The Washington herald., 1912-10-13
D. a. D, yAcoDsodu.

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~ a. D. JAC0Do0n.
SOUTH Alu1IoA; OnaxRvA1IoND AND N.
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This book records observations made
and Impressions formed during . 5ourney
throush Western and southsrn South
America from Panama to Argentina and
Brasil via the Straits OF Magellan.
The frst eleven chapters OF the book
contain . description Of scenery and OF
social and economic phenomena In the
seven republics Of PanamA, Peru. Boliv-
I'll. and in these chapters the nrst three
of the above mentioned subjects are
dealt with when and ~ each country "
described. It 10 nature that ehiedy en-
cages the travellers mind In Peru and
Bolivia, a. It 10 economic development
which Interests him In AgentinA and
Uruguay. In Chile and Brasil he must
be always thinking OF both. Tho fourth
topic has been treated 20 fully by many
edge to It and have written professedly
for tho information 0f business men. that
the author has not thought II necessary
to all this book with statistical tables. or
indeed, to do more than indicate the pos
abilities for commercial development or
agricultural immigration which the ma
tural resources Of each country seem to
promise.
1t is only In Peru and Bolivia that any
prehistoric monuments exist. Some of
the most important and intsfesting con-
vey an idea Of the character Of the an
cient Peruvian civilization Uf that name
can properly be applied to III and OF the
people who produced II.
Only in Peru, Bolivia. and Chile did
the author see native Indiana In the
two former states they constitute . far
larger part Of the total population than
In any other state Except Paraguay:
they are nominally Christians. and they
lead q settled agricultural life. In Chile
there Ia only one considerable Indian
tribe remaining-the famous Araucan-
ians. These warriors are the Quichuas
in Peru and the Aymaras in Bolivia
Marked as are the differences between
the various republics. they have all
something in common. something that
belongs to South America as opposed to
Europe or North America or Australia.
There are certain general questions af-
fecting the whole continent which pre-
sent themselves TO the travellers mind
and need to be discussed upon broad and
general lines. To these questions the
last five chapters Of the book have been
devoted.
One chapter endeavors to indicate the
causes which have divided the vast
Spanish dominion uncluding
Mexico and Central America) as 1t stood
In A. d. 1910 into the sixteen independent
republics OF to-day. some OF which have
become others OF which are becoming.
true nations with marked national char
acteristics. Another chapter deals with
A. xu,hk lati <,f
the aborigine in the Spanish countries
and OF the negroes in Brazil. the only
state in which negroes are numerous. 1t
10 a subject Of study all the more inter-
esting because these relations are alto
gether different from those borne by the
European element to the colored races IN
the British colonies. in India. and In the
United States Of North America, and also
because the iRtermixture Of races which
is now going on In South America sug-
gests physiological and chronological
problems Of high interest.
OF the political history Of these re-
publics very little 10 said in this book.
and Of their current politics nothing at
all. But in travelling through the seven
countries, in observing their physical
features And the character Of their
people and the state Of knowledge and
education among them. As well Is In
reading accounts OF the kind Of admin
istration which the Spanish Crown gave
them during nearly three centuries. Mr..
Bryce was struck by the influences
which all these facts must have had
upon the free governments which the
revolutionary leaders tried to set up
when they broke away from the mother
country. The history Of Spanish Amer
lea since 1910 cannot be understood or
fairly Judged without taking these things
into account.
BRIEF HISTORY OF MODERN PHILOSOPHY:
By DR.. Harold Hondins. professu of philosophy.
in Copcnhaycn. Translated b. C. ?. SanderA
professor Of tbs Pennsyksnia Institute. Geftys
burg. Pa. Published By the Macmillan Company.
New York. Price. 00.
Professor Harold HofYding is well
known to the English speaking world
through the translation Of his "Psy-
chology. Ethics, Philosophy Of Religions"
Problems Of Philosophy" and his His
tory of Modern Philosophy q volumes).
all published by the Macmillan Com
pany. The fact that his works are rap
idly finding their way into English and
other languages Is the best evidence OF
the esteem in which his work is held
and Of his Importance as a thinker.
Professor Of philosophy in Copenhagen
since 1883. Doctor Hoffding has worked
over the whole field Of philosophy with
great thoroughness. The original Ger
mani edition from which this transla-
tion is made appeared in 1906. The book
Is clear. compact and comprehensive.
The various schools are analysed and
criticised, and the thread Of continuous
development il constantly kept clearly
in view. These features constitute the
exceptional merit Of the book as text
The student Is constantly aware that q
familiar spirit is safely guiding him
through the bewildering maze Of philo-
sophie problems mad tentative solutions.
As a psychologist DR.. Hoffding Is an
empirical introspectionist. He is thorough
ly modern in his antipathy toward meta
physical speculation. He discovers q na-
tive tendency in man. manifesting itself
source of further meaning Of which is
beyond our knowledge. which furnishes
the basis Of ethics. Religion Is the re-
action Of the human mind to the sense
of value, and represents the highest
function Of the human mind. As criti-
cal empiricist he possesses peculiar
advantage in the Interpretation Of the
trend Of philosophio thought
A PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDY OF RELIGION,
IT'S ORIGIN. FUNCTION. AND FUTURE: ny
Published by the Mcmillan Company. New
f. York. Price. e
Light comes to the problems Of origins
from three sources-the present customs
and beliefs Of the most primitive peoples
known to US. the behavior and ideas of
children. and the teachings Of general
psychology.
The explanations of religion which the