davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1914-02-27
If The Proposed Ordinance
Is Passed By Council
Regular Meeting Of City
Fathers On Monday Night

The matter of the most vital i'm
portance that is now bothering coun-
Gil and the city officials is the error
found in the contract let by the city
to ". Fl. Ralston for the construction
Of a sewage treatment plant. 1t was
brought up for the second time at the
meeting of council Tuesday evening
and the error was explained in de-
tail by Hon. F. o. Levering, attorney
for Mr.. Ralston, and by City Solicitor
Harry w .Koons. Definite action was
held over until next Monday evening.
1T is mutually agreed upon by the
consulting engineer, the city solicitor
and the contractor that the clause is
erroneous. The payment to the con-
tractor per yard for excavation and
for the construction of rolled en-
hankment is involved. The original
bid submitted by Mr.. Ralston for the
excavation was 85 cents per yard.
For the construction of the rolled en-
bankment, it was 35 cents per yard.
The contract, as it now reads, pro-
Vides that the contractor shall be paid
SIS cents per yard for excavation and
the rolled embankment combined. 1t
is believed that the difficulty will be
Strengthened out without serious
trouble.
An amendment to the ordinance No.
$50, providing for the issuance Of
bonds to pay for the city's share of the
construction of sanitary sewer on
Coshocton avenue and also the trunk
line sewer, was introduced. 1t was
passed under suspension of the rules.
For many years fines collected for
the offense of intoxication were turned
over to the county while the city paid
the bills for the confinement of the
prisoners in the county jail. An or
dinance introduced Monday evening
will change this condition and the
fines, if the ordinance is passed, will
go to the city. The ordinance pro
vides that fine of not more than $5
will be imposed for the offense oi
intoxication. 1t was given three read
ings under suspension Of the rules and
was then referred to the city SO
licitor.
Councilman DEEMS of the First
ward asked for more time in his in.
yestigation concerning another voting
place in precinct A of the First ward.
More time was granted.
Adjourned.
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1914-02-27
Homestead Club
Entertain With Dance

EhLCi ioiu Vtth O0HSC
The Homestead club entertained
with dancing party and with cards
at their rooms on North Main street
Tuesday evening. Forty couples were
present to enjoy the occasion. Music
for the dance program was furnished
by the Bricker orchestra. Punch and
waters were served.
The decorations were pretty and
appropriate. They were used in cele-
bration of Washington's birthday. The
guests present from out of the city
were Miss Mercer of Newark, Mr.. Hor-
ace Whitney of Mt. Gilead, and Mr..
and Mrs. v. B. Welker and Mr.. H X.
Doolittie of Gambler.
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1914-02-27
GRAFT Piece
OF HIS RIB
Into The Skull Of A Former
MI. Vernon Man
To Close A Large Aperture
Caused By Blow.
Remarkable Operation Per-
formed On c. c. Galley
At Grant Hospital, Columbus,
Tuesday Morning
An Interesting Account Of
The Operation

One of the most remarkable opera
tions in the history of surgery was
performed at Grant Hospital, Colum-
bus, Tuesday, on Mr.. Clarence G. Ca
ley, until recently resident of Mt.
Vernon.
The operation consisted Of grating
a piece of his rib into the skull of
Mr.. Galley to close a large sperature
caused by blow.
Mr.. Galley resided in Mt. Vernon un-
til just recently when he removed TO
Hebron, o. He is member of all the
Masonic bodies in this city and has
many friends here who hope for his
speedy recovery, which now seems GER
tain.
Concerning the remarkable opera
ton, the Columbus Dispatch on Tues
day evening has the following article:
1 AS the result of arrare and delicate
operation performed at Grant hospital,
Tuesday morning, C c. Galley, an oil
we'll driller of Hebron, Ohio, has a
partially new skull, formed out of a
part of his right sixth rib. A part of
the rib was completely cut away and
placed upon gaping hole, caused
three months ago by fracture of the
patients skull. The operation, it is
thought, will save the patient from in
sanity and possible death.
Galley was brought to the hospital a
few weeks ago, suffering from acute
pains in his head and intense nerv-
Gus irritation. He was walking under
an oil well derrick three months ago,
when a large bar of iron fell upon his
head, shattering the bone on one side.
The broken bone was cut away and it
was thought that Galley might recover.
For a time he seemed well, but when
the pains and nervous irritation in
creased, it was decided to bring him
to Columbus for an operation. An
X-ray photograph, taken at Grant hos
pital by DR.. B. +. Bowen, indicated that
part of the skull bone had grown in
and that the outcome might be fatal
unless desperate steps were taken.
Dr. r. r. Kahle, who had charge of
the case, decided to cut away the rib
and give the patient partially new
skull. But the operation had never
been performed before, at least not in
Columbus, and it became necessary to
make new instruments before it could
be attempted. These were made after
special designs drafted by the physi-
clans.
Tuesday morning the operation was
successfully performed by Drs. Kahle
and l.. l.. Bigelow. Nearly five inches
of the sixth rib was cut away. The
bone around the edge of the hole in
Caley's head was beveled to make an
aperture into which the rib bone
could be neatly fitted The rib was
then put in place and the scalp sewed
over it. The operation consumed about
an hour and a half. The physicians
believe that Galley will completely re-
cover. M8
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1914-02-27
BURDEN OF PROOF
ON GOVERNMENT
Pure Food Law Affected By
Supreme Courts Ruling.
MAY HANDICAP AUTHORITIES

Decision In Bieached Flour Case
Likely to RevoIutlonize the Ad-
rninistration of Food and Drugs
Act---Deleterious Effects OF Chem
iesls Used In Preserving or Treat
ing Foodstuffs Must Be Shown.
Washington, Feb. 25.--A decision
handed down by the supreme court
will have far-reaching effect upon
enforcement of the federal pure food
law and drug act. BY many the fear
is expressed that that the decision
will greatly handicap the federal au-
thorities in their effort to fight
against treated or adulterated foods.
: The decision was in what has
come 70 be known as "the bleached
-four case" In an opinion by JUS
tice Day, concurred in by the entire
court, the principle was laid down
that in order for the government to
make a libel under the food and
drugs act to condemn articles al
legged to contain added poisonous or
deleterious substances" 1t is neces-
sary to prove that the added sub
tance is present in sufficient quanti-
ties that It may injure health.
The "bleached -four" case grew out
Of an attempt by the federal author
tiles to libel a shipment of flour
made by the Lexington Milling and
Elevator. company from Lexington,
Neb., to Castle, Mo. The -four was
admittedly bleached by having been
treated with the Alsop process,
which was accomplished by subject
ing 1t to treatment Of nitrogen
peroxide gas.
The court found as a matter Of
fact that the added substance was
poisonous and deleterious. The gov
ernment asked the trial Judge to
charge the jury that 1t was only
necessary for the government to
prove that the shipment contained
the added -oisonous or deleterious
substance order to maintain the
hbel, and that they were not re.
quired to establish that the adui-
terant was present in such quantity
that it might injure the health Of
consumers. The judge made this
charge, but on appeal to the circuit
court the case was reversed on ac-
count of the judges Instructions,
and from that decision the govern
ment appealed to the supreme court.
The outcome of the case has been
awaited with the keenest interest.
Or. Carl Alsberg of the bureau Of
chemistry, who is the principal off,
Ger Of the government charged with
the administrator of the food and
drugs act, stated that the decision,
so far as he understood 1t, would
revolutionize the administration Of
the law. 1t will put on the govern
ment the burden of proof and viii
probably require the calling in of ex-
perts to testify pro and con as to the
alleged deleterious effects of certain
chemicals used in preserving or
treating foodstuffs and drugs.
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1914-02-27
James Montgomery's new play is
called Come Home, Smith"
Catarrh Cannot BE cured

VITA LOCAL. APPLICATIONS, as they
cannot reach the seat OF the disease. Ca
tarrh is a blood or constitutional disease
and In order to cure It you must take In.
ternal remedies. Halls Catarrh Cure is
taken internally. and acts directly upon
the blood and mucous surfaces. Halls
Catarrh Cure is not auack medicine. II
was prescribed by one OF the best ply
sicians in this country for years and Is
a regular prescription. II ~ composed or
the best tonics known, combined win @ @the
mucous surfaces. The perfect combina-
ton of the two ingredients is what pro.
duces such wonderful results IN curtnR
catsrrh Send for testimonials. free
L. ]. CHENEY & CO, Props. Toledo. N
Sold by Druggists. price 75c. y
rske aaips Family Pili- for constiuAtto1.
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1914-02-27
toms birthday program;

Song-America.
Opening Prayer-Rev. w. A. Clem-
mer.
Piano Solo, Venetian Love Song
Miss Helen Moore.
Address of welcome-Mrs. R. s.
Clements.
Tenor Solo, Ny Dreams of Thee;
The Land of Nod'-Mr. George
Kelley.
Address, My Thoughts of Washing
ton-ReV. L. w. Mulhane.
Quartette, Washington and the
Cherry Tree-Mrs. Clutter, Mrs. Stan
ton, Mrs. Dennis and Mrs. Herdman.
Tableau, Representing Washington
and the Tirteen Original States
Misses Elizabeth Trott, Margaret
Clements, Audrey Guthrige, Mildred
Mahaffey, Marion Woolson, Esther
Blair, Katherine Shireman, Eleanor
Reese, Ruth Johnson, Louise Atwood,
Vera Perrine, Evaline Carpenter and
Harold Weir.
Short Talks-Col. l.. G. Hunt and
S. M. Woolson.
Closing Prayer-Rev. w A. Glenn
mer.
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1914-02-27
UPHELD BY HIGH COURT
Ohio Excise Tax On Railroads is
Declared Valid.

Washington, Feb. 25.-The Ohio
excise tax on railroads was upheld as
constitutional by the supreme court.
The state of Ohio passed a law
creating state tax commission with
broad powers and providing that all
corporations must pay tax on their
intrastate business. The law was In
the nature of an excise tax on the
privilege of doing business In the
state. Public utilities were thus taxed
specially and under the law the term
"public utility" was given broad
definition, including the railroads and
all their plants and property.
The Ohio woman labor law was
also upheld as constitutional. The
laws validity was questioned by
Annie Hawley, a milliner Of Colum-
bus, who was charged with violating
the law by employing females in her
establishment longer than 10 hours
day.
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1914-02-27
Coolest
Morning Of The Winter
Mercury Dropped To 22
Below Zero In Places

Tuesday night was the coldest of
the winter by several degrees. The
mercury began to drop rapidly after
midnight and stood about IL degrees
below zero at O'Clock in the morning.
The average temperature in the city
early Wednesday morning was Is be-
low, although the reports of tempera-
ture from various points in the city
varied considerably The reports were
anywhere between 10 and 22 degrees
below zero.
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1914-02-27
Delightful Dance

Delightful Dance
At the X. Of p. Arnory
About forty Mt. Vernon couples en-
joyed one of the most delightful
dances of the season at the Pythian
armory on Tuesday evening. Music
was furnished by the Parker saxa-
phone trio of Columbus The one-step
and hesitation waltz were danced ex-
clusively, A delicious buffet lunch
was served at midnight, An out of
town guest was Mr.. Charles Follete of
Columbus, assistant attorney general
of Ohio.
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1914-02-27
SNOW I'M SOUTH

Savannah, Ga, Feb. 25-For the
first time in something like twenty
years, Savannah is experiencing a
snowfall today. About two inches
fell.
Two inches of snow fell at colum-
bus, Ga. It was the first snow Of con-
sequence in fifteen years.
A light snow fell also at New Or
leans, but it melted as soon as Il
reached the ground
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1914-02-27
FIJI,
From A Ladder And Was
Painfully Injured

J. C. Hunt, employed at the McCor-
mick furniture store on South Main
street, was painfully injured while de-
scending ladder Tuesday afternoon
He had climbed to thereof at the rear
CT the building to Investigate the cause
of leak and was in the act of de.
scending when the ladder slipped and
he was precipitated to the ground. His
ankle was badly sprained and he sus-
tanned several bad bruises about the
body. A physician was called in attend
ance.
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1914-02-27
100000

Ready to Loan on First Mortgage on
Homes and Farms.
1. Write or call for terms.
2. viii loan up to one half the ac-
tual value of homes and farms.
8. Lowest interest rates.
4. Borrowers can repay in whole or
in part at any time.
8. Appraisements made promptly.
6. Insurance required.
z. The Buckeye State Building and
Loan Company, Rankin building, %
West Gay street, Columbus, Ohio. AS
sets $7,0O0,O0O.
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1914-02-27
Parsonage
Weddings

Mr.. Harry B. jennings and Miss
Wave Dunlap, both of Rural Route
No. 4, were united in marriage at 1
O'Clock Monday afternoon by Rev. J,
A. Long. pastor of the Vine street
Church of Christ at his home on East
Vine street.
Mr.. George e. Martin and Miss
Mildred Catherine Hayes, both Of
near Martinsburg, were united in mar
riage Tuesday tafernoon at 4:30
o'clock by Rev. J. A. Long, pastor of
the Vine street Church of Christ. BIr.
and Mrs Martin will live near Utica.
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1914-02-27
KENYON 5
Football Schedule For The
Season Announced
One OF The Games Will Be
Played In Mt. Vernon

Gambler, o., Feb. 25-Kenyon's COM
plete football schedule for next fall
was announced here today by Coach
Mathews. All nine games are with
Ohio elevens. Kenyon opens with Hell
dellberg at Gambler, Sept.26 closing
the season with Hiram at Mt Ver-
non, Nov. 81. Mathews received an
offer to play Colgate at Hamilton, N.
Y, the last week in September. but
owing to the fact that Reserve is to
be played two weeks earlier than in
the past, it was thought advisable
to schedule with a weaker team for
the first game. The dates;
Sept. 26- Heidelberg at Gambler.
Oct. S-Reserve at Cleveland.
Oct. Wittenberg at Gambler.
/. Oct. 17-Cincinnati at Cincinnati.
Oct. 24-Buchtel at Akron.
Oct. 31-Wooster at Wooster.
Nov. 7-Case at Cleveland.
Nov. -Muskingum at Gambler.
Nov. 21-Hiram at Mt. Vernon.
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1914-02-27
Enjoyable
Bob-SIed Ride

Mr.. Edgar Nugent and Miss Lille
Nugent entertained with a bob-sled
ride on last Saturday evening. There
were fifteen in attendance, scholars Of
the Oak Grove school. The party went
to the home Of Miss Anna Barton,
near Fredericktown, where a delicious
oyster supper was served. Miss Bar,
ton was formerly teacher in the Oak
Grove school
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1914-02-27
s. of v. Auxiliary
Pleasantly Entertains

At the regular meeting of the Sons
Of Veterans Auxiliary, which was held
Tuesday evening in the G. A. R. hall,
two candidates, Mrs. Marguerite Weir
and Mrs. Nellie Ward Bell, were ini-
tiated. At the conclusion Of the meet
ing the doors were thrown open to the
friends of the auxiliary, and a large
crowd enjoyed the following Wcshing-
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1914-02-27
School
Dismissed In Some Of The.
Buildings Account Of Cold

The extreme cold Wednesday morn
ing made it impossible to heat somas
of the school buildings in the city and
the students in the cold rooms were
dismissed. All of the pupils in the
Third and Second ward buildings were
allowed to go home. One room in the
Fourth and one in the First ward hulld.s,i
ings Was dismissed.
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1914-02-27
Mrs Hiiliar
Enfertains

Mrs. Thomas Hitler entertained
with four tables of auction FIVE
hundred Tuesday afternoon The
decorations for the tables we're the ma
tional colors, hatchsts and cherries
also being used in carrying out the
George Washington Thought with the
luncheon.
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1914-02-27

, Mrs. Augusta Hull

& Mrs. Augusta Hull, wife of Mr.. ].
M. Hull, died at Delaware Wednesday
morning. The deceased resided in Mt
Vernon several years, and removed to
Delaware about three years ago. She
is survived by her husband and two
children, Mary ard Thomas Hull, :
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1914-02-27
Cociety
ONews
Employees Enjoy

a Dance
The employees Of the Neyer-Lindorf
Company held their annual dance in
the X. of G. hall Monday evening.
Each employe was given the privilege
of inviting three guests, The hall
was artiscally decorated for the oc-
casion. A delicious buffet luncheon
was served at 10 O'Clock
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1914-02-27
Eiks Entertain
With a Dance

The last dance of the series was
given by the Elks in their home on
Tuesday evening. 1t was a great sue
cess and terminated a series that has
been a source of much pleasure and
enjoyment to the Elks and their la
dies. Over forty coupes were present
Tuesday evening.
AS the guests entered the hall, each
was presented with small red hatch
ct upon which was printed number
The supper partners we're determined
in this way. Dancing was continued
until 2 o'clock Wednesday morning.
Music was furnished by the Mild or
chestra.
An excellent supper was served by
a committee of ladies. 1t consisted
of white and rye bread sandwiches,
escalloped potatoes, pickles, cherry
ice cream, coffee, macaroons and
candy. The lodge and grill rooms
were prettily decorated. The decora
tions used at the annual dance were
still in position and were used for
this occasion American flags were
used to lend an appropriate touch to
the general atmosphere of the decora-
tions, it being the Washington's birth
day dance. 1t was one of the best
numharc of fha snripS
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1914-02-27

A bill providing a penalty OF i'm
prisonment for from thirty days to
six months for speculation in the
ater tickets has been introduced in
the New York Legislature.
The Anderson daily intelligencer. [volume] (Anderson, S.C.) 1914-1915, 1914-01-15
RULES OF CONTEST
Read Carefully. Y.

This contest begins 3. tei4 and closes March III
ei9f4, at p. m s.
The Anderson Daily Inteligencer publish from time 10
time the standing of the contestants 5e& s$g&
Any Lady mrraied or Single eligible to enter this
contest ls5s
The right Is retained to alter the occasion may
qule or settle all questions that may arise
No one who is in way connected with the Anderson Daily
n lneligencercan eiter the contest
o. All territory within the corporate limits will be
known as District No All territory outside the corporate limits
anoeraon VIII be known as District No.
On March 18th the this tone st committee
o We'll known business professional
the contest be appointed the
s MS assures every candidate that their interests VIII be
after local 1.-THE appointed viii
ascot tie vote at contest the cash value
OF te prize will be equally divided candidates will be per-
& lutely not transferable. As ~
SunscTp prons naay be taken to Snyflnie.
1O x on may take subscriptions in limited
states Canada without increase Subscription
because You contestantih hv
no means limited to that district field endeayor
ie votes scheduled will through
ou she entire contest Turn in sh rive
spsea vote coupon can be voted any before The
of the contest that allowed ii any
ore gay vote 900 ahead of leader day
OF the contest this rule will be- and fhe reServe
q. All books and records concerning the contest ste
open e the public ile diateI after close the
4 sKNGyg IT. s Is & ssss ~ ~
The Anderson daily intelligencer. [volume] (Anderson, S.C.) 1914-1915, 1914-01-15
How to Enter The Anderson Daily In
telligencer Contest

og inc nomination plank published issue and send il
ne anderson Daily incgeeer contest department.
testantB is entitled to nomination ballot good fer one thousand
votes, sas's =
may nominate themselves be nominated by
is not necessary to be subscriber to The Inegencsr
euer ne free to ali and there
ever attached to entering.
of The DAILY Intelligence who cannot pat
actively IN the contest themselves invited to send IN fhe
onnasen non q some son friend make winning
Anong the acquantaneeS of
Wne are especially fitted to make contest of This
na and ny sending IN such only
we'll. 80 -
ENTER THE CONTEST TODAY AND MAKE YoURsElr Tl4g
wIfsFsER OF ONE OF THESE Val LIABLE FRizEs
The Anderson daily intelligencer. [volume] (Anderson, S.C.) 1914-1915, 1914-01-15
Read every word Of this, it will interest you.
First Grand Prize
Ford Touring Car
Value $4,000

This car was purchased from
the Todd Garage and snow on
exhibition at their sales room. We
purchased this automobile, not
because it is cheaper, but because
it is better.
The Anderson daily intelligencer. [volume] (Anderson, S.C.) 1914-1915, 1914-01-15
First Prize District
No 2
Ivers & Pond Piano
Value $425.OO + s

This piano is of a beautiful design
feet 2 inches high, S fest2
inches wide, ? feet 4 inches deep.
It is now on display at the CA.
Reed Piano and Organ Co. They
invite you to inspectit.U 4
The Anderson daily intelligencer. [volume] (Anderson, S.C.) 1914-1915, 1914-01-15
Second Prize Dis
trict Mol
...sss. - Rock Hill
.s.'s.: q. Single Buggy
Value $4,000

81 n ~ This buggy is fully guaranteed
BY The Fretweiii Co. and is now
e, on display at their show rooms
e :, THEY Welcome you to call and ex-
anime same.
The Washington herald., 1914-04-20
HAVRE DE GRACE ENTRIES.

FIRST -nrec-year-olds and UPWARD: sell
ing; hIe and one-hslf fuTloBsS Rye straw rs:
PlAnuds. 90 AutO Maid. IOT: Americas. H.; AE-
nier lc7: IncisiOn. 100: Laura. 100: InIsn II2:
Thrifty iGc; Monty Fox. liz: 'Fanchette loe;
Double Five. Il2; Brar Path lG Deduction. LIZ:
Racing Bell lo7; 'Colors g; SaleSia lC7 Bat Mas
terSon IL
SECOND RACE-FIies and reldings: tWo-year-
olds; four turinngS Change. no: HasSock lco; Pal
nero. 700; Chanterse. 100; Eagle 100; ROYAL Blue.
lG
THIRD RACE-Penn Selling Stakes: thrte-ycar-
Olds and upward; five and Une-hah furlOngS Honey
Bee. lOl; Carl, IS; 'Trifer. 9j; Tea Enough. 95:
'Bclsmonr. III; Hocnir IoI: 'Sherwuod lOs 'Tarts.
lo6: Galaxy, s.; Lady Lightning los.
FOURTH RACE-ThIec-yG1r-ol and upward
handicap; five fuTlongs. HcTrun. l2s Gar Michsei.
9; Progressive 10; ISidOra. Ioi; Mater y5: sir
Blaise. 81 Shacklct0n. Ill: FathOm. q: Mediator,
los; Marjorie A.. lc3; strGmholi. lG: Rock View.
II: Tactic. lO2: Floral Park liz; Joe Blair. 81
FIFTH RACE-Three-year-oIds and upwsru
mares and gsldings; selling; six furloneS Stare.
los; DADDY Clip lo5; Otto F1Oto. IS: -rrjheT l6:
Brynary, lli Sister Florence. los: StellAta lOl :
Nimbus. Bs: Robert Oliver. lG: Col McDougaII.
81 Col AShmeade. Is; Early Light. IL.
SIXTH RACE-Three-year-old and UPWARD: sriI-
ing; five and cne-han frlongs The Gardner los;
'Miss Eleanor. 81: Right Easy IlO: Jack of Hearts.
lce: Beach Sand. lo7 Elna. lG Scarlet Letter. 95
Little JUPITER 100: Elmahdi. loc: BatWa los: Corn
crarker Il2: Stare. r6: Prince Chap liz; Chanti-
eIeer. IG: SilAs Grump. loe: Diamond Cluster. e;
Sir CaledOre. g; Chiffon Queen. lo7.
Apprentice allowance claimed.