The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1913-09-09
LESSON 1.
Anatomy and PhysiooIgy.

 first aid to the injured. This first les son will be devoted to a general out line of the subject, in order to prop erIy equip the student with a knOwl- edge of the fundamental classifica- tions-
 Bones, Muscles, Internal Organs.
 Bones:-The bones are hard and firm, and afford support and places of attachment for muscles and liza ments- Bones are composed of anil mai and mineral matter; about one third animal matter, chiefly gelatine and blood vessels; and twO-thirds mineral matter, consisting of the va rious salts of lime, soda and magne- sia-
 be dissolved out by various chemicals, such as some dilute acid After the bone has been left in such a solution for a considerable time, it retains it's exact shape but becomes perfectly flexible and elastic, so that a long bone, like a rib. can be tied in a knot
 The earthy portion of bone may be separated by burning. The bone will still retain its original shape, but will be white and brittle, and will break to pieces with the slightest pressure.
 Classification of Bones:-Bones are classified according to their shape, and are known as long, short, flat and ir- regular.
 Long bones of the arms and legs are examples of long bones.
 The small bones found in the wrist hands, and feet are known as short bones.
 Bones of the skull and shoulder blade are examples of flat bones.
 The bones of the spinal column, which are neither long, short, nor flat, and have no particular shape, are known as irregular bones. -,.
 Long bones act as supports and lev CTS for locomotion and lifting, as in the arms and legs.
 Short bones are located where strength and limited motion are de- sired, as in the wrist.
 The Skeleton:-The bones which go to form the framework of the body, taken as a whole, are called the skel- eton For convenience of description it is divided into various portions: The skull, trunk, upper and lower ex- trenities. There are altogethe CT about two hundred bones in the ske1 eton.
 The SkuII:-The skull is divided in- to two parts; known as the crania1 and facial bones The crania1 bones are eight irregular, curved, flat bones joined together, which form a cavity that contains the brain. The remain snown as the facial bones and form the bony outline of the face.
 The Trunk:-The trunk consists of the spinal column, ribs, pelvic and breast bone.
 The Spinal Column consists of twen- ty-four irregu1ar-shaped bones, each one separated by a layer of cartilage. Each one of these little bones is per forated by a large opening, and when joined together form long cavity or channel for the spinal cord. Thus you can see that the spinal cord is protected on all sides by these bones, the same way as the brain is protect ed by the bones of the skull. In this way nature provides strong protec- ton against injuries to some of the most vital and important parts of the human system.
 The Ribs are twenty-four in mum Der, twelve located on each side. They are sometimes divided into two kinds, true and false ribs. The true ribs are attached to the spinal column in the rear and the breastbone in front, and are fourteen in number, seven on each side. The remaining ten, five on each side, are known as false ribs, the first three of which are attached to the rib above. The last two are not attached in front and are known as floating ribs This ar rangenent of the ribs, backbone and oreastbone forms a large cavity known as the chest, within which are located the heart, lungs and some large blood vessels
 The Pelvis is a large basin-shaped bony cavity which goes to make up the lowest portion of the trunk. It is formed by the union of the two hip bones and the trump bone or lowest portion of the spinal column This cavity contains the bladder and in testines On the outside Of each hip bone is a large socket in which the rounded head of the thigh bone is placed.
 The Upper Extremity consists of the scapula, or shoulder blade; the clav- icle or collar bone; and the humerus, bones are known as the radius and ulna- The rest of the bones of the upper extremity consist of a number of small bones Joined together, which form the wrist and hand. There are eight small bones in each wrist, and nineteen in each hand.
 The scaPu1a or shoulder blade is thin, flat, triangular bone placed at the upper right and left portions of the back. In some thin persons these bones are very prominent, and stick put like rudimentary wings. Each shoulder blade is provided with a small socket which forms part of the shoulder joint, into which the head of the h9merus fits.
 The cIaviciez or Fc ol4arz benezis a pe- ruliar-shaped bones shaped like the letter f. This bone is one that is most, frequently broken.
 The humerus or long bone of the upper arm has a smooth, rounded head which articulates in the socket of the scapuIa. The joint thus form ed is the shoulder joint, and is known as a bal1-and-socket joint, and is the joint most frequently dislocated. The reason for this is that the shoulder joint is very shallow.
 The radius and u1na are the two long, slender bones running parallel to each other in the forearm, and these two bones rare--alsof very fre- ouently broken. These two bones which articulate with the long bone of the upper arm form the elbow aos1% Ts4fs 4ofx,f r,e1raff motion in.