davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Detroit times., 1913-10-23
TAKE REMNANT FROM
THE CHARLESTON CLUB

CHARLESTON, w Va, Oct. %
The Charleston team OF the Ohio state
league was expected today to accept
the ruling of the league heads and
relinquish claims 10 tho cham.
pionship. Charleston led Chillicothe
by several points until the directors
refused to allow two seven-inning
games won from the Evansville. KY,
team, on single day. Their action
put Chillicothe ahead.
The Detroit times., 1913-10-23
PRINCETON CREW GETS
IT'S FINISHING TOUCHES

PRINCETON, n. j., Oct. 23.-The
Princeton crew which will meet Yale
in the mile and five-eighths race here
Saturday. put the finishing touches
on its work today. Dr. Spaeth, coach.
said he was well satisfied with the
time trial OF yesterday. The Yale
eight was due to arrive here today.
The Blue oarsmen will have two days
practice on Carnegie lake before the
race.
The crew will be made up as fol-
lows:
Croker. stroke; Titus, No. Z; Fitz-
patrick, No. 6; Woodruff. No. 5; Ropp,
No. 4: Capt. Denegre. No. 8. Rodgers,
No. 3. Low. bow; More, coxswain.
The Detroit times., 1913-10-23
MAY MATCH AID WOLGAST
WITH RICHIE OR CROSS

NEW YORK, Oct 23.--Ad Wolgast,
former lightweight champion, may
be matched for 10-round bout here
with the winner Of the Ritchie-C Cross
fight. Wolgast telegraphed Billy Glib.
son that he would meet either Richie
or Cross at any weight. AID said he
had not suffered a broken rib. as re-
ported, and would be ready to fight
within three weeks. Both Richie and
Cross said they were willing to meet
Wolgast.
The Detroit times., 1913-10-23
MATCH FRED WELSH
and EDDIE MURPHY
Fighters Agree to Make 135-lbs.
At 3 O'Clock on November 10,
At KenOSha

CHICAGO. Oct. 23.-Managers for
Freddie Welsh, English lightweight,
and Eddie Murphy, of Boston. were
expected to post forfeits here today
for l0-round bout before the Keno
sha, Wis, Athletic club on Nov. 10,
tentative agreement having been
reached The fighters agreed II
make 1875 pounds at o'clock.
The Detroit times., 1913-10-23
TIGERS TRAINING CAMP
HAS WINTER BASEBALL

GULFPORT. La. Oct. 23.-The
training camp OF the Detroit Tigers
is taking baseball early this season.
Gulfport has entered the winter
league and will play games this win
ter with New Orleans teams. One OF
the clubs, the Gas Lights, was the
one on which Sam Crawford played
last winter and spring before signing
up with the Tigers.
The Detroit times., 1913-10-23
KAHLER WILL MARRY
A BANKERS DAUGHTER

ATHENS, o., Oct. 23.-George r.
Kahler, Of the Maps pitching staff
will be numbered among the bene-
diets when the Maps go south next
spring. II was announced here To-
day that Kahler will marry Miss Vir-
gene w. Henry, daughter Of promi-
nent banker. on Nov. 5.
The Detroit times., 1913-10-23

Is more OF pleasant diversion than
the balk-line, which Is the slower and
more tedious Of the two. In the three
cushion game only the most expert
players can make more than a few
billiards in succession. This gives
both players a chance TO be in action
at short intervals. while in the balk
line game sometimes one player is
watching for many minutes while his
opponent runs up point after point.
A three-cushion billiard league,
which will conduct tournament this
year. has been organized for the pur-
pose OF boosting the game. VIM.
Sweeney, of Detroit, is the president
OF the league and Martin Maley is the
player entered. The other cities in
the organization are Chicago, St
ouis, Cleveland, Buffalo, indianapolis,
Milwaukee and Pittsburgh. The first
game here is scheduled for Dec. g.,
when Maley meets Charles McCourt,
OF Pittsburgh
championship emblem and $40O
will be awarded the winner OF the
tourney. with $3.50 for second prize
and $3.50 for third prize.
The Detroit times., 1913-10-23
MCOORTY TO BOX
AT WINDSOR NOV.l9
Will Meet Some Boy to Be Pick
ed Yet-MOrrOw is the Like
ly Choice

Eddie McGoorty, middleweight. has
been engaged to meet some boy who
has not yet been provided at the
Windsor ring Nov. 10. His probable
opponent is Howard Morrow. Man.
ager Glassco Is now trying to get Nor
row to accept terms.
Next weeks card will see Paul
Sikora in action against Tommy Kill
tane. OF Cleveland. Lew Glowney
and Buck Hayes will furnish the semi
finals.
The Detroit times., 1913-10-23
SULLIVAN MAKES GOOD
SHOWING WITH CHRISTIE

POND DU LAC, Wis. Oct. %
Jack (-Twin') Sullivan was credited
TO-DAY with having made splendid
showing In his mill here last night
with Gus Christie. Of Milwaukee,
though Christie won the decision.
t1Du1llvan started poorly, but improved
lathe late rounds.
The Detroit times., 1913-10-23

Mass, Oct. 23.-Capt.
0GoreP, Of Harvard. will appear
- fue the Crimson In the game
- Pennsylvania. Saturday, and
pGotab1y continue, 1T that posi-
(1nUoohout the season. Gilman
- poayed Ut left tackle. The
~ ~ worked out in the effort
-. 0cnDhoo 70 get more weight
1 ~, and they are confident
~ develop into one OF the
49, q the game.
oDIUo1. n. J.. Oct. 23.--Se
49, ~ probably 10 ordered
o.ooooo coaches Tor the ~
The Detroit times., 1913-10-23
Three Cushion Billiards Crowds
Out the Balk-Line STYLE of Game

Three-cushion billiards has almost
replaced the balk-line game in popu-
larity in Detroit, according to the
statements OF billiard room keepers
of the city. The three-cushion game
The Detroit times., 1913-10-23

Will start Saturday from Fort shcri-
dan, H. Lieut.. Col. Mason NJ Pat
rick. United States corps OF cngi-
neers. In charge OF this district. Will
report at Fort sheridan, Friday. TO
undergo the physical examination
and take the ride. Officers in tho
engineering service NAV be excused
from the ride 'by applying TO WASH
ineton. but such course prevents
possible advancement to the rank OF
brigadier- and thus bars an
officer from ever becoming head OF
the engineer corpl
The Detroit times., 1913-10-23
Burroughs Will Be Back.

Manager Smith, of the Burroughs
Indoor Baseball team announces that
he will be In the field again this win.
ter with his champion aggregation. He
is scheduling games with the best
teams Of the state.
The Detroit times., 1913-10-23

job Printing Done Right. Times
Printing Co.. Is John r st.
The Fargo forum and daily republican. [volume] (Fargo, N.D.) 1894-1957, 1913-03-27
~ OF Interest to the Women ~


social time with refreshments was en-
Miss Lancetta Steel is spending her
Easter vacation with friends in the
city. Miss Steel is teaching this year
al Lisbon. N. D., having charge of the
music n drawing department in the
public schools. Miss Steel is a gradu-
ate OF the Fargo college conservatory
n her many friends will be interest
ed TO learn that she plans to go abroad
next year to continue the study of mu-
Miss Vaughn Miller is expected to-
morrow evening from LaMoure and will
De a guest tomorrow evening at the
aaancing party to be given by the Alpha
Mu fraternity at the A. G. While in
the city Miss Miller will be the guest
of Mrs. w. S. Stambuugh and Mrs.
Stambaugh ana Miss Miller will leave
saturday afternoon for Grand Forks,
where they will be guests at a party
to be given by the Sigma Chi frater-
nifty on saturday evening, Mrs. SIAM
paugh viii be one of the p~atronesses.
She will return Sunday.
Mrs. d. H. Doig of the BurreIl apart
ments was a delightful hostess yester-
day afternoon at her home in honor of
Mrs. j. /. Brainerd, who leaves in a
short tine to join Mr.. Brainerd at
their n. Y home at Medicine Lake,
Mont. The affair yesterday was the
FIRST of a series which will be given
by Mrs. Brainerd's friends and a pleas
ant informal afternoon was spent. At
a convenient o the hostess served
a prettily appointed lunch. Mrs. Brain
erd has a large circle of friends who
regret her departure and wish her hap
pIness In her new home.
A very delightful event of last even
Ing was the evening of cards given to
q few friends by Miss Magdalena Car
penter at her home on Fourteenth
street south in honor of Miss Hazel
Gress of Minneapolis, who is the guest
south, and Mrs. j. G. Curtis of Winni-
peg. who is visiting her parents, Mr.,
and Mrs, D. E.. Oman. An unique
t taS1ssw 1S,c introduced T.rn d.. each e .dd of four
being decorated with flags to repre-
sent the United States, Norway. Ger
many and Sweden, and much merri-
ment resulted from the u%pholding OF
delicious was served.
During the past year there have been
a great many changes in the bust
ness and social world of Fargo and a
great many of the best known peo-
pie in the city have moved to new
perhaps be so greatly regretted as that
of Mrs. Lulu Edwards and her charm
ing daughter, Miss Jessie, who will
leave Thursday, April 10, to make their
has for the past sixteen years beer
in charge of the underwear, hosiery
and corset department Of the o. J.
deLendrecie department store, and has
made for herself in the business world
and socially in Fargo and throughout
the state a host of friends who will
wish her much success and happiness
in her new home in the west. Miss
Edwards is one of the most popular
members of the young society set and
it is with feelings of genuine regret
that the news of her departure from
their midst will be received by her
young associates. .
The Fargo forum and daily republican. [volume] (Fargo, N.D.) 1894-1957, 1913-03-27
Social Notes

Martin Hector returned last even
ing from a two weeks business trip
to Chicago and Boston.
Miss Laura Ruthruff, who is teach
ing at Sheldon, N. D., is spending her
Easter vacation with friends in the
city. s.,. rs.
the A c. and visited a number of the
classes and points of interest on the
campus.
Miss Ruth Schuyler will leave to-
morrow evening for Grand Forks,
where h will be the guest over Sun
day OF friends,
A baby boy arrived yesterday after
noon at the home of Atty. ana Mrs.
T.. A. Francis. Mrs. Francis INK her
young son are doing nicely.
The r. N. A. club will rect with Mrs.
south on Friday afternoon, March %.
All members are requested to be pres
ent. ..rF
Miss Evelyn Hector will leave Sum
day evening for Minneapolis, where
she will meet Miss Margaret Sewall
of Bath, Me-, who will be her guest
for several weeks.
Invitations were issued today for the
wedding of Evelyn Marie Hector,
daughter of Martin Hector, and Will
liam Harland McGill, son of Mr.. and
Mrs. John II. McGill of Boston, Mass,
which will take place Saturday, April
10. .@ -
The Euphronia Literary society of
Fargo college will nave charge of the
Club house on Friday evening of this
week, One of the numbers will be the
presentation of a scene from The Mill
on the Floss and there will be special
The Fargo forum and daily republican. [volume] (Fargo, N.D.) 1894-1957, 1913-03-27

music with readings. All are cordially
invited to be present.
Miss Helena Huffaker left yester-
day afternoon for st. Paul, where she
will join her parents, who are en-
route home from a southern trip or
several weeks.
The Sagastewiki club met yesterday
afternoon with Miss Ruby Crothers at
her nome on Seventh street south.
The girls spent a jolly afternoon with
games N a tempting lunch was serv-
ed.
The Ladies' Aid society of the First
Lutheran church will serve a sup
Tors, corner of Roberts street and
Fourth avenue north. All members
n friends are cordially invited to be
present.
Miss Florence ShotweL is expected
home Saturday from an extended east
in Minneapolis and the Shotwell home
on Seventh avenue south, which has
been closed since her departure was
opened up today. ..-- &c.,.
The Book and Thimble club met
yesterday afternoon n the ladies en-
joyed a happy Informal afternoon of
chat and sewing, the reading being
omitted. Nineteen members were pres
emit and delicious refreshments were
served at the close of the afternoon.
Mrs. Hamilton was assisted in enter
tanning by Miss Essa Hamilton, Miss
Dorothy Campbell and Miss Dixon. The
club will meet in two weeks at the
home of Mrs. G. f. Ruettel, 344 Sew
enth avenue south.
Yesterday afternoon the Scandinavia
an W. c, 7. u. held an interesting
meeting at the home of Mrs. o. A
Loraas on Fourth street north. After
a business session a discussion of tenn
perance legislation in the recent legis-
lature was held and there was a talk
by one of the members of the victory
of the Votes for Women league re-
Gently. Miss Ella Beckman pleased
with vocal selections and a pleasant
The Fargo forum and daily republican. [volume] (Fargo, N.D.) 1894-1957, 1913-03-27

gressive republican meeting at the
Gardner hotel today.
George A. Edmunds of Buxton spent
the day In the business district.
Mr.. and Mrs. e. r. Bradley and
child OF Grace City are visitors in the
city today.
Mrs. George Platz of Wales, arrived
in the city last evening to spend to-
day in shopping.
Mr.. and Mrs. Q. J. Hoel of Christine
are In the city visiting and doing their
spring shopping.
Miss Minette A. Miller Of Bismarck,
has arrived in the city for a short stay
at h Waldorf.
Miss Louise sperry and r. G.. Bole.
OF the city of Lisbon, are in the city
visiting and shopping.
Mr.. and Mrs. william Piper of Leon
ard were in the city today shopping
and visiting friends.
william Clelland of jamestown, ar
rived in the city last evening to look
after business matters.
H. ". Hall of Aberdeen, s. D., is a
business visitor to the city today and
is at n of the hotels.
Gov. j. M. Devine of Minot is one
of the conspicuous figures in the lobby
of the Gardner hotel today.
A. J. Goss Of O~wantonna,, arrived in
the city last evening for a stay Of a
day or two at one of the hotels.
Mrs. Belle Carr and Miss Pearle Carr
of Sheldon are In the city today shop
ping and visiting their friends.
D. G. Sutherland OF North AttIeboro.
Mass, has arrived in h city for a
short stay and is at the Waldorf.
Mrs. Louise Hover of RrutiRe. ia in
the city to visit friends and do some
shopping and is at one of the hotels.
S. +. Hollingsworth of Bismarck is
in the city today shaking hands with
his friends and attending to business.
]. a. Hendricks of Hillsboro, was a
business visitor to the city yester-
day and today and is at the Webster.
Tom Anderson, a we'll known grain
fan from nea Harvey, was in the city
over night on business and is a guest
at the Annex.
Miss Lent Isaackson and Miss Olga
Olson of the town of Vernon, are
guests for a day or two at the Pres
colt
The Fargo forum and daily republican. [volume] (Fargo, N.D.) 1894-1957, 1913-03-27

"a news item from Paris informs uB
that the American method OF producing
. slim. trim figure, In meeting with aston
ishing success This system, which has
made gnch q wonderful impression oyer
there, must be the Marnnola Prescription
Tablet method OF reducing fat. II ID
safe 20 say that we have nothing better
for this purpose In this country. Any.
thing that win reduce the exceaB naah
pound q day without injury to tho
stomach. the causing OF wrinkles. the
help 0f exercising or Dieting, or ineeg90r-
ence with oRe's meals In q mighty ivnpor-
tant and useful addition to Civilizations
necessities Just such q catalogue OF good
results, however, follow the use OF th@ge
pleasant harmless and economical little
tat roducers. We say economical because
Marnaola Prescription Tablets (nade In
aecoraance with the famous preDcrsp&iunl
ean be obsained Of any druggist or the
makers. the Marrsola Co. Farmer Bldg,
Detroit, Mich, for seventy-five CENTS the
large case, whson ts q decidedly econann-
ical prizes c~onsiGefsng thu number Of tab
lets each OASe c0wsaars-
The Fargo forum and daily republican. [volume] (Fargo, N.D.) 1894-1957, 1913-03-27

a colored justice of the peace for kill
ing a man and stealing his mule. 1t
was in Arkansas, nea the Texas Dor
der and there was some rivalry be-
tween the states, but the colored JUS
tice tried always to preserve an i'm
partial frame Of mind.
I'VE got two kinds Of law in dis yer
cot" he said, Texas law an Arkansas
law. Which will you hab?'
The prisoner thought a minute, and
hen guessed that he would like the
Arkansas law.
Den I discharge you TO stealth de
mule, an hang you TO- killing de man.
Hold on a minute, Judge" said h
prisoner, better make that Texas
law"
"AIl right. Den | fin you To- KILN
de man. an hang you fo' stealin' de
mule" -
The Fargo forum and daily republican. [volume] (Fargo, N.D.) 1894-1957, 1913-03-27
CLUB NOTES

The Longfellow Neighborhood club
met yesterday afternoon at the Long
fellow school and a pleasing pro-
gramme was enjoyed. Mrs. 1noe,
a talk on the arts and crafts depart
ment of her club and exhibited some
of the work which has been done. h
outlined the policy of the u
ICED In the near future. A business
session was held and the following
staff of officials were elected for the
new year: President, Mrs. f. II. Wild
er; vice president, Mrs. Macarthur; Sec
rotary and treasurer, Miss McPhaine.
At the close of the programme a So
cial time was enjoyed and refresh
ments were served.
The Hawthorne ~Neighborhood club
met yesterday afternoon at the Haw-
thorne school and Mrs. G. L. Martin
gave her talk and demonstration on
was a large attendance and a great
deal of interest was displayed In the
Housewives league which will prob
ably be formed next week. On Tuesday
evening, April 8, the boys of the Haw-
thorne and Washington schools under
the direction of Professor Mclean will
furnish the programme >
One of the prettiest social events
on the social calendar OF the Art
club at Minot was the experience
meeting of last Saturday afternoon,
when Mrs. z. J.. Walsh n Mrs. s J.
Rasmussen entertained the members OF
the club at the home of Mrs. Rasmus-
sen. An artistic blending Of the club
colors, tan, yellow and gold, made Mrs.
Rasmussen's home ideal for receiving
the company and added to the atmo-
sphere an unusual charm. Baskets of
yellow daffodils adorned the tables
and a pretty tribute was paid to the
absent president, whose gilded chair
was adorned with a yellow silk scarf.
The rooms were illuminated with pref
candle sticks. The purpose of the
meeting was to give each member an
opportunity of relating the conditions
under which she had earned the dol
lar each had pledged themselves to
earn for the, club during the past
month. AS the secretary called the
roll each member answered by giving
her experience in rhyme. all of which
were exceptionally bright and clever.
AS the various means which the diff
earning their money were of such
wide variety, the relating Of expert
ences proved to furnish endless
amusement. The members were fur
Eugene Walsh, who with his radiopti-
can presented some very interesting
interior and exterior views Of West
minister Abbey, and the scenes Of Italy
Illustrating Mrs. Longs recent paper,
profound interest to every member.
A dainty luncheon was served by the
hostesses, assisted by Mary Rasmus-
sen and Eugene Walsh, the color
scheme being further carried out in
the menu. The hostesses have been
deluged with pretty compliments for
the charming taste and the originality
with which they carried. out the ap-
pointments for the evening.
The Fargo forum and daily republican. [volume] (Fargo, N.D.) 1894-1957, 1913-03-27
AT the Hotels

II. NJ. Tucker of Courtenay is in the
city.
L E. Adair of jamestown is in the
=. A. Watt is in the city from Devils
Lake.
P. A. Lee of Pekin spent the day in
the city.
!. Dorr Carroll of Minot spent the day
in the city.
S. q. Ellsworth is in the city from
jamestown.
e. A. sharberg Of Mandan was in
the city today.
Alex Macdonald OF Bismarck was in
the city today.
J. H. Mason of Rockford was in the
city today on business.
O. j.. Sorlie of Buxton was in the
city today on business.
Adam Major of Hope was a bust
ness vision in the city today.
f.. a.. Carpenter OF Hope was a Far
go business caller today.
c. L. Young of Bismarck spent the
day In the business district.
Miss Rilla Chaffee OF Darlington
shopped in the city today.
Sen. "A. u. Gronna of L4akota Is a
guest at the Gardner hotel.
ID. u. Caswell of Grafton was a BUSH
ness visitor in the city today.
J.. c.. Gardiner of Brocket was a
Fargo business caller today.
J. e. shaw of Sheldon mingled in
Fargo business circles today.
+. e. Packard Of bismarck mingled
in Fargo business circles today.
e. Al. Fladland Of Grand Forks is at
tending to business in the city and is a
guest at the Metropole.
Lieutenant Governor Kraabel of Cliff
The Fargo forum and daily republican. [volume] (Fargo, N.D.) 1894-1957, 1913-03-27
ALL AWAITING Event
Coming Play, AII-of-a-Sudden Peggy,
Is Awaited With Great Interest
by Local People.

An event that is being looked for
ward to with a great deal of interest,
both by college and sity people is the
Alpha MI play, All-of-a-Sudden Peg
gy. This is a royalty play and the
Alpha Mus are having special scenery
made by Mr.. Borman at the Grand
theatre.
Henrietta Crossman, in the title role
of Peggy, created quite a furore in a
tour through the states, Fargo being
one of the cities she played in.
The play is in the hands of q very
capable cast, and boasts of several old
time amateur stars like Chester Hol-
kesvig, Eugene RUIZ, Genevieve Grow
er, Glen LivengoOd, Laura Taylor and
Homer Dixon, who have all been seen
here and throughout the state. and
whose ability is we'll known.
Tomorrow evening the Alpha Mu
fraternity will give its eighth annual
dance in the college armory at $50.
Other Way Around.
Judge. A white man during recon-
struction times was arraigned before
The Fargo forum and daily republican. [volume] (Fargo, N.D.) 1894-1957, 1913-03-27
YOU CAN CURE THAT BACKACiE,

Pain along the back, dizziness, head
ache and general languOr. Get a pack
age Of Mother Gray's AROMATIC
LEAF, the pleasant root and herb cure
for all Kidney, Bladder and Urinary
troubles. When you feel all run down,
tired, weak and without energy use
this remarkable combination Of ma
lures herbs and roots. AS a tonic
laxative it has no equal. Mother
Gray's ArOmatic-Leaf is sold by Drug
gists or sent by mail for so cts. Sam
pie sent FREE. Address, The Mother
Gray Co, lie Roy, N. Y. -Advt.
The Fargo forum and daily republican. [volume] (Fargo, N.D.) 1894-1957, 1913-03-27
The Forty Year Test.

An article must have exceptional
merit to survive for a period Of forty
years. Chamberlain's Cough Remedy
was first offered to the public in 1879.
From a. small beginning 1t has grown
in favor and popularity until 1t has at
tanned a world wide reputation. You
will find nothing better for a cough
or cold. Try it and you will under
stand why it is q favorite after a
period of more than forty years. 1t
not only gives relief--it cures. For
sale by all dealers. -Advt.
The Fargo forum and daily republican. [volume] (Fargo, N.D.) 1894-1957, 1913-03-27

On Sunday, occurred the marriage of
Miss Louise Schlecht, of Temvik, EN-
mons county, to Daniel Graf, of Me-
dina, the ceremony being performed at
Temvik in the presence Of a large
number of relatives and friends Of the
contracting parties.
The Fargo forum and daily republican. [volume] (Fargo, N.D.) 1894-1957, 1913-03-27

Tuesday evening at jamestown occu-
red the marriage Of Miss Frances
Monty being performed BY Rev. John
Fisher at his residence in that city.
The Fargo forum and daily republican. [volume] (Fargo, N.D.) 1894-1957, 1913-03-27
STATE WEDDINGS

Last Saturday occurred the marriage
of Sophus Sorenson of Kenmare and
Gertrude Thompson, daughter of Mr..
and Mrs. Thompson, at the home of
the brides parents, nine miles north
The Fargo forum and daily republican. [volume] (Fargo, N.D.) 1894-1957, 1913-03-27

New York has $50 hotels, and can
accommodate $4,000 people. She
also keeps enough walters to trim
them all.
The Fargo forum and daily republican. [volume] (Fargo, N.D.) 1894-1957, 1913-03-27
The Mothers Favorite.

The Mothers' FaVorite.
A cough medicine for children
should be harmless. It should be
pleasant to take. 1t should be eff
fectual. Chamberlain's Cough Remedy
is all of this and is the mothers
favorite everywhere. For sale by all
dealers. -Advt.
The Fargo forum and daily republican. [volume] (Fargo, N.D.) 1894-1957, 1913-03-27

At the home of the brides par
ents, Mr.. and Mrs. Morris Kittleson,
we'll known and respected citizens of
Belgrade community, occurred the
marriage of their daughter, Thobina,
to Oscar r. Juelson Of Plaza.
The Fargo forum and daily republican. [volume] (Fargo, N.D.) 1894-1957, 1913-03-27

of Palermo. The ceremony was per-
formed by Rev. A. G.. Lee, Of Palermo.
The Fargo forum and daily republican. [volume] (Fargo, N.D.) 1894-1957, 1913-03-27

Judge. A white man during recon-
struction times was arraigned before