davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-09-14
LOWER END OF APPARATUS.

! The bottom end Of the apparatus con
sists of an air lock and a big cylindrical
| working chamber, and below this is a
! great rotating cutter, which can break
Iup the chalky layer while the suction
draws the chunks up and disposes of the
| spoils wherever desired. The tube, OF
course, is attached to suitable vessel
containing the necessary power plant. ana
electricity Is the main operative energy.
| The newly launched section is towed
| TO its destined position and sunk into the
trench by flooding it with Just enough
water to carry it 10 the bottom and make
IT rest there lightly Not much OF an
| effort is then required to move IL length
wise. Now, each unit has a male" and
female end, as the engineer expresses
1t, and this permits the end of the latest
section 10 slip inside of the one previously
planted When the two ends are thus
first brought in contact the neighboring
bulkheads, which keep out the sea from
the sections are separated a few feet and
the intervening space filled with water
from the sed. This water IS drawn Of
by a portable pump in the preceding unit.
This Immediately causes a partial vac
uum, and the hydrostatic pressure on the
far end Of the newly laid tube pushes the
latter further into it's neighbor. When all
Of the water between the bulkheads is re-
moved the Joint so made in few min
utes is rendered effectually tight by the
automatic operation OF the sea itself. At
terward it is made permanent one by
bolts and nuts.
With the completion OF this juncture the
two contiguous bulkheads are removed,
but the second of these not until the
water has been drained from the tube
last sunk, and this is not done until that
section has been anchored firmly in the
trench by having the broken chalk and
other "spolls" dumped upon it for this
purpose. Otherwise. its buoyancy would
tend to make IL float surfaceward In
this way the tunnel grows by foot
lengths, and this would be much speedier
than the rate Of progress estimated in
boring operations,
While the dredges are thus busy cut
ting the trenches for the tunnels, steel
workers ashore are building the 5OO-foot
sections to be laid in them. There is no
time lost, and Mr.. Lake estimates that
the entire undertaking, IL his plans be
could be finished and put In cont
dition for traffic in a much shorter period |
than would be possible were the British
French project OF tunnel boring adopted. |
But there is something more than gain in |
mere speed OF construction. Each tunael |
unit would be subjected 10 rigorous in |
spection and testing before being /
launched and sunk in position. and, be- |
sides this assurance OF strength and
proper workmanship. the tracks and some
Of the other fixtures could be put in place
before the sections leave the shore. This
would save the haulage OF much ma
terial. as the tunnel grew outward from
the coast, and. incidentally, reduce con-
siderably the building costs
OF course. you will realize that these
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-09-14
Continued from hfth page.

sections on land and then carrying these
structural units TO the proper place and
sinking them like a submarine until they
rest upon the river bed. You can readily
grasp that this is very different process
from boring way below the water bed
and working forward more or less blind
folded. so TO speak Mr.. Lake prepared
plans and submitted them TO the British
authorities six years ago, at which time
there seemed more than lukewarm at
tude in favor OF 'cross-channel tun-
mel. He will lay these plans again be-
fore the engineers over there and at the
same time submit TO them improvements
which have come TO pass as conse-
quence of further study In the evolu-
ton since OF mechanical facilities
Primarily Mr.. Lakes tunnel would con-
sist OF series OF 500-foot sections of
steel. coated inside and out with pro-
tective cement. and these would be laid
right on the channel bed i'm trenches ex-
cavated BY especially designed dredges
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-09-14
Continued from fifth page.

real estate. from which their descendants
living i'm the town to-day are receiving
ample returns. The wealth Of the town a
little earlier than that date is shown by
the recorded fact that nothing was
thought Of an expenditure Of $50 for the
music and refreshments for an evening
entertainment. This was in marked con-
trast with the comment on the eXtraVa-
eance Of youth which the elders made III
1913, when a violin was used for the first
time i'm the town for a dance, the whole
expense for which, including the fiddler.
was 81. Doubtless a dollar meant more In
las than several dollars did fifty years
afterward. 1t is probable that to the com
parative wealth Of the town is due the
substantial character OF the construction
Of the houses and the excellent care which
they have since received They have thus
been preserved in good condition to this
Gay.
The post route from Hartford to West
Point at the time Of the Revolution
passed through Litchfield. and the town
was an important military point, there
being military storehouses located here.
spent a night in the town. and such per-
sonalities as Rochambeau, Lafayette and
Aaron Burr have been entertained there,
the last mentioned studying law in
Iltchdeld. number Of the houses are
Of much more than local interest.
WoLCOTT AND REEVE HOMES.
II is on North and South streets that
most Of the interesting houses 'front.'
Among those on the latter thorouentare
are the former homes of Oliver Nolcott'
a sgner Of the Declaration OF lndepen-
dence. and Judge Tapping Reeve the
founder Of the first law school In the
United States, and some assert. the
earliest in any country. The Wolcott
house is the oldest in the village, having
been built in l7J4 by Oliver Wolcott, then
the Sheriff Of the recently established
county Of Litchheld.
II is well preserved and still occupied
By member OF the family of the builder.
Wolcott was a physician and a native
OF Windsor. II was in the apple or
chard in the rear or the Wolcott house
Aat the women OF Litchfeld melted zip
The statue OF George III which had been
Torn down at Bowling Green, New York
City. and cast II into bullets for the use
Of the American soldiers. Under it's roof
were entertained George Washington.
General Lafayette and other important
men OF that time.
just across the street, buried behind the
uees in the middle OF d large yard
Astounding in old-fashioned shrubs, is the
large white house which Tapping Reeve
ouIt In l773 Reeve was a graduate of the
college OF New Jersey. now known as
frincetOn. and had married Sally Burr, "A
sister OF Aaron Burr and "A granddaughte
oi Jonathan Edwards, who, IL will be re-
called. was president Of the college when
ne died I'm 1853. While Reeve held the
posts Of judge of the Superior Court and
chlef Justice Of Connecticut, his fame
rests particularly upon the fact that he
was the founder Of the first law school in
ms country, the date being 1881
There was a strong demand for such
%hool. for with the separation OF the
colonies from Great Britain and the adop-
Tot of new statutes and constitutions a
New body OF law had TO be Interpreted.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-09-14

bride. Mary Floyd. daughter OF General
Floyd. one OF the siguers OF the Declare
ton Of Independence. lie went into part
nership with julius Deming, a merchant
who built the house across the street from
the Tallmadge house in 1893. The Tall
rnadge house is now owned By Mrs. John
Vanderpoel. descendant Deming was
considered a merchant OF great ability
and energy. lie. Tallmadge and oliver
Wolcott bought the ship Trident and for
fourteen years conducted trade with
China direct under the name OF the
Litchfeid China Trading Company.
These are among the interesting old
houses. all retaining their Colonial char
acteristlcs which give atmosphere to the
town and which tho remodellers Of the
business section hope TO retain.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-09-14
Continued from third page.

this the conclusion when IL is recalled
how they are inevitably to go into the
boiling pot Of the red hot broiling oven.
AS can he seen I'm one OF the illustra-
lions. the lobster held by member oil
the firm has only a single claw. He had
two when the reporter started to take his
plcture. but iust as the camera was ready
tbe crustacean gave vicious swing with
one Of the claws and threw 1t or.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-09-14

: added. the barrels must have a great
quantity OF ice inside"
And how about getting hungry" he
was asked.
ANY normal lobster can De Kept out ~
water a week or ten days without ioou
and still be able to kick pretty strenu-
ously," he declared. "ln winter they
never eat; they are like Tears. The pound
is frozen over at that season Of the year
When we want to send a shipment away
we make incisions in the ice, lower seine
a nd SCION them I'D
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-09-14
John BULL TO TUNNEL TO FRANCE

capable OF eating their way right through
the upper layer OF white chalk. The
mechanism for this purpose is broadly as
follows: There is a long tube a hundred
or more feet in length, reaching from the
waters surface down into the depths.
This tube is essentially a passageway
open to the free atmosphere, down and
up which workmen can pass and through
which the big pipes of the suction 6redge
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-09-14
IOBSTERS FOR NEW YORK MARKET

the coast Of Maine trying TO make a liv.
ing out OF fishing for Holsters. In the old
days, when a fisherman had to row OF
sail TO his pots. he had only few. He
could cover only certain number a day
say, for instance, about twenty or thirty
Now he can visit 800 pots. and so he has
that many. AS all the others who have
! power boats do the same thing, II means
the Holsters are being fshed so hard they
are being exterminated. There used to be
plenty OF Holsters around here, but now
We have To get the bulk OF them from
| Nova Scotia"
Even with hundreds of pots. the present
lobster fisherman II not making the hauls
he used to; IL was pointed out that some
! times he would get only twenty-five day,
whereas, with his few pots some years
ago, he would take out possibly a hun
dred or more in the same time.
PATHOLOGICAL IRREGULARITIES
As for Holsters eating each other up,
that is fiction. according to Colwel
1--WE have very little trouble in that di-
rection," he explained. What we have
to consider lot is the delicate constltu-
ton OF the lobster. Because of his deli
cate physique we often have a loss OF 10
per cent. In fact, we always figure on a
10 per cent shrinkage. When they cost us
only cents apiece, that was not a big
loss but now, when the average is Is
cents, II means a big ioss.'
Many OF the Holsters bleed to death the
horns and claws OF their fellows bunctur-
ing the vulnerable spots. Hardly a boat
load OF them comes In but several hun
dred are dead or dying. After years Of
experience with Holsters Colwell considers
them az delicately constituted as a Swiss
watch. And Holsters have a great deal Of
temperament, often injuring themselves
permanently by getting mad and throw
ing off their vulnerable claws
well, we've got enough for the lobster
palaces TO do business on this year" said
the lobsterman. Let her rip. We are
OILY hoping times will be good this win
ter. The orders are beginning to come In
already, but there ought to be more pretty
soon"
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-09-14
STUDENT JOHN c. CALHOUN.

Among the students was John c. CAL
houn, for every state in the Union was
represented. There are two tall elms
standing on West street which Calhoun
planted.
The little white, clapboarded building in
which the school was conducted stood In
the yard near the house of Judge Reeve.
Recently il was rescued from oblivion
when an estate. including the house OF
which 1t had been made a part, was set
tied. 1t now stands behind the fine Noyes
memorial building at the corner Of South
and East streets, d small, white building
with steep peaked roof. The school was
conducted by Judge Reeve and his assoc
ciates and successors for almost exactly
half a century.
II is said of Judge Reeve that he was
absent minded. One day he was seen
walking up North street with bride In
his hand. There was no horse in sight
however, it having slipped its head out
and walked of. Not observing the abb
serce of his steed, the learned Jurist
fastened the bride to q post and entered
the house
on the same side of the street stands the
white house now used as an Episcopal
rectory In this house, which dates back
70 1884, Calhoun had his room while
studying law.
Fronting on this street also is the house
in which Ephraim Kirby compiled the
first volume Of law reports ever published
In the United States, 1t covered the
cases in the Supreme Court OF Errors or
Connecticut between the years 1885 and
1888.
The house just south of the Wolcott
Mace was the home Of Gideon II. Hol-
lister the historian o. Connecticut
Near the peaceful-looking jail. brick
building hundred years old shaded by
some fine old elms one Of which was
once used as whipping post. IL the Che-
ney house. Silas Cheney was son-in-
law OF Horace Greeley II is told OF nm
that he used to let his jet black han
grow below his shoulder blades ana then
sell his locks to haiTdressers IN New forh'
One of the interesting houses on North
street. a short distance from the Green Is
the Sheldon place. II was erected In lf0o
by Elisha Sheldon, the commander OF the
troops which had charge Of Major Andie
after his capture. II was used as ta'-
ern during the Revolution. ana Oh ONO
occasion. while passing through the town
General Washington spent nisht ~"
meath its roof-trce. IL afterward Passeo
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-09-14
THE TWO METHODS.

10y the latter method the tunnel lining
! can be fitted in place only as fast az the
boring proceeds. and every cast iron sop
ment would have further TO GO as tho
tunnel progressed from the shore. By Mr.
Lakes method the trench digging ard
the section building are two entirely SEN
drdIe operations, and a condition that
ihisht interfere with one would not affect
the other unless the situation be brough.
about by a financial hitch or striking "a
borers.
Rising from each tunnel unit of Laks
design is a working shaft which is ar
terwards detached, but while in nIaoe
serves a twofold purpose. The ton pro-
Jecuhg above the waters surface answers
as marker by which to check align
ment and also provides a way of insress
and egress for the building Operatives
mus Iaoorers can be shifted quickly
over the water to the desired point with
out having to enter the far end OF the
tunnel and traverse its entire length
While the sections are being laid pro-
sressively In this fashion the finishing
touches are being added simultaneously
TO the earlier units. and the entire con-
struction pushed along with the least
possible delay.
lou VIII notice that we have not once
mentioned the use OF divers during anv
part or our description OF Mr.. Lakes
method OF submarine tunnel laying. and.
as matter OF fact, they are not neces-
sary This is one OF the peculiarly novel
features or the system. and purposely 30.
Divers are very expensive luxury. Their
working hours are short. their pay high
and their performances often anything
but satisfactory. Nature interposes many
d!ihculties 10 their successful labors at
best, and stormy weather is certain TO
matt their operations entirely. For these
reasons Mr.. Lake has done everything he
could TO eliminate the diver, and he has
been equally successful in obviating the
employment OF 'sandhogs In tunnel
boring, especially IL water menaces COM
pressed air must be used. and here is
where the 'sandhog' would be a neces-
sity by the other method II il doubtful.
however, that even by recourse to COM
PRESSED air would IL be possible TO sub
1ect human beings TO an air pressure
equal To balancing the water pressure at
the depth contemplated by the proposed
British-french project as II now stands
The whole subject has an aspect Of
local interest for US New Workers. be-
cause more tunnels are TO be built here in
the near future. and unquestionably stin
others will be constructed in the years
further ahead. These will provide for
more than passenger traffic
they will be arteries through which mer-
,handise can be hauled and by which the
automobilist can go his way speedily.
The submarine trench and sunken Sec
ion system is deserving OF very serious
because II promises 20 be
he quickest way 10 meet future condi-
ions and our growing traffic Demands
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-09-14
LIKE A BALLOON.

Apropos of the divorce evil, Dr. Herbert
NJ Chisholm. the Reno statistician, said
with sigh.
IAN exhaustive study Of divorce sta
tistics forces me 10 the belief that the
average womans heart is like a toy bal
loon-lighter than air, and most restless
when tied TO somebody"
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-09-14

The Japs eat chrysanthemums.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-09-14

! His school therefore had d great oppor-
/ tunity. and, as it proved marked infu-
ence upon the early judicial history OF
the country. The influence of this school
upon the development Of the political in
sttutions OF the country Is inestimable'
but some impression of it may be gained
from the statement that Of more than one
thousand students who passed through
the school sixteen became members Of
the United States Senate ten governors
Of their respective states, two justices OF
the United States Supreme Court, forty
judges Of the highest courts OF their re-
spective states, fifty members Of Con-
eress, five Cabinet officers and several,
ministers i'm the diplomatic service. II
has been said that i'm 1897. the Vice-Presi-
dent Of the United States and one-eighth
of the Senate had been educated in Itch
field County, and nearly all Of them at
the Litchfield Law School.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1913-09-14

tunnel units at the time Of launching
must be temporarily sealed at each end
with bulkheads of sufficient strength TO
withstand the sea pressure at the bottom
OF the trenches. How each succeeding
section is joined TO the one previously
laid and. at the same time, how these
barrier bulkheads are removed so as 10
permit free intercourse from within of
the workmen is an interesting pro-
cedure. This is one of the truly in
genious features of Mr.. Lakes system
Of Summarizing tunnel construction
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1913-02-15

ond Presbyterian church. corner IF
Twentieth and Market streets.
Simpson VI. T.. church. SUNDAY
Quarterly meeting SUNDAY and tie
Roy. Dr. George T. Curry. district SUI.
erintendent. Will preach AT 1915 q IN.
and the pastor a. 745 p. m. Epworih
league at G.30 to as p. m. Or. W. \.
wright. leader. James T. oe. presl-
dent sunday school go p m. y.
" II r. Clemnes. superintendent.
lass meetings Tuesday and Thursday
nights Prayer meetings Wednesday
night. G. W. jenkins. pastor.
ST Matthews Episcopal Church.
corner Chapliue and Fifteenth streets
second SUNDAY in Lent. Sunday. Fob.
ruary IS. l3i3-S n. m. HOLY Com.
munion. 10 30 a m. second celebra.
ton and sermon 2.15 p. m. SUNDAY
school. 30 =. m. evening prayer
al organ recital. 3 . m. SUNDAY
school. St Johns church house. Echo
Point. Services for the week are ,s
follows. Tuesday. { p m. evening
prayer and address. series o. t0
dresses ON The Life OF the Church:
Neduesdal. IT, 81 = m. morning
prayer and litany. "Wednesday. $50
m. evening prayer and addre-s.
Rev J. ". = Stryker officiating
Thursday 4 p. m. evening prayer and
address. series Of addresses on Lit.
tie common Vices" Friday. To- 30 a.
~ morning prayer and litanv. Fri
DAY. ~ - 20 1850. MONDAY service
and address. subject. Sight and Per
coptiOn.' by Rev vs. 4 Stimson. F-i.
day. 30 .. IN. evening prayer an
confirmation instruction.
- Elizabeth Episcopal Chapel fer
i'c Deaf tserviccs held IN - Mat
thcWs church,. second SUNDAY u
Lent. sunday. February lG. fqte-a T.
On evening PRAYER and addrc. se-
vices for the week are as follows
Thursday. s 9. d.. evening prayer al.I
address.
So. Pauls Episcopal Chapel FIN
Grove. second sunday iu Lent. sun
dat February fG. 1913 % m even
inr prayer and address o. % 3D.. sun.
da' school Services for the week
are as follows THURSDAY. ~ o m
evening prayer and address
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1913-02-15

street. Evangelist. charles naierele
VIII speak on the subject ~ Hell and
P~1lrga'0-v sunday. February IL af
T. "p = m The many objections 20
Htl.v sunday idea ~ the subject VIII
De answered. and ihe scrlpturaI side
ir.lr and clearly presented Come and
ettle the question forever
First Engl'ch Evangelical Lutheran
church. b. Sixteenth street. vs. X OBS.
singer. pastor. q Sixteenth street
Tho usual Worship fur the second sun.
daf BOO Lent ~ 100 go q o.. and 40 70
m SUNDAY school af go a m sun.
H4v ech0o. 30 ~ElzoV0oI and Wa-v ooI
10 30 W The morning theme wfI
Do" The Elements ~ % Living Faith
SPECIAL music by fhn 1uarfe.fr To
"uu ht dudley BUCK and "a solo he
VIZ S'eNar'. Ny Hope ts 'n tho F.yer.
ts'irg from fn" Tho Daughter ~
o. o. STAN ~ tho evening ser.
'i'" iIr qIarrtfo will repeat tho can
'a'a Tho Word N1dr Flesh which
I1a hn"n called frr hs q1 many Ev.r,.
body Welcome 'o 90 these -pryies.
imman1si Hapf'a' church. 7s1a r,r
street. Pastor. ArrIn 70 Miller .5fG
I.or street sunday school o. % r
i~rnarh.rf 40 ut'Yr. Tonic .f|vfrr
Oh" 1000 Evening service g. rl
Fv7rHlI.'Io ar-m0r
Wefnrsi1.. I'D service conducted
hv fhr PersnraI No-k,rs league
p Y r Thursday evening e .
Firaf Presbyterian church corner ~
'IhapI o" and Ihirfnrrf1 frcrfa Hng
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1913-02-15
CASTORlA fu1snssdcaer' Bear7th -
The Kind You Have AIWaTs Bought Of G&MXIZ<M

~ The Pittsburgh district Will NEE
with the local church or SATURDAY,.
February %. and continue over Sun
day the 7frd.
Firs, church ~ christ Scientist A.
OBJ O.. ". auditorium. 1873 rhapline
street Services SGrdat a. % a m .
subject o. lesson. 'So1f" sunday
school o. 10 o.. m. "wednesday. tes
mor'aI meeting az g.. m.. Same al
drrs Headlnr rooms open dali sx
sunday and holidays from o. 'o
r. m A'o1 rr SnfI-da. evening
from 90 70 O'Clock rho publ. ls
invited fo VISIT orr reading rooms $50
fi1s chap'ir- street and attend our
servtess
fT-r' t-nfta-iar church BOARD -
Trade rooms. eundHr a. 70 o. On Tho
'f'risfer. Rsr. Howard g. Pesre VIII
preach Hr ann. eroart rrrwnr rlr
r7.a 'rarm - tr. fmpnreirio a.
important rrrrr grfIrr4I werfrr
wu hc Rod Frida sserirr or 20
o r.oct
g. John Nv pro-. Congregation
n .'|.||. IT" 70 NN.|'| "EM| E.|NNNNNN HNH
90 % 90 3I and sunday school 80
1 % m ErT'lrf evening service ~
go @ m Tuesday. FnbrIay %.
supper fo hc given hv che
mon bore 90 g. O. D. born ir the
month"; ~ January. February and
Harcn Further announcements dur
.rg services
Service. on rryf Sunday evening 'n
..n f.h'o SpIrltU1..-f church. Lincoln
venue UrIfgrrprf Speaker fr o.
Fe.alsr Tn4fa g.vol from fhe other
.Ifs OF ifn ri.1 af Dr'o.. Sunday 20
|'..r,.r Thr f' Disciples meet i1 cir
u .rc church 40 Christian epIr
.aIf.'H arr invited Nr Wr. p So
Ti Yu1s pastor
w temple f'fa c7trrre
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1913-02-15
Young Peoples Devotional Service.
February 10. 1918. Revelation 1913; 1911. p. 70. 2
BULLETINS From IHE IEMRERAMcE War

scl6Snness is the oi m intenpsrance Tho maker and v"nder Of
works with others Their customers arc tho" who propose 70 Erarfv
themselves without regard 90 the consequences 70 others The cure n
sclhshnoss is the cure 70 intemperance Legal restrictions are o be created
and enforced. but they arc 70 b. regarded as palliative mi a. curaivc Tho
heart purged Of senshncss Is me specific