davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-08-23
MISS BRYCE IS HONOR GUEST IN ENSJEY

Miss Jennie Brice entertained a eoterie of friends at her home in Shady Side re- gently for her guest Miss Lennie Brice, of Oneonta.
 The young people had a happy time with games and contests after which ices and cakes carrying out a-pink and white color scheme were passed.
 Those invited were Miss Jennie Brice, Miss Fannie Brice. Miss Ida Hampton. Miss Stella Grover, Miss Marie Stagg, Miss Eva Taggett, Miss Jennie Spinks, Miss Lula Campbell, MT. and Mrs. Charles Campbell. MT. and Mrs. M. c. Spink, Miss Ethel Major. Miss Mattie Lou Major, MT Floyd Owen, MT. Jake Valentine Mr. Robert Knight. Mir Roger Major, Mir Luther Priestly, MT. Ernest Wiggin, and others.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-08-23

l Afr. Roscoe H. Brown at the woodlawn Presbyterian church on September 8. at 8 O clock. Rev. W. C. Clarke officiating.
 Miss Hattie Hughes Kennedy will be her sisters maid of honor. The bridesmaids are to include Miss Annie Claude Brown. Miss Estelle Brown, and Miss Emma Kennedy. Miss Sara Louise Fulton and Miss Margaret Kennedy have been asked to be ribbon bearers and the flower girls chosen are little Dorothy Kennedy and Frances Brown.
 MT. Brown will have pr. Roy McGlath- cry of Huntsville as his best man, and the groomsmen are Mr. Homer Spiva, Mr., Fred McGlathery and Mr. Hughes Ken nedy.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-08-23
MRS. w. R. KIBBURN
 ENTERTAINS FOR GUEST

One of the most enjoyable events of the
 week was that of Friday night, when
 Mrs. W. R. Kibburn entertained a number
 or young people, complimenting her guest,
 Miss Esther Sudduth of Columbus, Ga. Mrs. Kibburn's home in East Lake was
 tastily decorated with cut flowers and ferns. Contests and games were enjoyed
 on the verandah and In the parlor. Those invited were: Miss Esther Sud- duth, Miss Mabel Mccullough, Miss Flu nice Leggitt, Miss Nellie Thompson. Mrs. Florence Johnson, MT. Tom Mccullough. MT. A. M. McElroy, MT. J. c. Mcleod. MT. Owen Murray. MT. and Mrs. R. S. Thomp. son.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-08-23
scontinuea from Page rwen.y-.i.,

MT Robert Ketchum. Mr. Walter Ros- ser, Mir. David Burke. MT. Bruce Cren- shaw, MT. Marion Pointer. Mir. Willard Almon. MT. Odell smith Mr. James Doster. MT. Roy Virgin. Mr Carl Brun- ner. MT. John B. Bethea. Jr. and MT W. X. Abrams.
 The visitors were: Miss Rose flaw ley, Miss Rosalie Allen and Miss Paul inc Brown, Mrs. Paul Copeland, Mrs ]. N. Broomall. MT A. N Morrill, and Master Nowe1l Broomall
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-08-23
"The Society Editor,

1 An attractive story of the duties of a
 society editor' was written this week
 in the Bessemer Weekly by Mrs Lula Judson Moody, occasioned by the illness of member of The Age-Herald staff
 The Illness of Miss Myrtle Miles. who
 Hes at well known Birmingham infirm- 1 ary slowly recovering from a serious l operation, has been the cause for sincere regret not only to the large circle of | Miss Miles personal friends but to an endless number of admirers throughout the state, to whom her work on The Bir- mingham Age-Herald has long been fa- | miliar.
 There sometimes seems to be an idea among the uninitiated that almost anyone can do the society column of newspaper. They think that 1t is easy work, which any novice can handle. Many young person with a degree of optimism and self-conf1dence, which might prove a val uabie asset in some line of endeavor to which she Is suited, but who has never written line for publication in her life mas nevertheless walked blithely into the editorial sanctum and applied for the post of society editor As anyone can be an editor. so thinks the inexperienced anyone can fill up the social column
 Nothing could be farther from the truth. To fill a department day after day With social happenings and com ments; to make it interesting, pleasing. newsy, so that every woman will read 1t the first thing and every man will turn to 1t as soon as he glances at the sporting page-do you know what this takes, o, you little women whg would write? It takes a true sense of the rela- tive importance of people and things, Knowledge of what constitutes the best in that large body of the cultured af- fluent, well born and well bred which we call society familiarity with their pleas ures. diversions, point of view: an inde- Unable but priceless attribute called tact. happy gift of expression neither dull nor frivolous; the ability to say kind and pleasant things in a sincere and dignifed manner; knowing what to leave unsaid: an alert mind a sense of humor an understanding of human nature; invaria- be amability; and endless patience and industry in the collection and prepara- ton of material.
 Miss Miles record has been nota ble In many ways. In the several years she has been in charge of the work, she has scarcely been away from her post AL ways one can turn to her department with pleasurable anticipations. sure to be entertained and interested Having thar splendid asset to her work a large per sonal popularity. no wonder this remark able woman has been deluged with flow CTS during her illness that widespread solicitude has been expressed for her, and that the news that she is on the way to recovery has been received with univer- sal pleasure and gratification.''
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-08-23
MRS. HOBBS DINNER
 IN EAST BIRMINGHAM

Mrs. A. F. Hobbs was hostess at dinner last evening at o'clock at her home in East Birmingham for MT. and Mrs. Lewis Evans
 The guests were MT. and Mrs Lewis Evans MT. and Mrs. A. E; Hobbs. Miss Geneva Hobbs, Miss Lottfe Evans and Mir. Emerson Hobbs.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-08-23

formed by the Rev J. M. Broadly in the presence of d few relatives.
 The bride was attired In a handsome going away suit of wisteria brocade popln and black velvet hat The young couple left at 6:30 for a 10 days trip
 Miss Carrie Lynch has returned home after spending several weeks in Illinois and Michigan She was a member of d party of Camp Fire girls camping in Michigan. She is with her mother in Norwood.
 Mrs. Robert Fulford and little daughter. Evelyn, have returned home after pleas ant visit to Columbus and other points in Georgia.
 and Miss Lucille Hill are spending the weekend at Blount Springs.
 Mrs. J. B. Wadsworth of Gadsden will arrive Monday to be the guest of Mrs. John Mccoy.
 MT. c. R. Cochran of Pensacola. Fla, is visiting his sister, Mrs. John Mccoy.
 Miss Virginia Kelso of West End is spending sometime with friends in Chat tanooga.
 MT. and Mrs. J. B. Dryer and their daughters, Miss Sarah and Miss Nettie Dryer have returned from a month s stay at Camp Waltsch, Fla.
 MT and Mrs William Gray and their son are spending a few days in this city en route to their home in Dadeville from New York and Atlantic City
 
 MT. John Carney is resting well after an operation at a. local infirmary.
 MT. and Mrs. Robert Burnett are at home after a stay in Asheville, Lake Toxaway and Tate Spring.
 cable was received yesterday saying that MT. and Mrs. c. F. Markell and party would sail Saturday from Glas- gow for home.
 Mrs. l.. E. Bodey and family and her mother, Mrs. c. F. singetteary of Wood lawn have returned from Montevallo, where they visited relatives.
 Miss Charlotte Denney of Tuscaloosa is the guest of Miss Yankee Sibley at her home on Mountain avenue.
 MT. J. F. Davis left yesterday for At lanta, where he is the guest of his son, MT. J. F. Davis, Jr.
 Mrs. Jesse Seay (Claribel Morgan) will arrive from Chicago September 1, to be the guest of her mother, Mrs. A. j.. Morgan.
 Miss Glennie Moseley is at home after a delightful visit to Chicago.
 
 Mrs. J. s. Roberts and Miss Madeline Roberts of Pensacola, Fla. are guests of Miss Florence Harkins.
 MT. and Mrs. George Corners left yes- terday for a motor trip through the coun- try to Mount Airy, Ga
 Mrs. John Pugh is recuperating from her recent illness at Borden Wheeler Springs.
 Miss Katherine Wentworth of Pen sacola. Fla, is the guest of Mrs. James B. Roberts.
 Mrs. Clyde L. Thomas and children or London, O., are visiting Mrs. J. S. Brown.
 MT. and Mrs R. S. Ruter~ have returned rom Hot Springs, Ark, where they have been Tor the past month for the benefit
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-08-23
MRS. PUTNAM HOSTESS
 FOR MRS. ROSS

Mrs. F. F. Putnam entertained num- Der of friends at an outing at Avondale yesterday for Mrs George Ross A de- licious picnic luncheon was served at noon. Those composing the party were: Mir. and Mrs. William Ritzell, Mir. and Mrs Frank Barnes, MT. and Mrs. F. C.. Shepherd, Mrs. Florence Tenn, Mrs. Charles Ross, Miss Eva Woodrow, Miss Fannie Woodrow.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-08-23
MRS. BURNS HOSTESS
 FOR VISITORS

Mrs. Jesse Burns entertained A few friends at luncheon yesterday in Wood lawn for Mrs. Eugene Newhauser of Louisiana and Mrs. Fannie Daniel of Savannah, Ga.
 Those asked to enjoy this courtesy were MT. and Mrs. J. l.. Burns, Mr. and Mrs. J. w. King, MT and Mrs. c. l.. Burns, Mrs. Eugene Neuhauser Mrs. Fannie Daniels. and Miss Florence Burns
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-08-23
MIR. AND MRS. KENNEDY
 SEND OUT CARDS

The following invitation has been re- ceived:
 MT. and Mrs Robert Kimbrough Ken nedy request the honor of your presence at the marriage of their daughter, Annie Maude to MT. Roscoe Hooker Brown, on the evening of September B. at 8 o'clock, at the Woodlawn Presbyterian church. Birmingham, Ala"
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-08-23
PARTIES PLANNED FOR
 MISS ANNIE MAUDE KENNEDy

Miss Annie Maude Kennedy, whose mar riage to MT. Roscoe Brown will be an event of September 8, will be the honor guest at a series of delightful parties.
 Mrs. J. 10. Robinson and Mis- Olivia Mas sey will entertain the bridal party at luncheon Thursday August 22
 Mrs. Edgar Van Keuren and Miss Nina Bain will be hostesses at an afternoon re- ception Friday, September 4.
 Mrs. J. B. Busch will compliment Miss Kennedy with linen shower on Satur- day, September 5.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-08-23

Miss Susie Perry. Miss Margary Will banks, Miss Bernice Black. Miss Jeanie Knox, Miss Hattie Smith. Miss Martha Price, Miss Pattie Somervile, Miss Mat tie Sims, Miss Mildred Green. Miss Mona Price, Miss Fannie Carter, Miss Dcorthy Smith, and others.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-08-23
NOTES AND PERSONALS

Mrs. w. c. Hernandez and Miss Louise Hernandez will leave the first of the week to visit relatives in Jacksonville, Fla.
 Miss Mary Todd is the guest of relatives in Henderson. Ky.
 Miss Sue Lee Williams arrived yester- day to be present at the Williams-Par- rish wedding
 Mrs. Ruby D. Looney, who has been vis- iting in Columbiana, has returned to her home in Norwood.
 Mrs. Tohmas M. Owen has gone to Jas- per to viist her parents, Senator and Mrs. John Bankhead.
 Miss Alice Davis is spending some time in Cullman as the guest of friends.
 Miss Jewell Hall of Cuba, arrived yes- terday to visit Mrs. D. D. Page, in Wy lam.
 MT. Delmore Cossart, who has spent the summer with his uncle, Dr. H. A. Re- viere, has returned to Caddo, Okla.
 Mir. and Mrs. Samuel Sevier have named their little daughter Mary Louise Sevier. Dr. olin Miller has returned from a visit to Cullman.
 Miss Esther Sudduth of Columbus, Ga, is the guest of Mrs. w. P. Kibburn in East Lake.
 Prof. l.. J. Noojn will spend next week with friends in Cullman.
 MT and Mrs. J. R. Hayden of East Birmingham are visiting in Cincinnati.
 Mrs s. J. Sellers and her daughter are guests of Mrs. J. R. Lawson.
 Mir Andrew Sellers of Chicago Is spend ing a few days with relatives in East Birmingham.
 Mrs. J. c. Rogers is visiting in. Bilox and Gulfport.
 Miss Lyda Brewer has returned to All bertville after being the guest of Mrs M. L. Flowers
 Mrs. George Burke and Mrs J. J. Nich- ols and children have returned to Pratt City after 8 stay at Niagara Falls and Detroit.
 Miss Lucille Reese is, the guest of Miss <AHflo Ieo6cIS Gl IOult liOiu 1NcW 1Oi . to her home in south Alabama.
 MT. and Mrs Fred Handley have named their little daughter Geneva Roberta Handley. Miss Lida Stillwell is at home after a delightful visit to Chicago. Mrs. B. w. Finck and her daughter o1 IngpnOOk are guests of friends in At lanta. Dr. Louis Edelman has returned from his vacation spent in the eaa.
 MT. and Mrs. M R. McNeill and family l are at home after delightful motor triI through Georgia and Tennessee.
 Mrs. George B. Neal has as her guests her sister, Mrs. w. H. Duncan and hel little son. Edward Duncan of Columbus Miss.
 Dr. w. D. Fonville and Mrs. F. G. Fon vile have returned from Rochester, Minn
 Mrs. Nell Morrison and little daughter o Bristol, Tenn, are guests of Mrs. J. w Minor of Ensley.
 Miss Alice Dobbins and Miss Zoe Dob bins are visiting Mrs. Francis Phillips.
 Miss Gladys Probst has returned from stay with relatives in North Carolina. l MT. and Mrs. Ted Carroll of Cliff Roa, have named their little daughter Mar, Catherine.
 2 pretty. quiet midsummer weddin was that of Miss Estelle Green and MI James S. Williams, which was solemn liked at her home in Norwood at 2:S o'clock yesterday afternoon.
 The impressive ceremony was per
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-08-23
SPENCER-LIGON WEDDING LAST EVENING IN ENSLEY

A pretty home wedding of last evening was that of Miss Ina Ruth Ligon and MT. Arthur Alfred Spencer at the home of the brides mother Mrs. F. E.. Lgon, in Ensley the Rev. G. L. Jenkins of the Methodist church officiating.
 Palms and ferns beautfied the house and the mantels were banked with smilax.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-08-23
TIGERS CLUB
 MEETING FRIDAY

At the meeting of the Tigers" held Friday evening the following new mem- bers were enrolled: Mr. Alvin Brown. MT. George Cunningham, MT. Lovick Stephenson, Mir. Hunter Wallace MT. Sterling Edwards, MT. Leslie Barker and Mir. James Nall.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-08-23

i Mamie Lee Bowen, Miss Zelma Mat thews. Mrs. Bowen, Miss Alma Tharpe,
 and c. C. Weir, Virgil Hammond, Osce Oliver. Henry Hammond, Ernest Lloyd, q. G. Henry, MT. Keelan, Lee Blackwell der, Dean Blaekwelder, J. J. Garner Jr, William Oliver, Alfred Tharpe, Dr. Black
 welder, Earl Blackwelder and Ross Han cock.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-08-23
BROWN-k ENNEDY
 WEDDING ATTENDANTS

Plans have been completed for the mar riage of Miss Annie Maude Kennedy and
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-08-23
of tiie latter's health. Mrs. Ruter is much

of the latter's health. Mrs. Ruter is much better Friends of MT. Archibald Miller will be glad to heat that he is recovering from his recent illness Mr and Ms. Miller expect to leave the first Of the week for French Lick Springs. Ind.
 Mrs. J. Manley Inzer and children of Ashville are guests of Mrs. George A. Ash.
 Mrs. John F. Burdine and Miss Belle Burdine of Atlanta will arrive Monday to be the guests of My. and Mrs. H. l. Ledbetter and their brother, MT E. L. Baugh at their home on South High lands.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-08-23

Miss Carrie Lynch has returned home after spending several weeks in Illinois and Michigan. She a member of q
 party of Camp Fire girls camping in Michigan She is with her mother in Norwood.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-08-23

formed by the Rev J. M. Broadly in the presence of a few relatives.
 The bride was attired in a handsome going away suit of wisteria brocade popln and black velvet hat The young couple left at 6:30 for a 10 days trip
The Birmingham age-herald., 1914-08-23

Mrs. Robert Fulford and little daughter Evelyn, have returned home after pleas ant visit to Columbus and other points in Georgia
The day book. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1911-1917, 1914-07-08

at hand-a federal and a rebel-and
now he has added to his wardrobe a
mirth-provoking khaki-suit, a parody
on the kind that American soldiers
wear.
AS soon as the firing dies at the end
of battle Alegrias y Enhart crawl
out from under their bed and show
themselves in the street. They are
promptly arrested.
But" they explain, 1--WE are the
actors!"
That puts another face on the mat
ter. Will the senors pardon? 1t would
not do to arrest the actors, because
then there would be no show.
The American soldiers, sailors and
marines never get tired. of Alegrias y
Enhart, who are really clever. Espe-
cially do they demand the wrestling
act-Enhart wrestling with an over
coat. The overcoat finally gets full
nelson on the comedian and presses
his shoulders to the mat. The strug-
gle is terrific.
The day book. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1911-1917, 1914-07-08
FASHION FADS

The vogue for bordered effects has
resulted in the production of an ex-
ceedingly clever double-bordered veil.
This novelty has different pattern
on each edge of the yelling so that it
can be made to serve the purpose of
entirely two different bordered wells.
Sometimes narrow floral border will
appear on one edge and velvet or
chenille-dotted border on the other.
The bodices of evening gowns
have diminished until there is moth
ing left but narrow strips of lace over
the shoulders.
A feature of the new gowns is the
jacket having ripple hanging full
from about the middle of the back be-
tween the shoulders.
Charming wraps of absinthe,
charmeuse, or water-moss green
golfine are lined with self-colored lib
erty and fastened with cartridge
shaped, buttons of pearl.
Many women are carrying little
leather vanity cases which measure
about five by four inches, and are
four inches deep. These cases con-
The day book. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1911-1917, 1914-07-08

tain little gold toilet requisites as
well as place for the purse.
The Paris shops are showing hand
bags, purses and card cases made of
plaid ribbons.
A great many buttons in mother.
of-pearl, crystal, amber and tortoise
shell are now being worn.
~s-O-O
ADVENTURES OF Mr.. MOUSE
The day book. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1911-1917, 1914-10-14


his best bet yesterday and lost. Hum
phries is. the only other man who was
successful against the American
LeagUers and Bert is a VIGOROUSLY
bad cold weather pitcher. He would
be mighty dangerous gamble day
like this.
Lavender might go in and pitch the
SoX off their feet, allowing three or
four hits in the nine innings. But
it is more likely that James Sanford
would be a whale of a HEAVIER for
five or six innings and then explode
to small bits while the Sox paraded
around the bases. Pierce is another
uncertainty.
About all o'Day can do is to draw
lots for the pitching selection, send
him in, pray for success, but prepare
to do a tall bit of cussing at the end
of the affair.
Yesterday the Sox were lucky, and
the Cubs helped out by Illustrating
the way they were licked in the Ma
tiOnal League race. But the SOX had
the luck coming, and the Cubs were
surely due for some of the cheese
which has been a feature of their play
this year.
The big inning, when the Sox scor-
ed four runs after two were out and
none on, was a fine example. Weaver
started the rally in typical SoX fash
ion, striking out, but landing safe
because the third strikeeluded Bres-
nahan. 1t was scored as a passed ball,
but was low and inside, and was part
ly Vaughn's fault.
Then came some hits, a pass and
a few errors, and the Sox had four
runs. In this inning Bresnahan
guessed Weaver was about to steal
and signaled for a pitch out. Buck
did as expected, but Vaughn's pitch
was so wide of the plate that BTes-
nahan barely knocked it down.
In an earlier inning Jim had shot
The day book. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1911-1917, 1914-10-14

throwing.
But the blame can't be fastened on
any one man. All the Cubs but Safer
and Leach took hand in the dOings,
and practically presented the game
to the South Siders. Safer slapped a
homer with one on for two of the Cub
runs, and also soaked two singles,
but his mates did not back him up
with their bats in the pinch.
After yesterdays performance
there surely will be a few disgrUn-
tied fellows who will claim the whole
series is a frame-up, and was aTrang-
ed to go seven games. All of which is
very pOr craftsmanship.
No better argument for the honesty
of baseball can be found than the
four straight games in which the
Braves won the worlds series. The
club owners lost a pot of money be-
cause two more games weren't play
ed. But the athletes were out there
to do their best, cop the games, and
get it over with.
The same is just as true here.
There isn't much chance for re-
buttaI, but here's what Hugh Fuller
ton has to say of the terrible atroci-
ties practiced by the Battling Belgian
Braves on the poor, unsuspecting
Mackmen:
BY HUGH S. FULLERTON
The thing that couldn't has oc-
CURED. The utterly absurd has be-
come a reality The impossible and
vain is true Boston's Braves are
worlds champions after the most as
founding worlds series ever played.
Their victory, 8 to 1, over the
worlds champion Athletics reversed
the title yesterday and won for the
astonishing Braves not only the title,
but the first time it ever has been
won in four straight games.
1t was not as if the Athletics broke
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-09-20
STEMS of Jnterfst.

It is said that last year the ordained
ministers in America averaged two con-
verts each, but the American foreign
missionaries averaged forty-one each.
In one mission in India last year, 40.Ooo
were baptized. In the last two years tnis
mission has added more people, TO the
Christian covenants than in the nrst
forty years of its labors
y
The population Of Korea is nearly 49,
900, 900 The whole number Of Protestant
missionaries In that land Is about 3 ".
One statistic'an says that there are ABOUT
100000 Protestant Christians in Korea.
The missionary Voice Is authority for
the statement that the percentage OF at
tendance upon the Christian service Is
higher In the Korean city OF Ping Yang
than in the Christian city OF Nashville.
Next December will mark 100 years
since Christ anity was introduced into
New Zealand. For eleven years after
the first missionaries went out from
England there were no converts. soon
after this great success began to attend
their labors.
One Of the girls who has been trained
for three years in the hospital at HEBRON,
and then completed her training at lns
OOAASoN
rut, Miss Margarita Malkon, has been
asked to 60 as matron to the Turkish
government hospital at Aleppo. She and
her sister. who has also been trained az
Hebron and Beirut, are going there ana
Miss Margarita has written to friends in
this country to ask that daily prayer may
be made for them, as the post OF matron
in a Turkish hospital Is very dimcuit
one.
r X X X
The American Baptist Foreign Mission
ary Society has in the foreign field TWEEN
ty -seven hospitals and ffty-seven dis,
pensaries, During the last year 1OO.4
patients were treated
+ 4 +
In Alabama there is one Protestant
church building to every 24s people: n
one to every 25S; in North Carolina, one
to every 254: in Tennessee. one to every
273: in South Carolina, one to every 261;
in Texas. one to every 400.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1914-09-20
RECTOR OF HOLY TRIH

One could wish that an angel from
heaven might reveal to US an answer to
the question suggested. We can easily
say why war should be abolished. But
how to do It, SO long as there are
wicked men In the world and Satan has
the power to create hatred and suspicion
and jealousy and fear among men and
nations. is q question, indeed.
All Christians must agree with our
great American general that war Is
hell" It has all the horrors Of the pace
of eternal torment and It is caused by the
evil forces which reign In and create hell.
There may De righteous wars when peo-
pie are called upon to defend themselves
and their homes from Invasion.
Yet even here / admire and believe In
the faith and practice Of our dear Quaker
Friend~ who oppose any kind Of war.
Certainly they have Christian teaching
on their side, for II in our personal living
we are to resist the evil that wicked men
, seek to work against US. II We are to en-
| dure without retaliation the cruel taunts
OF the unrighteous and not return blow
| for blow. why should not the same divine
admonition hold among nations? That
cannot be right among the masses which
| is wrong between individuals. and in the
long run 1t ID questionable whether the