davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1913-02-20

Effect Of Temperature upon growth o.
bacteria. ., A single baetsrlum;
b, lts progeny In twssnty-four hours
In milk kept At 50 degrees F. Is
b%aeteria); c. Its progeny In twenty.
four hours In milk kept at 70 de-
grees T. (75o baetsrla). (From
5uIlentln 2e, storrs (conn.) .Asri-
cultural Experiment station.)
slowly, while at 20 degrees, the ordi-
nary room temperature. the develop
ment is quite rapid. The sooner the milk
can be cooled after milking the better,
as the milk when drawn has a tenn
perature very favorable for the BAG
terra to develop. "A good way to keep
milk cool when ice 10 not to be used
fs to put 1t in a tall can and place
this in well water. II possible let
the water from the pump dow through
the milk cooler before passing to the
trough for the horses and stock.
The importance Of keeping out the
bacteria as much as possible 10 also
very important as the more that ret
into the milk the more rapid viii be
the increase.
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1913-02-20
A ROTATION
Make Provision for Permanent
Fertility Of Soil.
Among Principles to Be Kept In Mind
Are Cultivated Crops, Legumes,
Grass and Provision for Feed
for Live Stock.

(By PROF. R. c. DONEGHUE. Profess
sor Of Farm Crops, North Dakota Ag-
ricultural College.)
The planning OF a complete rota-
ton for any farm consists of the
placing of the crops which give the
greatest net income for the region in
question In such sequence In the
cropping system that the largest net
income for the farm will be obtained.
In order that the system may be per
manent, it is necessary that some pro-
vision be made to maintain the fer
tility Of the soil for. future produc-
tfveness. In planning a rotation the
following principles should be kept
in mind. First, cultivated crops, like
corn and potatoes, clean the land of
weeds, conserve soil water, and i'm
prove physical condition Of the soil.
Second, the legume crops, like clover
and alfalfa, keep down weeds. build
up the organic matter in the soil and
add nitrogen to 1t. Third. grass crops.
Hike timothy and bronze grass, keep
down weeds and build up the organic
matter In the soil, but add no i'm
portant element Of plant food. Fourth.
wheat and barley are relatively weak
feeding crops and should be placed
in the most favorable place in the
rotation. They allow the accumula-
ton Of certain weeds and allow the
soil to get into poor physical condi-
ton. Fifth, oats r ranker feeders
than either barley or wheat. and do
not demand as favorable a place In
the rotation. They allow the accumu-
lation Of weeds and the development
Of poor physical conditions in the
soil. Sixth, fax is a weak feeder and
demands a good place in the rota.
ton. AS q rule 1t does best on sod
and when given this place in the 10.
tation does not seem to injure the
land for small grain production. When
seeded on old land on which a rota.
ton has not been followed, 1t fails to
improve the land for wheat produc.
ton. It should not be seeded twice
In succession on the same land. and
when 1t is grown a period Of seven
or eight years should intervene be.
fore 1t is seeded again. Seventh,
clover does best when seeded with q
nurse crop in, the more humid, Dor.
lions Of the state. Barley or whsas
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1913-02-20

his much Of breaking down Of the
stubble Will cause the winter wheat
b XIII out under severe conditions.
It may be sown In corn fields be-
tween the rows BY using . one-horss
drill. II the corn stalks are left
standing 1t win usually live through
the winter In any part Of the state.
Where corn is cut and the stubble
left short, however. It frequently kills
out.
Even where onsrfourth Of the corr
stalks are left standing too little snow
10 held for the wheat to be carried
through severe winters satisfactorily.
The winter Of 1911 and 1912 was very
hard on winter grain and less than
half Of the winter wheat made q crop
when seeded In corn and all Of the
stalks left standing.
One-horse drills can be had which
viii seed winter wheat In corn ground
very we'll but it Is a allow process
and must be done at a time when la
Dor 10 expensive.
Sowing barley with winter wheat
- q means Of protecting 1t has
proven unsuccessful. The barley willis
down from freezing and affords lit
tie protection.
No. $50 winter rye bred up by this
station Is the hardest and best yield.
ing rye that / have found. Winter
rye has usually survived without any
protection from stubble or other
growth.
The latter part Of August, or, IN the
east part Of the state, September 1 is
generally found to be the best time to
Bow winter wheat and wiAter rye. In
the drer districts earlier seeding
seems to be an advantage, although
u results are not uniform. At the
Williston and Edgeley substations
seeding as early as the middle Of Au-
gust seems to be very satisfactory,
while ut Dickinson earlier seeding
did not do az we'll as that sown the
first part Of September.
In dry seasons winter grain has q
much o difficult time to get
through the winter than when rain
falls m frequent during the fall.
Winter rye win usually go through
the winter without any protection If
sown early. It is commonly safe from
winter killing If sown in corn and the
stalks left standing. The labor OF
seeding 1t in standing corn is heavy
and tedious. No winter grain should
be sown in weedy stubble or where
the ground il not mellow
Sow winter rye at the rate Of six
pecks per ere Sow winter wheat
at the rate Of I'VE pecks per acre, in
the east third Of the state. Further
west lighter seeding may be advis-
able.
Winter wheat is still in the expert.
ment stage. Rye can be sown with
reasonable assurance Of winterfng
through the average winter If given
good conditions.
I wish to call attention to the fact
that there is almost always some vol.
unteer rye the year following the pro.
ductlon of a crop Of 1t on a field
which reduces the value of a wheat
crop produced on it.
II sown to barley the volunteer rye
is of little consequence and the crop
is harvested 80 early as to catch the
rye seed before it can shell upon the
ground a second time.
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1913-02-20

There r no very bad weeds among
the biennials; bull thistle, mullen, bur.
dock ars the most common ones, and
these r easily kept In check.
Tho worst weeds with which We
wdl have to contend are among the
perennials. The quack grass. Canada
thistles, and SOW thistles are multi
pied in two ways: BY the seed and BY
the Underground root stalks.
It = on account of the dimculty OF
killing the underground stems and
he extent to which they are spread by
Flowing. cultivating and narrowing
that thsy become 20 dangerous. The
only way to Kill these weeds IL to
staEve tho underground parts by not
allowing any lsavss to b produced.
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1913-02-20

beeves are lightweight carcaSges, in.
ferior to "Westerners" in form, finish
and quality. usually bruised and show.
ing considerable age, consisting chief
~ Of medium, common, and Gamer
cows and steers. These terms have
much less geographical significance
than formerly In the various live
stock markets.
"Y~earlngs" Z ~carcasses Of young
steers and heifers Of 400 to TOO pounds
dressed weight. with sufficient quality
and finish to be sold ct retail On the
butchers block. Butcher cattle" are
those especially adapted to butcher
shop" trade and consist principally Of
medium to choice heifefs. steeru and
cows. Kosher" cattle are beevess
that have been slaughtered. inspected.
cleansed and labeled In accordance
with Jewish rites, and include medium
to choice steers. cows. and heifers.
"Disttllers" + steers. bulls and stays
that have soft, "washy' flesh and
high color" characteristic Of cattle
fattened on distillery slopA They are
principally Of medium and good.
grades.
shipping beef refers to that seat
to eastern cities and consists chiefly
Of steers. heifers and COWS of medium
to prime grades. Export beef is
made up mainly Of medium to choice
steers. and includes good and choice
heifers. heavy cows. bulls and stagR.
The straight cuts" are loins. ribs,
rounds, chucks. plates. tanks and
shanks.
The grades Of beef cuts are No. /,
No. 3, No. 3. and strippers. The
grade Of a cut depends upon its thick
ness. covering. quality and weight.
Various other Wholesale cuts are
made from the straight cuts, and in
general are graded In . similar man.
ner.
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1913-02-20
KEEPING MILK SWEET
Diagram Shows Effect Of Tenn
perature on Bacteria.
Importance Of Keeping Out Mlnves
Organisms 40 Much % Possible
10 Quite Observation-Disclosures !!
Of Keeping Cool.

(By w. c. PALMER, Agricultural Bdisss.
North Dakota Agricultural Colege.)
Bacteria causes milk to sour TO
keep milk sweet It IL necessary: arst,
to keep out the bacteria as far as pos
sible; and second, to keep the milk
In a condition SO the bacteria cannot
develop. The accompanying diagram
shows the effect Of temperature on the
development Of bacteria. At a, a sin.
gle bacteria is shown. At b, are the
bacteria that had developed from one
single specimen in tw~enty-four hours
when the milk was kept at so degrees.
AT c 1t shows the bacteria that had
DEVELOPED from a single specimen in
t~wepty-four hours when the milk was
kept at 70 degrees. At 80 degrees,
about the temperature of we'll water,
the bacteria develop only very
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1913-02-20

@y q. D.. CHURCHILL. North Dshoea
Agricultural Cotees.)
Weeds may be divided into three
general classes. ANNALS, biennials
and perennials. Each class may be
treated in q certain way and the
method which will exterminate one Of
them will exterminate all Of them.
The annals may be eradicated by
causing the seed to germinate and not
allowing the plants to produce any
moro seed. This may be done in vari-
ways. Summer following. pas
lures. meadows. . good cultivated
crop. etc, II properly handled. win be
elective. Our worst annual weeds are
mustard, wild oats. hnghead. pigeon
grass. wild barley. Tfsnoh weed and
seockls.
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1913-02-20
WHEAT AND RYE:
Fields Are Much Heavier Than
That Of Spring Varieties.
Turkey Red 10 One Of Best Seeds 70
Be Found and Wristbands Severe
Winter Conditions Better
Than Any Other Sort.

by J. H. SHEPHERD. North Dakota Az
ricultural College.)
Fall wheat and fall rye distribute
the work evenly at seeding time.
ut harvest time, and In threshing.
The winter wheat and winter rye can
be threshed before the spring grain
Is ready to cut. Winter grain land
Is then ready to plow during any time
that ear be spared for 1t very early
In the season, which helps the chance
for a crop the following year. They
will keep wild oats and hngshead
down and in this way clean up the
land considerably. Where they are
1t home and do well, the yields Of
winter wheat and winter rye are much
heavier than those Of spring wheat
and spring rye. Their season for NIL
Ing is earlier than the dry weather
and rusting periods commonly occur.
The Turkey Red winter wheat,
which has been grown in the north
west for several years. ID the best
Beed that I have been able to ind.
It is a hard winter wheat in grade.
and withstands winter conditions
here better than any other sort that
['have tested.
Winter wheat must have a snow
covering during the winter to sur
vive.
Where the rainfall Is SUFFICIENT to
start the wheat in stubble land. that
plan Of seeding has brought the larg-
est portion of the winter wheat
through without winter killing of any
plan that I have observed. Stubble
land should be mellow, rich and rea-
sonably clean, however. to be sown
10 winter wheat.
It may be disked very lightly with
the disk set almost straight, but even
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1913-02-20
Ysuaa Frrtt Trees.

Yo1s fruit trees. should b gfvsn
good are from tho start and whom
they have reached early bearing are
they should not be pruned overmuch
but allowed to form their FRUIT baas
nd bsaI.
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1913-02-20
Quality W. Quantity.

Quality W. Quantity.
Overgrown fowls are no better In
any particular than those Of normal
size. The breeding, care and selec-
ton designed for increasing size had
better be devoted to the development
Of laying qualities and table quality
instead of quantity.
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1913-02-20
Prevents Frozen Pipes.

faucet set into the pipe B. and c II q
rod that shuts Of or turns on the
faucet D and extends above the pump
platform Turn this rod on cold nights
and you viii have no frosen pipes.
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1913-02-20
Ample Room for ExI

Ample Room for Expansion.
The imports Of the product Of poul.
try culture into this country from
foreign countries show that the held
still Is open to a large increase Of In
dustry in the United States. and that
the opportunity Is waiting for those
with sagacity and industry enough 70
take advantage Of it.
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1913-02-20
USEFUL DEVICE FOR WINTER
Directions and illustration Given
Herewith Will Prove Of Value 20
Any Formsr.

Here is a device that win drain .
pump to keep it from freezing: A IL
the cylinder Of the pump, B the pipe
from cylinder to pump above. d 10
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1913-02-20
QUESTIONS ANSWERED ~ MEM
BERs OF THE NORTH DAKOTA
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE FAC
ULTY.

Q.-Does it pay to cook feed for
stock?
Ans.-W. B. Richards. professor AMI
NAL Husbandry: It used to be consid-
cred that there was q saving made by
cooking feed for stock. Later, how
ever. experimental work has shown
that 1t does not pay, and that in
many instances the nutrients are rem
dered less digestible when the feeds
r cooked. There is one exception.
potatoes and roots, when fed cooked
Or steamed give better results when
fed to swine.
Q.-How can furniture best be kept
polished?
Ans.-Minna A. Stonner, Dean Home
Home Economics Department: This
depends upon the finish, whether it is
an oil. polish or wax finish. The use
Of the dustless dust cloth aids mate
rally IN preserving the original pol
ish Of the furniture. In case the furni-
ture 10 much soiled, any Of, the good
commercial furniture or wax pQlishes
may be applied az often az necessary.
taking care to follow directions print.
ed on each package concerning the
kind Of finish upon which it Is to be
applied.
Cat what temperature should
o. incubator be kept?
Ans.-O. w. Dynes, head of Poultry
Investigations: Follow the instruc-
lions Of the incubator manufacturer.
In general, a temperature of 102 de-
grees Fahrenheit the first week, 103
degrees F. the second week, and a
gradual rise to 104 degrees F. until
the last day will give ucces
Q.-What are the requirements for
attending Boys and Girls institute?
Ans.-G. w. Randlett, Director Col
lege Extension: The only prerequisite
required by the agricultural college Is
that the boy or girl be q winner in
some form Of industrial contest. All
other matters are left entirely with
the county superintendent Of schools.
That. is. the pupil may win in corn
growing. bread making, butter ma
king. sewing or any such manner.
He Is not necessarily the winner Of
the first prize. It is within the prov
ince of the county superintendent to
pass up a first Or " a second and
send the third q fourth. If local con.
ditions seem to warrant.
SQ.-Can alfalfa hay be fed to hogs?
Ans.-E. ]. Thompson. assistant
professor of Animal Industry: Alfal-
IA hay can be fed to hogs very eco
nomically during winter months. The
usual system Of feeding it is to have
it. we'll cut up and placed in racks so
that the hogs can run to them and
eat when they like. Various shaped
troughs r devised tor this kind Of
feeding. and all are devised to keep
the hay from being soiled and wasted.
Another system used by some feeders
of alfalfa hay Is to cut or grind it
very fine. and. feed it in slop along
with some other feed as the principal
part Of the ration.
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1913-02-20

An ungovernablc boar is most dan,
garous.
The Hope pioneer. [volume] (Hope, N.D.) 1882-1964, 1913-02-20

by PROF. R. c. DoNEGHUE, Profess
sor Of Farm Crops, North Dakota Ag-
,{,,,l+,.,I ro1loro - ss.- .."
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1913-12-06
TWO WOODMEN CAMPS
CHOOSE OFFICERS

Manzana Camp, WCOdmen Of the
World, held an election of officers at
their meeting this week and the fol-
lowing will lead the affairs Of this
order for the coming year.. E O..
Lewis. council commander; E. F. Max
on. adviser; L. A Jackson, inner SEN
tinel; B. Fletcher, outer sentinel; Henry
Long, attendant; G. a. Jackson, clerk;
J. Snider, banker; DR.. W. NJ. Branch
and DR. W R. Weeks, physicians; and
Z. J. BarthOlOmae. manager.
TOrnillo camp, WCOdmen of the
World, elected officers for the com
ing year at their meeting this week
and viii have these installed the first
Tuesday in January. S. A. Vaughan,
past council commander; T. D. Love-
lady, council commander; J. r. Strick-
land, advising lieutenant; l. B. French,
banker; c. c. Kiefer, clerk; L A. Mead
er, escort; s. F. Woodward, Waterman;
A NJ Butler, sentry; H A. BOrcher-
ding, manager.
This camp is preparing a Christmas
social and the following committee
has this in hand; s. A Vaughan, J.
r. Strickland, W. s. Barnes and J. B.
Waller
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1913-12-06
ORDER OF EAGLES
ELECTS OFFICERS

Ell Paso Aerie No. IS of the Fraternal
Order of Eagles held its annual cleo
ton Of officers Wednesday evening in
its lodge room in the Mundy building
on FL PasO street.
There was an unusually large at
tendance of the members. A number
of new applications for membership
were read and referred to the proper
committees on investigation.
The committee on sick members
made a very favorable report show
ing but few members i'll at this time.
The care of the sick is one of the i'm
pOrtant features of the lodge
The officers who will preside over
the destinies of the order for 1914
are
Worthy president, J. Calvin Perry;
worthy vice president W. S. Crawford;
worthy chaplain. ". II. Brophy; sec
rotary, W. A. COpenhaver; treasurer,
Jas s. Corners; inside guard, Parker
Burnham; outside guard, F. J. Viii
Hams; trustee, Zone year term. Roy
N Walker; trustee, 1.-TWO year term,
Henry II. Walker trustee, (three year
term, J. s. ". Doupe; AeFie physician,
DR.. B. f. Clutter.
The installation of officers viii oc-
cur in the early part of January and
the new president will announce later
on his appointments for sergeant at
arms, entertainment committee and
other standing committees
The Eagles are declared to be in a
splendid condition financially and
numerically, and the members predict
]. c. Perry's administration next year.
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1913-12-06

~HE Benevolent and Protective
Order Of EIks, FL PasO lodge No.
4 187, will observe the annual
.Lodge Of Sorrow" Of the order sun
dav afternoon at 5 o'clock with a mem
oriaI service in the First Christian
church, honoring the departed members
of the organization. Those who have
die during the past year are c. H.
Stetter, ". H. Curtis, G. P. Caben, F.
c. Earle, J. B. Freed, ". H. Earle and
William Crosby
The memorial program has been ar
RANGED by J. D. Ponder, ParV1n sW1tIe
and A. 7. Samworth. and will be as
Funeral march, Chopin, Edwin
hnickmeyer-
Opening ceremonies.
The Vacant Chair" quartet
Opening ode, quartet and lodge
Invocation. G. H Higgins
Quartet Hear Ny Prayer, Mrs
Parvin Witte, Mrs ". ". Evans, Par
win Witte NJ H Lemen-
Solo. Ny Redeemer, Ny Lord Dud-
ley Buck. Mrs. W; W Evans ans.
Solo. Consider and Hear Ne" Mrs.
why Art Thy Cast Down" Parvin
FCiogv. grand exalted ruler, Edward
Leach eugene Harris-l
Quartet THE Lost Sheen Jordan.
Duet, Hope Beyond Wife and
Lemen-
Closing ceremonies
DOzolOgy, quartet and audience.
BenedictiOn. Rev. c. l.. OverStreet.
The ushers viii be: Hope Smith,
Charles A Kline, Jack dawson, W. +
B. McSWain and W h Long
Grand Exalted Ruler Here.
Edward Leach, the grand exalted
ruler of the Elks, accompanied BY
Mrs. Leach and grand secretary Fred
c. Robinson arrived in FL PasO Satur-
day morning They were greeted az
the Union station by a delegation OF
local Elzs, with the 18th cavalry band,
and shown the sights Of the city BY
automobile until noon Luncheon was
served them at the Hotel Paso del
NOrte. and the afternoon was spent
in visiting Juarez-
This evening grand exalted ruler
Leach and grand secretary Robinson
will be the guests of honor at a smoker
at the Elks club. Preceding this the
visitors viii be the guests of Mr. and
Wallace at dinner at the Country club
The committee in charge Of the
smoker is composed Of J. F. Dawson,
chairman, n A. Hoffman and +. A
Hewitt
An orchestra of II pieces will be one
of the entertainment features, and
there viii be speeches by W. w. Bird
gers, judge Dan NJ Jackson. c. A.
hlALE anu DLllEAS-
The Reception.
The grand exalted rulers party was
net at the union station by more than
100 members Of 1S7. who escorted the
grand officers to the Elks' club be-
hind the 18th cavalry band-the band
that escorted the president to the in
aUguTstiOn in Washington A recep-
ton committee, composed Of mayor c.
E. Kelly, exalted ruler Clyde Holmes,
George E Wallace, IectUring gnight
E NJ Dickerman, of Tucson, met the
party in the station yards and escorted
them through the double file Of Elks
who wore special badges with the Elks'
emblem and cOlOrs and the word re
ccpuOn' on them. The exalted ruler,
his wife, grand secretary Robinson,
and mayor G z. Kelly rode behind the
band in a limousine to the club, where
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1913-12-06

an informal reception was held at
which all the Elks who participated
in the parade were introduced to the
Srand officers.
Mrs. Leach Given Serape.
After the reception, Mr.. Wallace
made brief address of welcome and
presented Mrs. Leach with the Mexican
S6rape which had been purchased by
the lodge as a souvenir of FL Paso for
her to take back to her home. She
made a clever little speech of accept
ance in which she said that her hUs-
band always did the talking for the
family except at home, but that she
appreciated the beautiful present very
much, and that it would have a place
in her home where the FL Paso lodge
would be most kindly remembered.
After this reception, Mr.. Wallace took
grand exalted ruler Leach and grand
secretary Robinson for an automobile
ride over the city until noon.
Leads Over Half Million EIIzs.
The leader of the 100000 EIks In
1910 herds arrived Saturday morning
over the Santa Fe from La Junta'
Colo.
The exalted ruler and his party left
New York on November p to go to
Denver to ratify that city as the next
convention place where the national
meeting viii be held on July 10 Of next
year. En- route to Denver they Wis
tied many lodges. He will be in
Brooklyn on Dec. . to lay the corner
stone of the S45O,000 building OF the
Brooklyn lodge No. % and viii spend
Christmas at his home in New York.
Mr.. Leach is q wholesale fish merchant
in New York and is q member OF the
famous No 1 lodge.
The exalted ruler is a distinguished
looking man of 48, with gray hair,
strong features and a pleasing person
atty.
1T is a part Of the duties of the
grand exalted ruler to meet the mem
bers of the lodges during his term of
office and it is a pleasant duty" Mr..
Leach said after the reception at the
club. THE weather has been bad in
most of the places we have visited but
in FL Paso both weather and welcome
were great"
The Small Secretary.
Grand secretary Fred Robinson. of
Dubuque, Iowa, received his share of
attention while he was here with the
exalted ruler He is but four feet ten
inches in height and is not at all SEN
sltive about it He has been grand
secretary for the past 10 years and is
known personally to thousands OF
Elks through the country He is a
member Of the Dubuque lodge No. 297
and has had a card in that lodge for
Is years.
E. NJ. Dickerman, grand esteemed
son to meet exalted ruler Leach, is the
master car builder for the Southern
Pacific at Tucson and is one Of the
leading Elks of Arizona. He was
elected at the Rochester convention.
Exalted ruler Leach, Mrs Leach and
grand secretary Robinson viii leave
Sunday morning for San Antonio.