Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1911-01-15

lecture courses and exercises extending
over number Of weeks according to a
plan which affords a variety of theoreti-
cal and practical lessons. Attendance
upon these courses Is made possible to
mechanics who forfeit, their wages by
absence from the shop where they are
employed by allowances from the state
treasury.
In order to give tradesmen who are not
in position to interrupt their occupa-
tons an opportunity to acquire a knowi-
mates of cost for work in their own
branches. instruction is arranged after
work hours in the evenings and on Sun
days. There are many Sunday industrial
schools throughout the empire.
The courses for trade masters are at
tended very largely by small shop or
factory owners. foremen and siperintend-
ents to inform themselves of improve.
ments in methods, in tools. in power. in
working machines in order to promote
their own efficiency. to keep up with the
times and to acquire new ideas in their
own trades. In connection with the trade
masters schools are sample rooms and
exhibitions both temporary and perma-
nent, OF machinery. new inventions. raw
materials and half-finisEed products
manufacturers or merchants to extend
their sales.
The most difficult task of the officials
in charge of vocational schools has been
to obtain suitable teachers
reaching To carry out the full purpose
c<.& OF the movement they must
be not only theoretically edu-
Gated, but must be familiar with the
practical side of industrial life Such
persons are rare The largest number
Of teachers have been obtained from
among the students themselves. chiefly
young mechanics who have shown adap-
liability both in study and in practice
Having been selected for the career Of
teachers. they are sent to a central in
stitution at Leinburg, where there is a
normal school for instructors in the
trades. All teachers are encouraged to
spend their vacations at this institution
TO keep themselves up to date and up to
the fixed standards of preparation, and
to enjoy the benefit of suggestions from
the experience of others in the internal
management of their schools.
The teachers of vocational schools are
paid higher salaries than those in the or
binary public schools. Those having a
university education begin on a salary
of 1900 marks ($715) and arc promoted
regularly until they reach 81 .as:, in nine
years and S.I1J in twenty-one years
They are also provided with dwelling
or cash allowance for rent equivalent to
the same. They have pensions of s1.os5
upon retirement at the end of twenty
one years.
For the upIift of the profession and to
induce ambitious persons to prepare for
1t. royal order confers upon them the
title director with the rank of counsel
or OF the NTH class: those who have had
1uil university preparation after five
years have the title OF "oberlehrer'' (head
teacher) and after twelve years Of sery-
ice. they may receive the title Of profess
sor.
In order to perform the service expected
OF them teachers" Of vocational schools
must preserve their ap-
Liberal fltude for mechanical
Allowerc.. work and keep in touch
with artistic life; they
must become familiar with new fields of
activity in the industrial arts, with new
inventions and processes, and for this
purpose the state grants allowances TO
pay the expense Of visits to manufacture
ing centers. conventions. mechanical ex-
hibitions and other places where they
can add to their knowledge and keep
posted as to the advancement Of the me-
chanical arts.
The total expenditures Of the ministry
of commerce and industry for this form
or industrial education has increased
from $229, 500 in 1885 to Sc. 122 1s9 in 1910.
Continuation schools fill the gap be-
tween the ordinary school and the tech
meal school. being an advance above the
one without quite reaching the other.
They are intended for the benefit of
and young wage-earners. es-
pecially In the large cities. who cannot
afford to sacrifice their earnings by stop
w
the improvement they have gained i'm the
ordinary schools. They are a continue
ton OF the ordinary public school edu-
cation in the evening and on Sundays,
ana allow the pupils to go little further
into the field OF learning than the cur
riculum Of the ordinary public school
permits. For example. q young man who
wishes to continue the study Of a foreign
language or bookkeeping or stenography
or any particular line Of study that he
began In the public schools, has an op-
portunity to do SO In the evening or on
Sunday, without giving up his employ
ment.
The continuation schools OF Germany
are. practically the same as the evening
schools In the United States, except that
they are under the control of the inn
perial government and are maintained at
the expense of the nation. A continua-
ton school law. which makes it a duty
Tor all cities OF ten thousand Inhabitants
OF schools. Is now pending
"a
one OF the most important branches
OF the continuation school is for the
benefit of young housewives
domestic who have been. prevented
Co;.ro. from learning the domestic
SSASS' sciences before marriage
because Of their employment in factories
and who have no knowledge Of simple
such as sewing, patching,
mending, handling sewing ma
chimes, cooking, washing. ironing, the
chemistry of food, the nursing Of chill
dren and invalids and other duties of
housewife. The schools are also pa.
by household servants, who
wish to improve their qualifications, and
In many cases they are sent by their
employers. For example, a housewife
may have a servant who is qualified to
do all the domestic work except cook
nary servant a sewing maid of nurse
maid. In a few weeks Of instruction at
the continuation school she is able to
learn q great deal. The continuation
schools are also patronized by the
daughters of merchants, mechanics and
the middle classes generally. who need
in the household arts before
and before assuming the re-
sponsibilities Of hausfraus.
The tendency of the entire German
population is toward technical training,
and the vocational and continuation
schools are established for the purpose
Of providing it in the most convenient
and practical form.
/ have not been able to learn of any