davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1912-02-10

=
matter how much we may deny
that We are custom fettered
~ the fact remains that we fol-
low blindly curious old and unwrit-
ten laws without so much as asking
the reason for so doing. The method
Of celebrating Saint Valentines Day is
one OF the best examples of this, for if
the sender of one of these love mis-
atves were asked to explain lust WHY
It was sent on this special day the
answer in ninety-nine cases out of
one hundred would be Because it is
the custom"
It Is a pretty and picturesque idea
which has decreed that on Saint Val
ent1neis Day, which in the Roman and
ANGLICAN calendar falls on Febru-
srY 18th, young folks should exchange
greetings Of love set forth in verses
or emblematfc pictures, and this has
been practiced certainly for the last
three hundred years. The legends of
Saint Valentines Day are far from
satisfying, for search history as we
may there seems to be no real reason
why this Cupid's feast should be given
that name. The saint who bore the
name OF Valentine was not of a sen
umental nature. He wrote no love
songs. nor does history record any
love affairs in connection with his
life.
he was a bishop or pope of
Rome. who remained steadfast in his
faith during the persecution of the
Christians by the Emperor Claudius
and was cast in Jail for this reason.
While he was incarcerated there his
tory tells us that he cured the jail
er's daughter of blindness. His fate
was anything but sentimental. for
when the miracle was made known
to the authorities they beat him with
slaves and later he was beheaded.
His body is preserved in the Church
of St. Praxedes at Rome, where the
gate now known as the Porto de
Popolo was formerly called the Porto
Valentino or Valentine Gate.
Another Valentine, too, may have
a share in the day. but he had even
-ess to do with sentiment. He was
likewise a Bishop, and one of his acts
Is to heal the son Of Grafton, the
rhetOrician. This miracle worker
choked to death on a fish bone. His
memory is still revered in Germany
and Italy, where prayers are offered to
him for the cure of epilepsy. So, it
Eould seem that neither Valentine
would seem eligible to the honor of
being the patron saint of lovers
An old English dictionary Of the
eighteenth century gives the follow
ing definition: valentines Day Gin
England). About this time of the
year the birds choose their mates
and probably thence came the Gus
tom Of the young men and maidens
choosing valentines or special loving
friends on that day" This is very
pretty, but hardly the real foundation
for the custom.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1912-02-10
Zzze LZ1caZR Z21W6
~ e20FZ2RIala III

HE HEN one Of our public men
80 in a speech referred to
AA Washington as the founder
'" Lincoln the preserver, and
Mckinley the cementer of our great
nakion. he struck the keynote of the
feelings of the American people. Lin
coIn more than either of the other
two-in fact, more than any other
Chief Magistrate Of the United States
emphasizes that unique characteristic
of our institutions. that the highest
office within the gift Of this great
people is not beyond the reach of any
OF it's citizens. no matter how humble
his origin or how unpromising his
early condition.
Abraham Lincoln was born and
reared amid those deprivations which
are known only to the abject poverty
OF the frontier life of the first half
of the last century. Early in youth
he was compelled to shift for him
self, and with a nature readily adapt
able to the varying fortunes of the
pioneer he acquired, disciplined and
strengthened that self-reliance which
so pre-eminentIy fitted him for the
most tremendous task ever imposed
upon a President. After serving his
the four years most momentous in
American history he was re-nomi-
mated by the Republican party on
June Sth, 1864, at old Front Street
Theatre in Baltimore. His reelection
followed as a matter of course. and
1t was the very cruelty of fate that
just as the heavy burdens of his ad-
ministration were lifted and peace
was once more abroad in the land,
he should receive his death wound at
the hand OF a misguided player.
Springfield, Illinois, was the home
of Lincoln for thirty years, and the
house in which he spent, perhaps, his
happiest days, and the only piece of
real estate he ever owned, is now open
to the public. After the death of Mrs.
Lincoln. in 1882. Honorable Robert
T. Lincoln. the only surviving child
of the dead President, presented the
house to the State of Illinois on con-
dition that it should be preserved as
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1912-02-10

4USTOM rules the world for 40
matter how much we may deny
= that We are custom fettered
the fact remains that we fol-
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1912-02-10

WHEN one of our public men
in a speech referred to
washington as the founder
lincoln the Dreservar and
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1912-09-12

which require special treatment, and
In rolling country soch conditions
are not infrsquent OMEN a nat place
several rods IN length or a ss>py spot
needs special attention.
The distance from the drag at which
the team u hitchsd affects the depth
OF the cutting Shortening the chain
tends % lift the front slab from the
ground. A longer hitch esusss the
blade to cut more deeply. 1hs length
OF hitch may be regulated by Isnsthen'
ing aud shortening the chain at the
end which runs through the hole In the
blade end OF the drag.
The advantages TO DO gained from
the persistent use or a road drag may
10 summarized as follows:
First-The maintenance OF smooth.
ssrvieeable earth road free from ruts
and mudholes.
Sscond.-Obtnining such q road sur
face with the expenditure or very little
money and labor In comparison with
tho money and labor required fos other
methods
Third.-Ths reduction OF mud In wet
weather and OF dust In dry weather.
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1912-09-12

During the past summer the MEM
bers OF the staff OF the Dairy Depart
ment OF the Agricultural College have
been making frequent visits TO dairy
farms OF Kentucky. The methods
followed on each farm, and the equip
mont used, have been closely studied,
and a large amount OF data has been
collected, that will prove OF vital
interest TO the dairymen when 1t Is
published in bulletin form little la
ter. Without exception the dairy
men have entered heartily into the
spirit OF the investigation and they
have contributed willingly Of their
store OF useful information, which has
been gained by long experience. Be-
fore the survey is completed more
than one hundred dairy farms will
have been visited.
Some significant facts have al
ready been clearly brought out In
producing milk and butter for the
market II haG been found that the
dairymen are making more money
from medium priced than from high
priced cows. Some Of the most profit
able herds have boon built up by
the use OF good grade cows, and the
constant use OF a pure bred bull,
and the raising Of the best heifers.
Some dalrymen have made consider
oble money by buying young heifer5
and rearing them for the dairy.
Two or three localities visited fur
nish examples Of the advantages OF
community breeding. In one county
shelby hundreds OF Jersey cattle
find a ready market each year at
very attractive prices. Jerseys are
bred on nearly every farm in that
community and this fact attracts
buyers from all parts OF the United
States. who can readily buy car
load. thus effecting n material cav
ing OF time and securing lower
freight rates on car load lots.
An interesting point is connected
with the methods and cost Of rearing
the dairy calf Some OF the best
herds visited were made up of heavy
milking cows. the feed OF which,
during the first months of their lives.
consisted almost exclusively Of skim
med milk. supplemented by a little
shered corI and bran. with pasturage
in summer and hay in winter. A few
dairymen.who breed fancy stock. use
whole milk as a calf feed. but IL
has been our observation that as
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1912-09-12

and to the shifting OF the position and
weight OF the operator, both or which
are essential considerations.
The other mistake is In the use OF
squared timbers instead OF those with
sharp edges. whereby the cutting eff
feet OF the sharp edges Is lost and the
drag H. permitted TO glide over instead
OF to equalize the Irregularities In the
surface Of the road.
A dry cedar log Is the best material
for drag Red elm and walnut when
thoroughly dried are excellent. and box
elder. soft maple or even willow Is
preferable 60 oak, hickory or ash.
Drags are often constructed Of
planks instead OF logs. There is moth.
ing In the construction OF a plank drag
that calls for particular mention ex-
cept the Strengthening OF the planks
along their middle line by 2 by q
inch strip. A triangular strip may he
used under the lower edge OF the blade
20 give II the proper cutting slope.
The successful operation OF a drag
involves two principles. which, when
thoroughly understood and intelligent
ly applied. make road working with
this implement very simple. The drst
concerns the length and position OF the
hitch. while the second deals with the
position OF the driver on the drag.
Each influences the other TO a large
extent. and successful manipulation OF
the drag Is dependent upon an under
standing OF both Of them.
For ordinary purposes the snatch
link or clevis should be fastened far
enough toward the blade end OF the
chain 20 force the unloaded drag 10
follow the team at an angle OF ~ de
grees. This viii cause the earth to
move along the face OF the Drag
smoothly and will give comparatively
light draft TO the team. provided the
driver rides in the line OF draft Some
times. however. conditions are met
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1912-09-12
INTENSIVE FARMING :.
Dairy Farming.

healthy and as strong cattle can be
reared on skinned milk, IL the
SKINNED milk is kept as clean as is
the whole milk, and IL 1t is fed warm
to the calves. Some dairymen are
successfully replacing a large part Of
the milk with milk substitutes In the
feeding of calves. In some cases two
calves are permitted to suck a fresh
COW, a third calf being given to the
COW when she weans the first two.
IL has been found that the dairy
men receive on an average the follow
ing prices for dairy products In this
state: 20 per cent cream, 70 cents a
gallon. Milk IL cents In summer and
10 cents In winter, when shipped to
the city milk dealer. Dairymen who
retail their own milk in the cities
retail at 20 to 80 cents sometimes
40 conts) a gallon. Butter milk ire
taiD 10 cents a gallon. Many dairy
men near Louisville and Cincinnati
use grade cows (mostly Shorthorn
and Holstein grades) purchased at
the stock yards, buying them fresh,
selling them after fattening when dry
They claim to average 2 TO 2 1-2 gall
Ions Of milk per COW per day during
the entire year.
The cost Of rearing a heifer 20
time of first calf was found to aver
age between $50 and $35. One OF the
largest and best dairy farms in Ken
lucky has a $1,000 milking barn, with
concrete floor, and a $500 rest shed,
where the COWS are kept, fed and
watered. This man has now 62 cows,
and last winter had so. The rest
shed adjoins the milking barn, with
a shed and hay loft between shed
and barn. The sllage machine, en-
gine, and slices are arranged in this
shed Everything is kept under cover.
Two l6 by 30 feet slices, made of
wood by the dairyman himself, cost
$3.50 each six years ago. A 30 by 16
foot concrete silo erected two years
ago cost S235. For eighty cows this
tairyman used 100 tons of straw
annually in beding. But the cows
are kept cleaner than If they were
kept in their stalls all of the time
in winter.
The greatest drawback to dairy
farming in this section is the scarcity
Of labor. The usual wage is $50 20
S35 per month with house and small
garden.
]. ]. Hooper. w. d. Nichols.
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1912-09-12

plete failure as q butter COW. If one
wishes the milk for chickens and pigs
and does not care for the quantity OF
butter such a COW would be profitable.
Fourth.-Ascertain the cows dispo
sltion. A COW that will kick a fellow
out OF the stall at milking time is I'M
desirable. She may give a pail OF
rich milk. but II man must endanger
his life TO secure II he Is taking too
great a risk. And II Is endless trou-
BILE TO be compelled TO chain cows
hind feet every time she Is MIXED.
Fifth.-Try the COW TO learn wheth-
er she is easily MIXED. A man will
wear his patience out and consume
great deal OF time milking a COW chat
gives a stream about the size of a pin.
l have had my hand TO cramp many
times when milking such a cow. and
believe II is best to send such an ami
NAL TO the butcher as soon as she is
fat enough 10 go.
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1912-09-12
STARVED CALVES
ARE EXPENSIVE
Many Young Animals Kept An
Filthy Pens With Ration
Entirely United
for Growth.

Are beef breeds of cattle more pre-
potent than dairy breeds? This ques-
ton has come to me after examining
many animals. On the range, at least
80 per cent. OF the beef type from
good sires are good feeding stockers.
In swine and sheep the percentage
OF good animals is equally large Here
the exception is usually found in ami
mails whose growth has been retarded
by some unfortunate condition, gen.
orally lack OF food.
On the range the "dogie" or moth
erless calf is ill-shaped and never
makes a profitable feeder. The pee
wee" lamb may be simply a late lamb,
but in most cases is one whose body
was shrunken and set" by lack Of
food. Many a pee wee derives its
bird name from short feed and long
drives around a forest reserve.
My observation has been, says a
writer in the Farm and Home, that
where a robber COW is found, II is safe
to assume there has been a robbed
calf. Many are the vicissitudes OF the
average skim-milk calf. Every case
Of scours is simply indigestion, or In
other words, a training OF the stomach
and digestive organs TO fail to assimi-
late food. That pail of cold or soursd
germladen milk that was refused for
a time until hunger made II desirable
Is training the stomach still further
along the same line that made pee
wees and dogies.
Many little calves are prisoners, in
dark pens, with filthy bedding, and
with a ration unified to their growth
and ability 10 properly digest food.
The calf. Improperly raised, comes
back to its owner as the robber COW.
and we blame the COW rather than
ourselves, which is much more human
than humane, and more OF solace
than of financial gain.
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1912-09-12
CEMENT TANKS
TO DIP SWINE
Directions Given for Construction
Of Basin Found Entirely
Satisfactory by
IIIinoisan.
BY w. II. UNDERwooD)


Last spring I made a cement dip
ping tank for my hogs which has
proven very satisfactory, and will give
the instructions for making same SO
that II anyone desires to do so he can
make one for himself.
| dug a hole IL feet long on top, 8
feet long on the bottom, straight at
one end and sloping across the feet
at the other. 26 inches wide at the
bottom, 32 inches at the top and AZ
feet deep.
then made a wooden frame OF
boards inches smaller every way
than the hole and filled in the space
all around with cement, using three
parts sand to one part cement.
After II had set "a hours. l took out
the wooden frame. / made wooden
cleat steps at the sloping end for the
hogs to walk out on. My hogs were
covered with lice last spring and l
had tried all remedies heard OF to get
rid OF them. / dipped the hogs at In
tervals of about a month and noted a
marked change in their condition as
TO skin and health.
A neighbor of mine has a dipping
tank somewhat similar TO mine. He
dug a hole 2 feet wide at the top and
s feet long; and at the bottom IS
inches wide and feet long, making
the hole 8 feet deep. straight up and
down at one end with a gradual in
cline for the hogs to walk out at the
other.
Then he took cement, mixing II in
proportion of one part OF cement TO
four parts sand, and plastered this
over like a cistern. plastering the ce-
ment directly on the dirt. Afpsr this
coating OF cement had thoroughly set
no washed the inside with pure CO.
ment, 10 make II absolutely tight.
Whether II is safe TO plaster the
cement directly on the dirt, as done
by my neighbor. depends on the char
acter of the soil. Ordinarily think
my plan the better: that is. to build
the frame six inches smaller than the
hole and I'LL in the space all around
with cement
II will pay every farmer who raises
hogs to have a dipping tank Of some
sort and dip his hogs at least once a
month. without regard as 70 whether
they are troubled with lice or not II
will keep their skin In fine condition
and contribute materially to their
health.
Pigs can be dipped at any age.
lambs as we'll. The larger tank do
scribsd above will answer for both
sheep and lambs.
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1912-09-12
POINTS OF A GOOD cow.
Things TO Consider When Purchasing
Animals For tha Dairy.

Animals For the DAIRY.
While think that q man should
know the points OF good dairy COW,
there are some other things TO be re-
membcrcd ns well. says w. ID. Neale In
the Iowa Homestead. Some of them
may he OF great importance. rs know
Ing the points OF n good mixer.
First-The cows age Is important
An old COW il not often profitable. and
n her teeth are bad she may go dry in
n short time. The old COW Is also very
liable TO die. She cannot be profitable
many years nj best. so It is not very
wise plan 10 purchase an old COW. how
ever good n mixer she may be.
Second The health OF the COW
should be considered She should IN
dergo the test for tuberculosis and
should he examined for any blood dis
ease. have lately seen two cows with
good sized Jumps on their Jaws sell
nt sales for good prices The owners
represented them as good mixers and
their trouble the result OF sand bur
wounds The auctioueer passed over
their defects with n favorable remark
in each instance The farmer who pur-
chascs such cows is endangcring the
health Of his family. MIX and butter
from such cows should not be used.
Third The amount and quality of
the milk should be taken into account
When COW Is represented TO give five
gallons at each milking the milk is
very liable TO lie poor In quality. II
would be well To test the milk 10 as.
certain the amount OF butter fnt My
nelghbor paid SG5 for a five gallon COW.
She gave that amount, but he is buy
ing butter all the time. She is a COM
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1912-09-12
Questions Answered

Working
To and
oUh SCHOOL LIKE FAMILY with careful regulations
and reputation Of Our students
College provides without
Colsgs bvidngs anl
hail. receiving yaabs
= Of
coming
win dinsrs people Bsrsa aos plain clothing Our climate he hss
at UNDERSTANDS umbrellas saI svsrshes The ceses
aess uniforms umbrellas
arts,ss Z
LIVING ExPeNeEs really below The College
lights washing Of bedding 80
$11S 1
bs6
ding 10
SCHOOL FEES First -ooisr Deposit" ssArantss -
library paid but and ssSusQ
nothing
.
In osaS
he term. board BY the half srm Instalmen folows
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1912-09-12
DAIRY WISDOM.

The profit In keeping cows
comes from the extra amount OF
milk that they give above the
ordinary yield on common pas.
ture or coarse feed.
The successful dairyman en-.
deavors 10 raise as much OF the
feed needed as possible on his
own farm.
Cows are not always TO blame
for being Improbable. Often
the fault Is nearer home.
The COW that your ndghbor
does not want TO sell II the COW
you really ought to try to buy IL
you are going 20 buy at all.
The best cream Is usually taken
from the milk that IL separated
as soon as II Is drawn.
The cleaner the milking and
the sooner the milk Is strained
and cooled the longer II will keep
sweet.
A COW which IL gentle and
which has never been known TO
kick will soon learn TO kick II she
IL beaten. She will treat you
pretty much as you treat her.
ooooooooooooo
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1912-09-12
ksepina Milk Sweet,

The best method for keeping milk is
10 keep II from the air, as many bac-
terra get into milk from the air. The
bacteria In warm milk are in the ideal
medium for growth and reproduction.
A variety OF bacteria reproduces by di.
vision, and a generation OF bacteria
may grow In twenty minutes As
thousands OF bacteria can play hide
and seek through a needles eye. one
can appreciate the number contained
in a drop OF milk. They cannot grow
and multiply n the milk is kept cool
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1912-09-12
Fruit for Market.

The commercial fruit grower re-
stricts his selection TO the really
profitable sorts. which is a lesser
number than the average home fruit
garden requires in order to supply the
needs for family use. He selects sorts
that combine the vigor OF the tree
and attractive color, large size. ETC..
but above all long carrying capacity.
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1912-09-12
BEREA
Five Great Schools Under One Management
FOR THE ASPIRING YOUNG PEOPLE OF
THE MOUNTAINS
THE MOUNTAINS
What Are Your Talents7
What Are Your Aims7
Berea Has the Training That 10 Best For YOU.

Are not far sdvancedf Then enter the
FOUNDATION SCHOOL, Gdwsrds
viii
rapid
hcusshod
dalton School less than SEQ and worth $1,000.
Are aiming to be q tsacherf Thsn Join the
NORMAL SCHOOL, John DInsmors will
Are interested in
THE VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS, Miles q. Marsh, Dean
Mountain Agriculture Hores Science.
Woodwork m Nursno
Printing and sooksndns Business Course
Here power
things .
Are desiring
n the
GENERAL ACADEMY COURSE, Francis Maheny, I've
three
able and useful life Phyt
ooyths science Of health
tho art Of right
politics. intslgnsss
for the doctor and interesting hdy PAyas
the science Of machinery; Drawing Bookkeeping etc. eta
Do wtsh to Colegef Start in the
BEREA AcApEMY-PREPARAToRY COURSES,
Dean Best training Science
Academy has its Mems Dormtory body
Of audents Of high ability o.
Library
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1912-09-12
HOW TO USE
THE ROAD DRAG
Get the Right Materials and
Don't Make Il Too HEAVY.
PLANKS OR LOGS ARE BEST.
Two Principles Involved In the suo-
eessful Operation Of the Drse-Posl.
tlon Of the Driver and Length OF the
Hitch TO Be Considered.


The earth road Ia by far the most
common type OF highway In this coun.
try. Its cheapness in comparison with
other types OF construction and the ab-
eence in many sections OF the country
OF rock, gravel or other hard natural
materials for road building will render
its use necessary for many years to
come
There are at present in this country
about 100000 miles OF such roads.
most OF which must he maintained by
some means more or less inexpensive.
The split log drag is OF great service on
roads OF this class, ana an increasing
mileage OF the rural highways OF this
country IL being kept In repair econom-
ically and well by the use OF this sim
pie implement
Two mistakes are commonly made in
constructing n drag. The first lies In
making u too heavy. IL should be so
light that one man can easily lift H.
Besides. light drag responds more
readily 10 various methods OF hitching
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1912-09-12
Use the Whip sparinaly.

Do not get the whip habit and II
you already have II leave It OF today.
Many men cannot take the reins In
their hands unless the whip Is there
too. Such constant use only worries
horse. takes away the fear that II
should have IN rare cases and makes
the driver appear anything but a good
horseman.-Farm Journal.
The citizen. [volume] (Berea, Ky.) 1899-1958, 1912-09-12

Admirers OF the Guernsey breed
OF dairy cattle say they have no
pronounced weak points. The addi-
ton OF Guernsey blood in crossing
with cows Of mixed breeding will
result In a higher milk fiow and in
a richer milk. The deep and pro-
ionged milking qualities of the pure
bred Guernsey. together with the
Availability 10 the conditions OF the
average farm make this a valuable
typ< OF dairy COW. The average
Guernsey COW viii weigh about 1000
pounds. the bulls 80 TO 800 pounds
heavier.