davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-04-10
COLD STORAGE AND COOPERA
TON.

Cold storage ID an svil only when
controlled by dishonest men: properly
conducted 1t squalizes ralues, regu-
slatss the supply Of food products that
conform to supply and provide the
steady market ana consequently
greater profits ana more satisfaction
to the producer.
Cooperation among farmers, II
widely extended and wisely managed
would DO the Same thing. It would
prevent, the rushing Of. crops to mar
ket when prices are low, provide
capital to hold them. prevent ruinous
reduce the cost Of selling
and prevent losses through the mid
dleman.
During q period last year when tho
receipts Of eggs at Chicago and other
large cities were exceptionally heavy,
retail prices not only remained high
but actually advanced. Farmers rushed
their eggs to market, accepting the
prices which were offered. which OF
course constantly declined at the
initial market, and were thus losers
to the extent Of hundreds Of thou
sands Of dollars.
How? Because SPECTATORS, know
ing the weakness Of farmers to sell on
q falling market, bought all the eggs
that were offered and placed them In
cold storage. In Chicago alone q
one time there were 72,000,o00
dozen eggs In storage which had been
taken on the market In order to forcs
retail prices higher.
The same methods were observed
in all the other big markets. though
no figures were given out to show the
total number stored.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-04-10
THE FUsARIUM DISEASE OF POTATOES.
The Dry-Rot Fungus Causes Blight and Wilt Of
the Potato Crop-lt also Produces.a Sick Soil
Condition.
by +. r. MANNs

I The dry rot Of potatoes has long
been known ~ storage trouble. At
intervals since 1924 there has been
found associated with this rot by DIFF
ferent investigators fungus Of the
genius Fusarium, which has been
variously designated, but the history
Of the disease 40 q field trouble 10 OF
comparatively recent record.
On badly infected soils the disease
II characterised as follows: The
stand II uneven, though few OF the
hills are missing. The early growth
IL somewhat slow. When the plants
reach height Of 10 to IA inches.
there ID an apparent cessation, Of
growth. The first indication of the
disease II usually conspicuous at this
time. The preliminary symptoms are
a light green color OF the foliage, par
ticularly the lower leaves; this II &C.
companied during the heat of the day
by q partial whiting and an inward
and upward ROLLINS. Of the upper
leaves. The color gradually changes
to sickly yellow. which slowly and
evenly covers the affected vines. Tho
whiting and rolling Of the leaves sx-
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-04-10

making In Argentine at present there
fore IL practically strict pasture
proposition.
There II quite an extensive area
well suited to. and at present partially
used for. the growing Of corn. but as
vet, and probably for some years to
come. this product will be either ex-
ported or used for horse. dairy COW.
and pig feeding. Only the flint varie-
ties are grown generally. II " evil
dent that the natural advantages Of
Argentina enable her cattle products
probably to compete as they are
already doing. with the grass cattle
and lower grades Of native beef pro-
duced in this country. North Ameri-
can corn-fed beef. &C long as the sup
ply lasts, doubtless will continue to
command premium over Argentine
grass cattle in the market OF the
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-04-10

riety perhaps more forcibly than to
the Barred.
Bun Plymouth Rocks will probably
average smaller than the other va
rieties OF tile breed. Although q
solid colored bird, they. like all buff
breeds, except the Bun cochins. will
be found difficult to breed to one
color owing to the tendency TO pos
sess black or white in the wings and
tail.
The wyandottes were originated.
like the Plymouth Rocks, from mix
ture OF Asiatic and European chickens
Dark Brahmas and Bun cochins are
said to have been crossed with Se-
bright Bantams and silver and Cold
eil-spangled Hamburgs:
The intention was TO produce larger
breeds with the beautiful color and
markings OF the Sebright and Ham
burg fowls. Thus the Silver and
Golden-laced Wyandottes we're
formed. As fanciers' fowls they
have since maintained much popu-
larity and have been scattered In con.
siderable numbers to our farms.
But It remains for later variety,
the White wyandotte. to gain the
greatest popularity for the breed.
The Bun wyandottes is also coming
into recognition.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-04-10
THE NEGLECrED ARrrUHoKE.

This plant which can be grown in
almost any garden makes delicious
change in the vegetable dishes for the
table The plant Is perennial but de-
clines rapidly and should be reset
every three years.
It Is propagatod from seed and the
suckers are set out producing edible
heads the second year. The heads are
from three to four inches in diameter
and are ready to cut for tho table just
before they open.
For picking tho heads are often
taken when about half grown. The
leaves are sometimes blanched and
eaten and these form the salad plants
which are seen on the market.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-04-10

Cattle raising for beef in Argentina,
especially In the temperate some, 10 =
much more favored industry than IN
the United States. The climate makes
II possible for the entire life OF cattle
to be spent out Of doors without
shelter and generally without shade
OF any kind. Alfalfa grows most
luxuriantly. and the suitability OF 9
very large acreage for the growth OF
that crop and OF other nutritious In
disenous and introduced legumes and
grasses, together with cheap land and
labor, makes 1t possible to produce
beef cheaply. TO any one unac-
quainted with the possibilities Of the
country, the degree Of fairness which
the cattle acquire on grass or alfalfa
alone IL marvel. Corn feeding az .
supplement to pasture for beef pro-
duction IL extremely rare. Beef
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-04-10

= i " 81 y
Showing premature dying IN the
field ON an area which has become In
tested with Fusasium disease.
tends to al parts Of the affected
plants. Az the. disease progresses the
field takes on q notified yellow to light
green color The growth Of the
foliage 10 greatly restricted. tho wilt
Ing becomes more pronounced and
there 10 associated much tip-burn ow-
ing to the failure OF tho leaflets to
fully recover at night from the wilt
OF the midday. OCCASIONAL hills will
show only one or two vines afflicted.
Plants which early succumb to the
disease pull up easily. manifesting q
badly rptted condition Of the root
AS rule the blighted stems do not
| fall, but remain quite erect. except
for the dropping top.
A careful examination Of the un-
foreground parts Of the afflicted plants
In their early symptoms reveals q
number Of pathological conditions
When the soil Ii thoroughly sick
many OF the root hairs and smaller
secondary roots are entirely do
stroyed. Parts Of the main root and
many Of tho larger secondary roots
manifest q vitreouA sickly, watery,
aspect, instead Of the clear white Of
healthy roots. Cross sections o. the
large roots and the stem at level
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-04-10

The AnseScan brOsds Of chickens
have been made By the mixing Of
certain types. They hsve been
formed to meet the demand for q
general p1rposs fowl snd thsy fulfill
this demand bse4ss than any other
breed.
These breeds are more variable IN
traits than brssds with more years Of
untform ancestry 10 their credit II
strict selection 10 not maintained the
American varisties are inclined to
vary and revert to ancestral types
The barred variety Of the Plymouth
Rocks. IL the original Plymouth Rock.
and u, perhaps, all things considered,
the most popular breed in this coun-
Try ct the present time.
Its origin 10 commonly given as q
cross between tho Black Java and the
American Dominique. Besides the
Java other Asiatic blood has probably
been used in making the breed.
The Plymouth Rock is more like
the Asiatic than like the European
chicken. 1t approaches in size and
fattening qualities the Cochin or
Brahma, but has lost the excessive
featherins, siowness Of growth, and
general clumsiness of those breeds.
The best recommendation for the
Plymouth Rock on the farm is tho
excellent growth made by the young
chickens. In this quality they have
no superior. The Plymouth Rock
pullets are good layers. but as yearl.
ing hens are prone to turn into fat
rather than eggs. 81, $685.. Nh 5
Another, objection to the Barred
variety is the difficulty In keeping the
breed true to the. standard type. The
pure-bred type birds are required to
have even and distinct bars Of the
same shade in male and female.
These are difficult points to main
tain. and sresort is often made to
dours .,'ag or the keeping Of two
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-04-10

The cooling moth. which 10 BY far
the worst apple pest, may be quite eff
fsctively combatted by thorough
spraying with some arsenical poison
lust after the blossoms fall. Arsenate
OF lead used at the rate Of two pounds
to nifty gallons OF water is giving bet
ter satisfaction than paris green be-
cause It adheres better and does not
injure ths foliage.
The moths emerge early and the
female soon begins to lay its eSgs.
These are not a. has been commonly
supposed upon the fruit, but largely
on the under side Of the leaves. Care
full studies have shown that about
nineteen-twentieths Of the eggD are
deposited upon the lsaves, the balance
being upon the bark and fruit. The
earliest deposited eggs hatch In about
ten days While the later ones take
only about half ~ long. A. soon a.
the larva matches, Il begins to MI
CRATE toward the fruit. and havins
reached It usually enters at the point
OF least resistance. which In IT. imma-
ture stage Of development II through
the calyx opening. A knowledge o.
the life history Of this pest enables
the orchardist to spray his trees In
telligently. He knows that the weak
point OF resistance 10 In the calyx or
blow end Of the fruit. Here then IL
the point OF attack. II he can MI the
calyx end Of each apple upon the tree
with . poisonous spray. the most Of
the larvae viii be destroyed before
they have An opportunity to gain &C
cess to the interior structure Of the
apple. Hence no should spray within
the first week pr ton days after the
blossoms fall or before the oalyx
closes up and the apple begins to
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-04-10
ARGENTINA CATTLE.
~ ". II. MU1UoRD.

world. Although Arssntina S~sueu-
ally may develop the production o1
corn-fed cattle which her soil and
climate render quitA possible n y
probable that the domsstic demand n
the United States BY that time with
absorb, and indeed already abeoebG,
practically the entire amount Of beet
produced here. thus. rendering orr 81
port trade. and consequently fors1gn
competition abroad. an rnimpoFtant
factor in the industry. Tho chief
concern OF beef produosss IA this
country should be not what effect VIII
South American competition have
upon our export trade, but Whist efesct
win the possible importation Of south
American beef to the United states
have upon tho production Of beef ct.
tie here
That corn, and likewise cusn-eod
cattle. can be produced In ArSsnSina.
Uraguay. and some other South
American countvi4s II an assured fast.
The extsnt to which It Will b ted %
cattle. however. II limited by the 49,
lively small production Of corn snd
further BY the fact that 4 - . new
industry and will not gain favor ~
lidly because 1t involves more crop.
ping and labor and considerably
more expense.
| ii il significant that tlbs sxpansaon
OF cattle raising IN ArgsntanA has
ceased, and largely becAuse grain
| growing IL proving more proftAbls
than cattle raising. The beef product
will be much improved but the supply
available for export doubtless VIII not
increase more rapidly than the COM
bined factors OF increased population
there and among nations consuming
her surplus, and the relative decrease
OF beef production elsewhere. South
American beef surplus will be n
strong demand: obviously countries
willing to pay the highest premium
for it will secure II. Again. they
Of production il sure to increase with
Increased cost Of labor and LAND.
Under such conditions It 10 not an
ticipated that the business Of raising
beef cattle In the United States VIII
he menaced permanently BY Arsen-
tine.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-04-10
HAY LOADER SAVES TROUBLE.

With the scarcity Of help. haymak-
ing was serious bug-bear, until the
hay loader was improved and became
almost as useful and necessary as the
self binder. I bought hay loader
two years ago. and with It, haying
labor has been reduced almost to a
minimum. One man with a boy to
do the driving can take hay from the
swath as fast as five men can handle
It the old way. With the hay loader
we have solved the labor problem in
'haying to great extent. / believe 1t
to be one Of the best tools that can
be used on the farm. II. A. D.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-04-10
BY WIN. STUART.

point downward. The nozzle used
should throw the liquid with enough
force to drive the spray liquid into the
end Of each apple. Onei thorough
spraying at this time has been found
to give over 80 per cent OF worm free
apples. A second spraying three or
four weeks later II recommended. The
first spraying for cooling moth can be
combined with the second for apple
scab. by adding the arsenical poison
to the bordeaux mixture.
The curculio and apple maggot are
much more dincult pests to combat
Frequent and thorough spraytngs has
demonstrated the possibility OF very
largely controlling the injury caused
by the apple and plum curculio. Till
age and sunlight are two effective aids
In the suppression Of the curculio. a.
10 also the destruction OF all fallen
fruit.
There is no known remedy for the
apple mAgsot. Preventive measures
such 40 tho destruction Of all fallen
fruit are tbs only meAn1 Of suppress
sion that can be employed. OF course
good tillage and judicious pruning and
spraying materially Aid In lessening
the injury to the fruit Arsenical
poisons are not effective.
The sucking insects are best COM
bated by spraying with contact insec-
.ticides. Kerosene emulsion, soap So
buttons or tobacco 1nfusions for the APP
pie leaf aphis, the woody aphis and the
oyster shell scale may be used. The
latter should be attacked when the
young are moving about or have not
as yet -secreted scaly covering.
There Il no very effective remedy
for wood investing insects like the
round-headed apple tree borer. The
orchardist may adopt certain protec-
tive measures such as exclusion or re-
pulsion. The mature beetle may be
prevented from depositing its eggs by
wrapping the lower portion Of the tree
trunk with tar paper, building paper
or veneering. In placing confidence
In such preventive measure there is
always danger that the beetle may find
some opening into which she can thrust
her eggs and before one realizes It
the tree Is infested with borers. Ex-
clusion methods are only effective
when they actually do exclude.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-04-10
REPLANTING CORN.

can recall 40 many as ten seasons
IN which have replanted corn. and
In only two Instances have I found that
Il paid me to rsplant. really be-
lieve would have made more corn
without the replanting in several In
stances.
MY success during the two years
mentioned was due to using an carly
variety from the North Ia replanting
Usually all the corn that 10 coming
up will be UP In two weeks, and Il one
uses an extra early variety for re-
planting, the crop and replant will
silk and tassel, at the same time In
sutins proper fertilization Of both.
II one waits three weeks or longer
as IL often the cGse. and then uses the
same variety OF seed for replantins
az was used for the first planting he
will likely have fodder, but no corn
for his pains.
Some Of the greatest objections to
replanting are that the young corn Is
10 far behind In Size at the secon1
and third cultivation that II not only
does not have the proper culture, but
interferes with the work Of cultivat-
Ing the larger stalks.
Probably most farmers put toe
much seed on the ground to begin
with, and IL one has as much az
three-fourths OF stand, 1t will IN
many instances make as much as
fun stand; II the season should be dry
or the land thin. the stalks next these
missing hills will always be larger
and stronger.
AZ q rule don't believe replanting
AZ generally followed pays. and the
farmer should be sure that his seed
10 good and the land IN as good con-
dition as possible before planting;
then there viii be loss complaint Of
poor stands,
I have replanted corn after the Soc
ond blowing. but used field peas to
supply the missing hills, Planted thif
way the vines Will make q large
growth. several bushels Of seed may
be harvested and the land and corn
benefitsd.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-04-10

m. Rar Doll Baby. scientifically
rnn,,, !. the rar doll seed corn tes-
80 Vas haan nronounced the greatest
infant 81 recent years. Also the most
nnn,,,ar beca use Il has been nursSd
~ - majority 81 the school children
~ ~. IInited s,ates. .s &
Not univ aid this net IN til iirst
,.sr make two blades 81 grass grow
80 ans hut = claims credit Tor last
rsar.s banner corn CROP. Il ID said
- h.va added nil,ions Is the CROPS
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-04-10
eaHAY-OATD AZ a SUBs1ITUTK
FOR CLOVER.

A correspondent Wishes 70 know 4
sheaf oats II an economical and satis-
factory feed for COWS and sheep In the
absence Of ol0voS.
Sheaf oats viii not take the place
Of clover, but II better feed for sheep
tried feeding t. to COWS. Fs0 Ia the
sheaf, the grains would pAss into the
paunch would be brought up - .
cud. and It may be that Ia this way
the digestion Of the grain would b
complete. sheep can digest almost
anythinR
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-04-10
BI4ANCTIIN0 CELERY.

with celery for early pse this may
bsein % soon 40 the stalks are . foot
high OF even less. The first work 4
In getting the stalks In an erect posi-
ton. gathering them together with the
hand and packing small quantity Of
earth around the base to hold them
upright. In Z few days little more
earth may be added, always doing the
work while the plants are dry. being
careful 70 hold the leaves or stalks to-
gether 20 that mono Of the earth will 80
between the stalks: also being careful
not 70 put the earth Shove the grow
ing heart Of the plant.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-04-10
INSURE YOUR APPLE CROP
Spraying Absolutely unc

Rspellants are also preventives,
certain ill-smelling or caulttc COM
pounds being applied as wash to
the trunks Of tho trees. Most of the
washes are Of an alkaline nature con-
sistins Of soaps. or lyes to which car
bolio acid - frequently added to give
It an offensive odor Many CONNER
oial washes have at various times
been put on the market. the use Of
which 1t was claimed would secure
immunity from the borer. In many
cases these proprietary washes have
been known to be harmful to the
bark OF the tree, In some instances
the injury being 50 great as to kill the
tree.
The safest and most effective
method. all things considered. IL that
OF going over the young orchard trees
twice each season. examining each
tree carefully for the presence OF
borers. When detected they should
be at once removed with sharp
knife. The process of digging out d
first season borer 10 comparatively
simple and easy process. AZ they are
Just beneath the bark: the second
lseAson. however, they begin to tunnel
deeper into the tree and by the third
season have penetrated almost II not
quite to the heartwood. 70 remove .
second or third year larva 1t is neces-
sary to make use Of stiff, somewhat
flexible wire. After removing the
castings from the tunnel opening, the
wire IL pushed upwards or down
wards in the tunnel as the case may
be, until the borer 10 encountered: In
this way much cutting and conse-
quent injury to the tree may be
avoided.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-04-10

with the ground or below show s0ms
or all OF the vessels to be Of brown
or dull gray dicoloration.
Following the marked believing q
the fields premature ripsnin4 OF
dying OF the plants sets In. The HE
Of the crop h shortened fully thrse -
six weeks The tubsrs are undse-
sized and the yisld u materially ~
duced. The progress OF the dissaes
II greater In certain areas than d
others, due probably 20 several an
ferent factors. such a. previous IN.
fection being uneven. irregular drain
age. different soil condition4 etc.
The disease n,Akes its attack W
way Of the root system, Nearly I'll
such root injecting pArasitss sxo moro
or less persistent soil organisms
There II much evidences 70 inAl-
cate that many growsrs aee pTAceo00
potato rotations Of too short dusa-
ton. Most OF such growers have -.
rotation of wheat oi0vss and po1A-
rotation should b prast1osd.
Sick helds shou1d not b pean1ed n
potatoes again for . least fsvs Or ~
years, ana own IO00Ot CluS0 my -
required to work the parasitic fuA0as
from the soil. .Grass and grain osop
will undoubtedly elinlnats tl1o fun
gus from the soil quicker than wel
manurinG and cultivated crops.
The work Of ne dTy-rot IA -
proper storage causes IN exce1D q
moisture. due to thu drying up Of ~
rotting tubers. This excess moAtage
condition. together With the a0ded
facility with which bactsr1a ana dscay
fungi may enter the already infected
tubers. brings about much oonDljoa-
tion In the form Of soft or wet SotD.
for which the Fusarium dlssaso \
primarily responsible. Under ths
average cellar storage oonditsono
il quite safe to estimate the loss from
[dry-rot and it, complications q from
one to Ave per cent
The amount OF loss occAsionsd ~
using infected seed oan only b d.
termined by growing such sssd upon
soils free from the disease, ana along
side Of which IN planted seed o. tn
Same source and variety which y moi
carrying tho disease.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-04-10
THE RAG DOLL BABY.

rate method Of testing seed corn than
by the rag doll tester. A few Of ita
advantages are:
The cheapest tester which can be
made.
Anyone can make the tester Ia q
moments time.
Corn may be placed In the, tester
and the test read approximately 81
quickly as any other tester.
II one wishes to use the water
method, the construction OF this tester
10 well adapted for this. II saturated
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-04-10

Treat the cows kindly. Two years
ago I bought three-year-old COW
that was very wild. could not gel
near her In the pasture, but before
had her q month could 60 up to her
with rope In my hand and she would
not run. Last year we bought a
yearling that was the same way.
give eli my cows name and they
know II. Be kind to the cows and
you will have no wild ones.-R. J.
Kerslake.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-04-10

atmosphere with moist cloth contact
10 desired, this may be secured by
leaving the rolls In the water only
long enough to become thoroughly
moistened.
Less mould develops Ia this tester
than any other.
May DO disinfscted for mould most
easily.
Very compact, and can be moved
from one place 80 another without
dtmculty.
All parts OF the kernel. roots,
shoots, ETC., can be readily seen.
Gives an accurate test. - Indicated
BY field results.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-04-10
BREEDS Of CHICKENS FOR THE FARM.
In Buying Breed Of Poultry the Farmer Should
Be Careful to Select the One Best Adapted to
His Purposes.


pens. ono 70 produce cock
erels and tho other pullets
The White and Buzz Plymouth
Rocks are later products than the
Barred variety. Much OF what has
been said with apply to them also The
The White variety is free from the
color objection Of the Barred type.
but the objection to the fattening
tendency applies TO hens Of this va