davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune., 1913-07-20
THE AIR PUMPS.

Before the diving experiments were con-
Quoted. however. II was deemed wise 10
examine the air pumps usually employed.
These were found in most cases 10 do
fairly well when the divers were working
at moderate depths but they showed
dangerous lack OF capacity when called
upon 10 furnish sufficient air for men IN
water $50 feet and more deep. Here PROP
ably was the cause OF many diving fatah-
ties. and yet this state OF affairs had
gone on for many years. At depths over
$50 feet two. not one. ordinary service
pumps were required to provide sufficient
air Previously one pump had struggled
with the task Finally. when the ar
equipment was found equal 10 the require
ments. Lieutenant Demant and Gunner
Cato took up their test submergences.
Without giving these in detail. the net re-
suit was that they were able 10 90 down
TO an actual depth OF trihe over thirty
fve fathoms. and they were able 10 do
work there without any IN effects. During
these experiments samples of air were
sent up at different intervals. and these
were analysed in order TO determine the
effects OF labor upon the amount of eN-
Ealed carbonic acid gas. Upon one occa-
sion Gunner Cato became entangled AT
depth OF thirty fathoms of water. ana
he was down nearly half an hour before
he could start for the surface, Just the
same. he suffered no i'll effects. Because
OF his mishap his total time of decom-
preston took an hour and half. but stu
he ascended 10 a depth OF tfty feet inside
OF the exceedingly brief interval of eight
and a half minutes, and thence TO the
surface he made longer stops at every
New-York tribune., 1913-07-20
A GOOD RECIPE.

Upton Sinclair. addressing al haie'D,,
the silk mill strikers OF Paterson u's'
fairness of statement -.
but to be fair" he said. lis very %
ncult To give ourselves no more ''~
our due. To give our adversaries no
than their due-ah, that's very din'''
thing indeed
You know perhaps my recipe 10,
complete. really complete, blosraPss
Wen. i've always held that from the "A
things we remember about ourselves -,
the bad things other people refne"S 40
about us a perfectly complete biogiap''
could be complied"
New-York tribune., 1913-07-20

culation ha- dropped IN this particular, II
not free ~ mtfos,u. The net result is
that bubbles Of nitrogen form. just Ike
the gas bubbles n tl, soda water and In
their development and their efforts 10
escape they cause AN of ,he trouble The
c' u~cqueucc may be the bends" paraly-
SIS or death more or .css quickly These
bubbles ,hok, the blood vessels AMI thus
interrupt the flow of tho life huid-the
manifestations OF symptoms differing with
the part of the body so affected so long
as these bubbles do not form the mere
pressure Of nitrogen In the system Is not
dangerous II the bubbles begin TO de-
yelop they may bc dissipated hy the re-
application ~ pressure and the other
remedy is that Of making the original
period Of total decomposition long enough
the nitrogen working gradually back 10
the veins and thence 10 the lungs for eX-
halation.
New-York tribune., 1913-07-20
ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION

The manner iu which this discovery was
made is bat another indication Of the use
nI lessons 10 be- learned by subiectng
animals TO experimentation and then.
when certain principles are disclosed. TO
apply the fruits Of research 10 man The
pioneers I'm this work were Drs. Leonard
rim and NJ Greenwood, of the London
Hospital Medical College. These gentle
men experimental with small animals like
rats and mice and guinea pigs. and where
death was brought about through sudden
decomposition from high pressure they
were dissected BY means Of q suitable
equipment Dr Hill was able 10 observe
through q microscope the bubbles forming
In the capllaries Of frog web. After
keeping the frog AT q pressure Of some
thing like 300 pounds that Is. twenty at
mospheres-for ten minutes. during which
the circulation went on rs usual the
pressure was suddenly lowered TO nor
nal The developments were as follows !.
"For about minute after decomposition
the circulation continued unaltered, then
small dark bubbles were seen, first one
and then another. and then numbers sour
rying through the vessels and driving the
corpusclcs before them. I'm moment o.
two the vessels became entirely occupied
with columns Of air bubbles and the cir
culation was at an end" However. by
means Of rapid recompression. the bub-
bles were driven again into solution. the
circulation was re-established and the
frog revived without apparent injury The
laws established hy this work ena abled
Drs I'm and Greenwo,1 ! 10 formulate "A
line OF research which they promptly APP
piled 10 themselves
\ steel tank was fitted up capable OF
admitting man and allowing him TO rest
New-York tribune., 1913-07-20

~HE steel babies" of our destroy"
ers, as "Jacky' dubs the deadly
Il torpedo. are pretty expensive af-
fairs. and there is some mourning on
shipboard when one Of these goes astray
our torpedo craft now have their reSu-
lar target practice and, of course tor
pedoes are used i'm the exercise. but as
a rule they are carefully set TO rise and
TO float upon the surface after complet-
ing their runs. But. alas, every now
and then something goes wrong and the
torpedo sinks to the bottom-escaping
bubbles being the only surface indlca-
ton Of the whereabouts Of the sunken
weapon. Then comes the task Of re-
claiming the torpedo, If possible,
When the destroyer Paulding was eX-
ercising some weeks ago off Province
town. Mass. one Of her steel babies
sank in water ninety-six feet deep. 1t
does not look well on a destroyer's rec
ord to have a report Of lost against
the quota of torpedoes allowed. and there
is an esprit among the men that inspires
them 10 take some chances In recovering
a torpedo that has gone down. At the
seamen gunners' school at Newport the
men are trained for diving work and
have TO qualify up to a depth Of sixty
feet. They very seldom exceed this depth
I'm any OF their normal operations. Just
the same. the chief boatswain's mate OF
the Paulding volunteered for the service
and in his diving dress, went overheard
after that sunken torpedo.
New-York tribune., 1913-07-20
SHORTENING TIME OF ASCENT.

When Lieutenant Demant went down 20
feet he reached the bottom from the sur
face I'm but two and quarter minutes
recall the time OF forty minutes To reach
depth OF $50 feet by the older regula-
tions Coming up. he mounted to 10 feet
I'm four and half minutes. stopped TO at
tend to one Of his air samples and reached
59 feet ten minutes later. His final stages
Of decomposition thence to the surface
consumed trihe over half an hour. The
conspicuous achievement In these tests
was that OF shortening the time the diver
was exposed TO the serious pressures be-
low the hfty-foot mark. They practically
Jumped from the bottom 10 this level OF
little danger. and thence their decom-
preston was effected by stages depending
upon the length OF time they had been on
the bottom. This completely upset pre-
vious ideas, and AT once brought the diver
so far toward the surface that he was
cut Of harms way and comfortably stu-
New-York tribune., 1913-07-20
A CLOSE SHAVE.

He knew he was going TO make rec
ord for himself il he succeeded. and he
took the risk When he was drawn TO
the surface he keeled over just as his
helmet was taken off, and ii took prompt
and active medical treatment before he
was revived II was a close shave for
that petty officer. The question Is. Why
should this happen at all in our navy
when depths more than double this arc
reached safely in the British service?
In fact this narrow escape recalls the
death Of a gunners mate in the same
waters two years ago while engaged in
similar work The diver, so it is said,
was suffocated because the pumps failed,
but this is probably an error, inasmuch
as he was but little over sixty feet down.
Because Of a number Of fatal diving
accidents in the British navy the Ad-
miralty instituted an investigation, and
this was followed by series of expert
ments. which have resulted in much in
formation of scientific value. In fact
the researches furnish data of a novel
character and shed a great deal Of new
and precious light upon the physiolosi-
cal problem of the pressure worker
whether diving in the sea or laboring in
a caisson. The instance leading imme-
diately to the inquiry in England was
that due to the death Of a diver named
Trapnell. who was engaged in examining
the wreck of Torpedo Boat No 80, sunk
off Berry Head The craft rested on the
bottom twenty-five fathoms down.. G.,
a a depth Of one hundred and nifty feet
The circumstances OF that fatality are
interesting because they show just what
the diver In deep water and in tide
way has often to contend with.
New-York tribune., 1913-07-20
DANGER OF HEAVY BREATHING.

The painting stage, however. ls bad
enough f,r diver. Perhaps you do not
know II. but the muscles OF respiration
are not especially study and the, are
soon tired If overtaXcd The diver very
frequently is expanding his chest against
a slight burden Of external pressure, and
il is risky to add to this labor When the
diver Is working his exhaIed air has
far higher percentage Of cdrbOnic acid
gas IN il. and this Wor; may be serious
Is hampered by the added toll Of strug-
Cling against the tide and dragging the
hose and lifeline. Now. what happens
II inexperienced or # nervous. because
Of circumstances-lc W say his line has
become entaugled-in his efforts 90 free
himself he struggles and into his helmet
he brcathes out increased quantities Of
cor and begins TO pant heavily. In
order to respond 20 nature demand. his
breathing becomes both deeper and fast
er, and before he knows u he becomes
dizzy and possibly furrieC In his eN-
element or uncertainty he may close
his escape valve instead OF opening 10,
his dress fills dstends. and up 10 the
surface he is shot-thc consequences de-
pending more or less upon the aiertness
OF his attendants II takes cool-head-
ed man To be successful diver and il
takes a courageous one. as well. to work
in really deep water But there are ap-
parent anomalies in this field of ac-
tivities.
In the waters OF Greece. the pearl and
sponge divers 90 down to depths of from
thirty to thirty-two fathoms. They sink
rapidly 10 the bottom. remain there two
or three minutes. and then come quick
~ TO the surface. Thirty fathoms means
q depth Of $50 feet and we have seen
that lesser depths have proved fatal.
Why should the Greek divers. also i'm
diving dress. be 50 immune i'm the face
Of the deadly toll eXacted OF others? This
is the real secret which has but recent
~ been disclosed
New-York tribune., 1913-07-20
EtI0e~Z7ze1LsN Iamt11eccNo1s CNaD7a6eI'
zxCe1' By tie ZIz11eHLS3L11z57 C@@S7TTSee
Researches of the Admiralty Have Furnished
Data Likely to Result in Greater Safety
Not Only for Toilers Under Water
but for Caisson Workers.

ton. In the hospital he recovered con-
sciousness. but died subsequently.
A case preceding this also resulted Ia
tally for a diver seeking a torpedo in
twenty-four and half fathoms of water
The unfortunate man was OF me
physique and IN perfect health. lie took
forty minutes in getting to the bottom
going down very slowly-stayed there a
little less than three-quarters of an hour
and occupied twenty minutes in return
ing TO the surface. He was able TO mount
unassisted the ladder leading over the
boats side from the water TO the deck.
and when the face plate Of his helmet
was taken off he said that he felt all
right Upon the removal Of his helmet
he gave a detailed account OF his work
under water and even joked with some
OF the men While submerged he SUI
fered no inconvenience, and came up be-
cause IL was too dark at the bottom 10
see anything About ten minutes after
coming up he complained OF pain in the
stomach. and almost Immediately be-
came unconscious. He was dead inside
Of fifteen minutes after reaching the
surface.
When the autopsy was performed many
Of his blood vessels and some Of his or
gans were found to be filled with air
bubbles Of various sizes That told the
story: there was something radically
wrong in the general knowledge Of div
ing so far as it concerned the physical
wellbcing Of the underwater worker
What was il that caused those bubbles,
and what was the effect OF thcir presence
I'm the circulatory system? This is lust
what the British Admiralty's committee
on deep water diving set about to find
out The manner in which they did this
New-York tribune., 1913-07-20
CONDITIONS UNDER WATER.

Before we take up the researches Of
the committee il were best that we have
some idea Of the purely physical condi-
tions which prevail under water In
round figures the pressure OF the atmos-
phere at sea level is about fifteen pounds
TO the square inch, and every foot OF
submergence means an increase Of B
of a pound. cubic foot of sea water
weighs sixty-four pounds and a column
Of water a foot square and a hundred
and fifty feet high weighs $500 pounds
independently OF the added atmospheric
pressure OF 2.l6O pounds pressing down
upon it. making d total of ll.7CO pounds
at the base Of that column. The area Of
the body surface Of diver amounts TO
quite a number of feet and his security
depends entirely upon preserving a bal
ance between the air supplied him
through his hose and the external or en-
veloping pressure Of the water The
moment his air fails him then the whole
sea above and about him moves with
crushing force against him from every
direction. Just imagine what would hap
pen to him if he got tumble while un-
Qef water
Some years ago one Of our naval divers
went overheard in only thirty feet of
water He descended rapidly but his at
tendants failing TO get the accustomed
signals by the lifeline, pulled him back
TO the surface without delay. The man
was dead when his face plate was re
moved. lie had fallen in the water and
life was crushed out Of him by the en-
veloping pressure Because the air in
his rigid helmet was at "A pressure be-
low that OF the surrounding water. the
sea tried 10 crowd his whole body into
his helmet Just like cork would be
forced further into an empty bottle
lowered to some depth, Naturally the
blood vessels Of the head are speedily
ruptured under such circumstances and
diver so caught IS either killed out
right or severely injured.
New-York tribune., 1913-07-20

Investigators mGdo In all about seven
hundred experiments on goats before the
officers submitted themselves to test. In
this latter work they had a steel cham
bcr substantially similar to that employed
by Drs HIM and Greenwood. These eX-
periments were completed and then came
the practical problem Of actual diving at
depths OF corresponding pressures in the
New-York tribune., 1913-07-20
EzkL1zS G7n2nlSC
0f Az% Er017
H|nzkE NIHIZe
zL1zaSe MraEe~

10 suit the working position OF the dlNei
from time to time. but II is generally SO
set that the air will not force its way
down into the flexible part OF the dress
and distend IL: I'm other words the press
ure Of the water is just enough superior u
the pressure of the air to hold the can
vas-and-rubber dress close against the
divers body.
II the diver bends over or u craving
on his hands and knees. he must be care
ful TO ease the escape valve so thdl '"e
air will pass out freely and not iliI down
into his watcrtight dress II ms SUIT
becomes distcudod. the added buoNan'S
may b. enough 10 overcome the lead pal
last with which be is weighted. and ne
may shoot upward at very rapid rate
Tbie in the psrlance uC the diver. IS
called blowing up" The pressure OF the
water decreases as the diver rises '"'
confined air may thus cause the sun ~
distend more and more as the eAte!h''
restraint is relieved. and the dress might
burst. II not caught by his attendants
the diver would sink like stone and ue
crushed by the pressure below. bHt TINS
is not the only danger u the man mas
been working TO, a considerable period
i'm rather deep water then d sudden rise
and the incidental speedy release OF
pressure may prove graNely harmful. H
not fatal. This gives you some idea OF
how watchful diver has 60 be- when uu-
der the surface. and especially must Dee
guard against being upset aud mpmcn-
tarily needless
Carbonc acid gas is one Of the trouble
some products Of eXhdiatiou, and sou eau
easily realize how necessary 30 is TO ven
tiate the helmet Of the divers dress
continually. The presence Of moderate
excess OF carbouc acid gps, or coz. a5
the chemist calls it. merely incommod"-
slightly. causing a person 10 breathe
more deeply. When u is present Boo iars-
er quantities it will cause painting. ana
when this percentage IS considerably
augmented dizziness and then uncOn-
sciousuess follow. leading. perhaps. 10
death.
New-York tribune., 1913-07-20
LS21ezZ dINeHr Teaaw far
UIzaSe e1rS<e1 c11orAc

I ated and within closer touch Of his at.
/ tendants.
| Duplicating the experiments with the
| animals. the longer the diver was down
| the deeper the nitrogen worked into his
| system, but if his decompression from
| fifty feet up were properly timed the
nitrogen did not generate bubbles, but
worked its way from the remote regions
/ and the tissues, etc, back into the circu-
lation, and thence, absorbed in the blood.
to the lungs, where it passed away with
the breath. The prime necessity was am
pie time in decomposition.
But this was not all that the expert
ments proved. They showed that diver
needed the same volume Of air minute
at any depth that a man needs al the
sea surface, only that that volume must
be of the pressure required 10 meet or
balance the external pressure Of the sur
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-07-13
MANHATTAN BEACH.

Manhattan Beach. y. Y, July i2-Many
well known society persons continue 70
arrive al the Oriental Hotel, az Mannat-
tan Beach. making the exodus OF promi-
nert Fourth of July visitors hardly no.
ticeable.
The Arst Of the meetings Of the morn
ing dancing classes under the direction OF
Miss Margaret n. Hawkesworth, dausn-
ter Of Mrs. Robert W Haweskworth' OF
East Orange. y. j., were held on FRIDAY
and saturday from II 20 y o'clock. Ihey
will continue on the same DAYS eacn week
on Friday evening the hrst regular dance
~ the season was held in the ballroom
which vas crowded with dancers Many
automobile parties came from sea Cate
Brooklyn and other places on Long
Island.
Mr.. and Mrs. Henry Albro Anthony, Oh
gidroaeld. y. J., were the guests az
dinner party in the open air casino Thurs
dav evening given by Mr. Anthony
narents Mr.. and Mrs Henry N. An
tbony. Of West End avenue. Manhattan
Who are spending the season here.
Mr.. and Mrs. El1ey Eugene Meaenein
and their son. Malcolm Meachem' arrived
on Tuesday FOR the rest Of the season
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-07-13
BAR HARB0R
Afternoon Dances Now Planned
for Wednesdays and Saturdays.

Bar Harbor. Me. July l2.-With the ar
rival OF Mrs. William Lawrence Green.
OF Albany. impetus has been given 20
the social life al the Swimming Club. and
Bar Harbor Is 10 have afternoon turkey
trots. From 10 o'clock next Wedncs-
day afternoon members Of the club and
cottagers will have their first trot Of
the season. This affair Mrs. Green So
giving upon her oUn responsibility. and
~ the afternoon dancing proves as popu-
lar here as IL has in New York and New
port. as II undoubtedly will, there VIII
be a series Of afternoon dances on
Wednesdays and Saturdays. Besides
these there will be the regular Saturday
night hops, and four subscription dinner
dances are scheduled for August one
Of the objects Of the afternoon dances
is 10 provide amusement for the younger
set. as IL is often complained that Bar
Harbor life does not afford enough eX-
element for this crowd. The dinner
dances are 20 be among the most pre-
tentious functions OF the season The
first daily concert was given al the CLUB
Monday, and brought out the members
In full force While the music was ln
progress several OF the members occupied
their time with fancy work. Mrs. Edgar
Scott. wife Of the president. held a skein
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-07-13

their daughter. Miss julia Calhoun MI
and Mrs. D. Adams Calhoun and John
c. Calhoun, jr.
Edgevsood Inn clubhouse gave the Sec
ond OF series Of dinner dances Friaay
evening 10 a large company. The tango
and the turkey trot are the popular steps
AZ all the social functions here this sea-
son
Commodore f.. c. Benedict returned
Tuesday from a cruise 10 Sag Haroor'
Ne. where he has been FOR the last week
With a party Of friends. Among his
guests on the trip we're Mr.. and Mrs. r
c. Penaeld. clifford B. Harmon ana H. ~
Shelley.
The Naples has been having an excel
lent season. nearly all its visitors COM
ing for the entire summer Among
those now there are Mr.. and Mrs. W.
Il. Ralph. OF Washington, and Mr' ana
Mrs. W. o. Gilbert, Of omaha.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-07-13
SARATOGA SPRINGS
Society Turns Out for Charity
Ball at Manhattan Club.

Saratoga Springs ~ Y, July l-Tb.
charity ball given In the ballroom 0, n.
Manhattan Club on Thursday eyepl,,
was a grand success. Society turned an,
as on 10 other occasion 80 FAR this sea.
son. The gowns Of the women were mar.
yels OF beauty; these, enhanced BY ,hs
lavish forsl decorations. made the place
a veritable fairyland. The affair va,
given by the Flower and Fruit Mission
for the benefit OF the new Saratoga Hos.
rltal. Auto parties came from Lake
George. Glens Falls and all nearby sun.
mor resorts. Several dinners we're ggsa
In the new Manhattan restaurant pre.
y.ous 20 the dance, and more supper par.
ties sfterward. Among those who enter.
tanned were Mr. and Mrs julius Jackson
Mr.. and Mrs. George y. Ostrander, Mr
and Mrs. Harry ". Levengston. Mr. and
Mrs. Walter p Butler and Mr. and Mrs.
James Morrissey.
The first hop OF the season will be given
IN the Grand Union ballroom this even.
Ing. Charles Van Arnam, jr, viii be n
charge. These dances will form a very
prominent part On the social activities o,
the village during the summer, being 50
very popular With the younger set The
hops az the United States VIII begin TIE
fret OF the week.
The first Of the weekly teas given In the
Casino under tho management a the
Saratoga Womens Association VIII be
given on Thursday next The Casino Is
visited daily by hundreds u strangers
who enjoy the music and the quiet and
delightful surroundings % the place.
one OF the most popular resorts ia togn
Is the Country Club. The links are 10
ane condition. and many very close
matches are bo.ns played The tennis
playing has been ~ a high order The
local team has won several MATCHES
much 10 tho delight Of the club members
many of whom tale the.r exercise sitting
on the broad plaza watching the players
4 number of dinners and iuneheons hl"
been given a. the club during the week.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-07-13
CEDARHURST
Former Vice President a Mem.
Der of Cottage Colony.

Cedarhurst. Long Island, July IA
Among the residents Of the summer COL
ony ~ Cedarhurst Is former Governor
and Vice President Levi p. Morton and
Mrs Morton. who are occupying the F.
White cottage The condition Of Mr..
Morton. according TO his physician. DR..
Charles slade. OF Manhattan. Is much
improved. Mr. Morton has teen suffer
ing from what Ia diagr 'ed as hardening
OF the arteries FOR the last four months.
\ dance and bazaar for the oeneht OF
the Music school Settlement was given
last evening AZ Lawrence Hail. Lawrence.
Long Island.
Mr and Mrs. o. " Bright Of Law
renee. have gone to Asheville. y. c., for
months stay.
Mrs walter stearns is spending the
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-07-13
THOUSAND ISLANDS
Charming Resort of the ST.
St. Lawrence Well Filled.

Alexandr!a Bay, y. Y, July E-Eaen
day adds 10 the summer arrivals both
AZ the hotels ard the cottages, as well as
20 tho number OF households and yachts
cruising or az anchor in the ST. Law
renee
Among the dinner parties az tho Coun-
frv club last week was a party 81 twenty
four. given by Mr. and Mrs Frank Brig
ham
Mr.. and Mrs Nathan Straus. who were
very seriously 10 when they arrived, the
latter Part Of June, are now very much
better Mr. S,raus went hsh!ns Thurs
DAY. but Mrs. straus IS suIl unable TO
be- up