Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1913-04-25

| by became proprietor of the canal, and
as owner it would not be supposed to
| charge its own shipping the same tolls
others. At any event. it does not have
| to do
Principle of Law.
This is an artificial waterway. and it
is a clear principle of international law
that the owner of artificial waterways
may annex such conditions to its
as it may please
The claim that the United States
understood the Hay-Pauncefote treaty as
the English claim it to be- because the
Senate did not pass the Bard resolution
In favor of coastwise shipping. is dis
posed OF by the view held by the Senate
that the resolution was not needed, for.
| being She sole owner of the canal. the
nfted States could annex any condition
to its use that 1T pleased
The following addresses and discus
sions are scheduled to be delivered be-
fore the society this afternoon and to-
night: AN Historical Account of 18TH
milan Projects" by Prof. r. d. Warfield.
president of Lafayette College; Aft1rma-
ton That the Expression All Nations
Includes the United States" by Eugene
Wambaugh. professor of international
law in Harvard Law School, would a
Subsidy to the Amount of the Tolls
Granted to American Ships Passing
HTOusIl the 1dIldI DE d
Prohibited by the Treaty. joint dis
cussion by Horace G. mcfarland of the
District Of Columbia bar and William
Miller Collier. former minister to Spain;
What Is the Effect of the Exemption
of American Coastwise Shipping Upon
Panama Canal Revenues" by Prof.
Emory Johnson, special commissioner
of the United States on Panama canal
traffic and tolls. and by N Dwight
Harris, professor of European diplO-
ma In OF in Mort western IYnivQr-
sity. and The Question of the Right of
the United States to Exclude From the
Use Of the Canal Any Class OF Foreign
Vessels. Such Railway-owned Yes
sells" by James W. Garner, professor
Of political science at the University Of
Illinois, and John Foster Dulles of the
New York bar.
Voices Europe's View.
Gregers w. W. Gram. minister of state
Of Norway who crossed the ocean for the
express purpose of protesting against any
exemption from tolls for coastwise ships
going through the Panama canal, last
night voiced the European arguments in
favor of equal treatment for all naviga-
tors. He spoke of the Suez canal and the
negotiations leading up to the agreements
concerning its use, saying that rules were
laid down at that time which should be
followed by all nations in the present
controversy.
Mr. Gram unfolded the various treaty
sections one at time and then re-
marked:
1.-The ocean is free. 1t is from its very
nature exempt from the control OF man.
All nations. great or small. are equal on
it's waters, and for that reason the right
of navigating the seas appertains to all.
Any limitation Of the exercise of this
right is impracticable. Nor can 1t be de-
MED that the principle of free sea
agrees perfectly with the interests OF all
mankind"
Williams for Equal Tolls.
Talcott Williams. director OF the School
of Journalism OF Columbia University.
was another speaker in favor of charging
equal tolls for all ships. claiming that
American national honor would be
smirched if this were not the case. He
said in part:
THE freedom of the seas, of straits
and OF many great rivers to navigation
has become so universal, so accustomed
in the past century that even Americans
have forgotten that this country first
placed it's flag on oceans, seas. straits and
rivers over which many powers united to
impose restriction our diplomacy has re-
moved. century and third ago Spain
closed the Spanish main against any yes
sci which seemed likely to trade in for
sealed to all corners. Old men could still
remember when England claimed special
rights in the four seas about the United
Kingdom. Denmark held the entrance
to the Baltic and Moorish corsairs levied
toll or captured vessels and enSlaved
crews at the Straits OF Gibraltar. The
Red sea was not open. The Indian ocean
had its perils from pirates. who closed the
stretches off Madagascar and MOzam-
bique. The ports and the trade of India
QnnrOQch China
and every Chinese port swarmed with
pirates and the entire western coast of
the Americas from California south was
under control of Spanish buccaneers.
War Upon Pirates.
"Other nations had endured this for
centuries. The United States refused.
It's flag first began the work of clearing
piracy from the Mediterranean. Ports
were attacked along north Africa. fleets
destroyed and the freedom Of the Straits
Of Gibraltar established. The pirates OF
the gulf were crushed after 800 years.
Our fleet was first systematically used to
police our own seas from Florida, a pi
rate haunt even a century ago, south
ward. Wherever an American trading
vessel was captured by pirates there an
American frigate was certain to appear.
In sixty years the great work was &C
the United States. Denmark surrendered
the sound dues which barred the Baltic.
English towering acts, which attempt
ed to extend Jurisdiction for ten and
twenty leagues from shore, were aban-
doned. Piracy disappeared. Eevery strait
was opened. apans inland sea was fur
rowed by foreign keels. Our successful
claim for the free navigation of the
Amazon brought a like policy for the
Danube. the Zambesi. the Yang-tse- kiang.
the Plata and other streams. Oceans.
seas. straits and great rivers became free
to all flags. The principle was definitely
there safety. equality for all flags and
| freedom from oppressive dues and re-
strictions must exist and be enforced.
Principle Must Be Upheld.
THE republic. which did this in the
days of its infancy. when it looked over
the edge of it's grading bounds on the
Atlantic and dreamed dreams of empire
has in the days OF its power o,ened a
great waterway. the Panama canal join
ing the oceans between which the Ameri-
can people sit throned. The principle.
the policy and the practice OF a century
and a third which has freed navigation
and forced equal rights in all marine
waterways, cannot now, with dishonor
i today and recreancy to a great past i'm
nose UNEQUAL tolls on the Panama canal
| IL q treaty did not forbid this. an hon.
orable regard and remembrance OF a
great past would be a sufficient bar
/ Senator Elihu Root of New York could
not be present last night, owing to the
IIl