The citizen. (Honesdale, Pa.) 1908-1914, 1912-10-18
RULERS OF THE
AND SULTAN ON
Nicholas of Montenegro Has
Been In Power For Fifty
two Years.
Y1NG NICHOLAS of Montenegro

III ING NICHOLAS of Montenegro
Ia has been ruling for the last
EA ffty-two years. although he
has enjoyed the title only
since Aug. %, 1910. He acceded to the
head of the government in 1850, follow
ing the death of his uncle, Danilo. who
had been shot by a Montenegrin whom
he had exiled.
For Just forty years of his reign he
was known simply as Prince Nicholas.
In 1900 he assumed the title of royal
highness" and ten years later de-
cree announced that he was thereafter
to be king.
Shortly after the accession Of Mich
olas an instruction broke out In Her
zegovina, and the sympathy which the
mountaineers displayed with their
Christian kinsmen led to the country's
rupture with Turkey. The war re-
suited disastrously for the young ruler
and severe terms were imposed on the
principality by the convention of Scu-
tari.
During the fourteen years Of peace
which followed the country suffered
greatly from pestilence and famine.
Within this period the prince carried
on series Of reforms He reorgan-
lied and rearmcd his army. initiated
an educational system and granted n
constitution under which he surrender
ed various preruEatives to the senate.
In 1869 the Krivoshians rose against
the Austrian government, and the
prince had his hands full preventing
l. his subjects from going to the aid of
their neighbors to the north.
In 1876 Prince Nicholas formed an
alliance with Prince Milan Of Servia
and declared war against Turkey. He
led an army into Herzegovina and cap
tured MEDIUM The Servian army suf-
fered heavy reverses during the cam
paign, and an armistice was arranged
in November of that year.
During the following year the deter
mination of Russia TO take the field
against Turkey encouraged Nicholas to
renew hostilities against the Ottoman
arms The prince captured Nikshitch,
Autivari and Dulcigno. He also recov-
cred the seaboard which had belonged
to Montenegro during the middle ages.
With the exception of some troubles
on the frontier Nicholas has enjoyed
a peaceful reign since 1880. He has
been rated as an autocratic ruler, but
the country has advanced materially
in prosperity during his reign.
The marriage of Princess Helen,
daughter of Nicholas, to King Victor
Emmanuel of Italy in 1896 led to an
increase Of Italian influence in Mon
I tenegro.
The King of Greece.
George l.. king of the Greeks, was
born in 1S45. He is the second son
of King Christian of Denmark. Fol
lowing the expulsion of King Otho in
1862 the Greek nation elected the Brit
tsh Prince Alfred, duke OF Edinburgh,
to the vacant throne, and when he
refused the proffered honor they re-
quested Great Britain to name a can
didate. The British government chose
Prince Christian William Ferdinand
Adolphus George of Schleswig Hol
stein-Sonderburg- -Glucksburg, whose
election as king Of the Hellenes with
the title George l. was recognized by
the powers in June, 1868.
A few months before the accession
of the new ruler his sister, Princess
Alexandra had married the Prince of
Wales, afterward King Edward VII.
of England, and his father succeeded
to the crown OF Denmark during the
following November.
Upon his accession George signed an
act resigning his right to the throne Of
Denmark in favor of his younger
| brother, Prince Waldemar. He was