davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1912-07-28

more. arranged in two or three irregular
rows.
This egg state lasts about a week. and
then the real work Of destruction COM
mences. for the larvae as soon as Matched
feed on the under surface of the leaf.
gradually skeletonizing it. Fifteen to
growth, when they either crawl down
the trunk of the tree or drop to the
ground from overhanging branches Here
on the ground one of the many trans
formations Of insect life takes place.
They become light, orange-colOred pupae
a little over a quarter of an inch In
length. and remain in this stage from
six to ten days, finally becoming beetles.
Then begins the full-grown beetles hunt
for food. and irregular holes appear in
the leaves of the elm trees.
The authorities have found that the
only thoroughly satisfactory safeguard
against them consists in spraying the
trees with the arsenate OF lead solution.
Perhaps two-thirds, however. of the in
vaders of tree may be destroyed by
killing the larvae at the surface OF tho
ground before after they transform TO
pupae. This Is often done with so!u-
ton Of kerosene and water applied to the
base of the trunk and under the entire
Widespread OF the tree.
The first treatment with the spraying
machine is generally given in Washing
ton just after the buds have burst and
at time when the overwintered beetles
are feeding. The arsenate of lead solu-
tlOu Is sent 10 AL pdIlS Ol the tree, lnus
poisoning the leaves and killing many Of
the beetles we'll as leSSenlng the num-
Der Of eggs laid. Two weeks later sec
ond spraying is conducted against the
larvae, and sometimes a third and fourth
spraying are necessary, particularly, II
the season has been rainy and the poison
Gus solution thus washed from the leaves.
The year 1910 was for the Washington
gardeners a time Of continual struggle
against the elm leaf beetle.
Some idea Of the early reception OF the
spraying machines may be gathered
through an extract from a report of 1899
L. 0. Howard. an entomologist of the De-
paftment of Agrculture:
:.
Ten years ago a proposal to spray the
enormous elmS which are to be found In
many northern towns would have been
received with ridicule. but OF recent years
the practicability Of the plan has SO
frequently been demonstrated that there
is no hesitancy in commencing 1t to more
general city use. > The first sue
cessful work OF this kind was probably
that done by Prof. John B. Smith on
the campus OF Rutgers College. He had
strong barrel pump, and carried the
nozzle at the end of long rubber tube.
with a bamboo extension pole up into the
center of the trees by climbing a ladder 10
the main crotch. From this point the
SPRAY thrown in all directions and
the tree was thoroughly coated with the
mixture in a minimum OF time"
Not the least dangerous OF the insects
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1912-07-28

IL FUR AM STE
VEINS VI y y [ VI
famed already as
the inventor OF the
Maxim gun. cor
Gite m O h g ] 9 $
y . " Il CT. devices
for a.eroplanes and
other ingenious
things. now comes
forward with a
new and startling
Is original idea for
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1912-07-28

object was from the ship 1t might be
so arranged that one inch of paper
represented a mile.
THE receiving instruments can be
placed anywhere on the ship where
they can be turned in the same direc-
ton that the siren is turned, and there
may be as many of them as desirable"
Sir Hiram points out that there are
vastly more accidents to ships caused
by running ashore than by collision.
and that a coast does not need to pre-
sent "A very bold sea front to produce
very strong echo" on his apparatus.
If "a snip provided with his apparatus
was approaching the coast of Ireland.
he says. the echo would be sufficiently
strong To show itself over a distance
of at least ten miles
To many IL will doubtless appear very
difficult. even on the verge Of the i'm
possible, to reveal the presence OF OBJ
jects at sea by simply sending out at
mospheric vibrations and receiving the
echo of the same" he continues. "One
might ask. how can it be possible to
judge the SIZE distance and character
of the object by the echo? If. however.
we make a careful study of the matter.
we shall find II We send out a powerful
blast of sound like a deep musical note.
that IL will travel a long distance, and
II it strikes any object of considerable
size il will send back a reflection or echo.
Sound is nothing more nor less than at
mospheric vibrations. If there are less
than sixteen vibrations III a second of
time they are not audible to our ears;
We do not hear them, although we feel
them. They may be of great power and
able to travel a long distance, and. II
they should happen to strike any object,
they send back an echo which. although
almost completely inaudible to our ears.
apparatus and the record thus made will
give us a fair idea of the object struck
1t will indicate It's size and shape with
a fair degree of accuracy; il will indicate
its direction from the ship. and will also
show its distance with great accuracy.
II Will distinguish a ship from an iceberg,
Will show whether the object is station
AIRY or moving, and. IL moving. the direc-
ton and velocity Of such movement
Then Sir Hiram brings his ina gination
into play and gives a vivid and pictur-
esqe account OF what our experiences
would be like II we crossed the Atlantic
on ship provided with his collision-pre-
venting apparatus,
Let lis embark with him. i'll magma
ton. on such a ship at New York al I
o clocl, of an imaginary afternoon. \
few hours later, well out in the Allan
tic, We adjust our receiver SO that the
small bell sounds every ten seconds. on
account or the noise Of the wind and
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1912-07-28

swer by a blast, and then liberate the
clockwork, SO that the paper strip is fed
out continuously, and very soon our re-
corder shows the letters A E c., to be
followed by a message and reply. The
ships are now thirty miles apart, and
We find that the primary blast will work
our recorder at that distance, or more
than twice as far as the echo. Forty-five
minutes later We send out a blast and
receive a faint echo, which tells us that
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1912-07-28

1ASHlNGION, the CITY Beau
tiful,'' owes not the least
M part of its attractiveness to
Wv the trees that line its streets
and abound in it's parks. To
preserve these trees and make them
green and verdant war must be Waged
every year against the various insects
that infest them and destroy the foliage
Washington is equa,ing the other cities In
its struggle for protection of the trees,
and a variety of tests have been made
Spraying machines are owned by those
departments in charge of the trees in the
parks and public grounds. and also by
the District government. These machines.
filled with a combination of water and
arsenate of lead, are perhaps the most
successful preventives, for not only are
the insects washed down, but the arsen-
ate of lead is destructive to the larvae.
A variety of bands are used to prevent
the insects from crawling up the trees
and deposting their eggs in its branches.
Kerosene torches are frequently employ
ed to burn the nests of the tussock moth.
the cocoons of the fail webworm and the
bags of the bagworm. Thoroughness in
this work has been found to aid greatly
i'll the general destruction of the insects.
There are three or four of these steam
spraying machines used in the city, and
this method is considered the most
thorough. For the - 600 trees under the
superintendent office at the Capitol,
solution is used consisting of TO pounds
OF arsenate of lead to 400 gal
Ions of water. This is usually
directed in long stream as high
as the tree and as near it's trunk as
possible in order that the spray may
cover it generally. For it is not the steady
stream that is most successful. but the
spray that forms a sticky coating over
the leaves thus making them poisonous
to the insects. Some idea of the amount
of solution necessary for this work may
ba gathered from the fact that seventy
five gallons are used in spraying the
Washington elm standing in the Capitol
grounds.
Among the most destructive Of the in
sects that begin their work in the spring
is the elm leaf beetle. In the adult or
beetle condition this insect passes the
winter, hiding under the loose bark of
trees, inside window blinds in unoccupied
houses. in barns. in cracks, in fences or
telegraph poles and. in fact, wherever it
can secure shelter. Spring calls them
forth from their winter quarters, and as
soon as the buds on the trees burst they
feed upon the leaflets. Their eggs are
laid on the lower side of the leaves. in
vertical clusters Of fva to twenty OF
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1912-07-28

that Is. when there Is no noise except
that due to the action of the ship or the
sea waves, a waVy line is produced, but
whenever the vibrations sent out by the
vibrator strike an object and return, the
wavy line on the paper becomes very
much increased in amplitude. so as 10
be easily observed. and the distance
that the object l. from the snip can be
measured by the length of the paper strip
between the giving off af the vibrations
and the receiving OF the echo; there
fore the distance can be determined with
Il considerable degree OF nicely. and the
size Of the object may De determined by
the amplitude of the waves that return
VERY extensive experiments We're con-
Quoted about forty years ago by Prof.
TyndaIi at the South Foreland. He
found that deep note emitted by a
powerful siren travelled a very long dis
lance, and he was rather surprised at
tie volume of sound that was reflected
back from a ship. At that time ii was
generally supposed that snow, rain and
fog were very unfavorable to the travel
OF sound. but in his experiments he found
that such was not the case.
The inventor says that the apparatus
for producing the atmospheric vibrations
should be placed well forward on the
main deck of the ship or in any position
where ii can be turned about from port
To starboard. II should be secured 20
the deck very firmly. and connected, by
means Of a thTee-inch pipe. with a high
pressure boiler \ straightawaN valve
should be placed in the pipe near the
boiler. and some means should be found
OF preventing tine accumulation of water
III the pipe leading to the apparatus
Except in foggy or stormy weather
the apparatus would be merely orna-
mental, of course. unless 1t were used
for communicating with other ships.
But just as soon as darkness set in
and the captain began to suspect that
icebergs or other dangerous objects
We're close at hand il would become
useful. OF its operation under such
circumstances Sir Hiram says:
1T should be used constantly. send
ing out the blasts in every direction.
If the sea were perfectly clear the
blasts sent out would be recorded at
the Very instant of their production.
but no echo would be returned other
than that due to the waves of the sea.
which would provide a zigzag line OF
small amplitude; but if there should
siderable size at Il distance no greater
than two or three miles the ZigZag
line on the paper would be changed.
tue amplitude OF the waves would be
greater and would he Very noticeable.
To make sure. the blasts could he
repeated several times. and then. If
the result should bc always the same.
II would indicate TN. presence of some
OBJECT, and the length of paper be-
tween the primary blast and the echo
would indicate the distance that the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1912-07-28

prev entins collisions at sea
Briefly stated. he wishes 10 provide
: ips with a sixth sense represented
ny IN apparatus that viii send out VI
j,gations and record Inlnately the
echoes" caused by them i they strike
against any hard object rear tie ship
an icebcrC. for example. Sir Hiram got
lis idea of this sixth sense from the bat
which, according To him and other scIen-
fists possesses such a sense. and i able
liz means Of il 10 ind its way about Ill
the dark with perfect ease
The inventor explains his invention in
8 pamphlet just published by him in
london. THE vIeC. Of the Titanic was
q severe and painful shock to US all.
10 writes. Il asked ny self: Has science
reached the END of its tether? Is there
10 possible means OF avoiding such
depIorable loss of life and property?
Al tho end Of four hours it occurred 10
me that ships could lie provided with
what might bc appropriately called a
sixth sense. that would detect large OBJ
5ects in their immediate vicinity without
the aid of a searchliSht.
Then Sir Hiram set 10 work 10 study
deayor TO apply it to preventing marine
collisions. and soon hit upon the idea
which he now makes public. Before de-
Scrib.nS the new Maxim apparatus it Is
well 10 set down what he has TO say
about that which inspired H. the sixth
sense of the bat.
Every naturalist who has either ex-
perime on bats or written on the
subject" he says. seems TO admit that
tie extraordinary appendages attached
10 the bat face organs of percep
ton. more or less allied to the sense of
] can learn, has ever suggested that
these organs are for the purpose of re-
ceivinS the echo from the vibrations of
the wings. l think / was the first to
discover this.
we are able TO see perfectly in twi-
light which appears 10 be complete dark
ness to a common fowl. \ horse can see
and the eat and owl. with their very
large. eyes, are able 10 see sufficiently
we'll to get about when there is very little
Ighi. However. no eye, 10 matter how
large or perfect il may be, Is of the least
use in total darkness.
About a hundred years ago the Able
SpdllanZani discovered that certain kinds
OF bats had u verita5le sixth sense; he
noticed that the particular kind which
possessed this TenaT kable sense was only
provided with extremely small eyes that
could De of little or no use to them in
the dark-still they found their way
ABOUT quite Wei as cats and owls
experiments by blotting~ out the eyes OF
bats with red-hot irons and found that
they so along just as well without eyes
with them.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1912-07-28

Coming, then. TO his collision preventer.
Sir Hiram says:
Suppose now that we construct an an
rafatus that Will produce atmospheric
vibrations Of about the same frequency
as those produced by the bat. but instead
az using the infuiteSimal amount Of
energy employed By the bat. We use two
Ut three hundred horsepower-that is.
We send out waves that have an ampli-
Iude and energy at least 10000 times as
great as those sent out by the bat. These
Vibrations, although OF great energy. will
not be audible TO our ears, but they will
shake up and agitate light objects
for a considerable distance and will
travel at least twenty miles. SO that they
could be received and recorded by a suit
able apparatus at that distance and
would be able 10 travel At least five miles
aud send back 10 the ship reflected echo
Tat would M strong enough l. be de
tcctcJ."
Sir Hiram points ont that, IN pros iliu-
. snip with sixth sense. three dis
finc: devices must be conjunction. tor
producing and sending out the necessary
epA1d HaYeS. one 1or receiving the re-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1912-07-28

flectcd waves and making them audible
lfy ringing bells. ami another apparatus
for recording the amplitude of the waves
Here is his description OF the apparatus
he has invented:
For producing the vibrations of waves
I prefer to use u modified form of siren,
the disk being rotated at a suitable speed
by a motor of some kind, preferably an
electric motor. | prefer To use IL very
high pressure OF steam, 10 have all the
parts large and strong. and To produce
about fourteen or fifteen vibrations per
second. These will not come within the
range of the human ear. consequently
they cannot nc considered as sound, and
as they are OF great amplitude and power
they are aoic To travel over great dis
tanceS, and when they come in contact
witll-a hody The waves are reflected back
to the ship in thc same manner that
sound would he reflected back. but this
echo would not be audible 10 the human
ear.
II therefore provide an apparatus
which might be considered as an artificial
ear. Il IS provided with large dia
phTagm tightly drawn over a drum
sha ped cylinder. and so arranged that
the atmospheric pressure is always the
same both sides, quite lrreS pective of
any air blast Ii is therefore always able
10 vi5rate freely i'll response to the waves
of the echo. and its vibrations are made
In open and close certain electrical cir
cults which ring series of bells of va
rious sizes. If. for example. the object is
very small or at a very great distance
from the ship "a very small bell rings,
while large object at a distance of two
miles would ring a larger bell, and a
very large object a still larger bell. This
apparatus gives an audible notice if any
thing is ahead of the ship
THE other apparatus is similar, but
instead of ringing a bell it produces a
diagram of the disturbances in the air
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1912-07-28

FKY TASHINGTON, the City Beau
tiful,' owes not the least
M part Of its attractiveness to
wv the trees that line it's streets
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1912-07-28

hectcd waves and making them audible
Ivy ringing bells ami another apparatus
for recording the amplitude of the waves
Here is lis description OF the apparatus
he has invented:
The Springfield herald., 1912-06-07
FOREIGN.

Wainwright, Alberta, sustained a
100000 fire Monday.
The movies" have invaded Vesu-
vius. A cinematogEaph operator de.
scended into the crater and took pic
lures of the descent and the vapor.
BY the explosion of moving picture
film at Villareal, Spain, Monday night
eighty persons are reported to have
lost their lives in the fire that re-
suited
That General" William Bcoth, the
head of the Salvation Army, who re-
Gently underwent an operation for the
removal of cataract from his left
eye in London, will henceforth be totai-
ly blind in his physicians report.
Mexico City was again violently
ihaken by an earthquake. The shock
was the heaviest recorded during the
present period of seismic disturbances
Many walls were cracked. Thousands
of persons prepared to pass the night
in the parks and gardens.
The war scene in Mexico has shift
ed to the city of Chihuahua, where
o. ozco is concentrating all the rebel
forces in northern Mexico for final
stand against General Victoriano
Huerta's federal forces. All the coun-
try south of Chihuahua is being
abandoned.
The Springfield herald., 1912-06-07
WASHINGTON.

Representative Roddenberry intro
duced bill to prohibit the interstate
transportation of moving picture films
of prize fights.
The Senate passed the pension ap
preparation bill. already passed by the
House. 1t carries $l64, 100000. an in
crease of $l2,500.000 over the amount
appropriated by the House.
By the decisive vote of As to II the
Senate passed the House bill extend,
Ing the eight-hour principle to con
tracts involving labor on government
work. A penalty OF IS is provided for
each violation OF this provision.
Senator Lorimer has telegraphed to
Senator Kern, one Of his leading op
ponents, requesting that his case be
not called up for the present and say
ing that he wanted to speak and did
not feel able to do so now.
In uncontested delegates, Roosevelt
has representation OF 429, all OF
whom are either instructed. pledged
or favorable to his nomination. In
uncontested delegates Taft has al.
who are favorable, instructed or
pledged to him.
Ultimate adoption of the Borah-Tay-
lor three.year homestead bill was
clinched by the approval in the Sen
ate of the report of the conference
committee. 1t is expected the House
will take similar action without delay
and the measure will go promptly to
the President for his signature.
A charge that members of the
House were. guilty OF petty grating
was made on the floor by Represen-
tative Fitzgerald, chairman Of the ap-
propriations committee. A wordy war
was precipitated, in the course of
of having submitted for payment bills
for material for which there was no
provision by law. The clash marked
the consideration of the emergency ap-
preparation bill, carrying $201 900 for
the expenses of the House.
Attorney General Wickersham in a
recent statement declared the govern.
ment's suit against the Southern Paci-
fic Company for the recovery of valu-
able oil lands in southern California
has developed sensational and start
ling disclosures. Testimony by wit
nesses subpoenaed by the government,
he says, presents a remarkG 3le pic
ture of criminal conspiracy among high
officials of the Southern Pacific Com
pany to acquire from the United
States under an agricultural grant oil
lands valued at S15,000,0O0.'
The Springfield herald., 1912-06-07
CAUGHT FROM THE NETWORK OF
WIRES ROUND ABOUT
THE WORLD.
DURING THE PAST week
RECORD OF IMPORTANT EvENTe
CONDENSED FOR BUSY
PEOPLE.
Western Newspaper Union News Service.
WESTERN.


Splendid harvesting prospects II
Texas has brought about cheaper
prices for wheat.
Mammoth oil well west OF Cortez
Colo, is now down 1,400 feet, and
there are splendid indications of oil.
ban Davis, a negro. was burned at
stake In the streets in Tyler. Texas
after he had confessed to assaulting a
young girl.
AS they were digging in trench ri
Price. Utah, Ray Jeweks and Andrew
Thomas were buried by a cave-in and
sufiocated.
All the troops at Fort. D. A. Russell
near Cheyenne, Wyo., have been
ordered by wire to be ready to move
to Cuba on days notice.
To be the first woman probate judge
in America, to have served two sue
cessful terms and to be candidate
for reelection without opposition is
the distinction of Mrs. Mary II. Cooper
of Beloit, Kansas.
Three heavy explosions recently
shook the downtown districts OF San
Francisco The first and second eN
plosions We're located at Tom Cor
belts pool room and saloon at Fourth
and Stevenson streets. The third oc
CURED ten minutes later.
A conference between officials OF
the Reclamation Service and railroad
men was held in Chicago to devise
plans to induce residents of the East
to settle in the West. 4 national bu'
reau for the dissemination of facts re-
garding Western lands was suggested.
The Indians of the Wind River res
ervation in Wyoming not having taken
to the cultivation of the large acreage
brought under irrigation facilities by
the system completed year or two
ago, the government is preparing to
sell or lease 1000 acres to whites.
Some of this land is very desirable.
The first State Legislature of Ari-
zona has adjourned, having passed
about hundred bills Among those
signed two relate to mining; elections
four, court procedure five. land laws
1OuT, SlAtcchp iSioi s''
municipal improvements three, agrl-
culture one, corporations six, appropri-
ations for state departments six, rev.
enue and taxation eight. county affairs
four. education seven, miscellaneous
twelve.
More than a million dollars in cash
and a still larger amount in clothing
and supplies have been devoted to the
refugees of the Mississippi flood dis
trict and there is almost half million
dollars in sight for their urgent needs.
or approximately 10000 persons who
have been driven from their homes by
the floods, the United States army re-
lief corps is dispensing rations daily to
nearly 100000, and such of the others
as need assistance are being cared for
by local relief committees.