The Detroit times., 1911-04-29
IS
OVER CENTURY OLD
Discovered by Bohemian in 1895
But Last 20 Years Show Great
Improvements.

! TYPOGRAPHY was discovered by
Alloys Senefelder, who was born at
Prague, the capital OF Bohemia, In
iii. The discovery dates probably
from 1896. when Senefelder's atten-
ton was drawn to the properties OF
photographic stone by singular oc-
currence.
One day while experimenting and
having only well-polished photographic
stones, his mother came into the room
and asked him to write out a bill for
the washer-woman. Having no paper
or pen at hand he jotted down the
items OF the bill on the clean stone,
using for this purpose the ink he had
prepared as an etching ground, which
was composed OF waxsoap and lamp
black. Some time later when going
to rub the writing from the stone. It
occurred to Senefelder that he might
etch IL In relief and II necessary. Il
might prove an easy method OF get
ting his musical pieces printed.
would say here that he was
playwright and publisher OF music, and
being very poor he had difficulty In
getting the money with which to pub
lish his compositions.
His attention had previously been
drawn to the fact that no one of the
photographic stones, which we're then
used as hearth stones In that country
AS the stones were very plentiful
and frequently used for that purpose.
and were susceptible of being grained
and polished-a bowl of porridge had
been split and he noticed afterwards
that where the poridge had been
split the stone remained clean,
but gradually 1t attracted the grease
and dirt, which gave II stain differ
ent in appearance from the portion
where the porridge had been split on
the stone. He conducted his expert
nents with great patience and perse-
verance, and finally a new discovery
dawned upon him-lithography.
His first experiments were by plac-
ing his work on stone, and etching II
so as to raise these portions of the
stone in relief, making what is called
high etching" out he soon found the
real principle In lithography, which
was, In short. daub OF grease on a
clean polished stone would receive
printing ink and refuse water. while
the other parts of the stone that were
not affected by the grease would re-
tain moisture and refuse to take on
ink, the natural principle of the mu-
tual repulsion of grease and water
coming into play. And this Is prac-
tically the secret of TYPOGRAPHY, as
our printing Is done on an absolutely
fiat surface, having neither cavity nor
projection.
Senefelder continued his expert
ment and he constructed rude wood
en- press and was his own artist and
printer for time.
He tried to get aid from the Ger
man government to develop the In
dustry, but was unsuccessful; he, how
ever, turned his attention to the
French government, who appropriate
ed 100000 for the purpose of pro-
noting the enterprise, and this was
the means of first making the industry
practicable. From this time on lith-
ography appears to have gradually
gained in use, and finally, in the year
1910, photographic color printing was
brought out in London, and its first
appearance produced great sensa-
ton. A number Of lithographic es-
adjustments were opened, not only
in England, but also in France and
Germany, and although the finest col
or work appears to have been done In
| London, yet the trade grew in Ger
many more than in any other country.
In proportion to its population, II
may be said that Germany leads In
the greatest number OF photographic
establishments of any country In the
world.
l would say here that lithographic
stones had been used by the Turks
many years previous to this time, in
the construction Of their mosques. II
was their favor!te stone and used
more than any other stone.
Within the last twenty years great
improvements have been made in
photographic machinery, especially the
"multi-color" pres, which prints q
L.. ~