davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1913-03-23
New Things You Don't Know About Your Brains

the man-like apes naturally varies
greatly in volume in different indi-
viduals, there is no absolute gap in
regard TO size between the higher
races OF man and the apes. The
difference is bridged over by the
lower races of man and the excep-
tional individuals of apes.
One of the most definite distinc-
tons between present man and the
higher apes is the length OF time
during which the period Of growth
namely, childhood and the sub
sequent adolescent stage of devel-
opment is prolonged The chimpan-
zee Sally" was full-grown and adult
at eight years Of age. Savage races
show maturity at an age which
seems to Europeans astonishing
sometimes as early as the eleventh
year.
The brain Of the human child at
TOUR years of age may not infre-
quently reach as much as 1900 units
IN volume-more than double that
OF a fnll-grown gorilla-and it con
tinues to increase in volume for some
eight years, though it is difficult to
say precisely when the interlocking
or the bony pieces OF the skull
reaches a point when they can no
longer yield to the expansion of the
brain. The increase of the cavity
of the skull practically ceases in
childhood. and the increase In the
size OF the head subsequently Is due
TO the increased size of muscles
and fibrous structures on the outer
surface OF the brain box.
The older groups-those lower"
that Is furthest removed from men
and the animals most liks him
have In proportion to the bulk OF
their bodies much smaller brains
than the later-developed groups.
Thus fishes have smaller brains
than reptiles, and these have much
smaller brains than mammals. A
Goldfish has in proportion to it's bulk
OF living material smaller brain
than crocodile or turtle. and
these have much smaller brain
than a pig. Not only so, but earlier
kinds of mammals than the mig have
a smaller brain proportionately than
that animal has, and pigs have a
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1913-03-23
The Interesting Question of Railroads and Pullman
Company Responsibility to Patrons Raised by
Princeton Students Caress of Sleeping Beauty

n IRIS. SARAH SALTZMAN. of Brooklyn
INT has sued the Pennsylvania Railroad and
- the Pullman Company for $4,000 be-
cause. while passenger the Chicago Flyer,
Princeton student kissed her
The case Is important in re.directing attention
10 the lamcnta blc lack of privacy in the sleeping
Of this country: it is most important he
cause il may end in exact definition Of the
sponsibty OF tho Pullman and railroad compa-
MES 10 their passengers
Just to what protection Is passenger entitled
when he or she pays high rate for conveyance
between two points OF n railroad and pays
in addition another high rate for passabe
comfort on the iourncy-comfort that the rail
roads ought TO provide for the price Of the ticket
itself? Hotels responsible for the safety
comfort and protection Of their patrons. So are
shns. Why should not railroads be?
Mrs. Saltzman, in making the corporations de.
PENDANTS in her action, has raised the new point
that by selling the Princeton student intoxica ting
liquors they became his confederatcs in insulting
her. Theoretically, this Brooklyn matron wa
kissed By the rich and respectable Pennsylvania
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1913-03-23

with the sleeping beauty of the Pullman Every.
oooy was sleeping just as in the legend Sud.
uehis ID scream rang out. Every jumped
1or the curtains. 1t Mrs Saltzman lust
awakened by the youths carcss
AFTER the awakener had been forcibly elected
she learned that he was one Of n party of Prince
ION students who had come board the train
mt Chicago inebriatcd and who became further
lneorlated while on The train. She maintains tha.
her health has suffered from the shock Her
business. that OF insurance agent has suffered
from the loss Of her health and from the knowl
edge OF the indignites she had suffered
The case will be tried in BROOKLYN The com
panlcs are gravely considering providing each
car with an elderly chaperon Of severe visag,
Inc supreme Court will be asked to decide how
many dollars harm there is in kiss admins
tered by stranger in lower bunk
IL may consider in its deliberations tho prccr-
nenf esta bishcd In the French courts in ava rdin,
10 Nile Renouardt 100000 francs for salute as
rudey given by bearded stranger In the same
Compartment ,n7a on the way from Paris to Rouef
Inc recorded complaint in the case of Mrs
Salzman follows:
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1913-03-23

Railroad and the opulent and autocra tic Pullma n
Company while both were intoxicated
The kiss. it. is obvious, was unwelcome What
ndds mystery and acrimony to the situation is
that the kissed doesn't know who the kisser was
Nor. she Indignantly adds. does she wish to know
1t Is the railroad company and the sleeping ear
company which must pay for the salute. and Mrs.
Saltzman thinks half hundred thousand dollars
very small amount indeed for a kiss whose
echoes were humiliation. modification and dam,
aged nerves.
The sleeping cars give passengers much ornate
walnut woodwork. close quarters little fresh air
and practically no privacy Only curtains divide
the occupant OF the berth from other passengers
Inc publicity or such manner OF spending the
night In transit has made us the laughing stock
Of Europe.
Mrs. Saltzman ia the victim OF the absence OF
train compartments. She entered a sleeping car
at Chicago, retired early and was awakened by
presence.
youth had parted her curtains and had i'm
pressed kiss upon her lips. When the sleeping
beauty Of the legend was so kissed everybody woke
up to lfe and there much rejoicing Not SO
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1913-03-23

smaller brain in proportion to their
ouik than monkeys, and monkeys
as We have seem a smaller brain
than man. The increase OF size is.
IN general, proportionate TO an In
crease In the variety and complex
lily OF the control of the movem ents
or the body and their relation TO
the activities OF the great organs OF
sense. such AS the eyes, and the or
gans Of smell and hearing.
But there ia something more In
volyed in the increase of the brain
than this. We now know that the
brain OF very many kinds OF ami
mails has been Increasing In size in
the later geological periods. Huge
reptiles az big as elephants existed
on the land surface OF the globe be-
fore the hairy, warm-blooded NAM
mails which now dominate the stua-
tlon had developed in number or In
size-namely, in the period OF and
before the chalk which biologists
call the Mesozoic. or secondary pc
ROD, to distinguish 1t both from the
tertiary period, when mammals were
ABUNDANT and large. and from the
falaeozoic or primary period. at the
end or which terrestrial vertebrates
first began to make their appear
ance. These huge reptiles such as
the iguanodon, the triceratops and
the diplodocus TALL to be seen In
skeleton, though not in the flesh. at
the Natural History Museum), had
brains OF an incredibly small size,
much smaller In proportion to their
bulk than those of living reptiles,
such as lizards and crocodiles.
The same dIsproportion in the
size OF the more ancient animals
brain is found when we compare
the brain of the modern horse with
that Of its early tertiary ancestors.
The modern animal has, as a rule,
a very greatly Increased size of
brain. In fact, It seems that the
brain has had, as 1t were, an indie.
pendent development in several
lines Of descent, and whilst the rest
OF the structure OF the ancestral
form has been only slightly modified
in its proportions. the brain cavity
and the brain within it has enor.
mously increased.
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1913-03-23
BY Sir E. Ray Lancaster,
CThe Noted English ScicntIst

A GREAT and undoubtedly
n very important difference
a between man and apes is the
much greater size of the brain in
man.
The good average human brain is
OF the bulk Of 1000 units The go
rilia has a Slightly larger brain than
me chimpanZee or the ourang. lndi-
Vidual specimens differ. good deal
tthis is noteworthy AS showing a
tendency Of this important organ to
rary). but one OF good medium bulk
measures 500 units, or third OF
that Of the well-developed European
or American.
The size Of human brains also
varies within very large limits
about third more and third less
that is, from about 900 units To
nearly 1000. Idiots have abnormally
small brains. We leave them aside
for the moment, but healthy Euro
pean and American adults have been
measured with brain of only 900
units. Australian black fellows"
have, in some cases, a brain which
measures as little as 900 units, but
in others reaches 800.
The skull Of the fossil man from
fieistocene POSSIBLY Pliocene) gra-
vels In Java (known as Pithecan-
thropus) had capacity Of only 900
units. III we suppose Gas it is legiti-
mate to do that some specimens of
the gorilla may have brain a third
larger than the average we get 67O
units for the biggest gorilla brain,
and II we similarly assume that the
primitive human race of the Java
gravel varied TO the same extent
viz, by a third more or less around
200 as the normal-we find that the
greatest size of the gorilla brain
overlaps the smallest OF the Javan
Pithecanthropus. while the largest
OF that race would overlap not
only the Australian but the
overlaps the Australian but the
smaller sized brains OF Europeans.
Hence. II we accept, as we must,
the fact that the brain of man and
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1913-03-23
The COMPLIANT

edge OF the Pullman Company. its servants and en-.
pioyes having the charge management of the
sleeping car upon which the plaintiff had berth
exchanged the upper berth for which she had pur-
chased ticket for a lower berth in the same car
seventh: That in pursuance of the said contracts
with the defendants the plaintiff began her journey
as passenger on one of the trains of the defendant
pennsylvania railroad Company aforesaid and
as an occupant OF the sleeping car as aforesaid
forming part OF said defendants train and entered
being carried to New York.
Eishth; That while plaintiff passenger as
aforesaid upon the road OF the defendant the Penn
sylvana Railroad Company and an occupant of the
sleeping car OF the defendant the Pullman Company
the servants and employees of both the said defend.
ants wrongfully illegally and in violation OF the
Terms OF the contract which the said defendant
safely carry plaintiff from Chicago to New York and
In violation OF the contract the defendant Pullman
Sompany to use ordinary care for her safety and
comfort while using said sleeping the purpose
intended. negligently carelessy and in violation OF
the rights of plaintiff and without fault on her part
permitted certain OF the passengers said train in
the said sleeping to drink intoxicating LIQUORS
and become under the influence thereof, and wrong
fully, illegally and in violation of the terms Of said
contract and OF the said duty, as aforesaid nerli
gently. carelessly and in violation OF the rights OF
plaintiff and without fault upon her part nermitted
one of the male passengers upon the said train and
In said sleeping at about o'clock in the even.
ing OF said day and while under the influence ~ the
intoxicating liquors, aforesaid, to open the cur.
1ans separating the berth which plaintiff OCCUPIED
from the passageway in said and while plaintiff
was therein disrobed and asleep did sit upon said
berth and kiss her.
Ninth: That by the permission OF such acts by the
eau passenger. the pennsylvania Railroad COMPANY
'ioiaten It's contract as common carrier to safely
convey plaintiff from Chicago New York and during
sala tourney to protect her from and all violence
insult and indignity from any person whomsoever
and especially from the other passengers on said
train and the said defendant, Pullman Company,
violated its contract to exercise ordinary care to SO.
cure the comfort and safety OF the plaintiff while
using the said berth and occupying the said sleeping
car for the purposes intended
Tenth: That plaintiff, by reason Of the acts COM
nained or sustained great mental pain and morthca-
ton and intense bodily pain suffering: received
injuries to her nervous system and general health
from which she Will never recover; has been dis
graced and greatly injured in her occupation in the
sum OF nifty thousand dollars (s5oooo)
Wherefore plaintiff demands Judgment against the
defendants In the of Atty Thousand dollars
(S5Oooo) together with the apd disbursements
of this action.
GRAY & GRAY
Attorneys for Plaintiff
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1913-03-23

Plaintiff appearing herein by her attorneys Gray
alleges:
First: Plaintiff is female 90 years of arc
chaste and OF good by occupation an insurance
agent and resident of the Borough of Brooklyn
h1ngs County. State of New York
Second: Defendant, the PENNSYLVANIA Railroad
company. now is and was at all times hereinafter
mentioned foreign corporation duly organized under
the laws OF the State of PENNSYLVANIA and at ali
times was and now is, common carrier of passen.
gers LOT hire and at all Of said times owned oper.
ated and controlled. and owns operates and
controls railroad running from the City Of Chicago
IN the State of illinois. to the City Of New York
and equipment
Third: Defendant, the Pullman Company, now
Is and was at all the times hereinafter mentioned
lorelGh CORPORATION duly organized under the laws OF
the State OF Illinois. and al all said times did and
now operates and runs in connection with the de.
,ehoant, the Pennsylvania Railroad Company sleep.
Ing cars with their appurtenances equipments and
accommodations part of the operated owned
and controlled by the defendant the Pennsvlvania
Railroad Company
Fourth That on the 4th day OF September 1912,
the defendant, the Pennsylvania Railroad Company
AZ us railway station at Chicago the State of Hi.
nos sold TO plaintiff plaintiff purchased from rs
servants nd employees ticket over It's road from
me Wy OF Chicago to the City Of New York and
Uranium paid therefor the regular fare between said
citles' whereby said denendant contracted and
Hsfeef and II became the duty OF the defendant 10
saieiE convey plaintiff from Chicago to New York
ana during said journey and until plaintiff reached
her destination to protect her from any and all VIC.
lence. insult and indignty from any person What
soeVer and especially from the other passengers on
said train ""
titth; That AT the time and place the do
''"udnl, fuiIhah Company, sold 10 plaintif and
plaln,ih purchased from Its servants and emnoyes
a ucEet Tor an upper berth in OF It's sleeplnr
.ormhs part OF the train on which the plaintiff
had taken passage, herein alleged and nl.in,iw
PAD therefor the regular charge for berth from tba
Sdio VI! al chicago 10 the said City of New Yort
whereby the said defendant the Pullman Co,aa.n A.
contracted and agreed and 1t became the duty Of Inc
SAID COMPANY its servants and employees 10 e,ercse
ordinary care 10 the comfort and ~ 80
plaintiff while using the said berth and said seenin
car for the purposes intended e
sixth: That plaintiff thereafter with the knowl.
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1913-03-23

Mrs
yliaRa
sthemor
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1913-03-23
uPREmE COURT of the STATE OF NEW YORK.
SARAH SALTZMAN,
Plaintiff.
against
Pennsylvania RAILROAD COMPANY
& PULLMAN COMPANY
Plaintiff.

plaintif appearing herein by her attorneys Gray
alleges
The Birmingham age-herald., 1913-08-31
The Sound of Earthquakes

1.-The Sounds of Earthquakes" as illus
trated in the chronological records of
Great Britain, are the subject of an ex-
haustive memoir by Charles Dawson in
Beltrage zur Geophysik, says the Scien-
tific American These sounds are de-
scribed as variations of heavy rumbling
noise, so low in pitch as almost to be
more felt than heard Gin many cases in
audible to persons who are dear TO very
low tones). and belonging to one or an
other of the following types. The pass
ing of wagons. thunder, wind, the fall of
load of stones, the fall of a heavy body,
an explosion or some other miscellaneous
sound The relations of the sound area
to the area over which the shock IS felt
in place and time are particularly inter-
esting and significant. In strong earth
quakes the sound area occupies a central
region (on an average two-thrds) of the
disturbed region, in moderate earthquakes
the two areas are approximately of the
same magnitude; while in many slight
earthquakes the sound area is larger than
the disturbed area. AS a rule the begin
ming of the sound precedes the shock
and the end of the sound follows the end
of the shock Assuming earthquakes to
be caused generally by the slips which
constitute the growth of faults, the author
points out that the seismic focus In its
simplest form must consist of a central
region from which the shock vibrations
chiefly come surrounded at any rate
above and laterally by a marginal region
from which the sound vibrations Chiefly
come.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1913-08-31
OTHER LIVE AMERICAN
BIRMINGHAM MUST HAVE ENTERTAIN GREAT
VALUE OF AUDITORIUM
IS REPEATEDLY PROVED
BY OTHER LIVE CITIES

No Longer An Experiment But Paying Brming
ham Only City of It's Size and Importance in Country
Which Has Not Already Provided BY Struct-
to Entertain Conventions
The Birmingham age-herald., 1913-08-31
1,350,600 BALES is
ALABAMA ESTIMATE
BY FIRST NATIONAL
Confined from Page Three)


men are not getting good prices for lum-
ber Turpentine interests badly de-
pressed.
good Money easy with banks and farm
ers Have been able to borrow all they
need.
2. Cotton has lost some the last 10 days,
but county will make 30 per cent more
than last year.
g. Indications point to best crops of cot
ton and corn in history of county.
4. We think this section has best pros
poets for cotton and corn ever known.
Fayette-1. General conditions much bet
ter than last year.
2. If we could get good rain right
now would make thousands of dollars
for us.
3. Fall oats We're fine; spring oats very
sorry. Peas and hay suffering for rains,
though peas are promising.
Franklin-1. Corn better than last sea-
son.
3 Financial conditions good in this To-
cality. At present time we expect nearly
a perfect crop.
Geneva-1. Farmers badly involved; 75
per cent of farm land under mortgage.
Merchants have overtraded and are car
rying large accounts for their customers.
2. We arc putting forth every effort to
Ildke leduy lOf tle Dull WetNi bcioic hc
comes. We have organized the Better
Farming association have employed an
expert farm agent to teach our farm
ers. and with conservative views, Yard
work and little money, we hope and
believe that we Will win out
3. Dry weather has practically ruined
all cotton in this section,
a. Oats and hay normal.
5. Cotton has deteriorated % per cent
in, los m pf QypeSSiVa
dry and hot weather. Young cotton is
90 per cent off; old cotton DONE
6. The cotton crop is ruined owing to
lack of rain, but ] think we are in a
most prosperous condition owing to price
of cotton
Greene-1 Cotton was 10 days late at
start, but viii be picked early on ac-
count of drouth forcing 1t to open.
2 The boil weevil has appeared in spots,
damage about ) per cent; alfalfa, 25 per
cent off from last year.
8. During the last 10 days cotton crop
has deteriorated very fast on account of
dry weather. Boil weevil has also been
checked by the dry hot weather
Hale-1. Money scarce as usual at this
season.
3. Financial condition fairly good.
8 Boil weevil has appeared in portions
The Birmingham age-herald., 1913-08-31
DES MO|NS SHOWS
HEALTHY RESULTS
FROM AUDITORIUM
Report for Last Year Shows
81 Conventions Enter
tanned at Total Cost
of $7255.94

There's some good reading in the fol-
lowing excerpts from the annual report
for 1912 of the secretary of the Des
Moines Chamber of Commerce, in which
he treats of the; work of the convention
bureau and auditorium:
1.-The work of the convention bureau
during the year has been as productive
of results as in past years, though not
showing a material increase in the num-
ber of conventions or in the number of
delegates attending.
There were 81 conventions held in Des
Moines during the year as result of
the work of the bureau. These ranged
from one day to eight day conventions
and had attendances ranging from a one
day equivalent of 173 to a one day equiv
alent of 12432. The total one day equiv
alent in attendance was equal to 172,o0O
people in Des Moines for a single day.
There were nine conventions of conse-
quence held in the city during the year
that Were not an expense to the bureau.
Our list included number of trade con-
ventions, the Northern Baptist general
confereece, the state teachers. two of the
state political conventions ana SeNeldi VI
the fraternal
'rhe total convention cost was $7255 "a.
/, Using the figures of the Chicago Associa-
ton of Commerce, which are generally
accepted by the convention bureaus OF
the country and which credit the average
per diem expenditure of convention DEL
egate at Sc, the expenditures made py
delegates for hotels, in shopping and III
the placing of orders amounted to $lo5S,-
coo for the year. The figures may seem
large to those who have not followed the
convention work closely, but when one
understands there We're an average Oh
over $500 school teachers registered 1or
the three days of the teachers conVen-
ton, one will appreciate the possibilities
of the convention as a business producer.
There were trade conventions that 1ol-
low up canvass showed left upward OF
$40 900 of orders with local wholesalers.
''If we were to tell you we could locate
in Des Moines a factory with monthly
pay roll of $4,000 a month, which wouio
be about 100000 year, or less than hair
what we obtain from the conventions, we
would have little or no difficulty In IN
dueing YOU to contribute $4,000 to secure
this industry or twice the amount we seek
to raise for convention work. why
should we have so much trouble then In
raising $4,000 to secure an expenditure
of nearly 81. 100000 year through conVen-
tions?"