davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-01-18

A, scales on branch: I, female scale;
m. male scale; y, young scales; a.
young, unprotected scale insect; b,
branch showing scales as they appear
to the unaided eye.
recognized it's capabilities as an orch
ard pest. for he named 1t the per-
nicious scale. BY 'S6 and '87 it had
been imported on fruit trees into east
ern nurseries, and from this began to
spread over the East and South.
The San Jose scale Is very small
insect often smaller than the head Of
an ordinary pin. The female, except
for a few hours Immediately after
birth. lives beneath hard, waxy scale
and consequently Is we'll protected.
The rate Of increase is very great
and from single infestation thou
sands upon thousands Of individuals
may develop in a season and the tree
may become literally covered from
the trunk to the outermost branches
in two or three years. The young
scales are whitish in color, but later
they turn dark and are hard to dis
tinguish from the bark. 1t Is difficult
to find the scales on a tree at the be-
ginning Of an infestation, for they are.
of course, few in number and very
small; but later. when the insect be-
comes abundant, the branch IS assume
an ash-gray color and present scurfy
appearance.
Every purchaser of fruit trees
should demand that his trees be &C.
companied by certificate of inspec-
ton from a competent entomologist
to the effect that they are free from
scale, and he should also demand a
sworn statement that his trees have
been fumigated with hydrocyanic acid
gas, The buyer should also examine
the trees himself very carefully for
the scale and destroy infested ones.
If, after these precautions, the insect
becomes present in the orchard, spray
with the lime salt-sulphur m1xture.N
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-01-18
CLEANLINESS FIRST ESSENTIAL
TO PURE MILK.

Every mixer should be required to
wash his hands before milking, and he
should wash the udder Of the COW.
There is nc expense to that, but it
makes lot of difference in the milk
Many dairymen are losing money be-
cause the windows in their barns are
so small the COWS have not the
physical vigor to give good milk.
J Poor facilities for cleaning the barns
are responsible for increas sing milk
bacteria. Your milk should get to the
city with less than 5000 bacteria to
the cubic centimeter. In New York
the bacterial score Of every dairyman
is kept and bonus is given daily
to the man whose milk has the lowest
number.-Dr. w. A. Evans Chicago.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-01-18
TESTING MILK ON THE FARM.

The milk Of every COW varies In fat
content from milking to milking and
from day to day. For this reason a
mixed sample covering several days is
necessary t. give a fair average OF
he milk.
The sample tested should be an
average of at least six milkings, and
better even more. In taking the
samples from the individual COWS,
proceed as follows: Procure as many
sample jars (ordinary pint Mason
fruit jars are cood) as there are COWS
being MIXED.
Paste a label upon each jar, upon
W lich is written the name or number
of the COW. Be sure the jars are pro-
vided with the usual rubber rings to
make them alright Drop fifteen
drops of formalin into each jar to
preserve the milk. Formalin may be
obtained from nearly any druggist.
Put the jars with lids screwed On
tightly in safe place convenient to
where the milk is strained.
After COW is MIXED, mix the milk
in tho pail by stirring or pouring into
another vessel. Take a sample out
with a small dipper made by solder
ing a piece of wire to a brass shotgun
shell. Be sure the dipper is full of milk.
Pour the contents OF the dipper
into the jar bearing the name of the
animal whose milk is being sampled.
Screv the lid on tightly. Do the same
with each cows milk Repeat the
process Turing at least six consecutive
milkings.
Shake the Jars gently each day so
as to prevent the cream rom harden
ing and sticking to the sides of the
jar. Do not. however, shake hard
enough to churn the milk.-H. E.
McNatt.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-01-18
IUM WEIGHT rs THE BEST FOR A

The heavy drafter has his place. so
does the diminutive pony. but neither
of these extremes In horseflesh fills the
bill for general use on the farm.
One horse on our place, now in his
tWenty-third year. was practically
sound after nineteen years of steady
work, work which included hauling
cordwood, lumber and railroad ties
over roads which were never of the
best, and this faithful beast did his
part day after day in all weathers
alongside of mules and other horses,
many Of which we're heaving and the
majority are now out Of commission
from age and other infrmities.
"Old Major as he is known
throughout the countryside. was
raised and for FL years belonged to
the party who raised him, and was
bought by the writer last spring.
His former owner was country
storekeeper, farmer and wood-mer-
chant, and withal fox-hunter, weigh
ing close to, 200 pounds.
He and his saddle are a load for
any. horse in a run across country
after a pack Of Virginia hounds.
During each season and for dozen
years or more, "Old Major" bore his
master on hunts innumerable with
never a blunder, and from the time he
was two and one-half years old until
he was sold last spring he was the
general utility animal around the
premises.
1t seems like stretching the truth to
recount the 10 years of steady work
of this remarkable horse; work under
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-01-18

Probably no single insect IN the
United States has been the subject OF
more discussion than the San Jose
scale. and small wonder, for there IS
no insect that is capable Of producing
greater injury to the fruit interests or
GU. country than this one. AS near as
can be determined. this insect was IN
troduced into the grounds of MI.
James Lick, of San Jose. California,
in the early seventies. It soon spread
to adjoining orchards where 1t was
found and first described by Professor
]. H. Comstock In 1880, who quickly
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-01-18
A P0uL TRY-HouSE FOR The FARMER
AN EXPENSIVE HOUSE IS NOT NECESSARY BUT A
q" DRY, WARM, WELL-VENT1LATED ONE IS
w. GRIFFIN.
BY j. w. GRIFFIN.

The size of our home poultry-butld-
ing Is 16x40 feet feet at the front
cave, and 7 at the rear cave, and 8
feet at the comb. The floor should be
the natural earth If the house Is To-
Gated on we'll drained place. II not
+',nre should of course, be a plank
floor.
Cor the convenience Of the keeper,
the building should be divided into
three rooms In the front part; the
hallway at the rear should run the
entire length Of tho building. The
hallway is feet wide; this will leave
the three rooms 12x13 feet.
The partitions between these rooms
should be made solid two and one
half feet high The rest Of the part1-
ton can be Of poultry-wire netting.
The upper part Of the partition be-
tween the hallway and the rooms Is
made of wire netting. In the hallway
we keep the supply of food for the
poultry, and few barrels Of road
dust that we gather UP during dry
time in the summer. This Is for the
dust-boxes during the winter, when
the hens should not be out on the
cold ground.
The watering and feeding troughs
are set along the Slated partition,
just inside the hallway; the chickens
reach through between the stats for
their food and water.
The nests are placed on =. platform
just above the slated part of the par
tition and the dropping board is
placed on the nest-boxes, and the
perches on the dropping-boards.
The platform for the nests, the
dropping and the perches are
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-01-18
THE GENERAL UTILITY FARM HORSE
ALL-AROUND FARM WORK,

Beside doing considerable farm
work since I have owned this horse.
have driven him regularly.
The conformation of "Old Major"
is most excellent from standpoint Of
service; his head is we'll set on his
neck, and his neck we'll set in his
shoulders, which are strong and deeply
muscled at the same time: his barrel
Is fine and round; in other words. he
is we'll ribbed out.
His coupling is good. his hips wide
but not ragged, while his loins and
thighs are indicative of strength.
His hooks are good and clean OF
blemishes, likewise his pasterns9 with
the exception Of slight wind puffs. his
common bones are flat and broad; lis
feet are rather small and too narrow
at the heel. causing him to suffer at
one time from contracted heels. ow-
ing partly, no doubt to poor and care
less shoeing. This defect has been
greatly remedied since have had him
shod under the direction of compe-
tent veterinary.
One more word about our old
friend: His feed, since he was
weaned, up to the present time, was
corn on the ear as a grain ration.
from ~ to Is ears twice daily. hay for
roughage, with corn stover. cut
shucks, occasionally. but generally hay.
He has had very few shelled oats,
bran or mill stuff.
Since I have owned him, which Is
for the past year, have fed him some
bran and oats, but he still grinds
whole corn we'll.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-01-18

put In in divisions three Of 10 feet
each. This facilitates IT, cleaning, as
all Of the interior arrangements are
removed at housecleaning-t which
is twice a year-spring and fall.
This is the general cleaning time:
The pens are cleaned each week, and
the dropping boards each day. The
manure saved by cleaning the drop
ming boards each day from a hundred
hens pays handsomely, not only in the
value of the manure. but in keeping
the house cleanly. The boxes are each
one complete within itself.
L The material used to build this
house is:
soofeet common tagging, for sheet
ing.
squares roofing (rubber or tarred
paper.)
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-01-18
BY J. M. BELL, VIRGINIA

the saddle, in light and heavy harness,
that would have killed many heav-
Ter, or lighter horse long ago. (for
there is no more wearing work than
that Of the general utility horse on
the farml a weeks blowing followed
by two or three days light harness
work, then few more days plow1ng.
next, hauling the wood in a team, to
say nothing of the Sunday trip to
church.
1t Is not my object to say anything
derogatory regarding the merits of
any type Of horse. for, as before
stated. they all have their uses
However, in passing, it is worthy of
note that while the medium size horse
on the farm can do heavy work In
proportion to his weight, yet the very
heavy horse is utterly useless for any
thing but heavy work. being entirely
out Of place when it comes to work in
the saddle or in light harness.
There are many farmers these days
who are working on the intensive sys-
tenn, cultivating small areas Of crops,
some Of these having left the city for
the country.
Their families will want the horses
to ride or drive occasionally. and I'M
less these farms can keep extra horses,
teams for work and also the pleasure
horses, let them keep those Of med
ium size weighing 1000 to 100 pounds.
When team of this size is not busy
at farm work, they can be put to the
surrey or carriage and make fair
showing on the road, as a pleasure
team.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-01-18
THE SILO CONTAINS THE FEED
ING VALUE.

Those farmers who have never
studied tho silo question naturally do
not know how much money they are
loo sing every year in their feeding
or ,r..tions. No man who buys steers
to fatten can afford to be without the
silo.
1t Is a poor corn field that will not
yield an average of from ten to fifteen
tons of green corn per acre. If this
is cut into sllage it will make sure
profit at present prices Of cattle at
from $50 to s34 per acre.
It has been demonstrated con-
clusively that silage fed steers bring
those that are fattened on hole corn.
perienced feeders that silage saves
grain and hay.
1t Is true that corn fodder contains
under chemical tests more protein,
carbohydrates and fattening material
than silage. but the fact remains that
steers do not get II of the benefit
from corn fodder while about every
thing that is valuable as feed is IN
sumeC in the silage.
Then, silage being quite bulky, it Is
an excellent feed given in connection
with ground grains and heavy meals
as it aids greatly in their digestion.
Another thing: steers like silage.
1t tastes good to them and they eat it
with avidity. :
A steer prefers sill; &c to dry corn
fodder just as a boy prefers pie to
dry corn bread. but in the case of tae
steer the silage Is better food for him
than the pie is for the boy.
Place silage and dry corn fodder
before bunch Of steers and they will
not touch the latter until they have
entirely disposed Of the first This Is
an important factor in feeding, be-
ceuse palatability adds to digestive
qualities Of feed, and the more a steer
dicests the more fat he will put on.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-01-18

ment between two or three adjoining
owners.
Two kinds of drainage must be pro-
vided for; first, surface drainage; and
second, subsurface drainage. It is oc-
casionally true that the construction
of bitches around the edge of marsh
tract in such a way as to carry off
most Of the water from the surround
ing higher land without letting it onto
the marsh will reduce the wetness Of
the marsh land to such an extent that
crops can be grown without further
ditching. Ordinarily, however. bitches
on the marsh itself are necessary.
The necessity for subdrainage either
by deep, open bitches or tile depends
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-01-18

700 feet siding (shiplap or novelty
siding).
500 feet No. flooring for dropping
boards, partitions, nests. platforms
and inside finish.
80 pieces 2x4--10 feet long. Frames
for doors. windows and partitions.
pieces 2x4-14 feet long-plates.
81 pieces 2x4-6 feet long-rafters.
21 pieces 2x4-14 feet long-rafters.
8 pieces 2x4-10 feet long-perches
(top edges rounded>.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-01-18
Poultry House.

Fl pieces 1Hx2-10 feet long
frames for doors and windows and
screens.
10 pair S-inch strap hinges to hang
doors, windows, etc.
single SASH foot, 8 inches by 10
feet. lower windows, front.
$50 square feet poultry-netting for
partitions, etc.
120 square feet burlap for curtain
fronts.
IS pounds nails, assorted.
The curtains to the front windows
are hinged so that they will swing up
to the rafters.
The openings Of the curtained win
dows are covered with poultry netting.
The house is made perfectly tight
except the curtained windows. There
is a ventilator in each end at the gable
for summer ventilation.
The floors of the pens should be
covered with cut straw, or better still,
dry leaves gathered in the fall and
stored away to be used through the
winter.
The grain-food when scattered in
these leaves or straw gives the fowls
the much needed exercise. The dry
mash-feeds and meat-scraps, ETC.. are
fed in the troughs.
The interior should be thoroughly
sprayed with lime-and-sulphur solu-
ton. Use equal parts lime and sui
phur in making the whitewash and
you will not be troubled with lice,
chiggers or mites that trouble the
poultry.
The outside Of the house should
have a good painting. This not only
adds to the appearance Of the build
Il, but To the lifo Of IL
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-01-18

may be stained and vanished to
match the woodwork in which the
room is finished.
The fastenings for the doors should
be placed on the under side Of the
shelves, as this will leave the shelves
free of anything that would interfere
with setting boxes. jars, or anything
of the kind that requires to be set
level. G. -"a
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-01-18
SAN JOSE SCALE A DANGEROUS PEST
THIS INSECT is SAID TO HAVE BEEN BROUGHT TO
AMERICA ON PLANTS IMPORTED FROM CHINA
BY GLENN w. RRIcK MISSISSIPPI

In making the wash, the formula
for which is 20 lbs. quick lime. Is lbs.
sulphur, 10 lbs. SALT 46 gallons Of
water. only the very best quality Of
quick lime should be used. Two iron
Kettles should be procured, each one
holding at least 20 gallons, but the
more they hold the better. Tho 30
pounds Of lime should be Stacked IN
three or four gallons of hot water In
one of the kettles. When the limo II
nearly Stacked, but before it quits boil
ing. add the 15 pounds Of sulphur ana
enough Of hot water to make a thin
paste of the lime and sulphur. Stir
the whole vigorously until they are
thoroughly mixed, then boil visor-
ously for As minutes. E..s,
After the lime and sulphur have
actually boiled 45 minutes, add tho ten
pounds Of salt, and boil vigorously Is
minutes more. It will become neces-
sary during the boiling to add little
hot water now and then to keep the
mixture thin. When through boiling
add enough hot water to make IS
gallons, strain through gunny sack.
and apply hot. 49,.
There are two seasons of the year
during which the San Jose scale may
be fought, namely, winter and sum-
mer. The more effectual treatment
may be given during the winter. but
much good may be done by summer
treatment at which time the insect
can certainly be greatly checked.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-01-18

The farmers of this country own
and opera-e 16 big meat packing
plants. The members Of the Farmers
Union in the South own and operate
$500 manufacturing plants of various
kinds and the American Society OF
Equity owns 1890. The growth OF
these cooperative plants is the most
hopeful sign for the American farmer.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-01-18

There is now an average or ABOUT
o COW to every five persons IN the
United States. Until this number IS
increased the price of butter and milk
will continue to rise.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-01-18

Mrs. Mary Emmery, Of Cincinnati,
has established a home for birds I'M
d. the management of Professor H.
M. Benedict, of the Department Of
Biology Of the University Of Cincin-
natl. 1t cost about s250.000 to pro-
vide the buildings in which the birds
may be properly housed for study.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-01-18

IL the hog houses are not we'll bat
tened and rendered rain-proof the
pigs will suffer later on. Warm houses
are cheaper than corn and cold takes
off the fat.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-01-18

The charge that farmers in the
Yves. have been going recklessly into
debt to get money for automobiles
has been definitely proven to be un-
founded AS class formers have
more money with which to buy auto
mobiles or anything else they need,
than any others. except the bankers
and the tariff protected manufac-
turerS.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-01-18

Vermin is a constant menace to
! pigeons and must be always fought.
Frequent embarrassing, absolute
cleanliness and tobacco stems placed
in the nests will generally keep the
I birds reasonably clean.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-01-18

Australia leads the world in sheep
farming with S7,O00.O00 head. Ar
gentinA has 7,500,000; Russia, $780,
900; United States, 54,70O,000; United
I-agdom, 30,100,000.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-01-18

In an experiment at Philadelphia .
guinea pig died IL hours after 1t was
inoculated with frozen eggs. The
dealer from whom the eggs were OBJ
tanned was arrested on the charge
that he had been selling frozen eggs
thst have: been removed from the
shell and disposed of TO- bakers VINO
thaw out the product @.|sa ~ y s.E
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-01-18

Mrs. Thomas Douglas, of Houghto +,
Mo-, was attacked by a bull while
passing through a field. She fought
tn animal with long hat pin, souC-
ing it's eyes but was finally knocked
own and gored until she died.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-01-18

A new farming is being developed
in California, that Of gathering sea-
weed. Last year 100000 worth Of
this crop was shipped to China as
food for oxen, sheep and pigs.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-01-18
TILE BOYS CAN NOW REST.

Three farmer boys in Wisconsin are
In high glee over the success Of a
scheme perpetrated by one who had
turned over to him a broken-down
photograph. Relying on the phono-
graphs mission in life. they called in
to the machine, "Come, Boss; come.
Boss" Turning the machine with its
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-01-18

No matter what the changes in
temperature in the atmosphere may
be the temperature of cream for
churning must be kept about the same
winter and summer.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-01-18

The horses of Norway are chunky
little animals about 60 inches in
height, hardy and gentle and very
strong. The average price for a good
working horse Is from $3.50 to 1920.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-01-18

A Pennsylvania zoologist says that
cor. soaked a few minutes in water
containing a solution Of coal and gas
ar will make telegram so bitter that
Dads will be suspicious Of it and not
Eat it.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-01-18

Tho average wheat fields Of Yer
mont are only three acres, while those
Of California are 169 acres. In North
Dakota the average is 11e acres. IN
Washington, 10 acres and In oregon.
LOS acres. -. tt,EL. -
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-01-18

Apples to be stored ii the cellar
should be placed gently in the bin
without any abrasions of the skin A
tiny hole will admit of fungus Which
will cause them to rot.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-01-18

An irrigated garden fifty feet square
will supply enough vegetables for any
average family.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-01-18

Demand for good. productive farm
property is steadily increasing. Some
very high prices are paid for well
improved farms. .
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-01-18

No branch of husbandry now puf-
sued offers better opportunities TOT
pl offs for the amount OF money IN
vested and the time expended than
the production of hogs.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-01-18

Nothing ever came so near turning
December into June for dairy cattle
and sheep as the silo.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-01-18
70 AA5::ssx:, 1fhl4}Ea
lH-@S@Is%%S|
.k4ZSAO H. VI

The cows came home without SO much
as hesitating. and the repeat" per-
formances are now the chief enter
tainment Of the neighborhood.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-01-18

A drainage ditch used to lower the
water table in a dry season. When
damned it will raise the water table
in the adjoining marsh, producing sub
irrigation.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-01-18

Next to Holland, Finland is the
largest consumer Of American flour
on tn, continent OF Europe.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-01-18

The new peach scale. q, branch
covered with male and female scales
b, female scale; c, male scale; d, group
of male scales. = I
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser., 1912-11-18
Xmas Room Making Sale
Reg. $50 w.+s..s psss Peau de SOuriS

Sponged and shrunk-all the newest shades
+he latest word in this seasons dress goods crea-
tions made from the finest cashmere yarns, impart-
ing that particularly soft and beautiful finish SO
much desired among fashionable dressers; 54 in.
wide pure worsted, in complete range OF colors,
nut brown taupe, hague blue, wistaria, 4
sgst green duck wiz wing wine, light and dark sUO
navy blue and black, special, yard.