davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-08-02

which had stood in rusty cans, and
in every case this butter had pecu-
liar taste and was easily picked out
from all other SAMPLES. The butter
milk also had a decided metallic taste.
The influence Of copper on the
favor Of butter was studied In SINH
lar manner, and 1t was found that
copper even in small quantities,
seemed to cause more marked changes
of flavor in butter than did the iron,
with a decided tendency toward q
fishy flavor in storage. Two expert
ments showed very plainly the harm
full effect of using poorly timed pas
teurizers. even though the cream
came in contact with the copper sur
face for only few seconds, for, aside
from this, all other conditions were
exactly alike during the complete
process Of butter manufacture.
This work shows that II cream IL
kept in rusty cans or comes in con-
tact with iron or copper at any time
during the process of butter making
1t may take up iron or copper from
rusty cans, exposed bolt heads. or
other metal parts Of pasteurizers or
churns, in sufficient quantities to af-
feet the flavor of storage butter.
- ough there Is nothing to show that
the nature of the flavor is apprectabIy
changed, 1t does demonstrate very
clearly that the rate Of development
of the undesirable flavor is greatly ac-
CELEBRATED during storage by very small
quantities of either iron or copper.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-08-02
FLAVOR OF BUTTER INJURED BY METALS
Milk Is With Iron Dur
ing the Process of Butter Making, the Taste of the Butter
Will Be Changed.

Economic conditions make It neces-
age from the summer season. when 1t
Is plentiful, to the winter season, when
1t II. scarce II the butter Is properly
made this can be done without ma
terially injuring its quality. 1t often
occurs. however. that butter which has
been held in storage for some months
develops disagreeable flavors that
greatly lessen its value. These bad
flavors that will often pass unnoticed
when the butter is fresh may become
so serious a defect after three or four
months in storage as to render the
butter almost unstable. The chemi-
cal changes which cause these bad
f1avors are often too small to be de-
tected by tho ordinary analytical
methods Of the laboratory. but the
senses Of smell and taste are far more
delicate. and as soon as bad fiavors
are detected by them the value of the
product Is 3lessened. ~.sr. * 30
Some metals either cause or greatly
accelerate certain bad flavors in but
ter, although most of the experiments
along this line have not included stor-
age buffers. Recently the scientific
staff of the Dairy Division of the
Bureau Of Animal Industry in the
United States Department Of Agricui-
ture has reported that the presence Of
very small amounts Of iron in cream
causes certain undesirable havors to
Increase in intensity during storage.
The flavors are often designated BY
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-08-02

and dig at their sides and neck with
their hind feet, and often rub against
posts and other objects. After wean-
ing the pigs do not develop as they
should. Their hair stands erect. thick
crusts or scabs form at the roots Of
tie hair in tho region Of the withers,
top Of neck and about the ears and
face. The scabs often extend to the
roots Of the tail, and transverse cracks
form in tho scabs along the back and
and even some distance on the root
OF the tail. The scabs on the top Of
tho neck and shoulders seem to be
thicker and more extensive in pigs
or shoats from four to eight months
old that have heavy coat Of hair. A
pig at this age. when suffering from
mango. appears stunted, does not eat
we'll or thrive as he should.
The treatment Of swine mango con-
sists In tho external application Of
substances that will kill the parasite
without injuring the animal, and the
disinfection Of the quarters so that the
animal will not become infected again.
In addition to the medical and SAM
tary treatment 1t Is also important to
give the animals good care and plenty
Of nourishing food. A thin. unthrifty
hog Is particularly susceptible to the
disease.
kill the parasites and cure swine
mango when properly applied. The
best form to apply the remedy is in
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-08-02

butter experts as metallic" "oily," or
"fishy." The injurious effect of iron
was found by adding iron In known
quantities. varying from to 500
parts. to million parts Of cream.
The butter made from such cream
was compared with that made from
cream where all precautions were
taken to avoid any undue contact
with iron during the whole process Of
butter making. The butter was stored
at degrees to 10 degrees Fahrenheit.
and the quality Of the butter was
scored by experts at different times.
In every instance when the butter was
scored a few days after making, the
samples to which iron had been added
scored lower than the butter made
from cream which contained no from
This held true In most cases on the
second and third scoring, which, oc-
Cured at intervals varying from 20 to
1877 days. The most noticeable fea-
ture was the rapid development Of
bad flavor in the butter containing the
iron. When both the control and the
experimental butter became fshy 1t
was noticed that the control butter
was the last to become so. There was
a marked oily flavor present In most
samples that subsequently became
nshy. Only a small proportion Of the
iron added to the cream was found
in the butter, the remainder having
been taken up by the buttermilk and
wash water ~
Butter was also made from cream
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-08-02
BY G. GRAHAM

from birds that have very dark legs
or beaks. Many amateurs have an
idea that a bird with black plumage
is more likely to be dark-skinned
than a white-feathered bird 1s, but
this is not the case, as some OF the
whitest- skinned squads that have been
produced were from black pigeons,
It is to be regretted that disease
is becoming more common among
pigeons. In most cases disease will
be found in lofts where birds have
not had proper attention, or where
they are so housed as to weaken their
vitality or that of their offspring. The
life of a breeding bird Is generally
considered to be ten years. but there
are very few pigeons that will pay for
their feed after the seventh year. and
1t is seldom that they will leave any
profit after the fifth year. During the
second and third years they are sup
posed to be ir their prime. .
For this reason, in figuring on
flock OF pigeons. it should be remem-
bered that they have practically
passed their usefulness In six or seven
years, and therefore one-sixth or one
seventh of their original cost should
be charged against them each year so
that at the end Of the time mentioned
they will have paid for themselves.
In making this statement have been
careful to consult with many of the
leading squad producers In the coun-
try and their books show that they
lose about per cent Of their young
breeders yearly, besides reckoning
that when the birds are seven years
old they should be sold. They also
estimate that about 5 per cent Of the
SQUADS that are Matched do not ma
ture for market and that about per
cent of the eggs that are laid do not
hatch, although hocks have been
known where so per cent of the eggs
dii not hatch, and Is per cent Of the
young did not reach maturity. but
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-08-02
THE APPLE RAILROAD WORM"

From July to October Is the time of
the year to fight the apple maggot or
railroad worm. The way to do this
is to keep the infested apples from
rotting beneath the trees. This can
be accomplished either by picking up
the drops every few days. or by main
tanning enough live stock beneath in
tested trees to keep the drops cleaned
up.
The apple maggot IL an exceedingly
common pest ofNearly and sweet var.
ieties Of applies in many sections.
Occasionally It is Injurious In winter
apples, but usually this Is true only
where orchards of winter fruit con-
tain large numbers Of early or sweet
varieties also.
Careful distinction should be made
between the worm known as the cod
ling worm, and the apple maggot or
railroad worm. The codling worm
usually eats the core Of the apple and
1T Is white or pinkish. has distinct
feet and dark brown head. The
apple maggot or railroad worm II
much smaller, is shaped like a maggot.
has no feet and no distinct head. and
the pulp of the apple. Where these
tunnels run close beneath the skin
they are apt to show through on the
marks It is these tracks that give
the pest its name Of railroad worm.
The railroad worm cannot be poi
soned by spraying as can the cooling
worm. The latter isshatched from an
egg laid outside the apple and must
eat its way into the fruit. Hence it
is readily killed by poison spray.
such as paris green or ar9enate Of
lead. The railroad worm. on the other
hand. is Matched from an esq laid be-
meath the skin Of the fruit. The
young maggot does not enter from the
outside Of the apple, but feeds from
beginning to end within the pulp of
the fruit Hence it cannot be poi
soned by spraying.
The parent insect that lays the egg
from which the railroad worm
matches Is a two-winged fly. about the
size of common house fly. It looks
like the house fly except that it's
wings have dark zig-zag marks on
them. 1t appears in the orchard
about the first Of July and soon be-
gins laying eggs, especially in the
earlier fruit. These files live until
September. continuing to lay eggs all
the time.
The maggot that matches from the
eggs always feeds within the pulp Of
the apple until after the apple has
dropped from the tree. Then as soon
as the fruit has become mellow or
has begun to rot. the maggot bores
its way out Of the fruit. goes down
into the ground ,wo or three inches
and remains there throughout the fall
and winter. It does not move after It
enters the ground. but contracts and
becomes brown and hard. looking like
a faxseed. It Is from these obJecrs
that the adult fies emerge the follow
ing summer.
We thus see that the infested apple
must fall from the tree, and must be-
come somewhat mellow. before any
maggots leave It and go into the
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-08-02
TREATMENT OF SWINE NANCE.

Mango is a disease Ct swine preva-
lent in some sections Of this country
However. 1t does not appear to be a
common disease in the United States
generally, but judging from the nu-
mercus references to swine mango in
European countries it would seem
that 1t is a common disease there.
The cause of swine mango is very
small animal parasite which burrows
into the outer layers Of the skin. The
adult female lays eggs which hatch
into young mites and these go
through the various stages of devel-
opment in the outer layer Of the skin
of swine. EtE Oh
The symptoms Of mango are first
seen in sucking pigs. They scratch
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-08-02

Special attention should be given
the early varieties Of fruit. These are
more apt to be infested and II allowed
to lie on the ground will quickly be-
come mellow, thus allowing the mag.
gots to mature and enter the ground.
where they will be ready for next
year.
There 10 reason to believe that tho
maggots do not travel far. Therefore.
If you keep your fruit cleaned up. you
will likely get good results even,
though your nsighhors allow their in
tested fruit to rot on the ground.
Cleaning UP infested drops should be-
gin by the middle Of July, or ~ soon
as the apples begin to fall. II need
not continue after the middle Of Oc-
tober, for the maggots have stopped
coming out Of apples by that date.
Live stock, such as hogs, sheep or
cattle, may be made use of to keep
the drops cleaned up. It should be-
noted, however, that the value of live
stock depends on whether or not they
can get at all OF the apples that fall
and whether they eat them up about
as fast as they fall.
There 10 some possibility that few
of the worms that have entered the
ground to spend the winter may stay
there for two years, instead Of ono,
before coming out as the adult ny.
In this case there would still be some
flies and some maggots in the fruit
the next year after picking up the
drops. but there would be many less;
and If the practice OF cleaning up
drops was continued. all OF the pests
would DO eliminated by the second
sum mer. 4s,
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-08-02
TINE TO SELECT SEED POTATOES

TIME TO SELECT SEED POTATOESl
Don't wait until potato digging time
to select your seed potatoes-don'
wait even until the vines are dead. II
you do you are as liable to pick ou1
large potatoes from q small. undo 1
veloped hill as you are from q thrifty
one.
While the vines are in full bloom
and show which are vigorous and pro.
ductive Is the time for marking the
hills you will dig later for seed. Small
sticks driven beside the choice hilli(
serve this purpose very we'll.
This insures seed that will propagate,
sturdy plants next season: And rel
member, both large and small pota.
toes fro, a strong hill may b.
planted; but any size. either small 81
large, from a puny hill-never!
Use the same care and Judgment In
your selection Of seed potatoes that
you do in selecting other seeds. and
you will find it little time very
probably spent.-M. A. Coverdell.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-08-02

a solution or emulsion that can be
applied to all parts Of the pigs body.
Ointments applied to visibly affected
parts are useful ir keeping the dis
ease In check. but the whole surface
Of the pigs body should be thorough
ly treated. in order to complete a cure.
This is best done by dipping the pig.
or by scrubbing or hand dressing"
where dipping Is not practical.
Dipping watts are made Of wood.
galvanized iron. or cement. They are
set in the ground at convenient
drainage away from the vat A good
size for vat Is ten feet long on top,
eight feet long on the bottom, one
foot wide on bottom. and two feet
wide on top. The end where the
hogs enter should be perpendicular
and the other end inclined. with
cleats so that the hogs can emerge
after swimming through. The en-
trance should be by slide. Such
tank IL very useful wherever hogs are
kept in numbers. as frequent dipping
tends to keep hogs healthy and free
from parasites. For small pigs that
can be readily handled. q barrel
serves the purpose we'll; the pigs can
be caught. plunged in the dip and
held there the required time Dips
can also be applied by using spray
pump or sprinkling-can. The hogs
are closely confined in a pen. the Dip
ping fluid poured upon them. scrub
bling them at the same time with q
stiff brush. z-a...... ST..
One Of the most efficient and eco
nomical remedies Is the lime and
sulphur dip made from the following
formula: Fresh lime, pounds; flow
ers Of sulphur. "a pounds; water. 100
gallons. ..
Weigh the lime and sulphur care
fully, Stake the lime with SUFFICIENT
water to form a thick paste. Silt the
sulphur and mix we'll with q hoe. Put
this mixture in a kettle with Is or 30
gallons Of water and boil for at least
one hour-two hours ID better. In
using this dip for sheep It 10 allowed
to settle and only the clear. orange
colored liquid IL used. In dipping
swine the whole mass Is used. the
din should be warm-100 degrees to
10 degrees F.
After dipping or treating swine
til ev should be placed in clean. untn-
fected quarters. The floors, partitions
and other parts Of the buildings
should, after the removal Of all litter
and dirt, be thoroughly saturated with
a dipping solution. This should be
applied with force pump which
drives the solution into all cracks.
The pens should also be white
washed, care being taken to fill all
cracks we'll. G
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-08-02
HOW MUCH WILL THE s1Lo HOLD ?

The amount of silage required and
the size Of silo needed to hold it can
be quite closely calculated provided
the number and kind of animals to be
fed from 1t are known before building.
An average COW or beef animal may
be fed about thirty-flve pounds Of sill
age per day and the usual period
during which silage is used in this
latitude will be about 210 days. Large
animals or those that are being fat
tended may consume considerably
more than thirty-fve pounds per day
but this has been found a fair aver
age.
In q s1lo Of ordinary depth, the
average weight of the silage Is about
forty pounds per cubic feet. Near the
top Of the silo, however. where the
pressure Is not { eat it will weigh
only twenty five pounds per cubic foot
while at the bottom of thirty five
foot silo 1t may weigh sixty pounds
Taking these averages. if a cow eats
thirty-f1ve pounds Of ensilage in a
day, she will eat thirty-flve fortieths
or seven Fights, Of q cubic foot per
day and with this as a basis 1t Is easy
to determine the number Of cubic feet
Of ensilage required to feed a COW or
any number Of cows throughout the
season. The diameter of the silo
must be such that the stock on hand
can use one or two inches of silage
off the top each day during the win
ter and at least three inches per day
when summer feeding Of silage Is to
be practiced. This is necessary to
keep the silage from spelling.
A silo ten feet in diameter is adapt
ed to feeding ten mature cattle One
twelve feet in diameter will feed flf-
teen head, and one fourteen feet in
diameter will meet the needs of TWEEN
ty head: but If there are thirty or
more cows to feed. a sixteen-foot silo
should be erected These silos should
be thirty or forty feet, or ever more
In height.-A. D Wilson, New York.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-08-02
THE DESTRUCTIVE wooDcHuoK.

The woodchuck. or ground hog" 10
so destructive to gardens in some
counties In this section, that q few
lemedial measures may be of interest.
White muslin strips may be tied to
the pea vine supports about q foot
above the ground, at intervals of about
a foot IN the row, to keep the animal
away. Cotton or oLkum may be wrap
ped around stone soaked In carbon
bi-sulphid, and the mass rolled into
the hole as far as possible. In order
that the fumes may have the fullest
possible effect, close the hole as tightly
as possible. A good marksman with
rifle, stationed where he can secure q
good vie OF the infested field, may
prove effective. Blasting powder and
long fuse are sometimes used and so
is the steel trap.-M. W.. Minnesota.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-08-02
RAIL FENCE PHILOSOPHY.

One reason why some children ap-
pear stupid is because their parents
never allow their minds to develop
naturally but. beginning at the cradle.
make their thoughts into their own
narrow views.
To revive the memories of a. mis-
take for tho purpose Of doing harm to
one who Is struggling to do better is
crime greater than the mistake.
Wisdom turks in queer places
many congressman has become ia
nous by charging the ideas he picked
up at the grocery store country club.
II we constantly deny pleasure to
others the time will come when none
will come to us.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-08-02

ground. Very early fruit viii DO
fairly mellow when It falls from the
tree and will soon begin to rot From
such fruit maggots will be emerging
within few days after It drops from
the tree. From fall fruit maggots
will not come out in numbers for
week or so. From winter fruit mag
gots will not come out until the fruit
has been of the tree from two to
three weeks. Therefore. we may OBJ
serve the following schedule in keep
ing fruit picked up:
Early varities should be picked up
twice q week. Fall varities should be
picked up once a week. and winter
apples should be picked up once every
two weeks.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-08-02
THE SHEPHERD AND HIS FLOCK.

In buying ram, if you do not know
a good one when you see it, put your
faith in the judgment of some one who
does, but Tho has none to sell.
The only time to develop stock is
when you see the animal Is young and
growing fast.
They must have feeds that supply
ash for bone and protein for muscle.
These feeds are found in oilmeal,
oats bran. peas, beans. clovers and
alfalfa and in the vetches.
1t is just as necessary to keep the
sheep supplied with green crops after
the mead Tvs give out as 1t is to keep
the stock going in the same way.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-08-02

youngsters were beginning to take or
binary feed instead of this pigeon
milk. OF course. the old birds feed
the young during their entire life as
squads, or until they are able to leave
the nest, and often they feed them for
y few days on the floor. Eight or
nine pairs Of squads are all that can
be expected from pair of breeders
turing year. and such breeders are
very hard to find.
In order to avoid dark-skinned
Dquabs it is advisable not to breed
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-08-02
DID YOU KNOW THAT
Cranberries are a stringent a.

Cranberries are stringent ana
correct the liver when 1t Is suffering
from inaction caused by overeating?
Dates are exceedingly nourishing
and also prevent &C nstipation?
The Juice Of grapes is a laxative
but the skin and seeds are likely TO
cause constipation?
Honey Is good substitute Tor coo
liver oil?
The juice Of a lemon Is excellent as
a gargle for sore throat. but should
not be swallowed?
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-08-02

figured for depreciation in value Of
the old birds, and also four or five per
cent of their, present value for the
ordinary death rates. This. with labor,
brings the profits to minimum. but
many people find the employment
beneficial and in some cases 1t is a
source Of income. For instance. a
farmer or a man who can do this
work without any sacrifice, should
benefit by it. but if the work must be
done by hired labor, then 1t is doubt
full If there will be any great divi-
dends. This. Of course, does not apply
to plants where the sale Of breeding
stock Is q leading figure.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-08-02
NOTES OF THE HOG LOT.

II the SOW Is fed on sour, dirty
.swill the effect is quickly seen In the
pigs.
The hog has time for all that is
required to turn himself into pork. but
he has no time to fight lice.
Some packers who make a speciality
Of fine products will not buy swill-fed
hogs. -.-.,..-.
Young pigs kept in dry, dusty lots
and fed on corn exclusively will not
make money for their owner.
In the market stock yards the
bunch Of hogs that Is even in weight.
conformation and color will bring
..lore than the lot made up Of all sorts.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-08-02
LITTLE LIFTS OF THE FARM.

It is a great w-ste Of time to pull
and haul over .. dozen things in the
corner of the barn or the empty gran
airy to find what is needed. Better
have a place for everything.
If the we'll Is near the harm the curb
should be at least Is inches abov" the
ground, which should be graded up
+, the top and packed with clay and
cinders to prevent surface water from
soaking in.
h A 18-foot ladder hung in a handy
place may save the house and barn
when fire breaks out on the roof.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-08-02

Pigeons lay only two eggs at one
laying period-this requiring three
days. They rest day between the
fl and second egg. They imme-
diately begin sitting. The period Of
incubation is seventeen days, and for
the flrst five to seven days Of the
squads life it is nourished on
pigeons milk" I have never known
OF a pair Of pigeons that would begin
breeding or even preparing nest for
q second family until after these
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-08-02
PIGEON BREEDING NOT ALI. PROFIT.

these cases are exceptions and there
Is some special reason for this unus-
ual loss. '
In figuring the cost Of loft Of
pigeons. not only should the interest
on the original investment be taken
into consideration, but there should
be reasonable allowance for depre-
citation In value of buildings. for wear
and tear of equipment such as water
fountains, bath tubs. etc. fifteen per
cent Of the original cost should be