davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Arvada enterprise., 1914-10-01
WASHINGTON.

Enactment OF the war revenue bill
ton will be undertaken by Congress
this week.
President Wilson will continue TO
press for acceptance OF the tentative
basis for settlement OF the Colorado
coal strike. proposed by federal medi.
Rtors. respite the partially unfavorablc
reply OF the operators.
The Arvada enterprise., 1914-10-01
Shank Denies Charge Of Two Girls

Pueblo.-Henry Shank of 730 East
Fourth street, pleaded not guilty to Il
statutory charge in the court of JUS
tice of the Peace M. e. Corson and
furnished bond for his appearance in
court for examination on Oct 6. Doro-
thy Spencer is the prosecuting wit
ness and it is stated that another girl
will testify against the young man.
Shank was fined 5000 for the offense
in Municipal Court recently.
The Arvada enterprise., 1914-10-01
Ryan Guilty of First Degree Murder

Fort Collins.-William l.. Ryan OF
Fort Collins was found guilty of first
degree murder by jury in the Dis
trict Court here, following his trial for
the killing of Attorney N. w. Crosse,
Aug. IA. whom he claimed had swim
died him
The jury was out eight hours. 1t
recommended the death penalty. Ry-
ans attorneys filed motion for a
new trial
The Arvada enterprise., 1914-10-01

ton was held here with about 100
delegates in attendance. Most OF the
forty churches which belong to the
association were represented. DR.. 7.
S. Young Of the Broadway Baptist
church, Denver. was reelected moder-
ator. and Rev. C. NJ. Kessler of Eaton
was again elected clerk and recorder.
Rev. l.. H. Coffman OF Denver was
elected assistant moderator, succeed
ing Rev. Asa z. Hall of Denver.
The Arvada enterprise., 1914-10-01
Pueblo Refugee in New York

Pueblo.-Miss Alice McNutt of Pu-
eblo, who was in Berlin, Germany, at
the outbreak of the war. has arrived
in New York City, after having eX-
perienced difficulty in obtaining pass
age to this country. Word from the
young woman was received here by
her mother, Mrs. C. c. McNutt.
The Arvada enterprise., 1914-10-01
Boulder Pioneer cremated.

Boulder.-Mrs. Elmira Higgins, a
pioneer resident of Boulder, was
burned to death in fire at the home
of daughter in Peru, Vermont, &C.
cording to a message received here.
The Arvada enterprise., 1914-10-01
Minor Mention,
Date. for Coming Events.

Dates for Coming Events.
Oct S-9.-Colo- New Mex. Fair at Du-
range
Oct. 30 Nov.l-Tcnth annual Dog Show
at Denver.
lslb.-Last Grand Council OF North
American Indians at Denver.
The Arvada enterprise., 1914-10-01

Boulder.-The annual conference of
the Rocky Mountain Baptist Assoca.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-07-22
.Edw. S. Burton, Who Fought
in Mexican and Civil Wars,
Celebrates DIST Birthday


Edward S. Burton, veteran of the
Mexican and Civil Wars celebrated
his ninety first birthday yesterday at
his home. 260 Sixth avenue. The
veteran is in splendid health despite
his advanced years, and enjoyed his
customary walks in the morning and
afternoon.
Mr.. Burton enlisted as a seaman
on the battleship Columbus during
the Mexican War. This ship later
was destroyed by the Confederates
during the Civil War He was a
member of the first treaty expedi
ton to Japan, and while there the
Mexican War was declared. 1t was
not until the Columbus reached Hon.
olulu that the crew received any
news of the war. Commodore James
Biddle, of the Columbus, then re-
ceived orders to hasten to California
and prevent blockade-running along
the coast.
Mr.. Burton and three other Next
can War veterans attended the last
Memorial Day celebration here. They
took part in the parade and later
were the guests of Marcus L. Ward
Post, G. A. R., at a banquet.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-07-22
AS AN INSPECTOR OF LIQUOR HIS WORK
WAS PERFECT, BUT IT COST HIM SIS

1t cost William Idakitis. of ia Ty-
Ter street. s25 to pose as liquor in
spector" and eonnoisseur at the sa-
loon of Mandel Kaslow, at 204 Nc
Whorter street, yesterday. The $25
was imposed as fine in the Third
precinct court today by Judge Hahn,
to whom Kaslow told his story.
Idaktis went into the saloon yes
terday and ordered a glass of beer.
He told Kaslow he was a liquor in
spector," and did not pay for his
drink. After drinking the beer with
apparent relish, Idakitis said it was
mo good" because it had been
drawn yesterday" He had another
one, which he said was somewhat bet
ter and was evidently drawn to-
day"
He then tested Kaslow's whiskey,
which he thought was poor and must
have been kept in wooden barrel"
He ordered a glass of wine. He did
not like the wine and said it was the
'dregs of the bottle"
The inspectors" next test was of
Kaslow's blackberry cordial, which
he said was great stuff" Accord
ingly, being a self-styled good fell
low" he decided not to report Kas-
low for his beer and whiskey, but
would take couple more glasses of
blackberry and call it square.
Before relinquishing his cordial,
however, Kaslow wantea to see the
inspectors" badge. The inspector
had left his badge at home, so Kas-
low summoned Park Policeman Helm
from East Side Park and had the
man arrested.
Kaslow told Judge Hahn that the
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-07-22
BELLEv1LLE PROPOSALS

pipe 4 manhoes
pipe, manholes.
VAN HoUTBN PLAcE-5OO feet of inch
pipe, manholes.
HIGH STREET-3S0 feet of inch pipe,
l manhole.
Together with 10. 900 feet of house connec-
lions. 900 cast iron curb markers and the
necessary appurtenances to complete the
work.
Bidders are not to state any price for
terials and work for which there is liked
amount provided for in the specifications.
Each proposal must be enclosed in sealed
envelope. properly Endorsed with the name
of the bidder and Of the Improvement. and
directed to the Town Council of the Town OF
Beeville
Bidders will state their prices in writing
we'll as in figures
Bidders must specify in their proposals
them, they will bind themselves to finish and
complete the same within the following num-
Der of consecutive working days: Ninety
days
bidders must comply with .State law re-
garding the number of hours constituting
days work.
The plans and specifications of the work
can be examined at the office OF the Town
Engineer, sol Essex Building, Newark, N.
j., or at the Town Clerks office, on and
after July goth.
the right to accept reject any or all pro-
posals for the above work, as they may deem
best for the interest of the town.
Bidders and sureties are hereby notined
that the bond or bonds to be given for the
faithful execution and performance OF sald
public work shall first be approved a. to SUI
fciency by the Town Council. and as TO form
by the Town Attorney. and no contract snail
be binding on the town or become enectiye
or operative until such bond is so approved
BY direction of the Council Of the Town
FRANK T: SHEPARp,
jy1417. 20,22.24 Town Engineer.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-07-22
AS OWN COUNSEL
HE RUNS ON ROCKS
Husband censured by Court as
He Protests at Alimony
Proceedings.

| Acting as his own counsel in a suit
for alimony against him, Henry S.
Nicholas. of 604 Fillmore place. West
New York, met with the displeasure
of Vice-Chancellor Emery yesterday
in Chancery Chambers. Nicholas was
being accused of non-support by Ed
ward S. Black, counsel for Mrs.
Augusta Nj. Nicholas, when the de-
PENDANT jumped to his feet with OBJ
| jections.
"sit DOWN. ordered vice-Chan-
cellor Emery, you cannot upset the
regular procedure in this manner.
Any person has a right to be heard,
but not in their own way"
Nicholas remained quiet until Mr..
B ack had finished his denunciation.
The defendant asserted he had been
out of work since he and his wife
separated last March. Since that
time he has been living on the char
ity of relatives, he told the court.
Mr. and Mrs. Nicholas were mar
ried on June "a, 1911, by Rev. William
r. Jenvey, at Hoboken. The couple
lived at 40 Liberty street, Weehaw-
ken. Before the marriage Nicholas
was widower and had two children
by his first wife. Mrs. Nicholas was
the widow of John Quirk Before her
marriage to Nicholas, and had one
child by the former marriage.
On January 8 last Mrs. Nicholas
began divorce proceedings, alleging
extreme cruelty. The couple were
reunited when Nicholas signed an
agreement to cease his abuses. Trou-
BILE between the couple broke out
afresh and on May 10 Mrs Nicholas
filed an amended petition for divorce,
IL, H. I. A.,fA 80
choke her and threatened to kill her
and their baby, now twenty-one
months old.
The time when Nicholas should
have answered the complaints against
him expired on June 8. Yesterday he
was summoned to court to answer
suit for temporary alimony, pending
a decision in the divorce case.
On the stand Nicholas said he had
formerly been employed at Tiffany's,
in New York, as a jewellery salesman.
He said he lost his position when he
and his wife separated, and since that
time has been unable to find employ
ment. He testified that he has earned
only $3.50 since last March, this sum
being the result of soliciting subscrip-
tions to a magazine.
The husband said he is living with
a brother at the West New York adj
dress. With him are his two children
by the first marriage. His fourteen
year-old son is working and con-
tributing his wages of 81 a week for
the familys support, testified Mich
olas. At present his fifteen-year-old
daughter, Jessie, is with Nicholass
mother, in Sullivan county, New
York.
Vice-Chancellor Emery told Mr..
Black that il would be useless to is
sue an order upon Nicholas to support
his wife and their child, as it is evil
dent he is without funds. The court
suggested that Nicholas might be able
to find employment during the next
week, when an order will be made di-
reoting a master in chancery to take
testimony in the case.
Mrs. Nicholas is living with rela-
tives at PIG North street, Jersey City.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-07-22
pIrRL1c NOTICE.

BelleVille, ~. d., July a. 1914
Sealed proposals will be received by the
Council of the Town of Belleville. N. j., at
the Council Chambers Washington avenue.
BelleviIle N. j., Tuesday, July the
2Sth until $3.50 p. m. and opened at the
last named hour at a public meeting of the
Town Council to be held at said time and
place for the construction of sanitary sewers
on the streets and avenues as shown on a
map of section number of the Belleville
Sanitary Sewer System.
The following Is about the amount Of
the work TO be done and the materials to be
furnished in the construction and compile
tion Of said work. and upon which bids will
be compared:
MAIN STREET-1.336 feet OF 10 inch
pipe 555 feet of inch pipe, - manholes.
WILLIAM STREET-730 feet of 10 inch
pine, 1856 feet OF 5 inch pipe. 7 manholes.
ISAAC S'FREET--950 feet of 10 inch pipe,
400 feet OF inch pipe, manholes.
SCHUYLER sTREET-60o feet Of inch
'g BAYARD sTREET-55o feet of 5 inch
pipe, manholes.
WAsHfNGTON sTREET-52o feet of s
inch pipe manholes.
DOW STREET, $40 feet OF s inch pipe,
JOHN STREET.-THE feet of 5 inch pipe,
r.lanholes.
Inch pipe 2 manholes.
RUTGERS STREET-l,oo5 feet OF inch
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-07-22
BELLEyILLE PROPOSALS


Belteville, n. j., July II. 1914.
Sealed proposals will be received by the
Council of the Town of BellevilIe. N. j., at
the Council Chambers. Washington avenue
Belleville, N j., Tuesday, July the
2sth. until $3.50 p. m, and opened at the
last named hour. at a public meeting of the
Town Council to be held at said time and
Mace for the construction of sewers the
streets and avenues shown on map of
section of the Belleville Sanitary Sewer
System.
The following is about the amount of
the work to be done and the materials to be
furnished in the construction and compile
ton of said work, and upon Wmch bids VIII
be compared
MILL sTREET-24o5 feet of 20 inch pipe,
795 feet of Is inch pipe, Il manholes.
eCocRTLANDT sTREET-ss5 feet of inch
SCHUYLER sTREET-s2O feet of s inch
r'e ouiNToN sTREET-ss5 feet of inch
CLEVELAND sTREET-s6O feet of inch
VAN RENSSELAER, srREET-565 feet of
inch pipe 2 manholes
HOWARD PLACE-4so feet of inch
pipe. manholes
DOW STREET-S55 feet of inch pipe.
FACTORY sTREET-s7O feet of inch
pipe. manholes; 90. g..
BRIDGE STREET-Sl5 feet OF inch
pipe, 4 manholes.
CLINTON sTREET-72o feet of inch
pipe manholes.
QUARRY STREBT-1,165 feet of 10 inch
pipe manholes.
inch pipe. l manhole.
SMITH sTREET-ssO feet of inch pipe.
4 manholes.
inch pipe. : manholes
JOHN sTRBET--2.145 feet Of inch pipe,
/ manholes.
COLUMBUS AVENUEZ-1,24 O feet of 8
inch nine manhOles.
CEDAR HILL AvENUE-1.24o feet Of 8
inch pipe, manholes
MT. PROSPECT AVENUE, 200 feet OF
inch pipe. ) manhoes.
NEW STREET-1.s 500 feet Of inch pipe
uNIoN AVENUE 700 feet of inch
p'f DE WITT AvENuE-2sO feet of incl
| pipe. l manhole.
| pipe. 3 manhoes.
Together with $4,000 feet of inch hous.
| connections. /. coo cnst iron curb markers ant
| the necessary appurtenances to complies ths
work
bidders are not TO state any price for ma
| terIals and work for which there is fxet
| amount provided for in the specifications.
| Each proposal must be enclosed in A. sealef
| envelope properly Endorsed with the nam.
Of the bidder and Of the Improvement, ans
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-07-22
Rain Stops Public Band
Concert in East Side Park

The public band concert scheduled
to be held last night at East Side
Park had to be postponed on account
of the rain. Suenderhaft's Band will
give a concert tonight in Branch
Brook Park. The program will be as
follows:
Star Spangled Banner" overture.
"Tempelweihe," Keller Bella; selection,
Dolly Dollars" Herbert; valse,
Spring, Beautiful Spring" Lincke;
selection. Adele" Briquet; spring
song, "Allegretto Grazicso," Mendels-
sohn selection. Salute to Erin"
Coates; romance, Roses Honey
MOON" Bratton; selection, "Ermine."
Jacobonskie; characteristic. "Levee
Frolic," banks; march, with Sword
and Lance" Starke, and Columbia,
the Gem of the Ocean" William
Redmond will sing Loves Old Sweet
Song"
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-07-22
CITY NEWS BRIEFS

The weekly meeting of the Essex
Civic League will be held tonight at
211 Halsey street. State election
laws will be discussed.
Gem Council, Camp No 1909, Mod
ern Woodmen of America. celebrated
its first anniversary with an enter
tainment and banquet last night.
An oyerheated engine set fire to the
automobile OF Arthur G. Clement, of
Paterson. while the machine was in
front of 1879 Mt. Prospect avenue last
night. The loss was s25.
Three apartment houses at the
southwest corner of Litteton and
South Orange avenues have been sold
by NJ. COPELAND Cohen and Isaac ID.
Miller for Edward Blau to Max Bid
dleman. The buyer gave in part
payment two buildings at 26f-2611z
Springfield avenue.
The Home Brewing Association will
hold its annual outing tomorrow to
Witzel's Grove, College Point. Long
Island. The trip will be made in the
steamer Minerva from Wieden-
mayors dock.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-07-22

Star Classified Ads. Bring Re-
suits. Advertise in The Star.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-07-22
Children Arrange for
Three-Day Carnival at
Lafayette Playground

Arrangements are being made for a
three-day carnival, to be held at the
Lafayette Street Fairgrounds, Sep
TENDER "a, Is and 26. A king and
queen will be selected from among
the playground children, and the cor
onation will take place on the opening
night of the carnival. After this cere-
mony banquet will be held.
The second day will be athletics
day, when the children will compete
in various games. A doll parade will
be the chief feature of the third days
program. Director Edward Helm
stetter and Play Leader Marie c.
Hughes are arranging the affair.
An election will be held to choose
the king and queen, the children of
the playground casting the ballots.
The candidates who are beaten will
act as attendants to the royal pair.
Among the candidates are: William
McEvoy, Buster" Larzleer, Aloysius
Warner, Edna German, Helen Nc
Evoy and Sarah Hughes.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-07-22

BELLEvILLE PROPOSAL

directed to the Town Council of the Town OF
Belleville.
Bidders will state their prices in writing
as well as in figures
Bidders must specify in their proposals
that should the above work be awarded to
them, they will bind themselves TO finish and
complete the same within the following num-
Der of consecutive working days: One hum
bred and twenty days.
Bidders must comply with State law re-
gardng the number Of hours constituting a
days work.
The plans and Specifications of the work
can be examined at the office of the Town
Engineer, b01 Essex Building, Newark N.
j.. or at the Town Clerks office, on and
after July goth.
The Town Council reserve to themselves
the right to accept or reject any or all pro-
posals for the above work, as they may deem
best for the interest of the town.
Bidders and sureties are hereby notified
that the bond or bonds to be given for the
faithful execution and performance of said
public work shall first be approved as to suf-
flciency by the Town Council, and to form
by the Town Attorney, and no contract shall
be binding on the town or become effective
or operative until such bond is SO approved.
BY direction of the Council of the Town
of Belleyile, in the County of Essex.
FRANK T. SHEPARD,
jy14,17, 20.22,24 Town Engineer.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-07-22
Newark GrOcers Are on
Annual Outing Today

Today is Grocers' Day in Newark
The annual excursion of the Newark
Retail Grocers' Association was held
over the Central Railroad to Asbury
Park and Ocean Grove. More than
$50 excursionists, mostly women and
children were aboard the trains when
they left the Broad street station of
the Central Railroad at 9 o'clock this
morning.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-07-22
CITY ADVERTISEMENTS


Max H. SHERMAN 276 Bank ST. Same place
av. NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS.. Same place
Julius Cinnamon ZIG Washington ST..
Same place
George Blum. sos-s11 Summer av....
Same place
Robert Haeusler. ] 8 Hensler st. Same place
Louis Shaw, 225-227 Ferry st. Same place
Peter Vogel So Maine st. ..... Same place
Victor Gromest, ss 18th st. Same place
Henry Dreaver, SO Commerce st. Same place
Louis Hermann. 176 Prince st. Same place
Harry T. Miller ATT Washington ST..
Same place
Same place
Adam Dankshas, 1o4 Wallace St..
Jacob Holtzmann, 81 Market ST.. Same placs
Thomas O'Malley, SO Lister av.. Same place
Thomas A. Duffy. 122 Bowery st Same place
Nathan Familiar. 1898 Mulberry st.
Oscar Bitz. 4 Bowery st. ...... Same place
Alexander Minichiello. s7s Paramount
Frederick lex Haag. so-ss Mechanic ST.
wHoLEsALE-RENE
Philip II. Mueller Co., 50 Market 81
Joseph H. Dwork, s17 West Kinney St
Same place
Iorenz C. Heilos 104 Ferry st. Same place
Herman Hauck, 404 18th av. Same place
Samuel Froelich & Son. 1888 Mechanic
Beer iBoTiTLER.RENEwAI p'A''
I.embeck g. Betz 181-1S5 9th st., Jersey
city RETAIL n : ,rRA ;Sii Same place
Abraham Palmer. from 272 Washington
st. to 215 10th av. 5S1 North 9Th st.
carmmie Bafberita. from III Norfolk
Mt. Prospect ay.
RICHARD MILLER,
President.
july Is-5t = City Clerk.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-07-22

man said he was a liquor inspector
for five States. Looking at the
pseudo inspectors highly -colored
nose, Judge Hahn said he did not
doubt that the man had inspected
liquors in more than five States. He
then imposed the fine.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-07-22
Tall Cedar Members in
Outing at Olympic Park

Essex County Forest No. s, Tall
Cedars of Lebanon, held its annual
outing at Olympic Park last night
aud. despite the rain, $50 members
and their families turned out.
They first visited the theatre
,sherc they greatly enjoyed the opera,
"Nyur,fy Marietta" After the per-
forn,:ty,ce they had dinner. Then
came moonlight tango in the dance
halt
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-07-22

PUBLIC NOTICE is hereby given that the
following proposed ordinance passed a
second reading and was ordered to third
and final reading at meeting of the Board
of Street and Water Commissioners held
July 10th, 1914;
OLD WOOD STREET,
from a property line about ~ feet south Of
Sixteenth avenue to a property line about
316 feet north OF Sixteenth avenue.
@. II. KRAEAIIIR,
President of the Board of Street and Water
Commissioners.
A. l.. SWAIN,
1y17-5t Acting Clerk of the Board.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1914-07-22
CITY ADVERTISEMENTS

OFFICE OF THE BOARD OF EXCISE
COMMISSIONERS OF THE CITY
OF NEWARK.
Ivy HAIL July 1T. 1914
The following is the list of the names.
residences and places of business Of appli-
cants for licenses contained in all applica-
lions OF petitions made TO this board for the
granting Of licenses to sell spirituous,
vinuous, malt or brewed liquors, and not
heretofore published according to law, to
wit.
RETAIL--RENEWAL
Name. Place of Business Residence.
Mrs Susanna Mitchell 1914 Elizabeth
av ..o .......... same place
Moses Levy. 295 Bank st Same place
Henry A. Schwerdt, 2s5 Orange st..
Same place
John Hudzinski, % Jones st -. Same place
John Weber 264 Belmont ay :. Same place
Michael J. burst, 161 Sussex av. Same place
The day book. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1911-1917, 1914-02-19

few days, and 1 won't be long be-
fore am around, but l cannot go to
a hospital because it would mean
there would be no one to look after
the children, so l must stay here. But
l don't know.
I'VE never, never had to ask any
one to help us, and it seems as if no
body cares what becomes of one.
How could we go back to Missouri?
1t cost us $25 railroad fare to come
here, and doesn't it seem funny that
The day book. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1911-1917, 1914-02-19

age prices for the ten-year period be-
tween 1890 and 1899. Moreover it
was 10 per cent above the price for
the year before, and 16 per cent above
the price for the year before that
For these compilations the govern
ment has taken the forty largest
cities throughout the United States.
The record covers the following
articles which have advanced as fol-
lows: Potatoes, 423 per cent; eggs,
14.2; round steak, 1873; ham, 10.6; rib
roast, 8.S; sirloin steak, 8.3; bacon,
81; hens. rs; pork chops, 6.3; but
ter, 81; milk, 2.7; cornmeal, Ii, and
lard, 10.
The day book. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1911-1917, 1914-02-19

the county would pay that much fare
to send us back, yet wouldn't give us
food when we were hungry? And
back there my husband wouldn't
have work, either"
The reasoning of the statistical
charities is too hard to follow or to
fathom, but statistical charity stands
as a black blot when it is compared
with that charity that comes from
hearts full of love and pity for hui
manitY.
The day book. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1911-1917, 1914-02-19
COUITTED; SPOILS SYSTEM CO.

a
attending launching of
the he gold.
pos he didn't
appetes Of Okahomas Re
suit, "hameup" hogtie ruin him.
The details the of them
The through them the verdict
of the cordially congratulations the senator's
vndcaion.
The lesson though bigger than personality state tteaches
the internal viciousness of easy money
lie ambition politicians living without
They them political jobs When he
viper-ike they
These
preferred They eager a
that didn't him
That the spols system its
reform. experience ought stifen backbone