The Anderson daily intelligencer. [volume] (Anderson, S.C.) 1914-1915, 1914-03-05
COST AND LOCATION or EARTH
Ri4AlS


roads is largely determined by the size
of load that can be hauled, the number
OF trips that eSn be made in one day,
and the wear and tear on teams and
equipment, according to the Office of
Public Roads. Steep grades, as well
as ruts and mud holes, serve to de-
crease both the speed and the load.
On the principle that a chain Is no
stronger than hsGweakeBt link, the
maximum loahl That team can draw
Is the load that It can draw up the
steepest hill or through the deepest
mudhole on the road.
Whenever possible roads should be
located on strhiglti lines between ter
mnal points. In hilly or mountain
GUS country however, the attempts
to keep roads straight between termi-
nails often leafs to serious error, the
grade must. thersfeEe,, be handled to-
gether. The best Location is one which
is straight in general direction, is free
from steep grades. is locate don solid
ground. and serves the largest posi-
bic number OF people. Roads should
be located for the benefit of the public
as well as the private Iagd-hoder.
Ut will also be ao.icad clearly that
steep hills on line OF road will fire.
quently enable horses to draw three or
four times as much ashley could draw
on the old road. 1T %akes approx
mately four times as much power to
draw loads up 10 per cent. grades 90
feet vertical in 100 feet horizontally as
on level: but on 4 or per cent.
grade horse can usually draw for
short time) as much as he can draw
on level. A per cent. grade -.
therefore. considered, the maximum
on roads subject to heavy hauling.
Many steep grades may be avoided by
locating the road around instead of
over the hill-the handle OF bucket
Is no longer when In a horizon
tai position than iip % vertical. BY
going around, we avoid tive steep
hills.
IL the road must pass up step hill
or mountain sides. the steepness of
The road may be decreased 5y incTeas-
ing the length 5f ahs road. In other
words, eliminate staep grades by To-
eating the road on curved or zigzag
lines, and not in straight lines from
the bottom to the top of the hill. These
curves should, be carefully plotted and
the straight stretches located with an |
Instrument. aiis'itis improbes the lo6k,
OF the road aiia does notsaad material
lgiio its costl ~ y,
NIn studyin the q tiensaof giade |
% eldistence, folls king csleulatipn !
to sinteresting:: 10 mt a ton one foot
high requires 1000 foot-pounds of en-
ergy; on the road the surface of which
offers 100 pounds of tractive resist
ance per ton the same energy would
roll the ton horizontal distance of
20 feet To save foot of grade the
road Ray. shersgesda be heightened
20 feet. ~
Roads bhonldxpegar be located so |
close to stream eds as to be subject
o overflow. or in ground which is |
damp dnd smarshy.
The earth road should have at least |
six hours OF sunshine each day. This
can be secured eltherr by locating the
'oad with southernIor western expos
ure. or by having s5uch brush and trees
as impede the drying action of the sun
and wind removed. with gravel and
stone road this Is not SO necessary; /
as a certain amount OF moisture is
needed on suchg Toads.S especially in :
the summer time,A g.. ~
Relocating roads Is not an engineer
ing problem alone. One must also
consider the effect of the road on the
people who now live upon it. Many
farmers dislike TO have the road put
back of their house Or out of sight of
ii. II requires tact and good Judgment
TO secure a suitable location without
lrousing harsh agitation.
L. q .