davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Parma herald. (Parma, Idaho) 1903-1917, 1912-01-11

elevator 10 the street. Crossiae Mghth
avenue, he was going straight home
when suddenly he halted. The glitter
and tempting array OF bottles In
corner saloon window tempted him.
He suddenly felt that II there was one
thing he needed In the world above
all Others it was another drink True,
he had had more than enough already
But that was Coxe's fault. He had
invited him and made him drink.
There couldn't be any harm In taking
another. He might as well be hanged
for q sheep as lamb. BY the time
he emerged from the saloon his
speech was thick and his step uncer-
tain. A few minutes later he WAS
painfully climbing up the rickety stairs
OF a cheap-looking fat house. As he
reached the top floor cheerful voice
called out.
Ia that you. Howard, dear7"
The Parma herald. (Parma, Idaho) 1903-1917, 1912-01-11

Washington. d. C.-The enactment
OF law TO compensate all postal en-
ployes, including letter carriers. for
Injuries sustained in the line of duty
but not attributable to their own neg
ligence, is urged in the annual report
OF q. p. Grandfield, first assistant
postmaster-general. There were in
operation June 80. SOC, 237 postoffices
OF all classes in the United States.
The delivery service is now in opera
tion on AZ, 900 rural routes.
The Parma herald. (Parma, Idaho) 1903-1917, 1912-01-11

TIVE. 4 dining room tabls, I few htch-
en- utensils. When they wanted to sit
In the par1or they had to carry
chair from the dining room; when
msal times came the chairs had to
travel back again. A soap box turned
upside down and neatly covered with
chintz did duty ~ dresser In the
| bedroom, and with few photographs
and tacks they had managed to i'm
part an aesthetic appearance to the
parlor. This place cost the huge sum
Of SIS month. 1t might Just AZ we'll
have cost 500 for all Towards ability
to pay It. The past months rent was
long overdue and the janitor looked
more insolent every day. But they
did not care. They were young and
life was still before them
Presently Annie came in carrying
steaming dish OF stew, which she
laid on the table. AS she helped How
ard to plate full she said: $50 you
had no luck again this morning.
Howard was too busy eating to an
swcr. AS he gulped down huge piece
of bread, he growled:
Nothing, as usual--same old story.
nothing doing
Annie sighed. She had been given
this answer SO often that 1t would
have surprised her to hear anything
else. 1t meant that their hard hand
to-mouth struggle must go ON. She
said nothing. What was the use? Ii
would never do to discourage How
ard. She tried to make light OF 1t.
"Of course 1t isn't easy, quite
understand that. Never mind, dear.
Something will turn up soon Where
did you go? Whom did you see? Why
didn't you let drink alone when you
promised me you would?"
That was Coxe's fault" blurted
out Howard, always ready to blame
others for his own shortcomings.
You remember Coke! He was at
Yale when ! was. A big, fair fellow
with blue eyes. He pulled stroke in
the varsity boat race. you remem-
ber?"
Il think I do" replied his wife, In
rs she helped him to more
stew. What did he want? What's
be doing in New York;"
He's got fine place in a brokers'
office in Wall street felt ashamed
% let him see me low down like this.
He said that could make a good deal
u money II only had little capital.
he knows everything going on in
Wall street. II went In with him ia
'e on Easy street
How much would 1t require ?"
Two thousand dollars"
The young wife gave a sigh as she
I'm afraid that's day dream. Only
our father could give you such an
mount and you wouldn't 60 to him
yould your
Not If we hadn't another crust In
ne house, snapped Howard savage
You don't want me to. do your"
e asked looking up at her quickly.
mo, dear" she answered calmly.
have certainly no wish that You
Mould humble yourself. At the same
me / am not selfish enough to want
stand In the way of your future.
our father and stepmother hate me.
know that. ! am the cause of your
'paration from your folks. No doubt
our father would be very willing to
clip you IL you would consent to
ave me-"
Howard laughed as he replied:
Well. If that's the price for the
900 guess I'll go without it. Il
ouldnt give you up for million
mes $2.000!"
Annie stretched her hand across
g table.
"Really?" she said.
(TO BE CONTINUED
The Parma herald. (Parma, Idaho) 1903-1917, 1912-01-11

~. nx~~sk~- MIA 49,. y e.
II .,SSn 49, a @ 49,. = fs a.
i.,.-s ss xs..,:s" .h s1sy.ss"'s - -
..nA rs.y
.w..-ss3 - '.- -. .0
a R.s N. ~ ns.~pssA . - :, loonu osac
-
e&liforn'a representatives havs
lsrhtInw ~ Nee,Itnrrnnssn fr,,if A. "
hsw York county, New York. viii
80. nevs mny ~omsn deputy slsofiffs,
- 4 hax naen found that "svsry dep
aa So. = ssse szs'yM snh stsan~
.nsp e"snpant y ~ Portland arranging
.a - %.1.Da'ss.sa'enA 81 nirsct hne
z. ssT~sasf1 = 1s''f0s'e ~ re fanasnx
$3.50
- .ss,, N - - 80. =, .ns ufsaI HoFsn
prsxilet ! rrs~t MA. II ho.ss ~ ~ -
= s ~ aus'ne ~ somin9
The United STATES hns taken poasea.
ii order Il r.~~lvs rs.v.s~rs II ia
i)<,y Ot,a) lo.n r.d~ & mat s.,.r,rs
! gsss-..~ws ass-.~- ~
Governor West. uf Oregon. has snt
asstt@ Friday, December ii. 1919. ~ |
ssneyni ''hmnen an . siay. :, In ease the |
people fail 10 Approve the nsssufs |
s'~"' s'e''' "''~"e'
The president OF the Outlook pub- |
iishing company. for wbosx magazine
Roosevelt Il ons OF ths prinrlp.l |
.,,~.,.,~nf,si ..s,sssns~ ~. ~. a'n ri Ds
IT 49," 1@~'
A Boise, Idshe, man. bc!lsvlnr him
self dying. gave ! check Tor 81. DOC 10
4 na1whhov ,eo,n.n ,.st..x "A h.x~s4~,,s.1l
him. hsxt morning he found himself
fseainK oetteF than usual. snd tried to
stnp payment On this ch@ck.
No. 49, aan
~ sn.n s.WVo persons attended
A compensation act IL being urged
Tor the rsiief III injured postoffica en- d
psoys* III
\.
The Parma herald. (Parma, Idaho) 1903-1917, 1912-01-11

nutter Is an excellent breeding
p'soe Tor bacteria which tend to de-
sonpose 1t until 1t Is useless as food.
1Asss 1t Is kept In q cold place. Salt
.o retards their growth. but has this
.aavantaxe, that 1t makes the de-
composition difhcult to detect either
taste or SMELL Hence tho prefer
saco Tor sweet butter by those who
are particular about having 1t fresh
The Parma herald. (Parma, Idaho) 1903-1917, 1912-01-11

knew any of the students in the col.
ieee near this particular hotel.
10 you know any of the students
at Tenn college?"
NO. sah." answered the negro, his
smile bigger than ever. "Ah nebber
goes In de barl"-Philadelphia Times.
The Parma herald. (Parma, Idaho) 1903-1917, 1912-01-11

them. ! am very sorry to hear Of his
death. +"
One Of the iron links that bound the
c'd oayy to the new, commanding
figure In each, was KobIey d. Evans.
lie did not take kindly to the sobrie-
quet o. Fighting Bob, for, although
OF gruH exterior, he was a man of the
klndiiest impulses. Thus Ii never was
used In his presence by his friends.
The Parma herald. (Parma, Idaho) 1903-1917, 1912-01-11
SYNOPSIS.

Howard Je1ries. bankers son. under
sns evil influence OF Robert Underwood.
: fsiiow-student at Yale leads life OF
aissipafions nnarries the daughter OF a
SAMPLER who died In prison, and ia dis
owned by his father. lie tries to get
work and falls.
Warren sheaf. [volume] (Warren, Marshall County, Minn.) 1880-current, 1912-11-14
/. THIEF RIVER FALLS, ROUTE 2 !

( Z
Nick Baker gave a dance at Stein.
haur's on Saturday evening. There
was large number Of young people
present and all report a good time.
Mrs. A. Jopprie and Mrs. E. Ericf
son visited at NJ. Kisch's Sunday.
Betsy Borsheim visited at the
Schwartz home Sunday afternoon.
Mrs. p. Silbaugh OF Holt, visited
with Mrs vs. silbaugh Sunday.
Mr.. and Mrs. Frank Coppie and "a.
mily and Emma Jacobson called at g.
Erickson's Sunday evening.
Ruthie and Francis Silbaugh visited
with Elizabeth Kisch Sunday.
Mr.. N. Johnson called at E. Erick-
sons Sunday.
Adolph bingham il getting to be
quite hunter. He shot twelve rab-
bits ION Sunday afternoon.
Paulina steinhaur expects to leave
for Duluth the last Of this week. We
are all sorry to have you leave us.
5Paulina
4 Il Al Olson visited with M. ose
over Sunday.
Warren sheaf. [volume] (Warren, Marshall County, Minn.) 1880-current, 1912-11-14

Ralph Mackie and Ed. Fitzgerald
returned to their respective homes in
Illinois last Thursday. Ralph will
be back in a month and Ed found
Minnesota the right place and will be
back to seek work in the spring.
Quite number Of Oak Park people
took in Dixon's combination sale at
Warren last Saturday
Mrs. Lefstad spent an afternoon
last week with Mrs. Hanson.
Say ions" why you ever show mp
any more?
Misses Ida and Marie Bergman
spent Sunday evening at Modin's.
Gunda and Martin Lefstad and Bet
.sy Swanson spent Sunday at the Sur
stad home.
We are sure no one realizes how
bad Julius feels over his jewelry
which so suddenly disappeared one
Sunday.
Mr.. and Mrs Hamerlund entertain
ed the Hanson family last Sunday
evening .5
Both teacher and children Of Dis
trict Sc We're given Tuesday off, if
they wished to go to town to see the
extra 500 train that day.
t5tGs II
Warren sheaf. [volume] (Warren, Marshall County, Minn.) 1880-current, 1912-11-14
SOUTHERN OAK PARK

Last Thursday evening Mr.. ana
Mrs. Nels L. Hanson of Oak Park
We're pleasantly surprised at their
home by about 70 people including
friends and neighbors
When they had all entered the
house, Mrs. N A. Nelson arose and in
a few chosen words explained their
purpose of coming, whereupon Mr..
and Mrs. Hanson were presented with
a beautiful dining room table and a
parlor lamp, as a token of the occa.
sion.
The ladies We're at once getting the
coffee ready and refreshments were
served. The members Of the surprised
family were seated at the new table
which was nicely spread. and where
they partOok of a swell lunch
Everyone present tried to make the
evening q pleasant one. They de-
parted at a late hour feeling they had
had sociable time. Through the
columns Of the sheaf, Mr. and Mrs.
Hanson wish to express their heart
felt thanks to all who partook.
We are all enjoying the splendid
weather we are having.
Mr.. and Mrs. Modin spent Sunday
afternoon at Hamerlund: Is.
Mr.. and Mrs. Hanson and family
were entertained for Sunday dinner
at the home Of MI. and Mrs. Times.
Warren sheaf. [volume] (Warren, Marshall County, Minn.) 1880-current, 1912-11-14
FoLDAHL

Well, the blowing has been going
on at a candy gait. Last week it had
frozen up but thawed out again.
Mrs. Christine Andin lost a vain.
able horse last week, from kidney
trouble.
Well, election is now over. The
result was in favor of Roosevelt and
Eberhart. We were sorry to learn
Of the defeat of Mr.. Aug. A. johnson
as he has once been one Of us; but of
course someone has to be defeated.
We wish him better luck next time.
a sweet little baby boy arrived at
the home of Mr.. and Mrs. Levi G.
Johnson last Sunday.
y few friends and neighbors were
entertained Sunday last at Peter
Skoglund's, the occasion being the de-
parture Of their daughter Miss Signe
for Duluth.
Mrs. Christine Andin moved to her
new home at Oslo last Monday. Eman-
uel Andeen, Gunnar Nilsson and Mr..
swanberg helped her move the pro-
perry. Mr.. A. Hagstrom has moved
into the vacant place.
Mr.. Jacob Andeen is back from
Drayton, where he has been working
this summer.
Warren sheaf. [volume] (Warren, Marshall County, Minn.) 1880-current, 1912-11-14

Misses Lilly and Mabel Shelstad
spent Sunday with Miss Emma Allen.
Miss Nellie lversonl Of Warren
spent Sunday at Dahlen's.
Mr.. D. Bjorklund was in Warren on
Tuesday.
Winter will soon be here, il We can
Judge by the way things are freezing,
Chas. Leslie has chen hauling sand
for buildings which he proposes to
erect on his land near town, next
spring.
A peddler while touring our neigh
borhood, decided that the people here
were not very hospitable and plainly
expressed his opinions of them.
A program will be given at Radium
in the near future. Everyone vel
come
Warren sheaf. [volume] (Warren, Marshall County, Minn.) 1880-current, 1912-11-14
Correspondence
- 4<s = . . =
: EAST or WARREN

sss* = sss4 So .
John Meade, who has been here
from Rosean during harvesting and
threshing, has left for Duluth.
Mr.. and Mrs. W. Grange visited at
p. James on. Sunday
Walter Monroe is attending North
Star College.
Albert Anderson left for Thief River
Falls Monday evening.
The next meeting of the Willing
Workers will be Dec. 9Th, with Mrs Y.
NJ. Johnson. Riverside farm.
Miss Helen Maps visited with
friends in Warren on Monday evening
and Tuesday.
The following pupils were absent
this week: Edwin Anderson, Clar-
ence Anderson, Bertha Anderson, Ar
thur Anderson.
Miss Wadsworth and Jeanette Pow
ell were entertained at the Maps
home Wednesday Of last week.
Two boys went home Monday with
torn clothes.
The report cards were all very sat
/: isfactOry this month. There are no
red marks yet and we hope to finish
the school year without any.
Two Of the pupils fell heavily from
the porch Friday Ask them if It
hurt.
The weather has been very pleasant
the last few days.
''The best preacher is the heart,
The best teacher is time,
The best book is the world,
The best friend is God"
Evelyn Marshall and Ida Anderson
were visitors again this week
There wns no school Tuesday. We
attended Tie lecture and exhibition OF
the Educational Train. All enjoyed
1t.
Warren sheaf. [volume] (Warren, Marshall County, Minn.) 1880-current, 1912-11-14
!. . .s...s4 ....ss. .
ALvARADo )

ssss . . . stos . . !, :
Mrs. F. Dahlsren and daugatsss
Della and Marion, visited in Warren
from Thursday evening until Saturday
morning.
Z. N. Johnson from Warren, WAS
here on business Friday.
Miss Belle Olson returned from,
Grand Forks Saturday evening.
Misses Emma Bystrom and Ellen
Pearson were Warren passengers Fri
day evening.
County Superintendent Johnson Wis
tied school Tuesday morning.
| Miss Martha Mortenson visited
friends in Thief River Falls Friday
evening.
| Miss Olive Wahlund spent a few
hours at her home in Warren Tuesday
evening.
Misses Lydia and Alma Wolberg
Went to Grand Forks Monday to re-
main for an indefinite time.
Among the market sale visitors at
Warren from here were: Mr.. and Mrs.
Peter Nordlund, Mr.. And. Nordlund
and daughter Della.
Mr.. and Mrs. Martin Ferring and
baby spent Monday evening in War.
rem. "
Miss Louise Larson and brother
Willie spent Friday in Warren.
One Of the largest crowds Alyarsdo
has had. was the one interested II
the special educational train which
was here Friday. Schools we're
closed and pupils enjoyed the ehort
lectures given by the different educa.
tors.
large sand table and little kinder.
garten chairs are the latest additions
to the primary department 81 tha
school here.
Miss Stella Olson and Mr. Edward
Supernant Of East Grand Fork. yi.it.
ed the 9. =. Olson family saturI,.v
and Sunday. &
Warren sheaf. [volume] (Warren, Marshall County, Minn.) 1880-current, 1912-11-14
= = = .** ~. *** $1,000
= RADIUM

80 81 $50 u = i y !.
ss. RADIUM
$3.50 u !. = ss* : $50 I. = . =
Mr.. and Mrs. VIM. Leslie were cali
ed to n. Dakota by the sudden death
Of the latter's mother.
Mrs. @. Allen went to Warren on
Tuesday TO visit her son and daugh-
ter there.
There will be hard times social
at the McGregor school house 4 week
from Friday or on Nov ~. "a fine
will he charged anyone coming
dressed up.
Services were held at the Allen
home By the Rev. Werner Drotts, Of
Viking. s
About thirty Radiumites were ii
Warren last Saturday to the sale
Warren sheaf. [volume] (Warren, Marshall County, Minn.) 1880-current, 1912-11-14

Some Of us were almost smothered
Monday by being imprisoned in a
horse blanket.
We have not had much skating yet.
Willie Cleveland was enrolled Mon
day
Miss Carlson and Miss Newcomb
were visitors last week.
Several Of the pupils are absent on
account Of colds.
Clayton Cleveland had the ear-ache
Monday.
Warren sheaf. [volume] (Warren, Marshall County, Minn.) 1880-current, 1912-11-14

Annie ose returned home from Da
kota this week, where me has been
employed all summer.
Mrs. Olson and Mrs. Erickson visit.
ed at K. Oseis last week.
Olga, Larson visited ct her home
here over Saturday aud Sunday.
Warren sheaf. [volume] (Warren, Marshall County, Minn.) 1880-current, 1912-11-14
DREssMAKiNG

I'll have started a dressmaking shop
in the Elof Wasseren reidence On the
west side and will be pleased to re-
ceive your patronage.
;2tpd Ethel Hanson.
Eagle River review. [volume] (Eagle River, Wis.) 1890-1927, 1912-05-17
- ISzTzVC o. II L9JNIGA
cJI<ELEICN ZO GGzR1< 10 16A1 -


Ipswich man. show distinctly primitive anu so
what simian characteristics. The implements
which they made also Of more slmple .ype
than those found in the river-terrace gravels'
which are nevertheless more ancient Ihereloie'
If we are to judge of the type of man from the I'M
pements he made the earlier rver-drlft man was
of a more advanced type than the later MOUSE
rian or Neanderthal man. The famous mo a.
Galley Hill of portions of human skeleton IN
the very ancient 100foot terrace of the Inames
has proved this to be true; for here we have
type of skull which is by means degraded, ana
associated with flint implements which snow an
advanced civilization.
Thus the evidence of the f1ints and the evidence
of the human bones are in entire agreement
but the 1O0-foot terrace Of the Thames at Upmin-
ster in Essex rests upon, and is therefore less
ancient than, the chalky boulder clay. and under
this boulder clay at Ipswich modern type OF
man has been found! And yet not quite modern,
for the Ipswich mans tiba, shin-bone, is differ
ent in every way from ours and not only ours,
but from any which have hitherto been found or
described. This peculiar tibia, which, as PROBES
sor Keith says, represents stage In evolution,
and will serve to distinguish the race to which
this man belonged. was doubt associated with
his manner of walking, but at present 1t is I'M
possible to say exactly what this association was
The finding of modern type OF man below the
chalky boulder clay is, as has been suggested at
first sight rather puzzling, but the dexterousy
faxed implements which have been found In the
older middle-glacal gravels, and the still mucn
older detritus bed below the red crag make the
discovery much more easy to understand The
outstanding fact about this discovery Is that even
at such an immensely remote period as that pre-
ceding the deposition of the chalky boulder clay,
modern man was already evolved, and that to find
the primitive human type we shall have to carry
our investigations back into still more dim and
distant past
The Neanderthal man of the earlier Ice Age is
the oldest known Europeon or this type Prof
Arthur Keith in Ancient Types of Man." says:
1--WE know now that the men who lived In
Europe during the earlier and greater part Of the
Glacial Period-one estimated to have extended
over period of from 100000 to 100000 years
were Of the Neanderthal type. compari-
Eagle River review. [volume] (Eagle River, Wis.) 1890-1927, 1912-05-17

valonment In the Neanderthal type cover 15OO
cc); indeed, 1,480 &C. is usually accepted as al
average for modern The earliest trace OF
the Neanderthal type of yet found was dis
covered in the valley of the Neckar, some SIX
miles above . Heidelberg. Only lower
law was found The Heidelberg man had
massive Jaw One can be absolutely
certain that the head form of the Heidelberg man
of the Neanderthal shape. In the
manner of head fixation Neanderthal man retains
a distinct trace Of the anthropoid form
The earliest trace of the skeleton of man yet
found in Europe must be assigned to period
which carries US back many hundred thousands
of years Yet even at that early date we
find man already evolved, british perhaps in ap-
pearance savage, no doubt in his nature-yet
largebraned, erect in posture, and in every sense
of the biologist man.
OF the type known as Pithecanthropus erectus,
called the missing link" DR.. w. j. Sollas In
Ancient Hunters says:
DIR. Eugene Dubois who had left Holland for
Java with the avowed intention of finding the
missing link discovered in September, 1891
molar tooth the wisdom tooth Of Pithecan-
thropus erectus; later the cranial vault, or
the skullcap was found. The thigh bone
Of the left leg was found lying fifty feet away
from the spot where the first tooth was obtained,
but still on the horizon and finally, in Octo-
Der (1892), another molar tooth. A de-
scription of the remains Of Pithecanthropus has
been published by DIR. Dubois. All are
agreed InaI tney Intricate dn amman OedilHS
close resemblance to men and apes Some re-
gard Pithecanthropus as an ape with certain
human characters; others as man with evident
simian characters; others connecting
link midway between and the higher apes.
The suggestion has even been made that the re-
mains are those of a unacceptable idiot.
That which distinguishes man from all the beasts
of the field is the power and completely OF his
mind . Thus the chief interest in the
Trinil fossil attaches to the skullcap brain
pan this Is certainly smian than
human. The animal has been fittingly
designated Pithecanthropus erectus-the ape
who walked erect
Eagle River review. [volume] (Eagle River, Wis.) 1890-1927, 1912-05-17
CROWN PRINCE SHIRKs DUTY?

The article attacking the crown
prince for neglect Of military duties,
which is attracting great attention,
being reproduced in many leading
newspapers, appeared originally in
Der Tuermer, monthly review. &C
cording to Berlin dispatch. 1t was
written by Herr Guenther Won Vie
brogge, retired officer.
The article observes that up to the
time when the kaiser appointed his
heir to the colonelcy of the famous
Deaths Head hussars at Danzig last
September the crown prince had never
done any military service worth men
tioning. 1t was hoped that the COM
mand would at last fill the prince, in
whose veins the blood OF so many
warriors flowed, with genuine en-
thusiasm for the profession Of arms.
up to the present, however," con-
tinues the article, the hopes aroused
by the transfer to Danzig have re-
manned unfulilIed. The crown prince
is absent far too much on leave. IN
Eagle River review. [volume] (Eagle River, Wis.) 1890-1927, 1912-05-17

material. When the bones were reached 1t was
found that they were in such friable state as TO
necesstate the strata in which they lay being
dug up in large Jumps; and as it was OF the
greatest Importance to have them at once placed
in the hands of experts, they were forwarded the
same evening to the Royal College Of Surgeons,
London, where they most carefully ana
sldlfully examined by Prof Arthur Keith, the con-
seFvator of the college. During the next week the
strata each side of the place where the skeleton
found were examined and reported on by Mr.
w. Whitaker, FRS, Dr. ]. e. Mari, FRS, and
Mr.. George Slater, FIGS. The chalky boulder
clay, under which the bones were lying, covers an
immense area in East Anglia, and is LANDMARK
In Pleistocene geology. 1t owes its origin to the
fce-sheet associated with the last episode Oh the
great Ice Age and its antiquity may be gauged
from the fact that since its deposition most OF
present river valleys have been formed Be
fore the chalky boulder clay was laid down there
was apparently sandy land-surface to the north
of Ipswich and on this land-surface lived the man
whose remains have been found. The flint nipple
ments he and his associates made, which were.
no doubt, lying the land-surface before the adj
vance of the ice, have been found In some abun-
dance in the boulder clay, and at the junction OF
the clay with the glacial sand, and, therefore, at
exactly the same horizon as the bones themselves
occurred These implements, and those from the
underlying middle-glacial gravel, though very
skilfully made are of pre-Palaeolithic forms, and
there is doubt that in pre-boulder clay times
the true Palaeoltic stage of culture had not been
reached
Yet the who lived in Britain in the inter
glacial period before the boulder clay was laid
down. and who is therefore, of vast and I'M
known antiquity, was to all intents and purposes
modern man. He stood about feet 10 inches in
height; his head was perhaps trife smaller and
hatter than presentday examples, but there was
nothing brutal or simian in his appearance.
Now the Neanderthal men whose remains have
been frequently found in caves and rock shelters
in the south of France and elsewhere, and who
lived in these districts in mid alaeolthic times.
and are. therefore. much less ancient than the