davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Warren sheaf. [volume] (Warren, Marshall County, Minn.) 1880-current, 1913-01-09
LARGE COAL MINES

There are 735 coal mines in the
United States which are producing
more than 100000 short tons of coal
each annually. In 1911, according to
a statement by Edward w. Parker,
the coal statistician of the United
States Geological Survey, 269 bitumin-
GUS mines and 16S anthracite mines in
Pennsylvania produced in excess of
this amount. The average production
of these Pennsylvania bituminous
mines was 321,773 tons and of the an
thracite mines 444,697 tons. The larg-
est anthracite mines had production
of 1,02O,420 long tons (1,142,S70 short
tons). The largest bituminous pro-
duction from one mine Ia Pennsylva-
MIA operation) was 1,285,482 short
tons. Thirty anthracite mines pro-
duced over half million tons each.
Illinois was second to Pennsylvania in
large mines, having % mines which
produced more than 100000 tons;
West Virginia was third, with SO; and
Ohio fourth, with 3S. The total pro-
duction of these 735 first-class mines
was 253,459,63 tons, or 51.7 per cent
of the total production of the country.
Warren sheaf. [volume] (Warren, Marshall County, Minn.) 1880-current, 1913-01-09
Pixies PEAK NOT THE HIGHEST

What is the highest mountain in
Colorado? "Pikes Peak" nineteen per-
sons out of twenty will answer, and
incorrectly. The twentieth may know
that the two highest mountains in the
State are Mount Massive and Mount
Elbert, both in Lake County, in the
Leadville district. The altitude Of
each of these mountains, according to
the United States Geological Survey,
is 14,4O2 feet above sea level. The
height of Pixies Peak is 14,10S feet.
Moreover, there are fifty or sixty 9th
er peaks in Colorado approximately
as high over $4,000 feet. The lowest
point in Colorado is 1880 feet above
sea level. OF all the States, Colorado
has the highest average altitude, esti-
mated by the Geological Survey at
$500 feet.
Although not the highest mountain,
Pixies Peak is probably the best
,known peak in the United States
There was at one time Weather Blu
|reau station on it's summit, and it now
has a substantial railway station at
the terminus of the highest railway
line in North America. It can also
be reached by an excellent Wagon
road and trail which connect the sum
nit with Colorado Springs.
Warren sheaf. [volume] (Warren, Marshall County, Minn.) 1880-current, 1913-01-09

AS this Northwestern Minnesota
country is being built up and made in
to the finest farming section of Mime
sofa, the greatest interest is shown by
the farmers in planning their home
and farm improvements. Where shall
the new barn be located? How shall
/ build it? Shall build silo? How
can perfect the drainage on my
farm? These questions will be ans
wered at the Farmers Short Course,
Feb. 1921, at the Agricultural School
Crookston. Lessons in making con-
crete and in running gasoline engines
will be given by experts along that
line. The state provides this instruc.
ton for you. Address the school for a
catalog of the Short Course.
Warren sheaf. [volume] (Warren, Marshall County, Minn.) 1880-current, 1913-01-09
A LOCAL MANS DEVICE

Axel Nordgren, a brother of Misses
Albertina and Mollie Nordgren, of this
city, has obtained a patent on an ex-
pansion die that will prove useful. Mr..
Nordgren now lives at Moorhead and
is known as skillful mechanic Those
who have seen his invention claim
that it is very useful and will be in
great demand by engineers. Mr.. Nord-
gren will no doubt obtain a large sum
of money for his device by selling the
patent to some large manufacturing
concern.
Warren sheaf. [volume] (Warren, Marshall County, Minn.) 1880-current, 1913-01-09
LoANING ON FARMS
New Field Of Investment for Surplus
is Recommended to the Modern
Woodmen. @

There is a movement under way in
the Modern Woodmen of America to
secure the investment of part of the
Society's surplus of over $9,00O,0OO in
farm mortgages. Heretofore, the Soci-
ETY. has not invested in this class Of
securities. The demand for such in
yestment comes largely from the
membership engaged in agriculture
west of the Missouri river. The claim
is. that the Society by investing the
surplus, or large part of it, in farm
mortgages would benefit it's own mem
bers and at the same time increase it's
interest earnings. Under existing by
laws the Society is required to invest
its benefit fund surplus in legally is
sued United States, state, county,
township, municipal OF. school bonds.
Warren sheaf. [volume] (Warren, Marshall County, Minn.) 1880-current, 1913-01-09
80 BUSHEL FLAX
TO THE ACRE
THAT is WHAT e. EDMAN, NEAR
s ALVARADo RAISED LAST SEA-
SON ON CORN GROUND

Ye editor and his wife had an en-
joyable visit last Friday with the E.
Edman family, north of Alvarado.
This interesting family CAME from H.
linois four or five years ago and are
a valuable acquisition to the commu-
nifty from material as we'll as social
point Of view. If We remember right
ly, there are eleven children in the ia
mily, all of them bright, we'll educated
and musically inclined. Some of the
boys, now tall and handsome young
men, have taken courses at the State
Agricultural College at st. Anthony
Park, and one daughter, Miss Ella Ed
man, is a school teacher. Both Mr..
and Mrs. Edman are intelligent and
practical people and are not sorry
that they came to Marshall county to
make their home. Mr.. Edman is a
progressive, up-to-date farmer and an
enthusiastic advocate of diversified
farming. Every year since he came
here he has raised corn with SUCCESS.
Even in that very dry year when hay
was so scarce, the fodder from his
corn gave him abundant feed for his
stock. BY growing corn and clover
keeping stock and thorough cultiva-
ton, it is possible to maintain the fer
tility Of the soil and raise good crops.
Last season Mr.. Edlnan raised 80 bu-
shells of flax per acre on field where
corn had been grown the year before.
This shows that by the application of
correct methods of farming, Marshall
county soil is capable of enormous
yields. Mr.. Edman also believes in
keeping good stock on the farm, and
has added some pure bred sires, with
a view Of improving his cattle and
horses. A farmer with such progress
rstve ideas is worth much to a commu-
nifty. Recently Mr.. Edman has pur-
chased the fine, F. w. Carlton farm
containing 400 fertile acres on Lower
Snake and will farm that together
with the farm they have owned since
coming here, the old Sundin farm.
Warren sheaf. [volume] (Warren, Marshall County, Minn.) 1880-current, 1913-01-09
ENTERTAINED Mr.. AND MRS
CLAUDE MAPPS

Mr.. and Mrs. Marshall entertained
twenty at dinner on New Years day,
in honor of Mr.. and Mrs. Claude
Mapps, who arrived in Warren on
Christmas day, to make their future
home just east of town. Those pres
ent were, Mr.. and Mrs. c. A. Maps
Mr.. and Mrs. A. J. Cleveland and ia
mily, Mr.. and Mrs. Torgerson and ia
mily, Mr.. and Mrs. j. w. Mapps and
family and Messrs. Ole and Abe Tor
gerson.
Warren sheaf. [volume] (Warren, Marshall County, Minn.) 1880-current, 1913-01-09

Sons, daughters, teachers and stu
dents, who spent Christmas visiting
their old homes or with friends, have
now mostly departed for their respec-
tive spheres Of labor, and our own
schools and North Star College have
resumed their work, hence the town
is again assuming it's natural state
once more. Warren certainly has 9
lot Of young people going to school OF
teaching school in distant towns, and
their coming home or goin gaway il
felt in the life Of the city.
Warren sheaf. [volume] (Warren, Marshall County, Minn.) 1880-current, 1913-01-09
.su YER WEDDING !.
celebrated FRIDAY
.MR .SAND MRS. FRED S PETERSON
NEAR ALvARADo, WE'RE PLEAS.
AETLY SURPRISED ON 25TH
Il MARRIAGE ANNIVERSARY

t,n.January 3, 1883, Fred S. Peter.
snnst;lnd Miss Thildi Anderson were
married at Warren by Rev W. T. Nc.
Altlrtler, then the pastor Of the Pres
ryreg;nn church. Last Friday was the
25th anniversary Of that important
event in their lives anl in memory
t.leiief their friends and neighbors
lisauanged a pleasAn. surprise in
thets honor. Assembling at / 80 in
the sSaf f..srnoon at the home Of Peter
Pcaks;rom, neighbor, all started in
a holy for the beautiful and comfort
ahips noi:e OF the brile anil groom,
Who We're almost dumbfounded when
they heheld the familiar faces of their
frien,ls as they filed in thru the door.
When all had entered, j. P. Mattson
arose and explained the meaning OF
the intrusion, and OH behalf of the
friends and neighbors, extended to
Mr.. and Mrs. Peterson hearty congrat-
ulaIions on their silver wedding. He
also presented to them as mementos
o. the occasion beautiful silver tea
set.the gift of their friends, and evi.
dences Of their good will and esteem.
Profs a. ". Knock OF North Star Col
iegeS also made hne congratulatory
speech. Afterwards dainty refresh
ments We're served by the ladies of
the party. The remainder of the af,
ternpon was pleasantly spent in talk
ing over old times and listening to vo.
cal and instrumental music furnished
by the Misses Peterson and the young
people OF the neighborhood.
Mr. and Mrs. Peterson began their
welded life 8 years ago at Lower
Snake spOoE people, but possessed
OF conr, ftrorg and willing arms
aslsd ~ ess,d. = Their Industry atid
thrift has been rewarded and they
Warren sheaf. [volume] (Warren, Marshall County, Minn.) 1880-current, 1913-01-09
WARREN GETS
ENGINEERING SCHOOL
WILL BE HELD FROM FEB. "a TO
MARCH HUNDREDS WANT TO
TAKE THE COURSE

We are authorized TO announce that
school of traction engineering will
be held at the Warren Machine and
Iron Works in this city commencing
Feb. "a and continuing until March 4.
competent men will be on hand to
give practical instruction about every
thlng pertaining to gas tractors. A
young man who expects to make farm
ing his business cannot spend week
or two more profitably than by attend
ing this school. as traction engines
are coming more and more into use on
the farms. A large attendance NAV
therefore be expected.
Warren sheaf. [volume] (Warren, Marshall County, Minn.) 1880-current, 1913-01-09
sHEAF is THE OFFICIAL COUNTY
PAPER

At the meeting of the County Board
the Sheaf was designated as the Of
fetal paper OF Marshall county for the
present year. In this paper therefor
will be published the financial state
ment, delinquent tax list, proceedings
Of the county board, school and ditch
notices, and all other publications
that may be required to be done.
Warren sheaf. [volume] (Warren, Marshall County, Minn.) 1880-current, 1913-01-09
|. 8. 8. &. INSTALL OFFICERS

Six new members were initiated and
the following officers installed at the
meeting Of the l. o. O. F. last week. !.
Edwin johnson, N. G.; Hjalmar .Skog-
lund, v. G.; Fred Swanson, R. S.; Aug.
IA. johnson, F. S.; w. H. Dixon, Treas.
Iurer.
Warren sheaf. [volume] (Warren, Marshall County, Minn.) 1880-current, 1913-01-09
ELIAS DAY is COMING

Elias Day, the great characterist,
will give an entertainment in Warren
next Saturday, Jan. IL. This is one
of the numbers of our entertainment
course, hence should not be missed by
anyone. Come and close a busy week
by an evening of genuine enjoyment.
Remember the date, Jan. II.
Warren sheaf. [volume] (Warren, Marshall County, Minn.) 1880-current, 1913-01-09
PLEASANTLY SURPRISED

Axel Nordstrom and wife were
pleasantly surprised last Thursday
evening at their rooms in the Berget
block, by number Of their friends,
who left silver carving set and a
gold piece as mentos Of their visit.
Warren sheaf. [volume] (Warren, Marshall County, Minn.) 1880-current, 1913-01-09

Judge Grindeland is expected home
from the cities next week.
Miss Sevey, teacher in the Thiet
River Falls schools, visited with
Misses synneva and Clarice Grinde-
land last Saturday and leaving with
them for that city in the evening.
Warren sheaf. [volume] (Warren, Marshall County, Minn.) 1880-current, 1913-01-09
NORTH STAR COLLEGE NOTES !.
4 z n n -

NORTH STAR COLLEGE NOTES
Tuesday of this week was enroll
ment day at the college. Many of the
OLD students were ready to arrange
Tor the new terms work, but there
were a number who were not so
prompt. A large number of new stu
dents have also arrived, especially
those who were interested in the
three months' winter term. The fol-
lowing is partial list of places that
have representatives at college: War
rem, March, Alvarado, Oslo, Norton, N.
d., East Grand Forks, Drayton, N. D..
Viking, Thief River Falls, Wylie.
Princeton, Bronson, Newfolden, Ian
caster, Hallock, Kennedy, Argyle, Big
Woods, Angus, Tabor, Foldahl, winni-
peg.
The large chorus OF mixed voices
that was organized shortly before
Christmas will meet for the first prac-
tice next Monday evening at O'Clock,
at the college building. All who are
q interest tet.sia sss'od singing are urged
to be present. The different church
choirs of the city are especially urged
to come. The committee on music
has decided that the sacred cantata.
Faith and Praise be chosen. The
selection is of medium difficulty and
is very pretty. The intention is that
this is to be rendered some time near
Easter.
Oscar A. Swanson of Thief River
Falls, who last year attended at the
Commercial normal, has returned to
N. S. c. to join the graduating class.
Ellen Pearson who graduated from
the stenographic course two years
ago, has returned to take up a book
keeping course.
Electric lights have now been in,
stalled in all the principal rooms at
the college. Very handsome and SER
viceable fixtures have been chosen.
Prof. A. w. Knock returned from
Alvarado last Monday where he has
conducted church services during the
holidays. ..--..
A class in agriculture has been or
ganized. Some interesting work will
be given. We should like to see a
good sized class.
Our janitor, Mr.. Algot Johnson, is
building very fine cabinet in the
Domestic Economy room.
Two more new typewriters have
been added to the equipment at the
college.
The College Library is rapidly be-
ing put in order There is already
large assortment of books. Further
donations are gladly received, one
book or dozen.
The art room is now in readiness
for work, and We should like to have
good enrolment in the china paint
ing class. The work will be given
Wednesday and Saturday afternoons.
Miss Jennie Magnusson who has Wis
tied with her sister, Mrs. o. E. Abra
hanson, returned to Minneapolis last
Saturday to resume her school room
duties.
i The college quartette will in the
near future give number of concerts
in the neighboring towns. Societies OF
churches desiring concerts or assist
ance from the quartette or from indi
viduals may address Pres. o. E. Abra
hanson for information. The mem
} bers Of the quartette are with one OK
ception the same as last year.
Judge Grindeland is expected homa
from the cities next week.
! Miss Sevey, a teacher in the THE
+ River Falls schools, visited witt
The Pickens sentinel. (Pickens, S.C.) 1911-2016, 1913-01-23
FEEL RIGHT
ALL THE TINE
Don't Let Periodical Spells of
Lazy Fever Ruin Your Temper
and Spoil Your Work.

If your LIVER does.t behave right all
the time-if it sometimes stops working
and you become bilious and "heaeachy7
don't take calomel. bat try Dodson's
Liver Tone.
You are safe on taking Dodson's Liver
Tore. It's harmless, pleasant vege-
table remedy that starts the liver with
out stirring up your whole system as
calomel often does. 1t is especially
good TO-. children who need liver tonic
once in a while, but who should not be
dosed with strong drugs. Dodson'sLiv-
er Tone is sold by Pickens Drug Co.
This store guarantee it with a clean open
and shut guarantee-your money baca
with smile if it fails to satisfy. Price
SOC bottle, and your money is as safe as
if you had it in your pocket. 1t you
need the meoicine you need it badl.e-if
it doesn't satisfy you-your money back.
Buy a bottle from Pickens Drug Co, to-
day under this guarantee.
The Pickens sentinel. (Pickens, S.C.) 1911-2016, 1913-01-23
r. G. Gaines, of Central was
in Pickens last week on business.

r. G. Gaines, of Central was
in Pickens last week on business.
Hon. Mathew Hendricks OF
Pumpkintown. who has oeen
sick for several weeks IS re-
covering,
Married by J. B. Newberry
at his residence, Jan. 19. 1913,
Miss Addie Mckee and Frank
Oliver of Central
Married by J. B. Newberry
Jan. 19, 1913, Miss Bertha j.
Heaton and James P. Williams
of Pickens route 4.
Rev. J. G. Bailey filled his
regular appointment in the
Presbyterian church here sun
day afternoon. His text was
The Creation, and those who
heard the sermon got some new
thoughts on this subject. Those
who were not present missed a
great pleasure and benefit.
The Pickens sentinel. (Pickens, S.C.) 1911-2016, 1913-01-23
HOW TO RESIST
Chronic Coughs and Colds.

Strong. vigorous men and women
hardly ever catch cold; it's only when
the system is run down and vitality
low that colds and coughs get a foot
hold.
Now isn't it reasonable that the
right way to cure cough is to build
up your strength again?
Mrs. Olivia Parham, Of East Dur
ham. n. c., says: y took Vinol for a
chronic cough which mad lasted two
wears, and the cough not only disap-
peared, but it built up my strength
as we'll"
The reason Vinol is so eficacious IN
such cases is because it contains IN a
delicious concentrated form all the
medicinal curative elements OF cod
liver oil, with tonic, blood-bullclng
iron added.
Chronic coughs and colds yield to
yipol because it builds up the weak
ened, rundown system.
You can get your money back any
time if Vinol does not Go all we say
Pickens Drug--Co., Pickens, 5. c.
The Pickens sentinel. (Pickens, S.C.) 1911-2016, 1913-01-23

Rev, David NJ. Ramsay, ores
ident of Greenville Female Col-
lege, last Sunday in the Pickens
Baptist church, to large congre-
cations. preached two great ser
mons. Noted for being eloquent,
clear, logical and instructive,
DR.. Ramsay is among the ablest
ministers that ever preached in
Pickens.
The Pickens sentinel. (Pickens, S.C.) 1911-2016, 1913-01-23
Notice.

Golden Creek Baptist church
met Saturday, January 4th,
1913, and with an act of the
body in legal conference revised
the church roll and all the mem
bers who were not taking an
active part and living up to
their duty was placed on a drop
list and all who are fearing God
and trusting in him may come
and make satisfactory arrange
ment with the church and re-
tain their membership. The
number on the drop list was 56
which leaves 81.
Rev. B. G.. Atkinson, Mod.
Y. NJ. Nations, G.. G..
The Pickens sentinel. (Pickens, S.C.) 1911-2016, 1913-01-23

The infant child of Mr.. and
Mrs. Richard BYars died on the
18th inst. and was buried the day
following at the cemetery here.
Mr.. Byars himself has been
sick 10 days from a severe case
of grip.
The Pickens sentinel. (Pickens, S.C.) 1911-2016, 1913-01-23

Married on Sunday evening
at 3 o'clock, the 10Th of January
at the residence of the officiat-
ing minister, W. G. Seaborn,
Mr.. Mack Stewart, of Liberty
route 3, to Miss Edna Clardy,
of Central route 3.
The Pickens sentinel. (Pickens, S.C.) 1911-2016, 1913-01-23

Mrs. w. E. Robinson was
brought from Liberty last week
and is now with her mother,
Mrs. K. l.. Cureton. She has
been in i'll health for some time
and physicians thought the
change would be beneficial.
The Pickens sentinel. (Pickens, S.C.) 1911-2016, 1913-01-23

A. J. Boggs is having the old
Richey house remodeled. After
it is completed he and his fam
lily will occupy it, and from the
present outlook they will have
one of the prettiest homes in
the city.
The Pickens sentinel. (Pickens, S.C.) 1911-2016, 1913-01-23

A. A. Adams, who has been
living in Anderson county for
some time past. has moved with
his family to Pickens route l..
Mr.. Adams began his stay here
right by subscribing to The
Sentinel.
The Pickens sentinel. (Pickens, S.C.) 1911-2016, 1913-01-23

Buy your frost proof cabbage
plants from +. S. CANNON,
Meggets, S, C. 1000 to 1000
at sl,25. 5000 to 5000 at s1.00.
10000 to Is, 900 at soc. Special
prices on larger orders and salts
faction guaranteed.
The Pickens sentinel. (Pickens, S.C.) 1911-2016, 1913-01-23

Mr.. Isaac O'Shields, of Dacus,
Vile, was a business visitor to
the county seat last week. He
has been a subscriber to The
Sentinel about 25 years and we
were glad to have him call on
US while here.
The Pickens sentinel. (Pickens, S.C.) 1911-2016, 1913-01-23

Carlisle Newton and wife OF
Beverly section, had born unto
them a fine son on the Sth inst.
The people in the Piedmont dis
trict of South Carolina are op-
posed to foreign immigration.
The Pickens sentinel. (Pickens, S.C.) 1911-2016, 1913-01-23

Clayton and Carlisle Newton,
this week visited the former S
father at Pendleton, who re-
Gently had a stroke OF paralysis.
He is improving slowly.
The Pickens sentinel. (Pickens, S.C.) 1911-2016, 1913-01-23

Miss Gussie Cureton is at
home for a few days attending
her sister, Miss Carrie Robinson,
of Liberty. We are glad to say
that Mrs. Robinson is some bet
The Pickens sentinel. (Pickens, S.C.) 1911-2016, 1913-01-23

Occasionally a bale of cotton
is brought to town and sold, but
not often. The crop of last
year has about all been market
cd
The Pickens sentinel. (Pickens, S.C.) 1911-2016, 1913-01-23
For Sale

The T. J. Robinson place one
mile south of Pickens. 81 acres.
Well improved. Apply to Jno.
T. Harris.
The Pickens sentinel. (Pickens, S.C.) 1911-2016, 1913-01-23

Johnnie Joe McFall, who has
been at home for some time on
account of illness, returned tc
school Monday morning.
The Pickens sentinel. (Pickens, S.C.) 1911-2016, 1913-01-23

William Clayton, an exten-
siye and successful farmer OF
the Central section, was in
Pickens last week on business.
The Pickens sentinel. (Pickens, S.C.) 1911-2016, 1913-01-23

The numerous friends of Mrs
n. E. Thornley, will be pleased
to know that she is able to be
up again.
The Pickens sentinel. (Pickens, S.C.) 1911-2016, 1913-01-23

Messrs. B. H. Johnson and
Simmons of Central were visi-
to-s in Pickens Tuesday.
The Pickens sentinel. (Pickens, S.C.) 1911-2016, 1913-01-23

J. E. Gillespie, q good citizen
who lives on Pic!Sens route 2,
was a business visitor it town
Tuesday.
The Pickens sentinel. (Pickens, S.C.) 1911-2016, 1913-01-23

Born on the 10Th inst to Bar
ton NeaIey and wife a IA 10.
son. He is not quite large
enough to plow.
The Pickens sentinel. (Pickens, S.C.) 1911-2016, 1913-01-23

Messrs. Melvin Holder and
John Hendricks have bought
the Grandy mill, at the Holder
Ford. Mr.. Harris is the miller.
The Pickens sentinel. (Pickens, S.C.) 1911-2016, 1913-01-23

Tho holiday season is now over We wish to thank every
person is the county for past favors We have had most
business for 1912 and feel confident that we
much better shape you in the future than we nave oee
in the past.
Remember we carry GOOD line Hardware and farming
implements Look at our Perfection pow stock they save you
labor We also have the Perfection stock complete with turner's
We call them we guarantee one OF these stocks TO
give satisfaction We carry the VIM Ohver improved @
lo co This being the best turn pow the market for the
money Come let US show you Disc harrow the Waiter A.
Wood the best that has been in our section Al grades OF
Roofing best Rubber Roofing price Sl60 per So iou are gong
TO need Back Bands Traces Collars Collar pads Pows Pow
+oclc ,oo and doube lines Harness of all kinds And you
are going to buy good Myers Pump for your we'll and take SO
much labor off the House Keeper We have them from SIX
dollars up Come and let us show you this line
The Pickens sentinel. (Pickens, S.C.) 1911-2016, 1913-01-23

Mr.. and Mrs. A. K. Edens, OF
Pickens route 4, were in town
last Friday shopping.
The Pickens sentinel. (Pickens, S.C.) 1911-2016, 1913-01-23

Miss Fay Twitty of Gaines
vile, 'sa., is the attractive guest
of Mrs. Bruce Hagood.
The Pickens sentinel. (Pickens, S.C.) 1911-2016, 1913-01-23

Miss Eva Christopher is in
Pickens again after spending a
very pleasant time with friends
in Easley.
The Pickens sentinel. (Pickens, S.C.) 1911-2016, 1913-01-23

A few of the young people
enjoyed a dance in the hall last
Friday evening.
The Pickens sentinel. (Pickens, S.C.) 1911-2016, 1913-01-23

Miss Florence Bowen has re-
turned home after a very pleas
ant visit to Liberty.
The Pickens sentinel. (Pickens, S.C.) 1911-2016, 1913-01-23

Miss Floride Carey is spend
ing a very pleasant time with
friends in Georgia.