The Irish standard., 1912-11-23

gars, Boris, was baptized, and they
became dependent for the first time
on the patriarchate of Constantinople.
In the following centuries the Bull
sars, the usurpers in this Slavonic
stronghold, made war on the Mag
vars and the Greeks and were vic
torous in both instances. Then Prince
Semon assumed the title OF Car of
All the Bulgars and the nations star
their position had become so strong
that the rciSninE sovereign, Shishman,
allowed himself to dream of an en-
pire of all the Slavs.
Constantly at war with the Bvzan-
tine Emperor, in which Bulgaria held
her own, she in 1855 combined with
bid for the unity of the peninsula,
pressing down to tho Very walls OF
Constantinople, then Notifications
| worthy of the name and not the bat
tered ruins that they arc today. SO
Bulgaria and Scrvia, historically
speaking. are not on unknown ground
today nor are they attempting any
thing new in the way of an attack
on their old enemy. In their previ-
GUS combined attack on the Ottoman
capital the Servians We're defeated in
1889 at the decisive battle of Kossovo.
Tirnovo, the Bulgarian capital, was
taken four years later by the Otto
mans.
Thus broken in spirit the Bulgar-
ians confined themselves to spasmodic
rebellions until their patriotism WAS
reaWakened in 1852 by Paysius. a
monk of Mount Athos. by reviving
memories of ancient glory and the
Balkan States. following the Crimean
war turned their eyes toward Russia
AZ the Power whose hands held their
future.
The instruction in Bosnia in 1878
caused sympathetic excitement in ev-
cry quarter of the Balkans and the
Turkish inhabitants of Bulgaria, aided
by the Bashi Bazouks, rose against
the Christians. This uprising, known
as the Bulgarian atrocities, caused
righteous indignation throughout Eu-
rope, and leading as it did to the
Husso-Iurklsh war almost brought
about the election of the Turk from
Europe bag and baggage"
Returning to a discussion of Bull
saria's army. it may be remarked
that her policy has always been con-
gruous with her maxim Trust in
Providence but keep your powder dry."
NO military. tactics that have any de-
gree of success elsewhere have been
left untried in Bulgaria, particularly
where the Strengthening of land de-
lenses along the frontier which faces
the vilayet of Adranople was con-
cerned.
Particular stress has been laid upon
mobilization, most important part
of warfare, which the Turks seem; to
have entirely forgotten. In mobiliza-
ton the Bulgars have worked mill
tary miracles. They planned to strike
at least one decisive blow before Tur-
key got the bulk of her troops to the
front, and a review of the past three
weeks fighting shows they have struck
blow after blow which sent the Turk
ish forces fleeing helter- SHELTER toward
the defenses Of Constantinople.
Bulgaria as a country is the ideal
home for Socialism, for it is a coun-
try of peasants, where there are no
rich and very few poor. Nearly all
are tillers of the land, which belongs
nominally to the Car, but the land
holder possesses a perpetual lease
which descends to his heirs. These
landholders occupy from one to six
acres, so the country is divided into
many small farms, from each of which
the peasant is able to make living
and yet not grow rich.
The peasants live roughly and very
thriftily yet they enjoy generally a
certain amount of rude comfort. Pow
erty, in our sense Of the word, does
not exist. There is as yet no need to
make any public provision for the re-
lief of the poor. Strikes and trade
unions are unknown: there are no
privileged classes and few social dis
tinctions-in a word. here is coun-
try. an actual example OF the dream
of al! the latter day social reformers,
where the member of the common
herd stands on the same plane as his
supposed superiOrs.
| O'Hair Defeats Cannon.
| Frank T. O'Hair is "as square as a