The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1912-01-22

American vessels and to impress sea men. foreshadowing the war of 1872, called the second war for independ- ence. The embargo act was passed. Aaron Burr was tried for treason for planning to establish an independent empire west of the Mississippi. lief ferson concluded his official career, as Washington had done, by refusing a further election.
 We. find facsimile reproduction of Madison's declaration of war against Great Britain which brought on the war of 1872. and his state papers serve as a most illuminating history of the times during that second trial of the young nations strength. Perry's vic tory on lake Erie. the heroic death of Lawrence. the burning of the capitol and all other public buildings at Wash ington. the Hartford convention. which gave expression to large number of disaffected New Englanders: the re- markable fact that hard fought. de- cisive battle took place at New Orleans under the direction of General Jack son two weeks after peace had been declared. illustrating the slow methods of news transportation. and the Anal treaty of peace at Ghent are among the important events of this period set down in history by President Madison
 1t was during Madison's term that the Star Spangled Banner was writ ten by Francis Scott Key. to whose memory President Taft recently paid tribute. We turn to the title Star Spangled Banner in the encyclopedia index volume and find there a story of this patriotic song.
 1t was in relation to our foreign pol icy that Monroe specially distinguished himself by the pronouncement of the so called Monroe doctrine. The mere force of executive utterance amount ing to international law is well illus trated thus early in the history of our country. It is the Monroe doctrine that opponents of world peace seize upon to show the weakness of the peace policy. Not only is the Monroe doctrine set out in Monroe's annual message to congress in 1923. but the subject Is treated under it's alphabet ical head in the encyclopedia index volume. Monroe had to deal with the Seminole Indians in their first war, During MOnroe's term General Jack son invaded Florida. which was then Spanish territory. and took possession of it He was officially rebuked. but publicly applauded- The purchase of sFlorida was afterward completed for the sum of s5. .ooo. GOO in 1891. The i'm portant settlement known as the Mis- souri compromise was agreed to in 1920. This period was known as the ''era of good feeling.' A treaty was made in 1924 between this country and England for the suppression of the slave trade. The same year General Lafayette made his celebrated visit to America as the guest of the nation on invitation of the president and at the request of congress. and as q reward for his friendship and assistance to the United States during the Revolu- tionary war he was presented with section of land and S2O0.OOo.
 John Quincy Adams was distinguish ed by great learning. He favored i'm ternal improvements. prophesying that future generations would be more grateful to the founders and builders of the government on account of ex- penditures for that purpose than for my other.
 The state papers of Adams are rich in historical facts. lofty in style and most entertaining to peruse.
 In Jackson's second election the na- donal convention appears for the first time in the political history of the United States.
 Jackson was regarded as the father of the "spOils system" though 1t did not strictly start with him. The en- tire number of removals py all the presidents prior to Jackson were only seventy four. Jackson removed 2.ooo in one year. The "spoils system" got its name from an utterance of Senator Marcy of New York in the United States senate in 1881, ''Te the victors belong the spoils.'' Jackson was
 
 national banks. It was during Jack sons administration that occurred the famous Webster -Hayne debate. in which Hayne contended that the fed eral government was a compact en- tered into by sovereign states. while Webster maintained that, the cOnsti- tuition was an instrument of the gov ernment created by the sovereign peo- pie of the United States. which eStab- nshed the national ideal. This nation al ideal was supported by Jackson. for. when South Carolina attempted to null Iify the tariff by refusing to collect duties at the port of Charleston, Jack son threatened the state with force.
 The Mormon church was established by Joseph Smith. The encyclopedia index contains an interesting article giving the history of Mormonism