davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1913-07-18
suffrage Conditions In Belgium.

Tho Belgians must have grown
weary Of the college man In politics. :"
A Belgian who IL q graduate Of . uni
versity. or holds q diploma from one
of the great technical schools, has two
supplementary votes" This 10 q
grievance to the Belgian masses, who
insist on manhood suffrage. The spe-
cial privilege Of the learned Is only
one Of the many peculiarities Of the
Belgian system. as the family man has
two votes to the bachelors one. and
there are property qualifications be-
sides. II the proposed social strike
6s manhood suffrage. only one vote
per voter. u carried into operation
Belgium may present scenes worthy
Of its stormy past. The Belgians have
4 genius for organizing disorder.
Twenty years ago when they com
PEELED q broadening Of the suffrage. It
was noted that the rioters were singu-
larry wen handled and fought with an
intelligence that puzzled the military.
The explanation was that the riotsrs
wero disciplined and dirested By re
oMy1stB~ uho Instead q sjeining Tie
eu1er 5slns1 H. Tstok
yYN.i,.iEYsPILIS
= - Sese - sssssl - -.
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1913-07-18
huoe Electric purseeeA

II IL expected that the electrical TN
naces Of the American Iron and Steel
company. a. Lebanoa, Pa. VIM b In
full operation IN the course q . pear.
The furnaces win b Of from 70 to IS
tons capacity. and b the largest plant
pant Of the kind In the country Thsrs
win also be standard blooming and
billet mills. with an annual capacity
Of $4,000 tons.
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1913-07-18

rke Asespisne Aga
Whats become Of Yorick Hammr
asked Ausan Brett
II hear hes stranded on Saturn
answered Hamlet Fatt he went out
With plaDet storming crowd The
show busted. and hes never been abe
10 got hack. "-Kansas City Journal
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1913-07-18

inoeeo no haS.
1T Is rude for man to fall asleep
while his wife IL talking"
"Put. good heavens. a man has to
sleep some Observation-Disclosures Age
Herald.
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1913-07-18
HUSBAND RESCUED
DESPAIRING WIFE

| had gotten so weak I could not stand,
and l gave up In despair.
At last, my husband got me bottle Of
Cardui, the woman's tonic, and COM
meneed taking II. From the very first
dose, l could tell h was helping me. I
can now walk two miles without 10
firing me. and am doing al my work" /
nyou are all u6 down hpm wdn,uy
troubles. don't sss up d aespah Hp
Cardui, the wo1nan'ssunn. fsfnshepea
more than a mhRon women, IN It's %
years of continuous success, and shuue
surely help you, too. Your druggist has
sold cardui for years. He knows what
it will do. Ask him. He will recon-.
mend il. Begin taking card,d today.
Write to: Chattanooga, Medicine Ca, lsa,,s.
Advisory Dept. Chattanooga. Tenn. for Specioj
Treatment fss Wsuen." sent in plain Wrapper. 10
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1913-07-18
The oiblIomanlse's Error.

There is a famous story of . man,
Don VinceDte Of Aragon. that Is told
by al writer's upon the art Of book
bunting. This Don vincente Is called
BY Andrew Lang ''ths great pattern Of
biblsocleptA" To get the book b
coveted BE- killed Its possessos and set
fire to his house 90 a. to cover no bis
crime But the man vac 1t laa& Gus.
pected and the famous book found In
his possession TO eonarm dbe suspi-
ciOn The case against him was ar
gued On the ground thst there vas bot
one copy IN the world Of the book found
In his possession. and its previous own
ee was known to all. DON Vincente
had a clever lawyer. who proved that
another copy did exist In The Louvre,
and since there were two. be argued.
there might also be more. and 80 Don
Vtncente might have come honestly by
his At this Don Vincente gave Z
great cry and said to the alcalde: "Ah.
Senior Alcnlde, my error was clumsy
indeed. My copy was not unique. -
Frederick A. King In Bookman.
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1913-07-18

The more violent the storm the sooo-
o. II In Over-Seneca.
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1913-07-18
After -Four Years Of Discomaging
Coadiieas, Mrs. Bullock Gave
Upn Despair. Husband
Came to Rescue.

Catron, ky.-ln an interesting letter
nom this place, Mrs. Bette Bullock
writes as follows: 81 suffered for foru
years, with womanly troubles, and during
this time, | could only sit up for a little
while, and could not walk anywhere al
all. At times, would have severe pains
in my left side.
The doctor was called in, and his treat
ment relieved me for a while, but was
soon confined to my bed again. After
thai, nothing seemed to do me any good.
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1913-07-18

He Wss ths hungry one.
:What's the trouble ct your housef''
Hunger strike for . new bonnet
your wife refuses to eatfs
No: she refuses to cooh'
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1913-07-18
Two Views.

''IIow dismal ye look" said a bucket
to his companion as they we're going
to n> well. "Ah." replied the other.
II wue rejecting on the uselessness Of
orr being filed. for, let US 60 away
ever ~ full. We come back emptyr'
Dear me. how strange to look at It
that wayr' said the first bucket. Il
think. However empty we come back
~ 60 away fullT Ladder Home
The day book. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1911-1917, 1913-07-03

observation-disclosures p = dLIISEF -
private secretary to Senator Ike
Stephenson of Wisconsin, dropped
dead on street here.
London.-Mrs. Joseph Stickney,
widow of the American coal baron,
married to Prince AymOn de Fau- p
cigny-Lucinge today. .-..
Mexico City.-U. S. newspaper cor :
respondents who have been misrepre- r
senting Mexican affairs in U. S.
papers being expelled from country
as undesirable aliens"
Bloomington, ILL.,. E. Sutton, =
wealthy Texas rancheT, touring Cen r
trail Illinois in search of daughter
Mary, 16. She eIoped with ]. H. Mer- I
rick, farm hand.
Pittsburgh.-JerTy Kramer, II, a
farmer near here, blinded and then ?
done to death by bees in his wagon
shed. r
Paris.-Aviator Maurice GuiIIaux, p?
in monoplane, started today for Casa ?
Blanca, in effort to suTpass Brinde-
jonc des Moulinais, who yesterday
finished 3,2OO-mile aerial jaunt from
Paris to st. petersburg ana return. >
MiIwaukee.-OnIy aII-steeI equip @,
ment of Milwaukee Roads Copper
Country Limited prevented appalling
disaster when train was ditChed near
here. Only 10 slightly injured. &
Belgrade, SerVia.-GoVernment re- 4
ports say entire Bulgar front is in
retreat. =
Sofia, BuIgaria.-BuIgar cabinet :
this afternoon announced it would
declare war tomorrow unless Servia &
ceased her attacks. Victories over
Greeks and Serbs reported.
Athens, Greece.-GoVernment re- ,
ports say Greek forces won great VIC
tory over Bulgars.
ConstantinopIe.-Turkeyw will de-
clare war if Balkan allies begin form
al fighting
The day book. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1911-1917, 1913-07-03

Mrs. Pierson, Roy Folwer, Mrs. Gene
We've Swan and Thomas Swan, IA,
badly injured, in wreck of Persons
auto.
Bay City, Mich.-Diseoyered today
that R. G. Bialy, millionaire manUfaC-
turer, and Eula AUriette, his former
stenOgrapher, were married in Chi
cagO last January. Miss AuTiette was
correspondent when Bialy's wife sued
for divorce; she got 100000 ali
mOny.
DenVer.-Famous fat cure case,
which has cost $4,000 to date, to be
tried again. Jury reported disagree
ment after 81 hours and 100 ballots.
Sigmaringen, Germany. - Civil
marriage of former King Manuel of
Portugal and Princess Augustine
Victoria, daughter of Prince vii
helm HOhenzOlern, set for Sept 8;
religious ceremony next day.
New York.-One hundred PROM
inent American physicians sailed to-
day to take part in international
Congress of Medicine at London.
London.-Queen Mary today open
ed new buildings of Bedford College
for Women, Regents Park, a part of
the University of London.
Seattle. - Unsuccessful attempt
was made to wreck Northern Pacific
westbOund passenger train No. at
WynOca, 35 miles east of here.
Sycamore Beach, Mass.-Arturo
Giovannitti, labor leader, told So
Geological conference that labor's sa-
botage was better than capitals use
of rotten life preservers.
Yokohoma.-Jap steamer ManshU
Maru wrecked off Hokkaido Island.
Total loss.
johannesburg, S. Africa.-Driven
dpSOnratn strikers tOdav dvn ar0ifnd
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1913-04-24
BROTHERS ARE SENTENCED
Given Terms in Two Courts at Al
most Same Moment.

Rutland, April 1S.-At almost the same
moment this morning Thomas Winters
and ANDY Winters, brothers, OF this
city, were given sentences in separate
courts. Judge f. NJ Butler in county
court sent Tom" to the house of cor
rection 10 serve not less than a year an
one day nor more than two years ut Il
for breaking Jail and City JudgesF. g.
SWlnncrton sent Andy to the state hos
pital for insane at Waterbury to remain
SIX months as an habitual drunkard.
There was no work for the jury in
county court this morning and after call
ing the docket and continuing some cases,
Judg" Butler took up criminal matters
me hrst case was that of David Sher-
man of this city, who, with his brother,
Marshall sherman, now serving a four
years sentence at state prison in Wind
sor, was arrested for robbing Alfred Hale
In the railroad yard /" Rutland last Sep
t'Inbcr' For turning States evidence
states Attorney y, l.. Stafford to-day
recommended that sentence against David
sherman be suspended. The court agreed
TO DO TINS, making the suspended sentence
not less than two years nor more than
three years at Windsor. David is at pres
ent serving a two years sentence for
grand larceny.
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1913-04-24
FIVE AERONAUTS
KILLED BY FALL
Military Balloon Collapses at
Height Of $50 Feet-Hole
Torn in Cover.

Noisy-le-Grand, France, April IT,
One of the most terrible accidents to
a spherical balloon in many years oc-
Cured here this afternoon. The mill
tary balloon Zodiac collapsed at a
height of about ESQ feet and fell to
the ground with it's five occupants,
all of whom were killed.
The Zodiac, which had a capacity
of 1000 cubic meters, was inflated
with ordinary gas and left the aero
club park at st. Cloud, with the mill
tary %aeronauts. Captains Clavenad
and Denoue, Lieutenant De Vaisselot
ami Artilleryman Rechy and the civil
liam pilot. Aumont Thieville, aboard.
Propelled by a strong wine the bal
loon passed rapidly over Paris and
arrived at Noisy-le-Grand. Observers
suddenly saw it shrivel up and fall.
Laborers working in the fields rush
ed to the assistance of the aeronuats,
but had difficulty In eXtricating them
from the vast mass of silk.
Three of the men. Clavenad, Rechy
and Aumont Thieville.. were killed
outright. Denoue ana De Naisselot
were still breathing. They were plaC-
ed in an automobile which happened
to be passing along the road and rush
ed to the military hospital at Vim
cennes. Denoue died on the way; De
Naisselot died at the hospital.
The exact cause of the accident remains
for the present a mystery. The collapse
of the balloon was due to a tear in the
cover, which apparently was made in
tentionally.
The theory is that something went
wrong with the valve and that one of the
~aaronauts lost his head and cut the
cover, causing the immediate dehation of
the balloon.
The log aboard indicates that the Zod-
lac passed over Paris at an altitude of
about 900 feet; after which it dropped
and then assembled above the clouds.
Here the log stops.
Houaves stationed at F~ontenay-sous-
Dois report that the guide rope was
thrown out there. They tried to hold it
but the wind was too strong and they
were obliged to let go.
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1913-04-24
DR.. O. w. SHERWIN DEAD.
One of WOOdstOck's Older PractI-
Observation-Disclosures In Statc.

Woodstock, April 17.-Dr. Orlando Wood
Sherwin, last of the older practitioners
of Woodstock and we'll known through
out the State, died at his home here
early this morning in his 10Th year. He
gave up active practice several years
ago and for the past. year and a half
had been nearly blind. He was a
graduate of Dartmouth Medical College
and began practice in Reading, coming
to Woodstock In 1863.
DR.. Sherwin was president of the Yer
mont Medical society in 1880, a mem
Der of the American Medical association,
the White River Medical association and
the Connecticut River Medical society,
and was surgeon-general of Vermont in
lSS5-6, He was pension examiner for
nearly 30 years and while "A member Of
the State board of health the State
laboratory of hygiene was established.
DR.. Sherwin was past master of Wood
stock Lodge, was past grand high priest
of the Grand Royal Arch Chapter of
Vermont and received many other high
Masonic honors He married Mary j.
Forbush of Reading, who died in 1856.
The funeral will be held Sunday after
noon at two o'clock under Masonic
auspices.
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1913-04-24
COURT SENTENCES.
Year for Young Brandon FOrGcr aft
ter Plea for Clemcncy.

Rutland, Aprl 20.-The petit jurors for
the March term of Rutland county court,
who have been discharged Professionally,
tried Il cases. an unusually small num-
her. There were six criminal cases and the
respondent was found guilty IN each in
stance. In the five civil cases the plain
tiff got one verdict, three were returned
for defendants and one case was settled
during process of trial.
b. ". Brown of Brandon, aged p years,
and son of a Methodist minister at
Shreveport, La, was sentenced by Judge
+. NJ. Butler Yesterday 10 serve not less
than q year and one day or not more than
two years at the house of correction for
attcmpting to pass a forged check for So,
on the Brandon National bank, Brown
took advantage Of the opportunity given
criminals about to bc sentenced and adj
dressed the court for 10 minutes, asking
clemency on behalf of the effect Of a SEN
tonce on his AGED father.
Other sentences We're imposed as fol-
lows by Judge Butler yesterday: Arthur
blanchard of Pittsield, beating Arthur
Smith of pittsield into insonsibility, not
less than six months nor more sthan IS at
the house of correction; William Burke of
Fair Haven Interfering with Deputy Sher-
if John H.. Policy in performance Of his
duties, two to three years at house Of cor
roction. Mrs. Belle Gokcy of Rutland, not
less than two years nor more than two
and a half at State prison at Windsor.
clifford c. Fletcher of Harrisburg, Pa,
who was recently indicted on "A charge
Of embezzlement. appeared in court and
! gave bail Of 1000 for a later appearance,
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1913-04-24
VERMONT NOTES.

Thc Hale block and the Pavilion theatre
at Barre have been purchased by Richard
f.. Henderson OF Wells River. Mr.. Hen
derson now owns Ave theatres and leases
three.
Elton +. Taylor OF Barre has been to
Providence. f. l.. whore he received treat
ment from DR.. Friedman, the German
physician VINO is demonstrating his serum
to cure tuberculosis.
Miss LILLIAN Homer, a chorus girl of the
Mutt ana Jeff" company, YVES given
money, raised by subscriptions at Rut-
land. to reach her home at lincoln. Neb..
where her mother is dying. Mayor Bris-
lin If RNtland headed tho subscription
list.
While playing with children near a grass
fire Grace Chandler. the D~our-year-old
daughter of Mr.. and Mrs. Albert A.
Chandler of Barre, suffered sever burns
last week Wednesday from her hips
down, Hearing the cries her mother ran
out and rolled the child in the grass,
c. a. Dagg of Castleton has been ar
rested on a charge of assaulting Mrs,
Frances Kilburn. He has furnished bail
of $500.
Fire IN the upper shoddy mill at
Springfield Thursday morning caused a
loss of $1,000. The fire was caused by
friction. The building is owned by the
John T. Slack corporation.
Bennington residents object to the
location of telephone poles on South
Branch street, where the village has
given permission to the New ENGLAND
Telephone and Telegraph company to
string wires,
A verdict of $205. 10 has been awarded
Miss Margaret McQuillan of Willimantic,
Conn, against the estate of Miss Cath
crime Ryan OF Rutland, for whom the
plaintiff claimed to have cared as a
nurse for 10 weeks.
\ pedestrian who would not give his
name was knocked down in Rutland Wed
nesday by a Temple Brothers automobile,
Although he is Go years old he escaped
without serious injuries.
Samuel Britton, aged 70, formerly of
Rutland, was killed the other day at Mid
dletoWn, Conn, by an electric car, His
body was taken 10 Rutland
Samuel A, Collision a native ct DerbY,
committed suicide April l6 ~ his hr'1o
in West, Somerville, Mass, by plunging
hcadJonr from his chamber window lie
was SO years old,
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1913-04-24
BRIEF DISPATCHES.

washington, April 1.-THE Senate to-
day confirmed the promotion of Col. Hugh
l.. Scott, Srd cavalry, to be brigadier-
general, succeeding Gen. Edgar Il. Stee-
yer, retired March -.
Pittsield, Mass, April 17.-Luke ]. Min
ahan, proprietor of Hotel Wendell here
and prominent in the United States Hotel
Mems association, died tonight aged 43
years. He was a native of Troy, y. Y.
New York, April 17.-At the close Of
their meeting late to-day the members of
the Progressive partY's national eXecu-
tive committee issued a statement de-
claring there is no possibility of the new
party ever amalgamating with either Of
the old parties
Washington, April l7.-Late in the day,
after the wool schedule had been APP
proved without change, the democratic
caucus disposed in short order of the silk,
pup and paper and sundry schedules, vot-
ing down all proposed amendments. The
free list was under consideration when the
democrats adjourned until tomorrow.
Saloniki. April 17.-Licutenant Arghyiro-
poulous, a Greek aviator, and a passenger,
Constantinos Manos, a noted Cretan chief,
were killed to-day by the fan of an aero
plane from a height Of nearly 1000 feet,
Dover, England, April 17-Gustave
Uamel. the British aviator, accompanied
by a passenger, accomplished a monoplane
non stop flight from Dover to Cologne,
Germany, this afternoon in four hours
five minutes.
Hamburg, April lS.-Slow working snake
venom was the cause of the death of Karl
Hagenbeck. the animal collector, on April
II, according to a physician who attended
him lie was bitten years ago and the
venom eventually affected his liver.
Dirk Van Baalcn of Meesterdyk, Noord
Brabant, Holland, comes to this country to
marry Maxine Elliott and live in Charles
NJ. Schwab's New Yorl; city palace, He
gives up 30 guilders to a matrimonial
agency and learns that he is swindled
lie goes back to Holland with 1000 guild
ors be intended to give Maxine" as a
dot.
WASHINGTON, April 1S--Prof. Lester F,
Ward, one of the foremost American So
ciaI philosophers, Il seologist of note, and
author of many scientific works, died here
TO-DAY, aged 81 years.
New York, April 1S.-The population OF
New York city to.day is 5,S32,G0 persons
according to the latest figures compiled
by the New York city health department
The official census of 1910 recorded a pop
ulatior of i,IGd, $50.
Biskra, Algeria, April 17.-Four military
aeroplanes piloted ! Lieutenants Rein
bert, Cheutin, Jolain and Benoist OF thu
French army arrived here to-day after {
300 mile round trip over the Sahara desert
One of the machines carried Colonel Bout
teaux as a passenger. The entire high
was made without an escort,
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1913-04-24
FINDS CHANCE TO
IMPROVE METHODS
State Factory Inspector Calhoun
Reports on Plants at Bethel
and Elsewhere.

Montpelier, April 1S.-Allen Calhoun of
k1iddlebury, the State factory inspector. is
visiting the manufacturing plants. lie
bias been working along the line of the
Central Vermont railway and finds things
hot wholly satisfactory, especially in the
granite shed where he is making a good
many recommendations. He says thar as
far as the working of women and children
s concerned ne uas found no infringement
|of the law thus far.
Mr.. Calhoun visited Bethel this week.
and was not satisfied with conditions there.
lie is watching closely to see that none
of the camps are allowing tool boys under
16 years of age to work. In only one
case has he found anything of this sort
and that was at Mortified Fails.
At Mortified he found conditions a little
improved over those at Bethel. At the
knitting mills he made several recon-
mendations as to sanitary conditions, but
on the whole he found that place in fair
shape.
: He visited the wooden mill at Mortified
Falls and there found that several persons
are allowed to work on the third floor of
the building. but that no fire escapes arc
provided for occupants of that floor. He
also found that one flight of stairs was
not passable. He found that bi-monthly
payment is made instead Of weekly. He
believes that the weekly system is as ap
plicable 10 the wooden mills as to any
other manufacturing plant.
He drove from Mortified Falls to West
Berlin whore he found one shed very poor
ly looked after and some infringements OF
the law recently enacted.
He reached Montpelier to-day and this
morning he visited the Lane Manufactur
Ing plant and with the foreman went
through the shops for which he had only
words Of credit.
He visited the Cotton Manufacturing
plant and found that the owners are guard
Ing their employees from dust, this being
the first place in which he has found that
done.
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1913-04-24
ENTIRE U. S. FLEET TO
VISIT MEDITERRANEAN

Washington. April @.-Secretary Dan"
iels announced to-day that next winter
practically the entire Atlantic feet would
be sent on a three months cruise to the
Mediterranean. This will he the new sec
retary's first step in pursuance OF his pol.
icy to make the navy, in times of peace, q
great educational force for the enlisted
men, and to afford them opportunity to
enjoy the broadening advantages of first
hand knowledge of the great countries OF
thc world.
The secretary believes that such @
cruise will add greatly to the sailors USE
fulness.
Instead of the usual annual win
ter manoeuVres at Guantanamo,
Cuba, the whole fleet including tho
torpedo BOAT destroyers and auXiliav-
les, will make the foreign cruise.
The fleet will leave about the first
of January and cross the Atlantic.
Tho ships will be divided into squa-
drons ana sent TO visit the principal
ports Of the Mediterranean. The eX-
act dates and details of the voyage
have not been definitely determined.
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1913-04-24
SELECTS THREE
AMBASSADORS
Guthrie Wilson'S Choice for
Japan--Post at Mexico Not
to BE Filled Now.
Washington. April II.

Washington. April II.
George ". Guthrie Of Pennsylvania for
ambassador to Japan.
Charles r. Crane of Chicago for am-
bassador to Russia.
Frederick G. Pcnhcld Of Pennsylvania
for minister to Spain.
These selections have been determined
uron by President Wilson,, though the
nominations probably will not be sent to
the Senate for at least a week.
Mr.. Guthrie. formerly MAYOR of PITTS
burg and now democratic state chairman
in +, nnsvlvania. oripinallv was sIotcd for
Tia, a~mbassadorshin TO Nesico but +, ie
.,w probahlo that M renresaptotiva will
e., sent to N.xio, CIV for com, tiro
though it is practically cartoir that uorrv
Laro Wilson will NOT he retained ro sand
a now amhassador =, ,rovioo y, nrosa,t
would ha 70 ro,o.ri1o ,ho u,or.o
ornmant. . si,rotin, mitch 49,. 49,,
states +. NOT ~. na II ny"
Guthrie is regarded &C nor,ic,,ar,, e+.aa
to take I'm the Taron,so nas+ whar n1
ing questions oyar Coitfrrntaa it,. 49,,
Legislation ci,.o nror,taa - .e "n'
lomatic Relations ho.o1a ,rartH 0l
WASHINGTON IN tbo .an -"
Larz Andarsor tho ~
|sador tn .Ianop har, mas
on presidon+ Wilson 70 - 49, 80
and told him no ala 30. apv.
turn .
Mr. Peraold u.bo T. .
minister n N,,drid has ia
i'm tho eoroirn .on,
toned at rordo, tn tsC- aa
general and Iator d;nlon,a.to aoont 49,,
~onsuLoororo TO ra,.n. ,ri.h ra.,. -