davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1913-12-01
1876 ARE KILLED
Hunting Season Fatalities Reach an
Enormous TOTAL.

Enormous TOTAL.
Chicago, Dec 1.-The hunting sea
son, which ended Yesterday. cost 1875
lives. according to tabulation made
here. In addition 140 persons We're
injured, several fatally.
Wisconsin was the chief sufferer of
the season with a total Of twenty-nine
dead and twenty-seven injured.
Michigan with twenty-eight dead
sixteen injured is second. Careless
ness in handling weapons is the chief
cause for the big death list.
The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1913-12-01
GET NEW PLAN
Many Pennsylvania udes Under the
Commission Form of Government.

Philadelphia, Dec. 1.-The commis-
sion form Of government went into
effect in the major portion Of Penn
sylvania cities today, the system of
select and common councils oging out
Of existence. With the exception of
Philadelphia, Pittsburg, Scranton and
a. few other cities operating under
special legislative charter; all cities
law.
The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1913-12-01
Move Few Wagons.

Continued on Page .s.)
The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1913-12-01

North Dakota: Genesally ~ 4
tonight and Tuesday: colder ~
night. ;'s.s q
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-01-05

city probably thirty thousand and the
whole country more than a million,
Is it strange that consumption is on
the increase In this country under these
conditions? Every physician knows that
despair. fright. worry, grief and dis
appointment are powerful causes in paw
ing the way for the onset OF consump-
ton. and. when ii already exists. they
exert a correspondingly eneryating and
depressing effect, greatly diminishing
resistance ana lessening the chances OF
recovery. I'm addition TO the encum-
brances OF their natural infrmity, they
are compelled to bear the artificial load
which is thus forced on them, and under
these circumstances the physicians eff
forts 10 save are not only rendered more
futile and hopeless, but many are pro-
vokcd to suicide and many more are
swept TO a premature grave by this grlev-
Gus and monstrous mental burden. Oh,
the anguish and cruelty that are inflicted
by this barbarc practice,
one OF the most horrible effects which
suicidal sacrifice of consumptive parents
for the sake OF protecting their fam
lilies from themselves. AS telling ex-
ample of the fearful gamut OF wrongs
which have been inflicted by this So
called educational movement, IT may be
proper briefly to refer 10 the most pa
thetic story of young man. his wife
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-01-05
Or IzomncG%cMqzw

and baby which was enacted about three
years ago in the city OF Philadelphia,
as described by the daily papers of that
time. He was one OF the most enthus-
astic visitors TO the Chamber Of Horrors
i'm the International tuberculosis EX-
h.hit located on Walnut street. perusing
its literature with morbid interest, and
as his knowledge of the subject grew
his fears for his health became pain
fully marked. and, although apparently
well man, within that month he devel-
oped every symptom Of the disease IN rap
idly advancing stages. On the evening
OF his last visit he went home, said he
had the disease. accused his wife and
baby OF having the same and drank the
fatal contents of "a bottle OF carboic acid.
Moreover. this crusade also gives some
OF its co-workers an opportunity TO scatter
voluminous inroad which 1t has already
made into the mortality figures OF con-
sumption. Thus, a medical writer sets
forth the claim that through the adoption
of these preventive measures the city or
Philadelphia had been saving 1S4 lives
annually from 1882 TO 1S91-a period Of
ten years. According TO the official fig
ures, In 1852 there were 2.0S9 deaths from
this disease. and I'm 1892, the close of the
ten-year period. 2,709. The saving Of 74
ton implies that the cause or causes
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-01-05

What then. IL the practical outcome OF
the domination Of such a deceptive and
tyrannical environment? II is needless to
say that The lot q the consumptive is q
most unhappy one. Family and social
relations are frequently strained on ac-
count Of it. Where is the consumptive
who has not been regarded as persona
askance when coughing on the street, In
public conveyances or In public assem-
blages? Has he not, Of his own account
Stunned society, or church, because he is
looked upon as breeder and carrier OF
deadly germs? Are not families In which
consumptive members are sick or dying
crcumspectly avoided? Are not consump-
tives refused work or are they not dis
charged from the same when their dis
ease is discovered, although they are well
able TO work? Does 1t not frequently hap
pen that employees refuse TO work along
side OF fellow employe who coughs? DO
not hotels boarding houses and even
health resorts close their doors against
such invalids? Are not life insurance
companies beginning to withhold their
protective blessings from those who re-
Gently had the care of consumptives, no
matter how healthy they may be? These
are some of the assaults that touch the
very marrow OF life and produce count
less mourners. The city of Philadelphia
contains ten thousand of these, New York
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-01-05
BY DR.. Thomas j. Mays.

~HERE is no doubt in the world that
the present movement for the pur-
Il pose of exercising pulmonary con-
sumption is entirely the result or artl-
fetal and unnatural agitation, melted at
first by very few individuals. NO serious
thought had, ever been given 10 the con-
tagiousness OF this disease in America
until the discovery of the tubercle bacillus
In 1882 Without stopping to inquire
whether practical experience confirmed
such a view, it dawned on few that De-
cause some other diseases associated with
germs were contagious consumption must
be CONTAGIOUS likewise. The whole prob
lem seemed very plain and plausible TO
them, but, without dwelling on its in
congrulty and without regarding its prac-
teal or it's scientific side at present IL
is enough TO say that on account of the
dreadful fatality of this disease and the
pressing anxiety 10 get rid of it the pub
lie mind was eagerly receptive and ready
10 respond TO almost anything that prom
ised a possible hope Of escape from this
awful tragedy.
Wise elaboration and reflection on the
history and literature Of medicine at TINS
critical moment by those who inauSurated
this crusade would have saved much
modification and chagrin in the future
Instead OF this, wild campaign or pop
ular agitation was begun for the purpose
% advertising the contagiousness of TINS
disease through the public press, the
issuing of bulletins and tracts and the
giving of lectures, exhibitions, etc,
throughout the country.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-01-05
AN EXPENSIVE ENTHUSIASM.

Work of this kind has been carried on
for more than dozen years. Millions
upon millions of dollars have already
been spent in it's interest. The most
reckless assurances of certain eXtermi-
nation OF this disease in few years
have been made. Indeed, calculations
were given out to the public when, il
true. would demonstrate that the disease
had been blotted out Of existence some
time ago in two of the largest cities of
our country by means of this crusade
More than this. the people have been ana
are being driven into frenzied fear
of this disease. The cOnsumptive SICK
are consigned to the cruel fate of fam
iIv enhancement and public ostracism'
which intensity their natural burden
hundredfold and cause many a one TO
die from the effects of wounded love ana
affection rather than from the disease
which afflicts them.
Now, in view of all this. il occurred
10 the writer TO make a wide and thor
ough inquiry into the influence which
has been eXerted by this movement IN
this country on this disease, and for
this purpose he collected the yearly
death statistics lsee New York Medical
Record" November 20. 1927 Of consump-
ton. through the kind assistance Of the
health departments of twenty-seven or
our largest cities. comprising about six
teen million inhabitants. Thirteen OF
these cities. covering a period Of 81
years-from 1876 TO 1911 inclusive-are
considered in one group; and fourteen,
covering a period varying from rs TO
30 years before 1912, are considered in
a second group.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-01-05
THE MANUFACTURE OF MISERY.

Stripped OF all it's extravagant preten-
sions, the crusade against consumption
was designed for the purpose of accom-
while IL its authors had followed the
teaching of medical history they would
have been brought 10 a realization that
they were engaged In abettng measures
which are working incalculable injury,
and which IT viii require years to rectify.
While, on the whole, the world is rapidly
becoming better, there is strange eccen-
tricty in human nature which tends TO
impose suffering for the sake of princi-
pies which are neither justified by the
ground on which they are supposed to rest
nor in the practical ends which they seek
10 attain. 1t Is out OF such stun. aided by
bigotry. that much Of our misery is man.
ufactured. This great crusade, which is
to annihilate consumption in a remark
ably short time, is merely the symptom
of a wave Of mental delusion, Of which
the history OF medicine affords numerous
examples. all Of which have been depen-
dent on the wide acceptance of erroneous
theories concerning the origin of disease.
Perhaps the most notorious wave Of this
kind was that OF witchcraft. in the seven
teenth and eighteenth centuries, in which
many thousands were hanged or burned
at the stake because they were regarded
as being In league with the devil, About
a century later another wave of delusion
broke out in the shape of theory that
the insane were possessed by demons. and
in order to expunge these evil spirits such
people were subjected to the most diabol-
zeal abuse and torture for period of
many years
However waves Of this kind did not
conhne their operations TO the sphere of
nervous and mental diseases, but invaded
the field Of pulmonary consumption, as Is
illustrated in the outbreaks in Tuscany
and Naples, and again in our own time
and country
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-01-05
A DIMINISHING RECORD.

Before going any further. it is i'm
portant to note that. in analysing these
statistics. no estimate of the death rate
Of this disease is worth the paper on
which It is written. unless we recognize
that consumption, as a rule. has been
gradually diminishing in probably every
city from its earliest record. and long
before the current preventive measures
had been called into existence. Let US
inquire. then, into the status of this nor
NAL reduction rate of consumption be-
fore the prevention measures Of the pres
ent era came into play.
Before the year 1894 little If anything.
had been done in this direction. Hence.
by comparing the first half of the whole
period of each city. which covers the
time when no special or direct preventive
measures were in vogue, with the second
half OF the whole period. which covers the
time when the so-called modern" sys-
tenn was in full swing, 1t will be found
that the average total death rate per
thousand living inhabitants is lower in
the first than in the second half period
In other words. during the second half
when all the possible energies Of the pre-
ventive crusade were called into play and
almost ceaseless millions were prodigally
spent in their behalf, the disease increased
over the first half, when nothing of the
kind vas done. This was really an as
tonishing revelation, for in view of the
numerous reports concerning the wonder
full dninution of the death rate from this
disease coming in from every quarter
there was every justification for believing
that there was at least some lessening Of
its death rate in the second half period.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-01-05
ANTICIPATING THE BACILLUS

In fact. the people al that time prac-
tically anticipated by a whole centur!
IN. bsneful effects which the then UNI
known bacillus is supposed to exert at
present in the production of this disease
and under the ruthless isolation or con
srmptives which then prevailed ana
which could not be inforced now 10 the
same extent. neither the sick, their pacliH'
their expectoration. nor any OF their De-
Iongings had the remotest chance Of ever
reaching or injecting any one
II really seems as though the whole
contagion theory. like the unsupported
flank of an army, is in the air, and the
further il is reconnoitred the more II
doubles up on itself. A great Juror has
been created on account of II, yet IL seems
TO be a igment of the Imagination.
There is no evidence OF contagion among
musicians. nurses and other attaches Vi
consumptive hospitals, nor among inc
mennbers and servants of famlles WIZ
lodge and care for consumpuNes III
health and mountain resorts, nor anlohs
the many married people when either Tue
busband or the wife is affected noI
among the inhabitants of towns IN Whlch
consumption hospitals are located; anu
furthermore. with a few unimportant eN-
centions there is not a physician who mas
made a prolonged study OF cohsuNiPu'"
and who has written a speclai worn Oh
this subject. either in the kngllsh OF "e
man language, who indorses the cohta-
zion theory. as is shown by the following
testimony:
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-01-05
A BLIND TRAIL.

Whatever distrust one may have In re-
Gard 20 the value OF statistics. IL is very
obvious that the trend Of evidence gath
cred from the figures in these two groups
OF cities is strong enough to enforce the
conviction that consumption has not been
decreased one whit by the measures which
have been evoked 20 crush IL during the
last ten or fifteen years, but. on the other
hand, gives the most positive indications
that the modern prevention idea of
stamping out consumption is following a
blind TRAIL and that 1t is time TO cali a
halt on ii.
Furthermore, these statistics are fully
confirmed by the results Of other cru
sades, which are perfect counterparts OF
the one In full swing at present in this
country, and which have likewise been
disastrous failures. Thus, in 1854 the
Grand Duke Of Tuscany. in Italy, made
1t compulsory on all physicians to report
every case OF consumption TO the health
authorities under heavy fine or imprison-
ment. All articles used by consumptives
had to be thoroughly disinfected. and
nothing used during their Illness could be
sold for a month after their death Con-
sumptives were compelled to spit only
in special vessels OF glass or glazed
earthenware, which were TO be disin-
fected, emptied and cleaned frequently.
These laws were rigidly enforced for
thirty nine years, when, on account Of q
loss Of support by the medical profession,
they were repealed as being "a cause OF
bitterness, dissatisfaction and vexation."
Laws Of q like character were enacted
I'm Naples In 1852. and probably carried out
With greater severity. In addition to the
penalty imposed for not reporting cases
of consumption and for failing to disin-
feet the expectoration, the rooms In
which consumptives died had their cell
ings, walls, floors, doors and windows
torn out and burned. The bedding and
furniture shared the same fate. and the
houses were not habitable for year.
The sick were neglected. the families
In which consumption occurred were
Stunned, and the owners Of such houses
were often turned into beggars on ac-
count Of depreciation OF their property
These laws were enforced very rigidly for
about 6fty years. and, as In the case OF
Tuscany, were finally abandoned on &C
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-01-05
EXPERIENCE OF THE SPANIARDs.

This opinion is confirmed by the expert
ence of the Spaniards, when. in 1860. they
brought 1000 coolies under contract from
China to Cuba for plantation laborers,
among whom were quite a number of con-
sumptlves. Being under contract, and
under supervision of overseers who min
istered to all their physical necessities,
so far as food. shelter and care were con-
cerned--ther condition being practically
the same as that which obtained in our
South during slavery-it was found that
within the first few years consumption
was eliminated, either through death or
cure. and never reappeared among them
one OF the most convincing demonstra-
lions OF the efficacy of rational prevention
OF consumption measures is found in con-
nection with the effort of stamping out
yellow fever in Santiago de Cuba. so far
as the figures go, Immediately after the
American occupation Of that city, In 1898.
under the charge Of Major l.. C. Carr, who
states that that city was the filthiest In
the world. and that n fairly reliable re-
port of the deaths frem yellow fever and
consumption had been kept for some
years before the occupation. The sani-
tary work consisted Of thorough disinfec-
ton of the foci of the fever; use of force
pumps TO clean out cesspools, latrines.
manhoes and wells; drenching and scrub
bling OF floors, ceilings and walls of
houses; prohibiting the promiscuous
throwing of filth and excretions into the
streets and a general process of cleaning
up the city and keeping 1t as sanitary as
possible. No attention was paid to the
expectoration OF consumptives, nor were
efforts made to exterminate mosquitoes.
In 1897 there were 325 deaths from yell
low fever. and 40 deaths from consump-
ton: in 1898. 20 from yellow fever and
AS from consumption I'm 1880, SO from
yellow fever. and l73 from consumption,
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-01-05
WHAT AUTHORITIES HAVE SAID.

"Uo frequently observe among the
oro. classes a numerous family sleep
ing in the same apartment with a CON-
su,,n,ive patient. and husband occupy
,,, "a The last the same bed with his
- ,,;,ho,,t any communication Of the
disea Sc "-Laennec.
Never having witnessed among .no
thousands of cases of this disease which
7 have attended one unequiVocai instance
# the fact"-Forbes.
Brought up in the contagion oeHeI' o"'
abandoned it."-Portal.
Against the few facts which tehu 10
sunport the doctrine of contasloh '"ei'
are tens of thousands against it.'-AnceN
And less iustihable are the reckless
conclusions drawn by Koch concerhihs
the casual indication of the tuoercle pscii-
lus. '-Aufrecht
Thorough disbeliever in the contagious
ness of consumption. '-Brehmcr.
II have never yet found any satisiac-
tory proof Of infection in any well Venu-
lated house. and this in spite OF close
contact" -Ransome.
MANY examples of contagion, real OF
annarent. have been brought forward, but
the records of consumption hospitals seem
incompatible with a belief in contagion'
james.
my own personal experience and Cd
servation convince me that, apart from
artificial conditions, phthisis is not an
infections malady.
"There are few writer's who have not
admitted the possibility Of some con-
tagion, but / venture TO think that the
evidence shows that even II this posi-
bility has an authentic foundation. the
extent and degree to which contagion Or
dinariy extends are singularly SMALL
Wilson Fox.
my own experience is that for the last
twenty years l have carefully watched
for cases Of hospital and private practice,
and, though / have come across a certain
number OF apparent cases, they have
never stood the test OF close inquiry.
Williams.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-01-05
E5F ANTICONSIMPT1ON CRUSADERS ON A BLIND TRAJl>

, in 1900. no deaths from yellow feysr
from January to October. and 1876 from
consumption. From 1898 to 1900 the gen.
eral death rate also fell from 1871 n
800 per thousand inhabitants, while thu
death rate Of yellow fever sank to zero
and that of consumption diminished q
per cent
Now, no one is optimistic enough "a
believe that preventive disease measure,
of any kind can be enforced with the
same facility under civil conditions AZ
they can be under military rule; yet ~
have here positive illustration OF what
can be done for the prevention of con.
sumption by the mere enforcement ~
simple rules and regulations which briny
about severe cleanliness such as are the
bounden moral duty OF every community
to exact, and incumbent on every human
being that lays any claim to decency IA
respect and uphold. Indeed, such q proc.
ess of gradual improvement in the NOR.
tally OF consumption. under the admin.
istration of wise sanitary measures was
plainly visible In nearly every Amer.
can city until it was checked by the
modern" preventive methods which be-
came active in and after 1894.
We have here. then, a practical and
forcible outline Of well tested measures
for the prevention of consumption which
prevent, and which are not surrounded
by mystery, instil no fear, no demoraliza-
ton and no persecution.
RULES OF HEALTH.
They are merely common-sense princ,.
pies which appeal to every one and which
aim to conserve public and private health
and in their last analysis. they resolys
themselves into the following essentials: /
o. Eating wholesome and properly pre-
pared food; (2) avoidance of living in
damp, ill-yentilated and overcrowded
dwellings; 90 wearing seasonable and
comfortable clothing; ~ personal and
domestic cleanliness; 81 avoidance OF late
hours. overwork. physical and mental
strain; 80 encouragement in learning
trades, agricultural and mechanical pur-
suits. or any useful labor for boys; %,
teaching girls the art of domestic econ.
omy, cooking, sewing and the care Of a
home; 90 the great value of a general
education; C9) hygiene of the home. work
shop and factory, good ventilation ana
avoidance of dust as much as possible
(10) supervision of convalescence from
what often seems trivial cold or cough
or from illness or accident; Oh the pro-
curement Of efficient medical service and
nursing in sickness or accident; G2) the
quitting Of work when persistent tired.
ness becomes associated with loss OF flesh
and impaired appetite; 0S) insurance
against death, sickness and accident at
the cheapest rates possible with safety
and QD the erection of modern tenement
houses for working people at rent suf.
ficient to pay small per cent OF interest
on the cost. such amount 10 be applied
TO the erection OF other tenements of the
same kind.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-01-05

That white Plague mot e
the Measures Adopted Cnshh during Last
Many Against the Cuhgm theory
MnhSh Which Dmh@ Resistance the DeaeandCut
What RaonaSo dndW Well Tested Prevention Measures
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-01-05
COMMON SENSE PREVENTION.

In describing these measures this is
an appropriate place TO refer TO the
means which preserved the freedom OF
our Southern slaves from consumption
! Probably no more effective prevention OF
consumption was ever instituted on such
large scale as that which was carried
out, probably in an indirect way among
the slaves before the war. These peo-
pie were practically immune TO this dis
ease during that time Notwithstanding
the fact that. on account of being the
only caretakers and nurses OF the white
consumptives, they were more directly
exposed TO this disease than they are
now: and yet, in a few years after the
war closed, they were and are being
changed from the least TO the most con-
sumptive race in the world. And why?
Because during slavery they were de-
pendent on their owners for food. cloth
ing. shelter, medical care and general
supervision but since then they are
| thrown on their own resources and re-
sponsbilities, and are forced to enter
struggles which is az unequal as IL is
| tragic; and they fall victims TO consump,
ton not because they are more exposed
to the disease than formerly. but be-
cause their nervous and mental consti-
tuition becomes undermined, which fact
is also the cause of their excessive liza
bility to insanity.
On the other hand, it is exceedingly
probable that If these pople could be
transplanted to the sanitary conditions
that prevailed during slavery without
being reduced TO that institution, in so
far as their food clothing. shelter, care
and supervision are concerned. they
would again become free from this dis
ease