The Birmingham age-herald., 1912-12-15

kish corruptions ot the Greek Adrian ople and the Greek skopia, the later of which in the Slav language become sko- pliye. Others again are translations from one language into the other; Belopolyle (Servian) in the Sanjak of Novibazar is the same place as Akova CThrkish), and both have the same meaning as the En- glish Whiteheld.
 In third class the names in different
 languages have no connection of mean ing or sound. Kirk Kilsse. according to the current interpretation, means in Turk ish Forty Churehes,' from kirk i Q, 40 and kilisse Corrupted from the Greek ekklesia, i. e.. church. Some high author ities on Turkish philology assert that the first word of the name should be not kirk, but kirk, i. ., broken, tumble down. and that the name was given to the town from the ruins of an old church which were @ prominent landmark when the Turks occupied However that may be. whether the name means Ruined Church or Forty Churches the Slay name Lozengrad, the City of Vineyards Kirk Kilisse is famous for it's wines-is altogether distinct. For European read- CTS the confusion caused by the existence of different names for the same place is made worse copfounded by the fact that Turks use the Arabic, Greek the Greek, and Slavs the Cyrillic characters and that no fixed rules exist for the translitera- tlon of these into Latin characters, and the orthography of many Turkish names is not definitely established even in the Arabic character Occasionally on the same map c, oh, tch. tsch will stand for one and the same thing, and the same vowel sounds will be represented in half a dozen different ways-e.g., kupru, kuru, keupreu are all the same Turkish word meaning bridge.
 If one place has many names it Is no less true that the same name is given to many different places. Visitors to Tur- key have complained that most of the villages not called Yenikeui (New Vil- lage) are apt to be named Ortakeul (Mid- dle Vilage).
 Perhaps the one comforting feature is that most of the Turkish names at any rate, have meanings which make them easier to remember The traveller or reader who knows that ak means white and bunar spring or fountain, is not like ly to foregt the name Ak Bunar, nor be surprised to find that there are several places of that name between the That aldja lines and Constantinople. The num- Der of small Albanian colonies scattered over European Turkey sufficiently ex plains the number of places called Ar nautkeul to any one who remembers that an Arnaut is an -lbanian and keul a vil- lage. Among the other most common words that occur in place-names may be mentioned shehr, tower; nissan, castle; kale or kalch, fort; khan or han, inn; kupru, bridge; liman, harbor; burun, cape; cheshmeh, spring; chiftlik, farm kun. sand; agatch, tree; kayak, poplar bagh. park; baghch, garden; dere or dereh valley; su, water or river: irmak or yirmak, river; tepe tepeh, hill; hagh, mountain; kumur, charcoal; kumurdji, charcoal burner; tash. stone; bash, head chekmedjeh, passage; boghas, strait or pass; fener, fanar, or phanar lighthouse; geuk, sky tara field; ova, plain, kapu gate; top, gun; orman, forest harman, threshing floor These are substantives Among the most useful adjectives are esl1i, old; yeni, new; kara, black; ak or beyaz, white kizil, red; buyuk, great; kuchuk, smell uzun, long; kuru, dry: orta, middle From most substantives adjectives can be formed by the suffiX Ii.
 Among names of frequent occurrence it is interesting to note that Chataldja or Tchataldja from chatal, a fork, prob ably means a place at the forked roads. Delli Yunus, at the north of the Tchatald- ia lnes which was at one time reported to have been captured by the Bulgarians, simply means Prophet Jonas from dell, mad or inspired and Vunus the Turkish form of the name Jonas. The name per petuates local tradition. The name Rumelia Gin Turkish RumilD for Euro pean Turkey is itself interesting in it's origin. Rum, the Turkish word for Greek, is itself a corruption of Roman.