The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1913-06-12

plants etc. For this reason the ether
extract IL usually designated crude fat.
The fat OF food II either stored up In
the body M fat or burned to furnish
heat and energy.
Carbohydrates are usually divided
into two groups: CD nitrogen free ex-
tract, including starch, sugar, gums
and the like. and ca cellulose or fber.
the essential constituent Of the walls
OF vegetable cells Cotton fiber and
wood pulp are nearly pure cellulose.
Coarse folders. like hay and straw.
contain large proportion OF hber.
while most grains contain little fiber.
but are rich In starch, sugar. etc. (ni-
trogen free extractD The carbohy-
drates form the largest part OF all veg
etable foods. They are not permanent
ly stored up as such In the animal
body. but are either stored up as fat
or burned In the system to produce
heat and energy. They are one OF the
principal sources OF animal fat.
Protein COR heterogeneous materials) Is
the name OF group OF materials con-
tainlng nitrogen. Protein materials
are often designated ms flesh form
ers," because they furnish the mate
rails for the lean flesh. but they also
enter largely into the composition OF
blood, skin, muscles. tcndons. nerves.
hair, horns. wool. the casein and albu-
men OF milk, etc For the formation
OF these materials protein Is absolutely
Indispensable. No substances free
from nitrogen can he worked over into
protein or oil the place OF protein.
Under certain conditions IL Is believed
protein may be n source OF fat In the
body. and finally II may be burned. like
the carbohydrates and fat. yielding
heat and energy.
| The value OF the fat for producing
heat Is nearly two and half times
that Of carbohydrates or protein. The
/ sources OF fat IN the body are the fat,
/ carbohydrates and probably the pro
! tein OF the food. and the exclusive
1 source Of protein In the body Is the
protein In the food. These groups OF
/ food materials are termed nutrients.
To a certain extent at least the nu-
/ trients may replace one another, nj
| though, as stated above, no other nu-
/ TRENT can take the place OF protein
/ The fat aud carbohydrates perform
/ similar functions. aud. TO large ex-
tent. carbohydrate materials may re-
[ place fat In the food, even when a
large fat production Is demanded or
/ the animal. as In the case Of the COW.
D - nr
/ the proportion In which the nutrients
occur. IL determined by chemical analy-
sis. only portion Of the nutrients Is
/ OF direct use To the ANIMAL g, only
that dlgested A part OF the food Is
dissolved and otherwise altered by the
/ Juices Of the mouth. stomach and in
/ testincs absorbed from the alimentary
| canal. aud In the form OF chyle passes
into the blood and finally serves to
nourish aud sustain the body. The
other portion il eXcreted
As the rates OF digestibility are not
constant for different foods and as
only the disestih'e portion Is of any
nutritivr III, to the animal, IL is essen
tial tu know iu the case Of each feed
Ing stun what part OF its protein. fat
and carbohydrates (the total quantity
Of which i shown 10y analysis Is
actually digcStrd 10y the animal This
il determined 10y digestion expert
mcnts with animals. and To secure ap<
pruXimHtclN accurate figures the trials
are repeated with a large number of
animals aud under various conditions.
The digestihility OF such coarse fod-
ders as straw. coarse hay. etc, is rela-
lively low The digcstihility. like the
composition varies somewhat for the
same kind ~ feeding stun grown un-
der different conditions and fed TO diff
fereut animals
Calculations have been made OF the
amounts of digestible protein. fat and
carbohydrates contained In 100 pounds
each OF large number of more com
monty used feeding stuffs. They are
the figures which the farmer has 10
consult Ia find the approximate food
value Of material In selecting his
feeding stuffS or making up a ration.
They are available In various publica.
tons including those of the United
States department of agriculture.
I For example. in 100 pounds of green
/ corn fodder with an average amount
of dry matter (277 poundsl there are
contained approximately 10 pounds
OF digestihle protein materials con
tanning nitrogen. 1913 pounds OF di-
| gestible carbohydrates Starch. sugar.
/ fiber etcl and 03T pounds OF digesti-
BILE fat and these materials when
consumed In the body will yield 26.076
/ calories. or units. OF heat. furnishing
/ energy for work and bodily heat.
An OK standing In the stall requires
\ less food nutrients than one which
! Is worked hard every day. In stand
ing In the barn II still requires some
protein. fat and carbohydrates to per.
/ form the necessary functions OF the
body 10 maintain heat in winter. TO
grow n new coat OF hair etc But n
Il is fed the same ration as when
working hard the tendency is to get
| tat or waste the food.
| The COW requires not only materials
Tor maintenance, but must also have
protein. fat and carbohydrates TO make
milk from. The milk contains water