Dakota farmers' leader. (Canton, S.D.) 1890-19??, 1912-02-16

destroyers, while In the eyes Of north
erners the Confederates We're 'rebels'
and outlaws. Up 10 the battle OF Bull
Run the number of prisoners on either
side was not large. BY that disaster
to the Federals the Confederates cap
tured some 400 of them, a fact which
put an end to all idea OF punishment.
The Confederates released numbers at
different points on parole. and the
matter was compromised in various
ways. Thus fifty-seven wounded SOL
diers were voluntarily released from
Richmond and sent home. In response
twenty Confederate soldiers, mostly
North Carolinians. We're released from
Bedloe's Island, New York. and sent
to Fortress Monroe to be discharged
on taking the oath not to bear arms.
In this informal manner numbers were
from time to time discharged. At
Washington the oath was administered
to thirty seven prisoners Of war who
were confined in the military prisons.
The entire number took an oath not to
bear arms against che United States.
Under the Laws of War.
The matter of military prisoners Ii
regulated under the laws OF war. but
the United States hesitated to recog
nize the Confederacy as belllgerent
General Grant, who was appealed to
by General Polk (Confederate) to ex-
change certain captives. replied, Il
recognize no Southern Confederncy
myself" but he consented to pass the
matter on to army headquarters
Exchanges were sometimes mndo BY
officers acting on their own aoOk.
General Fremont went SO far as to
arrange a treaty with his opponent.
General Sterling Price, for the regular
exchange of captives taken in their
opera tons. Appeals from prisons and
from the homes Of captives poured
into Washington. The captives them
selves naturally chafed under confine-
ment, and there were numerous es-
capes from the prison guard. especial
" at Richmond Such fugitives were
usually recaptured and made to suher.
In Richmond the captives were con.
fined in empty warehouses, the most
noted of which was that of Libby i
Sons. In few weeks these quarters
became overcrowded, and the anxiety
of northern friends as to the welfare
Of the captives was increased by the
tone of the radical southern press
Harsh treatment was advocated. and It
was suggested that the unfortunates he
sent to Pensacola and New Orleans.
Describing fresh arrival at. R1ch-
mond, the Dispatch Of that city said
''The crowd about the depot convers-
ed freely with the prisoners. but no
rudeness was exhibited toward them.
They were very soon marched on to
the factory to join their comrades I'D
captivity. There are now nearly 2.o'D
prisoners in Richmond, and he sooner
some hundreds are sent south the bet
ter We are in a situation not unlike
the man who got the elephant as
prize in a lottery and didn't know what
to do with il"
Finally, on Dec. 7, negotiations open
ed and soon led to the exchange on
James river of 24O from each side. the
Confederates chiefly from North Caro-
lima and the FederaIs from Bull Run.
Slaves In Union Camps.
The extra session Oh tne i uutS S-StN-
enth congress, which closed in August,
1861, took no decided action with re-
gard to slavery, except that it includ-
ed slaves as property, which the United
States might confscate II the enemy
could make use Of 1t in war. 1t was
assumed by some people that this act
OF congress gave warrant for inter
ference with the institution of slavery.
The regular congress felt called upon
to act. The uncertain status OF the
slaves made trouble In the camps.
General Halleck, in the west, treated
them as spies. In the east the secre-
tary Of state, w. III. Seward. officially
notified General Mcclellan that the ne
groes who came within the army lines
were entitled to the protection OF the
United States. These two views were
directly opposed. Yet President Lin
coin stood by General Halleck. There
were arrests Of runaway negroes made
in the streets of Washington almost In
the shadow of the White House. 10
remedy the situation Senator Sumner
of Massa chusetts on Dec. 10 presented
a petition to the senate asking that all
slaves coming within the Jurisdiction