davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1911-02-11

Washington, ID. c.. Feb. 1.-the
proceedings of Congress, what it does
or fails to do during the coming week,
will naturally attract much public at
tention. The session will end three
weeks from today. Apparently Presi.
dent Taft's program is little nearer
enactment than it was on the first
Monday in December, when the ses-
sion began. II anything is to be done
in regard to the great questions de.
handing attention. it is obvious that
it must be done quickly.
President Taft has accepted an in.
vitation to attend the annual dinner OF
the Gridiron club at the New viii.
lard hotel Saturday evening. Justice
Hughes will go to New York on the
same date to be the guest of honor at
the annual dinner of the New York
County Lawyers association. Score
etary Nagei of the Department of Com.
merce and Labor has several engage.
ments TO speak during the week, in
Boston, Akron, and New York City.
Brig. Gen. George y. Davis, who
has been judge advocate general OF
the army for the past ten years. will
be placed on the retired list Tuesday
on account of his age. His retirement
will strike from the active list one OF
the few surviving officers of the civil
war. He will be succeeded as judge
advocate general by Col. Enoch IL
Crowder, the next senior officer OF
the corps. Col. Crowder is native
of Missouri and was graduated from
West Point in 1881.
The torpedo boat Monaghan will be
launched at Newport News Saturday
Miss Ellen Monaghan of Spokane
Washington, Will christen the vessel
She is the sister of the late Ensign
John II. Monaghan. in whose honor
the vessel will be named. Ensign Mon.
Afghan was killed in the Samoan trou.
bles OF 1899.
Branches Of the National Woman
Suffrage association throughout the
country will join Wednesday in paying
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1911-02-11
A FINE TEAM SHOWN
Crack Draft Horses Exhibit
ed by Walter Farlow.

Walter Farlow, living with his faith
er, Homer Farlow, member of the
board of county commissioners, proba-
bly, has the largest team OF four-year-
old draft horses in the county. They
were shown i'll connection with the
corn school at the Coliseum on Fri
day and received much favorable COM
ment as we'll as good rating from
the judges. The team weighs 6,400
pounds, one of the animals weighing
about seventy-five or hundred
pounds more than the other. Both
animals are coal black and make a
decidedly prett, appearance whether
on exhibition in the show ring or in
harness. Mr.. Farlow believes the
horses will weigh close to 1000 pounds
when fully developed.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1911-02-11
This Is My 6SM Birthday
DANIEL CROSBY GREENE.

Daniel Crosby Greene. for more
than forty years "a prominent mission,
ary OF the Congregational church to
Japan. was born In Roxbury. Mass,
February IL. lsiS. After graduating
from Dartmouth college in 1864 he
took fiyc years course Of study AT
Andover theological seminary. lie
was first sent to Japan in 1869 by the
American board Of commissioners for
foreign missions. During his long res.
idencc In the land OF the Mikado Dr.
Greene has devoted much OF his time
TO translation of the Scriptures and OF
Biblical literature into the Japanese
language. For six years he was pro.
fessor OF Old Testament eXegesis In
the university ut Kyoto. and he has
served also as councillor and presi'
dent OF the Asiatic society Of Japan.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1911-02-11
ANNOUNCE PROGRAM
FOR LINCOLN DAY

Eaton, o., Feb. 11.-Final announce
ment OF the program for the Lincoln
Day celebration by Preble county Re-
publicans has been made by commit
tee in charge of the affair. Judge
Abel c. Risinger. of Eaton, will serve
as master of ceremonies and Ed. X.
Clark, of New Paris, as POSTMASTER.
Addresses scheduled on the program
will be delivered by ID. W. Iddings and
Judge Charles Kumler, of Dayton, and
Judge Elan Fisher. OF Eaton. Ex-Gov-
ernor A. l.. Harris heads the list of
those announced for eXtemporaneous
talks. The c. G. Oldfather orchestra.
of this city. will furnish programs of
music. Plates for two hundred will
be laid by Cateress Fredrica Acton, of
this city.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1911-02-11
AMENDMENT FAVORED
To Provide Compensation for
Working Men.
tpalladium Specially

indianapolis, Feb. Ito clear the
way for compulsory compensation for
injured workmen in Indiana, Repre-
sentative Wasmuth of Huntington,
Friday introduced in the house a reso-
luton for an amendment to the state
constitution. The proposed amend
ment would give the general assem-
bly, power ito enact laws to regulate
industrial compensation and to com
pei arbitration and payment without
litigation of all claims for personal
injuries sustained by workmen."
A question has been raised as to
the constitutionality of the compul-
sorry compensation bills now before
the legislature and, Mr.. Wasmuth, who
is fathering one of them wants all
doubt removed by the adoption OF an
amendment to the constitution.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1911-02-11
The II


Sociac fanatical dangerous
against conscience
a talking with
utility a back
Indiana getting mighty tired OF these
Indiana who holding back
and he
OF legislation
legislature 1t which guan
will longer have
granting franchises
allow public
time to the
o public utilities.
that their
in against the referendum
IIerear the ,
Jenkens Kane ksIer Parks
Powers, stotsenberg. Wood-totaI H.
ought to be spotted
they should
which is that OF
their
And politics point
the for election
be bounded and
rights and should
be trusted We hope that
and showing that they are to
for real govern
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1911-02-11
"THLS DATE IN HISTORY"
eRUARY II.


America, born in Massachusetts. Died October 90 1880
combustibiity Of
OF New York n Albany
Died Sorrento,
1S36-Mount
of
d Nov.1
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1911-02-11
Crops and CIzxarda ..


Insects are oddly constructed atoms
OF animated nature. as rule. and 1t
depends altogether on the species as
to internal makeup. In bees the crop
Is called the "hcpey bag" Insects with
mandibles usually have modified
form Of the sizzard so typical in the
common barnyard fowl. In some cases
this miniature giZzard Is perfect
wonder shop. its inner surface being
provided with pads" covered with
"horns" and "bristles" in great profu-
sion. The grasshopper's gizzard is
lined with innumerable rows of teeth.
very minute. of course. but we'll devel-
oped, true teeth. nevertheless. The
same may be said Of crickets and 9TH
er insects OF that ilk.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1911-02-11
500 Reward. 500.

The readers of this paper VII be pseased 10 learn
that there Is At least dreaded that seo
has been able IN all its sssGes and thai il
Casarrh. Halls CStarrh CURE the only rossfiv~
cure now known 10 the medical fraternity. CaIarrh
being Constitutional disease. requires cocstisu-
t.eaal treatment. Halls Catarrh Cure Is taken n
ternaliy. acting directly upon the blood and uauccs
surfaces OF the SYSTEM thereby DESTROYING she
foundation Of the disease. and giving the vHssent
ssrength by building up the ccnstutscn and assie.-
las nature Ia doing its work. The prorrtetcrs
much faith In It's curstfrc powers that they cHsr
oae Hundred Dollars fer any case that it fans to
send for list OF testimonials.
Address r, J. CHENEY 4 CO. Toledo, 0.
Sold by all Druggists. 7se
Take Halls Family Pulls for constipation.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1911-02-11
WATER TANK FALLS
KILLING TWO MEN
american News Service)

Memphis Tenn, Feb. 10.-William
Jones and John p. Withers were killed
and fifteen negro employees injured
when a huge water tank on the roof
of the Novelty Candy Company's
building crashed through and wrecked
the rear portion. Fifty girls narrow
" escaped.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1911-02-11
Kaiser Makes q Shreu'd PLQv
to Capture Rich Americans

senser service which will respond to
a telephone cali.
A final decision is expected from
the supreme court in April. The COM
pany bases its hopes on favorable
Judgment on the contention that it
does not compete with the post office.
because its functions is limited to
selling it's boys time TO the public
to make use OF as the public likes. II
this contention is upheld by the judges
the post office must PROCEED against
if not against him against his employ
er.
4 remarkable trial, the outcome of
which will be of great interest to II
number of American art museums and
art collectors. is before the criminal
court of Munich.
The technical director Of the Provin-
cial Museum, Herr BatteuN, and a
dealer in antiquities named lehman,
are charged with offering limitations
of famous Gothic art treasurers for
sale, alleging them to be real,
Hermann, it seems, is not only a
trader, but Il workman of unsurpass-
ed skill. BatteauX was in the habit OF
lending his works of art; stone and
wood carvings, chiefly from the Pro
vincial Museum, to be copies. There
copies Hermann sold at high prices as
originals, and. ii is alleged divided the
proceeds with BatteauX.
But the charges in the indictment
are even worse. Not only did Bat
teuX give out these treasures to be
copied but in some cases when the
copies We're accepted he left the ori
ginals with lehman. SO perfect
were these copies that the Crown has
had to subpoena several of the leading
art authorities in Germany to prove
that the copies and not the originals
were returned to the museum.
Hermann found his most profitable
customers in America. 1t is alleged
that numerous American museums are
the proud possessors of early Gothic
carvings fabricated in Hermann s
workshop.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1911-02-11

= a4lni>teI aua :. .,ndioru IN town
In = ,M,and wrr. talking matters over
abost u pcr~oa who WISHED To become
one Of the Mtter's tenants.
"Moraliy be- Is sound. but financial.
y he is weak" said the minister.
"Ah. weel." replied the landlord. "in
that case he's q guild enough sitter for
you. but no for me-" And the nego-
tiations were declared of.-Londop
Telegraph.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1911-02-11
10 make FIN Harry.

Old Peterby is rich ana stiu-y L.
the event of his death his nerhew j
to inherit his property. 4 friend -.
the family said 10 the old gentleman
Il hear your nephew is going to mar
~. On that occasion you ought to Dc
something to make him happy"
Il WILL" said Mr.. Peterby; I'm pre-
tend that am dangerously iIL"-Lon
don Telegraph. 81 b
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1911-02-11

George Edward Woodward, of Bal
timore, is still a champion skater at
the age of seventy-eight. He has used
the same pair of skates for siXty-four
years and with them can cut fancy
figures OH the ice so swiftly and cas-
lily that younger competitors admit
his superior skill.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1911-02-11
REST AND HEALTH TO MOTHER AND cHllp.

MRS. W1nsLow's SOOTHING SYRUP has been
used for over SIXTY YEARS by MILLIONS of
MOTHERS for their CHILDREN WHILE
TEETHINC;, with PERFECT SUCCESS. 1t
SOOTHES the CHILD, SOFTENS the G UMS,
ALLAYS all PAIN; CURES WIND collie, and
is the best remedy for DIARRHQsA. 1t is alb
solute1y harmless. Be and ask for MRS.
Winsio,v's Soothing syrup" and take other
kind. Twenty-Five cents a bottle.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1911-02-11

Smelling iron ore by electricity is
a success in Norway, where the in
dustry is coming to the front.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1911-02-11

ST. Petersburg, Russia, has twelve
commercial schools, the admission be
ing restricted to boys.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1911-02-11

old young in spirits. 1t is won
and cure of consumption, pneu
colds, asthma, malaria, low-fever,
stomach troubles and all wasting,
weakened conditions, if taken in
time and as directed.
CAUT1oE.-When you ask your druggist,
grocer or dealer for Dudy's Pure Malt
Whisky, be sure you get the genuine. It il
an absolutely pure medicinal malt vhiskey
and is sold IN SEALED BOTTLES ONLY
never in bulk. Look for the trademark, the
''old Chemist on the label, and make sure
the seal over the cork is unbroken Price
800 . large bottle. Write Medical Depart
Ment, TIE Duty Malt Whisky Co.,
Rochester. n. r., for an illustrated medical
Booklet containing Testimonials and rules for
health, and Doctors advice, both sent free.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1911-02-11
DuffV's Pure Malt Whiskey

youth stl1uant OF
strengtgvers aids destroying disease
and by its building and healing properties assists in restoring
tissues in gradual healthy natural thus keeping the
old young spirits. 1t wonderful remedy in the prevention
and of consumption, pneumonia grippe bronchitis coughs
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1911-02-11

Berlin's messenger boys service in.
Toduced flve years ago, is threatened
with extinction under the heavy foot
Of the Imperial post office. Herr
Rraetke, the Postmaster-General,I looks
upon the modest revenue of the mes.
senger boy company as Ahab looked
on Naboth's vineyard. and is constant
ly scheming, with the help of the
courts, to annex this struggling con-
Germ 10 his own vast domain.
He is prosecuting this case legally
on the ground that the post office has
the monopoly OF letter carrying
throughout the Empire and admins
tratively by establishing a postal mes.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1911-02-11

Entered nc Richmond. Indiana. post
office as second class mail matter.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1911-05-23
||RRE GULAR|TY ON
STOCK MARKET
PRICE CHANGES AT OPENING IN
Dictated FRACTIONAL LOSSES
But MARKET SOON
BECOMES STEADY.

NEW YORK, May 23.-There was
moderate irregularlty in the early
trading on the stock exchange to-day.
with mum Der of issues showing small
losses, while others ranged slightly
higher. Missouri Pacific declined to
40 Ia. Union Pacific fell 5-8. Read
ing, Steel common and Rock Island
receded about L.. ~Amalgamated and
American Shelters made fractional
gains. AT the end of fifteen minutes
the market was steady.
Renewed pressure during the last
half of the forenoon forced Steel
common below so.
strong tone developed in the
last half of the first hour and some
substantial advances were established.
Governmen bonds are unchanged {;
other bonds strong.
The market was active In the af-
ternoon but price movements we're in
nearly cases toward lower figures and
the tone was weaker than at any time
during the past week
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1911-05-23
DISMISSED CLERK
MAKES GRAVE CHARGE

WASHINGTON. D. c.. May as
Carl c. vandyke, of St. Paul, dismiss
ed from the railway mail service on
April II because of "pernicious ac-
tivity" In connection with the proposed
railway clerks union. was witness
before the House committee on re-
form In the civil service to-day In
the hearings on the Lloyd bin to
permit unionization Of Federal en-
ployes.
Violation OF the postal laws was
charged against two postal inspectors
by the witness. He testiiied that the
INSPECTORS opened . package Of mail
at Fargo. n. D.. and copied the pro-
posed charter of this cierks'@ orsurii-
zation. Van Dyke declared he had
sworn out warrants for these two
men. but that the district attorney
had refused to serve them so far, ex.
planning that he would submit the
matter to the grand jury. He assert
ed that scant attention was paid by
the postoffice to the complaints Of
the clerks.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1911-05-23

WASHINGTON. May 2s.-Subpoe-
mas were issued by the House COM
mittee on expenditures in the Post
Once Department.; Charles II.
Kramm. also of the auditors office,
and Disbursing Agent w. Fl. Moo
ney.
The witnesses will be required to
testimony in regard 20 the expense
accounts turned in by a committee Of
postmasters designated to purchase
tim recorders for the department.
Representative Ashbrook Demo
craft, OF Ohio. chairman of the com
mittee, stated to-d1y that decision
as to whether Attorney Louis d,
Brandeis. OF Boston. would aid the
committee In it's probe OF postal at
fairs rested with Braudeis himself. He
said that he expected to hear definite
iy from Brandeis within a few DAYS.
He has offered to assist the commit
tee and serve without compensatt ton.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1911-05-23
LA TOILETTE IS
PLAYING L0R|MER
Wisconsin Senator Resumes
Speech in Favor of Sec
ond Investigation

WASHINGTON. May 23.-when
the Senate session was begun this az
ternoon. Senator La Toilette (Rspub-
lican), OF Wisconsin. resumed his
speech on the Lorimer case There
was = big attendance Of senator's and
spectators attracted by the chance
that there might be vote on the
question OF ordering q new investi-
CATION OF the Illinois statesman.
That Lorimer would again be plac-
ed on the rack was practically the
unanimous opinion Of the senators.
Progressives stroqglx favored, the
passage OF La rollette's resolution
which provided Off q special commit
tee sef new senator's who swere named
In the resolution to conduct an inyes-
tigation. but were forced to admit
that in Its original form at least Il
could not be passed. Conservatives
on both siaes looked with disfavor on
the proposition that q single member
should name a committee and they
would vote together to prevent such
an innovation In the customs of the
Senate.
Amendments to his resolution pro-
missed by La Toilette were awaited
with interest, but without much hope
on the part Of hts friends that they
would make IT. passage possible. i
La Toilette. however. by pressing
matters ensured an Investigation. In
sordse that there should be no ap-
pearance of reflection on the commit
tee which conducted the nrst inquiry,
the chairman. Dillingham (R.pubM-
can), Of Vermont. introduced . sub.
stltpte 1oE tho - Toilette SAenlutioa
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1911-05-23
CHARTERS GRANTED
BY COMMISSION

International Supply Company. II
corporated. Norfolk, Va. Incorpora~
tors: G.. Edwin Lewis, presidcnf.
Rockville. Md; G. {, Lewis. vice.
president. Rockville. Md; G. w. De-
Wis. secretary and treasurer, Norfolk,
Va. Capital stock; Maximum. $6os@
900: minimum, $4,000. Objects al
purposes; Drug business.
The Leesburg and washington Good
Roads Association. Incorporate0gI
Leesburg, Va. Incorporators: n. N
Harper. president; W. r. Hibbs, vice.
president; F. Z. Saunders, treasurors
II. II. Trundle. secretary--all 81
Leesburg, Va Capital stock: MARt-s
mum. $4,000; minimum. SIS, 00o.
Objects and purposes; Good roads g..
ISOLATION.
Princess Anne Inn Corporaticn. NJ
Norfolk. Va. Incorporators: q. TO
Meredith. president; John u. Gordoi
secretary and treasury g. w. Htntun
Norfolk Va. Capital stock: MI0sss
mum. $1,000. minimum, $500. o.
jecta and purposes. Operate q, restnlns
rant.
Thornrose Fruit Farm, Incorpcra1
ed. Waynesboro, Va. Incorporates
J. S. Bridge. president, Sherando, WE
Meo CcCraig, vice president. 49,
City. Va; J. y. McAlne, zecro&n3TH
Basic City. Va. Capital stock: MnNs
mum. s25, 900: minimum, 5000. o.
jee,s aHsi purf.osess~ Operate - fxS
farm. 49, az. & Ss@
Active Fishing Company, Inc&R3
rated. kimarnock, Va. IncOrnol
tors: ]. M. Brent. president: 81.
Chase, vice-president: f. ~. ca
secretary. r. w. Chiffon. Jr.--nif
Kilmarnock. Va. Capital stock:
imum. 5000; minimum, $1,000.
jects and purposes; Fish bustn9a
J. X. Walker Cigar Manufartu
Company, Incorporated. HoAI<
City. Va. Incorporators: ]. X. w.
er. president; w. r.. Fowikea IN
president: J. J. Scott. .secretMr3
treasurer-all Of Bedford City. M
Capital stock: Maximum. 3losu
minimum, $1,000. Objects AM
poses: Cigar manufacturers. FT5S
Criterion Theatre Corp0ratlo4
folk. Va. Incorporators: n. -
heimer. president, Richmond.
s. Hirschler. vtce-presidcnt. N0@
Earle 8. Gray, secretary.
Capital stock: Max1mum, t1n
minimum. $4,000. Objecto ~
poses: Operate : theatre
IL
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1911-05-23
.uTTLE7ON SCORES
RECALL Of JUDGES
Continued from First Page.)

Continued from First Page)
superficial sentiment OF the com
munity."
Houston Voices Opposition.
Representative Houston Demo
craft. OF Tennessee, started the day
by vofcing his opposition 10 the re-
call of the judges as embodied In
the Arizona constitution Represen-
tative Mcclure (Republican), OF Okla
homa, declared that the Arizona In
strument was incomplete He ASSERT
ed that the State of Oklahoma had
been gerrymandered'' To give the
Democrats greater represents ton. He
said that 1t was the most Infamous
scheme ever planned"
Representative Ferris fDemocrat)
OF Oklahoma, denied the clergyman
der.
Representative Mccall (Repubit-
CAM. OF Massachusetts. attacked the
Arizona recall plan and particularly
as applied to the Judiciary.
Representative Saunders Demo
craft. OF Virginia, defended the initia-
tive. referendum and recall. He said
that the experience Of the States In
which those reforms had been tried
to show that their application brough,
about a Republican government in Its
highest and best form.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1911-05-23
..RRlbE TRIAL ON
At COLUMBUS

COLUMBUS. o.. May 23.-The FRS,
or the bribery trials OF indicted Ohio
legislators was begun to-day when
Representative George Nye was piac-
ed on trial on the indictment charg-
Ing him with having solicited a $500
bride from State Printer Crawford
to support the bill ousting Judge Blair.
who conducted the famous Adams
county probe.
Nye's attorneys Will bring out that
there was long standing political
luminosity between Crawford and Nye,
and that Nye would hardly have solf-
cited a bride from his enemy.
The senate bribery Investigating
committee was. 1t had been charged,
appointe dto enable guilty members
of the legislature to take an i'm
munity bath, to-day announced that
1t would send four newspaper men
to jail for refusing to testify.
The Richmond Virginian. (Richmond, Va.) 1910-1920, 1911-05-23

WASHINGTON, o. c., May 23.--A
resolution declaring that John .. Rock
efeIlsr John D. Arohboid and all the
other personal defendants in the Stand.
ard OIL Case are subject to Grimm al
prosecution under the decision Of the
Supreme Court Of the United States
was introduced in tho Senate this af-
tsrnoon by Senator Ponerens, (Dem.),
Of Ohio.
II instructed the Attorney General to
report whether criminal proceedings
"have been or will be started aaains st
them.
Pomerene set forth that the supreme
court in its decision decreed that the
Standard Oil Company, thirty three
constituent corporations, and seven in
dividual standardization D Roche
Teller. William Rockefeller, Henry H.
Rogers, Henry NJ. F1agler. John d.
Archbold. Oliver H. Payne and Charles
NJ. Pratt have united together to form
and effect a combination and conspred
to monopolize and have nonopoiized
81 substantial part OF the commerce
among the States in restraint Of inter-
state trade, in violation of the Sherman
anti trust law
He added:
under the provisions OF the act IL
the defendants or any OF them. has
@ttSA~A 4litO IL vi iAAbJtp-
oily In restraint of trade. they are
amenable to criminal prosecution
The resolution says:
That the Attorney General OF the
United States be, and is hereby d.
rected to inform the Senate what. IL
any, prosecutions have been begun or
are now pending against the Standard
on Company OF New Jersey or the con-
stituent companys or individual de-
fe.ya 3ar 49,. -
for violations OF sections one or two
Of the Sherman antitrust law"
The Pomerene resolution was adopt
ed by the Senate without debate.