Spirit of the age. [volume] (Woodstock, Vt.) 1845-1913, 1912-12-28

~ ai''AA'''iS aAAaA time of the year
as we know II
now. Little more than twenty centu-
ries of the earth's annual celestial
tours have been tailed with the year
as the unit of time. This innovation
is credited to Eratosthenes, mathe-
matician and philosopher. who held a
job as librarian for one of the Ptol-
emys at Alexandria about 254 years
before Christ. Eratosthenes no doubt
found delight in devising a system by
which future ages could eat their
meals and go to bed and get up again
without having to first run out into
the yard to see where the sun or
moon or some starry constellation
might chance to be. 4a- s-,l Il
j We all know that the year is the
period in which the sun makes a COM
plete circuit of the heavens and re-
turns to the point in the zodiac
whence 1t started, but we never stop
to question how or why. It is enough
for US that calendars and almanacs
are thrown our way for the asking.
wherein we find each day of the
month and Of the year carefully num-
bered Ie ts3 ..sa -
Our years. are of the Christian era
and extend from January l to Decem-
ber 81. This era was first used by
Dionysius Exigus in A. d. $50. 1t was
more than a. thousand years before
the year was begun on January 1 by
many nations Before the days of
Eratosthenesa there seems to have
been no crying demand for a precise
plan of counting time. In one city
the reckoning was by q successiomsof
kings. in another bysa succession of
magistrates or priestss Even after
the adoption in European countries of
the Christian era there were so many
methods of dating--national provih-
cial and ecclesiastical---that only con:
fusion could result. Mythology long
had held a higher place than astron-
omy fss 2i'
Peoples Of Egypt and Babylonia are
said to have been wiser than those
of other nations that figure in the CEN
turtles following them. Sages Of those
olden times were familiar with the
heavens. but the Greeks who followed
them could not calculate the advent
OF their moons in conjunction with
the sun. The Hebrews before going
down into Egypt and the yArabians
before the time of Mohammed caIcu-
lated time only by the moon. They
figured IL lunations or 354 days as
the duration OF the year On that
basis the New Years day returned to
the same season once in 33 years.
Moses is said to have obtained all of
his chronological knowledge from
the Egyptians who learned the length
of the tropical year by observing the
rising Of Sirius, the dogstar.
Some troubles OF the Jews In keep
Ing their calendar straight are told in
the Jewish encyclopedia. In early
times an extra month was, thrown, In,
every two or three years Calcula-
tions OF the relative length OF the
solar and lunar years were handed
down by traditions In the patriarchial.
family. twas possible also to judge
by the grain harvest. II the, month
of Nisan arrived and the sun was SO
far from the vernal equinox that it
could not reach 1t by the 10th Of the
month, the month was not called MI
san, but Adar Shenf tsecond).
The country people and the inhab-
itants OF Babylonia were informed of
the beginning of the month by fire
signals, carried from. station to sta
ton in the mountain country.
"Under the patriarchate of Rabbi
Judah L." says the Jewishg encyclo-
redia, "the Samaritans, In order to con-
fuse the Jews. set fire Signals at i'm
proper times and thus. CAUSED the,
Jews to fall into error with regard,
to the day OF the new moon. Rabbi
judah accordingly abolished the fire
signals and employed messengers"
The jewish calendar reckons the
days from evening to evening I'M &C,
cordance with the order observed In
the biblical account of the creation.
The Jewish cycle in nineteen years
exceeds the Gregorian by 2 hours,
minutes and 1873 seconds. This makes
a difference In q hundred cycles
Q,900 years) of days, 81 hours. 45
minutes and 5 seconds. The assumed
duration OF the solar year is 6 min
utes 80 25-57 seconds In excess of the
true astronomical value, which VIII
cause the dates of the commencement
of future Jewish years, that are so
calculated, to advance from the equi
nox a day in error In 216 years.
All European countries borrowed
civil calendars from the Romans. The
year began with March and that ac-
counts for the present names of the
last four months of the year. In the
reign OF Numa two months we're add
ed January atsthe beginnlns and Feb