davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Lake County times. [volume] (Hammond, Ind.) 1906-1933, 1913-02-28
INTRODUCTION.

No other county in the state of In
diana faces the housing problem that
Lake county does. / had almost said
not only Indiana, but in any otheg
state In the country. Few towns of
the present day can show the rapid
vet substantial growth that these lake
towns can. They are among Graham
Taylor's Satellite cities" Set down
upon the shifting sands of Lake Mich
igan, 1t as as though we feared the
edges of the lake would curl back and
so have pinned them down with huge
Industrial plants surrounded by clus-
ters of dwellings and community
buildings the small stones in the
setting. Gary, Indiana Harbor. East
Chicago, Hammond, Whiting; these
as the Calumet region comprising the
district in the north and west of Lake
county through which runs the Grand
Calumet river.
Gary, the town farthest east and
south, has grown in six years from
nothing to a population of conserva-
lively $4,000. just around the lake
and to the north and west is Indiana
Harbor which has grown to 10000
population in ten years. East Chicago
is a little older. having reached pop
ulation of about 5000 In twenty-fou
years. These two latter towns, while
one municipality, are in reality two
civic centers with two distinct types
of community life. Hammond to the
west with 10000 inhabitants and Whit
The Lake County times. [volume] (Hammond, Ind.) 1906-1933, 1913-02-28

Butchers bill every week seven. eight
dollar. The baby eight month In
winter two month after New Year, /
don't know how you call him month,
boy come. Jesus, misses, cold like hell.
Much coal to buy. The man flushed as
he apologized for his English, saying
that he could understand everything
that I said, but could not tell me in
English. He said he had worked with
many people and talked, as he ex-
planned 1t. many ways. There is one
thing about the foreign people-they
use a great deal of profanity Not as
such. Had they the least idea that
they were transgressing even a law
of politeness. they would not use 1T
before me; for they are extremely po-
lite and courteous, they understand
politeness and courtesy. But their use
of the profanity is merely their use of
the American language-that again is
America to them. Is this the America
we should have the mknow?
Gary No. II shows the doorway to
another row of houses Rental Sc for
two rooms, two toilets serving for the
seven families. The husband of the
woman in the doorway makes $2.04 a
day. All the families in this row are
toloIS0- III many VI the rows, now
ever, the families are mixed up so that
/ the question of nationality becomes
doubly complicated by that of race.
/ Again, is this America? To our Ameri-
can standards there is something ex-
4 tremely repellant in the idea of social
/ equality between whites and blacks,
! but we are not forcing this upon the
! poorer foreigners by the renting of
property without discrimination. Ou1
| American born poorer whites will not
tolerate such conditions. yet those con-
I ditfons mean America to the poor for
| eigners whom we force to live in such
Hammond No. and No. g. These
| show a Creation home. The father has
succeeded I'M paying for the two-room-
ed house. The mother is dead and
Mary. IL years old. is little mother for
the two other children. She does the
washing. copking and housekeeping
and poor as that is, 1t is a very hard
task for one so little. The toilet 1:
five feet from the house. The room
where the door is ajar Is the pig per
and chicken coop This ROOM as car
be seen, joins right on to the living
room. The odor is indescribable. Their,
Is no sewer conn lection. The one room
which the family uses is bedroom, liv.
| ing room, dining room, and kitchen
One day when 1 called. little Mary wa.
doing the family washing-and such
| washing. Her father works as la
borer in the Standard Steel Car shops
His coarse clothes are very dirty ant
very heavy for small a girl Ye
Mary never complains. OF course sh,
is out of school very often on accoun
of home work. And such a home. TIL
outside looks depressing and discour
aging enough, but the inside is NOR
, cherries still. Such a home, wher
there is a mother to bear a mother
burden is bad enough-what must i
, be to child IL years old to try Z
keep? She. future American mothe
and housekeeper. What must be he
attitude toward life and it's RESPONSE
bilities.
; Hammond No 4 is type Of home 4
! the Standard Steel district where tn
The Lake County times. [volume] (Hammond, Ind.) 1906-1933, 1913-02-28
4 he Housing Problem
In Lake County
BY EDNA c. HATFIELD
OF THE LAKE COUNTY JUVENILE COURT

ing to the north and west with about
5000 are both older towns. which.
however, have received In the last few
years new impetus in growth. So
that here within a radius of ten miles
we have four cities, each distinct with
in itself with combined population
of almost 10000. A population in
creasing so fast that 1t Is impossible
to house II properly. So that had IT
not been for the godsend of the tar
paper shack. many of Gary's working
men must have had no place to go to
after work but the bare sand
The gravity of the housing situation
is complicated hundred fold by the
great foreign population. When the
figures for the whole county show 65
per cent foreign population. some idea
can be had of our great obligation to
these people in presenting to them the
America we want them to know and
love for their home. Many of these
people who have come to us have come
from the very poor classes in Europe
and have come to use with com
plete class consciousness The laborer
of that class has no conception of
what 1t means in America to rise above
his surroundings. He cannot under
furniture and respectable clothing are
for him. He knows that these things
exist, also that they do not cost much
but he feels that they are only for
those of another class. Is this what
we want America to mean to him? We
are rather proud of this. our America !:
we are known sometimes to Boast Of
the fact that do not have classes
here-that men rise by merit and
his chance matter how lowly his
birth. Then are we easily going to
surrender this ideal?
But how can we change the situa-
ton? 1t is not our fault. you say. It
Is the foreigner. 1t is not the foreign
er. He will be what we as Americans
give him the opportunity to be. We
were all from another country origin
ally But we came at a time when
all had an equal share in the respon-
stbflity- We were all In on the scheme.
But these people came here after a
definite scheme had been workd out;
when. from our point of view at least.
we feel that there do exist certain
stand s. And If we are to do our
duty to our COMMUNICATING out of
consideration any duty we might feel
we had to the foreigner-we must see
| to 1t that these standards be what we
| want America to mean to these peo-
pie who coming to US in such great
numbers. and who are destined to be
The Lake County times. [volume] (Hammond, Ind.) 1906-1933, 1913-02-28

covered shack. On Massachusetts, near
18th 1t stands about 80 feet from the
sidewalk in front. Probably the most
significant thing about this home Is
that the toilet stands right in the front
yard about twenty feet from the house,
little to the right of the front door.
This outbuilding is of rough boards.
the spaces between which are in places
two and three inches-a piece of tent
canvas serves a door. There is no
sewer connection. In the house there
are four divisions-these divisions can
scarcely be called rooms but rather
three little cupboards of the largest
room. which is probably 10 by IA feet
Gary No. 5. A Creation family lives
here-a mother and father and two
beautiful dark-eyed children. For this
little home they pay Sc a month-for
a little shack cold in winter they
can hardly manage to keep warm; for
there is no plastering on the walls, no
paper the inside and the tar paper
which originally covered the outside
is almost all torn off. leaving only a
barrier of rough boards between them
and the cold. When asked If they
planted anything in the yard in the
summer. the woman smiled and said ::
ME plant; me no dirt" and looked
longingly at her neighbours poor toma-
to vines in a little by s enclosure at
her front door. where she had brought
in some black dirt from the prairie.
For you must know that there is not
even dirt here. unless brought in from
the swamps, and this sells for four dol
, lars load. Housekeepers might think
this a most desirable place to live,
But sand is quite effective as dirt
to keep housekeepers busy. At this
shack a poor attempt has been made
against flies. Strips of rotten mosqui-
to bar hang at the windows. In this
block the shacks in a group and
set at various angles-an tar pa
pered, or at one time were tar paper
ed. The door used an entrance may
face the street. or be in the rear. or
I at one side All alike-set down In
the sand with little room to breathe
This is a type of home quite COM
mon in Gary-the row. This row is
! off Sixteenth just off Massa chusetts
Each apartment consists of two
rooms renting unfurnished at Sc a
month. picturesque little italian
woman explained 1t to me with many
gestures and much good nature. She
! and her husband and two children live
in two rooms. She said the rent was
| SIS till the street was fixed then SIS
II one wanted more than two rooms
/ why he might rent the two on the
/ other side. At this time family OF
| colored people lived next door to her
! Her baby and their baby played to-
! gether. I saw them both in the same
doorway and 1t was picture. Hel
man worked at night for 81. She
sewed for people, but it was very pool
pay-she was paying for her machine
remarked that her baby was blue
eyed. She said yes; American"
One pump serves for the whole row
The sidewalk is about a foot in from
OF the doorways. Between the side
walk and the street is a five-foot plat
which, instead Of being a grass plot
is filled with sand burrs. The out
house with its compartments Is at on
end of the row. Each family has it
The Lake County times. [volume] (Hammond, Ind.) 1906-1933, 1913-02-28

the future Americans. 1t is our re-
sponsibility to help these people to
from the time they land
upon our shores that the very funda-
mental principle of American life Is
the freedom from class-that there is
no law to prevent a man from the
very lowest point In the scale from
rising to the very highest II he has
within him the ability. The first thing
these people require is a place to go
to--a place to lay their heads Then
to begin with, let us give them decent
homes And having made that be-
ginning. having helped them to see
that America 10 a country OF homes,
we will have gone for toward making
of them what we want them to be-
loyal Americans.
Types of Homes
In considering the housing question
In Lake county l have taken first some
typical homes" from Gary, Hammond
East Chicago and Indiana Harbor-
home sthat illustrate our problem
The first set are Gary No. / and No 2
are two views of a little two-room
black shack about 9 by IS feet, owned
by the French family who occupy 1t.
1t is typical. 1t consists of a frame
boarding. the wohle covered with tar
paper. 1t is very near to the heart of
Gary-just two squares west of
Broadway on Ninth. This is squat
ter family who pay SIS a month rent
for the lot-a sand space and nothing
more. mother. father, and
daughter live In this shack
Gary No. 3 shows the home of an
italian family. 1t is two-ro shack
in the rear of a business building on
Washington and Ninth. In this home
live a mother and father. uncles and
aunts and cousins. all dumped in to-
gether Here again the check is own
ed by the occupants who pay for the
lot and who moved the shack onto the
lot and leaned 1t up against the build :
ing in front. On my first visit the
shack was implanted 1t has not been
given one coat of white paint. which
gives it grayish appearance. The
rent paid for the lot In this instance is
$3.50. 1t must be remembered that
these shacks are situated in practi-
cally the heart of Gary. where sand
flats are valuable. This Tot is the
width of the business house in front
and extends to the alley in the rear
a distance of perhaps twenty feet. Dirt
has fruit wagon which stands al
the back door of the house and from
which they sell fruit They have de-
fed the sanitary officers to the or
dinance requiring them to keep the
/ exposed fruit covered. In this home
a little boy lay sick of typhoid fever
! His bed, or rather cot, was in one OF
| the two rooms above five feet from the
| dining table where the family ate and
| drank. Flies were everywhere. Eff
| forts to get the little boy into the hos.
] pital were in vain. Finally, a very
short time before his death. they tool
| him to Chicago. Here he died. Ty
phofd fever six feet from the dininf
| table, an open window unscreened.
fruit wagon about twenty feet from
| the house where fruit was exposed To-
sale. And Gary ate the fruit!
Gary No. shows another tar name
The Lake County times. [volume] (Hammond, Ind.) 1906-1933, 1913-02-28

know that my Cold Remedy win re-
lieve the head, nose, throat and lungs
almost Immediately. and prevent Pneu-
monia, Bronchitis, Grippe and other dis
eases.
Get Is cent bottle of these little pei
let's today and If you are not perfectly
satisfied with results I Will refund your
money.
If your blood Is impure. or IL you are
constipated, or IL you have Dyspepsia, or
any liver or stomach trouble, don't fail
to use Munyon's Paw-Paw Pills. They
Eelp IN curtnr . cold -EUNToN.
The Lake County times. [volume] (Hammond, Ind.) 1906-1933, 1913-02-28

CONTINUED on page 12.)
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1913-08-31

where lot of birds were kept ranging from fancy ducks
to faningos and pelicans, there lived uncommonly
large male whooping which seemed to exert
strange fascination the lesser wild fowl shut up
with him. They maintained the closest conpanonship
all through the outof- doors season, and when the
whole colony moved into covered quarters for the
winter the keepers did not have to themselves
about Mr.. Whooper: they simply bundled the rest of
the flock into wagon and started it off for the bird
house. letting the big crane go free He made no effort
to get away; but installed himself behind the vehicle
and followed it with stately tread, who should
say, "TheSe my friends you moving. l am
going along for auld lang syne.
The most fatterng of all the attentions shown him
by the teathered community came from beautiful
little demoselle crane, which had evidently fallen in
love with him at their first meeting She would
daily plant herself in front of him and go through all
sorts of coquettsh maneuver staying there for hours
at time. He obviously not insensble to her
attractions; but preserved outward composure
fitting his superior size, and did not allow this men
to be disturbed by any of her violent expressions of
sentiment toward him.
1t became necessary later to divide the colony,
and the whooping crane and his devoted demoisele
separated. Thereupon the big gentleman bird
threw dignity to the winds, and he and his inamo-
spent all their spare time conversing with each
other from opposite ends of the long building where
the cages were. When at last they were brought
together once more their joy almost pathetic to
witness, and Mr. Whooper seemed anxious to make
up for his past GOODNESS by rivaling the demon
strativeness of his little friend.
In the same zoo with these birds was witnessed
platonc attachment between aged and decrept
female camel and young male of her species.
They constantly together, and manifested their
liking for each other in hundred ways. Presently
the poor old female became helpless that she had
to be shot, and the young male disconsolate He
mourned for her almost like human being haunt
ing the places where they had been together, and
calling to her in vain. 1t hard to induce him
to touch food and it was feared for awhile that he
going to pine away and die. These acute
phenomena were not relieved at all for three days,
and disappeared then only by degrees
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1913-08-31

author of 1.-THE Star-Spangled Banner" was born, in
Frederick County, Maryland, and five years after the
breezes from the North had first swept to Southern
patriots "the clash of resounding arms Tin Pat
rick Henrys stately phrase) from the battles of Lex
ington and Concord The child of the Revolutionary
War was the young man in his prime at the climax of
the war of 1Sl2-1S14. His childhood and youth had
passed the English country gentleman's children
brought up; though Keys inseparabe companion in
boyhood was his sister, Attended by servants and
tutors in their sports and walks and rides they roamed
together the the only chldren) the fer
tile valleys and through the mountain forests of the great
domain of three thousand lying either side
of romantic Pipe Creek.
In due the boy became student at ST. Johns
College, at Annapolis, and naturally good Churchman.
He boarded with an arstocratic at Annapolis
instead of at college But he had for intimate
chum among his fellow students the future Chief JUS
tce fancy, and fancy married Key sister; while Key
welded to the belle Of Annapolis granddaughter of
the royal Governor Lloyd with great ceremony in the
mahogany drawing room of the old Lloyd
mansion, still in good preservation and of the colo
NAL show places of Annapolis.
1t is we'll worth while thus to take account of the
social environment of the author of "The StarSpangled
Banner 1t emphasizes the great fact that in every
crisis Of the republic the extremes of the social scale
both highest and lowest, the rich and the poor have
stood shoulder to shoulder His sisters marriage to
fancy (who Chief Justice of the United States
Supreme Court decreed in the bred Scott decision,
that negroes had rights white bound to
respect) brings into high relief Francis Scott Keys
emancipation of his slaves before abolition
agitated; and he the founder of the American
Colonization Society, whose offspring IS the republic OF
Liberia.
But Keys sister gains more hold upon the magma
tion in any effort to picture the personality of the
writer of national song, from the fact that she
the subject of the other poem from his hand that
anything like nearly approaches the true inspiration of
aThe Star Spanged Banner. One searches IN vain the
little book of Keys poems published in 1856, for
third piece worthy to keep them company; the rest of
the four occasional poems had better have been
allowed to remain undiscovered IN the odfashloned
albums" for which they written TO My Sister
is composed of thirteen stanzas dwelling mainly
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1913-08-31

90 far as the world knows, the poet of @The Star
- Spangled Banner" like the author of LA Mar
seillase,' poet of single poem. Baltimore is
taking time by the forelock in preparations for the
enary of the great national anthem, which falls m Sep
TENDER, 1914. Francis Scott Key, the author,
LAWYER and Woodworking one, with posts in the
judiciary and land departments of the United States
government that were sinecures, and IN which he
distinguished himself. Rouget de Isle, when he wrote
the French republics national hymn, was an officer OF
engineers in the army of the Revolution; in peace
composer of music primarily and by profession, rather
than literary man. Here he had an advantage over
Key, writing the music as well as the words OF his I'M
mortal lyric while Keys lines, though equally inspired
had to borrow the tune from old English song
"Anacreon in Heaven"
Both the national anthems written in the field
to speak, not the closet the study at the white
heat of inspiration at effort in single night and
remain they struck out once for ALL burned in
the ghtnngs of great emotions and actual experiences
upon the living hearts and souls of The fact that
Key and De Isle again to any equal height
in artistic achievement proves their inspiration by power
beyond themselves for the supreme moment that came
and the other and both lived nearly through the
first half of the nineteenth century.
1t is matter of great interest and significance, this,
that national songs not made to ORDER that they
@come, just poets born, not made. 1t might al
most be argued that professional poets excluded by
the first and supreme of all laws the mature of things
from the award of such honors as have fallen Key and
De Lise The competition of poets and musicians for
the production of national hymns to share favor with
theirs has ceased from their day to this but Keys
alag is still there, and De Isles strains become
international well national hymn, thrill and
nerve hosts, wherever gathering the world over to
strike down entrenched oppression They achieved the
honor of being suppressed by the last monarchy and
again by the 3cutpurse empire" of France.
really significant thing about the most popular song
in America is that it written by aristocrat born
In the purple-f America be said to have bred
arstocras to purple Francis Scott Key of the
third generation of wealthy landowners of Maryland.
Each successive generation had had its house
a vast estate, with slaves and name.
1t on the estate named Terra Rubra, entaled by
the old English law of primogeniture that the future
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1913-08-31

it up as pet Her experiment succeeded to her entr
satisfaction, and tri1e more; for, after leading tn
life of playful kitten for about year. and endearin
itself to everybody with its amusing tricks, it began t.
betray its heredty by certain pranks that were not
funny, including that of eaping up at the kitchen rang
and making off with the meat that was cooking Their
for the family dinner. When the good housewife
could endure this sort of thing no longer she looked
about for comfortable home for her little ion and the
Washington zoo bought it for three hundred dollars
The then still young and small enough tor
its regular patrons to know all the animals by name
and history, and this acquisition called French, be-
universal favorite. He was jolly and affection
ate, and it great sport to see him and his keeper
rolling and the floor OF his cage locked IN
a mutual embrace, child wreStes with its playtel
low in the nursery. He teachable that his
keeper soon had him jumping through hoop, sitting
up his launches and performing other simple
stunts. Meanwhile, there were animals in the same
house so ugly in temper that they could not be APP
preached except with armed reinforcements at hand
neday Mr. Bailey, long time partner of the imInor-
tai Barnum came that way and saw French, and from
that hour nothing would do but he must own that hon.
The park management at first refused to consider
parting with him. but by and by Mr.. Bailey raised his
bid such figures that seemed unreasonable to hold
out longer view of all that might be done for the
park with so much ready money. After the sale French
was put into the hands of professional trainer who
it is supposed used the customary rough methods IN
handling him. At any rate, French wilted slowly into
spritless and unrespons1ve beast, and died before
filling his allotted term OF years.
~ industry,-some seem born for their work, and
do it better than they do anything else 1t does
not take the animals long to detect the difference
between these and the men who care nothing tor
them. Lions, tigers leopards, purnas and other
creatures of the type, commonly cassed as IN
capable of domestication, have repeatedly shown
themselves friendly and as fond OF being caressed
as any of the domestic animals.
OF all the cat family, though the lion is the ruest.
If he likes you you can trust him; if he doesn't,
if he resens any particular act of yours, he tells you