davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Washington herald., 1911-06-04

plant, and, under favorable circumstances,
each may develop into perfect lichen.
In the. second method Of reproduction, the
rnconcerned; but the processes here occur
ring are too complex to be explained simply
within the limits Of paper such as this;
moreover as already said. there arc several
points involved which are still under dis
cussion.
In concluding, we must notice that bchens
have also played their part in the economy Of
nature. Some yield dyes-rich, valuable pur-
pies; deep reds ,s and full Ia browns Others
where nature has not been too bountiful in
her gifts to man, and where man often owes
the preservation of his life to these hardy
little plants. Thus. the. poor lcclander,
moss Ia hchen known as cetraria islandna),
which he bcils and eats with milk, and
which often serves as his sole food for part
. The he chief chief viii ter food Of reindeer, the
'.reindeer moss is another liclen. and
this, too. in times Of scarcity, is ground and
mixed with -four and used as human TODD.
1t is further utilized by having an alcoholic
In. Algeria and the steppes Of Tartary. ir-
cur. and ar, much used by the people Of
these countries as food both for man and
beast These are merely another licien
which popularly. goes by the name Of
mamma, and which is said to be not at all un-
palatable.
From all parts of the more barren regions
Of tn, globe, reports come of the nutritive-
ness of lichens. and of their use as an article
of food Iceland. Scandinavia, Algeria and
Iartary have already been mentioned; yet
here also we see the Indians and Canadian
hunters finding grateful sustenance on their
long tramps from lichen commonly known
as Tripe de Roche.
Al. atmosphere of mystery has always
been felt to hang over these organisms and
80 in the. Middle Ages wonderful properties
were attributed to them. They were already
used in the medicine of that day. serving as
tchics, astringents. febrifuges and 80 ON
Some also had specific virtues attached to
them; one was certain cure for hydropho-
bia; another, when mixed with powdered
glass;" was believed to be deadly to wolves
IA belief which still fingers among the
Swedes.
In the seventeenth century, powdered
lichens were supposed to have q great power
Of retaining odors, and hence they were
used basis in many celebrated per-
fumes. Thus, powdered lichen was used
in the famous "Poudre de Cyprc." well
known to all hair-dressers of that time. But,
with the advance Of scientific knowledge,
these beliefs in the peculiar properties Of
lichens have been gradually decreasing for
many years past. until now the Iceland moss
stands as their sole representative in our
Materia Medica: but, meanwhile, all must
confess that Schwendener and other learned
botanists have added a hundred -Rold to their
real interests by revealing to US something
of the tMIe nature of some of the most curi-
Gus anG fascinating members of the> vege-
table kingdom.
The Washington herald., 1911-06-04

@0HE district school OF Pikeville was near
rI ing the close of the afternoon session.
Outside the sun WAS shining, the air
was clear and frosty. and the snow
~ which had fallen during the previous
night, and lay thick upon the ground
offered ample temptation for snowballing and
hand-sledding. -. ..-
In the schooro0m there was a low mur.
muir Ct voices and scratching of pem and
slate-pencils. Miss Dempster, was busy test
ing class of the biggest boys in pronuncia
tion and spelling.
though not naturally bad or disobedient, often
caused trouble during school hours.
He assumed the leadership of the boys in
their sports and for the girls of the
school, who were all small. why, girls wcrc
only intended to wash dishes, sweep foors
and ruH errands
Today he was not in very gracious mood.
Things had gone wrong with him at play; his
sled was worn out and his father had put
him of, when he asked if he could not have
n nca one; and so, when Miss Dempster
told him to spell certain word, he replied,
sulkily 81 won't!"
The murmuring talk in the room ceased,
and everybody looked at Charlie. This was
his first open act of insubordination. and
they wondered what the teacher would do.
you will please spell that word. Charlie
Sanborm, said Miss Dempster, in the firmest
tone of voice she could assume.
81 won't" came back from Charlie; "and
what's more, you cant make me! You're
only woman!'
Then he gazed around him defantly, as if
to impress upon the school that this state
mcnt of fact was an unanswerable argu-
mcnt.
Miss Dempster looked at him for moment
over her glasses, and, striking the bell on
her desk SAID, quietly:
''Tac school is dismissed This case will
be brought up first thing tomorrow morn
ing"
ming caps and mufhers and commenting on
Charles obstinacy. rushed outside to build
a snow fort and engage in sham siege.
Charlie was more deliberate in his move
ments. In his opinion, he had scored de-
ciSve victory. and tn" fact that the teacher
The Washington herald., 1911-06-04

establishment of two plants living in init
mate union. and for their mutual benefit.
The white flaments are fungus, and the
green cells are simple green plant or alga,
and an apt comparison has been drawn be
tween them and u master ruling colonies Of
slaves.
The fungus is the master, who has seized
upon the green plants and impressed then,
into his service to provi' him with food
and nourshment. which e" is unable other
wise to obtain, but, at the same time, the
slaves flourish under his protection as they
Guild not flourish alone, and receive moisture
as wage; The slave is necessary to the mas.
ter; and the master to the slave.
When Schwendener first advanced this as.
founding theory of a dual life his fellow.
botanists were on all sides incredulous and
many heard the hypothesis with contempt,
and rejected it with derision:
heard,of thing that a fungus and an alga
should combine in this way to form new
organism; and. moreover, that this combina-
tion should b, practically a mutual benefit
society,". No such thing has ever been
known
And so the false argument, old as the hills,
that what we cannot comprehend must ne
cessar1ly be untrue, once more led men into
error. But there were not wanting some
wise observers. who, suspending their judg-
the light of this theory. and each step they
advanced brought home more clearly the con
viction that the truth was contained in it,
II was. however felt by all that the crown
ing point Of absolute proof would lie in OBJ
tanning lichen synthetically- is, if it
were possible to take the spores Of fungus
and some Of those agae which wer, claim
ed to appear in lichens, and by allowing them
tn germinatc. and develop together, thus
build up q perfect lichenp,, then the Schwen.
denerian hypothesis would triumph ever all
opposition.
With this end in view many attempts were
made and many failures recorded; but lately
patisnt and careful work has been rewarded
for Bounier has succeeded in producing in
this way perf0t lichen, and so the cloud
OF mystery, which for so long has obscured
the true nature of these familiar plants. is
now to a great extent dissipated.
Let us now examine little more in detail
the reason and nature of this parasitism II
nay be shortly explained thus: All vegetable
LII, can be divl lded into two great classes
In the one we have plants containing green
cocring matter, and in the other we have
plants which are colorless and contain none
This apparently simple difference involves
Fundamental distinction in the nature Of
their respective foods.
this green material build up complex organic
substances for themselves from simple ones,
but plants that do not contain green coloring
matter cannot do this.
Thesc coorless plants require that their
food should be presented to them already
combined, and hence fungus which is de
voiu of green color is compelled to find its
nul,rishment ready prepared for it. This nour.
ishment may be obtained in different WAYS
Some fungi take it from decaying organic
matter, others get it from living animals and
The Washington herald., 1911-06-04
WHAT IS A LICFIF<N?

n WRETCIIED thing Nor'cn,
II stands erect; and. like stone,
IAI With lichens it il overgrown,''
IL III says Wordsworth, in describing an
q aged thorn" and readers Of this and
similar passages pass elibly on, in
most cases. without the thought "What is a
Gchcny' ever crossing their minds They
ere quite contented with recognizing lichcns
as little grayish-green plants, growing often
on trees and walls, and they never dream
that in them we may read a marvellous story
and find a wonderful hfehstory. But. day
by day, interest in the members of the
vegetable kingdom becomes more widely felt,
hchcnE' will naturally arise.
80 my object now is 70 answer this ques-
tion ~ few words as simply as possible,
and to say something of the nature of the
presented SO many problems to the earnest
investigator OF tn, secrets of Nature.
All the knowledge we possess of lichens is
necessarily Of very recent date. for it is only
since the Improvement of microscopes that
such knowledge has come within reach. The
keenest searchers after wisdom, living before
the era OF microscopes, could know but little
OF lichens as we now understand them, and
comparatively nothing OF their internal struc'
TURF.
Externally, Gchens show great variety Of
form. They may be crlIsts, adhering SO
closely to stones and the bark Of trees that
~ II dlIilOSt 10 TeIuONe tHey
may be fat. crinked, leaflike expansions,
easily removed from the soil or stones; they
may be gclatinous masses, or we may find
them having a small, shrub.hke structure.
But, underlying all these external differences,
there is distinct internal uniformity Of
very curious nature.
An examination shows us that two obvi-
ously distant elements are always present
viz, number of colorless gllstening fila
ments, interlacing one with another IN appa-
rent confuson; and among them, either ar
ranged in orderly layers or else scattered
about irregularly, are quantities of small
round green bodies.
These green bodies, which are usually
known as gonidia, are tiny sacs, each con-
tanning a jelly like fluid and some green col
orng matter. And it is these ihmy threads
and these tiny green cells which together
constitute the Who'll, structure of lichen.
But in what relationship do these two ele-
ments stand to one another? Are the green
cells the gonidia, a part of and derived from
the colorless filaments to which they are so
di. similar? or are they something altogether
different in nature and kind? But If differ
ent, how is it we find them together in this
way?
The answer to this question has been
ycritablc bone OF contention of late years
among lichcnologsts.
A quarter of this century had gone by be-
fore any serious study had been made of the
gopidia One or two German observers then
attempted it, but unsuccessiully, and 1t was
not until about twenty-five years ago that
Schwendencr, the great German botanlst. first
threw any light upon the subject.
He it was who pointed out that each licheh
Is not simple plant at ALL but Is really an
The Washington herald., 1911-06-04

had delayed taking action in the matter was
all il. his favor
He was satisfied with the days work; he
would ignore the boys entirely and would 60
home to rest upon his laurelsi Perhaps II he
had overheard the conversation that was go
ing on among the girls who were putting ON
hats and wraps. he would not have thought
himself such hero.
isn't he real mean?" asked one.
"Said our teacher was only q woman!"
was the awe-struck comment of another.
Say, girls!" whispered Dora Hamilton, "Pll
tell you what to do. Let's SNOWFALL him!"
"Oa, what funt" was the chorus.
And the girls crowded out
Charlie was only just ahead of them, and
he started towards home, without deigning
to look in the direction of the fort. Sudden
ly something cold struck him on the neck.
and he felt as if ice-water was running down
his back.
Turning round to see what this meant, .
well-directed SNOWFALL landed sauare!y on
his mouth, and was followed by regular
shower OF such missiles.
i To d that he wSa Tas ansS SnS Tsud 10 do se
saiants were only girls. He felt Miss Demp-
stcr was watching them from the schoolhouse,
and he would not even let her see that
he was annoyed. so he kept on walking.
by lhls time tne Doys hau hoticed WHAT
was happening. The fort was evacuated, and
they ran up to enjoy the fun. II must be
confessed, too, they supplied snowballs which
were somewhat harder than those made by
the girls. There were many shrill cries and
much laughter, and even squirrel in a neigh
boring tree seemed TO take in the situation
aud j. med in the hilarity.
Charhe's house was soon reached, and his
mother. attracted by the noise. came and
stood in the doorway. In reply to her ques-
tions, Charlie gave shamefaced explanation
of the affair.
"Well, girls" she said, "you can go home
now | am woman myself and will attend
to Charles. Step inside, young mani"
Charlie meekly obeyed, and the boys and
girls left, indulging in many jokes and merry
comments.
Miss Dempster never referred to the mai
ter, and as long as Charlie remained at schot
he was respectful and obedient to her. q
though she was only woman.
The Washington herald., 1911-06-04

- HE girl of today has lohuhess ao'
|" athletic sports and gymnastics one
ia ont of doors a good deal Of the
time, rowing on the river, at tne
hrln of yacht, IN the tennis
court, riding her wheel or perhaps eve"
playing cricket. more
cnioymrn, out of life than they would m
doors. and they gain health and strehe'h:
The fecbl, indoor race of girls is thing Oh
thc mast Those we see today have ruddy
checks and hard muscles. Ihey are pr'sh'
and animated. not bored.
Anon, all the sports for girls, lawn ten
mia il easily first. Nearly every g,rl seems
10 know something about tennis, and 1t as per
hans the only outdoor game that has As
MANY girls and women among It's deVotees
as men and boys. A.,
Lawn tennis has taken the place which
croouct used to hold in the hearts OF Amerl'
can girls. 1t is better game, being more
lively, and, in my opinion, requiring great
er amount OIL skill. The mann aaVah'aee 10
that while it requires u great deal OF science
TO play well, anybody can, by watching 9th
ers Dlay for fifteen minutes, understand the
game well enough to play "a little herself.
The game can be played IN winter or sum
mer. but, of course, not when snow covers
groun Il, but they have not, especially in the
country and smaller towns and villages, ahol
ished tho private court. No girl who can
have level piece of ground of sufficient
size adjacent to her house can get along
without tennis court.
The widespread patronage, of the game OF
tennis has resulted in the development of
very high class of play among American
girls a tournament for the ladies' national
champicnshi" is held every year at philadel-
phia on the grounds of the Country Club.
Fencing is another sport that has lately
made great strides into favor with girls Au-
thortics say that there is no single cXcr-
else whrl, combiues many advantages rs
fencing, since it brings into play tllr muscles
OF every part of the body, expands The chest,
distribute the circulation equally and gives
steady and quiet.
Many women fencers have attained high
degree of skill, and there are some who
are capable of fencing with any man. no
\vaitar whom withnut askina expecting
The Washington herald., 1911-06-04

any favors to be shown to them because they
women.
In every large city there are those who
teach girls to fence, and many of them have
fencing clubs composed entirely of girls
Riding would be more popular were it not
that 1t costs so much to keep a horse after
you have bought one. To learn to ride is
necessary part of the training of every fash
ionablc girl in the city. She is put into the
saddle at the age OF six or eight, and is kept
steadily at it under u competent instructor
until she can ride well enough to go out
in the Park by herself. Girls in the coun.
try all ride, of course They learn by in
tuition even earlier than their metropolitan
sisters.
In the South, especially, do girls indulge
sport which the girls in that section of the
country indulge. The Southern women are
born riders.
For the girl in the city, whose parents are
not rich enough to enable her to ride horse,
there is fortunately the bicycle, which is
quite as good sport. and. some of its devotees
say, n better one.
which is attested by the ruddy cheeks of
those girls who indulge in it, To get the
most benefit from it, the rider must not
stoop. What pleasure can he compared to
that of being borne along smooth road by
your own eXcrtions, so swiftly that YOU
leave all the humble pedestrians behind you
There have been attempts made to popular
i've golf among girls. This game is a sort
of a gloriication of the shiny our brothers
popular, eXccnt among certain ultra-fashion-
able class Even in England the home OF
the game there are comparatively few golf
clubs
The Washington herald., 1911-06-04

--"l don't see your son about anywhere"
said travelling man to merchant whom he
called on. "ls he out of the city,"
eyes"
"Pursuing his studies?'
81 think he is pursuing his studies: but,
from what | can hear, ] don't think he has
much chance of catching up to them.
The days of chivalry are spoken Of as the
dark ages, probably because they were the
knight times
The Washington herald., 1911-06-04
Athletic Sports for Girls Charlie Sanbon's Defeat

0IlE district school Of Pikeville was near
ing the close of the afternoon session.
Outside the sun was shining, the air
was clear and frosty, and the snow,
J which had fallen during the previous
night, and lay thick upon the ground,
The Washington herald., 1911-06-04

! HE girl of today has a fOndness for
athletic sports and gymnastics she
is out of doors a good deal Of the
time. rowing on the river, at the
helm of yacht, IN the tennis
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1911-12-15

OF N. u.
at ,washburn. n: d., in the State of Nortl,
Dakota: at the close of business on
Dec. 5, 1911.
| Loans and discounts l5S,414 81
Overdrafts secured and. unsecured 4D %
U S. bonds to secure circulation :. 5000 on
u. 5. Bonds to secure q. S. deposits 1,OOO 10
Bonds. securities. etc.............. 1889 81
Banking house, furniture and fix
NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS.. 3,6l7 o.
serve OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES. 2s.355 81
trust companies. e. savings banks l.24S 81
Due from approved reserve agents, o., 596 OF
Checks and other cash items ....... 275 Is
Exchanges for clearing house.-.-
Notes of other national banks 49,. LOCO 90
Fractional paper currency. nickelS
specie sssf;s.ds; .ats: sssi;: g. ,, IN .,
Redemption fund with u. S. treas
urer 5 per cent of circulation :. 1850 90
Total~..."..... ....... $26S, O6O G5
Surplus fund -. .:."."..... 1000 90
National bank notes outstanding 25,ooo 90 %
Due to other national banks ....... 1928 OF
Due to state and private banks and
Dividends unpaid.....
Individual deposits subject to check 1925 80
Demand certificates Of deposit >. BIG 50
Time certificates of deposit 80. 1854 Is
Certified Checks.
Cashier. check outstanding ~: Ais u
State of North Dakota, county Of Mclean, IS:
If f. Funk. cashier of the above-named
bank. do solemnly swear that the above state
ment is true to the best of my knowledge and
belief. F. F.. Funk. Cashier.
Subscribed and sworn to before me this
18th. day of Dec. 1911:
W. 7. Anderson Notary Public.
| Mclean county. North Dakota.
My commission expires July y. 1914.
! COrrect--AtteSt
SEAL
Theo. J. Haugeberg.
James T.. McCullocl,. ID.
Aug. Il. johnson. ...-
Directors.
Suspicion.
Didn't your queer friend tell you
he had taken a degree in several cit
ies?"
Yes"
Then I'll bet it was the third Dc
gree"
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1911-12-15
Herd Law Abolished

1t has always been lawful for
stock to run at large from the first
day of December to the first of
Auril. At the last session of the
county commissioners this law was
abolished owing to the number Of
farmers who we're unable to get
their threshing done this fall. The
farmers who we're unfortunate in
this way are grateful to the COM
missioners for this act.
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1911-12-15
REPORT OF THE CONDITION
VASHBURN STATE BANK

AT WAsHBURN,
In the state of North Dakota at the close of
business Dec. 5, 1911.
RESOURCES
Loans and discounts /. .........." 67,7T %
%%y sn.antas s ssooEed T fsa u Gsefifeates. 'l ~
BanEing house. furniture and ixt- >.
DUE %gi from other banks ..:::: S l46le.se '0' %
Checks and other cash
Cash 27s9.33 1s,O2s So
Total ..........$ 81 ,S222 70
LIABILITIES
Capital stock paid in .............. $1,000 90
surplus fund -. 5000 90
taxes 6s2 4s
Individual deposits sub
ps ssSs ID e ceeti fc;ai: Of de. $ lS'6l''s
Time certificates of de-
pOSit Observation-Disclosures. 4976S.l4
Savings accounts- 42si3s- %, 40 %
State Of North Dakota, County OF Mc:Lean:-ss.
named bank, do soiemniy swear that the above
Statement is true to the best Of my knowledge
and belief. TIL. Jeffery,
Subsc ribcd and sworn to before me this It'll.
day OF Dec. 1911.
Notary public, Mclean Co.., N. Oak.
My commission expires June %, 1916.
JOSEPH MANN.
[SEALI ...r. T. L.. B~EIsEKEE,
Directors.
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1911-12-15
Absolutely Pure


picts honor, true manliness, gentle
ness, loyalty to principal, as the
things Of chief Importance in life
1t benefits while it entertains.
You will find such reading week
after week in the page of The
Youths Companion. contributed
by the most popular story-writers.
and by men and women whose
names are famous in every field OF
enterprise and scholarship.
Send us your address on u postal
card and We will mail you the
beautiful Prospectus Of The Com
panion for 1912, together with
sample copies Of the paper.
We think you will agree, when
you have read them, that there is
no other paper that gives quite so
much O1 Such Il nlgn quallty do
The Companion, and it cost only
$l.75 now for the 81 weekly issues.
On January l, 1912, the %subscrip-
ton price will be advanced to w.
The new subscriber receives Il
gift Of The Companions Calendar
for 1912 in ten colors and gold.
and all the remaining issues OF
1911 free from the time the sub
scription is received.
The Youths Companion.
IA Berkeley St., Boston. Mass.
New Subscription Received at
this office. (
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1911-12-15
Boy Who Knows How.

Whether the "thrce f's'-fads, frill,
and frivolities-have displaced tho
three ~r's"--reading, 'riting and 'rith,
metic-in the education Of the child,
1T Is nevertheless true that teaching
the boy or girl to be more self-reliant
and quick-witted has certain advant'
lagos. In Brooklyn the other day a
man was injured and had an artery
severed. One of those who hurried to
the scene was a boy on roller skates,
The man was bleeding to death. Tho
boy removed one of his skates, took
|of the strap, and with a stick some
body picked up the youngster made q
tourniquet, stopped the bleeding and
held the tourniquet in place until the
Ambulance surgeon arrived, thus aiding
materially in saving tho mans life.-l
Rochester Democrat and Chronicle.
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1911-12-15

and it should include every farmer
in the vicinity, the COW PROPOSE
ton should be one over which they
should hesitate no longer, but get
AS many as they are able to prop
erly care for and ship cream
Take your pencil and figure a
little and see if you can possibly
invest the same amount to any
thing else and get the same per-
centage of profits. 1t can't be
done. Milk cows.-Harvey Her
aid.