davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-09-02
Prime Lambs.

came recognized as specialists tn NUT.
ton production, treacherous f1uctua
tons were matters of almost daily
occurrence There are records OXIDE.
clines OF fifty cents per hundreaWe..ht
in prices within an hour. The IT
Western shipper was Obliged to fore.
stall such ruinous conditions. tn.
was done by establishing feeding sta
tons on the railway lines tributary "a
Chicago from the West. Most Of these
are owned and controlled by the rail.
road companies. The large shipper
consigns his sheep to some one Of
these feeding stations and then awaits
the advice Of his commission tfirm II!
to the number Of sheep and the time
he shall send them to market.
. A shipment of say twenty thouss nd
sheep IS thus distributed over period
Of week or ten days instead of tcll
being dumped on the market on ti-e
same day. Since from sixty-tive to
seventy-five per cent Of the sh e.p
reaching Chicago market are sent FIJI
to the feeding stations. 1t can rea 4. >
be seen how much they aid in prevent
ing market Cutting. The record run
OF sheep on the Chicago market fol
one day is about $4,000 and -. FUN OF
10000 Is considered very heavy, but
were It not for the feeding stations II
Is claimed that there would frequently
be days when the run would be neaTss
100000 head.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-09-02
FALL SEEDING or CLOVER.

Some farmers think that fail IL the
best time in which to sow clover seed,
while others are equally as sure that
spring Is the best. II the right kind Of
seed is provided and the seed bed
properly prepared, the seeding may be
successfully done either In the spring
or in the fall. If, however. poor seed
is sown and. the ground is not prop
erly prepared, there Is liable to be a
failure, no matter when the work IS
done.
/ have had success in sowing both
in the fall and in tho spring. / can
not see much difference. Fall sowing Is
generally preferable, because it can be
: done at time when there Is not so
much rush work on the farm. This
being true, better Job can be done.
and, consequently a better stand will
be tho result.
When I intend to SOW clover in tho
fail, / plow the ground about the mid
die Of August. About ten days after
being plowed It lis narrowed thor
oughly and Ieveled with long float.
This float Ia made similar to road
drag and, In passing over the field, 1t
levels the ground very smoothly.
Either in the spring or fall seeding
tlis float should be used.
In about a week after the ground
has been narrowed and leveled with
the fioat 1t is worked again with q
harrow, followed by light planker.
Then I SOW the plat to rye, placing
on about three pecks to the acre, and
harrow the ground twice, once each
way. After this is done, I SOW the
clover seed at the rate Of fifteen
pounds to the acre, and give the
rround one light harrowing.-H. U.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-09-02
CELERY FOR WINTER.

Last year we had the finest celery
ever seen in this part Of the country
and here 10 how It was grown:
The plants were grown in very rich
soil and thinned so that none were
small and spindlinE. No weeds were
allowed to grow among the plants.
After the plants were four or five
inches high the tops were shorn of
SO as to cause tho plants to grow
staIky. u
During the dry weather we gave
the plants a drink every evening. soak
ing the ground well each time.
Tho tips Of the leaves were shorn
off again about two weeks, after the
first shearing. ~+ afr: z.
In doing this there Is always danger
Of inturins tho plants unless one ii
very careful. II too many of thu
leaves are cut of the plants will b
stunted and thereby rendered worth
less. >''
None Of the young or inner leaves
should be pruned and only tho upper
portion Of the outer ones.
All this may seem to be . great
deal of unnecessary work but those
who have grown celery know that II
is time wasted to set out small, sickly
plants. Experienced growers also
know that good celery cannot b
grown without more or less hard
work.
We grow ours for home use only
and always as q second crop where
early potatoes have been grown.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-09-02
FALL work on THE HOME
GROUNDS.

Don't forget to order a supply Of
Ecrocus bulbs for lawn planting. That
-. tuck IN few dozen OF them in the
lawn and you and your family will
enjoy early blooms in unexpected
places a
/ Make rose cuttings about six inches
long: strip all the leaves of but, one
and bury the cutting UP to tho leaves
Turn a glass jar upon them and draw
the soil we'll up about the jar. When
winter approaches protect with leaves
or other litter. g
This fall plant some irises. They
are beautiful. easy to cultivate and
free from disease. sa~s tfrg
h, Give the cosmos attention ~ regards
stalking, water and liquid foods. #
. II you will pot few self-sown seed
lings found in the borders you viii
have satisfactory bloomers in your
window IN d few weeks. Do not wait
until the frost has weakened them. but
Do 1t now.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-09-02

ny leading magazine. Representa-.
siVes OF the publication were sent tc
the large dafries OF the state and
ga mpies were taken Of the milk az de.
iivered by the dairymen. Thirty-five
out or hfty-three samples were found
10 contain preservatives. Within =
rev weeks after the publication OF thu
magazine article showing these facts
the municipal authorities in several
c'nes OF Texas began a warfare against
aoulterated milk. Now many cities
throughout the South are enforcing
'helr inspection laws. and putting forth
every effort to improve the quality OF
the milk offered for sale. ~,
In several cities the health officers.
now give special certificates to ali
dairies whose apparatus, dairy rooms,
ana herds como up to q certain stand
ara Of cleanliness. y. In other cities
uniformed milk inspectors are fur
nished with buEgies In which to ride
from dairy to dairy. All through the
South radical measures are being
adopted which have greatly improved
the milk supply S, !
But even with the excellent work
already accomplished along this line,
the Southern market milk situation IA
capable OF much Improvement. Tho
dairymen can reduce the cost Of pro.
duction very materially BY keeping
cows better adapted for market milk
production. by studying economy Of
labor, by using more homegrown
feeds suitable for milk production. and
by protecting their herds more care
fully by means Of better buildings. A
good type Of barn should b provided
which affords the animals protection
against Indictment weather. and at the
same time provide light and ventila-
ton. When the milk supply 10 i'm
proved by means Of better sanitary
measures ana when the public realizes
that IN ample supply Of clean, safe
milk can be obtained, increasing
amounts will be consumed, and there
will be willingness to pay higher
prices for q high grade article. Then
dairying will become profitable in the
South as It IL in the North.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-09-02
PROPOSED EXHIBITION OF ROAD
MODELS. D

Arrangements are to, be made by
the United States Department .of. .Agri-
culture, through Logan Waller Page.
director of the Office of Public Roads,
to place on exhibition at the Panan1A-
Pacific Exposition In 1915 the greatest
collection Of road models ever dis
played in any part Of the world. The
models will furnish exact duplicates OF
Of the old Roman roads, French roads,
and all OF the various types Of modern
roads, together with miniature models
of road machinery operated by cleo.
tricity.
The Offics Of Public Roads made an
exhibit Of road models for the first
time ut the Alaska Pacific Elk
position. The aim was to put on view
such striking examples In miniature OF
road models that visitors would rot
only appreciate the benencent effects
Of improved highways, but would. at
the same time, be able to understand
the methods Of their construction.
Since the Alaska Yukon-Pacific Ey.
position closed, the exhibition has been
displayed at Omaha, Neb., during the
National Corn Exposition; at Knox
willie, Tenn, during the Southern Appa-
lAchian Exposition; at Chicago, ILL.,.
during the National Land and 1rriga.
ton Exposition; at New York City,
during the Travel and Vacation Expo
sition and the Domestic Science ES-
position; at Atlantic City, N. j., during
the American Road Congress-; at
lLethbr4dge. Alberta, during the 1nterna-
tional Dry-land Congress; 1T Buenos
Aires, Argentina, during the Interns-
tional Agricultural Exposition; At
Turin, italy during the international
Exposition; ana at various other expo
| sitions and fairs. Since that time tbs
collection has been greatly augmented,
until every single type OF road is now
represented, and every known device
used In the making Of roads has been
reproduced IN miniature.
Az result Of tho instruction FUR.
nished by these road models, many
| farmers have joinsd forces 70 Improve
their own highway. ana the road
building movement has had = great
impetus.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-09-02


Ton-acre apple orchard scheme of
planting. P--peach trees, 20 feet
apart; W--Winesaps, 40 feet apart;
r Bronze Beauties, 40 feet apart.
As peach trees are short lived, 1t II
expected that they will be removed
within ten years. The apples stand IS
feet apart and should It be required or
desired to take out one variety. the
remaining trees WIN be 10 feet apart.
In making the plat the rows were
lettersd along one side OF the orchard
ana numbered along the other. Thus.
each tree can be designated ~ Sd.
4-B, etc, and q record kept very easily
Of is history. ~
Three irrigations per season are
necessary. and each requires about
two weeks time. The irrigation canal
runs along one side Of. the orchard and
numerous small bitches carry the
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-09-02
THE MILK SUPPLY OF SOUTHERN CITIES
There Is No Branch Of Agriculture That us More
/ Needed in the South Than Dairying
Nv GEORGE M. WHITAKER

Most Of the milk supply OF Southern
cities is produced within = few miles
81 the place OF consumption. Many
hards are kept within the thickly set
tied portions Of the cities. where iand
/. IL, expensive. This generally means
evercrowded stables poorly lighted
ana ventilated. The feed used In these
dairfes is largely such as does not call
for much storage space and Is In
husncsd to some extent by local con-
ditions Of production. Many herds are
fed entirely on cotton-seed meal and
hulls. In some instances wheat bran
rs added.
A the diaries are farther removed
from the thickly settled portions Of
the cities to locations where land IL
less valuable. the cows set more green
feed In season, according to conditions
In some places small bunch Of green
fedder Of some kind IL fed; in others
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-09-02
Good Type Of Southern harm.

the cows are allowed an hours run
each morning in field Of growing
wheat. At still greater distances in
creasiny amounts Of green fodder are
fed, though soiling al q system has
made but little progress: and whore
the land 10 within an easy drive OF the
city and cheap enough, there 10 some
paStprage. a& a.
Generally speaking, milk IL not
properly cooled by producers. Some
producers run tho milk over q cooler
supplied with spring water Of tom
perature rarely below IS degrees;
others set the cans Of milk In tanks Of
spring water or In the running spring
watsr. Other dairymen make no
prstense Of cooling the milk and can
or bottle It for market at the natural
animal temperature. which Is con-
Auoivs to extensive bacterial growth.
AaA u unhealthful.
MOST Of the milk supply is retailed
and distributed BY the producers. Very
httle milk 10 transported by railroad
In the South and comparatively few
cities have milk depots owned by mid
dlemsn. On account Of climatic con-
ditions two deliveries a day are fire.
qusnt, milk often reaching tho con-
sumner less than flve hours old. Bot
ties are used to limited extent.
The sanitary side Of dairy inspec-
ton has received too little attention,
but q great Improvement III this direc-
ton II being noticed recently. Many
cities have milk ordinances, though in
some cases little has been done in the
past to enforce them. Many cities had
no inspection Of any kind until short
TIME ago. A few years ago, campaign
for better milk was taken up in Texas
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-09-02
FEEDING TIE GROWING CHICK

Keep the growing chicks we'll Sup.
piled with granulAted bone, charcoal,
and beef scraps. Tho latter must DO
fresh and free from any rnusty odor.
Much damage has been done in the
growing focks from the feeding Of
poor dry beef scraps, therefore great
care should be exercised In purchasing
this article. Charcoal II ono Of the
most Important things to have about
the poultry yards, notwithstanding the
claim OF some poultrymen. who say It
is unnecessary when the fowls and
chicks are given the proper foods IN
the right proportions. It keeps tho
gases down and assists digestion and
prevents many cases Of bowel trouble
and other diseases ..E
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-09-02
A MECHANICAL ENGINEER GROWS APPLES
Study Experiments Together With Large Amount of Ambi
.sHs ton, Brought Excellent Results
Nv r. WEBSTER BRADY

lo-acre orchard 10 considered enough
for one man to care for. but I Sc
cured 4 double portion with the in
tention Of selling 10 acres when the
orchard came into bearing condition.
The land was cleared by cutting the
sage brush with grub hoe, and piing
tho brush for burning. The cost OF
clea ring was three dollars per acre.
I'm April / had the nrst 10-acre plat
cleared. plowed. pulverized. leveled
and staked for the trees. Two-year-
old trees, winesAps and Rome Beauty
apples, were set In rows 20 feet
apart each way. Elberta peach trees
were used as fllers. Alternate rows
Of tho two varieties Of apples were
planted 10 As to form the diagonal
rows with the Winesaps.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-09-02

water to the trees. Corn, potatoes,
onions and alfalfa have been raised
each season Alfalfa yields three cut
tinss.
THE second orchard OF 10 acres
was set out the next year with Wine
sap and Johnathan trees without any
peach filters. The FIRST orchard con-
tains 125 Rome Beauty. It's winesa Pc,
and $50 Johnathans. and the 500 Ell
berta peach fllers. The second orchard
has $50 Johrathans, $50 winesaps and
800 Rome Beauties. A family orchard
of one each Of Pie Bins, Lambert, and
Royal Ann cherry trees, with the fol-
lowing varieties Of apples. ETC., was
also set out the frst year: Snow
Maiden's Blush, Rambo. Roxbury Rus
set, Gravenstein. Red Astrican and
Wagner A few fancy peaches, plums,
prunes. pears and apricots have been
added.
'1n February. Just before the leaves
and blossoms open, spraying with
lime-sulphur' solution has been done
to destroy aphis eggs and the San
Jose scale. An arsenate Of lead spray
to prevent wormy apples is applied to
the blossoms just as the petals begin
falling and before the calyx cups close.
'The growth Of the entire orchard
has been most excellent. Only few
Of the trees have had to be replaced.
single APPLE Johnathah-was
produced the second season The
third season we had two bushels Of
apples and 10 bushels Of peaches.
Last year 20 bushels Of apples-and 210
Of peaches were sold. The fruit was
graded and packed in boxes. each piece
being wrapped in paper.
1T was necessary to build Z house,
barn, ana other outbuildinss. The
following had to be bought. Two
horses with wagon and, harness. .
plow, harrow, springtooth harrow,
cultivator, clod smasher. spray pump.
pruning shears and knives, etc.
"Thus far the success Of my orchards
has been more In their future promise
rather than In the fruit produced. At
present tho best raw land costs $3.50
per acre. and bearing orchards sell for
from $3.50 to $1,000. There will be q
rapidly increasing income from fruit
sales, as orchards mature here In half
the time required In the East. The
proposition looked good to me when
started. ana now IN 1913 Il looks much
! better"
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-09-02

II close proximity to the regions
where most of the sheep are produced
were the only factor In determining
the best location for Market the
largest markets would be still fartner
west than they are, because near!y
per cent Of the sheep IN
the United States are west OF the
Mississippi River and fifty-seven per
cent are in the Rocky Mountain
region and west to the Pacific COAST.
Shipping facilities for getting the
output of the packing houses TO the
consumer have an important bearing.
Still another factor which has great
deal of influence is the fact that many
sheep from the West are fattened IN
the mississippi and Missouri valleys
Many Of these are handled twice oy
the markets, first az feeders and again
Ia. sheep intended for slaughter. When
so,d AZ feeders they go only COM
paratively short distance from the
market and this is factor tnat equai-
ICES the seeming disparity OF .he
markets being too far removed from
regions of heaviest production ana
really makes such places as Chicaso
land Omaha the actual centers OF 'he
sheep trade
The great central sheep markets OF
today have enjoyed a very large
growth during the last twenty years
the number Of sheep received In chi
cago being 2.s67,253 more the last
year than. twenty years before. ms
growth is largely traceable to the turn
ing of the sheep husbandry interests IN
the West from wool production, as a
primary object, to the production OF
both mutton and wool, and to the rise
OF the sheep feeding industry. by
liberal infusion OF mutton blood into
their fiocks and by marketing thelr
sheep at a younger age than formerly
western fiockmasters .supplanted
dry, ilI-favored mutton with wnole-
some product that met with ready de-
mand. Almost at the same time sneep
feeding became popular, and these
better bred sheep of the range were
also better fed. A further impetus was
thus given to mutton consr ton
which has now reached the IN
many of our cities at least, where the
only check to liberal consumption IL
! the lack of the ability to buy.
with this greatly increased activity
tin the production Of 3better mutton IN
| the West and in feed lot operations
tths large markets have not only IN
creased in volume Of business but they
| have also Improved in their organiza-
ton. az may he seen In the review OF
conditions. past and present, at the chi
cago maritet Formerly sheep on tnit
market were not classed ana eSaoeo
hut were sold In mixed bands just al
they wore unloaded from the cars
often these mixed shipments were
made up Of all ages and sexes, in every
degree Of quality and condition. The
yolume Of business was small; mutton
J was not much sought after, and hence
I thu need of careful discrimination was
.o+ fe,t. To the commission man o.
the buyer this system perhaps d'd no
ofrer great inconvenience. PERHAPS TN
buyer even counted 1t to his advanta =
"a he /. inclined to measure the value
OF the whole offering by the inferior
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-09-02

The con 10 the land" idea r. being
cheered considerably these days the
| Id en- ia.a Rood one but there are many
who seem to- think that this means an
| emigration of laborers and misfit pro-
| fessionals from city tenements to farm
houses. They have visions OF gardens,
mea duws, cows, pigs and chtckens-of
half starved city families becoming m
| a few months we1l-to-do. These are
nothing but dreams, because the new
life" In agriculture IL mostly from the
ava kening Of the farmers themselves.
There Is. however, an increasine mum
Der OF "professionals" who are taking
up agricultural work. In some cases
they do this a. a side line. while IN
Others Il Is made their sole business.
Many failures have been. recorded. put
the men and women who have brousnt
technically trained minds to the new
work, and who have attacked the
problems In agriculture IN the same
analytical way Is they did the prop.
lens Nm medicine, engineering ana
ffinance-tl1ese have made successes
Moreover, those men and women naVe
blazed the way In the wilderness OF
doubt for the thousands OF adventufers
who feel that they want TO DO some
thing in agriculture but they DO not
know how to begin. The following
History OF success IL given. therefore
FOR the beneht Of those who would be
|orchardists: ~
Mr.. Howell had spent Is years or 80
H in an engineering once. and he began
, to feel that the sedentary life with It's
unnatural confinement was causing
his physical decay. After carefully
considering the case. he decided that
the most attractive way for him to get
renewed health, together with good
income and more Independent life.
was for him to take up orchard work.
PLANT a tree, John. It will grow while
you're asleep seemed to him to be
good gospel. ,..s
First, he carefully studied the litera-
ture on the subject. He, found that
orchard growing is one Of the most
highly specialized branches of agrs-,
culture, and that the Government bull,
letins were full Of valuable Informs
ton for the fruit grower. The line OF
least resistance led him to .one Of tho
irrigated districts in the West. What
he has accomplished in three years IL
best told by Mr.. Howell himself.
II purchased 20 acres, Of sase brush.
For raw land with water rights. A
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-09-02
The Sheep Industry Market Stand point
In Marketing Sheep Uniformity in Quality, Con
dition and Weight Should be Observed
BY W. @. ooFFEY

individuals in 1t. But to the shippe
who occasionally visited the marke,
little opportunity was presented
such system to determine the prefer
ence Of buyers. This system gave wa
to one that Ii more orderly and definite
The day Of the buyer taking ''pot luck
on shipments II over. Now they ar,
sorted into the different. classes ant
grades and thus prepared for the In
spection Of the buyer. The result Is {,
market by which the man who follow
his shipments to sale may be enlight
ened, and from which market quota.
tions may be made that will be Of all
to those who have sheep to SELL
With respect to control Of receipt,
80 that violent fluctuations. in prices d.
not occur within short space OF time
the Chicago market has greatly i'm,
proved during the last twenty years
Until the sheepmen Of the West BE-
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-09-02
NOTES FOR THE SHEEP RAISER.

Keep the sire Of the flock to HIM
self till lambinS time is past. What's
the use Of allowing him to bunt the
whole herd around. perhaps Gripping
some Of the lambs. or seriously injur-
ing some of the pregnant ewes, causing
abortion. ~.
Good, bright clover hay, with little
ensilage or corn fodder added, three
times a week forms an ideal feed for
sheep during tho winter. Feed on tho
ground when it Is frozen, otherwise
feed in the racks In the sheep barn.
Scatter feed we'll, or much VIII be
trampled, cut up and wasted.
II you ever expect any material I'M
provement in your breed sheep, invest
a few extra dollars in Z high grads
sire and place him at the head Of your
flock AL
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1913-09-02
THE POULTRY HEAD LOUISE.

The head louise attacks young
chicks generally before they are feath-
cred out, and Is first found on the
head with its claws or feeders sunk
into the skin Of the head AS they
become more numerous. they attack
the throat and neck as we'll The
remedy is simple. but 1t takes a little
time. Each chick must have its head
creased with lard cottonseed oil or
olive oil. You will have to look close
ly to see these insects. They are very
destructive to chickens and must be
controlled or exterminated II the chick
is to be healthy.-A. c. Smith.