor.h Dakota: Fair tonight
and Wednesday; cooler Wednesday;
fresh westerly winds.
ORRIS w. ROBERTS,
Section Director.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1914-11-04
FAUNcE's SALE sUccEssE,u
PRIVATE INSTRUCTIONS

PRIVATE INSTRUCTION in Benn
Pitman Shorthand and Touch Type
writing. by experienced writer. Very
reasonable tuition. Write or phone
Walter w. Mcmahon, Bismarck, N. d.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1914-08-12
CHAMPIONSHIP
GAME SATURDAY
PATTERSON AND ELM GROVE
TEAM MEETS Ma TINS
FERRY ATHLETICS.
To Decide Superiority 60 The To
Teams o. the Diamond - Third
Game % Series

Due 70 the fact thar the Patterson
and Elm Grove team and the Martins
Ferry Athletics have PLAYED two
games without settling the superior
ny u either. a third game has been
asked for b. the Martins Ferry team
ana arranEemenfH made 20 play for
the hnal decision ArranFements
were made last night. whereby the
game viii b. played on the Elm Grove
grounds Saturday afternoon The
contest viii begin promptly az 4
O'Clock. and a fast and exciting con
test A. expected
The FIRST game played BY the two
teams. was on the Elm Grove grounds
Two weeks ago That contest went
ten innings. with the score tied. an-
Wa called on account OF rain ON
The day following. the second game
was played on the Martins Ferry
grounds. and the Ohio players won.
The game Saturday. % Is expected.
VIII bring out the best in each OF
the players. and all viii strive 10 an
mex the decisive contest With this
pm view. FANS OF this vicinity W.
nav" an opportunity OF seeing the two
teams In championship form. ana
ready 20 DO battle
This d. the FIRST contest Of the kind
% 1be staged IN this district this sea-
son. The = a. T. G. team will have
another such contest on Us hands be-
fore the season is over. 10 a. thought.
az the pillonvale team has played Two
games, losing and winning one
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1914-08-12

have been readjusted. the mere an.
uouncement that the United states
or an Individual has deposited specie
IN an American bank subject 10 draft
from European countries. will be sui.
hcient 10 establish credit for Ameri
cans IN Europe
Everywhere on the continent the
scattered American tourists and bust
ness people who desire TO leave are
gathering al the seaports aud arrang.
Ing Tor trans pOrtation homeWard Mr.
Garrison believes that owing 10 the
facilities offered BY The regular steam.
ship lines 10 will be unnecessary 20
send more than one or two govern.
meut vessels
Safe In Germany.
Official reports 20 the siate depart
ment from Hamburg today cleared
up the last apprehension for the SAT
Cty Of Americans In the German en-
pire. with the exception az those spe.
cial cases which have been taken uU
~ Ambassador Gerard.
The little colony In Hamburg. ac-
cording 20 consular dispatches, II not
only 10 comfortable circumstances bur
cheerful and dlspoged % regard the
situation a. free from any DANGER
whatever Personal kilograms from
Mrs. BENJAMIN Harrison. widow ni
the former president. stated that sts
was safe in SqHgravehaEe. In Scandi-
ravia. Senator oliver OF Pennsyl-
vania cabled that be Was well In Lon
don and would return AZ the fret OPP
portunity
The case Of Archer " Huntington
and bis ufe who were reported ar
in the - 4s 81 the German foreign
Office. which has made no answer a.
80. 20 The state department inquiry
thrCuEh Ambassador Gerard.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1914-08-12
MAY POSTPONE
YACHT RACES
NEW YORK CLUB CABLES ITS UN
WILLINGNESS 10 CALL OFF
CONTEST UNTIL 1915.
Cable Was In Reply 20 One Suggesting
reinforcement " War Was Still
In Progress After September.

NEW YORK. Aug. lin view OF
the grave conditions IN Europe the
New York Yacht club does not con.
slider 70 proper for the races foi the
Americas cup 20 be held this Octo-
Der. q. A. Cormack. secretary OF the
club. 80 cabled today 20 N l.. Garrett.
or the Royal Ulster Yacht club.
through which Sir Thomas Upton cent
bis challenge. Mr. Cormacks cable
message read.
We regret that n view OF the grave
conditions due 20 the war. we do rot
think % proper 10 race in October We
are willing 90 postpone the series until
1915. subject 10 further negotiations
as 90 date. We request a cable reply
as soon as possible
This cablCgram. In response 20 one
received from Mr.. Garrett on SATURDAY.
suggesting postpOncmcnt OF the
r0ces until next year. ~ the war was
EtN In progress a month after the Sep.
trmber dates. originally set. is the lat.
'sf Of series OF cable messages *.
changed between the club here and ia
belfast, Ireland. and between the New
y ork Yacht club and Sir Thomas Lip
Ton leading up 10 what "a expected 10
be- an agreement % defer the interim.
uOual yachting event
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1914-08-12
FUTURE ATHLETICS
AT W. Y. U. GOOD
COMMlTTEE ON ATHLETICS fs
CON- O8ED OF LIVE WIRES
WHO WILL WORK
AT sraneres q TIE state school Are
"qrFira Together % Make
Next Year the Best Ever

-l..aI Ilerat-r fr me IntsTirsr-.-
NohsANTOWN. w. Va Arr ID -
nIrFs Che progressive IDEAS of west
flrElria University athletic com.
mIitee fall Co. b. carried INTO r~ar.
Nre THE fau VIII witness 4 re .5v.
Ha'lol of au th.ngs athletic a. ff4t
instruction. since last fail uhar
stops wrre taken b. the alumni fo
determine Ief uhF more faara 81
... champ .urrffD raIIhra were rrr
being turned out. there has been 1
steady march forward ln the hand.
NlE az athletics which FIvea r-0--I.a
nI hr.rF.rE about most Imrrrfarf
rlarEH Il Irn with the rrorresrIv.
Ilaaa. tnr student bodg. alumni s-f
-le president 70 tho rrivnraIfr con.
1.rr1 in the election o. a comrfffer
which. for The Fret time In rarv
years IF representative $1,000
care wac exercised In naming men ~
il. committee with the raauff fr4r
only live wires" nov compoee fre
President H0dFes a few weets svo
r.appoirfft Professor T. ~ paaI-a
q me Agricultural college. ard pm
fessor r " Lern. % the MINING a..
parfmenf % the College % Fnrf-ee-
ING. az representatives from tie fac.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1914-08-12

ulty. Both men served with credit
all spring and their work has never
been criticized BY the student body
Professor PEARS rs secretary-treas-
urer OF the committee and the iv-
Hest man In athletics around the in
stituuon. lie came 10 West Virginia
from the University Of Kansas where
he took an active part IA all events
OF an athletic nature He knows IN.
situation well and Is a glutton for
work
The student body the coming year
viii be represented by Mr. r. b.
Deem, OF ParkersburE. who is the big
gest smallest man ~ the university
Deem Was on the committee last win
ter and spring and b. a hustler Dor
sey Brennan. Of Grafton. BE- the second
student representative on the com
mittee. having been elected this
spring by a popular vote OF the stu
dent body tie Be- a football player
and track man and because Of this
fact h. well yersed with the inside
needs of the athletic men.
The Alumni Association Or well rep
resented on the committee. Attorney
Steve Jackson. % Clarksburg. and At
torney p. u. Donley OF Morgantown
being the representatives. Both were
reelected a. the annual banquet Of
the graduates this spring during com
mencement week Attorney Jackson
81" - NV NlAf NNMI NAfNN n OF kAANA ana
most enthusiastic alumnus that West
virginia can boast Of and % was hls
unuring efforts that resulted ln Sol
=. Metzgcr being selected 10 coach
this fall The committee viii act to-
Eethcr durinE the fret part OF Sep
tfmber 90 make plans FOR what prom
ises 10 b. a banner year athletlcaIly
and eduCationally for West virginia
Director George p Pyle. who will as
sumo the head % the department 81
athletics this fall ulii serve az 81.
odicIO member % the committee.
The athletic committee will be
backed up this fan and einter by the
faculty. student body and alumni and
the scope Of Its authority will bo
broadened. The committee VIII have
CHARGE % making uD an schedules.
Arranging Tor the training camp and
table. PURCHASING equipment and of
the receipts and disbursement 81 the
athletic department
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1914-08-12
PORTS REOPENED
Canadian Ports closed on Account Of
War Scare Are Nov Open 70
Shipping a. Hcretofore.

OTTAWA Aug 1.-The ports Of
Canada were opened again today
orders 90 prevent the movement Of
shipping out % Montreal. Quebes and
Halifax were issued yesterday for q
reason then unexplained To-day n
Developed that the order was due tc
The sighting 0f war1hiD In the Gull
" So Lawrence
Wishing 90 tske no chances on the
unidentified vessel proving a hostile
craft. tle aufnorifIrs ordered the
porte closed To-day word vas 70
rn.Frd that the uarHhlD was a British
cruiser
Ih.F ended tha scare and instruc
tone we're Issued f0 permit the free
Increment % shipping af heretofore
Ifn cruiser ln question DEL one of the
British type probably ffe Drake.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1914-08-12
GIVE LAWN FETB
pattc-sor q Elm Grove Baseball TEAM
VIII Give Affair For Three Daya
Dol Elm Grove Next Wr-k

MANAGER Harry uaifrra o. the plf.
f'r.HH and F.m Grove h1rahaU team.
e ."mr. .'nI ARRANGEMENTS frr frr
...." U lawn Toto 90 tho Efm
Gro. .T. park Thursday. FrIIar and
rrHN huEus-. 3D. 20 and r1 frr
Dee benefit Uf tho team AM .EIrFa -
rf.rfe rwrrfs a'f Do ON eaTr and fta
.."r. promises fr hs .reenfIrFIr Ir.
r" good program Del also b..
uE arranged nT. Hmrarmrrfe uf Hfr.
t'r. n.. Dol ur mo E-rrf
I.r BOYS OLD appear .r fHfI- rr.r
...rma Ur .H home grounds fHr
II. ..r-H crow. win turn Cont fr .a.
'"Hr rnT BEFORE fhr afa-f.r- OF fra
. H" players win have frr.-
picture. taken. both collectively auI