davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Cairo bulletin., 1913-04-14

The Mississippi River Commission
on beard the steamer Mississippi
arrived at Cairo wharf Cunday
morning at 10 O'Clock and departed
at 1870 on its annual trip Of In
speetion from St Louis TO the
ietties.
The boat was met by Mayor
Parsons. the Citizens Executive
Committee and forty or iifty other
citizens, all eager TO place before
the committee Gairos and the Drain
age Districts claims for more gov.
ernment protection against future
floods.
Mayor Parsons read carefully
prepared report to the members OF
the commission and gave a copy of
| 1t to Gen. Bixby to be forwarded tc
Washington He also gave them a
plat OF the city. The report fol-
lows:
To the Mississippi River Commission.
Col. G. McD. Townsend, President: !:
We have the honor to respect
fully request yonr consideration Of
our immediate and vital need Of
larger and stronger levees in order
to cope with the constantly increas-
ing food volume precipitated upon
! this community.
You. gentlemen, are, thoroughly
acquainted with the fact that the
construction OF the levees along tho
Mississippi river below the City o.
Cairo, which have been built large
/ ly by the aid of the T. S, govern
ment. have had the effect of grad
ually forcing the food water OF the
rivers to a higher stage at this
point: and you also know that had
| it not been for breaks that occurred
| In the legees in the Immediate
vicinity, Cairo would have had to
/ eomDat with Hood stage much
higher than the one Just reached
We therefore will not burden this
record with statements OF facts con.
+, ,eerning which you are much better
Informed than We are, but Will en-
/ deayor to set forth briefly snrA
facts as may enable you to gain 4
1 better understanding OF our loeal
Isituatlon. both with reference to the
past rs we'll as the present
| Cairo was founded in 1917. Y
has population of more than l5,-
Gao. and property value of hiils
s20. .0aa .00a .o0 The FIRST levas
4 Twas constructed In 1928 and rersis
Iineiosed the hotel property at ths
Ieonfiuenee of the Ohio and Mississip-
|! ni rivers. Ten or more years late'
llevees were commenced to be built
The Cairo bulletin., 1913-04-14
OLD PRODS SAY
WEATHER WARMER
Followed By Disturbances This
Week in Central
Valley.

Washington. April 13-slightly
warmer temperature, less rainfall
and fair weather generally east o'
the Rocky mountains during the
forecast Of the week are the prob
able offer in the weekly, weather
bureau issued tonight.
The next disturbance of i'm
portance to cross the country will
appear over the far west Monday
and Tuesday. cross the Rockies
about Wednesday and the great CEN
tral valley Thursday or Friday
This disturbance will be preceded
bg warm weather and be attended
by showers and thunder storms. fol,
bowed by cooler weather.
The Cairo bulletin., 1913-04-14
rHE WEATHEl.

Illinois, Kentucky and Missouri
Fair Monday and Tuesday, with Ms
ing temperature.
The Cairo bulletin., 1913-04-14
ROLLER SKATE WALTZ
NEW FAD AT NEWPORT
Mrs. William N, Hughes Introduces
II at Naval Station Parties.

Newport, April 13.---Waltziag on
roller skates is the latest fad among
the women attending the roller
skating pasties given by officers Of
the Naval Training Station.
Mrs. Hughes, wife of Paymaster
William n. Hughes, responsible for
the ladies' Swedish physical train
ing class, introduced the new fad.
Paymas.er Hughes and Robert
Chew. Jr.. are already experts in
roller skating waiting.
The Cairo bulletin., 1913-04-14

lConeIpded on Page stx.y :
The Cairo bulletin., 1913-04-14
FEDERAL PEACH
HUNTERS AFTER
WILSON CABINET
Presidents System Of Disbursing
Patronage is One Of d
Fine Art
CAN GET DOWN TO HIS TASK
Secretaries Are Having Hair Time
Dodging Hungry Horde Of
Office Seekers.

Washington, April l3.-The art
OF disbursing federal patronage has
been drawn to a fine point by Pres
ident Wilson He has put one over
on his Cabinet and incidentally es-
tablished precedent that will in
all probability be followed By all of
: his s,srAesssossa III aft tieesssAts-~the
same time, he has succeeded In dis
seminatlng great deal of physical
energy. formerly concentrated upon
the cAief executive. anfong the var-
ious members OF his official family.
No longer il the White House
Executive office thronged with Of
fee seekers from $50 o'clock In the
morning until late In the evening.
In fact. II is comparatively dull
place when compared 20 what II
used to be during the adminiatra-
tions OF Presidents Roosevelt and
Taft. Especially was this 50 dur
ing the session of Congress. when
every member of the federal legis-
lature would be demanding soIne-
thing for a 'shome constituent" On
days following the 4th of March.
Presidential years. for weeks the
White House was a clearing house
where either the President Or the
chairman OF the national commits
tee would utilize a greater part of
their time, seeing persons who
had some claim upon the party. for
slice Of the 'spier that was prom
Used in. tho days before election.
Must Have Appointment.
Soon after Preslaent Wilson got
into the White House, The mattel
was changed quite some. notwith-
standing the insimation sent broad
cast that President Wilson would
always be glad to see anyone at the
White House. The President has
positively refused to see anyone who
is seeking federal appointment
unless especially Invited 70 the
White House for this nlrpo1
II you want . job In the federal
service, application must be made
through ia Congressman or Senator
or through Cabinet officers. in fact
-Congressraen and Senator'S mast see
CabinetNofiicers. the President will
not listen to their argument III
favor OF any candidate, unless ,hs
has summoned them to the White
House for this purpose.
Only a. few days ago a certain
Congressman wished to see the
President very mach about a Ger.
tain appointment In his state. He
wanted to beat the other fellow in
having the appointment made. He
had been to see the Cabinet officer
who has charge Of such matters and
y his recommendation. together with
the application, was only filed ant
considered. Not content. however
With having an opportunity Of see
ing the President, he thought thai
while he was about it he might JUS
as well tell the President about tn,
fitness Of his constituent for the ap
pointment.
The President was very mucl
taken aback. when the matter wa
broached to him, as he was vel
aware that the Congressman wa
Sfnily cognizant of the rule. Noting
Mr.. Wilson'a embarrassment for tn,
moment the Congressman hastene,
ID antlosize for. his breach of con
duct The President, however. ex
cused sAimself and abruptly left hf
tconeIpaed On Page stx.y
The Cairo bulletin., 1913-04-14
COLD KNOCKOUT
BLOW GIVEN TO
FILLING dream
Stupendons Cost Attached to Pump
ing Drainage District
Up to Rim.
COST MORE THAN IT'S WORTH
Raise and Strengthen Levee System
Without Further Delay is
Proper Solution.
COST MORE THAN IT'S WORTH

For years there have been
dreams Of filling the Drainage
District up to the rim by pumping
the basin full OF sand from the
Ohio and Mississippi rivers.
These dreams" have annually
been dispelled With the recession of
the waters only fB make their apa'
pearance again and again with each
recurrence Of the high water period
Those who have been possessed
|of these visions have argued that
|other great filing feats have been
accomplished and point to New
York. Chicago, Dubuque. Seattle1and
Galveston They argue that the
Isix or seven dredge boats construct
ed by the Federal Government,
which are no longer in use and are
lat West Memphis, Ark, could be
utilized for the purpose on account
of their great capacity.
Several oil these "dreamers" con-
tend that The filling could be done
inside Of two months at a cost OF
six or seven cents per yard.
Now these enthusiasts favor fill-
ing the Drainage District up to a
|sixty-foot grade at the river banks
with 4 raise to sixty-tiye feet in the,
center.
OF course. they admit that on
this ground nothing can be tculti-
waited, claiming that industrial es-
Establishments will be planted thick
jly on this elevated ground which
grow faster than anything in the
agricultural line.
That ground in, the Drainage Dis
trlet, since 1912 can be bought for
prices ranging from 800 per
acre up to 5000.
Now they claim that this land
will increase in value from 81 600 to
. $500 per acre If filled up as they
see IL in their fancies
Specifically, this dope sounds
pretty good. bu. let's take good
| Hook at the proposition
Through the courtesy OF Enginecr
e. II. Miller theafollowing data has
been obtained by The Bulletin reia
tive TO the proposition, basing It on
the acreage and the fll required to
bring it up TO sixty and sixty-fivc
foot grade as contemplated
Cairo Drainage District.
I1,200. Is IT. fill 7S4.0S0,000 Gu Fl.
2,200, 20 #. FIJI zoos. 100 900. cu Il
2.500. 25ft fill 2,722. 500. 600 Gu. It.
Totals.
10000 acres 5,510,S40,o0O GU. ft,
| This 5.5l0,S4O 900 cubic feet rep
PRESENTS 2oS,000, 600 cubic yards
which at seven cents yd for filling
would amount to $14,5s0,00o as thu
4 total cost Dividing this intot {.
GOO parts for the area would make
the cost of s2,426 for filling each
laere.
| We'll have to dispense with the
"hlling" idea and raise land
strengthen the levee system without
lfurther delay
The Cairo bulletin., 1913-04-14

Mrs. Louis Hasenjaeger Convalescent
Mrs. Louis Hasenjaeger. who uu-
|derwent surgical operation at ST
Mary's lnffmary about two weeks
ago, has recovered sufficiently to be
removed to her home. ZIG Sixth
street. which removal will be made
this evening
The Cairo bulletin., 1913-04-14
MEN ORDERED TO
REPORT TONIGHT
FOR RPATROLDUT


ing the daily appearance in the
70 umns Of The Bulletin of list of
men selected for the work.
In addition to those who valunteer
for the work. they request that
everyone who knows of men return
ing to Cairo, from which they fled
at the first indication of danger,
shall report their names to head
quarters so they may be called upon
for patrol duty.
C. Il. Potts Sth request
Thos. Johnson Sth request
c. G. Beird 8th request
Frank j. Walters 7th request
G. B.Blanchard 7th request
Clyde Leslie 9Th request
Jas. Johnson 9Th request
Fritz Hagey 9Th request
b. r., Liversay 9Th request
l.. A, Lagarmarsino 4th request
ri L. Mulhall 4tl: request
4iush Marphy@ArtI request
n. ]. Nc earthy tth request
s.L l.. Oliver 3rd request
II. b. Phillips 5rd request
Fred C.. Rink srd request
Jno. T. Rennie srd request
II. II. Russell 3rd request
o. w. Redden Srd request
r. Il. Richardson 3rd request
r.. B. Riddle 3rd request
Allen Hickcox 3fd request
w. RI. Williams end request
oscar Hibbs End request
Harry Cooper End request
s. Ii. Mussman End request
Frank Tell End! request
Harry Walter End request
John Wilbourn End request
s. c. Roberts End request
Geo. Frederick End request
Frank w. Weber End request
W. O. Adams End request
Il. J. Hall End request
John a. sammohs zna request
w. A. Simon End request
tue SleWafi ~hu rel"e'e
4 Dan II Su livan End request
r. RI. Spann End request
" - A
y =. Scott 1nu request
Robt- SERBIAN 1ha REQUEST
Jno' shea zhu reques1-
Lon sheppard zhd request
Harry Smlth 2nd request
w. n. shyeh Ahu reques'
Fred stehr zhu request
Guy Sumnerweil Gnu request
roy o'lh'hfsrWe'' N,u 'eaaes'
carr ineos
W ~ ioWiiey
i A. d. feees
hay iei.iiipaa
Emhiit iipps
Rooert Ihphpson
Harry \ ihorhoerry
=, Y ipiie
ehas. \ Wiaiaah
=. ihailmuiler
Wm' =. RAINIER
rama ia'U""
ot'o ieuDei
n. r ihon'an
FRED ). Ihomas
ho6'' y loier
a. D. turner
van oicAie marry
J. S. Van Bohren
Orleans County monitor. [volume] (Barton, Vt.) 1872-1953, 1913-11-12
Conversational Church Notes.

The midweek service will be held
in the vestry this evening at 7.3O as
usual. The topic to be considered is,
"The Crown of Life
Morning worship with sermon by
the pastor Sunday at 1870. The SER
mon subject will be. "Lost Opportun-
tiles" Miss Doe will sing by request,
"The Bird with the Broken Wing. -
There will also be other good music by
the choir under Mr.. Taplin's direction.
Sunday school will meet at the close
of morning worship. Lesson topic,
.The Death of Moses" Glasses for
all ages already organized and a
cordial invitation to all who can join
us.
The evening church service Will be
at 7.15. We shall have some good
HYMNS for the congreg alton which all
will enjoy and the pastor will give
the second in the series of lectures
upon "Religion as Portrayed in Recent
Felton, The book to be considered
at this time is Winston Churchill's.
"The Inside of the Cup" 1t is hoped
bv this series to relate religion more
closely to life. All who are not regu'
lar attendants elsewhere will receive g
hearty welcome to any and all OF
these services.
The church has just received new
pulpit Bible from Deacon and Mrs
Collins. It is in rich Levant binding,
the American Standard revised YER
sion, in an edition issued especially fol
use on the pulpit. The gift is much
appreciated and will be used for the
first time on Sunday morning.
Orleans County monitor. [volume] (Barton, Vt.) 1872-1953, 1913-11-12
Methodist Episcopal Church Notes.
w. s. SMITHERS, Pastor.

A short Gospel service is being held
each evening this week, except Satur-
day, at 100 o'clock. Everyone is most
cordially invited to attend the services
Sunday services. Sermons by the
pastor at TO- 80 a. m. and 7.15 p. m.
The theme in the morning will be,
1.-THE Perils of Disobedience and
the Blessings of Obedience" in the
evening, GA Wonderful Opportunity
Thoughtlessly Neglected. Bible school
following the morning service. All
are invited. Let us take time to
study the Word of God. Junior League
at o'clock.
The Epworth League holds it's meet
ing at $50. Subject for consideration,
How Can We Know that We are
Saved?" This is an important matter.
ton are especially invited to be pres
ent. Mr.. Doyle, leader.
The w. F. M. society held it's
November meeting with Mrs. J. E..
Lyon. The devotions and business
hour were in charge Of the presi-
dent. Each one responded at roll call
by giving fact about the. society.
The program was in charge of Mrs.
Bartlett. Topic for study. "Our
Organization and Task" from the
book. "Our Work for the World !"
Mrs. Dickens explained, "Our Organi-
zation," and Mrs. Bartlett. "Our
Task" Mrs. Ray Morse read a poem,
''No Other Plan," and Mrs. Smithers.
''The Success of an Auxiliary Presi
dent" Mrs. 2. D. Goodenough gave
a summary of chapter two of ''The
of, re-,
served by the hostess.
Beginning with Nov. %, four
Sunday evenings will be given to
practical themes illustrated by the
life of the prophet, Jonah.
Orleans County monitor. [volume] (Barton, Vt.) 1872-1953, 1913-11-12
ORLEANS

Vera Billiard is quite Ill with pneu-
monia.
C. A. Harris is working at the
freight station.
Cecil Chase is suffering with an alb
scess on his knee.
Miss Inez Winslow visited schools in
Newport, Friday.
Mrs. Geo. Locke spent Saturday and
Sunday at Albany.
Wayne A. Sanders spent Sunday at
his home in Albany.
Miss Mabel Parlin is caring for Mrs.
Ray Wilcox and little daughter.
Claud Kittredge Of Hardwick was a
business visitor in town Monday.
Miss Bertha Kline called on her
parents in West Charleston Saturday.
A daughter, Ardys Emelyn, was
born to Mr. and Mrs. Ray Wilcox
Nov. 10.
Mrs. E. C. Skinner is visiting hel
daughter. Mrs. John Morley, al
Worcester.
Mrs. Henry Taylor of Wolcott, anG
Mrs. Frank Sheldon of Barton were
recent guests of their sister. Mrs
Jennie Kipp.
Orleans County monitor. [volume] (Barton, Vt.) 1872-1953, 1913-11-12

Mrs. Matte Hutchinson was given
birthday party Thursday evening
in honor of her Goth birthday by a few
relatives and friends. An oyster sup.
per was served and a general good
time followed
Orleans County monitor. [volume] (Barton, Vt.) 1872-1953, 1913-11-12
A CHRISTMAS IN War.
"Fiehting Bob" Evans Story of tho
"Presents" to Fort Fisher.

"Fighting Bob" Evans Story of the
"Presents" to Fort Fisher.
"On Christmas morning." said Rear
Admiral Evans. U. S. N. retired. u
thank God that he made three times
as much water as land. No true sailor
would exchange Christmas at sea for
one on shore
"Of all the Christmases spent at sea
the one that rises before me most WV
idly is that of 1865, when the Federal
army and the gunboat fleet were try
ing to capture Fort Fisher. The only
presents we received. and they came
fast and furious, were solid shot and
shell from the guns of the enemy. But
this didn't destroy our sense Of humor.
The boys would write on each solid
shot or shell before placing it in the
gun, Presented BY and add the name
of the vessel from which it happened
to be fired. Mighty few hurled at the
fort that day lacked this Christmas
greeting. All the gunners caught the
spirit of the grim jest, for the fighting
line is no place for serious faces
despite the excitement of the fierce
combat we managed to have the mast
heads of all the ships trimmed with
Christmas greens, even though the
sailors had to risk their lives in going
ashore to get them, and you may be
assured the sentiment of the day was
not wasted"
No nation provides more plentifully
for the Christmas cheer of it's sailors
than does Uncle Sam. Each of the
battleship crews has a dinner of roast
turkey. plum pudding, pumpkin pie
and all the trimmings that go with it.
The men are served in messes Of TWEEN
ty at II o'clock, and each man is al
lowed one snifter of grog as an appe-
tier in celebration of the occasion.
The officers dine at 6 o'clock and,
as is the custom when spending the
holiday at sea, are guests Of the COM
handing officer.
Orleans County monitor. [volume] (Barton, Vt.) 1872-1953, 1913-11-12
Orleans News Page
-- =
News and Views from this
Hustling Village
addlloNaA NsvOs Page Ha\ S. NDehstsr S,ocaA sdior
Maurer Sisters Concert.

The first number OF the Masonic
lecture course was given by The
Maurer Sisters orchestra Thursday
evening. For versatility on musical
instruments the parallel of the Maurer
Sisters has seldom been heard here.
A large and appreciative audience
encored every number.
The Masons appreciate the way the
people nave responded to their efforts,
and they feel that the public will be
equally satisfied with the remaining
numbers.
; In speaking of the course the Maurer
sisters said that we had secured the
best talent there was going, making
special mention of the Musicmakers,
who are to appear here on Dec. 4th,
and were surprised to learn that we
are able to support such splendid
course
Orleans County monitor. [volume] (Barton, Vt.) 1872-1953, 1913-11-12

Mrs. Barber of New Haven, Conn,
is spending some time with her
brother, J. G. Turnbull
Mrs. c. E. Gay was in Fairlee,
Friday to attend the funeral of her
brother, Rev. P. B. Fisk.
Chas. Christopher. who underwent
an operation for appendicitis last
week, is reported to be doing nicely.
Mr. and Mrs. Fred Donaldson
returned Monday. They will live this
winter in Mrs. A. F. Chamberlain
house.
Mrs. A. C. Harris was taken sudden
ly i'll with heart failure Saturday, but
she is reported to be out of danger at
the present time.
Mr. and Mrs. c.. C. Locke of St.
Johnsbury and Mr. and Mrs. w. L.
Locke of Lyndonville, who have been
visiting at G. F. Locke's have returned
home.
Mr.. and Mrs. Taplin spent the week
end in Hanover with their son, Charles
Taplin. Miss Blanche Churchill &C
companied them to Lebanon, where
she visited at the Shaeffer home
+ What $3.50 will buy. One pair of
and harnesses, also have one good
sleigh. straw and quantity of dry block
| wood for sale. G. N. Howe, Irasburg.
| Telephone 1915 ad
Mrs. Minnie L. Pearson. president
of the Vermont w. C. T. U. returned
Friday from Brooklyn, N Y, where
she has been to attend the Worlds w.
J G.. T. u. convention ; she also attended
the National convention OF the w. G..
T. U. at Asbury. N. J.
The following letters remain uncalIed
same please say advertised Geo. L.
Brown, C. IT. Preston, Jack Longe.
vine, Rev. L. Moroccan, ARA Hawkins.
Miss Grace Echter Becker.
The following are taking the open
air cure for the hunting fever K. S.
Webster. B. o. Smith. Colby Stoddard,
Wallace Sawyer, A. H. SWEET, B. R.
Spear. A. G. Harris at Westmore; L..
M. Kinsiey, E. E. Cello, Clayton Kins-
ley of Boston. Mr.. Elliot of Barton.
and c. c. Stannard and c. A. Kinsley
of Lowell, are camping at Lowell A.
K. Bennett. A. u. Baird, x. G. Gauvin,
Fred Allchurch, Ted Lee. and H. E.
Lee of lrasburg, at WenIock. Wallace
Sawyer sends back report from West
more that he has fine buck.
The recital given by the little
Bulgarian girl in the Congregations
church Monday evening. in connection
with the talk on the Balkan situation
by Dontcho Atanasoff. was very much
enjoyed. She was conceded by all tt
be most remarkable violinist am
the manner in which she rendered
the most difficult selections is mos
marvellous in child of ten years
The talk by Mr.. Atanasoff. who ha
been in close touch with the situation
I in Bulgaria, was very instructive an
4 interesting. It is regretted that Their
\ were not more present to show thei
interest in the work WHICH Mr. Atana
soft and his little friend are doing.
Orleans County monitor. [volume] (Barton, Vt.) 1872-1953, 1913-11-12

The following letters remain uncalled
for at the postoffice. When calling for
same please say advertised. Geo. l..
Brown, C. H. Preston, Jack Longe
vine, Rev. L. Moroccan, ARA Hawkins.
Miss Grace Echter Becker.
Orleans County monitor. [volume] (Barton, Vt.) 1872-1953, 1913-11-12
LOST

Whereas I, Effie Mann, of Orleans, W.T. am
a depositOr in the Central Savings Bank &
Trust Co., of Orleans, VT. and whereas said
bank did on January 10. 1912, issue to ne a
depositOr's book, No. 1856 in the name of
Effie Mann, and whereas said book is now
lost. Now in accordance with the statute
in such case made and provided, notice is
hereby given to all persons not to pay or
advance money on sBid book.
Dated at Orleans, VT, this 10th day of
November, A. D., 1913
EFFIE MANN
Orleans County monitor. [volume] (Barton, Vt.) 1872-1953, 1913-11-12
LOWELL


Mrs. w. A. Blake visited her mother
at Derby recently.
Mr.. and Mrs. L. O. Sanborn were in
North Troy Thursday.
Miss Lucy Robinson of Westmore is
in town visiting relatives.
Bert Pettingill of Newport Center
has moved on the Briggs farm.
Mrs. Lizzie Benware of Westfeld is
visiting Mr.. and Mrs. Roy Sinclair
John Sullivan has moved to Eden
Mills where he has purchased home.
Guy Farman of West6eld has been
running lines for J. H. Silsby and
company.
Mr. and Mrs. Floyd Miller of Troy
are spending the week with Mr.. and
Mrs. Geo. Curtis.
Mr.. and Mrs. Fred Field of Irasburg
were guests of Mr.. and Mrs. Ernest
Blanchard Sunday.
CO be out for few weeks, is again
tonfined to the house.
Mr. and Mrs. Almon Clark of Troy
visited her parents, Mr.. and Mrs.
Francis Jacques, Sunday.
Edward Rhodes went to Brightlook
hospital. ST. Johnsbury, recently for
treatment for eye trouble.
Leo. Shufelt has moved from the
Collins farm and is living with his
brother, Leon, of Westtield.
A. I. Blake, rural mail carrier. has
been having his vacation, R. C.
kinsley substituting for him.
Mr.. and Mrs. Geo. Benware and
children of Coventry and Ernest Ben
ware of Westfeld were guests at Roy
Sinclair's Sunday.
The Mitchell Brothers, who have
lived on Lowell mountain for number
of years. have moved to the Collins
farm at the foot of Irasburg mountain.
'The Drunkard's Inheritance, was
the Sunday morning theme at the
North church, and making a Drink
of Beer for Billy" for the children's
sermon.
Royal Bingham and Mr.. Root of
Burlington also Lester Kinsley of
Orleans and Mr.. Elliott of Barton are
in different camps in town this week
of deer season
A general committee to make ar
rangements for Christmas celebration
was chosen by the Congregational
Sunday school and vote was passed
selecting Christmas eve as the time
for the celebration.
Mrs Matte Hutchinson was given
a birthday party Thursday evening
in honor of her Goth birthday by a few
relatives and friends. An oyster sup.
per was served and a general good
time followed.
Orleans County monitor. [volume] (Barton, Vt.) 1872-1953, 1913-11-12
Good Advice

Good Advice
young man, will you let me give
you one piece of advice?
"What is it, sir"
'YOu are apt to make monkey OF
yourself when you Try to ape other
people ''-RaltimOre American.