Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1913-02-25

| in bulk Insurance companies. recognize
ing the danger of shifting cargOes when
grain is shipped in bulk for this long
distance. insure only grain loaded in
sacks.
! The market system by which live stock
! is handled from the farm and the range
to the packing house
How Live Stock and thence the dressed
r IT ~, products to the con-
ID naAuicu. sumner. Is an interest
| ing one and many middleman extracts
| his living and his savings out of 1t en-
route We usually see the cattle and
sheep that are fattened for market start
! ing out from some large ranch. or from
some farm. where the owner thinks 1T
more profitable to raise them for the
feeder than to feed them himself The
sale of this cattle is made mostly through
are shipped 10 other commission houses,
and these sell them to the packer. The
| big stockyards of a modern packing town
sight to see. The Union stockNards
at Chicago cover .rb acres: they have
| 1900 Enclosures. and can furnish ac-
commentators for 5000 cattle 125.GD
sheep. ,i;1.,saI hogs and 5000 horses. The
handling facilities are 50 arranged that
! fifty carloads of live stock can be de-
trained in fifteen minutes. The chutes
are made a car length apart. and whole
I tTainload may be in process of unloading
at the same moment.
In selling the cattle the owner is usually
represented by d commission man The
buyer may be the representative of
packing house, the representative OF
farmer or feeder. an exporter or man
trading on his own hook and re-lOtting
them, so that the various lots will sell
better The market is usually over by
the middle of the afternoon. The stock
that has been bought by the packers is
hustled off to the abattors and that
which has been bought for reshipment
goes back into the cars quickly and is
dispatched to its several destinations.
1t has been found that 1t costs from
eight to thirteen dollars per head TO
transport Gait e
Charges for from the Texas
Transportation. rang ranges m to 1ns c r,s
Montana and the Dakotas. The average
probably would be q cent pound BY
the time the consumer gets his steak or
roast that charge on the live cattle prob
ably goes up to from to cents a
pound.
In the case of milk the usual method
is for the wholesale milk dealers in the
cities to contract with the dairymen that
they shall deliver them SO much milk, or
the milk from SO many cows for period
Of from six to twelve months. These
contracts usually fix the price for the
period. and sometimes they take into con-
sideration tile character of the milk and
the sanitary standards OF the dairy in
fixing these prices. Some dealers offer
bonus OF l or cents gallon for milk
from tuberculin-tested cows. Under one
system in vogue the dealer has his re-
ceivng stations in the country. to which
the farmers deliver their product. Here
ii is weighed or measured, tested and
cooled If more milk comes i'm than is
needed the surplus IS made into cream,
butter, cheese or condensed milk
When the milk and cream are separated
cottage cheese and casein are by-prOd-
ucts. The other system in general use is
for the dairyman to ship his milk direct
to the city plant of the dealer. 1t is
usually sold by weight, rather than by
measure. AS rule, the dealer pays the
dairyman about 3A cents per quart. He
sells 1T to the retailer at cents a quart,
and the retailer sells it to the consumer
at or 9 cents a quart. The milk for
big city like New York is drawn from
territory embracing diaries 400 miles
away, covering FIVE or six states.
The bulk Of the poultry of the United
States Is produced in the middle west
shipped either
Bulk Of Poultry alive or dress
,r.,u NY ed That ship
AA0A1A "Aiu"Ae "Soe' ped alive is
usually intended for immediate consump-
ton. while the bulk Of the dressed poultry
finds its way into cold storage ware
houses. The northern markets prefer
dry-picked poultry, while In the south
the scalded ones find favor Live poultry
usually goes to market in the regulation
crates. although it Is not unusual for
whole carloads. shipped in especially de-
signed cars to be sent out Of the poultry
producing centers. These can accommo-
date as high as 1900 chickens or 1900
turkeys In the south 1T costs about
cents a. pound to fatten chickens and in
the western packing stations cents a
pound to dress them. Shrinkage averages
q little less than one-seventh OF the total
weight The buying of eggs and poultry
from the farmer is done in about the
same way. and practically the same
number and kinds of middlemen are in
tarostad