davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1913-12-15
PENMAN's PLEA
FOR A NEW TRIAL
Arguments to Be Heard Two Days
Before Christmas, but They
VIII Fail.

limited Press Leased Wire Service.1
CHAMPAIGN, III, Dec. 1.-two
days before Christmas when the heart
of mankind is filled with the expect
ant Joy of Christmas delieht, Gust
Penman, confessef and convicted
slayer of Harold Shaw, his boyhood
chum, will be brought from his cell
in the Champaign county Jail to lis
ten to the dull formality OF arguments
for new trial. Attorneys for Pen
man and the state this morning set
thu date for December 23. Most eX-
pressions of opinion among Penman's
acuuaintances here are that the plea
will fail. Nobody today was found
who longer eontended that Penman
was insane as the defense pleaded
spelled, erratic, quick tempered and
dissolute, they we're the states char
acterizations which ssem to have
been proved Most of PENN ms
friends hope to see him secure &
communication of his sentence from
life. to twenty years, allowing him tt
! raturn home at the age Of forty
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1913-12-15
RITUAL MURDER
PICTURES BARRED
Movie Censor Puts His Foot Down
and Says They Cannot
be Shown.

/ United Press Leased Wire Service ]
CHICAGO, Dec. 15.-Orders forbid
ding the exhibition of movie films of
the Mendel Bells ritual murder"
trial at Kieff, were issued today by
Sergeant Jerry O'Connor, police cen
sor, who first discovered the iniqnit-
les of September Morn
O'Connor told delegation of pic
ture show men that he objected to the
films because they pictured a priest
Of the Greek Catholic church on the
witness stand and represented him In
a manner to excite ridicule of the
church. The picture men promised TO
ask an injunction this afternoon re
straining O'Connor from preventing
\ the exhibition.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1913-12-15
NEW STRIKE
BY MILITANTS
Now Refuse = Sleep as Well
as Eat E Drink While
y .s6ed Up in
Prison.

| United Press Leased Wire Service.l
LONDON, Dec. 15.-Sleep striking,
the latest suffragette weapon against
the home office won quick release
from prisonn for Sylvia >Pankhurst,
its inventor. She was released on a
.'cat and mouse" license from Hollo-
way jail tonight in weakened condi-
ton because she refused to sleep, eat
and drink while she was confined.
I'm your majesty's name, noble
woman is being done to death. We
call upon your majesty to stop the
crime before 1t is too late
That was a message referring to
Mrs. Emmeline Pankhurst's latest ar
rest that suffragettes today telegraph
ed to King George, according to q
statement from Mrs. Dacre Fox at to
days weekly meeting of the Women's
Social and Political Union in knights
Bridge hail.
Mrs. Dacre Fox declared that the
suffragettes intended no insult tt
King George and Queen Mary in Sat
urday nights disturbance at thu
Covent Garden opera.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1913-12-15
BUSINESS
CONDITIONS
1t is Dead in the East But
Booming in West and South
and Only Fair in
Iowa.

UNITED Press Leased Wire Service,l
NEW YORK, Dec business is
booming in the south Atlantic group
OF states, along the gulf. in the west
and southwest but in other sections OF
the country is only fair" or below
par according to the New York
Herald which today published reports
as to industrial and commercial con.
dition. The Herald presented re-
ports from more than 100 cities In
nearly every state In the union.
Business was reported booming
in the following states: Maryland,
Virginia, North Carolina, South Caro-
lima, Georgia, Florida, Alabama. Mis-
sissippi, Louisiana, Texas. Kansas,
Colorado, Idaho, Utah. Wyoming, No;
yada. Oklahoma, New Mexico, and
Arizona.
] States reporting business fair:
Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont
Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode
Island, Nebraska, Iowa. North Da
kota, South Dakota, Minnesota, Mon
tana, California, Oregon, and Wash
ington.
4 New York, New Jersey, Pennsyl
yania and Delaware reported busine 5.
at "standstill."
Ohio, Indiana, West Virginia, Hi
nois, Michigan, Wisconin, Kentucky
Tennessee. and Missouri, business be
low par.
Men who analyze the causes c
fluctuations in trade and commerce il
the north Atlantic states have no hes
itation in ascribing the failing healtl
Of trade In their locality to the er
forced retrenchments in the railways
pending a decision on their applice
tlon to the interstate commerce con
mission for an advance in freign
rates. the Herald declared
The reports received, showed tha
), policy Of retrenchment Is in fore
/, on manufacturing centers Of the eas
:, Working forces have been cut dow
!, and many skilled and unskflled wor
!, men are without employment. 1'h
:. is especially true in cities where ste
!. industries are centered.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1913-12-15
THE WEATHER.

For Keokuk and vicinity: Partly
cloudy tonight and Tuesday Some
what warmer Tuesday. Moderate to
brisk southwest winds, becoming
westerly.
For Illinois: Generally fair toni hit
and Tuesday. No important change
in temperature Moderate variable
winds.
For Iowa: Partly cloudy ton ght and
Tuesday. Somewhat farmer tonight
and central and northeast portion
Tuesday. Moderate to brisk south
west winds, becoming westerly
For Missouri: Partly cloudy tonight
and Tuesday. Som awhat warmer
Tuesday. Moderate variable WINS.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1913-12-15

STILL FIGHT
North and South to Clash Over
Proposed Change of Repre-
sentation in the Ma
tional Conventions.
[By John Edwin Nevin, Staff Cor

[By John Edwin Nevin, Staff Cor
respondent of the United Press.l
WASHINGTON, Dec. 15.-The fight
between northern and southern re-
publicans with all the bitterness re-
sulting from the national convention
accenuated by the southern emascu-
latlon program now proposed, will be
renewed here tomorrow The national
committee will meet to discuss the
changing of representation in all CON
ventions, how the southerners will be
shorn Of powers. The committee has
no such powers. If it favors the plan,
all 1t can do is to recommend it to
the special national convention which
it will call. Southern members of the
committee already on the ground are
fighting bitterly against the Plan. Pro-
gressive republicans who supported
Colonel Roosevelt at Chicago up to
the time he bolted the party are work
ing tooth and nail for it. The conserv-
ative republicans from the east are
on the fence. 1t is this group that
will decide the question. 1t was gen.
orally believed today that the conven-
tion will be called. But the fight is
so bitter that many Of the committee
men say that it may do more harm
! than good. Chas. B. Warren Of Michi.
| gan, chairman of the law committee
of the national committee, said today
| that an unofficial canvass of mem
| bers indicated the special convention
/ plan has small majority. Nationa
Chairman Chas. d. Hilles insists he
has ar open mind on the question.
All the members Of the committee
will be here in person or by proxy TO
night. Many are already in the city
Tonight all of the committeeman arr
to be the guests Of Chairman Hilles
/ They will be entertained at a dime
at which all outsiders will be barred
i The sentiment of the members will b.
felt out Informally and questions prac
tically decided. If this is found pos
sible, the meeting tomorrow will b
/ public. dozen cities are In tn
4 field for the convention If it is held
4 st. Louis has slight lead. Others i
. the running are Cincinnati, Detroi
Philadelphia, Indianapolis and Wasl
ington.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1913-12-15
NO CELEBRATION
OVER HETCH HETCHY
Signing of Bill will be
Q.iet.

UNITED Press eased Wire Service
WASHINGTON, Dec. Is Plans
for an elaborate celebration by Calf
fornians now here in connctieon with
the signing by Pre- mt Wilson Of
the Hetch Hetchy water bill We're
abandoned today
Former Mayor Phelan of San Fran
cisco, caller at the executive Off
ces saiG' that because of the indispo-
sition Of the president it had bean
decid sd bv the interested parties not
to urge their claims to be pres NJ
when the measure becomes a law. He
said that the bill might be s'gned
TODAY but probably would not before
tomorrow.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1913-12-15
May Cancel Tinker Sal.

limited Press Leased Wire Service.
CINCINNATI, Ohio Dec. 15.--Di-
-ectors Of the Cincinnati ball club
We're to meet here today or tomorrow
to decide If they would approve or
call off the sale of Joe Tinker tN
Brooklyn. made by President Herr
mann for $25,ooo. of which Tinker is
TO receive $4,000.
Hermann said today the directors
have the right TO reverse him but
thinks the deal will be approved after
he had explained il. He SAYS he
wanted to trade Tinker, but couldn't
get anything except dead ones and
untried recruits for him.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1913-12-15
POSTAL CARD
FROM JESSIE
Mother Received One But the
Writing is Not That
of the Missing
Daughter.
HOPE WAS REVIVED
Tells Her Mother Not TO Worry Be-
cause She viii Return
Home on Thurs
day.
HOPE WAS REVIVED

UNITED Press Leased Wire Service.l ]
NEW YORK, Dec. 15.-Hopa that
Jessie Mccain, pretty young social
worker Of Brooklyn. who has been
missing for more than a week, wou'
be found was revived today when a
post card signed jessie" wal rec Nv.
ed at the McCann home.
Dear mother, l will be home
Thursday afternoon, don't worry
was written on the post card.
Members of thu family said the
writing was not that of the missing
girl. but the police believe 1t may
have been written by some one else
at her direction.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1913-12-15
CHIEF TROUBLE
MAKER IN MEXICO
General Villa is Now Even a
Greater Menace Than
Dictator HUI
erta.
FOREIGNERS ABUSED
FOREIGNERS ABUSED
Secretary Bryan Has Sent Word That
the Insursent Chief Wul
be Held Re-
sponsible.

UNITED Press Leased Wire Service.1
WASHINGTON, Dec 15.-Generaf
Francisco Villa, constitutional COM
mander in chief in northern Mexico.
was today causing the United States
much anxiety Reports of alleged
overt acts on his part against foreeign-
ers in Chihuahua, if true promise to
make him as much of a menace to-
ward peaceful solution of the Mex
lean difficulty as Huerta is already
considered.
| Officials here were not prepared to
day to admit that the charges are
gust But they are being investigated
and confidential agents now on the
ground are expected to place the state
department IN possession of the facts
within the next twenty-four hours.
French, German, English and Span.
ish interests are all alleged to have
suffered at Villas hands. Because
i wire communication with Chihuahua
1 City is confined chiefly to official
i business 1t is hoped by Secretary
Bryan that most of the stories of al
legged outrages are exaggerated.
4 II Villa has established himself as
dictator, independent of Carranza, and
has forced foreigners to part with
, vast sums to save their lives, as has
, lly grave. This government has tacit-
st,y agreed to protect all foreigners end
) the various governments will insist
| that this promise be kept
So far no official protests have been
made here The Spanish ambassador
unofficially communicated to Secre-
tarv Bryan OF reports received by him
of outrages against Spaniards. BrI-
an Immediately telegraphed Consul
y Marion Letcher at Chihuahua City.
directing him to notify villa that this
government expected ample protection
of all foreigners, spaniards included.
and that he IVilla) would be held
personally responsible for this. Bryan
,. SO far has declined to make public
a Letcher's reply.
The state department is without
confirmation of report from -
HaSO IUdI LOUIS lSIidLdos sun VI NhS
millionaire federal general, was hang
= ed by Villas direct order. Neither
: has it confirmation of another report
;. that young Terrazas Is held for 8
! ransom of 100000 and that if it is not
" paid within forty-eight hours he vii
= be executed.
~ The situation at Tampico ls believ
= ed to be much improved. The con
: stitutionalists have abandoned theil
attack because of lack of artillery will
which to combat the fire Of the fedora
gunboats. It is believed that most o
- the refugees on the battleships hav'
- been transferred to merchant ship
~ and are now back on shore and tina
= the city will remain quiet for tn
~ present.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1913-12-15
GLASS
Of IMMIGRANTS
No Militant Suffragettes, An
archists or Asiatics to be
Allowed to
Land.
UNDER BURNETT BILL
House Committee Votes Favorabiy or
! the Measure by Vote
! Of Two to
One.
UNDER BURNETT BILL

UNITED Press Leased Wire Service ]
WASHINGTON, Des. 15.-By a vote
CT more than two to one the house i'm.
migration committee today favorably
reported the Burnett immigration bill
with its stringent provisions barring
from entry into the United States all
Asiatics, militant suffragettes, advo
Gates of sabotage and anarchists. The
literary test, requiring aliens to reat
or write one language was also in
cluded
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1913-12-15
Opera in English.

UNITED Press Leased Wire service.l
NEW YORK, Dec. 15.-The succ sss
of the Century Opera company in con-
Quoting operas in Enelish / this city
at popular prices today led to the
announcement of plan for similar
organizations in other cities next
year. Philadelphia has be esn se'ectei
for the first experiment. Baltimore,
Washington. Pittsburgh, Cincinnati
Chicago. st. Louis and Boston are
scheduled to follow
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1913-12-15
Fighting at Mazatlan.

MEXICO CITY. Dec. 15.-H I'M
parcial, leading Mexican newspaper,
today gays: I'VE are able to state
this morning that English bankers
have loaned $2o.ooO,ooo to the Mexi-
can government
FL Tmrarcial is generally REGARDED
as inspired by the Huerta admins
tration.
A desperate and bloody battle is be-
ing waeed at Mazatlan, the town be-
ing surrounded by rebels by land and
sea, according to reports reaching
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1913-12-15
SPENCER WILL NOT HANG
ON FRIDAY OF THIS WEEK

Ger was to have been hanged next
Friday.
The governor took official action
after conference here today w1th
Anton Zeman, attorney for the CON
demned man. Zeman assured Dunno
he would prove that Spencer vas in
sane at the time Of his trial at Whea
ton.
"My client has no money but | will
carry the case to the supreme eou-;
and pay the expenses myself" said
Zeman.
spencer was no more guilty of tfe
murder of Mrs. Rexroat than OF tha
other crimes to which he confess I'd,
He was railroaded by the police"
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1913-12-15
Work for Unemployed.

limited Press Leased Wire Service.l
SALEM, oregon, Dec. 15.-Governor
West today summoned the state
emergency board to meet here Thurs
day when he will recommend an ap-
preparation of $4,000 to build roads
during the next two months in order
to relieve the distress of thousands
of men throughout the state. out OF
employment. One thousand unem-
ployed men held mass meeting in
Portland yesterday and adopted reso-
buttons that they wanted work, not
charity.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1913-12-15
box THREE DAYS
| Q FINISH JOB
lther Schmidt Made Many
Trims to the River With
Pieces Of Girls
Body.
HREw HEAD IN FIRST
Third Degree Methods Were Used
in Order to Secure the
Confession Of
Murder.
HREW HEAD IN FIRST

Jnited Press Leased Wire Service.l
ENEW YORK. Dec. 15.-Police In
ector Farot, who arrested Hans
khmidt and later heard thu confes-
bn of the priest that he killed Anna
;mueller and dismembered her
kdy, resumed his testimony when
trial was continued here today.
bother great crowd, mostly women,
BIS on hand early and heard Faurot
hi how Schmidt calmly recited the
Sails of the murder.
assistant District Attorney Dele
knty, conducting the pros ecution to-
W sought to introduce German
blk song in evidence In an effort to
fset the testimony of DR.. Leo who
stifed last week as to a post card
received from Schmidt on which a.
erse was written. DR.. Leo express
the opinion that man who would
md such a verse on post card
as irrational Delehanty said, hsw-
5er, that he had discovered the
erse was merely a quotation from a
eman folk song and only told the
ory Of lovers quarrel.
Delehanty intimated before starting
IL examination of Faurot that the
ate might rest its case today. Wheth,
the defense would be able to start
Introduction Of evidence by to-
borrow, however, depended mostly or
e length at which Judge Olcot,
essed his cross examination today
Faurot said no third degrea'
ethods were used in obtaining the
bnfassfon from Schmidt. He said
only urged the priest to tell the
nth and he declared: Il killed Anna
umueller.'
Faurot said schm' DIT was taker
ON the parish house to the fla
hich he had rent I'd and where tn,
nmueller girl was killed, afta
chmidt had admitted Staying her
ntering the fiat Schmidt describe,
pw he crept in while Miss Aumuelle
las asleap. He carried a knife an
W with him. First he cut her throa
len carried the body to the bat
pom The head was severed frs
40 the entire body embered i
me different parts.
Each portion was wrapped and the
y three days the priest said he wa
usy disposing Of the body. Th
ead was the first portion thrown int
ne river from a ferry boat. Th
prso, in two parts, was then carrie
ON the fiat. At the end Of the thir
ay Schmidt said, he had thrown a
ortlons of the body into the rive
lthout being detected On the fourt
ay ne took the mattress from til
ed and burned It,
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1913-12-15
Mo.orman Instantly Killed.

limited Press Leased Wirs Sc vice.
MUNCIE, Ind, Dec 10 Ben
Ute of New Castle, motorman, was
instantly killed In he d On coils on
between two interurban cars on the
Muncie-New Castle Division OF tie l.
T. T. line aNout seven o'clec'5 this
morning The motorman OF the other
car saved his life by jumping. Ncne
of the passengers were injured. The
accident occurred in the business
district of the city and the heavy 70.
was given as the reason.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1913-12-15
Election Contest.

limited Press Leased Wire Seryice.l
WASHINGTON, Dec. 15.The most
bitter election contest Of the present
congress came to hearing today be-
fore house committee. Representa-
tive Dyer, a st. Louis republican. was
attacked by his democratic opponent,
Michael Gill; on charges OF irregu-
larities at the polls and misconduct
Of election officers.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1913-12-15
Supreme Court Recess

UNITED Press Leased Wire Service.l
WASHINGTON, Dec 15.-The SUI
preme court adjourned today without
deciding the "inter-mounta.n" rate or
other pending important cases. Chief
Justice White announced a recess
for the holidays from December %
to January 5.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1913-12-15
Weather Conditions.

The weather is mostly cloudy
throughout the northern half of the
country this morning, with the tenn
perature near or slightly below the
freezing, point and there has been
light rain in the lower Missi -sippi
valley.
Conditions indicate partly cloudy
weather for this section tonight AMI
Tuesday, and somewhat warmer Tues
day.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1913-12-15
CAN HAVE HALF A MILLION
IF SHE MARRIES FOR LOVE

hotde of males about her, despite the
fact that her grand uncle, Joseph
Snyder. willsd her 100000 on con l.
tion that she marry within a year
and marry for love.
4 have never exper. .enced true
love" said Miss Hall, but of course
ssould never, never marry unless I
die love. There Is absolutely no pros
pect that I shall acquire the half mil
lion very scon.
The face of every male clerk in ths
Office fell at this announcement. They
had all read of the queer provision IN
the will Of the eccentric millionaire
who died in California.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1913-12-15
Driven from Theatres.

limited Press lie sed Wira Se.v.ce. ]
NEW YORK, Dec. The sa'a
cious offerings of the theatres this
season." drew forth the edi ton
from DeWolf Hopper in an address
to the Friars at a dinner to David
Warfleld that this deplolab.e c1nii
ton of muck and filth is dry ng thou
sands away from thu theatres. II
cannot long continue"
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1913-12-15
Burned Lumber Yard.

DEvONPORT, England, Dec. 15.-
Soldiers from the barracks and sailors
from warships in the harbor were call
ed out today to aid the flremen in
fighting a 100000 blaze started by
suffragettes in their campaign of
revenge for the rearrest of Mrs. En-,
incline Pankhurst. The large lumber
yard of Fox Elliott and Company and
several nearby buildings were de
stroyed.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1913-12-15
Her Arm in a Sling.

LONDON, Dec. 10 Her arm in a
sling, sp~ained in last night's suffra-
gettes riot with the pH'ice in the
bow district, Miss Zel'e Eme N, the
Am srican suffragette. formerly of
Jackson, Mich, appeared today in the
Thames police court and was held FOR
trial. She was remanded with the
privilege of release on bail
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1913-12-15
GRANDPA is Dead.

UNITED Press Leased WI e Serv.e7.l j
GAIiFisBURG, H., Dec. 15.-Wor-
ried because he thou2ht that his
grandson would learn that he ha
become addicted to drink, John P f.
Of ABINGDON. is dead from suicide
He plac th muzzle Of life in his
mouth and fred Sall t9rough his
brain.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1913-12-15
GOVERNOR Grants Reprieve of
Thirty Days to Permit
Appeal.

United Press Leased Wire service.l
NHlcAGO, Dec. Is. Governor
unhs announced today that he had
ahted reprieve of thirty days to
ernit counsel for Henry Spencer
'hVlct I'd of the murder of Mrs. Mil
eu Allison-Rexroat, tango teacher
appeal to the supreme court. Spen
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1913-12-15
LEW THE SAFE
AT PAWN SHOP
|esss Got Away with $3.50 In Cash
and Basket Full Of
Watches.

united Press Leased Wire Service.1 ]
DEs MONIES, Iowa, Dec. -Yeggs
'iiy today blew open the safe OF the
bioomberg pawn shop and escaped
,.h Sl5o in cash and a basket filled
.h watches and several gems.
me loss will be at least $500.
Mahy valuable papers were destroy
Il when the safe was blown.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1913-12-15
stenographer Nineteen Years
Of Age Says There Are
No Prospects.

United Prcss eased Wire service.l
CHICAGO. Fec. 10. Miss Chalatta
Hall. pretty 10 year old ste og aphe :,
pounded steadily away at her type
writer in the offices of Swift and Com
pany today, with never a look at the
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1913-12-15
Local Observations.

NJ ean temperature 14th. 3S.
Lowest temperature, 30.
HIGHEST temperature as.
Low sst temner1ture last nioht. 2S
FRED z. GOSEwISCH,
Observer
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1913-12-15
Daily River Bulletin.
River Forecast.

The river will fall slowly from Dav-
export to KeoNuk during the next for
ty-eight hours.
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1913-12-17
NO MORE KICKOUTS
 AFTER TOUCHDOWNS
Coach Tad Jones FaVOPs Change in Present Foot
 ball Rules.

New Haven, Dec. 17-E1imination of the punt out after a touchdown preliminary to kicking the goal is ad- vocated by T. A. D. Jones, former Yale football star and "AlI-Anerican'' quarterback, in a discussion of foot ball rules in the Yale News yesterday. He says:
 ''I would suggest as a change that all goals from touchdown should be kicked from a point imIn ediately Sin front of the spot where the ball is downed. In other words, I would take away the privilege of the punt out. It might be well to widen the field per haps 10 yards and to strengthen it to it's original measurement.
 ''I think the element of chance en- ters too strongly in western football. They violate every rule in force for the sake of gaining some freak ,sof chance. This is all right in emer- gency but I think for a, general policy it is very bad. Eastern football may be a trtf1e conservative but I do not think so.''