davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1913-11-01


Der during the year for both races
amounted to 57.3o2. An aggregate
birth rate of 22s is found to exist, the
white rate being 24.3 and the colored
1917.
Examinations in the number of still
births during the year show that the
negro rate is much higher than the
white. being almost double, Figures
among the whites are 1.19S and among
the negroes l,092
Considerable increased interest Ia
being manifested in the hookworm
disease. and during the year num-
Der of counties held special examina-
lions into local conditions, While
only 20, 1877 cases were examined dur
ing 1912, 40,417 were examined in the
past year.
o Detailed reports We're made by the
department on two epidemics of ty-
phoid fever at Winchester and Front
Royal. Investigations were also made
In orty-eight different cities and
towns scattered through the State.
Work of the Board.
Laboratory examinations were made
of 17,628 specimens as against 40
in 1912. The department treated 100
cases of rabies and distributed 1885, 900
bulletins.
During the year the department
distributed, at cost, 100000 units
of diptheria antitoxin, 29,372 tubes
of smallpox vaccine and 2,460 treat
ments Of typhoid vaccine.
The birth rate in Buchanan county
is the highest of any section of the
United States. in fact, the highest
which has ever been recorded. The
rate is 4S.7 per thousand of popu-
lation. Wise, too. has high birth
rate, 1t being forty-three.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1913-11-01

itor. She had not spoken word
during the period the officers were
amazed, nor did she speak in denial
when the sergeant suggested to
Leiss:
she must have mistaken it for a
stable"
First thoughts in the minds of the
police were that they were seeing
things, and both are sober men.
When they recovered they saw that
she was not an hallucination but a
cow, just a plain milch cow. red and
white, and with horns. She was a
regular COW, careful examination
showed.
Policeman Lelss found short rope
attached to her horns and taking
hold the loose end led her to Nc
Donough's stable, where stray ami
mails are impounded.
Later the COW was delivered to its
owner, Mrs. Bright, of 40S West Grace
street. who called the station ask
ing If anyone had reported seeing a
stray cow.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1913-11-01
DEACONS WILL ACT
AS PALLBEARERS
COUNTY SURVEYOR Fl. j. PLEAS
ANTS DIES AT HOME IN
ASHLAND.
ASHLAND.

b. j Peasants, prominent citi-
zen Of Ashland, died at midnight
Thursday night at his home after a
long illness. His death was not I'M
expected, as he had been In Ill health
for some time, and his conditions had
become critical within the last few
days
The funeral will take place this af-
ternoon ut 3 o'clock, services to be
conducted from the Ashland Baptist
church. The deacons of the church
Will act as pallhearers.
MIR. Peasants was well known in
Hanover and Ashland. He was the
county surveyor. position held by
his father before him. He was a
member Of Ashland Baptist church,
from which he will be buried and an
active member Of 1t for many years.
He was siXty-five years Of age. Sur
Yiving him is his wife. who was Miss
Mcdowell, of Hanover county.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1913-11-01
EMANUEL ALGER


Continued from FIRST Poge.)
lating his tones to accord with that
of the attorneys for the Alger boys,
then again gesticulating wildly after
the fashion of the lawyer attempting
the grillin&, young Thomas has made
a reputation that would discount the
efforts Of the most astute and per-
sistent detective trying to extract Sc
crets by third degree methods.
Evidence of Seif-Confidencc.
The case has afforded ample evil
dence Of the ability with which these
ilhtcrate folk can round out consistent
testimony when necessity requires q
showdown. Girls still in their teens,
with no semblance of education,
their environment all their lives
mountain peaks and limpId streams,
appear in this trial with all the COM
posture OF Bowery girls in a Police
court
A noticeable feature of the trial has
been the absence of their fS4her,
Emanuel Alger, a man who claims to
have a record made by service in the
Spanish American war. Their mother,
a woman perhaps fifty~five years OF
age fits in ard out o. the great crowd
in attendance She is ever On the out
look for some bit of evidence that
viii assist the boys in emerging from
the shadow which hangs over them.
This evidence she hurriedly conveys
to the lawyers, who are bitterly con-
testing every inch OF ground to drive
hack the shadow of the electric chair.
she is aggressive, persevering. and is
letting nothing go undone that viii
show the boys innocent. Many de-
clare that she has made up her mind
that the oldest boy-Thomas--will
fare well if he gets long term in the
penitentiary
The case has brought to Lpray a
revelation in the ministerial line
Rev George Bailey Nichols~-a typical
mountaineer. stalwart and lusty-
lunged, who. during the noon hour
recess of court, has been RECALLING the
citizens Of Luray by preaching on the
street corners. Large crowds flock TO
hear him discourse in his crude noun
taf,a fashion, embeliishirg his serm ons
with pronounced local accent. AT
night he has been preaching at coun-
try schooIhouses in the valley.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1913-11-01

According 20 recent traveller IN
Mongolia, The inhabitants Of that coun-
try are great meat eaters, living in
some case6 entirely on mutton. In
comparing the foods, the native will
ask II they are as good as mutton. II
is not uncommon tor "a Mongol TO con
sumo ten pounds Of meat at one sit
ting He pours mutton fat In his tea,
which is prepared with milk from
brick tea (the poorest grade pressed in
brfekg), aud OF this he drinks enor-
nous quantities; 80 cups a day is not
an uncommon amount for an adult.
There are no regular hours for eating ;
the patiye eals when opportunity Of
farh.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1913-11-01
GOES TO CAROLINA
TO AID SUFFRAG|STS
MRS. ID. u. VALENTINE HELPS
ORGANIZE STATE
LEAGUE.
LADY RAMSAY TO TALK
WILL ADDRESS MEETING IN THE
Y. VI. C. A. AUDITORIUM
NEXT THURSDAY
AFTERNOON.
LADY RAMSAY TO TALK

Mrs. B. b. Valentine, State presi-
dent of the Equal Suffrage League Of
Virginia, has gone into North Caro-
lima in answer to appeals from promi-
nent suffrage leaders, to aid IN the
work of organizing a league in the
Tarheel State.
North Carolina has a number of
equal suffragists. both among men and
women. chief among the former being
Judge Walter Clark. of the State Su-
preme court, but they have no or
ganization. Movements to that end
are well under way, however. and
recognizing Mrs Valentines talent for
the work of organization and her
ability as a speaker they have called
on the Virginia suffragist leader for
help.
Speaks at Meeting.
Mrs Valentine will be a speak er
at the Charlotte meeting, appearing
with Justice Clark and others While
in Charlotte she will he the guest Of
Mrs. Eugene Kelley corresponding
secretary of the National Federation
Of Woman's clubs.
When Mrs Valentine returns to
IA
terrain Sir William Ramsay Lady
Ramsay and Miss Ramsay, of Aber-
deem, Scotland. who have been the
guests of DR. w. w. Moore. OF the
Union Theological seminary. Sir
william and his family are strong
suffragists, though not OF the militant
wing Of the English organization. and
Lady Ramsay IS an ardent worker for
the cause, She has promised TO
help in Richmond, and on Thursday
will make an address on the subject.
The meeting will be held Thursday
afternoon at . o'clock In the audi
torium of the Young Mems Christian
association
Municipal suffrage has existed in
Scotland for generations, and Lady
Ramsay has been of service in the
civic life OF her town. has served on
school boa rds and has done valuable
work along those and other lines. sir
William Ramsay is also a good SUI
fragist, and in Scotland the first pub
lie speech he ever made was in be-
half Of medical training Of women.
Tribute TO Mrs. Tyler.
The Equal Suffrage League Of Nir-
ainia,- in-third- annual convention at
Lynchburg. Va. October 23d-2ith,
adopted the following resolutions in
memory Of Mrs. Alice NJ. TYLER. who
had been an officer in the league since
its formation, until the time of her
death.
Whereas, the Equal Suffrage League
Of Virginia has sustained heavy loss
in the death of Mrs, Alice NJ. Tyler,
its corresponding secretary, and
Whereas, Alice NJ. Tyler was de-
voted suffraeis and in every relation
Of life a brave and noble woman, and
Whereas. she served the cause of
suffrage in Virginia long and ably;
therefore. be it
Resolved That the Equal Suffrage
League Of Virginia, assembled in is
third annual convention does hereby
express it's sense of loss and its heart
felt sorrow for the death Of this
faithful officer and wise comrade; and
moreover be II
Resolved. That these resolutions DO
entered upon the records Of the EQUAL
Suffrage League Of Virginia, and that
a copy be forwarded To the family OF
Mrs Tyler.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1913-11-01
TWO CITY VISITORS
To PREACH SUNDAY
SIR WILLIAM RAMSAY AND MIS-
.SIONNRY BLAIN AT FIRST
PRESBYTERIAN.

Sir William Ramsay, the noted
lecturer and professor, who has
worldwide equation, and who has
been occurring to the students at Union
Theological seminary with success. has
consented to deliver an address at the
First Presbyterian church Sunday
evening at 8 o'clock
This is done in order that the peo-
pie in the city proper may have a
chance to hear Sir William.
Rev. }. Mercer Blain, of Kashing,
China, viii preach at the morning
service, Mr. Blain Is now in the city
with his wife, who was Miss Grier. of
North Carolina. Mr.. Blain is the mis-
sionary representative of the First
Presbyterian church of this city. At
present he and his wife are the guests
of Mr. and Mrs. G.. r. Cannon. sos
West Grace street Mr.. Rlain will
preach at Union Theological seminary
Sunday night
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1913-11-01
CONTEST STARTED
FOR COLLECT0RSH|P
TWO SENATOR'S ENDORSE II. c.
L. MONCURE~MON
FOR DAVIES

A contest is brewing between Con-
gresham Montague. of the Third
congressional district. and Senators
Martin and Swanson over the appoint
ment of a successor to Collector of
Internal Revenue Lowry, who will
shortly be succeeded by a Democrat.
The two senator's called on Secre-
tary McAdoo yesterday and urged
upon him the appointment of r. c.
l.. Moncure, Of Fredericksburg. as
the collector for the Eastern district
OF Virginia, while Mr.. Montague said
last night that he would endorse r.
b. Davies. Of Henrico county for the
position. He had been informed, he
said, that Senators Martin and Swan
son favored Moncure. but he had al
ready decided to support Mr. Davies.
He indicated that he did not intend
to enter into any fight over patronage,
bat would give his endorsement. THAT
is all I can do" he said.
The two senator's not only endorsed
Mr. Moncure Yesterday and urged his
appointment upon Secretary MCAdoo
hut also spoke for Peyton st. Clair
for the position of collector for the
Western district of the State, and for
Norman Hamilton for collector of
customs for the district of Virginia
Watson and Holland have endorsed
John NJ. Hart, of Roanoke, for col
lector for the Western district,
against st Clair j. NJ Curtis and
Allan r. Jones of Newport News arc
candidates for collector of customs
against Hamilton, but the latter is
believed to have the best chance OF
nomination
Between Davies and Moncure for
collector of Internal revenue for the
Eastern district, the fight will be
warm Pembroke Petit, of F7uvanna,
has been mentioned as n candidate,
but the real contest is between
Davies, backed by Montague and
others and Moncure. backed by the
two senators.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1913-11-01
COURT HEARING SUIT
FOR $4,000 DAMAGES

The case of Morris Bratnan against
Mrs A. r.. Lawrence and others. for
damages, amounting to $40, 0o0, is on
trial in the Law and Equity court.
When court recessed last night, much
of the evidence was in. Most Of to-
days session will be devoted TO the
trial.
The suit Is for recovery OF the value
OF household goods and damages done
a building Mt Graham and Broad
streets when excavation was being
carried on in an adjoining lot.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1913-11-01
OBITUARY
Mrs. William \. iIaydou.

Especial to The Richmond Firginian.)
IRvINGTON. VA, Oct. 3i.---Mrs.
Tnez Jett Hayden. wife If Captain
William A. Hayden. of this place, died
on Sunday from Bright's disease after
a lingering Illness. The deceased be-
fore marriage was a Miss Jett, and
was largely connected with families
in this and adjoining counties. Be-
sides a husband, she leaves two chill
dren, several brothers and sisters and
other relatives She was thirty-five
years of age. lnterment was on Tues
day, at Irvington Baptist cemetery.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1913-11-01
Special Pullman Sleepers for the Chap.
ter, L. ID. c., to New Orleans
and Return, Via Norfolk and
S.aiI
Western Railway


Lee Chapter, u. d. c.. has arranged
with the Norfolk and Western Railway
for special Pullman sleeping car to
leave Richmond $40 r. NJ. on Satur
day, November Sth. Special fare for
the round trip. s2675. Pullman fare
each way, 1925. for lower berth and
$500 for upper berth. Ladies desir
ing reservations in this car should
communicate at once with C. Fl.
BoSI1EY, District Passenger Agent.
s3s East Main Street, Richmond, Va.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1913-11-01
NEGRO STABBED BY ITALIAN;
MAY DIE IN CITY HOSPITAL

Antonion Maiolani, Italian. is lock-
ed up at the Second station on a
charge Of SITS bling Isaac randolph.
colored. who is at the City home in
a critical condition. The negro was
cut through the side and the abdn-
men so seriously that DIR. Golfer. of
the city ambulance, removed him at
once to the hospital
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1913-11-01
Italy to Take Part.

ROME. Oct. Silt Is expected that
ltaly's announcement that she will
participate in the Panama Pacific ex-
position at the San Francisco in 1915
will be made shortly.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1913-11-01
Z. Cook Oet,nrn.

Especial to The Richmond Tirginianl
WHITE PLAINS. VA. oct 81
r., Cook oEburn. of South Hill. was
found dead in he'd this morning AT the
home of Hon j. D. Elan. Of Ebony.
Va.
MFR. oEhurn was well known IN
Southside Virginia as a travelling man
and Mason He had been IN poor
health for q year and passed away
Of heart t.ouhle,
He Is survived by one brother. A.
G. Ogburu, of SOUTH Hi. and sister,
Mrs j W Palmer. or Fitzhugh. and
one daughter Mrs Or Palmer. IF
I.awrencevilie The burial VIII take
place from the home 'af A, G. Ogburn
with Masonic houors
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1913-11-01
James II. Drufnrnond.

Especial to The Richmond Nirginian,)
WHITE PLAINS, VA, Oct 81
James r., Drummond OF Ebony.
passed away Wednesday, and tho
burial took place from the home this
afternoon a Large congregation WAS
IN attendance. He Is survived by the
widow and several children and grand
children.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1913-11-01
Mrs. Julia Vaughan.

Mrs. Julia A. Vaughan. wife os'
Joseph +, Vaughan. died at O'Clock
yesterday evening at her residence,
~ South Laurel street
The funeral Will take place tomor-
row afternoon at 8 O'Clock from the
First English Evangelical Lutheran
church.
Mrs. Vaughan is survived by her
husband and several nepnews and
nieces and other near relatives.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1913-11-01

ANTONI-Dled at DR. fuckers sani-
tarium. Thursday. 1f;10 r. M, after
n short Illness, MISS ALICE ANTONI,
daughter of Mr.. Andrew Antoni.
Funeral Saturday A. NJ. from
Bliley's undertaking parlor, which will
be strictly private.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1913-11-01
NEixs Aiiet, Npfoni.

Miss Alice Antoni. the daughter of
Andrew Antani. died last Thursday
night AT ] o'clock. after a short ILL.,
ness The funeral will be held this
morning at O'Clock.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1913-11-01
DEATHS.

VAUGHAN-Died October 5ist, at r.
NJ at her residence 247 South Laurel
street MRS. JULIA A. VAUGHAN,
wife OF Mr.. Joseph f. Vaughan.
Funeral AT First English Evangelical
Lutheran church, Monument avenue,
Sunday, November end. T. NJ.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1913-11-01
RATE Of MURDERS

Continued from First Page
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1913-11-01
HENNESSY RELATES

Continued from FIRST Page.)
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1913-02-07

81 C.: !: :: :: =: e:
TIMBER SALE
.r~.A> TAA$A~ DAAA0

Sealed proposals in duplicate, each
envelope marked Proposal for Timber.
Red Lake Reservation" will be receive
at the office of the Superintendent OF the
Red Lake Indian School. Red Lake Min,
nesota, until II O'clock noon, central
the purchase of approximately 100000
feet OF dead and down and fre-inJured
pine timber on the Red Lake Indian
Reserva ton, Minnesota.
This timber is upon Lots 1, 2, and
4, Sec 20: lots 1. ?. 8 and 4. Sec. "a.
township $50 north. range IS west; Lots
i. 2. 8 and 4. Sec. 10: lots l, 2, 3 and 4.
Sec 20: lots /. 2. 3 and a.. Sec. q, town
ship $50 north. range "a west. The tim
,.e" offered for sale consists of White
and Norway pine, approximately two
way. Only dead or fire-injured timber
will be sold. All of it of good quality
and accessible to a railroad or to Red
Lake. The minimum prices which will
be accepted are $500 per NJ: feet for Nor
way pine and $3.50 per M. for White
pine te timber must be cS to. under sa
of the Interior. All timber must be paid
for and cut prior to June 1, 1914. Bidders
must submit. with their bids. q certified
check for $500 on some solvent bank.
payable to the undersigned These
cessful bidders, applied toward the pay
ment Of timber If bid is accepted; and
retained as q forfeit IL q bid il accepted
and bidder fails to comply with the re-
Qu1rements OF his bid. The right to re.
ject any and all bids 10 reserved Fur
approved form Of contract may 30 OBJ
tained upon request TO the uhdessigned.
WAI-THR <. DICKENS.
=, -. !. =. euDt & 0Dl Dish Agent.
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1913-02-07
GLASS PLAYGROUND FOR TOTS.
Novel Feature II Connection Win 4
Public 3ehoo! Building II
49, Portland, Orr. &

Glass-covered Fairgrounds In which
the school tots can caper about, play
ball, BLACK man. run races and do
all the other inimitable and enjoyable
things OF childhood, have been built ~
part Of the new $4,000 Failing
schoolhouse that is being finished
at Front and Porter. streets, in Port
land, Ore al
There are two OF these, 80 by 10
feet In size, one for girls and another
for boys, and their object is to pro-
vide an outdoor recreation park for
the children in Indictment weather
The glass is covered with fine, strong
wire mesh, which makes it a source
of disgust to the ordinary healthy base
ball, which is used to treating glass as
no barrier.
These Fairgrounds, fitted out az
they are with trapezes, swings,
"slides," etc., cost $1,000 each. They
are built in one of the indentations
of the III" shaped building.
The building is of reinforced con-
crete three stories high, and will cost
when completed $4,000. It is ab-
solutely tireproof in every detail. It is
located on a lot $50 feet long by zoo
feet wide, and has a ground floor size
of 100 by $50 feet.
A new method Of ventilation and
heating is used. It is known as the
blower system and heats by means
of hot air. It changes the air in q
room automatically every Is minutes,
and in this way insures perfect san
itary conditions in this respesct.
The Failing school contains rs
classrooms. In tho basement will be
the lunch hooms, manual training
rooms and toilet. The other floors will
be given over to tho teachers Offices
and classrooms.
All the floors are of clear maple.
This is an unusual feature for school
buildings.
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1913-02-07
GRAY HAIR TURNS ITS NATURAL COLOR
after APPLYING A LITTLE SAGE TEA

it's usually too sticky, so insist upon
getting "Wyeth's" which can be de-
pended upon to restore natural color
and beauty to the hair and is the best
remedy for dandruff, dry, feverish,
itchy scalp and to stop falling hair.
Folks like "Wyeth's Sage and Sui
phur" because no one can possibly
tell that you darkened your hair, as
it does it so naturally and evenly,
says well-known downtown drug
gist. You dampen a sponge or soft
brush and draw 1T Through your hair,
taking one small strand at a time.
This requires but a few moments, by
the gray hair disappears
and after another application or two
is restored to its natural color and
looks even more beautiful and glossy
than ever.-AdV.
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1913-02-07
MIXED WITH SULPHUR IT DARK
EMS BEAUTIFULLY AND TAKES
OFF DANDRUFF,

Almost every one knows that Sage
Tea and Sulphur, properly COM
pounded, brings back the natural COL
or and lustre to the hair when fad
ed, streaked or gray; also cures dand-
ruff, itching scalp and stops falling
hair. Years ago the only way to get
this mixture was to make it at home,
which is mussy and troublesome.
Nowadays skilled chemists do this
better than ourselves. BY asking at
any drug store for the ready-to-use
product-called @Wyeth's Sage and
Sulphur Hair Remedy''-you will get
a large bolt for about fifty cents.
Some druggists make their own but
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1913-02-07
Natural Cold STORAGE.

A millionaire tells of a grand, deep,
dry well on his race horse and stock
farm down in the Blue Grass, relates
the New York Press. In the old days
The former owner used to have the
meat for his family and slaves tied
on to a rope and let down into the
we'll with windlass. Two or three
sheep were killed at time and very
often steer. The carcasses soon be.
came chilled in the dry, cool air under
ground, and it was no trouble in hot
weather to keep the meat week or
two. Every day the mutton or beef
was drawn up out of the we'll, a days
supply was cut off, and the big pieces
were lowered again. .s .~.-,.
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1913-02-07
ATHLETICS FOR A Lifetime
Former President Eliot Of Harvard
UnIversity Gives Some Advice
to Freshmen.

With the object of preserving q
sound mind in sound body, look
ahead with regard to athletic sports.
In the next four years, perhaps, If you
look ahead with regard to athletic
sports. Under modern stresses ath.
>letic sports are an indispensable part
of young life, and indeed, Of sound
national life. One of the most seri.
GUS aspects of China at the present
moment is the absence there of all
the sports we call athletic" Neither
the educated nor the 'uneducatetd
Chinese have athletic sports in the
open air. All their sports are of a
gambling nature. They are sedentary
or quiet games Of chance. That 1s q
national misfortune on an immense
scale.
BY looking ahead in regard to ath-
!letic sports, mean, give preference
/ to: those sports that last, and that you
can pursue at 80, 40, so, 60, 70 and
I am beginning to hope 80 years of
age. You know what the lasting
sports are-walking, rowing, sailing q
boat, tennis-any sport which can be
pursued by the average individual all
through life.
Lord Bacon says that riding horse
back is the best recreation for men
who use their brains. The sports
that an individual can pursue all
through his life are the best ones to
learn in youth. The wise choice in.
wolves looking ahead.-President Eliot
to Harvard Freshmen.
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1913-02-07

where II probably would be run over
iby AN automobile or Z street car.
And justNwhen had become desper-
ate somehow the situation seemed to
get ridiculous and laughed. Now l
am feeling pretty we'll again and /
have zone good lamp left. OF course
lit lis unhappy when one comes up on
the blind side, but it beats no eyes
at >all too bad to talk about. So I
have a good deal to be thankful for.
Anyway, i am not certain that have
not seen as much in my time as one
man ought to see" Kansas City Jour.
NAL. g>sa ., '&:saHa z d - = .. =..,..s