davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Imperial Valley press., 1913-08-21
HOTEL MARTIN
$50 Seventh St. San Dleno

New. Modern, Centrally located: Cafe
terra in building; all Outside Rooms.
Rates: Room with detached bath) 81
per day and up; Room with Private
bath) $3.50 and up. Special Weekly
& hlonthIY Rates. z. L. Mcfarland. Mgr.
Imperial Valley press., 1913-08-21
. ~-

NOTICE-An persons having claims
against c. a. Eartigan, or owing same.
please see me at once at store. ]. II.
Stricken, Trustee. II
Imperial Valley press., 1913-08-21
Notice of Removal.

Having bought the business of R.
III Snow at 6t6 Main street, | viii
make headquarters there after Au-
gust %. ED ROYCE.-Adv. 100
Imperial Valley press., 1913-08-21
<
Popular Resort aklD-
MAINLY rNsoNR

.. H. Timmons of the Pioneer Trans
fer company returned last evening
from his vacation.
Imperial Valley press., 1913-08-21

You can find me at 616 Main street
ed ROYCE.-Adv.
Imperial Valley press., 1913-08-21
National League.

Philadelphia 8, Chicago 4.
Cincinnati 4, Boston 1.
Brooklyn 8, St. Louis 0.
Pittsburg 4, New York /.
Imperial Valley press., 1913-08-21
Take All the Cream
From the Milk

0 andt
com
a e cream ron he mi "A
0 a 0 lie ole done?
all the creamf front milk
family lot
all the cream front the milk
II 0
all the creamf front milk
! a 0
III d
Take all
If in
O an cnei the Sharpess
5
~ The mo- expelw
highest
the
The
N think be d relief to
o
y
il a o
Imperial Valley press., 1913-08-21
City AND VALLEY
Theatre Tuiane-Entire change of
-rpypon, 4ppiobf

Theatre Tulane-Entire change of
program tonight
Inquest Today-An inquest was held
this morning on the body of the uu-
known Mexican who died yesterday as
: result of injuries alleged to have
been inflicted with a Shovel welded
ty Alex Shook in No. water district
Knocked Man pown.EA horse a.
tached to a buggy broke away from
The place where he was hitched on
Main street last evening, and runnins
east on Main street, it struck a Mex
can who was riding bicycle, and the
nan was slightly bruised.
Preparing to open.-GampbcIl {
GO. are preparing to open cafe in the
basement Of the McCombs building on
Fifth street The place IS being beau
tifuIly finished in White enameled
woodwork, and a tirst-class equipment
i beng installed. Mr.. Campbell Will
b2 hi> own chez.
Buried in city.EThe remains Of
Alex Hughs. an employe Of the Califor-
ria Development Company, who was
drowned on the delta below tho line.
were buried here today in Evergreen
cemetery. c. 4. Shafer brought the
remains here The young man was
drowned While riding a horse across a
stream on the delta.
Atkins Arrested. - Albert Atkins.
commonly known as Tex" who left
here on cattle train, was arrested to
DAY in Cotton on a warrant sworn out
here. 1t i> charged that ne sold horses
belonging to Ed Richert Of san Diego
and which were kept on the Richert
ranch east of FL Centre, Atkins being
left in charge of them.
Popular Resort.-Speakins Of the
popularity Of El Centro, the third
prisoner who has chosen Imperial
county Jail for his Incarceration when
convicted in the federal court arrived
this morning. When sentenced for
less than year it is customary to az
low the prisoner to select the Jail
where he will be confined. The --latest
one to select this county is F. 4. Whit
tingtOn, who was brought here this
morning by a deputy United States
marshal from Los Angeles He was
convicted Of smuggling in nine China
F2Gi4aT FGiaf,. hrs iIi --E.. ----sE13 is-Qne year
Imperial Valley press., 1913-08-21
OXf0rd>HoteI
Fifth and F Sts.,
San Diego, Calf
St. Anthony Apartments

18th and Broadway, San Diego.
New, modern, with every conven-
ience. Apartments for or 8 epople,
$25, including everything. Bachelor
apartments, $22.5O. Transient apart
ments, 81 per day. Ballroom, sun par
lor, etc. Mr.. and Mrs. Chas. J. Rem,
PrOpS
Imperial Valley press., 1913-08-21
YESTERDAYS BASEBALL.
Coast League.

Venice ,, Sacramento 1.
san Francisco 3, Oakland 1.
Portland i. Los Angeles I.
Imperial Valley press., 1913-08-21
VALLEY HEADQUARTERS :

The best, up to date, sanitary, fire.
proof hotel in city. Ground floor
lobby; elevator service; phones in al!
rooms; electric cars pass door, going in
all directions. Rooms with and Witho out
bath. Sample rooms. FREE AUTO
BUS MEETS ALL TRAINS AND BOATS
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1913-07-05
printed crepe or a
pretty flower-strewn taffeta.
MAY PROVE FATAL.
When Will Cairo People Learn the
Importance of It?

Backache is only a simple thing
at first;
But If you find It's from the kid
ueys;
That serious kidney troubles may
follow;
That dropsy or Brights disease
may be the fatal end,
You will be glad to know the fol-
lowing experience.
'Tis the honest statement of resi-
dent of this locality.
S. Creek. grocer, Main St, Mound
City, ILL.,, says. 81 know from per-
sonal experience that Doan's Kidney
Pills are a good medicine for disor-
dered kidneys. Kidney disease
made me miserable Ny back and
head ached and pains often extended
from my loins into my neck. was
restless and when | got up in the
morning. | felt all tired ont. Hav-
ing Doan's Kidney Pills recommend
ed to me, I used them. They proved
of benefit in every way"
For sale by all dealers. Price so
cents. Foster-Mlburn Co., Buffalo,
New York. sole agents for the
United States.
Remember the name--Doan' S.
and take no other.
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1913-07-05

ing OF the corner stone of the memo
rial which is to be the permanent
monument to Perry's victory. When
completed, the memorial will consist
Of Doric column of granite 800
feet high and Is feet in diameter,
surmounted by spectators gallery
rcaeh he'd by elevators, above which
Will towe- an immense tripod hold
ing a beacon light flashing its rays
heayeuward and visible for miles
over Lake Erie. This column will
stand in the center OF plaza 75S
feet long and 461 feet wide, which
will rise in gradual ascent from
the waters edge, with Put-in-Bay
ono one side and Lake Erie on the
other--to height OF u feet
Al one end of the plaza will be an
historical museum containing
relics Of American historical events.
principally OF the War OF 1872, and
at the other end, a building en-
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1913-07-05
MOUND CITY

The Queen Of Egypt Chapter, Or
der Of Eastern Star. held a special
meeting Thursday evening and Mrs.
Ed Sheerer, Ed Sheerer and William
Davis of this city and Mrs. Earl Giles
Of Mounds became members of the
society. Following the work of the
evening the members INDUCED In q
social time and brick lee cream and
cake were served. Small silk flags
were given as favors. The out-ol-
town members present We're Mr.. and
Mrs. Frank Spencer. Mr.. and Mrs r.
| II. Spann, Mrs Marie Hood, Mrs.
II A. Davis, Mrs. Francis NJ Ran
dali, Mrs. IIermine Schultz, Mrs.
Herman Weber. Mrs. Anna Vincent,
Mrs Estelle Fellers and Misses
Dawn Gibson and Emma Yost 81
cairo. Mrs. } w Arm, Mrs. George
Chance. Mrs George Blank and Mrs.
Frank Grain of Mounds, Mrs Eva
Hood Of Olmstead. Mrs. 3. a. ROYAL
and Miss Florence Trindle of Villa
Ridge
Among those who attended the
Fourth OF July celebration at Ia
Grange hall at villa Ridge yester-
day were Mr.. and Mrs. Hugh Mason,
Mr. ana Mrs. William Montgomery.
Mr. and Mrs. Henry Kennedy, Nj.
and Mrs. Ed Sheerer, Mr.. and Mrs
W A Doughcrty, Mr. and Mrs W
n. Kennedy Mr. aud Mrs. G Z.
Richie and Mr.. and Mrs. IT, c.
Clarke Mr. and Mrs. F. R, Winders
of Chicago, Mrs. Thomas Higgins,
Mrs Naude Southall, Miss Clara
Perks and Miss Hattie Hawley and
Messrs. Fred Johnson, l.. C, Perks
Ralph Schiller, Keller, George Ash
by William Dougherty, Jr., William
Perks, Joe Martin and Joseph West
cfman.
Mrs Newton Dalton and daugh-
ter, II IS Pearl have returned from
Sikeaton, Mo. where they visited
relatives They were accompanied
home By Mrs. Dalton's grandson,
Kennett Langforth. Of Sikeston, who
will remain here a few days.
MIS- Tar,o. n1lan r.s11 1oaro -
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1913-07-05
Pruritis a Severe
Form of Eczema
A Method of Home Treat,
ment that is Very
Effective.

There is probably no other remedy
so well known as ). S. S, for the blood.
And fer this reason il is the one rem
edy invariably called for in treatipE
prurItis and other skin diseases. BuI
there are many people who do not in
slst upon having 5 s 5. and are easil,-
persuaded to try something else Just
as good" so they are told. II you;
blood is thin; if your skin is irrltdtcl
with eczema, lupus letter psoriasis, or
any other blood humor. If you ara
trou}ied with pimples or boils. do not
permit yourself 10 be talked into buy
ine ptLpg else, but insist upon
s. 5 S Il is really a remarkable rem
edy It contains one ingredient, the
active purpose Of which is To stimulate
the tissues TO the healthy selection o.
It's own essential nutFiment And tn
medical elements Of this matches
blood purifier are just as essential u
we'll balanced health as the nutritious
clements Of the mea -, grains, fats and
sugars Of our daily food These fact
are brought out in Il highly INTEREST,"
ing book on skin diseases, complied D.
The medical department Of the Swif,
Specific Co 1S4 Swift BIDS Atlanta.
"a. II is mailed free. together with q
snecial letter Of advice. TO all who are
struggling with a blood disease
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1913-07-05

hings greatly against the public in-
terest
The reference was to the confer
nee with the attorney general over
he form OF the decree which is tc
le entered By the federal court dis
solving the Pacific railroad marger
Mr. Martin demanded that Loyet;
and Crayath as we'll as the after
ney general be ca led to testify a,
70 what went on at that conference
behind closed doors,
Next Mr. Martin specified the ar
NOR plate lobby which on the last
day OF the TAFT administration tried
to get the secretary of the navy to
sign contract which was inimisa al
to the public interests tc the amount
OF seevral millions"
Mr. Martin gave the names OF A.
c. Dickey Of the Carnegie Steel CONF
pany, Archibald Johnson Of tho
Bethlehem company and Mr. Petric
OF the Mldvale company. He de-
manded that they be summoned be-
fore the committee.
The effort OF these men, Mr.. Mar
tin declared was to get $25 per ton
more this year than they got last
Tor armor and $500 more than ar
for is really worth.
Finally there Is the Navy league
lobby, Mr.. Martin declared. lie
said that Mr. Morgan, Mr.. satterlee
and Colonel Thompson are actively
at work advocating the building eli
warships which are built largely By
the steel trust in which all three
are interested.
The committee adjourned until
when Edward Laute-baah
will be heard as well as the alleged
lobbyists who have been active her
in the interests Of wool and sugar.
In the meantime, the individual
of the committee viii be at
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1913-07-05
Diabetes
Simple Herb Quickly Relieves
This Dread Disease.

Diabetes has heretofore been considerel
lncurable, and the only hope held out to tht
aHllcttd has been 10 prolong their years by
strict diet
a plant recently discovered In Mexico
lahetoi HeTh, has been found to be n sp4,
enc IN the treatment Of dia betes. quickly
ducing the So citic gravity and sugar. re-
storing Nlgor and building up the system.
us harmless vegetable remedy will re.
lieVe the patient OF his worst symptoms, IN
me most aggravated case S, Within a we.
ana 10 prove 1t, we viii mail the first sDr
package for DC. with free booklet Of special
naIaes 70 the diabetfc, containing latest dit
ilsts aud exclusive table of food values, NV.
ing percentage of starch and sugar tcarboby
draieel In 30 different foods.
Ten your afflicted friend Of this offer ara
send 22c TO-DAY for full sized 51c package.
AN rs CH EN- tCAL CO. Dept b5s-E WHIT
ney Point, y. Y.
You Gao gel Dlahekoi ia Cairo AZ Paul q
Schuh \ Sons at me Regular price.
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1913-07-05

0lematlc OF 4 century OF peace be-
tween Great Britain and the United
States. This viii be the highest
monument in the wor d. excepting
the Washington monument at the
National Capitol. and the highes;
column without exception. 1t VIII
cost approximately one million dol
lars, which is being contributed by
the national government and the
ten states affiliated in this centen.
NAL.
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1913-07-05
Would Aid Sericulture.

The iudic'ous payment of bounties
for fresh cocoons and spinning, and.
above all, instruction in practical seri-
culture in elementary schools, as well
as agricultural colleges, are today rec
commended as the most efficacious
means of combating the decline of Sc
riculture in France.
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1913-07-05

gale and Mrs. Caldwell were locat
ed
Il am satisfied" said Captain
Meagher of the Desplaines Street
station last night. that we are al
last on the right track"
"The woman was slain either by
Jack rollers or an enemy The fact
that nothing of value was taken
from her makes this theory almost
conclusive"
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1913-07-05

The country needs memorials of It's
public men and the great events OF
It's history for the sake of their edu-
cational effect. But these memorials
must have the quality Of the great
buildings of Athens, of which Thu.
cydides said that the sight of them
was daily delight.
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1913-07-05
Pushed to Death.

1t was a machine in miscellaneous
show, and on it was inscribed: Push
hard enough and you will get your pen
ny back" On opening the show the
other morning they found at the foot
of the machine Scotchman lying
dead.
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1913-07-05
was asked.

was asked.
Mr.. Martin replied that he would
not advance any opinion upon that
Thereupon he offered to produce
before the committee matter relat-
ing TO other Hobbies existing here in
Washington and when invited to pro,
coed he specified the Pacific railroad
lobby, composed Of judge Lovett
and Paul d. Cravath, who last week
had lobbied Tor four hours in the
Office Of the Attorney General Of the
United States he said.
They were men convicted of a
grave offense in the federal courts,
and they came here to ~ to india.
ence the department Of justice to dc
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1913-07-05
Accounted For.

81 must congratulate you, Katie"
said the lady Of the house. You didn't
break any crockery yesterday NO.
ma'am." replied the girl You see,
had bad headache. and didn't feel
very strong yesterday"
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1913-07-05

NOTICE TO TAXPAYERS.

Poll taxes for the year 1913 are
now due. All persons are requested
to call at Police Headquarters, No
I'LL Commercial avenue and pay
same.
Il. j. DACRES,
Street Supervisor.
$50 tt
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1913-07-05
News 10 Him

why Is 1t that they never place
the pictures of living men on bank
notes" asked the fellow who had
become rich by writing the words of
popular songs. Don't they?" the
poet replied.
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1913-07-05
Scratch on Nose Caused n...h

Lockjaw, which set In three days
after he mad scratched his nose bv
railing from fence, was the cause of
tho recent death at London of a house
decorator. named Carey.
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1913-07-05
Take All the Cream.

Educated folk keep to one another's
company too much leaving other
people much like milk skinned OF its
cream.
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1913-07-05

work shaping up the examination!
toI next week
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1913-07-05
PERRC CENTENNIAL
IS INAUGURATED
WITH GREAT ECLAT

CONCLUDED from First Page
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1913-07-05
LAMAR PAINTED
AS BENEFACTOR
In LOBBY CASE

Concluded from First Page. }
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1913-07-05
SLAIN WOMAN IS
IDENTIFIED as
MISSION ANGEL

(Conc uded from First Page.)
The Prescott daily news., 1913-02-28
START YOUR LIVER
 DON'T STOP WORK
DOdsOn'S Liver Tone Acts Mildly, but Surely. Liyens Up the Liver and You Stay On
 Your Feet

It the experience of calomel users that if they take enough of the drug to have the desired eff feet. it seriously interferes with their work the day after. But this is the least important item for calomel is often a dangerous drug and acts on the system vio. lently.
 Don't take chances with calo- mel. Get bottle of the pleas ant, safe and perfectly harmless Dodson's Liver Tone, guaranteed to take the place of calomel. In stead of making you feel worse the next day it makes you feel better-and you actually are bet ter, for no remedy in the whole world livens up the liver, regu- lates the bowels and really reiu- venates the system any better than this does.
 You are the sole judge of its merits. Hesterly Drug Store is fully authorized to hand you back your money without question if it fails to relieve you-and please you.
 Remember; if you feel consti- pated and bilious, what you need is Dodson s Liver Tone. A large bottle and a good guarantee for 90 cents from Hesterly Drug Store. Advt.
The Prescott daily news., 1913-02-28
NEWS
 OF THE
 WEEK
Legisiatiue

Legislatiue
 Senator William Alden Smith of Michigan. head of the senate special committee Investigating Mexican and Nicaraguan affairs. made public copy of letter forming part Of the core spondence obtained by the committee fin connection with it's Nicaraguan in- Quiry.
 Gov. Robinson signed the Going bill, virtually placing Arkansas under statewide prohibition after December 31. 1913. The bill prohibits the issu- ance of liquor license in any town or city except on petition to the county judge by a majority of adult white in- habitants of such locality.
 Washington
 The largest pension bin ever report ed to congress, carrying appropria- tions aggregating S1s0, ,300,000, was passed by the house by vote of 2l9 to 40. An amendment will make nec- essary an additional appropriation or more than $1,000,000.
 Voting 2l3 to IA, the house refused to override President Taft's veto of the Dillingham; Burnett immigration bill. The measure had previously been passed over the executive disap- proval by the senate.
 The report was current among Dem ocratic leaders in the house that the extra session of congress would be called to convene in the first week Of April.
 
 There will be Wilson family re- union at the White House on inaugu- ration day in which all the close rela- tives of the new president will partici- pate. Plans for it were announced by Mrs. Woodrow Wilson.
The Prescott daily news., 1913-02-28
low TO ENLIST SUPPORT.

|,ro have in our language many vimums to teach us the value |nprsistance and to show us the roaching influence of our acts. Pt when we would undertake to [complish a worthy object we ! ant to be discouraged with \ thought that probably we |all not be able to complete the |dertaking or perhaps the indif- kance of those who would be bst benefited dampens our frits.
 Some things we ought all to do |principle and without hope of Ward. Some things each of us Specially qualified to do, and l that reason alone we ought to Ithem. Indifference to a wor
 movement is often due t o k of knowledge regarding it's kect. and therefore every inn ftant project should be pre- Rded by a campaign of educa- h. Sometimes a little educat-
 of this kind will enlist the longest support from persons b before were indifferent if
 hostile. Some persons may against a project for personal sons; because they hold a pri- e grudge against the person king the proposal or leading
 he movement. But in gener- he sympathy and support of enterprising citizens can be
 sted in any worthy movement Pn they understand it's purpo-
 and appreciate its merits.
 'veryone, therefore who as Ps leadership in any cause or
 is ambitious to promote any
 munlty movement must rec
 lze that his first work is edu-
 ve' he must first help the peo
 to an understanding of his
 pose before he can expect
 p to lend their support i n
 lglng about it's accomplish
 | This kind of foresight
 characterized all great
 ers of men and is a
The Prescott daily news., 1913-02-28
NOTED SPEAKER HERE IN MARCH

D. Latimore King will deliver his famous address Liquid De mocracy and It's Psychological Effect on the Body Polite" at the Court House on the evening of March 4th, 1913. As a hu. morist Colonel King has no peer and as an orator he ranks first in Arkansas. Bill Nye and Mark Twain, in their best days, could not carry water to Colonel King when it comes to entertaining an audience. Come and hear him.
 Have yovr home guttered. See Wyril-Phones 30S or 3l6. Advt
The Prescott daily news., 1913-02-28

Fine Jersey Seed Sweet Pota. toes-Southern climated. S1.25 per bushel. Farmer Lee, Pres> colt, Arkansas. Phone 21S.
The Prescott daily news., 1913-02-28

Get the Ladies Home Journal for March from HeSterly Drug Store. This issue is an excep tionally good one.
The Prescott daily news., 1913-02-28

quality that is indispensable to the successful promotion of any movement.
The Detroit times., 1913-07-02
WILSON LEAVES
FOR RIVER CRUISE
Executive to Spend Three Days
in Absolute Quiet on May
flower

WASHINGTON. Jty President
Wilson sailed today An the Mayfower
for three-day river>and bay trip. The
president had as companion only Dr.
Grayson, his personal physician
Orders have been issued that the
trip Is to be quiet as possible. There
we're no salutes on leaving and there
will be none en- route. The president
wants rest and quiet and the big yacht
will cruise along the river and bay
most OF the time, making but little
more Roadway than Is required for
steering purposes.
The president had hoped to spend
this week with his family at Cornish,
N. H.. but pressure OF public business
here prevented. He will return here
next Thursday night and leave Friday
morning for Gettysburg, where he is
TO make the principal speech on
July 4.
While the president is on the water,
Secretary Joseph p. Tumulty will go
to New Jersey TO find summer quar-
ters for his family The Tumulty chill
dren have been suffering from humps
and the doctors have ordered that
they be taken to the seashore TO re-
cover.
The Detroit times., 1913-07-02
WATER ICES AND SHERBETS

These are usually composed Of fruit
juices, simple syrup and water. Sim
pie syrup can be made at home by us
Ing the best lump sugar, two pounds,
add one quart OF water and allow to
dissolve before putting on the fire,
Heat slowly until IL comes 10 a boil
ing point. Take off any scum that
may rise, but be very careful not TO
stir the syrup until ii is as thick as
heavy cream. Then put in mason
fruit Jars and set away until you wish
to use it. In making fruit ices IL is
almost impossible TO tell the proper
ton of sugar 10 be used bat the usual
method is one-half cup OF syrup to
one pint OF fruit juice. Always strain
your juices through cheese cloth
bag so that there Will be no seeds in
your ice Remember. II takes longer
10 freeze ices than cream, but slowly
turn the crank until the contents be
come stiff Then the can should be
opened the sides scraped down and
the stiffly beaten white OF one egg
worked into the ice. This amount OF
egg with one teaspoonful of pulverized
sugar beaten with it is sufficient for
two quarts OF sherbet. Now pack your
ice and cover II with wet carpet and
Lee: II stand three hours.
The Detroit times., 1913-07-02
DIR. M'MICHAEL
IS new HEAD OF
SCHOOL BOARD
Elected President Over Inspector
Mumford by Vote Of Ten TO
Five
-
HELY is CHOSEN
PRESIDENT PRO TEN
All Members Present Except
Goldberg, But Candidates
Do Not Vote

Dr. Albert J McMichael, school In
spector for the Fourth ward. was
elected president OF the Board of Edu.
cation Tuesday noon. by vote of 10
10 8. over Inspector Samuel c. Mum
ford, OF the First ward.
Hiram c. Goldberg. retiring presi.
dent. was the only member not pres
emit. and all the others cast their votes
except the two candidates. The vote
stood
For cMichael-Small, Charlton
neau. Majeske, Maybee. Miehm, Hely,
Condor. Auch, Kunz and Cary.
For Mumford-Lowrie. Hunter, JET
fries Kennedy and Ellis.
Inspector Albert Hely of the Thir-
teenth ward was elected president
pro TEN.
The nomination OF Dr. McMichael
was made by Inspector Condor, who
Was In former times an opponent of