davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-12-03
sheep RAISING AND WHEAT GROWING
THIS IS A MOST EXCELLENT AND PROFIT BRINGING
COMBINATION.
BY w. r. STEVENS.

AS swine growing Is the natural
adjunct Of dairying, so sheep Is the
natural accompaniment Of extensive
wheat farming. The ability to utilize
and turn to account what would
otherwise be waste products is the de-
termining factor in each case.
The by-products of the wheat farm
are weeds, volunteer grains and
grasses, weed seeds, shrivelled grain
and straw. The first four, sheep will
utilize to better advantage than will
any other kind of live stock, and only
beef cattle and horses will surpass
sheep in turning wheat straw to &C
count.
Another reason why sheep should
appeal to the extensive wheat farmer
is that once he has installed the
proper equipment, such as fences.
open sheds and watering places, they
interfere little with his field work. In
fact. it is very doubtful II the extra
work they occasion during the busy
season Is not more than offset by the
labor they save on the summer falloW
in the way Of soil packing, weed Grad
ication and the spreading of manure
Another fact worth considering Is
that the presence of a flock OF sheep
on a grain farm does not necessitate
material reduction in the area devoted
to growing grain, but on the other
hand it never fails to insure a larger
yield Of better grain, and 1t makes
possible the growing of grain for
longer period Of years than can be
done without them, or some other kind
Of live stock.
A certain amount of technical
knowledge regarding sheep. their
habits. etc, is necessary to success, but
the same is equally true Of all classes
Of animals, and amateurs should ac-
auire this knowledge with small
flock in order that their mistakes do
not cost them too dearly.
The first step to be taken when en-
barking in the business Of sheep rails
ing is to enclose at least one field with
q coyote-proof fence. Additional
fields similarly enclosed should be pro-
vided as occasion requires, or ones
means permit. An effective dog and
coyote-proof fence can be made by
using a woven wire fence four feet
high and attached to the inside of the
posts. A strand of barbed wire should
be run along the surface OF the
ground, and another about six inches
above the top Of the woven wire fence.
These should be attached to the out
side of the posts. This arrangement
makes burrowing under and vaulting
over the fence from the outside very
difficult. A woven wire fence SO
inches high with one strand of
barbed wire above 1t Is usually SUI
fcient for inside or cross fencing.
The next step is to secure the right
kind Of sheep. When selecting these,
two things should be kept we'll in
mind. They must be of breed that
are noted for being quick to get on
thair feet after being LANDED. else
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-12-03
NOTES OF THE POULTRY YARD.

Green bone is very rich in phos-
phate of lime.
Rub the window panes with old
newspapers-it will let in the sunshine.
Overgrown fowls are no better in
any particular than those of normal
size. The breeding, care and selection
d designed for increasing size had better
be devoted to the development of lay
ing qualities and table quality instead
OF quantity.
Careful breeding. proper feeding and
the right kind of care will produce
heavy laying in any breed.
Sudden fright and excitement at
once tells on the egg crop. Never
allow strange dogs about where the
hens are.
The first eggs Of the brown egg
layers are generally Of a good color,
but as the hen increases her laying she
decreases the amount Of color. owing
to the gradual loss Of the pigment
which colors the eggs.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-12-03

each having for its upper sash a
muslin frame 2 feet inches by I foot
IL inches which slides up and down.
while the lower sash Is six light
Sx10 inch glass window. There Is ap-
proximately 16 square feet of muslin
to $50 square feet Of floor space or
square foot Of muslin to every ri
square feet Of floor space. and also an
equal amount Of glass.
The muslin frames are of a con-
venient size for the control Of ventila-
ton, it being possible to open as many
as necessary to supply the required
fresh air, varying the number with
the nature Of the weather, and by
placing the muslin frame as the upper
sash there is no draft on the birds on
the floor. During the coolest weather
one Of the frames, and often more, is
kept open all day in order to keep the
birds in a healthy condition. The
windows are placed as high as de-
sirable for the most efficient lighting
of the house. The roosts located on
the back side feet s inches from tho
floor are made of 2x4 inch material
placed on edge, the upper corners te-
ing rounded of. They are merely set
in notched boards at each end and
can be easily removed for cleaning
purposes. About one foot beneath are
the dropping boards
ton of nests. and on the end Is feed
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-12-03

xne Secretary OF Agriculture said
recently: THE Department Of Agri-
culture Is organizing just now to take
farm demonstration work into the
northern states. Two classes of men
are required for this work: First, in
each county a first rate farmer who
has been a success on his farm and
who understands practically, without
much theory except what he may
have incidentally picked up. how to
handle the soil, the plant and the
ANIMAL second, over large districts
md states a different class Of men Is
wanted, who have an agricultural col
Iege training combined with its apph-
cation to practice in the field. AS we
read the daily papers and see the re-
ports Of thousands Of young men who
are graduated in law throughout the
country, the reflection naturally comes,
what pity that the great demand of
the farm for intelligent men is not
being more considered by our educa-
tional Institutions. There is not law
work for more than small per cent
Of these young men. No doubt the
education and mental training they
have had will make them brighter
for them--that is, for more than a
very small percentage of them-while
the fields are crying aloud for trained
men. Housekeepers are complaining
Of the cost of living. 1t would seem
to be wise for our educators in their
national meetings to consider these
problems. It might be wise to con-
slider about how many young lawyers
- So to- H. 4x-A $0 %nNr
the place of the older men who are
dropping out. That could be very
easily determined. Then If the atten-
ton Of this class of students were
called to the demand Of the industries
for educated men. different direc-
ton might be given to many young
men who seem to be drawing their
bows at "a venture
This applies to more than the
lawyer. q There are no doubt far more
young, physicians being turned out
from. the educational institutions Of
the country than there are patients !
for Wrong direction has been given
to the education Of many young men.
and yet there Is nothing more difficult |
to change than the old systems Of edu-
cation. g..a& /
In his sixth annual report (1911)l
as president of the Carnegie Founda-
ton for the Advancement Of Teach
ing. DR.. Henry S. Pritchett says:
According to the census tables
here were in the United States in
1900. $4,000 physicians and surgeons.
In the bulletin on medical education |
!ssued by the Foundation in 1910, it
was calculated after careful investi-
cation that 1000 graduated annually
rom the medical schools would furn-
sh an ample supply Of new physicians
&c take the places left vacant by death
ard other causes. and to keep pace
with the growth of population. AS
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-12-03

friends Of the farmer, but tho sports
man and his gun are among their
worst enemies. Reader. are you a
friend Of the farmer and the birds :?
Then leave the gun at home in the
chimney corner, where 1t belongs
Roam the woods to your, hearts con-
tent. Tread cover and thicket and
swamp and wildwood as much and as
often as you desire. Make the &C.
quaintance of the birds. and know
them all In their native haunts. But
leave the gun behind. and rest assured
that you will return from your
autumn rambles fully as we'll satisfied
as though you brought some of their
mangled. bleeding bodies home with
you in your pocket.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-12-03

split open one-third to one-half inch
IN length. and thrusts the egg be-
tween the inner and outer bark, ac-
companying 1t with a gummy fluid,
which covers and secures it in place.
These hatch in short time, and the
small footless grub commences to eat
it's way into the bark. They usually
remain In the tree as a grub for three
years, during which time great dam
age Is done to the trees infested.
The young lie for the first year in
the sap wood and inner bark, exca-
waiting fiat. shallow cavities which are
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-12-03

During the last decade forestry in
the United States has developed with
remarkable rapidity. The inaugura-
ton of forest management on the
national forests, the activity Of various
creasing interest Of private owners in
timber growing and protection have
resulted in a. marked demand for
trained .foresters.
When active work in forestry began
there were no forest schools in this
country, and those entering upon the
work were obliged to so to Europe
for technical training. Today there
are twenty-five institutions in the
United States which give courses lead
ing to a degree In forestry and about
forty others which include forestry in
their curricula.
1t is estimated that there are fully
500 men in the United States with a
greater or less degree Of technical
training, in addition to 1900 forest
rangers who began without knowl
edge Of the technical side of forestry,
but many Of whom. through their ex-
perience in national and state forest
work under technical direction, have
acquired considerable knowledge Of
certain phases Of the subject. There
are probably about 1000 young men
studying in the forest schools. For
estry may therefore be considered an
esta blished profession in the United
States. The character Of the work
which the forester Is called upon to
do varies greatly under different con-
ditions. Some men spend the greater
part Of their time in the more strictly
technical work Of the profession.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-12-03
KITCHEN CUPBOARD MADE AT
HOME.

I want to tell you about the kitchen
cupboard we made at odd moments of
my husbands time. The back is of
Of 3-inch, well-seasoned. matched
boards, feet in length. The side
pieces are made Of fairly heavy lum-
Der. planed and nailed together, three
in the lower part and two running the
whole length. There are two big
shelves In the upper part and two in
the lower, with four drawers in the
middle.
The doors can be made at any min
or can be made at home. Ours were
some on hand from another cupboard.
The entire length Of the cupboard Is
about five feet It Is about two feet
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-12-03

deep in the lower part and one and a
half in the upper part. Brass pulls
are put on the drawers and fancy
pulls on the doors Fancy hinges
fasten the doors.
When 1t is painted and vanished It
will be very pretty, as we'll as the most
useful article I have in the kitchen
One cannot buy the cupboard ready
made for less than $500, and It has
cost but very little to make 1t when
there was no other work on hand
Mrs. John Upton.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-12-03
ROUND HEADED APPLE Tree eoRER

This insect IL known ever the great
er portion of the country. 1t bores into
the apple, pear. ounce and similar
trees. The adult beetle is easily rec
ognized by two longitudinal stripes Of
white between those of brown on the
back. .n
The beetle flies only by night. and
Is not likely to be seen by the orchard
list. It appears early in the summer,
and the female deposits her eggs in
the bark Of the tree, near the ground
The female makes an incision with
her jaws in the bark. causing 1t to
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-12-03
POUL TRYHOUSE CONSTRUCTION
SIMPLY CONSTRUCTED
Is

The average farmers flock of
poultry varies in size, but in the de-
signing and building Of the farmers
colony house herein described, sew
enty laying hens will be taken as a
basis.
The house. 1894 feet in dimensions.
is built on a wall 6xS inches above
the ground, which is filed in to the
top, making the floor dry at all times
of the year. The south or front side
is 6 feet inches high, the back 4 feet
s inches. while the plate and stills are
made of 2x4 inch material. thus
the studding 6 fee. long In
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-12-03

they will require a great deal q q.
tention at lambing time. which, CON.
ing as 1t does in the midst OF seedlnR
the farmer can i'll afford to gfvA and
they must be we'll wooded on tho undoN
line, else they will spend too 1nucla
time about the shelter during the
winter months; they will require
much more hand feeding and be munA
more likely to contract disease than
they would II they got out every day
on clean ground and in tho clpas ar
and sunlight.
In managing a hock Of sAsep 3
should be remembered that q variety
Of feed Is Indispensable. When thsv
are on succulent feed, they should
have daily access to dry foughA1os
when they are on dry feed th&y should
have occasional access to comedians
succulsnt. A little attsntluo to tn
important matter viii prs1ant loO
from indigestion which has p4ubao1H
caused greater losses among hAem0yB
fiocks than any other aiameut. u
field Of native prairie or bronze graz
in which there Is a p4ls Of straw ~ .
rack Of hay to which they can 80 II
will, In order to get change OF 6seA
while cleaning the summer faliOW. and
another feld sown to winter rye eArly
in August, to which they can 30 90.
casionally for succulenf feed dus1uG
the winter and spring monthA are an
that is necessary.
The present is favorable tsns 70
secure foundation stock, becouse they
can still be purchased at moderate
prices. The sheep rancherD Of Al
berta and the Western States are re-
ducing their herds because Of scarcity
of pasture, and the largo nu1nbers 90
ing to market are keeping prices - .
low level; but once this reduction Of
herds stops, prices will rise. They van
probably not soar, as have the prices
Of cattle and horses. because the fro1so
mutton of Australia and New Zealand
will be drawn on to prevent eneso-'
sively high prices, but the trade tha&
refuses to accept the frozen article y
sufficiently large to permit Of q M
terial advance In mutton prices, ana
this advance Is sure to take place -
soon as the big ranges have been Do.
pleted.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-12-03
RAILROADS AS THE PROMOTERS
''' OF FARMING,

For a generation or more the rail-
roads Of this country have been making
efforts to increase the number Of
farmers in certain regions, thus trying
10 promote agriculture, and through
greater agricultural prosperity. to
Increase their revenues derived from
hauling farm products. Within the
past decade these efforts to encourage
Agriculture have been extended to in
.lude instructions in methods Of farm
ing, investigation Of farming posi-
dlities of a region. assistance in or
,anizing agricultural associations,
cooperation with state and county
airs, employment Of farm labor, aid
finding markets, and other helpful
ines Of work. These projects are not
onf1ned to railroad companies; they
re, however, the most prominent of
ie several classes Of business con-
srns engaged in similar work. 49,
This promotion work on the part of
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-12-03

box feet by IA inches, with a 16-inch
front and a 24-inch back, which Is
divided into two parts for the holding
of whole and ground grain. This is
a simple convenient house. and has
given excellent satisfaction.
Portable nests greatly facilitate
cleaning. while darkened nests not
only afford a feeling Of security on the
part Of the hen. but also tend to re-
duce the amount Of egg eating.
Provisions should be made for a
dust bath in every house, for the
problem Of dealing with lice is greatly
reduced by its presence.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-12-03

nlled with their sawdust-like castings
Their presence may be detected in
young trees by the bark becoming
dark colored. and sometimes dry and
dead enough to crack, through which
some Of the sawdust-like matter often
protrudes and falls to the ground in a
little heap.
On the approach Of winter the larva
descends to the lower part of its bur-
row. and doubtless remains inactive
until spring. During the second sea-
son 1t attains about one-half it's
growth, still living on the sapwood,
where 1t does great damage. and
when, as often happens, there are
several OF these borers in a single
tree they will sometimes cause its
death by completely girdling it.
During the next season 1t cuts into tho
solid wood and secures itself in a safe
retreat goes into the chrysalis stage,
and appears the next spring as an
adult beetle.
The best remedy for this insect
must be preventive. Apply washes to
the trunk Of the trees that are so re-
pulsive to the borer that it will not
lay Its eggs on a tree protected by
such washes. Soft soap, reduced to
the consistency Of thin paint by the
ADDITION OF washing soda, is recon-
mended by eminent authorities Car
oolic acid solution is also recon-
mended. This should be used with
as it is liable to injure the
foliage II applied too strongly. In case
preventive measures fail. the insects
should be dug out with a pocket knife,
and where they have burrowed deem.
they may be reached and killed with
q stout wire thrust into their holas
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-12-03

stationary at the time her owner laid
the new concrete floor in his hennery.
The hen, a fine example Of the Brahma
variety, wandered into the roost a few
hours after the concrete hac set" and
was anchored. As 1t was impossible
to get her out, a seat was provided
for her. One point that is said to
have interested chicken fanciers Of
the section was that the egg-laying
ability Of the hen was not impaired in
the least
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-12-03
THE MAN AND THE cow.
Poor cows are never clean.

Poor cows are never clean.
No dairy was ever too clean.
Slow ripening of cream produces
bitter flavor.
The cow that gives much milk must
have plenty to drink. "a
With calves, too low temperature
of feed causes scours.
Many a common cow can be made
good with more food.
Properly managed; dairying brings
in a constant income.
The best way to keep cows clean II
to use plenty of bedding.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-12-03
BY HI. 8. GRAVES.

They study such problems as the de-
termination Of the amount Of mer-
charitable timber on a given tract. its
rate of growth, the best methods Of
cutting to secure a second crop with
out recourse to planting, and, in gen.
eral all problems which deal with
the life history and production of the
forest. Other men spend more time
on the business end of the work, In
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-12-03
the PROFESSION OF FORESTRY

devising methods Of protsot1ng a.
forest from fire, In organizing -
efficient system Of administrators a
determining the cheapest and MOST
effective methods OF numbering. and
in general, in dealing with tho prob
lem of the utilization of the fUra0G
But most foresters, however, have 10
deal with both the scientific and the
business ASPECTS Of the pro8essjoo.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-12-03

A leaf1et issued by the Board OF Ag-
rlculture and Fisheries Of Great
Britain and Ireland states that farm
ers and land owners have found IL
necessary to form rat clubs Re-
wards are offered for the killing Of
more than certain number. Hunt
Ing. trapping and poisoning are thu
common modes Of operation.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-12-03
LOSS BY FOREST FIRES.

Forest fires in the United States
have caused an average annual loss -
about 70 human lives, the deseructoo
of trees worth at the very least VS.
900, 900, and the loss OF stock. crops
buildings and other improvements 70
the amount OF many millions morN
To these must be ADDED snofmou1
losses from the destruction OF young
tree growth, deterioration a thS soil
damage to water courses and adJocone
property by low water and food, In.
terruption of business, and -depfeoaa'
ton Of property.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-12-03

Professor Riley says. regarding pro-
tecting trees against the round-headed
borer: IT generally take bar Of hard
soap and rub it up and down the
trunks Of the young trees and place .
piece in the principal crotch, allowing
the rains to gradually wash Il down
over tho trunks"
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-12-03

the railroads Is business proposition.
Improvement in agriculture means
more traffic, and for this reason large
sums Of money are being expended
systematically by numerous COM
panies.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-12-03
|" 81 81 H- '' Ea|F't
Front view colony house.

front and feet in the back, these
being placed 2. feet apart. The COM
bination tight roof being comparatively
nat. The fiat having l foot rise to
every 3 feet horizontal run. is covered
with special prepared roofing. With
this house a shed or single span roof
could be used to an equal advantage.
The front is Of the muslin front
type. It consists Of four windows,
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-12-03

Dry sweet corn carefully for seed.
1t is usually more difficult to dry thor
oughly than other kinds Of corn
Store it where 1t will not be frozen
during the winter.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-12-03
ONLY HEN OF THIS KIND.

A stationary hen owned by a farmer
In Now Jersey is dead, after a career
Of nearly a year as the only ono Of
the variety. The farmer expected
that the hen would live only short
time, and consequently does not feel
as badly as he might. She became
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-12-03

A street railway Is projected in
Picking. China, which is to run on the
top Of the great wall surrounding
Peking
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-12-03
h-s'A--1

In order to keep the drinking uten-
sils in the colony houses clean and
sanitary, it Is desirable to use water
stands about 16 or IS inches high to
prevent straw and dirt from collecting
in and about the pail.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-12-03

Orchard heaters represent the in
surance policy against losses by frost
next spring. Get ready now.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-12-03

System in the dairy should super
sede all other matters on the farm.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-12-03

Dry-picked poultry will stand longer
shipments than those that are scalded.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1912-12-03

Never send fowl 90 msfhee that
has a full crop.