davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1912-03-09

Grace Street Baptist church
Preaching at ii \. *. by the Kew.
A z. Brown. Of Atlanta. Ga. Subject
aChristian Education and at +.
DIT. by the Rev. john H Esaserr-O. L.
subject: with Christ From Bethle-
hem to Nazareth" illustrated with
stereopticon views.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1912-03-09

Randolph street Baptist church
The regular services will be held on
Sunday. preaching morning and night
by the pastor. Rev. w. z. Robert
son. as follows: IL A. NJ, "Amass-
ments'' F. NJ, THE Master Calleth. '
Tho e. y. p. L. Will meet at I p. VI.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1912-03-09

Leigh Street Baptist church. cor
ner Twenty nth and Leigh streets,
John j. Wicker. pastor.--1l A. NJ
The Man Of Destiny. s r. NJ. Man
hood and Mamnon." Sunday school,
$50 A. NJ. All welcome.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1912-03-09

Broad-Street Methodist church.
Preaching at IL A. NJ. and s r. If.
By the pastor. Rev. Frank l.. Wells.
just before tho morning sermon the
officers Of the Epworth League will
be installed. Subject Of the evening
sey1uans s'orpHyvrxsafI ags:str..s. 90, sss'si
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1912-03-09

Second Baptist church. Franklin and
Adams INCONSISTENCIES ii A. NJ.
and s p. NJ Graded Sunday school
NJ $3.50 A. NJ. Organized classes Tor
men and women.
DIR. w. r. l.. Smith. former pastor.
will preach at both services. Morn.
ing tonic: "The COMFORTING God"
Evening: Religions Principles and
Duties"
Special music. A. welcome to all.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1912-07-25
WATSON
VIII Introduce in the Senate an
Amendment 10 the Wool Bill
Apple Barrel Bill Passes.

special Dispatch 20 the Intellirencer.
WASHINGTON. July Ex-senator
watson, OF West Virginia. announced
to-day that hc will introduce I'm the
senate tomorrow "a similar amend
ment 10 the Wool Bill. which he In
troduced TO the Metal bill. The amend
ment Will give authority 10 the presi-
dent Co suspend duties on wool I'm
cases OF emergency. Emergencies
are described as conditions when
prices Of clothing and wool are unduly
high. when wool monopoly exists
and when there IS a scarcity 81 wool.
The Senate passed to-day the
standard apple barrel bill. which was
reported by Senator watson. The Hill
provides a uniform barrel for apples
Interstate shipments and calls for
designation OF size OF apples on the
outside OF the barrel The barrel is
one IN which apple growers 81 Mary
land. Virginia and West virginia are
vitality interested
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1912-07-25
INQUIRY
Into Railroad Case BY the interstate
Commerce VIII Be Completed
Shortly Now.

PITTSBURGH. Pa. July 24-The
inquiry being conducted here by cx-
aminer r. y. Boyle. Of the Interstate
Commerce. into allegations OF several
amusement associations and boards
Of trade that the railroads nave with
drawn excursion rates 10 various
pleasure resorts ives concluded to-day
as far as the complainants are con
cerned
The railroads will present their de-
Tense tomorrow. The testimony TO-
day was reiteratiou OF the charges
advanced yesterday that the railroads
increased excursion rates with view
Of having influence brought 20 bear
on the law makers OF Ohio. Indiana
Illinois and Pennsylvania 70 restore
the old passenger carrying charges Of
TWO and one-half cents per mile.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1912-07-25
MAYOR SCHMIDT TALKS
ON WATER SITUATION

With the river water n such a muddy
condition AZ o. nov ls~
Pumping Station.
Tie reporter also took ADVANTAGE
OF The occasion o. ask the mayor
about the new pumping station VI
the Hver. The mayor stated thar
everything vac In readiness TO pump
water some time aGO. when Il vas
found that the intake pipe in the
river was defective. The board had
a special diver 20 inspect the intake
pipe. aud he found that the Joints
had not been fastened together prop
erly and advised the board to have
the intake taken up. Men are now
engaged in making the necessary
changes. and the work is being rushed
To completion.
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1912-04-03
JUST TRY A TEN CENT
BOX oFneAscARETs.
Insures You for Months Against a
Sick Headache, slIIousness, Con.
stipatlon or a Bad Stomach.

EtgsSlISSss = = : y; 44.s!4ty5!4sfftSSSsfS ~
Put aside = Just ofce-the Salts,
Cath6rtitc pills, Castor OF or pursa'
tive waters which merely force q
passageway through the bowels. but
do not thoroughly cleanse. freshen and
purify these drainage or alimentary
organs and have no effect whatever
upon the liver and stomach.
Keep your inside organs pure and
fresh with CascaTets, which thorough
~ cleanse the stomach, remove the
undigestcd. sour and lermenting food
and foul gases, take the excess bile
from the liver and carry out of the
system all the decomposed waste mat
ter and polsons in the intestines and
bowels.
A Cascaret tonight will make you
feeP great by morning, They work
while you .sleep--neyer grippe. sicken
and cost only 10 centsa box from your
druggist Millions Of men and women
take Casearet now and then and ney,
CT have headache, biiousness, coated
tongue, indigestion, sour stomach or
coustipated bowels. Cascarets belong
in every household, Children just love
10 take them.
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1912-04-03
RESTlREGRAY HAIR..
. TdHATBRAL COLOR
by 5esrdinon Garden Sage a
Simple Remedy fofaDa1druff,
Falling Faded, Gray Hair

The old idea Of using Sage for dark
ening the hair is again coming in vogue.
Our, grandmothers had dark, glossy hair
at seyenty-fYe, while our mothers are
gray before they're fifty. Our grand
mothers kept their hair soft and glossy
with q t'Sage Tea, which also restored
the natural color.
One objection to using such q prepar-
alton was the trouble Of making 1t.
iThis objection has been overcome. by
the Wycth Chemical Company Of New
York, who has placed on the market a
superior preparation Of Sage, combined
with Sulphur and other valuable rene
dies for dandruf, itching scalp, and
thin, weak, falling hair.
The beauty OF the hair dapends more
on its rich, even shading thpn anything
else. Don't have dry, harsh faded hair,
when simple, harmless remedy will
bring back the color in afew days; and
don't be torm,entCd with dandcuif, Itch
ing scalp and loose, falling hairs.
Wyeth's Sage and Sulphur Hair Remedy
will quickly correct these troubles, and
give color, strength and beauty to your
hair. a,
Get fifty cent bottle from your
druggist today, and prove this to
your own satisfaction. All druggists
sell it, 'under5 gparaptee that the
money will bere funded il the
remedy-is not exactly as represented.
Special Agent, Cranes Drug store.
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1912-04-03

q N. - u ST. ID a
ley, Of Mason county. can have n
nomination again IN the Fifth distrlc
Il he wants IT. and It is said that be
does. '
The congressional outlook at Thu
line, justftfes in forecastiIig TIE 'tlcl
ct after this fashion;
Observation-Disclosures Charles
F. Teter (R1, of Barbour county; bill
Democratic opponent cannot be pre-
dfcted at this time.
First dlstrict-John w. Davis CD
Of harrison; George >. Lpughlip m
OF Ohio
Second distrlct-W. G, Brown ID
Of Preston; W. 6. conley (Rl, of'Pres
ton.
Third d!strict-A Adam b. Littlepagt
Cd. Of Kanawha; S. B. Avis ut), O.
Kanawha. 4.
Fourth district--John NJ. Hamilton
CD, Of Calhoun; Hunter II. Moss, Jr.
R), Of Wood. f
Fifth district James A. Hughes
(Rl, Of Cabell; Rankin Wiley ID, O.
Mason.
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1912-04-03
AHoNEy BOY MINsTRELs:r

George NJ Conan, that prolific pro.
Queer Ct patriotic music and catchy
melody has written special number
for the finale OF the first part in Csc.
Evans Honey BOY Ministries this year.
1t Is entitled Il Want TO Hear Yam
kee Doodle Tune and the accompany
ing action and novel execution has all
been rehearsed and staged by the an.
thor. 1t is sald that this number Is in
Cohan's happIest vein and is one OF
the best song ideas yet produced by
the Yankee Doodle comedian.
George Evans Honey Boy Minstreia
require three large cars from every
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1912-04-03
CONGRESSIONAL
CONTESTANTS
THE CANDIDATES FOR LOWER
HOUSE OF CONGRESS ARE
LIKELY TO BE AS GIVEN BELOW.

The contestants in three OF the five
Congressional districts this year will
be the same as they we're in 1910. The
exceptions are the First and Fourth
districts. where the Republican nom-
inehs will be newcomers to the con-
gressional arena. The Democratic
nominees will probably be the same
in all five districts. The four Demo-
cratic congressman will be renominat-
ed without opposition, and Rankin Wi
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1912-04-03
FOUND.

FouNp-Tbe sanltarlum Treatment
rooms. The place to get your
Mt. Clemens baths at home. Turk
ish, Electric-light, Salt, Sulphur
Eferyerent and Pertumed baths
Packs, Douches and Showers. Mas
sage and Electricity. Rooms 214
215 Masonic Temple. Bell phone
244,
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1912-04-03
EASTER cANrArA.

The choir OF the First Presbyterian
church under the direction of Mrs.
Myrtle Shaw Wadell will give an.
Easter Cantata on April 4th at the,
church. The proceeds so to the new;
church fund. ~"
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1912-04-03

WANTED FoR-u s. ARMY-Able
bodied unmarried men between ages
of IS and So; citizens OF United
States, Of good character and tenn
perate habits, who can speak, read
and write the English language. For
information apply to Recruiting ON
Ger, Carney Bldgp Fairmont, W. Va
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1912-04-03

FRUIT AND SHADE TREES, grape
vines, currant bushes, hedge plants
If you want one or a thousand Y
win pay you to: get my prices
do the, pentiag. H. w lLsamail,
Pike street. Bell phone.
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1912-04-03

EGGS FOR HATCHING-S. G. White
Leghorns, 81 per 80, So per 100. $.
C. uff orpingtons, r. c. Rhode Island
Reds. Black Langshons, White Ply
mouth Rocks. II. c. Rhode Island
Whites. Notified Anconas, r. G.
Brown Leghorns, S, G. Black Minor
cas-, silver spangled Hamburgs,
Barred plymouth Rocks. $l.00 per
Is, $500 per 100. Safe delivery and
good fertility guaranteed. The Levi
D. Harr Farm, Consolidated Phone,
Bell Phone, Fairmont, W. Va,
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1912-04-03
HELP WANTED.

WANTED Work. am qualified for
a good position; am able and VIII
ing to work and have wife depend.
ing upon me. will not steal nor
do understand the art OF begging,
Is there no one who will provide me
with,a chance to make living for
my family? A trial is only needed
to prove my worth, Address j. L
. . HiseE Box 272, Morgantown, w. Va
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1912-04-03

FOR SALE--B room house 4lUills ~
three acres OF land. Plnmbsd for
gas. Good cellar, well and q sprirg.
Fruit trees, New smoke house aud
chicken house. 100 yards from
school. A. M. Freeland Hntehin'
son, w. Va,
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1912-04-03

MEN-We will mall on trialga full dol.
lar box Of Biel's Nerve Tablets
they act on the system like Steam.
acts on an engine" giving health
strength, vim, vigor and Vitality ot
cost nothing; send no money; Just
name and address. Biels Mfg Sos
Dept. C S77, Denver, Col.
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1912-04-03
POULTRY

Most disease comes from germs. Kill
the germs and YOU kill disease
Conkey's Nox-i.cide mixes with
water and kills the germs. For
Poultymen, Stockmen and House
keepers. Guaranteed by Arch Elem
ing also Crane Drug Co.
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1912-04-03

FOR SALE - Modern seFet room
house, located between Fcprth asld
Fifth streets on Walnut avenue. n.
quire OF G. R. Hall at Peoples No.
tional Bank. S;
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1912-04-03

FOR sALE-l black driving ihorg
years old; broke to town can cE
address 1926 pike street BarnEEill
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1912-04-03

FARM7FoR sAEE@-A farm cont itll'is
11S.S acres situate on th6headSst8
ers,of,EIS sfun, six miles tom Man
nihgton, on which are TIVE g3aa
dwellings, two good barns, one
stone cellar one granary and Mals
on shed and all necessary outbutlds
ings; free gas as long as well pro-
duces; one extra good orchard, two
small orchards; some timber, Asa;
son for selling. undivided lnteTes
Price, $5,OOO.OO. easy terms or
full particulars, write or call
Huoy, R. F. D. No. 2. Aannin tor
w. Va.
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1912-04-03

FOR SALE Or Exc lANe Eicg aals
small driving horses or WIZ exchaRse
for horses Of heavier weight Jae IscF
Street Livery.
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1912-04-03

or gother personal property. Rates
reasonable. The Armory Company
Offices: 4O.41 Peoples Bank build
ing. Consolidated phone 26s. Bell
719-J.
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1912-04-03

Plies CURED IN . 20 IA DAYS.
,aum ulpggist will retund money II
UAz0 tOlNlFhfllNT Nialis TO cure any
case OF Itching. Blind, Bleeding or
Protruding PLEA In 9 to Il days Zoe
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1912-04-03

WANTED-Clean, cotton rags for use
on presses. 8 cents a pound. West
Virglnian Office.
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1912-04-03
LOST.

LosT-Between Seventh stree ita
.ward) and Bellview, a gsatlenail
pocket book containing Il cons ltle Ell
able sum Of money and 4 2.
pass, belonging to ]. .. Lynch Lll-
eral reward II returned to Yves
gilman Office. j. ]. lynch SAG Bell
view avenue. .s,-i.
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1912-04-03

LoST-Part Of Camera lens On Z On
street or Falrnont ayenpe Reward
II returned to this Office,
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1912-10-14
GREETING!

of the Weekly the hands the
edition its old friends
with only the greetings of the management
but also the that the people this substantial and growing city OF S
Valley resouful
o
the of future
all evidences OF
management first last and always will be
friends We bound TO
bound
at all times to keep closely IN
the best
of and absolutely
wmo The will active part te
enough know peoeo to know cod0o
that the best man WINS
Capital Journal and assuming the manage
radical radical e 10
confidence and the support Of the citizens
ask until we prove ourselves
that neither confidence nor support WI" be
And tti uo uolo orr how BARNES-TABER
BY aham P.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1912-10-14
"Bridgey" Webber, Who It is
Alleged Was in Charge of
Gang That Murdered ROSen-
thai, Tells His Story.
BECKER URGED GANG ON
Webber Swears Becker Said to Him:
"If the Man ROsenthal Ever Sees
Whitman It's All Off, Why Don't You
Boys Have Him CrOakedl I'll Take
Care Of You Fellows After the Job
Is DOne"-He Urged Them to Hurry
UNITED PRESS LEASED wIRn.l

New York, Oct. 15.-F'ull corrobora-
ticn Of the story told Saturday by
Bald Jack Rose that Police Lieuten-
ant Charles Becker wanted Gambler
Herman Rosenthal KILLED, dynamited
or croaked," was given today by
"Bridgey" Weber when the trial Of
Becker on a charge Of having instigat-
ed the murder of Rosenthal was re-
sumed.
"If the man Rosenthal," Webber
swore Becker said to him, "ever sees
Whitman, it's all off. Why don't you
boys have him croaked? I'll take care
of you fellows after the job is DONE"
Webber, who is alleged to have been
in charge of the gangsters who killed
Rosenthal, testified that he told Beck
er he would pull off the Job in a few
days. But Becker, he said, kept after
him to hurry up
Webber then described the meeting
of the gunner on July 15, when ar
rangements were completed for slay-
ing Rosenthal,
The witness testified that he met
Becker, Harry Vallon, Rose and Sam
Schepps just short time before Ro-
senthal was killed.
Justice Goff today told attorneys and
the newspaper men that gangsters,
using reporters passes, were admitted
to the courtroom last Saturday. Here
efter, Justice Goof said, no one would
lie admitted without a card bearing
his (Goff's) signature,
Webber testified that he located Ro-
senthal at the Hotel Metropole on the
might of the murder, that he told the
gunner who left Immediately for the
scene. The witness said he went to
the Metropole at 2:1O in the morning,
and saw Rosenthal's body lying on the
sidewalk.
At o'clock that morning Weber
said, he met Becker and Rose. Beck
er, he said, was smiling, and said to
him, after shaking hands: "Well
Bridgey, you did a good job. Don't
worry. l told you l would see you
through. The only thing necessary
now is for you boys to lay low a few
days"
Then Webber swore, Rose gave him
$1,000 TO distribute among the gunner
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1912-10-14
FraternaI Union Of America.

Abe Lincoln Clark was a member Of
Capital Lodge No. 255 Fraternal Union
Of America, located in Salem, Oregon,
for fourteen years.
For many years he was principal Of
one OF Portland's school. He died last
July. This week his widow, Mary
Martha Clark, received a check from
the order for $2245.S5
Our local lodge membership Is in
creaslng. Men and women are ad-
nitted on equal terms. The order is
safe and sound and economically con.
Quoted. The emergency fund insures
the permanency Of the order Acci-
dent benefits are paid for broken leg
or arm, or loss of hand, foot or eye.
The above are some Of the reasons
why you should join the Fraterlal I'm
ion of America, Mr.. Adrian b. Cook
SS5 State street, is the local represen-
tatlve Of the order and would be pleas
cd to receive your application for
membership.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1912-10-14
SILAS RICH
ARRESTED
SATURDAY
FORMER EMPLOYE OF THE UNI.
TED STATES NATIONAL BANK
HERE INDICTED BY FEDERAL
GRAND JURY FOR EMBEZZLE-
MENT.

Silas Rich, the young bank teller,
formerly in the employ Of the United
States National bank, Of this city, and
who was indicted Saturday by the
federal grand jury in Portland for the
embezzlement of $24OO from the bank,
where he was employed, was arrested
Saturday night and taken to Portland
Sunday morning on the S:35 train. Be
fore leaving Rich made arrangements
with some local people to go on his
bonds, which are fixed at $4,000.
Mr.. Rich stayed at the Hotel Marion
Saturday night in custody of the off
Ger, having been taken directly there
after his arrest at his home on d
street Rich was much affected and
almost collapsed when placed under
arrest. 1t is believed by his friends
that he will secure the necessary
bondsmen to be released pending trial.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1912-10-14
Oregon Pacific & Eastern, With
Capital One Million, Files
Articles Of Incorporation
This Morning.
WILL BE BUILT TO COAST
Starting at Cottage Grove VIII Build
Down the Smith and Sluslaw Rivers
to the Mouth Of the Umpqua and to
the Champion Quartz Mia Mo-
tOrcyCle Company Also InCOrpOrat-
cd Today.

Oregon is to have still another rail-
road, for the oregon Pacific & Eastern
Railroad company today, with capi-
talzation of $1,OOO,OOO, filed articles
Of Incorporation with Secretary of
State olcott.
The principal office of the corpora
tlon will be Cottage Grove, and the
incorporators are A. r, Wood, j. B.
Protzman, and Herbert Eakin. 1t will
build road from the mouth of the
Umpqua river in Douglas county to
Cottage Grove, and then to the Cham
pion quartz mill. Its course from the
mouth of the river to Cottage Grove
will be in an easterly direction, fol-
lowing the course of the Smith and
Siuslaw rivers, and its course from
Cottage Grove to the quartz mill will
be in the same direction, following the
course OF the Row river ana champion
creek.
The company is also authorized un-
der the articles filed to generate cleo
triclty, and water power, and supply
villages and cities with light and
power. 1t is further authorized to
operate sawmllls, mines and smelters.
It's headquarters will be Cottage
Grove
Oregon is also going to have a cor
poratlon which will manufacture mo-
tor vehicles, the Beaver State Motor
company filing articles Of lncorpora-
ticn this morning. The capital stock
| is fixed at 100000, and the incorpora-
tors are p. A. Combs, Pulius L. Bailey
G. A. Johnson, all Of Portland, and
which will be the principal office Of
the corporation.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1912-10-14

PEOPLE MEET
WE'D. NIGHT
TO HEAR DISCUSSION OF SEWER
BOND CONTROVERSY - CANDI-
DATES COMING OUT FOR THE
INITIATIVE.

There will be another meeting of
the citizens of the sixth ward on We'd
nesday evening to hear the sewer bond
issue discussed. The meeting will be
held In the assembly room Of the En-
glewood school house. At the meet
ing Friday night at the Highland
school there were about $50 voters
present, and City Superintendent
Kuntz was introduced and thanked for
the courtesy Of allowing the people to
hold a meeting there. He said the
school houses would always be open
to the people for non-political and
non-sectarian meetings, in reply from
one of the committee as to their use
Supt Kuntz made his bow to the
people at Highland, and was well re-
ceived. At the Highland meeting the
initiative bill was endorsed by an
overwhelming vote, and the seventh
ward resolution adopted The argu-
ments presented were not met by any
one far the opposition, Grant Corby
being detained at another meeting.
But it is understood that Mr.. Corby
will be at the Bnglewood meeting
Wednesday night. Candidate Waring,
who is in the primary contest for
mayor, was present, and was called
out. He unqualifledly stated that he
would enforce every detail of the ini-
tiative bill, IL 1t is carried by the peo-
pie. He showed the injustice Of pay
ing off the sewer debt Of $3.50 for
South Salem, which had been de-
clared illegal and void by the SUI
preme court, and letting the people OF
the north half Of the city pay their
own assessment and pay for South
Salem, too, and pay their share Of the
$4,000 refundlng the old bonds Issued
for the three sewers built through the
old main part of the city. Col. Hofer
spoke for the initiative bill, as the
only way to clean up the situation
and relieve all the property Of the
city that had been assessed from all
liens and encumbrances. He showed
that the initiative bill was carefully
drawn so that property owners would
pay only for their house connection,
within the block, and he contended
that was the right principle for the
construction of sewers The city had
started in that way, and then the city
had changed to the district plan Of
construction. He showed that the
whole complicated situation was
caused by defective work of assess
ments under the district system, and
It was not the fault Of the people that
the system had broken down. 1t was
provldentlal, he said, that 1t had failed
and the supreme court had knocked II
out on account of extreme irregular
tiles in defining the boundaries and