Aberdeen herald. [volume] (Aberdeen, Chehalis County, W.T.) 1886-1917, 1912-10-03
the LIMIT OF COLD
Absolute Zero and the Way II Is
Defined by Science.
POINT OF MOLECULAR DEATH

A. 459.4 Degrees Below the Fahrenheit
and 273 Degrees Below the Cent?
Grade Zero There 10 No Heat, No En-
cray and No Motion Within Matter.
Few people have any definite idea
Of the meaning Of absolute zero.
When temperatures or degrees of heat
are mentioned 1t Is natural for most
people to think of these degrees as
given on the household or Fahrenheit
scale. with its freezing point at % de-
grees and Its boiling point at PIP.
The space on the Fahrenheit thermom.
eter below the freezing point Of water
Is divided into thlrty-two equal spaces
down to zero. The other thermome
ter scale In common use Is the cent?
grade scale. with its boiling point at
! 100 degrees and It's freezing point ut
zero. The zero points on these two
scales are not the zero of absolute
temperature or absolute zero. but are
only two relative points.
/ Temperature as used and spoken Of
In ordinary practice is only relative
and Is measured In reference to two
pOlnts-the boiling and freezing points
Of water ut sea level But science
and scientific investigation requires
another scale for its measurements.
which has n theoretically correct zero
point. This scale IL called the absO-
lutte scale. with its zero point 273 de-
hxAIs hn ne h., Il.
scale and 1904 degrees below that of
the Fahrenheit zero. This is what Is
meant by the zero Of absolute temper
AZURE.
Absolute temperature has been de-
fined. According to science. all mat
ter Is composed of small particles or
molecules in ceaseless vibration In the
spaces between them This molecular
motion. as 1t Is called. Is much greater
In gases than 1t is in liquids or solids.
| and the ultimate particles are farther
apart. The idea Of absolute zero and
the place assigned to 1t on the abso-
lutte scale Is based on this property of
matter-motion. In gaseous forms OF
matter the motion * greater because
Of the greater space between the parti-
cles
To illustrate the meaning of this
point and to explain how 1t was got.
imagine volume Of air Of 273 cubic
inches at the temperature Of freezing
water on the centiGrade scale Heat
this volume of air to l degree cent?
grade and its volume will have in
creased to pa cubic inches. and If
heated to 2 degrees It's volume will
be 275 cubic inches. Likewise If the
original volume be cooled l degree be-
low the freezing point Of water its
volume will be decreased by one cubic
inch and become 272 cubic inches.
For every additional decrease of
degree the volume will contract one
two-hundred and seventythird part of
what 1t was to begin with. so that. If
the cooling Is carried far enough. it IA
easy to see that ut 273 degrees below
the freezing point &c water the volume
will become nothing
The volume of n ~as Ia due to the
real volume vt its individual particles.
together with the volume of the spaces
between these particles. At ordinary
temperatures these particles are in
swift motion. Pit for every degree
of cooling this motion Is slackened.
and the paths of vibration become
shorter. This motion continues down
to 273 degrees below the centigrade
zero. where the motion has entirely
ceased and the paths of the particles
are infinitely short. or course the gas
under consideration ut -273 degrees
will have volume cue to the sum of
the volume occupied by the molecular
particles themselves
This 273 degrees then Ia the abso-
lutte zero. 1t Is the point Of molecular
death. No heat IL there. no energy
and consequently no motion. Matter
at this point Is entirely motionless
within itself
The thermometer scales of the world
should be basel on 1t az the logical
starting point. The freezing point Of
water. which Is zero on the centigrade
scale. referred to the absolute scale is
-273 degrees. while the freezing point
Of 80 on the Fahrenheit scale Is 1904
degrees on it. The ordinary tempera-
ture of q room Is about 6S degrees F..
or 1914 degrees on the absolute scale.
On the same scale summer heat Ia
about 558 degrees r.
The zero Of absolute temperature
has nearly been reached In the prepa
ration of solid hydrogen gas and liquid
helium. The temperature of liquid
helium Zone Of the rarest of gases' is
only about degrees above absolute
zero, SO that the individual particles
Of liquid helium have almost become
motionless. Probably in the near
neighborhood Of absolute zero this gas.
which IL the only one that has not
been solicited. will become solid and
represent matter In It's state of mOlec.
ular deuth W. G. Dumas In Chicago
Record. Herald.