davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1912-02-08
Is = Grandmother at as.

Portland. Mich.-Mrs. Hattie E.
Ames lays claim to the distinction of
being the youngest grandmother n
Michigan, and as proof points to the
newly born daughter of Adelbert
Ames. Mrs. Ames is thirty-six years
of age.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1912-02-08

Sixteen babies in a courtroom in
New York upset the courts dignity
and yelled their contempt of court till
the latter was driven to ignominious
surrender in an adjournment Which
proves that the infant of the species
is more vociferous than judicial prece-
dent
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1912-02-08
Burglars Steal 5o-cent Eggs.

Cleveland, O.-Burglars, who broke
into a fashionable home here, passed
by jewelry and money valued at sew
eral hundred dollars and robbed the
icebox of two dozen eggs at so cents
a dozen and two pounds of butter at
As cents a pound
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1912-02-08
stove ExpIodes, Woman Burned.

stove EXpI0u6S, WOmdH bUFncu.
Mount Carroll, Ill.-From the explo-
sion of a gasoline stove the clothes of
Mrs. G. w. Wilson, wife of merchant
here, were ignited and burned from
her body. Her physician says she
cannot recover as her body is burned
almost to a crisp.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1912-02-08
RoyaI Arcanum GETS SIS, eo2, 100.

Boston.-The Supreme Council of
the Royal Arcanum will have returned
to it $500, 100, the amount of re-
serve fund on deposit with the state
treasurer, by order Of Supreme Court
Judge Braley.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1912-02-08
pensinn ain Passes House.

Washington.-The pension appro-
priation bill, carrying about $152.000,-
600. passed the house by vote of 245
to 33, after several southern Demo
Gratis had demanded roll call vote.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1912-02-08
Would Like to Know

Some philosopher says there is al
ways 6 right way and wrong way OF
doing thing"
i wonder If he ever tried to IA
downstairs the right way ?''--IEdga
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1912-02-08
Senator Thomas Grady Dead.

New York-State Senator Thomas
F. Grady, widely known in Demo
cratic councils in state and nation and
Familiarity called THE Silver Tongued
Orator of Tammany Hail." is dead
here.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1912-02-08
General Trowbridqe is Dead.

Detroit, Mich.-Gen. Luther s.
Trowbridge, one of Michigan's best
known military and political charac-
tiers. died here, aged seventy-five.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1912-02-08
m,,,.arv Aviator Falls 200 Feet.

Versailles, France.-Captain lie
Magnet. military aviator, while max.
ing flight here fell from height of
200 feet. He was taken from the
wreckage in a critical condition.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1912-02-08
Would Restore Hams

Washington.-Senator Rayner has
introduced bill authorizing the re-
appointment Of Peter C. Hams, Jr., to
the army and restoring his old rank
of captain of artillery.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1912-02-08
Prominent Mason Is Dead.

Marquette, Mich.-Francis M.
Moore, the only thirty-third degree
Mason in upper peninsula of Michi-
gan, died suddenly at his home here.
aged ffty-four.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1912-02-08
ir.Iand,s Oldest Man Dies.

London-Martin Dunno, farmer,
who was the Oldest man in Ireland,
is dead at KilIeigh, Kings county, at
the age of one hundred and seventeen
years and six months.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1912-02-08

The pure food board has issued a
definition of mincemeat. But it has
offered no bets that it can define the
things mincemeat produces the night
after.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1912-02-08

The ruins of an ancient city of the
Incas have been discovered by Yale
expedition. But what's that to win.
ming the college football champion.
ship?
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1912-02-08

The patient Griseldas famous rec
ord for meekness and endurance has
been beaten by a woman in Chicago.
Fov twelve years she supported her
husband with patient resignation, but
finally decided that having to take
heatings as we'll as give earnings was
a little too much. even for a modern
Griselda.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1912-02-08
CONCERNING THE
PUBLIC DOMAIN
President Taft, In Message to
Congress, Points Out Needs
of Various Sections.
ALASKA TOO LONG NEGLECTED.

Urgent Need of Legislation That
Shall Develop the Resources of the
Territory and Afford Protection to
SettIers-WouId Have Government
Build and Own a Trunk Limo Rail-
road-WaterWay improvements.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1912-02-08
In Tense CONDITION. Too,

Grammar is a vague sort of a sci
ence as far as exactness is concern
cd"
Maybe because 1t is subject to
moods"
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1912-02-08
GETTING It STRAIGHT.

So the bank teller has disappeared.
Was he short in his CASH."
No, he was ahead. 1t was the bank
that was short
The sun., 1912-08-04
Assurance That the Problems of Labor
and Capital Will Be Settled by
the Emperor's Decr Zee

Finally. excessive work in consequence
OF the prolongation Of the working day
the working together OF both sexes, the
strain of the work on the underfed organ :
ism Of tho children-all these things.
In view Of other depressing conditions,
give rise to series OF unfavorable infiu-
ences which result in the weakening Of
family ties. In moral degradation. in
low intellectual development. in alcohol
ism. in increasing criminality in higher
mortality rate and even in degcner-
alton
These sad phenomena are observed
not only in the domain OF large industry;
they exist in the small industries and
even in agriculture. though here they
are less noticeable. The abuse OF tho
labor OF the workingmen by owners of
small industrial establishments is quite
an ordinary phenomenon; the miserable
condition Of the so-called apprentices
10 we'll known fact. Still worse il the
condition of the domestic workers who
work directly for the market. Thcy
are completely in the hands of the mer-
chants who furnish them with raw mate
rial and means Of production. and even
when they own their means of production
they are not in a position to compete
successfully with the factories and are
forced to sell their products at a price
VIII ch does not remunerate them for
their labor. Finally in agriculture. where
a poor harvest follows an abundant one.
the same insecurity OF the worker who
offers himself on the market OF living
labor may be observed.
The sun., 1912-08-04
py HERMAN BERNSTEIN,

Count Sercius Witte. Tho former Premier
of RUSSIA. delivered II series uf fifty-one
lectures on international Ia " and political
economy in i9oo-lpr, The l",tures were
prepared by the Russian statesman for an
audience OF one. the Grand Dnke Mihhail
Alexanolrovich. uncle cf the Czar.
Few mon have risen Ia power as Coun
Eergius Wit,e has After ha had been
graduated from tho university he ac-
cepted an insignificant; no.. Oh tho South
western Railroad Ia Russia He soon
showed his genius a,.i within short
time revolutioniznd the railroad system
OF Russia He then introduced unprec-
edented reforms in the financial system
OF the empire. His successes in raising
loans for the Russian Government out side
" Russia have been inrivalied.
He rose TO power 'ndc- Alexander III =.
one OF Russi1's RIOS. reactionary Cars.
and achieved worldslc,c fame as Minister
OF Finance.
On the eve OF the war with Ja,an he
retired from active service, having ad-
vised against the war and having prophe-
sled tho unsuccessful outcome of a con :
fiict in the Mar East
The war with Japan proved that Russia
vas a colossus with feet Of clay. Russia
was defeated. humiliated and discraced.
Her navy was destroyed. her army routed
BY the Japanese. her prestige as a great
Power shattered and a tremendous
storm Of unrest. OF revolution. gathered
over the Russian land. Then came
sergius witte and won in Portsmouth
The sun., 1912-08-04

certain requirements of factory hvgicns
and safety were made obligatory, factory
inspection was introduced. &c.
No less syste ma,ic was the application
of the same principles in other countries
Germany even giving the example u
State insurance of workingmen against
accidents. sickness. old age and disability
and also introducing boards of arbitration
for the settlement of conflicts between
employers and workingmen and for the
protection of the workers from the VIC.
lation Of their private rights through their
contract Of employment.
Finally. in recent years there has been
a tendency TO extend factory inspection
and legislative restrictions to handicraft
and domestic industry. At the same tins
the State by the organization Of savings
banks accessible 10 the people educate,
the workers to thrift. while by the proper
development Of general and technical
education il gives the workingman ths
opport unity to attain the higher and
better paid forms Of labor. As result
of these efforts Of the State all those who
are ablest. who have most knowledge,
who are most industrious and thrifty,
find an outlet for their abilities. of course
within the limits set by the enevitabls
natural inequalities Of men. This euui-
librium OF public and private interest main.
tanned and protected by the State. in which
the private interests. however. are not
absorbed by the public interests. seems
to present the hest method for the solution
Of the labor problem and at the same tine
the best means Of protecting the working.
The sun., 1912-08-04

Though the dark aspects Of the labor
problem began to manifest themselves
in perceptible manner during the first
stages OF capitalstic development. the
State remained quite Indifferent to them
for some time. Legislation was limited
to mere recognition of the right OF the
workers to organize associations. These
associations in the course OF time devel-
oped into large organizations. and parallel
with their development the anti-political
agitation OF the trade unions weakened
and even died out entirely.
! The trade unions were legalized after
, the example given by England by the
United States. Switzerland. France. Ger
many within certain limitations) and other
countries Of western Europe. The main
purpose OF these trade unions is to provide
unemployment benefits. to find employ
ment. to settle industrial conflicts by
arbitration. to eliminate competition
among workingmcn which lowers wages.
&c. The cooperative movement once
begun under the protection OF the law
embraced an ever larger proportion OF
the workingmen and assumed various
forms. Thus cooperative societies were
formed which furnished the workingman
and his family with good and cheap prod
ucts without the interference Of the
middleman. while on the other hand
savings and credit associations and even
productive cooperative societies came
into existence.
The systematic and only under such
conditions fruitful application of the
principle Of self-help by the workers AS
we'll as the protection Of the legitimate
interests both Of workingmen and en-
ployers depended on the interference
Of the State in the mutual relations Of
labor and capital The quicker the in
dustrial development Of the Western
peoples went on and the more striking
the dark aspects Of the labor problem
and the abnormality Of the relations of
workingmen and employers became. the
more urgent was the necessity that the
State should step into this domain OF
public life. because only the state by
legislation and with the help OF it's powers
could take up tho protection Of the public
interests. giving on the one hand equal
legislative protection to the rights Of labor
and OF capital and creating on tho other
hand for the representatives Of labor
the necessary situation in which they
would he enabled lawfully to defend their
interests.
England. which for a long time stood
NJ the head Of European nations in ito
industrial development. witnessed the
first attempts of State interference with
the contractual relations o! labor and
capital Limitations were at first im-
posed within the sphere of female and
child labor; the length Of the working
day wss limited. Sunday rest sstablishod.
The sun., 1912-08-04

IL considered which is necessary under
given social conditions OF production
Commodities are exchang ged according
to their labor values. commodities in
which equal quantities of labor are EN-
bodied are of equal value. and when ex-
changed through the medium of money
cannot give rise to profits. Profits are
formed in the process Of product ion. as a
result OF the fact that the hired labor OF
the workingman produces more than it
costs the capitalist
! The value Of labor power is determined
by the quantity of means OF subssten
| necessary for the workingman and his
family; q part OF the working day is suf-
ficient to cover this market price of labor,
consequently what is produced during
the remaining hours Of the working day
is surplus value which the capitalist does
not pay for and which he appropriates
without due remuneration. This surplus
value created by the labor Of hired work.
ingmen is the only source OF the capi-
tallst's wealth. The workIngman sells
not his labor. but his labor power from
which the capitalist endeavors to extract
the greatest amount Of productive labor
possible; it is as IL the workingman sold
himself. not q given number OF his work.
ing hours.
Thus in his definition OF the exchange
value Of labor Marx deviates from the
fundamental conception OF value. He
makes the value OF labor dependent
not on what is necessary for the main
'ehance and constant production OF labor
power hut on the usefulness which labor
has for the buyer (manufacturer, the
surplus value extracted by the buver
tmanufacturer) is considered "a unpaid
regardless OF the fact that the WORKING
man himself sells his labor M n stipulated
price.
No considerations of this kind are taken
into account In relation To all other com.
modities. though It il quite possiblc that
there should be commodities which ara
OF special advantage TO tho buyers. for
instance. improved Instruments and ma
chinery which increase tho productive
n"ss of labor. According to Marx. only
living human labor produces value:
capital. as the dead product OF labor
IL not prodlctive-capitnl only absorbs
living labor which inf,ises into IL life for
production, Capital merely replaces its
value in production without adding anv-
thing To the value of the products, Ma.
chincry merely rerays what it cost: its
productivcncss is given free. just az the
productiven"ss of natural forces.
Various kinds Of labor from scientific.
technical to unskilled muscular labor arc
reduced by Marx To tho same standard
TO absolute human labor emhodied in
commodities. The higher form, of labor
are paid AZ higher price. but their higher
valuation in comparison with unskilled
labor does not change. according u Marx.
The sun., 1912-08-04
Remarkable Discussion of Karl Marx S
Theories by Former Premier for
Benefit of Cars Uncle

source ~ value. But tho quantity OF
labor spent in production can he reduced
to expenses OF production which must re-
! appear III tho price of the product plus
profits: while expenses may be covered
and profit made only when there is u
sufficient demand on the part Of con-
sumers. Thus in the last analysis ex-
change value is determined by the law OF
supply and demand and by the expenses
of production.
But there is q theory which maintains
that exchange value Is determined exclu-
sively by the labor necessary for the pro-
duction Of the commodity and that con-
|seouen.ly commodities are exchanged in
proportion to the labor time required for
their production Tho most complete
and logical elaboration Of the theory Of
labor being the only source OF value and
consequently Of tho exploitation Of labor
by capital is 70 be found in the investiga-
tions of Karl Marx. which are contained
in his book Capital" and which met with
considerable success almost everywhere.
but part icularly in Russia where the con-
cltsions Of Marx find many adhcrents
even at the present time. II may. there
fore. be useful to devote some attention
to the theory of the author OF Capital"
The fundamental propositions Of Marx
on value. labor and capital may be sum-
married. as follows
Labor is the source Of the value Of COM
modoties: given quantities Of human
labor are crystallized in its products and
determine the exchange value of such
product. or course. only that quantity
The sun., 1912-08-04

men from the influence Of anti-Stats
agitation.
Legislators and labor leaders whn
ordinarily pursue their personal politic ical
interests. which have nothing in common
with the interests of the workers. make
,lse OF the struggles of labor and capital
and of the wretched condition Of the
working classes in order to create a labor
movement. The exaggerated descrip-
tion OF the horrors OF the exploitation
OF labor. tho encoura cement of the most
immoral instincts of the masses. the pros
motion OF strikes. promises of the col.
lectlve appropriation OF the means of
production and Of a communistic dis.
tribution OF the products of labor. &c.
| such are the ordinary weapons OF these
men. But among the working classes
who find legal protection OF their rights
and Of their interests. a just State regula-
tlon OF their relations to capital and the
right to organize for the betternent
OF their material condition. the activities
OF the agitators cannot meet with suc-
cess.
Russia. entering upon the path Of in
oustrial development at q much later ,
date than other States. has at its service
the rich experience of other nations
errors and measures to guide her to the
straight path Of the harmonious develops
mcnt of all forces. 1t is easier for her.
therefore. to avoid errors by choosing
at once the proper way of harmonlzlnS
public and private interests.
Russia can act more easily because also
her limo of development is traced by one
VIII standing outside Of the struggles
OF parties and private interests. This VIII
has already created the best basis for tho
application OF labor in country life smail
peasant holdings which it is but neoo'7ary
to strengthen by the right of propef"
this Will has already created and Is con.
stantly developing the protection OF
labor in tho industrial field; factory in-
spection has been introduced the coop.
erative principle (arteD has been admitted
and has developed consumers and other
cooperative societies: laws protecting inc
labor OF children and women and limliinS
the working day OF all factory operatives
have been promulgated; measures for 10:
prevention Of the pernicious effect o.
alcoholism. one of the strongest and mosS
dangerous weapons in the hands OF greedy
egotisin, have been enacted; the orGanlA.
ton Of popular savings banks is pushed
more and more. &c.
The further manifestat ion OF ms
Majesty's will in the direction OF inc
harmonization of private and pupN'
interests and close attention to the organ
ization in the country OF general and ieeh'
nical education vii, put the labor proN'e"
in Russia on the only true basis of 'hs
harmonious cooperation of labor anIl
capital for the advancement Of the genersg
welfare OF the country.
The sun., 1912-08-04
the great diplomatic victory which saved

the great diplomatic victory which saved
R''ssia's face
But the revolutionary spirit kept grow
ing and spreading Throughout, the Russian
Empire. Then it was that Count Witte
came again to the assistance of the Gov
eminent. He forced tn" Car to sign
the manifesto of October II, 1905. granting
to Russia a constitutional form of Govern
'nent He also secured a loan for Russia
which enabled her to bring back her army
from Manchuria.
Count Witte considers the greatest
achievements of his life TO he the signing
OF the Portsmouth Treaty and the mani
fcsto granting the constitution. But
among those who know the Car intimately
1t is believed that Nicholas will never
forgive Count Witte these two achieve
ments OF which he is so proud The Gear
believes to this day that if Witte had not
signed the peace treaty with japan
Russia would have defeated the japanese
on the battlefield in the end. He also
believes that Count Witte overestimated
the forces OF the revolutionary movement
in 1905 and thus scared him into granting
the constitution.
Count "it'e Is a present a member OF
the Council OF the Empire Rccently the
former Premier of Russia visited tho Car
M Isarskoye Selo Tor the purpose Of ascer-
tanning his position and offered To resign
from the Russian upper house. The
Gar is said to have replied:
Il cannot let you 20. We need vou-
II is rumored in official spheres in Eu-
rope that Count Wit,e will soon be recalled
TO power in Russia.
Count Whites lectures, delivered 10 the
Grand Duke. attracted much attention
In the Russian press and a number Of
noted economists have praised some of
them. In his works Witte shows a vast
amount of learning coupled with great
practical experience.
His lecture on socialism and the theories
Of Karl Marx. reproduced herewith by per
mission OF Count Witte. is especially inter.
esting because the former Premier of
Russia read il TO the Grand Duke Mikhail
In 1902 when the works Of Earl Marx were
frequently confiscated In Russia The
conclusions reached by the former Premier
of Russia in his lecture will not be surpris-
ing to those who bear in mind the position
Of the lecturer and his audience.
COUNT wITTE's LECTURE on socialism
1THOSE things only for tho produce
ton Of which human labor Is ncces-
sary l,avc"Schange value. What
can be ob'ancd free without any
expenditure Of energy has no price.
Tn. greater tho effort necessary for tho
Production OF hing the create it's value,
and vice versa H. this snnso tho hcst and
most prominent representatives of poliii-
.sl sconomy. beginning with Adam Smith.
nave held tls view that labor 10 the
The sun., 1912-08-04

prevailing political and economic system
in western Europe.
From the propositions laid down by Marx
that labor alone is tho source of value,
that the deprivation Of the means of pro-
duction fo.ccs the laborer to sell his labor
for price which covers merely the value
OF his means of subsistence. that the capi-
talists make use no only Of those hours Of
labor which correspond 70 this price but
of all the time of the woriiingman Cunning
to their advantage this surplus labor and
basing on it tho further accumulation of
The sun., 1912-08-04
WHITES LECTURE ON SOCIALISM TO GRAND DUKE

the essence Of the matter and does not
prevent the determination Of the value
of commodities by the quantity Of simple
human labor contained in them.
In his further exposition Marx con-
siders exclusively the exploitation of hired
workers in factories leaving out of con-
labor (Which is also wage labor) takes
in production. Profits. according to Marx.
are created by tho unskilled workers
only who give the capitalist a surplus
number Of working hours above those
The sun., 1912-08-04

individual without any particular develop
ment possesses in his bodily organism.
"Simple average labor. it is true. varies
in character in different countries and at
different times. but in a particular society
skilled labor counts only as simple labor
intensified, or rather as multiplied simple
labor q given quantity of Skilled being
considered equal to greater quantity of
simple labor"
In reality, however. no such reduction
OF skilled ani higher forms of labor to
simple labor ever takes place. nor can it