Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1912-08-22

be strengthened and states the cor.
responding loads that will be carried
safely. That is. the simple beam Il
inches by IL inches square and "a feet
between points Of support viii carry
safely a concentrated load Of one and
one-half tons at its center. while II the
same beam be made into a King post
beam by passing underneath the beam
a one inch steel rod. which Is made
fast at either end Of the beam. and IN
sorting a single post under the load at
the center of the beam. then such
beam viii carry about two and three
quarter times as much. or a load or
three and three-quarter tons, safely,
while If the same beam be built into
a King truss beam the load concen-
trased at the center may then be in
creased TO nine tons.
The best culyerts and smaller bridges
are built OF Reinforced concrete. The
cost is greater than for wooden or pipe
constructions in the first instance, but
If well built there should be no fur
Their cost for repair1 at Is. the first
cost is the last cost, while durabilitN
and safety are secured from the out
set.
Good materials, consisting Of crush
ed stone or gravel, sand and portland
cement 9nd water. are required for con-
crete DctOrmed steel rods imbedded
In the concrete are used for strength
ening the cover spans. The mixing Of
these materials into concrete and plac-
Ing it I'm the forms are extremely sim
pie matters after they are once we'll
understood. but nevertheless should not
be undertaken by one who is unfamil-
siar with the use of concrete.
There are three general kinds of con-
crete eulverts. which are known as the
concrete box type. They are built for
the smaller sizes up to such as have an
opening about four feet by six feet
wide. For sizes shove that the floor IL
usually left out where it is not needed
to protect the foundation, or paving
may he substituted for It, The floor
and side walls are constructed Of con-
crete with er without smetal reinforce
ment. usually without such REINFORCE
mentS. The proportions of concrete
used for the floor and side walls are
usually. l. 3. G-that is. one part by
measure of portland cement, three
parts by measure of sand and six parts
by measure Of crushed stone or gravel.
For spans above ten or twelve feet the
cover neetis to be strengthened with
concrete beams. This type Is known
as the concrete T beam frem its resem-
blanec to the capital .ettter. They are
placed adjacent to each other. the dis
lance from center to- center depending
upon the load which the bridge is ex-
pected to carry s3.-.S ~
The best type of concrete culverts for
spans from ten feet up to- thirty feet is
the steel beam incased in concrete, as
shown in Fig /. Here the concrete
floor Is designed to carry the load
across the span. from one beam to an
other, while .tIie steel beams carry
the load from one sabutment to the 9TH
er. It often happens that the cuIverts
are built on yielding foundations and
that the abutments sometimes settle.
causing cracks that would be danger
Gus in some types OF culyerts, but It Is
the ability of the steel beam type to
withstand such conditions as these just
mentioned that makes it the best type
to build. The I beams are incased in
concrete to protect them from rusting.
Sometimes they are simply painted or
more often not painted at all, and what
would be q permanent bridge Is al
lowed to rust out for lack OF proper
care.
For details in regard to the methods
of designing and building concrete
bridges attention is called to bulletin
No. 80, Highway Bridges and Cul-
verts," issued by the Office Of public
roads, United States department OF
agriculture. .. ....@
No road can be called a good road
that Is dotted with broken, wornout |
and unsafe wooden culverts and |
bridges. such as are encountered on