davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Washington herald., 1913-02-23

consideration. 1t is on this score that
many applicants are dissuaded gently.
Not on the ground that they are deficient
morally. but because they show lack Of
poise, judgment. and purpose. Merely to
to be sorry for the unfortunate does not
qualify a person to analyze conditions and
to contribute to their improvement. al
though many women appear to think So
The full course of training occupies two
academic years. A diploma is awarded
only on the completion of the full course.
If the student takes only one years work
she receives certificate covering that
period. The tuition fee is S1JO for the full
The Washington herald., 1913-02-23
By MAY b. VAN ARSDALE.
Director of the Department of Foods
and Cookery School of Household

Director of the Department of Foods
and Cookery. School of Household
= Arts, Columbia University.
@vERY woman who makes 1t her
L. business to keep abreast of the
times with regard to household ap-
pIiances knows that hardly any
other modern invention has caused so
much division of opinion as has the fire.
less cooker. Some women feel that house
keep.ng without it would resolve into the
drudeerv of our grandmothers' days.
Others declare that it is an entirely su-
perfluous luxury, and, in the long run. is
more bother than ii is worth.
Both are right and both are wrong. The
chief trouble with the fireless cooker is
its name. The next is the energy with
which it is praised by its friends and
abused bv its enemies. In The first place
the idea is by no means new. Just as
paper-bag cookery is merely the revival
and development of a method long in use,
so the most modern of fireloss cookers Is
only the old Norwegian cooking box in a
new dress.
Unfortunately for the general success
Of a most useful invention, the eXtrava-
CANT claims made for the fireless cooker
been fulfilled only by miracle-working
machine. Misled by its name, an amaz-
ing number of women have been frankly
disappointed to learn that the cooker re-
uuires any heat at all.
I'VE thought il cooked without any
fire" is the usual comment. "and why
shouldn't it If it is a fireless cooker"
Others ask such questions as, " Shall I
take a fireless cooker or a stove to my
Summer camp?" Naturally they are dis
sppointed to find that the fireless cooker
IS of very little use without a stove, its
function being merely to complete easily
and economically the process that has
been begun by the stove-rot to do the
whole work of converting raw materials
into perfectly cooked dishes.
In some cases this may now be done,
because there are at present combina-
tions Of the gas or electric range and the
SireIess cooker where heat is applied di-
rectIy. Such a contrivance. of course. is
equal to the whole task of cooking, and
will do all that was claimed in the first
place for the ordinary type of fireless
cooker By the ordinary type 1 mean
those which have been evolved gradually
from the first illustrations of the prin-
ciple and have at present assumed a
much improved form in which both
The Washington herald., 1913-02-23
~ THE HYGIENE OF THE HAIR

head. These substances mot only impede
the functions Of the scalp but they may
by fermentation. be the cause of extreme
irritation. The great necessity for cleans
ing the hair Is imperative from every
point of view, as much for health as for
cleanliness, since the hair and scalp can
not be healthy any more than the skin
unless they are thoroughly cleansed of
impurities.
Vigorous rubbing, but not to break the
hair. with the tips of the fingers is far
more beneficial than brushing. although
this must not be neglected. Gentle brush
ing for five or ten minutes at night will
add lustre to the hair and keep the nat
ural oil equally distributed. as the friction
excites the sebaceous glands and forces
them to pour out their nourishment. The
frequency of shampooing the hair de-
pends largely upon the condition of the
scalp and individual taste. Some heads
OF hair become oily and damp and must
be shampooed oftener than the dry. thin
heads of hair. -
Shampoo mixtures are various as to in
gradients and mode Of use. but there Is
nothing better for the scalp and hair than
an egg well beaten with about an ounce
OF water and rubbed thoroughly into the
scalp. Massage the egg into the roots of
the hair with a rotary motion, starting in
front over the forehead and going back
to the crown, then forward to the temples
and back and forth I'LL the finger1 Of the
The Washington herald., 1913-02-23
~

two hands meet at the nape of the neck.
The hair must then be thoroughly
rfnsed In several waters. the last one as
cold as can be endured. Wipe the hair
with warm towels. then let IT hang until
absolutely dry.
Nothing is quite so good for the hair
as scalp massage. The object Is to
stimulate the circulation of the blood of
the scalp. and this is done by moving
portions Of the scalp back and forward
with the fingers. To be of any benefit,
the massage should continue for ten min
utes at a time twice a day if possible.
II there Is an excess of dandruff, IL
should be removed by a wash made of
equal parts of tincture OF green soap
and alcohol, rubbed into the scalp, then
thoroughly rinsed from the hair until
the hair and head are perfectly clean.
If the scalp is very sensitive this wash
will be too strong. Use in place of IL the
following CASTLE shampoo:
White CASTLE soap. . ounces
Potassium carbonate, X ounce.
Water, ounces.
Alcohol s ounces.
Tincture of quillaja, ounces.
Oil of lavender. ~ drops.
Dissolve the soap and potassium car
Donate In the water and add the other
ingredients. Rub well into the roots.
Then rinse Thoroughly in several waters.
The Washington herald., 1913-02-23

Is it? We believe from-ouS experience
with both methods that there is little 10
choose between maintaining moderate
oven for the baking process and the heat
ing of two plates" from fifteen to
twenty-five minutes over the gas flames
on the top of the stove and conveying
these plates to the cooker compart-
ment with the attendant loss of heat and
expenditure of muscular energy. The
only other argument that could be urged
for this method Of baking would be that,
In the end, it would produce a superior
product But while we have seen many
good loaves OF bread baked in a variety
Of fireless cookers. we have never seen
one that was more excellent than good
loaves baked by the ordinary method.
Again. some housewives consider that
the greatest advantage to them in the
use Of the cooker lies in the claim that
food, after 1t is done, may be left in
it an indefinite length of time without
detriment to it. But We believe that OF
many things this is not at all true; cer-
tainly not of a loaf OF bread.
Unfortunately. the cooker has been
much abused by those who have eonsid-
cred its chief value to lie in the assump-
ton that the silent servant" could
evolve a course dinner done TO a turn
while their minds and interests were
otherwise engaged. Such have often
and rightly-been doomed to disillusion-
ment as well as to a very Indifferent. il
not absolutely. impossible meal. With a
clever intelligence behind II the fireless
cooker is invaluable for the uses TO
which it Is adapted. Why should 1t be
required to take the place of other tried
and satisfactory methods?
Experience seems to show that when
ever long cooking is either necessary or
desirable every advantage is on the side
of the cooker. Comparative quantitative
show that in the cooking OF
cereals. dried fruits. fowl, beans. stewed
meat. &C, there Is great economy of fuel
over the ordinary method and the
economy lies not only in the reduced
initial cost but often in more thoroughly
cooked food. better adapted to the pur-
pose for which II Is intended.
We question whether one factor urged
by many as the greatest advantage of
the fireless cooker" may not after all
be its chief disadvantage-that of cook
ng in a tight compartment Until IL has
been thoroughly demonstrated that IL Is
desirable or even harmless to have re.
absorbed into the food those products
which escapineS are considered so OBJ
|ectionable. we cannot conclude that
cooking without ventilation is pecessarilY
for al foodA -
The Washington herald., 1913-02-23
A GREAT DEMAND FOR TRAINED WOMEN As SOCIAL WORKERS

COC1AL work is the latest of the
- professions which offer a chance
Of self-support to women of intelli
gence and character. 1t is only
within few years that this work has
been put on a scientific basis. Within
that period hundreds Of college graduates
and other educated women have been
trained and are now earning from $40 to
500 a month; in some cases more.
The supply is not yet equal to the de-
mand. a statement that cannot be made
In connection with most wage-earning
opportunities open to women. But this
doesn't mean hat any woman who needs
- a job " end thinks she would rather like
to be a philanthropist into the bargain
can secure a position. Such applicants
are being turned away every day by
charity organizations.
The chance to become a trained social
worker-the only kind In demaod-is open
to almost any woman likely to turn to
that line of work. Schools of philan-
thropy have been established in a few
cities and more are planned. The one in
New York was the pioneer and is still
the leader Its graduates are sure of
employment In fact so great is the de-
mand for competent social workers that
even those students who have not taken
the full course are reasonably certain of
finding work.
Girls under 81 and women over So are
admitted to the school only for excep-
tional reasons The latter age limit is
the more likely to be disregarded. for. Of
course. maturity OF judgment and s.eadi-
ness Of purpose are recognized as quail
fications which are SO much clear gain in
a beginner.
While a college diploma is not required
of candidates, it is expected that they
shall have made some serious prepara-
ton. They must be able to write an intel
The Washington herald., 1913-02-23

ligent and grammatical exposition Of some
theme. Tney must know something of
the history OF civilization and of the
physical resources and history Of the
United States. They must be more or
less familiar with Industrial history and
conditions. and must know something Of
civics and economics.
These are all questions with which any
intelligent woman can acquaint herself
by reading conscientiously for a few
months. She ought to be able after such
preparation to take successfully the test
examination required for entrance. OF
course, character is most important
The Washington herald., 1913-02-23
Carrying the Stretcher.

call. One had a string. and Immediately
they tied this tightly around his leg above
the bite.
Some of them dispatched the snake.
and one. whose lips and mouth were free
from any cut. scratch. or other raw place,
sucked the wound. They were near the
camp and another scout quickly got hot
water and soaked the wound. after which
II was sucked again. Then ii was burned
with strong ammonia. of which they had
a supply in the medicine kit, and aromatic
SPIRITS OF ammonia in water was given
him as a stimulant.
They left the string in place for an
hour. but they knew il must be Ioosened
then for a few moments. as there would
be danger of modification il the circula-
ton was cut off too long. They watched
the young man anxiously and as he did
not seem to be much affected by the
loosening of the string. they repeated
IL in few minutes, and kept this up un-
til the band could be entirely removed.
He recovered with no i'll results. The
scouts knew that IL he had shown the
effect OF the poison going into his body
after they loosened the bandage, they
would have had to leave IL in place and
take the chance of modification.
The Washington herald., 1913-02-23
When an Artery Is Cut.

Some scouts in camp in the Adj
rondacks, by a lucky accident, ran across
a boy Of the country who had just cut
his arm. BY the red color and the spurts
OF the bloodflow they knew that an artery
had been injured. They knew the course
OF the artery. and one of them imme-
diately put his fingers against 1t. above
the cut. and pressed it back against the
bone. Another prepared Il tourniquet
with a handerkerchief. tying IL loosely
about the arm. with a smooth stone in
It Just above where the fingers were ap-
piled.
Then a stick about a foot long was put
under the Handkerchief at the outer side
of the arm and twisted around until the
stone made the same pressure on the
artery as the fingers, and this boy could
then take away his hand and help in the
other things that were 10 be done. They
were careful to loosen the tourniauet in
an hours time. but were ready to tighten
IL again quickly if the bleeding should
start up afresh. They gave the injured
bow no stimulants. but if he had been
very weak they would have given him a
teaspoonful of spirits of ammonia in half
a glass OF water
Then they promptly covered the wound
with a sterilized dressing from their Red
Cross first aid outfit. being very careful
The Washington herald., 1913-02-23

time OF two years. Other incidental ex-
penses come well within $50 so that for
500 at the outside-not counting living
expenses-a woman can fit herself for a
profession where she will at least be sure
of earning a living.
To women of high ideals and philan-
thropic instincts it will probably be a
source of great satisfaction to feel that,
in addition to achieving self-support they
are a factor in the great work of improv-
ing social conditions. The demand is
greatest for persons of resourcefulness
and initiative. For this reason a mature
woman who takes the course is in greater
The Washington herald., 1913-02-23

demand than a younger one. even though
the latter may be a college graduate and
the former not.
THE student who enters the School of
Philanthropy fresh from college usually
finds 1t necessary" said the head of that
institution, ito begin the actual work
ing for a year or two under direction
while gaining experience"
Some idea Of the nature OF the openings
offered to these social workers may be
had from the statement of the New York
school that former students are now
found in the following positions:
Executive secretaries of charity organ
ization societies. children's aid societies.
societies for the prevention of cruelty to
children. societies for the prevention of
tuberculosis. housing commissions. bu-
reaus dealing with the handicapped. the
unskilled. or the homeless, religious or
ganizations. industrial and immigration
departments of the Y. NJ. c. A, civic
associations. societies for work among
Italians. Jews. negroes. and other special
groups: head workers and assistants in
social settlements and institutional
churches; directors of boys and girls
clubs. supervisors OF playground and re-
creation centres: administrative officers
in reformatories. orphanages. and other
institutions; staff investigators for Fed;
eral and State commissions and depart
ments. consumers leagues. child labor
committees. bureaus OF research. finan-
cial secretaries of hospitals and relief
agencies: teachers in colleges and univer-
stiles. nurses training schools. theoloS-
icai seminaries and missionary institutes:
parish visitors, factory inspectors, tene-
ment house inspectors. probation officers.
nurses: visitors for State boards |
OF charities. departments Of public char- |
tiles. and every kind of relief society and
organization for the Improvement Of so
cial conditions.
The Washington herald., 1913-02-23

, may yield a perfect cake while the lat
product.
This observation leads us to inquire
what possible advantage there can be in
baking cake or bread by this method.
1t costs almost exactly as much to heat
over gas flames-the plates Of the
cooker for baking a loaf of bread as It
The Washington herald., 1913-02-23
SOME LIMITATIONS OF THE FIRELESS COO

baking and roasting can be done by
means of plates " or stones heated
on an ordinary stove and then trans
ferred to the cooker compartment
At present the housekeeper must learn
from much experimentation when fire
less cooking may be used to the greatest
advantage. And experimentation is Just
what the housewife with her manifold
The Washington herald., 1913-02-23

one in the rear with the right, and so they
carried him through the woods and over
the fields to his home.
One party OF boy scouts was in camp
in a region where there were rattle
snakes. Hiking along a trail. they fell
in with a young man who was taking a
vacation tramp. They warned him about
the snakes. but he rather laughed at the
idea that 1t WAS necessary TO be cautious.
Presently he was bitten on the leg. The
boys all came running in response to his
The Washington herald., 1913-02-23
A Drowning Accident.


On New Jersey lake a young man
who could not swim was out in a canoe.
He upset the canoe and was in danger
Of drowning. A number of peop.e were
bathing not far away, but either they did
not understand his danger or were too
excited to go to his assistance A boy
scout. IL years old was swimming across
the end Of the lake and heard the young
man cry for help. He swan out and
reached the young fellow as he rose TO
the surface the second time. He kept
cool and remembered that he must try
to prevent the other from catching hold
Of him, but the drowning man gave a
lunge toward him and gripped him around
the neck.
With one hand the boy covered the
others mouth, clasping the nostrils
tightly between his first two fingers. and
with the other hand in the small of his
back pulled the man toward him. tread
ing water in the meantime. Then, TAX
ing full breath, he pressed one knee
against the others stomach, thus forcing
out the air in the lungs and at the same
time preventing him from taking in more
by the pressure on his mouth and nos
trils. This quickly broke the drowning
mans ID death grip" and the scout was
able TO place his hands at the sides OF
the others head and to tow him out float
ing on his back, he himself swimming on
his back.
When they reached shore many hands
were ready to pull them out, but there
was no one except the scout who knew
what to do and was cool enough-he was
h,-t irip h.
ods-to do the right thing He laid .he
man on the ground. face downward. arms
extended above his head, and face little
to one side. so to allow the free pass
age of air. Then he knelt astride the
figure. with his hands in the spaces be-
tween the short ribs. By letting the
weight of his upper body fall upon his
hands he forced the air out of the lungs
Relaxing the pressure. the chest cavity
enlarged. and the air was drawn into the
lungs. BY repeating this double process
fifteen times a minute artificial breath
ing was performed. II was ten minutes
before the patient began to show signs of
recovery. Then circulation was promoted
by rubbing the legs and body toward the
heart This is the Schafer, or prone.
method OF resuScitation. II requires but
one operator and no waste of time in pre-
liminaries while the patient. being face
down, fluids in the air passages will run
or be forced out and the tongue will drop
forward and require no holding. As soon
as respiration began they put the patient
to bed and kept him quiet and warra
As a precaution. physician was sent FOR.
but. as il proved. his services were not
needed.
These instances are typical of the many
uses TO which the boy scouts put the
training they receive 1t helps
to make a social asset OF many a boy
who might otherwise be a social detri-
ment. More than this. il gives to every
one Of these thousands of boys a form Of
practical knowledge which he will re-
member throughout life. Nothing could
be better than the movement to teach the
same kind of thing to girls. who are the
nurses and caretakers of human
ity, and who will almost invariably
:. make good " in any emergency If they
know what to do.
The Washington herald., 1913-02-23

does to bake the loaf in the gas oven;
so the advantage of fuel economy can
not be urged in this case. Neither IL
there less expenditure Of muscular en-
ergy involved In the process Of prepar-
ing the plates for the compartment
But" urges someone, the kitchen
is kept comparatively cool during the
process"
The Washington herald., 1913-02-23

duties has very little time for. She is
demanding and should have. with every
new device urged upon her. directions
explicit enough TO yield at her hands uni
formly good results. Not all fireIess
cookers are accompanied by these explicit
directions
We are. of course, familiar with the
excellent timetables furnished by some
The Washington herald., 1913-02-23

manufacturers. but there seems no rea-
son why such as these and even more
elaborate ones should not accompany
every purchase. The intelligent house.
wife has often to discover for herself
that 1t makes a great deal of difference
whether she heats her cooker plates.
hot enough TO brown manila paper or
tissue paper. The former degree of heat
The Washington herald., 1913-02-23
First Aid in Drowning Accidents.

Then one of them ran after their COM
rades. and some Of these came back and
improvised stretcher from two coats
and pair Of poles. The coat sleeves were
turned wrong side out and the coats were
placed on the ground with the lower sides
touching each other. The poles were
passed through the sleeves and the coats
buttoned up with the button side down.
The Washington herald., 1913-02-23
LESSONS WOMEN MAY LEARN FROM BOY SCOUTS

not to touch the open cut with theis
fingers, lest they should infect It with
germs. II they had not had this steril-
lied dressing with them they would have
oolied a clean towel or a handkerchief
Tor fifteen minutes. squeezed the water
out OF It without touching the inner sur.
lace. and bound the wound with this.
And. finally. they made the injured boy
Keep very quiet, which was perhaps the
most difficult part of the whole affair,
because they knew that although the
bleeding had been checked it might start
up again.