davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Washington times., 1912-07-27
Bombardment of Tripoli
Began July n, 1904

On July a. 1904, an American squadron
began the bombardment OF Tripoll, q
part of the campaign against the Tri-
poiitans. which brought much fame to
american seamen. On this day, 1894,
was marked the fall Of Robespierre and
the end Of the reign of terror in France.
Fifty years ago today Anthony Burns,
a fugitive slave whose arrest IN Boston
caused a great riot. died in st. Gather
Inc, Ontario. On this day, 1923. Gilbert
Stuart, foremost among early American
portrait painters, died In Boston at the
age OF seventy-three years
The Washington times., 1912-07-27
Visit Glen Echo.

National Hive Il. o. T. M Guard
Club. spent several hours at Glen Echo
last evening. After riding on the dip
ana the merry-go-round. the members
enjoyed dance and then took supper
IN the park cafe. About nifty young
women were in the party.
The Washington times., 1912-07-27
Taft Gives Cadetship
To Aviator's Brother

President TAFT has decided to ap-
point Dorr Hazelhurst, Of Evansville,
Ind, cadet at large, at the West Point
Military Academy. Dorr Hazelhurst is
the brother Of Lieutenant Hazelhurst.
of the army signal corps, who was
killed in an army aeroplane at College
Park, Md, on June IL.
Each year the President has ten ap-
pointments at large to the military
academy. Sons of army officers are
usually given these appointments. But
as mark of respect to Lieutenant
Hazelhurst, who was killed in the ad-
vancement of army aviation science,
the President gave his brother the ap-
pointment.
$a.oo to Luray, Va, and Return,
Baltimore & Ohio r r. Special train
leaves Union Station Sis q. m. Sunday,
July 28th.-Advt.
The Washington times., 1912-07-27
Babp's@'
DniEESs1

Every woman's heart responds to
the charm and sweetness of ba-
by's voice. because nature intended
her for motherhood. But even the
loving nature of a mother shrinks
from the ordeal of suffering and
danger. Women who use Mothers
Friend are saved much discomfort
and their systems are In a healthy
condition to meet the time with the
least possible danger. Mothers
Friend is recommended only for
the relief and comfort OF expectant
mothers, and It's many years OF sue
cess, and the thousands of endorse
ments received from women who
have used II are a guarantee of the
benefit to be derived from Its use.
Mothers Friend allays nausea, pre-
q ss!'s sSs ss:s:,:: s:.:ss tt)ufbera
way S,s. = sSRtSis, ss1aas &3Friend
Healthy motherhood. Mothers
Friend is sold at drug stores. Write
for our free book for expectant
mothers.
BRADFIElD REGULATOR CO.. AtI..la. G..
The Washington times., 1912-07-27

'I can say that every promise made
to me when came to Washington, has
been kept" said Mr.. Martin. evidently
we'll pleased with his first years work.
The Washington times., 1912-07-27
National Park Heads
To Confer With Fisher

A conference Of superintendents OF ma
tional parks with Secretary of the In
terror Fisher and the Assistant Secre-
tary of the department, will be held In
the near future. The Comptroller of
the Treasury decided today. in reply
to the Secretary's inquiry, that the Sec
retary might properly pay from the de-
partment's appropriation the expenses
Of these officials in travelling to the
scene of the conference.
The date and place has not yet been
selected. but the Comptroller's decision
removes an obstacle which might have
prevented the meeting. The conference
is for the purpose Of considering legis-
lation for the national parks.
S1.as Baltimore and Return, Baltimore
& Ohio every Saturday and Sunday.
Good to return until 900 q. m. train
Monday. All trains both ways. including
the Royal Limited.-Advt.
The Washington times., 1912-07-27

Sr.a5 to Baltimore and Return Satur-
days and Sundays via Pennsylvania
railroad. Tickets good to return until
300 a. m. Monday. All regular trains ex-
cept the Congressional Limited"
The Washington times., 1912-07-27
S38 Month Rss Buys
One of These Homes
of Sunlight and
Ventilation

Here home of refinement In the fullest
Gated nehborhood of refinement Columbia Heights
PRODUCTION youespeciay that part it the nehborhood
18th and Spring Road.
Columbia Heights the most desired residential sections
the entire city, and proud the we have played the build
this residential community $50 homes
for this operation and offer you the last of these
with the satisfied knowledge that of the great number sold by
better could offered than the
resent the completion of this great operation.
And to think that buy this home such S8
month"; home equipped with parquey floors upstairs we'll
down. home beautfed inside and with features seldom
found in houses built sensuch
ing gas fpace both paor and dining room, maively
nyway separating the hall from the palor and the paor
from the dining choice of either hot hot air
(the worlds two home heating standards),
Again say, bear in mind that
month.
TO NSPECT-Take any 18th Spring Road.
Shannon & LuChs
7l3 l4th St. N. w.
For Dur and
The Washington times., 1912-07-27

es1.oo Chicago and Return, Baltimore
& Ohio r. r. Tickets on sale Aug. to
4: limited to 22d. Ticket Offices 18th st.
-Advt.
The Washington times., 1912-07-27
Summer Tours Via Baltimore q Ohio

r. r. Daily to Jersey Seashore, Adiron-
dack Mountains and All New York.
New England and Canadian Provinces
Nova Scotia and Quebec, and Allegheny
Mountain Resorts; also to Western
trip for pleasure or on business, consult
agents at 18th ct. e. N. Y. ave. or e1g Pa.
ave. They Will help help you.--Advt
The Washington times., 1912-07-27
Motor Cars Barred.

The Yosemite National Park will not
be opened to automobiles this year.
Secretary Of the Interior Fisher today
issued this decision. following a report
from the superintendent OF the park
that Il would be dangerous to permit
motor cars to use the deep and narrow
roads in the park. Congress now has
under consideration the question OF an
appropriation to improve these roads
and II is possible that they will be avail
able for use next year.
The Washington times., 1912-07-27
Pay the Rent
To Your Wife

q HE will appreciate whole lot landlord.
- landlord considers it his just due for the home which
you Whereas if the truth told is due you pay this
money to your wife each month instead of the landlord.
Keep paying rent to the landlord and you will always have
rent pay Pay the your wife years there
will be rent to pay.
AS begin paying this rent to her become home
instead of rent payers and you will have that home
ty clear of all debt The "why" and the wherefore of this "pay
the rent your wife, proposition be found the Homes
light and Ventilation Spring Road at 18th Street, and Perry
Street 14h
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1912-04-28

sure-enough investors. They were not
SPECTATORS. buying for. a rise. but bought
to hold, mainly for income. They are get
Ming five to eight per cent on their money.
After awhile, when general business I'M
proves, q great many people who now
have their surplus capital in stocks may
find more profitable employment Tor II
and get into something else.
There has been some Improvement IN
general business conditions. but not as
much as advertised. and what gain has
been made in Industrial and commercial
life is favored with an element or un.
certainty. The situation may harden, but
the best thought of the street is that per-
manent and important actual improve.
ment cannot be looked for until national
politics take q more definite form Tor
the best. At the same time, there IL an
underlying feeling that in the final anaiy-
sis business will be more apt to dictate
and control politics than the reverse. AS
q matter of fact, there IL less market
and business disturbance In political un-
certainties at this writing than at any
time in months.
The sensational fireworks OF the week
were furnished by Reading. which had q
startling rise Of more than ten points
No reasonable or logical explanation or
the furore has yet been supplied. The
movement is still 2 mystery"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1912-04-28

to be but temporary. A fresh wave OF
buying set in, and q number Of leading
concerns switched to the long side Of
the market. Between the opening and
the wind-up, July swung from 112k to
1.13A. closing at 1.13lAa1. 1917, q gain OF
u cent net.
The little life in the corn market came
from the wheat bulge. There was a trifle
better speculative and shipping demand.
Inquiries from the country continued for
bids on cash cdfn. Receivers, 1t was said,
were expecting q better. run Of receipts
the next week or ten days. July ranged
from tn to TIN, and closed easy. at
Tha77%. an advance of q shade over
last night. Spot grades were steady. No.
yellow was quoted at 81.
In the oats crowd there was consider
able realizing by longs. Most Of them
were local spectators. who preferred to
secure profits before the week end. There
was rumor that the largest short in
May had effected q private settlement.
Upper and lower levels touched for July
were 54h and 54h. with last sales 4
net lower, at 54A.
Investment demand received the blame
for rise in the cost Of provisions. Pack
ers were liberal sellers at the advance
When the gong cleared the pit pork had
increased in cost III to 35; lard, Is to
TN, and ribs. to 12h.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1912-04-28
CHICAGO PRODUCE.

CHICAGO. April 2.-In the face Of
predictions OF much needed rain for KAN
sas and Nebraska, the wheat market adj
vanced today to point higher than for
several years. One reason was dread OF
q big decrease In North Dakota acreage.
Prices closed nervous and irregular. x to
rs above last night. Corn finished I'M
changed to u to 4 up. oats on z to g,
and provisions dearer by to S.
There was an active general trade In
wheat with commission houses on both
sides OF the market and with values
fiuctuating rapidly. The September op-
tion made the greatest gain. It was this
future chiefly that buyers sought to take
advantage Of the alleged falling OF. SAID
to be probable In North Dakota planting.
One report said that not more than 20 per
cent OF seeding had been done IN the
north half Of the state. and that the
blowing was in no better shape. Abs
sence Of rain In Kansas operated Also IN
favor Of the bulls. as heavy crop losses
were reported from additional counties.
Edwards and Stafford in particular.
When July wheat touched Ell" that Il.
$1.1S hushel. signs Tor. z time seemed
to indicate tie end Of the bull campaien.
The ensuing reaction, however. proved
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1912-04-28
The World Of Finance and Trade
Washington; New York; London.
has been great outcry about hard times
we really have not had hard times.
Fought Long While Alone.

In many characteristics recent Wall
street history calls to mind what existed
and what developed when Roswell r.
Flower doomed as the markets leader.
Gov. Flower fought long while alone.
He saw things clearly. was sure that the
country was all right; and he went TN
hesitatingly on record not merely as the
giver of his personal opinion. but as
miIlionaires scoffed. The Wall street
oracles had much merriment. Profess
sional traders started out to bet him TO
standstill. They fairly avalanched him
with sales OF short stocks. But. day by
day. even though at times the Flower
campaign didn't seem quite at Its maxi
mum Of vigor, there kept coming con-
tinual word from all over the country
that business was not In the bad shape
that Wall street insisted, that the one
change notable was change for the bet
ter These were not revelations made
spectacularly, there was no shout In the
name Of prosperity, no reclamation OF
boom. The word came, indeed. mostiy
by way of little bits of news items, an
nouncing q factory extension here,
wage advance there. general betterment
in business sentiment everywhere. The
heavy artillery had to withdraw-beaten
by the common sense Judgment of man
who had been constrained merely 10 Keep
watch upon what the country itself was
actually doing.
Comparable now with that splendid
Flower record is the work which IN some
parts Of the present market mas Deen
done and is still being done by men VINO
command not merely vast financial re-
sources. but who have. just as Gov. FLOW
er had, the opportunity to know the
state Of the country's business. to feel
the pulse of business sentiment. ana
at this advanced stage In the market
development 1t Is rather paltry pecking
to attempt to preach a strained conserva-
tisnn, aimed not at the markets present
status, but at the way in which 1t
started.
Here and there may be stocks which
are kited curiously, even dangerously:
taking even American Can common
shares, which have trebled In price, they
who are unsympathetic do not believe
that public interest to any appreciaole
extent has entered there. The public
disposition Is toward the old and standard
issues-and of these there are plenty that
still sell below provable value-some at
figures so low as to make them conspic-
uous upon the Wall street bargain
counter.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1912-04-28
new YORK PRODUCE.

NEW YORK. April 27.-F1our held high
er with trading light. Spring patents.
O55a $50: winter straights, 40Oa5. 90:
winter patents. 5.10a5.35: spring clears.
A5Oa4.S0; winter extras. No. /, 42Oa4. 80
winter extras. No. 2. 4.O0a4.1O! Kansas
straights. 5.0Oa5.15. Receipts. 14,734 bar
rels; shipments, 6,312 barrels.
Rye flour-Firm; fair to good, 4.S0a5 90:
choice to fancy, 5.05a535.
Corn meaEFfrm: fine white and yellow,
IS0a1.S5; coarse. 1.75a1S0; kiln dried. AIS
Rye-Steady; No. 2. 90 cif Buffalo to
arrive.
Barley Steady; mailing, 125a1.Ss; elf
Buffalo.
Wheat-Spot. firm; No. g, red, 1.21 ele-
vator export basis and 1.23k fob afoat.
opening navigation. Futures market
opened firm on local buying on unfavor-
able crop advices, sagged on y under
profit taking, but rallied sharply and adj
| vanced to new high records with renewed
buying, closing net unchanged to 1h net
higher. May closed 1.22; July, 1.17sa1. Is
11-16; closed 1.1Sx; September closed
1.14A. Receipts. 1900 bushels.
Corn-Spot, steady: export. S61k, nomi-
nal fob afloat. Futures market was
nominal. Receipts, 1,125 bushels; ship
ments. S37 bushels.
Oats-Spot steady; standard white, "a.
in elevator; No. 2, GAN: No. 3. a. Novem-
Der, 6S,a: natural white and white clipped.
nominal. Receipts, 3S.125 bushels; ship
ments, 3,573.
Hay-Firm; prime. 1.5Ja1. 60; No. /. 1.55:
No. 2, 1.45a1.5O; No. 3. 1.3O
1911. 2sa4O; 1910. nominal; pacific coast,
1911. 41a44; 1910. nominal.
Hides-Ffrm; Central America, 24A Be
gotta, 23a3a24A.
M.
seconds, 24a26: thirds, 21a22: rejects, 15.
Pork-Firm; mess. 2O.OOa20.jO; family,
20. 5Oa21.5O; short clear. 1S50a20.OO.
Beef-Ffrm: mess, 14O041450: family,
16; 5oa170 90: beef hams, &Soa3O5O
ii pounds 11a11M; picked hams. 12Aa
Lard Strong: middle west prime. 11.10a.
u.2O; refined. firmer; continent. u.50;
Tallow-F1rm; prime city hhds.. 81;
country, 6Aa0H: special. IA.
Cotton seed oil-Firm: prime crude
southeast. 600 bid; prime summer yellow.
8. eoa7. 10: May. 7lla7.1s: June. Liza; 20:
Petroleum refined New
York barrels. S.45; refined New York
P PSih eS bulk. us. 49,
Wool-Steady: domestic fleece XXX
Rosin-Strained common to good,
ESTATES.
Turpentine-Firm: machine barrels,
1914
Rice-Firm; domestic, 3Ha5X: Patna.
6Aa6h.
ENTHUSIASTICALLY; New Orleans open
kettle. 35a50.
Raw sugar-Steady: Muscovado, 80
test, S.4S; centrifugal. SO test, SOS;
molasses sugar, SO test. 3.23.
Refined susar-ouist; cut loaf. 500;
5.45: xxx powdered. 5.35; powdered.
$50: graduated. SEE; diamond "a"
$50; confectionery a." EOS: No. i.
$50: No. Is. ass: No. 8. $50: No. Z, 4.75;
No 8, 40; No. 9, ASS; No. 10, 4.eo; No.
II. ASS; No. IL. $50; No. Is. LAS: No.
II. 4.46.
1, per barrel. 7.5oas.o0; Florida. new.
barrel. 6.O0a7.00.
Freights and peanuts unchanged.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1912-04-28
NEW YORK BANKS.

NEW YORK, April 27.-The statement
of clearing house banks for the week
shows that the banks hold $19. 708, $50 re-
serve in excess Of legal requirements.
This is an increase Of s.. 408, 600 In the
proportionate cash reserves compared
with last week.
The statement follows:
Daily average:
Loans, $780,. 916O00; decrease. 2,100.-
Specie, ss51. 900; increase. $4,000.
Legal tenders, $s4.2S1.OO0; increase.
Net deposits. ,1.s4o,sle,ooo: decrease.
Circulation. s4s. 17s. 900; decrease. $102.-
Banks cash reserve in vault. 1851. 1885,
coo.
Aggregate cash reserve. 1856 900.
Excess lawful reserve. $40. $50; in
crease, s.. 4O3, 600.
house members carrying % per cent cash
reserve. $50. 255. coo.
Actual condition:
Loans, $1.995 OF, 600; increase. $5S9. 900.
Legal tenders, $s500O'O00; increase.
Net deposits. s1.s4s.a7.ooo: increase,
Circulation. $4s.ess.ooo: increase. $141.-
Banks cash reserve in vault. $3.50, O54.-
GOO.
Trust companies cash reserve in vault.
$66. ISL 600.
Aggregate cash reserve. $437. 621 900.
Excess lawful reserve, $19.677,OoO; de-
crease, $141 $50.
Trust companies reserve with clearing
house members carrying % per cent cash
reserve, $6O,095 coo.
Summary of the banks and trust COM
panies in Greater New York not report
Loans, $6S2 129, 400: decrease. $1,222 700.
Specie, $65. SIS, 200; decrease. $458.9OO.
Legal tenders. $11 .0os.9 800; decrease.
Total deposits. $40. 49, 600; decrease.
81, 244.OO0.
Very little change occurred in the po-
sition of the New York clearing house
banks, according to their statement is
sued Saturday. covering the current
week. Taking the actual condition re-
port as a basis. the banks gained 81. %, :
600 in cash, loans made q slight increase
Of 1888. 1000, while deposits rose $685.. 900.
a larger sum than anticipated, in view of
the very small changes In other items.
The result was that reserve require
ments necessitated an amount somewhat
larger than the total gain in cash, in
consequence Of which excess reserve de-
creased Sal $50. leaving the present sur
plus above the 25 per cent required min
imum at $19.677O0O. The summary fig
ured on q basis Of average daily COM
pilations showed an increase Of 81. 4O3, 600
In reserve. the total surplus aggregating
$40. 708, $50 The banks have been gain
ing money from the interior, and, consid-
ertng the means OF replenishment which
present situation must be regarded as
most satisfactory In detail"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1912-04-28
coTToNsEED OIL.
new YORK, April q.

NEW YORK, April 27.-cottonseed on
was partly lower early under scattered
liquidation. but renewed speculative buy
Ing. inspired by the sharp advance IN
lard. soon caused the market to
futures showed q net advance OF 2al2
points. Sales aggrs0afed 1880 barrels.
May. 711a7.13; June. f.11e7.20; July. lisa
7.2O: August. I25a7.27: Beptemher. 1-30A
7.82
Prime crude. 600. prime summer vel
low. 60Qa7.l0s prime winter yellow. 500
asked; prime summer white, 7.15aACQ
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1912-04-28
CHICAGO LIVE STOCK.

CHICAGO. April 27.-Close: Cattle
Receipts, 200 head; market steady.
beeves. 5.75aS.90: Texas steers, 5.25a
1925; western steers. 5.65a7.65: stockers
and feeders. 425a6.S0; cows and heifers.
2.S0a7.50: calves, 5.50aS.25.
Hogs-Receipts. 5000 head: market
steady to shade higher. Light, 7.50a
1885; mixed, 7.55aS.05; heavy, LISA
S.07k; rough, 7.55aS.07k; pigs, 4.90a
715; bulk of sales, 7.SOa8. 90.
Sheep-Recefpts, 1000 head: market
steady. Native. 475a7.35; western, 5.00a
6.00a9.25; western. 6.25a9.75.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1912-04-28
COFFEE FUTURES.

NEW YORK. April N.-The market for
coffee futures opened steady at decline
OF / point to an advance Of points,
near months being relatively firm on
scattered covering while later positions
were influenced by the continued heavy
Brazilian movement and local selling.
The market held around the opening fg-
ures during the early trading. but turned
easier toward the Close under commits
sion house LIQUIDATION The final tone
was barely steady ana last prices were
net unchanged to points lower. Sales,
34.26O bags. April. J41S:. May, 1870:
June. 11.1o: 1uN, 80: August, III:
September. i&7s; octobE 1s.7e; Novem-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1912-04-28
KANSAS CITY CATTLE.

KANSAS CITY, No., April 27.-Cattfe
Receipts. zoo head; no southerns:
market steady. Dressed beef and ex-
port steers. 7.75aS.60; fair to good, 6.50a
7.65; western steers, 6.00aS.00; stockers
and feeders, 4.75a710; southern steers.
5.50a775; southern cows, 4.00a6.25i
native cows. 4.25a7.10: native heifers.
5.50a7.75: bulls. 4.50a6.50; calves. 4.5pa
700.
steady to 5 cents higher; bulk Of sales,
7.65aS.00; heavy. 790aS.05; packers and
butchers. 7.75aS.o0; lights. 7.4oa7. s.:
pigs, 5.50a6.60.
Sheep-Receipts, 1900 head; market
steady; lambs, 7.40a9.25; yearlings, 6.50a
500: wethers. 500a6.75; western, 4.50a
6.25; stockers and feeders, 4.00a5.50. ~.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1912-04-28
new YORK CATTLE.

NEW YORK.. April q. Beeves : Be
ceipts. 1.62i head. Feeling nominaily
steady. Dressed beef, firm, at IL to 13
Calves-Recebpts, $40 head. Feeling un.
changed. City dressed veals, IL to IAN;
country dressed do, Oh to IL. o,-
Sheep and lanbs-Receipts, 1.929. Feel
ing nominally steady. Dressed mutton.
firm. 11h to 13: dressed lambs. 10 to II,
Hogs = Receipts, 1885 head. Feeling
nominally steady. ,,tc
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1912-04-28
Trading irregular Yesterday
When Not Reactionary.
LOSSES SLIGHT, HOWEVER
In Only Reading and Canadian Pa
cific Do Declines Exceed Point.
DIMINIsHEs IN FINAL HOUR
Prices Fall Back When Selling Pres
sure Is Directed Against Mar
ket Leaders.

NEW YORK. April 27.-During the two
hours OF business on the stock exchange
today the tone Of the market was irreg-
ular when it was not reactionary. Open
ing prices for the most part were below
those OF the preceding days close. but in
only two issues-Reading and Canadian
Pacffic-did losses extend beyond q point.
These were promptly recovered before
the end Of the first hour with marked
strength in the metal stocks. Trading
diminished In the final hour. when prices
again fell back, with some selling pres
sure directed against the market leaders.
The closing was dull, with q number Of
net losses, some Of which ran to q full
point.
the recent extraordinary movement in
Reading was primarily responsible for
today's tendency. There has been a
great deal of criticism directed at that
episode and conservative members Of the
exchange appear to have taken cogni-
zance OF the fact. The financial district
seemed to believe that anything savoring
OF the spectacular at q time when indus
trial and other conditions continued I'M
certain was ill-advfsed.
Irregularity in Trade.
OAA0u REIMBURSEMENT was 1OOn0 In the
weekly statement Of the mercantile
agencies, which told Of irregularity in
many lines OF trade. but the trend as
whole was considered satisfactory. There
were no known developments in the rail-
road engineers situation. but the FREE
quency OF the meetings between the me-
diators and the disputants was regarded
as q favorable augury
Another large lot Of South African gold
Is to be delivered in London on Monday
From all accounts the continent will not
compete for the metal, which is likely
to be divided between the British me-
tropolis and India.
Changes Unimportant.
The weekly statement Of the clearing
house banks was negative document,
changes being altogether unimportant.
Actual loans increased by about 5000,
600. with cash gain Of about 81. zoe, 600,
and a reserve decrease Of $124.OOO
The bond market was Irregular with
narrow fluctuations. Total sales, par
value. aggregated $1,201 COO.
Panama IS advanced X per cent on call
during the week.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1912-04-28
HELPS WABASH RAILROAD
- isd
Judge Carpenter Orders Directors 10
Raise 81. SOC. 900.

CHICAGO. April 27.-Steps toward the
liquidation OF the obligations Of the
today. when Federal Judge George Il.
Carpenter entered an order directing tn
directors to raise $500, 0OO The money
will DO raised by means OF certfficateask
tndebtedness. and win be utilized In ri(s
settlement Of interest on bonded debo
and other obligations. 49, VI