davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-10-03
COMMON DISEASES OF NURSERY AND ORCHARD

serve to carry the organism from sea-
son to season and from place to place.
On many plants 1t Is quite serious, re-
ducing their vitality and fruttfulness.
In commerce, It's greatest importance
is on apples, pears, peaches. plums'
cherries, grapes, raspberries. black
berries, and dewberries.
The disease is due to a bacterial
organism living in the cells OF the
host plant and stimulating them to
excessive activity, which results In the
formation of cancerous and hairy
growths occurring at the crown, on the
roots, trunks and branches OF the
affected plants. On herbaceous plants
and cane fruits it usually causes the
soft gals, which originate in the spring
and are irregular in size, whitish and
roughened. During the latter part OF
the season they decay and slough on.
The plant may survive the attack, but
some of the roots will be killed and
undergo a decay. permitting the en-
trance of other organisms of disease
On hard, woody plants, the disease
usually takes the form of hard gals.
On apple and some other plants 1t
may take the hairy root form, in
which it produces a fiat gall or callous
covered with a great mass of hair
like roots.
Diseased trees will frequently grow,
make a fine, healthy appearance and
produce fruit, while in other cases
the disease is without doubt the cause
of reduced crops dwarfed growths
and frequently death. The disease Is
probably less serious IN apple trees
than on some other fruits. It appears
to be more destructive IN peaches
than on apples. 1t Is very destructive
to bush berries. especially red rasp-
berries, and in some parts Of this
country has caused this industry to
be abandoned.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-10-03

While corn is the principal mate
rial from which silage 10 made. sx-
periments show that alfalfa makes
excellent silage and has great feeding
qualities when fed with barley. mixed
corn and cottonseed-meal or dry hay.
The Kansas station people ray alfalfa
any other material. Alfalfa when used
as silage should be u when In bloom.
and put into the silo as quickly 40
possible thereafter. It seems to make
nc difference whether it 10 rained
upon or not, as cattle. sheep and hogs
eat It with avtdfty.
One of the causes mitigating against
more general use of the silos is the
cost Of filing them. This requires
machinery and q great deal Of help
from both men and horses.
It is necessary to put the crop into
the silo at exactly the right period
and 1t is not always possible to obtain
the help needed at that particular
moment. OF course the most i'm
portant thing is to get cutters and
engines when needed, because an
early frost or a period of dry. hot
weather may make 1t necessary TO
cut the crop several days before 1t
had been expected to be ready.
Some farmers buy their own cutters
and depend upon their ability to hire
an engine to run them. Probably the
best plan for small farmers Is to own
an outfit Of cutter and engine in part
nership; distributed among three or
four men whose farms adjoin, the ex-
pense Is not very great to any one OF
them, and by exchanging labor, the
machinery may be made available
whenever needed. 4.
The common practice in the corn
belt states is to use three horses on
a corn-harvester, two men to load the
wagons in the field, three men with
teams to haul cor to the cutter, one
man to run the engine (only when
steam power is used, however,. one
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-10-03

man to feed the cutter. and one man
to spread and tramp the silage in the
salo. This makes q crew Of eight or
nine men exclusive of tho man who
attends to the engine.
Much depends upon good manage
naent; q u after all. like most other
kinds Of work, the mar behind the
JOB - responsible for the greater or
lesser cost.
II he ha his working force evenly
balanced 30 that everybody is working
all OF the time ana at top speed, the
work will be done cheaply. but II
there is too much fuss and ''hurrah
boys" too much talking Of politics,
loaflng on the shady side Of the barn.
or poking along with the teams to
naturally vel much increased.
It should be always tho aim not to
keep too many men in the field for
the number at the cutter, or the other
way around. Sometimes the crew is
too large for the size Of tn cutter.
and men and teams with loaded
wagons are waiting their turn. These
all cut considerable figure in the cost.
In these days OF scarce labor and
high prices, farm machinery Of all
kinds must be used whenever possible.
The corn-bfnder has come to be a very
important factor in the harvesting of
the crop. Most farmers who own
silos also w their harvesters.
Corn-binders do not sav much money
but they do save time. because 1t takes
twice as long to unload the same
quantity Of corn when loose as when
in bundles.
Some farmers are so careless as not
to supply Irvine for their harvesters,
and the cost Of labor is much more
than Offset by the saving Of this small
item.
A low-wheeled truck is pest for
hauling corn, because it is easier to
load. They are also very useful for
general hauling about the farm, and
should not be counted as an extra
expense when figuring corn-harvest-
ing machinery.
We do not know Of any harder Job
on the farm than tugging and lifting
heavy green corn. It requires con
siderable skill in addition to strength
in order to do the work with anything
like ease and facility, and every prac-
tice that can be adopted to lessen the
work should be put into execution.
The cutter should be low enough so
that the corn may be dropped upon
1t instead of being lifted up to it.
Some of the best silage-cutters on
the market now are ~self-feeding and
will eat up the corn as fast as two
men can pitch 1t on to the table.
In a silo more than SO feet in depth
It Is not necessary to have a man
lamp the cut corn. If the surface IS
leveled two or three times a day while
filing the silage will pack sufficiently
to keep. but our experience is that It
is better to keep the corn level all
the time, and unless the end Of tbs
blower tube is flexible so hat the
silage can be distributed evenly. it IS
best to have a man with a fork Oh
the inside.
Silage can be elevated into the silo
by the slap elevator, and this takes
much less power than a blower, but
there is no doubt hat the use Of the
| blower will reduce the cost.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-10-03

Crown gall and hairy root are dis
eases of very great Importance to both
nurseryman and fruit grower. The
fact that they are SO very widely dis
tributed thro ughoCt the world and
that they attack such a very large
number of species and varieties of
plants. places them among the most
important of the plant diseases. AL
though they are referred to as two
diseases, they are in reality due to
the same organism. The crown gall
form was the first to attract the at
tention of the observers but 1t was
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-10-03
Diseased nursery apple stock.
Cauous ON IN left. Crown gan O the right
By M. T. COOK.

soon learned that hairy root was fire.
quently associated with it.
The disease in one or both forms
are now recognized as occurring on
almond. apple. apricot, arbutus. al
falfa, blackberry, beet. cherry. chest
nut, clover, corn. cotton, dewberry,
English daisy, grape, hop, honey
suckle, marguerite, marigold. oleander.
peach. plum. prune. pear. potato. pop
lar, pecan, peony, raspberry. rose,
radish. Shasta daisy, walnut, willow,
and many other plants. On many of
these plants it would be Of very little
Importance were It lot that they
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-10-03

HDwGnn1ne Y~Ds1shtro boar, New
Yneks1aee.f ates weight ,904 pounds.
considerable number Of animals are
1s<hsssd together the risk. from dis
Caso y considerably increased. Extra
psocaxtions must then be taken to
&ua3d against disease and to keep the
anlmaks in thrifty condition.
The f1rst essential is that their
qQassess be keD& clean and sanitary.
IA puEehasing swine, are should be
txken chat they come from herds free
1yQm tr~ans1nissibie dtseases, that they
ara heasthy, and have not been ex-
posed to disease In transit. Public
stock yards are liable to be infected
WIKI hog cholera; 1t II dangerous to
betngasktne from such places and put
them IN d healthy breeding herd.
II IL an excellent plan to have a
Qa1nnsine pom some distance from
all other swine, and so located that
tnecs IL practically NJ danger Of
Transmitting diseases to the herd. All
recently purchased animals should be
held in quarantine in such a 9 for
ten days to be certain that they are
fRee-fsom disease, before placing them
in arheaithy herd,
II q disease Of swine occurs in the
nefghbuthooa, keep away from these
faCms and do not allow anyone who
has been on an infected farm to visit
your herd. II you swine have access
to q stream of running water and
diseoee appears on a farm located
above yours, on the same stream, re-
move your hogs at ace as the In
stream. Dogs and buzzards. also, r
liable to carry the infection Of hog
cholera and should be kept away II
possible. Such measures are simple,
but they are very important.
While few swine can be raised
confined in limited quarters. If such
quarters + kept clean, they will do
bether, win keep In better health and
can be grown more cheaply If they
have plenty Of range for pasture. 1t
is desirable to have the pasture fenced
Oh inko-suitab4e areas so that the hogs
can be shifted from n pasture to
another. not only to provide fresh
pasture, but also to afford an oppor-
tEmtty to disfnfect the pastures, either
~ pao~ing and seeding to a forage
caov or by exposure to sun and
WVA4lsaN Nearly all cases Of intestinal
6e1QMb which are rather common in
OWaA are contracted from infected
eroand. and swine can be kept free
erom these parasites by frequent
uQneas~of pasture.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-10-03

tICCSs LIZ OA RCuCtAoUOO CAlO
and killed the tissue.
treatment of different pests has made
necessary the testing Of many eme
dies, some Of which have proved to
be more injurious than the pests them
selves. These materials have not only
been used by careful people trained
in the use Of different methods for
controlling insects and fungi, but by
others who are reckless to the point
Of seeming to delight in taking
chances.
Many kinds of oils have been t.
for spraying insect pests, some
which have proved reliable and OF
injurious. Kerosene oil can be
on some plants under certain G.
lions without causing injury, WI n
other cases 1t will kill them. We q
seen quite a few shade trees &C
by spraying with kerosene and V e
to exterminate woolly aphis; tbs o
soaked into the bark, reached II
cambium and sapwood. destroying i
tissue.
Gas oil, a heavy oil used in tls
manufacture of water gas. is very in.
furious to trees when used as a spray
A Few years ago several SHdoe
trees were severely injured in one OF
the eastern cities by spraying the
trunks with this OIL to kill clusters OF
gypsy moth eggs, it being used without
any knowledge whatever Of its adapt
ability to this purpose.
Ordinary house paint has some
times been used on smooth-bark trees
with great injury.
Occasionally commercial oils used
for spraying fruit trees for the San
Jose scale cause local injury. and some
shade trees have been known to be
affected by their use.
Oils and other materials to keep
down the dust in roadbeds are now
much in use, and we have observed
some injury from this source, when
| the trees were located close to the
highway and the buttresses of the
roots were exposed.
Salt used on sidewalks. in cutters
and trolley lines in winter has been
known to injure the root systems OF
trees. Arsenate Of soda. potassium
cyanide and other chemicals are X
tremely poisonous to trees and will
cause death.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-10-03

rather than take chances the other
way.
Professor King, Of the Missouri sta
ton, says corn will generally make the
best silage when cut as near full ma
turtty as possible, and yet when the
tissues are filled with sap.
Where corn is put into the silo in
a very succulent state, 1t is filed with
a large per cen of compounds which
are easily ~decomposed and beside,
there has not yet been developed
enough Of the woody tissues in the
plant to enable the juices to be re-
tanned under the pressure Of the silage.
Corn is in the best stage for the
silo when it is in the best stage for
cutting and putting in the shock
that is, when the ears are fully ma
tured, but the stalks. leaves and husks
are yet green.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-10-03

entirely free from the disease. Fruit
from trees tina are well sprayed will
be less likely to develop the disease in
storage. Scabby apples should be
carefully sorted from the sound before
storing. The temperature of storage
should be as low as consistent with
safety and not subject to abrupt
changes. Very moist storage condt
tons should be avoided
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-10-03

Indian corn. or maize, although the
last of the great cereals to be dis
covered, Is now grown over a broader
extent Of the earth's surface than any
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-10-03
BY W. j. MORSE

spores and early blowing buries many
of them where they will decay and do
no damage.
From information by men who have
made a study Of this disease, 1t would
seem that the appearance, growth
and spread Of apple scab In storage Is
by no means uncommon. scab In
storage may develop on fruit which,
when placed in the cellar, appeared
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-10-03
Hog Raising
Made Profitable
BY N. MAYO.

by M MAN,
IN the successful raising of swine
there are problems. other than that
OF feeding. which often determi:
success or failure. The most impor-
tant of these In the preservation Of
the health Of the swine. Wherever a
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-10-03
Trees Injured By
Various Sprays
BY f. w. MOORE.

We have at different times had
occasion to observe injuries to shade
trees brought about by various causes,
in many cases resulting from treat
ment applied by careless or ignorant
persons. The present widespread
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-10-03

Do not tease the gander. There Is
no more dangerous fowl in the poul-
try world than an old gander, espec-
tally during breeding season.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-10-03

Crows are not always injurious. It
is a well-known fact that at times
they are Of service in eating grubs
and cut worms turned up by the pillow. i
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1914-10-03
A PRACTICAL TALK ABOUT SLOS AND SILAGE

With the Increase Of the Live Stock and Dairy Business 1t Is Becoming More important to- Provide Proper Fec
Fmommauv- The Value Of Stag as Feed and of the Sb asa Means of Storing It, Have Been Recognized
For Some Time By the Most Successful Dairy Farmers SMee Is Now Known to Be very VALUABLE and
$500 EIE To- PfC Garlic as WE'LL
The day book. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1911-1917, 1914-06-27
NEAPoLITAN ICE CREAM

Scald one quart of cream in a dou-
BILE boiler; do not boil it. Beat the
yolks of six eggs with one cup of SUI
gar until light and foamy. Beat the
whites of three eggs until stiff, and
fold into the yoiks and sugar. Add a
pinch Of salt. Pour the hot cream
into the eggs-a little at time and
beating constantly. Turn back into
the double boiler and cook very slow
ly until the consistency of custard.
Strain and allow to get perfectly cold.
Flavor and freeze.
The day book. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1911-1917, 1914-06-27
FEMININE FACTS

Dr.. Mary J. Hogue, who makes a
speciality of the study of marine ami
NAL life, has been appointed a pro-
fessor of biology at Wellesley College.
Miss Margaret Mcmahon has been
employed in the Bethlehem, Pa, post
Office for twenty-five years.
The cigaret habit is growing to an
alarming extent among the women Of
the better class at Ottawa, Canada.
Mrs. Mortimer Singer of London
recently made a balloon flight of 200
miles.
The majority of women workers in
Great Britain earn less than So per
week.
Queen Mary is conceded to be the
best dancer among the British roy
atty.
Women schooIteachers in Topeka,
Kan, receive an average salary Of
$76.75 per month.
1870
The British coast is so we'll pro-
tected with lighthouses that if a ship
sailed right round England, Scotland
and Ireland by night, only on six oc-
casions would it be where it could
not see the flash OF. a lighthouse Ian
tern.
The day book. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1911-1917, 1914-06-27

The back view of the trotter suit
shown combines the narrow plain
skirt, the Russian tunic and the
Geisha bow in the back. While this
dress is made for summer wear of
pongee, it presages the style Of the
early fall and winter modes.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1914-09-29
HALF CITY'S VOTERS
FAILTO REGISTER;
ONE MORE CHANCE
Party Workers Trying Hard
to Get Men Interested.
, October 3 Last Day to
Qualify.

More than half of the electors In Phla-
delphia nearly 2000OG. have failed to
register and have not yet qualified them
Selves to vote at the November election.
The workers of all parties are making
every effort to get these citizens to the
polling places to register on next Sat-
urday, October 8. That is the last OF
the three registration days for the fall
election, and is the last chance for
electors to get on the eligible voting list
After next Saturday no elector can have
his name placed on the registration list
unless he appears before the Registra-
ton Commissioners in City Hall and
makes affidavit that he was i'll or out
Of the city on all three of the registra-
ton days.
There are 37o5T citizens whose names
are on the division assessors lists in
Philadelphia and who are eligible to quail
iiy themselves to vote at the November
election If they register. OF this num-
ber only 1880 registered on September
and September 10, the first two regis
ratlon days. leaving l97O67 who are not
registered.
Citizens who are not on the assessors
lists cannot qualify to vote. Unless citi-
Zen has paid State or county tax within
two years preceding November of this
year he cannot register. The law requires
that he be assessed at least 60 days before
the election, and that he pay tax at
least 80 days before election. September
g. the first registration day, was the last
opportunity for citizens to get their names
on the assessors lists, and next Saturday,
october 3. is the last opportunity for
electors to pay tax in order to qualify
them to vote.
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1914-09-29
NEW YEARS PARADE
PLANNED THAT WILL
SURPASS ANY OTHER
South Philadelphia Business
Mems Association Deter
mined City Shall Have
Greatest Event of Its Kind.

Philadelphia Is to have real New
Years Parade this year. That is the de-
termination of the South Philadelphia
Business Mems Association. whose men,
bers feel that the city should take every
possible advantage of this phase OF ad-
vertisement, particularly since the
European war has tended to depress
business conditions here. 1t is believed
a New Years celebration which would
attract nationwide attention and interest
would materially advance the prosperity
of Philadelphia business. and any seeming
extravaganza in the purchasing of cos
tunes for the event would be an invest
ment amply repaid by the results.
The numerous clubs and organizations
which compose the smaller units Of the
New Year parade have already begun to
mobolize their forces, and the spirit OF
rivalry which is always keen between
them is quite manifest even at this
early day. Each leader Is planning and
scheming for features which will draw
distinction upon his particular organiza-
tion the form of przes
These features are guarded jealously
for each fears rival may take ad-
vantage OF the idea and produce some
thing even more bizarre.
An effort to advertise the celebration
all over the United States and to provide
proper transportation facilities for those
who will visit the city at that time is
being made by committee under the
leadership of Robert Aiken. and through
their efforts and those OF the local or
phla will witness celebration on De-
the kind that has been produced in this
country
Evening public ledger. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1914-1942, 1914-09-29
YOM HAKTPURIM,
DAY OF ATONEMENT,
BEGINS AT SUNDOWN
Solemn Jewish Ceremonial
Will Be Observed by Mil
lions in All Parts of the
World.

In the tribunal Of heaven and the tribunal
o. earth, by the permission oi God blessed ,e ~
gregation we hold II lawful TO pray With the
transgressors.
This prayer. ohanted to the quaint and
plaintive melody of ages at sundown to-
night in every synagogue and improvised
synagogue in the world, from every bat
tleield and battleship, will usher IN the
most solemn day of the Jewish year
Yom Iakipurim, or the Day of Atone
ment.
This year the day, hallowed as II IL
by centuries Of devout Observance despite
all obstacles, will have an added signih-
cance. For from the throats OF 100000
Jews there will go forth the first unani-
nous prayer since the great cataclysm for
q restoration OF peace on earth and good
will 10 men,
Here In America where none is di-
rectly affected, the synagogues will re-
sound with weeping and wailing, for
thousands Of those who will offer the
prayer will recall the members of their
families, particularly in Russia and
Galicia. who have already fallen or who
are still on the firing line. In the belliger-
ent lands 1t will cause prostration and
hysteria. for ii will come from the hearts
of the wounded and the mourners; II
Will come from the fathers and mothers
as well as from wives and children of
those on the 'battleields
The prayer quoted above is the one
with which the services begin. 1t is
called Ko Nidre. from the initial two
words few minutes before sunset on
the eve Of the Day Of Atonement. when
the congregation has gathered In the
synagogue, the Ark is opened and two
munity. take from it two Torahs. or
scrolls Of the law. Then they take
their places, one on each side of the
cantor and the three begin the service.
With this service also begins the fast,
which will last until sundown tomorrow.
The Orthodox Jews observe this fast so
vigorously that they will not even taste
water in the entire q hours. Many of
them spend the entire time in the syna-
gogue. using the time in which they
ordinarily sleep in the recitation OF the
Psalms and in other special prayers.
Those who go home for the night will
return to the synagogues about o'clock
tomorrow morning and remain there until
about in the evening.
In the reform temples the services are
shorter and several reCesscs are declared.
The fast will be broken by the blast
of the shoffar, or the long blow from
the rams horn. after the final service
at Sundown tomorrow.
In this city the demand for seats in
the synagogues is so great that large
halls I'm different parts OF the city are
converted into improvised synagogues.
This year even the Arch Street Theatre
is being used for a similar purpose
This afternoon special collection boxes
were placed I'm all the corridors OF the
synaCogues, the money to go for those
who will suffer as a result OF the war.
This collection will be made throughout
\ america, and it is expected that in this
way large sum Will be- collected.