davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-08-12

good COWS TO rbals<oo tho tosg Auu
the poor ooWs.
The first step toward reducing -tfis
cost Of production n weighing and
testing the milk from each cow IN the
herd often enough 70 keep a good line
on what she 10 producing.
Weighing tho ms1k for ono day
each week ana testing IT once each
month will give practically tho same
results ~ weighing and testing each
milking.
BY taking these weekly and monthly
records and making q yearly average
1t is easy to detsrnafne how n1,sch milk
and butter each cow l1as.psoduced for
the year.
This is but one-half the question.
Some cows ; fairly large producers
but not economical producers. Others
may produce less milk or butter yet
be more economical producers.
A light feeder may digest her food
perfectly and be an economical pro-
Queer. We should keep a record Of
each cows feed day each week
and its market value, IN connection
with the weighing and testing Of the
milk.
This will show what a pound Of
milk or butter costs from zach COW
in the herd. .
Sell the cows that produce butter
for twenty-five cents per pound and
Keep all hat produce a pound for
fifteen cents. The scales. the Bah
cock test and pencil and paper Will
assists in wedding out the improbable
from the herd.-N. K.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-08-12
THE VALUE OF SWEET CLOVER.

sweet o1ovvr b not . noxious weed
II Is OF ~unquAstioned value In restora.
ton of worn and eroded soils, and II
has many other important uses. II
grows luxuriantly In roadside bitches,
in the cuts OF railroads and generally
in situations similar to these erosiona
and its ability to withstand these ad-
verse conditions and often even to pros
per there, indicating its availability as q
means Of restoration Of such waste
places.
Sweet cover has q very wide dis
tribution throughout tho world, being
found on each of the continents and
in many Of the islands. It Is quite
generally distributed In England,
Scotland and Ireland and throughout
Mediterranean Europe. In Switzer-
land It is used as q navoring In the
manufacture of cheese and In France
as q hbrous plant. In Asia Minor it
Is useo in the manufacture Of pipe
stems and in China and Southern
Europe the young plants are used as
q pot herb" (%greens). In India 1t Is
sown in the rice fields and Is much
esteemed as q fodder plant for horses
and cattle. The department Of agri-
culture for South Australia reports
that this plant has transformed the
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-08-12
KEEP ONLY THE MONEY MAKERS.

The nan who has made two BLADES
Of grass grow where but one grew b.
fore has been looked upon az a publx
benefactor. But the man who hal
succeeded In producing one blade a,
pick problem.
Increased production docs not al
ways bring an increased profit. In
creased profits from the diary bust
ness must. in a measure, come from
more economical production >.
To reduce the cost Of production
we must have cows that by their
breeding and individuality are adapt
ed to u needs. For tho butter and
cream producing diary. the Jersey and
Guernsey COWS have q certain advant-
age because Of the character Of their
milk, which contains a higher per-
centage Of butter fat.
The Holstein and Ayrshire cows are
compelled to elaborate more solids to
produce the same amount Of fat.
This is a breed characteristic.
On the other hand the Holstein and
Ayrshire COWS can produce milk solids
more economically and are better
fitted for the production of cheese
and market milk. "
thin the dairy breeds we find a
greater difference between individual
cows than between the breeds. We are
keeping too many We do not know
what they produce o. how much
they eat. Some pay q profit and some
are eating up the profits made by the
others. 1t takes tho profits from the
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-08-12
eminent tests.

eminent tests.
Farmers who have not studied the
subject Of concrete construction will
do we'll to take It UP. In most cases
the material will be cheaper and
handler than lumber. It IL Of high
value for walks, dairy floors. milk
houses, watering troughs and steps.
as well as for general architectural
work. f. = .-.
Where the farmer Is able to supply
the sand and gravel without much
expense and has time to perform the
labor Of construction, or at least to
supervise 1t. the outlay for any given
piece Of work will probably be less
than 1t would DO II luraber were used.
The proportion Of cement required Is
not a large item Of expense.
The farmer also gains in the matter
Of insurance as he goes forward with
his experiments In concrete construc-
ton. This is ar important considers
ton, and he adds both comfort and
safety. besides saving money.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-08-12
DRYING STRING BEANS

Select young. tender, strinsleal
beans, wash them. cut Oh stem M
blossom ends. U in n inch lengths,
ana put them on plates OF trays. Cow
er with a net to protect them from
Mes and put to dry in a strong current
OF air. Stir occasionally while drying.
When thoroughly dried, put Into in
sect-proof bags, tie securely. and keen
IN a dry. well-ventilated place for fu-
ture use. SONG think beans are i'm
proved by steaming them a short tim.
before putting them to dry. BY put
ting a few to dry each time beans arc
prepared for the table. a good supplv
may be preserved with very littla
trouble.-Mary L. Bull.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-08-12

barren. sandy waste of King Island
into one of the most profitable dairy
regions Of Australia.
The plant is found growing in most
OF the United States as q wayside
"eed. and in large areas in Mississ-
1872. Alabama. Kentucky. Iowa. Colo
RADIO. Nevada, California and Ohio.
Tadly rundown and abandoned cot
ten plantations in Mississippi and
Alabama have been restored to fer
ti'ity and profit by the use of sweet
clover as a mulch and green manure
1t Is being used in a similar way In
the hills Of northern Kentucky in re-
ring badly eroded tobacco lands
and as a soil ameliorant in Iowa. In
the far west it grows in profusion on
Il banks of irrigation bitches and
IN ceserts where the soil is 80 alkaline
that other plants will not thrive.
Throughout the world the large areas
OF sweet clover are usually to be found
on soils very calcareous, showing the
same fondness for lime that Is com
mon to alfalfa While the plant shows
wide soil adaptation. it's most luxur-
growth is invariably associated
Withsrllme. The nitrogen-fxine bac-
terra OF alfalfa and sweet clover are
very similar: those Of one plant
eadily adapting themselves to the
otner. This makes sweet clover plots
great value as a source OF soil IN
for .alfalfa. Fields which
been in sweet clover for a few |
years can usually be seeded to alfalfa
sssiiy and successfully. Sweet ~clover1
lseHsneeds incubation and when It is
DeIng introduced into new situations
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-08-12
Beef Breeds of Cattle,
The Hereford.

The Hereford derives its name frun,
It's native district In England.
The most popular color and mark
ings are dark clarst or cherry, white
face. throat. chest. legs. belly and
small strip OF white on neck and be-
fore the shoulders. The horns are
medium to long. white and generally
turning outward.
This breed represents the type that
ID suitable for tho largest production
OF beef as It IL low rot and broad.
heavy IN forequartesS; full. deep
chest. level wide back, wide thick
loin and quarters. The form repes-
sents that which II associated with q
strong constitution, vtgor and pre-
potency, and Of the strong points
Of the breed 10 their srasing sttrfbutes.
The Hereford probab bly, has no superior
on the range. The cows Of this breed
give only milk enough to raise q very
thrifty cali.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-08-12
.ssr-----g~-s"'

Ing or banking PROCESS was ene. ha.
gun.
some growers Dc not BERN &c
oianeh their celery Until Il h mari,
rull size and the result IA ther, ara
more green stalks than anyothsr kind.
When a celery stalk grows sr,sn /,
crows green for keeps, no amount Of
labor will induss Il 70 turn whtts.
We had the White Plume last year
and It WAS Whi&a, indeed, ana very
crisp but the process would have been
uao same With mi othar vss4afy ana
1oountlaas the results would have boon
When blanet1ins usIsry It should not
be disturbed when either thu ssisry or
1ae SOIL ID wet hsoavss II VIII cause
o>e stalks to rust ana rot.
It - q very good plan to to paper
loosely aeound che plants bufors tho
bankdne-up II begun. However, THU
VIII moi do away with the b~ankina-vp,
sven with the self blsnohinS varieties
when planted late In the ssason.
When the frost came The celery
ridges were quite high. Stakes were
driven along the SIDES and boards
placed On edge; then more earth
banked up.
The top Of each ridge was nearly
level. although the celery leaves pro-
several inches above. This 10
essential. for if the air II entirely or.
the celery viii rot.
When the freeS1ug weather. sst IA
old carpet was spread over tho tops
Of the celery. Additional COVERING
was put on as needed and during the
mild weather It was ali removed and
replaced Whenever there were signs
81 a freeze.
In this manner the oeiery was kept
until late In the winter when
last of it was used.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-08-12

Late celery can be set out any time
from Nlly 10 Veptember with good re.
suits. Ours was transplanted last
year, on August soth. when thu
drought had 3ust been broken BY I
heavy shower. f.
After the ground WAS thoroughly
spaded tbs plants were sci N daabie
rows about one foot Apart ~
The advantage IN the double rows
is that when drawing tho earth w to
blanoh two rows nan b handled just
as easily a. one. .
Our oelery IL never ret In trenches.
for twogood reasons: Thssoil here isnot
very deep ana when the plants are set
IN trenches the latter have to be made
quite deep and then partly filled with
rich soil 10 that the roots will have
something 70 feed on.
The other reason for level ground
culture n this: When plants arc In I
trench they are liable to be drowned
every time there 10 Z heavy rain. Il
takes q lot Of work to rescue the rub.
merged plants.
Celery that II tough and strinsy II
very poor eating and unless there II
plenty Of plant food in the soil and
also plenty OF moisture the stalks will
be full Of strings and hollow. as we'll.
70 b ct IT. best celery should be
grown quickly. 70 promote rapid
growth keep tho roots cool and damp.
Late planting u conducive to rapid
growth because there IL always more
rain in the fall and no mulohlng with
straw 10 needed to keep tho soil cool
around the roots.
After the plants got VOL started
they were hoed and then the entire
Of the ground around the
plants was covered with manure from
the poultry houses.
After this nothing more was done with
the soil or plants for about two weeks:
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-08-12

The farmers Of the great west are
beginning to realize the great import
ance Of mulching potatoes. Years
ago when the soil was new this man
ner of treatment was unnecessary be-
cause the soil was so rich in food
elements that the potatoes took an
early and rapid start and made such
excellent growth that the vines shaded
the ground, thus preserving the
moisture in tho soil.
It would have been queer indeed
for these early farmers to mulch their
potatoes under such conditions, and
when also, hay and straw were
scarce articles.
But now the fact must gradually
lawn upon them that II they wish to
keep up the abundant yield Of large
mealy potatoes they must resort to
some other means than merely letting
nature attend to the matter to get
results.
Perhaps r we understood the pres
ent condition Of the soil It would
help us to understand more clear1v
tbs necessity Of mulchins. The soil
through continued cropping has be-
come deficient In food elements and
humus Nearly every crop we. raise
is taken entirely from the field and
no return Is made In the form Of
manure, fertilizer or humus.
Under these conditions the no+e.
toes make a slow growth ana before
the vines get the ground shaded the
season is 50 far advanced that the hot
winds and suns heat have taken IN
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-08-12
UP-TO.DATE HARVESTING

We prefer to leave shocks uncepped
for a day or two until thoroughly
cured: then cap with square canvas
to ft the shocks. Light weights are
tied to each corner OF the canvas to
prevent the winds from blowing it of.
Those covers last for years and their
cost is as nothing compared to what
they ave in their lifetime. h
Protection from the birds and In
scots must be considered. Wind. and
rain cannot thresh OF the grain. There
will be no alternating wetting and
drying to shrivel up and lessen the
weight. Neither will alternate heat
ing and cooling promote moldtng az
When shocked the usual way.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-08-12
MULcHlNG POTATOES GOOD PRACTICE.

most Of the moisture Of tho soil. with
the result that the crop 10 material ly
decreased.
The potatoes, being Z LARGE pc
cent water. naturally require q grea,
deal OF moisture to insure a larae
crop.
One should choose such time for
mulching when the first potatoes show
above ground. II mulched before this
lime 1t has a tendency to make the
plants soft and puny, but II left. until
the first potatoes appear above the
ground the plants will be stronger and
better able to push through the
mulchlng.
A fairly light mulch Is to be pre-
ferred to a heavy one. for two rea-
sons. Fisst, there will be less trash
to DO removed from the fields In the
allow the vines to become low set and
therefore less liable to danger from
drought.
A light mulching need not be
removed from the fold at all but
should remain there and thus add
more humus to the soil. @. &.
Tho mulching should be about two
or three inches deep whom fairly we'll
settled. Hay Is to be preferred to
straw for mulching az the latter has
q tendency to become hot during the
day, while the former will keep cooler
under the same conditions.
After the potatoes are mulched they
should not be molested except to pull
the weeds that might come through
the mulching.-E. Gitske.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-08-12
The Corn-Ear Worm
Easily Controlled.

One Of the encouraging things that
turn up occasionally in the eternal
warfare against insect pests is the fact
that some remedy or other that Is
recommended is also an ordinary fea-
ture of good farm practice. It Is that
way with fall blowing. Several trou-
blesome Insects Of field and garden
happen to be in such location in the
late fall that we can reach them by
stirring the soil. One or two Of them
:: be fought in almost no other way.
The pest that hits the mark most
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-08-12
SUMMERTIME DAIRY RATroNs

While the average farmer takes it
for granted that the dairy herd re-
quires little or nc attention as to the
feed supply during the summer
months, we have. nevertheless, found
that the dairying Will prove more
profitable at this season If some sys-
tenn Of feeding grain and roughage is
but adhered to.
It is true that the cows become
sleek and in prime shape while they
can secure an abundance OF green
grass, but a little clean, bright rough
age and some pure grain feeds in
addition to the grass ration Will aid
in forming more substantial bone
and muscular tissue, at the same time
the milk-low to q con
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-08-12
siderable degree.

siderable degree. IT,
Although the flavor and natural
properties Of grass are very conduc-
i've to stimulating q more profuse
flow Of milk, the elements contained
therein are not adapted to the for
nation of q high quality dairy prod
uct, either In milk, cream or flesh. but
will require something to improve its
watery consistency-ia other words,
to. add strength and solicity to it; for
the well-flled milk pail does not nee
~essarily contain a high per cent Of
butterfat, neither is the sleek, plump.
grass-fed cow in solid flesh.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-08-12

nothing In TIE wa1 oe ahsfAr but Z
d!Sdain that. They DO best on wet o.
insrshy land. where hens ana turkey
would not thrtss. They ss, however
very different from other eovtA and
unless their nature - understood and
tksir requirements met they ars the
least profitable Of oil stock. In ordss
to throw n0r Hight on the subject Of
geese and their greatest profits. the
Rhode Island station has expert
mentsd for soms time. and has Issued
10 most interesting report Of tests
made in breeding.
The following breeds ana. crosses
were tested. Embdsn-Brown China
Dmbden-Toutouss. Brown China, Emb-
den-Afr4oan, Toulouse Brown China.
Ernbden-Wh China. African-Brown
China. Afr1can.TouIouse, Pure ARR
can. Pure Nnnhdsn. and Prince nd
wards Island.
The Dmbden-whits China were
the easiest to ptck, were wfiiteeWhen
dressed, and though small. wsrs
plump and presented an attractive sp-
pearanoe. The xznbd>n-Afrscan wer0
also easy 10 pick and ~ large and
plump. The White China, though the
weakest and smallest Of all breeds,
when mstsd with Embdsn sandess
produced vigorous, Quick-sruwtng sos
!t,gs which wog plump snd SOLID
when drsaned. The OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES
Il resarded - the most satisfactory
cross for large geese fcr chfistnoss
trade. Pure African ard 0mbden end
African osossss srow bast sssav in the
-asou and should be n1aS3oeted early.
Pure bred China, Afdcan-Toulouse,
ana Afracm-Deown o&1na should b
dressed before faa. IN order that thsy
may be easy to pack.
white-plumaeed Em6dm Wd1ce
crosses may bs ptckedr sastiy~ andssnesr
than the others.
old geese lay . greaser number o.
lareer eses and ara more fel1eose
,han .vo,.nr reese. Young sanders 49,
better for breeding than young geese.
Young geese DO not ny ~ many Tn
liie eees or produce - many gosl'nes
.he arst breeding season - tho 90
Ina second. r geese are ofesn
,haneed from ono place to .
NAV are apt not 70 breed, ana
~ other conditions being eoua they
better tho third season they arc
n = locality .thau, thD~socoa1d.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-08-12
CELERY FOR WINTER USE.
Late Celery Can Be Set Out Any Time From July to September With
.+ Good Results.
BY A. GALIHER

In the meantime there had been several
soaking rains, which was -xactty what
we wanted. for without IL the tor
dressing would not have benefited the
plants. ,..
This sot was ioosened around the
plsnts with . hoe once more and then
the soil was gradually drawn around
the plant W.
They ~ure growing hy this time.
Every few days q little inors earth
was packed around the plants. care
being taken that the stalks wsss ali In
proper position and always aiioxint
plenty Of room for growth.
They grsw very fhst utter tho PtAs.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-08-12

cost is about the same as for silos of
other materials If the farmer is able
to do the work with his regular force.
When the durability and lessened risk
are considered it r. seer that the con-
crete construction is economical in
almost all circumstances. The con-
crete silo is sanitary and preserves
the fodder in a satisfactory way. This
fact has been demonstrated by gov
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-08-12
TORN ear WoEEn At work, eating the
milk and young kernels.

loosely b the corn ear worm. When
nfestiug corn II 'eats It's way along with
4 the huak devouring the young and
ender kernels and silk. AS it works
b way down into the ground the
Vorm fills. the hole behind 1t with
oil. But once at a depth Of 8 or 4
aches 1t turns and makes a short
pen gallery, part way to the surface.
hen 1t rettres to the bottom OF this
I'd remains until 1t 'ecomes a moth.
r the gallery the pupa Of the last
eneration remains all winter. The
noth does not come out again until
ext spring. Now. send a pillow
trough the field in late fall and YOU
ccomplish very good results. The
upa is buried beneath solid earth,
hitch later is compacted by winter
r spring rains. The moths are thus
fectually imprisoned, and never
each the surface to lay eggs and
sart the life round once more. Weather
snditions or demands Of crop rota-
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-08-12

fOre this picture was taken this aeIi
was rs bad n that shown in the
oth'r illustration. It Is now q profit.
able blue grass pasture. About one.
third OF the grass Is sweet clover,
seeded during August. a. II frequently
done with alfalfa. Tho seed usuelly
g~errntnates very poorly, owing to the
presence Of q large number Of hard
seeds. For this reason from 20 to so
pounds Of seed should be sown pei
acre. Evon more Of the unhulIed
seed can be used to advantage. -.
As q soil ameliorant sweet clover
gives promise OF great benefit 10
farmers. When used In this connec-
ton on areas deficient In lime. this
element should be literally supplied.
An application OF manure or straw
will aid the young clover in getting
started ana hasten tho work OF res.
It IL probably best to delay
sowing Of other grass seeds for
two or more years after the sweet
clover has been seeded. The areas
sh ! not be pastured. but the sweet
clover allowed to fall down and form
a surface mulch. On badly eroded
areas sweet clover and the yellow
form an excellent combination,
II the land Is not leveled before seed
ing the young trees should be set In
bottom Of tho bitches. Probably
best plan to set sweet clover
on eroded or very thin soils IL
to transplant one-year-old plants In
spring. This IL neither as slow
aor as laborcus as It might seem. Ono
every four or five feet is subj
Gent. It possesses the merit of being
Invariably successful. Plants
ire usually available In wayside sweet
patches.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-08-12

the SOIL should be tnoculated. Failure
TO 40 his II a probable cause of many
failures. $500
Seed can be sown broadcast on
Wheat In midwinter when the ground
IN honeyuomoed. with oats in the
spring or on a well prepared seed bed
In May. ..
In these latter cases the seed should
be lightly covered. It may als be
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-08-12

A mans work lives after him. The
NAL who ends his career on a farm
that he has improved in productivity
and appearance leaves a suitable mon
ument. @
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-08-12

The funny, fuzzy hat which the
young mar wore upon his return from
the agricultural college did not make
his friends stare half as much as the
big crops which the old farm produced
under his new-fangled management.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-08-12

A man who thought he vas a pretty
good farmer was getting about $50 per
month for his milk from his herd two
years ago. He employed a young Hol-
lander Just over from the old country
and in Is months he almost doubled
the output.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-08-12

Some farmers acquire an excellent
reputation for keeping hired help year
after year. when the real secret of
their success is the good table their
wives set.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-08-12
FARMERS GAIN BY USING CON
CRETE

Safety. economy and utility are the
prime considerations in silo building
and on all Of these points farmers are
finding themselves gamers from the
use Of concrete. Concrete structures
are much safer and in the long run
are more economical. Tho original
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-08-12
HELPS

Lack of~ sukletenkt s~qdnQaA
bedroom will dftsn, uRotzne Au
ness, though the 81 s71onlaHE4ArMQ
directly upouat1a hed. W.
Turpentine. NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS.
Of cockroaches vfnS Agu@@4X
them and often squ1eeadsa1w0A2
II stockings arp W& M1n
wearing they vain 1a m0d ~
is especially trun. a %l1A ~
stockings. fhe -sIls4k&
the threads closer tqeethe8
A Few chopped ta1En1E
frosting before sprea&ne &W~
makes q change cQul1m1pa1A