davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The San Francisco call., 1913-08-31

ne lie OF the chinese DOdLWOuen
is a feature of national life all in it
SELF Many of the women never leave
the houseboats in the course of their
lives. They are born on one boat;
they are married and go to another,
on which they bring up large families
and die. Whether they are dropped
overheard into the river afterward
do not know The husband goes
ashore for provisions or recreation or
business whenever fancy or necessity
dictates. The men do no more work
thar is absolutely necessary. depend
ing upon their wives for support.
All through the East the great crop
is rice and in its cultivation in most
communities the women do the greater
part of the work. Often all the labor
is done by the women and the men
take charge of the harvesting. In
other places both men and women
work, and of the two the woman la
bors longer and harder.
Rice cultivation is work which no
American woman could perform. The
laborer is compelled to stand in water
up to her knees. and the work of cul-
tivating and transplanting is done
under water.
In India the country woman assists
in tilIing the soil, and her sister of
the cities is an adept at weaving. The
city woman is quite frequently a fol-
lower of the trades You see them
sitting outside the doorways at their
handlooms. They contrive to make
all the fabric for the household and in
addition turn out enough cloth to sell
to support the family.
THE cultivation of the silk worms
in India, and in China as well, is car
ried on chiefly by the women, and
the weaving of the silk is entirely
their province. The more prosperous
woman farmer gives the weaving out
to the poorer women of the neigh
borhood very much as our grand
mothers cut rags and distributed them
around among the houses in the neigh
borhood to be sewn into carpets.
"An odd situation is developed in
Java. There are a number of tribes
with customs radically different The
men of one tribe do all the work and
the women, most of whom are nota-
bly, beautiful throughout the Orient,
are raised in idleness. These women
are much In demand. for the harems
Of Eastern potentates. Quite the op-
posite situation is in evidence in an
other tribe nearby, where the women
do all the work and maintain their
husbands in luxurious ease These
women are ugly and have very high
moral standards.
THE Javanese women have devel-
bped artistic weaving and dyeing of
fabrics to high degree. On the other
hand, their men seem to have neither
artistic taste nor ability. The women
spend their time dyeing clothes in
beautiful hues by process that is la
borious and painstaking, and requires
much patience and time. They weave
artistic panels in silks, representing
figures and scenes with minute detail
Of color, form and perspective. Beau
tiful gold woven tapestries which they
wear on festival days are testimonials
of the skill and creative genius. To
weave this cloth of gold requires many
months. When completed it is highly
The San Francisco call., 1913-08-31
PASSED BY THE NATIONAL
RoARD OF CENSORSHIP.

TT is probable that you have seen the
above legend on many motion pic
lures. This article is devoted to the
pictures on which you have not seen it.
The National Board of Censorship is
a gigantic pair of shears. Last year,
these shears moved up, down and
across Al, ,999, 900 feet of motion picture
films. Their harvest was more than
four million feet of Objectionable pic
lures.
The shears are operated in New York
City. They are controlled by little
board of volunteer social workers, act
ing under the auspices of the Peoples
Institute. Every morning, afternoon
and evening this board sits in the pri-
vate Offices of New York's great film
distributing agencies, approving,
amending or condemning the pictures
which, in the forthcoming week, are to
be exhibited before the United States.
A manufacturer has spent $500 on a
certain film. Fifty actors, twenty-five
horses, a railway train, two automo-
biles, a steam tug and half-dozen
working days have been utilized in its
production The film is exhibited be-
fore the censoring committee Some
thing is wrong. There is too much
shooting; too much crime; too much
emphasis on the more ignoble emo
lions. The committee decides that the
flm cannot be placed on the market
The San Francisco call., 1913-08-31

on Fifth avenue and spent all their
waking hours in Broadway.
Only the women of the wealthy
classes have a comfortable life in the
Far East The poor are very poor
aid their women labor side by side
with the men and perform heavier
l,urk than is dreamed Of by the most
poverty-stricks American woman.
The San Francisco call., 1913-08-31

of all lands give their women equal
rights-poverty and work"
Mrs. Gait found that in the less CIV
ilized countries women were forced to
bear up under hardships that their
husbands would not force a horse to
undergo-if they had horse.
In many countries women supported
their husbands, supported them by the
The San Francisco call., 1913-08-31

severest kind of labor; labor that cut
the woman's lifetime in half.
Not all of. the women of the Orient
spend their lives in luxury, resting on
cushions, being famed by slaves. Our
ideas of their life are as far from true
as those of the Oriental who thought
that all New. Workers slept in homes
The San Francisco call., 1913-08-31

to observe conditions Of women al
over the world.
No other woman has made as thor
ough an investigation into the status
of women in all lands. Mrs. Cats
observations are summed UP In this
statement:
There are two things in which men
The San Francisco call., 1913-08-31

woman to be economically independ-
ent. They had read nothing, heard
nothing except the abuse of the over
seers.
In speaking of her investigations in
the Far East Mrs. Gait says:
'1The Japanese woman, whom we
are accustomed to consider a frail lit
tie creature, frequently is employed
The San Francisco call., 1913-08-31

which would tax strong man.
In China the steamers do not go
into the harbors in most cases and the
transportation Of the passengers to
the shore with their baggage is done
entirely by women in small boats.
Twenty or thirty boats crowd around
a ship with women propelling them
and bidding for trade.
The San Francisco call., 1913-08-31

Mrs. Gait saw thousands Of women
at work supporting or helping to sup
port their husbands. Those who were
not married were economically inde-
pendent, but they got little comfort
from the fact They hadn't read the
books nor heard the lectures that told
them what a fine thing it was for
The San Francisco call., 1913-08-31

as porter The European hotels and
those run by the better class of the
Japanese do not employ women in this
way. OF course, but women are en-
ployed in great numbers as steve
dores. In Vladiystok the women
actually coal the ships, bearing on
their heads and shoulders weights
The San Francisco call., 1913-08-31
IN INDIA

IN INDIA
women till the soil
while their husbands
sit in the shade and
give orders.
The Coconino sun., 1913-06-06
LOCAL BREvITIES

Bert Gilbert came in from King.
man Wednesday.
Harry Hibben Ir. went to Los
Angeles Sunday on a short visit.
Phil Rickel left Wednesday for
Cincinnati, Ohio, for few weeks
visit.
Maurice Smith and wife was in
Flagstaff Wednesday from Will
liams.
Mrs. ]. E. Buckbee was in Flag
staff couple days this week from
Tolchaco, visiting friends.
Prof. Honn will deliver the
commencement address at the
Williams schools this year.
Judge E. M. Doe has been at
Oak Creek this week with a tape
line picking out the size OF trout
he most desired.
Jack Graney is home again after
a winters tour of the south with
Campbell, Francis & Co. sheep.
He wintered we'll.
Dutch" OFT came over the
ridge from the south this week
and will live on high ground again
during the summer with his cattle.
The Coconino sun., 1913-06-06

Mrs. d. M. Francis and chill.
dren came up from PhoeniS
Wednesday to remain for the
summer.
Mr.. Olaf Preysz, cashier of the
Saginaw & Manistee Lumber Co.
at Williams, was visiting friends
here Monday.
VIM. Higgenbottom had his
foot seriously injured Wednesday
while working on the carriage at
the A. L. & T. Co., mill.
Jacob Caufman,t the road builder,
cowman and politician, was in the
city Monday from Williams to in
terview the board of supervisors.
Mr.. A. A. Fisher, the ubiquitous
life insurance agent is in Flagstaff
reminding the people that even a
live one has a chance while dead
one has a cinch.
The band of elk which were
brought to Arizona and left on the
range near Clear Creek, are rapid
ly hunting out homes of their own
over a wide area. Five of them
have located in the Hart Prairie
country on the west side of San
Francisco peaks. Two others
were seen southeast of Flagstaff
miles off their first range.
The Coconino sun., 1913-06-06

The program meeting of the
Ladies Aid and Missionary So
ciety of the Presbyterian church
will meet with Mrs. Geicles Tues
day afternoon, June 10.
Mrs. Cora Travis and sister,
Mrs. Jeff Thompson, left the first
of the week for Phoenix. The
former is in bad health and her
physician advised a change for a
few weeks.
Parties having books belonging
to the circulating library at the
Reading Room are requested to
return them at once as they are
soon to be returned for another
consignment.
Fred Hesser, the night ticket
agent, is now walking around with
couple wooden props because OF
bad slide he made Sunday for
home plate. The wooden home
plate raked the muscles of one leg
badly.
Hank" Stunkle was in from
the south this week. He is doing
his last lap of forty years of cow
punching and about the only
thing he don't know about a COW,
is why the animal will walk across
water hole twice before drinking.
Mr.. Francis d. Crabble, wife
and child, of Tombstone, arrived
in Flagstaff last Saturday to spend
the summer. Mr.. Cradle is a
lawyer and a brother-in-law of
lack Williams, the whirlwind ora
tor of Cochise county, who was
second in the race for congress at
last state election.
A substitute medicine is never
for the benefit of the buyer.
Never be pursuaded to buy any
thing but Foley's Honey and Tar
Compound for coughs and colds,
for children or for grown persons.
1t is prompt and effective. II
comes in a yellow package, with
beehive or carton. 1t contains no
opiates. Take no substitute for
Foley's Honey and Tar Com
pound. Will Marler Pharmacy. =
Advertisement.
The Coconino sun., 1913-06-06
In the Superior Court of the State
of Arizona, in and for the
County of CoconinO

In the matter of the estate OF
Carrie O'Brien, deceased.
Order to show cause why order
of sale of real estate should not
be made.
1t appearing to this court, by
the petition this day presented and
filed by c. b. Wilson, admins
traitor of the estate of Carrie
O'Brien, deceased, that it is nee
essary to sell the whole or some
portion of the personal property
and real estate of said decedent
to pay the debts of decedent and
the expenses and charges of adj
ministration;
1t is therefore ordered by this
court: That all persons inter-
ested in the estate of said de-
ceased appear before the said
superior court on Monday, the
9TH day of July A. d. 1913, at
the hour of 10 o'clock a. M, of
said day, at the court room OF
said court, at the court house in
the town of Flagstaff, County OF
Coconino, State of Arizona, to
show cause why an order should
not be granted to said admins
traitor to sell so much of the said
personal property and real estate
as shall be necessary and that a
copy of this order be published
four successive weeks in the Coco
nino Sun, newspaper published
in the SAID County of Coconino.
Dated June 5th, A. D., 1913.
In open court.
F. w. PERKINS,
Judge of the Superior Court.
June CAT
The Coconino sun., 1913-06-06
$4,000 Reward
Flagstaff, Arizona,
lime 2 IOIr

SiiS D D
The undersigned will pay
the above reward for proof Of
the identity of the party OIL
parties, who, between the 18th
and 2Ist days of May, 1913,
distracted a copy of an un-
executed lease made by t. ].
Coalter and wife to M. A.
Murphy, from the offices Of
I. A, Flynn.
NJ. A. MURPHY,
t. ]. CoALTER,
L. A. FLYNN.
The Coconino sun., 1913-06-06

For Meat FIVE room
house, with bath, close to business
district in Los Angeles, bargain
to some one who wants COM
fertable home in Los Angeles.
Apply Sun Office.
The Coconino sun., 1913-06-06

For SALE Ranch 60 acres.
Large bungalow with bath, heat,
lighu and water. Stable and hem
merry. Pure stream of water runs
through property. c. B. Wilson,
Flagstaff, Arizona. May 81 t-f
The Coconino sun., 1913-06-06

For SALE-I dresser, chiffon
Ter, I music cabinet, bed, springs
and mattress. I kitchen cabinet,
two stoves, three wash stands,
chairs, etc. Apply Mrs. c. o.
Robinson residence. May 3o-tf
The Coconino sun., 1913-06-06

Coconino Dairy is now ready for
business and will deliver milk to
any place in town. Leave orders
at Connection Den.
A. 25-tf. MRS. LIZZIE HUNTLEY.
The Coconino sun., 1913-06-06

DREssMAKING - r a able
charges; all work guaranteed.
Two blocks north Steam Laundry.
May go Iune-tf
The Coconino sun., 1913-06-06

LOTS For SALE-About so feet
front, opposite Old Town Spring,
good location for light manufac-
turing establishment, free water.
See r. ]. Kidd. April 25-tf.
The Coconino sun., 1913-06-06

For RENT:-Furnished modern
groom house, centrally located.
Inquire Mrs. c. A. Greenlaw.
une 6-tf.
The Coconino sun., 1913-06-06

For SALE almost new player
piano with AZ pieces of music
cheap. Mrs. ]. w. Bean, box
283, Winslow. May 23-4t
The Coconino sun., 1913-06-06

LOTS For SALES lots, beauti-
full site, west end, make offer. See
r. ]. Kidd. April 25-tf.
The Coconino sun., 1913-06-06

For SALE-Relinquishment, 100
acres, Doney Park. See r. ].
Kidd. April 25-tf.
The Coconino sun., 1913-06-06

For RENT-Or term lease, 9
room house, close in. Apply to
Ernest Ethridge. June Off.
The Coconino sun., 1913-06-06

For Sale:-4 cor. lots, with wa
ter; sewing machine: Mrs. Heiser.
May 3o-tf
The Coconino sun., 1913-06-06

For SALE CHEAP-Good surrey.
Apply to Z. Jones. May 2-2t
The Coconino sun., 1913-06-06

For RENT-Furnished fourroom
house. Apply Mrs. P. Michel
bach, west side. May I6-tf
The Coconino sun., 1913-06-06

WANTED-Clean cotton rags
not scraps at Sun office.
The Coconino sun., 1913-06-06

WANTED-S25oo for 3 to 5 years.
Ample security. April 25-tf.
The Coconino sun., 1913-06-06
BUSINESS NOTICES.

LOT For SALE lot west end
$50. See r. ]. Kidd. April 25-tf.
Devils Lake inter-ocean. (Devils Lake, N.D.) 1909-1915, 1913-09-26
| Is
,oRed al
Devils IKE
w. Hi IL S SPECIAL, BEARING
MANY NoTABLEs, HALTs EN- M
ROUTE WEST 3s

,
En- route to Helena, Mont. to at
tend Great Northern Day at the
sMonut ANA State Fair,asa party of Great
Mort ern officials end Twin City bus
Einess men including the members of;
1.-THE Minnesota state fair board, comp.
losing 4 group of the northWest's most.
[fdistinguishe d men Of affairs, paid Dey:;;
ills Lake half hour visit Wed. Morning
While the special train waited at. the
|sGreat Northern passenger depot the
members Of the party were escorted
to points of interest in the business
district by Col. JOS. M. Kelly, Pres
ident A. L. Johnson, Commissioners
Edward r. Flynn and F. P. Mann and
I other business men. Il ss.%.: e. u
Representing the Great Northern on
the trip were Chirman =. w. Hill,
President Carl Gray, Vice President
Kenny, Vice $$ President Jack.
son and Carmi Thompso on, former tire.
9asnrer of the United States, now con-
nected with the ore department Of the
Great Northern. \. @t IS
| 81 Mr.. Thomps took exceptional IN
l?terest lin Devils Lake, owing to the
fact #thatSit is the home Of Hon. John
Burke; who succeeded him as. the fin
4 arc ial caretaker Of the United States.
ion being relieYeds at; the cap tal, q NJ N I.
hompgon accepted sas position viii,
1.-THE Hill lfne' handling the. ere itIter.
ests a large psrcenfs So Of. vlliic1l are
Ilgcated III M :>s II
Eugene Stilwe1I, "a ID ro1lfine len tn win
City Wholesaler al ii ! terabe r:- the
state Fair Board gan Of her: lepabe4
of the party who ols great: interest
J lii Devils Lake esine tAfs
section VIII EN- no olie.s the present
.||:citizghshfp exec ting Genera greel
VA was here: even days
lii ii the Lake Regfon which will: al
ways be wildly I'M infesdl his mem
1 DRY is the murde of the Ward boys
Mr. isr.s StilWelli assisted tn s:cprener: il
handing the remains of. thes.tw,o vie
!; Tins. s:;-. ~ II
4 Represen the First Natitf,n al; banl
I az 81, sst Paul was Mr.. Rice, Eli. Warne!
4 head Of the largest publ hing estab
lishIne in. the NorthWes residen
!. Randall OF; the ST.. Paul Commercial
CLUB, Ghas, P PETERSON and Mr.: Seige
: s her memb srs OF the party b Z,
HdR the nfafn ppiHffss OF interes
1. and one which brought exceptiona
favorable comment from every mem
q Der of tn party, was the, Mann Depart
/, .nent store The 4 establi shment wa
4 insp ected with considerable plealsulr
lby the tourists. s., s, u
Devils Lake inter-ocean. (Devils Lake, N.D.) 1909-1915, 1913-09-26

is certainly a wonderful es-
tablishment a declared former q. j;
Treasure Carmi rThomps on. There
is every evidence that a system Is j n.
which makes it a perfect run
ming min institution. The have larger
stores in the cities, but have never
seen anything any better,
Devils Lake inter-ocean. (Devils Lake, N.D.) 1909-1915, 1913-09-26
r ofessii ollal Cards
FLYNN e. TRAYNOB

4 LYNN g lTRAYNUH
Lawyers ts .
# Attorneys and Counsellors at
Law. Practice in all courts,
State and Federal
IL EDWARD F.. FLYNN
7 Speciality, Titles, c Corporation
and Commercial Law
FRED j. TRAYNOR I.
Litigated Cases, Probat Practice
Office in Mann Block
Rooms s, 9, 10 and Il
d Devils Lake, N. D. .
Devils Lake inter-ocean. (Devils Lake, N.D.) 1909-1915, 1913-09-26
round WORLD

sf III n % q y ss 81 sssS
UTugnay has enacted d genera lseigls
Sho,iis! III sss s853s. 5,ss
Mexico, II n as said, has at population
sofs I5 2so, $3.50 81 nj s#5
ss inc sesy IIee
stlsa
@ There is al record of "a Chinese state
3lfa an "a sting Yenteen ours.
Woo len mol ding 70 hide ELECTRIC
wires Isl pro libit q eW
" 5g5 Horsehoes d ttac hed BY bolts around
the ,hoof have been patented in Eng-
land. 5 y: "a IN z 5S n Isl.
ltimore will retire all public school
teachers reaching the age Of seventy in
service FRI 3sS@
Lexington, Mass. has restored its
ancient Paul Revere belfry to its origi-
nal location where it stood in 1851.
The Asiatic town Of Maiwatchi, on
the borders of Russia, is peopled by
men only Women are Forbidden en-
trance there. $55S n a Isl ].
s Greece possesses q curious criminal
law a person sentenced to death there
waits two years before the execution
Of the sentence. S
Devils Lake inter-ocean. (Devils Lake, N.D.) 1909-1915, 1913-09-26
w ,vgl1a Heads I.
Nesl, So iiet y
LEAGUE BUYS ANTI-cHoLlc5
! II NIPPLES FOR MOTHER. 4.

q: .Minot &, AZ. D., Sept. rs con ducto,rr
=: g. Wynn Of, the Sunshine Limit
ed, the Sherwood Flyer, on the
Great Northern, is an obliging man.
In fact he has made hit with the
people up and down the line for his
Willingness to make purchases for;
them during his stay in Minot. But he
felt that his nature was being impos-
ed upon this morning when woman
tagged the train at Mohall, N. D., and
asked him to purchase two anti-clolic
nipples for her baby 5.s
Mr.. Wynn, incensed that she had
stopped his train, at first turned
deaf ear: to her. pleas, but when she
insisted that her baby's life depended
on the nipples he finally consented to
make the purchase; in Minot. On his
arrival in Minot, the kind-hearted CON
ductor went from store to store in;
quest Of the nipples, finally getting
what he desired. He was atfttle depot.
this afternoon and, missing the nipples
The started to look for them. Mr..
Wynn was abashed, for the nipples
l3rolled to the feet of a mum Der Of Ia
lsdies. One of them picked the nipples
Eup and restored them to Wynn, who
felt it necessaryt$toe explain that Ii
ibid not need them himself, as ii & was
,tstlr adv gran father. \: sfsqq
I.a{ Con- nctorS Wynn is getting round.
should erred carrying bundles from Mi
mot to- the 10 ks along the line. Lately
he laa been, salmost .overpurdened.
Among some of the things he .Ila Ito
takes to a p arty al ongss the Line vester-
i day; was a consignment Of dried her
}irin gsn AFR. " ynn averages at least: %
slsparcel ss4a day and; ) makes TIL s to
4 the Five and Ten cent sstore daily, the
/ Fair store, and. a number of other Mi
not $busine sestab iishments. to secure
wares, for his friends. ..sy :s n.
4! TEN YEARS FoRRS ,.5ss ;.y5.5s3.
f .3s} III Il. Elm WHITE SLAVERY
2$ New Rockford, N. ID, Sept. q ga
.|SBranden berg, who was arrested here
len "a charge Of bringing the l6-year
Il old dangh ter@ fg.aA # arm ers 4ofS emo
nm oral f,usS
4 poses, was sentenced to 10 years in
I. the peniten:tfary in South Dakota
!: The federal officials, took cognizance
Of Is case and when Brand enberg's
4 term expires he \ will also be prose
j cuted under the Mann act. .85
Devils Lake inter-ocean. (Devils Lake, N.D.) 1909-1915, 1913-09-26
= - J. w Ell e
Attorney-at-Law

Practice in all courts, both
state and federal
Office in Brennan Block
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1913-05-28
CASSVILLE.

Asa Pettyplace. of Sioux City, who
has been quite i'll for over three
months was moved here from that
city last week and is being cared for
at the home Of his sister, Mrs Amelia
SneClode.
Mrs. Oscar daley has been visiting
relatives and friends in Chicago.
Mr.. and Mrs. Frank Habermann
spent last week with Mr.. and Mrs.
D. S. MCGOWAN in Fountain City.
Miss Leila Obershaw accompanied by
her sister, Mrs. j. B. McQuithey
visited in Prairie du Chen last week
at the home of their sister, Mrs
Deios Cole.
Mrs. NJ Mccain, of williamsburg,
Iowa, is visiting relatives and old
friends here. Her son Maurice of
Russell, ILL.,, spent a few days here
also.
Mrs. Lawrence Grimm visited in
Potosi last week with her brother and
wife, Mr.. and Mrs. Clyde Galloway.
Mrs. A. Sanchez and daughter
Miss Anna ere here from Chicago,
the guests at the home of the form
er's daughter, Mrs. Chas. Keehner.
From here they leave for California.
Miss Katherine Pape, of Dubuque
is visiting her cousin Mrs. O. V.
Garner.
Miss Agnes Klinkhammer left on
Wednesday for Prescott, Wis, where
she will visit her sister Mrs. Clyde
Budworth. She will join her sister
Miss Susan at Bayfield, and together
they will spend some time with their
sister Mrs Perry Knapp whose home
is at Long Prairie, MINI.
Grant County herald. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, 1913-05-28
BLOOMINGTON

special Correspondence to the Herald.
More Bloomington items on another
page.
Our village and environs now APP
pear very beautiful, with the rich
spring green trimmings all over,
around and about. Our people take
good care of their lawns and premises
generally. Paint is a fluid we people
spread on with generous hand. Walk
ing about town we noticed fresh paint
on the residences of W. H. Prideaux,
Chas. Enke, Mrs. Maggie Pendleton.
John GATES Thos Woodhouse, Miss
Melissa Miss Henry Roberts.
Mate McIve. and Chas. Wetmore,
Frank Hoskins, Hampton Bros. and
Fred REESE are kept very busy decorat-
ing the town. We noticed new roofs
on the homes of Mrs. Catherine
9rookens, Elmer Wager and Mrs.
Pike. Building operations are NOV
ing rapidly. Burtis Field and son
Earl and VIM. Hammond have the
new j. Schreiner home enclosed.
Sprague Bros and John Kinsler have
turned the new Joe Greer home over to
the plasterers, VIM. Cooley and Harry
Knapp, and now are framing Vern
Brookens' new home in Brooklyn.
The new cellar is nearly ready for the
wall on the site of the old James
Peacock home. A fine new residence
will go up here. Frank Hoskins has
bought Miss Roney's barn, near his
new home, and will move it to his
pasture south of Canal street. Some
of the new houses contracted for have
not been started, but will be finished
before next winter.
Miss Florence Hope, who has been
caring for her mother for several
weeks. returned to her duties at the
Doolittle hospital at Lancaster Mon
day.
We all missed our mail Sunday.
The Burlington train was two hours
late, and so the driver didn't wait for
the mail.
Chas Wepking of Fennimore and
G. E. Rich of Lancaster have been
building some cement culverts out
west of the Blakes Prairie cemetery,
where the new permanent road work
is to be done.
F. H. Fischer. former resident of
this city, called on old friends here
last Wednesday. Mr.. Fischer and