davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Farmington times. (Farmington, St. Francois County, Mo.) 1905-1926, 1913-07-24
JEFFERSON CITY COMMERCIAL
clus TAKES STEPS FOR A
cRCss-STATE HIGHWAY.
SCENIC ROUTE OF MISSOURI
Judge X. 3. Bode Employed to or.
ganlze Work in osage and Gas
conade Counties-Has kd.
vantage Over Lines.

Jefferson City. - Jefferson City
NommerCial club has started a move.
uont for a modern highway from St
Louis to Kansas City
The first step was taken last week
ncn ii. Il. Bode va. employed to or.
gJniZe n movement In Usage and
GasConade counties There is mod.
orn road through Cole county from
the Usage river nearly u IN" Mori.
lcau county line.
Fast from the Usage river there il
Il good road for several miles and lit.
'lc work will be required for the road
through Usage county, via Westphalia
&C RlChfountain and the GasConado
river TO the bridge as Rollins Ferry.
Litclo Is known here Of the condition
OF the road from there east to Union
~ Franklin county. From Union to
St Louis there is a fairly good road.
This IS the scenic route OF Nilsson
#. Al Jefferson City the tourist
Would have the choice of continuing
across the state south of the river 10
Scdaiia, or crossing the river and 90.
ing north TO Fulton to continue west
nard over the central or trail route.
In addition TO The organization
York being done by Judge Bode, state
Highway Commissioner Frank w
Ruffum IN going over the entire dis
'dnce between jefferson City and
''nion, obtaining pledges OF assist
auce
Work on the western end OF the
proposed highway will be taken M
"hpn the stretch from jefferson city
20 Union is assured
One advantage that the road has
ever others proposed across the state
a. the fact that on the first half of the
'Oute ives; from ST Louis materia
ran be found by the roadside
Road gravel abOunds in the Merri
r.ac, the Bourbous. the Gasconadn
tar Marici and the Usage and theij
tributaries.
The people OF Linn, the county sea
Of Usage county, which Is some miles
nom the route. will build a road Il
connect with the state highway wheI
Z is completed.
The Farmington times. (Farmington, St. Francois County, Mo.) 1905-1926, 1913-07-24
5.e5a Born in State in May.

jefferson City--Thc statistics com.
piled for May by U. A. Mcbride, sta.
tistician Of the state board of health
show there were 5.G5S births and
319a deaths reported during that
month. or the births. $50 were male
End 2,1SS female; 5,4Si were white
aud III black or the deaths, 75j
were malc and l,i+4 female; 2.SIl
were white and 1928 black There
were 1859 more births than deaths.
The Farmington times. (Farmington, St. Francois County, Mo.) 1905-1926, 1913-07-24
Boost STATE hiinhwaY.

Jefferson City-The commercial
clubs OF Jefferson City and Sedalia
end points intermediate have inau.
.urated a new movement on behalf OF
he proposed southern highway across
Missouri connecting St Louis with
Eunsus City. judge II. b. Bode OF
Usage City, Cole county. former
county Judge, has been appointed 10
organize road districts and to stir up
sentiment for Che construction OF the
southern route In Osagr and Gas
CNnade counties.
The Farmington times. (Farmington, St. Francois County, Mo.) 1905-1926, 1913-07-24
Overdid Il.

What's the natter" asked The law
yer's friend Been In a railroad ac-
Cidcnt?"
NO. had jury case thr other
day, and I argued so deliberately for
the purpose Of making it appear that
my client was fool instead OF q
knave that got him acquitted on that
plea"
What has that to do with your ap
penranCe?"
He met mo outside. after court had
adjourned. Judge.
The Farmington times. (Farmington, St. Francois County, Mo.) 1905-1926, 1913-07-24

pothosis. FAREWELL! Shortly aftor
which he left" concluded Mrs. Mer-
riTid.
You want more stable character,
them" asked Aunt Jane.
81 want one that will stay tied" re-
piled Mrs. McrrIwed. Il have no
idea OF following any man around with
a pan Of oats through the dim distant
years. Come to think of II, stable is
the word"
Copyright. 1913. by W. G. Chapman)
The Farmington times. (Farmington, St. Francois County, Mo.) 1905-1926, 1913-07-24
Dull Boy.

Thomas. you have disobeyed your
grandmother"
NO. didn't. mother
Yes. you did. Have you not been
in swimming"
Yes, mother"
Didn't hear her say to you not
to go in swimming"
"Oh. she didn't tell me that. She
only camo out and said; Boys, I
wouldn't go in swimming and /
shouldn't think she would. mn old
rheumatic woman like her; but she
didn't say anything about our going
in swimming"
The Farmington times. (Farmington, St. Francois County, Mo.) 1905-1926, 1913-07-24
Ask Major 70 Weld Shovel.

Jefferson City.--It is now up to Gov
Major to WELD the pick or shovel
upon the public roads on one OF the
two days to be designated by him IN
u proclamation to be- issued during
this week. A moving picture concern
has notified the governor that its rep.
rescntativcs would be- here to get
some views OF him constructing road
The Farmington times. (Farmington, St. Francois County, Mo.) 1905-1926, 1913-07-24
Major Wars on Wrnerooms.

Jefferson City.-That there Is going
10 bo a tightening up in the enforce
mcnt Of the excise laws In the large
cities of the state. with probably cru,
sades against wincrOoms. became mp
parent when Gov Major declared
neither the disorderly saloon nor the
wncToum would be tolerated
The Farmington times. (Farmington, St. Francois County, Mo.) 1905-1926, 1913-07-24
Not Much U. S. Land Left,

Jefferson City.-Thcru Is less than
1000 acres Of government land in
Missouri, according to figures OBJ
tanned from Secretary OF State Roach.
who certified out to county clerks in
iG counties list and description Of
all government lands homrsteaded
within the last five wears
The Farmington times. (Farmington, St. Francois County, Mo.) 1905-1926, 1913-07-24
Record Balance in Treasury.

jefferson City-There was the larg.
est balance in the state treasury In
the history of the state at least since
the civil war. 1t was S5.s3S, 431.4S
This large amount Of funds will not
remain intact long, as nearly $4,000
900 will be disbursed to the public
schools OF the state.
The Farmington times. (Farmington, St. Francois County, Mo.) 1905-1926, 1913-07-24
Mnrnin Back From Hawaii.

Jefferson City.-Hugo Monnig. cap
italist and retired shoe manufacturer
OF this city, returned from visit of
q month to the Hawaiian islands. Pro.
posed tariff legislation in Washington,
he says, has caused decided shrink
age OF sugar stocks In the islands.
The Farmington times. (Farmington, St. Francois County, Mo.) 1905-1926, 1913-07-24
Lord Darlington" Gets Hearing,

Jefferson City.--A formal hearing
of the application OF +. \. Darlington
Seymour otherwise known as Lord
harrington who is serving a life
sentence in the Missouri penitentiary
for the murder Of James p Mccain
in st. Louis county in December. 1902.
will be given b. the state board OF
pardons and paroles.
The Farmington times. (Farmington, St. Francois County, Mo.) 1905-1926, 1913-07-24
Mo Endlnn Of Risk Suits.

jefferson City.-Attoney General
Barker returned from attending the
Nationa, Association Of Attorneys
General at Charleston. s. c. He says
he knows nothing about settlement
of tho insurance cases, and the re.
turn Of the companies 10 the state,
The Farmington times. (Farmington, St. Francois County, Mo.) 1905-1926, 1913-07-24
End Of Insurance War is Near.

jefferson City.-Within n few days
the Missouri insurance situation will
Nn settled.
State Superintendent OF Insurance
Charles G. Reyclle said he had con
:errcd with insurance men and way
lad been found out OF the tangled
condition Of the risk war which has
threatened the state since the compa'
nl,s agreed TO leave II,
The Farmington times. (Farmington, St. Francois County, Mo.) 1905-1926, 1913-07-24
Rassford in Simmons, Place.

Jefferson City.-Goy. Major ap-
pointed ]. c. Bassford OF Mexico n
member of the state board Of media.
lion and arbitration TO Gil the vacancy
occasioned by the death of II. J. Sim.
mons OF Clarence who killed himself
at Kirksville last week.
The Farmington times. (Farmington, St. Francois County, Mo.) 1905-1926, 1913-07-24
Mrs. Rroushton as Fair matron.

Jefferson City. Mrs. S. P. Broueh
ton OF this city has been selected by
the state board of agriculture TO pre-.
.ldc as one OF the two ladies in charge
Of the Missouri building at the state
fair In SeGaiia In October.
The Farmington times. (Farmington, St. Francois County, Mo.) 1905-1926, 1913-07-24
500 for Capture Of Negro Slayer.

Jefferson City.--Goy. Major issued a
proclamation Offering reward Of 500
for the conviction of a negro named
Barry Warwick, who is wanted In ga
line county on a charge of murder.
The Farmington times. (Farmington, St. Francois County, Mo.) 1905-1926, 1913-07-24
HAYS Family In Long Auto Ride.

Jefferson City,. NJ. Hays OF st.
Louis, president and manager Of the
Sullivan Saddle Tree Manufacturing
Co. of Jefferson City. left here with
ais family in an automobile for 1900
mile drive to his ranch in South Da'
ko.a,
The Farmington times. (Farmington, St. Francois County, Mo.) 1905-1926, 1913-07-24
F;nney Made First Lieutenant.

Jefferson City.--Gov, Major commits
stoned William u. Finney OF Kansas
civ FIST l!eutenan. OF Company A,
signal corps, N. C. NJ, with rank from
Jaua 10.
The Farmington times. (Farmington, St. Francois County, Mo.) 1905-1926, 1913-07-24

A woman has TO be pretty good at
figures to become "A fashionable dress
maker.
The Farmington times. (Farmington, St. Francois County, Mo.) 1905-1926, 1913-07-24

Mrs windows Soothing Syrup for Children
teething, softens tho gums, reduces innammn
Non. allnys pain cures wind co lie &c botLs-lss
The Farmington times. (Farmington, St. Francois County, Mo.) 1905-1926, 1913-07-24

The woman OF fashion considers It
a great feat to be able TO wear small
shoes.
The Farmington times. (Farmington, St. Francois County, Mo.) 1905-1926, 1913-07-24

4 girl marries to gain liberty. q
man remains single to keep IT,
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1913-01-14

Importance In the general effect OF Q
woman's beauty and many connois
seurs declare that dainty, pretty ears
are the finishing touch which makes
or mars a woman's comeliness.
Pink lobes on the ears are OF great
assistance TO the woman who is striv,
ing TO retain her youthful appearance
They bring out the pink in the cheeks
most wonderfully, while a cold life
less ear reflects its ashy hue on the
face.
The up-to-date beauty specialists
advise gentle massaging of the ear,
pinching the lobes to make them
plump and pink. The first wrinkle
of age comes on the side OF the cheek
just in front OF the ear, and its posses
sor Is, as rule, the last 10 notice 1t.
Just behind the ear there is usually a
falling of OF the roundness OF the
neck and the hair becomes thin, leav-
ing bald look on the woman over Az
il she is not careful TO remedy these
important blemishes.
Massage will do more for these
any other facial defect Some wo
uitil, ALSO, lTOU ldCh Ol care, nave
ugly blackheads in their ears. These
of course, can be easily obliterated II
they will treat them with intelligent
care, removing them and touching
the places with peroxide OF hydrogen
and witch hazel TO shrink the holes
from which they were removed.
The average woman's ear should be
two and one-half inches long and one
and one-half inches wide. II should
be set exactly half way between the
front and back OF the head. Its tor
should be on a line with the tip Of
the nose. 1t must set vertically with
out slant and lie fiat.
Just one last word-Don't wear ear
rings unless you can afford to add II
years TO your looks.
BILLIE BURKE.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1913-01-14

VIted guests, Tuesday evening. in the
Masonic temple, at a complimentary
dancing party. The party will be in
formal. and dancing will begin at s
O'Clock. and cease at midnight
An exhibition of oil paintings by
Charles +. Waltensperger, a Detroit
artist. is being held in the James K.
Hanna art galleries. Mr.. Walton
sperger's canvases, in the recent Hop
kin club exhibition in the Museum OF
Art. excited much favorable comment.
The exhibition will remain in Mr..
Hanna's galleries until Jan. %.
Mrs. Theodore G. Fletcher gave a
bridge party. Tuesday, in honor OF
her sister, Mrs, Watson Freer, OF
Kansas City, and will give a second
Wednesday afternoon. Mrs. Freer and
little daughter. with Mrs. Freers
mother, Mrs. Frank j. Hecker, will
leave Thursday, for Sea Breeze, Fla.
to spend the rest of the winter.
90
The 10 young girls who are mem
bers of the Duane Doty January
graduating class. entertained their
mothers at a luncheon, in the school
Tuesday. The hostesses prepared the
delicious menu themselves, under the
direction of the domestic science
teacher Of the school, and arranged
and decorated the pretty table
Francis A. Mayhem, head OF the pi
ano department in the Mcdonald
School of Music, will give a plano re
cital, Tuesday evening, in the Y. w
G. A. hall. Mr. Maynew's program vii
include Beethoven, Brahms and Chopin
compositions.
Miss Dorothy Caroline Conger, wht
has made the art of interpretativ,
dancing her life study. has become
member of the Michigan Conservator.
OF Music faculty and will teach, gym
nastic, folk and interpretative dane
| ing.
Mrs. William ID. Trump will hav
charge of the free weekly entertain
ment, in the Century building. Sunda
afternoon, Jan. 10, for self-supportin
women Miss Mary Cook will act a
hostess Of the tea TO follow the pre-
gram.
In the. fifty-fifth annual meeting .
the Detroit Industrial School associa
ton held Monday afternoon, in tn
home OF Mrs. De Witt Taylor, No. 2
Alfred-st Mrs. Taylor was re-electe,
president. other officers chosen are
First vice-president, Mrs Alfred Luck
ling: second vice-president, Mrs. II.
James; recording secretary, Mis-
Miriam l.. Gambler; correspondent
secretary, Mrs. Dwight Rexford
treasurer, Mrs. William Heavy; trus
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1913-01-14
Cynthia GreyS
Answers to
Correspondents
SOCIAL and
PERSONAL

John T. Woodhouse, Mrs. j. w. vii
liams and Miss Woodhouse are IN
New York city.
Mrs James Scripps Booth and Miss
Grace Gerhauser will give bridge
|, party, Friday afternoon. Jan. a., In
the home OF the former
o
The East Side chapter OF the De-
troit Housewives league will met;
Tuesday evening, in the Eastern High
school.
Miss Blanche Wetmore entertained
at luncheon, Tuesday, in the Woman y
Exchange porch room.
Mrs. Wesson Cook was the hostess
OF a luncheon. Tuesday, in honor o
Miss Doris Webster, of Brooklyn
y. Y.
Mrs. George Harris. No. "a Pallls-
ter-ave., gave a dancing party and
supper Monday evening, In the Wo-
mans Exchange porch room. Miss
Annie Ward Fosters dancing studios
across the hall from the porch room
were used for dancing.
%
The needs OF the children in Provi-
dence hospital has appealed TO the
charitable and philanthropically In
clned members of Providence auxil-
larry, and for the purpose OF raising
money for the splendid work of the
sisters In the hospital, In behalf OF
the little ones in their care, the auxil-
larry will give charity ball in Ar.
cadia, Thursday evening. Jan. %.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1913-01-14


to draw. Those of the pre- Rapha, lie
school have rarely painted ears on
their women; they arrange the hair
TO cover the ears. much as the mod
ern fashionable girl OF today.
Most poets think when they have
described the ear as being like a shell
they have said the last word, and yet
the ear is not AT all like the hard
shiny substance Of natural white
or salmon pink color. Its greatest
charm lies in the marvelously fine
skin of admirable texture and delicate
pink. II has the quality OF blushing!
IL can turn purple, seem pulled or
abashed. In fact, 1t has number or
powers and qalities common with
the face, but 1t also has one special
quality that draws and attracts with
magic charm-we all know that 1t
will gather in our words and speed
them swifter than lightning fash to
the very citadel OF the soul.
However. its appearance is OF great
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1913-01-14
TOWER BUILDING is
SOLD FOR 81, 100000

CHICAGO, Jan. 1.-THE Montgom
ery-Ward Tower building, a familiar
sight ON Chicago's lake front. has
been sold to syndicate for $1,30O.00O.
Twenty-one stores high and surmount'
ed by a large bronze Diana, Ii has
been one OF the picturesque sights OF
Michigan boulevard and the lake
front.
Montgomery-Ward became known
as the watch dog of the lake front,
when he prevented the erection OF the
Field museum on the lake front
through his ownership OF property
there.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1913-01-14

PRETTY DAUGHTERS OF CON-
eREssMAN.ELEcT WHO DO ALL
KINDS OF FARM WORK MAY
SURPRISE THE SMART PEOPLE
OF THE CAPITAL.

MILSTADT, ILL.,, Jan. l4.-While
the three Misses Wilson are making
their debut III Washington. d. c., so
ciety from the White house at one
end of Pennsylyania-ave. three farm
er girls Will enter the same existence
of gayety, dances, receptions and all
that from the other end of the same
well,known thoroughfare.
They are Katie, Frieda and Ottilia,
daughters OF Congressman-elect VIII
lam Baltz, who came through via the
landslide last November
Congressman-to-he Baltz is a farm.
er; besides which he runs a bank and
| mill and few other things in and
around Milstadt. And Katie, Frieda
and Ottilia are real farmers.
Katie is %; Frieda, 20; Ottilia, IS.
During the farming season they ask
no odds of any hired man on their
fathers big place. For them it's
a. IN. every morning, and work in the
fields until the COWS come home in
| the dewy eve.
| They harness their teams as quick
ly as the men folks can, and drive as
well.
| They plant the corn and other seed
riding the planter up and down the
| field as jauntlly as the society girl
guides her electric along the city
streets.
! When the planting and sowing is
| done, Katie, Frieda and Ottilia take
TO the cultivator as ducks do to wa
/ ter.
When the wheat Is to be cut, Katie
Frieda and Ottilia follow the bind
err" gathering and stacking the
| sheaves. When the corn is ripe, IA
| tie. Erieda and Ottilia cut stalks. stack
] them, and later on husk the ears
Between times all they do is to hell
| feed and care for the live stock, at
tend TO the milking, butter-churnine
and poultry, aud haul the farm pro
duce to the mill or elevator
And Katie, Frieda and Ottilia have
found time to learn to play the Family
shelves OF good literature!
Now they're going on to Washing
ton with their dad. They are set on
making showing" in the society
down there. In the parlor OF the big
farm home they sat discussing their
chances.
Il Know the square dances, eX-
planned Miss Frieda, 'and l am going
to dancing school when we get to
Washington and learn other dances,
too"
We'll, as for me, | wouldn't learn
those dances the newspapers speak so
awfully about" said Miss Katie, "and
il l can't find enough nice folks there
| in society | will come back home"
So, while their dad is making laws
! for the nation, Katie, Frieda and OF
tilia, CARRIED in the latest Milstadt
creations, will venture upon their So
cial campaign
OF course the girls can't do the
"bunny-hug" They don't know the
A. b. c. OF, bridge. and never saw an
opera. A male butterfly of society
CARRIED in a full dress suit will be
stranger TO them than a dodo. They
never saw taxi. or bottle of cham
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1913-01-14
ATTACKS NEWSPAPERS
FOR PRINTING SCANDAL

SPRINGFIELD, Mass, Jan. IA
That the daily newspaper may be a
demoralizing influence similar to that
which brought about the downfall or
Rome is the belief OF Dear George
Hodges, of the Cambridge Theological
school. In his lecture here last even
ing, he said that Rome had daily pa
pers that published scandal in the
same way that newspapers do at the
present day. While gladiatorial con-
tests are not held, he said, the press
disseminates reports OF events fully
as demoralizing.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1913-01-14

It's new dance hall is admirably
sped 10 the requirements OF a sue
ceful large ball. with its spacious
d9ing floor. attractive decorations
an lighting effects. spectators gal
LEI and wide promenade and boxes,
exnding the full length of the build
I'M Mrs. Francis p. Byrne is gen
ertchairman OF the ball committee,
an'Mrs. Herman Dey, chairman OF
theoxes' committee already has dis
pot OF more than half the number
OF boxes. Mrs. Martha Higgins,
as airman OF the reception commit
teeNill have large and efficient
nuTer Of aides in well-known So
cietwomen: Mrs. Margaret Galway,
is ahe head of the supper commit
tee Hiss Mary Doyle has charge OF
the usic. Mrs. l.. G.. Finck of the
ehec room; Mrs. Mary Burkheiser,
OF , advertising Mrs. Harmon
WeIll and Mrs. John II. Pringle OF
the tets. and Mrs. Dennis b. Hayes
OF u publicity. The tickets have
been laced at one dollar each and
the hes at SIS. Tickets may be
prOcu1 from any MEMBER Oh tne
auxiliy and in the hospital.
Thnnual ball Of Detroit lodge, No
I, Shnasters' association, will be
held, ednesday evening, in the
Waynyardens.
o
Therst joint annual ball given by
Detroiand Wayne chapter, Eastern
Star, II take place, Tuesday even
ing. iutrasburgs academy,
Detr commandery, No. /, knights
TEMPT will give dancing party
Wednday evening, in the Masonic
templeor members and their ladies
The arriago is announced OF Mis-
Teresa Marguerite Van Blaricom
daught of Mrs A. Van Blaricom), t.
w. C. idcrman, of Kansas City, tho
cereuoy taking place. Jan. ?.
FieElship lodge, No. All, +. & A
NJ, vii entertain members and in
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1913-01-14
DANCE THREE WEEKS
AT POLISH WEDDING.
Neighbors Complain, But Police
Are POwerless to Stop
Brass Band

CLEVELAND, o., Jan. ia
Polish wedding celebration that has
continued unremittingly for three
weeks, caused complaints from neigh
hors. but police and prosecutor today
found themselves powerless. To stop
five-piece brass band that has play
ed night and day for the dancers, the.
authorities could only plead with the
groom. Lawrence Casola, "a, and the
tenant OF this house of mirth. John
Gertz, to give the neighbors rest.
The bride was Mary Ballonic, 23-.
They came from Poland, last week,
and were married yesterday, plunging
into the third week Of the jollification
IN their honor. Beer is always on
tap and the dance never ends.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1913-01-14

payne; and OF all things. low-necked
gown won't be in their collection OF
trunks. They've never been 90 miles
from home, and never saw the interior
of Pullman car
Now. mayb, you begin to realize the
size of their undertaking-br
into exclusive society where it is OF
no earthly benefit to possess a record
of stacking wheat shocking corn, Oh
blowing.
Tall, broad-shouldered, Congress
man Baltz and the girls mother, who
tells with deal OF pride that she
once walked between the pillow
handles, will back the girls to the
limit
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1913-01-14

With perhaps the
exception OF. the
eye, no feature OF
the human face
has had 30 much
said about IL by
poets and novelists
as the ear. yet
there is always a
yagueness OF de-
scription which
leaves much TO be
desired and from
no source can We
gather what 1t is
like without the
aid OF a photo
graph. Artists tell
us that ears are
extremely difHcult
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1913-01-14
MINCED Chicken ON TOnst.

Take the meats from tile bone OF any
leftover roast or boiled chicken. cut
half Tablespoonful OF flour. one table,
spoonful OF butter. and half n pint OF
milk. stir these ingredients 10 q
smooth cream and then add the pieces
OF chicken. Season with salt When
thoroughly warm. spread or slices OF
lightly buttered toast
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1913-01-14
ereakfas,.Tlme In the Zoo.

Zoo Superintendent: What was ali
the rumpus out here this morning.
Attendant: THE bull moose and the
elephant were lighting over their
feed" a
What happened
THE donkey ate it"-Life.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1913-01-14
A FIVE-YEAR.OLD'S CARTOONS

number drawings
truly little girl aged five Drawing her favorte pame but
taken her father shorthand