davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1913-03-23

no authen lie record of its origin, nor is
any reason given in the city's records
for its uss in connection with the Eas-
ter Saturday ceremony. That ii was I'm
existence prior to 14lS is proved by the
fact that one of the recorded penalties
imposed or the Pazzi for their revolt and
conspiracy against the Medici that year
was the forfeiture of all their dignities
and privileges. that of furnishing the
car for the Holy Saturday ceremonies
being expressly enumerated.
This only was conferred on the Guild
of Foreign Wool Merchants, by whom
it was for a time undertaken. When a
few years alter the PaZzI were pardoned
and restored to all their former digni-
ties and Irerogatives that of furnish
ing the and having the last fire
works exploded In front OF their palace
was included among the rest. and until
1855 they continued to see to the pro-
vision and maintenance of the quaint
vehicle.
In that year. however the head of the
house expressed a desire to relinauish
the honor and the responsibility. The
municipal authorities were unwilling that
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1913-03-23

him as "pazzo'' tmad,. and Pazzi the
family has remained ever since.
Another scion of the family was also
prominently identified with the present
annual Easter ceremony of klndling the
holy fire in the city. He was a famous
warrior and of great personal prowess.
and had command of the Tuscan con-
tingent in the crusade of 1855 At the
siege of Jerusalem he was the first to
plant the banner of the cross on the bat
Elements of the holy city. In recognition
of his feat he received from the leader
of the crusade. Godfrey de Bouillon. a
new coat-of-arms. commemorative of the
act. and three pieces of flint from the
holy sepulchre.
On returning to his native city he was
received with great honor and presented
the three flints = small. almond-shaped
stones-to the signori of the city, who
kept them carefully and eventually de-
posted them In the baptistery, with the
order that they be used at every Easter
celebration in kindling the sacred fire.
Preserved in a crimson velvet bag heav-
lily brocaded with gold. they are still to
be seen at the old church.
While the car is unquestionably very
ancient Institution in Florence, there is
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1913-03-23

poultry topics. A native of New York
state lie has spent several years in
the investigation of poultry conditions.
and is regarded as an authority In his
line The first bulletin on the poultry
work at the farm will be issued shortly.
Although the number of breeding birds
varies from time to time, it is kept as
near go as is possible. Only chickens
are raised at the farm at this time. al
though it is probable that ducks. geese.
turkeys and other farmyard denizens
will be introduced.
1t is impossible to get the govern
mcnt experts, at this stage of the
plan. to express a decided preference
for any particular breed of fowl. 1t is
noticeable. however. that white and
barred Plymouth rocks are in the
greatest evidence on the farm, and that
many OF the experiments carried on there
are with these chickens. Close seconds
are the Rhode Island reds and white
Wyandottes. These breeds, with single
comb white and buff Leghorns and buff
Orpingtons, comprise all the breeds used
at the farm. 1t is the opinion of the ex-
perts that i'm these may be found all the
desirable points of fowls, both as ia BILE
birds and egg producers.
Roughly speaking, there are two general
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1913-03-23

The Importance of keeping the moisture
record. both outside and inside the in
cubator by means of the thermograph
is known. and experiments at the farm
have shown, with other things. that
overdampness is fatal to the Matching
quality of the eggs.
Most ofsth houses on the farm are
of the colony portable type. They are
made extremely simple, so that their
models. may be easily copied over the
country. The breeders for the small
chicks, which have been incubator
Matched. are of the ordinary type, and
ara built. to accommodate about fifty
chicks. !. The effect of differing tempera-
lures on the brooder chicks is care
fully noted, as is the effect of different
kinds. and quantities of feed.
There is no attempt at the special
rush" fattening processes used I'm
many places. The farm is unique a
government institution. because no ex-
haustive scientific. erudite study of the
fowl is made, the aim being to get the
most practical. quickest results under
ordinary circumstances. 1t is not a
high brow institution, albeit the most
advanced and scientific methods of
poultry culture are developed and used.
During the last year the work included
Investigation Of the production and
marketing of poultry. in several Of the
middle west states. in connection with
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1913-03-23
A Change of Mind.

MISS HELEN GOULD-now that she
4VA is Mrs. Finley j. Sheppard-inay
sometimes think. perhaps. of an Easter
party that she once gave TO some poor
little girls at her country house at 1r-
yington.
At this rarty Miss Gould showed her
juvenile tests the treasures of her
ho,Ise--her pictures, her tapestries. her
carved Italian chests, her rare books.
She also showed them beautiful statue.
saying:
And here, my dears. is statue OF
Minerva modern French masterpiece.
Was Miperva married?' a little girl
asked.
No. my child" MISS Gould answered.
Minerva was the goddess of wisdom
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1913-03-23
An Easter Hat.

WILLIAM FAVERSHAM was talking
Wv modestly about an article on wom-
ems Easter dress that he had written
IF the article made hit" he said.
lit was because | wrote it calmly, with
out heat or rancor. | didn't treat this I'M
portant subject like Spratt.
..Spratt you know. said To his book
keeper:
MY wife brought home a new Eas-
ter hat last evening-one mass OF yellow
paradise plumes-ninety-seveu plunks.'
"'How'd you like it, asked the book
keeper.
:. Oh: l. just raved over. it.. said
spratt.'
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1913-03-23

church to the humblest village, almost
every community has its own peculiar
customs and forms of ceremony for
Easter. and many of them are intensely
interesting on account of their pictur-
csaue originality and their religious or
historical significance. All, however have
FOR their final object the impression on
the human mind of the significance OF
the event that occurred nearly two thou
sand years ago at Jerusalem, and in some
way they are designed to cmphasiA the
grave importance of the SaviorS sac
ritice on Calvary. All over Italy the GUS
tom prevails of priests going around Las
tertime blessing the houses with holy
water. while the bishops go out in sol
emn procession to bless the bapusmai
fonts.
One of the most interesting ceremonies
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1913-03-23
One of Uncle S@ Latest Projects Chicken c et@vl@

producing an egg during the different
seasons of the year; and 1t is hoped
solve the high cost Of living problem,
at least 50 far as midwinter prices on
eggs are concerned. Ordinary feed is
standard grains-corn, wheat, rye, bar
ley, etc.-the experts in charge refuse
just now to disclose what proportions
are used and the results obtained. wait
ing for little more time in which to
making them public.
In one of the last named six pens:
conditions. naturaiists are greatly in
terested. because of the absence of a
male bird. The quality of the infertile
eggs is excellent and their number Is
as great or greater than those pro-
duced under ordinary conditions of
free range The keeping quality of the
time. Mr. Lamon is now engaged In
sending out thousands of circulars show
ing the desirable features Of the infertiIe
egg over the fertile variety.
than is practical in raising them any
where in this country said Mr. Lamon.
in speaking Of the work Of the farm.
portant things that we can urge is the
production of the infertile egg When
farmers and poultry raisers in general
realize the importance Of this one item
it will mean saving Of nearly $15.o0o.o0O
doesn't it? Well, that is just what the
blood rings as dealers call them. IL
fertile eggs, cost the producers of this
country"
The farm keeps several 1OO-egg to
2OO-egg incubators going all the time,
spring and summer, beginning in Feb
ruary. Mr.. Lamon stated that, SO far
as he has been able to determine. the in
cubator-hatched chick stands just as
good an initial chance TO thrive as the
enc which sees light first from the downy
feathers of its mother. There is no diff
ference in their vitality, as far as he can
see.
A remarkable record was established at
the farm in 1912. when 1000 chickens
were raised from 200 Matched. As
rule. the loss of young chicks-is much
greater than this, 1873 per cent. under
similar conditions Already this spring
several incubators of healthy chicks have
been Matched, the percentage of loss be-
ing very small. This is due to the care
full selection of the best eggs. I'm order
to keep the conditions at the farm nor
NAL with the rest of the country there
has been no mammoth incubator Install
I'd. 1t being thought best to use the same
kind of machines common on the farms
and in the cellars OF the city dwellers
who find 1t possible to raise a few fowls.
Experiences with incubators at the farm
have caused the managers there to issue
& warning to incubator users. This IL to
test the Thermometers. that come with the
machine In practically all the incu-
Lators used It was found that the heat
registering apparatus was off standard
from Il to = degrees. which is fatal to
lie eggs in most cases. Mr.. I.amon is
constantly urging the importance OF
thoroughly testing the thermometers for
accuracy before trusting eggs In the ma
chimes.
The incubator and Matching tests con-
stantly being made are to show the rela-
tive fertility of the eggs OF the various
breeds of fowls. 1t was stated at the
farm that experiments had gone far
enough to show very important results.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1913-03-23

Client PaZZl family, an early member of
which, with great trouble brought from
the holy, seDulcher at Jerusalem to Flor
ence the holy fire with which the camps
in the "duomo' were lighted and which
burn eternally i'm the sanctuary. Previous
to Easter the great cumbrous car framed
with heavy timberS and mounted on four
low massive wheels, which is kept in a
three-story building in the Via del Prato.
purchased by the city for the purpose
and in which all the floors have been re-
moved and the entire front connected into
huge doorway-is redecorated for the
occasion and covered with festoons of
iireworks-squibs. crackers. Roman can
dies. etc, in red. white and greenland
in its festive array makes quite an i'm
posing appearance. In reality, however,
1t is perfect piece of patchwork, each
succeeding years ceremony resulting in
its partial destruction by fire and making
its more or less complete restoration
necessary.
Drawn by four stately white oxen. kept
for this sole purpose on the municipal
farm, with gilded horns and crimson
trappingS, and with attendants equally
gorgeous of apparel, the car moves pom
derOusly from it's winter quarters to Its
appointed station opposite the great doors
of the cathedral. which are thrown wide
open. From a stand erected in front of
the high altar wire is stretched tightly
to the car. and on this is mounted the
en- device, propelled by a concealed mech
aniSm.
After the completion of the ceremonies
connected with the lighting of the Eas-
ter candle at the sacred fire, an immense
crowd being by this time assembled in
the cathedral and on the plaza. at about
II 30 o'clock, the Archbishop of Florence
bcginssthe celebration of the mass which
is timed that when the choir COM
mences to chant the Gloria in Excelsis
Deg" the great bell of the cathedral
sounds the first stroke of noon. This is
the signal for every bell in the many
churches in the city. silent under the
strctest injunction since the preceding
Thursday. to burst into sound, and
throughout the city there prevails an in
descritab BILE clangor.
AS tho first stroke OF the cathedral
bell is heard a member of the POM
pieri, the city firemen, a detachment
of whom has charge of this part of the
ceremony as precaution against ac
cident lights the fuse of the dove with
sacred fire from the altar and sets it
in motion. Trailing a kissing flame. it
glides along the wire down the aisle,
and, If all goes well, plunges into the
waiting car and ignites the fireworks
ion accomplished, the dove returns
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1913-03-23

tival OF the ecclesiastical year. in COM
memoratins as it does the supreme event
in the great tragedy that forms the foun-
dation of the Christian faith, the culmi-
nation OF the divine mission to sinful hui
Inanity. it is only natural that it should
he celebrated with great deal of pomp
and solemnity. although it cannot be de-
MED that in many instances the methods
of celebration the forms and ceremo-
mics, can be traced back to secular and.
in many instances. to pagan sources.
They represent. as matter of fact.
features of old-time faiths and beliefs
that on account of their impressiveness
and the boons they conveyed. the people
were unwilling to abandon. and the early
fathers of the church wisely adopted
them in modified form and adapted them
TO the teachings rs Christianity. As an
instance. may be Gu3DS the attitude OF
St Paul toward tho altar erected by tbs
Greeks to the unknown Cod whose
identity the apostle tactfully connected
with the God whose word ne had come
TO preach.
Italy. perhaps more than any other
country, is the land of elaborate and in
teresting Easter ceremonies. From Rome,
where the presence and participation of
the Supreme Pontiff lend special state
and Importance 10 all affairs OF the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1913-03-23

in connection with. the celebration OF
Easter in Italy is the ''scoppio del caro-
literally, the explosion of the car-which
takes place on tho square in front of the
great Cathedral of Florence Easter Sat
urday of every year.
The ceremony is supposed to he in some
way connected with the CARRYING of the
holy fire from the Church of the Holy
Aposties-one of the oldest in the city
to the cathedral The fire is produced
with the aid of flint and steel the f1ints
used for the purpose having been brought
from the holy sepulcher at Jerusalem
during the crusades and carefully pre-
served and used every year for the same
purpose. in the same church, for upward
of 500 years.
The original car for this ceremony was
furnished by a representative of the an
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1913-03-23

for advancement in their culture. The
clubs have met with marked success
where organized, and have resulted in
gains in the production and handling
of eggs and poultry. The simplest
methods of handling are urged by rep
resentatves of the bureau of animal In
dustry, who make occasional visits to
the clubs.
When the work of the farm has
progressed "A little farther il is the plan
To take mp further work i'm the direction
Of lettering marketing facilities for. the
farmers and poultrymcn generally.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1913-03-23
GOVERNMENT Experts

GOVERNMENT Experts
~ Experimenting With
Raising Of Fowls-To Dupli-
cate as Nearly as Possible
Actual Conditions Under
Which Poultry Culture Is
Carried On in This Country,
and Thereby Be of Aid to
Amateur and Professional
Chicken Raisers-Plans for
the Future-Experiments AL
ready Made.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1913-03-23

the work of the pure food officials of
the states and a number of agricultural
colleges, notably the Agricultural Col
lege of Kansas.
Another line of work that was insti-
tuted by FIR. Lamon and his staff was
the organization last fall of girls poul-
try clubs i'm the various states. These
organiZa items are for the purpose OF
studying The proper handling of eggs.
and then TO put into practice the best
methods o poultry culture, Prizes and
certificates are offered for the best work
with the various breeds of fowls and
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1913-03-23

EXPLOSION of a Car
- Takes Place in Front of
the Great Florence Cathedral.
Italy a Land of Elaborate
and Interesting Easter OBJ
servances = Many Supersti-
tious Beliefs Cherished in
Connection With~the Car
Ceremony Origin of the
Unique Practice.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1913-03-23

III u Il G III customs
and ceremonies al
the Easter season
in every Christian
land present a Sc
RIGS of pictures that
have a fascination
for the student of
history 49, religious
progress apart from
{ h cir picturesque
features. AS to the
most important fes -
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1913-03-23

Uncle
Samuel is a very
busy old gentle
man. with an
eagle eye for all
of his manifold
interests, ne is
finding time just
now to be in
tensely interested
in the success of
m a n V S tt ! n Z
hens, whose fuzzy
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1913-03-23

broodS soon Will be following contented
clucks about a Maryland farm This
farm Is one of Uncle Sans latest prof.
ects, and now. just as amateur as
well as professional chicken raisers
are whetting an appetite for early
frys." he is taking an especial delight
in his model poultry farm.
The farm. or ranch" is near Belts
willie, Nd. and two years ago it's site
was large piece OF raw Maryland woods
Taking this virgin soil the government
experts have literally carved a chicken
ranch from it that not only is attract
ing much attention at home, but is
causing foreign governments to sit up
and take motive. The farm is about
fifteen miles from Washington, a few
miles beyond tho District of Columbia
line, and just beyond the government
aviation school at College Park 1t is
Part of the experimental farm OF the bu-
reau OF animal industry, which contains
41J acres.
But the impression is not to be gained
that the chickens on this ranch are espe-
cialIy pampered or favored. The reverse
is true. and the birds fostered on the new
farm are subjected 10 no small amount
OF "roughing it, The sole aim. accord
ing TO the men in charge. Is 10 duplicate
as nearly as possible the actual cond-
lions under which poultry culture is now
carried on in the United States, and
thereby 10 he of the greatest aid to real
chicken growers. whether experienced or
not.
Considerable of the tract is low and
rather swampy land, although there is
quite enough OF the farm that iy high
for roasting purposes. Their success
causes Ne government experts to say
that th-5 goes to disprove . popular
The Kendrick gazette. [volume] (Kendrick, Idaho) 1892-1968, 1913-10-31
A New Road Material.

With view of obtaining a road sur
face which will give a better resistance
to automobile traffic, experiments are
being made again In France with a
roadbed material consisting of an init
mate mixture of iron straw" or iron
in the shape of wiry or fibrous mass.
such as is commonly used for cleaning
and scraping purposes in this country.
together with cement mortar and sand.
Such material Is called "ferro-cement,"
and 1t appears that tests as to its fit
ness for road surfaces are giving good
results. But the iron is not the usual
kind found in commerce. being prepar-
ed specially for the purpose by suita-
BILE machines of appropriate design. 1t
is claimed that the resulting material
will not be an overexpensive one
Scientific American.
The Kendrick gazette. [volume] (Kendrick, Idaho) 1892-1968, 1913-10-31
Alias Summons

In the District Court, Second
District of the State of Idaho, in
the County of Latah.
PAULINE NORRIS, Plaintiff,
VS..
The Kendrick gazette. [volume] (Kendrick, Idaho) 1892-1968, 1913-10-31

phosphates of lime and magnesia are
rendered less digestible than they are
in raw milk.
Moreover, from meteorological
standpoint, pasteurizing at low temper
atures is found to be more satisfactory
than pasteurizing at high temperatures.
According to bulletins 1876 and 161,
where low temperatures are used the
majority of bacteria that survive are
Tactic acid organisms, which play an
important part in the normal souring
of milk When milk Is efficiently pas
teurized at high temperatures the bac-
terra which survive are largely Of the
putrefactive kinds, and milk so treated,
II kept for any length of time, has a
tendency to rot instead Of sour. From
the standpoint of economy, the tech
nologist of the dairy division finds that
pasteurizing at low temperatures calls
for less heat 1t Is found that 1t takes
about 231a per cent less heat to raise
milk to the temperature Of las degrees
+. than to a temperature Of 165 de-
grees F. A similar gain Is saving OF
Ice needed because It Yill REQUIRE 23H,
The Kendrick gazette. [volume] (Kendrick, Idaho) 1892-1968, 1913-10-31
INDIANA IN THE LEAD.
Hoosier State Has More Miles of I'M
proved Roads Than Any Other.

Rhode Island may have fewer square
miles than any of her sister states;
but, according to the Good Roads Year
Book, she is the only state in the I'm
ion whose improved roads amount to
half of her total roads. Delaware, her
closest rival for smallness, has only 6
per cent of her roads improved. Mas
sachusetts presses her tiny neighbor in
this respect by making a showing of
40 per cent of her roads improved.
Naturally other states try to discount
this primacy of Rhode Island An In
diana journal accounts for it on the
ground that the state is in reality
nothing but Providence and Newport
and their suburbs.
1t then disposes of Massachusetts by
the remark that. except for some hills
through which only state roads run.
that commonwealth is practically one
big town. This process of elimination
leaves Indiana at the top in the per-
centage Of improved roads. But the
Hoosier State already has honor enough
in the fact that it possesses more miles
of improved roads than any other state.
although its $4,000 miles exceed Ohio's
supply of improved highways by only
q few hundred miles. These two states
are far ahead of the rest. Next to
miles; Washington, with $4,000; Wis
consin and Kentucky, with 10000 each.
New York Evening Post