davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1913-11-30

processes Of preparing il for naarke;
Hitherto virtually ali of these processes
have proved impracticable.
The chief obstacles to success have
been the cost of production, due To the
large amount OF water which peat con-
tains, and the cost OF hauling to market,
because peat is much bulkier than coal.
With view to surrounding these diff
culties Investigations are being made in
several parts of the country.
In Canada, whose climate is far less
favorable to the industry, from 1908 to
1900 tons of dried peat were turned out
by several plants last summer. The
process found most profitable to date has
been that used in Europe The peat is
dug by hand or machine and thrown d-
rectly into a machine which reduces il
to pulp. This comes out a wet. muddy
paste. which is either formed into bricks
as il issues from the machine il
spread upon the ground in sheets four to
five inches thick. marked off into bricks
by cutters. 1t is then left to dry and
when the water contents has been re-
duced to about 40 per cent the bricks are
picked up and arranged in stacks for
future drying in storage bins.
The Canadian department of mines, AT
Alfred, Ontario, is now experimenting
with labor-saving machinery for possible
introduction in the peat industry, and one
of the accompanying photographs shows
at work in a bog, macerating machine
into which lahorers are shoveing the
wet product. After having been thor
oughly ground into pulp. il is automat
cally fed to car operated by cable
running alongside the track. Another
photograph shows the car in the act of
dumping the macerated peat into a field
press or spreader. which molds the fuel
into the rows of bricks seen upon the
field.
One OF the finished bricks was shown
10 ne by Mr. Davis II is about half the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1913-11-30

by the end Of the month bui little moro
than half an hour before sunrise THIS
planet is now beyond the sun at nearly
its greatest distance from Us. and It's
westward motion is consequently very
slow. Though already very nearly IL
line with the sun. IL will not finally pass
70 The east Of that body and become al
evening star until February ~.
Mars will be seen rising far ia he r0ftn-
east at about o'clock. During tits
month /; reaches Il position in the sky
nearly three degrees higher than that al
tanned by the sun at the time of the
longest day: consequently its daily path
across the heavens lies high above the
ground, and the planet is In excellent
position for observation.
Jupiter may be seen low in the south.
west just after sunset. but il Is Tar Too
near the suns rays TO be in a favorable
position for observation. This planet VIII
pass 10 the east of the sun January -.
Saturn will be seen moving slowly east
ward in Taurus. between the Hyades and
the horns of the Ball. Its rings are now
very widely opened out and in q rather
large telescope the reddish bands upon
the ball are easily visible. quite SINAI;
lens will show the largest moon, Titan.
and possibly the two other moons. tape-
tus and Rhea but the fainter satellites
can only be detected by the largest aper-
lures.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1913-11-30

tured.'' and thus added 70. the fapIly Of
our Soar system. hy the plane; Neptune
This FAINT hrt swiftly moving little
comet was frs- seen in the year 1892. and
was Again found upon its return 10 the
ceignborhocd 81 the sun in Ina At this
return ire comet had passed perihel.on.
and WAS always so near the SIN thai !
was Only seen with difficulty during the
eight weeks that il remained near enough
TO us to DC discovered. Ii doubtless again
returned in 1907. but it was not found al
that time The comet at its present re-
turn was first discovered low In the
southwest in the constellation Serpens.
and it is moving rapidly southwark: con-
seuuently, although il is described As
quite bright and easily visible in a small
telescope. its unfavorable position and its
nearness TO the sun cause IL to be found
Only with difficulty. This comet is NOV
ing in much smaller orbit than the pre-
ceding. and completes its passage about
its orbit in 6.S years.
Mercury, which passed TO the west of
the sun November 23 remains a. morning
star throughout the month; December 10
il reaches its greatest esongation. and for
a few days before and after this date ii
may be detected rising in the southeast
about an hour and a half before sunrise.
Venus is too near the sun to be salts
factorily observed. On The first of the
month it rises an hour and a quarter. and
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1913-11-30

competed with coal, largely because, until
lately. no economical means of manipu-
lating it have been perfected.
IT is a generally unknown fact that re
have in this country enough excellent
peat to warm all of our houses for many
years. Our peat Dogs. neglected and GO
ing to waste. cover about 1900 square
miles. They lie mostly in the STATE
north of the Ohio river ana easl OF the
Dakotas, the most extensive boys being
in Minnesota. Wisconsin and Michigan,
while there are large ones also in Maine,
New York and Florida.
This neglected fuel supply % OURS is
estimated to be worth SIS, 665. 800, 90.
These figures are given to me by c. A.
Davis. fuel technologist OF the United
States bureau of mines. who has been
detailed to study the peat problem. His
estimate is based upon the supposition
that our peat would be sold AZ So Per
ton, which he thinks il would readily
bring in the market and which would
yield a profit TO the producer. once es-
tablished upon commercial basis. ne
says. the entire product wcul, find a
ready sale as fast as produced.
Our climate is more favorable to the
gathering of peat than that of Europe,
where 1t has long been used in large
amounts, and where its production is
rapidly increasing, not only for domestic
but for commercial purposes. as, for ex-
ample. IL Russia, where large power
plants. even of 5000 10 GOO horsepower,
are Iurn ng it
Attempts to make use OF our peat have
been made for nearly a century. In
New England it was being used as Il
domestic fuel just before our coal was
produced on a large scale. But the in
dustry quickly died out with the coming
of cheap coal, and attempts since made
to produce our peat for fuel have heen
limited TO the trying out of entirely new
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1913-11-30
PREPAREp PEAT
IN VARIOUS IoRMS

ders or ciinkerS. and only 81 Very small
amount of ashes. Moreover, il IS light
and easy to handle. and while ii is burn
ing one would hardly. know, except from
the change of temperature, that there is
a fire in the house. For CRATE fires it is
even better than wood.
American suspicion OF peat results
largely from the overoptiniSm and many
failures of stock jobbing concerns. which
have hitherto attacked the problem
without first gaining technical knOwi-
edge of its intricacies. So the bureau of
mines is carefully inquiring into the pos
sibiities of our deposits-what can be
done with them and what cannot
1t is testing the various methods of eco
monte production and is making field
survey of the quantity and quality of the
various American deposits. By proper
exploitation and management with ma
chinery already in the market profit
able business in peat production can be
built up by skilled men in our states
where the product is abundant, and es
pecially in those regions far from our
coal fields. This is Mr.. Davis opinion.
Such an industry could give a local relief
from high prices now charged for other
fuel. He sees no reason why American
peat cannot be produced cheaply enough
to sell, profitably, for So ton.
The householder will profit indi-
rectly from another series Oh lnVeStiSa-
tions now being prosecuted by George 5.
Pope. chief of the fuel section of the
bureau of mines. One of the fruits. or
this work is a book showing careful tests
of 5000 samples of coal from 1..do diner
ent mines in the United States 1t mas
taken six or seven years to compile TINS
work Every big consumer of coal IN the
country is sending for it and as result
not only are our mine owners beginning
to sell their coal on the basis OF these
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1913-11-30

have not yet been briGged: the answers
to the much we wish TO know may not be
found out for many decades, or perhaps
for an even longer time.
most interesting event of the past
month was the discovery of very faint
comet which was soQn seen to be identi-
cal with that named Nestphal. and winch
was the fourth comet discovered In the
wear 1862 This body is moving about the
sun in great ellptical orbit. the farthest
extremity of which lies near. the path OF
the distant Neptune. and whose nearer
vertex is very near the path OF our eaftn
II was FIRST discovered June 81 1852. and
during this year was a beautiful object,
passing so near the earth that il appeared
very bright and was easily visible to the
naked eve; it was, in fact. possible TO
follow and watch this interesting OBJECT
for nearly six months as it slowly moved
among the stars.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1913-11-30

costly necessity OF most American homes
anthracite coal
For example, there has Just been dis
covered. in England, new method Q.
treating soft. dirty, smoky bitCminous
coal and giving it the virtues Of the more
expensive anthracite. which every house
keeper prefers. and whose exclusive U.S.
is made obligatory among coal users
by the smoke ordinances of many cities
Under this new treatment the cheaI
bituminous coal is cohed al a temperature
lower than that at which commercial coke
is nov made. and the resulting product is
a smokeless fuel. without the porous
structure OF coke as we know it, and
which can yet he made 20 sell muc:
cheaper than anthracite and almost as
cheap as biturn;nous coal. because the
by-prcducts given off during treatment
are nearly equal TO the mine value Of the
raw material These by-products are
chiefly gas. TAR and ammonia. The ques-
ton of Introducing the process OF manu-
featuring this new fuel. coaiite. n the
United States is now being investigated.
and il promises TO be OF value for the
home heater and home cook stove espe-
cisll- in regions near to our bituIninous
but far from our anthracite coal mines.
Another fuel novelty exciting the inter
81 o. these government experts is =
cheap grade OF charcoal 10 he manu-
featured Of saudust. bark and other
wood waste right a. big sawnilIs which
throw away tons upon tons of such de-
IRIS daily According to the new process
1ust perfected. all of this material is
ground into powder. briqHetted into small
cylinders. charred liz retorts and burned
out in the form of the neatest little
blocks of charcoal that you ever saw, be-
ing more condensed, harder and cheaper
than any now upon the market. The
same concerns that will turn their waste
INTO useful fuel viii first dist!il turpentine
from il: nothing will escape them save
the smoke that goes up when the char
coal cylinders are made.
tharcoai is an ideal fuel for
domestic purposes. Your grandmother
will tell YOU. 1t neither smokes nor
flames because the constituents produc-
ing smoke and fame in the raw wood
have been thrown of in the process of
manufacture But charcoal making has
become almost lost art in this country
and this simply because our standing tim
Der is too valuable for fuel purposes
Peat charcoal is still another fuel now
appearing upon our market. and one
which may revive the dead charcoal In
dustry. II looks like wood charcoal, but
s esteemed as greatly. superior in fuel
valGe
Although you have often read of the
peasants of Europe digging out OF the
ground shoveifuis of peat to be burned
Cpon their open fires. YOU perhaps have
only a vague idea TO what peat is.
In many regions MOSES. ferns. PUSHES.
reeds ard numerous small plants. >ac-
cumulating in swamps. winter after win
ter. decompoSe and accumulate under the
turf in dense. black mass which when
dried forms a good fuel which has never
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1913-11-30
MAeIRAH1Ne, PEAT In The BOO 3

size of an ordinary clay brick, is rich
brown in color and about as light as
wood. He tells me that about three tons
OF these bricks will give a little more
heat than two tons of coal. He estimates
that peat n this form should be pro-
duced in the United States at 4 cost
under 81 per ton. Indeed. some authori-
ties on the problem claim that 1t can be
bricked at cost of 81 per ton to the
producer. Where offered in the market
thls far it has been sold without diff
Guilty at s.. per ton where anthracite sells
fol between 81 and IS.
sou can burn peat wherever you can
bl3rn coal, although larger fireboX,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1913-11-30

finer CRATE and less draft than used for
coal give better results. Certain rail-
roads of Europe. preferring it to coal
use it for their smaller locomotives when
ever they can purchase it in sufficient
Quantities In Germany one electric plant
of 5000 horsepower and another of 4.ooo
horsepower use it altogether. while sew
eral peat-bui ming power plants have been
opened in Russia within the past few
years.
The housekeeper will prefer peat to coal.
according to Mr. Davis. She will find
it cleaner. 1t gives no black smoke and
burns into a fine powder, leaving no Gin
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1913-11-30

sNgasas

Unfortunately, at this return the comet
is not nearly so favorably situated. SO
that it will at no time become nearly
bright enough to be viewed without 4
telescope It is slowly receding from us.
but in the largest telescopes can probably
be followed throughout the winter At
present it appears faint ELONGATED
head or coma, with a tail some one OF
two minutes long. During the present
month it will move slowly northWard
from the constellation Cygnus, along the
path ABB. Figure l. which follows almost
the exact center of the Milky Way.
In spite Of the disappointing appear
ance of his object it's rediscovery is ii
the greatest interest, since il increases b.
one the small number of these bodies
which, after their withdrawal from US.
have actually been seen to return to our
sun The present comet, like the far
more striking Halley's Comet. was cap
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1913-11-30

interesting world is watched and studied
with the greatest interest. 1t is true that
on the planet Venus the conditions APP
proach more nearly to those on our earth
than do those on Mars, but Venus can
never be studied to the same advantage
as the far more distant and smaller
planet The reason why this is will
be easily understood from an examination
of Figure > For all of these inner
worlds are cold, dark bodies which only
shine, and hence are only visible to use
when they are lighted up by sunlight. 1t
is, of course, only the half of any body
that fades the sun which Is in sunlight;
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1913-11-30
To Assure This Boon

To Assure This Boon
New Fuels Being
Perfected New Meth
cd of Treating Btu
minous Coal Rids 1t
of Smoke and Dirt and
Leaves 1t as Cheap as
Raw Material New
Process OF Making
Charcoal Blocks From
Sawmill Waste May
Revive. Dead Charcoal
Industry = Peat Char
coal Another Fuel Nov
elty-We Have $780,
100000 Worth of
Good Peat Idle in Our
Soil.
Ey JOHN ELEEIlH WATKINS.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1913-11-30

from winch he can View the
unobstructed sky will now
see a most brilliant spectacle in the early
evening heavens. High up from the
ground in the east there shine out tn
very bright groups of the Charioteer. the
Twins and the Bull, while below these
there are seen the brilliant Orion and the
very bright Dog Stars. Sirious and Pro
cyon, the former of which is the brightest
star of the entire sky.
Not only is the whole eastern heavens
covered with this brilliant assemblage OF
stars, but il happens that the two bright
planets, Mars and Saturn. are now also
in this part of the sky. AS the former
planet is FIVE times as bright as first
magnitude star. and the latter no less
than three times as bright, this entire
region OF the heavens is now indeed a
most brilliant one.
During this and the following month
the beautiful Red Planet will be in the
best possible position for observation. II
the observer will face 10 the east on any
clear December evening his attention will
at once be attracted by this brilliant OBJ
Ject. which now shines out in the con-
steliation Gemini with five times the
brightness of q first-magnitude star. At
the beginning of the month the planet fs
66OO0.o00 miles away. but by January /
this distance is diminished to 5S.UO.OOo
miles On the latter date it attains Its
nearest distance to the earth. and imme-
diately afterward begins to recede from
US Consequently the months OF Decem-
Der and January will afford the most
favorable opportunities for viewing this
most Interesting world.
Nevertheless, the present opposition,
rs il Is called. IS not so favorable a one
a. many OF the near approaches of the
planet are. In Figure there are shown
the paths OF all tie four inner planets
.sbout the sr.. II will be noticed that al
though G;srs. the earth and the sun are
now very nearly in q straight line with
Zach other. yet that the distance apSrt of
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1913-11-30

the two former bodies is very much great
er than ii would be If they occupied. for
example the positions NJ and n. When
the earth happens to pass Mars in this
latter region, where the two paths lie so
near together. the worlds may be sepa-
rated by distance of but 35.O0o.o00 miles,
while il the passage occurs as il does at
present their nearest approach is no less
than 100000 miles. At the most favor
able approaches (which can only occur
during the latter part of Anguish the
planet appears to ~us nearly four times as
bright as at the unfavorable ones
Yet at every near approach this most
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1913-11-30

- N-4att+S
problem Of cheaper
heat for our homes
is receiving Uncle.
Sans careful at
tention these chill.
wintry days
His experts have
lust been describ-
ing To me some in
teresting new do
mestic fuels which
bid fair to rival that
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1913-11-30
BY Prof. Eric Doolittle of the Uni
versity of Pennsylvania.

- 1iOENER will go away from
" the bright lights of the city
AAA until he comes TO a place
W. from which he can view the
unobStructed sky will now
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1913-11-30

~ JOHN ELEEElH WATKINS.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1913-11-30
DRYING PEAT.
field PRESS ATWoRlI

processes Of preparing il for market
Hitherto virtually Ali of these processe:
have proved impracticable.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1913-12-22
ANOTHER STORM
VISITS DENVER
ON SATURDAY

DENVER, Dec. 22.--The second Sc
rious snowstorm in a fortnight struck
the city on Saturday The density
of storm increased as day progressed
until the snow lad reached the depth
Of from five to six inches at ? p. m.
Forecaster Brandenburg predicted
that the snow would continue falling
all day and tonight
This late snow falling on that left
by the last big storm quickly made
all streets and thoroughfares impas-
sable, tying up two-thirds of the
street car lines and making it almost
impossible for the remaining lines
to operate. Just recovering from the
last severe storm, many people il
different quarters are suffering while
nearly all Of the schools are agail
| closed
The storm is general through Colo
RADIO, eastern Wyoming and northern
l New Mexico, extending as far cas-
as Iowa and Missouri. So far tn
railroads are still open, but the cor
dition is rapidly getting worse.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1913-12-22

sRouoHER AVENUE, OPPOSITE MIzPAH HOTEL
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1913-12-22
PARCELS POST
MAKES SAVING
FOR XMAS
IMMENSE SUM TAKEN AWAY
FROM EXPRESS COMPANIES
BY NEW SERVICE.

WASHINGTON, Dec. 22.-Real cash, |
the hard earned sort will get Mr..
Common People, his wife and their
children this year through the opera
tions of one of Uncle Sans depart
ments. A brief comparison of What
it cost to send gift packages by eX'
press or mail last year with the rates
possible under the parcels post sys.
TEN this year, shows how the govern
ment can aid when it is permitted to
In no instance are the express rates
reduced less than one-half, and in
many the amount of reduction is far
more And the money which last
year went to the express companies,
this year goes to the people them
selves. Say, for instance, that you
live in Baltimore and want to send
four pounds of candy to some one in
New York as Christmas remem-
brance: last year it would have cost
you, mailed, one cent an ounce; it
would have cost you ga cents to send
| four pounds by mail By express It
would have cost you for the same
distance 40 cents-the eXpressage
from Baltimore to New York fol-
anything weighing less than five
pounds. BY expressing it, then, YOU
would have saved "a cents last year
You want to send similar gift this
year; the express rate is the SAME
as before-40 cents for packages
Weighing up to five pounds. Yol
} turn to the postal rates; you find
difference in rate, and it is a differ
ence that is going to save you AM
every one else a lot of money thi
Christmas, for you don't have L
pay a 64-cent rate, as last year, whei
you mailed it, and you don't have Z
pay a accent rate, as last year whe
you expressed it. You just pay
cents, just one-eghth Of what it cos
you before to send the four pounds
cents for the first pound and
cent a pound for each additions
pound. What is more, this year 20
can send five pounds or fifty pound
! whereas last year you couldn't pc
, suade any postmaster in the countr
to send package if 1t weighed
fraction over four pounds.
To express a four-pound box
candy from St Paul to New You
would cost rs cents, more than
have mailed it last year. Now,
mailing the package, you save you
self just 3s cents, little more tn;
half of the express rate. Next yea
thanks to the sweeping reductions
parcels post rates, the same packa
will cost only SO cents, a saving
AZ cents over the express rate. T
new parcels post rates will becor
effective New Years day.
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1913-12-22
PROPOSALS FOR BIDS FOR wOOD
AMI COAL.

Sealed bids or proposals for supply
ing the Court House and County Hos
pital with wood and coal for the year
commencing on the LIST day of Janu-
airy. 1914. and ending on the LIST day of
January 1915, will he received by the
Board of County Commissioners, up to
and including the 9TH day of January,
1914.
The successful bidder will be re-
quired to deliver the wood and coal to
the above named institutions as di-
rected by the Board of Commissioners.
The bidder will have to state the kind
or quality of coal at so much per ton,
and wood at so much per cord.
All bids so offered must be in writ
ing and have endorsed thereon Bids
| for Wood and Coal for the Court
| House and County Hospital" and must
/ be fled with the Clerk Of the Board
of County Commissioners on or before
/ January 5th 1914.
/ The Board reserves the right to re-
! ject any and all bids
/ COUNTY COMMISSIONERS OF
NYE COUNTY, NEVADA.
BY ROBERT G. POHL,
Clerk of the Board.
Dated December LIST, 1913.
DS-15-22-29
Tonopah daily bonanza. [volume] (Tonopah, Nev.) 1906-1929, 1913-12-22
Coffee

We smell only gas. The
odor of perfume is its es-
sence turning to gas.
The convex or bullying
top of an aroma-tight can
of Schilling's Best coffee
preserved in its aroma
shows the pressure of cof-
fee gas. Notice that fra
grant puff when you pune
ture the tin. There's just
a trifle; 99.9 per cent or
more is forced to remain
as essence and you get it
lin the cup.