davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1912-06-30

!. rent where II passes seward In the latitude
OF Sandy Hook, and this gives us some idea
Of the downhill course Of this great ocean
river which keeps it moving steadily on
ward toward the north
If atmospheric conditions, TO which our
bodies are seemingly imsenstive. so far az
our consciousness goes, can control the
movement of n body OF water flowing with
an hourly volume OF $1,000 100000 tons. then
the atmosphere when disturbed can also
deter the onward sweep Of one ocean river
while stimulating that OF a rival current.
| The fact that Captain johnson. Of the Do
minion's service, found the Labrador cur
rent trespassing forcbly across the normal
path OF the Gulf Stream. reaching a hun
dred miles further south than usual, would
SEEM TO indicate that Natures balance had
been destroyed by some conditions which
may have lowered the commonly prevailing
area of high pressure In the mid Atlantic.
The barrier of warm water against the
northern flood was strangely weakened
food, bearing in its frigid grip Greenland
icy offspring, swept southwark upon an
unwonted course. keeping those great
frozen bodies intact just that much longer.
Will the recent disaster and the re-
searches Of scientific investigators suggest
some reliable means for detecting the
neighbOrhood of Ice when II cannot be
seen because OF thick or foggy weather?
VIII the navigator have at his disposition
hereafter instruments of some sort which
will keep him warned despite the tickle
and insidious flow of the two great battling
currents where they fight It out for suprem-
acy southeast of Newfoundland? Already
a number of ingenious minds have been
giving careful consideration to the prob
lem, but it is quite likely that the best OF
these inventions can do nothing more than
supplement human vigiance-they cannot
supplant unfagging watchfulness during
night time and the hours when fog or haze
narrows the field of vision.
Professor II. T. Barnes, of McGill Uni
versity. Montreal. has constructed an in
strument which he calls microthermom-
eter, and 1t is said that the apparatus con-
sists primarily of a delicate electrical
means Of recording the flow of a current
when passing through a wire differing in
its resistance TO that flow with varying de-
grees Of heat or cold. When one end Of
the circuit is exposed TO the sea water the
conducting wire for the electricity be-
comes relatively good or bad medium for
the transmission of electric current, and
upon this index OF rise or fall OF sea water
temperature Professor Barnes depends TO
warn him OF the proximity of ice. I'm
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1912-06-30

Sights, six feet apart. on the foremost.
Some weeks ago the steamship Oceanic
came near running down the Birmingham,
which was lying-to, because at distance
the two red lights merged into one. and the
White Star Liner thought the ship ahead
was under way and passing to port. There
were some anxious moments aboard ooth
vessels. but a mishap was avoided through
the alertness OF the lookouts. Thus the
very means taken 10 protect the cruiser In
her special service came near inviting
disaster. This happened upon clear night,
and We must not forget that the Birmlns-
ham and the Chester are alternating on TINS
duty in all kinds Of weather and right
within the lanes Of the fastest OF our trans
Atlantic liners.
Even with our cruisers covering the
patrol area and reporting the absence OF
ice or other menaces TO navigation, still
this is not an unfaIling index that all Is
safe on June l the Birmingham reported
information received from twenty-slX
steamers, no ice or derelcts seen" on the
same date a ship to the northward bound
for Boston suddenly found herself unpleas-
antlv near four very large icebergs when
the fog lifted Again. while the Chester
was on duty and reported no tee another
ship encountered a great deal Of ice and saw
many icebergs when working along To the
southwark of Newfoundland. This merely
goes to show that the dangers in one part
Of the Atlantic may become in the course
of a few days menaces in other parts then
free and II becomes necessary for every
merchant craft to keep the scouts posted as
/ far as possible in order that they may ne
come dispatching stations for the fullest
maritime information relating 10 the out
/ lying conditions Of the sea
/ In effect. the United States government
| has established a floating photographic Of
flee In the md-Atantic. and II Will take
some time before the general public real
| ties the splendid initiative which has been
| shown by us for the benefit Of the shipping
/ Of all nations in waters far beyond the
| limits of national territorial jurisdiction. In
order TO take advantage Of the work or our
| cruisers. the Navy Department has insu-
| tuted at the local branch Of the Hydro
! graphic Office a day and night service, so
| that REPORTS relayed at all hours from the
| scouts 10 Halifax and thence dispatched 10
! New York can be disseminated 10 the mari
time world with the least delay. In this man
ner our nautical guides are ever awake. and
/ the people directly prohting most by TINS
extensive system Of surveillance and infor-
nation arc foreign ship owners. As one
bluff skipper of big English liner eX-
pressed It: You Yankees are a lot Oh
,spendthrift fools; you are keeping up a
costly outfit for the sake Of other tiaSs'
your own shipping so helped isn't drop IN
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1912-06-30

fortunately. the ice will not always notice
ably lower the temperature Of surrounding
water II that water be already cold, and
even II the adjacent current be compare
lively warm navigator will not be
warned II approaching the ice with the cur
rent, but he may be helped II nearing the
ice from leeward and when running against
the water which has been chilled by con-
tact with berg or a foe.
These circumstances must he borne in
mind If we are to give any value 10 this
automatic means OF detecting changes Of
temperature In the ocean. These altera-
tons too, may not be very pronounced.
and It Is for this reason, that readings by
the thermometers ordinarily employed on
shipboard and handled roughly they are
are not always to be relied upon. 1t is a
common practice on many ships to Keep an
eye on the thermometer In the engine
room which registers the temperature OF
the sea water drawn inboard TO feed the
condensers. At first blush this might seem
to be a pretty reliable check upon changes.
but II really is not because this water
passes through metal conduts that are
affected by the surrounding atmosphere In
that part of the ship.
This may make a difference of several
degrees in the readings OF the thermometer,
and the safety OF the craft depends upon
the length OF The interval between the
warning and the reaching OF the menacing
ice Naturally. the further craft Is from
the berg the less the water will show its
influence. and the faster the ship Is run
ming the more necessary is extreme sensi-
tlveness on the part OF the instrument EN-
ployed in helping the navigator. The Their
mometrc warning apparatus should be pc
cullarly responsive to sudden variations OF
the sea waters temperature no matter
how small or slight these drops or rises
may be. This brings us TO another and
exceedingly ingenious device designed to
meet these particular requirements.
William Fl. Bristol, who has developed
n large number OF widely used recording
thermometers. Is the inventor OF the in
strument in question Mr.. Bristol relies
upon the phenomena characteristic of the
working OF thermo-electric couple. In
the diagram Of this ingenious apparatus,
and are two dissimllar metals or ele-
ments which constitute the thermo-elec-
trio couple The ends at 4. are insulated,
and the point connects the elements Of
the couple where the two metals are TO be
acted upon by changes of temperature.
The strange thing is that when the loop
at 8 is suddenly raised or lowered ever so
little in its temperature. compared with
the ends al (, an electro-motive force is
generated without any other means. OF
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1912-06-30

The BRISTOL Iceberg Detector
Which As o-o lp5eniou. Ad>Ps>'
tion Of The Thcrnoo Electric
Couple.
10 -pIs5InILsR METALS wHIcn PORN
THE COUPLE "-v - 49,
- POINT WHERE ELEMENTS JOIN
AND WHERE. THEY ARE AFFECTED ~
CHANGES or TEMPERATURE
"A - INSULATED ENDS OF "coUpLE."
O. 80 WIRES COMPLETING rLEcTEfc I
CIRCUIT TO ALARM BELL AND TIE
EEcOR DINO Dial g.
- 10 PROTECTING petal sHiELp.
ST. OPENINGS
o-o- Bo1rorn PLAYING OF SHIP.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1912-06-30
CAUSE OF THE GULF STREAM.

The scientists are not yet agreed upon
the prime promoting cause for the Gulf
Stream and the other great ocean currents,
but there is much to justify the belief that
atmospheric pressure is mainly responsible.
This may sound quite impossible to the
layman at large, and his wOnderment is but
another evidence of how little most of us
appreciate the natural forces that are con-
tinually at work everywhere about us.
When the barometer falls, indicating a
lowering Of atmospheric pressure, then II is
that the outlying air starts moving toward
the area of lower pressure, and this i'm
pulse may result in either a wind or a gale
while the actual difference of pressure is
less than half an inch by the barometer.
Now, the waters Of the ocean are, in their
turn affected by this changing weight as
it were, of the superposed air. An area OF
high pressure, like a punger pressing down
upon the surface of a confined body OF
water, tends to make the sea flow away
toward the low" areas. In the middle of
the Atlantic there is normally constant
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1912-06-30

WAGON track were Of one kind and that
on the sidepath were another sort our feet
would be conscious of the difference. But
we should certainly become confused If
some unusual circumstance deranged the
state of the road. and the sidepath and
the wagonway became identical so far as
our feet could tell US.
The confusing reports Of captains OF YES
sells can be explained naturally If we bear
in mind that the Gulf Stream is body OF
warm water highly impregnated with salt
while the Arctic or Labrador current Is
much colder and at the same time far less
saline. But for its warmth, which causes
Il TO rise even with its load Of salt, the
water Of the Gulf Stream is actually much
denser and heavier than the waters from
the north, when both are reduced to a
common temperature In other words, there
IS a very nice balance of the normal rela-
tons OF the two contending currents and 1t
takes relatively little to disturb this condi-
ton.
When we went to school and studied
physics, we can all recall how graphically
we were shown that colored warm water
would float, with a sharp line OF demarca-
ton, on top Of colder water held in glass
goblet and this fixed it in our minds that
warm water was lighter than cold water.
The sea captain has the same knowledge,
but some other physical laws upset these
relations I'm a seemingly paradoxical man
ner, and this is why some of our navl-
gators have been puzzled during the last
trying season upon the North Atlantic.
When the Arctic current sweeps down upon
the waters Of the Gulf Stream sufficiently
TO slightly chill them, even though the
southern flood still remain warmer than
the invader from the north, the flow of the
Gulf Stream dips below the Arctic waters,
because its load Of salt and the lowering
of the temperature only Il few degrees
alters its relative density and makes II
actually heavier than the much colder
waters that override 1t and for a time pre-
veil upon the surface OF the ocean.
Now what happens II the sailor Of the
watch drops his thermometer overheard al
different depths? The accompanying dia
gram OF the intermingllng Of the contend
ing floods will show us. II the thermometer
be lowered just below the surface. the
commander will think he is in the sweep
CT the Labrador current-the instrument
showing colder water. II the thermometer
goes still deeper the reading shows warmer
water. and the assumption is that the ship
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1912-06-30

area of high pressure, and this probably
drives the waters forming the Gulf Stream
westward and into the confines OF the Gulf
OF Mexico. and thence northward through
the channel we know off the southeastern
coast of Florida. The trade winds increase
this movement. The height OF the Gulf
Streams surface abreast of Cape Florida is
several feet above the surface of the cur
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1912-06-30
Nomadc Currents Handicap in Make Sea Highways Ma
Changes in Atmospheric Pressure Affect Courses
of These Rivers of the Ocean-Remarkable In
struments and Floating photographic
Office Are Among Recent Safe
guards Agains Floating Ice.

is running in the Gulf Stream. And these
contradictions will exist in the same
locality. depending upon the stratum TO
which the recording thermometer was
dropped The task of the seafarer is hard
enough at best. and in bad weather II is
lust so much more difficult. but the drain
and the hazards become many times in
tenshed when unsupported meteorological
conditions upset the usual flow of the great
ocean rivers. This has been the case dur
ing the last spring. The layman wonders
what forces of nature can disturb the ira
ditional pathway of the Gulf Stream ana
he wonders generally because he does not
know what it is that induces the strange
sweep of this marvellous body OF water.
As broad proposition, most of us know
next to nothing about this truly benefcent
current of warm water.
Where the Gulf Stream sweeps past Cape
Florida on the first turn of its northern
course the photographers have estimated
that it flows by that point carrying with IT
a volume of $1,000 100000 tons of water every
hour. That sea water holds in solution
about one thirty-third of its weight in salt,
If we figure this at only 2,7OOW,WO tons
and assume that the great steamship
Olympic can carry $1,000 tons of cargo, II
would take a feet of sixty thousand such
ships to bear the burden of salt which the
Gulf Stream hold in its waters during an
interval Of only one hour in its northward
course past Cape Florida, 1t is this very
salt which, when the Gulf Stream is chilled
by contact with the Labrador current under
some circumstances, bears the warmer
waters down and makes them sink below
the colder northern food. our diagram of
the circulation of the waters of the North
Atlantic shows how the two currents battle
for supremacy and are torn into deceptive
ribbons which mislead the navigator. The
temperatures of these different fragments
contrast greatly, adding just so much to
the bewilderment Of the seafarer. II Is for
this reason that the United States govern
ment has insisted upon the present south
ern course for transatlantic steamships, and
our drawing gives us graphically an under
standing why the change was made.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1912-06-30

How The the
Nn9leE Common Conditions Which P35e the Navigator
IL cotDEa WATER OF LnennDes eussEnT
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1912-06-30

W. HEN Captain =. c. johnson, IN
M spector of lighthouses for the DO
w minion government, returned with
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1912-08-27

sort Of awe He practlced his call
ing hundreds Of miles away from civil
ization, and, except two or three, who
were useful to him, no white men were
among his retainers. In a decidedly
real sense he was monarch over every
thing which he surveyed. His rule
lasted SO long that his subjects believ-
ed that It would continue forever, but,
according to one Of the white men
who was captured when he was killed
he often said that he would die in this
way, and he would welcome such d
death.
AS the world has at least a senti
mental interest in preventing the ex
termination Of the elephants. Rogers
may be said to have had every mans
hand against him. His capture alive
would have pleased the world better
than his killing, but probably his cap
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1912-08-27

in his life had he run before It
seemed as II his flying feet hardly
touched the grass. His eyes were pop
ping out with fright as with every
jump he tried to run just a wee bit
faster.
Bangl Bang! Two flashes Of fire
and two puffs OF smoke darted from
behind the old tree trunk. Drummer
the Woodpecker gave a frightened
scream and flew deep into the Green
Forest, Peter Rabbit flattened himself
unaer a friendly bramble bush John
ny Chuck dove head first down his
doorway.
Reddy Fox gave a yelp, shrill little
yelp Of pain, and suddenly began to go
lame. But Farmer Brt wns boy dfdn (
know that. He thought he had miss
ed, and he growled to himself
"I1l get that fox yet for stealing my
pet chlckenl"
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1912-08-27

ture under any conditions short Of
fatally wounding would have been iFl-
possible. The hero o. a hundred bat
Ties, he knew the penalty attaching to
his pursuit, but was not deferred by it.
Living in the midst Of the most saw
age surroundings, and far away from
his kind, the can Of the wild IN his
case must have been Imperative. Ward,
in the service Of the China Of half a
century ago, Walker as president or
king Of Nicaragua in 1856, and other
Yankee adventures figured in strange
surroundings, but their followers had
at least a thin veneer Of civilization
about them. Rider Haggard, in MS
African tales, has conceived no char
acter more fantastic than this Ameri-
can pirate who has just been shot to
death in the darkest spot in the Dark
Continent. So far as his countrymer
can conceive, nothing in Rogers life
became him like the leaving Of it,
Globe-Democrat.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1912-08-27
SUBSCRIPTION RATES.

One year, delivered by carrieF---$4,sO
Blk months, delivered By carrier 2.4O
Rhres months, delivered By carrier 1.2O
Oae month, delivered bx carrier 40
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1912-08-27
MANY JOINING
DOLLAR CLUB

Recently more interest has been
shown in the Wilson Dollar club, rs
shown by the appended list Of names.
But it is not yet commencing to show
the proportions it should and instead
Of the present list Of sixteen names
there should be ten times this mum
Der.
From all over the country remit
tances are going in to national head,
quarters, in some instances running
into the thousands of dollars, and it
would seem a reasonable proposition
that Grady county shoul4 send in a
contribution creditable to its citizen.
ship
The Democratic party is not receiv-
ing any money from the trusts and
big interests but is making the cam
paign for the people with the money
contributed by the people.
Alter the campaign is over there
viii be no senatorial investigation OF
the Democratic campaign fund to out
rage American deceney, such as that
blotting the pages Of the senatorial rec
ords in the past few days, in which
the rottenness OF the Republican cam
paign of 1904 is exposed by the chic
perpetrators OF the crime.
Come in with your dollar and hell
to win q great Democratic victory ir
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1912-08-27
a HARD GULF TO BRIDGE.

Fine peaches Of the popular Elberta
variety, were offered for sale last week
in the vicinity Of Chickasha, Okla, at
10 cents a bushel At that price there
were no buyers able to take any such
quantity as the growers had to dispose
Of. Some farmers. discouraged and
angered by the state OF the market for
choice fruit, have been feeding peaches
to their hogs, The oiop is the largest
ever grown and they think 1t more
profitable TO let the swine eat the fruit
than to haul it to market, says the
Cleveland Leader
Between such conditions and the
needs and desires OF city people there
IS great gulf. Sometime, no doubt,
ways and means viii be found to cross
u at such modrate cost u time and
money that pea, Z Sill not be offered
in vain az Is cents a bushel anywhere
while they are selling for about that
much a quart in the stores in many
cities. But as yet there appears 70 be
no way OF getting producers and con.
sumers together
American railroad transportation is
the cheapest IN the world, especially
for long distances such as Oklahoma
peaches would have to be carried to
the big cities Of the country. The rail
ways would be glad to get more freight
at any rates which show a profit Mar
kets are many and middlemen compete
eagerly for business. at least I'm most
cities. But the peaches rot for lack OF
buyers IN one part ,f the country and
millions Of Americans get less than
they want at relatively high prices
in other sections.-Wiohita Eagle
This condition throughout this sec
tion Of Oklahoma has brought out the
cry for canning factories and eyapor
ating plants to take care OF the sur
plus crop for which facilities for trans
porting to the markets could not bs
had. but unfortunately the cry was
made too late
Profiting by the experiences Of this
year. 1t win be a wise provision fol
the growers Of fruit to commence ar
raugemenis now looking to the estab
nshment next spring OF canning fac
tories and evaporatlng plans and thul
care for many thousands Of dollars
worth or fruit that can be sold a
profitable figures during the wintei
months that now has become waste
product.
The cooperation OF the towns in th'
fruit growing belt viii doubtless be al
easy proposition. but 70 would seen
that the Initiative should be made b,
those whose greatest interest is a
stake-the growers
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1912-08-27
A FANTASY or THE
DARK CONTINENT.

Even m a presidential campaign year
the killing Of James Ward Rogers in
Central Africa by Capt c. Y. Fox and
his detachment Of British soldiers can
hardly be made an International "in'
cidenl" Theoretically Rogers was a
citizen OF Michigan, but he was good
many miles from home when his end
came. and the occupation in which he
was engaged was not one which his
counlrymen would recognize as legltl-
mate. The members OF congress who
called our governments attention to
the affair did not cause any surprise
in official circles. Our state depart
ment had learned Of the killing from
one of its consuls in Africa before the
cable carried the story to the world
but the British foreign office tells us
that no communication from Washing
ton about It has been received, and
probably none will be.
Rogers was an elephant poacher- TIC
hunted the big animal in an Illicit way
sent out stocks OF ivory to the market
which surprised the dealers, and which
made him rich beyond the dreams q
aVarioe. Thousands Of natives wers
enlisted under him. He exercised au
tocratlc sway over a large region, par
tlcipated IN wild orgies with his sub
iects, and his success in eluding o.
defeating the soldiers who were sen
against him exalted him in the eye
Of the natives, who regarded him viii
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1912-08-27
SENATOR CORE SEES
DEMOCRATIC SUCCESS.


81 fail to see how prospects for Gov
ernor Wilson's success this fall could
be any brighter" said Senator T. p.
Gore, Sunday night at his room at the
skiryin hotel, in Oklahoma City.
There are but three or four states
that he has no chance OF carrying and
II firmly believe that he will get a
greater popular and electoral vote than
Taft and Roosevelt combined. We are
still working hard, however, to make
assurance doubly sure In the east,
the race is between Wilson and Taft;
in the west, Wilson and Roosevelt"
Senator Gore reached Oklahoma
City Sunday and will be in the city
until after the state convention. Dur
ing the past week, he has been in
Washington, at the New YORK and
Chicago headquarters, and the Mar.
shall notification at indianapolis.
The leaders Of Oklahoma Democracy
are beginning to gather in Oklahoma
City already for the state convention
alfalfa Bil7 Murray Of Tishomingo
is at the skiryin, and Senator Robert
L. owen, National Committeeman Rob
ert Galbreath and former Gov. Haskell
are all expected at any time.