The Yale expositor., 1914-12-31

which has transformed II into II horror
without precedent In breath and mallg-
nifty is war-war which is devastating the
old world and fixing its sinister impress
on the new.
II came swiftly and with a terrific
clash On July %, the Austro Hungarian
government sent an ultimatum to SerVia
demanding tho punishment OF the per-
sons concerned in the assassination OF
the Archduke Franz Ferdinand and In
slant suppression of all anti-Austrian
propaganda in that country and giving
IS hours for consideration. The Belgrade
government agreed to the Austrian de-
mand with a single exception-that which
would have empowered Austrian officials
TO take a leading part in the punishment
of the murderers and asked for furtheI
information on this point.
The reply was not satisfactory to Aus
tria. She promptly declared war on Ser
via and began to move troops toward
the border The Serbs began active mob
ilization and removed their capital from
Belgrade to Nish. In the interior. In
stantly the eyes of all the civilized world
were turned toward Russia.
The day after Austria declared war
on Serva, the Russian minister of for
eign affairs warned the German ambas-
sador that II Servia were invaded Rus
STA would not be able to remain neutral
France and Italy that a council should
be arranged TO mediate between the two
disputants. Germany declined to become
party to such an arrangement. The car
urged the kaiser to use his influence with
the Austrian emperor. According 10 the
German account the kaiser complied
with this request TO the best of his abil-
fly When he discovered, however, that
mobilization was going on actively In
Russia, he wired the car that his course
was making mediation impossible.
Two days later the kaiser proclaimed
martial law throughout the country and
sent a twenty-four hour ultimatum to
the Muscovite government demanding an
instant abandonment of all war prep
aration. At the expiration Of this ulti-
matum, August /, the kaiser gave the
order for mobilization to begin and on
the same day Count Won Pourtales, the
German ambassador at st. Petersburg,
started homeward.
Meanwhile the mobilization of the en-
tire French army was begun. Martial
law was declared and, August 4, the Ger
man ambassador announced that the war
between his country and France was on.
England had asked both France and
Germany, If they would respect the neu-
trality OF Belgium in case of war. The
former had answered in the affirmative.
The latter made no direct reply, and Bel
gian mobilization began at once.
On August 2 a German army marched
into the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
whose neutrality had been guaranteed
by the powers in 1867. A day later, the
German government sent a note to the
Belgian government demanding passage
for German troops through the country
and promising ample compensation for
all damage at the close of the war. This
was in the form of an ultimatum and
AnA tfvaa ltVait
The. reply was that Belgium would de-
fend her neutrality by force of arms II
1t were necessary.
Great Britain Declares War.
At this move of Germany, Great Brit
ain began active mobilization of her
forces and all the naval reserves were
called out at once. War against Germany
was declared on August 4. a war budget
OF $500 O0.O00 was voted, and within few
days a British force of 10000 men had
been landed in France. On August 6 Aus
ria-Hungary declared war on Russia
and her troops crossed the Russian bor-
der. The Montenegrins Joined the Serbs
against Austria and Bosnia was invaded
On August 10 the French government
proclaimed war against Austria, and two
days later England followed her exam.
pie. japan announced her intention tC
side with her British ally.
Scandinavia and Holland asserted theil
neutrality, but at once put all their mill
tary resources into requsition for de-
Tense. Portugal announced her inten'
ton to fulfill her treaty obligations with
Great Britain, but she did not become 9
belligerent at once. Spain professed alb
solute neutrality, but began immediate
mobilization of all her forces. Turkey de-
clared for neutrality. but modified heI
army and began to advance toward Bull
IA I4,A - nz&~
Der that she made her initial demonstra
ton In the Black sea against Russia
Greece, as well as the minor Balkan
states, was in a condition Of armed ex
pectancy. AS for Italy, sworn ally o.
Germany and Austria in the so-callet
Dreibund, she took advantage Of the fac
that her partners were not engaged In G
defensive war to remain neutral despite
strong pressure from Berlin and Vienna
At the outbreak Of hostilities, a censor
ship which Is the most effective evel
known was established in all the warrint
countries. About all that was actually
revealed was that the kaiser's force:
made their way through Belgium with
tremendous loss of men and property
the Belgian defenders of the little king
dom exhibiting a power Of resistance ant
q stubbornness which amazed the world
The forts at Liege halted the German
legtons for week. But the odds wer'
too great. BY the end of August the ter
rible German war machine had literall,
moved its way through Belgium, and b,
September 4 had reached a point within
twenty miles OF Paris, which was in &C
tive preparation for a siege. The seat o.
government was removed to Bordeaux
Suddenly, on September 4. the German
army Of the right turned eastward. Sine,
that time, the kaiser's forces have beer
retiring slowly, fighting with persis
tency never before recorded I'm the his
tory of modern war.
Russian mobilization by the middle o.
August was practically completed ant
the cars armies we're In rapid advance
toward the German and Austrian from
tiers. Great forces opposed the Slavi,
advance and many bloody contests fol
lowed In rapid succession. until late II
the autumn, the greatly outnumberet
Teutonic allies began TO show signs o
declining offensive ability.
The japanese confined their miltar,
operations entirely to Asia. They i'm
mediately proceeded against the German
forts at Kiauchau, China, which wer
taken by assault after ten weeks attack
Russian and Turkish fleets have been en-
gagged In the Black sea, there has beef
fighting on a small scale in Egypt, AM
the Portuguese in Africa have made sew
eral attacks upon German colonists. In
4 H.. frn1 rfffI mr.