New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-12-07
DIR. Kraus, German Writer,
Holds the Declaration To
Be Merely a Threat.
"DEMAND OF EUROPE
MORE THAN WE, GIVE"
"Interfere in Her Affairs and Defy
Her to NEEDLE with Our
Monopoly"
tBy Cable to The TRIBUNE, ]

Berlin, Dec. 6.-What is said 20 be
most exhaustive study and the first at
tempt in any language to give an ex-
tended account of its historical devel-
opment Is "The Essential Nature Of
the Monroe Doctrine" a new work by
Dr. Herbert Kraus. The first part
! deals with the origin and the original
significance Of the Monroe Doctrine,
the second with its history. and The
third with the possible reconciliation
of the doctrine with the established
principles of international law.
In the last connection DR.. kraus
states the result of his examination TO
be essentially negative, and says the
law. in fact, is not in any sense juridi-
cal but purely political in principle.
Dealing with the origin Of the Mon
| roe Doctrine, the authors points are
twofold. He contends the first prin-
ciple was the closing of the American
continents colonial settlements by non
American powers. and gives as the see
ond principle the excluding of Euro
,,can powers from interference with the
! political affairs Of American repuolics'
Principle Of Non Intervention.
The corollary principle, says DR.. kraus
uas the declaration that the United
States repudiated all right to intervene
/ in the affairs Of the old world, thus
establishing the principle Of the isoia-
ton OF America, which, despite the en-
tirely altered conditions, still plays SO
important sentimental part III the
, determination of American policy. lie
asserts. however, that as far as REGARDS
the underlying principle OF non-inter-
yention OF the United States In Europe
the record OF American diplomacy pre-
septs a continuous chain Of proofs mat
this country IL engaged In activities IN
eat contradiction Of both the spirit ana
the letter Of this part Of the monroe
| Doctrine.
DR.. Kraus cites the action oil frcsl-
dent TAYLOR in sending secret agents 10
tho Hungarian insurgents. and also inc
diplomatic Intervention Of the united
states i'm favor OF the Cretan insur-
gents In 1865. He says: The under
living principle is not only consistently
| ignored by American statesmen nut
has ceased TO have an object. The
whole Monroe Doctrine. IN ITS Original
sense is I'm fact in the same case, since
with the growth Of the United states
from, Young. weak state into great
world power. its original raison detre'
the preservation OF the integrity OF the
federal republic. ceased TO be.
u. s. Isolation at an End.
! "With the beginning Of American I'M
perial expansion I'm 1913 the Chiteu
states entered on a wholly new phase
of it's history, and the principle OF the
isolation OF America came TO an end IN
! 1904 with the treaty by which the
United States obtained certain Samoan
! islands and the annexation or Ha"ah
during the war with Spain.
DIR. Kraus saws the exclusion OF po-
liticaI influence from the Americas has
| become a principle, not OF defehce' out
| OF aggression, under cover or Which the
! United States has attained In other
American countries an influence when
could never be secured in free compeu-
ton with the non-American powers
In brief. he holds that the Monroe
Doctrine has expanded from primer
nile intended TO secure the integrity or
the United states into one intended 10
nrotect the development Of its materiai
prosperity and supremacy over all
American nations. He says the doc
,rine is really a threat, detying the
outside world to interfere with Ameri-
can monopoly in the Western Hemis-
phere.
To Prevent Aggression.
This German expert holds that the
nrinciple of intervention, according 10
the international code. is JUSTIFIED only
by two considerations: First, the pur-
nose of characterization; that Is, the
riyht NJ q state to take any measures
even IN the extent OF Intervention IN
the international affairs OF another
stale. in order to maintain It's own Sta
bility; second, the purpose OF prevent
ing the unjust aggression OF one s'alo
toward another.
DIR. Kraus cites the Intervention III
the nezuelan boundary dispute ana
the attitude Of Washington over French
Intervention In Mexico as rightly IN
cludcd i'm the second consideration, bu''
in general, he says, the Monroe Doc
trine. even in its original form, sets up
claims which have no justification IN
international law. He argues that TINS
cannot even be considered just from the
point of view g., the political principle
of the balance OF power. because. he
holds. the doctrine increasingly tends
IN overset the balance Of power In
favor OF the supremacy Of the United
States.
ALFONSO HAS NEW CHARITY