davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
News and citizen. [volume] (Morrisville, Vt. ;) 1881-current, 1913-05-14
Paris Needs skyscrapers.

Paris is realizing that it is faced
with the problem of a greatly over
crowded business center, and the only
solution of the matter seems to be
the adoption of the American sky
scraper, which is being bitterly OPP
posed by the true Partisan, who re-
CARDS the innovation as destructive
to many of the famous structures and
disastrous to the appearance of the
city. 1t is a fight of the new against
the old, and means the elimination of
many cherished institutions and time
honored customs of the typical
Frenchman of the gay metropolis.
News and citizen. [volume] (Morrisville, Vt. ;) 1881-current, 1913-05-14
Man as Bad as 1000 Years AGO.

Man has showed no improvement
either in Intellectually or morals from
the days of the earliest Egyptians and
Syrians, 1000 years ago, to the keel,
laying of the latest dreadnought," ac.
cording to survey which DR.. Alfred
Russell Wallace, known as the grand
old man of SCIENCE" completed on the
eve of his ninetieth birthday.
There has been, of course, a great
accumulation Of human knowledge"
he adds, "but for all that we are no
cleverer than the ancients.
There is still more abominable
vice going on; every kind of cruelty
to the poor and children; aduIteration
in every commodity, and lies every,
where.
"The average of mankind will re-
main the same until natural selection
steps in to raise it. The outlook is
hopeful"
News and citizen. [volume] (Morrisville, Vt. ;) 1881-current, 1913-05-14
English Averse to Chanue.

There is nothing more amusing in
all the quaint and curious customs Of
the English house of commons than
the strange ceremony which marks the
termination of each session.
The moment the house is adjourned
loud-voiced messengers and policemen
cry out in the Hobbies and corridors:
who goes homer"
These mysterious words have sound.
ed night after night for centuries
through the hall of parliament.
The custom dates from a time when
1T was necessary for members to go
home in parties, accompanied by men
carrying links or torches for common
protection against the foodpads who
infested the streets of London. But
though that danger has long since
passed away, the question who goes
homer is still asked, night after night,
during the session of parliament.
No reply is given, and none is ex-
pected.
News and citizen. [volume] (Morrisville, Vt. ;) 1881-current, 1913-05-14
MAKES PROBLEM FOR JAlLER
Women Prisoners in Jail Harder to
Handle Than the Most Desperate
of the Other Sex.

I'D rather have 100 men under my
charge than one woman" said the
jailer of Raymond street Jail, in
Brooklyn.
you see," he explained, "even the
men we get in here, who have Of
Tended against the law, presumably
have respect for it, an idea of it's
necessity. We get pretty desperate
men to lock up sometimes. They
don't make any trouble for us. They
do what they're told and keep their
mouths shut.
"But the women!" The jailer wiped
his forehead. do you know" he
exclaimed, helplessly, every blessed
one of 'em wants to be law unto her.
self!
They're antagonistic toward the
rules. They won't do this and they
won't do that. 1t almost seems as
if they deliberately worked themselves
up into RACES over immaterial mat
tiers. And when woman says 7
won't, and looks at you" the jailer
shook his head. tits a hard PROPOSE
tion," he said.
Were hampered in dealing with
them. When a man doesn't behave
himself, we know what we may do. He
knows it, too. Our hands are tied
when it comes to the women. What
extra punishment are you going to
hand out to they when they rebel?"
New York Sun.
News and citizen. [volume] (Morrisville, Vt. ;) 1881-current, 1913-05-14
A Cheap Fertilizer For Oats

Farmers having a light, sandy
soil, or whose farms are a fair
loan, but which have been ex-
hausted by long-continued crop
ping without much fertilizer, will
find it still possible to raise fair
crops by the use of Fertilizing
Salt. This kind of fertilizer ap-
pears to give especially good re-
suits on Oats. 1t not only makes
the straw sitter, consequently
making the crop less liable to
lodge and rust, but also keeps the
ground moist and so insures a
better catch when grass seed is
sown with the Oats.
A very desirable Salt for fertil-
izing purposes is sold by c. S.
PAGE, Hyde Park, Vt. 1t is more
valuable than most cheap salts,
as it contains more or less refuse
matter which comes from the
hides on which it has been used.
The price is only $500 per ton,
fob. Hyde Park, and the freights
are moderate, especially on 10
ton carloads. This price is soc
less than last year and is likely
to be only temporary. Orders
therefor should be placed as early
as possible. Prompt shipment
can be made and full particulars
will be given on request,
News and citizen. [volume] (Morrisville, Vt. ;) 1881-current, 1913-05-14
BETTER THAN AVERAGE HOME
Author Thinks Children Better Off
In Institutions Than Under the
Care of Their Own Mothers.

"An orphans home can bring I'D a
child, better than the average moth
err Seventy per cent. of the Ameri-
can homes are not fit for child to
live in. They have not the right con-
ditions."
Theodore Dresser, the novelist en-
phasized his words by his favorite
method, that of rocking backward and
forward vigorously in his chair.
THE parents are losing their iu-
Huence on their children" he contin-
ued. "The teachers of our public
schools see more of the child and in
fiuence his point of view more than
the parent
The moving picture show, the
newspaper, the public library, the set
tlement, all are drawing the child
from the home, giving him new ideals
and new point of view.
We have made a fetish of the
home; surrounded it with a false
ideal. We have made it thing of
sentiment instead of reality. Within
a century l believe we will have turn.
ed to the idea of making the child the
property of the state, which will ex-
ercise supervision over the homes.
taking the children away when they
find surroundings bad
There will be institutions for the
raising of these children, and I be-
lieve they will do better than the av-
erage mother Examiner.
News and citizen. [volume] (Morrisville, Vt. ;) 1881-current, 1913-05-14
Not Enough Goatskins.

The present demand for goat-kid
skins exceeds anything of the kind
before known, and the remostest
places in India, South America, and
Europe, and everywhere else goats are
kept, are now visited by collectors to
obtain them.
This demand arises from the recent
discovery of new methods of treating
the skins, which not only make them
a substitute for calf-kid as shoe leath-
err, but also render them suitable for
use in dress trimming. When special
ly dyed and finished, they find great
favor with dressmakers, and are used
for vests, strappings, pipings, blouses,
and even for underskirts for country
wear. They also play a part in recent
millinery.-Harper's Weekly.
News and citizen. [volume] (Morrisville, Vt. ;) 1881-current, 1913-05-14
Sun Power in Euypt

At Meadi, suburb Of Carlo, is g
sun-power plant of unusual interest
1t consists of five refectors, each 2O4
feet long, whose cross section is in
the form of a paraboga, with the gen.
orator units at the focus. The last
named are of zinc, built of rectang lllar
sections IA inches wide.
To render them efficient they are
painted with black paint of high heat
absorbing capacity. The water is in
PRODUCED at the lower end and the gen,
orator at its upper end is provided
with silvered glass mirrors. The
plant works best at pressure slight.
ly below the atmosphere.-Scientife
American.
News and citizen. [volume] (Morrisville, Vt. ;) 1881-current, 1913-05-14
Are All Children Liars?

Every teacher knows that every
child is liar, but he does not know
that savage man is also a liar, that
the two phases are comparable, and
that it is merely the desire of the
child, as, indeed, with the savage
man, to tell you something which will
please you. and to concoct the most
astonishing fabrications to satisfy that
desire. A teacher knowing this would
not brand the child as a liar and pun.
ish it accordingly, but by careful con.
versation cure the lying phases of
child life. So, too, there are many
other phases, such as playing With
News and citizen. [volume] (Morrisville, Vt. ;) 1881-current, 1913-05-14
Good Kinder.

In some sections kindlings are very
hard to secure, owing to a lack Of
timber of all kinds. An inexpensive
kinder may be made as follows: Take
to one pound of resin three ounces of
tallow, and while still hot after melt
ing mix with fine sawdust, straw or
any infammable material and mold in
small pieces about one inch square.
One pair will start a fire in the stove.
News and citizen. [volume] (Morrisville, Vt. ;) 1881-current, 1913-05-14
In Merry England.

That's rather handsome manteL
piece you have there, Mr.. Binkston,'
said the visitor.
YES" replied Mr.. kingston, proud
ly. 1T is a memorial to my wife"
'Why-I was not aware that Mrs
BinkstUn had passed away" said the
visitor, sympathetically
"Oh, no, indeed, she hasn't" smiled
Mr.. kingston. "She is serving her
thirtieth sojourn in Jail. That mantel.
piece is built of the bricks she was
convicted of throwing"
News and citizen. [volume] (Morrisville, Vt. ;) 1881-current, 1913-05-14
ROYAL. HEADS NOT ALL WEAK
Some Able Men Among Those Who
Are at Present the Occupants of
European Thrones.

Though the kings and princes of
Europe include some sadly deterior-
ated physical specimens, it would be
a mistake to suppose that they have
not some able men among them. Prob
ably they average as high in mental
ability as kinds did in the middle ages
when they not only reigned, but gov
erned. The German emperor is
strong ruler, and Francis Joseph of
News and citizen. [volume] (Morrisville, Vt. ;) 1881-current, 1913-05-14

Get away from the crowd awhile
and think. Stand on one side and let
the world run by while you get &C
sQuafated with yourFelf--p ] Rur-
Skette.
News and citizen. [volume] (Morrisville, Vt. ;) 1881-current, 1913-05-14

For baby's Group, Willie's daily cuts
and bruises, mammals sore throat,
Grandma's lameness,--Dr. Thomas
Eclectic Oil-the household remedy.
Csc and SOC. adv
News and citizen. [volume] (Morrisville, Vt. ;) 1881-current, 1913-05-14

fire anu the formation OF boy gangs
hooliganism, etc, all, in fact, racial
traits.-From CHILDHOOD" by Fred
erick Davis.
Atlanta Georgian. [volume] (Atlanta, Ga.) 1912-1939, 1913-07-14
There Are Bargains in These Ads
REAL ESTATE AND
CONSTRUCTION NEWS
Bridge Plaza Plan
Before Committee
Suggestion Of so-Year Property Lease
for $4,000, ooo-Jonesboro Road
Acreage Sold.

A new proposition has been sub
mitted in the so-called BIeckley
plaza plan for bridging the railroad
tracks in the center of town and
erecting handsome business build
ings along the superstructure. It is
to lease the Western and Atlantic
Railroad acreage from the State for
80 years on a basis of 100000 a year,
and then give the property back to
the State.
This suggestion was made at
meeting of the w. & A Committee
of the State Legislature by Barry
Wright, Representative from Rome
Mr.. Wright declared he was conf
dent he could get a syndicate OF
business men to take such d lease.
The plaza plan was first put for
ward several years ago by HARRISON
Bleckley the well-known architect,
who submitted a sketch showing the
feasibility of it. Leaders in local
finance Endorsed the movement, de-
claring that the waste space over the
railroad tracks could be made to yield
the State handsome income with no
outlay.
Included in the plan are a hand
the Forsyth street bridge to Madi-
son avenue, to handle traffic to and
from the Terminal Station. Ralph
o. Cochran, John Y. Smith and Rob-
ert b. Blackburn, Representatives
from Fulton, recently Endorsed this
project on condition that the States
interests could be protected in the
deal. Mr.. Cochran declared that the
property frontage created under the
plan would be extremely valuable
ana that owners whose property ad-
Joined the plaza could afford to pay
Tor the Improvement out of their own
pockets, in consideration Of the bene-
fits that they would derive from dou-
BILE frontage
Leaders who are pushing the mat
ter are hopeful that the Legislature
Will take some action at this ses-
sion.
Atlanta Georgian. [volume] (Atlanta, Ga.) 1912-1939, 1913-07-14
PROPERTY TRANSFERS.
Mortoauas

$700-H. s. Ham to Atlanta Bank
ing and Savings Company, lot 80 By
$50 feet, southeast corner Beuview
Avenue and Hall Street. July s.
s70s-George w Pounds to Allan
ia Banking and Savings Company, lot
As by 100 feet, east side South Boule-
ward. 295 feet north of Ormewood
Avenue. July 8.
S300-Mrs A. L. Posey to Atlanta
Loan and Savings Company, lot 81 by
100 feet, west side Oakland Avenue,
1853 feet south of Bass Street. July 1.
$3.50. r. and Beulah Guy to
same, 433 Highland Avenue, SO by $50
feet. July 8.
S625-Emmett A. Davidson to Mrs.
Ella F. Bussey, lot so by 1875 feet,
west side of Center Street 10 feet
north of Ethel Street. July Z
S600-Mrs. Hattie c. Gurr TO James
W. Deguenther, lot 45 by 1e0 feet
north side OF Merritts Avenue. 1S5
aees Esst az 6n15sS S8Essss SlsE6s :
Atlanta Georgian. [volume] (Atlanta, Ga.) 1912-1939, 1913-07-14

WASHINGTON STREET HOME, near
Georgia AvenSe all conveniences and
latest improvements; best section Of
Washington Street, lot so by 100 TO
ten-foot public alley Big garden and
plenty Of fruit trees Has got to be sold
at once on account of owner leaving the
city For further information address
A b c., Box 1877. care Georgian. 7-1O-5
Atlanta Georgian. [volume] (Atlanta, Ga.) 1912-1939, 1913-07-14
Chamber of commsros Plans.

Details of the arrangement for the
Chamber OF Comerce to own its home
at the southeast corner of North
Pryor street and Auburn avenue have
been announced The cost Of reno
waiting will be $4,000. The ground
floor will be leased for stores and the
upper stories will be used for Office
space. either for the various depart
ments of the chamber or for outside
concerns. There will be six stories
and basement.
The ground plan calls for diuen-
sions Of rs by 80 feet. A. Ten Eyck
Brown is the architect and the Griffin
| Construction Company the contractor.
Atlanta Georgian. [volume] (Atlanta, Ga.) 1912-1939, 1913-07-14
USED AND REBUILT
AUTOMOBILES
For SALE

One Stoddard- Dayton Roadster, $500
one Marmon five passenger car, thor
oughly rebuilt, $3.50.
one Cadillac. 1910. rebuff and re-
painted, 500.
one Oldsmobile five passenger touring
car. $3.50.
passenger, demonstration; big bargain.
u, 300
One Cartercar. 40-horsepower Road
ster: demonstration. also big bargain.
overhauled repainted, $3.50.
one Cartercar ~25-horsepower Road
ster. rebuilt, $500.
one Electric Victoria, new batteries
and mercury arc charging board Act
tx. the outfit goes for $500
These cars are guaranteed to be in
the very best shape Good bargains
Need space for new cars Address Car
tercsr Company, No 23S-40 Peachtree
Street. or telephone Ivy 2347. 6-25-25
CONTINUED IN NEXT COLUMN.
Atlanta Georgian. [volume] (Atlanta, Ga.) 1912-1939, 1913-07-14
BUICK MOTOR COMPANY,
241 PEACHTREE STREET,
COMPANY
309 PEACHTREE STREET,
ATLANTA. GEORGIA.

ATLANTA, GEORGIA.
NULCORINE GUARANTEE.
1. VUJCORINE is guaranteed to act on
incision from inside OF inner tube to
prevent air leakage from any incision
not larger than a thirty-penny spike
nail
2. VULCORINE is not a pasty or sticky
substance and viii not adhere to the
outer casing
3. VULCORiNE does not interfere with
removing inner tube from one casing
to the others.
T. VULJCORINE is not affected by heat.
cold or other weather conditions.
3. VULCORINE does not affect the
guarantee OF any automobile tire
manufactured.
g. VULCORINE VIII prolong the life of
inner tube Is to so per cent.
T. NUICORINE adds an average addi-
tional weight of seven CD pounds per
car.
s. VULCORINE is guaranteed to be en-
tirely satisfactory and II 1t does not
properly perform the above functions
for a period Of two years we will refund
your money.
.VULCORINE COMPANY
Reference: Fourth National Bank,
Bradstreet. 6-l-5S
Atlanta Georgian. [volume] (Atlanta, Ga.) 1912-1939, 1913-07-14
Ruil4inn Parnita-

s2,500-Dr Linton Smith, No. 81
Mayson avenue one-story frame
dwelling. Day work.
s124-Belcher & Tatum, No. so7
Hill street, heating plant. Moncrfe eff
Atlanta Company.
$123-Mrs. c. Bremen, No. 1874 Bar
nett street, same.
s140-Mrs. L. L. Ferris No. 81 West
Tenth street, same.
$75-G. w. Howell, Whitehall street
and Trinity avenue, demolish building.
Day work.
$S,500-L w. Granada No. s1l East
North avenue, one story frame dwell
ings. Day work
$500 Each-S. Cunningham. No. 10S,
10 and 112 HUMPHREYS street, three
one-story frame dwellings. Day
work.
Atlanta Georgian. [volume] (Atlanta, Ga.) 1912-1939, 1913-07-14

F. ]. Coolidge, individually and as
executor for A. f. Coolidge, has given
his son, Norman p. Coolidge, a war
ranty deed on No. So HUMPHREYS street
and Nos. 400 and Alb Richardson
street. the amount named being So
900. The former is so by 20 feet and
the latter two rs by IS.
Atlanta Georgian. [volume] (Atlanta, Ga.) 1912-1939, 1913-07-14
Preparing for HAYNES Store

Hard e. Worm, contractors. are
busy improving the front and interior
OF the three story building at 4s
whitehall because Of a raise in rental
from $4,000 to $4,000 a year. He Of
Iered S6,OOO TO the owner. A. B
Steele, but this was not accepted.
Mr.. Haynes recently got some ideas
from New York and European points
and will put them into effect in his
new establishment.
Atlanta Georgian. [volume] (Atlanta, Ga.) 1912-1939, 1913-07-14
Strike on HeaIey BuiIdino,

r. NJ. Walker. contractor, and VIII
liam T Healey. owner of the Healey
Building, expected Saturday that
there would be an early termination
of the workmen's strike on the struc-
ture which they are erecting oppo-
site the postofflce. The woriornen went
out Friday following a disagreement
with the contractor
Atlanta Georgian. [volume] (Atlanta, Ga.) 1912-1939, 1913-07-14
New DEVELOPMENT Company,

The Interstate Subdivision Compa-
ny is the style Of new development
concern which will handle real estate.
The incorporators are p. p. Ragsdale
and H. w. Brown, and they have pc
titioned the Superior Court for a
charter.
Atlanta Georgian. [volume] (Atlanta, Ga.) 1912-1939, 1913-07-14
Acreage Deal Closed.

Mrs. r. c. Brannon has sold to A.
L. Slaton, through Captain r. F. Cox,
of the Smith & Ewing Real Estate
Agency, II acres and bungalow on
the Jonesboro road, six miles from
the city. for $500, or 1923 an acre.
Atlanta Georgian. [volume] (Atlanta, Ga.) 1912-1939, 1913-07-14
MoreIand Avenue Sale.

B NJ Grant and A. S. Adams have
sold to B. F. Bennett a so by 235
foot lot on Moreland avenue. $50 feet
north Of Mayfield. for 50, 600
Atlanta Georgian. [volume] (Atlanta, Ga.) 1912-1939, 1913-07-14

AN Improved farm Of 400 acres. located
in Greene County; is a great cotton
producer. will sell at a bargain for cash
or terms / need certain amount Of
money quick For particulars, address
7-11-26
Atlanta Georgian. [volume] (Atlanta, Ga.) 1912-1939, 1913-07-14
FARMS FoR SALE.

l OWN and offer for sale. exchange or
lease, several well improved produc-
tive farms Easy terms q. II. Wad
dell ia Gambler Building 6-26-l
Atlanta Georgian. [volume] (Atlanta, Ga.) 1912-1939, 1913-07-14
Atlanta Real Estate Is Certain to Increase Value There
The Georgian's Rent Bulletin
ROOMS AND BOARD.

ROOMS and board; also table boarders;
rates reasonable. ia West Baker St
2A-1T-7
Atlanta Georgian. [volume] (Atlanta, Ga.) 1912-1939, 1913-07-14

GOOD ROOM and board at ss Capitol
Avenue; close in. Bell phone Main
44IS-J. 7-7-36
Atlanta Georgian. [volume] (Atlanta, Ga.) 1912-1939, 1913-07-14

THE coolest and most delightful rooms
in city; excellent location: low rates.
344 Peachtree Street. Ivy $3.50. 7-7-25
Atlanta Georgian. [volume] (Atlanta, Ga.) 1912-1939, 1913-07-14
CHESTERFIELD.
) MARLBOROUGH.

VERY choice room, or two II desired
436 Peachtree. Phone Ivy 2O47-J.
7-12-23
Atlanta Georgian. [volume] (Atlanta, Ga.) 1912-1939, 1913-07-14
FURNISHED ROOMS FOR RENT.

TWO nicely furnished connecting first
floor rooms for light Housekeeping.
2S8 Central Ave. Main 1851. 7-7-22
Atlanta Georgian. [volume] (Atlanta, Ga.) 1912-1939, 1913-07-14
WTNDSHTEDS.

SAVE your auto and motorcycle tires by
using Auto Puncture Cure. Seals
valve leaks and all punctures up to 20
penny spikes automatically at once:
preserves the rubber; prevents tube from
pense, 50Ts tire trouble and 400 Of your
religion. Watch for trademark, A. P. G.
Call North Pryor Garage. Auto Pune
ture Cure Company, Atlanta. Ga. Phone
Ivy $500. SCI
Atlanta Georgian. [volume] (Atlanta, Ga.) 1912-1939, 1913-07-14
FURNISHED OR UNFINISHED
ROOMS FOR RENT.

1 M Fl If5I7NSSfSHED and two unfinished
rooms. hot and cold baths. 81 East
Harris Street 1924
Atlanta Georgian. [volume] (Atlanta, Ga.) 1912-1939, 1913-07-14

NICE rooms and board, ladies or gen
Avenue. 63S3s
The Salt Lake tribune. [volume] (Salt Lake City, Utah) 1890-current, 1913-12-21
Please Cary
Small Parcels

We can handle the
big pa ckages very
easily for you, and
you con depend upon
our greatly increased
: delivery system for
any purchase 20 u
make = but IL does
help the delivery very
much TO have small
parcels taken home
In this remarkable
Christmas week.
Bryan daily eagle and pilot. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1909-1918, 1913-08-11

of Bryan that he has decided to go
into business in the city make this
his future home.
October the LIST, 1913, is the great
day that the Paige Automobile will
be given away by the Myers Hard
ware Co. Every purchase entities
you to chance. You get a ticket
for every dollar you pay on your ac-
count. Ask for your ticket.
ROBBERY Armstrong returned yester-
day mohping from a pleasant trip to
Denver and other points in Colorado.
He left Mrs. Armstrong and the boys
and Mrs. volney Cavitt and Miss Ruth
Cavitt in Denver, and they will spend
the remainder of the heated term
there. Mr.. Armstrong said the wealth
er there was delightful and leaving
the snow-clad mountains on Friday
and getting into the great heat here
on Sunday was rather an unpleasant
experience.
When you pay your account with
Myers Hardware Co., you get chance
at the beautiful Paige Automobile for
every dollar OF your account. Ask
for tickets. You may be the lucky
|One.
Bryan daily eagle and pilot. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1909-1918, 1913-08-11

Miss Lucy Wilson of Big Springs,
who has been visiting Mr.. and Mrs.
w. S. Wilson in this city, left today
for a visit in Alabama.
Mrs. j. B. Stevenson and children
arrived from Calvert yesterday after
noon, where she has been visiting
friends and relatives.
ID. d. Eastman OF Weldon came in
yesterday to join his wife, who is Wis
iting her parents, DIR. and Mrs. j. w.
Howell, in this city.
Just received first shipment Of
fruit Crispette Grocery. Oranges,
bananas and lemons at Crispette Gro
Gerry.
Don't forget the Free Automobile
at Myers Hardware Co. We give you
a ticket emitting you to a chance
with every purchase.
Mrs. L. B. Lorraine Of Hampstead,
who has been the guest of the fam
lily of Mr.. ]. w. hamilton. of this
city. returned home yesterday after
noon.
Mrs. A. w. Royder, accompanied by
her son, Adam W., and nephew, Her.
man Causey, came up from Wellborn
today and will spend few days in
the city.
Mrs. w. +. GibbsCand sons, Conn,
w. F. Jr., and Sanford, are spending
few days with Mrs Gibbs parents.
Capt. and Mrs ]. G. Conn. near Mad.
isonville.
Mr. and Mrs. F. S. Blue of Hous-
ton, who have been the guests OF Mr..
and Mrs. w. d. Lawrence. left today.
Mrs. Blue goes to Fort Worth to visit
relatives for short time, while Mr..
Blue returns to work in his terri
tory.
J. G. Battaglia and family, of
Hearne. arrived in the city yesterday
afternoon and will make this their
home in the future. Mr.. Battaglia is
a contractor. builder and house NOV
er, and is so delighted with the pros
poets of the growth and development