davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1913-04-23
REQUEST RECEIVED
AT SACRAMENTO
Governor and Legislators Discuss
II President is Told that Poll
tics Figure in Deal Force
the big Stick"


Washington, April 2S-Ihe presi-
dent considers the Japanese develop
ments in California so serious today
that he telegraphed Gov Johnson and
legislative leaders asking whether it
would be acceptable for Secretary Of
State Bryan to visit Sacramento to
counsel with the governor and legisla-
ture in framing q law satisfactory to
Californians and still not interfering
with the existing treaties.
There was some doubt at the execu-
tive offices how Bryan would be re-
ceived because Of the demand on the
government for hands off,
1t was denied at the White House
that ghere had been even a suggestion
OF threat Of war from Japan.
The story that Ambassador chinda
told the president that Japan would
be forced to war BY popular demand
was denied by Secretary Tumulty
who said the ambassador did not talk
measures Of a warlike nature in retail
iaiion. even though California passes
the alien land law.
Ambassador Chinda said he did not
know whether Japan win be inclined
to test the law in the United States
supreme court.
Representatives Kettner and Bell Of
California suggested to the president
that it was the desire on the part Of
Coy. Johnson and certain progressive
leaders to force Wilson to use the
big stick" compelling California tC
back down. They told the president
they believed this was the real motive
for considering the anti-alien bill al
this time.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1913-04-23
AMOUNT FOR
COLLEGE CUT
new LAUNDRY
Is ORGANIZED

The stockholders Of the Chlckasha
.Union Laundry company met at the
city hall last night and effected per-
manent organization by electing a
board Of directors consisting Of Her.
bert Powell, A. w. Bennett, ]. S. Tat
man, G. G. Guy, John Duff, r. v, G.
Pool, Mrs. e. 4. Powell and Miss
Mittie Amstutz.
The board Of directors elected Her
bert Powell, president; 9. G. Guy, vice
president; P. v. G. Pool, secretary and
J. S. Tatman, treasurer. The company
has its corporate seal, blank certifir
Gates and is now ready for the sale
Of stock. The secretary will keep his
office at the Tailor shop Of J. s. Tat
man until a more suitable place can be
procured.
The next ne1sting Of the stockhold-
ers will be held at the Union Labor
hall on Saturday night, May 9, 1913.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1913-04-23
WAS CRUSHED
BETWEEN CARS

Last night at Waurka, Harold Hold
ing, son Of Judge B. +. Holding Of this
city, was accidentally caught between
two railway cars and his body badly
crushed He was in the employ Of the
Rock Island at that point
Mr. Holding was taken to El Reno
early this morning and placed in the
hospital there. The exact extent Of
his injuries could not be learned here,
but It is understood that his condition
Is serious.
Judge Holding left this morning at
II O'clock for El Reno to be with his
son and the injured mans wife and
baby also went to El Reno today from
their home in Waurika.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1913-04-23
Last Stronghold Of the Turks in
Europe is Captured BY the
Montenegrins After a
Long Siege
ESTIMATE 1000 KILLED
In TWO DAYS FIGHTING
Twenty Thousand Turks are Taken
Prisoners Surrender Follows
Two Hours Hand to Hand
Clash with BayOnets
Telegram by United lress.

Telegram by United Lress.
Cettinie, April 2S.-scutari has
fallen and Montenegrin troops are to-
day in full possession.
The last Ottoman stronghold in Eu-
ropean Turkey was entered early to-
day in defiance Of the powers after a
long siege, eliminating in two days
Of the most desperate fighting in mod
ern times.
The surrender Of Easad Pasha, the
commandant, followed two hours Of
hand to hand fighting with bayonets.
Approximately three thousand Mon
teregrins fell in the final assault and
four thousand Turks were killed
Twenty thousand Turks were taken
prisoners. King Nicholas rode tri-
umphantly into the city.
The taking Of Scutari was one of the
most brilliant achievements Of the
Balkan war to the credit Of Montene-
gro. Seryian artillery aided fora time
but Withdrew when the n5wers be
game menacing.
The last assaults were made by
Montenegrins alone. The capture Of
Scutari spoiled the powers plans lor
settlement Of the war and complicates
the European situation
Nicholas took the city despite the
international fleet bIcckading his har
bors and threatening to land marine!
il he did not desst. He declares h'
will hold Scutari against all Europe.
The powers offer Albania an auton
omous government with Scutari as tn,
capital How to dislodge Montenegro
from the city without fighting Is nov
a problem.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1913-04-23
PLEAS Of
G u ILTY
TERED
Judge Bailey Sentences Shining Pair
to Terms in the State Prison
More Lenient Toward
Woman

Ed Baldwin and Sadie Deppnk ar
rested on the Lisle farm west Of the
city while living under the name Of
Mr. and Mrs. Whitewings, were SEN
fenced this afternoon by Judge Frank
M Bailey after complete confession
by the woman, both entering pleas Of
guilty
After questioning the couple close
ly, Judge Bailey was upon the point Of
pronouncing sentence, when Oscar
Simpson recommended that the wo-
man be dealt with as lightly as possi-
bic, upon the theory that the fault lay
with the man. The woman was not,
however, to have any burden taken
from her and placed upon the shoul.
ders OF Baldwin. I'm just as much
to blame as he Is, she said. Baldwin
was given four years in the peniten-
tiary sFi Sadie Deppink one year
Both mli be taken to MeAlester with
in a few days.
1t is said that the woman has been
married and is the mother Of two chill
dren, being now a divorcee Baldwin
is said to have broken Jail once ant
bears a scar from gun-shot wount
while he was being arrested.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1913-04-23
Market Day Sale is
to be Maintained


Last night at the meeting OF the Re.
tail Merchants association in the Of.
flee OF the association over Dugan's
store 1t was definitely decided that a
regular monthly market day sale would
be maintained under the auspices OF
the association, as was originally
planned The details will be announc-
ed later.
The meeting was very enthusiastic
every member present taking an active
part in the proceedings. The fund sci
aside for the mainlainance Of the mar
ket day sale is amply large to insel
all financial obligations.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1913-04-23
FARM EXPERT
is SELECTED


part Of his iife 10 the tolls that fall to
the lot Of the farm boy, but like other
farm boys, he thought he saw some
thing better in the city and having
taken a commercial course he obtain
ed job as bookkeeper in wholesale
dry goods house This position he
held till his health failed and then he
came west, locating at Winfield, Kan,
in 1885, as bookkeeper for a milling
company Here he remained till the
opening Of Oklahoma territory in 1889,
when he landed in the future metropo-
lis Of the state, He established the
first feed market in Oklahoma City
and bought the first bale Of cotton
ever sold there. After some years ID
business he moved to a farm near the
city where he followed the occupation
OF a farmer till 1905 when he was
commissioned to collect the agricul-
turai and horticultural exhibit Of Ok
lahoma for the Worlds Fair in ST..
Louis. He also had charge Of the ex-
hibit during the fair On his return
from st. Louis he was appointed secre-
tary Of the territorial board Of agrl-
culture, position that he held till
statehood Since then he has devoted
his attention to farming, truck grow
ing, horticulture and poultry, doing
gardening under glass on large
scale during the past two winters.
Leader In Farm Improvement.
From his earliest career in Okla
homa Mr.. MeNabb has been in close
touch with agriculture, as a farmer,
fruit grower and as a handler Of farm
products, and has also been closely
Unidentified with movements for the
Improvement Of agriculture He as
sisted in establishing the experiment
station and the A. & NJ college at
Saltwater and aided in launching the
early organizations for the betterment
Of farm conditions. He was charter
member OF the old Oklahoma Horti
cultural society, serving as its secre
! tary and president TIL it was merged
with the Oklahoma Agricultural so
ciety through the efforts Of which the
territorial law providing for a board
Of agriculture was PASSED.
by request Mr. McNabb made tall
before the board ol directors lasl
night outlining in a general way his
ideas concerning the work before him
a am awaiting instructions from tn,
department" said be, and Il must ge
| my bearings before can say anythins
definite | shall aim not to confin,
myself to the demonstration farm worl
but as time permits shall take up tn,
boys agricultural CAB work and sbal
aim to assist the farmer in every wa,
possible every day. My first worl
must be to get acquainted with tn
farmers, meet with and talk to then
and set the work before them. don
profess to know everything and / pit
the man who does, but do know som
things and am ready 10 give Grad
county the best there is in me-
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1913-04-23
POPE SLIGHTLY WEAKER.

; Telegram by United Press.
; Eome, April 23.-Though his
; bronchial and intestinal condi-
: tion Ncontinues to improve. the
! pope ig slightly weaker today
A
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1913-04-23


On Friday evening, april Is, the
Rock Island district meeting OF the |.
Q. o. r. will be held in Chlckasha, and
big preparations are under way by the
local order for the reception OF the
cut Of town guests, among whom viii
be Olive G. Black, grand master Of
Oklahoma, Oklahoma City; Geo. W.
Bruce, grand secretary Of Oklahoma.
Guthrie, and Mrs. Ida Beck, secretary,
Rebekah assembly, 81 Reno The oc-
casion is also in celebration Of the
ninety-fourth anniversary Of Odd Eel
lowship.
1t is expected that the occasion will
bring number Of visitors from near
by towns.
A program will be rendered at the
Methodist church, after which tho
members will adjourn to the lodge
hall. where the district meeting will
be held. Grand Master Black is .
speaker Of most unusual ability and
the public is cordially invited to atf
tend the meeting
Program Exercises.
Following is the program:
Opening Ode. I o'clock p. M. BY the
members.
Invocation. by Rev. c. S. Walker
Ausle. Miss Mabel hindsley.
Address, BY Oliver G. Black, grand
J master Of Oklahoma City.
Address. BY Mrs. Ida c. Beck, secfe.
e tary Rebekah assembly ii Reno.
Solo. Miss lmhofE
r Adjouinment to lodge hall
District meeting called % order Il
$3.50 p. m.
Special session ol the Grand Lodge
]. O. O. .F
{ conierrIng OF L G. and Grand lodge
+ Degrees $3.50 p. m.
E supper, 1880 p m, SERVED b. tbs
!, Rebekah Lodge.
d Address Wit and Humnr Goo. n
Bruce Grand Secretary ol Oklahsma
t Guthrie,
/ Good q the Order
AaioQrnment
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1913-04-23
Telegram ly UnlLed rresa

Sacramento, April %. Gov. John
son called thirty senators and assem-
blymen into a conference TO dlsSuss
the action 10 be taken ip response to
President Wilson's request that Bryan
be invited to come to Sacramento to
confer in regard to anti-alien land leg
islation,
AntI-alien land ownership bills con
tinue 10 occupy the center OF the stage
in the legislature
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1913-04-23
DECISION EXPECTED TODAY.

New York April 2s The board Of
arbitration which was named to de-
eide the wage dispute between the
eastern railroads and their figemen,
vas expected to render It's decision
today Tho board went into confer
ence April e after hearing a great
deal Of evidence on both sides. L
void daily sessions.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1913-04-23

Telegram by United Press

San Francisco. April 20. Returns
received today show that the women
were successful in Their effort to re-
cali Judge Charles Weller, electing
Wiley Crist ais bis successor.
The women Accused The Judge Of
lowering the bail OF a prisoner accus,
ed Of criminal assault and permitting
him to so free.
Bryan daily eagle and pilot. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1909-1918, 1913-07-31
COULD SCARCELY
WALK ABOUT

believe would have died If I hadn't
taken it.,
After l began taking Cardui, was
greatly helped, and all three bottles re-
lieved me entirely.
| fattened up, and grew so much
stronger in three months, | felt like an
other person altogether"
Cardui is purely vegetable and gentle
acting. Its ingredients have mild, tonic
effect, on the womanly constitution.
Cardui makes for increased strength,
improves the appetite, tones up the ner-
vous system, and helps to make pale,
sallow cheeks, fresh and rosy.
Cardui has helped more than a million
weak women, during the past so years.
1t will surely do for you, what II has
done for them. Try Cardui today.
Write 10. ch.,t.nocsa Medicine Co.. Ladies' Ad-
visory Dept, Chattanooxzt Tern., for Special In
structions on your case and 6f-paxe book. Home
Treatment for Women" sent In plain wrapper. J-6S
Bryan daily eagle and pilot. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1909-1918, 1913-07-31
.TELEGRAPH|c news FLASHES

Chicago, H.. July 31.--American
Judicial Society, recently organized,
opens headquarters here tomorrow to
start nationwide fight for court re-
form. over 600 lawyers from all States
connected with movement.
Washington, July 31.-Willis l..
Moore, relinquished duties of Chief
of Weather Bureau will return to
farm in Kansas. Annoyed President,
rumor says, by trying to get into
Cabinet.
Washington, July 31.-Many SEN
ators and Congressman admitted to-
day being greatly impressed by sur
frage parade in interest of vdtes for
women. Believed will pass measure
allowing country to decide on such
an amendment to national constitu-
ton.
Lima, Peru, July international
Exposition of Hygiene opened here,
Every possible apparatus coming with
in scope of hygienic science shown.
Show will benefit Peruvian cities in
shutting municipal reforms,
80
Jefferson City, Mo-, July 31.-Pub-
lie. Service Commission cancelled all
railroad passes in state, with excep-
ton of those issued to employees and
families and newspapers for adver-
Using.
Bryan daily eagle and pilot. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1909-1918, 1913-07-31
And For Three Summers Mrs. Vim.
cent Was Unable to Attend to
Any Of Her Homework.

Pleasant Hill, N. C.-''I suffered for
three summers" writes Mrs. Walter
Vincent, OF this town, land the third and
last time, was my worst.
had dreadful nervous headaches and
prostration, and was scarcely able to
walk about. Could not do any Of my
homework.
! also had dreadful! pains in my back
and sides and when one Of those weak,
sinking spells would come on me, |
would have to give up and lie down,
until il wore off.
! was certainly in a dreadful state OF
health, when finally decided to try
cIdui. the woman's tonic, and | firmly
Bryan daily eagle and pilot. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1909-1918, 1913-07-31

ford; o. E. Dunlap, Waxahachie; Col.
p. l.. Downs, Temple; Sam r. Scott.
Waco; d. E. Kolp, San Antonio; T.
w. Larkin, Beaumont; NJ A. Shaw,
Texarkana; s. A. Penix, Big Springs.
Fehlis-The youngest postoffice to
be established in Texas by Uncle Sam,
was recently put into operation here.
Saratoga-A road bond election has
been ordered in Saratoga and Batson
Districts, for the issuance of $4,000,
for the purpose OF Smelling the road
from BatsoD to Saratoga.
Houston-A new amusement park
has just been opened here. It b a
product of the Chamber Of Commerce
and is a pleasure park patterned af-
ter Coney Island of New York.
Stanton-The Commercial club of
this place, has selected J. 7. Godfrey
as secretary. The club is doing good
work and prosperity is reigning In
this portion.
Bryan daily eagle and pilot. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1909-1918, 1913-07-31
The Weather
= John DAILY, Jr., Forecaster.
FORECAST.
Probably thunder showers.
WEATHER CONDITIONS.

Wa 'In S0ND'itSNS'
The northwestern disturbance not
ed on Tuesday morning is now CEN
trail over the valley of the Red River
on the North and was attended By
showers and thunderstorms in Wyom-
ing. the Dakotas, Minnesota and Wis
consin. Local showers occurred in por-
tons of the Plateau. Ohio, and the cot
ton belt, being most numerous and
moderately heavy in Mississippi, Ala
bama and North Carolina. The area
of high pressure over the extreme
northwest has extended eastward to
the Dakotas and is giving cooler
weather in that section.
p. S.-Unreasonably low temperaS
lures prevail in the far northwest.
Bryan daily eagle and pilot. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1909-1918, 1913-07-31
TEXAS INDUSTRIAL NOTES

Temple-A solid train load of oats
consisting of SO cars and the third
train load in the last sixteen days,
left this city, few days ago enroute
to New Orleans, La, Baton Rouge,
La, and Savannah, Ga. This makes
a total of 1872 cars to be shipped from
this point in the last sixteen days.
Bryan daily eagle and pilot. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1909-1918, 1913-07-31

Lyford-The first bale of the 1913
cotton crop was ginned in this city.
July 10. The bale was classed strict
middling and weighed sos pounds. 1t
sold at auction, bringing 1905.
Bryan daily eagle and pilot. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1909-1918, 1913-07-31

Fort Worth-R. J. Harrell, Of Grand
view. recently purchased from Miss
NJ. ]. Bell of this city, a farm near
Fort Worth, containing 316 acres.
The consideration was $4,000.
Bryan daily eagle and pilot. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1909-1918, 1913-07-31

WATCH-Hot Springs square watch
charm. Please return to Eagle Of
flee and get reward.
Bryan daily eagle and pilot. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1909-1918, 1913-07-31
FOUND.
FOUND-Brown leather grip. Owner
can get same by calling at Eagle
office and paying for this notice.
RAILROAD EN0TES

The Pennsylvania railroad has not
flied employees in the Ohio territory
that they are to be allowed extra pay
for their overtime and efficient work
during the floods of last spring. Sec
ton foreman are to receive bonus Of
$25 and each section hand So
Lines in the southwest passenger
association have decided to discon
tinue the sale of mileage books on
account of the decision in the Mime
sofa rate case which makes their max
imum passenger rate two cents mile.
Until September / freight houses of
railroads entering Chicago will be
closed every Saturday afternoon at
3 o'clock.
The interstate commerce commiss-
ion has approved a new form of trip
pass which is expected to prevent ir-
Irregularities discovered in the use of
this kind of transportation. 1t was
designed by an employe of the Rock
Island lines and consists of three
parts; one for a single way trip, one
for a round trip and one for two
seperate trips. In the process Of fill,
ing it out there is registered on the
back carbon copy of the written
matter.
Bryan daily eagle and pilot. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1909-1918, 1913-07-31

Austin = The following delegates
were appointed by Gov. Colquitt, to
represent Texas at the convention
and exposition of the United Staets
Good Roads Association, to be held
at st. Louis, November 1915. Prof.
R. ]. Potts, College Station: H. B. Ter
rell, West; Homer ID. Wade, STAN
Bryan daily eagle and pilot. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1909-1918, 1913-07-31

FOR RENT-Two nicely furnished
rooms. Electric lights and city water.
Prefer single man. Phone 430.
Bryan daily eagle and pilot. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1909-1918, 1913-07-31

FOR RENT-Two southeast rooms,
furnished for light housekeeping;
the use east gallery and hall, bath and
lights. Phone 1863.
Bryan daily eagle and pilot. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1909-1918, 1913-07-31

Mineral Wells-The Pala Pinto
County Fair Association, at recent
meeting here elected the following Of
ficers for the ensuing year: w. /.
Smith, pres; A. Dow, vice-pres; w. H.
Mercer, treas. The next meeting of
the association will be July, 10Th.
Bryan daily eagle and pilot. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1909-1918, 1913-07-31

FOR SALE-One Majestic range and
one gasoline stove, cheap. Phone
21e.
Bryan daily eagle and pilot. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1909-1918, 1913-07-31

FOR SALE-Bill posting plant Louis
Mike.
Bryan daily eagle and pilot. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1909-1918, 1913-07-31

FOR SALE-Nice horse and buggy. c.
r. Montgomery at marble yard.
Bryan daily eagle and pilot. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1909-1918, 1913-07-31

Naturalization, Lott and Rosebud
were visited some few days ago by a
large band of local boosters. The
purpose was to advertise the Falls
County Fair July %, 20, "a and 25th
Each town visited assured their CO
operation.
Bryan daily eagle and pilot. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1909-1918, 1913-07-31

FOR RENT-Unfurnishe rooms for
light housekeeping. Coolest part of
city Electric lights and bath. viii
rent one room furnished. References
wanted. No children. Phone 429.
FOR RENT-New five room house.
Z Phone 497.
Bryan daily eagle and pilot. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1909-1918, 1913-07-31
FOR RENT.

ROOM and board for couple, sol
Washington Ave. Phone SIS.
Bryan daily eagle and pilot. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1909-1918, 1913-07-31
LOST.

band bracelet, engraved
on inside, Julia Meachum.' For re-
ward return to Mrs. Ralph Howell
Bryan daily eagle and pilot. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1909-1918, 1913-07-31

Van Alstyne-The Howe Oil and Gas
Company, which is drilling several
miles northwest of this place. struck
gas at depth of LAO feet that flow
ed in paying quantities.
Bryan daily eagle and pilot. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1909-1918, 1913-07-31
FOR SALE.

FOR SALE-High grade Jersey COW
with heifer calf one week old. APP
Iply to ID. McDougald.
Bryan daily eagle and pilot. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1909-1918, 1913-07-31

Sulphur Springs-Having for its OBJ
ject the building of pike road from
Dallas to Texarkana, via Rockwell.
Greenville, Mt. Pleasant and this city,
the local Chamber of Commerce has
invited delegates from the above towns
to attend meeting here on August
LIST, at which time plans will be dis
cussed and perfected looking to the
building of modern highway through
northeast Texas.
Bryan daily eagle and pilot. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1909-1918, 1913-07-31
ADS
WANTED.

WANTED Good gin man for fore
man. Apply at once to Mudville
Gin Co., Steeps Store. Texas.
The day book. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1911-1917, 1913-09-15

store and disclosed himself.
Il think you were silly in giving
away half your business to a spend
thrift, he said to Rolfe, ''but it shows
you're good all through. From what
l hear, l fancy you~will know how to
take care of big store I've bought
The day book. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1911-1917, 1913-09-15

Those dear old college days
When we were young and festive,
When all our youthful ways
We're somewhat rough and FESTIVE
How light our hearts were then,
How full of warmth caloric,
When we were college men
With humor sophomore!
The day book. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1911-1917, 1913-09-15

A tiny particle of radium, worth
1900, has been stolen from a Van
couver, B. c., doctor. 1t will burn a
hole through the thief if he holds it
long enough.
The day book. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1911-1917, 1913-09-15

Those dear old college days!
What memories come thronging!
And many fellows gaze
Upon those times with longing,
And they were full of glee;
We laughed and lived in clover,
But-take it straight from me
l wouldn't live 'em over!
It's sex o'clock in America, says
Current Opinion, commenting on the
sex discussions that have invaded the
country. It's time something was
done anyhow.
The day book. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1911-1917, 1913-09-15

Within the college portal
Our deeds might well amaze
The ordinary mortal.
We studied (now and them,
We danced, we burned up fences,
AS is the way of men
When father pays expenses.
The day book. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1911-1917, 1913-09-15

for you at Maiden and the rest of my
fortune, when get through with il"
Of course, Joel Benton got the lit
tie store as a generous gift and of
course Rolfe got Nellie, fortune and
bride being well worth waiting for.
Copyright by w. B. Chapman.)