The Holbrook news., 1911-06-02

torn DY I6NOll, ID OAASAoAJ
 called the United Mexican
 States" was one of the two
 great vice-royalties of Spain in the new world. Mexico and Peru represented the dominions of terri tory extending from the undef1ned north to the extremity of South Amer ice. Mexico as New Spain retained its identity, but Peru was subdivided into Rio de la Plata (Buenos Aires), :, New Granada, and the original Peru. The revolutionary struggle that ulu- mately resulted in the independence of the nation began in 1910, but sue cess was not attained until the estab- lishment of independence from Spain in 1921. The first Mexican congress was held in 1922, when a regency was installed and an emperor was named
 It is in the northern provinces of Mexico, Sonora and Chihuahua, where revolt and sedition is rife and where the revolutionary forces are the strongest.
 Northern Mexico, where perhaps significant history is being made to- day. has long been the battle ground of the races in North America. Cen turies before the Spanish conquest, the Pueblos, or village-making Indians, came here from parts unknown and erected their quaint houses, pursuing their peaceful industrial occupations The ruins of these towns are found to- day sometimes buried deep under sand-drift or old lake bed. About the thirteenth century there came an- other migration from the north, the race of savages that never has been eouaIed in the world for cruelty-the fierce and unrelenting Apache Indians. They swept through the villages Of the gentle Pueblos like a scourge, butchering and laying waste. and driv- ing the terrified and helpless villagers far up into the Sierra Madre noun tains, where they clung among the peaks until they perished. Before their race was run the Apaches com pletely destroyed not only these Pueb- los, but also the results of their civili- zation.
 Then came the fight between Apache and American, and the events of this struggle, which was ended only recently, are among the most thrill ing and picturesque in American his tory. Miles, Lawton, and Chaffee are familiar names in these chapters, and the overcoming of the tenacity and strange, fierce courage of the last great fighting Indians of the United States has even Its pathos as well as its note of absorbing. exciting inter est
 Following the Apaches began the American invasion The cattlemer were first, for the range was unlim tied and the grasses in many parts unsurpassed Then came the prospec tors-men who from choice endure the most severe privations and face the greatest perils. Many of these prospectors are mining kings today The Mormons, also, established set dement's in Sonora many years ago and soon had built up several pros porous communities. The Latter Dal Saints even contemplated a genera migration to this region, with the pur pose of making it the headquarters O the church. For the sake of freedom from the restriction which the law of the United States place. abou them they were willing to undertak' the new pilgrimage, but they wer' checked by a famous Mexican, Gen Luis Terrazas, who owns the larges landed estate in the world. Withou passing on to property of another, ont may travel 800 miles east and wes and 200 miles north and south on thu lands of Gen. Terrazas. He refused to surrender any of his ground to thu Mormons, and their plans were neces sarily checked.
 Railroad building and mining devel opment in Sonora has been. practical lv in the hands of Americans. Grea mining operations have sprung int existence and millions of American dol lars have been poured into the coun try. Towns and cities have sprung ul in this one-time wilderness like magi and the district is now the thir' greatest copper-producing section il the world It Is the peril that revolu ton brings to these American dollar and American citizens who have set tied here that makes the problem al acute one for Mexico.
 The state of Chihuahua, bordered ol the north by Texas, is a large state o