davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Manchester Democrat. [volume] (Manchester, Iowa) 1875-1930, 1912-09-25

Wanace & Ferguson. relief.... 56 6,
Maud Language. relief. ~ o.
stearns 4 Miccosmick. RELIEF, 49, LA s
". II. Lafferty = Co.. relief -. g Q;
iced Bros. relief. 800. g 81
+. G; Sauerby. NJ. D.; - :!
L. r. Cumming. NJ. D.. "a 81
S. G.. Hands. N. d.. ..F..Et 10 OF
| II. Livingston, NJ. D.. :. not allowed
y, 4, W; Krsssmsky. N, .. q. g .!
H. A. Dittmer. NJ. B.. :. ......s{ is Il
J. "A. May. NJ. D.. -. 40 Ol
r. 6. Dittmer. N. D... $3.50. 9 %
J. J. Lindsay. NJ. d.. 10 %
L G. r. r.. assign. ticket ..IS.. 90
Class 22-DomestIc. Animals.
I. + y White a''a,vad 81 sne na or
II so, allowed 80 per cent?. 10 IS
frank AZ kehoe: iamb--claimed r.
c. j. Murray. 3 sheepT-claimed
y 90. allowed 80 per cent. Of
L. f: Whitiing;;4 sheep-claimed 20 "
20 90. allowed 80 per cent; IS 90
10 90. allowed 80 per cent. -. II 70
= %. i siowed 80 Sp1 per cent. 80
c. w. Henderson. lambs
claimed 80 90. allowed 80 per
1. f. sen su 81 &c ~; cattle and - %
colt--claimed 60 co.. ..cNntinued
Frank Robinson. sheep and
amb--claimed IS 90, allowed
80 per cent. OF Il 90. 10 so
Peter Hugh. l sheep-claimed
90. allowed 80 per cent. so
John McElroy, 3 sheep-claimed al
q 90: ~. =. -. IS 80
N. Weller. 2 sheep-clatmed
10 90, allowed 80 per Cent. 9 90
VIM FBehan. sheep and A. nm y
lambs--claimed IS co. allow
ed 80 per cent. .5..f....s@ 81 SO
On motion board adjourned until Sep
W. 3. ROBINSON,
3$s 81 3g III Chairman Board.
Manchester Democrat. [volume] (Manchester, Iowa) 1875-1930, 1912-09-25
WANTED

For permanent positions. Men be-
tween ages OF 81 and IS. rough cGfs
penters to do rough car repair work
in Chicago. Call on Illinois Central
agent for free transportation. Rates.
Is cents per hour. Carpenters ac-
cepting positions must furnish tools.
ea-4 3. 10
Manchester Democrat. [volume] (Manchester, Iowa) 1875-1930, 1912-09-25
DR.. NORMAN D. WILSON &
NOTICE OF PROBATE OF WILL

State Of Iowa. Delaware County.-ss. Il
20 all Whom it May Concern:
You are hereby notified that the last
will OF Amos F. Satterlee. deceased. has
been filed. opened and read. and Non
day. the It'll day Of October, A. d.
1872. fixed as the time and the court
mouse In Manchester the place for
hearing and proving the same
Witness my hand and seal Of said
Court this 6th-day Of September, 1879. 3S-3
5%& 4. D. Graham,
81 Clerk District Court.
Manchester Democrat. [volume] (Manchester, Iowa) 1875-1930, 1912-09-25
EARLVlLLE.

x Harold Baker has gone to Apple
River, Illinois; where he has accept
ed a position as telegraph operator.
Mr.. and Mrs, Frank Dickson, MT,
y and Mrs p. H. Dickson and Mr.. and
Mrs. F. Robinson, all of Panama, Ne
braska, are guests at the home OF
Mr.. and Mrs. George Dickson. Mir.
and Mrs. Dickson will dispose OF a
quantity Of household articles at pub
y lie auction on Saturday and soon at
ter the sale will leave for Long
Beach, California, where they will re
side.
Invitations are issued for the we'd
ding of Miss Amelia Jgngk OF Du.
buque and Mr.. Martin r. Yelden Of
Earlville. The ceremony will take
place On Wednesday morning, Sep
TENDER 2sth at II o'clock at St
Matthews church in Dubuque.
H. A. Coe is substituting onsthe rur
al route during the absence OF John
son Allen in England.
Laura Werkmeister arrived home
Manchester Democrat. [volume] (Manchester, Iowa) 1875-1930, 1912-09-25
THORPE.

= Z 4 b ~
Mrs. A. Ryan and Mrs Amsa Stone
drove to Manchester Saturday in Mrs.
Stone s new automobile.
Miss Laura Brown OF Manchester
spending d few days with her
/ brother Ray and wife
Howard Sarks and Chester stone
spent Saturday evening in Manchester rlt.t ste
Mrs. Amsa Stone, Mrs. 4. Ryan
and Miss Mabel Retz OF Lamont Wis
tied Sunday at the Frank Ryan home ne
# Mrs. John Daisy, who is employed
near Lamont, spent Sunday at the
home of her parents, Mr.. and Mrs
Charles Daisy.
d. u. Sarks was a business caller
at: independence last week.
Andrew Thompson returned home home
Monday from Wisconsin, where he
h has been looking at land the pas
week. A.
s James Faust was a Manchester VS.,
} itor Saturday.
r. H. Bowers was a Strawberry
{ Point visitor Thursday, K
John Robertson was business VS.
itor, in Manchester Saturday.
G. Stuessi and wife spent SUNDAY
al the G. A.. Smock home.
Will Smith was Dundee visitor
Saturday.
ss Miss Hazel Barr departed Friday
for Crookston, Minnesota, for few
1 weeks visit with freinds and 8reia-
tives.
Mr. and Mrs John Thompson visit
ed with Mr.. Thompson's parents al
\ Manchester Sunday.
The Ladies Aid Society will meet
: at the home OF Mrs. Frank Schmock
Wednesday, September %.
w. Bai''y attended the races in
I. Dubuque Thursday. Il
A.. o.. Stone spent Tuesday at the
I home of his brother. Dannie, near
Forestville.
Mr., and Mrs. John Briggs are the
parents Of a. baby boy
John Billhorn and sister, Mrs John
\ White left Sunday for Waterloo.
Manchester Democrat. [volume] (Manchester, Iowa) 1875-1930, 1912-09-25

GASOLINE ENGINE FOR SALE.
For sale, 2 10 horse gasoline en-
CINE, second hand, at a bargain. In
quire at this office. tt
Manchester Democrat. [volume] (Manchester, Iowa) 1875-1930, 1912-09-25
Manchester. Iowa.

Manchester. Iowa.
'z55 September II; 1912.
ne Boa e 1 met as per adjournments Mem
Minutes Of the 9th and. 10th read and
ordered approved. sfss%sl IL
Resolved that the sum of s735.e1 be
transferred from the Domestic Animal
Fund to the County Fund. as provided
by law. ts& Sgs$5s IEs5 ~ s.
Resolved that the AUDITORS quarterly
report for the quarter ending August
31st found correct and ordered APPROX
ed. Amount; Of fees collected. $37. rs. .
After checking oyer report Of bounty
with affidavits on file in Auditors office
ed. sSss:5 ts
Ground hogs, 2S77 SIS 40
Rattle snakes, 157. 81. 4. IS so
Class County OFFICERS.
sion 1914 so
James kehoe, conn.,. 313 90
f. a. Mead. comm. 2. 3l5 IS
Glass 4EBrIdse.
j. A. Green, repairing. ..... 20
+, r. sTesar rent. 5 90
+. J.. Segar, repairing. =. -. SO
Gus Barnd assign, contract. - 1856 %
James Gates, repairing. 81 90
b. Durey, repairing. 3 90
II. n. Love- repair. so
Geo. Skinner. repairing. 80. 30
L. & L.. Applebee, repairing ..E#.. 81
w. ]. Applebee. repairing 675
u Glass 9-Road.
sEarlvilIe Phoenix. road notices. 10 90
Manchester Democrat. road nos
49, ices. .4aa. 3sss . -
Manchester Democrat. [volume] (Manchester, Iowa) 1875-1930, 1912-09-25

and order that the same be published
for four consecutive weeks In the Man
chester Democrat a newspaper in gener-
al circulation in Delaware county, Iowa.
Franklin c. Plat
Judge of the 10th Judicial
s7wks4. District Of Iowa.
Manchester Democrat. [volume] (Manchester, Iowa) 1875-1930, 1912-09-25


Chas.s Robinson ST. l VOLT. :. 5 90
Glass 3-hepairsS ano Repairing.
Is. W. Leyer, assign. cleaning
a. Il. Aucutt. repairs. ..tt.. ~. I ~
". S. Logan et-al, repairs vaults
4; A Jacobs. repairs Jail roof 33 As
~ H. Schultz. repairing 10 rs
rred Dewey, vault floor. AZ 10
NJ. Van Deusen. assign, repair ~
A. McGaryey. repairing . :. z 90
johnson &: Manson repairing. IL 50
Manchester Lumber Co, repairs 20
Eclipse Lumber Co., repairs ;. 9S07
Jas. Reeder. attending meet 90
u. e. kephart, assign, repairs. :. 90
Class 96-Road 6uhuinr.
verts. 2G5 AZ
L. S. Bell. labor, IL 58
G, E. Pugh, et-al, labor 219 05
Class 9A-Auto ROAD.
n barclay labor 50
rhos. Barclay. labor. 1e
Ief Crouch labor :. 80 50
t5trt Moser labor Is 80
WIN Jones. labor. . "A 10
trhos, Andrews labor 3 80
Lester Pilgrim labor IA 40
Zoe Halbur labor 3 60
A. Acres. labor. IS
Manchester Democrat. [volume] (Manchester, Iowa) 1875-1930, 1912-09-25
BOARD PROCEEDINGS.

Manchester, Iowa. Sept. 10Th. 1872.
Eoard met as per adjournment. Men.
bers all present. 80.
Whereas the Trustees OF Honey Cree
township have failed 70 certify the one
mill drag tax required by law. II is
ncreby resolved that one ~ mill drag
lax be levied on Honey Creek townships.
f Resolved that a Poll Tax OF $50 for
each male person over twenty one year
or age be levied.
Resolved that q tax Of $500 for each
male or speyed female. and $500 for
Observation-Disclosures s
y The following bins were allowed and
The Auditor authorized to Issue warrants
ior all claims allowed at this SESSION. ~
CiaSs o-BaiInrv. sH.s.-.ss
Barton County democrat. [volume] (Great Bend, Kan.) 1885-1915, 1912-09-27

Freshman team. Prof. Axton lead in
the pole vault. reaching a mark OF l2
feet and one inch.
The only drawback to the fun Of
the evening was the fact that the
prexy Of the congee was a single
man. He had been warned that un.
less he joins the benedicts during
the coming year, the board Of regent
will dispense with his services.
About l75 young people attended
the social and many new friendships
were formed. The League, as well as
the other young peoples organiza-
tions Of the city should plan to have
these informal affairs more often tfan
has been done in the past, as they
give the strangers a good cpportun.
ity TO get acquainted, ana end 10
interest the young people Of the city
in the work Of the Laegue.
Barton County democrat. [volume] (Great Bend, Kan.) 1885-1915, 1912-09-27
DoNovAN-RosHELL.

Mr.. Tom Donovan and Miss Irene
Boshell evaded their friends Tuesday
and slipped away to LAned where
at noon they were united in mar
riage. Miss Viola Haug and Mr..
Dave Hyde accompanied them. This
came as a surprise to their many
friends, as they had told no one of
1t. Tuesday night they returned
home and we're served to a wedding
dinner at the home of the brides
parents, Mr.. and Mrs. Geo. Boshel.
The bride wore a gown of white
messaline trimmed in pearl banding.
The bride is an attractive young
lady, daughter Of Mr.. and Ms. Geo.
BoShell, and has grown to woman
hood in our city. The groom was
for some time proprietor Of the Pal
ace bowling alley, and later worked
at the ice plant. In a short time
they expect to move to Garden City,
where the groom will engage in bus.
mess.
The Democrat joins their many
friends in extending congratulations
and best wishes.
Barton County democrat. [volume] (Great Bend, Kan.) 1885-1915, 1912-09-27
STAFFORD COUNTY MEN y
LOSE BIG BARNS.

Sunday night two big barns inat
over the line in Stafford county, one
0elongslg to Ben Demster and one
to B. F. Miller. were destroyed ay
lire. Miller lost l6 head of horses;
wheat and implements, which vss
only partially covered by insurance..
Dempster did not lose any stock "a ,
he had Just turned all q his stoeA
out in pasture after having them m
on account of the horse epidemic,
1t is thought that the fires were m.
cendtary and resulted from some loS
cal differences.
B. +. Miller's fire occurred abeut.
10 O'Clock and the value Of the prup,.
erty lost aggregated about $1,000. sa,
which he he'd $4,000 insurance. A
young man passing there with a.
young lady, who lived about a Asle.
mile farther on, did not stop 20 tan
them Of the fire, but took the youne-
lady to her home, then returned g.
Mr.. MIXERS place. Had he stopae,a
when he first saw the blaze thSv..
probably would have been able ,N
get all the horses out. When M.
Dempster and his sons returned frsn.
the Miller place about 2:45 Ia tAe.
morning, they discovered a fire N
their barn, which destroyed tAs.
barn, worth about $500, belonsinc,
to Mrs. Dempster, and about sas0.
worth of harness, etc, belonging sa.,
Mr.. Dempster. This, we are intern.
ed, was entirely covered BY ins1r>
ance. That same afternoon, ]. W.
Feaster, who lives about a ouayts,,
OF a mile from MIXERS place t,sk
blacksmith shop by fire. Som.
time the same night a barn ease -
Hudson was burned. The peopie =
that vicinity are very much alarmed.
are regards fire and are watehjps
their buildings closely.
Arthur E. Taylor had an adjustop
mere Wednesday and went out to tAs.
Miller place, which is the old jim
GIL farm and settled the claim sol
Insurance in full, which was $780,.
N'3OO on barns and granaries: asa
on COW barn; $500 on harness s.H
busgies; $500 on grain and 1850 On.
the horses.
Barton County democrat. [volume] (Great Bend, Kan.) 1885-1915, 1912-09-27
FOOT BALL GAMES.

Manager George Gwinn of the foot
ball team has scheduled gsmes with
the Lyons8team 20 play. here October
; and Kinsley here the 26th of this
month; two games are being arang.
ed for with Sterling. The team has
been working hard for the past week
Weber and Hart are giving Chuck
White hard race for center. Cara,
way has been switched to end and
Allison is working at quarter.
Seheufler is playing a good game in
the line. Ray McGill has been com.
ing out in suit and has shown up
well for green man at the game,
Rucker, Jordan and Borthwick and
James will probably be the back field
men.
Barton County democrat. [volume] (Great Bend, Kan.) 1885-1915, 1912-09-27

Mr.. and Mrs. J. W. Ledbetter ana
Di. Kennedy went to Otis Tuesday
morning on a two days business erin
Mrs. Louis Eppstein and little ssn
are here en- their way home to q,
iahoma City, and will visit Mr. ana
Mrs NJ. Eppstein.' They will aha.
go to Hoistngton to visit her u,,.
ents. Mr.. and Mrs. Bruce Jones.
Mr. and Mrs Jay Morrison len
Monday. by auto, for Kansas CITY.
and Mr.. and Mrs. Chas. Morrison
vent by rail. Wednesday. They win
aake that their home for a few
1nnths rs the Morrisons have a con,
'fact for some work FOR the Kansas
F'onr Wills Co there.
Harry Holmes took a prize at the
Hutchinson State Fair for the cath
he had on exhibition there.
G. F. Koch Of ElTnwoOd took sve
prizes on chickens he exhibited 4,
the Hutchinson State Fair.
Barton County democrat. [volume] (Great Bend, Kan.) 1885-1915, 1912-09-27
BARTON COUNTY EAIa
Admission Reduced to nweaaFaR /
Gents to Everybody Over TsA
Years Of Ass-chIIdren uA> q.
der Ten Years Of Age
FREE.

The Executive Board Of the Iap.-.
ton County Fair Association dsahs
&c announce that the price Of adnia,
sion at the gate Tor the Barton Con-
ty Fair on Oct. s, 8 and 10 win ~
twenty-five cents to everybody Ssse
ten years Of age. Under ten yeanN
free. This is the only fair shauiAg
this year in this pant Of the state u
rs cents. Everybody come and Axlne'
all the children. There will be Mn. n
ty to eat at regular prices. TAesas
Will be no boosting Of prices On -.
cessities just because 1t Is the nm
There will be racing, exhibits aad q
FLYING MACHINE for two fliiAM
each day. Everybody bring IN suy-
thing that will help to make a shsu.
We are counting on your exhhn.
Bring the exhibits in on Monday n.
you can. The entry clerk win be IN. .
the grounds to take care OF you. An,
entries close en- Tuesday night szs,
cept for School Exhibits, which can,
be entered as late as noon on wed.
nesday. Admission for team and " ,
bicle twenty-five cents; auto, tventy>,
five cents.
Make this fair the. old fashioned
KIND; the kind where you meet old
Friends; the kind where you maAs
new friends. Make it happy times .
visiting time, a good time.
W. L. BoWERSox.
Secretary.
Barton County democrat. [volume] (Great Bend, Kan.) 1885-1915, 1912-09-27
PIANO

go to the country and one to the
city. In other words, If contestant
In the country has the greatest
vote of the entire contest they will
win the Auto, then the piano must
90 to the city contestant having the
next highest vote, and wise versa.
The Prize to be awarded as the
Second Grand Prize, will be High
Grade Upright Piano, purchased Of
the well known firm Of Hooper Drug
Co., Of this city.
Few pianos have attained the high
standard of the piano selected for
this contest, which will be on dis
Play where the public will have a
chance to Judge for themselves.
THREE DISTRICTS
In this contest the territory will
be divided into three districts, two
in the city of Great Bend and one
of the surrounding country.
A contestant is not restricted TO
wO.k in the district in which his or
her name may appear You are at
liberty to secure subscriptions any
where in the wide word. Your scope
is unlimited.
DISTRICT PRIZES.
There will be four prizes for each
district. To the contestant standing
first in each district after the Grand
Prizes have been awarded will lie
given beautiful Diamond Ring. some
thing that will be a pleasure to you
in years to come and one that you
will be proud to own. These rings
have been purchased Of the we'll
known jewelry firm of Gould & Co.,
of this city.
After the Diamond Rings have
been awarded there will be given
three scholarships, one to each dis
trict. These Scholarships have been
purchased of the Salt City Business
College Of Hutchinson, which has the
distinction of being one of the best
in the state.
Any contestant winning one Of the
Scholarships will have something
that will be a help to them in years
to come, and it will always be a
pleasure to them to know that the
Democrat paved the way for their
future success. Then there will be 3
Gold Watches, beauties in every re-.
spect and we'll worth your efforts to
secure. These watches were also
purchased Of the Gould Co., which
carry nothing in the jewelry line but
the best in the market. They are
now for your inspection any time you
wish to call and look at them.
After the watches there will be
8 other prizes which have not been
decided upon at this time but will
be published in the next issue Of the
Barton County democrat. [volume] (Great Bend, Kan.) 1885-1915, 1912-09-27
OTHER AWARDS

Democrat.
There win be fourteen prizes in
this contest, four to a district, be-
sides the Grand Prizes.
HOW TO SECURE VOTES.
There are two ways Of securing
votes. There will be a vote coupon
published in each issue of the Demo
crat, beginning with the next issue
and continuing until the close of the
contest, and when properly made out
ard sent to this office will count 25
votes for the contestants name that
appears thereon. Then the much
better and quicker way of getting
votes is by securing subscriptions
among your friends and relatives 10
the Barton County Democrat, and
the sooner you make the start in
this contest the better will be your
chances, as you will notice in the
vote schedule. on another page Of
this issue. that in this contest the
votes grow smaller as the contest
progresses, and in this case ii is
the early bird" who will reap the
best prizes. During the first period
E the contest. a years subscription
will count YOU 5000 votes and il
makes no difference whether they
are old or Dew subscriptions the votes
are exactly the same, only YOU get
more votes the longer the subscrip-
ticl. as, for five year subscription
you would receive 10000 votes,
which is easy to figure out what a
few of these would mean for you at
Tire close of the contest, simply the
winning of the Automobile.
NOMINATION COUPON.
On another page of tlis i7sue will
ne found nomination coupon good
for 5000 votes If filled out and sent
to this Office before October 18th.
While 1t is not absolutely necessary
to use this blank in making nomina-
tions, it will greatly facilitate mat
ters if you do.
Votes will be given on all cash
brought into this office on subscrip-
ton, whether the money Is payment
on old subscriptions or new ones, it
makes no difference. Votes will be
given on all subscriptions of one
year or more.
ENTER YOUR NAME EARLY.
Enter your name early and your
friends will see that you win out at
the close. You will never know who
your real friends are until you have
entered a contest Of this nature. Pos
sibly you know Of a friend who
would like to win an Auto, Piano,
Diamond or one Of the many other
prizes. n 50, enter her or his name,
by means Of the nomination blank,
at once so that they win be able to
Barton County democrat. [volume] (Great Bend, Kan.) 1885-1915, 1912-09-27
EPwoRTH LEAGUE SOCIAL.

The reception given to the teach
ers Of the schools of the city and to
the new students Of our high school.
by the Epworth League last Friday
evening was an affair which was
thoroughly enjoyed by those who at
tended.
The program of the evening was
Barton County democrat. [volume] (Great Bend, Kan.) 1885-1915, 1912-09-27

Geo. W. Reichard and wife Of OF.
tawa have come here and expect to
make this their home. MI. Reichard
has been private secretary to sena-
tor BristOw, but will now act as
court stenographer to Judge Banta,
as Mr.. FOgelberg has been transfer.
red to Judge Branine's court at
Hutchinson.
Barton County democrat. [volume] (Great Bend, Kan.) 1885-1915, 1912-09-27

Glenn. A male quartette composed
Of Heaton, Carrier, Bill and Riley,
made hit with the audience.
Those VINO saw the crowd during
the prom or who heard their class
yells know that this part Of the pro-
gram was thoroughly enjoyed. March
Ing in double file, the Hne extended
over city block.
After the presidents reception
Barton County democrat. [volume] (Great Bend, Kan.) 1885-1915, 1912-09-27

take advantage of the 5000 nomiua,
don votes. Other friends will see the
name when it is published and before
long people will be coming to the Of
lice to pay on their subscription and
give them the cnedit Of the votes.
And il at the close of the contest
your friends name is in the lead.
they will be awarded the automobile
PUBLICATION OF NAMES.
The first publication of names of
those who will take an active part
IN this Great Contest will be publish
ed in the next issue, and thereafter
until the close of the contest, togeth-
er with the number of votes cast fer
each up TO the time of going to
press. This will give the contest
ants friends, who will be interested.
chance Of seeing just how their IA
vorite is progressing.
FURTHER INFORMATION.
The only way tnat you. can secure
votes in this contest is by the Cou-
pom that appears in the paper, or by
securing subscriptions to the Demo
crat. which is the easiest and quick
est way of getting votes.
Active voting will start al Once,
and it would not be a bad idea for
you to start cut at once with the de-
termination to be the leader as soon
as the names are announced.
The sliding vote schedule makes
1t necessary for the contestant who
wants to win ere of the prizes, to
loose no time in making the actual
start.
It is not too early to let your
friends know that you are out for
the best in the contest and that you
are going to be contender from
the moment your name is published.
Do not wait for your name to ap-
pear before starting out to make your
wants known, but start out today
and get all the promises OF suhscr!p.
tions possible. There are so many
prizes offered that nearly everyone
who enters and works win be sure
Of a valuable award, and then this
contest is to be a short one, closing
on thsA6th Of November.
After having rread this over care
fully, see the Contest Manager at
the Democrat office, and II you do
not understand the proposition he
win gladly explain ii In detail to you
Ii you are interested you will have
to have a subscription book, and It
will not be bad idea to get this
as early as possible, II you ane de-
sirous of winning one OF the Grand
Prizes.
READ CAREFULLY THE DOUBLE
PAGE AID. IN THIS ISSUE FOR
FULL PARTICULARS.
Barton County democrat. [volume] (Great Bend, Kan.) 1885-1915, 1912-09-27

based upon the social and athletic af.
fairs of a year at college; being the
examinations, class organization, fine
Us concert, junior room. presidents
reception and football and track ath-
letics.
Notable features IF the concert
were the Irish stories Of Miss Helm
s1'i the music furnished by Miss
Barton County democrat. [volume] (Great Bend, Kan.) 1885-1915, 1912-09-27

when the refreshments we're served,
the athletics we're attended to. The
sophomores won the tus-cfwar. The
seniors put 1t all over the juniors in
their football game although the lat.
ter team outweighed their opponents
Is pounds to the man. The wrestling
match was the most exciting affair Of
the evening and was won BY the