davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1913-06-24

BOTH SIDES RESTED

Washburn. n. D., June "a
Both the defense and prosecution
rested in the w. T. Anderson
murder trial today, rebuttal evil
lence by the prosecution covering
tests made of exploding rife
shots. Major Gregg commended
that a rifle, fired inside "a house,
sounded like a dynamite explo-
sion.
Shortly after noon the prose-
cution closed the rebuttal. and ar
guments for the state were be-
gun. Attorney Tracy Bangs will
probably speak all day tomorrow.
Z
The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1913-06-24
To Thief River Falls.

Archie J.. Palmer. who has been at
tending the University of North Dako-
ia law school for the past year, will
leave this evening for Thief River
Falls. where he expects to be located
for the summer
The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1913-06-24
Is Still III.

M. A: Foote, secretary Of the East
Grand Forks Commercial club and
connected with the Arneson Mercan-
TIE company Of this city is still un-
able to be at work. He has now been
laid up for over a week.
The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1913-06-24
Bar Exams Begun Today.

The annual bar examinations om
menced at the university law school
this morning at 10 o'clock and they
will continue until Friday. No ar
rangements have vet Deer made about
the date for the admission to practice
OF the successful men in the examina-
lions.
The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1913-06-24
Will Headauarter Here

Conductor A. ]. Brown, who has
been in Staples for some time, came
to East Grand Forks recently and
Will take a run out Of this city.
The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1913-06-24
We Have Moved.

We wish to announce that we have
moved from our old quarters to no,
Is North Fourth street. opposite n.
w. telephone building. where we will
be pleased to serve both our old and
new patrons. Our new garage is very
fully equipped and up to date and wa
are in a position to give the best Of
service in all lines. Try us and zee
Dakota Auto company, No. Is North
Fourth street.
The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1913-06-24
At WISCONSIN Northumberland.

Mr.. and Mrs. A. y. Briggs Of this
city attended the commencement ex-
ercises at the University Of Wisconsin,
where their daughter Theodore grad
uated. Mrs. Briggs and daughter will
remain at Madison for some little
time. Mr.. Briggs returned to the city
Monday, after spending a few days
visiting with his son. Fitch, at cass
Lake. 4
The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1913-06-24
Goes to Tacoma

L. E. Flint. who is a Northern Pa
cihc conductor and has been making
ms neadquarters In this city. left on
Sunday for Tacoma, Wash, where he
expects to be located in the future.
The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1913-06-24
Bar Examiner Here.

Emerson n. Smith. a we'll known at
torney of Fargo and one of the bar
examiners is spending a few days in
the city while the examinations are in
PROFESS.
The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1913-06-24
On a Business Trin

Constable S. L. knight Of this city
left yesterday for Crookston to which
place he was called to attend to sew
eral matters Of business.
The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1913-06-24
p.nn.t Roa,d HEe~+nr

The North Dakota Baptist confer
ence executive board is holding a
meeting today. the sessions being de-
voted. to general business.
The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1913-06-24
To Visit in Niinneanolis.

Rev. Father Klinkhammer of the
Sacred Heart Catholic church. Of this
city will leave this evening. for Min
neapolis where he expects to visit
return to East Grand Forks on Fri
day.
The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1913-06-24
On Business Trip.
Knute Nomial

Knute Nomland Of Belmont avenue
and son, Kemper, left yesterday for
Buxton, where they will remain at a
farm Of Mr.. Nomland's near that vii
lage.
The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1913-06-24
Mekinock y-isitor Here.

Otto Streimikes OF Mekinock is in
the city on a short business trip. He
is attending to some matters at the
county superintendent Office.
The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1913-06-24
Autoed to REYNOLDS,

N. Lebacken, the we'll known mer-
chant Of Reynolds. autoed to Grand
Forks yesterday and returned to that
city late last evening. He says that
the crops are looking fine in that sec
ton, blu. that rain is badly needed at
the present time.
The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1913-06-24
tn Minneanolis

William ". Norton. musical direc-
tor at the university Of North Dakota.
left last evening for Minneapolis. He
will remain there for some time and
will later AVE an orchestra for chau-
tauqua work.
The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1913-06-24

F. A. Clay Of the Ontario store. who
has been laid up because Of an acci-
dent. was able to return to his duties
yesterday.
The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1913-06-24

DIR. and Mrs. E. L. Reynolds, Who
have spent some time in Lenox. Iowa.
where DR.. Reynolds visited his moth
er, have returned home.
The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1913-06-24
For Jury DUTY.

Consul H. Bendeke Of this city left
yesterday for Bismarck. to which city
he was called for service on the fed
eral jury. which Is now in session.
The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1913-06-24
Was q Business Visitor

j. 6. Bradford. who is the Nor
them Pacific agent at Staples, was a
business visitor in East Grand Forks
on sunday. returning to his home yes
terday.
The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1913-06-24
From Business Trim.

Sheriff Joseph q. Benson returned
late last evening from Stephens,
Mimi. to which city he was called to
attend to matters OF business.
The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1913-06-24
Give Snnner Tomorrou

49,. IVY SUBJECT
mortal Presbyterian church will i
a strawberry supper tomorrow after
noon and evening in the church. All
residents Of the city are invited to at
tend.
The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1913-06-24
Here on Business.

Syvert Johnson Of MARVEL was a
! business visitor In Grand Forks today,
attending to important matters at
/ some Of the county offices.
The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1913-06-24
Will Visit a. Er....

Mrs. John L. Gerber Of this city left
last evening for Frazee, Mimi, where
she Will visit for a time with relatives
and friends. Mr.. Gerber has farm.
ing interests near that city.
The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1913-06-24
To Shoot.

Z. G. Lemke of his city went to
Crookston yesterday noon and will at
tend the Minnesota state shoot being
held in that city.
The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1913-06-24

. Ernest Bulge, who recently grad
! uated from the university, went to La
: kota yesterday and will spend a few
. days there and at Brocket. attending
I to matters Of business.
The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1913-06-24
Vista State AGENT

David Wha1en Of this city. state
agent for the Globe Insurance COM
pany. Is entertaining Mr.. and Mrs. w.
n. Farmer OF Huron. g. D., Mr.. Farm
er being the secretary and general
manager Of the company.
The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1913-06-24
Here on Business.

J.. W. Maxwell, a we'll known bust
ness man of Grafton. is spending a
few days in the city attending to mat
ters Of business.
The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1913-06-24
From Rowhells-

David Samson of Bowbells,. n. D.. a
Grand Forks business visitor. He will
remain in the city for a few days.
The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1913-06-24
Rebekaha VIII Meet

There will be a meeting his even
ing Of the Rebekah lodge, commence
ing at $3.50 o'clock. with the election
OF oficers as the most important
business for consideration.
The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1913-06-24
r o st. Thomas.

E. Van Camp. who has extensive
farming interests near St. Thomas. ar
rived in the city this morning and will
spend a few days in Grand Forks.
The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1913-06-24
Father Is %Improv1ng.

Mrs. F. D. Cameron. who has been
at Fargo for some time, her father
having been injured in an accident,
writes that he is improving satisfac-
torily.
The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1913-06-24
On Business Trip.

E. G. Lemke, who is in charge Of
the Grand Forks Floral company, re-
turned last evening from Devils Lake,
in which city he attended to several
matters OF business.
The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1913-06-24
G. A. r. to Meet.

All members Of the Willis A. Cor
man Post, G. A. R., are requested to
meet at $3.50 o'clock tomorrow morn
Ing at the Soldiers monument.
The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1913-06-24
Made business Trim

NIduc l6ublneSS IT'D.
T. A. Sullivan, the local real estate
man. made a business trip to England,
MINI. yesterday and returned to the
city in the evening.
The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1913-06-24
Daootah Cleaners and Dyers.

We absolutely guarantee our dry
cleaning. dyeing. pressing and repair
ing-all high class work at reasonable
prices. Give US a trial. Telephones,
GOAL n. W.; 1881 Tri-State.
The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1913-06-24
SHOWING BAD TEMPER.

(LlIe.)
A cross-examination.
A crusty question.
A raging toothacre.
A chatting dish.
A scratching hen.
A madcap.
A fiery wig.
A screaming farce.
A vicious circle.
An angry wound.
A hasty pudding.
A fretted garment.
A garden railing.
An ill-tempered razor.
A cursory examination.
A refractory mineral.
A ruffled p%etticoat.
A wild flower.
A brawling stream.
The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1913-06-24
.JeN's Transfcr Comnan,

T.. NJ. VINO q been Vlsll-
ing in Minneapolis. has returned
home.
The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1913-06-24
nr Reynolds 10 Home

Has decided to put moving househoId
goods and baggage on a strictly cash
basis after July l, 1913.
The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1913-06-24
The City In Brief
DIR. Gislason
Lornson Returns Home

DR.. Gislason will return from Eu-
rope about the middle Of June.
The evening times. [volume] (Grand Forks, N.D.) 1906-1914, 1913-06-24

The last F. A. NJ. membership card
issued in May was No. 22,520.
The Laurens advertiser. (Laurens, S.C.) 1885-1973, 1913-05-14
For the Weak and Nervous

Tired-out, weak, nervous men and
women would feel ambitious, energet-
ic, full of life and always have a good
appetite, If they would do the sensible
thing for health-take Electric Bit
ters. Nothing better for the stomach,
liver or kidneys. Thousands say they
owe their lives to this wonderful home
remedy Mrs. o. RKinevault, OF Vestal
Center. N Y. says: II regard Electric
Bitters as one of the greatest of gifts.
can never forget what 1t has done
for me-" Get a bottle yourself and
see what a difference it will make in
your health. Only soc and $1.00. Rec
commended by Laurens Drug Co. and
Palmetto Drug Co.
The Laurens advertiser. (Laurens, S.C.) 1885-1973, 1913-05-14
NoDanger of Stomach Distressor
|ndigestiOnif You Take Digestit

Eat what you want and "Digestit.'
TWO or three tablets after eating pre-
vents that full uucomfortab. teelin,
1t digests all the food and makes
your stomach feel fine Browns Di-
sestit is an aid to Digestion, quicR
certain relief for Indigestion. and h
permanent remedy for stomach ,A5s
sets. II la perfectly harmless. fine for
children as we'll as grown.ups. No
use to suffer the tortures OF Indiges.
ton, Sour Stomach. Gas. Belching or
The Laurens advertiser. (Laurens, S.C.) 1885-1973, 1913-05-14

other np.sets-Dieestit relieves quick
ly; almost immediately after taking
dose your stomach feels good as new
Dieestit has brought relief to thou.
sands-why not you? Try II on our
guarnntce We are 80 confident 1t
,NfIl help you we will give back your
money Ii IL fails. Get package to.
day and try il after eating. Just see
bow IT helps your tired overworke ed
stomach digest the food-no distress.
Laurens Drug Co.. Laurens. S. G.
The Laurens advertiser. (Laurens, S.C.) 1885-1973, 1913-05-14
Piles cured in 6 to14pavs

Your druggist will refund money IL PAZC
OINTMENT fails to cutS any case OF Itching
Blind Bleeding or ProtrlfdinR Piles in to Ii days
the hTst application gives Ease and Rest. SOC
Iron County register. [volume] (Ironton, Iron County, Mo.) 1867-1965, 1913-04-24
PERSONAL

Miss Ruby Calvert visited in Glover
Sunday.
DR.. ]. H. Martin was a st. Louis
visitor last week.
DR.. Houston and bride returned
from st. Louis last Friday noon.
Miss Elizabeth Hotson left Sunday
for Cape Girardeau to attend school.
Mr.. and Mrs. Mirt Goggin and baby
of st. Louis were in Ironton Sunday.
Golf Whitworth, wife and daughter,
of st. Louis, were valley visitors last
week.
Prof. Daugherty left Saturday to
visit his mother and sister in Creigh-
ton, Missouri.
Sergeant and Mrs. Reese and
daughters will be here from Fort
Leavenworth about May LIST.
A. Dettmer of Elvins, Mo-, visited
his parents in Pilot Knob last week
and was a caller at this office.
A. v. Polak, Ed Farmer and Walter
Kendall are in st Louis this week as
witnesses in the suit over the Shut-In
dam.
Mrs. Andy Johnson and son and
grandson, of De Soto, visited relatives
in Ironton last week, returning home
Saturday.
Iron County register. [volume] (Ironton, Iron County, Mo.) 1867-1965, 1913-04-24
Des Arc Items.

O.. L. Stevenson returned home from
Lilbourn, Mo-, Sunday. He reports
that the water is out of that town and
it was never more than two feet deep
there. 1t put a stop to all business
for a week, but the town is high and
dry now. They say this will never
happen again in Lilbourn; the railroad
will levee against it. Stevenson &
Fitz will open their new store there in
about thirty days. They are doing
business now in a rented building.
Business keeps up very we'll. Frank
Griffith loaded eight cars of ties for
the Moss Tie Company last week.
Twenty eight cars have been shipped
this month. The agent says the freight
receipts and ticket sales for April will
be twice what they were a year ago.
James Lovelace, Jr., was home Sun
day. He has taken the Doniphan run.
Jake Staab, a section man, was TAX
en- to the Missouri Pacific hospital in
st. Louis last Friday. Telegram was
received by his wife Sunday morning,
telling her to come at once that he was
dangerously sick. He had some teeth
extracted and blood poison is about to
result.
A Mr.. Sexton from Sikeston was
here last week trying to buy a farm
among the hills. He doesn't like so
much water.
p. Powers was home Sunday.
John Robinson shipped a log wagon
to Lewis Bros, at Pangburn, Arkan-
sas, Saturday. This is the fourth wag-
on he has shipped them since January
LIST. He makes a good wagon.
The Holiness College had a cleaning
up day at the college last week. They
dug up stumps and rocks, raked the
ground, and it looks real nice. They
certainly are an energetic people.
]. H. Stevenson went to st. Louis
last week. While there he sold his au-
tomobile. He says that it is no trou-
BILE to sell as the manufacturers are so
far behind with their orders.
Our little Des Arc paper has gone
dead.
Mont Stevenson was here last week.
Mrs. ]. L. Strader visited in Hogan
last week.
Judge Lucy loaded lumber here last
week. ISAAC.
Iron County register. [volume] (Ironton, Iron County, Mo.) 1867-1965, 1913-04-24
All Summer Reduced Fares to
the Arcadia Valley.

The Missouri Pacific Railroad system
has granted a round trip reduced rate
from all points on its lines in Missouri
to both Ironton and Arcadia for the
whole summer of 1918. The rate be-
gins June 1 and the tickets are good
to return to September 30.
This action places the Arcadia Val
ley on a new basis as a tourist resort.
The Missouri Pacific Railroad granted
this rate on the joint request of four
organization now seeking to draw
tourists to the Arcadia Valley. The
four are the Baptist Assembly, the
Methodist Assembly, the Arcadia
Country Club, and the Arcadia Valley
Business Mems League. The co-opera-
ton of this organization is an advance
in the right direction.
The people of the valley can now
freely spread the news of this rate
and invite people from everywhere in
Missouri to make use of it, and to
spend their vacation at the various re.
sorts in the Arcadia Valley.
Iron County register. [volume] (Ironton, Iron County, Mo.) 1867-1965, 1913-04-24

placed on the practical and all work
is related as far as possible to live
problems. The third year completes
plane geometry. The fourth year
completes solid geometry in the first
half year, and higher arithmetic the
last half. The arithmetic stresses the
business forms and practical problems.
Last Saturday afternoon Ironton
high school played the first game of
base ball of the season. Frederick
town was her opponent. The game
was played well on both sides, and
several good plays were made. One
of the pleasing features of the game,
which attracted quite a good deal of
comment, was the friendly spirit that
prevailed throughout the game. There
was no question or comment on the
umpire's decision except favorable.
The battery for Fredericktown was
Brooks; for Ironton Hatten and Col
lier The scorce was s to 5 in favor of
the visitors. Ironton will play Bis
marck high school Saturday.
Iron County register. [volume] (Ironton, Iron County, Mo.) 1867-1965, 1913-04-24
school Notes.

The attendance for the last month
is 1884 days, which is more than
400 days less than the previous month.
This car be partially accounted for in
sickness and bad weather, but not en-
tirely. 1t Is hoped that the parents
will see that the children are not out
Of school for trivial matters. 1t great
ly interferes with school work and
often pupils get discouraged and lose
a whole years. work on account Of o
few days absence.
/. Superintendent B. w. Loomis was
called to Piedmont Saturday to act as
Judge in the declamatory contests held
by that school. Two gold medals we're
awarded, one to the successful girl
and the other TO the successful boy.
The contestants will represent Pied
mont at the district meet at Cape Cir
ardeau, May 10th.
Misses Thompson and Codding spent
Saturday with friends in Bismarck.
Ironton high school offers the fol-
lowing four years in mathematics:
First year, beginning algebra, as far as
quadratios, completing the HI. &T.'s
Algebra for first year. The second
year completes the II. L. & T.Js Alge-
bra for second year. EmphasiH IL
Iron County register. [volume] (Ironton, Iron County, Mo.) 1867-1965, 1913-04-24
Baptist Church Notes.

There was a notable increase in
Sunday School attendance last Sun
day.
Thirty-four attended Junior Union
in the afternoon. Four new members
were received.
The total attendance at all services
last Sunday was three hundred and
sixty two.
The monthly business meeting OF
the B. Y. P. U. will be held next Sun
day at six thirty. The meeting will be
followed by an interesting program.
Next Sundays services consist OF
Sunday School at ten o'clock, Junior
Union two thirty, Senior Union six
thirty.
The Missouri Home for Aged Bap-
lists, now occupying the Emerson
place, is in receipt of a splendid
kitchen range, the gift of a Sunday
School class of the First Baptist church
of Poplar Bluff. Also the Lopez Store
Company has presented the Home
with a good supply Of dishes, con.
sisting of twenty six dozen pieces.
The Ladies' Aid Society meets
Thursday afternoon, two o'clock, witt
Mrs. J.. N. Bishop.
Iron County register. [volume] (Ironton, Iron County, Mo.) 1867-1965, 1913-04-24
From GOOdland.

We are certainly enjoying the
beautiful spring weather. The past
week has been an ideal time for plow-
ing. Probably a large acreage of corn
will be planted before April departs.
We are needing some light showers
now.
Mrs. Terry has a very sick horse.
Redmond Black is having rheuma-
tism.
F. M. Adams and P. Pippins made a
trip to Lesterville last Saturday.
DR.. and Mrs. Adams spent last
Thursday with their daughter, Mrs.
Oesch, at Peruna.
Charley and Ben Brooks, Alva
Schrum and Clifford Adams are court
ing in Ironton this week. Brethren,
we'd better let the women have a
vote. They would have disposed Of
those criminal cases right speedily and
left the men at home to work.
VIM. Delashmit and family have
moved from Palmer to the Mahuen
mill at Goodland.
Mrs. Myra Adams and son, John
Sherman, spent Sunday with Mrs.
Ref.
Lucy Akers has returned home from
Cub Greek where she visited her sis
ter.
A photographer passed through
this neck of the woods last week, tax
ing pictures.
Ohio Mayberry is farming for F. M.
Adams.
10000 ties from Peruna mill are be-
ing hosted down Middle Fork.
Our young friend Joe Eaton will be
graduated from high school at Eaton,
Colorado, in June.
The Goodland district at Clayton
Creek voted down the proposed in
crease of school tax for teachers
wages.
Mr.. Sutterheld has applied for the
Goodland school which he taught last
year.
Church at Goodland next Saturday
and Sunday. TIMOTHY HAY.
Iron County register. [volume] (Ironton, Iron County, Mo.) 1867-1965, 1913-04-24
Belleview News.

Uncle Bub Meyer, Of Gr~aniteville
was In town Tuesday.
Miss Efie Engledow is visiting her
grandparents In Blackwell.
Rev. and Mrs. Newton Smith, OF
Caledonia, attended church here last
Tuesday and Tuesday evening.
N. Warren was a business visitor in
Ironton last Wednesday,
Gene Gibbs left, last Tuesday for
Greenville to spend the farming sea-
son with his cousin, Walter Bollinger.
P. A. Warren, OF Garrett, Oklahoma,
is visiting his brother, N. Warren.
David Lasater has been on the sick
list the past week.
John Hanson, Of Washington Coun-
W, spent the day In our village last
Thursday.
Mr.. and Mrs. Gentry Meyer visitad
Iron County register. [volume] (Ironton, Iron County, Mo.) 1867-1965, 1913-04-24

their daughter, Mrs. Burnham, in
Ironton, last Wednesday.
Miss Nellie McColl returned, last
Friday from a months visit in st.
Louis.
Miss Francis Althuser and little
niece, Rosena Paullus, visited Mrs. J.
G. Paullus last week.
Mrs. Clarence Shelton and children
are spending a few days with relatives
in Cedar Grove neighbordood.
Miss Lizzie Russell closed a success
full eight months term of school, with
an excellent program, last Saturday
evening. Superintendent B. P. Burn
ham was present and presented eighth
grade diplomas to six students: Misses
Thelma Bryant and Geraldine Phil
lips and Westley Boring of Elm
Grove District, Miss Florence Hatley
of Thorn Grove, and two young men Of
Cedar Grove District, whose names we
did not get.
The revival which had been in prog
ress at the Baptist Church closed last
Sunday. We do not know just how
many united with the Church. At the
close of the morning services the con-
gregation repaired to the creek just
east of Aub Edmonds residence, where
eleven received baptism. Evangelist
Taylor left Sunday afternoon for
another field.
Mrs. Harry Russell and Mrs. J. o.
Campbell visited in Ironton last Mon
day.
Belleview is keeping pace with 9TH
er towns of even larger size. We now
have two young peoples church So
%cieties: An Epworth League and a B.
Y. P. U. Combined membership some
thing near a hundred, made up most
ly of young people.
r. E. JOHNSON has moved his stock
of groceries and dry goods to Granite
vile. Mrs. Johnston and son, Ray
mond, are there managing the same.
Sam Middleton, the ''hustling Piano
agent'' was in our town last Friday.
We believe he can sell more pianos
in a short time than most agents. We
are informed he sold nine in Arcadia
and Ironton in a months time. Mr..
Middleton is a worthy man, and we'll
deserves patronage. ALPHA.