davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1913-08-29
FOREIGN CORPORATIONS.
Name.

Augusta Electric Company. ....,..
Big Vein Pocahontas Coal Co. -.
Bluemont Land and Improvement
brotherhood Accident Co. .......
Chicago Building and Manufactur-
ing Co, The. .........,.
Columbus Zinc Mining Corporation
The 80
Colonel Francis Ferari's Trained
wild Animal Arena Co.
Graeeland Farm and Land Co. $50.
Grand Council of the Daughters OF
the Improved, Benevolent and
Protective Order Of E1ks OF tbs
World, The.
Home Building and Realty Co. .....
Menter and ,Rosenhloom, Co. ..-.....
Metal Manufacturing Company.
National Grand Tabernacle OF the
Grand United Order of Galilean
Fishermen Of the United States
Of Baltimore City, The. 1851.
New River Sandstone Brick Co.
Nottoway River Lumber Co. 49,.
Rochester Boiler Compound Co.
Southern States Telephone Co. OF
Baltimore City. The. ...........
Thrift Building Co :. .............
Triton Fraternai
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1913-08-29

October IL, 1917. 3
April -, 1908.
April 10, 1908.
June Z, 1904
November ~, 1856.
June ~. 1919.
May :, 1910.
June 10. 1910.
December a., 1909.
April 5, 1910.
december .. 1908.
February ~ 1904
May -, 1910.
January Z. 1900.
May ,. 1910.
February l. 1914
February :, 1si>.
March u. 1910.
september 10, 1893
January -, 1906.
March ~ 1910.
March !. 1910.
October -, 1908.
May ~. 1910.
March H. 1910.
March ~. 1910.
May 4, 1909.
June 1. 1910.
January 3. 1910
September ~, 1904
May !. 1914
January 8. 1910.
Decem Der 10. 1891.
February II, 1908.
June 30, 1919.
March ,. 1883,
Novsm Der !. 1905.
April 30. 1919.
August =, 1908.
September 10. 1etA
April ). 1910.
May 10, 1910.
July 80, 1897.
October 20, 1910.
January 10. 1905.
May I, 1905.
January ~, 1905
July 10. 1908.
September is, 1919
Septcm Der /. 1909.
April is, 1907.
Novem Der ~. ls1A
March II. 1910.
March ., 1907. I
June .. 1910.
March II, 1885.
December IL. 1905.
Decem Der 6. 1910.
March 30, 1910.
March is, 1910.
February :. 1905.
Septem Der ~, 1914
March Is 1910.
November Is, 1908.
August 10. 1909.
July 4. 1914
January 2s. 1909
March 20. 1910.
December I, 1895
December ~. 1910.
June IA. 1910.
November II. 1901
May 12, 1910.
May 6, 1909.
July 20. 1910.
February 20. 1910
May IS. 1910.
August IL. 1909,
June %. 1908.
July 3. 1908.
March S. 1900.
March 4. 1907.
August Z. 1900.
Septem Der II. 1894
August 3, 1910.
November Al. 1904.
May 81. is04.
December II. 1909.
July Is. 1909.
February 4. 1910.
February is, 1906.
January -. 1908,
January 4, 1906.
. March rs. 1910.
September Is. 1901,
. June II. 1909.
. April Is. 1907.
. May 0, 1905.
April 2s. 1910.
January II. 1908.
=. February AZ. 1901.
July 10. 1905.
. April a., 1906.
. November -, 1893.
. February IS. 1910.
I. August II, 1908.
. December IL, 1908,
Juno 7. 1905.
. July 7, 1905.
. January 8. 1908.
. October -. 1910.
=. September 3, 1901
=. March 26. 1908.
!. Septem bar 3. 1904.
3. March Z, 1900.
October 10, 1910,
. December -. 1907.
. March rs, 1900.
p. January IL, 1910.
. July -, 1910
. September IL, 1901.
June Z. 1910.
March Is. Isos.
uthority Issued
I. April %. 1905.
d.. Septem her 16. 1904.
April IL 1904
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1913-08-29

July rs. 1910.
March 90, 1907.
Septem Der !. 1908.
June 2. 1909.
January II, 1910.
December IL. 1907.
Novem Der %. 1908.
September 2S. 1908.
August 81, 1910
December so. 1910.
April IL. 1910.
March rs, 1910.
March 80. 1910.
January 10, 1890.
July "a, 1899.
June II, 1909.
March ~, 1902.
March Is. 1910.
January 10, 1908.
June 10, 1909.
December /, 1908.
August ~, 1909.
June 2. 1910.
June /, 1910.
March 1s, 1909.
December 3. 1908.
Septem Der I, 1910.
February 81, 1901.
April .. 1909.
september %. 1910.
May IL. 1908.
September 1s, 1910.
g septembe .. 1910.
June 20. 1905.
June 7. 1910.
June IS. 1909.
. March 2. 1910.
. November /. 1907.
. December so, 1910.
e September 81. 1903.
= April 10. 1910.
, August 90, 1907.
. November 49,, 1908.
. December /. 1910.
. May II. 1905.
May II, 1905.
= November ., 1908,
December Is. 1909.
septem her II, 1899,
May II. 1910.
August ]. 1900.
June Z. 1910.
June 2, 1908.
March 20, 1908.
April 4. 1910.
May 10, 1910.
March 8, 1910.
February IA, 1910.
Juae -l9. 1910. .,ar
July IA, 1905.
November 81. 1907.
April %, 1910.
August 16. 1910.
4 pril IL. 1907.
Novem Der IA. 1910.
December 20. 1903.
December %. 1904.
Jaly-aag.1 anS. --'-----5-.,,..-..
March 30, 1910.
December 3. 1909.
May IL. 1903.
January s. 1910.
May -. 1907.
Septem her IS. 1910.
November 8! 1909.
February s, 1904.
November 80. 1904.
May .. 1907.
october q, 1910.
December 7, 1909.
November 20. 1909.
June 20. 1903.
Nay IL, 1907.
October 20. 1894.
June rs, 1909.
April IS. 1906.
/. November ~. 1919.
. November 2S. 1909.
T. January Ia 1875.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1913-08-29

Attest:
r. t. Wilson,
Clerk.
Certified to the Superintendent of Public Printing for pub
cation week for four successive weeks in newspaper
published in city Of Richmopd Virginia The first pubca
ton be made Friday August 49, 1913, by order OF the
State Corporation Commission.
RT WILSON, Clerk
Richmond, Va, August %, 1913
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1913-08-29

49, A"A"-
March 81, 1905.
May q. 1895.
August ., 1910.
Septem her 20, 1910.
January 20. 1908.
February ~. 1907.
June 3. 1910.
February 6. 1907.
May 4, 1909.
Novembe ~, 1910.
August II, 1908.
November IL, 1908.
December 10. 1910.
June %. 1910.
October I, 1910.
March 3. 1910.
DecaFnher &. 1A1A--
June II. 1910.
April 10, 1907.
December ~, 1905.
December .. 1910.
May 81 1910.
February .. 1910.
January 5. 1910. :.
March .. 1909.
February u, 1910.
June ~. 1910.
January 81. 1907.
March 80, 1903.
April 3. 1905.
July -, 1909.
September ., 1910,
April II, 1910.
AuGuss u. 1910.
August 10. 1904.
Novsmhsr u, N1A.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1913-08-29

ROBERT R. PRENTIS, Chairman,
WIN. F. RHEA,
]. RICHARD WINGFIELD,
Commissioners
Judith Gap journal. [volume] (Judith Gap, Mont.) 1908-19??, 1913-08-08

say, in cutting ms1t7
The correct way is to cut the meat
with the fork in the left hand. the
knife in the right. then pass the fork
to the right hand and pass the meat
to the mouth. But, after all. 1t IS quite
q matter Of taste.
-.
Why are Jewels used in . watch? Do
they add anything TO its time keeping
qualities?
Jewels are used as pivot bearings.
A metal bearing would wear rapidly.
and the resulting friction would impair
the time keeping qualities Of watch.
The jewels. being hard. show no APP
probable wear. The most expensive
watches have diamonds for bearings.
which add to the cost Most watches
have rubies and sapphires.
When did Woodrow Wilson cease to
b governor Of New Jersey?
His resignation took effect March l.
Will you toll mo what system the
government uses in placing buoys7
According to the system Of buoyage
adopted in the United States waters.
red buoys with even numbers will be
found on the stnrbourd side OF the
channel in approaching from seaward
and must be left on the starboard side
when passing in. Red and black hori-
zontal striped buoys will be found on
Instructions. with channel way on
either side. and may be left on either
hand when passing in. White and
black perpendicular striped buoys will
be found in midchannel and must be
| passed close to avoid danger.
Perches with balls. cages. etc. when
! placed on buoys. will be at turning
| points. the color and number indicat-
ing on which side they shall be passed.
| Principal channels are marked by
nun buoys. secondary channels by can
buoys and minor channels by spar
buoys.
What 10 the meaning Of the slang
phrase 1.-THE dickens"7
It is a corruption Of devil" Shake
speare in 1.-THE Merry Wives Of Wind
sOr." act 3. scene 2. uses it in the sem
tence. II cannot tell what the dickens
his name is''
What 10 nneersehaum. and where 10 II
obtained?
leerschaum is an Opaque mineral 1T
gray. white or cream color. occurring
in stratified earthly or alluvtal depoa.
its. Most Of that obtained In COM
merce comes from the plain Of Eski-
Shehr. in Asia Minor. In that district
there are said to be- 400 shafts lead.
ing to horizontal galleries for extrac.
ton Ut the meerSthaum. When first
extracted 1t il soft and hardens when
exposed to the heat of the sun. 1t Is
also found ut Thebes. in Greece. and
near Kroman. in Moravia. Some de-
positS have been found ut Nottingham,
Pa. and in South Carolina and Utah
Judith Gap journal. [volume] (Judith Gap, Mont.) 1908-19??, 1913-08-08
CurrantS and Goose
berries.
Exceedingly Hardy Fruit Bear.
inc Shrubs for This Section
Of the Country.


The currant and gooseberry are ma
tives Of the temperate zone, coming
from Britain and the north of Europe.
and are therefore exceedingly hardy
fruit bearing shrubs, seldom grow
ing more than three or four feet high.
The fruit of the original wild species
is small and extremely sour, but the
larger garden sorts produced by cul.
tivatiOn are large and Of an agree
able sub-acid flavor. Requiring less
attention than most other fruits, their
reliability and fruitfulness make
them about the most profitable of cul-
tivated fruits.
i. + +
USES. The cooling acid flavor Of
currants and gooseberries is relished
by most people and they are of great
value for jellies and preserves.
4. 1. !.
PROPAGATION AND CULTURE
Currants and gooseberries grow we'll
in any tolerable garden soil, but
good rich loamy soil, reinforced by
liberal top dressing of barnyard ma
nure, will be found the best, as there
is not much danger to the fruit crop
by having the ground too rich. Cur
rants and gooseberries are propagat-
ed by means Of slips or cuttings taken
in the fall from wood grown that
year. The cuttings should be buried
in the soil throughout the winter and
planted in a row about a foot apart as
early as the ground can be worked,
and allowed to remain in the nursery
row for two years. when they may be
planted in permanent rows three by
six feet apart and we'll cultivated for
q couple Of years when they may be
mulched with straw and treated In
the same manner as raspberries.
i j. i.
PRUNING. A very common mis-
take in growing currants and goose.
berries is the failure to prune the
i shrubs, which in very few years be.
come so thick and matted that the
fruit crop Is much reduced. Abou,
| six or eight we'll developed canes
! are sufficient for each shrub and will
bear more fruit than more canes will
Remove only the four or tive-year
old wood. A good plan is to allow two
| new canes to grow every year and to
remove a corresponding number Of ole
canes. No winter protection is need
ed as currants and gooseberries are
perfectly hardy.
Judith Gap journal. [volume] (Judith Gap, Mont.) 1908-19??, 1913-08-08
THE peoNy.

This Flower ls Best for the Western
Garden.
The peony thrives anywhere in the
United States and is the flower for
the Western flower garden. for it does
extremely we'll on the deep organic
soil Of the prairies and will with.
stand hot winds and drouths. No
towering plants capable of enduring
our Northern winters are more salts.
factory than the peonies. Massive
without being coarse. fragrant with.
out being pungent. grand without be-
ing gaudy. various in form and color.
they are the ideal substitute for the
rose.
While the peony can be propagated
in several ways the most satisfactory
is by division and by seeds. BY divi.
sion one is reasonably sure OF get.
ting flowers true to type. On the
other hand the amateur may have
less bother and more success growing
them from seed sown in the open
ground than from any other way
Prepare a bed in nice. warm shell
tered spot in the garden. Have rich
mellow soil and SOW the seeds in
rows three to four inches apart. COW
the seedlings come up take out enough
face gently. water moderately. then
dust little fine soil over ALL When
the seedlings come up, take out enough
20 that the remainder will stiffen
out. and when they are two to three
inches high they are fit for trans.
planting into permanent quarters. As
with herbs this should be done in
early spring or in the fall about Sept
Is. In the winter they should be
protected with a mulch.
The peony can be taken as a tyne
for the general method Of procedure
to show how the perennials should
be cultivated.
Judith Gap journal. [volume] (Judith Gap, Mont.) 1908-19??, 1913-08-08

faced such a seemingly hopeless task
in attempting to supply food for its
people that it deliberately encouraged
emigration as an alternative to starva-
ton. Yet the wornout soil OF Ger
many has been brought By intelligent
methods of crop selection and rotation
to n point where each acre produces
on an average as many bushels OF tho
crops common to the two countries al,
are produced by two acres in the Unit
ed States.
Thirty years ago Montana and Ger
many were growing about the same
number Of bushels Of wheat to the
acre. At the present time the German
farmer is harvesting thirty bushels OF
wheat to the acre. while the Montana
farmer has gathered only $50 bushels
for the past ten year period. and In no
single year has his average yield equal
ed that Of Germany.
I'm oats Montana makes an excep-
tionally good showing. Her yield per
acre has risen from 331 bushels In the
ten years 1SSo-91 to forty-four bushels
for the past ten years. Yet even in this
crop Montana has not equaled the rec
ord Of Germany Thirty years ago Ger
many's oat fields grew twenty-eight
bushels to the acre or eleven bushels
less than Montana. Today they are
producing tifty-nine bushels. or nearly
ten bushels more than the highest oat
yield ever recorded in Montana.
"Rye Is still one Of the less impor-
tant crops Of your state. but the tigA
ures show it's average yield to be near
" eight bushels to the mere below that
Of Germany. which has advanced from
fifteen to over twenty-nine bushels.
I'm barley Montana started ont with
a lead Of over four bushels per mere
over Germany: but. while the latter
has advanced its yield from twenty
three to thirty-nine bushels. that Of
Montana has gone up only from TWEEN
ty-nine to thirty-four bushels.
"As a potato grower Montana has
shown very satisfactory progress. hes
average yield having increased from
1O2 bushels per acre to 1882. During
the same period. however. Germany
has advanced in potato production
from less than 100 bushels to over 200
bushels per acre.
I'm the case of corn it is not possible
to draw a comparison. as corn is not q
staple in Germany Az the figures
show. however. Montana's average
yield Of corn was less for the decade
just closed than for the earlier years
Judith Gap journal. [volume] (Judith Gap, Mont.) 1908-19??, 1913-08-08
MONTANA CAN GAIN
THROUGH NEW
Germany's Experience Shows
Great Increase In Average
Yields From Use Of
. Root Crop.

"HAT Montana. although grow
ing more bushels of wheat
and oats to the acre than al
most any other state in the
Union. could increase her yield Of
these and all her other crops by many
bushels and add millions Of dollars to
her annual farm wealth, is the mes
sage sent to the people Of the state
through letter addressed to Senator
r. j. Walsh by Truman G. Palmer. q
prominent agricultural economist who
has spent many years in the study Of
farming conditions in the United
States and Europe. Mr.. Palmer COM
pares the results obtained in crop pro-
duction in Montana during the past
thirty years with those secured from
much poorer soils in Germany In the
same period. and he shows that Mon
tana is we'll adapted to the methods
that have proved so successful in ad-
vancing Germany's production Of her
staple crops.
1.-THE first virgin richness has not
yet worn off your lands" writes Mr..
Palmer. but an examination Of the
crop statistics Of the state for the past
three decades indicates that Montana
is not realizing the full possibilities Of
it's farm lands. that it is beginning to
travel along the same wasteful and
destructive course that other states
have followed. that 1t IS mining. not
tilling. its soil.
ITO make clear my point will COM
pare the agricultural progress Of Mon
tana and Germany. Il country far in
ferior in natural fertility to the major
portion of the United States. 1t Is q
country which. half a century ago
Judith Gap journal. [volume] (Judith Gap, Mont.) 1908-19??, 1913-08-08
GU $$;;,@5} 90


Turkish officials?
Effendi is simply title of respect
or courtesy. about like our honors,bl
Pasha is Il title of higher rank, either
civil or military.
Who was the last representative Of
the royal Stuart family? Are there any
living today who are Iegtimately de-
scended from Charles !. in direct line?
The last Of the Stuarts was Henry
Benedict Stuart ,1725-1SO1). Cardinal
York. Il grandson Of James II. of Eng
land and brother Of Charles Edward.
the young pretender. He died at
Rome, and with him the line Of the
Stuurts became extinct.
Can you give me the names Of the
writer's Of these three songs: 1.-THE Old
oaken Bucket" the "Marseillaise" and
"Haii Columbian" should like to
learn little about these men too.
''The Old Oaken Bucket" was the
work Of Samuel Woodwork (7S5-
1922. The "Marseillaise." originally
called the Battle Hymn of the Army
Of the Rhine was written by a young
lieutenant stationed at Strassburg-
Rouget de Lisle. The story goes that
the song was taken up by the Mar
settles battalion in its march on Paris
and was thus introduced to France
under new name. De Isle was
born in 1850 and died 1896. The words
~ .TTnil COlumhi0" Arp NV 1OsunI,
Hopkinson n77O-1S24). They We're
written on April 20. 1893. when war
between this country and France
seemed imminent. They We're set to
the music Of the "President's March"
which had been composed BY one
Fayles. leader OF the John Street thea
ter orchestra OF New York.
Judith Gap journal. [volume] (Judith Gap, Mont.) 1908-19??, 1913-08-08
Advantages Of Spray
ing Potatoes.
Practice Beneficial When Blight
and insects Are Absent.

y y = y y y y y = = = = = = = = =
Potato growers as rule are not
usually concerned with the spraying
of their potatoes except when the po'
tatoes are attacked by blight or by
insects. From work carried on
through periods Of from ten to TWEEN
ty years in two of the principal po-
tato states some new facts have been
learned concerning the spraying OF
potatoes. We now know that even IN
years when the potatoes are not Wis
tied by blight or by insects that It
pays to spray them. Potatoes which
were sprayed were found to produce
twenty-four to twenty.eight bushels
per acre more than the some kind
Of potatoes which were quite healthy
but had not been sprayed. The
sprayed potatoes remained green at
least two weeks longer than the
unsprayed and were laying up starch
in the tubers during this time.
BY spraying his potatoes the care
full grower is insured against blights
or insects and will find the expense
of spraying is taken care of by the
larger crop of potatoes. No mat
ter what the weather is or whether
any diseases are prevalent or not the
man who sprays is bound to win.
OF the various sprays which are
recommended for potatoes Bordeaux
mixture is the best.
In general commence spraying
when the plants are six to eight inch
es high and repeat the treatment at
intervals of ten to fourteen days. IN
order to keep the plants we'll Gov.
cred with Bordeaux throughout the
season. During epidemics Of blight
it may be advisable to spray as often
as once a week. Usually six appli-
cations will be required. The Bor-
deaux should contain four pounds OF
copper salphate to each fifty gallons
in the first two sprayings and six
pounds to fifty gallons in subsequent
spraying. Whenever (potato) bugs
! or flea beetles are plentiful add one
or two pounds of Paris green, two
quarts of arsenite of soda stock so
/ luton or three to five pounds of ARISEN
ate Of lead to the quantity OF Dor
! deaux required to spray an acre.
Thoroughness of application Is tc
be desired at all times. but is espe
cially important when flea beetles are
/ numerous or the weather favorable t.
blight. The more frequently ant
thoroughly the plants are sprayed thu
better. There is no danger OF injur
ing the foliage by too much spraying
Judith Gap journal. [volume] (Judith Gap, Mont.) 1908-19??, 1913-08-08
Whore are the Dry rortuaas7

Whore are the Dry Tortugas7
The Dry Tortugas are ten islets. part
Of county of Florida. and are ut the
extreme end of the Florida keys. They
are Ut coral formation and low and
barren. except where partly covered
with mangrOve bushes. They are de-
Tended by Notifications. and on Bush
or Garden key is the Fort jefferson Ut
civil war days. A lighthouse has also
been erected ON the same islet.
When did Denman Thompson last
appear in 1.-THE Old Homestead" and
when did he die7
In the curly spring Of 1911. He died
at his home in West SwanZey. n. H..
April IA. 1911.
Judith Gap journal. [volume] (Judith Gap, Mont.) 1908-19??, 1913-08-08
His Good Resolution.

In a little Irish village there lives
certain worthy who never could pass
a public house without calling in just
to AK the time
One night. however. he made up his
mind to pass by for once. 1t was a
very hard job for him. and at inter
walls he stood still and said, "Stand
firm, resolution, stand firm
After hard struggle he gained
little bridge just beyond the inn. and.
hating there. was heard to say: BE
gprra, resolution, but yer did stand
firm that time. Ye desarve reward.
SO We do. and begorra, I'll just 20 back
and trate ye."
Judith Gap journal. [volume] (Judith Gap, Mont.) 1908-19??, 1913-08-08
SOIL CRUMBS.
Land So Affected Needs Very Careful
Tillaqe.

Land So Affected Needs Very Careful
Tiliage.
In any ordinary soil one does not
find the soil particles separate from
each other The soil particles are
combined into larger or smaller
crumbs or kernels. These crumbs
often reach a diameter of half an inch
,r more. Such crumbs are easily OBJ
served on a cut bank along road or
a railroad. especially if the soil tends
to be heavy. These crumbs or ker.
nels in soil give the soil good
filth, that is, when they are present
the soil works nicely and is easily
prepared for a seed bed. A clay soil.
for instance, may be made up OF
these crumbs and the soil is then said
to be in good condition. II such a
soil is tramped or worked when wet
the crumbs of soil are mashed and
broken. When so treated the soil is
..puddled," Is difficult to work with
farm machinery and does not produce
80 good crops as soils that are not
puddled. II subjected to the action OF
water. soils often run together"
which is much like pudding. To
bring them into good condition such
soils need careful tilfage: or the &C.
ton Of frost will renew their filth.
Judith Gap journal. [volume] (Judith Gap, Mont.) 1908-19??, 1913-08-08
lauohed Too Soon.

Young Richleigh's father allowed
him to take trip to Europe. Be
fore starting the youth made up
cable code of his own for possible use
while abroad and handed copy to his
father. who locked It up In his desk
without looking Mt It. A month later
the elder Richleigh received n cable
consisting of one word. Laugh" He
laughed It seemed to be something
quite pleasant His code was at the
house. He went up there In the best
Of humor. He got ont the code and
read. T.augh--Send me $5OO."-Boston
Transcript
Judith Gap journal. [volume] (Judith Gap, Mont.) 1908-19??, 1913-08-08
improved the Effect.

"What a magnificent building" e
claimed Uncle Cyrus. who was gazing
at the capitol building In Washington
for the first time.
'It is." said the casual stranger WIN
was volunteering information. "And It
looks much better now than 1t used to
when the roof was Hat"
WAS the roof hat Once?'
'Sure. 1t was built dat. That dome
you see on top like big balloon was
caused by expansion under the pres
sure of hot air generated by congress"
''YOu don't say So"
Judith Gap journal. [volume] (Judith Gap, Mont.) 1908-19??, 1913-08-08
A Romeo Oath.

"Oh, swear not by the moon. the in
constant moOn." said Juliet.
How about the modern mnidens who
are going to he loved It'll the sands
OF the desert grow cOld?"
Don't their physical Biographies tell
them that the sands of the desert grow
cold every night sowing to the lack Of
aqueous vapOr?" Ours used tO.-Kan-
Sas City Tines.
Judith Gap journal. [volume] (Judith Gap, Mont.) 1908-19??, 1913-08-08

All sick animals should be immedi'
ately removed from contact with
healthy ones, at least until the nature
of the disease is known. They should
be fed from separate vessels.