davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Birmingham age-herald., 1911-12-03

 in the southeast, below the brilliant Orion. The second, which is less than half as bright, will be seen due east, a little farther from the ground than Sirius. Both Sirius and Procyon are great suns: the first is three times as heavy as our own sun, while the second weighs six times as much. And around each of these larger suns a smaller sun Is revolving, so that each of the Dog stars is a wonderful double sun system. Each of the smaller suns is about as large as our own sun, but for some reason they. are very much fainter; the companion of Sirius is emitting but one n-thousandth part as much light as Sirius itself, while that of Procyon is even fainter. These bodies seem indeed to be approaching extinction; soon they will doubtless be- come cool and quite dark, and thus add two more to the vast number of dark suns which our reason tells us must ex- isl in space.
 Measuring the Brightness of the Dog
 Stars
 Both Sirius and Procyon are so near us that in our larger telescopes we can see their positions in the sky visibly change as our earth traverses its great path around the sun. By carefully meas uring how much they seem to move when
 
 readily find how far away from us they are in miles. But their distances, as is the case with all distances from star to star in the great cloud of suns around us are found to be so enormous that a special method of describing them must be employed. ia ''' As many of our readers doubtless know, astronomers tell how great the distances between the stars are by telling how long a time would be required for light to pass from one of the stars to another. It Is known that light traverses the enor- nous distance of 186. 330 miles in single second: speed so great that in one second a beam of light would move around our earth nearly eight times. Could we start from our sun and travel outward with this velocity, we would arrive at the world Mercury in about three minutes, and at our own earth in about eight minutes. One and onefhird seconds after this we would pass our moon, but not unti labout four hours had elapsed would we reach Neptune, the outermost known world of our solar sys- tenn. Here we might we'll hesitate be- fore venturing into the cold and nearly empty space which lies beond. For after leaving the warmth and life of our solar system, we, would have to pursue our journey for no less than four and one third years before we arrived at that star of the sky which of all the stars is the very nearest to our sun. Had we directed our course toward Sirius we would not have arrived ti1ere until eight and one-third years after starting, while the journey to Procyon would have re- rni~ed no. less than nine years and one half.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1911-12-03
NAME DELEGATES TO
 GO TO WASHINGTON
Fraternal and Good Roads Organiza- tions Will Meet De-
 cember II

The Alabama Good Roads association has named delegates to the meeting called in Washington by the fraternal bodies of the United States for December II, for the purpose of organizing and secur- roads in the United States. The con- vention will assemble representatives of the state road associations, the Masons. Elks, Knights of Pythias, Odd Fellows and many other fraternal bodies.
 The Alabama congressman and sena- tors have been named as delegates, in- surfing an attendance of several prom inent men of this state at this meeting, and Secretary J.. A. Rountree of this city has been appointed member of the advisory board of the convention.
 The following delegates have been se- octed by the Alabama Good Roads as- Dciation and have been urged to attend:
 Senator John IT. Bankhead, Senator ] Joseph r. Johnston, Congressman George w. Taylor, $. II. Dent, Thomas Helin, ! r. l.. Blackmon. Henry D. Clayton, R. F. Hobson. John L. Burnett, Judge VII liam Richardson. Oscar W. Underwood: John Craft of Mobile. R. E. Spragins of Huntsville, V. E. Atkins of Selma, w. s. Keller of Montgomery, E. B. Martin of Martin Station. J. A. Rountree of Birmingham w.. T. Brown of Ragland, John w.. Overton of Wedowee, J. M. 7Kyser of Albertvile, Judge William skeggs of Decatur, Leon Clay of Selma, John w. o'Neill of Birmingham. Dr. D.. D. Thomas of Thomaston, Judge E. B.. Deason of Cianton, Col l.. w. Johns of Birmingham, l.. A. Whitehead of Bir- iningham.~ ". P. G. Harding of Birninr- ham. Ignatius Polak of Cullman,' Judge !. F. Camp of Talladega. Hon. C. B.. smith, Montgomery. Hon. J. O. Thompson of Birmingham. Clarendon Davis of Huntsville, Dr. Jacob Kaplin of Selma
The Birmingham age-herald., 1911-12-03
OAKLEY IN BIRMINGHAM
Finds Alabama People Favor Under-
 wood First and All the Time

James c. Oakley president of the state convict board, was in Birmingham for several hours yesterday. morning, dis charging the business of the state as it concerns his department
 "The department Is running along In first rate order" stated MT. Oakley. He did not discuss the intention or the Ten nessee company to abandon the employ ment of convicts on January 1.
 ,'I find" said MT. Oakley that the people of Alabama are heartily in favor of Underwood for the presidency, and that the idea of giving expression to a second choice is decidedly unpopular"
The Birmingham age-herald., 1911-12-03

Sirius, is :, about eight times as bright as
 Finding the Distance to the Milky Way
 Both Cirrus and Procyon are among our very nearest neighbors among the
 stars. Altogether there are less than 100 suns so near us that their positions seem to change as we view them from our moving earth; all the rest are so enormously remote that we do not
 see them displaced at all even when we
 journey the great distance of 18o,00o.- 900 miles, from one side of our sun to the other. Is there any way
 in which we can estimate the distance to these remote stars, and especially can we learn anything of the distance of the millions of faint stars which compose the densest part of the Milky Way?
 There are many ways of doing this, of which perhaps the clearest Is the following: We have seen that if our sun were placed where Sirius now is | it would look only one thirty-third as bright as that star. Similarly we can compare its brightness with each one of the stars whose distance from us is known. We find that while some of these stars are brighter and some faint CT than our sun, yet on the whole they are considerably brighter. That Is, our sun is fainter than the average of all stars whose brightness we know. If we regard star which Is just as bright as the average of all of these ctars as a sort of typical sun, we can readily find
 just how far away from us it would
 have to be placed that it might appear
 as faint to us as the average of the
 stars in the Milky Way.
 When the computation is made 1t is
 found that the great mass of stars
 which form the background, or floor, of the Milky Way, are no less than 1000
 light years away from us That Is, the light with which we view them tonight
 started on its journey toward us 4000 years ago. This is the approximate dis tance of the great mass of stars of the Milky Way. The distances of many of
 the excessively faint stars, which can
 only be detected by a long exposure of a delicate photographic plate, are most
 probably even enormously greater than this; indeed, we have no evidence that there is any limit whatever to the won- derful universe of suns around us. The Planets
 Mercury reaches its greatest distance cast of the sun on December z. and may be detected on a few evenings before and after this date, shining in the twi- | light glow, low in the southwest l Both Venus and Jupiter are now morn | ing stars and shine out most brilliantly in | the southeast for about three hours be- | fore sunrise. Toward the end of the month the two bright and most inter-
The Birmingham age-herald., 1911-12-03

A number of important cases are docketed for Monday in these courts
 In the first division of the city court Judge c. c. Nesmith will sit on the non-Jury cases set for that day. In the second and third divisions of the same court Judge Charles w. Fergu- son and Judge Sharpe will take up the jury dockets in their respective courts.
 There are many important cases on the dockets of all the courts and they will have busy grind until the ad- journment for the Christmas holidays.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1911-12-03

vestigations into the alleged misuse of the malls led to the indictment of MT. Knight. The postal officials will have at the trial several prominent New York bankers and employees of various eastern banking houses who handled alleged fake bills of lading which are said to have been issued in connection with the business of Knight, Yancey & Co.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1911-12-03
Cotton Receipts Small

Huntsville, December e.>tSpecial)- - Receipts of cotton have been smaller during the last week than during the week before because of the unusually cold weather. but 1t is believed that the number of bales sold has been larger Many of he farmers have become dia- conraxedss and are selling the cotton that they have been holding for higher prices. The warehouses here are still full of>cotton. however
The Birmingham age-herald., 1911-12-03
Heir to Big Fortune

Nashville, December 2.-L. J. Kadel. member of a local firm of timers, today received cablegram from Spain, an- nouncing that he was heir to fortune of s3S0, 900 and 2o0O acres of land near Madrid, by the death there of an uncle, J. M. Kadel. former Nashville resident. He leaves for Spain at once.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1911-12-03

estng planets will be seen very near to- gether; the more swiftly moving Venus will overtalSe and pass north of Jupiter on January 9.
 Mars and Saturn remain In the most fa- vorable possible position for observation, and the possessor of small telescope should not fail to examine these beauti- ful worlds on some of the clear evenings of this month while they remain near opposition. The north polar cap of Mars now covers a very large area of the planet, and both this and the markings will be plainly visible on any evening when the seeing is good. From now on, both worlds will draw away from our earth; not for more than two years from now can Mars again be seen so well as at present. tiSs M
 Neptune is in Gemini in the position shown on Figure 1. Uranus is in the constellation Sagitarius, too near the sun to be seen during this month.
 On the evening. of December the near ly full moon will be seen to pass so close to Mars that 1t will seem almost to graze the planet. As viewed from a large part of the earth our satellite will pass over the planet and hide 1t from view. Even in those countries where this is not seen to occur the two bright bodies so near together will form a striking and most in- teresting figure in the sky.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1911-12-03

fe movements are rather large in vol ume see that the iron market in Bir- mingham seems to be somewhat more lively than in the past and that holds out business hope for Birmingham"
The Birmingham age-herald., 1911-12-03
THE HEAVENS IN DECEMBER

 The Full Brightness the Finding the of
The Birmingham age-herald., 1911-12-03

Figure 3. Present appearance of the planet Mars. From drawing made November II, 1911. (The areas marked G are of greenish color 1; those marked R are the redish re- gions. The polar cap is a brilliant white.)
The Birmingham age-herald., 1911-12-03

more distant, is clearly much fainter thar Sirius. is about eight times as bright as the sun. A r
The free lance. (Fredericksburg, Va.) 1885-1926, 1911-08-19

~ ard Thomson. Genl. Manager.
I nur.lo.'h. Genl. Freight q Pass. ARt.. Balti-
M re- Oct. 18th, 1910.
The free lance. (Fredericksburg, Va.) 1885-1926, 1911-08-19
DAY IN CONGRESS
Democrats to Allow Vote
on Cotton Bill.
WILL PASS THE FREE list
Measure Reducing Tariff on Wool
Goes TO President and Veto is
Expected Statehood Bill
is Up Again.

Washington, Aug. 1.-THE Demo
cratic senatorial caucus agreed TO let
the cotton bill come to a vote In the
senate and to accept the Lafollet'e
amendment modifying the steel ana
iron schedule.
Senate and house leaders sought 70
agree on the farmers free list aud
send It to the president for his ex-
pected veto. Immediately upon Sena'
tor IaFollette reporting tho confer
ence disagreement on the two amend
mcnts the senate asked for another
conference
The Kern amendment adopted by
the senate limited the importation OF
meat and cereal products to those
countries with which tho United
States shall have reciprocal trade
agi cements.
As soon as the free list report
reached the house Democratic Leader
Underwood said he would move that
the house agree to the Kern senate
amendment and recede from It's lemon
amendment Action by the house how
ever, was delayed by other business.
The free lance. (Fredericksburg, Va.) 1885-1926, 1911-08-19
Southern Railway.

N. r. Following schedule figures published
Information. and are net guaranteed.
Schedule effective May %. 1911.
Trains leave Washington from New UnItn
Station.
1.S0 a. m. Daily-Local for Warrenton. Danyille
and way stations.
$50 a. m. Daily Local for Harrisonburg. Va.
800 a. m. Daily-Uni States Fast Mai.
First-class coaches and drawing room, sleeping
ears to Birmingham q New Orleans. Dining car
service.
1886 D. m. Week Days Limited for Harrison
burg. Parlor car 10 HarrisOnburg.
AIS .. m. Daily - Birmingham Special.
Through coaches and sleeping cars 10 Brming-
ham. Dining car service. Tourist car 10 Cali
fornia Monday. Wednesday IhursdAy' Friday
and Saturday.
40 D. m. Week Days Local for Harrisonburs
and way stations on Manassas Branch.
40 .. m. Daily Limited for Warrenton and
Charlottesville.
4.55 D. m.-IOcal for WsrrentOn.
Limited. Through Pullman drawing room.
sleeping cars. coaches and dining cars for
Greensboro, Durham. Raleigh. Charlotte.
Columbia, Charleston. Aiken. Augusta. Sayan-
1910 D. m. Daily-New York and Chattanooga
Lin ted (yia Lynchburg) First class coach and
sleeping cars 70 Roanoke. Knoxville. Chattanooga.
sleeping car 10 New Orleans. Dining-caK service
iO:45 D. m. Daily-New York. Atlanta and New
Orleans Lmited-All Pullman trains. club and OBJ
servation cars 10 New Orleans; sleeping cars 10
A sheyille. Atlanta New Orleans. Sleeping car 70
Charlotte. Dining-car service.
4:l0 a. m. Daily Memphis Special. Through
sleeping cars and coaches TO Roanoke. Knoxville.
Chattanooga. Nashville and Memphis. Washing
ton sleeping car open 1000 o. m. Dining car
arvice.
Through trains from the South arrive Washing
ton 6i5 a. n CID m 5a53 am. lO:4Q a. m. daily;
7:45 pm, and 1920 D. l2:lb N. daily Harrison
burg ll:55 a. m. week days aud BIS p. N. daily.
From Charlottesville, $50 M 2s3O p. m. and 7:fb
D. m. Local from Warrenton arrives $40 q. m.
week days.
Trains leave Richmond: l0:i5 a. m. and HAS o
m. Daily Express for all points South.
6:l0 a. m. Daily Local fer Danvie. Charlotte.
800 y. m. except SUNDAY. Localfo Durham.
Raleigh.
500 D. IN. except Sunday. Local for keysVl ..
600 a. m. except Sunday and l:l6 o. m. hontAs.
Wednesday and Friday for West Point
$50 D. m except Sunday. for West Point. eOn.
Meeting with York River Line for Baltimore. Mo -
day, Wednesday and Friday.
Tickets, sleeping-car reservations, and detalled
Information can be had at ticket Office. lOo 18th
ST. N. w. 900 st. N. w.. and New Union
Station. Baggage checked through from hotsia
and 70 Il fences. Cab service.
H. COAPMAN, Vice es& Gen. Man.
s. II. HARDWlCk. Pass. Traiic Mgr.
H.P. CARY. Gen. Pass. Agent.
l. s. BROW General Agent.
Washington. ID. c.
!, r Burgess. ID p. A..
Richmond. Va.
The free lance. (Fredericksburg, Va.) 1885-1926, 1911-08-19
CANDIDATES CARDS
Spotsylvania

To the voters OF Spotsylvania Co:
Fellow-citizens: At the request
of friends hereby announce myself
a candidate for Commissioner OF
Revenue for CORTLAND District. sub
ject to the Democratic primary to
be held Sept. z. Should II be your
pleasure to elect me to said office,
hope by n faithful and impartial
discharge OF the duties pertaining
to said office to give satisfaction to
all.
Respectfully,
NJ /, Young
The free lance. (Fredericksburg, Va.) 1885-1926, 1911-08-19

70 the Voters OF Stafford County:
have been connected with the
clerks office of your county for a
period OF AZ years last May II takes
almost a life time to make a good
clerk, it being the only office in
the gift OF the people of the county
that takes years OF training to
make perfect. II the people get one
they approve of they should retain
him. II he don't meet the require
ments of the office, the sooner they
get rid of him the better.
In my administration of the office
have known no party sect or creed,
but have tried to serve all. As to
my personal political convictions,
man is not half a man, who has
none, and IL influenced by others
he becomes nothing but a creature.
1. therefore, yield mine to no one.
The experience | have had for al
most a half century think fits
me as no other person to fill the
office TO the satisfaction OF the
whole people.
| hope | have not sounded my
own praises too highly. but have
stated what | believe to be facts.
ask you to give this matter due
consideration and vote for me for
your clerk at the next November
election
Respectfully,
C. A. Bryan.
Stafford, Va, June %.
The free lance. (Fredericksburg, Va.) 1885-1926, 1911-08-19
To the Voters of Stafford and Kin
George.

To the Voters of Stafford and King
George:
At the solicitation Of many
voters both in King George and
Stafford, and those who are repre-
sentatives OF our best ag-
ricultural sections. | have decided
to enter the race for the House OF
Delegates, and do hereby declare
myself a candidate for the nomina-
ton. subject to the Democratic pri-
mary to be held Sept. 7th, 1911.
II elected to the office | VIII
discharge my duties In an efficient
and business-like way. am in raw
or of improving the conditions OF
our public schools and our public
highways and TO promote such steps
generally as will advance our Agri-
cultural and Horticultural condi-
lions.
Whit ID. Peyton.
The free lance. (Fredericksburg, Va.) 1885-1926, 1911-08-19
j27Itd

To the Citizens of Spotsylvania
County:
Having been urged by many voters
from all parts OF the county rep
resenting both parties, have decid-
ed to become a candidate for Treas
urer OF Spotsylvania county at the
general election TO be held Novem-
Der 7, 1911.
Before | became sheriff of the
county / was deputy treasurer for
many years and am familiar with
the treasurer's duties and under
stand and appreciate his responsible
ties
Should you see proper to bestow
this office upon me, shall appre-
clate the honor and endeayor to dis
charge its uuties to the best inter
ests OF all the people, with special
favors to no party, ring or clique.
but with equal rights and justice to
all, shall strive to continue worthy
of your confidence.
Very sincerely yours,
]. p. TURNKEY,
Sunlight, Va.
The free lance. (Fredericksburg, Va.) 1885-1926, 1911-08-19
Caroline

To the voters Of Caroline county, Va:
respectfully announce myself a
candidate for the Office of Sheriff sub
ject to the action Of the Democratic
primary on Sept. Z, 1911, and solicit
the support of my fellow citizens,
promising if elected to faithfully and
impartially discharge the duties Of the
office to the best Of my ability.
Respectfl y.
td r. b. Collins.
The free lance. (Fredericksburg, Va.) 1885-1926, 1911-08-19
THIRTY YEARS TOGETHER.

Thirty years of association NJ think Of
it. How the merit of good thing stands
out in that time-or the worthlessness
of a bad one. SO there's no guesswork
in this evidence of Thos. Ariss, Concord,
Mich, who writes: 81 have used DIR:
Kings New Discovery for 80 years, and
it's the best cough and cold cure ever
used" Once it finds entrance in home
you can't pry it out. It's the most in
fallible throat and lung medicine on
earth. Unequalled for lagrippe, asthma,
hay-fever, Group, quinsy or sore lungs.
Price SOC, $l.0O. Trial bottle free. Guar
anteed by M. NJ. Lewis.
The free lance. (Fredericksburg, Va.) 1885-1926, 1911-08-19
the Democratic primary to be held
Sept. 7, 1911.
Respectfully yours,
Peter Street
ro ,hn vniers Of Stafford County.

FelIow-eitizens: At the solicitation
of nv friends hereby announce myself
a candidate for the Office of the Com
missioner of Revenue for District No.
composed of HARDWOOD and Falmouth,
to be voted for at the general election
to be held in November. Should it be
your pleasure to elect me to said office
I shall fulfill the duties Of said office to
the best of my ability and according to
law. NJ. K. Courtney,
tn7 HARDWOOD, Va.
The free lance. (Fredericksburg, Va.) 1885-1926, 1911-08-19
stole 500 to See the World.

Trenton, N. j., Aug. II. - George
McGinnis, an eleven-year-old boy. hail
ing from Darby, Pa, was picked up
on the street here He had S94 about
his person. which he said had been
given him to come to this city and
visit his aunt. After a night in jail he
boy admitted that he had stolen 500
from his grandfather and had started
out TO see the world.
The free lance. (Fredericksburg, Va.) 1885-1926, 1911-08-19
Wool Bill Veto Soon.

Speaker Clark and Vice President
Sherman signed the wool bill which
passed the house Monday and the sen
ate Tuesday. It now goes TO the White
House for the presidents action. He
will return IT. with a veto.
President Taft hopes to have ready
his message 10 send 20 the house to
day or tomorrow The message Is prac-
tloally complete now.
There was renewed effort In both
houses To obtain affirmative action In
the interest of statehood for Arizona
and New Mexico before the close OF
the special session.
Senator Smith. Of Michigan, chair
man OF the committee on territories,
has bill pending which eliminates
the recall of judges from the Arizona
constitution. and the present EFFORT is
to concentrate upon that measure.
Mr.. Smith was notified by Chairman
Flood. OF the house committee, that he
was prepared to cooperate with the
senate committee. The house commit
tee appointed a subcommittee TO meet
with the senate committee
The house committee had n spirited
discussion. I'm which several OF the
Democratic members declared that
President Taft had by his veto made a
notional issue out OF the recall propo-
Sltion.
Chairman Flood says the majority
Of the committee favor attempting to
pass the present bill over the presi'
dents veto II a compromise cannot be
reached.
Both the senate and house commit
tees will consider statehood today.
The free lance. (Fredericksburg, Va.) 1885-1926, 1911-08-19

~ b. Following schedule figures published 50
Information. and are net guaranteed.
Schedule effective May p. 1871.
Trains leave Washington from New UnItB
Station.
The free lance. (Fredericksburg, Va.) 1885-1926, 1911-08-19
Stafford

To the voters OF Stafford County:
hereby announce myself a candi
date for Clerk of the Circuit Court
OF Stafford county at the election to
be held Noyember,l911; If elected |
will give my personal attention TO
the duties OF the office and dis
charge them to the best OF my abil-
ity.
Goo. W Herring
The free lance. (Fredericksburg, Va.) 1885-1926, 1911-08-19

district composed Of the counties Of
Caroline, Hanover and King William,
subject to the Democratic primary TO
be held September 7, 1911, and / re-
specially solicit your votes and sup
port.
IL elected TO represent you in the
State Senate, | will favor Just control
of railroads and other corporations, and
fair taxation Of same; promotion of
agriculture; practical education; good
roads and the advancement Of ton
perance.
T. ID. COGHlLL.
To the Voters Of the 32nd senat..-
ial District:
| hereby announce my candidacy
for recollection to the State Senate,
subject to- the Democratic primary
Besides reaffirming the principles
heretofore advocated, viz, firm, but
just control OF corporations, equaliza
ton OF taxation, the promotion Of
the advancement OF prac-
teal education and good roads. /
favor efficient primary and corrupt
practices laws, the abolition Of the
fee system, the initiative, referendum
and Except as to judges) the recall
Very respectfully,
G. U. Grayatt.