davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1913-12-21
THE WORKSHOP
Of THE NATION
Review of the Federal Course
in Creating a
Capital.
SIGNIFICANCE OF
THE "ORGANIC ACT"
Present, District Establishment the
elimination of Process of Evolv-
ing Seat of Government.
BY HENRY E. DAVIS.

VI no time since the passage ny CON
sress of the existing ''act providing a per
nanent form OF government for the Dis
trict CT Columbia OF June H. 1878 "a
Stats. l.. 1o2l. called the organic act, =
mas the so-calIed -half-and- half plan of
taxation thereby provided been ia such
danger of disturbance as now. OF has
there been greater need Of indicating
that plan and protecting il against the as
Saults Of those seeking its overthrow. The
following review OF the history of the Dis
trict and its relations to the national gov
eminent may not prove unhelpful 10 that
end
clause IL of Section S Article l. of the
Constitution of the nited States pro-
vides that Congress shall have power:
To exercise exclusive Legislation in all
cases whatsoever over such District (not
exceeding ten Miles square, as may. by
cession of particular States and the Ac-
ceptance of Congress. become the Seat of
the Government of the United States and
to exercise like Authority over all Places
purchased by the Consent of the Legisla-
ture OF the State in which the Same shall
be, for the erection of Forts. Magazines
-trsenals. Dock-Yards. and other needful
Buildings.
Purpose of Constitutional Convention
The proceedings of the constitutional
convention of 17S1 leading up to the adop-
ton of this provision as ii respects the
District are interesting i'm the extreme,
and equally indicative of the clear pur-
rose of the convention in the premises.
The experiences of the national authorities
when do.siia;ivd in Philadelphia. before the
adoption of the Constitution. convinced
the entire convention. individually and as
body. OF the necessity of establishing a
federal District distinct in itself. and
- devoted exclusively to the purposes of
lie Hduonal government in process of ere
auoa. and the matter had the conven-
ton ; serious consideration
he discussions on the subject. which
I'll be found scattered throughout the
proceedings. are Substantially epitomized
IN those OF July 70. which may not inapt-
u be termed the District day of the
convention In the course OF these dis
cuSsions the projected federal district
VAS thus vaTiously designated: The Seat
81 the General Government. the Seat
Of the National Government the Ma
tional Seat. the Seat of National Bust
ness and the Central Residence of the
Government. In Pinckneys draft of
the proposed Constitution it was desig-
mated as the Seat of Government for the
nited States. and in Hamilton's de-
lineation of the Constitution desired by
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1913-12-21

Considering these various steps in
bringing about the existing situation.
which would seem To- have been forgotten
10y many and to be unknown to more.
and considering particularly the facts
already pointed out. namely. that the
national government did not select. but
Willingly created and made, the seat of
national business" deliberately establish
ing for its own purpose i city where
otherwise none would have existed. that
the city thus established was designed
to be, and is, the nations workshop: that
such inha bitants as the city has are. as
pointed out by the Supreme Court. mere
ly part of the national society. drawn
TO it and remaining therein only because
it is the nations capital; that the total
number of its inha bitants represents but
a very small fraction OF that national
society. and that the development of the
District is. always has been. and of
necessity will continue to be- A scale
far beyond the needs or requirements of
the strictly local community. any unfair
ness IN the existing arrangement would
manifestly seem to be against. and not
in favor of. the District: for why should
the few and peculiarly situated in
habitants of the District Of Columbia
bear even SO much one-half of that
which. according to the intent of its
creators, and according to the fact. is
not local municipal establishment. but
the seat of the government of the
United States? 1t might be just. were
it possible. 10 determine what the Dis
trict would be but for its national fea-
-ture, and to tax its inhabitants accord
ingly. but that is plainly not possible:
the question, How much greater are the
District and its requirements for its
being the nations capital than would be
the case If il were only a local municipal
corporation in ordinary? is unanswerable,
but that the inhabitants Of the District
should not be taxed for any part OF the
excess of it's requirements as the capt.
tai ought to be obvious to all.
elimination of Process.
This review of the Districts history.
which might be greatly enlarged as q
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1913-12-21

said to be a compact, seeing that COM
pact is synonymous with contract
FLETCHER vs. Peck, Cranch., so. and
that at no time and in no manner has the
federal government been contracting with
the District: it has simply been providing
for its government under the constltu-
tiOnal requirement in that behalf
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1913-12-21

MIN as the Seat of Government. IN
No. ~ of the Federalist Madison. Wa
had previously used the expression seat
Of National Business. described the pro-
jected district as the Stationary Resi-
dence of the Government: and, as Is
above seen, the Constitution AS adopted
uses the designation Seat of the Gov
eminent of the United States.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1913-12-21
Nations WORKSHOP.

The all important fact that the Dis
trict of Columbia is thus the nation s
workshop accounts for its political his
tory. the tracing of which is of great in
terest and Importance in connection with
the question of the proper relations of
the District and the United States In
the beginning the present District of
Columbia was governed. as far as il was
governed at all. under the levy court
system of Maryland. interestingly de-
scribed by the late Justice Miller in the
case of Levy Court VS.. Coroner G. Wall,
sol. JO1-S,. This was the situation when.
on February -. 1901, Congress assumed
jurisdiction over the District. except that
by acts of July 16. 1890 q Stats. L.. 1907,
and April "A. 1909 q Stats. l.. ..5l a board
of three Commissioners was provided.
which board was charged with the duty
of surveying. defining and limiting the
District, providing suitable government
buildings and managing the affairs of
the city i'll general. BY act of May /,
1902 q Stats. l.. 100. this board was
abolished, and the affairs of the city.
which had heretofore been under its
care and superintendent, were put I'M
der the direction of a superintendent APP
pointed by and under the control of the
President. BY act of April ~. 1916 6
Stats. L.. :,24), this superintendent was
succeeded by an officer known as the
commissioner of public buildings. whose
Office was. in turn. abolished by act OF
March .. 1861 "a Stats. L.. 1860, and its
powers and duties devolved upon the
chief of engineers of the army.
Washington City Incorporated.
In the meanwhile by act OF May 3,
1902 g Stats. l.. 1861, Congress incor-
porated the inhabitants of the city of
Washington. providing for its division
into wards, as already established by the
levy court, with power to increase the
number of wards in the wisdom of the
council. BY this initial act of ncorpora-
ton council of twelve members was
provided to be elected annually, and
when elected the twelve chose from their
number five. who constituted the second
chamber. the remainder constituting the
first. The important point to be noticed
i'm connection with this act is that the
mayor was provided to be appointed an
nualIy by the President, and the bylaws
or ordinances We're expressly declared
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1913-12-21

intended to dispose of the whole question
of a government for this District. Ii rs.
as it We're, constitution for the District.
1t is declared BY its title to be an act
to provide a permanent form of govern
ment for the District The word per
manent is suggestive. 1t implies that
prior systems had been temporary anu
provisional. As permanent il is complete
in itself. Ii is the system of government
The powers which are conferred are or
ganic powers. We look to the act itself
for their extent and limitations Ii Is
not one act in a series OF Legislation, anu
to be made TO fit into the provisions oil
the prior legislation but is a single COM
plete act. the outcome of previous en-
periments, and the final judgment OF
Congress as TO the system OF govern
ment which should obtain"
In view of the circumstances Leading up
to the enactment of the organic act IL
is difficult To conceive how any other
view than this could ever have been en-
tertained. The act of 1871. creating the
District in its entirety a municipal cor
poration. and providing for il territorial
form OF government. having proved a
signal failure, in thai ii too greatly I'M
paired the domination of Congress and
too greatly relaxed its obligations in the
premises, Congress, June ~. INA re-
pealed that act and adopted the so-called
temporary act for the government OF the
District us Stats l.. 11G). by which for
the first time the commission form oi
government was provided. IN expert
ence of four years under this act proved
its wisdom in respect of its main feature.
namely. the government of the District
by Commissioners. and at the same time
completed the evolution of the other main
feature OF the present system. namely.
the welding or amalsamatins Of all the
governmental functions of the District
into a harmonious whole involving
unity of administration. the superces-
sion OF prior. temporary and provisional
systems. and the expression of the final
judgment OF Congress as to the system OF
government which should obtain: a SIS
TEN indicating that ut last Congress lad
approached realization OF the fact that
the government and administration of the
affairs of the nations capital are the
part and duty of the nation and the
national society at large. and not of the
District and its local inhabitants.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1913-12-21
Governments Stationary Residence

Even taken by themselves these eX-
pressions obviously indicate that il was
the clear contemplation of those engaged
in establishing the federal government
that il should have as it's own a sta
tionary residence" to be the seat of ma
tionaI business. In other words. that
there should be national reserve for the
workshop of the nation, as the late Sem
ator Ingalls, happily characterized it. And
the reasons advanced in the course OF the
discussion the subject are strongly
confirmatory of this: for instance, that
the seat of the general government
should not be at any city place which
was the seat of any state government;
that IL should not be any large CONNER
cial city; that it should be a fixed and
exclusive seat for the transaction of the
national business. The outcome of the
deliberations and action of the constitu-
tfonai convention produced just this re-
suit In the establishment of the District
of Columbia, the occupation of the terri
tory of which by comparatively few
citizens of the United States is. and al
ways has been. a mere incident to the To-
cation and operation of the governmental
machinery upon this particular plot of
that machinery the city of Washington
ment that would have occupied the
ground would haTe at best been a Mary
land town. if. indeed. there would have
been any town or settlement, seeing that
Georgetown was already an established
settlement and corporation before the
Constitution was adopted or even con-
caiyed.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1913-12-21
Decision in EckloH Case.

1.-The court below placed its decision on
what we conceive to be true significance
of the act of 1873. AS said by that court,
it is to be regarded as an organic act.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1913-12-21
elimination of Process.

This review of the Districts history.
which might be greatly enlarged as o
Evening capital and Maryland gazette. (Annapolis, Md.) 1910-1922, 1913-11-15
- IL e.rna.Ianr..

NOTICE Is HEREBY GIVEN, That she
Az Subscriber has obtained from the or.
phaBs Court Of Anne Arundel County, In
Maryland. Letters OF Administration on the
personal estate OF
JOSEPH MACALUBO.
i8te 81 Anne Arundel County, deceased -
All persons having claims against She de-.
ceased, are hereby warned TO exhibit che
same. with enc vouchers Thereon. &c the cut.
scribeT on or before the
9TH DAY or JANUARY, 1914.
They may otherwise, by law, be excluded
from al benefit OF said estate, All persona
indebted &c said estate are requested 10
make immediate payment
Given under my hand thls Ist day Oh
July 1918
AETONTEo mAOALUsO.
- Admr
Evening capital and Maryland gazette. (Annapolis, Md.) 1910-1922, 1913-11-15
Notice to Creditors

NOTICE is HEREBY GIVEN. ThR2 she
Al Subscriber, OF Anne Arundel county,
has obtained from the Orphans Court lof
Anne Arundel county, In Maryland, Iet
tiers OF Administration on she personal
estate Of
HERMAN HOLDEN,
late OF Anne Arundel County. deceased,
All persons having claims against the de-
ceased. are hereby warned TO exhibit the
same. with the vouchers thereof Go the
subscriber, on or before the
nth DAY or MAY. 1914.
They may otherwise, by law, be excluded
from al benefit OF said estate All persons
indebted to said estate are requested 80
make immediate payment,
Given under my hand this nth day Of
November 1918
HELEN HOLDEN,
NIP Administrative.
Evening capital and Maryland gazette. (Annapolis, Md.) 1910-1922, 1913-11-15
Notice to taxpayers Of IslIlsl2.

Notice is hereby given, that unless
the taxes for the years 1911 and 1912
are paid on or before the LIST day Of
December, 1913. the property, on
which said taxes are due, will be levied
upon and sold for the payment thereof.
This is positively the last notice that
shall be given. IF the property is
levied upon there will be an additional
cost of SIPS.
OBS WINSON G.. GOtTT.
Collector Of taxes for 1911 and 1912.
Evening capital and Maryland gazette. (Annapolis, Md.) 1910-1922, 1913-11-15
ORDER NIsr.

In the Matter ct the Sale OF the Mortgaged
Real Estate or HERBERT E
DONALDSON,
In the Circuit Court for Anne Arundel Coputy
No. $3.50 Equity.
Ordered this Itch day Of November, 1913
that the sale Of The property mentioned In
these proceedings made and reported by
Bruner Il. Anderson. attorney, he ratified
aud confirmed. unless cause TO the contrary
thereof be Shown on or before the
lSru DAY or DECs MRER. NEXT;
Provided 8 copy Of this order be Inserted IN
some newspaper published ia Anne Arundel
county, once in each Of three successive weeks
before the 18th day OF December. next
The report states the amount % sales TO be
$4,000.
GRO. WELLS, Clerk.
True copy Tests
GEO. WELLS. Clefk.
Evening capital and Maryland gazette. (Annapolis, Md.) 1910-1922, 1913-11-15
Notice to Creditors

NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN, THAT aha
Az Subscriber, OF Anne Arundel Count
has obtained from the Orphans Court o.
Anne Arundel County. In Maryland letter.
OF Administration on the personal estate on
JOSEPH LOREA,
late Of Anne Arundel Co., deceasec All
persons having claims against tho deoenart
are hereby warned 20 exhibit the Same, vi.
the vouchers thereof, &c the subacrlber, ou
or before she
18th DAY OF JANUARY. 1918.
They may otherwise. by law. be- aacludrf
from al benefit Of said estate. All persons
indebted 20 said estate are requested CO.
make immediate payment.
Given undgr my hand This Ssh 0aY ~
July, 1918.
CONCELTA LORFA,
~ Admir-
Evening capital and Maryland gazette. (Annapolis, Md.) 1910-1922, 1913-11-15

We hope 10 i've 70 see the day when
an 81 our Presidents Of the state Sen
ate, Speakers Of the House, and others
high and mighty who hold office wear
Evening capital and Maryland gazette. (Annapolis, Md.) 1910-1922, 1913-11-15
orc To cRFDIT0Rs

NOTICE rs HEREBY CIV MN that taa So
acribsr has obtained from the 0rrrnes
Court of Anne Arundel County, 10 Maryi4,5
letters Parliamentary on tte persona
estate Of
DANIEL OLONE
.ato OF anne Arundel County, deceased. Al
persons having claims against the deceased,
are hereby warned 70 exhibit the same, with
the vouchers thereof, 70 the subscriber, on o.
before tho
18th DAY on MAY 1914
FbeY may otherwise, 10y law, ho excluded iron
all benefit ~ said estate. All persona indebted
lta pRymcnte.
Given under M hand this 5th dsy o.
November, 1918.
MARY OICNE,
NJ Executrix
Evening capital and Maryland gazette. (Annapolis, Md.) 1910-1922, 1913-11-15

Perhaps they took the telephones
away from the midshipmen because
they did net want the middies to con
tract the disease Teleph0nophobia.
Evening capital and Maryland gazette. (Annapolis, Md.) 1910-1922, 1913-11-15


No. SIT Equity.
In the Circuit Court for Anne Arundel co.
Ordered this seventh dag OF NOVena ber, 1915
That the sale Of the property mentioned IN
these proceedings made and reported by
William Ninnick, Attorney he ratified
and confirmed. unless cause to she contrary
thereof Dc shown on or before the
NINTH DAY OF DECEMBER NEXT.
f5a1sssa copg 81 this order ae laserse4 g.
some 18WzpapeE printed snd published 30
AEne ArEoae tcsl Once ia each Of shree
successive weeEg fere ne ninth day OF
December next.
The report states ne amount OF sales 10 te
$500.
Gro. WILLS, CLERK
NJ st WILLS. Cisrs
Evening capital and Maryland gazette. (Annapolis, Md.) 1910-1922, 1913-11-15
NQTLCE - 0RFDIr0Rs

AiofICs IS aBRERY GIVEN. Thas thc
Subscriber has obtained from she
Orphans q arr OF Anne AUundc CountV, ia
Maryland, Letters Of Administration on ere
personal estate OF
HLIZABETH NJ MACHlN,
iAte o. Anne Arundel CoaDtg deceased. A..
persons having elaine &cHinsl thu deceased,
the vouchers thereon & o the sub8crtbeg on 81
before the
6ah DAY or APRIL. Iai4
They meg otherwise. bs law. tt excluded
from ali benefit OF said 5staka All persona
indebted o aaid estate are roqu sted 60 make
Immediate payment
Given under ny band this ,80th day OF
September, 1919.
BERTTN GLOW,
Administrators.
Evening capital and Maryland gazette. (Annapolis, Md.) 1910-1922, 1913-11-15
Third number Of the Log IS out.
Better than ever. or best of 81.

The new disease is Telephonophobia.
Have you got IL Nc. well if you
don want it steer clear Of the tele-
phone.
Evening capital and Maryland gazette. (Annapolis, Md.) 1910-1922, 1913-11-15
NO TIC &
Stockholders Meeting Of the Work
iugmen's Building & Loan Assn.

The Annual Meeting Of the
Stockholders Of the Workingmeu s
Building and Loan Association OF
Annapolis, a. a. County. Nd.
will be held at eight o'clock p NJ,
as its Office I68 Conduit Street, on
WEDNESDAY, November 18Th, 1913.
for the election Of Board Of Di-
rectors Tor the ensuing year and the
transaction Of such other business
as may be brought before II
LOUIS II REIN,
President.
FRANCIS J. QUINN,
rs Secretary.
Evening capital and Maryland gazette. (Annapolis, Md.) 1910-1922, 1913-11-15
NOTICE TO CREDITORS

NOTICE ~ HFHEBY GIVEN, TbEt t..s
A. Subscriber hiss obtained from tho Or.
phana Cturt og Anne Arundel county. .r
Maryland, Letters Parliamentary on tr.
personal estate or
SUSAN WRIGHT,
late o. Anne Arundel county, deceased 49,
perEonE having claims against thC dsteRe ..
are heTeby warned 60 exhibit the same, vs.. .u
the vouchers thereof, So tEg subscriber na
or before the
18th DAY OF MABCH, 1914.
They may otherwise, o. law. 10 excluded
fr0r2 sil beu otcg of said estate. AN person
Indebted TO said estate are requested ID fur blvd
Immediate payment
Given under my hand this 9Th day ..
September 1918
SUSAN MCGOWAN,
tl0 Admrx G. g. rs,
Evening capital and Maryland gazette. (Annapolis, Md.) 1910-1922, 1913-11-15
FOR RENT--FURNISHED.

/ have to let. partly furnished, the
home of Lieutenant Karns, 81 q Mary
laud Ave. Every modern convenience
Reasonable rent. Possession at once.
GOULD. Real Estate, Insurance, Church
Circle sud South st Telephone 92s-m.
n7-u
Evening capital and Maryland gazette. (Annapolis, Md.) 1910-1922, 1913-11-15
REPORT OF AUDIT
OF The
Board Of County School Commissioners Of Anne Arundel
County, Maryland.
For the Year Ending July 81. 1918.

Baltimore, Nd, September 81 1918
the County School Commissioners of Anne Arundel
County, Annapolis Maryland
Gentemen:--
We take pleasure in reporting you that instructed by
searching examination of the records books Of ae
count etc, of the
Annapolis Maryland,
July 1913 herewith submit Certified Statement
ended July 81 1913 together
with supporting Reconciliation Balanced Bank Pass Book
Balances with Cash Book Balance.
thorough detail checking
receipts Cash Book against deposits (as shown by
checking disbursements shown by the Cash
properly approved Vouchers reconciliation of Cash Book bal
with Books disclosed by balanced bank books
balanced July Exhibit further verified
all disclosed by the books
disclosed discrepancy and the general condition
At the request Of your secretary Garner have outlined sys-
Of the teachers salaries which will greatly
the labor in this particular and enable Board to obtain
statistics impossible under the old system
the examination, checks for
than dollar would that this
the could be accomplished there kept the Office
which possible of these small items
paid periodical refund be made for them We feel that
arrangement would convenient and saisfac
o all concerned.
Exhibit will find outstanding checks No 1922 to No 1925
inclusive amounting All of these checks year old
years would that all proba-
mentioned will presented the bank
payment they be taken your books receipts
greatly facilitated by the excellent condition which
found everything, and the helpful assistance afforded
Respectfully submitted,
BLACK AND COMPANY,
BY Wilmer Black c. p A.
al hlo
Evening capital and Maryland gazette. (Annapolis, Md.) 1910-1922, 1913-11-15
NOTICE 80 CREDLTORs

NOTICE ls HEREBY GIYkN, Ihrt tEa
~ Subscriber OF Anne Aruu0e. county.
has obtained fToU the OrDlsuH Court uf
Anne Arundel county On MgryiQrC, lstfera
OF Administration on the personal c5tats 0'
KATIE PLAHDER.
lass Ok 8 nne Arundel county, daUaased- An
persons having siaiU8 against the HereagaH
are hereby warned 10 exhibit the safla Hf.
thc voucher FtherC0t to thc sanuCF'ber, ur W.
be,grC fED
2th DAY OF JANUARY, 1915
Thoy may otherwise. ly law, e. excluded
from all benefit Of safd estate hfl rCraHuF
INDEBTED 60 said estate are requested 81 make
hmm ediaEe payment
Given uudur mY hams trfH 18th dag
July, 1913
GEORGE &c. PLAN DER,
Admir-
Evening capital and Maryland gazette. (Annapolis, Md.) 1910-1922, 1913-11-15
- 20 CRNpII.E

NOTICE TO CREDITOR
Me14CE IS HEREBA 2tFS E fhst tat
suc3ersaer mss 0bEa8nad ErGac ire (irnhans
Court q Anne Arundel CUen9y, IL Aarglasis,
estate So
FREDERTCE c. SMITH.
Aifs % anne ATunae' eoallcy deceased AL
PERSONS aaral,E SIZES NEa 81 she deceased
arc hereby waruse % exhiusf tae sane, wtfh
tbs vouchers thereof. Is fhe asnFerlf11r - 81
before The
Germ DAN OF NOVEMBER, EIs
-1el eagg qtaerwlse. oy iaW, p. exc adat
ISen Sc oeustt G. sad ssfsie. ~ 7ssre- -
lsllz1soiEee psgme8t
Given UEder mt tes ss 49, ~
Nay. 1878
MARis q SAITH AaA u
Advertise in Tar CAPTrAl
Evening capital and Maryland gazette. (Annapolis, Md.) 1910-1922, 1913-11-15
WILLIAM +. AISNIcK, Attorney,
oRDEg MfSI

In the Matters % the Sale az the Mortgared
Real Es1ats Iof NEWTON s. FOX and
FIRGfNfA p, FOX his wife.
Evening capital and Maryland gazette. (Annapolis, Md.) 1910-1922, 1913-11-15

Receipts and Disbursements
County County
Annapolis Maryland,
July 81 1918
Evening capital and Maryland gazette. (Annapolis, Md.) 1910-1922, 1913-11-15
-REDERICK q. -.
seTH DAY OF NoVEMBER, HIs

AarartIso in Tar cApIrAl
Evening capital and Maryland gazette. (Annapolis, Md.) 1910-1922, 1913-11-15

Baltimore, Nd. September q, 1913
/. School Commissioners of Anne Arundel