davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1912-10-24
Home Course
In Domestic
Science
x.-The Modern Kitchen
By EDITH G. CHARLTON.
In Charge OF Domestic Economy. Iowa
State College.
Copyright 1910. by Ameriesn Pres.
Association.

CONSIDERING the Importance Of
the kitchen to the rest of the
~ home. II seems strange that 1t
should very often be the least
attractive room from every point Of
view in the house. we find 1t tucked
of in some dark corner with little or
no ventilation, its wall and floor COW
ering dark and dingy and Its equip
ment so meager II would be impossible
to find any pleasure In working with
them.
The kitchen is the workroom of the
home. Its arrangement, pleasant or
otherwise, very often gives the key
note Of conditions in the home. My
idea of a real kitchen is this: 1t
should be as bright and CHEEKY as any
room In the house. | would much pre-
fer a gloomy parlor than a dark, I'M
pleasant kitchen. II possible ! should
have a north and east exposure. This
would insure sunlight In the morning
and cool breeze on hot summer after
Moons. Then should be careful TO
have good view from the kitchen
window, something Beautiful to look
out upon, like a stately tree, bit OF
green lawn or a trim vegetable garden.
The outlook from kitchens In towns
and cities is too often brick walls Of
adjoining buildings. untidy back yards
or high board fences. From kitchens
In the country we often look out upon
an unsightly woodpile or barnyard
filed with a clutter of old farm imple-
ments With such daily views 1t Is no
wonder If the women, who must spend
threefourths of their time in the
kitchen. have very little love for house
work.
There should be at least two win
dows and, If possible, an outside door
opposite one window in order to have
good ventilation at all times. The
kitchen should not be unnecessarily
large, but its size will depend on the
number of persons in the family and
the amount of work that is to be done
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1912-10-24
|Ebort gsrmons|
FOR A
|Sunoap palf-pour'

THEME: EQUALIZATION OF HU-
NIFTY.
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1912-10-24
INTERNATIONAL
SUNDGYSCIlOOL
LESSON

CBy r. O. SELLERS. Director OF Evening
Department. The Moody Bible Institute
OF Chicago)
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1912-10-24
FINE ARTS PALACE. PAnAMA-PAClFlC INTERNATIONAL
EXPOSITION.

F% E Fine Palace will be the beautiful
In it's architecture well In is location the Panama
Pacific Exposition. The building, coo Ia length from north
q SOUTH will be semcrcuar AMI will have its
dome arising unique Forming the
will surrounded sides sunlen
which will be designed Italian architecture Here
will be assembled the notable paintings OF history.
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1912-10-24
LESSON FOR OCTOBER Fl.
wANoeRINcs IN oecAPoLis.

LESSON TEXT-Mark 7:3i-s:lo.
GOLDEN TEXT-"IIe hath done all
things we'll: lie maketh even the deaf
TO hear and the dumb TO speak. MARK
7:U II. ".
New-York tribune., 1912-08-25

in a Cash buoy has been worked out. II
is stated that the saving I'm gas by tho
use of flashing apparatus amounts 10
ninety per cent. given supply OF gas
may be made to last forty per cent long
or than otherwise would he tho case, II
Is asserted, by the use Of a sun valve.
This is a mechanism in which rod Of
appropriate metal is expanded and con-
tracted by the action Of the light intensi-
fed by the use Of lampblack The proc
ess OF expansion and contraction opens
and closes the gas supply valve. The gas
is ignited in the mantle by means OF
tiny pilot fame, which burns constantly.
The use OF the sun valve. therefore, makes
IL practicable 10 automatically opera e
the light between the hours Of sunrise
and sunset, instead OF continuously. the
government is testing the valve in the
waters of Eastern Connecticut.
Two kinds OF gas can he used in the
buoys. Pntsch and acetylcne. The latter
Is considered more desirable for several
reasons. Its light is more intense ana
will penetrate haze or fog better. A high
or low temperature has little effect upon
it. Al the present time the Pintsch
buoys are charged from large tanks car
ried on the lighthouse tender. the press
ure being about IL atmospheres, while
the acetylene is carried In steel cylin-
ders under pressure Of sixteen atmos-
pheres, the cylinders being lowered into
chambers In the body OF the buoy pre-
pared to receive them.
In the angle formed by the junction Of
the Gedney and Ambrose channels there
Is large buoy fitted with apparatus for
making acetylene as II is required. This
buoy and It's counterpart, at Point Judith,
have the reputation of being not only the
largest buoys in the world. but the most
costly They each weigh twenty tons.
The buoy I'm the Lower Bay carries, stored
New-York tribune., 1912-08-25
THE INGENIOUS SWEDE.

For a number OF years IT has been
feasible to light buoys using compressed
gas They burn for months, some for
more than a year, without recharging,
day and night 1t was desirable TO give
these lights distinguishing characteristics.
But how could this be done? In light
houses 1t Is accomplished in part by nash-
ing the light at regular intervals. the In
tervals being controlled exactly. They
may be made of lengths sufficiently dif-
ferent to make contiguous lights clearly
distinguishable one from another. This
end is secured by revolving the lens
around the light, the motive power beihs
a weight. But weights cannot be used IN
a swaying buoy. In order. then, to apply
the principle of the fash to buoy II was
necessary to make the light Itself 90 the
winking This was accomplished by the
Swedish inventor Dahlen. His device Is
so simple that some have wondered tha'
an inventive Yankee did not develop IL.
Ii must be admitted that the problem IN
volved was not an easy one to solve. The
conditions which had TO be met were
onerous. The flashing mechanism must
be automatic in its operation and capable
OF working in almost any position with
absolute regularity. II must be able TO
meet all kinds of shocks ranging from
that OF wave 10 that of a crowding ice
foe or a plunging ship
The flashing device is placed just be-
low the lens-lantern and burner. The gas.
reduced to the pressure required in the
burner, Is admitted 10 chamber whose
! roof is a leather diaphragm. The gas
causes this diaphragm TO rise agains;
spring. When II reaches a given height
| the spring releases stopper, which clos
es the inlet from the stores supply and
at the same moment opens the small
pipe leading TO the burner. The gas Is
ignited by tiny pilot fame and quickly
the flmy mantle becomes incandescent.
1t glows In the red lantern, to use Ian
New-York tribune., 1912-08-25
HOPElESSlY YOUNG.

William Dean Howells. the fam0N
novelist, said at a dinner at YORK hs
Dor apropos Of I. Townsend Burden u
declaration that Newport was no lonss
sufficiently exclusive for the Amer"''
aristocrat:
After all, the American aristocf"
very young. isn't he? Only a geners's
or 80 ago he was peddling clocks or n',''s
corn. The American aristocrat ~sA'
me smile. -,
He reminds me, rather. OF the Wv.
of Burgundy at the aalf-dollar 'aD'''
hote. :.
Two men, you know. were dih'as
this table -hote. and, TO rouno
their dinner they ordered eo'u'
Burgundy II came, like all wines
throw OFF a sediment, lying on its ~"
a wicker basket, or cradle. ma,
The first man said, as the w.
carefully filled their glasses: ~.
why is this wine served In e'sSs =,
"The second man took a sip .. y,
Burgundy. shuddered slightly ana
swered:
because II is so young.
New-York tribune., 1912-08-25

Of 6ueyseS
The Once Humble Floating Warning Mariners Has Now Been De-
voped bv Mechanical Convnces Such Extent
That Its Efficiency in Safeguarding Ocean Highways
Is Rated. High as Compared with That of
the Lighthouse Lightshp

guage of those vino have charge OF the
buoys. like "maraschlno cherry for
the prescribed number OF seconds, when
the gas IN the flash chamber having be
come exhausted the leather diaphragm
returns 10 its first position ana the OUT
let is closed and the inlet r,opcn"d. Dav
after day and month after month the
flashing goes on with mechanical regular
ity. the intervals Of light and dark may
be fixed 10y regulation Of the flow Of ga
and the size Of the fash chamber.
The buoy at the outer end Of the Am
brosc Channel is set To- fash at intervals
o. four-tenths OF "A second and the Gura-
ton oc the fash is two-tenths Of a sec
ond. This gives all the advantage oi the
fixed and flash lights, striking distin-
gushing characteristic and economy n
operation. The buoys marking the Gcd-
ncy Channel all fash for fifteen second
and are eclipsed for five seconds. There
arc other buoys In the harbOr which Hash
for five seconds and are dark for tho san"
length OF time. The degree of economy
New-York tribune., 1912-08-25
Putt,ns mantle on lamp Of Pentseh Gas Buoy

approximately 10000 As the spar buoys
and markers included In the outfit did
not cost more than S.0oo, II leaves TIE
average cost OF each OF the lighted buoys
at something over 5000. Eight OF the
buoys, those Indicating the ends OF the
channel and the turning points between
the reaches. are of the acetylene type and
have greater power than the others. Thus,
the mariner. i'm case of hazy weather, Is
duly warned Of the turns. even II he car-
not see the lesser lights clearly. The
shin owner cannot complain OF lack OF
consideration for the great value OF his
property, nor OF the valuable cargoes
which he carries when navigating New
York Harbor, for the government has
prepared lighted way from the ocean
through the puzzling shadows Of tire
Lower Bay to the deep water of the Mar
rows The Gedney Channel is also illumi-
mated The system of gas buoys makes
certain OF the range lights of secondary
Importance. Altogether there are l75
buoys in the harbor. in addition to the
two lightships and the twenty-three light
stations. as the lighthouses are styled.
Experiments which will increase the
efficiency of the system OF buoys and make
for economy in its operation are con-
stantly being made. Many are now de-
signed to perform two duties. They are
fitted not only with lights, but, in addi-
tlon with whistle or a bell. The buoys
at the turns in the Ambrose Channel are
equipped with whistles and bells, those on
the port side coming In having the for
mer and those on the starboard the latter,
This precaution adds to the security OF
navigation In that passageway. Should
the light fail. or be invisible. the clang-
ing of the bell and the groaning of the
whistle would warn the mariner OF his
approach to a bend and inform him of his
position In relation to the channel. There
New-York tribune., 1912-08-25
peLIcAcY DID THE TRlcN

Albert ]. Beveridge. Americas :,
dressed politician. said in Chiess0 "
corrupt boss: .,.us
Hes very virtuous-oh, very VIZ al
~ millionaire once went TO ~"
said: ..,,, ,cs
81 want to get in the Senate w"
sell me your support?' ..,t,rf
mo, sirv the boss answered, S rs
himself upon the chest. NO sn ,u nj
free born American citizen ano >"
my support TO no man. uy %
but said the millionaire pisno,
he drew out his checkbook ana 'o sso-
pen; but. II you won't sell me you. tss
port, perhaps you'll rent It to me w.
term of this campaign -. d
Nov you're talkin', said inc
q mollifed tome"
New-York tribune., 1912-08-25

! in a central well, one and onc-half tons
Of carbide, a supply that Will last for
many months The cost Of this monster
is said to have been more than $500. a
sum sufficient TO build a comfortable sub
urban home.
Tnc economy Of buoys as compared with
lighthouses is indicated by some hgures
purporting TO show the cost Of maintain
Ting flashing light OF the fourth order
| i'm lighthouse and I'm n buoy. one
wick oil light in the former costs Sl4D
Il year. the candlepOwer of the burner
| being fifty. An acetylene light OF the
same candlepowcr in buoy Is said 10
cost only sl5 for similar period. Tn"
annual cost of maintaining an oil vapor
light of 300 candlep0wer i'm lighthouse
is put at 81 40 as compared with $50 for
an acetylene light of similar power In "A
flashing buoy. In a lighthouse, or course.
the largest item OF cost is that for the
men who care for the light but the iact
that the light burns continuously Tor a
| daily average OF twelve hours, while that
| I'm the buoy may not actually burn more
than eight hours out OF the twenty-four'
is an element. For instance, the hght IN
the buoy at the entrance to the Ambrose
Channel burns only one-thlrd OF the time.
the period OF eclipse being double that
OF the fash I'm duration.
J New York Harbor has the distinction
OF being the best buoyed harbor In the
world and the new Ambrose Channel Is
considered the best Illuminated channei
on the globe. The officials OF the Su
Lighthouse District, which includes New
York Harbor enthusiastically describe =
as a watery Broadway II certainly is
! broad way and its sides are lined win
| brilliant white and red lights. or the
twenty-four buoys marking its SIDES
| twelve being on each eide. eighteen bear
lights The cost OF the system is put at
New-York tribune., 1912-08-25
GUARDIAN THAT KNOWS NO REST

The efficiency of the prosaic buoy, when
compared with that OF the lighthouse or
Lghtship, IS rated very high by the ex-
perts. Indeed, they consider that, for an
equal expenditure of money that put
into buoys accomplishes from four to five
times the service OF that put into other
kinds of aids TO navigation" The mod
ern buoy has been made to do duty not
onlv by day, but by night. The extension
of its hours of service 10 the entire twen-
ty-four is the great advance which has
been made in its functions. Like the New
york patrolman, IT has fixed post. but,
unlike him, its eye never sleeps. Like
Mayor Gaynor's policemen, II cannot go
everywhere in search OF evidence, but,
unlike them, II reduces the chance OF
death from violence. 1t watches well,
as INSPECTOR Yates Of the Lighthouse Ser
vice said q few days ago regarding the
new type OF nun buoy. II makes life less
Of a gamble for the mariner and his
charges.
The wooden spars which are sull USED
and the type shapes are about all that is
left Of the old regime in buoys. Iron mas
largely taken the place Of wood as the
material, and in place OF the cask tne
"can" type. which is practically boiler
In size and general appearance has been
.,,hs,ituted The nun" which is the
ether tyne that has been preserved, Is
like the tapering buoys tnat one sees IN
New-York tribune., 1912-08-25
TeNe,y>a aboard the Qu,ek Step bell
Buoy for cleaning and rsvAirs

iuer in his journey and warning HIN
danger. No one can value their serves,
for theirs is a work OF protection, mol :"
construction. The knowledge OF thei "a
istence encourages man 10 spend y,
treasure upon great floating palaces W.
to intrust himself and his goods 10 !"
sea, confident that the teeth Of the sna'
lave been drawn.
New-York tribune., 1912-08-25
COMMANDER OF SILENT FLEET

The system of 'aids to navigation" in
New York Harbor and the numerous
other lighthouses, lightships and buoys
strung along the shores OF ocean. sound,
harbor and river, included within the
states of Rhode Island. Connecticut. New
York and New Jersey, are cared for by
Inspector Yates. OF the Lighthouse Ser
vice. whose headquarters are at the sup
ply depot at rompkinsville. Staten Island.
This is the most important supply depot
OF the service. for through 1t passes all
the business connected with the shipment
OF supplies to the different lighthouse
districts throughout the country. At its
wharves one may always see relief light
ships and lightshps requiring repairs
on the wharves and piled UP on the lawns
are buoys OF so many different shapes
and sizes that the mind gives up the s1oYt
New-York tribune., 1912-08-25

are many buoys in the harbor bearing
this combination OF appeals to the eye
and ear.
Among the buoys on which experiments
are being made Is one anchored on July
% over the Gowanus Flats In the Upper
Bay 1t has not been economical here
tofore TO station gas buoys in very shall
low water, owing TO the impossibility OF
giving the bodies OF the buoys enough
depth to carry a large and economical
charge OF gas. Inspector Yates recently
designed buoy which would carry two
Of the acetylene tanks of the usual size
! and yet draw no more than five feet OF
water. This is the buoy placed on the
/ flats II has demonstrated its stability.
/ and according TO all reports 1t is sue
cess. Experiments also have been made
/ with submarine bells attached to buoys.
! They have been tried at several points in
the harbor and waters OF the Sd Light
house District, but have never proved sue
cessful until recently, when one was
planted at Baruegat. The bell is operated
by means OF a mechanism attached to a
! horizontal Vane, or rudder AS the buoy
says back and forth. In the seaway, the
vane moves up and down on It's hinges
operating the hammer. The sliding parts
run in oil. which is supplied from a stor-
age tank placed In the buoy. This bell has
proved successful In every respect. its
strokes being heard at distances varying
from nine to fourteen miles. The pre-
vous experiments were failures, OWNS
either to the fact that there was Insult
ficient depth OF water or lack of motion,
, or both
New-York tribune., 1912-08-25

old engravings of vessels riding at an
chor only in that il is conical. No one
seems TO know why it should be called
nun" The value OF these two shapes
lies in the fact that the sharp cone OF the
nun" can always be distinguished read
lily in all kinds of light. and in some
measure in the dark. from the butt end
Of a boiler, which is what the can
looks like, as they rise and fall on the
surges. The shape indicates on when
side Of the buoy the channel lies. In the
words of the governments List oi
Buoys," nun buoys properly colored ana
numbered. are usually placed on the star
board side and can buoys on the port side
OF channels" The nuns are painted
red and the cans" black, the former
hearing even and the latter odd numbers.
TALL TYPES WATCH" BEST.
The iron buoys used to be made with
hemispherical bottoms, but II has been
discovered that those which have cone
shaped bottoms, drawing more water.
watch" better-that is, instead OF roll
ing back and forth upon the swaying
water. they bob UP and down and can,
therefore. be seen more readily. The new
form Of body is called the tall type.
All buovs carry counteTpoise attached
under water TO make them stand erect n
the water. the shallow buoys Of the old
style using iron balls. while those Of the
| tall type" have disklike castings weigh
ing thousands Of pounds bolted on. The
anchors are either blocks of stone or
hemlspheres of iron followed out under
meath 10 make them stick to the bottom
better through the application Of the
principle of suction. Some of these sink
ers weigh over three tons
| The bobbing motion facilitates the
working of the whistling buoy, for this
| operates by the compression Of air inside
the buoy through the action OF the water.
| The centre OF the buoy is open under
Meath to the water. Two pipes enter me
| chamber thus formed In the upper part
| OF the well in the body OF the buoy. one
admits the air 1t contains valve which
prevents the escape again of the air
! through that channel. The second pipe
| connects the chamber with the whistle
above. The pressure caused by the set
! Ting OF the buoy in the trough Of the
| sea forces the air up through the whistle
| The rapdity Of the swaying motion may
! be regulated to some extent by the depth
given TO the buoy. so that the frequency
Of the sounding Of the whistle, or the bell,
in the case of bell buoy, may be con-
trolled in some degree and different char
acterstlcs given to It.
New-York tribune., 1912-08-25

TT is probable thai among the different
kinds of aids 10 navigation, as
Il the Lighthouse Service denominates
the various guides placed for the mariner,
the public knows least about the buoy.
Perhaps this is because there is more of
romantic interest about the lighthouse
and the lightship. Innumerable are the
tales in which the life and deeds of the
lightkeepcr figure. His acts of herolsm'
his vigilance his faithfulness and the de-
tails of his duties have all been eXtolied
in prose and poem. Save here and there
an incidental reference to buoy, this
insensible. but highly important guide
aud warning has found little place in lit
craturc.
There is less Of human interest about
the buoy. because there is nothing heroic
about it, 1t does its work with all the
insensibilty of iron and glass and wood.
But when all other helpers fail, II may
bring salvation When fogs obscure the
friendly beam of the light tower or light
ship. then the notes of the bell buoy
ringing across the water, and the groan-
ing of the deep-throated whistling buoy
are welcome sounds TO the bewildereo
mariner. and d glimpse of the automatic
flash of the gas buoy near at hand Is
received with Joy Through their aid he
escapes the rock and treacherous shoai
and finds his way safely into the desired
haven.
INANlMATE INTELLIGENCE.
The buoy is only now coming into it's
own. One of the seven wonders was
lighthouse Mghtships have been long IN
use. Until recently the buoy was nothing
more than a stick or block Of wood or a
cask. In this age of steel and automatic
devices and cost economies the buoy is
being developed until it's designers are
talking of the time when it will do great
deal of the work now required Of light
houses and lightships. This is because II
performs so well the duties which human
beings have heretofore been relied upon
10 do. It's powers have been greatly mag
nlfed For instance. it has been turned
into a floating light capable Of burning
for a year, or more. without fresh
charge of Illuminating gas and with little
attention beyond that Of occasional in
spection. Equipped with a lighthouse
lens. its rays can be seen as far as the
curvature Of the earth will permit, dis
lance Of nine miles, on clear night. The
INGENUITY OF a Swedish inventor, Dahlen
~ name. has increased the usefulness OF
the gas buoy by giving its light dis
tinguishing characteristic. There are now
many buoys in operation which automat-
ically, day in and day out. month in and
month out. fash a message across the
waves just as the revolving light in the
fixed tower on shore delivers its COM
municaton to the mariner. In fact a
device has been invented which automat-
ically lights the lamp at sunset and puts
it out at daylight And buoy has been
invented which makes its own gas. With
the exception of the mechanism for
putting out the light and making it again
morning and evening, all of these new
devices may be seen in operation in New
York HarboT.
New-York tribune., 1912-08-25

TO classify them. They illustrate the dli'
ferentiation which has been made in th.
effort to meet every requirement Of nayi.
CATION. A wreck or rock or shoal,
fairway, a channel bank, or inlet eacs
finds here the appropriate marker Com
ing and going are members Of the govern
ment's great feet of lighthouse tenders
whose duty IL TO transport water ant
coal and oil and food and innumerab'
otler supplies to lightship. lighthouse ant
buoy, to each according to IT'S needs
This fleet OF ocean going craft bears tn
names of flowers. Al Tompkinsv!lle on
might sec the Larkspur, or the Gardsnh
or the Lilac, or the Pansy. They are N
Intermediates which keep the thousan
eyes along the shores sparkling night ate
night through the years, guiding the wa