davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Washington herald., 1913-11-29
CHRISTIAN SCIENCE.

lumbiA Road and Euclid Sts Services: Sunday.
II 4. m. and 2 NJ
Subjects ANCIENT AND MODERN NECRoM.
ANCY. ALIAS MERMERIsM AND HYP-
NOTISM. DENOUNCED"
Sunday school, q. N wednesday evening
meeting. p m. Public cordially invited Read.
Ing room. e0i ColoAdo Bldg
The Washington herald., 1913-11-29
WASHINGTON SECULAR LEAGUE.

SECULAR LEAGUE ian opss
Furum, Pythian Temple. l0ls sth St nv. Sunday
5 u m. address, MEXICO: SOME OF HER
PROBLEMS" b. Prof. Ia L. CAEiness- MAJ
Cassius T. Gillette formerly Of Engineer Corrs
U. s. A.. viii also speak on the Mexican problem
Public invited
The Washington herald., 1913-11-29
PRESBYTERIAN.
NEW YORK AVE. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH.
New York ave-. II and 18th sta
Dr. Wallace Radcliffe. pastor.

NEW YORK AVE. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH,
New YORK ave-. II and 18th stS.
Dr. Wallace Radcliffe pastor.
IL % a. m.-Rev. Douglas P. Birnie. d. D.. Of Rye.
n. Y, will preach.
7as p m.-Sipkical Interpretation.
Music led by quartet choir. assisted by Mr. Ernest
Lent. violoncello.
go a. m.-Bible school
s;S a. m.-Adult eiasse1-
100 p. m.-Christian Eodeascr Society.
CHURCH OF THE COVENANT,
Conn. Ave, n and 18th SITS.
Charles Wood. minister.
Bernard Brasksmp. minister's assistant.
Hauy BARRYMORE Angus. minister Of Peck Chapel
u 90 q. m.-seunon BY the minister.
34 90 p m.-Musical service. led by double se1tet,
Eating and Drinking and Seeing
God"
500 n m.-serInou by the minister; subject. Sub
stitutes for Religion
Twelfth special monthly musical service vested
Lloyd Wnghtson. director; Harvey Murray. or
sanist.
Sunday school at 30 a. m
Christian EndeHSor meeting Il s.6 ?. m
ThursdaY evening at 9. midweek service.
SECOND Isouthern Assembly,. I'd ST.. between P
and o NV. Rev. Andrew r. Bird. pastor. Di-
vine services. II a. and p. NJ Prayer meeting
Thursday. p N. cordial welcome to An
The Washington herald., 1913-11-29
..InternationnI P.....n

Arthur Deerin Call. executive director
Of the American Peace Society, viii ad
dress the yesper services at the Y. w.
c. A on Sunday at 40 p. m. He will
speak on international Peace" ThI:
service is open to all young women Of
the city.
The Washington herald., 1913-11-29
Y. w. c. A. vEsPER SERVICE.

Y. W. c. A. yEsPER SERVICE Sunday. No
vember %, at .. m. Speaker. Mr. Arthur Deerina
Call; topic. '1nternationAl Peace" SoloiS, Mr..
b V. A. Tucker.
The Washington herald., 1913-11-29
WASHINGTON TEMPLE
CONGREGATION.

FREE BIBLE LECTURES ON TOPICS OF TIE
hour every Sunday at p m, In New Masonic
Temple, y. Y. Ave and 18th st. EUngelist
r. Grant Jolly, Of New YORK. win preach tomor-
row. Subject, The Spiritual Vision" Nonseeta-
Ran. No collection. All invited
The Washington herald., 1913-11-29
EsoTERIsM.

ORIENTAL EsorERIo SOCIETY. lsG5 o ST. nv.
Lecture sunday evening. SIS. By Agnes Z. Mars
land. president o. L. 5. Subject. lNsPikA-
TON" Public cordially invited. Library Esots-
nc and New Thought books
The Washington herald., 1913-11-29
BAPTIST,

L hez SVEN announces EFanSelists Dr. wes.o,
Druner and Prof. Reynolds. soloist SUNDAY Il
m; 80 p m. women and girls ouly: 7,e
p m-' men and boys only in auditorium. T,q
p m, women and girls only second noo~ S~r,ic..
eaen 1 night ne1t week. Centennial Bapt. Ch,, sh
TEMPLE BAPTIST CHURCH, 10Th and =,
DE !. J. Muir. pastor. Preaching: N a.
-., Souneess Benefits: T:6 p. N. ''LIred BY Ap
superintendent C E,Tp 0|''''
The Washington herald., 1913-11-29
UNIvERsALIST.

CHURCH OF OUR FATHER, 18th and Sta nv.
Rev. John Van Schaick, r. d. D.. pastor. II
a. m, morning service ss5 a. n, Sunday school.
n m " p n n
The Washington herald., 1913-11-29

Norway is extending its Industrial
training to embrace workers in the fish
canning factories
The Washington herald., 1913-11-29
LUTHERAN.

sT. PAUs..s. NH and H sts M. John 7. Hnddie.
rnstor Services IL and .. with sermons ~ ths
psSlOr. sunday seho0l en- Christian Ssasssnt
~ \ -
The Washington herald., 1913-11-29
SERVICES TOMORROW
IN WASHINGTON AND ITS VICINITY.
by m Friday
EPISCOPAL. o.
ST. THOMAS CHURCH,
lsth. near pupont Cirels.

ST. THOMAS CHURCH,
18th. near Dupont Circle.
Ia ma CITY MOVED" by the rector. Rev.
O. Ernest smith. d. D.. d. c. L.
sp TYPEWRITER SPIRITUAL AsSIMILA-
TIoN." By the eurate. Rev. q. Herbert
Attention is called to the p m service
Strangers are cordially invited to this beautiful
church. The music will be Of a high order during
Advent. under the direction Of Mr.. L B. Aldrsch
CHURCH OF THE EPIPHANY,
G ST., between 18th and 18th Sta nv.
Rev. Randolph H. McKin. D. D.. rector.
Rev q. Ffeeland Peter. associate rector.
Rev. W. y. TiIlnghAst. assistant
Services:
500 a. m-Holy Communion.
s.Da m.-Sunday school
II 90 a. m--Moming serTice and serrnon-
$50 p m.-Afternoon sunday school
go .. m--SeTTice and address
500 D. m--The peoples serTice- ~.
Mr.. Peter viii preach at II .. m ,
Ri. Rev. Dr. Brewer, Bishop Of Montana' VIII
preaeh Al m
ADVENT MIDDAY SERVICES DAILY AT ED
Monday-Rsv W. L. De vies. Pm. d.
Tuesday-Rer. C. R stetson.
wednesday-Rev Randolph n. Mckm. d. ID.
Thursday-ReT Randolph II. Mcktm, ID. u.
Ffiday-Rer. =. B. HOwden.
WASHINGTON CATHEDRAL,
Bethlehem Chapel. Mount st. AlbAn. D. Z.
Holy Communion - ~ ~.
Morning prayer and htany. q. m
Holy Communion and sermon Preacher,
Canon De NriSI - ~
People's erensong and sermon. Preacher
Rev. A. n. Gray. Of New YORK City, 400 p N
THE NATIVITY. 18th and A s..
Advent Sunday; tenth anniversary services
DR.. George McGrew will preach at p m
Surper and hazaar Wed and Thurs, ID and itn'
Parish reception Wednesday, December 10.
The Washington herald., 1913-11-29
The Teaching.

Thus our lesson has brought US in
company with the children of Israel. into
the land at last. The land had been prom
ised to Abraham when he. a lonely stran-
ger. set foot therein. in obedience TO the
call Of God. The land had been left by
Wheeling majority. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1907-192?, 1913-08-07
The Federal Reserve Act

Author Of "The New RebelIion.")
ViceGovernor. Their term of service
shall be for eight years, unless soon
er removed for cause by the Presi-
dent; annual salary $4,000.
The expense of the Federal Reserve
Board shall be levied upon the Fed
eral Reserve Bank in proportion to
thir capital Each Federal Reserve
Bank shall have a board of directors
of nine members. OF these the banks
elect six; the Federal Reserve Board
three Three of the six shall be fair
ly representative Of the industrial,
commercial and agricultural inter
ests, but may be removed by the Fed
eral Reserve Board if they cd not
fairly represent such interests. The
banks shall be divided into three
groups, according to their capitalize
ton; each group electing its own rep
resentatives. OF the three chosen by
the Federal Reserve Board one shall
obe designated as chairman of the
Board of Directors and as Federal
Reserve Agent. He shall represent
the Federal Reserve Board, make
regular reports to it and may be re-
moved by the Federal Reserve Board
If any bank shareholder of a Fed
eral Reserve Bank, shall become in
solvent and a receiver be. appointed,
it's stock shall be cancelled and the
balance of its value after paying all
debts due to the reserve bank shall
be paid to the receiver of the insol-
vent bank This gives the Federal
Reserve Bank full security, but how
would it affect the depositors of the
insolvent bank?
OF the net earnings the sharehold-
ers shall have 3 per cent on the paid
in capital, cumulative. One half of
the balance shall be paid into the sur
plus fund.- the other half to the United
States. Excess earnings above a 20
per cent surplus fund shall all be
paid to the United States.
Wheeling majority. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1907-192?, 1913-08-07

plication the Secretary of the Treas
ury shall exchange 2 per cent bonds,
bearing the circulation privilege, for
3per cent bonds without the circula-
Ition privilege.
Each National Bank shall establish
With the Federal Reserve Bank a
credit balance of at least 5 per cent of
it's demand liabilities exclusive Of cir
culating notes. Country banks shall
maintain a reserve of Is per cent,
per cent Of lawful money in their own
vaults, 8 per cent with the Federal
Reserve Bank, per cent in either.
But the Federal Reserve Board may
permit these last 5 per cent to consist
OF balances son deposit with reserve
or central reserve city bank. The
reserve for National banks in reserve
cities is decreased from 25 to 20 per
cent, half to be kept in their own
vaults in lawful money, the other half
with the Federal Reserve Bank. Or
With the reserve agent in a central
reserve city. The reserve for a ma
tional bank in central reserve city
is decreased from 25 per cent to 20
per cent, hal fin lawful money to be
kept in its own vaults, 5 per cent in
the Federal Reserve Bank and ) per
cent either in their own vaults or
with the Federal Reserve Bank Every
Federal Reserve Bank shall have on
hand in gold or lawful money SO 1-3
per cent of its outstanding demand
liabilities. Any national bank not
situated a reserve or central re-
serve city may make loans secured by
improved and unemcumbered farm
land but not for longer time than
nine months.
Any national bak with a capital OF
at least s1,OOO.OOO may establish
branches in foreign countries, and act.
as fiscal agents Of the United States.
Wheeling majority. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1907-192?, 1913-08-07

(Resume by Dr.. Karl r. M. sandberg,
The financial law proposed by the
Democratic administration does, on
account of its origin, deserve more
consideration than the many other
bills Of similar character now before
Congress, such as those of Hitchcock
Jones, Nelson, Prouty and others.
The Federal Reserve Act divides
the country in at least twelve dis
tricts. in each one of which a Federal
Reserve Bank is to be organized.
Every National Bank within such a
district must subscribe to the capital
stock Of the Federal Reserve Bank a
sum equal to 20 per cent of it's CAPT
tai. Other banks may by permission
of the Federal Reserve Board become
shareholders under the same rules
and regulations as for national banks
Halt of the subscription to be paid in
A Federal Reserve Bank must have
at least 100000 paid5in capital. 1t,
is incorporated for period of twenS
ty years, but may be dissolved by act
of Congress. 1t may establish branches
within its district but not more than
one for each 100000 of capital. All
the Federal Reserve Banks shall be
subject to control by the Federal Re-
serve Board. This shall consist Of
seven members, three of these, the
Secretary of the Treasury, the Sec
rotary of Agriculture, and Comptroller
of the Currency, shall be ex-officio
members, and the Secretary of the
Treasury ex-offioio chairman. The
four other members shall be chosen
IL - h.
by and with the advice and consent Of
the Senate; at least one Of these last
ones shall be a person experienced in
banking. One of them shall be desig-
mated Governor of the Federal Re-
serve Board and be it's active man
aging officer. subject to the supervis-
ion of the Secretary of the Treasury
and Board. One shall be designated
Wheeling majority. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1907-192?, 1913-08-07

Every Federal Reserve Bank shall
be exempt from taxation. except up
on real estate
The Federal Reserve Board shall
have pow er:
A. To examine each Federal Re
serv eBank.
B. To permit or require Federal
Reserve Bank to rediscount the paper
of any other Federal Reserve Bank.
C. To suspend for period not ex-
ceeding Oh days land to renew sus-
pension for periods not to exceed ff-
teen daysl any and every reserve re
quirement specified in this Act.
D. To supervise and regulate the
issue and retirement of Treasury
notes to Federal Reserve Banks.
E. To organize new Federal Re-
serve Banks.
F. To require the removal of off
Gals of Federal Reserve Banks for
cause.
G. To require the writing off OF
H. To suspend the further opera
tons of any Federal Reserve Bank
and appoint receiver therefor.
] A Federal Reserve Bank may re-
! ceive Deposits from any of it's stock
holders; may discount notes for those
endorsed by the bank and may also
by the Federal Reserve Board be au-
thorized to discount the direct obliga-
| of mi no 1zc n1n Of
security. A Federal Reserve Bank
cial papers in the open market. May:
a. Deal in gold coin andb ullion,
make loans on and contract for loans
of gold or bullio.
b. Invest in United States bonds
and obligations of the United States,
any state or foreign government.
&c. Purchase from member banks
and sell checks and bills of exchange
payable in foreign countries.
d. Establish weekly or oftener a |
| minimum rate of discount
e. Open and maintain banking &C
counts in foreign countries.
All moneys now held in the general
fund of the U. S. Treasury shall be
deposited in the Federal Reserve
Banks and thereafter the revenues of /
the Government shall be regularly |
dposited in such banks. and disburse-
ments shall be made by checks drawn
against such deposits. The Secretary
of the Treasury may charge interest !
thereon. The Federal Reserve Bank
shall pay interest upon no other de-
posits. The only depositors in the
Federal Reserve Banks shall be the
sharenolding banks in the U. s. Gov
eminent.
An issue Of Federal Reserve Treas
ury Notes not to exceed $500, 1000, 900,
over and above the amount of Ma
tional Bank Notes outstanding is au-
thorized These Federal Reserve
Treasury Notes shall be obligations
of the United States and shall be is
sued soley for the purpose of making
advances to the Federal Reserve
| Banks. They shall be receivable for
all customs. taxes and other public
dues. and shall be redeemed in gold
at the Treasury Reserve Bank in the
city of Washington, D. c., or at any
Federal Reserve Bank; and when de-
posted with such bank for redemp-
ton may be charged off by said bank
against Treasury balances on its
books, or may be paid out of its law
full money funds especially set apart
for their redemption
Any Federal Reserve Bank may
make application with tender of col
lateral security for such notes. When
Il pays them out II shall Segregate in
Wheeling majority. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1907-192?, 1913-08-07

its own vaults gold or lawful money
the notes paid out.
The Federal Reserve Board shall
have power to require on deposit in
the Treasury. of the United States a
sum in gold or lawful money equal
to five per centum of the notes issued,
but such per cent shall be counted
Wheeling majority. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1907-192?, 1913-08-07
IIIIIID

as part of the 331 per cent. The
Federal Reserve Banks shall pay such
interest as may be established by the
Federal Reserve Board for the notes,
The Treasury notes shall become first
and paramount lien on al 1.-The assets
OF the bank. Any Federal Reserve
Bank may withdraw collateral and
substitute other. Every Federal Re
Wheeling majority. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1907-192?, 1913-08-07

In this design we have a clever frock
that is pretty. carried out in gray ma
terial, with white satin revers and
skirt inset. The garment closes at
the front and has removable chemis-
cite and three-gored skirt. Other fea-
lures mark the dress as up-to-the-min-
ute in style. Serge, cashmere, whip
cord and silk are available materials.
The pattern (59S9) is cut in sizes 80
to AZ inches bust measure. Medium
size requires 5H yards of SO inch ma-
terial with liz yard Of "a inch satin
and Y yard of % inch all over.
To procure this pattern send 10 cents
to Pattern Department" Of this paper.
Write name and address plainly, and be
sure to give size and number Of pattern.
Wheeling majority. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1907-192?, 1913-08-07

serve Bank shall act as clearing
house for its depositors, and the Fed
eral Reserve Board may act as a
clearing house for the Federal Re
serve Banks.
After twenty years no National
Bank can issue any more circulating
notes and those still remaining shall
be recalled and redeemed Upon APP
Wheeling majority. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1907-192?, 1913-08-07
Order Bla1n ak
Wheelins.- 1.
Reymann Brewing Company
Wheeling, w. Va.

NCyAAcAAA 0ACWAAS NNAAAC0AAy
Wheeling, w. Va.
Please deliver one acase ga bottles) of
Reymann Beer.
Put an X beside theSkind you want.
Standard
Select
Wuerzburger Style Lager
If l do not wish to keep the case. after
trying three bottles, you agree to call for it
and refund to me the price of the entire
case: Standard, SIPS per case; Wuerz-
burger, ST. 5Oper case; Select, 81 .o5per case.
. >/~ =
Name
Address
Atlanta Georgian. [volume] (Atlanta, Ga.) 1912-1939, 1913-06-29
ALL WOMEN To
VOTEIN TIME|S
SENATE'S IDEA
Even the Most Conservative Mem
bers Believe the Fair Sex Will
Cast Ballot the World Over.

WASHINGTON, June 28.-That
women in all civilized countries will
be permitted to vote is regarded as
inevitable by the most conservative
Senator'S and Representatives.
It is their opinion that steady prog
ress is being made and that Great
Britain, the United States and other
leading nations will eventually rec
ognize that further delay Is useless.
Two-Thirds Vote Needed.
The resolution proposing an amend
ment to the Federal constitution un-
der which women would be given the
ballot, now awaiting consideration by
the Senate, is expected to be passed
on at the next session. A two thirds
vote would be necessary for It's adop-
ton.
It would require the appoval Of
sixty-four Senators to make women
suffrage operative for submission to
the States, so far as the upper branch
of Congress is concerned.
The chief handicap preventing
woman suffrage lies in the opposition
of Southern Congressman The votes
for the women's movement have
made Roadway in the South A bit
ter struggle is in progress in Ala
bama, where Representative Hobson
is seeking the Senatorship, as against
Mr.. Johnston, on a platform favoring
woman suffrage and temperance.
Senator Johnston says he will achieve
reelection without difficulty
Have Twenty Four Votes.
1t is figured that these Senators
will certainly support the Chamber
lain resolution providing for a CON
stitutional amendment permitting
women to vote; Ashurst and Smith,
of Arizona; Thomas and Shafroth, Of
Colorado; Borah and Brady, of Idaho;
Myers and Walsh, of Montana; Gal
linger and Hollis, of New Hampshire;
Chamberlain and Lane, of Oregon;
Smoot and Sutherland, of Utah; Jones
and PoindeXter, of Washington
Clark and Warren, of Wyoming: Gore
and Owens, of Oklahoma; Ransdell
and Thornton, of Louisiana.
This totals but twenty four of the
sixty -four votes necessary in the
Senate. In view of recent action in
Iowa, Illinois and Kansas it is pos
sible that Senators Cummins, Ken
yon, Sherman, Lewis, Bristow and
Thompson may be added to the list
making thirty in all. 1t is claimed
that two or three additional votes
may come from New. England, but
no names are suggested.
Atlanta Georgian. [volume] (Atlanta, Ga.) 1912-1939, 1913-06-29
convinced we have strong case
adainaA %hn arrnsad

convinced we have a strong case
against the accused.
Now, | do not think manlier thing
has been said in all the mass of things
that have been said in the Phagan
case than the foregoing.
II any person who does not know
Frank Hooper has any doubts as to
his complete integrity and lofty ideals
the statement credited to him herein
should remove them Only a man
who wishes to do right could or would
say what Hooper said, soon after TAX
ing up the States end of the Phagan
case.
The most ardent, If honest ex-
tremes of opinion we'll may meet on
the platform Hooper sets up
And if everybody in Atlanta will
say as he says, 81 want to help find
and convict the murderer Of Mary
Phagan, regardless of whom that
murderer may be-" everybody will
| find himself on platform of decency
and fair play-and that's where he
ought to wish to find himself
! have sought, in these articles,
neither to prosecute nor to defend
| Frank. l have sought, in such man
ner as I might, to help find the muir
derer of Mary Phagan. l want to
|
| I, like Hooper, have desired above
all things, to see JUSTICE AND THE
| LAW INDICATED. and / indorse
and agree with Hooper's expressed
| desire that both may be.
Search Will Continue.
| If the State fails to convict Frank
the state will turn it's eyes else
where.
Could any man ask fairer Oh
squarer promise from Hooper thar
that?
II merely means that Hooper WILL
ACCEPT THE FINDINGS or THE
| COURT. after orderly and prescribed
procedure, frankly and unquestion,
ingly, as the TRUTH of the matter
II Frank is guilty, then the law will
take its course.
If he is not guilty, he will take hi;
place once more among his fellow,
men, as free of stain as any OF them
That's where Hooper stands. and
that's where | am satisfied to stand
also
And if somebody, early in the in.
vestigation Of the PhaEan case, haC
Gained the mad scramble for "Clews,
evidence" testimony" and what not
with the deliberate and convincing
words of Frank Hooper, some of tn,
utterly ridiculous theories would new.
er have been evolved and the entire
case would have rested upon a basis
of sanity. which would have elm.
mated many of the ugly features.
| Happily, however, the chatterboxes
and the human monographs have
been given most effective pause il
their wild riot of talk, and if the
Society for the Suppression of Tn,
necessary Noises has rounded then
up for good and all, so be it, anC
| praise foreVermore,
Sanity and THE LAW OF THE
LAND have taken the Phagan cas-,
in hand, and through these agencies
will the truth of the murder of MARY
| Phagan be set up eventually.
Atlanta Georgian. [volume] (Atlanta, Ga.) 1912-1939, 1913-06-29
BRILLIANT BATTLE SURE
IN FRANK TRIAL IN CLASH
Of HOOPER AND ARNOLD
Order Has at Last Been Rested and
Indications Are That Struggle of
Attorneys VIII Be Waged in the
Most Ethical Manner.
By AN OLD POL ICE REPORTER.

in the PhaEan case TO date
The public must remember, how
ever. that not all the things it has
read in the newspapers, not yet one
half the things, ever VIII go before the
jury trying Leo Frank as competent
evidence.
And fl is upon the COMPETENT
evidence alone that thu court viii
permit Leo Frank to be judged.
For instance, nothing that Mrs.
Frank has said In the public prints
viii go before the jury. A wife is
estopped I'm law from testifying either
for or against her husband.
Fonby Woman Rejected.
The Fomby woman already has
been rejected as a possible witness
against Frank. Her story admitted
ly is too preposterous even for the
State to bother with 1t further.
How much OF Conley's story the
jury will hear is entirely problemati-
cal
He will be warned that he need not
testify to anything calculated to in
crlminate himself. and even II he
elects to disregard this warning there
IS much in his statement that likely
will go down and out as inCompe-
tent or irrelevant
The pOnderous assurances Of
Franks guilt SO frequently Numbered
from police headquarters by Detective
Lanford. viii 30 far as the jury is
concerned, not he there Detective
Lanford will not be on the jury-and
his opinion as to the innocence or
guilt Of Frank viii not be immediate
~ valuable. therefore.
Franks own statement, II must be
rendered. win be delivered to the
jury, not under oath.
The jury viii be instructed by the
court that Il may accept the defend
ants statement as the truth in its en-
tiretv. and to the exclusion Of ALL
the sworn testimony, If II sees fit; or
Il may accept it In part and reject Il
I'm part, or Il may reject the state
ment as a whole.
The jury, and the jury ALONE, will
be the judge of the facts
The laW--the impersonal law-that
the Jury will be required to apply 10
those facts IL will get from the court
II looks, then, as II the Phagan
case. getting down TO brass tacks will
revolve finally about tn ase persons:
Leo Frank the defendant, Solicitor
Dorsey and Attorney Frank Hooper,
representing the state; Luther u.
Rosser and Reuben Arnold, represent
ing the defendant, the judge, the jury
and dozen or SO competent ana ma %
teral witnesses.
Order at Last Comes.
SO. at last. has order been brought
out OF chaos, after weeks and weeks
Of hysteria stun and nonsense. pas