davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1912-10-01

$50 Col I'd. Or. b. 80 30 iIs4 Morse ne Or .is.so
STORES
store, rooms and bath. $50 10
400 l3is ST. NV. 2nd door. .............. 2O.0o
OFFICES.
McLachlen Building. Modern.
GARAGE.
Rear Of 220l Ontario road. 5000
NcLACHLEN BANKING CORPORATION.
10th and q.
FOR Rents ROOMS AND RATH. FURNACE
heat: central loca ton near car line. 1878
18th st. NV. L. s. FRISrOE. Z34 18th q.
FOR RENT-IN SPLENDID CONDITION.
3l5 st ne, 5 rooms, large yard. oo
a24 sw.. large rooms and water $3.50
2oo3 Roscdale II. ne, rooms 4 water. 81 So
$40 1rnl1 +, 90 IS st MciNrIRr se rooms. "
side entrance. bet. and - m. or phone
FOR RENT INV ii24 NJ Nv 81. 1910
NW.li23 Chaplin. i2r. NV. 1921 Prospect
wv 1880 9th. 81. b 20 so wv r52i oath ir. 800
Nw.2i2 av. sr NV "25s 18th. ar. 40
and b.. .aoI3 NE..lI l.. Or. p ~
NV 220 n az, sr b4O rs NE ~ Myrtle. ~. b. "a
NV. 1883 s. Or. b. 30 81 NE. 1902 Gales dr. IL 20
NV l26N Car. 81. bog so .a23 Poi av, Or .i2so
NV. 404 o, Or, b. %. 30 SF.1ln3 10Th. ar. 10 %
Nw.sI7 22d. sr. so sF 4o7 l3th. 81 u 20
NV. 1901 Euclid. sris 90 sw a,o Va .v Ar bes 80
NV 1909 9Th. ar. - so sW 9a1 Q. s b.. y -
NW2iIs y, ar; ..iloo sw .s3s I3th. Or $50
NV :ls s. Or. b. %. 20 sw, 6e5 G, ar 100
NV, 4o3 q. 6r.....ls.50 SW. sie q. Or. ..13 ~
NW,20l7 Il, Or. - sw P2s Va ay. 4r.ia 80
r v,,..,. ApAarMESTs .,zm
OFFIcES-NORTHwEsT
Central building Offices.
Cali at office Tor o." information regarding siss
For further Information apply Al ofsre
J. w. PIIIING. Iaie 81
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1912-10-01

FOR RENT-D.D.THO
Como" Or, b, fat. $40. 00
212 Ind av. Or, b. .SS. .
21O6 n NV. Or. b. 80. 50
1908 Ga av- Or, b. 3d. 80
41& n H aver. b. 80. SO
83 Fla av ne, Orb. Is. so
2S15 n NV. Or, b. .25.50
713 D ne. Or, b. .2. so
$40 G ne. Or, b. ..G.O0
3O5 E ne. Or, b. ~. so
1874 e ne, Or, DID, so
1Oa Ky ay &c Or. b. q 100
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1912-10-01
COUNTRY PROPERTY.

COUNTRY PROPERTY.
PUBLIC SALE OF VALUABLE IMPROVED
real estate at Lanham's Station. Prince
Georges county. Md. The UNDERSIGNED AS az
torney named in mortgage, will offer for sale
at the courthouse door at Upper Marlboro.
Nd, Tuesday. October <. 1912, at l.
O'Clock m, all that valuable property at
Lanham Station, Md, now occupied by Frank
b. Haskell and containing ii -1een acres or
land, more or less improved 10y 2i.-siory
frame dwelling, stable. chicken house. wood
house. ETC.; in excellent condition. For fur
Their particulars apply to 7. VAN CLAiETT.
attorney named ia mortgage. Upper Marlboro,
Md, and 512 L ST NV. Washington. u. Z.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1912-10-01

1sl9N Cap nv, 7rbs 40 90 1921 H nw.9r.b . .a5 so
1910 o NV 11r b.. 40 90 800 2h NV. 5r,w. 20 90
725 Goth NV, II b. 90 2133 G me- sto dwg22 SO
FOR COLORED TENANTS.
COS sd NV. CRIB. 1850 1873 f NV. 6r,w. 80
1892 r NV, 6r. 1850 427 10th NV, 5r,w. 49, so
516 Goth NV. 6r,w-1S.50
]. NJ. WOODWARD. 723 Goth st. NV
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1912-10-01

FOR RENT-2115 18th ST. NV; FIVE-ROOM
apartment In two-famiy house; fine condition
On car line. MOORE & HILL. Woodward bldg.
Open on Sunday.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1912-10-01

UU1-UF-lUWW hEAI ESIA1E.
FLORIDA WINTER HOMES.
Lady owning property will take interested
parties down Oct. Is. Nov. 10; SO round trip
Ad. L. G. PERRY, 1851 Monroe 81, Wash. u. C.
Bryan daily eagle and pilot. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1909-1918, 1912-03-20
AVERAGE VALUEOF
FARM LAND IN TEXAS

Washington, March 20.-The fed
eral department of agriculture has just
issued a bulletin which shows that the
average price per acre of farm land in
Texas was $14.53 in 1910. In 119 coun-
ties the average is between $40 and
S25, and in 81 counties it is less than
$40 per acre. The greater number OF
these counties are in the western and
southwestern parts of the state, but a
few are in the extreme eastern part.
Higher average values of farm land,
ranging from $25 to $50, are found in
2S counties, nearly all of which are
located in the eastern part of the state
Twenty of these lie in whole or in
part in the belt of the black and grand
prairies. where there are also six coun
ties with values at between $50 and
s75 per acre.
Galveston county is the only county
with an average valuation of farm
land exceeding s75 per acre.
Bryan daily eagle and pilot. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1909-1918, 1912-03-20
INCREASED PAY FOR
TEXTILE WORKERS

Boston, Mass, March 20.-Within
the week beginning today raises in
wages will become effective which will
increase the pay of nearly 175,000 tex
tile operatives in New England. At
Fall River the $4,000 employees Of near
ly a hundred print mills will get 5
per cent raise next Monday. The cot
ton mills of Chicopee, Taunton and
Holyoke, and the Worcester woolen
mills. have also announced per
cent increase, which will be in effect
within a week.
1t is estimated that the general ad
vance of 5 to per cent will result in
an increase in the pay rolls OF all the
textile manufacturers amounting to a
total of s5,OOO,OOO year.
In some OF the mills the raise viii
be as much as IL per cent for some
classes of workers, but in general the
advance will be restricted to 8 pei
cent. There are about 100000 textile
workers in New England, and event
ually it is expected that all of then
will get increased pay.
Bryan daily eagle and pilot. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1909-1918, 1912-03-20
PLOT TO AssAss|NATE
KNOX DISCOVERED
Dynamite Bombs Discovered Under
Railroad Over Which He
Travelled.
tBy Associated Press.]

New Orleans, La, March 20.-As a
result of the discovery by the Mica
raguan government of plot to assas.
sinate Secretary of State Knox on his
recent visit to the capital of that
country, it is not improbable that a
number of prominent liberals will be
put to death, according to Bluefields
advices received here: Thirteen dyna-
mite bombs under the roadbed over
which the special train of Secretary
Knox travelled from Corinto to Mana
qua were discovered by state agents.
Forty liberals are being held.
Bryan daily eagle and pilot. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1909-1918, 1912-03-20
COAL MINE DISASTER
Eiqhty-five Men Believed to Have Lost
Their Lives by Gas
Explosion.
IRy Associated Press.l

Fort Smith, Ark, March 20.-A coal
mine at McCurtain, Okla, was wrecked
this morning by an explosion OF gas
and it is believed there is little hope
for the eighty-five men in the mine
to escape alive.
One body has been brought out
badly burned, but the fire and smoke
prevent the further effective rescue
work.
McAlester, Okla, March 20.-Nine
men escaped from the McCurtain mine
after the explosion and seventy-one
are still entombed. The mine is burn
ing and another explosion is feared.
Bryan daily eagle and pilot. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1909-1918, 1912-03-20
FOURHUNDRED THOUSAND
MINERS OUT OF WORK
No Yielding on Part of Operators OF
Miners and Closing Of Mines Re-
garded as Inevitable.
(By Associated Press.I

Cleveland, Ohio, March 2O.-Wlth
both operators and mine workers OF
the bituminous coal fields OF western
Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana and Hi
nois avowing their intention not to
yield in the conference here today
concerning the new two-year wage
agreement which is effective April 1,
the closing of the mines, at least tenn.
porarily, is regarded as inevitable.
About 100000 miners will be out OF
work.
There is no doubt now that all mineS
will shut down April l.
Bryan daily eagle and pilot. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1909-1918, 1912-03-20
WOMAN sU|C|DED
Arrested for Smuggling on Her Return
from India and Hanged
Herself.
IBy Associated Press.l

New York, March 20.-Mrs. Blanche
Carson of San Francisco, who was SO,
cially prominent there, was arrested
here yesterday for smuggling $4,000
worth of jewelry on her arrival from
India. She committed suicide early to
day by hanging herself from a window
of the eighth floor of her hotel here
She last night confessed to the SNUG
Cling.
Bryan daily eagle and pilot. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1909-1918, 1912-03-20
DEATH 7HANDDEsTRUCT|ON
FROM Gas EXPLOSION
Nine Dead and Two Injured Today
at Dunmore, Pa.
IBy Associated Press.l

Scranton, Pa, March 20-An explo-
sion today killed nine persons and in
jured two others at Dunmore, near
here. Two families were either blown
to pieces or burned in the fire that
followed. Twenty buildings were dam
aged and scores were thrown from
their beds. Gas from broken main
caused by mine settings had gathered
in the cellar OF house.
Bryan daily eagle and pilot. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1909-1918, 1912-03-20
G|NNERs' TOTAL
COTTON REPORT
One of the Largest on Record, Run
ming to the Enormous Figures
of 16,o5o,819 Bales.
[By Associated Press.l

Washington, March 20.-The census
bureaus preliminary report on cotton
ginning, giving the governments first
figures, other than estimates, on the
size of the 1911 cotton crop of the
United States, was issued at 10 o'clock
this morning, and shows the total
crop to have reached the unprecedent-
ed size of 16,O5O,S19 running bales,
counting round as half bales and in
Bryan daily eagle and pilot. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1909-1918, 1912-03-20
AMERICAN REFU-
GEES ROBBED
Arrived at Del Rio from Mexico
Stripped Of All Valuables
by Bandits.
tBy Associated Press.l

Del Rio, Texas, March 2O.-An
American party, stripped of all val
uaDles by Mexican bandits, arrived
here today. They reached the Rio
Grande last night after being held by
bandits carrying red flag on which
was the inscription: Liberty" The
bandits took the cattle, horses, guns
and camp equipment of the party, who
say the bandits are playing havoc n
the mountains west of here.
Bryan daily eagle and pilot. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1909-1918, 1912-03-20
INDICATES R00sE-
VELTs DEFEAT
Reports Received from North Dakota
Presidential Primary Give La
Toilette Long Lead.
IBy Associated Press.l

Fargo, N. D., March 20.-One thou
sand one hundred and sixty-seven pre-
cincts out of eighteen hundred give
LaFollete 34,159, Roosevelt 22,S77 and
Taft 5000 in yesterdays primary.
This is the first presidential primary
held and its result was watched with
great interest by the politicians. 1t
was generally conceded that if Rooser
welt lost the state it would strongly
indicate his defeat for the nomination.
Bryan daily eagle and pilot. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1909-1918, 1912-03-20
|SUFFRAGETTE SENTEN-
CED To SIX MONTHS
[By Associated Press.l

London, March 20.-Ellen Pittfield,
suffragette who attempted to set on
fire the general postoffice here on
March 8, was sentenced today to six
months Imprisonment.
Bryan daily eagle and pilot. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1909-1918, 1912-03-20
cluding linters, which is equivalent to
~ o05 Oq7 5OO-nound bales.

cluding linters, which is equivalent to
16,2O5,097 5OO-pound bales.
The crop reporting board of the de-
partment of agriculture in its esti-
mate of the 1911 cotton crop, issued
December IL, last, reckoned the total
production at 14,SS5,OOO bales of 500
pounds, gross weight. The country's
1910 production was 12,005,6SS bales
of 500 pounds. In previous record
years the total crop was 1857 1906
bales in 1908, 1885, ,49S in 1906 and
13,679,954 bales in 1904.
Included in the figures for 1911 are
239, LAG bales which ginners and de-
linters estimated would be turned out
after the time of the March canvass.
Round bales included in the 1911
figures are 1O0,439 bales, compared
with 112,SS7 bales for 1910 and 150,69O
bales for 1909.
Sea Island bales included in the
1911 total are 1929, compared with
9O,3eS bales for 1910 and 94,791 bales
for 1909.
Inter bales included in the 1911 to
tai are 546,769, compared with S97,62s
bales for 1910 and 313,47s bales in
1909.
The average gross weight of the
bale for the crop, counting round as
half bales and including linters, was
5O4.S pounds for 1911, compared will
5O1.7 pounds for 1910 and 1866 pounds
for 1909.
The number of ginneries operated
for the 1911 crop was 26,340, compared
with 1924 for 1910 and 26,66s TO
1909. - ..-----s>.--....s......
BY states the cotton crop grown il
1911, with that grown in 1910 and th'
big crop years 1908 and 1906, ez
pressed in equivalent 500-pound bales
follows:
ATApAMA
Bryan daily eagle and pilot. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1909-1918, 1912-03-20

1910 ....................-..
1908 ........................
1906 O6.....................
Bryan daily eagle and pilot. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1909-1918, 1912-03-20
EXPLOSIONS KILLED
FIVE IN PORTUGAL
[By Associated Press.l

Oporto, Portugal, March 20.-Five
men were killed and nine others in
jured by bomb explosions in Miragai
last night.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1912-12-20

after he won out at the primaries"
remarked one aged veteran to me, lis
as bad as jeff Davis trying to pull
the Confederacy out of the Union"
And he added, the men at the bot
tom of this scheme of thievery are
no better than traitors and deserve Il
traitors fate"
There is no doubt in my mind how
the old soldiers of Maine stand. To
a man they demand compliance with
the voice of the primary. So far as
| can size UP the feeling, it is all one
way among Maine voters. and that is
that the Legislature should name Ed
win C. Burleigh to represent Maine
in the United States Senate, on the
first vote upon this question.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1912-12-20
ODDS AND ENDS.

Sweeping with the carpet sweeper
will be more effectual if the sweeper
is pushed in the same direction rs the
warp of rug-not against it,
Try mixing mustard with milk in
stead of with water or vinegar. The
flavor is said to be good, the paste is
very smooth and the mustard viii not
dry so quickly
A filing for the variable sandwich
combines almonds and very finely
minced celery, two parts of the lat
ter to one of the former They are
moistened with mayonnaise.
AS light muslin curtains often catch
fire it is a good plan to put an ounce
of alum into the last water in which
they are rinsed. This win make them
almost fireproof, or if they do catch
they VIII not blaze up and start the
woodwork.
1t IS claimed that woody houseplants
that grow a bark can be strengthened
and made to flourish like the proven
bal bay tree if given iron water
soaked from rusted iron and poured
into the soil
In preparing bread for toast and for
sandwiches, where the crust lis TO be
removed, try using u pair of SHARP
scissors to trim the edges. 1t takes
much less time and make a heater job
Keep pair of scissors in your kitch-
en- especially for this purpose.
| Just before a meal is served, il the
dining room atmosphere too plainly
foretells what has been prepared, oper
the windows a few seconds and pour q
couple of drops of lavender essence
into q cup OF boiling water, The cock
ing odor will entirely disappear.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1912-12-20
Soma Coon Hunter.

Amos knights of Westport one day
last week went fox hunting with his
well trained Hound and got Reynard.
Incidentally he fell in with some coons
and captured them too. The next day
he finished the coon family, making
the bag for two days, one fox and five
scoons. This fall and up to Saturday
last Mr.. knights has shot total of
rs eoons.
CHAs. d. CLARKE.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1912-12-20
CHAS. d. CLARKE.
Inward and Outward.

The inward effects of humors are
worse than the outward. They weak
en- all the organs, inflame the mucous
membrane, cause catarrhal troubles,
and endanger the whole system.
Hoods Sarsaparilla eradicates all
humors and cures all their effects.
It's the great Alternative and toni"
medicine whose merit has been every
where established.
Accept no substitute.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1912-12-20
A Romance of the Lower Kennebec.

A generation ago on Lees Island,
later known as Wyman's on the lower
kennebec opposite the town of
Phippsburg. lived an old fisherman. an
eccentric individual of a stern and
morose disposition. His wife was a
beautiful woman of whom the old
fisherman was very fond in his rough
way and of whom he was also very
jealous. Her life on the lovely island
came to mean for her Imprisonment
for life. as her husband refused to
allow her to visit the main land
When his fishing boats were not in
use. they We're tied up to the island
shore with chains locked with pad
locks to which the old fisherman kept
the keys. Life was unbearable to the
young wife and one evening, after
she was sure that her husband was
soundiy asleep, she took from its
cradle her infant child, daughter,
and creeping softly out of the house.
made for the shore on which were
several large tubs used for thes stor-
age of the old mans fishing nets and
lines. Employing out the nets and
gear from one of these fubs, the
young mother launched it into the
river and with her baby stepped in.
She had taken the precaution to pro-
vide herself with an ear and with this
she pushed and padded her pre-
carious voyage in the tub over the
sand bar to the western shore. Leav-
ing the tub she took up her child and
climbing the river bank made her way
up the hill to the home of friend
who gave her a cordial welcome and
cared for her some days. Then the
woman left and her wanderings re-
mained-a mystery for more than a
score of years.
Last summer beautiful steam
yacht came out of the sea and sailed
up the -Kennebec. Off Lees Island
the vessel stopped and threw her mud
hook into the stream. A boat was
lowered into which stepped a beauti-
full young woman who gave orders to
the men in the boat Just what part of
the lower end of the island to make a
landing near the old fisherman's for
mer home. He had been gathered to
| his fathers for many years and house
was unoccupied. Arriving at the
| shore the young woman, leaving the
boat in charge of the uniformed men.
| walked slowly up to the house, weep
ing as she walked. After long in
spection of the house. the lady spent
some little time In roaming about the
island and then going back to the
shore, reembarked in the waiting ten
der and returned to the yacht. Dur
! ing the visit of the yacht the beauti-
/ full owner made one trip to the
iPhippsburg shore and hunted up some
| of her mothers old time friends, foI
4 the beautiful lady was none other
than the little baby which had made
\ it's first visit to Phippsburg in the old
+! fishnet tub. 1t would astound the
|, average reader to be told the name Of
l the daughter, who is now the wife ol
! one of the leading dry goods mer.
\ chants of the city of Boston. whose
huge place of business is in the hear
of the shopping district of the Hub.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1912-12-20
Journal Man Through Maine
By Train, Auto and Trolley.
Open Winter Signs.

On the train to Rockland, Monday,
as it passed over the Sheepscot at
Wiscasset, a flock of 500 black ducks
arose from the water darkening the
sky They evidently had come over
at crack o. day. from Merrymeeting
Bay where both they and wild geese
have fingered until this week because
of the unusual clemency of the win
ter, the ducks in safety because the
law is on and the geese because, be-
ing geese, they took chances. Two of
the wild geese We're shot on the Bay,
Friday last, by Major Buker and A.
X. Edgecomb of Bath, who were at
their cozy camp on Sturgeon Island
for a late hunting visit. The sight of
the ducks caused man in the car to
remark that on the previous Sunday
be had seen angle worms crawling on
the surface of the ground, sure sign
of a mild and open winter. Other
signs are the low stage of the water
in the ponds and the farmers of Cen
trail Maine ploughing as the third
week in December begins
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1912-12-20
An Apcient Watch.


week in December begins,
An Apcient Watch.
Both the Riddles and their -daddies
mark time by Christmases as they
come and go. The Riddles because
of the gifts they get and their dads
because of the fattening of their
pockets when they pay the Christmas
bills. Speaking of Christmas,
Names prosperity is everywhere en-
phasized by the stocks of beautiful
gifts in the stores and the unusually
elaborate decorations of eyergreens
and electric lights that are adding to
the festival appearance of the shop
ping districts in every large town and
city of Maine. Rockland's display
of electric lights strung on wires
across the Main street produces a
vista after dusk that adds to the at
Effectiveness of the window displays
and compares modestly with the more
elaborate and elegant festoons and
set pieces of Portland, the charming
as well as hustling commercial centre
of the State. IN Lewiston and Au-
gusta the window displays are artistic
dliu dtti attlNt. III Dahl SfCA 81 SShi
arcades and festoons of colored in
candescents. set pieces of electric
lights and frames Of holly leaves
adorn the store fronts. Waterville Is
ablaze with electric lights. Because
of the mild fall, white alders have
profusely borne bid displays of par
fridge berries" and especially in Port
land, Rockland and even in the rural
places along the trolley lines, Christ
masy effects have been made with
massed branches of these bright red
berries in vases and window balconies
often in combination with evergreens.
Tuesday Gardiner was stringing lines
of colored ineandescents across Water
street.
But what / started out To say Was
that, speaking of marking time. the
Oldest time keeper in Maine probably
is a watch, owned by Miss Annie
Soule of Bath. a watch that has a
mechanism of chains and pulleys in
stead of springs and which has not
been cleaned since 1888. Needless to
say that as a time piece it is no Ion
ger reliable, but as a souvenir of old
en- time it is remarkable curiosity.
The watch case is three inches in
diameter and it was made sometime in
IL
The Barre daily times. (Barre, Vt.) 1897-1959, 1912-12-13

of the younger and more active people
To fill the places of these people and
perhaps to encourage others to stay
in the state, the commonwealth must
offer something besides passive resist
anee. Hence it is with pleasure that
we note the purpose of the Legislature
to double the appropriation to the pub
lieity department, as shown by a, bill
recommended by the committee on APP
preparations and now before the legis.
lature The sum of $4,000 is small
indeed, but it is better than sitting
idly by and watching the state 60 down
hill. From 1900 to 1910 the states
population showed a slight percentage
of increase, but great many of the
rural sections fell off markedly In num-
Der of people, and the present indica-
ton are that the same, or even great
err, proportion o floss will be noted in
1912 unless the state stems the tide.
The Barre daily times. (Barre, Vt.) 1897-1959, 1912-12-13
A GOOD MOVE.

| While the sum total OF the results OF
| the publicity campaign which Vermont
recently inaugurated has not been re-
vealed and perhaps never can be re-
duced to tables-there is quite a gem
eral conviction that great deal OF
good has been done along the line of
inducing people to come to Vermont and
take up their residence. We do know
that the efforts of the secretary of
states Office with very meagre appro-
priation at hand have resulted in the re-
ceipt of large number of inquiries as
to the possibilities of the state for resi-
dence purposes and also as to invest
ment, possibly more particularly as to
the farming; and the transfers of farms
have been rather frequent during the
past year or so, the purchasers in many
cases being residents OF other states.
1t is reasonable to assume in this con-
nection that the states publicity cam
paign has been in part responsible for
this discovery of purchasers. Therefore,
it is the duty of the state--an impera
tive duty-that there be no decrease
in the campaign which the state has
undertaken, for there are agencies at
work which must be counteracted, nota-
bly, the. drift to California and other
far western states of old-line Vermont
ers, as well as the rush to the cities