davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1914-12-31
CHINCH BUG INVASION
Extension Of Infested Territory
Noted This Season.
Much Has Been Learned OF History
and Habits Of Destructive Pest
Which 10 Invaluable Aid In
Destroying Them.

Warm, dry weather Is favorable to
chinch bug increase, and the weather
conditions OF the past few seasons
seems to have been especially suitable
to an increase OF these destructive
pests. The present year has seen an
extension OF the infested territory and
the damage In the aggregate has
amounted to large sum. The fight
against these insects has been q hard
one. During the past few years much
has been learned OF the history and
habits OF the chinch bug which Is an
invaluable aid in destroying them. Mr..
II. A. Gossard, writing Of the work
In Ohio Of the endeavor to save the
crops from the attacks Of the chinch
bug. says:
Each female Is capable OF laying
500 or more eggs The period OF egg
laying for the individual lasts from
ten days to three weeks, and for the
eggs hatch in from twelve to twenty
two days. and the young require forty
days or more to become adults after
issuing from the eggs. II thus re-
quires two months, or few days less.
to pass from the newly.laid egg to the
adult condition.
The eggs are laid on the roots of
the plants on which the bugs are feed
ing. at or Just below the surface of
the ground; or they may be laid on
the surface about the bases Of the
plants. or In the leaf-sheaths Of
grasses; In short. in almost any place
where the surroundings are cool and
damp.
The newly Matched larve feed on
the roots Of their host plants. largely
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1914-12-31
DAIRY
CARING FOR BREEDING cows
No Question That Growing and Selling
Calves Under Proper Conditions
10 Profitable Business.

In part, no doubt. the difficulty. OF
getting high percentage of calves
arises from sending dry cows to the
shambles. The COW that has sucked
down often fails to get in calf next
year. She is In calf and fat and away
she goes. Another COW that has raised
calf takes a rest next year. and SO
on.
One advantage Of selling the calf
crop to the feeder rather than year.
lings or older cattle is that SO much
more attention and feed can be given
to the breeding cows and their higher
condition and vitality will enable them
to produce more calves.
II there is a shortage Of feed It will
usually be noticed that heifers that
breed young and older cows that have
been breeding take q lay of, and this
ls undesirable. with calves at present
prices.
A good calf 10 worth SIS to $40. and
selling even q few of these will fur
nish hay to winter several mother
cows that lay the golden egg. There
is no question that growing and sell
Ing calves under proper conditions is
. paying business, both for the grower
and the feeder who buys them, as
they go to the feed lot In splendid
condition. but It will not. pay unless
the cove receive enough attention and
are kept breeding. except as a more or
less speculative proposition. depending
on the prices at which cows are
bought and sold.
Where the production Of really high
class feeder calves Is the end In view,
these can be constantly increased In
value by more feed and better cows.
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1914-12-31
ROAD T.
BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION OF A CULvERT
Consideration Of Economy and safety
Demands Employment Of Other
Material Than Wood.

BY far the greater number OF cul-
verts and bridges on our public roads
have span of less than fifty feet. In
the past these structures have. in gen.
eral. been built of wood but lumber so
exposed in this dry climate is subject
to rapid decay, writes Walter Graham
In Denver Field and Farm. Conse-
quently these structures require O
great deal Of repair and frequent re-
newals. The ever-increasing price Of
lumber is making the further use of
wood for this class Of structures more
and more indefensible. The loads
which our highway structures are
called upon to sustain are ALSO increas-
ing. In many Of our agricultural To-
calities the movement OF steam road
rollers and heavy traction engines Is
seriously hampered because of weak
bridges and culverts. Consideration
OF economy and safety demands the
use OF other materials than wood In
the construction of culverts and
bridges
Durability is Of the greatest econo-
mic Importance. In many sections o
large proportion. Of the annual road
levy is expended In repair and renewal
Of wooden culverts and minor bridges,
and II Is not unusual to find this prac-
tice defended on the ground that the
county or district cannot afford to
build the higher-priced permanent cul-
verts. This notion is simply false
sense Of economy. True, the first cost
Of the permanent structure Is greater.
but there the outlay ends, while with
wooden culverts there is a large an
nual outlay for repair, as well as fire.
quent renewals. Anyone interested In
road improvement will find 1t most in
teresting to secure the following data
for his own county or district: The
number Of culverts, cost Of labor and
material for repair and renewal each
year. average life of wooden culverts
and the ordinary life Of wooden bridge
floors. Then he could compute how
long At would be before the actual
present expenditure would pay for per.
manent culverts.
~ NhC
ture Of iron have made this material
more generally available for use In cul-
vert construction. A special quality OF
iron, very low in carbon. resists cor
rosion so well as to make its use ad-
visable In many cases. and this il an
important point for the irrigated dis
tricts. The cutting away of the soil
by the water at the inlet or outlet OF
clay or cement, pipe Is often respon-
sible for its progressive break down
and partial exposures of this charac-
ter are extremely dangerous in time
Of frestet to any form of construction.
It Is doubtful whether the majority Of
practical roadbuilders have given con-
sidera tion to the fact that by building
suitable wing walls for any bridge or
pipe they can very largely increase its
carrying capacity. A V-shaped en-
trance-way so increases the velocity
Of the water as to enable a given con-
duff to perform the work Of one Of
much larger diameter which has an
end wall at right angles to the flow.
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1914-12-31
PROPER PRUNING OF GRAPES
Principles Are Same Whether Vines
Have Been Trained to Four-Arr,
Fan or Other Systems.

II allowed to go unpruned. grapes
are likely to be ill-shaped and unde-
sirable. II makes no difference. says
the horticultural department of the
Nebraska university farm, whether
the grapes have been trained to the
four-arm system, the fan system. or
to any other; the principles of prun-
ing are the same. In doing this work.
It is important to remember that the
buds which produce the crop should
be chosen from the canes year old.
growing on two-year-old arms. Gen
orally from thirty to forty buds or
eyes" distributed over four or five
anes. may be saved, but this depends
upon the vigor of the vine. Never
save water sprouts or canes growing
from wood more than two
years old. as these do not produce
fruit. Buds for renewal may be Sc
cured by choosing a cane located at
the base of one left for bearing fruit
and cutting 1t back to spur OF three
or four buds or eyes"
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1914-12-31
INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT THE
FooT-AND-MoUTH WAR

Herbert Quick. editor OF Farm and
Preside. the national farm paper
published at Springfield, o., prints
in the current issue OF that periodi-
cal the following interesting facts
about the foot and-mouth disease:
ut Is war.
Foot disease exploded
in the ncighborhood Of Chicago like
a seventeen-inch shell from Krupp
howitzer. and blew to pieces the
livestock business OF Illinois, Mich
igan, Indiana. Pennsylvania, and
Ohio. II shattered things in dozen
other States. for when the stock
yards are closed in Chicago, India
napolis, and Buffalo the whole live
stock business feels IL.
Europe Is the normal home OF
this disease, which is caused by a
germ too small TO he filtered out OF
a liquid. or TO be seen in the micro
scope. II is violently contagious,
but only moderately fatal To the
cloven-hoofed animals subject to It,;
and il is incurable. II causes infect
ed animals TO waste 10 skeletons and
a considerable proportion OF them to
die.
ut is caught through the hides.
hair. mouth secretions, or milk OF
infected animals.
at infects human beings, especial
~ children. A child i'll with foot
and-mouth disease is taken with
fever and vomiting. and with small
sores like fever blislers inside the
cheeks and on the tongue. II is not
a very severe disease for human be-
ings except in exceptional cases.
Milk may be made safe against this
infection by pasteurization to the
temperature OF las degrees for thirty
minutes.
THE live stock infected are incur
able, and should all be killed and
the carcasses buried.
This is the worst outbreak OF
foot-and-mouth disease in the his
tory Of the United States. and the
control OF II means a war in which
many OF us will be losers and most
OF us feel the Inconvenience"
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1914-12-31

underground and out OF sight. II very
numerous they may congregate about
the bases OF the plants above ground.
When the wheat plants are killed at
harvest, the young migrate at once
In search OF other sustenance and.
when thus collected together in great
numbers. they may blacken the entire
surface OF large plants, such as corn
nearly grown. So insidious is their
work in wheat that their presence is
often unrecognized until after the har-
vest. when the vast hordes OF insects
marching into corn1elds attract the
farmers notice for the first time.
Timothy meadows may be wellnigh
killed without the owner suspecting
when they are dying A very careful
examination Of the roots of timothy
Is needed to detect the presence OF
the insects, even where they are very
plentiful. The second brood of bugs
rarely gain attention. because they are
developing underground on the roots
OF corn. foxtail. millet and other
plants.
Either the cleanest kind OF culture
should prevail over the farm In early
autumn, all grassy and weedy borders
around fields and along fence rows
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1914-12-31
MOUNTAIN AGRICULTURE
Conducted by Mr. Robert Special
Investigator

seemed TO me that every one was
happy. but then the thought came
TO me OF the thousands Of little
children who never knew IL was
Christmas, who never had a tiny
gift, who never heard the story OF
the Christ child and wondered how
many parents had even taken the
time TO relate this beautiful story to
them. Friends. want TO say today,
! fear there are many whom know
have never told this story 10 their
own little ones. Never did you have
q better chance and never will IL
sink into their hearts deeper than
at this present Christmas time. Tell
them so they may know, so they
may tell their playmates, their little
friends and that they may be in
line pushing TO the front Of the rank
that has no break. Join together
with this Christmas spirit as you
are Joining together and cooperat-
ing and exchanging ideas OF better
farming and living and by so doing
you will surely be blessed.
Let us then when we face the New
Year do il with courage and good
will. May there not be resolutions
for better things but may there be
better life begun with a keen sense
Of duty and love for right.
May your banners be lifted,
streaming out before you with Sue
cess written on them turnout the
year 1915.
Robert +. Spence.
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1914-12-31
DAIIRYNO!ES

Safety FIRST is the best policy in
handling the dairy bull.
o . ''&' "
When you build q barn see that 1t
IL comfortable and sanitary. e.
sY..,.. "..
Every COW in the herd should be
halter-broken. Begin while they are
calves.
II you haven't one. there IL still
time to put up a silo for this winters
feeding. .. d.
The calf should be given fins locks
Of hay when young to encourage IL
appetite
To have q calf that viii mature
into q valuable individual give Il
proper care from the start
In any but q. round silQ the. silags
does not settle well. and even settling
= what makes quality In silags..
scouu Is far too common q malay
with young calves and n not checked
the outcome may be disastress.
ss. y .'as..
The COW that has To-, .spSpd two
thirds Of her time nghtins, niSs cas-
not count for much :: d! am pan,
The dairyman With Q saAlf hsra Z
COWS can veil aaoS1 - .balDou sils
ed increase he AsressnA - pssasA 1
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1914-12-31

is Love. lie came all the way from
heaven TO say so. On the slopes OF
Olivet he taught II: Love your en-
emies; bless them that curse you;
pray for them that despitefully use
you" On the cross he exemplifled
it: Father, forgive them; for they
know not what they do"
No; war is Of the Prince OF Dark
ness. BY very name he is the ad-
versary Of both God and man. The
dripping sword is bathed in hell;
the burning brand is kindled in hell.
The Christian Herald.
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1914-12-31
DOGS SHOULD BE DISCARDED
No Excuse for Sending Swapping Cur
After Cows With Full udders-
Better to Take Horse.

When cows are in the pastures do
not send a vicious dog to drive them
in. The COW that is run to the house
by dog that is continually swapping
at her heels must suffer a great deal
OF pain as her udder is thrown from
side to side by the movement OF her
feet limbs. II man Is too lazy to
walk after his cows he had better get
on his horse and ride. A well trained
dog may be allowed to bring them In.
for he quietly walks behind them and
does not bring them down the lane at
q two-forty gait.
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1914-12-31
COVERING FOR CUT SURFACE
Any Substance Not Detrimental to
Growth VIII Prove Satisfactory
Shield for Wound.

No artificial medium can be applied
to the surface Of a wound made In
pruning a tree which will induce II TO
heal more quickly. The activity Of the
healing process depends upon the
character and position. and the time OF
the year when the wound 10 made
rather than upon protective coverings.
A large number Of wakes. paints
and washes have been tried. and the
conclusion OF the whole matter may
be summarized In the statement that
any substance which 10 not corrosive
or detrimental to growth. which will
protect the heart wood from the at.
tacks of rot spores. will prove . salts
factory covering for Q cut surface.
Among such substances may be men
toned White lead. yellow eeAss. ssal
TAR sad grating vsx.
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1914-12-31
CHRISTMAS AS 1T CAME TO ME

There Is never n time in the year
that ! am so happy as Christmas. On
December 81 had the opportunity
Of visiting n school at Wallaceton,
n.y., taught by Miss Mary Bolin and
December % another at Kingston,
Ky. with Mr.. Owen Yates, teacher
and Sunday school and Christmas
exercise at Big Hill with Miss Lucy
Hayes as Superintendent and yet
another at Silver Creek, Supt. Mr..
Oscar Wilson. The exercises at each
OF these events were very good in
deed and showed careful training
and management OF both teacher and
child.
AS sat there looking into the
faces Of parent and child and hear
ing speeches recited, dialogs rend-
cred, plays carried out, music given
and beautiful Christmas stories told,
my whole heart leaped with JOY and
gladness, for TO me, peace was on
earth, good will toward all.
Each entertainment was well at
tended showing splendid coopera-
ton among them. Many hearts were
made glad while the little ones were
especially made happy by the ar
rival OF Santa with his jingling bells.
= Every man, woman and child wore
The same smile Of peace and happi-
ness as the loaded Christmas trees
gradually LET their branches free
from the heavy load OF presents. II
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1914-12-31
A Fine Hiding Place for chineh Bugs
and All Sorts Of Crop pestroyers.

being kept closely moved to prevent
the development Of suitable hiberna-
ting quarters. or else these should be
allowed to grow vigorously so as to
entice. In late fall. as many Of the
insects beneath the shelter as possible.
In early winter. after the insects are
nicely settled, or else In early spring.
before they have wakened into ao-
tvity. burn over all such retreats II
Il Ia impossible or undesirable to burn
other woodland retreats. the leaves
and trash on the ground may be col
lected and burned II the prospective
damage by the insects exceeds the
value Of the humus that would be de-
stroyed by burning.
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1914-12-31

may be swung about in all directions.
Noiches cut in the tops OF the arms
provide support for the rungs of the
ladder at varying distances from the
tree. With this device. every part OF
the tree may be picked without dis.
turbing a branch.
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1914-12-31
HANDY LADDER FOR ORCHARD
Central Shaft Attached to Trunk Of
Tree and Arms Are Fitted at the
Top and Bottom.

Ordinary ladders when used for
picking fruit from q tree often damage
the tree. and to overcome this a new
form of ladder has been adopted by
some orange growers of California.
says Popular Mechanics. A central
shaft is dashed to the trunk Of the
tree, while horizontal arms are fitted
at the top and bottom so that they
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1914-12-31
MAKING BEST USE OF MANURE

The best plan is TO haul out the
manure regularly. spread il upon
Ihe land, and pillow under. But
where this is not practicable, some
cheap storage pit should be con-
structed. For this purpose concrete
is good. With, concrete walls and
bottom the manure can always be
kept in a moist condition. thereby
preventing fermentation while the
supply OF manure is increased by
all the liquid manure, the richest
part. Directions for making such
a pit are given in Farmers Bullc-
tin 4si, Concrete Construction on
the Live Stock Farm" issued by the
Department OF Agriculture. Wash
ington, ID. C.
Commercial fertilizer is not as
beaencial to crops as barnyard ma
nure, says the Missouri Valley
Farmer. Il does not add vegetable
matter (humus) to the soil, does not
promote soil bacteria and does not
improve the texture OF the soil.
These are all important points.
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1914-12-31
BAD ROADS VERY EXPENSIVE
Value Of Horses and Mules In One
County In Missouri Deteriorated
Per Cent Annually,

From the 1910 United States census
reports It is found that the value OF
horses and mules in one county In
Missouri was $S31.0s9. The value OF
farm vehicles. harness and other
equipment was $375.ooo. making a to-
tai OF $1,206,0s9. The present roads
Of the county cause all animals. vehi-
cles and harness to deteriorate three
per cent per annum faster than they
would on improved roads. Three per
cent Of S1.2o6,oss is $36.1s2.
This is only one source OF loss
which the county must bear every
year on account Of bad roads. Again.
the cost per ton mile for hauling ON
the roads In the county is 80 cents.
while the cost on good roads Is only
IA cents per ton mile. thus saving
10 cents per ton mile.
There are about one hundred thou
sand tons hauled an average Of i've
miles In the county: rs per cent OF
this amount would be over improved
roads provided the present bond issue
carries, :. 90
seventy>dve per cent Of the 100000
tons equal $4,000 tons.
This amount hauled Ave miles rep
resents $4,000 ton miles: $4,000 tons
by Is cents equals $4,000
plus sse.iS2 equals sss.ls2 total an
nual loss on account Of present roads
% compared to improved roads. This
annual loss would be eliminated n tho
main or heavily travelled roads OF the
county were improved. ..,., "a.
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1914-12-31

the cloth will hold the sash partly
open. writes Ralph v. Crane Of Ypsi-
lanti. Mich. In Popular Mechanics.
This will defect the air currents up
ward toward the ceiling and prevent
draft on the stock.
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1914-12-31
WINDOW FORA DAIRY BARN
Opening That viii Admit Fresh Air
and Prevent Draft on Stock .
Held Open by Cloth.

A practical dairy barn window Is
made by placing the hinges at the
lower edge Of the sash. as shown. and
attaching canvas at the ends SO that
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1914-12-31
Leaf Mold In Valuable.

Save all the leaves that have been
raked on the lawn and pile them up In
some out-of.the-way place to decay.
Leaf mold 10 . valuable asset to green
house or window-gardening.
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1914-12-31

Since the baseball season opsnsl
he death agonies Of the English Ian
suass have been tsrrtbls 70 eoatsn-
plate
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1914-12-31
MISPLACED BLAME FOR THE WAR

Is God responsiblef The rulers OF
all the Powers now engeged In war
have all, with a single exception.
laid the responsibility upon God.
Thanks TO the unspeakable Turk for
unsheathing his sword without cry
ing, "Allah n Affair." II Is un-
thinkable that God should be the
author OF War, since his other name
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1914-12-31
New Roads for New York state.

New York will construct during the
current year nearly four hundred and
thirty miles Of improved roads OF the
best types under the direction OF the
state highway department OF this
aggregate about one hundred and
twenty.six miles win consist Of coa-
crete roads, ~ miles Of brick roads.
i,s miles Of. bituminous mscadsm
roads. s2s miles Of wstsrbound ma
osdsp road. and shout sis miles q
miscs IiaAsous ,typss This mileage
sohps,ssj &ha roads which have bssa
- NaAss eostsass - Ssas L
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1914-12-31

The COW that has, to, .spSpd two
thirds Of her time lighting, fiiss can-
not count for much at tht nun pail
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1914-12-31

scours Is far too common q maiady
with young calves and n not checked
the outcome may be disastross.
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1914-12-31

Robert F. Spence.
Arizona republican., 1914-03-22
Goyky Likely To Be Sentenced To
 Exile M Siberia
ASSOCIATED PRESS DISPATCH


 ST PETERSBURG, March 21.- Court proceedings are to be brought immediately against Maxim Gorky. the Russian novelist, on a charge of blaphemy. according to a statement lSsued by the public prosecutor of the district court of St Petersburg
 Gorky, now suffering from tubercu- losis. declared by his friends to have been contracted during his ircarcera- ton in the fortress of St. Peter ana Paul, recently returned to Russia from the Island of Capri. after an exile lasting eight years.
 The charge of blasphemy was pre- ferred against Gorky in 1908 in con nection with his novel entitled Mother in which he is alleged to have insulted the national faith. If found guilty. the novelist's sentence. according to the Russian law. will be exile in Siberia, which in his present state of health, friends say. IS equivalent to q sentence of death.
Arizona republican., 1914-03-22
IS MOTTO 0F ARMY
 OF PARADERS
Thousands of Men and Women, Unemployed An archists and |. W. w. March Through Gotham's Streets Defying Police
ASSOCIATED PRESS D1sPATCH1

T
 NEW YORK. March 21.-Under a silken, black banner bearing in blood red letters the inscription Demolition. thousands of men, women, anarchists. unemployed and l. w. WIS, marched Fifth Avenue for miles without wait ing to ask the city authorities for the permission required by ordinance.
 The marchers chanted hystericallv and shouted epithets at the constituted government as they paraded. without interference. to mass meeting. where Emma Goldman and others addressed them.
 Clouds obscured the sun, and made the thoroughfare canyon of gloom as the army led by Alexander Berkman. swept northward unrestrained. It was not symmetrical line formation. but a bolsterous and noisy crowd that jostied fashionably clad women and men from the sidewalks
 There was no enforcing of traffic rules. Automobiles and trolley cars that tried to pass through the ranks were held up and chauffeurs and mo- tormen intimidated One woman in an automobile who got away. was spat upon by d man in the parade.
 The demonstration is regarded as the most extraordinary in the history of the city and Was subsequent to sneak ing in the streets near Union Square where the throng had been denied per mission to gather