davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Oskaloosa herald., 1912-01-11

Following is list of the licenses
issued during December:
Dec. 4.-Clarence o. Timbrel, Tain
tor and Matte E. Hunt, Pella.
Dec. 5.-Roy Ellsworth, New Shar
on and Luverna Hull, New Sharon.
Dec. GA. Earl Augustine, Delta
and Ruth A. Hull, Beacon.
Dec. S.-Oris H. Neary, New Shar.
on and Laura Belle Mccain, Taintor
Dec. 9.-Joseph A. Penman, Mon.
roe Long, Bussey. Ray White, Oska.
loosa and Ethel Hunt, Oskaloosa.
Dec. 11.-Willis Colt, New Sharon
and Mary Farr, Barnes City.
Dec. 12.-Lewis F. Stephens, OF.
tumwa and Hazel Lena Wilson, Abba.
Peter J. Jonker, Peoria and Hend.
ricka Marie Van Wyngaardan, Peoria.
Dec. 13.-Clarence McCrillis, Tracy
and Katherine F. Blakely, Oskaloosa.
Harry Elzie Shafer, New Sharon and
Edith Hargraye, New Sharon. Geo.
Gibbons, Oskaloosa ande Katherin
.Luella Russell, Oskaloosa.
Dec. 1S.-Charles Watson, Sears
boro, and Sadie Van Draska, Grinnell;
David E. GRANDPA, Leighton, and So.
phia Walraven, Oskaloosa.
Dec. 19.-Geurt Boyer, Sully, and
Hattie Yer Steg, New Sharon; Jessie
]. Evans, Beacon, and Thoo. i. Pat.
rick, Beacon; George F. Ryan, oska-
loosa, and L. G. banner, Oskaloosa.
Dec. 20.-Autumn Manary, What
Cheer, and Christina Sparrow, Thorn
burg; Axel w. Olson, Fremont, and
Hanna Olson, Buxton; Charlie L.
Reinhardt, oskaloosa, and Bessie B.
Harold, Beacon.
Dec 20.-Lcwis' ~. Gerard, Barnes
City, and Maud Smith, Montezuma.
The Oskaloosa herald., 1912-01-11
Endangered by Fire.

Fire Saturday evening endangered
the residence property of Mrs. f. q
Smith, No. 624 North c street, but
the flames were conquered by neigh.
bors and the fire department was not
summoned. The roof caught from a
spark falling from the chimney and
a good sized hole was burned through
the roof. This is the second fire ex.
perienced at this home within year.
The Oskaloosa herald., 1912-01-11
LITTLE GIRL DIES OF: RABIES
Fears Are Entertained for the Safety
of Parents Whom Child
Had Bitten.

Pana, ILL.,. Jan. 5.-Juanita. six-year.
old daughter of Mr.. and Mrs. Pedro
Jolly, is dead from hydrophobia SUI
perinduced by the bite Of dog last
August The little girl had shown
symptoms of rabies for several days
and would bite dishes and other ar
ticles when she secured them. She
died in terrible commissions q 1t is
said the little girl had bitten her par
ents and fears are entertained for
their safety. '-HHt "...@
The Oskaloosa herald., 1912-01-11
$4,000 FOR SAVING LIFE
Echo of the sloeum Disaster in WON.
ans Request to John q. Wade,
Captain Of Tugboat.

New York. Jan. 6.-John 3. Wade
tugboat captain, VINO was badly burn
ed in the fire of the excursion ship
Gen. Slocum in 1904, and received a
congressional medal for his bravery in
effecting scores of rescues, will re
ceive $4,000 bequest as a result of his
bravery. The bequest comes from Mrs
T. Ladmore Of Farmingdale. L. l., one
of the women whom he saved. She
died few days ago. The day the Gen
Slocum took fire Wade's boat was the
first tug to reach the doomed vessel.
The Oskaloosa herald., 1912-01-11
Sudden Death.

Des Moines, Jan. S.-Special:
While getting ready to go to mass at
q o'clock this morning J. b. Martin.
aged 40 years, dropped dead. He
leaves a wife and seven children. He
arose and called to his wife that he
was going to mass. When she got
up later she found him dead on the
floor.
The Oskaloosa herald., 1912-01-11
BOSTON DOCK MEN STRIKE
Fifteen Hundred Vessel Leaders Quit
Work and Sailing Dates Of Big
Liners May Not Be Kept.

Boston, Jan. 6.-Fifteen hundred
longshoremen, embracing all the men
employed in loading and unloading for
eign vessels on the Boston water front,
struck last midnight when demands fcs
an increase in wages were denied
Vessels of the White Star, Leyland,
Hamburg-American and Altar lines
were deserted, with partial cargoes
aboard. and it is probable the sailing
schedules of several will be interfered
with. t
The Oskaloosa herald., 1912-01-11
Something of Benefit.

The commercial club of Sioux City
has started something that is going
to attract attention and that will no
doubt be copied by many other towns.
1t is an organization of Woodbury.
county farmers and business men for
the purpose of maintaining depart
ment OF agriculture within the county
and teaching modern methods of
farming. ~
The Oskaloosa herald., 1912-01-11
Don't Like II,

Solicitors with the petitions for the
municipal form of government are
having up hill work securingt he
twenty-five per cent of voters neces,
sary for the election call to be is.
sued. Many of those approached re,
fuse to sign. They say the present
administration and the good old
fashioned way Is good enough lAsf
them.
The Oskaloosa herald., 1912-01-11
SCHOOLS CLOSED BY EPIDEMIC
More Than 1co Deaths Resulted From
Spinal Meningitis In Texas
in a Month.

Houston, Tex, Jan. 6.-An epidemic
of spinal meningitis is sweeping Tex
as. The disease has caused zoe
deaths since December and the
total of cases reported runs into the
hundreds. The public schools at Dial
las, Waco and other cities have been
closed and this city has declared o
quarantine against all pupils from the
affected districts.
The Oskaloosa herald., 1912-01-11
BASKET BALL
ottumwa 20; Penn Academy 22.

Outplaying their opponents in the
first half, enabled the fast high school
basket ball squad from Ottumwa to
cop a fast and interesting game from
the Penn Academy aggregation last
evening at the Penn gym. Score 40
to %. The Penn squad started in
the game by using rough tactics and
this contributed largely to their de-
feat. The Packers played a clean
game and we'll deserved the victory.
A large crowd witnessed the game
and they received their moneys
worth. 1t is doubtful if there will be
any faster game this season than last
nights contest.
Wormhoudt and Schaffer starred
for the visitors, while E. Dodds and
H. Dodds starred for the Quakers.
Willard played good game, taking
into consideration that he played
against one of the best high school
guards in the state. The Dodds
brothers were in the game all the
time and their guarding and field
shooting was excellent. They also
figured in the brilliant team work in
the second half. Ottumwa, who
boosted of their excellent team work.
did not show up well in this capacity
of the game, but they made several
long and difficult field goals. The
score and lineup:
The Oskaloosa herald., 1912-01-11
Buys Coal plant.

Ike Davis has purchased the plant
and the equipment of the Mercantile
Coal Company, located at Oliyet, in
Guiding the patch" of So houses, l90
acres OF coal land, top works, mine
equipment etc and - noN in sole
charge of the property.
The Oskaloosa herald., 1912-01-11
CARNEGIE TO TALK ON STEEL
Flnsneier Asked Before House Com,
mittee January 10 and He Says
He Will Appear.

Washington, d. c., Jan. 6.-Andrew
Carnegie has been asked by the house
steel trust investigating committee to
appear before it Wednesday, January
10, and he has assured Chairman Stan.
ley of the committee that he will be
present.
The Oskaloosa herald., 1912-01-11
MORE THAN LAST YEAR
Number of Hunters Licenses Shows
a Large Increase.

According to records in the county
auditors Office, one thousand, seven
hundred and sixty-four hunters licen.
ses have been issued in this county
since July l, 1911. This number is
an increase of seventy-three over the
same months in the year 1910, but a
decrease of fifty-three for the year
1909. Following is a comparative
table of the months of the past three
years:
The Oskaloosa herald., 1912-01-11
A VERY BUSY MONTH
Marriage Licenses for December
Break Previous Records.

During the month of December
forty-five licenses to wed were issued
by County Clerk L. E. Corlett and
his Deputy E. E. Dusenberry. This
is the record month for the year aud
also breaks all previous records for
December. Cupid's busiest day was
December %, when twelve licenses
were issued. Following is a com.
parison for the month of December
for the past five years:
The Oskaloosa herald., 1912-01-11
Hondurans ELECT Escohar

Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Jan. 6.-f'he
national congress. which has assem-.
bled, has elected Francisco Escobar
president of that body. Gen. Manuel
Bonilla, presidentelect. win be in.
stalled February II tsrs
The Oskaloosa herald., 1912-01-11
King to Lead Boston asraves.v

Boston, Jan, e,-Johnny King, the
masterful catcher, win manage the
r39ston nationals during the coming
s'sason President John M Ward OF
the Braves maze the announcement.
The Oskaloosa herald., 1912-01-11
civ Out Of o.b..

Lenox, Jan. Especial: Residents
of Benox are rejoicing that the town
is out Of debt the last bond being
paid last Week. ono year before It
was due.
The Oskaloosa herald., 1912-01-11
Ottunwa.

z. Doods-Whlt kr L. g. -. Wormhoudt
Summary-Field goals, Willard 4,
Fl. Dodds 3, e. Dodds 2, Nevin 2,
Schafer 7, Lester /, Wormhoudt 6.
Foul goals, Willard 4, Wormhoudt s.
Referee, Johnson, of Pella. Umpire,
Lichtenheld, of Penn. Time keeper,
Porter. of Ames, and Mendelssohn, of
Ottumwa.
Keowee courier. [volume] (Pickens Court House, S.C.) 1849-current, 1912-04-17
HAS ANOTHER DARING ESCAPE
Daring Jumpers Parachute Opened
just Before He Hit Flag Pole.

New York, April 11.-Wall street
was startled yesterday by the thrill
ing leap of Frank Law, a parachute
Jumper, who descended in his para
chute from the Bankers Trust build
Ing to the roof of the sub-tleasury,
a distance Of 500 feet, landing prac-
tically unhurt.
This latest exploit Of Law, who has
been jumping from all the tall build
ings he can find, narrowly missed
ending in tragedy. His parachute
was slow In opening, and he was
almost impaled on the flagstaff OF
the sub-treasury building. Only a
quick kick, changing the course of
the huge umbrella, saved him. AS
IT was his parachute hit the flag pole
a j glancing blow. This caused the
parachute to tilt slightly, and it was
barely righted when the jumper
landed on the roof of the building.
SS9cllsaw was momentarily stunned,
put Jumped to his feet and waved to
thhee crowds in the street below.
Law recently jumped from the
feTsh of the statue of liberty with a
rs - mute. Endeavoring TO win a
$1,000 bet that he would climb UP
the side to the top of a 96-story
building In New York and then jump
from the top in a parachute, he got
as far as the fourth story when he
was espied by vigilant New York
policeman, who rushed up the stairs
to window on the fifth floor and
compelled the nervy climber to come
inside. Law declares that he will vet
accomplish the feat, and because of
the added obstacle of the police pre-
venting him the man with whom he
mas made the bet has raised the odds.
making the bet $500 to $1,000.
Keowee courier. [volume] (Pickens Court House, S.C.) 1849-current, 1912-04-17
WIFE HELD FOR HIS MURDER.
Woman Claims Scissors Blades Acct
dcntnlly Penetrated Body.

New York, April 7.-Walter J.
Snyder, 81 years old, managing edi-
tor OF the periodical "Sport Of the
Times" was found dead In the bath
tub Of his apartments in st. Nicholas
avenue to-day with four stab wounds
near his heart when his wife, Mrs.
Mary S. Snyder, called two bell boys
into the rooms. Mrs. Snyder was ar
rested and charged with homicide.
According to the police Mrs. Snyder
said she was holding a pair Of seven
inch scissors in her hand when her
husband attempted to embrace her
and the scissors accidentally penc-
trated his body.
When Snyder's body was found it
was unclothed and the police discov-
cred hanging on clothes line in the
kitchen union suit having three
holes in 1t. The suit had been wash
ed short while before.
Keowee courier. [volume] (Pickens Court House, S.C.) 1849-current, 1912-04-17
THOUSANDS HAVE BEEN KILLED
Sea Captain Reports Great Eruption
Long-quiet Peak Active.

Mobile, Ala, April 11-Thousands
OF persons have been killed and
whole Indian villages swept away by
the eruption Of Chiriqui Peak, near
Bocas Del TorO, in Honduras, ac-
cording to the story Of Cant. Olsyik
or the United Fruit steamer Fort
Morgan, which arrived here yester-
day.
This is the first time this noun
tam was ever known to be active,
The flames shot very high and the
smoke and ashes were blown far ont
to sea. The property loss ls reported
to be heavy.
Capt. Olsvik, Of the Fort Morgan,
IN describing the scene, says that il
was the most terrifying imaginable.
The sea was torn up and islanders
were up to their necks in water.
1t Is reported that the shock of
eruption is being felt at Culebra Cut,
Panama Canal, and men on the Fort
Morgan say that the water in the
cut, according to reports reaching
Bocas, has risen two feet within the
past few days. This is attributed
they say, to the volcanic action.
With regard to the eruption of
Chiriqui Peak, Capt. Olsvik said:
'The Fort Morgan was berthed at
the Almirante wharf, about ID miles
from Bocas Del Toro, OH the morn
ing of April 5th, loading bananas,
when about o'clock the eastern sky
blazed forth and great rumbling
was heard. Looking in that direc-
ton, saw great volumes Of fire
shooting high
The natives who had been load
ing the ship all night, were terror
stricken; some OF the men fell on
their knees and prayed All work
was suspended for several hours as
the people watched the volcano.
Il learned before leaving that the
third of row of mountain peaks,
situated about mile from us, had
burst into flame, or had turned into
volcano The peaks were south
east Of the Fort Morgan and are call
ed the Chirlqui. The peak that be-
came active was the highest OF the
number, It's height being estimated
at 2,34O feet above sea level.
"The base Of the mountain and it's
slopes are Inhabited by a number of
Indian villagers. 1t is supposed that
these have been totally destroyed by
the lava"
Keowee courier. [volume] (Pickens Court House, S.C.) 1849-current, 1912-04-17
BAPTIST S. S. CONVENTION.
VIII Bo Held With Walhalla Baptist
Church April 10th and goth.

Following Is the program OF thu
Beaverdam Baptist Sunday Schoo
Convention, to be held with the Wal
halla Baptist church Friday and Sat
urday, April 18th and 20th:
Friday.
10.45. Devotional exercise, II. NJ
11.00. Election Of officers and or.
ganization.
11.15. Greeting, by G. R. D.
Burns.
11.25. The Value of Teachers
Meetings, Rev. C. S. Blackburn.
11.45. Institute work, J.D. Moore.
2.l5. Devotional exercise, Rev.
J. II. Clark.
2.30. The Age Of Spiritual Awak-
ening, Rev. +. G. Lavender
2.55. Paper on the History of the
Sunday School, Mrs. j. w. Shelor.
3.l5. Institute work, J.D. Moore.
4.1D. Announcements; adjourn
ment
500. Devotional exercise, James
Seaborn.
SIS. Institute work, J.D. Moore.
Saturday.
1000. Devotional exercise, Mr..
Henderson.
1915. The Relation Of the Sunday
School to Missions, Jos. w. Shelor.
10.40. House Visitation to Reach
the Unreached, Mrs. D. A. Perritt.
IL. 90. Advantages qof Organized
Adult Glass Work, M. Il. Brockman.
AI.25. Training and DEVELOPING
Teachers, j. D. Moore.
1915. Dinner.
2.15. Devotional exercise, Rev.
d. T.. Carter.
$50. How to Have an Evergreen
Sunday School, Rev. A. p. Marett.
$50. Relation Of the Sunday
School to the Public School, w. C.
Taylor.
3.l5. The superintendent and
His Responsibility, j. d. Moore.
Adjournment.
Keowee courier. [volume] (Pickens Court House, S.C.) 1849-current, 1912-04-17
WOMAN sENTENCED TO DEATH.
convicted Of First Degree Murder.
Alleged Crime Described.

Newport News, Va., April 10
Virginia Christian, young colored
woman, who has been on trial in the
Hampton Circuit. Court for the past
two days on a charge OF numbering
Mrs. Ida Virginia Belote, was yes-
terday, afternoon found guilty OF
murder In the first degree, and her
punishment was fixed at death In the
electric chair.
Mrs. Belote, a widow. with eight
children, was found murdered at her
home in Hampton on March is. She
had been beaten over the head with
a heavy earthen cuspidor until un-
conscious, after which she was chok-
ed and towel crammed down her
throat. A broom handle, was used
to force the towel into the woman's
mouth Robbery and revenge were
ascribed rs the motive for the crime.
The dead woman's pocketbook, to-
gether with several bloody garments,
were found at the Christian girls
home, and the evidence against her
was conclusive.
If the sentence Of the jury is car
ried out 1t will be the first execution
of a woman in this State since tho
inauguration Of the electric chair as
mode of inflicting punishment.
Keowee courier. [volume] (Pickens Court House, S.C.) 1849-current, 1912-04-17

tor told me to 60 to hospital. I did
not like that idea very we'll, 80, when I
saw your advertisement in paper,
wrote to you for advice, and have done as
you told me. I have taken Lydia E..
Pinkham's Vegetable Compound and
Liver Pills, and now have my health.
If sick and ailing women would only
know enough to take your medicine, they
would get relief. Mrs. BENZ. H. STAINS
Berry, Route 6, Box 18, Upper Sandusky,
Ohio.
If you have mysterious pains, irregu-
larity, backache, extreme nervousness,
inflammation, liberation or displace.
ment, don't wait too long, but try Lydia
e. Pinkham's Vegetable Compound now.
For thirty years Lydia E. Pinkham' a
Vegetable Compound, made from roots
and herbs, has been the standard remedy
for female ills, and such unquestionable
testimony as the above proves the value
of this famous remedy and should give
every one confidence.
Keowee courier. [volume] (Pickens Court House, S.C.) 1849-current, 1912-04-17
Copyright 1910 by Rev.
APRIL II, 1912.


+ Subject: "Tho Appointment of the
Twelve" Mark III:7-19; Matt. V:
1916.
Golden Text: Ye did not choose
me, but l chose You and appointed
you, that yc go and bear fruit. John
XV:16.
/. Verse 7-Why, in view Of what
had just happened. did Jesus with
draw himself and his disciples to tho
sea?"
g. When Is it right to flee from
our enemies, and when is 1t duty to
stand our ground?
3. Verse S--What proportion fol-
lowed Jesus out Of love for him, and
his teaching, and what proportion
through curiosity, and to see his Won
derful works?
4. What proportion attend church
to-day for worship, for the preach
ing, the music, or because it Is the
custom?
5. Verses 9-10-To what extent is
it legitimate for preacher in his
public services to provide musical or
other attractions in order to draw
the crowd?
6. What would probably have
been the size Of the congregations OF
Jesus If he had not performed mira
cles as we'll as preached the gospel? ?
T. Verses 11-12-If in these days
a preacher is not instrumental in
casting unclean spirits out Of men,
what ought he to do?
s. Why did Jesus charge the de-
mons who knew him not to make
him known?
8. Verse 13-Why Is it, or not, a
part Of pastors duty to frequently
invite individual Christians to visit
him with a view to finding out, and
then to influence them to take-up the
4, form of Christian work for which
they are fitted?
10. Verses 14-15-Jesus had a
e large following at this time. What
method, therefore, did he adopt in
sleeti ngss shi twelve apostles?
1t:s yNha imp rtant preparation
had Jesus made during the previous
Keowee courier. [volume] (Pickens Court House, S.C.) 1849-current, 1912-04-17
NOTICE OF FINAL SETTLEMENT
AND DISCHA RGE.

Notice Is hereby given that the
undersigned Will make application
to d. A. Smith, Judge Of Probate for
Oconee County, in the State Of South
Carolina, at his Office at Walhalla
Court House, on Friday, May Sd,
1912, at II o'clock a. M, or as soon
thereafter as said application can be
heard, for leave to make final settle
ment Of tho Estate Of David l.. Whit
aker, deceased, and obtain final dis
charge as Executor Of said estate.
JAMES BATES,
Sole Executor OF Estate OF David L.
Whitaker, Deceased.
April 3, 1912. 14-17
Keowee courier. [volume] (Pickens Court House, S.C.) 1849-current, 1912-04-17
CLARA BARTON DEAD AT OF.
fOunder American Rcd Cross Socict,
Death Caused by Pneumonia.

Washington, April 12-Miss Clara
barton, founder Of the American
hed Cross Society, died at her home
at Glen Echo, Md, this morning.
Her death was due to pneumonia,
with which she was stricken year
ago She was 81 years old.
Miss Barton was called "Florence
Nightingale of America" such were
her many acts to relieve suffering in
war pestilence and disaster. She
was active not only in her own land,
but in other parts. She distributed
relief after the Johnstown flood. To
survivors, after tidal wave which
struck South Carolina and Florida: ::
went to Russia in 1892 to carry food
to the famine stricken; in 1896 aid
ing Armenian families after Turkisb
massacres. When yellow fever an
peared among the American troops
In Cuba, it was Clara Barton who.
at the request Of President McKin-
ley, organized field hospitals and
personally visited the battlefields.
Her last work of national import
ance was in connection with the Gal
weston storm in 1900.
She was recognized both at home
and abroad with decorations for her
work for humanity.
Keowee courier. [volume] (Pickens Court House, S.C.) 1849-current, 1912-04-17
FLOOD MOVES DOWN THE RIVER
Crisis Not Over, Howeyer-IIeyees
Subjected to Terrific Strain,

Crisis Not Over, However-Levees
Subjected to Terrific Strain.
Vicksburg, Miss, April 11.-Dykes
at most of the menaced points in the
Mississippi flood zone are holding
strong against the rapidly descend
ing tide. The water here is 81
feet this morning, rise Of six In
ches during the past "a hours. Tho
rise at Natchez Is slightly more.
The Mississippi rivers angry tor
rent has temporarily halted Its work
of devastation. Aside from con-
tinuance Of the break In a cut-off
embankment above Natchez, Miss,
no further crevasses were reported
last night along the threatened
stretches Of dikes.
Despite this temporary abatement
or the damage caused by the torrents
which sweep down the valley, the
crisis is not past. AS the tide con-
tinues southwark, many points be-
tween Baton Rouge, La, and Helena,
Ark, must stand a terrific test. If
they fail then hundreds Of square
miles in some of the worlds richest
agricultural territory may be flooded,
many bustling cities inundated and
life threatened.
AS the rise Of the flood continues
from Arkansas City downward, the
stress Of the threatened embank-
ments has increased and anxiety
grows among the myriad workers
toiling to reinforce the dikes. Army
engineers declare they have the stu
alton under control at Miller's Bend
the levee guarding Greenville and the
Southern Delta's fertile acres. This
point was regarded yesterday as one
Of the most menaced in the danger
zone.
The crest will not reach Greenville
for three days or more. If the rise
continues gradual, it is believed the
dikes can be sufficiently strengthen
ed to contain the flood.
Work of Rescue.
MelllpIllS, April ll.-AltnOuSn
wires are down to large part Of the
territory In northwestern Arkansas,
inundated yesterday, accounts re-
ceived by boat are reassuring.
tug went to the aid of r. II.
Campbell and his launch Good
News taking supply Of gasolene,
food and bedding. Other boats fol-
lowed to render further assistance
to refugees at Edmondson and Kate,
Ark, and other small towns nearby.
Work Of rescuing about 200 men
who were left on knolls, house tops
and in trees when their womenfolk
were taken to safety in Campbelrs
| launch, Is being continued and 1t is
now believed all will be brought
safely out of*the flooded district. :
Adyices from the Reel Foot Lake
district continued to be reassuring.
| Work of relief has been thoroughly
systematized and few persons are be-
lieved to remain in danger or in
want. Boats patrolling the section
near Wyanoke, Ark, to-day return
ed with the news that no more refu-
| gees were to be found. Those
brought to Memphis are being cared
| for.
Keowee courier. [volume] (Pickens Court House, S.C.) 1849-current, 1912-04-17
Take No Substitute. q
News Around Milestone.

Mountain Rest, April S.--Specjal:
The farmers around here are getting
ready to plant corn, but there Is SO
much rain that the progress made Is
slow.
The Easter egg hunt given by the
Milestone Sunday school in /. w.
Henry's pasture last Saturday after
noon was enjoyed by large crowd
OF the Young people Of this place.
All had a fine time.
George Reed and family have NOV
ed into their house on Burns Gill
sons place.
The MILESTONE Sunday school Is
progressing nicely now.
Several Of the young people en-
joyed singing given by Miss Mary
Conley Sunday afternoon.
It's easier to make love than it Is
always to mean 1t.