The Fargo forum and daily republican. [volume] (Fargo, N.D.) 1894-1957, 1911-10-12

attainment Of that period was indi-
viduality AS the renaissance pro-
crossed the women of the leisure class
es shared the opportunities of the
time with the men for culture and
large numbers gained recognition In
the field of literature, art, etc.
Christine de Pisan was born in
Venice, but made her home in France.
She was the first woman to make
literature profession. Queen Anne
of Brittany, queen of Charles VIII. and
later Louis XIII formed a salon of the
best women and most intelligent men.
She patronized scholars and encourag-
ed literature, thus making a long step
toward culture among both men and
women.
The reformation period was con-
tinuation OF the renaissance. During
this period Luther taught that boys
and girls should be educated alike
emphasizing the necessity of edu-
Gated men and women. In France,
however the first systematic move
ment for higher education of girls is
recorded. The drst treatise on the
subject was by Fenelon In 1850. AS
q result conventual schools fiourished
in France, but were more religious
than educational and tended toward
home science and a practical life of
! piety. The highest intellectual achieve
ment Of women in the seventeenth
century was the salon OF the Mar
quise de Ramboufllet in 1908 which
continued over half a century
First Demand for Equal Rights.
Following the information came the
/ period of revolution, the chief feature
of which was the rise Of the middle
classes In England and the bourgeois
in France In America society was
recreated on basis Of liberty. equal
/ ity and fraternity. AS a result, wo-
men for the first time dmanded the
the right to participate in government
on basis OF equality Of rights with
4 men.
Mary Wollstonecraft formulated this
! first claims OF her sex in England by
| publishing her book The Vindication
of Rights Of Women in 1872. This
work was regarded as immodest, un-
womanIy and revolutionary.
/ Although the means of education In
| this period were deficient women
| made considerable advance socially.
! They acquired certain degree of re-
finement and intellectual improvement
Literature became popular when WOO
men began to read and in this man
ner the periodical press was made re-
munerative. The Spectator and The
] Taller published in the eighteenth
century were products OF the demand
for literature and devoted pages "a
1 women and their interests.
In 1880 political enfranehisement Of
women was taken up again and re-
newed In 1s4S. Some legal disable
| tiles were removed as result and
better education facilities were in
stalled. Victor Hugo said "The eigh-
/ teenth century was one Of men, but
the nineteenth century was one Of
women
UP to 1875 the movement for wo-
mans rights was based on the indi-
| vidualistic plea that woman Is per-
sonality with the same rights as man
! and therefore should have the same
/ recognition on the part of the state
This plea now no longer had the same
weight as formerly. Now the ques-
! tion was one of social responsibilities
and the state, not the individual waa
the center Of attraction. The issue
/ was not what the state could do fol
women, but what the women could
do for the state
III the early part Of the nineteenth
century the crueler punishments In
England were abolished. IN 1882 thu
women were forbidden to work in ths
mines and other acts controlled tn
i length of hours and the sanitary con.
dition of the shops. All trades were
now opened to the women and severa
of the professions Al feature Of tn
Negotiation In the last half century hai
been the intervention Of the state foi
the protection of women IN person
and property.
lii the United States the agitation