davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1913-03-20

domestic laboratory. Poorly cooked, un-
wholesome food has caused much domes-
Next Monday. March "a is the date
fixed for the opening of The Free Press
building, corner of Church and College
streets. is the place where the lectures
will be held
To eat three times day means 1893
meals a year
The woman who does her own cooking
spends many hours in the kitchen in the
course of year. 1t is uever-endlnE
task. Any scientific methods that VIII
Tighten this labor and shorten the time
necessary to buy, prepare and serve 1oou
making cooking a delight instead OF
drudgery will be gladly welcomed by the
women of this community.
Cooking Is the all-important eternal
question in any household no matter
whether YOU do your own cooking or
simply supcrintend it.
There Is no disputing that cooking is
an art You can serve food thoroughly
cooked and appctizing, or i'll cooked and
indigestihlc.
the food supplies, and economical, intel
ligent buying enters largely into your
cost OF living. You should also have a
stove or range that is convenient and an
economical fuel consumer Another prob
lem that confronts the up-to-date house
wife is how to have an absolutely SAM
tary, modern kitchen, equipped with easy
to-clean, tlmesaving cooking utensils, for
the ARRANGEMENT, of your kitchen and the
utensils you use play most important
role in the art of cooking.
No matter how much care is used in
the selection of your foodstuffs, or how
perfect your stove or range or how care
fully you may have selected the utensils.
if you have not mastered the science OF
cooking you cannot possibly serve food
that is thoroughly cooked and appetiz-
Ing.
For this reason. cooking clubs, cooking
and domestic science schools have sprung
up all over the country. Lecturers and
demonstrators who have mastered the
science of cooking draw large and en-
thusiastic audiences everywhere. Sher-
wood p Snyder, who will direct the
FREE PRESS cooking course, beginning
lieAJ MpnudN blltI1lpuu ~ lilt I W. l, n
building, has had many years of expert
ence in lecturing and demonstrating be-
fore the public
He comes to the women of Burlington
with a wonderful record as n dispenser
of the knowledge in the art of cooking
Wherever he has appeared in other cities,
the women have turned out in such num-
hers that the seating capacity of the lee
ture halls has been taxed. Mr.. Snyder is
q delightful person to meet and the wom-
en- of Burlington and vicinity are prepar-
ing to give him a most cordial welcome
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1913-03-20

ing for n short stay with his parents, Mr..
cnd Mrs. Charles Fl. HerricK-Nr. and
Mrs Frank Marion of Hardwiek came
1uesday evening TO visit her parents Mr..
and Mrs. A. f. Draper Mrs. H. I. FISK
and Mrs. Harriet Ide were In burlington
Wednesday, Superintendent c. u howe
went to Burlington Wednesday to attend
a meeting OF the Vermont Sportmen 8
association and to return with MS fainlly'
Arthur Waite was in Burlington wed
nesday.-Mrs. Marcela Andross OF VIII
Jamestown was here Wednesday TO at
tend the funeral of her sister, Mrs H.
s. Small
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1913-03-20
WOLCOTT.

Alfred Leno of Wolcott and Amy NIL
.dred Reynolds of Morrstown We're mar
ried Saturday at the Methodist parsonage
by the Rev, j. II, Baxendale.
The express Saturday evening was
obliged to return to Hyde Park owing to
high water and floating ice at the cleo
trio light dam, which flooded the track
of the st. Johnsbury & Lake Champlain
railroad. The passengers were transfer
red by team to Fishers crossing, where
the Hyde Park train met them and re-
turned to st. Johnsbury. Sunday the wa
ter went down 50 the trains We're able
to run.-C'lyde Richa rdson had a narrow
escape while rolling logs at the Morse
mill when a log fell and struck him on
the head He was carried into the MILL
where he was revived.-The revival SER
vices held at the Congregational Church
by the Second Adventists closed Sunday
night.-R r, Udel is visiting his brother
in Ithaca, n. Y,--Ned Davis has a posi-
ton in the store with H. Waite & Son,
Morrisville,---It is expected that p A.
Hollembeck will succeed G. o. Morse as
foreman of the Morse mill April IA
lively runaway occurred Friday, when
Dr. Cooper left his horse for a moment to
enter the station Inc morse ran uo"h
the track about one-half mile into the
railroad bridge 1t stepped ca the cross
ties until within 10 feet Of the end of a
150-foot bridge, where It fell through.
The sleigh was demolished and the horse
was lamed.-E. A. Ransom has a posi-
ton in Hardwick for the summer--M'
Coanut was In Hardwick Saturday.-Mrs,
NJ. j. Mudgett was in Burlington Satur-
day.--Mrs w. G, Philbin went to Bur
lington Saturday for an operation,-C
Richa rdson is visiting in Waterville,-The
Rev. Pevey was In town Friday evening,
The Rev, Fogg of Haverhill, Mass
spoke at the Mission Church Friday even
in0--Mias Lottie Croft is at home for a
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1913-03-20
THE BURLINGTON MARKETS.

New maple sugar has reached the mar
ket and is selling for % cents a pound,
while new maple syrup sells at $50 a
gallon. Strawberries remain on the mar
ket at the price quoted last week. 35
cents a basket, while pineapples are SELL
Ing at 30 cents, No changes are quoted in
meats and none In grains.
The following prices were quoted for
the Free Press by the Burlington Fruit
company, G. \. Barber, grocer, r.. r.
Howard, meat man, and the A. ID. Pease
Feed Co
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1913-03-20
EDEN.

Easter exercises VIII be held at the
Mills Church, with appropriate singing
by the choir and other exercises at eleven
O'Clock. Mrs. Mgnon Bickford- Whit
comb is visiting in town.-Flossie De-
merritt Of Johnson Is visiting at Onias
Whitmore' s.--Guy Harrington, who has
been home III with the measles, has re-
turned to his school at Hyde Park.
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1913-03-20
HAPPENINGS IN VERMONT
Continued from page 3D.

\. y. Collins and sister. Miss Mabel We're
in Barre over Sunday.-Thc spring term
of school opened Tuesday Z. q.
Page and MS, Wilma Ianley are spend
ing a few days with Mrs. Bertha Cheney
at Fairlee.-P. 6. Wakefield veterinarian
has moved to Hardwick.-The Rev Mr..
Trill preached in Cowansville, p. O., Sum
lay. His pulpit here was filled by the
Rev. Mr.. Bowman of North Hyde Park
Mrs. Ora A Douglass of Stowe,
aged Al, adjudged a dipsomaniac, was
committed by Judge White of the
probate court to Waterbury. The
hearing was held Monday.-Colonol
Mcfarland was in Essex Junction Mon
day.-Nliss Carrie Hubbard is at
home from her school at Cabot,-A1iss
Helen Mcfarland returned Saturday
from visit of several weeks at Nj
agara Falls-R. s. Page returned
from Boston Sunday.--Miss Elsie
Stearns of Johnson spent Sunday at
w. S. Newcomb 's.-School in the VII
iage began its spring term Tues
day morning.-Owing to a washout near
Wolcott the Hyde Park train did not
reach here until three o'clock Sunday
morning.-Erwin Lilley has closed his
poolroom.-Miss Sara Chaplin returned
Monday from a visit of several days
at Essex.-Miss Halle Gates was a
visitor in Stowe Sunday.
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1913-03-20
BOSTON BUTTER MARKET.

BOSTON BUTTER MARKET.
Boston, March 70.
BUTTER-Unchanged Northern, 3S1
39c western 31lsI3sC
CHEESE-S Steady. \. Y. twins, lSl2
l9c; good. I1MlSc
Creamery. extra offered, G6i.c; boxes and
prints are kept sold up at the usual adj
vance on prices OF tubs.
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1913-03-20
Our

Beginning to-day and continuing through the week
may riehtfully be regarded as one Of this stores
chief events during the whole year.
1t presents for inspection most carefully
chosen collection of fabrics and apparel for women
broadly representing that which is newest and best
of the latest effects In fashion
Those who are not yet prepared to make selec-
tons for the Spring and Summer seasons will find
visit to this store at this time especially profitable
1t will prove style exhibit of Importance and
especially this time it will be Of many
striking y new and beautiful materials as well as
the of making them up.
The departments that will be most concerned
in this opening are the
Millinery, Ready-to-wear Apparel,
Dress Woolens, Silks, Laces, Ribbons,
Neckwear, Gloves, Washable Fabrics
and our unsurpassed
Dressmakiing Department
Ladies will be interested in the beautiful new Hats for
Easter, the Tailored Suits Costumes and Waists
The casual observer fail to be impressed with
the atmosphere OF Spring that pervade the entire
1t season of brilliant colornes and great care has
been exercised making selections that will prove pleas
Bulgarian effects prominent The soft but vivid
color effects recently brought fashion give life and tone
when combined with the sombre shades
The materials that come under the head of WASH
ABLE FABRICS have been beautiful they are
this The soft crepe plain, embroidered
and with coors introduced foremost n favor
FRENCH VOILES fresh, dainty and delicate colornes.
effective bordered patterns Fascinating their quaint
floral designs and equally pleasing checks stripes and solid
colors
Ribbons occupy prominent position, sashes and erdles
wide velvet ribbons beautiful lowered effects brocadc
past.
Lace foremost fashions favor show some remarkable
varieties of the shadow idea light dainty handsome pat
experimenting the novelty feature of exclusive neck
extremely lace and crepe de
chine at remarkably little prices.
Collar and Cuff Sets delicate embroidered designs are
popular
The new Epauete Collar is the prevailing style of this
and may be had in great variety.
Gloves for Easter
need which cared for here way that leaves little
be desired. The world famous makes here in full
The Princess Victoria at 81. 90 Per Pair
fail to the requirement acceptaby. After
selling these gloves convinced that better
gloves procurable at Sl.50 per pair.
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1913-03-20

Real and personal valuations o
New York state increased from S.
'5i,i0o,121 in 1909 TO approximate!
yll,lsl. 900 in 1912,
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1913-03-20
GRAIN AND PRODUCE.
New York. March 10.

New York March 49,
FLOUR--Steady.
WIfEAT-Firm Futures were steady on
covering due to steady cables, closing va
&c net higher May 95an961kc; closed &c. z;
July closed 96A; Sept. closed 95h
COItN-FNirm,
OATS-Quiet.
PORK-Steady.
LARD-Easy.
SUGAR-Raw, steady; Muscovado; 3ost
centrifugal 35S molasses, 2S3; refined
quiet.
POTATOES AND CABBAG ES-Cuic
and unchanged
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1913-03-20
LIVESTOCK MARKET.
New York. March !

New York Marcn y.
BEEN ES-Receipts, Else, Irregular
stecrs, S6Q925 bulls, s3.5oq72S; COWS So
a65o dressed beef slow native sides, III
l3lac; exports, 81 sheep.
CALVES-Receipts, 2,9t; vcals ~
higher; other calves steady. Veals. 81 q"
"A: culls, sac; yearlings and barnyarC
calves. s5Q650, fed, do, $7dS; dressed
calves higher; city dressed veals, ij4-'c
country dressed, l+Ul1iac.
SHEEP AND LAMBS-Receipts i.5ra
sheep easier; lambs weak; sheen, $3.50
$50: culls, s.5ca4.5O; lambs, sSa9.40; culls
sea-. so; two decks Maryland "spuneers
81. 80 per head; few Jerseys" $3.50.
HOGS-Receipts, s,S25; steady to lower
ct, sa5069so; roughs, $50.
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1913-03-20

Continued on pnge 10
The Daytona daily news. [volume] (Daytona, Fla.) 1903-1926, 1913-02-15
PAUL GILMORE BRINGS
COMPANY HERE NEXT WEEK.

The engagement Of Paul Gilmore
and associate players at the New
Daytona theater for one night only,
Friday, February q. will present the
manager in a big dominent role
of the type which playgoers have
learned to associate with his name.
The Havoc" is tense, gripping
drama. built upon the story OF
duel of wits between an injured hus-
band and q trecherous guest in his
home. The big role of the play, the
husband, offers one of the most con
vincing characters seen on the stage
in recent years and is played by MIR.
Gilmore with quiet power and tense
nervous force. BY the sheer power
of his acting he dominates the pow
er of his acting he dominates The
Havoc" with perfect ease, and dur
ing the senes that are softened by
brilliant ironic comedy he makes
the authors sataric lines snap and
sparkle and burn by his quick,
nervous, crisp, decisive tones.
The Daytona daily news. [volume] (Daytona, Fla.) 1903-1926, 1913-02-15
PLAY HUMAN HEARTS
COMES HERE TONIGl

Human Hearts" Hal Reds we'll
known melodrama comes to the New
Daytona theater tonight. The hero,
Tom Logan" a village blacksmith,
and in the words of the playwright.
"one of natures noblemen, weds an
adventures, who deserts him as
soon as the william appears, who has
killed the hero's father and fastens
the crime on Tom, who is convicted
and sentenced to life Imprisonment.
One OF the principal characters is a
hobo, "a diamond in the rough who
besides causing much laughter,
keeps them pretty hot for the villain
and ia the end furnishes evidence
that clears Toms good name and
brings everything to a happy finish.
I1e company is a good one and all
special scenery is carried for a per
feet production.
The Daytona daily news. [volume] (Daytona, Fla.) 1903-1926, 1913-02-15
MOSOU TO inlet MPROYLh Mt
MEETING At H.R.Y. CLUBHOUSE
MEETING ADDRESSED BY REV. D.
H. RUTTER, c. r. BURGMAN
AND S. n. oovE-RAlN CUT
DOWN ATTENDANCE.

The meeting at the Halifax River
Yacht clubhouse last night was not
largely attended owing to the in
element weather. which also pre-
vented the speakers from New
Smyrna from being present.
S. H. Cove was selected as chair
man and he introduced Rev. D. H.
Rutter and c. +. Burgman as speak
ers of the evening. Mr.. Cove also
made a short address.
The meeting had been called for
the purpose of increasing interest in
the proposed Improvement of Mosqui-
to inlet and the speakers confined
themselves to explanations of the
benefits to be derived by making the
| inlet port of entry and the neces-
! sity of organization and further earn
est work for the Improvement
Mr. Rutter was the delegate from
the board of trade of this city who
in company with delegates from New
Smyrna recently visited Washington,
d. c., in the interest of the inlet
Improvement and his address dealt
with the work done by the commit
tee in Washington and the facts and
i figures secured and used by them
\ showing the advantages of Mosquito
inlet over those of st. Lucie inlet
as a port of entry. Mr.. Rutter is
very sanguine that the improvement
of Mosquito inlet can be accomplish
ed by properly directed, systematic
effort.
Mr. Burgman spoke principally
along the line of the necessity anG
value of thorough organization anc
also brought out strongly the ad
vantage in time of transportation O
water service over railway service
inter state commerce statistics show
ing that boat shipments were mucl
more speedy than those BY train. H
gave several examples within his ow
knowledge in proof OF this.
Mr.. Cove urged the importance O
the inlet Improvement to Dayton'
and the whole section as relic
from insufficient railway service an
cited the conditions which existe
along the East Coast the season be
fore last when quantities Of produc
rotted on the ground owing to the in
ability OF the railroads to transpor
it to market. This condition is large
u due to the fact that the passenge
business is heaviest at the time frui
and vegetables are being shipped an
| the freights would find a great relic
] if there was an outlet through Mos
quito inlet.
The Daytona daily news. [volume] (Daytona, Fla.) 1903-1926, 1913-02-15
WALLACE HALLS CONDIT ION
SHOWS IMPROVEMENT TODAY
LAD is ABLE TO RECOGNIZE AND
CONVERSE WITH HOSPITAL AT
PENDANTS AND HAS EVEN
CHANGE.
CHANGE

Wallace Hall, the boy who was
dangerously hurt by being struck by
an automobile in front of the Sea-
breeze school house last Wednesday
afternoon, is improved today. is
able TO talk with the hospital at
tendants and it is given out today
that he has an even chance for re-
eoyery.
The operation performed Thursday
night by Drs. Turk and Bohannon
relieved the pressure on the brain
caused by the fractured skull and
the condition of the injured lad has
gradually improved since that time.
His condition is still dangerous, but
it is believed the chances for re-
coyery are better now than at any
time since the accident.
The Daytona daily news. [volume] (Daytona, Fla.) 1903-1926, 1913-02-15
MONEY IN HIS HIP POCKET
SAVES DRIVER FROM INJURY

FITzHUeH BRADSHAW KNOCKED
DOWN AND RUN OVER BY tx
PRESS WAGON BUT IS NOT
SERIOUSLY HURT.
Struck by the wagon when the
horse started suddenly, knocked down
and run over by two wheels. Fitz-
hugh Bradshaw. driver for the
Southern Express company was prob
ably saved from serious injury from
the fact that he carried the money
bag in his hip pocket.
The driver left the wagon at the
corner Of Live Oak and Beach
street to deliver a package and the
horse started suddenly just as he
started to climb back into the wagon.
He was knocked down, thrown under
the wheels and both wheels passed
over his hips, the money bag in
his pocket breaking the weight.
! The driver attributes the accident
to the fact that the former driver
of the horse had taught the animal
to start as he climbed into the
wagon. The horse ran up Beach
street and attempted to turn UP
Live Oak avenue but passed be
! tween two trees at the corner and
I the wheel struck one of the trees
oyerturning the wagon. The harness
! held the horse and the animal was
held by a passerby until the driver
arrived on the scene.
The Daytona daily news. [volume] (Daytona, Fla.) 1903-1926, 1913-02-15
Tack in His Stomach.

After undergoing treatment for sew
eral months to relieve a supposed case
OF indigestion. Vidal Stefano. z years
old, of Philadelphia. was examined un-
der the X-ray at the West Philadelphia
Homeopathic Hospital and found to
have tack in his stomach
The Daytona daily news. [volume] (Daytona, Fla.) 1903-1926, 1913-02-15

Upton Sinclair at a vegetarian din
nor In New York condemned certain
laws.
I'VE scrap machinery that is five or
ten years DID, said Mr.. Sinclair, but
We are content to live under laws
formed three centuries ago.
The Daytona daily news. [volume] (Daytona, Fla.) 1903-1926, 1913-02-15
Greek Fire to Be Used AGAIN.

To stop following hostile vessels or
even for purposes of attack when the
conditions are right a German naval
officer has invented Greek fire that
will burn while floating on water.
The Daytona daily news. [volume] (Daytona, Fla.) 1903-1926, 1913-02-15

FOR SALE - One Columbia, two
speed coaster brake Bicycle, with spring
forks and cushion frame; speedometer,
Pearson large saddle and electric head
light. Only 1. 500 miles; cost $111O0;
will sell for SIS cash In first class
order; great bargain: reasons for selling
do not wish to take north. Address
F. 6. Harmon, Hotel Clarendon. tits
The Daytona daily news. [volume] (Daytona, Fla.) 1903-1926, 1913-02-15
Tea trays. banners and favors at
the Colonial shop.

Mrs. Annie Wentworth arrived
Thursday afternoon from Chicago to
spend the season as usual at the Mag
nolia hotel, North Ridgewood ave
nue.. Mrs. Wentworth has been com
ing to Daytona for a number of sea-
sons and has many friends here to
welcome her return.
The Daytona daily news. [volume] (Daytona, Fla.) 1903-1926, 1913-02-15
Maintained.

If the Seuue. .aaintained.
The st. Louis belle who uses her
bracelet on her ankle naturally
aouses curiosity as to where she
would wear an engagement ring
Washington Post.
The Daytona daily news. [volume] (Daytona, Fla.) 1903-1926, 1913-02-15

Mrs Arthur Il. Carter, grand
matron Of the Order Of the Eastern
STAR Of Florida, returned yesterday
afternoon from tour Of official
visits to o. E. 5. chapters on the
lower East Coast as tar south. as
Key West. Mrs. Carter viii leave
again Monday to visit the St. Aug
Justine and Jacksonville chapters, re.
turning the latter part Of the week.
The Daytona daily news. [volume] (Daytona, Fla.) 1903-1926, 1913-02-15

*Auto Wanted can use a five
or seven passenger car five after
moons a week for the next six weeks.
What price can you make? Z M.
CLEVELAND, Prince George hotel.
64-2t
The Daytona daily news. [volume] (Daytona, Fla.) 1903-1926, 1913-02-15

.
OCEAN BEACH-excellent motoring
north for 10 miles ard south l5
miles to Mosquito inlet and tho
Government lighthouse at Ponce
Park. The beach Is the most mag
nifieent IN the world.
BEED, KNOX & BEED ORANGE
GROVE-1S miles, via Ormond. il
one Of the largest groves in vo-
lusia county and is well wor h see
ing; can be reached by moor over
fairly good road; can also be
reached by boat.
NUMBER NINE ORANGE GRovE--a
large grove. passed on the way
to the Beed, Knox & Feed grove,
is II miles from Daytona.
NEW SMYRNA-16 miles from lay
tona, over an excellent hard sur
face road; this drive is said to
be the prettiest IN the state. At
New Smyrna are the ruins of an
ancient fort and other b storicaI
spots, left by the colony OF An
drew Turnbull.
OLD SPANISH MISSION-2 miles
west of New Smyrna, reached By
motor over good road. This mis-
sion is without authentic history
but by many it is contended that
this is the church built by Column
bus on his second voyage h
America. The altar is still extant,
but at later date the building
was used as sugar mill.
SPANISH SUGAR MILF miles
west of Port Orange and about
miles from Daytona; the machinery
is still in a good state OF preser-
walton, although the mill IS pre-
sumed to have been built and
operated BY the early Spanish set
tiers.
GOVERNMENT LIGHTHOUSE "a
Ponce Park, II miles from Daytona
i is reached by boat or by motor on
the ocean beach.
I MAMMOTH TREE miles from
Daytona; an abnormaIly large tree;
reached by motor over hard
surfaced road.
/ DELAND-25 miles from Daytona:
the county seat of Volusia county
and seat of John B. Stetson uni
versity; 4 very picturesque city;
reached by motor over hard sur
faced road
+ TOMOKA RIVER-The scenic stream
Of Florida; reached by excursion
boats which leave Daytona daily
and run to the nayigable head or
the stream, 20 miles from the
city. Generally number Of al
Iigators may be seen in their ma
tive haupts. This IS a trip no
tourist should miss.
DELEON SPRINGS, 2S miles from
Daytona; mammoth spring that
throws out thousands of gallons
of water a minute; delightful
bathing pool, and picturesque
scenery. Spring is situated IN an
old plantation. Reached by motor
over good road; nice trip for
, a picnic party.
OAK HILL-hamlet, 10 miles south
of New Smyrna; several orange
groves in the locality; reached by
motor over hard-surfaced road.
0 ORMOND-six miles from Daytona;
= here is located the Ormond hotel
: and a pretty town; nearby are the
+ ruins of Spanish sugar mills.
, TURTLE MOUNDS miles south OF
Daytona; reached by boat; a
mammoth mound Of oyster shells
supposed to have been left by
. a prehistoric race of people. Pot
= terry and other antiquities havi
d been discovered n excavating thI
: shell.
:. PORT ORANGE-an attractive tow
$ 6 miles south of Daytona, can b
+ reached by motor over hard-sur
faced road; or the trip one way
may be made by the road ant
crossing the Halifax river on tn
/, Port Orange bridge, the return
can be made on the ocean beach.
The Daytona daily news. [volume] (Daytona, Fla.) 1903-1926, 1913-02-15

*New shipment of MILDLY blouses,
pique to match the skirts; also
MILDLY ties. The Chas. E. Gardiner
Co.
The Daytona daily news. [volume] (Daytona, Fla.) 1903-1926, 1913-02-15

Thompson S Gloye-fitting corscs $.
a full line to select from The Chas-
b. Gardiner Co.
The Daytona daily news. [volume] (Daytona, Fla.) 1903-1926, 1913-02-15

SPANISH SUGAR MILF miles
west of Port Orange and about
miles from Daytona; the machiner,
is still in good state OF preser
walton, although the mill IS pre-
sumed to have been built and
operated BY the early Spanish set
tiers.