davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening journal., 1913-07-29
NOTICES.

NJ ADAM LEO - ROMANY GYPSY
wi Palmist. Tells your past, present and
future just as you have gone ard will 60
through life for 25o. Shellpot Park. viii
minston' Delaware. iyio-im.
~ o THE TAXPAYERS or NEW CASTLE
connty. The taxes for the year 1912 are
now delinquent and there has been a com
plete change IN collections it will benefit .he
persons owing back taxes by paying AZ once
and save additional cost rs all de-
linquent taxes must he nad At once.
iyi-lm. ROBERT NJ. BURNS.
Evening journal., 1913-07-29
BOARDING AND LODGING

easfsafsf-fsesssas
u oARpERS OR TABLE BOARDERS
- Pleasant rooms. d. g. A. phone ARID.
NO. "up concord Ave. iy26-lm.
Evening journal., 1913-07-29
PUBLIC SALE.
PUBLIC SALE OF LUMBER

In accordance with the provisions Of the
Act Of General Assembly. passed az Dover,
March .. 1867 entitled. An Act Relating to
Liens. public notice is hereby given that
the Philadelphia. Baltimore Washington
Railroad Co. having lien as common
carrier upon the following described prop.
erty for It's carriage and storage consigned
as below and the consignee having failed 70
pay the costs and charges Of such carriage
and storage as required by law. the same
viii be exposed 10 sale az public auction on
the 21st Of August, at II oiclock a m at
the Philadelphia, Baltimore Washington
Railroad Co.'S. shops at Todd s Cut. VIII
mngton. Del. In order 70 discharge said
tising, two cars Of short leaf pine lumber
consisting OF
10 pieces o 1-2 in. IS IL in. by II H.
SO pieces 10 In. Is t-2 in. 1s n.
pieces 10 in. Is 1-2 in. 10 II.
. pieces 3 IL in 10 IL in. ~ r..
] piece IL in. IS l-2 in. IA n.
pieces 12 i'm. x - f.2 in. i6 IT,
II pieces 3 l-2 in. 10 10 in. II n.
81 pieces 10 in Is IL in. IS IT,
% pieces Q 1-2 i'm. 10 in. NJ IT,
I piece l2 in. . IL in. 13 H.
% pieces l3 10 In. X 10 1-2 in. 12 H.
10 pieces IL in. II IL in. IL r..
/ piece l2 in. f-2 In. 1S II
! piece z 10 in. 1-2 in. Is n.
pieces ~ in. IS l-2 in. 16 Il.
II pieces l-2 in. II 10 IN. rs IT,
pierre 10 in II IL in. ~ IT,.
3 pieces z 1-2 in. n IL in. l8 IT,
Consigned 20 Harding, Finley Lumber Co.
q demand having been made said .con.
signees and on Frederick $ lnderhill re.
ceiver for said consignee, for said freight
storage and charges and payment having
been refused.
PHILADELPHIA BALTIMORE & WASH.
INGTON r. r co.
H. A. CASPERSON, Agent
ST1DHAM & son. Auctioneers.
iv9Q 3 .nur9 j. Z o. ~ Ia 1ffQ
Evening journal., 1913-07-29
HELP WANTED.

s----.----.-..--
w ANrED-A1 ONCE A MAID FOR
w general houscwork. Apply No 1907
Clayton SO. ivgs9t
- OvERNMENT JOBS OPEN no MEN
" and women. SOS 60 $3.50 month List
q positions free. FRANKLIN INSTITUTE
Dept aof Rochester n y iyI6.2mo
Evening journal., 1913-07-29

There are good partnerships. good
business chances, good opportunities
to secure capital if the Want Columns
are used TO advantage. ADV
Evening journal., 1913-07-29
REAL EsTATE-FoR SALE


IL OR SALE OR RENT-HOUsE AT NO
- 2238 Market street. IL rooms and bath.
f. A. Mousley No. 21o1 Market street.
iuneI6-tf.
Evening journal., 1913-07-29
ROARDERS WANTRD.


ID OARDERS WANTED - $3.50 PER
ID week. All conveniences No. 30s
West street iy22-1
Evening journal., 1913-07-29

EoR sALE-NEw HOUSES. RooMs
and bath. All modern conveniences.
rice low. Twenty-fourth street. east "A
Lamott. Apply Joseph r. Hamilton. No
s@S orange street. iune12-ss.
Evening journal., 1913-07-29
EXCHANGE.


& TAMP AND COUPON EXCHANGE
- II you want full value for Stamp Books.
Tobacco Tags and Coupons e. all kinds, call
s. z. Cor. Second and Monroe streets
Cash or articles given. d. A. phone,
24s3A. Automatic. 2O29. iy3.tf.
Evening journal., 1913-07-29
WANTED

= =
w ANTED-ANTIQUEs OF ALL KINDS
w The best prices paid. Address H.l3.
Eeenng Journal Once ian25-tf.
Evening journal., 1913-07-29

II OR sALE-CIGAR AND CANDY
n store One Of the best stands in the
city. Must be sold az once. Apply
Evening journal., 1913-07-29
ROOMS-WANTED.

ID OOMs FOR RESPECTABLE WORKING
IL men. No. sOi Lombard street jy24.Rt
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-10-16

last week under the auspices of the
Henry County Betterment association,
In the interest of better crops and
stock for Henry county, and with the
purpose Of arousing interest in the
movement to secure crop. expert for
this county, came to a close with the
last meeting in the Y. NJ. C. A. The
directors announce the result of these
meetings Monday, that Henry county
would undoubtedly have crop expert
in tie near. future. The meetings
were more successful than any Of the
members Of the association had even
dared hoped. The rural communities
took hold of the matter in a manner
that speaks well for the progressive
spirit Of the county. In number. of
places there were not sufficient seats
to accommodate all Of those who
wished to listen to Mr.. Coverdale the
crop expert from Ames. One delegate
was elected from each township and
one from each Incorporated town.
These delegates approved the work of
the association and placed themselves
upon record as being in favor Of Sc
curing an expert from this county.
These delegates will form board Of
directors who will attend to the haring
Of the expert and act as an advisory
board for him. The secretary of the
organization announced this morn
ing that the $4,000 necessary to secure
the expert had all been subscribed or
was in sight. There are only seven
other counties in the state that have
crop experts. ~, "
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-10-16

one Of the most prominent attorneys
in this section of Iowa and a member
Of the Iowa senate for two terms drop
ped out Of his chair dead in his office
here Saturday at 4:4O p. m. Death was
due to heart failure. At the time he
was stricken there were with him his
law partner, Ralph Pringle. and a
young man who had stopped into the
office but few minutes previous.
The law practice enjoyed by the de-
parted attorney was very extensive.
TesiGes having. one Of the best prac-
tees in this city he was frequently
called to other points Of the country to
render legal services.
Mr.. Junkin was successful business
man and during his lifetime had ac-
cun1ulated possessions which are var
iously estimated at from $4,000 to $751;
900.
The wife and two children. son
and daughter. survive. The son,
Chevalier, is a student in Harvard uni
versity and the daughter Josephine,
who is about is years Of age, is still in
the schools here. .7/
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-10-16
MYSTERY SURROUNDS
CHARITONBOY'S DEATH

Hampton, Oct. 14-Mystery sur
rounds the death Of Carl Cook, 16
years old Of Charlton, Iowa, who was
recently paroled from the reform school
at Eldora to work on the farm Of r.
Coggswell near Bradford. Cook was
shot with a rifle and his body was
found in a buggy. with the rifle be-
side him, near the barn on CoggSWelPs
farm. 49, "a r'e4s 49,. =
Cook suddenly disappeared from the
Coggswell farm several nights ago at
the same time Fred Morse, another Ell
dora reform school boy. who is work
ing near here, disappeared. Morse later
returned, but declared he knew no thing
Of the whereabouts OF Cook or the
theft~of a, horse, and $35 from the
Coggs we'll farm. The horse was later
discovered abandoned in side road.
When Cooks body was found 1t was
still warm and the rifle was lying in
the bed of the buggy The authorities
who began an investigation do \ not
believe Cook shot himself, as the bull
let went straight into the body: that
there are no powder burns and that 1t
would have been Impossible for him to
use the rifle himself with such results.
His brothers., William and Beeman
Cook OF Charlton. went to Des sMoines
and brought the remains to Charlton
Saturday evening. Funeral services
were held at the home. Of his. brother
VIM. Cook on Sunday afternoon at /
o'clock, conducted by Rev Burhl' Gill
pin, pastor Of the Christian church,
after which the remains We're laid to
rest in the Freedom cemetery. at"t
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-10-16
WOMAN WALKING ON
TRACK HIT BY TRAIN

Cantril, Oct. 14.-Miss Sarah Moore,
aged seventy-one, whose hearing is de-
fecting was knocked from railroad
crossing in Cantril Saturday evening
by the east bound passenger train.
Her head was cut but the skull is not
fractured, one rib broken and she was
otherwise badly bruised. Her recovery
is doubtful She is sister of J. f.
Moore Of this place and Of Mrs. Nor
gan Stewart of Milton.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-10-16

were committed. so Detective Chief
Halpin Of Chicago wired today. Spenc-
err might have murdered the Peter
son children, Edward Gresser or al
most anyone else to whom his opium
disordered brain might turn. But it is
absolutely certain that he cannot claim
the Villisca tragedy.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-10-16
Mn NOT KILL MOORE FAMILY

Des Moines. Oct. 14.-Henry Spencer,
confessed wholesale murderer. did not
kill the Moore family at Villisca. This
much is certain, because he was in the
penitentiary at the 'i-~> the rnu"l'~--
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-10-16
HENRY co. FARMERS
WANT CROP EXPERT.

Mt. Pleasant, Oct. 14.-The series of
held throughout the county
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-10-16
JUNKIN FUNERAL AT
RED OAK TODAY

Red Oak; Oct. 1.-THE funeral of the
lion Joseph Jurkin was held today in
the Congregational church. Mr.. Junkin.
The record., 1913-09-25
FOR SAV0RY LOBSTER OUTLET
D:lic3cy That Takes Lorg 20 Lose
Favor Neither Expensive ker
Hard to Prepare.

Lobster outlets, an old standby. new
or prove tircsome. There is a piquancy
of flavor in this connection which no
other has A tried recipe for outlets
calls for cupful OF thick white sauce,
made with two tablespoonfuls OF but
ter. two OF -four and a generous three
quarters of cupful of milk. Add TO
this a beaten egg. a teaspoonful of
lemon Juice and two cupfuls of lobster
meat. cut or chopped In small pieces.
Let this mixture. In a covered dish.
stand until Il Is cold. Then shape It
into outlets half an inch thick. about
three inches long and two wide. Dip
them in beaten egg and fine crumbs
and fry In hot fat for Just a moment
or SO until they are light. golden
brown. Drain them on brown paper.
garnish each with a small claw, and
serve Immediately with Hollandaise
sauce. which you can make by adding
two tablespoonfuls of chopped CHER
kins and olives to a seant cupfui Of
good mayonnaise.
A good filling for patties Is made OF
a cupful OF cream sauce. made with
half cream and half chicken stock
three cupfuls Of minced lobster meat
two tablespoonfuls of sherry. peppey
salt and the beaten yolk of an egg
Add the sherry last and heat quickly.
The record., 1913-09-25
Spinach Salad.

Spinach salad can be made from the
leaves both cooked and uncooked. II
the cooked leaves are used they should
be finely chopped and then moistened
well with French dressing. made from
three parts of oil and one OF vinegar
and seasoned With salt and RsPbef
Put the spinach IN little mound On
heart Of white. crisp lettuce. Anothe,
way te make cooked spinach salad is
TO put the cooked leaves through
sieve. to make . paste Of them. Then
ferm tho paste into small balls. about
ths size OF a walnut. and roll these In
chopped nuts. Arrange half dozen
of them for each plate on a bed o.
LETTUCE leaves.
An anepokea spinach salad is this;
Wasp and drain q quart at the tender
est spiHach Leaves and put them In
salad bowl Add some tender sprin;
onions. finely cut, and q few min
leaves cut One. Serve with French
dFeasinG.
The record., 1913-09-25
BEAUTY OF THE HYDRANGEAS
Considered Best Late FlowerIng and
Hardy shrub-Easy Of Culture
and Attractive.
NV ~ NJ sCurrIrz,

tBy c. NJ. SCHULTZ)
II Is likely that II vote were to be
taken for the best late Towering
hardy shrub the honor would fall to
the Hydrangea-. or ~ 4" :
Wpiie shefe ATE snrubs that ! like
better. this one seems to suit tho
masses. II has the merit OF extreme
hardness. easy culture, great fiorifer-
BUSINESS. late blooming and per-
sistency.
Its flowers lose their early white
ness as the season advances, but in
their pinkybrown stage they are NO.
without, ,attractiYcness,
IN planting the Hydransea, would
never advise using It singly. 1t is
vastly more effective when grouped.
BY this means we secure for II a
strength and dignity which single
specimens never have. Planted thick.
iy 1t produces a grand effect.
The enormous heads OF the bloom
have considerable weight, hut thsy
carse the branches 10 take a grace.
fui curve. and seldom II ever need
supporting.
Those who are in search of a plant
that will grow In almost any soil and
under almost any condition, and Is
equally beautiful in the south and
the north. will find the Hyasaasss
the very th.as tAey are looking for.
The record., 1913-09-25
SURE TO BE APPRECIATED
Huntington Fish Cutiets a Pleasant
Change From Usual Substantial
Meal Of Meat.

Cook one-half tablespoonful OF hnely
chopped onion and two tablespOonfuls
OF red or green pepper. finely chopped,
with three tablespoonfuls Of butter five
minutes. stirring constantly. Add one
third cupful Of -four and stir until well
blended; then pour on gradually. while
stirring constantly. one-half oupful
each of milk and cream. Bring to the
boiling point and add one and three
fourths cupfuls of faxed cold cooked
haddock or halibut. Season with three
fnurths teaspoonful Of salt and sne:
fourth teaspoonful paprika. Spread an
. plate spd cool. Shape. dip In crumbs,
egg and crumbs, and fry In deep fat.
Serve with or without the following
sauce: Mix one tablespoonful Of tar
ragon vinegar. two tablespoonful Of
grated horesradish root, ene teaspoon
full Of English mustard, ene-half tea
spoonful Of salt and . few grains pt
cayenne; then add pne-half cupful at
whipped cream and three taAlespaaa-
fuis Of naycanaise dressing. .--wom-
ans Home Companion.
The record., 1913-09-25
ORCHARD
.GLEANINGy
USE FOR ALL WASTE FRUIT
Apples and Pears That Drop From
Trees and Cannot Be Sold Should
Be Made Into Cider.

Apples and pears that drop from
the trees and cannot be sold, should
be made into cider or dried. A
dcuble-cage cider mill OF four or
six barrels per day. may be had for
us, and small mill for family
use for ten dollars. A cook stove
fruit drier may be had for FIVE dol
lars. Evaporated peaches. cherries.
raspberries, apples, pears and black
berries may be put up for family use
er made into salable products. There
Is steady demand for evaporated
fruit during the winter months. In
most every neighborhood a profitable
business could be established that
would not only prove profitable to
the owner. but would give employ
ment to the boys and girls OF the
vicinity.
In a trip through the fruit belt Of
an adjoining state, taken recently.
ments. was told that the business
was not only fairly remunerative to
the owner, but was means of hiring
ing In more and better help In the
community where they were located.
Sweet potatoes. winter squash.
pumpkins are now being packed In
large quantities and find a ready
sale.
In the commercial packing houses
the apple parings are made into jelly
and the peach stones cracked. the
kernels ground and made into vari-
Gus medicines; the stones are ground.
and sold for packing purposes.
II the fallen fruit can not be put
up the pigs should be turned into the
orchard. and many insects would also
be destroyed. Que peck Of sliced ap-
pies. mixed with two quarts Of wheat
bran. may be fed TO the COW twice
day. The apples should not be
fed whole as there Is danger Of chok-
ing.
The record., 1913-09-25
HIGHWAY
VENfNl
FOR CULVERTS AND BRIDGES
Steel and Concrete Combined Consti-
tute Form Of CONSTRUCTION Eco
nomical and Durable.
BSc. II. MooRFIELpJ

tBN &. III. MOpNflis
A combination OF steel and concrete
made In such a manner that each ma
terial will be required TO withstand
the character of stress for which IL Is
best adapted-that is, tension for steel
end compression for concrete-consti'
tpte a form Of construction for short
bridges and culverts both economical
and durable. The advantages OF the
two materials are combined and their
disadvantages In a large degree elimi-
mated.
This form OF construction, on ac-
count of its economy and simplicity, Is
especially well suited to highway cul-
verts and short span bridges. when for
any reason 1t is desirable that their
superstructures be kept fiat In the
case Of arch culverts and bridges built
The record., 1913-09-25
Easily Mads pu,tless Mon.

A good dust-retaining mop for hard.
wood floors may be made by saturat.
ing with crude lemon oil one of the
fiber mops sold for cleaning purposes.
Allow the mop to soak a the OH for
several hours, then partially dry, when
II win answer every purpose Of a
dustless mop. Crude lemon oil dllut-
ed with one part of turpentine pro.
yices one Of the best furniture pol
ishes, and at very little expense yon
can set good supply.
The record., 1913-09-25

Of concrete the economy of introduc-
ias steel is net always evident and
should be demonstrated in any partic-
ular case before II is decided that the
arch must be reinforced.
The conditions to be met In the con-
struefie- 10 reinforced concrete eul-
ArrE niska It desirable, from stand
r1i=t ~ cnony, that . relatively
a.sA grade Of concrete be used. Any
decrease In the strength Of the con-
crete neceesitates a corresponding In
crease In some dimension OF the mem
bers, and thereby adds to the dead
load which the structure must sustain.
Reinforcing bars should be made
from steel having a safe strength Of
not less than 10000 pounds per square
inch. and should possess .sufficient
mhneabifty to pc readily bent into the
desired shapes while cold. when
placed in concrete they should be free
from rust. grease or foreign materials
Of any kind. otheFwise a perfect bond
between the bars and the concrete will
NOT be obtained;
Designers IT highway bridge and
drainage structures are urged not only
to investigate the safety and dura
bility Of proposed designs, but to con
rider their esthetic features as well
When bridges and cuiTeFts are to be
CONSTRUCTED sf permanent materials
such as reinforced concrete, the de-
signer should bear constantly in mind
the fact that any esthetic defects
which may be present In such strpe
lures will become more and more ap
parent as the community develops
For example. highway bridge. the
defects of which are hardly noticeable
when the highway on each side is Dor
dered by dilapidated fences and build
ings may become a veritable eyesore
The record., 1913-09-25
peImonIeo tomatoes.

Scoop out inside from six small to-
natoes. Chop three small green pep
pers. Add one-half onion finely
chopped and cook With pae able
spoonful butter for fise minutes. Add
one tablespoonful -four and half cup
boiling water, stirring all carefully to
make a smooth sauce. Fill tomatoes
with this pepper sauce and place a
large cube OF boiled sweetbread or
chicAen In center Of each cup. Cover
with buttered crumbs and bake fifteen
minutes In hot oven. Instead Of sweet.
breads. crab meat ar lobster may be
substituted.
The record., 1913-09-25
rurpentIns In the House.

Turpentine is sure preventive
against moths. BY dropping a tribe In
drawers. trunks and cupboards II will
render the garments secure from IN
jury during the summer months. II
will also keep ants from. closets and
storerooms II few drops are put In
tho corners and upon shelves. 1t is
sure destruction to all sorts of vermln
and will drive them away from the
various articles of furniture. II does
net ipsare either furniture or cloth
Ing. one Tablespoonful added to q
bucket Of warm water is excellent fol
cleaning painted woodwork.
The record., 1913-09-25

ef StraWpoaro ana Smsareo WIN
Tanslefoot,
the ewner does not know why. This
10 often due to horers or the scale
insects or beetles, the presence Of
which has not been detected or sus-
peeted. but which injuries might have
been prevented II the facts had been
known In time. More sudden losses
are caused by overwhelming attacks
Of leaf-eating insects. which, although
conspicuous, are not dealt with be-
cause proper measures Of procedure
are not known,
But, of late years. q great work has
been accomplished along this line
through proper experiments and OBJ
servations. Careful examinations are
being made of the affected trees and
shrubs and the life history OF the
insects causing the injuries u hving
studied deeply. This IL IN order that
authorities ip control Of parks, haule-
Yards and streets, and owners Of
lawns and other private premises may
become posted ON the habita and char
aeteristiea Of the pests, and know
how TO combat them.
Take, for instance. the elm tree
The spraying of isrs'Rtms is. Of
course, dinicult and expensive oper'
alton, and the canker-worms, which
cause great injury to these trees, arc
less susceptible to arsen!csl poisops
than many other insects. A cheap
and efficient method of protecting the
tree Is the preparation of adhesive
Preparations, for trapping tks insects
which creep w er dowR the trunks
Of the trees
When the elm cateFpinaFs are tal
gfewp they leave the tfsc 10 pupate
In the earth, and tho female moth
emerging. being wholly without wings
can only reach the tree to lay hel
eggs by climbing up the trunk. II
this is encircled at the proper tiWs h
a sticky band impassahle ny her ei
by y9unS Wesias just emerging from
,ls egg, the tree Is virtually secure
against canker-worm injury.
The sticky substance may be az
piled directly to the bark rs = deter
rent against ,hs attack OF borers, ol
may be used on bands OF paper. tin
or strawboard. For the elm leaf
beetle q trough shaped band. the In
side Of which is smeared with tn,
The record., 1913-09-25
Use for Gull Potatoes.

When potatoes coms W, ess the
small genss tEat sre at the size Of
Espbl-s TOR the hens and chicks. Cook
them and throw them into the poultry
yard. and no preparation will be nee.
essary, as the chicks can easily pick
them to pieces. 1t is eeeSom;sal 70
pse potatoes IN this manaer, those that
ars 4sAatis unsaiabie can be converted
Into eggs and assist In adding to the
profit from the farm.
The record., 1913-09-25

Every farmer should consider the
sowing Of cowpeas in his corn. The
cowpeas, besides eprlchins she soil
With nitrogen, Win furnish good win
ter pasturase. aud II the corn Is cut
for silage the cowpeas will help bal.
ance the ration. About the best way
to SOW the cowpeas is to drill them
in between the rows Of the corn at
the last cultivation Of same.
The record., 1913-09-25
Manure Is Money.

Manure Is money, There is no dis
counting the conclusion. aud any
landowner who doesn't believe it by
ihe way he rahs his eo'i Is making a
great mistake that will soon stare
him in the face. All soil is depleted
sooner or later, and that farm comes
to the turn soonest to which nothing
Is given back.
The record., 1913-09-25
PESTS OF SHADE TREE
Proper Protection Is Problem Of
Much Importance.
Sudden Losses Are Frequently
Caused by Overwhelming Attacks
Of LeafEating Insects--keep
Pests In SubJeetlon.
Dy g. A. FORBES.)

Dy 8. A. FORBES)
The protection of the shade trees
and ornamental shrubs Of our city
parks against insects has been for
several years a problem Of increas-
ing Importance Many of the most de-
sirable trees and shrubs are liable to
show destruction by obscure insect
pests little understood. II at all, by
those Immediately concerned.
Trees which have grown for years
becoming more attractive. more val,
liable and more highly valued year by
year. begin to weaken and decay. and
The record., 1913-09-25
Rubber Chair Tics.

Rubber tips for the dinins-rcom
chairs will save the hardwood floors
from constant scratching. The tips
cost little and save both work and
the fsprs. The dining.room chairs
are so likely to be pushed back In a
way to mar the polish Of the floor that
these chairs in particular should be
protected with tips-
The record., 1913-09-25
SEEDING MACHINE Is NOVEL
Seeds Planted Either In Squares or
TrIangles-of Much Advantage
to Florists,

A new method Of, planting seeds has
just been Invented which is very inter
esting on account Of the perfectly reg
ular geometrical figures In which 1t
will plant single seeds. Such a ma.
chine should be Of great advantage to
gardeners. and particularly to florists,
says the Popular Mechanics. The spe-