davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-07-03

A combination OF steel and concrete
made In such a manner that each ma
tertal will be required to withstand
the character Of stress for which it is
best adapted-that is, tension for steel
and compression for concrete-con-
stitutes a form of construction for
short bridges and culverts both eco
nomical and durable. The advantages
Of the two materials are combined and
their disadvantages in a large degree
eliminated.
This form Of construction. on &C.
count Of its economy and simplicity,
is especially well suited to highway
%culverts and short span bridges. when
for. reason 1t is desirable that their
superstructures be kept flat. In the
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-07-03

lures will become moro hr1 more ap.
parent as the community develops.
For example, a highway bridge. the
defects Of which are hardly noticeable
when the highway or each side IS
bordered by delapidated fences and
buildings, may become a veritable eye
sore II these features Of the landscape
are sufficiently improved. A design
may be in excellent taste, however,
and vet be almost totally devoid OF
ornamentation. A few simple panels
and copings are usually sufficient so
lend an attractive appearance to
masonry bridges. provided the planes
OF the wing walls, parapets. etc.. T
in proper relation to each other and
to the roadway.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-07-03

inches high, as the plants will b,
slow in recovering II cut too low. I
may be necessary to cut at some Other
time than the ideal time Indicated. M
Tor instance. when the weeds threaten
TO choke out the young plants. wher
the blossoms appear. or when tn.
plants begin to turn yellow. Excep'
In the latter case tho clippings are
usually left on the ground as q mulch
II n plants have turned yellow
owing to some disease. the clipping.
should be raked up and removed. A
top-dressing Of nitrate Of soda will
sometimes invfgorate the diseased
plants. The same statements govern
subsequent cuttings the first summer
except that the growth Is usually too
heavy to be left OF the field.
Ordinarily no treatment Is required
during the second season. except to
cut the hay when the plants are about
one-tenth In bloom, or, better, when
the new crown or basal shoots are
starting. 1t is important to get the
hay on the field as soon as possible,
IN order to allow the new growth to
commence uniformly over the field.
II the windrows or cocks are allowed
to remain too long on the ground, the
alfalfa plants will be smothered out
and then bare spaces will form the
centers from which weeds will spread.
No pasturing should be allowed
during h first or second seasons, as
the crowns have not become SUI
fciently we'll developed to withstand
the effect of trampling. About three
fourths to a full crop nay be expected
the next season after late summer
seeding in the humid regions. Nearly
a full crop Is u the second season
after spring seeding If the weeds OF
the first summer have not seriously
injured the stand.
AS long as ar alfalfa field shows a
perfect stand, with nc tendency to run
to weeds, 1t Is not customary to give
the field any special treatment. If
the weeds begin to prove troublesome,
1t Is advisab BILE to disc the alfalfa after
cutting. This process loosens up the
soil and aerates 1t, which Is decidedly
advantageous to the alfalfa. The tap
roots OF the alfalfa plants are not
Usually injured by this practice If the
discs are set nearly straight, while the
weeds are to a great extent destroyed.
A spfke-toothed harrow may follow
the disk to level the ground.
In the East an implement known as
Al alfalfa renovator Is meeting with
SUCCESS. It Is a modification of a disc
harrow with spike teeth on the discs.
It is adapted to loosening up the
ground and destroying the weeds
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-07-03
BUILDING BEAUTIFUL BRIDGES
nv G. II.

case Of arch %culverts and bridges built
of concrete the economy Of introduc-
ing steel Is not always evident and
should be demonstrated in any par
ticular case before 1t is decided that
the arch must be reinforced.
The conditions to be met in the con-
struction of reinforced concrete Gull
verts make 1t desirable. from a stand
point of economy, that q relatively
high grade Of concrete be used. Any
decrease in the strength Of the con-
crete necessitates a corresponding in
crease in some dimension Of the mem
bers. and thereby adds to the dead
load which the structure must sustain.
Reinforcing bars should be made
from steel having a safe strength of
not less than 5000 pounds per square
inch, and should possess sufficient
m%alleability to be readily bent into the
desired shapes while cold. When
placed In concrete they should be free
from rust, grease, or foreign materials
of any kind, otherwise a perfect bond
between the bars and the concrete will
not be obtained.
Designers Of highway bridge and
drainage structures are urged not only
to investigate the safety and dura-
bility of proposed designs, but to con-
slider their aesthetic features as we'll.
When bridges and culverts are to be
constructed of permanent materials,
such as reinforced concrete, the de-
signer should bear constantly in mind
the fact hat any aesthetic defects
which may be present in such struc-
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-07-03

throughout the western half Of the
United States the coil appears to be
naturally supplied with tho proper
bacteria for the formation of the root
tuberclee. In the eastern part Of the
country, however, where the soil con
{, ditions are loss favorable to the
always necessary to supply them at
the time Of seeding. This i~nnoculation
may be supplied either by scattering
soil from a successful alfalfa field or
in the form OF ARTIFICIAL cultures.
Although possessed Of some disad-
vantages, incubation by means OF soil
from a successful alfalfa field Will
nearly always produce the desired
results It IL essential that care be
taken to avoid the introduction of
seeds Of noxious weeds or harmful
plant diseases, The bulkiness Of the
500 to 500 pounds Of soil necessary
! for IN acre makes It advisable to So
cure tho soil from a neld as near by
a. possible.
It has been found that soil from
II quite a. effective a. alfalfa soil. In
| tAO0S SSSkAVAS VI k0 COAlAkAy S4A!0 RAo4lS
may be found growing wild IN scat
tered olumps. In the South, where
burr clover occurs. soil from around its
roots may be used with good results.
Tho soil may DO mixed with the seed
and sown with 1t. It may also be
drilled or ~broadcasted separately. II
broadoasted. the soil should be scat
tered on q cloudy day or toward even
Ing and Immediately narrowed in, -
sunshine Is harmful to the germs.
II. the soil has to be freighted con-
siderable distances. 1t is usually advis-
able to use but 800 or 500 pounds Of
soil per acre, but this should be mixed
with several times It's weight of ordi-
nary soil to facilitate even scattering.
II the soil IL diff1oult t secure. II may
be best to seed q worry small area the
drst season. taking special precautions
to have 1t thoroughly in%oculated. This
will then furnish an abundance of soil
for inoculatsng q larger area the fol-
lowing
It cannot be urged too strongly that
incubation IL absolutely essential to
tho successful production, Of alfalfa.
There IN very few soils outside the
alfalfa districts that do not require in
o~culatfon, and It may be taken a. q
general rule that all other soils must
have the incubation supplied in order
to grow alfalfa successfully. A few
soils. however, especially those upon
which sweet clover grows naturally,
seem able to produce successful stands
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-07-03
~Transplanting Onions
Onion Growing Pays II the Proper
Methods are Used.

| AACVsAOOD 0E0 ODC0s L
Seed onions are Of better flavor
and keep longer and are more proht-
able to grow than sets, though some
fail to grow them in the home garden
because they are more difficult to keep
clean of weeds.
The best way to raise onions from
seed Is by sowing the seed in a bed
or cold frame early I'M the season and
transplanting later to the row where
they are to grow.
X small section Of the hot bed will
grow 1000 plants until they are the
size of quilts, or they "a be crowded.
BY that time the ground will be warm
and all seed will have terminated so
that the plants may be set in clean
ground that has been worked over to
kill all the young weeds.
II one lacks for room in the hot
bed the seed may be sown in a shell
tered place, an old brush heap, ash
bed or some place where the soil is
good.
If there is room to SOW the seeds in
drills six inches apart they may be
worked some to keep them growing
before they are transplanted.
When you are ready to transplant
them, wet the ground and pull the
plants and then cut off about half
the top and slightly tip the roots.
Set the plants from two to three
inches apart In the row and in rows
OF fifteen inches apart. If very dry
use water when transplanting and
every one will live.
If the soil has been well MANFRED
with stable manure or poultry drop
pings and worked over several times
before the onions are transplanted
to the cows there will be but few
weeds to contend with and the plants
will not be checked in growth.
Onions should be pulled and placed
to dry In the shade when the tops
begin to turn yellow and drop over,
which is usually in August.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-07-03
Pioneer Life Not Easy
The Road to Success Not Always Z
Path OF Roses.


All over the western frontier Their,
are vast sections Of land being de-
veloped by people of small means
men of courage and loyal-heartet
women who have turned their back.
on the old home in the east and
wendell their way gu into the great
west. there to take up q homestead
and build a home Of their own.
These are the people hat most need
the support Of the Government, fol
few OF them have any capital and
must depend upon their labor
Frontier life Is hard at best and Il
ia kes q great amount OF courage and
persistent effort to get = start In life
under the conditions as found there,
There r many things to contend
with that people In the east know
nothing of--horse and cattle thieves,
coyotes, hawks, ground squirrels and
many other annoyanoeA
A man must be . genius and a
hustler, too. for Il no succeeds az q
pioneer he must know how to break
horses to work and to ride, rope .
steer Of horse, put on . horseshoe.
build = house or barn, even.
The homssteader Is at = great dis
advantage in having little or no oApi-
tai and nothing for security to borrow
money on.
A rood team. . strong harness and
wagon are necessary because the roads
Arc rough: his fence must be good, or
the range stock will ruin hb crop, and
the good wife must stay At home or
thu o0votAn and hnwkn viii ~ <ch h>p
chickens. She must teach her own
children. a. It Is too far for them to
90 to school.
She must DO able to ride . horsa,
milk q COW, feed the pigs and do the
chores, for often her husband has to
90 away from homo to work in order
to mako = living and improve his
claim.
Such is life on the far western from
teri. +. b.. Montana.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-07-03
SWEET CORN AND SNAP BEANS.

W. know Of no other crop that pays
better for labor bestowed thar q rood
large plat Of sweet corr and snap
beans. Last yea we planted nearly
one-haf acre to sweet corn and
beans. .
The earliest planting was made as
soon as the ground was warm enough to
insure growth. An extra early variety Of
sweet corn was planted on a part Of
the first planting, then a medium
early variety was planted the same
day. This CAV roasting ears for a
longer season than If only one va
riety had been planted at this plant
ing.
Then a part of the ground was re-
served for later planting so that we
had plenty Of sweet corn and snap
beans for home use from an early
season until frost. Besides this there
was considerable corn dried for winter
use and from $40 10 s12 worth Of
sweet corn and beans odd off Of the
half acre plot. T.
About one dollars worth of small
ears was fed to the stock and plenty
of seed saved for next years planting.
The slower and bean vines were
worth from fifty cents to n dollar
for stock feed. Considering every
thing the half acre planted to corn
and beans was worth not less than
$25. "
The main points in growing a good
crop of sweet corn are: making the
soil rich by liberal applications Of
manure or commercial fertilizer, a
well prepared soil and good frequent
shallow cultivation.
The corn should not be planted too
thick but good seed should be used
In order to get a uniform stand. Then
one or two beans should be planted
in each hill.-J. l..
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-07-03
AFTER DI9TNBUOTTg0. WHITE.
WASH THE STABLE,

Although whitewash IL not an active
disinfectant. In the usual meaning Of
the term, II II an excellent purifier
and should IN all cases be used In
stables after they have been thor
cushly cloansed and disinfectsd with
othsr agents. Hot whitewash for this
purposs u better than cold. II ohio
ride Of lime 10 added to whitewash In
the proportion Of four ounces to the
gallon. tho value OF this application
10 greatly increased. II IL advisable to
whitswash COW stables frequently. at
= once in six months. and better
evefy three months whore diseased
animals have been kept.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-07-03
Producing the Fat Lamb
Get tho Most out Of Your Flock In
EVERY Way 0

The Shropshire Is much in favor as
wslsh or Kerry Hill ewes. and the
RyelAnd also claims qualities OF no
mean order In this respect.
Where . fiock Is kept solely for the
tAt lamb trade. and the ewes are
cleared out every year As soon as the
lambs are OH. then the Welsh. Kerry
or Cheviot IL generally In favor
crossed with = shropshire, Ryeland or
Western ram, The latter are much
used and their lambs feed very
quickly and are Of hns quality.
Flock masters, - q rule, are not
long In flnding out what breed suits
their soil and climate best. and in
sheep breeding both are very import
ant factors. and therefore on cold.
heavy land quality must be to some
extent sAcr1ficed to s11e.
emall-natured, lne-boned sheep will
not thrive when folded on sticky land
when . big weight Of dirt In hanging
to each foot In damp weather, pro-
ducttvs of more muscle than mutton,
and therefore. 4 stronger. holder. and
moro muscular sheep Ii necessary; and
e II on hat account hat crossing
some Of our larger breeds IL 30 much
In favor. - It tends to produce sheep
possessing those characteristics
coupled with good constitutions
And although beauty Of form has
mutton and wool obtained, together
with . small percentage Of mortality.
Il = moro than compensated for, and
-M-- - 49, .
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-07-03
THE AUTO AND GOOD ROADS.

The auto has come to stay and there
is no use fighting against 1t or trying
to penalize the owners f6r destroyins
country roads. There is no doubt that
an auto will wear out a dirt road
quicker than a team carrying 5000
pounds, and while the latter are penal
lied In some states, all efforts to give
the same medicine to the If
autos have failed. The cntr rn"-".r
Is to build roads that vii stand sc
wear and tear Of heavy wa rcns. autns
and anything else and then take the
penalty on everything.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-07-03
SWAT THE FLY.

The fly 10 q nuisance Of the worst
kind. It breeds In NTH and spreads
disease in a great many ways II the
barnyard MANURE can be removed and
the barn kept clean and in q sanitary
condition there will be fewer flies and
as a result there will be less typhoid
fever and other diseases which are
carried by this insect.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-07-03

A good hedge on the west and south
Of the paddocks and farmstead makes
it more comfortable for stock and
man. Willow, ash and Norway poplar
Elm, blackberry, and among ever
greens, the spruce, make slower-grow-
ing but longer-lived windbreakA
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-07-03
Reinforced Concrete Culvert on q
Massachusetts State Road.

What is a good yield of straw per
acre? It will depend upon the crop.
Wheat provides the biggest yield up to
two tons, but the average would be
about 80 cwt. per acre. Barley straw
will average but % cwt. per acre, and
oats 27 cwt. Beans and peas will pro-
duce about the same weight, namely,
25 or 28 cwt
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-07-03
LOSSES OF sI,EEP.

Losses Of sheep from disease during
.re past year are estimated to be about
2A.6 per thousand. which compares
With as.6 similarly estimated a year
r,yn ami 25.5. the ten-year averagc OF
ouch losses. Losses from exposure ara
estimated to be 25.1 per tkousand.
which compares with 466 similarly
es tin,nte ed 4 year ago and Sb.6. the ten-
"ear avern-e. The year Is thlts seen
to rave been favrrnhie. Fhr total
'neseS .c- thousand. from betty disease
~. r-~s"-e il apr'ird 70 the ap.
~ - ,furthcrs nr'i 20 ~ on
= - =. 49,: indicate 9: loss OF
. 49,. - iea1. at 800, q t:tal
=, q 80. "
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-07-03
CALF CURE.

For cali cholera try the formal,n
Treatment Add one-half ounce Iio,,d
tormaiin 70 fifteen n one-half ounces
OF water. Reduce the milk ration al
ieast and add one teaspoonful
OF the diluted formalin to each pint OF
milk. Keep the calves in clean, dry.
wel-lishted stalls. and see that the
MIX, pals, ETC.. are clean.-M. n.
REYNOLDS. Veterinarian. University
Farm. st. Paul. '
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-07-03
Concrete Arch Bridge In the District
OF Columbia.

The male birds should not be al
lowed to run with the rest OF the
flock after June nrst. Kill on all that
are not needed and keep the breeding
ones in an enclosure by themselves.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-07-03

generally in the second and thir
years, and the fourth and fifth ra""s
for breadth and depth of body. 10 y
some keep adding to these point 4:
especially strengthening the -. ~
until 6 or I years old.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-07-03

Unless very poor better give blua-
grass . top-dressing instead Of trying
to re-seed it,
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-07-03

A horse that is exhausted and reek-
Ing with sweat should never be al
lowed to stand In a draft no matter
what the weather may be.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-07-03

A. young calf is injured ny being put
into a dark, stall by himself. The
youngsters get lonesome and pine for
comparv .ust as young children do.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-07-03

q sood male soon pays for himself
= properly managed, whether he i.
used IN public or private service.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-07-03

Late Matched Chi rs are more apt
to suffer from the ri ,ieaA louise than
the early ones. II the y~cGnGsters loo
droopy pretty Ire t1ing that the louise
is busy. Little s~.eet oil IN the top
of the head will relieve them.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-07-03

Coarseness is not an index of vitality
or feeding quality or early maturity.
The coarse hog usually lacks vitality
and Is a slow feeder.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-07-03

kerosened rag over the horses legs TO
Ikiu the bot fly eGgA
The Jasper weekly courier. [volume] (Jasper, Ind.) 1858-1922, 1913-06-20
4 DIAMOND STORY.
The Way Russian Princess pisposes
of tier Jewels.

Inv /
we'll known vbolesala' 49, -
tba Maiden lana 6,.tr;et r ueai - ~, -
off;co or d;ooo,d ,noraLa-4 :.
IonGon vben = 0tr.,n,, ,u.S a :,
and offered m ,n,,snaTlr -,
s+ono fo~ III 80. -: - :
did mot care = pr5 M
tbougbf ne so ~ R 80 -
was not will, ra.a :,
Iearned rho 49, - -
where = lad - -.
so;d ba ronrose,t -
man who di9 -. ;. - H..
name d;eolosca
firm. If be q, ao,
ownor,s nan,o - .o..a
The etrannor :, di. CO.,
woman anil ,,t ..,,.... M
With her
The now -, - ,..,... ,....
took Mr. yisse, -
home She lived .n,t
anartment N one - 49,.
ionabIe quarters IL g.. 5<
t,rno1 ont tL,t sbo 49,. >.
nr;ncose who vah -.
and heg davch,e, l.a,a s.
from puss., e., h..
in n1.,s>t ~
tboir lar- tbev Ill ..,
only n ,evcls sh~ .,..pr,
l;ttIo safe and showed ,aa t.aa,;
CON ono IF tLo fno.t III,
d;omords 10 bad or coon r,l,o,
The Jasper weekly courier. [volume] (Jasper, Ind.) 1858-1922, 1913-06-20
THE ONLY WAY.

To successfully conduct any business enter
prise is to have adequate telephone facilities
furnished by the Cumberland Telephone &
Telegraph Company. Service unexceled long
distance connections to every important, city
ard town in the United States, prompt,co rte
Gus, efficient service. Call our manager for
information, ect
Cumberland Telephone 81 Telegraph Co
incorporated.
The Jasper weekly courier. [volume] (Jasper, Ind.) 1858-1922, 1913-06-20

Sergeant Brown C"holding up" bur
glar until the police arrive)-Ah. mr.
man. you didn't know I'd been q yolun
teer for fifteen years. did your
Sikes--Oh. don't say that, guv'nse
u might GO OFF Be mistakel-Skstch.
Perth Amboy evening news., 1913-03-31
PLEASANT PLAINS

Mr.. and Mrs. John Sheehan OF
Bayonne visited in Prince Bay over
the week end.
Mrs. O. II. Hoag, Is home again
after visit in Port Leyden, N Y.
William Daggett and Ray Reed,
have returned from Nyack.
Miss Agnes Van Pelt of Lodi. N.
]. has been visiting in Eltingville.
Mrs Hannah Quinn, has gone
home to Brooklyn after visit with
relatives here. ~
Alfred Bruggerman visited In
Perth AmbOy Saturday.
James Gilpin of Port Reading gis-
tied In Annadale last week.
Miss May Wissert has been visit
ing her sister at Elizabeth.
William Bedell is recovering from
anabscess on his neck,
Mrs. H Harden has returned to
Connecticut after visit in Hugue-
not.
Frank l.. Bateman, of New Haven,
Conn, visited his brother. Fred Bate
man OF Great Kills last week.
U. S. Grant Council Jr. o. A. M.
meets tonight.
Peter w. Dykeman Will lecture on
Music In the Home-Vooal and In
strumental, at public school NO. b,
Rossyilie tonight
Perth Amboy evening news., 1913-03-31
Pet CoIers Fer Fiaqs.

Has it ever struck you which color
10 most often seen in the flags Of the
worlds Probably it hasn't, because
there are not many people who can
recognize more than half dozen flags
at the outside Well. the most popu-
lar color is red, which is found in the
standards Of no fewer than nineteen
countries out Of twenty-five. Practical
ly every one Of the European states,
together with Mexico, Venezuela, Chile
and Cuba, boasts the color red in their
national flags. Blue is found In the
emblems Of the United States, Russia,
France, Great Britain, Holland, Ecua-
dor, Sweden, Chile. Portugal, Vene-
zuela and Cuba. Black Is not at all
popular, being found only In the cases
Of Germany, Belgium and China, while
Germany is noticeable for having black
and white together Nine countries
boast Of flag partly yellow-viz, Aus
tria, Spain. Belgium, Brazil, Persia,
Sweden, Egypt, China and Venezuela.
To Ecuador belongs the distinction Of
having standard nearer white than
any other country.-New York Post.