davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-06-29

ouaae Of their savage ancestors '"e1
have also forgotten all OF their music
Nav relics Of that music not remain
in a subconscious memory!
The influences Of the music OF ."'
dominant peoples with whom inc
slaves were brought into contact upon
the rude art Of the latter will have 70
be looked into and also the reciprocal
effect upon each other; and thus the
character and nature Of the hybrid art
found in the Creole songs ana dances
Of Louisiana will be disclosed.
TO make the exposition plain 1t VIII be
illustrated. step by step. by musical eX-
amplcs African music will be brouSht ior-
ward TO show the sources Of idloms when
have come over into the folksongs created
bv negroes in America, and the erect Oh
those fdioms will be demonstrated oN
specimens of song cullcd from the former
slave states the Bahamas and Martin-
iouc. There will be ''spirituals ana WORK
songs SONGS of the "roustabouts' on the
steamers plying along tho MISSISSIPPI
"coast." satiricaI and dance songs or the
brack Creoles of Louisiana and st. Pierre
now buried under the ashes oi Mount
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-06-29
STUDY OF MUSIC OF
AMERICAN NEGROES

reviewer have met again on project for
the present summer. II is a continuation
OF branch OF musical study for which
foundation was laid more than decade
ago in a series of articles, with biblio-
graphical addenda, on folksongs and their
relation to national schools Of compost
ton Those articles, it has been learned,
have been cut out. placed in envelopes
and indexed in several public libraries.
Many requests have come TO the writer
from Librarians and others that they be
published in book form But they were
mere outlines. suggestions for the larger
work which their author hoped would be
encouraged by them, toward which the
list of books, ESSAYS and musical collec-
tons which were appended in each case
would have been a great help Folksong
literature has grown considerably since
then, especially In Europe, but the sub
ject OF paramount interest to the people
of the United States has practically been
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-06-29

The Tribunc's inquiry and the method
pursued
Il will be determined what are folk
SONGS and whether or not the songs
in question conform TO scientific
definition in respect Of their origin
their meodic and rhythmical charac'
terstic and their psychology.
The question. Are they American"
will be answered.
Their intervalic. rhythmicaI and
structural elements will be inquired
into and an effort be made TO sho"
that, while their combination into
SONGS took place in this country the
essential elements came from Africa;
in other words, that, while some OF the
material is foreign, the product is
native; and, il native, then American.
An effort will be made to disproVe
the theory which has been frequently
advanced that the songs are not orIgI-
nal creations Of the slaves, but only the
fruit Of the negro's innate faculty TOR
imitation. X will be shown that some
Of the melodies have peculiarities OF
scale and many pecuiarities Of struct-
ure which could not possibly have been
copied from the music which the blacks
were privileged to hear on tho planta-
tons or anywhere else during the pc
rod Of slavery. Correspondence will
be disclosed, however, between these
pecuiarities and eIsments observed by
travellers in African countries.
This will necessitate an excursion
into the field of primitive African mu-
sic and also into the philosophy under
lying the conservation Of savage music.
Does it follow that because the Amer.
lean negroes have forgotten the Ian
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-06-29

The burden is 10 be laid upon the
music The poetry OF the songs has been
discussed amply and well. never so
amply or so well as when they were first
brought TO the attention of the world by
a group OF enthusiastic laborers in the
cause of the freedmen fifty years ago.
Though foreign travellers had written
enthusia stically about the singing OF the
slaves on the Southern plantations long
before. and though the so-called negro
MINISTRIES had provided an admired form
of entertainment based on the songs and
dances Of the blacks which won uneH-
ampled popularity far beyond the con-
fines Of the United States. the descrlp-
lions we're vague and general. the sophis-
tication so great. that ii may be sara
that really nothing was done 10 make
the specific beauties of the unique songs
Of the plantations known until Miss M,-
Kim wrote letter about them e"
Dwight's journal OF Music which was
printed under date of November 5. $50.
IN August. 1853, II. @. Spaudins con
trihuted some songs TO THE continental
Monthly" together with an Interesting
account Of how they were sung and the
influence which they eXerted upon the
singers. In THE Atlantic Monthly TOT
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-06-29
NNUSZCAL NOTES ana CQMMENT

ter Mass and Albany On. y festiv,,.
and the Caecilia Society, OF Boston a.
was born i'm Columbus. Ohio, on Fehru..
10. 1850. and his advanced musical stuo,.,
were made i'm Berlin where he wa,
pupil of Tn. Kullak (pianoforte). We,,,
mann theory and Dorm conducting, a.
was for years choirmaster Of the Cinc,
natl festivals and Theodore Thomas ss
sistant I'm that city, Chicago and Ma,
York.
Mr. Huss's musical activities as teacb.,
composer and pianist have been 1,,,
chiefly to New York ever since he >.
turned to America from his studies =,
the Hochschule in Munich, where he "a,
a classmate OF Professor Parker OF va.
University. and other American mus
clans vino have made their mark u.
was born i'm Newark, y. j.. on june y
1862 He has composed i'm many Of n.
large artistic forms, among the MOS,
notable Of his compositions being a pia,o
forte concerto, "A fantasia for the SANE
instrument and orchestra. sonata 70.
violin and pianoiorte. which NJ Ysay.
took up in his repertory last winter ana
some choral pieces.
Nh. Van Broekhoyen enjoys the os.
tinction. which is especially deserving q,
mention here. Of being the first compo,e,
To make use Of American creole melodls.
I'm a composition for orchestra. This is,
Creole Suite" which he composed at no
request Of the present writer for a r..
ception given by the Musical Club OF Gin.
cinnati on the occasion of one Of the Nav
festivals "A score Of years ago. The suit
was played at the Chicago Worlds Fs,
Of 1898 and was a part Of Sousas reper.
tory on one Of his round the world trims
Mr. Broekhovcn is a Hollandor by birth
but came 20 the United States with HI,
fathers family as a boy and settled 10
Cincinnati lie is now resident Of Neg
York. where ne teaches singing and CON-
position. He is also conductor OF the
Commonwealth Orchestra. His practics,
experience in music embraces orchestral
and ensemble playing Ciolal. orchestral
and choral conducting, composing. teach.
ins and criticism. Among his books ara
System OF Harmony and The Trg.
Method OF Tone Production"
X. Elk
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-06-29
OTHER ILLUSTRATIONS.

There will be solo songs with piano
forte accomplishments songs with choral
refrains, choruses and part-songs for
mems voices. The arrangements will be
the work OF trained and experienced mu-
sicians who have worked In the spirit OF
the writer Of the studies and aimed at the
creation of beauty without destroying
the character OF the songs by harmonic
sophistication. The men whose talent
and learning have been enlisted are
Henry T. Burleigh. Arthur Mees. Henry
Holden Huss and John Van Broekhoven
Mr. Bureigh has already made his mark
In this field as well as on the concert plat
form as a singer lie Is a native OF Erie
Penn, where ne received mis- education,
being graduated from the high school in
1857. lie came TO New York in 1892, and,
receiving scholarship there, studied
various branches of music. including COM
position In the National Conservatory OF
Music for four years, eventually becoming
a teacher OF singing there DR.. Dvorak
was director OF the conservatory at the
time and Mr.. Burleigh had considerable
to do with initiating him into the spirit
OF American song and stimulat-
ing the interest which produced the Boz
hemian masters American symphony,
quartet and quintet He is the solo barry
tone singer OF the choirs OF St Georges
Church and the Temple Emanuel, In
New York, composer OF many songs and
pianoforte pieces, including artistic ar
rangements OF plantation melodies.
Mr. Mees has won a pre-eminent posi-
ton among the musicians of America as
IA conductor OF choral societies. and is at
the present time director OF the Morces-
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-06-29
The Matter of Wan
ing Against Contin'
uation Of Large
SpeculativeBids
Is Discussed.

carry the make to any height unless soI
ported by a partners hand OF uhus''
strength. Souths dscernment IN IeeN
nizing the true situation and thereiV.
Withdrawing from the biddns was p
commended.
This note. received at our once
worthy OF space:
Auction Bridge Clinics.
Sir: | noticed some two or three W
ago your article in the Sunda. IlV-.
stated your intention 10 further
the Objectionable spade convention III.
/ have looked forward to your aln.
on the subject for two reasons. 80
All lovers OF the game certainly o". ~.
thanks for your vigorous defence u
simple game and your very able crlu'.l-
of burdensome conventions S'0V'a
There are still occasional attempts
the spade code. generally by ili'u,
PLAYERS, and think the recognized SUI =.
ness of your articles on the game "
best players would warrant your CIV" ~.
final push TO the faltering use oil '"'
fair spade conventions. ,,u
\ II. MEAChl%
New York, June %, 1918
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-06-29
Decision as to Support
ing Partners High
Bid or Switching
Offers Keen
Test Of Skill.

The game Of auction certainly presents
many phases that are akin to human
traits. Every hand is different and pre-
sents It's varied problems. even as do In
dividuals.
Temperament enters largely into both
the bidding and play. and more especially
on the high contracts and speculative
bids.
Tie element Of arriving at correct
reading OF the hands so as 10 obtain the
maxigum Of strength OF the partnership
holding in lighting for or in saving the
game presents one Of the pretty prob
lens No matter how well rated the
player, he is sure TO slip at some point.
No one however great his ability is able
10 play perfect game at all times.
High bids and the supporting OF switch
INK offers one Of the tests OF high skill
The following hand played at local
club illustrates some points in high con-
'racts.
The hand
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-06-29

I905-f906. ola Musique chez les Peupies
indigin6s de rAmerique du Nord-btats-
Unis ct Canada" Paris, Librarie flsch-
bacher: Leipsic and New York brethopt
& HarteD A few months 'ago oooN
entitled Musk TAM und Dlchtung pe'
den Kreolen Americas" by Albert fr'eu-
enthal. was published in Berlip. h. Tlefso'
concerned himself chiefly with the Indians
though he made some keen observations
on the music Of the black Creoles OF Lou
isiana. and glanced also at the slave sohsS
for which he formed sincere admiration ;
the German folkIorst treated or negro
music only as he found it influencing the
dances Of the people Of Mexico central
America. South America and the west
Indies. The study is interesting, out us
contribution to the subject which we nave
Gan hand almost negligible.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-06-29

South declared one royal West over
called with two diamonds Making his
supporting bid higher than actually nee
essary. North declared three royals.
While "shut-out." supporting bids can be
employed I'm hands Of a certain type and
are oftentimes attended with success.
their use In hands Of the character Of
North's is hardly TO be recommended
Hands OF such great strength as North's,
Notwithstanding their undeniable value
when used IN support OF their partners
declaration, may still have a more profit
able use later.
Some Interior motive Of a partner may
force an opponent TO high contract, and
then the value OF a strong supporting
hand NAV be fully realized.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-06-29
Characteristic Elements Of the
Music and Their Deriva-
ton from Savage
Sources.

r has been the custom OF The Tribune
for many years to devote portion
4 of its Sunday issues in summer TO
serious studies, in what may be called
the popular-scientih vein, Of special
pbases OF music and musical culture
Why the summer months were set apart
for the studies might easily be guessed
bv any curious inquirer As rule they
can have no place I'm a general newspaper
during the busy musical season OF the
metropolis. the reviewer would have no
time 10 write them, the reader would
have little inclination to give them Sc
riOus attention. The subjects which nave
heen studied heretofore, however, have
all been closely related to contemporary
musical life, and the purpose of the ar
ticles have always been TO promote
knowledge of current phases IN the art
and It's cultivation.
When the Pope, following the example
Of many Of his predecessors (and meet
ing with the same small mOdicum of sue
cess. decrccd a reform Of the litursicaI
music Of the Roman Catholic Church The
Tribune published a series of articles on
the Gregorian Chant and the earlier efforts
made to restore early forms and abolish
abuses which had crept into ecclesiastical
music. This. in succeeding summer
led to descriptions Of the choirs in many
Of the churches in New York and dis
cussions of features of the musical SER
vices. especially Of the changes wrought
in Protestant churches by an apparent
tendency toward one Of the eXternals OF
ritualism as exemplified in the introouc-
ton Of supplied choirs
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-06-29
"cHAPTERs OF OPERA"

The completion OF a quarter OF a cen
turv OF existence by the metropolitan
Opera House, Of New York, prompted the
production of the series called Chapters
of Opera" in which the detailed history
of that institutions activities was PREF
aced with g general account OF opera IN
New York from the earliest times down
to the inauguratiOn of the great lyric
PLAYHOUSE. Grouped together and brought
within binders boards, those Chapters
have become the accepted history OF
grand opera in the American metropolis
while the unusual interest felt by the
public in the fascinating and aristocratic
form Of art and encouraged by the Met
ropolitan performances called forth Sc
ries Of historical, descriptive and critical
essays on some Of the most admired
operas in the modern repertory. and these
ran through the Sunday issues of another
summer.
At another time the serial studies were
devoted 10 a collection Of hitherto I'M
published song-games Of American chill
iren. These articles. though published
long ago, have so little been forgotten
that. considerably TO their authors sur
prise. they cropped up in some fashion
able entertainments given last fall in
London. where, it would appear, they are
about to form part OF a folklore book
which an American lady has put in the
hands Of a British publisher. An Ameri-
can house having published the series Of
studies on The Pianoforte and Its
Music" which were written for The
Tribune's readers two years ago, II seems
to be a fair inference that this Journals
summer articles on musical subjects are
looked upon as musical literature OF
something more than ephemeral character
and value. and this. let It frankly be con-
fessed, was what the author and the
Tribune's editor had aimed at.
The minds Of the editor and his music
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-06-29
Score-Loyc-all: first game.

Score-Lovc-all: first game.
South declared one heart.
Vests diamond suit appealed 20 him as
insuiiiclently strong TO Justify asking his
partners support. 50 he passed, his hand
promising fair support TO any possible
declaration of his partner.
North, with no support. for his part
ner's suit declaration, bid two royals on
"A holding of considerable promise. East
declared two clubs. South. needing his
partners warning. abandoned his suit and
declared two royals in support OF his
partner. Two tricks was a fair estimate
Of the value OF his hand in support TO
his partners declaration
With a singleton age and three trumps,
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-06-29
ovERDIp 1T.

whats the natter asked III. -.
yer's friend. Been In a raiiroa'
dent?' Al
mo. | had jury case the o'ne' ~
and | argued 50 eloquently for 'hs r r
pose Of making 1t appear that my d
was fool instead of knave tha' :
him acquitted on that plea. :,
What has that TO do with 'o'
pearance?' :,
"IIe met me outside, after eou''
adjourned. Judge.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-06-29

June 1867. Colonel Thomas Wentworth
Higginson printed the texts OF large
number of songs and accompanied them
with so sympathetic and 'ct Keen an
analvsi~ Of their psycholo, and struct-
ure that ne left practically nothing for
his successors TO say OF the subject
Booker r Washington and ". T.. Bure
hardt Dubois have only been able TO
echo him in strains of higher rhapsody
Much use was made Of these articles by
william Francis Allen in the preface OF
the first collection Of the songs. entitled
slave Songs of the United States. pub
Iishcd Toy 4 simpson & 60. in New York
I'm 1867 The observations Of these
writer's and few others make mp prac-
tically the entire sum OF what II IS es-
sential to know about the social, literary
and psychological side OF the folksongs
Of the American negroes. Nouc Of these
early collectors had more than smat-
tering Of musical knowledge. and none
OF them attempted 10 subject the mclo-
dies OF the songs TO analytical study.
M. JULIEN TleRsoT.
Outside Of the cursory and fragmcntary
notices Of The Tribune's music reviewer
called out by a few performances Of the
songs and the appearance Of the collec-
tions which follow the popularzatiou or
the songs by the singing ~ the jubilee
Singers Of Fisk University and other
choirs from the schools established for the
higher education OF the emancipatcd
blacks. nothing OF even Quasi-scicntihc
character touching the melodies appeared
during the last generation until " Julien
Tiersot. tie distinguished librarian OF the
Paris Conservatory. published mono
graph (hrst in the journal Of the Inter
national Music Society aftcrward sep
aratelyJ giving the results Of his invest
igations into the folk music Of Canada
and the United states made during visit
10 America In the winter and spring Of
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-06-29
. AUCTION o BR!DGE 9 CLZNICl .

giving fair evidence OF ruling possibili-
ties, West supported his partner by de-
claring three clubs. and this held the con-
tract. as North refused TO go further
South opened the hand with the ace Of
spades and continued the spade lead
through dummy's queen guarded when
the hand was exposed. After the second
lead all the spades were accounted for
either in Norths or dummy's hand except
the deuce. which North had cleycrly CON
cealed by playing the four In the first
lead of spades When North led the
king of spades to the third trick. East
adopted a halfway course. ruffing with
the ten OF clubs. After over-rufiing East
with the jack OF clubs, South led his
singleton diamond and East was in with
the ace. East led heart TO dummy 5
. lone ace in order to get the finesse In
clubs. Both the adversaries holding
length in hearts were surprised when
North ruffed tho heart trick. as neither
thought his Suit SO long that Norths
hand would be void OF il.
East shut out South on North's next
lead OF a diamond by ruling with the
queen \ he ace OF uul1pS DIOubUt 90" u
all Of the opponents except the nine
which was high card I'm South's hand.
After holding off several times in order
to get better results. South was finally
compelled to play the nine of trumps.
This was the last trick for North and
South With I'VE tricks for the adver-
saries, East and West fell one trick
short Of THAR contract
GOOD JUDGMENT SHOWN.
In this hand. the bidding was checked
before 1t reached a high figure Both
North and South used good judgment.
South properly started off with declara-
ton OF one In his suit. North promptly
gave warning by a declaration in his
suit The true worth Of Norths declara-
ton was not clear TO his partner when
the bidding again reached him. II was
clearly out of the question 10 pursue his
suit further after his partners warning.
He knew. however that his partners
declaration had some merit or he would
have allowed the original declaration to
hold As a test therefore, he offered his
hand I'm support of his partners declara-
ton. His partners refusal to continue
after this meant two things. That he was
satisfied with the adverse minor dec,@ra-
ton or that he did not possess strength
at his own declaration 10 successfully
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-06-29

Peee In order that the beauty useful
ness and artistic efficiency Of these songs
may be felt and enjoyed they will be pre-
scented in arrangements suitable for per
Torrance under artistic conditions.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-06-29
A PIONEERS WORK.

The writer Of The Tribune's studies
therefore will have TO do the WORK OF .
pioneer. and a. such will be satisfied II
bc shall succeed in making q clearing IN
which successors ADLER than he shall WORK
hereafter.
This. il ie purposed, will be the scope OF
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-06-29
.Ry@Geo r9e ZKHP9'

by the advantage of position without i'm
pairing the trick-taking value OF his
suit cards. The result finally would show
a saving Of one trump trick.
The errors I'm later bidding were CEN
tired with North. Although the adver-
sarics' four-heart declaration would prob
ably have been defeated. North's double
was unsound and not warranted by any
expectation OF sufficient gain. with good
defence against the declaration and his
position on his partners declaration al
ready made clear he should have left
action on Vests late heart declaration
10 his partner His redouble OF four royals
doubled was unwarrantcd by his holding.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-06-29
WEST OPENS THE PLAY.

West opened with the king OF dia-
monds 10 the first trick and South was
in with the ace.
He started 20 establish the club suit in
dummy by leading a small club from
his hand West ruffed with his lone Jack
of trumps The queen OF diamonds from
West was ruffed small in dummy and over
ruffed by East. y heart lead from East
put West in with the ace. South's lone
queen falling. West now led the jack Of
diamonds. and the king of trumps played
from dummy's hand shut out East
Dummy's king Of hearts gave South a
discard OF his losing diamond.
Two tricks with the queen OF trumps
and the ace OF clubs In Easts hand were
afterward made by the adversaries. East
and West. making fvc odd tricks, de-
feated the contract by two tricks.
With careful play this could have been
reduced 10 one. South should have al
lowed dummy TO ruff the first trick. BY
exhausting trumps then he would benefit
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-06-29
WEST PRESENTS a BID.

West now brought his hearts into
play by declaring four in the suit North
doubled. 1t would have been difficult Ia
fathom his reasons for expecting better
results at doubled heart contract than
at royals even though at higher figure
Hearts. however. did not possess the
same attraction for his partner, so four
royals was declared by South. East on
;ering the bidding for the first time
doubled Easts hand appeared strong
enough 10 insure fair success North
however. redoubled. and this closed the
bidding
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-06-29
RARE cLEvERNEss IN CHECKING.

one rarely secs hand In actual play
that presents the opportunity 10 check
an anticipated high bid with u player OF
foresight to grasp the situation. The fol-
lowing hand was played at the Whist
club OF New York. and illustrates that
clubs recognized rating IN the game
The hand.