Oxford Democrat. [volume] (Paris, Me.) 1833-1933, 1913-05-20

still more marked. In 1905 the averag,
yield of all the unsprsyed orchards wai
26l bushels per acre, with an income o.
$45. The average yield of oil orchardl
sprayed four times was 800 bushels pei
acre, with an income Of slS3.
A still moro recent investigation by
our Canadian friends shows the follow
ing results. The figurSeshow the com
partison between Is sprayed and Is un-
sprayed orchards.
Sprayed, cultivated, etc.-1907, III
bbls., $3.50 10; 1905, 65.6 bbls., S94 90
1909, S2.3 bbls.. s131.OO. Average fol
three years, s6.5 bbls., worth $125.10 net
per acre.
Unsprayed, cultivated, etc.-1907
s7.4 bbls., SlOl.55; 1908, 528 bbls.,
s62. 20; 1909, 82 bbls., $40 so. Average
for three years, 81 8 bbls., worth sS1 81
net per acre.
The cost of spraying e times) an acre
of average sized trees should not In any
case exceed SIS. In many cases 1t has
notiexceeded $40. The figures show be-
yond doubt that spraying not only
benefits the fruit trees, but also the
growers pocketbook.
Having then first shown that 1t pays
the fruit grower to spray his trees, the
next thing to find out Is when to spray
and what to spray for. Our orchard
pests are divided into three distinct
groups.
/. The Chewing Insects, such as the
codling moth, or common apple worm,
and the apple tree tent-caterpillar.
These insects are usually controlled by
applying to their food such poisons al
arsenate of lead and Paris green.
2. The Sucking Insects, such as the
scales and plant lice, or sphis. These
insects are furnished with beak, which
they insert into the plant, and through
this they suck out the sap. Sucking In
sec,s cannot be controlled by q food poi
son, but must be killed by direct ap-
plicsticn OF contact insecticide, such al
iime-sulphur, soaps and oils. In fighting
sucking insects every individual insect
must be hit by the spray while In the
case of chewing insects, it 10 merely nee
essary to apply the poison thoroughly
ON the leaves.
8. The Fungus Diseases, such a.
scab, leaf-spot, and black rot. Fung
are small plants which are unable
to make their own food materials, and
therefore they depend upon other plants
for their food. The mycelium (roots) ol
the fungus penetrate the tissues OF the
plant, and live upon their contents.
After the roots Of the fungus have once
entered the plant it 10 impossible to
get at them with any spray material
We must have the spray material on the
tree first, and prevent the fungus from
getting in. In other words, We can pre-
vent o fungus disease, such As scab, by
spraying, but We cannot cure 1t after II
gets a good start. Fungus diseases thsu
must be prevented by spraying the trees
with fungicide, such as lime-sulphur
and Bordeaux mixture.
II we had to spray for each OF our or
chard pests separately, We would have
an endless task before us. 1t has been
found, however, that three or four we'll
timed sprayings will control practically
all of our troubles. That is, il we
choose the right spray materials, we
may mix together our insecticides and
our fungicides and apply both at the
same time.
We must also keep in mind that the
fungus diseases spread most rapidly IN
damp, rainy weather. Therefore, 1t IL
necessary for nearly all fungus diseases
to spray before rains, not after. The
spores (seeds) Of the fungus are scatter
cd and terminate during rains, seldom
after. Protect the trees by having the
mixture on when the rains come. Bor.
deaux or lime-sulphur does not wash Oh
easily. (If spraying for insect pests
alone, apply the mixture after rains.l
Use nozzle that gives . fine, misty
spray, and have plenty OF pressure be-
hind it. The time and thorOughnest
with which the work Is done are more
important factors In the control OF insect
pests and diseases than are the particu
lar mixtures or p0isOns used.
For testing the strength OF lime-sul,
phur solutions every fruit grower should
have an hydrometer. The beaume by
drometer is best. 1t consists merely o.
a weighted, hollow glass bulb or cylin
der, with graduated neck. When i'm
mersed in q liquid this sinks far enough
to displace bulk Of liquid equal to 1T
own weight, and consequently sinks far.
ther In light than in heavy solutions
These varying depths are read in de
grses on the graduated neck, 80 We 50!
the density Of the liquid Is SO many "de
grses Beaume." Reliable hydrometer
may be purchased of the Bausch & Loml
Optical Co., Rochester, N. Y. A pam
phlst describi ng their use comes will
the instruments. The complete hydro
meter outfit costs from sl.0O to $l.25.
The first spraying for the apple or
chard 10 the "dOrmant" spraying. Thi
should be applied before the leaf bud
open in the spring, but just a. they ar
swelling. Lime sulphur and arsenate o
lead should be used for this spray. l
the lime-sulphur tests with the by
drometer 80 or 33 degrees Beaume, !
should be diluted at the rate 1-S. Tha
| Is, one gallon of lime sulphur solution
to eight gallons Of water. II the solu
ton tests less than this, 1t should not b
diluted so much. Lime-sulphur solu
tions seldom test moro than 33.5 degree
Beaume. This strength Of lime.sulphu
| 10 used for the San Jose and oyster shel
scales. This strength will also oontro
the blister mite. However, II neither o
the scales are present In the orchard
the lime e-sulphur solution diluted IL
vill control the blister mite equally q
we'll a the stronger solution. The arse
nate of lead should then be added to th
llime-sulphur solution at the rate Of Q ID
to 80 gallons. This 10 to control th
bud moth and the cigar case bearer.
The second spraying should be mad
after tho leaf buds open, bat before th
blossoms open. Spray when the bud
arc Just beginning to show pink. 1t
important to watch the weather, an
get the spray on before rain, not aftel
This spray should consist OF lime.su
pbur diluted lao, whom testing 80 d.
grees Bsaume, to which has been adde
srsepate of lead ut the rate Of 2 lbs. I
fifty gals. Of the material. The lime-su
phur 10 for the scab, and tho arseuate {
lead for the bud-moth, olgar case-bea
OF and canksr worm.