Honolulu star-bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1912-2010, 1912-08-24

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successive cultivation of the soil. and
If this soil is used in the construction
Of road it is known as top soil road"
There are many varieties of clay and
| consequently a wide variation in the
characteristics of sand-clay road.
The quality of the sand is a variable
factor, as it may range all the way
from fine, dust-like particles to coarse
grains and gravel and may be perfect
~ clean or mixed with loan and other
material. In consequence of these wide
differences in the materials constitut-
Ing ssand-elay roads it is impossible to
maintain a uniform standard as to
quality of the road or methods of con-
struction.
Not all but most sand consists Of
tiny grains Of quartz. While quartz
is one of the hardest minerals known,
It possesses practically no binding or
cementing power. The grains Of sand,
instead of cohering in a. tough mass
under the impact Of traffic and the &C
tion Of water, remain loose and shift
ing. Fine sand when dry is easily
displaced by the wind, which pro-
duces in this way the ever shifting
sand hills. No road is SO difficult to
travel as one through fine sand.
If clay has been carried in small
quantities by running water and de-
posted as. sediment it is known as
"sedimentary clay" If the feldspathic
rock has been disintegrated In place by
water the clay is known as residual
clay" The sedimentary clay, having
been carried in the form of fine par
ticles, is finer grained than the residual
clay and Is more sticky and plastic.
In contrast with sand. which possesses
no binding power, but is very hard,
clay is a powerful binder, but does not
possess the quality of hardness. 1t is
evident that in the construction of a
sand-clay, road the important property
in the clay is its Elasticity or tendency
to become sticky and elastic when
mixed with water. The clays which
are most plastic are called "ball
clays." Another important property
which is possessed by clays in widely
varying degrees is the pOrosity or ca
pacity for rapid absorption of water.
Clays which possess this quality in
the highest degree fall to pieces under
the action of water. These clays
are called shaking clays." 1t will read
lily be seen that the plastic or ball clays
will form a better and more powerful
binder for sand-clay roads than will
the stalking clays; but, on the other
hand, they will be much more difficult
to mix, as they disintegrate with far
less rapidity.
The shrinkage Of clay is an impor-
tant characteristic in connection with
the building of roads. When water is
mixed with clay expansion results, and
when the water CvapOrateS the clay
contracts. This characteristic Of eX-
pansion is much more pronounced in
some clayS than in others. and it must
be apparent that the clays which eX-
pand the least are preferable for road
building.
The theor! Of the sand-clay road is
very similar to the theory Of the mac
adam road. In the latter rock dust
and screenings fill the voids between
the angular fragments Of stone and
when wet serve as a cement or binder.
The grains Of sand may be likened to
the angular fragments of stone and
clay 20 the rock dust binder. In the
most successful sand-clay road just a
sufficient amount Of clay IS used to I'll
the voids between the grains Of sand
n thu way the sand sustains the
wear ~hiI~ the clay serves as