Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1912-01-04
ELECTRIC TERMS.
The Units of Measurement and
What They Mean.
AMPERES, VOLTS AND WATTS.
Broadly Speaking. Ampsres Indicate
Volume, Volts Measure Pressure and
Watts Show the Resulting Quantity.
The kilowatt Hour.

1t has been estimated that the time
and labor wasted by those engaged In
selling electricity In trying to make
their customers understand a kilOwatt
would suffice to build string Of pyra.
mids from New York to San Francisco.
writes Allen Hollis. The discouraging
feature Of the task is that after all this
effort the customer still remains ign0.
rant and cherishes the delusi0n that
the method Of electric measurement Is
devious device for concealing nefari.
Gus practices by the electric light COM
panies.
The average American is perfectly
satisfied to buy gas by the foot. trans.
portation by the mile and telephones
by the month. but watts look suspicious
and kilowatts totally depraved. This
difficulty might have been avoided II
the eminent scientists who first adopt
ed these accurate and to them conven-
lent terms had been willing to show
the rest Of the world how to compute
electric quantity in feet and inches or
barrels and quarts. Lacking this. peo-
pie are left to struggle with their mys-
ferrous method of measurements.
The kilo Is an old friend Tor ancient
enemy. If you with borrowed from the
metric system.
This leads to the definition Of watt.
But In order to know watts one must
first learn about the two other men,
bers Of the family, amperes and VOLTS
Broadly speaking, amperes measure
volume. volts pressure and watts the
resulting quantity.
In order to get tangible idea Of
the ampere. electricity may be COM
pared with water flowing through a
pipe. In this illustration the ampere
will represent the volume Of water.
which is determined by the size Of the
pipe, but this should not be confused
with the size of the electric wire.
which has nothing to do with the pres
ent problem. The ampere then meas
ures the volume of current flowing in
the wire at a given time. The quaint
ty Of energy flowing will depend upon
the other factor, which is expressed
In volts.
The volt may be considered the meas
ure Of pressure or intensity. In the
illustration of water flowing through
pipe the pressure is commonly express
ed in pounds to the square inch. With
electric energy the same idea IL e.
pressed In volts. 1t is evident that the
quantity of water flowing In pipe of
a given size will increase as the pres
sure increases. In a similar way the
quantity of electricity increases In ex-
act proportion to the electric pressure
Of voltage. and this quantity Is meas.
ured by watts.
The quantity (watts' Of electricity
delivered over single circuit is the
direct product Of the volume (amperes)
multiplied by the pressure (volts). In
other words. amperes multiplied by
volts equals watts.
The illustration serves to indicate the
theory Of electric measurement. 1t Is
likely, however. to be misleading un'
less the fact Is kept in mind that wa
ter is material. while electricity mani
tests itself only through its capacity
Of affecting visible things. It heats
the flament in an incandescent lamp
and gives US light. 1t turns our motors.
it magnetizes telephone and telegraph
instruments. but always it conceals its
own personality.
In order to know what watt &C.
tually is 1t is necessary to ascertain
what It will do. A thousand (kilo)
watts are the mechanical equivalent
Of one and one.third horsepower-that
is, a mechanical horsepower equals
TAG watts Of energy. Lighting circuits
usually carry 10 to 120 volts. An or
binary sixteen candle power lamp
takes a little less than half an ampere
in volume and consequently consumes
about fifty watts of current. With the
tungsten lamp the rating by watts in.
stead of candle power has been intro
duced and bids fair to become univer'
sally adopted.
Being thus furnished with stand
ard of measurement it Is necessary
only to multiply the amount employed
commonly called ''capacity") by the
number Of hours of use to get the &C.
tual quantity consumed In watt hours.
The sixteen candle power lamp. with
its fifty watts capacity. consumes fifty
watt hours each hour It Is used. The
customary unit Of consumption is the
kilowatt hour. 1900 watts used one
hour. and the lamp will consume this
quantity in twenty hours. The or
binary electric meter recording watt
meter) records automatically the mum.
Der of kilowatt hours used. being op'
Grated by a mechanism which runs at
a speed which corresponds to the ca
pacity employed. Magazine.
Bismarck and No. 3.
Bismarck held that three was the
perfect number, for he bad served three
masters. he had three names, three oak
leaves figure in his family arms. be
was concerned in three wars. be signed
three treaties of peace. in the Franco
Prussian war he had three horses kill