davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-07-06
Continued from third page.

Keeping the ship ahoat when sorely
wounded forward Accordingly, one OF
the bow compartments was chosen for
the demonstration. That compartment
had four big valves opening into the sea.
These had a combined area of more than
two hundred square inches, and. upon be-
ing opened the water came rushing in in
a way to disturb the peace OF mind OF
any one less confident than Mr.. Wother-
spoon. The captain Of the ship lost 10
time in ordering the hatch above closed,
and II was only a few minutes before the
compartment was entirely filled and the
shin had heeled considerably under the
loss of buoyancy. The test was little
short OF brutal In its severity, but just
the same. Il was not a whit too much
for the safety system. Compressed air
was turned into the inundated space at
pressure slightly in excess OF that of the
hydrostatic pressure. and under that com
polling impulse the water receded so rap
idly through the four openings that 1t
seemed almost to fall, rather than to
flow out Of the ship and Immediately the
vessel righted herself.
To prevent the walls Of the test COM
partment giving under the air pressure,
which exerted a bursting force, the sur
rounding compartments Immediately IN
contact were also charged with air at a
lesser pressure. This left the intermedi-
ate structure TO meet only the moderate
difference between these two pressures-
a difference much less than they were de-
signed to meet when inundated by acci-
dent.
AS you will see, instead Of the parti-
lions walling in the injured subdivision
having 20 meet the force Of the sea UNI
aided, the outlying zone of compressed
air and the other bulkheads and decks
were there TO lend their supporting re"
distance and strength in keeping the wa
ters at distance and in preventing their
further Intrusion The danger OF yielding
stcel was THUG eliminated.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-07-06
By L. de n. Handley.

20 PRETTIER sight is afforded In
athletic sports than that of a
i y skilled fancy diver taking the
board with manly carriage, springlng
boldly into the air, and after some grace
ful gyration entering the water shaft
like. hardly causing a ripple.
IT is. in fact, due in good share to its
spectacular features that this branch Of
aquatics has of late grown so popular
for it offers constant entertainment to the
public. as well as pleasurable exercise to
it's devotees. The crack swimmer will for
a short space arouse admiration, possibly
envy: the trick natator may for while
amuse by his antics. but it is the expert
diver only who can hold the interest Of a
crowd throughout an exhibition and thrill
il with his sensational work
For the rest. one need not be an expert
10 enjoy fancy diving Even moderate
proficiency brings satisfaction, and as
there is always some new trick 10 be
learned after the last one has been mas
tered. even the cleverest performers find
attractive variety ever before them
Not the least advantage Of this
pastime is that it has no sex or age
limitations Women, indeed, have es-
pecial aptitude for it. and children often
develop enviable form at a tender age In
all it makes for symmetry Of body grace
of carriage and movement, better health
and fearlessness.
Unfortunately, only weak efforts have
been made TO standardize a course Of in
struotion. and teachers and pupils find
themselves handicapped by lack of COM
petent guidance. 1t is the object of this
article TO provide the prospective diver
with definite system to follow. BY OBJ
tanning the views Of the leading authori-
ties on the subject the writer was able to
gather information which should be Of
value to the beginner and shorten for him
che road TO success.
MISTAKES OF THE NOVICE.
The great stumbling block in the path
of the novice is the prevalent habit or
undertaking difficult and complicated
dives at the outset, without first sub
hitting to an indispensable period Of ele-
mentary schooling. Green candidates will
recklessly tackle feats warranted to test
the ability OF a veteran and hurtle
through them without the least idea as
to how they should be performed. AS
consequence they either suffer painful
hurts that take their nerve, or acquire
radical faults which are extremely hard
10 correct later.
The experience Of J. T. Dunn. the ma
tional outdoor champion Of 1912, is a strik-
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-07-06
MR.. WoTHERsPooN's PROPOSAL.

Mr.. Wotherspoon proposes that all of
the compartments from stem to stern
and from keel up TO the top OF the water
tight subdivision should be made so that
they could be filed with compressed air.
OF course. this is merely by way of pre-
caution, because only those compartments
that might be damaged or those support
ing the injured spaces would be filed
with the buoyant air.
The idea of so much air under pressure
probably seems like staggering obstacle
TO the successful working of the system.
but, in fact, that is the least difficult part
OF the problem. All of these big ships are
now equipped with air compressors for
different routine purposes, and these
would be available I'm case OF accident to
charge the required compartments. But
Mr.. Wotherspoon proposes a very sensl-
BILE modification, and that is that a COM
pressor plant for this service, with its
own boiler equipment. should be placed
up above the waterline and centrally To-
Gated, where II would not be likely TO
suffer arrangement in case of the vessel
collding with an iceberg or being injured
In some other manner below water. Nor
mally, this plant would be an auxiliary
and steam would be kept up in its boiler
to supply some other regular needs. Thus.
II the fire rooms Of the ship should be-
come flooded temporarily through acct
dent, this safety installation would be in
working order
Structurally, all that would be neces-
sary for the admiration Of "a merchant
ship to this system would be the making
of the decks and bulkheads air tight by
careful workmanship. and then to make
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-07-06
Expert Watermen Who Have Won Note by
Spectacular Feats in Fancy Diving Give
Hints Here Which May Hell p Others
to Attain Proficiency in This
Line Of Gymnastics.

ing illustration of the point In question.
He said, in speaking Of It:
when / decided to take up fancy div
ing / was a student at Yale, and had
Just scored in the gymnastic champion
ships, so felt that l could dispense with
preliminaries When / discovered, at my
first trial. that / could turn double
somersault from the low board belief be-
came conviction, and without further ado
l entered the competitive field.
Il soon found to my sorrow that there
are so many things to think about In
executing a combination dive that IT Is
almost impossible TO remember TO COM
pose for a good entry. ] could do correct
work In the air, but never knew how L
would strike the water. Eventually l re-
allied that the entering position must be
assumed mechanically instinctively and
retired. to start all over again. This
time | started on the elementary dives
and did not touch anything else until l
felt sure Of them. Whatever skill now
have may be attributed directly to the
fundamental work l went through
TO OBTAIN PROFICIENCY.
This should be an object lesson Tne
only way to attain proficiency in fancy
diving is through mastery Of the princi-
pies Devote all energies at the start 10
acquiring perfection in the plain front
and back dives, and stick to them until
you can display them in faultless man
ner. Then you may advance by degree
of difficulty, minding. however, not 10
pass on TO a new feat unless the last one
can be shown in perfect form.
The secret Of good diving is proper con-
troll Of the entire body, and this is only
in very small measure natural attribute
1t must be acquired by constant and IN
telligent practice. The head. arms, legs
and torso all play part in directing the
fight through the air, but the head, ow-
ing TO its weight and position, may be
considered the most important factor, for
II acts as a sort Of Iudder, and by throw
ing Il up or down one is able materially
TO assist the muscles in their efforts.
Not long ago a promising young East
erner took part in an important contest
held in Chicago and exhibited several
high scoring dives, but stiffness of move
ment made his work appear laborious.
AlltI llt IltcN II was oNbbNHN'N ~ ii'''
by Frank Bornamann, a former title
holder, that the trouble was caused by
the stationary position of the head in the
somersaults, and that it could be over
come by raising or lowering the chin.
according to the nature of the dive. This
seemingly inconsequent hint was acted
upon and Immediately gave finished form
where awkwardness had obtained
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-07-06
Given Confidence and Nerve as Basis, Good
Swimmer May, with Patience, Acquire
That Control of the Body Necessary
for the Execution Of Various
Startling "Stunts.

when to "untuck," and this is entirely
matter Of application and practice
The back flip, which is featured by
foot entry, is very easy to make. Stand
ing with shoulders to the water, one
throws back the head and springs out,
using the abdominal muscles TO bring up
the legs. The feet are made TO describe
circle The tuck for the back somer-
sault is obtained by throwing up the
head and arms. instead Of down, as In
the forward one. but the legs are gath
cred in I'm the same way.
TRAINING FOR FANCY DIVING.
In both layouts one gets a throw from
arms. head and back, but the legs are
Strengthened Immediately on leaving the
board. and muscle control causes the body
to perform the wanted revolutions,
stretched out at full length. The one
and-a-half. double. etc. merely entail
greater speed and height IN taking of.
Not a few experts advocate gymnasuc
exercises in preparing for fancy diving
and they are at times valuable in per-
fecting form in the air. but when all IS
told. the best training for fancy diving
is diving.
The twists, which are often introduced
to give variety to dive. should be tried
in conjunction only with the plain dives
at first. and one should start with the
quarter twist, then proceed to the half
and full. The turning momentum should
be gained from the waist, but no twist
should be begun until the feet have left
the board.
IL may help the beginner TO quote, IN
concluding. few lines from the code
now governing diving contests In TINS
country, for they will convey a good idea
Of what constitutes recognized good form.
The rules in part state:
In making awards the judges shall re-
gard the character OF the dive and take
into consideration carriage, confidence ana
form; force and speed of execution; ap-
proach. take-off fight and entry.
THE bearing In the air should be nat
ural graceful. supple and easy.
when performing the plain head dives
the head should be erect, the back hol-
lowed, the legs straight and closed, the
feet turned back. the arms supple and the
| fingers closed.
THE start should he made in opld
manner, and I'm the running dives the
energy impaired 10 the body should be
! considered The entry In the water
should be made with good carriage AMI
without splashing."
The most valuable instruction 10 the
novice is the watching carefully OF lead
ing exDerts studying their every move
ment, and then trying to initiate them
often an obscure point IS cleared by see
! ing Il practically demonstrated.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-07-06

the first to lead in its mercantile adop'
ton.
WellniGh every month. If not ottener'
we hear of some vessels desperate strus'
gle with fire in coal bunkers or amid IN
accessible cargo. and the annals OF the
shipping world have grewsome list Oh
craft that have been lost In this way IN
deed. the sailorman has far more dread
of fire than he has Of n serious leak No'
long ago a ship bound for San Francisco
with a conhagratiCn in her hold, man
aged to smother the flames In move
way. Water had failed. and the quasi.
scientific skipper bethought himself Oh
subdung the fire by process OF suhooS'
ton. He drew furnace gases from ths
smokestack and pumped them into the I'M
perilled hold That gas was rich IN car
bon dloxide, and It effectually killed the
conhagration. That was a makeshft' Dun
an effective one.
SERVING A DOUBLE PURPOSE
Mr.. Wotherspoon has shown US no"
this medium can be made permanent
safeguard. and he would use the pipes lo'
compressed air-primarily designed
Tight against the sea-to carry ho.
combustible gas to the required compa,
ment. thus making these conduits a's'.
able for either service as the emergehV'
might demand. But Mr.. Wotherspoo"
would not draw his smothering nedi'"
from ships smokestacks.
As long as steamships are burning ON.
coal, the funnel exhaust will answer w
day by day oil-burning craft are oecon'
ing more numerous. and the numoer -
vessels propelled by internal CONFUSE.
engines Is on the increase. The escap"'
gases from oil fuel are too rich IN cV"'
bustible material TO serve the pu'p'.
and yet these boats are just as hkes
catch fire as the ships using coal, II no'
more so. Therefore, Mr.. Wotheispoo,,
would use special gas. easily general
independently OF the motive plant u
vessel. and this gas would not onD
more effective. but II would not da'"''
cargo or anything else exposed to H.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-07-06

all matches and openings in the decks for
ventilators similarly secure or susceptible
of prompt closing.
Besides these simple arrangements.
there would be the provision of piping
leading from the source OF compressed air
TO each of the ships water-tight subdi-
visions. This is a precious small burden
10 place upon the ship owner In order to
safeguard his property and the lives and
cargo intrusted aboard. Viewed in any
light, this would represent but a trifiing
insurance premium against the lives and
property at stake. Admitting that the
double skin is added protection, COM
pressed air would many times increase
the measure of security In the hour OF
accident
The Imperator has a system OF double
skin which is quite probably an improve
ment upon any other method now in
stalled upon other active liners. 1t is
superior because the inner skin of the I'M
perator is much further removed from
the outer skin, and, therefore, that much
less likely to be reached by an object
tearing through the outside plating. The
coal bunker bulkheads inboard have been
greately stiffened. and these constitute a
second line of defence.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-07-06


THE BACK DIVE.
For the hack dive position similar 10
that Of the forward dive is assumed, eN'
cent in so much as the face is turned
away from the water instead Of toward H.
The head is held high, the shoulders mol
lowed and the hands rested on the hips'
In leaving the board spring gently up
and out, lifting the chin further ana IN
creasing the arch OF the back. When the
dive is half completed. /. e., as the oouy
begins to drop, throw out the arms, hrst
cross-fashion. next TO diving FORM and
enter with the position described in con-
nectfon with the forward dive, but head
slightly raised.
The jackknives. both front and back
are made by folding the body in midalr
so that hands and feet almost meet. IL
should be the object in practising them
TO 50 calculate the movements that the
hips rise faster than the head. This Is
done by relaxing the waist muscles IN
springing upward and dropping the arms
so that the momentum OF the lower body
, tends in itself to establish the wanted at
titude A common fault is 10 bend the
knees in the effort To fold; the legs should
be held straight throughout. During the
descent one must endeavor 10 hold the
legs while the upper body drops; then
quick opening gives the desired form for
the entry. II is considered poor execution
TO strike further than six feet from the
board in the front jack, and In the back
jack one should nearly Craze 1t, but IN
learning the latter it is advisable to jump
well out 10 avoid colliding.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-07-06
PaCIIIo0 to 2CrU77e IN
rid or 7l1 me
ZScK-fI 7/e"

cellent plan 10 keep the eyes fixed on
some spot ten or twelve feet above water
level, In diving from the low board, until
the downward curve brings the water
into range Of vision.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-07-06

your chest. raise the head and let your
self fall slowly forward: then launch
yourself gently After that your sense OF
equilibrium must prompt your actions.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-07-06

walls would have TO meet or provide re-
sistance against the resultant difference.
In this way the flooded compartment
could be drained OF water down TO a level
with the top OF the injuries. This would
Immediately restore to the ship just SO
much buoyancy; in fact, the wounded
member would be resting upon a crutch
Of buoyant air actually In contact with
he gaa
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-07-06
THE SOMERSAUlT.

We come now to the somersaults. upon
which are based the most difficult COM
blnation dives. There are two different
ways OF performing them. The first. by
"tucking," is the easiest and consequent
~ recommendable to beginners; the sec
ond. by layout" Is a more advanced
form and should not be attempted until
the other has been mastered.
For the forward somersault, with
tuck" the hands are raised to the height
OF the shoulder, so that the elbows are
close to the body and little ahead of II.
In leaping-and good height Is desirable
the hands are jerked down sharply, thus
thrustng back the elbows; the head is
bent until the chin nearly touches the
chest: the knees are drawn up, some div
ers even clasping them with their arms,
and So gathered into ball, the diver
spins around. The instant the turn has
been made the arms and legs are snapped
TO full extension and entering position
taken. Success in tho somersaults OF this
type depends great deal in knowing just
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-07-06
H1nueHJs7UN H'ons
2HS foot foSDoeC

Confidence and nerve are indispensable
in learning TO dive, for the path which
leads TO proficiency is not free from rocks;
bumps and bruises are unavoidable. The
water presents a hard surface when hit
squarely from a height Of even few
faa
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-07-06
REASON FOR ADOPTING SYSTEM.

The constitutional sturdiness OF the ship
of trade helps a long way toward this
desired end. Therefore. what has been
done in the United States Navy. first ex-
perimentally and then conclusively, In
applying the air pressure safety system
to some of our Dreadnoughts built and
the latest and largest of them planned
is the best reason for the general adop-
ton OF this method OF safeguarding sea-
going merchant craft. especially big pas
senger liners. whose size and high speeds
actually multiply the risks they run.
We are able TO Illustrate just how Mr.
Wotherspoon would handle the problem
of ship like the Olympic. Taking that
giant liner as she stood before the loss
OF the Titanic or as she is to-day in
her modified form, with a double bottom
and more extensive water-tightenng OF
her interdeck spaces. Mr. Wotherspoon
would supplement these internal subdi-
visions. Assuming the sea 10 have en-
tered the lowest compartment through
ruptures in the inner and outer skins
and we have shown how this would be
quite likely in case OF collision--then the
deck spaces above. within certain longi-
tudinal areas would be charged with
compressed air. The Ranking chambers
forward and aft and the deck space i'm
mediately above would also be filled with
air. but at lesser pressure than the
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-07-06
NAVAL OFFICIALS ENTHUSIASTIC.

Naval officials are rather reluctant to
indorse any innovation, but all OF the
officers that have seen the air system
work on the North Carolina and the
thusiastic. OF course. their interest has
been from the point of view Of the fight
Ing sailor, but nevertheless some of them
have declared themselves In favor of the
extension OF the principle TO ships OF COM
merce. This may logically come about
first in merchant craft designed to act as
naval auxiliaries or speedy transports for
troops. In fact, the advantage which this
cheaper insurance rates has already had
its awakening influence. and II is quite
likely that American ship owners will be
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-07-06

succeeding compartments until the final
ones measured only three pounds, all OF
the intervening decks and bulkheads
would be able to hold their own against
the bursting stress TO which they are sub
jected. The many decks OF the Olympic
would make this system of gradually de-
creasing pressure zones one OF easy appli-
cation.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-07-06

the liner is exposed because OF fewer
supernumeraries among the crew.
You will probably wonder what the
foregoing has to do with the problem OF
making an ocean-going passenger ship I'M
sinkable, but you will see this in mo-
ment. Because OF the charter OF her get
up a well built merchant vessel is really
more adaptable to the installation Of Mr..
Wotherspoon's system Of protection
against injury than the average ship OF
war. And. further what is very impor-
tant to the owners Of commercial craft.
this additional security can be had at less
cost than the government has to pay for
the same results.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-07-06
THE BACK DIVE.

muscles and blow on the head that may
ininre your ear drums"
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1913-11-03
CASE
Being HEARD;
IS U|ySAV||Rl

The supreme court heard testimon
today in another lnsavory nnarriae
case on Maui, the hearing continuiE
until 10 o'clock tomorrow morning
receive the evidence of Judge 5.
Kingsbury, who Is accused of sept
atings the bride and groom followp;
a star chamber essen at Waillfll
sending the bride to the Girls Infas
trial School at Hohoiu;th
The hearing In court Is based IA
petition for a writ of habeas cfpus
filed by Andrews & Qnarles fol the
bridegroom's parents, Tit mas vii
liam Fergusqh and Mary FsrgVon
According to the story gleafd BY
Asst. Atty-gen. Leslie Scott. Yho ap
pears for Miss Sterrite InatroHof the
Girls Industrial School. tie ride. q
Porto Rican girl, was mailed g
Thomas D. Ferguson, you'll of 4
years. at Waikiki, on octobg ~. The
boys fnther aided him to 9tain the
marriage certificate and tohave the
marriage ceremony perforn5d, by ap.
pearing and giving MS eobent. The
boys parents aver the girl Il years
cid, but Judge KingsRury, at q hear
ing from which the Fergfons allege
he debarred them, Is saidto have as
certained that the girI'shge is only
10, and that therefore pc was He
eally married
Rose Ferguson, the 81 IN the case.
is said to have been dterted by her
mother several years 30 and for q
long time has been liyg as an adopt
ed child III the Fergush family. Even
tually, llowe9ef. she VS. placed IN the
care of another pan, but she did
not like the restrainblaced upon her
there and finally fcaprfs meeting
her adopted brotheIat KahuIui and
conserving to the wlding as 9 means
of escaping from ne institution IN
which she had beef held.
The Ferguson fahly and the young.
darkskinneef bridi were in supreme
court fniay beIlatter under the
charge of the iftistrial school mat
ron. Thomas ID. ergnson, the fathef,
testified concer1lg the star cham,
herr session aired to have been CON
Quoted by judi Kingsbury on the
day after the lahuluf wedding, and
the Judge wilIIk notified by wireless
This afternoon hat he Is wanted here
to tell his vSion of the affair in
court tumOrrd morning.