davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Nashville globe. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1906-193?, 1913-01-10

you will find the roster of the officers
for the ensuing term of Lodges in
the city.
J, c. Price, No. 105: C. c. C. w.
Chandler, V. c., Chas. Poole, P. G.,
F. Johnson, NJ. w. D. A. Broyles,
M. F. J.. B. Anderson, M. E. E. C.
Brice. X. r. and s., J.. J. Gamble, M.
A., F. S. Booyles, G. R., e. c. Brice.
Lucullus No. 43: C. c., Frank
Robinson, V. c., Roy Robinson, P. E.,
c. Dantzler, NJ. W., Reuben Camp
bell, M. F., Chas. Redmond. NJ. E..
Frank Burnett, X. R. and s., J. J.
Reynolds, M. A., Will Rose, G. R.,
Chas. Redmond.
Bridge City, No. So: C. c., Wal
ter Dlckerson, v. c., John Welker,
M. W., W. E. Beattie, M. F., S. G.
Carson, M. E., A. Haen, K. R. & S., R.
Mayors, NJ. A. James Hopewell, P,
Sam Ready, G. r., Warren, E. Beat
tie.
Toussaint LOuverture, No. z: c..
c., Ernest Cunningham, V. c., John
Barnett, p, H. W. Keaton, M. w,
Andy Logan, M. F., James Carter,
K. R. and s., c. S. Boyd, NJ. E.,
James Graves, M. A., Lee Anderson,
G. R., Lee Lillison.
Mountain Home, No. &c: C. c.,
J. S. Cobb, V. c., Steptoe Dixon, p,
j. e. Greenfield, M. W., J, w. Frazier,
M. F., VIM Crooks, K. R. S., Porter
Hutchins, M. E., Porter Hutchins, G.
R., Porter Hutchins.
Knoxville Lodge, No. 113. c. c.,
J. H. Alexander, P. M, w. Lutte, M.
w. S. Williams, M. E., w. M. Hollins,
X R. S, W. L. Carson, NJ. w, G. L..
Hicks, M. A, ]. B. Thomas.
A most enjoyable affair was given
by Bridge City Lodge at their Home
Coming on December 4. Speech
making and feasting were the order.
for the evening and everyone present
voted it the best that ever happened
and looking forward to the next that
is to be given by hat hospitable or,
ganization. December 20 will long
be remembered by the members of
No. Z and friends for on that occas-,
ion a banquet was rendered Knight
w H. Hastie by the Lodge for the
efficient services rendered by that
beloved brother who will soon leave
The Nashville globe. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1906-193?, 1913-01-10
Just Watch the Pythians Grow,

~
officers Of Griffin Lodge No. 10,
K. of p, Memphis: J. w. Thomas,
c. c.; E. S. Goens, V. c.; VIM. Col
Inns, Prelate; VIM. Jenkins, NJ. of W.;
G. w. Williams, M. Of E.; Robt. Ice,
NJ. of F.; c. H. Cooper, X. of R. and
S.; Chas. R. Dunn, M. at A.; Jas.
Catlitt, 1. G.; Joseph Green, o. g.;
c. H. Cooper, Grand Lodge Repre-
sentative.
officers of Providence Lodge No.
153, K. of P. of Greenfield, Tenn:
NJ, A. Dobbs, c. c.; Elder Watt, v.
c.; Rev. G. H. Ivie, Prelate; Berce
Allen, M. Of F.; B. B. Black, M. of
E.; Rev. D. F, Estis, X. of R. and s.,
Robert Hornbreak, l. G.; Tom Cole
man, o. G.; Ben Busby, M. of w;
Arch Watt, Master at Arms; Rev.
D. F. Estis, Grand Representative
This lodge was set up by Prof. A,
S. Pyles in May, 1908. Has a men,
bership of nearly 4O1 and a neat lit
tie bank account and is moving on
nicely. It's energetic officers backed
up bl it's faithful members. It's G..
C. is an organic members and has
served in said station every since its
organization.
The Nashville globe. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1906-193?, 1913-01-10
GRAND M. ALARMS

Mr.. Jno. Singleton is a leading
Pythian of Knoxville, East Tennessee,
member of Lucullus Lodge, K. of p,
No. 4S. He has represented his
lodge for several years as their lepre-
sentative, having been elected as
Grand M. at Arms for the State Grand
Lodge and is now serving his fourth
term, His able and dignified nan
ner in handling the Grand Lodge af-
fairs has won him a distinction,
among the members and especially
the Grand Lodge officials. He is
a very close friend of our present
The Nashville globe. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1906-193?, 1913-01-10

which win convene in the city of
Nashville, July, 1913 a membership Of
200.
The election held in December re-
suited as follows: Anthony Porter,
c. c.; Prince Bauman, V. c.; Wayman
Box, M. w; James Puryear, Prelate;
The Nashville globe. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1906-193?, 1913-01-10

our race to measure arms with the reg
nant race, we must be tied by the
bonds of Friendship and stand like a
Stonewall. 1t is passing strange and
yet not so that the members Of Stone
wall Lodge in Dec, 1912 by a man-
nous vote reelected its present
Chancellor Commander to serve an
other term. He is to-day in the
prime of life.
The Nashville globe. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1906-193?, 1913-01-10

VIM. Smithson, X. R. and S.; Lorenzo
House, M. F.; Ira Davis, M. A.; John
Fleming, 1. G.; W. R. Russian, o. g.;
all of whom have taken a solemn OBJ
legation to work for the moral uplift
of this lodge and expect to continue
to pull and push up the hill of pros
perity and plant a banner emblazoned
words standing upon it declaring
Eureka" and further we stand as
firm as the rock of Gibralter.
The Nashville globe. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1906-193?, 1913-01-10
Its Financial Condition.

When the present c. C. assumed Of
flee, the treasurer had about $50. At
the present time it has on deposit to
it's credit $4,000. Another remark
able fact is that this lodge during the
past two years has not lost a member
by death, showing conclusively that
they have taken a special pains in the
selection of its members. Therefore,
our doors are open to all deserving
young men. We want to point with
pride to Kt. Prince Bauman, who has
the distinction of having brought into
The Nashville globe. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1906-193?, 1913-01-10

are serving their fifth terms. Chas.
Cobb, NJ. w, third term. c. w. Hud.
son, Prelate, fifth term. George
Kimbrough, M. at A; VIM. Jenkins
and c. Summers, Trustees; L. Fletch-
er, o. G.; I. Smith, l. G.; DR.. G. A.
Kelley, Medical Examiner; DR.. S.
Jefferson, Grand Representative. The
lodge has taken on new life and we
The Nashville globe. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1906-193?, 1913-01-10
U LODGE NO. So.

Bruce Lodge No. So, Knights of
Pythias, Columbia, Tenn, was or
ganized by Sir ]. H. Staten and N.
N. Reynolds June %, 1906, with the
following named officers: Albert Nor
rell. C. c.; Sam Caruthers, V. c.;
Samuel Bond, W. M; J. S. Gilmote,
Prelate; Alfred Allen, X. of R. and
The Nashville globe. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1906-193?, 1913-01-10

for the fourth term which ended in
December, 1912. After having vigor-
ously helped other lodges and the
Deputy Grand Chancellor in the forma-
ton of new lodges. Stonewall Lodge
stands with a membership of over
125 with applications continually com
ing in. This shows conclusively that
this lodge is the mainstay for young
men and in order for the young men of
The Nashville globe. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1906-193?, 1913-01-10

by, l. G.. Membership, %. The
lodge has worked every day since the
organization, nearly five years ago,
and is still in fine shape with thirty
financial members on the roll and
eight P. c. C.'s on hand. The present
officers are as follows: Doctor
L. H. Gilmore, M. D., G. c.; A. Arm
strong, V. c.; Sir Archie McLemore,
M. W; Rev. j. c. Lawrence, Pre-
late; Sir w. L. Walker, M. of A;
Manuel Anderson, o. G.; Sir Har-
vey Mabery, I. G.. The election Fri
day night will witness many changes
in the official roster, after which we
will send you the list.
The Nashville globe. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1906-193?, 1913-01-10

Grand Chancellor DR.. J.. P. Crawford
and is considered the live wire Of
East Tennessee. He is also a mem
and has been for a number of years;
Der of the Knoxville Police force
he is considered among the best De-
tectlves in the state, having placed
more criminals in prison than any
other in his city; he is a power
politically, and ranks first among his
race, and stands for everything bene-
fetal to his race.
Sunday-SchooI Congress, Muskogee,
Okla, June q to 9.
"Don't Forget The Date. Be Sure
to Remember the PIaoe-Muskogee,"
The Nashville globe. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1906-193?, 1913-01-10

are looking to great things during this
administration.
Installation ceremonies were indulg-
ed in Friday, Jan. 8, 1918, after which
a sumptious banquet was 5ajoyed.
Every n pledged themselves to have
taken on new stimulus for the future.
Just Watch the Pythians Grow,
The Nashville globe. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1906-193?, 1913-01-10

s.; Manuel Anderson, M. Ex.; John
M. Jones, M. F.; w. L. Walker, M. ~
A.; VIM. Walker, o. G.; West Cros-
The Nashville globe. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1906-193?, 1913-01-10
LARKsVILL

The Goth Century Lodge elected the
following officers, Tuesday, December
II, 1912: DR.. S, Jefferson, c. c., now
serving his ninth term straight. DR..
D. j. Waites, V. c. DR.. E. S. Randals,
M. F.; N. R. K%imbrough, NJ. E.; E. D.
Roberts, X. R. and s.. These also
The Nashville globe. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1906-193?, 1913-01-10

this lodge during the past six months
more members than any other
Knight in the whole jurisdiction. He
having recommended forty new men,
bers and all of them have been ac-
cepted. We are striving and with
the assistance of our members to be
able to report to the Grand Lodge
The Nashville globe. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1906-193?, 1913-01-10

BE A BOOSTER FOR THE GRAND OLD FRATERNITY
=. W. Fite, D. G. c., Manager.
The Washington times., 1913-09-18
OFFICIAL POWERLESS.
AGAINST LOAN SHARKS.
School Authorities Unable to
Act Against Those Who
Prey on Pupils.

School officials do not plan an inves-
tigation of the "loan shark companies
following charges that circulars have
been sent to school children telling them
how to get loans without publicity"
Superintendent Davidson, of the District
schools, declares there Is no ground
upon which such an investigation could
be based.
School regulations strictly forbid the
delivery of a letter to any pupil at the
school. The school authorities have no
Jurisdiction over the delivery of mail to
pupils or their receipt Of mail at their
homes.
Following the publication Of charges
that circulars making a bid for their
"loan'' business had been mailed to
children, Superintendent Davidson inter-
viewed several Of the school principals
and was assured that the rule prohibit
ing the delivery Of mail to pupils in
school had been vigorously enforced.
He declared. however, that attention
would be called anew to these regula-
lions at the opening Of the schools next
week.
That, he said, was as far as the
schools could go in preventing the de-
livery Of such circulars to children.
Any further action would lie between
the parents Of the children and the
managers Of the loan companies, or
with the District authorities.
The Washington times., 1913-09-18
OFFICE
EMPLOYEES RAISED
Joseph Duffy, Machine 0per-
ator, Promoted to Foreman
at S2,500 a Year.

Joseph Duffy, machine operator at the
Government Printing Office at So cents
an hour. has been promoted by Public
Printer Ford to be acting foreman of
binding at a salary Of $500 year.
Edward NJ. Nevils. linotype operator.
Is promoted to acting foreman Of the
linotype section might. at $3.50 a year.
Stanley H. Ridings, deskman. is pro-
NOTED to acting foreman Of the mono
type day section at s., go.
William ]. McEvoy, makeup. Is pro-
mcted to acting foreman of the day
linotype section.
Claude E. Haines. proofreader, is
made acting foreman Of the night
monotype section. at $3.50 year.
Richard c. Lohmeyer. bookbinder in
the forwarding and finishing section Is
made acting foreman Of the Library
OF Congress branch binding section, at
a salary of 5000.
James Z. Cogan. bookbinder. is made
acting foreman of the forwarding and
finishing section. at 5000. and Timothy
Shea, bookbinder. forwarding and fin
ishing section. Is made assistant fore
man Of the night pamphlet binding sec
ton, at 20 cents an hour.
Other transfers at the big print shop
are:
Wilver Conner. messenger boy. $40
per annum, office of purchasing agent,
to skilled laborer, S cents per hour.
binding division. Frank r. Lanahan.
same. Martin r. Speelman, assigned
foreman Of binding. Charles E. Rudy.
assigned to maker-up. 60 cents per
hour. monotype section, night. Louis
p. Kenney, assigned to maker-up, GO
cents per hour, hand section. Thomas
]. Rowe, assigned to proofreader. 90
The Washington times., 1913-09-18
OYSTERS SCARCE
. IN C|TY'S MARKET
Supply Of Fish, Also, Smaller
Than Usual for This Time
of the Year.

So far this season the Ostrea ,Vir-
ginica, has been scarce, but of an un-
usually good quality. and though large
quantities Of Amiurus Melas and Salmo
Purpuratus have been received at the
fish wharf this week the supply hardly
equals the demand. -
All of which is just another way of
saying that there is a good market in
Washington for oysters, catfish. and
salmon trout, as well as other sea food.
and that the present supply is just a
little smaller than usual at this time
of the year. H..
Asked IL the supply was running short
one grizzled captain of an oyster boat
laconically remarked that fishes have
tails" and proceeded to explain that
this made them very elusive and en-
abled them to avoid nets, hooks, and
other dangers, II they so elected. He
called attention to the fact that the
Agricultural Department might figure
out the cost of the high price OF beef.
and q Congressional committee could
give a reason for the high cost of
clothes, but the reason for the scarcity
of the elusive fish was beyond the ken
of human kind.
Rock fish are bringing from 10 to y
cents a pound, according to their size,
salmon trout is worth Is cents pound,
and small gray trout from to Genus
A string Of from twelve to eighteen
catfish will sell from so to Is cents, and
perch are about the same price. Flound-
ers, ow which good supply was re-
ceived from Norfolk this morning, are
bringing and cents pound, and
horse mackerel, weighing eight to ten
pounds. can be had for 40 to 60 cents.
This morning there were approximate
ly 80 bushels of oysters at the wharf.
which is small even for such an early
period in the season. River oysters are
worth 50 to 60 cents a bushel on the
wharf. and Norfolk oysters cannot be
had for less than 81 bushel. The
price by the gallon is correspondingJ
higher because "shuckers" are Just now
q scarcity on the labor market But
with the first cold snap and a coanci-
dent demand for coal the shucker and
his ever-ready knife will be on hand in
force. ---
The Washington times., 1913-09-18

cents per hour, proof section. night.
George J. Hurst. assigned TO book
binder, 90 cents per hour, forwarding
and finishing section. Walter II.
Oliver. assigned to bookbinder. 30 cents
per hour. ruling and sewing section.
70 cents per hour. to bookbinder. 50
cents per hour. pamphlet binding Sec
ton. John A. Patterson. oficeman. s.
cents per hour. office foreman Of bind
Ing, to bookbtnder. 80 cents per hour.
forwarding and finishing section. Ell
mer N. Webster, machine operator. IS
cents per hour. to bookbtnder in charge.
20 cents per hour. ruling and sewing
section.
Michael NJ. sweetman, bookbinder. %
cents per hour. to bookbinder in charge.
90 cents per hour. ruling and sewing
Luke F. Ludlow. bookbinder. 80 cents
per hour. ruling and sewing section. to
bookbinder In charge, 70 cents per hour.
forwarding and finishing section.
Mrs. Eva A. Hilton and Mrs. Mary E.
Dow, skilled laborers (female). ruling
and sewing section to departmental de-
tail roll.
Frank McDermot. maker-up, 90 cents
per hour, to compositor, 30 cents per.
hour. hand section.
David J. Roberts. assistant foreman.
so cents per hour, hand section. night.
~ - W. w SSAec ~ hoeir Wv
section, day.
George G. Wilson, compositor. 80
cents per hour. to assistant foreman,
50 cents per hour. hand section, night.
James H. Brodnax. compositor. 80
cents per hour, hand section. night, to
acting foreman. 1900 per anum, Library
Of Congress branch. printing section.
John Mcconnell. bookbinder 50 cents
per hour, to bookbinder In charge. 90
cents per hour. forwarding and finish
ing section.
Miss Ida ]. Usilton, skilled laborer
female), forwarding and finishing Sec
ton. to pamphlet binding section. night.
John H. Hooper. linotype operator, 80
cents per hour. linotype section, day. to
proof reader. 60 cents per hour. proof
section. night.
Thomas n. Collins. compositor, SOC
per hour. job section. to maker-up. 60c
per hour, hard section. day.
Arthur A. Allison, George o. Atkinson,
and William Rebuschatis, proofreaders,
proof section. night to day.
John J. Pepper, helper, Sc per hour.
to 40 cents per hour. proof section, day
APPOINTMENTS.
James D. Shirley. probationary COM
positor.
]. Fred Roxbrough and Charles ].
Meagher, temporary compositors.
Richard E. B. Wakefield. William Doc
The Washington times., 1913-09-18
Girls Lose Right to Vote
By Wedding Foreigners

American women who marry foreign
ers lose their American citizenship and
their right to vote here. IL they are suf-
fragettes. Congressman Stanley Bowdle,
Of Ohio, declared today.
This Is the situation today of Mrs.
McKe-zie Gordon. Of California. who
married an EEglIsbman and still wants
to vote" he said.
TT Is wise law when SO many for
ciGn marriages are occurring. The 100
American women who have married
foreign lords and given them some
$50o. .0D1.O00 of American money are not
entitled to American citizenship and
protection
The Washington times., 1913-09-18

John Gaskins. colored. who for many
years has been employed by the WASH
ington Utilities Company. died at his
home, 314 North Payne street. this MORN
ing
The Washington times., 1913-09-18
Injured Aiding GrandcMId.

CAMDEN, N. j., Sept. N-Eleanor
Massey. five years old. died in the HON.
eopatihc Hospital from burns. Her
clothing took fire as she was playing at
bonfire. Emma Massey. fifty years
old. her grandmother fell while running
to the child's aid and broke one OF her
ankles. but she dragged herself to the
child and battied with the flames, being
badly burned herself. She Is in a seri-
GUS condition.
The Washington times., 1913-09-18
WASHINGTON TIMES BUREAU.

One hundred and fifty members of
councils of the Order of Fraternal
Americans from Washington are ex-
pected to arrive in Alexandria tonight
for the celebration of the twenty-frst
anniversary of the organization of Alex
andria Council, No. 8, Order Of Fraternal
Americans.
The visitors, who will come in a spec
ial train, leaving the Twelfth street sta
ton of the Washington Utilities Com
pany. at $50 O'Clock. will be met at the
corner of King and Payne streets by the
local members Of the order. Escorted
by a band and their way lighted by red
lights they will march down King street
to Sarepta Hall.
An Interesting program has been ar
ranged. following which there will be
a smoker.
The Washington times., 1913-09-18

In police court this morning Maud
Hall, Blanche Robinson, and William
Montague were each fined IS for dis
orderly conduct. c. c. Cloe. who was
charged with haboring a vicious dog,
which yesterday attacked Thomas L.
Carter, was discharged, after promising
to have the dog taken from the city.
The Washington times., 1913-09-18
c. v. BENNETT DEAD
AT HOME IN TOLEDO
Official of WiI|ys-0verIand Com.
pany Had Been in Poor
Health for Months.
By HARRY WARD.

George. W. Bennett, vice president and
general manager of the Willys-Overland
Company, Toledo. died yesterday after
noon in that city. Word to this eject
was received today by r. c. Smith,
president of the Overland Washington
Motor Company, a close friend of Mr..
Bennett While Mr.. Benefits death was
unexpected. he has been in poor health
for q number of months. Plans for the
funeral have not been completed, but
1t is expected the services will be held
Saturday. Mr.. Smith will leave WASH
ington tomorrow to attend the funeral.
men in the automobile industry. Like
hundreds Of others, he graduated from
the bicycle industry into the new line of
automobile making, and his success was
great from the start. In the early SOS
he spent considerable time in Wash
ington, as manager Of the Rambler
bicycle branch, and his death will be
mourned by many Washington people.
The news Of his death was conveyed to
pany, shortly after his arrival yester>
day from Europe, where he spent sew
eral weeks.
"In the death Of George w. Bennett,
the automobile industry has lost one
Of its big factors" said Mr., WHY'S.
He had fine personality and was
wonderful organizer. In the years
OF his connection with our company
he built up an organization second
to none in the world His death will
be sincerely mourned by every per-
son with whom he came in contact
during his career in the automobile
industry"
The Washington times., 1913-09-18

The committees of fire and police were
invited to meet the board Of police COM
missioners and discuss the proposed fire
and police alarm system for the city
by the latter body, which met last
night. A discussion of the subject
showed that the system was greatly
needed, and 1t was stated that the men,
bers Of the fire companies had deter
mined to petition council to install a
system at an early date. The question
of the number Of unmuzzled and un-
licensed dogs seen On the streets was
brought up by Commissioner Lawler,
and the mayor reported that the chief
of police had been instructed to bring
The Washington times., 1913-09-18
Copyright 1sla The InternaonaI syndicata Baltmors

ssT>HE other night, just before retiring,
started to read a little 2x5-ineb
paper-bound pamphlet, written by
young friend of mine who is the advertising
and sales manager of metal shingle and
siding manufacturing concern up in the prov
ince of Ontario, Canada. Its title was "You
Questions Answered"
T Now, ordinarily, to man who knows as
little about shingles and sidings as do,
treatise on the subject is a good thing to read
just before bedtime in order to insure going
to sleep. But this wasn't that kind of
treatise.
T 1t was one of the best little pieces of ad-
vertising matter it has ever been my good
fortune to come across. 1t went at the mat
ter of advertising shingles from the viewpoint
of the possible buyer of shingles Every
question that an intending purchaser of the
article advertised could possibly ask a sales
man or representative of the company face
TO face was asked in that pamphlet which
was very attractively printed, and each ques-
ton was answered in frank chatty,
straightforward the shoulder way that Simply
compelled belief in the statements made ami
inspired confidence in the advertiser.
T 1t was aimed at the Canadian man-on-the-
farm. Had been farmer, with house or
barn that needed shingles or siding, that little
queStion-and-anSwer advertisement would
have made me sit right down and write to
that firm-or to its nearest agent, as was
suggested in the pamphlet. There was no
bombast and there were no extravagant
claims in that piece of advertising matter.
1t was all selling talk-very simply written,
quite inexpensively dressed-but every word
of ii the kind of here's e's-What we've-got-and-
's-why-you-should- copy that sells
what it advertises
7 And the fellow who wrote that piece Of
advertising is only D years old. Would that
every merchant who spends money in the
use of printers ink could spend it as wisely!
Would that could put into the hands of
every prospective advertiser a copy of that
pamphlet so that he might profit by its ex-
ample. For it proved theory have long
entertained-that good advertising isn't
noise or buncombe or cleverness but just
common sense, aided and abetted and backed
up by common honesty.
The Want Ad Man
The Washington times., 1913-09-18

In police court yesterday John Ar
rinston. was fined 80 by Justice Thomp-
son On the charge OF having LIQUOR in
his possession. Arlington gave bond for
the fine and noted an appeal to the
court
The Washington times., 1913-09-18

Ian. Edward J. Fahey, winfred n. Ro-
messenger boys.
PREPARATIONS.
Michael Harris. bookbinder In charge,
resigned.
Brower 8. Clark. temporary messen-
ger boy. resigned
The Washington times., 1913-09-18
PAGE Reunites Brothers.

NEW YORK, Sept. B.-when a page
in the Astor called for mr. waldman"
two men answered. When they met
they discovered they were brothers.
They hadn't met for forty years.
The Washington times., 1913-09-18
Cheaper Steel in Germany.

BRESLAU, Sept. 1s.-The German
Steel Works Association decided to re-
duce the price for steel beams and half
finished steel products by approximately
s1.25 a ton for the last quarter Of the
year.
The Washington times., 1913-09-18

Arthur Foraker. Of the Potomac Mo-
tor Car Company, has returned from
a months automobile tour through
Maine. Never before have SO many
cars tourned through the Pine Tree
State as this year." said Foraker