davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
, 1913-08-16

by focusing them carefully through these
minuIe lenses. Thus reproductions Of a
photograph of the lale Professor Huxley were
obtained in more than fifty cells of a piece
Of the epidermis of a species OF Jradescan-
tia. In the same way photographs OF living
persons, flowers, trees houses and landscapes
have been obtained, and it has even been
found possible to reproduce simple diagrams
by means of colour photography on the
autochrome plates of Messrs. Lumiere.
But Notwithstanding this, it is not pro-
bable that plants are able to see images,
nor is such o supposition necessary to ex-
plain the turning Of the lenf. AS II matter
of fact, the surface Of the leaf is usually al
rected towards the open sky or to an open
ing in the surrounding foliage, and it pro-
badly rarely happens that objects are inter
posed between it and the light. On the
other band, if plants are kept In a rooM,
there can be no doubt that thousands ~f
images of the window frames are formed IN
the leaf, or if a person is standing between
a plant and the light, at some distance
away, thousands Of images Of that person
are formed in all the leaves which are facing
him. The epideru.al cells have very little
resemblance to the highly organized eyes
of animals, but in their general arrange
ment they resemble the facets of the COM
pound eyes of insects. 1t is true that, as
in some cases iustaneed by HaberIandt,
where a special lens-shaped thickening IS
found placed in the middle of an epidermal
cell, the two have some analogy to an ami
mai eye in their general arrangement. All
that can properly be said, therefore, in the
case of a plant, is that it is not capable of
image perception or vision, but only that it
possesses the power Of perceiying Il differ
ence in the intensity or in the direc-
ton Of the rays OF light, and further
that this is probably due in some way
to the action Of the light acting througtg
the minute epidermal lens cells upon the
chlorophyIl.
(Io be coDtiuuedD
, 1913-08-16
THE PERCEP TION OF LIGHT IN
PLANTS.
BY Harold Wager.

Life upon this earth depends direct
ly or Indirectly ON the action of sun
light upon green plants. Carbon and
water, which somehow are combined by
the plant into starch and sugar, though
readily accessible everywhere, are use
less as food until this combination has
taken place, and the only means of eifacting
the combination is by the action OF light on
the minute chl0rophyll grain that give
their green colour to plants. This Is com.
mon place knowledge; but exactly how the
combination is effected and the fo~od-3upply
of the world produced is a mystery winch
attracts aud battle G investigation, lending to
many side issues which ara almost us inter
esting us the main problem.
One of these side issues is the olientatiOn
of plants to light. 1t is theoretically obvious
that plants should seek tho light by which
alone their food can be prepared, aud 1t is n
fact familiar to everyone that plants do turn
towards the light and grow towards it. Fur
ther study teaches us that leaves are III all
cases arranged to get the maximum advan-
tage from the light that falls upon them. 1t
is only necessary to observe the leaves on
any troe growing under natural conditions
to see that wherever the leaves are placed, IN
whatever aspect, they are all arranged III
such a way Us to present the greatest posi-
Bio amount Of surface to the light which can
reach them. This leads in many cases to Il
regular and symmetrical arrangement Of the
leaves, forming beautiful mosaic like pat
terms, in which the varying shapes are so tit
ted together us to present Il more or less
continuous leaf-surface to the light, without
overlapping or waste Of space. This is seen,
for example, very clearly in the sycamore and
horse-chestnut; less strikingly, perhaps, but
still quEo distinctly in the elm, beech, lime
and other trees. Among herbaceols plants
also this arrangement Of leaves TO catch the
light is often beautifully shown, as in the
common primrose, the shining geranium of
our limestone districts, aud others too hume
rou5 to mention. la all plants, ia fact, there
is some arrangement or contrivance to secure
economy Of light in relation to the loaf-sur-
face to be exposed to it.
Besides these arrangements of leaves,
which arc a fixed habit of growth peculiar to
, 1913-08-16

'
give oF " cue 10 P"SS'ple eNp"'"' ="
oF"er 10 ohoer"t'ho 'he SlShin'@'oo % 'nT"0
1"'tS' we mus. nr"c hn"" Sohetn'"o u 'n0
STRUCTURE ana Iuhct'oh " III le'l,
Inc :e'l i me seat q nl"hui"cture % 'n9
I)ol-'uo5tano - re qllrT" loL we grow" u
ouI'ln8 up % 'ue pun. "nen '"o'e SUI
StthceS nave oeen ih'oe' ,neS "9 81 :
away III Tie VEINS oI the le"i ~ '"9 ie"'-Sv''A
ana rhehe0 70 ire stem "1' arc F''
10 III! Par'S Oh 'ne P!"nl Wne'e '"eN 'n"0 70
required. Inc Zeal ol''o Is pro'e'teo on me
upper ana lower surfaces oY Nv" trans P''enU
OF SEM transparent SN1!7' EA''llne' un"0l
me microscope e"ch SKIN Is iouho ~ . 10
a coh'lhu2uS mayer OF homogeneous .l"'elH"''
OUT maze up OF lalSe hu"rer . minute
c'lnPaICLhen'S u cemH' "iI"0'" sue ~ '!"0
III " 9'"6Ie I"S7' hn47o r"9e'9 "e % "'H-
i've 'u'' " 'q""'e men n1 :, on lv"' y 10y
coh'a'n Sohe'nlh8 IKE oVo'o0V Vi ever "0'e'
1 eS,lh"teo lna no'npel P''0V o -
o0'00V 10 'o'ooo ~ A,"'eHG""' II ""' ~
III LONDON TII'e, an o'"'nt"N PIS7' ie"i
Woulo c,n'"'n perhaps " m'Ii'n u h0'e "a
IheSe Gems on IS upper surI'ct) LaIn 20"
contains Il MN mayer Oh t'"e '
ing SUBSTANCE "hlcn enc.oSe7 "a cle''' "aGely
sap. Lying between me Two ePloetEn"l lay-
HIS l s 81 DDlG mass Oh tHlIS l0 ZIG -
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1913-01-14

representatives to which the State
may be entitled in the Congress" and
these electors were to meet in their
respective States and vote by ballot
for Two persons" When the ballots
were counted by the president of the
Senate in Washington, the person hav-
ing the highest number was to be de-
c}ared elected President OF the Uni.
ted States and the one having the next
highest was 10 be. Vice President. But
By the Twelfth Amendment, adopted
in 1904, the electors vote directly TO"
President and Vice President.
How carefully was each step pro-
vided for and how completely has the
plan been nullified, except as a matter
OF form, by the "mwritten law The
development of political parties led to
She birth of national nominating con-
vcntions in the early thirties and now
an elcCtor is as much bound by their
results as il The whole scheme had
been written in the Constitution by
1.-The fathers. Tie element Of the writ
ten law has been introduced again by
| the institution of Presidential prl-
maries in the State, and the day may
not be distant when Congress will
lake steps to add another amendment
to the frame of government which will
lcgalize the entire process.
This practical pre.eminence Of po-
iltical party machinery over the
forms Of the Federal Constitution has
an analogy in the influence OF party
organizations in the States, which
often make automatons OF Legisla'
lures and city councils. If the Wis
dom of the future can devise means,
without crushing popular initiative and
individual leadership, to reduce 10 law
the whole Intermediary process be-
tween the citizen and the government.
We may approach much nearer the
ideal state OF politics for which all
hope but which no one yet sees.
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1913-01-14

ginia can yet make great Improvement
in school work, and indeed much I'M
proyement is being shown, from year
TO year 1t is the idea OF those who
have given educational matters
close study to make the Normal
schools, and especially the Fairmopt
Normal School, first c:ass training
schools for teachers. The more ctli-
cicnt teachers that are turned out the
better will be the free SCHOOLS through
out the State which depend now in a
large measure on the Normal s"N0o'a
TO furnish the teachers
The rebuilding OF the Fairmont Nor
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1913-01-14
a BETTER NORMAL.

The movement to get a better loca-
ton and more adequate buildings for
the Fairmont State Normal School.
which was started more than year
ago, was again brought to the atten'
ton OF Tie Chamber of Commerce al
tho last regular meeting. The plan
was endorsed by the Chamber and the
legislature is to be asked for au up
preparation seeking to carry out the
plan which has the endorsement OF
the Board OF Regents and the State
Board of Control.
The future of the local Normal de-
ponds very much upon the interest the
citizens OF Eairmont take in the
school. The Falrmont Normal is
growing very rapidly and now stands
second to Marshall College the iarg'
est in the State. 1t is shown by school
statistics that the greatest need OF
West Virginia along educational lines
Is greater number and more efficient
teachers, West Virginia is famous for
raw material in industrial lines and
she has an abundance OF raw material
in educational lines. The schools rep
resent the factories where this raw
q
material is fashioned into the finished
product. 1t therefore stands us very
much in hand to keep these intellec.
tual factories we'll equipped and sup,
piled with the latest and most ap,
proved machinery, SO TO speak, for
turning out q product that can COM
pete with the world market II has
been shown that 4 dlploma tiSni tl Us
|Fairnlont orfaal doe not eeltts tec;;
ofniilon hi Othpr states MeSl fll4
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1913-01-14

covers these subjects thoroughly, Civ
ing birdscye view OF the city show
ing the detailed outline with the
bridges across the Little Kanawha and
Ohio rivers. Much space is devoted
to the plan of government by the
Board OF Commerce. this being held
out as a special reason why people
should make Parkersburg their home
On the plan OF government the com.
ment of the paper is i'll part as fol
lows:
Since the spring of 1911, Parkers'
burg has had the commission form Of
government, unSar charter provld'
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1913-01-14
yocKeYlNe SHOULD END

The "Jockeylns" between tho re-
publican and Democratic members CT
the Senate should not long be cor
tinued. Each side should make up
It's mind what it is going TO do, de-
liver It's u!timation. ana adjourn, II
AN organization is impossible. Why
stay there all winter AT the expense
Of the State, doing nothing?
The State has other matters just
as important as the election OF the
United States Senator.
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1913-01-14
lie Seasons Nepest Goats at Half

Every coat OF fancy materials
Stop to think what this means TO
price, and such Coats as we sell.
The like. The Style, Quality and
be proud of-the best.
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1913-01-14
.MEETIMe "a rHE ELECTORS.

While the United States has a writ.
ten Constitution, Il has an unwritten
one Stoo. Observers who comment oil
the American form Of government
baye5 been accustomed to dwell on the
point that We are tied down to the
terms Of an unresponsive political
document which can be amended only
hys SLOW and difficult process. That
e true only in parts needs no bet
Ter illustration than the meeting Of
the electors in Charleston and the 9th
seis anitals OF the Union yesterday.
The statesmen who dellberatcd in
Philadelphia during that memorable
spfiIg and summer Of 1887 considered
carefully how the best man might BIZ
9Shosf for President without reyolu.
SSttonar N upheaYal, such as had marked
slnans elections Of that sort in other
republics. They finally decided that
each state shall appoint, in such
manner as. the Legislature thereof
may direct. u number OF electors, equal
4 III sthe whole number OF senators anu
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1913-01-14
6GoODTHING.

The Parkcrsburg State Journal has
Just issued y Greater Parkersburg
Edition" which is printed on fine book
paper and distributed as supplement
to the paper.
The social, industrial and CONNER
cial advantages of the city are we'll
set forth and the Board of'Commerce
IL . double page display advertisement
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1913-01-14

ing for the initiative, referendum and
recall The new system has worked
well, so far but this is due perhaps
quite as much to the executive abil-
lily and other exceptional quailtlca-
tons of the men who form the first
administration elected unier It, as to
the inherent virtues OF lie system, IT.
self"
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1913-01-14

nal School along larger and modern
lines means much for this city and for
the whole of the great Monongahela
Valley.
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1913-01-14
wo sttll insIgt that om suggssttoI

We still insist that our SUGGESTION
Of fow days ago should have attssis
ton, but nothing can be brought 9prells
ery before the Legislature until " IS
organized. These suggestions aTes
That provisions be made whereby the
Governor could appoint a Senator III
M vacancy waen the legislature
fails to elect; that the gpited states
Senators be elected by direct vote 81
the people, and that we have d Li lieu
tenant Governor TO preside over tlie
Senate, which would preclude the pos
sibiity Of a dead lock in the lptll l III
The weekly times-record. (Valley City, N.D.) 1912-1922, 1913-04-24
Valley City,N. D. April 10th, 1918

Valley City,N. D. April 10th. 1913
Board met pursuant to adjournment.
All members present
The committee appointed to check
the clerk Of the district court for quar-
ter ending March 31st, 1918, report
the Office not ready to be checked.
On motion duly seconded and car
ried the committee was discharged
On motion duly seconded and car
ried Lee Cowell was appointed as hail
adjuster for the county for ensuing
year according to law.
On motion duly seconded and car
ried the auditor was instructed to mott
fy all county officials to file with said
auditor before the meeting
Of the county commissioners
on May 5th, 1918, a complete inven-
tory Of all furniture and fixtures,
books and blanks and supplies Of all
kinds including typewriters, adding
machines and metal fixtures of each
vault. ...... .l
The balance of the day was spent
checking bank books and vouchers
and receipts in the Offices of the coun-
ty treasurer and auditor.
On motion duly seconded and car.
ried the board adjourned to meet at
/ 9 o'clock a. NJ. Friday, April 18th,
The weekly times-record. (Valley City, N.D.) 1912-1922, 1913-04-24

Valley City, N. D., April 9th, 1913.
Board met as provided for by law
with the county assessors.
All members present except Com.
missioner Kretschmer
On roll call the following assessors
were found not to be present:
M. L. Ladbury Of Sibley-trail
John Oppergard of Darcy
Thos Gudmestad of Rosebud.
Chas. A. Salberg of Spring Creek.
G. w. Sherwin of Brimer.
Frank Finley of Ellsbury.
Haaken Billet of Nelson. .
The afternoon was spent comforting
with the assessors regarding the as
sessment to be taken for 1918.
On motion duly seconded and car
ried the board adjourned to meet al
9 o'clock a. m. April 10th, 1913.
Attest:
CHAS. w. NELSON,
Auditor Barnes County
The weekly times-record. (Valley City, N.D.) 1912-1922, 1913-04-24
CHAS. w. NELSON,
Auditor Barnes County.

Valley City, N. D., April 18th, 1918.
Board met pursuant to adjournment.
Present Commissioners Kretschmer,
Hanson and Heimes.
The forenoon was spent checking
vouchers and receipts in the Office of
the county treasurer and auditor.
On motion duly seconded and car
ried the board adjourned to meet at
2 o'clock p. NJ, April 18th, 1918.
Attest:
CHAS. w. NELSON,
Auditor Barnes County.
Valley City, N. D., April 18th, 1913.
Board met pursuant to adjournment.
All members present, except Commits
sioner Cox.
The afternoon was spent checking
vouchers and receipts in Offices of the
county auditor and treasurer.
On motion duly seconded and car
ried the board adjourned to meet at 8
o'clock a. M, April 18th, 1913.
Attest:
CHAS. w. NELSON,
Auditor Barnes County.
The weekly times-record. (Valley City, N.D.) 1912-1922, 1913-04-24
EST RAfEc

One three year old black mare from
my farm, Sec. 4, Green Township, z
miles southwest of Valley City. No
tify Matt Loendorf, Valley City, N. y.
The weekly times-record. (Valley City, N.D.) 1912-1922, 1913-04-24

Dons forget the sale given by the
Congregational Guild Saturday, April
26, at Valley City Furniture Store.
Work aprons, fancy work, candy
Lunches served all day. 4-24-1tw
The weekly times-record. (Valley City, N.D.) 1912-1922, 1913-04-24
County Commissioner
Official Proceedings
Continued from page six)

On motion duly seconded and car
ried the board adjourned to meet at 9
o'clock a. m. Wednesday, April 9th,
1913.
Attest:
CHAS. w. NELSON,
Auditor Barnes County.
Valley City, N. D., April 9th, 1913.
Board met pursuant to adjournment.
All members present. .....
The committee checking Office of
the register Of deeds reports as follows
for the quarter ending March 31st,
1913: .......
Amount of fees collected, $1O56.70,
of which $744.95 is receipted for by
the county treasurer and $311.75 of
March fees still in the hands of the
register of deeds, this report also
shows overpayment by the register
$1.25 for which the register will pre-.
sent bill to the county, when a refund
for same will be issued On motion
duly seconded and Carried the report
The weekly times-record. (Valley City, N.D.) 1912-1922, 1913-04-24
DREsSMSklNG COLLEGE

Terry Dressmaking School over
Gray's department Store. Valley City,
N. d. Day School, 9 to 5. Night
School $50 to $3.50.
The weekly times-record. (Valley City, N.D.) 1912-1922, 1913-04-24


On motion duly seconded and car
ried the report was accepted and or
dered fled
Part of the afternoon was spent
comforting with the superintendent of
the county hospital and poor farm.
The county treasurer not having the
Quarterly Report ready for acceptance
the same was held over until the meet
ing of said board, May 5th, 1913. ,,
On motion duly seconded and car
ried the board adjourned to meet Mon
day, May 5th, 1919, at 10 o'clock a. m.
Attes. Vs.,
~ ~ 49,
CHAS. w. NELSON, VI
Auditor Barnes County
The weekly times-record. (Valley City, N.D.) 1912-1922, 1913-04-24

The 1imes-Reeoro has a full line Of
carbon paper. Phone your order.
The weekly times-record. (Valley City, N.D.) 1912-1922, 1913-04-24
vas accepted and ordered filed.

was accepted and ordered filed.
On motion duly seconded and car
ried the board adjourned to meet at
2 o'clock p. m. with the county as.
SCISSORS as provided for by law.
Attest: '..
CHAS. w. NELSON,
Auditor Barnes County, n. D.
The weekly times-record. (Valley City, N.D.) 1912-1922, 1913-04-24
M r. FARM Err.

Times Record want ads. bring results
The Tupelo journal., 1913-12-05

crop for the many thousands of farm.
ers who have not learned to grow
winter legumes.
Two and one-half acres were plant
ed in oats at the experiment station
at Baton Rouge, La, for a grazing -ex-
pertinent on September %. October
20 seven Poland China hogs, weighing
in total 276 pounds, were put on this
plat and were given no feed but the
green oats during the winter. Febru-
airy II the pigs weighed a total of 56S
pounds. There was an average gain
og 81 pound per pig per day for ITO
days. From October 29 to January 1
As head of sheep were pastured on this
same plat. OF this number, eight
ewes and nine lambs were pastured
continuously there after February II,
at which date the lambs averaged 6S
days old and 35.5 pounds each. Allow
ing six cents per pound for the lambs,
we have a return Of $13.40 per acre,
plus the pasturage of the sheep not
considered in the estimate.
The loss of humus in the soil re-
suits In the increasing of it's power OF
storing up and properly supplying
crops with water. Soils with a liberal
supply of humus are capable of more
effectually w~ithstanding drought than
similar soils with less humus. The
oat crop fills the soil full of roots, and
the stubble also adds much humus to
the soil.
The oat grain is very valuable feed,
especially for young animals. because
of it's moderately high protein content
and the large amount of ash and min
eral matter. Pound Tor pound, oats
are not as valuable for feeding ma
ture animals as corn, four pounds of
corn being equal to about five pounds
Of oats. However, when we consider
the cost of growing the two crops and
the fact that feed is always scarce
when the oat crop is harvested, we are
forced to admit that every farmer in
the cotton belt should grow oats.
In attempting to build up the worm
out cotton lands, we must depend very
largely on the leguminous crops. Now
the oat crop is harvested early enough
to permit the growing of q leguminous
crop. The leguminous crop may be
plowed under or it may be used as
feed, and the manure returned to the
land. II we are going to build up our
land and raise good stock, we must
grow oat crops and follow with legume
crops.
Oats are probably the best paying
small grain crops that can be grown
The Tupelo journal., 1913-12-05

deza plants. At this time it is neces-
sary to set the mower blade SO high
as not to touch the lespedeza and top
the weeds once or twice.
The lespedeza begins to bloom in
September and October, and is ready
to harvest. 1t is best to cut when in
bloom and all green.
Do not cut when wet from dew
or rain. Now in forenoon, windrow and
cock in five OF six feet high, 200 to
300 pounds to the cock and owe with
lowells or eight-ounce duck covers
about nine feet square. After about
three days open out, air is needed, and
haul to barn or stack. 1t is, of course,
unnecessary to offer suggestions rela-
tive to the growing of COW peas, soy
beans and peanuts after oats. The
farmers Of the cotton belt have had
some little experience tn growing these
crops after oats.
The development Of the diversified
agriculture and the Increasing of the
acreage devoted to the oats and the
leeuminous crops win do. much to
hasten the day Of Independence on
the cotton belt farms.
The Tupelo journal., 1913-12-05
INDIGESTION OVERCOME
Overcome by Simple Remedy.

overcome by Simple Kennedy.
Hurried and careless habits of eat
ing, irregular meals and foods that
do not harmonize, tend to weaken
the digestive organs and result in
different forms of stomach trouble.
If you are one of the unfortunates
who have drifted into this condition.
eat simple foods only, slowly, regu.
aarly and take vinol. our delicious
cod liver and iron tonic.
Mrs. H. ]. Smith, Thomasville, Ca,
says: 81 suffered from q stomach
trouble, wal tired, worn out and ner-
vous. A friend advised me to take
Ninol. My stomach trouble soon dis
appeared and now I eat heartily and
have a perfect digestion and I wish
every tired, weak woman could have
Vinol, for / never spent any money
In my life that did me SO much good"
The recovery of Mrs. Smith was
due to the combined action Of the
medicinal elements OF the Gods livers
aided by the blood making and
strength creating properties Of tonic
iron, which are contained in Vinol.
I'VE will return the purchase money
every time vinol fails to benefit.
Pound Kincannon-Elk Co., Druggists
Tupelo, Miss,