The Clarksburg telegram. [volume] (Clarksburg, W. Va.) 1874-1926, 1912-07-04

successive cultivation of the soil, and
If this soil is used In the construction
Of road 1t is known as top soil road
There are many varieties of clay and
consequently a wide variation in the
characteristics of a sand-clay road.
The quality Of the sand is variable
factor, as 1t may range all the way
from fine, dust-like particles to coarse
grains and gravel and may be perfect
ly clean or mixed with loan and other
material. In consequence of these wide
differences in the materials constitut-
ing sand-clay roads 1t is impossible to
maintain a uniform standard as to
quality Of the road or methods Of con-
struction.
Not all but most sand consists Of
tiny grains Of quartz. While quartz
is one of the hardest minerals known,
1t Possesses practically no binding or
celnenting power. The grains OF sand,
instead Of cohering in a tough mass
under the impact Of traffic and the &C.
ton Of water. remain loose and shift.
ing, Fine sand when dry is easily
displaced by the wind. which pro.
duces in this way the ever shifting
sand hills. No road is so difficult to
travel as one Through fine sand
II clay has been carried in small
quantities by running water and de.
posted as sediment 1t is known as
"sedimentary clay. If the feidspathlc
rock hos been disintegrnted in place by
water the clay is known as residual
clay" The sedimentary clay, having
been carried In the form of fine par.
ticles, is finer grained than the residual
clay and is more sticky and plastic.
In contrast with sand, which possesses
no binding power, but is very hard,
clay Is a powerful binder, but does not
possess the quality, Of hardness. 1t is
evident that in the construction of
sand-clay road the important property
in the clay is It's Elasticity or tendency
to become sticky and elastic when
mixed with water. The clays which
are most plastic are called "ball
clays," Another important property
which is possessed by clays in widely
varying degrees is the porosity or ca
pacity for rapid absorption of wafer.
Clays which possess this quality In
the highest degree fall TO pieces under
the action of water. These clays
are called shaking clnys." 1t win read
lily be seen that the plastic or ball clays
will form a better and more powerful
binder for sand-clay roads than will
the shaking clays; but. on the other
hand, they will be much more difficult
to mix, as they dIsintegrate with far
less rapidly.
The shrlnkage of clay Is an impor.
tant characteristic In connection with
the building of roads. When water is
mixed with clay expansion results, and
when the water evaporates the clay
contracts. This Characteristic of ex.
pansion is much more pronounced In
Eome clays than in others, and 1t must
be apparent that the clays which ex-
pand the least are preferable for road
5uildlng.
The theory OF the sand-cTay road Is
very similar to the theory Of the mac.
adam road. In the latter rock dust
and screenings fill the voids between
the angular fragments OF stone and
when wet serve as cement or binder.
The grains of sand may be likened TO
the angular fragments Of stone and
clay to the rock dust binder. In the
most successful sand-clay road just a
sufficient amount of clay is used to all
the vclds between the gains of sand.
In this why the sand sustains the
wear, whilo the clay serves as q
-= -
r.. B. Parrot went to washing
ton, D. O.. last night ON n brief