davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-09-06

a goodly section of her war feet to pro-
tect it is national necessity. Cotton
textiles, steel rails. miscellaneous iron
and steel products and machinery are
for her an immensely valuable market
Even with unusual efforts 1t does not
seem possible that all of this trade will
remain in her hands. Nevertheless what
Is happening to the English coal market
In South America may happen to other
commodities, to the legitimate gain OF the
United States.
France will suffer in her commerce with
South America chiefly in the line Of fine
dry goods and similar articles A very
large trade is done by means Of the par
eel post. Possibly mail-order houses in
the United States will see this opening
and take advantage of it.
Belgian trade in South America has
been something like Belgium herself on
the map of Europe, that is. neutral
quantity, but its neutrality Is not respect
ed in the war of the markets. Belgium
will lose materially in the supply Of rail-
way material, certain Iron and steel prod
ucts and a variety of minor articles
Germany's trade in South America is the
real point of attack. The circumstances
do not admit Of a siege. II taken at an.
it must be taken by bombardment. the
various South American countries have
been taking from Germany about $l7o'-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-09-06
THE PORT OF p1oNTEv1DEo.

THE PORT OF MONTEvIDEo.
1000 a year Brazil has been a Gus
toner to the amount of $5O,0O0,OO0 to
$56. 100000 The Argentine Republic to the
same extent and Chile to the amount Of
$50 900. 900.
Germany's commercial conquests in
South America have been the results OF
marvellous organization. backed by the
home government The great Hamburg
firms are partners in numerous South
American importing houses A chain Of
German banks has been established. The
German merchant marine, however, has
been the leading factor in building up the
trade. This marine is now crippled. and
German trade with South America Is suf-
fering an interruption that it will take
years to recover from.
Germany has been a close competitor
Of the United States and England in sup
plying Brazil and Chile with iron and
steel products. She has had less sue
cess with these articles in Argentina. In
both Brazil and Argentina she has COM
peted In the supply of automobiles. and in
electrical apparatus. Leather goods also
have been an important commodity.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-09-06
VERY largo body Of Americans

A VERY large body Of Americans
~ have come to think of the re-
sources in men as nearly equal
between Germany and France. but this
belief is wide of the facts. The popu-
lation of Germany Is 65,000,000 and
that of France is not quite 40.0O0,000
The difference in population is far
greater than it was in 1870, when the
population Of France was S6,ooo'ooo
and that Of Germany 100000.
If increase Of population Is an In
dication of race vigor, the advantage
is with Germany. for despite a long
period of emigration the population OF
Germany has. in forty-four years. risen
from 100000 to 100000. an In
crease of 5000, 900. while the popula-
ton Of France. subject to but trifins
emigration draft, has increased but
a.5OO,0o0 In the same period.
The feature OF this small French In
crease which is most disturbing to the
people Of France Is that 1t Is not oven
" distributed through the years, but
that the annual incr case steadily de-
clined until the number Of deaths over
took the number Of births, and q year
ceeded the births by $4,000. and the
last available statistics show no en-
couragement but that the ratio OF
deaths to births will continue to in
crease. The actual number of births
in France has been declining year aft
er year for century. In 1897 the ex-
cess Of births over deaths had de-
creased to 100000 and the birth rate
continued its decline till the death rate
equaled 1t and then exceeded it
The authorities Of France and the
public-spirited people of the republic
have long been exercised over this con-
dition, which has been variously at
tributed to economic conditions, such,
for an example, as the low earnings of
men. and to moral causes or the looser
or Ioosening hold Of religion on the
people. No country has more exerted
itself to reduce the rate Of infant NOR
tally than France.
In 1870 the numerical strength of the
armies OF France and Germany was
approximately the same. At the close
of the war and when peaceful condi-
lions returned the armies were re-
stored to a peace footing, and In 1872
the commissioned and enlisted strength
of the French army was 425, 900 and of
the German army $4,000. By sue
cessive increases and expedients the
peace strength of these forces was
raised until just before the outbreak
of the present war the peace strength
of the German army was $4,000 men,
in twenty-five corps, containing $50
infantry, 642 field batteries, 283 bat
teries Of quick-fring guns, forty-eight
battalions of foot artillery, thirty-fiye
battalions of engineers, eighteen COM
panies of cyclists and twenty mine bat
talions Of lines Of communication
troops, including tho av1ators and
train battaIions.
The peace strength Of the army of
France was about 100000 men. and
this large figure was arrived at by in
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-09-06

the canal. New York, therefore, would
seem to have an excellent opportunity to
replace Hamburg in the cacao trade.
Another Ecuadorian product that is d.
rectly affected is the tagua, or vegetable
ivory, which is the basis of the button
Industry. Notwithstanding that the bulk
of the ivory nuts are consumed In the
United States, up to this time the raw
product has been shipped to Germany and
then reshipped to the United States. Since
Germany will not be able to receive Ecua-
doris crop OF ivory nuts, and since the
American manufacturers must have the
raw material. they ought to be able to
get 1t direct from Ecuador.
Peru finds the market for some Of its
products shut Off by the war Others
Will not be affected. while one crop will
be benefited. Wool and cotton which
Heretofore have gone to England. cannot
now look to that market. The United
States can absorb the surplus wool, but
with Its own cotton crop unmarketable,
1t is not likely to absorb the fine silk
cotton Of Peru.
The copper output Of the Cerro de
Pasco and other Peruvian mines has
heretofore been taken by the United
States. and will not be affected.( except
incidentally, by the closing of the Ham
burg market.
Sugar. which is Peru's most valuable
agricultural crop, will be directly bene-
fitted. Part of the Peruvian sugar goes
to Chile, bqt the larger part seeks other
markets With the beet sugar of Europe
shut off. with the European market
practically closed. with prices advance
ing In the United States, and the Panamt
canal open. Peru will find compensation
for other losses in the promptness which
this country can absorb all the sugar
1t has to spare.
Bolivia has tin mines. The price of tin
had been climbing up steadily for sew
eral months past because the demand
outran the supply. Out of world pro-
auction ranging from 10000 to 10000
tons. Bolivia is able to supply between
25OO and 10000 TONS
NO one can yet guess to what extent
the Malay straits Settlements, which pro-
duce nearly half the worlds tin, will be
affected by the war, but there is certain
70 be some interruption to commerce.
Heretofore American manufacturers
nave been content to get all their raw tin
through England.
The Bolivian output in the form Of
concentrates has gone there and to
Hamburg. American smelters on the At
iantic coast will not be alive to their
opportunities unless within a year they
are getting Bolivian tin concentrates di-
rect. and smelling them for the benefit
OF American manufacturers.
Chilean nitrates are hard hit by the
war. Practically the whole of the war
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-09-06

service stripes on their sleeves showing
two. three. four, five and six enlistments.
And In either OF these armies long serv-
Ice cannoteS campaign service, SO that
throughout the British army there is a
strong and wholesome seasoning or leav-
enfng Of old soldiers. who have been I'M
der fire and have survived the heat of
battle and the hardship of campaigns.
The steadying influence of soldiers of this
kind on comrades of less experience is
difficult to justly estimate.
The British army at home has a war
strength of 100000 men, and no doubt
can furnish a strength for foreign serv-
ice Of 100000 men. the rest being requir-
ed for sea coast garrison duty. Perhaps
a very large part Of these have been re-
leased. their posts having been taken as
far as practicable by territorials and
volunteers. In India Great Britain has
a force of 5000 British regulars and
165. 600 native regulars classed as highly
efficient troops for field service. Scatter
ed about the other British possessions
around the world are 5000 British reg
ulars.
England has already mustered the 1OO-
600 volunteers called for in the first call
by Earl Kitchener, and the physical re-
quirements met by these volunteers are
the same as prescribed for enlistment in
the regular establishment. Canada's first
contingent Of 10000 volunteers Is ready
for field service and a second contingent
der shape in the great mobilization and
training camp at Valcartier, in the prov
ince of Quebec. Volunteers will go from
Australia New Zealand and from
South Africa, and the news brings hints
that in the volunteer contingent from the
union of South Africa will be a strong
element of Beers, and that the COM
mander of that contingent VIII be Gen.
Christian De Wet, the Free State Boer,
who proved in the last Anglo-Boer war
his capacity as a soldier.
The territorial forces of Great Britain
stand at about $4,000 men This force
is something like the organized militia OF
the United States, but it has been more
successfully "nationalized' than the Ma
tional Guard of this country, and 1t 1s a
more evenly balanced force. and the
standard of efficiency. while not claimed
the whole force. The quality
of the officers Is good. the material In
the ranks Is first-class. and a Few weeks
of hard work under the press OF the pres
emit situation will probably whip this
force into excellent shape. bearing in mind
that IL it meets the enemy on the con-
ttnent of Europe that enemy will be re-
serves with two years service with the
colors and several years away from the
colors, with the exception OF certain ma
periods.
This territorial force had Just passed
its annual term of field training
when the catastrophe came upon the
world. There is another factor which
tends to bring the volunteer forces of
Great Britain rapidly to a point above
average volunteer troops, and this is that
there is heavy volunteering for the Brit
Lsh service out Of the ranks of the Ulster
and nationalists volunteers in Ireland,
and these men have had strenuous and
practical field training.
In Canada there are, or were when the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-09-06

European fmbroglio is in a splendid stra-
tegic position as regards these $2,Ooo0oo,-
600 OF interchangeable commodities. 1t
cannot only hold fast what 1t has, but it
should also make permanent gains.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-09-06

war broke out, 5000 British regulars
and an active militia force of 10000. with
10000 reserves. The 10000 men that
Canada will send to the war-and she will
material. and the same should be said Of
Australia. The Canadian and Australian
contingents In the South African war
were steady. sturdy, well disciplined and
efficiently differed troops.
The military strength of Russia is great
and her military resources are vast. The
standing army Of that country is ], 2J0, OG0
and when the reserves. those that have
served their CONSUMPTION in the army
and are still physically At, are added,
the force reaches the total of S,0OO,O0O
men. This does not measure the military
resources, because an additional Il Ooo, 900
men of no previous military training
could be made into soldiers
Z. There is also the possibility that
Japanese army may operate on European
soil with the allies. The proposition has
already been preached in a speculative
way. and 1t has been said on the author
ity Of competent men that a Japanese
force of 100000 could entrain at Port
Arthur, Dalny or vladivostock. and clear
ing the Trans-Siberian railroad of all
traffic other than troop trains and mill
tary supply trains could be on the firing
line in little more than two weeks.
Time fights with the allies in many
ways. An offensive campaign against
good troops costs heavily in men. There
is this additional consideration which is
of great weight. Armies cannot move
without horses or mules. Horse mortality
in war is always very high and in the
fierce and irnpetuous campaign horses die
fast from overwork. undertaking and I'M
derwatering and from irregular or over
feeding or watering. Injuries from which
man will soon recover very often neces-
state the destruction of horse. 1t is
a recognized fact that horse mortality is
high. Russia has Its horse supply at
hand and with England in command of
the sea she can remount cavalry and
rehorse the artillery and the wagon trains
with little difficulty.
More than 10000, 900 people are living
in the French African possessions, the
Algeria there are 100000 Europeans and
Z, 1000. 600 natives. For national preserva-
ton France will no doubt draw heavily
on this population for soldiers, and prob
ably already is doing it. A great popula-
ton is subject to France in Tunis, the
car Senegal and the Sonlali coast.
England in her African dependencies
has a population of over 100000. two
millions of whom are white and who live
in the union of South Africa.
Cape Colony. Natal, the Transvaal and
Orange Free State. The native African
subjects of the British crown are plenti-
full in the East African protectorate,
Rhodesia- northern and
southern Nigeria. the Gold coast. the
Uganda protectorate, Somaliland and
Nyasaland. The Belgian territory in
Africa has population OF u, 600 souls.
Tho African population subject to Ger
many In Togo. Kamerun. German South
west Africa and German East Africa .
about 100000.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-09-06
MILITARY Resources of Germany and the Allies

creasing the conscript term from two
to three years and by limiting the ex-
emption from military service only to
those men physically unfit for military
service.
The German army. despite its size and
its two-year term of service for private
soldiers, could not take in all the SOL
der material as it arrived at conscript
the result that in some of the German
reserves today are good many
thousand men who have had no pre-
vious military service. The war
strength Of the German and French
armies is about the same. but the
deeper drain on tho population and the
manhood of the country than is the
case IN Germany.
II peace had been maintained few
years longer, say Tor q generation. the
population and military resources Of
Germany in excess of those of France
would have been overwhelming. Time
would have been on tho side Of Ger
many.
WIN the allies Of France, or tho
enemies Of Germany, the question Of
population increases and military re-
sources turn strongly against Ger
many and Austria At the conclusion
Of the Franco-Prussian war Russia
period may be accepted as approxi-
mating accuracy. Of 100000, and her
population In 1908 was 155, 900. 900. with
a birth rate that Is leading deaths at
large and increasing rate. The popu:
lation of Great Britain and Ireland
rose from 35,700.0O0 in 1870 to about
100000 at present, and this In spite
of the emigration that has gone forth
to British territory in other parts Of
the world, as well as to parts of the
world not under the British flag. The
population Of Austria Hungary forty
years ago was 85,700.000 and Is now
at 100000, but part of this increase
is due to the Incorporation of other
peoples within the dual monarchy. and
which, although 1t Is counted by some
authorities as increased strength, is
counted by others as a weakness.
But, despite the growing strength
and greatness of Germany and the ex-
banding population of Austria-Hun-
gary. time fights on the side OF the
allies.
rhe military resources Of the British
empire In men are second to those OF
Russia Her army is relatively small In
number, but its efficiency is probably the
highest in Europe notwithstanding the
filings which often have been taken at
the alleged technical shortcomings of the
commissioned personnel. The British
army is the only regular army, in the
the other European armies are filled with
oonscripts who serve two or In the case
Of France three years with the colors.
and then pass into the reserves. the Brit
iHh army, like the United States Army,
ID recruited by men who take 1t up as a
business career, and a large percentage
Of them make Of it a life career, enlisting
and re-enlisting over and over. In the
British, as in the United States Army. 1t
is common thing to see soldiers with
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-09-06

American manufacturers who were
getting into the Brazilian market for
cement had a very sharp competition
from Germany. They ought now to be
able to absorb that market without
trouble. Germany's best market for
textiles, chiefly cottons, has been in
Chile, although she has had fair
market in Brazil and Argentina.
American cotton mills have shown
so little ability to get into the South
American market that in ordinary COM
mercial situations they might be elm
mated, but in the war situation they
should at least be able to fill the void
caused by Germany's temporary elm
nation and should not allow this trade
to drift to England.
Pharmaceutical products and chem
icals also have been German specialties
in South America. The United States
may not be able to supply the def
cheney as to chemicals and dyes, but it
can meet the requirements as to drugs
It is not practicable to give in de-
tail all the commodities which Ger
many has been in the habit of supply
ing South America any more than
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-09-06

to take another cup at breakfast, and
thus absorb some Of the surplus crop
which will be dumped on them. 1t is not
improbable that large quantities will be
warehoused in New York for distribution
at the end of the war
Brazilian rubber loses nothing as q
consequence Of the war. The low price
to which Para rubber had fallen. because
Of the competition of the artihcially Gull
tivated rubber of the Malay straits, may
find corrective, because nobody can
prophesy to what extent commerce with
the straits will be Interrupted. There is
also the uncertainty as to the supply from
the Belgian Kongo, which may yet be-
come part of the war area. Antwerp
is already a closed port.
1t would seem to be the natural thing
for the automobile people, and for other
manufacturers who are large consumers
Of raw rubber, to look to the Amazon IN
this emergency. 1t would also seem the
rubber from the Amazon to make direct
for New York instead of for Liverpool.
Il II
Generally, 1t may be assumed that the
United States will absorb for consumption
a portion of the South American products
which lose their markets In Europe, and
also that in the future 1t will become
more of distributing center for these
products. At present 1t would be Idle
to estimate the exact measure Of this
shifted commerce. The point to be kept
in mind is that for every dollar of South
American products which the United
States absorbs there ought to be the sale
of an additional dollars worth Of Ameri-
can commodities.
At the present time the leading Euro
pean neutrals who are in a position to
benefit from the war are Spain and Italy.
Spain has a well established commerce In
certain sections, where the Spanish i'm
migration has been large, but there is not
likely to be great expansion of business,
because Spain does not appreciably sup
ply the articles which England, Germany,
France and Belgium have supplied. The
Barcelona cotton mills may get some adj
ditional trade at the expense Of England
and Germany but 1t will be small Item
in the grand total.
Italy will reap some advantages pro-
yided she can maintain her neutrality.
Her chief gain will come from her splen-
did commercial fleet. If she can keep
out of the struggle. Italy will get some
of the carrying trade that is now held by
England and Germany. The South Amer
lean markets, and the South American
carrying trade. are potent reason Tor
Italy to keep out. aside from questions
affecting the European continent.
"c-o,t pr;+aip,s trade with aorth Amer
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-09-06

area is buyer Of these fertilizers The
annual production is approximately three
million tons, and of this quantity two
million tons may be credited to Europe,
England and Germany being the chief
consumers. England takes about double
the quantity that Germany takes. France
and Belgium are also good customers It
is not assumed that England will cease to
receive nitrate cargoes. but for at least
year the traffic Is bound to be dinin-
ished. Germany Is shut out entirely.
The United States has been a good buy
er Of the nitrates, and probably can alb
sorb much larger quantities, especially il
the partial closing of the European mar
ket causes prices to be lowered The
bulk of the nitrates will pass through the
canal since the toll Is not too heavy for
the traffic to bear.
It is not unlikely that the Chilean nj
trate trust, which has the sanction of the
government, and which controls produce
ton. will limit the output for the coming
season. but there still will be vast GUAM
titles to be absorbed. and the more of
this that the United States can absorb
the better Off will Chile be and the more
disposed to buy American products
Coming around to the Atlantic coast.
Argentina is likely to be the least affect
ed by the war. Europe will want her
grain and beef. and the only question
will be whether the cargoes can be safely
tIdHSporleu England Is likely to make
extraordinary efforts to safeguard the
ocean routes. yet the task is more Diff
ficult than with the United States.
Argentine wheat growers are in a less
favorable position than American wheat
growers. because there is a much longer
route necessary to be protected before
their carsoes can reach Liverpool. Yet
with England having only ninety days
food supply in reserve, the Argentine
dealers may feel safe in holding the crop
The Argentine harvest does not begin till
November, so that there are a lot of DOS
sibilities before another AS,entine cron
VIII De SUBJECT TO wars uncertainties,
Uruguay is likely to increase her COM
merce with the United States. With the
Antwerp market for wool and the Ham
burg market for hides closed. and with
the Liverpool market uncertain, the ten
dency VIII be to market the whole crop
in the United States. Wool. which in the
past has gone to Liverpool and Antwerp
to be secured and cleaned, and then re-
shipped to Boston, should now 20 direct
to Boston.
Brazil is affected both favorably and m
favorably. Hamburg and Havre are closed
to her conee- The closing of Hamburg
Influences the whole continental market
for coffee.
Americans, as the greatest coffee drink
ers in he world, probably can be induced
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-09-06

WO billion dollars
and upward meas
ures the foreign
trade Of South
America. No in
ternational priz e
court exists to adj
tudicate and ap-
portion 1t during,
the war and after
ward. The United
States, not being
involved in the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-09-06

Great Britain's trade with South Amer
lea is 50 vast and varied that the use of