davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1914-01-24

rice time.
MISS Melissa Stafford. Of Richard
son, La, was the guest Of her sister.
Miss Kate Stafford, our assistant
teacher, last Saturday and Sunday,
returning home Monday.
Quite a crowd of the young folks
attended the holiness church Sunday.
Mr.. and Mrs. l.. B. Straugaan en-
tcrtained some OF the young people
Sunday. Among them we're Misses
Kate and Melissa Stafford, Lydia and
Larcy Talley, Cora and Hattie Will
i.ams.
Mr.. Leonard Revere and family
spent Sunday with Mr.. and Mrs. w.
Ii. Fauntleroy.
Misses Vanessa and Jeanette Sharp
and Miss Ola Scarborough spent Sun
day with friends.
Messrs. A. A. Mendoza, Geo. Sharp.
F.. Parker. Ralph Magee. and Ellis
Sharp visited friends Sunday.
MISS Ethel Sharp entertained Miss
Ieona Williams, Mt and Mrs. Frank
Williams, Mrs. B. Taylor and cnsld-
rem, Messrs. Fount Sharp, Ezra Ma
gee and Rousseau .f9'aip.
Misses. Ethel Lloyd and Theresa Tai
ley visited our school Monday.
Mr.. Hubert Purvis visited friends
Sunday. 40
Mr.. and Mrs. John Williams were
the guests of Mr.. and Mrs. r. 3.
Taliey Sunday evening.
Mr.. Silas Schilling, Of Isabel, visit
ed friends Sunday.
Mr.. W. Jones visited friends Sun
day. N
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1914-01-24

Total: $1,000. !. 80, ~ !.
amount Of. bill, 735.e4.
C. w. Corson,, books and, printing
for clerks. ofhce. sash. 4.a.A
2. ~. Frederick. itemised bill; e
follows: Il Commitment TO pen VIM.
Travis. 1.5o; 1850 namss eiection Of
Senator. IS. 90; ave .inQnest1 80;
six inquests 400; express on type
writer's .95; express On books ~.
Total, FISTS. I'm, sy:s.
3 Mrs. L. Mixes. board Of prigo@ep,
Dec. IL to Jan. Is. itemi3od bill -
Follows: Charles Wfluams, IS days;
Jesse Morgan IS days.; Mafshall
Ward, IS days; Leo Williams, "a
days: JEFFERSON Forsm1n ~ dey5:
Ansel Thompson, IS d. o1
5l 1aa AS $ ss:;a ns g s.; s,:
Holiday, IS days:. Henry Fosaer. I
days; Frank, Jones. IS days: Joslph
Clayton. 30 days; Sam Murray. -
days; Frank Davis. IT, days: Isttio
Frost, ~ days: Henry Geyan, 5 days;I
RATE Smith, II daysss JeAA. Gardner.
IA days; Charles. NAgee, a Aaye:
John Cyprain. / day. Total sal. 50.
Mrs. L.. Miles. Ito meal for prie-
oners. $3.50. s'sss F'llf I':ss''
Capt. n. Meridith, board for Ok
Dittmar and Julia johnson, @31,o4
A. A. Parker. conveying Robert
Gray from Vaudeville to CoyinStoh,
$3.50. ~
r. e. Brewster, sheriff, % per item
lied bill: Paid to N. PaSa tor
load Of wood. $50; to ]. n. C0op
5 loads wood, S.75;.. Geo. Glass.
load wood, 1.25; J. Lloyd, 1 lbed
wood. $50: j., NJ. Cooper s. sloade
wood, 8.75. Total $71.7S.
J. r. Elliott. conveying n. Wall
ington from slidell to Covinston jAil.
$500.
Smith Hardware Co.. Ltd, bill
rendered, IS cents.
A. Rockenschuh Z Son, repairing
jail, $500. $50
Geo. D. Barnard Z Coz, ! genera
index marriage ecord 400: . e
press ON same. !.4O: TotaL $1s.4O.
Paul J. Lacroix. iteenised OIL =
follows: Mops ana gold dueG h9e:
2 mattresses. 3.5O;, : blankets. 4.0h:
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1914-01-24
flood ILLUSTRATED By NOV.
ING PICTURES.

Memphis, Tenn, Jan. 22.-Show-
g the Mississippi flood devastation,
magnitude, and the means of con-
roll;ng the stream and preventing
GODS. one of the most remarkable
loving picture films ever exhibited
4 Memphis was shown to a private
ud;ence at one of the Majestic Thea
-es yesterday morning.
The film is 500 feet long and was
made by S. w. Spangler, of Helena,
rkansas.
1t shows the 1913 flood at its worst
ear Helena, Ark, the Beulah Gre
.asse, and the manner in which it
vas closed despite a high stage OF
water. :
This film will be exhibited before
members of the House and Senate IN
Washington next week. John A.
Fox, Secretary of the Mississippi!
River Levee Association, will use 1t
ii an argument in favor of the Rams
7ell-Humphreys bill, the $50, 900
food measure now before Congress.
This picture will be especially valu-
axis to the levee cause as it shows
conditions impossible to describe.
One of the pictures shows 400 feet
Of earth gradually slipping into the
Mississippi river opposite Helena,
Ark: another shows the water beat
ing the levees from the tops of trees
as It rushed through the crevasse at
Beulah, Miss; another gives view
Of a hik=ipfce Of men at work near
Helena, Ark, sinking mattresses to
prevent further caving. The man
ner in which the big net works are
sunk near the levees and on the
banks of the river are shown most
clearly. s..,
Mr.. Fox, in few days, will have q
film made showing actual levee con-
struction work. This will serve to
illustrate to the congressman from
the north, east and west the effec-
tiveness Of levees as flood preven-
tive.
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1914-01-24
GALLOWAY NOTES.

Our school is still progressing nice
ly with very large attendance.
The people are getting ready to
ask the State Board TO have our
school placed on the list of approved
elementary schools.
This will be grand move for then
the boys and girls can get certificates
that will admit them to that grade
in any approved high school of the
state.
We haven't yet received our sec
ond library, but We are expecting it
every day.
Quite a crowd of young folks were
entertained at the home Of Mr.. and
Mrs. Theo. Talley Saturday night,
January II. Several interesting
games were played, then they as
sembled in the dining room where
cake and chocolate were served.
Then everybody reassembled in the
house and played a few more games
and listened to some lovely music
rendered by Miss Hattie Williams aud
her brother, Fred. Then everybody
left for their homes, all reporting a
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1914-01-24
How to Build Road

Washington D. c., Jan. 22.-There
are at present about $4,000 miles OF
sand clay roads, in the United States
ma snly~n the soathern States. accord
ing to the office of PUBLIC Roads, U.
8. pupartnteaG dEszkgkneszfture. The
time to work the roads is in the
springs hdja.th saii.sis damp. II
the working OF the roads is deferred
until late iR.salInmeE when they are
dry, they afe not only much more
difficult to put in proper shape but
the cost of repair is greater than If
they we're worked early in the spring.
Previous to 1894 comparatively
little, if any, of these roads ex ssted.
The popularity of this type of road
is due to the facts that it is cheap,
comparatively firm and durable, easy
to construct and repair, and that the
materials out of which it is built
are plentiful in many sections OF the
country.
The sand-clay road Is made by
mixing the sand and clay in such a
way that the grains of sand touch
each other, the spaces between the
grains being filled with clay, which
acts as binder.
The approximate mixture of sand
and clay may be determined. by fill
ing vessel with a sample of the
sand to be used, and another vessel
Of the same size with water. The
water is poured carefully into the
sand until it reaches the point of
overlooking. The volume of water
removed from the second vessel rep
resents approximately the proper
ton of clay needed.
The proper proportion of clay and
sand can best be determined, how
ever, as the work progresses, as some
clay will contain more sand than
others. In fact, clays are very fire.
quently found which already con-
tain about the right proportion of
sand.
II theeroad to be treated is sandy,
the surface is first leveled off and
crowned with a road machine, the
crown being about one-balf inch to
the foot from the center to the sides.
The clay is then dumped on the sur
face and carefully spread, so that it
will be from s to inches deep at
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1914-01-24

the center, and gradually decreasing
in depth towards the sides. A layer
of clean sand is then usually added,
which is thoroughly mixed with the
clay, either by traffic or by means
of plows and disk or tooth harrows.
The best results have been obtain
ed by thoroughly mixing or pudding
the materials when wet. For tn s
reason. it is desirable that the mix
ing be done in wet weather. The
mixing can be left to the trafic after
the materials have been properly
placed, but this involves whole
winter and spring of bad road, and
even then the mixing is not always
sat sfactory. In all cases, 1t is adj
visable to dress the road with ma
chine or split-log drag after the ma
terials have been thoroughly mixed,
and to give it a crown Of not more
than inch or less than three-fourths
inch to the foot from the center OF
the sides. A light coating of sand
may then be added. The use OF
the road machine or drag should be
continued at frequent intervals until
the surface Is smooth and firm.
If the road to be treated Is COM
posed of clay, it should first be
brought to a rough grade with ma
chine. The surface should then be
plowed and thoroughly pulverized by
narrowing to depth OF about 4
inches after which 1t is given q crown
or slope of about one-half inch tc
the foot from the center to the sides.
It is then covered with 6 or inches
Of clean, sharp sand. which 10 spread
thicker in the center than at the
sides. The materials should then be
mixed with plows and harrows while
they are comparatively dry, after
which they are finally puddled with
a harrow during wet weather. II
clay works to the surface and the
road becomes sticky, more said
should be added. 2
The road is then shaped, crowned,
and ditched in the usual manner with
a road machine. This should be done
when the surface is soft. yet stiff
enough to pack we'll under the roller
or the traffic. Wide but shall ow
bitches should be provided on both
sides of the road, and culverts or
cross-drains should be placed where
ever water flows across the road, for
it is exceedingly important that the
sand on clay" roads be we'll drained.
After the clay on sand, or the
sand on clay, road is completed. :.
should be carefully maintained un-
til the surface becomes firm and
The construction Of this
type of road is by no means a quick
operation. II soft, sticy places ap-
pear, more sand should be added.
and If loose, sandy places are found.
more clay is needed. It is just as
important to attend to these small
details as to any other part Of the
work, for, If they are neglected, the
road is liable to fall.
1t requires approximately cubic
yard of clay to surface 1 1-2 rum
ming yards of road Il feet in width
or about 1875 cubic yards to tn.
mile. From three-fourth to one
cubic ward will make a load for two
horses on a dry clay road. The cost
Of the road will therefore depend
largely upon the distance the ma
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1914-01-24
All Other Bottom Prices For the Best Of Material
Smiths 'Selz Royal Blue Shoe Store

terial is hauled. the average being
from $500 to $1,000 per mile. 4
road built under the direction Of the
Office Of Public Roads at Gainesville,
Florida, one mile long, IA feet wide
and having 8 inches OF sand-clay SUR
face, cost 1881 lper mile, or ten
cents per square yard. Another
sand-clay read built by the office at
Tallahassee, Florida, Is feet wide
Z inches thick, cost $40 per mile,
or about five cents per square yard.
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1914-01-24
MADISONVILLE NOTES.

Mrs. Alphonse Giroir and little
daughter lnez nave returned, after
long stay in Covington with her folks
Miss Georgia Geatlucci spent sew
eral days n New Orleans last week
with relatives.
Mr.. Paul Policar was business
visitor to New Orleans last week.
BORN-To Mr.. and Mrs. Joseph
Leblanc, Sunday morning. fine boy.
Mrs. P. A. Blanchard entertained
few friends Friday. night.
Mss Wilmer Lillburn, of New Or
leans, was the guest of brand Mrs.
Petit, Sunday.
Miss Louise Englehardt, of New
Orleans, spent Sunday here with her
folks. = >.
Mrs. Eliza Porrier and Miss Cora
Carter and Mr.. Seaton Galatas enjoy
ed an auto ride to Covington Sunday
evening. -
Mr.. E. V. Richard, of Covlngton,
vas here this week. -
Mr.. Andrew Canu1ette and Mr..
rheo Koepp, of Slidell. visited here
Tuesday evening.
Mrs: Mary Kroger, of New Or
leans, spent the day here last Sun
lay, the guest of relatives.
Mr.. and Mrs. p. Theriot have re-
.urned, after spending a few days
n Franklin.
Miss Mae Lessagne, of Covington,
$ the guest of her sister. Mrs. Elliot
.tanga. -
Mr.. Alvin Bohning, of New Or
cans. visited his parents here. last
'unday.
Mrs. DR.. Ney and children are
pending several weeks at her moth
Us home in Texas.
Mr.. Joe Cazerta, of New Orleans,
vas a visitor here last Sunday.
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1914-01-24
FOLSOM SCHOOL NOTES.

The pupils in the intermediate and
grammar grades showed 1lfte o good
deal of interest in Health Day excr-
cises. Neatly written invitations,
the~ work sof the pupils, were sent
forth, and a number of guests at
tended. The program was simple,
consisting of Rotations, health quo
tat ons, compositions and songs.
Louis Stevens, who is undergoing
medical treatment in New Orleans,
il very much missed. Teacher and
school mates unite in the hope that
he will soon be In his accustomed
place again. :
The grammar grades are making
considerable progress in basketry.
The fourth grade regrets the With
drawal of Neal Blackwell.
The following pupils in the inter
mediate grades have not been absent
during the fourth month: Minnie
Dawsey, Louise Lee, Anna Pittman.
Myra Stevens, Ruby, Wallace, Htlda
McClain, Grace Spring, Emile Stew
ems, Emma Fendlason, Eula Fend-
Jason, sJuanita Hawley.
Roll Of honor for the past week In
the same department: Bertha Black
we'll. Vera Fendlason, Hilda McClain,
Grace Spring. Florene Golfer, Bar
low Leggett, Tinsy Mapes, Claude
Pittman, Jewel Pittman, Emile Stew
ems, Clyde Wallace, Dewey Wallace,
Charlie Mapes. Minnie Dawsey, Lou
Use Lee, Anna Pittman, Myra Stew
ems, Ruby Wallace. Edward Lee. Cor
don Wascom. Willie Wascom, Val
erie Carroll, Vera Corkern, Emma
Fendlason, Eula Fendlason, Kate
Glass, Juanita Hawley. Cora Pitt
man. Ruby Spring. Otto Blackwell.
The primary department is glad
of Belvie Cores return, after an alb
sence of some weeks.
The honor roll In the first and Sec
ond grades contains the following
names: Ethel Wallace, Harris Bal
ley, Jack Hawley.
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1914-01-24

resulted as follows:
President, Mrs. R. B. Paine.
First Vice President, Mrs. J. L. La
vale.
secoud Vice President, Mrs. B.
Hartman.
secretary Mrs. w. T. Newman.
Treasurer, Mrs. /. Levy.
MRS. r B. PAINE,
President
80 MRS. ". T. NEWMAN.
Secretary.
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1914-01-24
GERMAN SETTLEMENT SCHOOL
- NOTES.

The lever grade pupils have made
the better attendance in the East
four months Of Is days. Weather
and sickness detained quite ! rum
Der. We hope the next three months
the attendance will be better.
Excellent attendance: !.
Rachel Dutsch, first grade, ~ days.
Margaret Revere, first grade, 70
days.
Arthur Schech, third grade, %
days.
Eddie Revere, second grade, %
'" Esther Cook. third grade, - IL
days.
Bonnie Revere. second grade, II
days.
Ruth schech. ,1fth grade. - days.
Good attendance: Charles Dutsfh
and Willie Cook, fourth grade; Ar
chic Cook, third grade; Jim Ta'ley,
Thelma Lenel, first grade. Z
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1914-01-24
MANDEyILLE SCHOOL LEAGUE

VAUDEVILLE SCHOOL LEAGUE
Vaudeville, Jan. 81. 1914.
At the regular meeting Of the Man
deville School League on Jan. IL
1914. the following resume OF the
work accomplished by 1.-THE League
during the year Of 1913. was read
by the president, Mrs. R. 3. Paine:
I'VE feel that we owe 1t to our
selves to review our years work, so
we can call to mind some Of the
things that we have done and things
that have gone undone. Then we
can decide whether the results OF our
labors Justify the efforts or not.
aeta1ko.aallss rdpGemAer, we started
the years work under unfavorable
condfaiaase..but; k.thS few members
that We had cooperating and trying
at al times to do the right thing.
we feel that we have accomplished
few things.
In regard to our membership. we
started the year with five active mem
bers, and now at the close OF the year
we have thirty.
In the beginning Of the year we
had $17.O9 in bank, and We collected
from donations, dues and entertain
ments the amount of $30O.55. We
have paid out during the year
$273.43, leaving balance In bank
Of $63.12.
Among the items paid out were
$50 for janitors, which we employed
during the entire school year. Also
q donation Of $50 to the trustees, in
the efforts Of the League that the
short school term Of six months was
extended to the full term OF nine
months. The sum Of $3.50 being
necessary for this purpose, being
raised by donations from the town
council, from the League, from pub
lie spirited individuals. and by giving
entertainments.
The sanitary condition Of the
school house and yard has been inn
proved greatly, and 1t was the League
that Joined with the trustees and the
town council and succeeded in build
had the yard thoroughly cleaned,
graded and ditched: also other Inn
provements. all of which were con-
ducive to the health and comfort of
teachers and pupils.
It would seem that our labors have
not been without good results. but
that We have accomplished coed
many things valuable and import
ant"
After hearing the above report the
League proceeded with the election
o. omcers for the ensuing year, which
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1914-01-24

!. STRAYED-Came to my place in
March, 1913. one red-sided heifer
yearling, unmarked and unbranded.
Owner will please claim property,
pay costs and receive same. Thir-
teen miles east of Covington, near
Pearl River. Oliver Parker.
ia3-4tA
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1914-01-24

]. Northern Of Buffalo. N. Y. and
Misses Bertha and Pauline Corn be.
Mrs. Chas. Barthelemy Will be the
next hostess to entertainthe club.
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1914-01-24

paid:
Robt. Bush, services as Juror at in.
quest Of Hiram Cook. $500.
Peter Quave. services 40 Juror at
inquest OF Hiram Cook, $500.
J. H. Quave. services as Juror at in
quest of Hiram Cook, $500.
F. Dubuisson. services at inquest Of
Marie Delaney, $500.
D. M. Lord. services at inquest Of
Pierre MARQUEE, $500
Luke Brown. boarding prisoners.
as follows: Lethea Frost. 2.25:
Manuel Ray 100: Melvena King. so;
Emile Yourg. rs: Louis Rollins.
2.25; Fisher Green, 100; Prospere
Ducrs. ~; due Oct. 81, 1919. $50.
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1914-01-24
SCHOOL: NOTES
CONTINUED from page u

for donating the paper to the high
school library. .S
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1914-01-24

p,
Mems Shoes Whole Soles sewed and Heals
Fixed 81
Mems Shoes Half Soles Sewed and Heels
Fixed
Ladies' Shoes Half Sole Sewed and Heels
Fixed
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1914-01-24
POLICE JURY

CONTINUED from page ~
Evening journal., 1914-01-28
WAVED "DAY DAY"
TO WRONG WOMEN
And FIGHT FOLLOWS


Testimony in the case OF Alexander
Markey, charged with assault and
battery on Victor Palaslz. was heard
in City Court this morning, and be-
cause it was so conflicting Judge
Churchman continued the case for
one week The trouble arose between
the men over Markey's wife and sis
ter, whom the prosecuting witness
waved at while they were standing
on corner waiting for a street car
Palaski admitted that he had waved
at the women, but said he had mis-
taken them for someone else.
When Markey came home from
work his wife told him what Palaski
had done, and he went Immediately
to Palaskls home. at No. 1888 Lob
dell street. and asked for Palash.
He came out. and after a few words,
a fight started The question in the
case was who struck the first blow.
Markey, his wife and sister testified
Palaski struck Markey three times
and tore his shirt before Marhey
struck I'm self-defense. Palaski his
sister. Victoria Palaski. and his
mother said Markey struck the first
blow. Palaskl went to Markey's
house after the trouble and said he
was sorry about the trouble. There
was also much testimony about
threats made by Pulaski.
Evening journal., 1914-01-28
HOLD WOMAN
UNDER PEACE BOND

An unusually long case in, which
nearly dozen witnesses testified,
was brought before Magistrate Rob-
ertson last evening, when Mrs. Mary
Shultz, of No. 1913 Claymont street,
was charged with disorderly conduct,
preferred by Mrs. Florence Seeley,
wife Of Millard Seeley, Of No. 1915
Claymont street across the street
from the defendant After hearing
the evidence Magistrate Robertson
held Mrs. Shultz under a $500 ceace
bond and accompanied this with a
lecture in which he admonished her
to be more careful in the future
The case had several peculiar aspects
and narrowed down to legal battle be
tween Philip /. Garrett. counsel for the
defense and Lilburne Chandler, who
prosecuted the case for Mrs Seeley. In
the warrent il was charged that Mrs.
Shutz had made number OF remarks
rejecting upon Mrs. Seeley, upon the
public street and in the presence OF wit
nesscs. The prosecution intended ia
show that this state OF affairs had been
going on Tor long time and many
witnesses were called TO testify to var.
ious statements made by the defendant
some dating several months back.
BY some inadvertance, however. the
warrant instead OF specifying "Janu-
/ airy 20 and various other dates" as
was intended. specified January 20''
only. and Mr. Garrett refused to per-
init any witness TO testify except the
ones that heard the conversation on
that date alone. This barred nearly
all the prosecuting witnesses from
K testifying in the case, although many
of them were called TO testify to Mrs
Seeley's good reputation.
Despite the fact that the prosecu-
tion was permitted to submit only a
! small fraction of their evidence. the
magistrate considered what was given
OF sufficient damaging nature 10 war.
rant holding Mrs. Shultz under q
peace bond.
Evening journal., 1914-01-28
new RECTORS ARE
GIVEN RECEPTION

Under the auspices of the Woman's
Guild of Trinity T. h. Church an enjoy
able parish reception was given in the
parish house last evening.
In the receiving line were the Rev.
and Mrs. i. NJ Kirkus, and the guests,
in whose honor the reception was given.
These We're; The Rev. Richard w. Trap.
nell, rector of st. Andrews Church, and
Mrs. Trapnell; the Rev. A. +. Clatten-
burg. the assistant rector OF Emmanuel
and Christ Church parishes, and Mrs
Clattenburg; the Rev. Urban Sargent
rector OF Calvary Episcopal Church, and
Mrs. Sargeant. and the Rev. j. w. Are
son. rector OF Claymont Episcopal
Church and Mrs. Areson.
All of Che Episcopal clergy in VII
mington. with members of their fami.
lies, were present and a large number
OF guests were present from Other
churches.
The evening was spent very informal
" and pleasantly. and the guests o
honor were charmed with the cordial re
ception given them.
Evening journal., 1914-01-28
NO EXECUTIONS In
PLOT AGAINT HUERTA

By United Press staff Correspondent.
AlENlCO CITY. Jan. 2s.-ln spite of
the lucria governments strenuous of.
forts To hclittle the police plot TO over.
throw the dictator next Sunday, it was
asccrtnned today that the conspiracy
was a formidable one and that General
lIucrta would have been in "a tight place
but for the timely discovery of the
plan.
Denial was made that any prisoners
were executed Ia connection with the
I iol lui fupors persisted TINT the i1ii"
leaders ia the conspiracy were put out
ioi the way.
General iluerta and General Blanquot
minister Of war. refused TO be seen by
newspaper men. Banquet issued writ.
ten statement wing the rumored
executions. lie said General Gonzalez
was in Europe and General Rascon had
been recalled to active army service. IL
was said by Americans here that Con.
zales was ia Washington. Blanqucts
statement about Rascon being mven.
( fed