davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune., 1912-08-14
IsTHMIAN ALTERNATIVES.

II Is mistake 10 assume that Ihe
alternative at Panama is remission
OF tolls on American shipping or tue
establishment of a subsidy system
The question whether or not tolls are
to be remitted is not tscal. COM
mercial or an economic question. 1t
il in the last analysis not political nor
diplomatic. It is a question of moraIS'
Of national faith and honor. OF rlght
and wrong Men may think and say
that the Hay-Pauncefote treaty should
have employed the word other so as
to have permitted this country 10 let
its own ships pass free while exactlhg
tolls from others. Perhaps so, ana
perhaps not: but that is not the ques-
ton. The indisputable fact is that the
treaty was made without that word
and that it accordingly binds us 70
collect tolls from our own shipping
precisely the same as from that Of all
other countries and the sole question
is whether we are going to keep our
word or break it.
If the latter course should he chosen
there would be nothing more 10 he
said. save 10 record our national
humiliation. But if. as we hope. the
former choice is to he made, then
there is an alternative OF an economic
character. We may decline 10 aid our
shining with subsidies similar 10
those which other governments pay to
theirs. and will pay TO theirs on ac-
count Of their passing through the
Panama Canal or we may pay such
subsidies as the President suggested
in his message Of last December, IN
which he reminded Congress OF the
necessity Of imposing tolls upon our
own ships equally with the ships OF
other countries. In the former case
we should be receiving for the main
tenance Of the canal revenue from
orr own as well as from foreign ship
ping. and we should he leaving our
commerce at Panama to struggle un-
aided against the unequal and unfair
competition of the subsidized com
merce of foreign cOuntries-precisely
rs it is now doing everywhere else.
Under those circumstances we should
sxpect to see, except for our cOasting
trade. the canal used chiefly by vessels
under other flags than ours. Or we
should remit to our vessels the tolls
which they paid, just as other nations
are going TO do and as they are now
doing at SueZ. and should get little II
any revenue from the transit of our
commerce: but we should probably
have the qualification of seeing our
shipping on those routes largely in
creased and our flag made more fire.
auent visitor to the ports which are
to be sought by the way of Panama.
We are not now arguing that this
course should be adopted. There is
much to be said on both sides OF the
subsidy question, which can hardly be
satisfactorily disposed OF in the dying
days of a tedious and dllatory session.
But that is a secondary and subsid-
iary Question. The primal and funda-
mental question is whether We are
going to keep faith, and we expect to
see IL answered in the affirmative, by
the President II not by Congress.
After that we can take up the alter
native Of subsidy or no subsidy and
consider it on It's merits, as ques-
ton which does not involve national
honor nor compromise diplomatic rela-
tions. but is purely one Of domestic
economy
New-York tribune., 1912-08-14
WASHING DOG IN HORSE TROUGH

To the Editor OF The Tribune.
Sir: Apropos of the article in Mondays
Tribune about drinking troughs for
horses being unclean, have you ever seen
the women wash their dogs In the troughs
for horses to drink out Of? have. lots
of tlmes-only this noon. in the one oppo-
site our building. II. c. ii.
New York Aug l3 1912
New-York tribune., 1912-08-14
Netu Iork Tribune::
WEDNESDAY, AUGUST a. l9H

owned and published daily oF tne -
Association. a New YORK corpoia'on' -.
NJ. Reid, President; Conde Hamhn' 0eei
james NJ Barrett Treasurer. ADDRESS Ii,''"
Building No. 1J4 Nassau street Ne"
New-York tribune., 1912-08-14

stampede of the moose herd, perhaps
nothing short of that.
Why should any one tamper with the
La Toilette mail?
Since the Rosenthal murder crimes
have been relatively few in the city
The crooks must be showing considera-
ton for their overworked friends, the
police.
There NAV be more fact than fiction
in the statement that the sultan OF
Morocco abdicated and left the country
for his health; but It may have been
for its protection rather than It's resto-
ration.
If Tim" cannot get an Assembly
nomination there's still the Board OF
Aldermen.
Mayor Gaynor and Judge Gaynor 90
not always agree any better than Gov
crnor Wilson and Professor Wilson.
A defender OF women denies that they
adore the cave man" and really ike
TO be beaten, but asserts that they
haven't so acute a moral sense as men.
Does this mean they have to be beaten
whether they like it or not by the SUI
perior sex?
Only a parlorful Of Populists? But
Il en- the Bull Moose Is not parloF
pet.
4 policeman arrested three burglars
Yesterday. Needless TO say he was
new" TO the force.
There is evidently some revolving
criminality or else some uncommonly
tall romancing along the Mexican bor-
der
New-York tribune., 1912-08-14
CANADIAN RATES.

I9ntarod AZ the Postofice at New 1orh a.
second Class Mail Matter
New-York tribune., 1912-08-14
THE TALK OF THE DAY.

In answer TO his wife's question rs
this man Rosenwald. who gave away
$6S7, 500 in celebration Of his fiftieth birth
day. a business man. New York mer-
chant produced a recent biography OF the
phllanthropist which showed that the con
cern Of which he is the head receives daily
about seventy-fve thousand letters ana
that its postage stamps cost the house
about IS, 900 daily. Like the old store al
Spraker's" said the man. Its sign might
be Anything and Everything. The orders
for merchandise executed I'm one month
Of this year amounted 70 Ss.0Oo,oOO' and
while no special effort is made In that
direction. the company sells about twenty
thousand pairs Of shoes daily-all OF
which shows that julius Rosenwa'd iS
slightly In business
Romantic Ethelinda-How the trees IN
the orchard are moaning and signing
Literal Peta-So would you IN you were
as full of green apples az they are.-Ihe
Pathfinder.
New-York tribune., 1912-08-14

a Our readers will confer favor by a', advlslnss ~
NJ when they are unable TO procure cobg =.
Tho Tribune from their newsdealer' Huu''
Tribune. Circulation Department
New-York tribune., 1912-08-14

Roosevelt on 'an old mans walk
impossible! A fight or a frolic, or n
New-York tribune., 1912-08-14

The petition asking him TO resign will
"embarrass" Mayor Gaynor.
New-York tribune., 1912-08-14

NJ Ionhallot-Tney are saying that
even the Chinese have granted votes 10
women. .,ortsbod
Think Of the centuries that chinese
women have been wearing trousers-'hi-
CagO News.
South Trimble. clerk % the House or
Representatives. was talking in washing
ton about a Kentucky orator according
to The Topeka Capital
"He is more loquacous than eloquent,
said Mr.. 'rrmble, with smile THIS
mouth. to Judge from the length Of his
sneeches. must be as big as Pelcg Ander-
sons.
"Peleg Anderson entered Louisville
music shop to buy mouth organ. lie
had very large mouth. and though he
tried every organ in the establishment.
none. Of them seemed to suit him.
See here, the salesman said finally,
wen have to make an organ 10 order for
you. I guess. Peleg. Just try your mouth
along this piano.
MY hats in the ring and my coats
Off"
well. don't tear your shr"- Wash
ington Herald.
Governor Woodrow Wilson. although al
most total abstainer. IS In grave danger
OF having n new drink named after him
as the result Of his luncheon with Oscar
Underwood. When the walter came 10
get the order OF the two distinguished
Democrats Underwood promptly ordered
Scotch highball Governor Wilson's
lapse was probably due 10 the fact that
as host he felt II his duty to keep com
pany with his guest. AZ any rate. he
startled the waiter. who knew or his pro-
hibition principles. by saying I'll tell
you what I want. Bring me a tall glass
with Just about an inch OF Scstch in it
and MI the rest up with lemonade" All
the beverage needs now Is some tag to the
Wilson" as a name before IL is offered
for the delectstlon Of all good Demo-
Gratis.
Charley, dear" said young Mrs Tor
kins. why don't you learn TO play
bridgeT'
''Do you know how"
mo. But want some one to teach
me"
We'll THAT'S why v"-Washington Star.
New-York tribune., 1912-08-14
THE SUMMER GIRL

The summer girl. wo all agree.
Plays havoc with affections
Unlike an editor IS she
Addicted 10 roj"ctions.
'Tis true that she refuses none
Rut then. YOU SEQ, the fact ~
She really can love any one,
She's had such lots Of practice.
And after all she is in this
Just like the rose OF summer;
Won scarce can fancy her amiss
To welcome every conner.
But when the leaves begin In fall'
The chill comes on insldious:
And qhe must jilt them one and all,
To prove she's not invidious.
q. r. "
New-York tribune., 1912-08-14

Why should any one tamper with the
La Toilette mail?
New-York tribune., 1912-08-14

stampede of the moose herd' perhaps
nothing short of that.
New-York tribune., 1912-08-14

If Tim" cannot get an Assempi'
nomination there's still the Board o
Aldermen.
New-York tribune., 1912-08-14

Mayor Gaynor and Judge Gaynor 90
not always agree any better than Gov
crnor Wilson and Professor Wilson
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1912-12-18

" 9 WhIt0 IoTI Ia0I 0I.U-Tr ~
Terkel'v SurinR~. where I'D. VIA make
MS future home
Nj. ard Nrs Wrrrc o. rIft-lufsh.
vii arrive h"mc ga o. Few daNH- tp si..ifd
no holidays win friends and frlIr4ssr
W. Purcell. "f Ho, hest-f ga ir
'rcudinE - f"v days with bis brother
this cit..
Miss Fauuis Mos retufurd ~" H--
= me az Cameron. after Spending tho
,a-t few day With friends 600 thfs ,Itr.
MrS. ';crtruI" We.drht- DO I-rf ir.t
'Nsuiug Tor NJ k-' -t-lrt. "a. where no
VII re- side itII uer brother
Miss Dee Harsh .prutfiA o. fHt- ,.tv.
.ut late of Washington. 90. ls spending
rev DAYS iu This citf with fri"uds and
ciatlvCs
Mrs " q. To.urr. OF seventh street.
spending O. frv dH's fr hsf Ils-
and ~ Warrington. w1'to he ts cr.-
iut cd
Mrs William It-tlr ard OBJ r1-.-
ave left f"r N"rtr 'af",Iua. whore
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1912-12-18
MOUNDSYILLE


The Officer or tn- student Body -
TIE local Hish school are 10 % elected
a. the beginning OF each u4--frr n.
the school }thI and tn - nom ns. tln <
Convention Viii b. held this evening Do
tie principals "ri'~ - Which candi-
- ties ~iiI i,~ nominated for the Narfuu -
,nlCsH 70 be- fllsd on FRIDAY reg1-
AZ election viii be- held vnich VIII be
practical and instructive lesson Do
SEXUAL poiitlrr tor thf ~'sIleutr. y bier
xilI prove Of com i'd. able valve Co fhr
young men 90 that body. The ballots
till be printed 900 exact euIl. rste ~
those used IN the general sie' ton. o.
ucsrH VIII b.. in ruargr 90 each pre-
.lnet and iu every r'HpcFf mo rf otF"d
irgs - general election viii 10 "a
I'D
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1912-12-18
LOCAL POLICE
Receive Request From Dawson. c.
70 Locate Relatives IN This CITY
OF Dead Man

Ito" ior-I poilc" ia-. ..,I.u- r,-
'"iN'u "a t..c-rtm from Dawson. Gd.
stating that u g.. Roland D. dead DO
that city and that hr IS survived us
90 brother Who Resides n Whe,iur
The telegram requests iuaj tar pp.i,"
locate th" brother .ud vie iu-truc.
Tons as to tho disposition of DO. hIdl
The telegram did MOI give any uaI.
tCular- concerning fuc death Ia uil.
go % idi" hour last evening rh. police
lad H'.u IrtUi. Goo fut uu. person.
JOS the name Of Roland 900 This cry
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1912-12-18
Temporary Quarters

The office 81 County CLERK - chase
moved 20 the rear or IN fuu
tpuse yestsrdHy morning INTO a." tulI-
~ court room The move was mad.
due 10 the fact TINT The painters anu
Jccoptor- a.. busy WORDING lu tufs
room. rs-dscorattug the nails aud t-tl-
Ing The work viii if,i. hs rff~nrd
- the latter part 81 the wees
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1912-12-18
Not Pound as Yet.

Miss Slsrda Hupp. the young LADY fi
This city who Wa taken 40 tu. lor-
fucs critic Moon Home. al wheeling. bf
Humane Onicer Jose B. n. several week
Lgo and ran away from there on last
SUNDAY evening has upG ket been
located by the local f.ollCr TO ir though o.
howeycr that sh. will be- found ana re-
tuTned To the home
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1912-12-18
Opening Tonight.

The grand 'p"uiuE OF tn' N-v Pa. E
heat"e. which has been 'iu-.d .u. fNs
.ast rev DAYS uud.i going EXTENSIVE. Joe
prov etnentS will be h.id tht- ,.tuil.~
= new curtain and two new thi~,tu ful-
-htues have been Installed aud "tt'I
improvement made.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1912-12-18

Those ~ the head OF 80 IroNsuIF 90 ..
sisposinE Of ~. uttlf End 'Ip-- seal
80 this city are meeting with much -1t-
.sfs and over -Ia thousand OF 90" lftl"
sucker haN. been 90 pu-~d of durIuE
the past few days aud more have been
ordered. Tie con- mttte' lu charge 'pn-
template in s'ilnE ton tnpu ssnl. co.
Jns fOr each person boo tho UltJ.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1912-12-18

The Art club col this ".tt vn- .nte.
tanned last 'vrninE ~ the Wilson Music
.tots on seventh street III" meet us
wa tn have been held Iu tht home col
Mr. T. ~. wilson nat owing leo ne
.aripus Hines cot Ailr M~Igucu next
toor. the place va changed O." t.-
,HgKc.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1912-12-18
Brick Sent hack.

six ~ seven th"usitud u4I,l. wee
Q M back Geo the -hlpp,l- f--t"rotf bv
v. = Ba-trug superintendent OF The
I svinE now being dome 90 tsisudH'a.
. he brick wee uut suitable. hut tua
work will e. 500 just tns ~au'~ a~ Iu'f.
o. rick had been ordered .tnn aI- rtV 600
he scene.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1912-12-18
WORK FOR YOUR OWN
POCKET NOW AND THEN

OF The money You eXpcC'
o pay We shall try to leave q
ew dollars in Your poke
lfter YOU have made The pur.
'haSc.
rs To- the suit YOU eypt,t go
,et-Wc will trt to Give ,pu
me that is q lilllc better thln
on hopej for.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1912-12-18

Tho MouudsNlila Mat-t ,uHus-. .Tte
= furC- OF men az work fa..Iu- 49, the
2ld water main lending fp t.' it ..... pine
which formerly stood what Isl brpvu re-
dug hill"
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1912-12-18
Police Court.

wee 90 .lt,f~ abe being l..l IN .re
81. l~f'. .N4rgtt VIII t-lus trunk AM
'.-'id 'i.'. It"N VII lhely lee 1901.
.-Ir.us before MAYOR Molr.s ..la
".UUU.nE
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1912-12-18

Leather PursSs. Pockotboo1s. va
lets. 25c. i3c o5c. McFkCDENS
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1912-11-30
TRADE AND INDUSTRY
CONTINUE TO EXPAND

buns Review for November says
an improved business outlook is lc-
Elected in the increased huOyancy OF
he financial markets and in the con-
tinued expansion Of trade and indus
try. A situation that is based upon
an unprecedented movement Of wheat
and a record-bTcaking production of
pig iron can be described by no other
word than prosperous. Every depart
ment of business experiences the up
lift and expansion which result, first,
from the tremendous crops, and, sec
ond, from the restored confidence and
credit. While the ultimate size Of the
cotton crop is still in doubt, and
while there has been some lowering
of estimates On account of frOsts, yet
it is probable that there will be a
very large yield. The production of
corn promises to be much in excess
of 1900, 10000 bushels. Pig iron pro
ductiOn in October amounted to 2,
6S9,933 tons as against 2,463,%29 in
September. The iron and steel trade
continues to expand to the full limits
of capacity of production and trans
portation. The railroads, confronted
with stupendOus traffic, are contract
ing literally for 1913 requirements,
Their gross earnings in October show
cd tho substantial gain Of 60 per cent.
over last year. All OctO ber statistics
Dear witness to the notable activity
in all branches of trade and all sec
,tiOns of the country. October hank
clearings gained 20 per cent. over
las year, and in the first week Of No
venbcr the Increases were 81 per
cent. over 1911 and ISL per cent. over
1910. 1t is noteworthy that every
section and every. principal city re
port gains. Foreign commerce main
tains it's heavy movement, amounting
in New York during the latest week
to $37, CS5,4S1 against $&6,104 SCI in
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1912-11-30
HIGH COS OF Living PROBLEM
INgTHER Countries Than J.. 5.

utilizing nationally and prOfitably the
waste products of the slaughtcrhouses.
Living in China.
An income of $500 gold is usually
considered the minimum upon which
foreign family can live in Annoy; and
as rents and living expenses are con-
stantly becoming higher, a person
without an assured income of at least
that runs great risk of experiencing
much financial embarrassment, writes
vice Consul Brissel from Annoy. The
income Of the average foreign family
is we'll above $3.50 gold month those
who are unable to earn much over
$3.50 gold a month usually prefer to
remain unmarried.
1t may help to an understanding of
how expensive ii is to live in Annoy
(Which is one of the less expensive
pOrts) to state that some Of the Amer
lean missionaries, on a salary of 800
gold a month, house furnished and
travelling expenses and doctor bills
paid, and living with the greatest care,
find it impossible to establish a bank
account.
Conditions in Rhcdesta.
Consul Edwin n Gunsaulus, johann
nesburg, South Africa, says that the
cost of living in Rhodesia is a sub
iect of discussion among the residents
of that territory, and various means
have been suggested to remedy this
condition OF affairs. Many imported
fOodstUffs and O,Mer home necessities
are more than 100 per cent higher
than in England while house rents
in Salisbury and elsewhere in Rho
desia are approximately three times
these obtaining in Cape Town and
other coast cities.
A correspondent, writing from Sails
bury to one of the Johannesburg news
papers, gives some of the Rhodesian
prices charged per pound for food
stuffs, as follows: Bacon, AZ cents;
cheese. IS cents; coffee, 81 cents;
jam, 30 cents; marmalade, So cents;
oatmeal, il cents; salt, 8 cents; SUI
gar, s cents; tea, so cents
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1912-11-30
GERMAN MACHINES
FOR POSTAL WORK

The question OF facilitating the
ranking OF mail matter IS given MIC Il
attention in Germany by postal au-
thOrities and bus ness circles, writes
wee Consul General William Daw, on,
Jr.. from Frankfort on the Main.
Machines which simply Stamp mai
matter which does not have to b"
IIovided with postage have been IN
use for some time in TIC Bavarlan
rOstal administration. which is inde-
PENDENT OF the imperial administr"-
ton These machines a!e used for
l&lgc amounts Of similar mail matte"
and sender pays at usual rate in
money The imperial pOEfa! author =,
ties consider, however. mat this S\E.
stem does not OFFER thC necessary
S..!egUGrdS- against postal !rauI. J..
II rthrrm0re, such mail matter n2t
having postal stamps is not d rcptcI
iC1 internation@! mail,
\ Frankfort firm has recently con.
alrurtod a machine whi"h docs E"'
I0E.,ess theSo drawbacks ana which -
II ing tried at present IN on" o. -"
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1912-11-30

+: aHlfort substations. The machine
is driven by 4 small electric motor, II
has two receivers. which can be
operated Ey one Official Mail matter
IS placed in piles on the receivers,
where it is gathered up by An endless
chain and carried into the machine.
The machine contains four magazines
holding strips OF stamps, which are
tern off, moistened. and pasted OF
m&ii matter, when then passes on to
a stamp which cancels the postage
st imDs. The machine Can handle 900
to 400 pieces of mail matter per min
ute register attached to the ma
chine counts the number OF pieces
thanked. Only similar matte" tan be
ranked at one time. -.
Mail matter ranging from an ordin-
ary post card UP to pieces l5A inches
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1912-11-30

long. II As inches wide, ard Is
inches tick can be franked. At least
500 pieces OF mail matter or same
form in same Wrapping aud subject to
s"me rate, must be presented, tied in
bundles OF 100 pieces each.
This system Of franhing T.. ihties
mailing OF circulars. catalogues, etc.
which can be aelIvered at post Office
Lnstamped with amount necessary to
cover postage. NO charge above usual
pcs tage rates IS made for this servI"e.
Known as "barfrankierung" tcash
franking). For the present only mat
ter to be transmitted at following
rates is accepted ;, ), and 10 pfenng3
O.7. IL. and "a cents).
The machine is being tested pre.s
FAratory TO its adoption by the imper
idi postal authorities. e
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1912-11-30
100000 SAVINGS
BANK DEP0SIT0RS

Statistics of savings bank deposits
arc always regarded with interest, as
furnishing a guide to economic "ondi-
ticns. and e. pecial value, OF course.
attaches to satisfies covering the
cOuntry's savings banks compiled by
the Comptroller Of the Currency for
the fiscal year 1912-compiled as they
ale within a reasonably short time
after the close Of that period-arc
valuable in a considerable degree. The
following statement shows the num-
be- of savings banks reporting. num-
Der of depositors. aggregate deposits
ard average due to each depOsitor in
the United States for the years i'll
GICated:
Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1912-11-30

On the aUthEtty Of government data
ConsuI Ccner4 Watts at Brussels says
wapcs in BRium are lower general
" than in my other European conn
try He efes tables showing that
about G5 tr cen OF men workers over
. sixteen yars earn less than GS cents
day Cthe women, o. per cent earn
loss thu 80 cents and 3 per cent less
than . cents. In 1907 an inquiry at
tho rblic schools Of eighteen towns
shoyd that 21.33 per cent of tn" chill
Dire, were insuftciCntly nOurished.
editions in Germany.
kever has meat been so dear in
Eden, Germany, as at present, writes
Jonsul Jewett at KChl Prices Of meat
Advanced about 10 per cent from July
1911, to July, 1872. The qualityI Of
meat had also deprcCiated, more horse
meat being used. During the year end
ing with June 1912, the cost of living
per week Of an average family of four
has risen in the Grand Duchy of Baden
from $6.17 to $6.47. and in the province
of Alsace-L Lorraine from S6.11 to $6.46,
or about fiveNper cent in a year. At
the instance OF a meeting of mayors
of the chief towns of Baden, the gov
eminent is requested TO call a meeting
of the mayors of all the principal
cities of the empire, to consider meas
urcs relative to the increasing cost
of living and especially the high price
of meat. The meeting also recon-
mended the establishment of munich
pal portfattsning plants, the importa-
ton of refrigerated meat, and the i'm
portatioD of foreign cattle, especially
from Argentina. on condition that the
cattl are slaughtered Immediately on
arrival at the municipal abattoirs. A
special commission appointed to inves-
tigate the matter at Strassburg pro-
posed similar remedies, and, in addi-
ton, the appointment of special mix
ed commission to regulate the price of
animals for slaughter and of the meat
when sold, and the creation OF a i've
stock market bank to furnish CT dit
to the butchers and to aid them in