davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Clearwater Republican. [volume] (Orofino, Idaho) 1912-1922, 1912-04-25
BRIEF HISTORY OF
STEAMSHIP TITANIC
keel OF The GREAT Vessel
LAID AT Belfast, IRELAND,
Three YEARS ago.
Was Christened May 81, 1911-Com-
pleted and Fully Furnished At Cost
of $1o,ooo,ooo in 1s12-April IA,
AT Midnight, Struck An Iceberg and
Sank Three Hours Thereafter.

New York.-From the facts com
pleted by the arrival of the rescu,
ship, the Titanic's story, which begar
in the fall of 1908 when the White Sta
line announced it's proposal to eclips,
all previous records in shipbuilding will
vessel Of staggering dimensions, may
be outlined chronologically as follows
19o9-Keel of the gigantic vesse
laid at Harland and Wolff yards al
| Belfast.
1911-May 81 the vessel is launched
and christened the Titanic
1912-Completed and fully furnished
at an outlay of about $4,000, 900.
April 10, noon-Starts on the maiden
trip from Southampton to New York
via Cherbourg.
April 14-Sends routine wireless
warning ashore of the presence Of ice
bergs off the Grand banks of New
foundland.
April IA, 11:40 p. m.-Titanic strikes
an iceberg in latitude 41.16 north, longi-
tude 5O.14 west.
April IA, midnight-Carpathia and
other vessels hear the Titanic s call for
help.
wireless Fails. 9
April Is, 12:27-Titanic IS wireless is
put out of commission after flashes are
given that the boat is sinking by the
head and women and children are being
put off in lifeboats.
April 15-About 1 a. m. the first
news reached the United States by way
of Allan line Offices at Montreal. The
Virginian reported that the Titanic
struck an iceberg.
April Is, 2:20 a. m.-Titanic sinks.
April IS, a.. m,-Wireless from the
Cape Race station directed to the AS
ISOLATED Press, gives the information
of a serious accident.
Survivors Rescued.
April IS, a a. m.-First survivors
picked up from lifeboats from steamer
Carpathia. !.
! April Is, 8 a. m. to loa. m.-No ad-
vices.
April .15-Noon reports current I'll
tanic is still aloat and that all are
saved. - A-.. 60
April Is, 1880 p. m.-White Star line
offices admit a probable great loss of
life. htE
April 16-Carpathia sends by wire
less list of survivors, failing to ac-
counts for about 1900 persons .ipclud-
mo Scorac of WEALTHY and nro,,;non+
people. W
April 17-Heoipse given up that other
vessels have saved any. =,
April 1S-Two days elapsed without
the slightest description of accident.
April 10, $3.50 p. m.-Rescue ship.
docks at New York with 745 passeni
gers and crew, confirming the loss Of
all others and bringing the first de-
tails of the Titanic disaster.
Clearwater Republican. [volume] (Orofino, Idaho) 1912-1922, 1912-04-25
THE NORTHERN PACIFIC
CHANGES OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES
J. M. Rapelje Promoted to General
Superintendent.

A. M. Burt, superintendent of tn,
Rocky mountain division of the North
ern Pacific, with headquarters in Mis-
soula, will succeed J. NJ. Rapeljc, WHIT
has been promoted to general superin
tendent, as superintendent Of the idaho
division.
F. L. Birdsall, superintendent of IT,
Dakota division, with headquarters i
jamestown, N. D., goes to Missoula :
succeed Mr.. Burt.
w. H. Strachan, assistant supe l.
tendent Of the Lake Superior divis r.;
with headquarters in Duluth, suct> :
Mr.. Brdsall at jamestown an
+. Newton, trainmaster of the :;
Superior division, will relieve e.
Strachan, temporarily.
Clearwater Republican. [volume] (Orofino, Idaho) 1912-1922, 1912-04-25
Another Tong War.

San Francisco.-War between the
Bing Kong and Sing Suey tongs was
started anew Saturday in San Fran
cisco, Stockton and Fresno simulta-
neously. Three killed and two mortal.
ly wounded were added to the tally.
There have been SO many tong shoot
ings this year that the police depart
ment admitted frankly tonight that it
had lost track of the fatalities. Eight
in this city alone was the estimate
There were three such ARRAYS in San
Francisco alone tonight.
Clearwater Republican. [volume] (Orofino, Idaho) 1912-1922, 1912-04-25

Miss Mary Donnelly, cashier Of Mira
o. H. P. Belmont's new Suffrage
lunchroom" in New York, was prais
Ing during an afternoon lull the re.
sourcefulness of her sex,
Let the anti-suffragists beware
she said. woman is bound to get tho
vote everywhere. She Is too resource
, ful 10 lose.
How .resourceful woman is! A cir
sat in train one day with an uncut
magazine In her hand. She wasny
reading; she couldn't. She was Just
lifting apart the edges of the uncu
leaves and nearly standing on hel
head to peer at the text and picture
within. So an old gentleman across,
the aisle took out his knife shyly.
But the girl didn't look at him
She kept on peering between her uncu'
pages. And finally the old gentleman
opened his knife and reached across
the aisle, but ,-4
1.-THE girl drew a hairpin from bel
pretty couture and proceeded to cut
the leaves briskly. <--~
1.-THE old gentleman drew back and
his neighbors smiled, thereupon hl
said, soto voce:
I've heard that woman can Dc
anything with hairpin; but. at AM
rate. she can't sharpen pencil with
out penknife.'
AT that moment the girl, still in
tently reading, took pencil from hei
pocketbook, bit three or four splinteri
Of wood Off the end of 1t, and calmly
made note on the margin Of hel
magazine"
Clearwater Republican. [volume] (Orofino, Idaho) 1912-1922, 1912-04-25
YOUNG GIRL LEARNED LESSON
AS TO TRUE HOSPITALITY.
SparsIty OF Fare Need Never Be a De
eerrent to Cordial Invitation
to Sit at Table With
the Family.

1t was Monday noon. Old Martha
erumbling, was hanging the last Of the
WASH on the line. She really enjoyed
washing. and would have been insulted
nad ner mistress suggested sending n
out; but being of a pessimistic tenn.
permanent, she grumbled upon princi.
pie.
In the house, Miss Elizabeth and he,
niece Muriel. who was visiting her
were setting the luncheon on the Ia
Die. 1t was a pickup" luncheon Mon
days. Miss Elizabeth explained, as she
set two pieces Of custard pie and q
saucer OF snow pudding on the side
board. Muriel nodded. The family tc
which she belonged knew all about
pickup" meals. But suddenly a looH
OF CONSERVATION swept across heI
face.
Aunt Elizabeth" she cried, III
here isn't visitor-getting out OF q
carriage!"
Miss Elizabeth looked over Muriers
shoulder. Its Mrs. Stacey Reed!"
she declared. Put the tea on the ia,
BILE, child. I'll bring her right out"
Bring her out?" Muriel repeated:
but her aunt was already opening the
door, and Muriel. in an agony OF EN-.
barrassment, knew that she had not
even taken off her green-checked
apron. She gave a hasty glance over
the table. A little warmed-over fricas.
seed chicken, left from Sundays din.
ner, and some ounce preserve from
supper. bread and butter and dried
beef, radishes and tea-and the two
pieces Of custard pie and one portion
Of snow pudding! 1t could not be that
Aunt Elizabeth would bring a visitor
out! But she was interrupted by
Aunt Elizabeth's voice, cordial and full
Of pleasure:
Come right out, Mrs. Reed. We
were just sitting down to luncheon
This is my niece. Muriel Hastings
Muriel, will you get Mrs. Reed q
plate?"
Muriel set plate for Mrs. Reed
She could not talk, 1t all seemed SO
embarrassing. At home they would
have put of luncheon forever rather
than ask anyone out-so. She waited
In torture. OF anxiety for her aunts
excuses. Then slowly she began to
realize not only that there were no ex.
cuses, but that both ladies seemed to
be enjoying themselves. Aunt Eliza
beth only laughed when she offered
the guest her choice of custard pie OF
snow pudding.
: That evening Muriel suddenly said:
"Aunt Elizabeth. l never knew one
could have company like that. We
never do at home"
Miss Elizabeth's eyes dwelt kindly
upon the young face, which already
had its tired lines OF. worry. do you
like to put folks OUT Muriel?"
why, no, of course not" the young
girl answered.
We'll, then" Miss. Elizabeth an.
swered, smiling.
"But 1t would work only with real
ladies'" MurieI persisted.
well. then Miss Elizabeth an
swered again.-Youth'sC Companion.
Clearwater Republican. [volume] (Orofino, Idaho) 1912-1922, 1912-04-25
Roosevelt Wins in Oregon.

Portland, Ore.-Nearly four-fift of
the primary vote of Oregon on president
and United States senator has been
counted and reported. These returns
indicate that Theodore Roosevelt has
carried Oregon over President Taft by
about 1000 votes and has obtained a
plurality over Robert M. LaFollette of
about 5000. Ben Selling has carried
Oregon over Senator Jonathan Bourne
by at least 5000, according to present
indications.
Clearwater Republican. [volume] (Orofino, Idaho) 1912-1922, 1912-04-25
Care for Flood Sufferers.

Washington.-The government con-
templates feeding $4,000 Mississippi
river flood sufferers for AZ days at a
daily cost of $4,000. Secretary of War
Stimson made this estimate today when
he asked an additional appropriation
for the commissary department.
Previously to this, congress voted
$212,s19 for the same purpose.
Clearwater Republican. [volume] (Orofino, Idaho) 1912-1922, 1912-04-25
SPIRIT THAT COUNTS POGO CHARLES HARD LUCK
surely His Hoodoo Was on the Job
When He Selected New York's
Mayor az Butt for WittIcism.

IL you happen to be walking on
ne" York street, and man ap.
proaches you wearing a shiny hat
ana Vshaped beard, do not address
him as Little Whiskers" no matter
no" merry you may feel For 1t ia
just possible that he may be Mayor
Gaynor. Everyone knows that Mayor
Gaynor believes in the complete liber-
ty of the citizen, and abonDkMesffNs,
misuse mus OF power by the psliliAe :,tls
the same Horace. have a. care yHebson again
had just completed writing AM as the cot,
stoned letter one recent dadl8Rtwhich
he hung the police force .hrn-hsir
Of their number had ar arres!sa ms IN has ST
without evidence for iS6nvaea6nhe appears
And then Mayor Gaynoree sshde&patphes - -
s p ana aero@s s she Rtso and the
on his way home. He ehco&kt34ed If he ISM
one POGO Charlie, who deslhdfteibsnontbs H.
comiorted with food and @rAk,oa, ne
Get away snapped his. honor
| Aw,' said Mr. POGO Charlie, ''yufi
amt sore are yuh, LittlezWtAsMersgo oct h,s..
Mayor 'e" y""' e S'"s4 celebration
cold and gray. Mr. P6eo uehapn1ives. An
hastily abandoned mis- desifelto tstrSEeo 1o.,n
Inc MAYORS whispers '"ThaYv Yasd hay"
S be'se confessed $50 h la,sr taeyd gut nave
come down wit blood poisotihrs' matter IL
Mayor Gaynor went his way-which WY
led to police telephone OMrsre tYidse
Five minutes later the measured
clomp Of fiat feet might have Jbeen Morrison
heard approaching the SPOT ldThO shou,, ;
plain clothes men were 'spiyeaeeHbn Of tho 8
TO repress mendicancy in general and vi tie +,
IN particular to lead into ggttfe{ eAhGmber his l
desolation the gent callRAStratcu Of tho a
Charlie who had addressedankh gsyorro;., q
OF our fair city as Little Nhiskers sung 10
For the remainder of the .WihitAr eHn Better II
Charlie will be provided h0NR. quar-.
ters on Backwell's islarfa-Aansa-the
mendicants who had begun to swarm,
through the streets until 'theypXefQ
almost as common as in deRsfagHnRel
hams term as police chmbntejapSy,
have largely faded One pathematic.
ally inclined police officer disclosed
the event. "Poco Charlie SOeiad he.
rhad 6,00O.047 chances tteqprding to
Che latest census of New York city
70 win and to lose And when he
Nalled the mayor Little Mhiskers' he
yicked that one chance and lost
New York Letter to the Cincinnati
tUmes-Star.
Clearwater Republican. [volume] (Orofino, Idaho) 1912-1922, 1912-04-25
WILLSEND WARSHIP
T0COASI OF MEXICO
President TAFT SAYS THAT
AMERICANS MUST have
AMPLE PROJECTION.
This Action Sets Precedent in Present
Observation-Disclosures Maryland to Go
From San Diego, Cal.-Many U. s.
Citizens Are Held Prisoners Rebels
Looting and People Face Famine.

Observation-Disclosures Taft prob
ably will send warship soon to tn,
west coast Of Mexico to enable Ameri
cans isolated in Sinaloa and othe
states to leave the disturbed districts
state department announcement de
clared this action likely in view of tn,
general anxiety for Americans in those
localities.
State department officials pointed out
mat with the suspension of railroad
communication and interruption of tele
graph service, American citizens on the
west coast of Mexico, especially at Los
Mochis, in Sinaloa, where there are
many Americans, as well as in the
vicinity of Mazatlan, are isolated. This
fact, together with many reports of in.
creased lawlessness on the west coast
IS causing much anxiety to Americans
IN the region affected and to their
friends in the United States.
Will Set Precedent.
The sending of an American vessel
to the coast of Mexico sets a precedent
IN the present revolutionary disturb
ances, as heretofore the United States
navy has refrained from cruising in
Mexican waters. A British vessel last
year, however, landed marines on the
western coast of Mexico to enable
foreigners to escape the effects of a
threatened attack by rebels.
The armored cruiser Maryland is at
San Diego, CAL, the gunboat Yorktown
Is en- route north from Guatemala, to
San Diego, the gunboat Vcksburg is at
fanama. 1t is probable the Maryland
Will be the vessel selected.
Demands have been made on the rebel
authorities at Chihuahua by American
Consul Letcher for the immediate re.
lease OF two Americans imprisoned
there. The men have been in confne-
mept since March 16, but the American
official has just learned of their plight.
Their names were not given. =
To Rescue Americans.
Tucson, Ariz.-With the intention of
rescuing 80 United States citizens and
any other foreigners who are now be-
lieved to be cooped up in Navaloto, on
the west coast of Mexico, Nelson
Rhoades Jr., together with several other
men, have chartered the steamer Quay
man and are now en- route to Altata.
A report reached here that the rebels
who entered Culiacan about 10 days
ago had begun looting the city. The
people, the report said, were facing a
famine. Lao
Americans Leaving Mexico.
Laredo, Texas.-Northboun trains,
Monday, brought 300 Americans from
Mexico. One hundred of them were
railroad men and their families. Other
railroad men are reported leaving by
steamer from Vera Cruz. .sa. !
Clearwater Republican. [volume] (Orofino, Idaho) 1912-1922, 1912-04-25
Oregon Police Chief Kills Indian.

Klamath Falls, Ore.-Chief of Police
Sam L. Walker shot and killed George
Smith, an Indian. 1t is alleged that
Smith was intoxicated, and that, while
resisting arrest, he managed to secure
possession of the officers club and
struck him over the head, whereupon
Walker drew his revolver and shot
Smith over the heart.
Clearwater Republican. [volume] (Orofino, Idaho) 1912-1922, 1912-04-25
He Was One.

I'm surprised" said Cable. that
Taft hasn't hit upon a real remedy for
the trust evil"
Perhaps it's rather hard thing to
do" suggested Wise.
Nonsense! Why any fool could
frame up one. know | could"
Clearwater Republican. [volume] (Orofino, Idaho) 1912-1922, 1912-04-25
Behind the Times.

ATLAS was foolish to hold up the
world with his shoulders"
"Why SOP"
HE could have held 1t up better
with q trust of some kind"
Clearwater Republican. [volume] (Orofino, Idaho) 1912-1922, 1912-04-25

Good WAY.

"Yes; We had big homo wedding.
You say 1t passed off smoothly"
Eyes; We hired Broadway director
and he staged it just as II 1t had been
Q musical comedy"
Clearwater Republican. [volume] (Orofino, Idaho) 1912-1922, 1912-04-25
Folsom Prison Warden Quits.

Sacramento, Cal.-Warden w. II. Reil-
" of Folsom penitentiary, has present
ed his resignation to the state board
of prison directors, to take effect June
l.
Clearwater Republican. [volume] (Orofino, Idaho) 1912-1922, 1912-04-25
Thugs Kill Oakland Officer.

Oakland, Cal.-Charles Williams, a
special policeman, was shot and killed
here by two thugs while on his way to
work.
Clearwater Republican. [volume] (Orofino, Idaho) 1912-1922, 1912-04-25

Some men want to establish new laws
while disobeying old ones.
Omaha daily bee. (Omaha [Neb.]) 187?-1922, 1912-04-13

Mrs.. Chapman was up from her home
at Omaha a part of this week visiting
old friends. ~
Mrs. r. L Elliott and daughters, Irma
and Hazel. we're Omaha visitors last FIN
day and Saturday.
George Baker. Peter Peterson and Mrs.
Charles SmlIn are the owners OF new
autos so tar this spring.
Mrs. Joe Potter. Mrs. II. M.~Metzler
and Miss sophina Goede were shopping
In Omaha last Saturday.
Mr.. and MrM L. W. Bryant are home
from q visit TO California al the home
Of Mrs. Biyant's parents at Santa Monica.
VIII Eckley had three fingers Of his
right hand ground off in q sausage
machine be was operating In the Scherer
a Taylor meat market Thursday after
noon.
Tekamah has passed an ordinance gov.
erning the speed Of automobiles. prohibits
ing greater speed inside the city limits
than eight miles per hour and six when
crossing street intersection.
VIII Isxrig the iast week purchased the
Templeton farm adjoining Tekamah on
the northeast from Henry Coll. The
arm covers III acres ana was recently
purchased by Mr.. Coll for sl25 per acre.
The price paid by Mr.. Isgrig was $50
per acre. Mr., Coll has held ownership
just about thirty days.
Miss Irene Sutherland. daughter Of Ed
tor Sutherland Of the Tekamah Herald,
was united In marriage at the home Of
Omaha daily bee. (Omaha [Neb.]) 187?-1922, 1912-04-13
waterloo.


Mrs. Ciasde Luton and little son isft
Monday for Missouri Valley, Ia, their
future home.
Grandma Nie, who was at Waterloo
since Wednesday Of last week. returned
Tuesday to Omaha.
Mrs L. w. Shannon. who was in
Omaha during most Of the flood period.
returned Wednesday morning.
MIRA John Aohatt. who had been az the
home OF her daughter In Benson since
the food. returned home Monday.
A grading outfit that had been win
tered at Tony zimmerifs, on the bottom.
went through here Tuesday for Omaha.
Victor Day Of Omaha q cousin Of James
Fouts. vas here . day or two visiting
The latter and family. going TO Fremont
George Brooks. who formerly lived on
the bottoms and al Valley. arrived Tuss-
day evening frta his present home. VIM
terset. Ia
Mrs. c. X. Burkholder and the ehil-
dren- who were visiting her people At
Hooper the last two weeks, returned on
Wednesday afternoon.
Shelby crink and family returned Man
day evening from Murdock, where Mrs.
crink and the children had been part OF
the time during the GOOD
John Rness. who has been working with
the dredge on the creamery slough, left
Monday for Lady Smith. Wis, where he
expects TO work this se2son-
Miss Frsncss Astoa returned MondAy
Omaha daily bee. (Omaha [Neb.]) 187?-1922, 1912-04-13

Manhattan and E. & W. Shirts for Men
showing exclusive patterns in these shirts of imported
madras and siks-many patterns shown in the French style with
detached soft collar to match and soft turn e1 60 eS
cuffs at Vo
Sample Neggee and Outing Shirts at SOC and 9ScSome
with detached soft collars TO match; values up to s.
Mems 40 SOC and TOO Silk Neckwear at 1sc and 3scAn
other shipment the open end and long French four
INLAND styles. ta tkf-~
Omaha daily bee. (Omaha [Neb.]) 187?-1922, 1912-04-13

Elknufns
Miss Mildred Drummer was an Omaha
visitor Monday.
Mr.. and Mrs. J. A. gibbons drove to
Waterloo Wednesday.
Mr.. and Mrs. I. Baumgardner were
Omaha visitors Monday.
Guy Morse left Tuesday with the Law
ton car for Kmhall. Neb.
Miss Minnie clausen ls visiting her
sister, Mrs. Henry Bay. this week.
George McArdls .wss here wedns.dsy
visiting his sister, Mrs. e. W. baidvin.
Mr.. and Mrs. willard FaIion are the
parents ola baby boy eesn MonaAy.s
Mrs. Roy Boyers cfNvsiley visited here
ESs,'s,aasy M Man sss psrsnss A' ,'' Mt
Mrs Van Alst went to Omaha Tuesday
for several days visit with the Rogers
families and others.
Marguerite Mccisneghsn returned home
with her father Saturday after a weeks
visit here with relatives.
Mrs. Richardson returned TO her home
az Waterloo Wednesday after q weeks
visit with the Goddard family.
willism Andresen 10 grading down the
yard around hla DWELLING. The former
Canon, property. DOW occupied BY J. a.
Gibbons.
DR.. C. W. Baldwin went to Omaha Mon
day IN his old automooiie and returned
Tuesday evening with q new. five-passen-
ser car.
Mrs. ]. Y. Tate returnsd Saturday from
Wahoo where she had been Visiting her
parents the last ten days Mr.. Tate
met her In Omaha
Mas Nina Nolts returned last rhurs-
| day from Bridgeport, Neh., where she
has been for several months past on
her fathers rsnch.
John Reninger Of Florence. Neb, Is
here visiting his sister. Mrs. A. MeGrew.
\ He will leave In about 9 month 10 look
after the homestead he drew IN South
Dakota IL Il proves TO be good land
he Will locate on H.
Omaha daily bee. (Omaha [Neb.]) 187?-1922, 1912-04-13

party Monday evening In honor Of the
Misses Ermine and Marie Hall.
Mrs. A. z, Hubbard was a business
visitor in Omaha Tuesday.
Miss Mabel johnson Is home from the
State university this week.
Mr., and Mrs. A. c. Momany are re-
joicing over the birth Of a daughter.
Mr., and Mrs. c. b, Nichol went to
Omaha sunday TO visit Mr.. and Mrs.
George Hill, returning Monday evening.
Mrs. s. w. Eddy went 10 Omaha
Thursday TO be the guest Of her mother,
Mrs. Gibson, at luncheon and afternoon
party.
The regular monthly meeting OF the
Busy Bees of the Presbyterian church
was held In Hubbard's Hall Wednesday
Omaha daily bee. (Omaha [Neb.]) 187?-1922, 1912-04-13

afternoon. Mrs. Mehl, Mrs. Wsllstrom.
Mrs. Monahan and Mrs. Coyington served.
and the attendance was large.
The Sunday school OF the Methodist
Episcopal church will hold it's sessions
from 10 o'clock until II during the sum
mer months.
Miss Bulah Byars, accompanied by her
cousins, Misses Ermine and Marie Hall.
came from Wesleyan university to spend
the Easter vacation at home. ~.
The entertainment given under the
auspices OF the official board OF the
Methodist Episcopal church in the opera
house Tuesday evening. by Alfred a.
Farland, banjoist, assisted by Miss
tronized.
Omaha daily bee. (Omaha [Neb.]) 187?-1922, 1912-04-13

The Ladies' Aid society met ct Mrs.
Hazards this week.
w. williams left Monday for Canada
10 take charge OF his sradipg camp.
Mr.. and Mira Chris Pauison and son,
Lhnn OF Council Bluffs spent Sunday at
the Deicn home.
W. r. Marshall or Niobrars. Neb., and
Miss Ida chatham OF Irvington were
married Monday afternoon. April 9. they
left for their future home in Niobrara
Thursday.
John Babthist, the Armenian minister.
win speak at the Christian church next
Sunday morning. April. H. He will tell
of the trip he took last summer to his
home In Damascus and his travels In The
Holy Land.
Miss Lizzie Meyer died Wednesday.
Omaha daily bee. (Omaha [Neb.]) 187?-1922, 1912-04-13

evening from Omaha. whore she had been
visiting since the missionary convention
and during the flood period.
NJ. r. Diliehay had the misfortune 10
run nail through his right foot during
the food and was In an Omaha hospital
q few days. but came home last Friday.
A. II. Campbell went 10 Omaha Mon
day 70 see the county board about some
repalrs 10 bridges out this way. He has
authority to 50 ahead with some OF the
work.
School resumed Monday after weeks
forced vacation. The water had filled
the basement and men were pumping II
out Saturday night Janltor Morris be-
ing able 10 get 9 fire started Monday.
Chester Hall has resigned as book
keeper for the Robinson Seed company
and will farm this year with his father.
Charles c. Peabody OF Omaha arrived
Wednesday 10 take the vacancy and as
sumes the duties at once.