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The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1913-04-10

Occasional articles have been print
cd calling attention to the fact that
the cold-storage men we're reapinG
vast profits which rightfully belonged
to the farmer. and advising the farmer
to send his own eggs 10 the storage
house or to preserve them By other
means. A o matter Of fact, the cold
storage Of eggs has not Of late years
been particularly profitable. there hav-
ing been severe losses during sexsral
seasons. Even we're the profits Of egs
storing many times greater than thsy
are, the above advice would still b
unwiss, for the storing. removing and
selling OF the farmers individual case
Of eggs would eat MP all possible
profit.
When eggs in the hands Of large
operators are properly preserved in
cold storage. the best and most en-
cient methods known are In reality At
the farmers service. Because Of the
severe competition that prevails In
egg storing. the farmer 10 paid all the
increase in price which the business
will stand. A comparison Of the sum
mer prices Of eggs now with summer
prices before days Of cold storage will
substantiate the truth of this state
ment.
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1913-04-10
INTENSIVE FARMING
Conducted by FRANK S. MONTGOMERY, MS.
Instructor in Animal Husbandry and Special Investigator
RAPE

profitable crop. II Is not suitable for
feeding alone. for although very nutri-
tious It contains a large amount Of
water and would require the con-
sumption of too great bulk In Or
der to satisfy the animal.
Rape requires rich land, In fact II
cannot be too rich. The addition of
manure and In some cases, nitrogen
fertilizers. is necessary to give the
maximum yield. The land for rape
should be well prepared and finely
pulverized. The seed may be sown
very early and until as late as Aug
ust. II takes q rather hard freeze to
injure rape and 1t will furnish pastur-
age until nearly Christmas II late
paintings are made. It is usually
large enough to pasture in four to
eight weeks.
Rape seeds are very small, about
like black mustard seed. Three to
five pounds are sufficient to SOW an
narrowed In lightly or covered with Il
brush as Is sometimes done with tur-
nip seed. Sowing in drills 2 inches
apart is considered by many the best
way to plant 1t. 1t is claimed that
stock will not tramp the plants 80
badly when sown In this way, as they
have tendency to keep between the
rows. In addition sowing In drills al
lows for cultivation and In weedy Ian,
this Is, Of course, an advantage. Rape
can be used as a catch crop in many
cases to advantage. BY disking land
after the removal of wheat or oats
and sowing rape. some good fall pas
ture can often be secured. Rape can
be sown in oats about 3 weeks after
the oats are up and not interfere with
the growth of the oats to any great
extent. After the removal of the oats
the rape grows rapidly and quickly
furnishes good pasture. The seed are
sown broadcast and covered with a
harrow. II care is taken the young oats
will be injured very little. Rape may
also be sown in corn at the last cult
walton and furnish late fall pasture.
There is but one variety widely
grown in this country. This is the
Dwarf Essex. Seed can be secured Of
almost any seedman. 1t should al
ways be bought by sample and tested
for termination before being accept
ed. The seed costs from seven to ten
cents per pound.
E. J. Kinney. Asst. Agronomis'
Ky. Agricultural Experiment Station.
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1913-04-10
|P ()([IRY'
|XXVQ|
COLD STORAGE EGG INDUSTRY
infaiiIbis Rule 10 FOR Farmer to Mar
kst Product ~ Soon - PesslbIs
After Laid,


The cold storage egg industry II .
development Of the last twenty-five
years. Undoubtedly the industry -
q whole has been Of great benefit TO
both egg producer and egg consumer.
and has tended toward the leveling Of
the price Of eggs throughout the year
and has resulted in q large increase In
the fall and winter consumption. This
means larger total demand and .
consequent increase in price.
Owing to the fact that eggs are
spoiled by hard freezing, they must be
kept at . higher temperature than
meat and butter. Temperatures Of
from 20 to 30 degrees Fahrenheit are
used In cold storage of eggs. At such
temperatures the eggs. II kept in moist
air. become moldy or musty. To pre-
vent this. the air In Q nrst-class stor.
age room 10 kept moderately dry.
which shrinks the eggs. though much
more slowly than would occur with
out storage. The growth Of bacteria
in cold storage II practically prevent
ed. II bacteria are in the eggs when
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1913-04-10

Rape is grown in the United States
primarily a. q forage plant. but In
Europe 4 10 quite widely grown. main
ly for the production Of oil from the
seeds. This oil is used for Illuminating
purposes, for table use and for lubricss
ton. Rape belongs to the cabbage
family and has the fleshy character
Of the leaf Of cabbage. In shape and
general appearance the leaves resem-
bic those Of the rutabaga or stock
turnip. but the roots are like those
Of cabbage. The leaves grow very
rank and are sweet and tender. The
plants grow to a height Of one to four
feet. depending upon soil and season.
The principal uses OF rape for for
age are for pasture or soiling for
sheep. hogs and sometimes cattle. II
Is. OF course. impossible to cure tape
30 that II may be used for hay. neither
is II satisfactory for silage purposes.
When pastured the stock should be
turned on when the plants reach the
proper size. usually six TO eight weeks.
Before II Is eaten down very closely
the stock should be removed in order
IN give the plants an opportunity 10
send up new leaves. II handled in this
way a field will furnish pasturage
for long period.
When used for soiling PURPOSES.
that Is, cut and fed, rape should not
be cut too closely or 1t will be killed.
II cut from to inches high three
cuttings can often be secured.
When sheep or cattle are turned on
rape 1t is well to give them some
dry feed previously or they may bloat
seriously, especially IL the rape is
wet. Hogs are not affected. however
and can be turned on at any time.
The greatest danger from bloating
occurs when first turning on the PAS
ture. for after stock become accustom-
cd to feeding on It they can be turn
ed directly on rape without much
danger. Stock will sometimes refuse
10 eat rape readily at first. but they
soon learn to relish IT, II fed to dairy
cattle, rape should be feed after the
milking period. otherwise the milk is
liable to have a cabbage flavor. Rape
Is very palatable and makes a SPLEEN
did feed to use In connection with
grain for fattening hogs and sheep. 1t
ID very cheaply grown and its use
VIII In many cases greatly cheaper
meat production. Those who have
grown II are very enthusiastic in its
praise and consider II their most
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1913-04-10

rich 10 potash, but deficient in phos-
phoric acid. II should. rs q rule. be
used In connection with the solid dung.
the one thus supplying the deficiencies
Of the other and making q more evenly
balanced manure.
Barnyard manure Is very variable
substance. Its composition and value
depending mainly upon u, age and
kind OF animal, t2l quantity and quail.
y Of food. g, proportion Of litter and
~ method OF management and age
Ordinary barnyard manure properly
cared for may I've assumed to contain
on the average one half per cent each
Of nitrogen and potash aud one-third
per cent OF phosphoric acid.
Mature animals. neither gaining nor
losing weight excrete practically all
the fertilizing constituents consumed
In the food. Growing animals may
excrete as little rs 90 per cent Of the
fertilizing constituents Of the food.
milk cows excrete from Us TO IS per
cent and fattening or working animals
from IS to % per cent. As regards
the fertilizing value OF equal weights
Of manure In Its normal condition.
farm animals probably stand in the
following order: Poultry. sheep, pigs.
horses and cows.
The amounts Of fertillxing constitu.
ents In the manure stand In direct re-
lation to those 10 the food. As regards
the value OF manure produced. the con.
centrnted feeding stuffs. such as meat
scrap. cottonsecd meal linseed meal
and wheat bran. stand first; the Ie-
guminous plants tclover. peas, etc, Sec
ond: the grasses third: cereals toats.
corn. etc. fourth. and root crops. such
as turnips beets and mangel wurzels
last
The nitrogen OF the food exerts a
greater influence on the quality OF the
manure than any other constituent II
Is the most costly fertilizing constitu-
ent II undergocs more modification
In the animal stomach than the min
eral constituents potash and phos-
phoric acid, and rapidly escapes from
the manure IN fermentation. The Sc
erection OF urine increases with the In.
crease OF heterogeneous substances 10 the
food. thus necessitating the use OF lar
ger amounts Of litter and affecting both
the amount and value OF the ma nure.
The use OF watery foods. As Is obvious.
produces the same result.
Bsrnyard manure rapidly undergoes
change. When practicable TO remove
the manure and spread II on the aeld
at short intervals the losses Of valua.
bic constituents need not be very great.
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1913-04-10


stored. the growth will b checked.
but activity will begin again when the
eggs are warmed up.
Speaking generally, the cold storage
egg. while not unwholesome. IL in
ferior In flavor and strength of white
to q fresh egg. The cold-storage egg
can be very nearly duplicated In gross
appearance and quality by allowing
egsg to stand for three or four weeks
In a dry room. Cold-storage eggs,
when In case lots, can be told by the
Gambler because Of the uniform shrink
age, the presence Of mold on cracked
eggs. and perhaps, the occasional
presence Of certain kinds Of spot rots
peculiar to storage stock; but the alb
solute detection Of Q single cold
storage egg by Gambling is. % far Is
the writer knows, impossible.
With the present prevailing custom
Of holding fall eggs without storage
facilities, It 10 frequently true that
eggs placed In cold storage In April
are superior to current fall and early
winter receipts. Cold-storage eggs are
usually sold Wholesale as cold-storass
goods. but are retailed simply a.
eggs"
The fall eggs offered to the con-
sumner cover every imaginable varia-
ton In quality. and the poorest ones
sold may or may not be cold storage
stock. ---..-. o.. ---.
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1913-04-10

ment and only LOO pounds on the soft
sand road These figures are only ap-
proximateiy correct. since they are av-
erage values. but sufficiently close to
give us some idea of the relative value
OF good and poor road surfaces. Before
any district or state can fully realize
the value OF good roads special action
on its part must be necessary. This
action must embrace three things-a
nonpolitical organization whose pur-
pose Is to provide good roads. a prac-
teal and economical construction and
maintenance
There should be one or more good
business men on the board Of control
A lawyer Of some years experience
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1913-04-10
To Aid Roadmakina.

Owing to the large amount OF good
roads construction now In progress In
Louisiana state highway engineer
has been appointed who will be at the
service OF all parishes to indicate prop
or methods OF noad construction and TO
see that roads once built are properly
protected. W. K. Atkinson Of Monroe
has been appointed to the new position
He In a graduate civil engineer who
has been In charge Of much road con-
struction IN Louisiana.
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1913-04-10

Do give the later SUMMER matched
chicks q chance to eat their meals
without being run over by older birds.
Excited men and women make ex.
cited birds. and that has bad effect
on the egg producing mechanism Of
the birds.
Sell all the old hens that you do
not intend to winter. At this season
they command . reasonably good
price in market.
Get in your winter supplies and
utensils-this includes the incubators
and brooders, and what new stock
you must purchase.
You may think you know q good
deal about how to raise poultry. but
the deeper you 90 into II the moro
surprises you will find.
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1913-04-10
Use Charcoal Freely.

Charcoal should be freely used IN
the poultry yard. Pounded fine and
mixed with the soft feed fed to the
fowls. II cleanses the system Of I'm
purities. As It acts upon the blood u
acts upon the life Of the fowl. When
the blood IL thick and olotty. Q dull.
sick chicken will soon follow. Thin
blood means vigorous circulation. and
on a good circulation Of blood. health
largely depends. II your fowls lack
activity. they need something to stir
the blood out Of its sluggishness. Il
is best to keep the charcoal in . dry
place. and when needed. grind or
pound some fine and mix with soft
food.
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1913-04-10

LOADING MANURE WAOON WITH TbOkLkn
FROM BARN TO WAGON.
but when the manure must be stored
for some time the difficulties OF pres
ervation are greatly increased.
The deteriorn ton OF manure results
from two chief causes. (aI fermenta-
ton. whereby nitrogen. either as am
monia or In the gaseous state. Is set
free, and (bD weathering or teaching.
which involves loss OF the soluble
fertilizing constituents The loss from
destructive fermentation may be- large
iy prevented by the use Of proper abb
sorbents aud by keeping the manure
moist and compact Loss from leach
Ing may be prevented by storage under
cover or In water tight pits Ex-
tremes OF moisture and temperature
are TO be avoided aud uniform and
moderate fermentation Is the object to
be sought To this end II In advisa BILE
to mix the manure from the different
animals thoroughly In the heap.
Effect Of Fresh Manure.
Where Improvement OF the mechan-
icai condition OF the soil In the princi-
pal OBJECT sought fresh manure Is rest
adapted for this purpose to heavy soils
and well rotted manure to light soils.
Where prompt action Of the fertilixing
constituents In desired the best results
will probably be obtained by applying
fresh manure to the light soils. al
though excessive applications In this
case should be avoided on account OF
the danger OF burning out" Of the soil
In dry seasons Fresh manure has q
forcing effect and Is better suited to
early garden truck. grasses and forage
plants than to plants grown for seed.
such as cereals, or to fruits. Direct
applications TO root crops. such as sug-
ar beets and potatoes. or to tobacco
often prove injurious The manure
should be spread when carried to the
field and not left In heaps to leach.
The rate OF application must be de-
termined by individual circumsta noes.
Az n rule II Is better to manure light
ly and frequently than to apply large
amount at longer intervals.
One Of the best ways TO utilize barn
yard manure is to apply II In connec-
ton with such fertilizing materials as
supplement Its fertilizing constituents.
These materials may be either com
posted with the manure or used sep
arately. except In case OF a nitrate.
such as nitrate OF soda. which should
never be composted with barnyard ma.
nurs on account OF danger Of denitrih-
cation and loss OF nitrogen. As Is well
known. barnyard manure Is lasting 10
Ito effects and In many cases need not
Be applied 30 frequenu as the more
soiuble and quick acting superphos-
,hstes aud potash and nitrogen salts
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1913-04-10

Ky. Agricultural Experiment Station.
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1913-04-10


should be member and there should
be represented on the board OF control
an engineer who knows his business.
The engineer should also be chief en-
gineer Of the construction with as
many assistants as necessary to carry
on the work of road building. Some
states OF our commonwealth have
made the state engineer the chief engi-
neer OF a road commission whose per
sonnet IL composed Of business men.
lawyers and engineers who receive no
salary and are appointed by the gov
ernor OF the state for definite period
OF time. There are several methods
Of organization. and only experience
will eliminate the undesirable elements.
leaving the good What might he sue
cessful In one part OF the country may
be unsuccessful In another. Ralph
Parshall. Colorado Agricultural College.
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1913-04-10
Turkey orowin0.

Turkey growers In middle Tennss-
see report a very poor crop this sea-
son. Not 20 per cent Of the poultry
Matched were raised. owing to the
longcontinued, cold while the poults
were very young All told. there will
be scarcely half an average crop.
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1913-04-10
THE REAL VALUE
OF GOOD ROADS
They Are Chief Essentials In
Growth Of Prosperity.
BOARD OF CONTROL NEEDED


A busy. growing nation such as ours
certainly requires Internal improve
ments to keep pace with our prospect.
ty. Our prosperity is measured by In
dustrial activities and such activities
are scattered in all parts Of our great
commonwealth. There are several es-
sentials TO promote this growth. and
one Of the chief ones Is good roads.
Investigations have shown that the
average horse can exert at a walking
pace traction pull Of about one -eighth
to one tenth OF his weight. Assuming
this to be about the correct value, what
effect will the kind OF road have upon
the load the horse is able to pulli On
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1913-04-10
HOME COURSE
N SCIENTIFIC
AGRICULTURE
THIRD ARTICLE-BARN-
YARD MANURE.
D. ". n. B9Al. Of the office Of En-.
eesinest Stations. Depsrtmest
Of Agriculture.


horses. mules. etc. 6l!OOOOOO
cattle, +7.0OO.0OO hogs and 5i.000.OO0
sheep Experiments indicate that II
these animals were kept In stalls or pens
throughout the year aud the manure
.ar.suIlv .sv.a the soproximate value
:. an. ,.,,,,,,,,r .o,u,,,u.,,. NJ On.
.-,,,., =. 80, 49,. .,
"'"a"'' p -
NIUE sn"ua'' """'u w s-'' W e"'"
head OF cattle w oy escn hos % anu
BY each sheep ".
These estimates are based on the val
ues usually assigned to phosphoric
ACID. potasb and nitrogen In CONNER.
a., ,or,u,,., ana ar. ,os.Iblv .ome
-. o., IT., ,,., . nr.c,,caI .,.,d.
min, Predecessor Roberts In. suggest.
:. eo,o n. . co,..rv.,,v. estimate Of
- a.. ,.,,, ,o,,c., arr.
ihs sewn "'"''' "oN'"' y"
farm carrying TOUR norses' '"e"V
cows, nfy sheep ana ten hogs.
II We assume that one-third or the
value Of manure IL annually lost by
,rcsent methods OF management, and
,.,. .,,.,. a. undoubtedly . eonserv.
-. 49,. a.. 80, To-. from ,h,.
49,, 49,. =. tod.
49,. a., a.. ,xo,,,a ~,
- 80, -, u....,.,
oo' -. o.. - ,.rr
usu' ."' a 90, =,
"o"o "'o"' " A.,
'"o' - -. ,,,IL
"nen 'he ia.u'e' ' -,
sa",' ""'' . " 49,, "a.
nis iH'"' VI 60,
tue "anui0 p'o'u' ''' 'o -,
us Soi u 'e."'" -,
phosppoi'' Nv" """ NV, -
% res'oreo soo"e' W 'a''
u'ehess I" W oe ""'"'"''e'
epr'n0 the TINE to RAUL
Speaking OF the loss OF valuable ma
nurisl constituents by teaching Ter
mentation. etc. the Kansas station con
ciudes that farmyard manure must
be hauled TO the held IN spring other
wise the loss OF manure Is sure 70 ~
very ki'a'' '"' o :, ,s.
an'oo'''ns " '.", ,o - .,, .,
srosS n"hu'e ~. n'r ~
'ne n'uose" '"", !" eo 'l, ~
" 'ne p,e'a""s op'"'" -,
"ts we" US
Nhe'e " !" P'a'.'' ~ - ~, a.,
py mhnure auu u,'"' " W. So r,.
cue ss"'s' ,,., -, Ill ro,,.d
'e''.-"e ',',.,- .,,.,J. "a
manure a'e n'o'e eu go, =, 80
p'ane' ".u '"e ',-.e,,. a., a..
ou'Ay a"" e"s''' W u''.'o -,
o'ne' n""u' ,'esn a ,...,.
tue sc' 'e"'' u" ~. 80,
uon ""'n NV o"'' .,,,-, ..,.
so'i'y Oh "s Wv" ,.. q,
uen,s, ou' ~ 1900. ,.-.,,,,
so'uo'e ~. n ,,, To- Co,
ms Constituents " ,"o
wen VIZ" sp','a' p'. ~,
.on' injurious 'o'' a, 49,, -.
tee' VI '"' a" ~.
.ne s'e"'.'. A., 49,. ,...n .on.
no" """''' "''
u'"
a.,
IN app''" 'D"" =" go
ms'noo' a,e p'' .,.,
nure I'M. ~, s .,,.w.s 90 ..
ueap' wv ~. 80 -. na,na snr..d.
NAN $50 80 .ssaa,., "a s,,owsd
"'' 49,, -. Co.. soms ,,ms or
"e y. ,".,,.,s,. "a mir, :, "a
p'o~' ..I I'm =, Att, nth IN.
.pp''"
, ~. .a,.r., .,,.r,sncs
~. "s,.s,. o.. h.s, wav 70 utlIlzs
s . $780, nsnnr. a. IN combination
",,s .n.h m.,.r,s,s a. su,nlement and
..n.. a.. ,.r,,,,,,,y con.tituenta
C"r,s,n s,hs,.ncss ,uch as kainit and
.,n.rrhosnho,e which are sometimes
sa,,,n".1 =. n,.servs,,vss NAV also
-. 80 20 .avsn,.cs 70 Improve the
,.r,,,,.,ns value os the manure. but Il
:. nac..ssrv 20 do more than this n a
wall balanced fertilizer IL desired. for.
40 h.. haen shown harvard manure
Arizona republican., 1913-09-21

dwell :. in the air on lofty ptnnacles L. whose summits access is had by qsindlasses or by ladders. Meteor 5logy is, If course, the study of things in the air"
 AIeteors were once believed to be exha!ations of fnfIammable gas bring ing disaster in their train. The great meteor shower of November, 1893. first aroused modern students to the interest of this branch of astrophysicaI science, and inVestiga- ticn showed that the heavenly pEro- technics were created by small pla- notary bodies, practically infinite ils numbers arl Hiimit8ale in the eE- tent and variety of their crbits.' The average height at which meteor recGmes visible is cnly forty to eighty niles above the earth. If one looks ii the northern slzy late on one of these evenings at the constellation Fcrscus tstandins at the feet Of An droineda) he will observe that the sraoting stars seem to radiato from a common focus, though actually coming in parallel lines toward the observer. like the rails when ono
Arizona republican., 1913-09-21

stands upon q railway track. This focal roint is called the radiant. and q radiant is q perverse creature that comes and goes in the starry heavens as 1t pIeases. expanding and contact ing. tarrying while CT vanishing like the Cheshire Cat of Mice n Wonderland"
 The British Museum has meteoric specimens belonging to 566 different falls If which 325 were seen as they fell. The largest single mass ob- served in it's flight was that which eamc down 8t hnyaainEa. Hungary ip IS5s weighing 547 pounds. Masses much heavier than th.s, presumed t7 he meteorltcs are knoNn. That which vas brought back by PcaIy from Western Greenland weighs thirtE-s:N and n half tons.
 Thc ~Perse.dz~ of these August nights follow tie track of q comet known es 1S62:III" which is opposed to put in an appearance every 12l ears. BcIa.s comet, which has van i> red. used to make it's appearance every seven years, and since it last crossed tEc earth's orbit there are
Arizona republican., 1913-09-21
MONEY SAVING
 FOR PHOENIX PUPILS
School Savings System to Be Con
 tinued by the Valley Bank.
Qsss2

The school savings system is to be continued in the Phoenix schools. and all school children are urged bv the Valley bank to open an account at once. It has been arranger for a representative of the Valley bank to call on each class once every week with stamps of different denomina- tions-the stamps are sold to the children for their face value These stamps are pasted in books, the child keeping the book until it is filled When filled the book is taken to the bank by the bank representative, the stamps cancelled and the child given credit for the amount shown by the stamps. When such a deposit reaches the amount of five dollars it will start to earn interest at the rate of four per cent yearly.
 The school savings system of Phoe- nix was first opened on January l. 1913. From that date until the end of the school year in May the school children of Phoenix had saved about q thousand dollars
 One of the earliest lessons that a child should be taught is the lesson cf saving money. Most of the wealtry
Arizona republican., 1913-09-21
SHOOTING STARS

The brilliant displar shoatiEg stars" is another Illustration of how great :. fire small celestial object may kindIe when it comes in contact with our atmosphere. \ meteor no ligger than marble can easily pro duce by its combustion enough light to make it visible to the naked eve, and many Of them weigh but q few hundred pounds.
 The word meteor comes from the Greek word "meteora," which means things in the air" The name Me toora is bestowed by the Greeks upon that remarkable cluster of monaster- icS in ThessaIy where the monks