davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1912-04-18
new Paper FOR
CAPITAL CITY
DEMOCRATIC WEEK.
LY WILL MAKE ITS INITIAL
APPEARANCE FROM NEW HOME
At BISMARCk-COL. BEN G.
WHITEHEAD HAS MOVED HIS
lARES AND PENATES TO QUEEN
CITY OF THE SLOPE.

Some weeks ago it was announced
in the columns of the Tribune that a
new democratic weekly would soon
be issued from the capital city. Col.
Benjamin G. Whitehead, editor and
publisher of the Williston Weekly
State, announced that he would pub
lish the "Jacksonian," democratic
weekly of statewide importance, from
this city. Later he announced that
the name of the paper would be the
Rough Writer" and that it's initial
number would make its appearance
some time in April. However, since
Roosevelt booted his bonnet back into
the ring and jumped on it to keep 1t
down, Colonel Ben has decided that
rough riding and rough writing are
somewhat monopolized by Colonel
Teddy, and therefore has decided to
stick to the standard of the State.
The State will hereafter be edited
and published at Bismarck. Its first
appearance from it's new headquarters
will occur this week. Colonel White
head purposes to make the State a
democratic weekly that will cover all
events of statewide interest, and will
thoroughly handle the democratic sit.
uation in the commonwealth.
Colonel Whitehead arrived Bis
marck Wednesday night and will
make his home here. He will open
his offices as soon as he can secure a
suitable location.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1912-04-18
MOVING RESIDENCE

S. A. Worthing, one of the dispatch
els of the 500 line, is moving into the
house on Avenue A recently vacated
by Frank Gushing family. Mr.. Worth
ing has been a dispatcher at the Bis
marck offices of thu 500 system for
the past eight months.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1912-04-18

Thursday from St. Paul where the
governor attended the Jeffersonian
banquet of northwestern democrats.
While in attendance at the gathering
the governor is reported as stating
that he will not again be candidate
for the gubernatorial nomination in
North Dakota.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1912-04-18
The lonasst Nexoi.

The "Story Of the Eight Dogs" 10 the
longest novel that has ever been pub
nshed. Fortunately. perhaps. 1t is
written in japanese. 40 no one will set
himself the task Of reading It. 1t con.
tains l06 volumes. several hundred
characters and numerous dogs. all Of
which are successfully disposed Of BY
the ume the last chapter Is reached
Just imagine reading through that
one book that would last q lifetime!
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1912-04-18

sal of its position-just to please the
attorney general-and some of his
office seeking associates. The peo-
pie who are acquainted with the per-
sonel of the court will not take much
stock in Millers effort to make the
court stultify itself in such manner.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1912-04-18
ARM INJURED

Word has been received from Billy
Albertson, who is a sailor aboard the
U. S. S Washington, that he had cis
arm badly injured while the crew was
visiting at Havana, Cuba, recently,
and it was necessary that ID stitches
be taken in it. There was no word
as to how he received his injuries.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1912-04-18
new Paper FOR
THE White CITY
FIRST ISSUE OF THE MOTT SPOT.
LIGHT WILL MAKE ITS APPEAR.
ANCE ABOUT THE FIRST OF
MAY-JAck CHARMLEY, FOR
MERLY OF THE kENMARE
NEWS, TO HAVE EDITORIAL
CHARGE,

C. H. Crockard, the bonanza editor
of the Missouri slope, will add another
newspaper to his already extensive
string of publications in the south
western portion of the state. The
field of his new endeavor is Mott the
White City and county seat of Het-
finger county. The new paper will
be called the Spotlight. because of
Mott being the Spot. Its first edition
will be off the press about the first
of May.
Jack C. CAarmley, formerly editor
and publisher Of the Kenmare News,
will have editorial charge of the Mott
Spotlight. and has gone to the Hettin-
ger county capital to make prepara-
tons for the first number. In add-
ton Mr.. Cnarmley will supervise the
editorial END of the other Crockard
papers of that section.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1912-04-18
FROM HAGUE

Mrs Christian Sanger CT Hague
was numbered among the recent ar
rivals in the Exposition City from En-.
mons county.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1912-04-18
B ! R T H S

A GIRL
A baby girl was born Wednesday
at the Bismarck Hospital, to Mr.. and
Mrs. Tony Newgebauer of Menoken.
The baby is doing very we'll, but the
mother is in a critical condition.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1912-04-18
MRS. COSTELLO AT oRPHEum

Moving picture fans of the capital
city are all familiar with Maurice Cos
tello, the popular performer. VINO has
appeared in so many pleasing photo.
plays. This evening at the Orpheum
Mrs. Costello and daughter, Helen.
appear in Vitagraph production.
with Mrs. Costello playing the part
OF a nurse.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1912-04-18
ROSS TO PEN

Sheriff Boyle. accompanied by Dep
uty Sheriff J. C. Ross. came up from
Fargo. Thursday, with Sandy Ross,
who was taken to the penitentiary
to commence a sentence of five years.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1912-04-18
RETURNED TO STEELE

Michael Ryan Of Steele, who has
been patient in one of the local hos
pitfalls for some time, has returned to
his home
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1912-04-18
RETURNED TO kAsMER

P. Mastel of Kasmer has returned
to his home in Mercer county after
spending several days in the EXPOSE
ton City.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1912-04-18
HERE FROM SANGER

John ,Digby of Sanger was among the
arrivals in the Exposition City
Wednesday evening and is receiving
treatment at one of the hospitals.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1912-04-18
RETURNED FROM ST. PAUL

Capt. I. P. Baker returned to Bis
marck on No. 3 Thursday from st.
Paul, where he attended the Jeffer-
sonian banquet of prominent demo
Gratis from all sections of the north
west
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1912-04-18
LEFT FOR MINNEAPOLIS

Carl Rasmussen of Driscoll was a
Bismarck visitor Wednesday evening.
He departed Thursday morning for
Minneapolis, where he will learn the
barber trade,
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1912-04-18
Ais Forte.

"What business would you suggest
for my son? He Is a young fellow Of
considerable address"
"Then 1 suggest he get 4 Job on The
city MISUNDERSTANDING.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1912-04-18

The worlds great men have not com.
monty been great scholars nor it,
great scholars great men holmes.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1912-04-18
FROM BENEDICT

Peter Hanson of Benedict was look
ing after business matters in the Elk.
position City, Thursday.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1912-04-18
PROVING UP

Thomas Holli1Gworth OF Wilton,
was among the visitors at the state
capital Thursday making final proof
upon his homestead in Burleigh coun-
~
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1912-04-18
ON BUSINESS TRIP

n. P. Nelson of Almont was trans
acting business at the Exposition City,
Wednesday and Thursday.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1912-04-18
HERE FROM TAPPEN

M. Noonan of Tappen was an ar.
rival at the state capital Wednesday
and will spend few days here.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1912-04-18

Mr.. and Mrs. Roy D. Corwin will
leave the latter part Of the week for
Hazelton, where they will spend two
or three weeks on vacation trip WIS.,
iting with Mr.. Corwin's parents.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1912-04-18
VISITING IN CITY

G.. f. Gillette and daughter. Alice,
were Driscoll visitors at the state
capital Wednesday and Thursday.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1912-04-18
STORM IN MILWAUKEE

: MILWAUKEE, April 1S.-Six :
: inches OF snow fell here, and in :
: this vicinity during the night, :
: causing Inconvenience to the :
= street railway and steam road :
: travel. The storm was from the :
: northwest and continues today. !
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1912-04-18
FROM TURTLE LAKE

Gilbert Holtan of Turtle Lake was
visitor at the state capital Wednes-
day.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1912-04-18
RETURNED FROM CITIES

Sam H. Clark returned to the city
where he attended to business mat
tiers. On his way back to Bismarck
He stopped off at Fargo to listen to
one of Billy Sundays sermons
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1912-04-18

HERE FROM DRlscOLL
Mrs. Della Hart of tDriscoll came up
Wednesday and entered q local hos
pital for medical treatment.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1912-04-18

NEW YORK. April 1S-Willam B.
Ridgely. formerly comptroller of the
currency and son-in-law of Senator
Cullo moi Illinois, will appear in the
supreme court here this week to de-
fend a suit for $1,000 brought by
James G.. Allen. The claim is based
On note signed by Ridgely as part
payment for property in Cuba which
he SAYS did not prove to be as rep
resented
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1912-04-18
RETURNS TO CITY

Robert Muntz. drug clerk for the
Adams drug store returned today
from a weeks visit with his parents
at jamestown.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1912-04-18

RETURNED FROM ST. PAUL
Governor and Mrs. John Burke re-
turned to the capital city on No. 3
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1912-04-18

> CONSTAlNTlNOPLE, April IL. :
: An Italian fleet is reported to t
= have appeared at the entrance t
q to Dardanelles straits and one I:
: Italian warship said to have t
+ been sunk.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1912-04-18
City News
N>N~AN>%>~>A A>SANS
IN HOSPITAL

IN HOSPITAL
Mrs. S. F Wright OF Hazelton is
receiving medical treatment in one
of the Bismarck hospitals.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1912-04-18
ON VACATION TRIP

:: :: : :. : = : {. : i: i: : :.
The Lynden tribune. [volume] (Lynden, Wash.) 1908-current, 1912-10-31
CHURCH DIRECTORY
Methodist EolscopaS Church Hours o

Methodist Episcopal Church Hours of
worship. Preaching II a. m. and 7;3o p. m Sun
day School 10 a. m. Epworth League $50 p. m.
Prayer Meeting Wednesday 1880 p. m.
HERBERT JONES. Minister.
First Baptist Church Corner Grover and
7th SITS Rev. r. /. Case. Services every Sunday
morning at IL. Sunday School at 10 in the fore
noon Prayer Meeting "Wednesday evening.
penfocosfas Mission Rev. C: f. Hodge.
Services every Sunday morning at II and evening
at 100. Prayer meeting Thursday evening. eth
and Liberty SITS.
First Reformed Church Corner 9th and
Grover Sts Rev. J. G. Brouwer. Services every
Sunday at 1870 p. m. in the Holland language.
Sunday School Immediately after the afternoon
services Evening service at 1880 in the English
language.
Catholic Church Corner Bird and Liberty
Streets Rev. J. b. Boulet Services every third
Sunday in the month at 1880 a. m. Sunday School
after regular services.
Unitarian Services by Mr.. Alban We'll every
other Sunday evening at 1:30 at X of P. Hall.
frsf ChrIsffAn Reformed Church
Front Street. Services $3.50 a. m and2 p m sun
day School $3.50 p. m. Senior Catechism classes.
Tuesday at and D. m. Junior Glasses. SATURDAY
1880 p. m. and at Ebenezer School, Friday l:So p
M Rev. p. ]. Hoekenga. Pas tor.
International Bible Sfusseafs' Ass'n.
of Lynden meets at Pixley's Hall every Sunday.
10 to II a. m. and 2 to p. m. All interested are
invited: seats free: no collections; Unsectarian'
The Lynden tribune. [volume] (Lynden, Wash.) 1908-current, 1912-10-31
ROYAL NEIGHBoRs.

Meet every second and fourth Saturdays at X
of F. Hall. Mrs. Sophia Young. Oracle.
The Lynden tribune. [volume] (Lynden, Wash.) 1908-current, 1912-10-31
G. A. r,

Lynch Post. No. AZ, meets second Snd fourth
Tuesdays in G. ~ Il. Han. Joseph Pyn, Com
nlauler. A. j. RUSSO. Adj.
Lynch Relief Corps, No. 20. meets every al
ternate Saturday of each month in G. A. r..
Halt Nellie Taylor, President. Belle VAN
pier, Secy.
The Lynden tribune. [volume] (Lynden, Wash.) 1908-current, 1912-10-31

The recommendation of w. H. Kauf-
man. county assessor, that the salary
of Foster NJ. Carver, office deputy OF
nine months, be raised to $500. was
rejected by the Board.
On motion the Board adjourned to
meet on Friday, October II, 1912.
Friday, October II, 1912.
The Board met pursuant to adjourn
ment taken on October 10, 1912. Pres
ent, all members of the Board and the
Clerk in attendance. The following
claims were allowed and proceedings
had.
The Lynden tribune. [volume] (Lynden, Wash.) 1908-current, 1912-10-31

wednesday, October 9, 1912.
me Board met pursuant to ad-
1ournment taken on October 8, 1912
Present. all members of the Board
and the Clerk in attendance. The
following claims were allowed and
proceedings had:
Current Expense Fund.
Will H. Fell. expense as county
commissioner ...........................$ 1865
DR.. VIM. c. Reyes, assisting
county physician ................ 100
Graham & Munich, medicine for
county patients ........................ 1926
Collins e. Co.. do. ........................ 1926
st. Luke's Hospital, care of
county patients ................. 147O0
st. Josephs Hospital, do. ....... $500
Whatcom County Humane So
ciety. maintenance ................ 1900
VIM. Manning, distributing bal
lot boxes, primary election 1740
F. & A. Transfer Co., drayage
acct. booths, primary cleo
ton .......................... 1000
w. H. Towner Prtg. Co., sup
plies for auditor, 5000;
clerk, $4,000, and primary
election. $2.00................ 34.00
Pioneer Binding & Printing Co.,
recipe book for primary cleo
ton SO
Anstett Prtg. Co., printing for
clerk, $3.50, and sheriff,
slO.25 1875
Union p, B. & Sta. Co., prtg
for clerk, Splits; treasurer,
s13S.35 county supterin-
tendent, 1855 ........................ 1855
Marriage Certificate Fund.
Samuel f. Leitch, county clerk,
recording marriage certif-
Gates 4l.Oo
E. F. Mckenzie, clerk Pierce
County, do. ..-.-.....-....--..-.---.-.--- LOO
The September report of DR.. F. V.
Shute, county physician, was Endorsed
and approved by the Board.
The Board made an order estab-
fishing boundaries of Town of Nook
sack and calling for election on in
corporation. Auditor published no.
tice of election to be held in Nook
sack on November 9, 1912, in Ma
theirs Hall.
On motion the Board adjourned to
meet on Thursday, October 10, 1912.
Thursday, October 10, 1912.
The Board met pursuant to ad-
journment taken on October 8, 1912.
Present, all members of the Board
and Clerk in attendance. The fol
lowing claims were allowed and pro-
ceedings had:
Current Expense Fund.
J. G. Kemper, expense as .oun-
ty commissioner .-.......-..-.-....-..$ 3.59
John Simpson, do. .--.-..,..-.--.-----.-. 4.oo
The Lynden tribune. [volume] (Lynden, Wash.) 1908-current, 1912-10-31
KNIGHTS OF pYTHIAs.

Lynden Lodge. No. 1877, meets every Monday In
X. of T. Hall A. bunker. &. Q. H. s. Stein
hauer, X. of r. S.
Lynden Temple. No. GO, Pythian Sisters, meets
second and fourth Wednesdays in X. of r. Hall
The Lynden tribune. [volume] (Lynden, Wash.) 1908-current, 1912-10-31
FRATERNAL SOCIETIES
I. o. O. F,

Lynden Lodge, No. Il, meets every SATURDAY. In
Odd Fellows Hail. c. Il. Bay, n. G. H. s.
Steinhauer, Secretary.
Nooksack Valley Encampment, No. &C. meets
first and third Wednesdays In Odd Fellows Hall
Geo. Scovll, c. T.. IL. s. steinhauer Scribe.
Harmony Rebeeca Lodge, No. 3d. meets first
ana third Saturdays In L. o. O. r. Hall Ethai
Bailey, N. q. Mrs. w. W. Palmer, Secretary.
The Lynden tribune. [volume] (Lynden, Wash.) 1908-current, 1912-10-31
MASONIC.

.4ynden Lodge. No. SO. meets second and fourth
Thursdays in Masonic Hail. Geo. A. Palmer w
NJ. ID. W. Bender, Seey. "
Lynden Chapter. No. IL, o. E. s.. meets first
and third Thursdays in Masonic Hall. Mrs. Geo.
W. Hall, w. Nj. Geo. W. Hail. See'y,
The Lynden tribune. [volume] (Lynden, Wash.) 1908-current, 1912-10-31
We are always at your service.
PACIFIC STEAM LAUNDRY
cXAs. E1XoLl1, Prop'r.

Bellinsham. Established 1883
Gale & Tremain are n.snts for US
in Lynden. Leave your bundles Of
their Barber Shop. and your want
will lie promptly attended to.
The Lynden tribune. [volume] (Lynden, Wash.) 1908-current, 1912-10-31

International Bible Sfudeafs' Assn.
of Lynden meets at Pxley's Hall every Sunday
10 to II a. m. and to p. m. All interested are
invited: seats free: no collections; Unsectarian'
The Lynden tribune. [volume] (Lynden, Wash.) 1908-current, 1912-10-31
PROCEEDINGS
OF
THE COUNTY
COMMISSIONERS
OF WHATCOM COUNTY,
WASHINGTON
OCTOBER SESSION 1912

Wednesday, October 9, 1912.
The Board met pursuant to ad-
1ournment taken on October 8, 1912.
Present. all members of the Board
and the Clerk in attendance. The
following claims We're allowed and
proceedings had:
The Lynden tribune. [volume] (Lynden, Wash.) 1908-current, 1912-10-31
BROTHERHOOD OF AMERICAN YEoMEN

Meet in Pixley's Hail every first and third
Tuesday OF each month. Chas. b. Sampley
Foreman. Harriet Hemingway. Correspondent
The Lynden tribune. [volume] (Lynden, Wash.) 1908-current, 1912-10-31
fRATERNAL UNION.

LINDEN Lodge No. AGO. meets every third Tues
day evening at X. of p. hall. S. l.. Palmer. +. M
Anna Anderson, Secretary.
The Lynden tribune. [volume] (Lynden, Wash.) 1908-current, 1912-10-31
MODERN WoODMEN.

Meet every 2nd and 4th Saturdays in Pixley's
Hall, on Third st. Warren Il. Hawley. Clerk.
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1912-05-02

many lie Fevres in the world shook his hand,
wished him quick recovery and better future
went board more than ever resolved TO keep
my mouth shut" For what good would it do now,
thought to arouse in that big. redeyed devils heart
even the suspicion that he had tortured his own SON
might not have been able to name the American town
of his BIRTH and for the rest there was not the slightest
resemblance between him and Captain Bechor.
the departure Of Frenchy from the ship the captain
had been more than usually cheerful, humming tunes
himself, speaking cvilly to his mates and in more
thar kindly nan to me lie oked at his hd .d
and frankly ascrbng to the absence OF the French
devil that had haunted his dreams. Then on this third
day out he followed with an incorporate, senseless.
included his ignorance of seamanshp. his sensitiveness
pain his morals, habits and alleged ancestry. 1t
nauseaeG me. and secure in my past immunity from
Captain" said, as stood behind his chair. you
said you had a. son-about my age. What was his
first name sir ?"
William" he replied in no way nonplu;sed By my
coming to him, he asked angrily "And what business
is that of yours. Steward"
Nothing. sir" answered. coldly "Fut perhaps
you'd like to know that the Frenc Imam who went to
the hospital signed the books the name Of William
Riker."
WHAT" he roared, standing up and kicking his
chair behind him.
Francois lie Fevre of Paris musician like himself"
He glared at me, his red eyes wide open, and he
recled back against the after-cabn door.
Ard ne ,od o %H wen o ru ns hat he
born in America, the son Of seafa.ing man. and
was taken TO France when very young.
"Oh, God" he said, hoarsey then his face twisted
into an expression of fury, he rushed at me-. =,
"Ou of my sight" he yelled, cor I'll kill you with
my hands"
fled through the forward passage and companion.
Burlington weekly free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1866-1928, 1912-05-02

"Why don't YOU answer at the Wheel he Numbered,
shaking the frightened covering man and causing HIM
before the wind now and going fast through the water
hut sang-ship ever outran following Cape Horn
sea- and the rudder, swinging aridships by the press
of water, received such sea that it drove back
before the spanker-sheet man could seize the whrng
wheel and brought up with crash that twisted and
split the rudder head Meanwhile the enraged captain
was shaking the poor Frenchman and cursing him
soundy but the damage to the rudder caused him to
release him and attend his ship. But first he crashed
his big first into the face of Frenchy, who fell heavily
to the deck When he arose he spoke. and the words
came forth explosivey
You WILL hcy7" storn,ed the captain. "l' see that
you don't"
The ship came around and the yards were trimmed
for the other tack while the rudder was secured ana
controlled by the relieving tackles. Fortunately, the
wind shifted soon and rounded the Horn IN few
days sailing north into finer weather
But the Frenchman's neuralgia continued he moaned
continually and in common humanity | was forced to
speak to the captain and ask for remedies. For my
own poor skill was at fault. awe,
Send him aft to the cabin he said quietly; I'll
| had msgvines hut brought the sufferer. Captain
Belchor received us in the afer-cabin On the table
were handouts forceps and wooden. gag
left lie locked the door behind me- but listened
from the mess-room, Soon heard a scream in the
Frenchman's voice then another and another; then
oaths and grows from the captain. ] could not bear
Frenchman came ont. splitting blood and Keeling as
he walked. | returned, for | knew what required
of me: and without orders | gathered up. twenty
seven strong, sound teeth from the cabin floor and
Thiry-two teeth, as aerward learned, is the fun SET
TO repair damaged rudler we put into Val
paraiso, and my heart gaddened by the captain S
assertion that he would send the Frenchman to the
That the captain of an American ship could so torture
and main one of his crew without investigation by