davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1911-05-11
WELCOME FOR JUDGE COWAN
Jurist Acquitted by Senate Gets Big
Reception at Home Town,

~ S''o NJ oiS
Reception at Home Town.
Judge John F. Cowan, acquitted by
the North Dakota senate on a number
of charges, arrived at Devils Lake
shortly after oon Saturday and wa7
met at the depot by a large crowd of
friends and about twenty-five automo-
biles.
The majority of those who met the
judge came from out of town, Cando,
Churchs Ferry, Leeds, Penn, Grand
Harbor and other places sending dele
cations.
The Devils Lake, Cando and Grand
Harbor bands Joined with the automc-
biles and 200 people marched up the
principal streets and to the court
house. The judge was at the head Of
the parade in a carriage with his vito
and daughter. At the opera house,
where the parade ended, speeches
we're made by CoWan's three attor-
neys, McLorey, Anderson and Cuth
bert; also by Judge Cowan, Senator
Stevens of Grand Forks county and a
number of others.
An attempt to have the stores
closed during the celebration was un-
successful.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1911-05-11
IN LAST PLEA FOR COWAN
Leading Attorney for Defense Asks
Senate Court for AcquittaI.

Senate Court for AcuuittaI.
Probably the height of interest in
the closing arguments in the Cowan
impeachment case was attained when
Tracy R. Bangs, leading counsel for
the defense, made the last address on
magnetic amer of dealing with any
subject was probably never exercised
to greater advantage.
Mr.. Bangs called attention to the
bitterness that had seemingly been en-
gendered by the contest, but declared
that the brotherly and social relations
between himself and his brother
George, counsel for the prosecution,
had never for one moment been dis
turbed in the slightest degree.
Mr.. Bangs referred to statements
that he had made some time ago in an
argument as to buying witnesses"
the fact that Mr.. Sinkler, in discuss
ing ]. A.. Minkler's evidence at Rugby,
had declared they fixed it up" In a
case of this nature, he said, an at
torney for one side hears the story of
an incident from his own witness and
believes it. When he hears what the
witness of the opposite side has to say
it is only natural that he would seek
q solution, and in seeking such solu-
ton, wonder, at some time or other,
if they fixed it up
Brief discussion of a combination
was also made, Mr.. Bangs declaring
that he did not know how a single SEN
ator would vote; nor had he charged
a single senator with c~rookedness.
He said that day after day he had sat
in the court chamber and fought
against this or that matter, and that,
while he believed himself right, there
were members who would vote oppo-
site to his belief. He would only look
upon those votes as expressive of a
different opinion from that held by
himself. at is foolish and u%ncharita-
bie," he said "to talk of a lineup one
way or the other. 1t is simply a diff
ference Of opinion"
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1911-05-11
MOODY is NOW THE SHERIFF
HeIey Vacates Office, but Attorneys
Still Claim Appeal Riohts.

Still Claim Appeal Rights.
Frank Heley of Wahpeton vacated
the Office of sheriff and G. E. Moody,
elected last fall, assumed the duties
of the office.
Moody was elected by eleven votes
in a three cornered fight last Novem-
Der and 10 after Heley contested
the election, alleging fraud and brib.
cry.
The case was tried and judgment
entered in favor of Moody on Feb. 81,
but a stay of proceedings for ninety
days was given and Heley was al
lowed to hold the office during the
stay. The law gives sixty days to ap-
peal to the supreme court and Heley
did not appeal within that time.
Moody's attorneys then asked the
court to vacate the stay of roceedings
claiming that the judgment in
Moody's favor was final and irrevoca-
BILE and that as the stay of proceed
ings vas granted to enable Heley to
appeal and that as the right to appeal
was gone there was no reason why
the stay should remain in force.
The court vacated the stay of pro.
ceedings and Moody goes in.
Heley's attorneys claim, however.
that they will have a right to appeal
and that the case will yet go to the
supreme court.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1911-05-11
Gronna Protests Appointment.

A subcommittee of the senate COM
mittee on public lands composed of
Messrs. Clark of Wyoming, Gamble of
South Dakota and Thornton of Louis
lana has been named to make an in
quiry into the case of R. N. Stevens of
Bismarck, who was appointed land
register at that place. Senator Gron-
ma has taken exceptions to the nom
ination of Mr.. Stevens. His candi-
date for the place, c. L. Lindstrom.
was ignored by the president. The
protest against Mr.. Stevens is based
upon transactions in Alaska in which
Alexander Mckenzie was involved
some years ago.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1911-05-11
Northwest Development League
! Organizes at Helena.
ADVERTISE SEVEN STATES
Complete Set of Officers and Execu.
tive Board Selected and Fund
Started to Garry on Work.

Helena, Mont. May 6.-St. Paul was
selected as headquarters for the
Northwestern Development league and
a total of $1,000 was pledged in less
than five minutes to carry on the
work, the Twin Cities contributing
$4,000, Seattle $4,000 and the bal
ance being made up by North and
South Dakota, Idaho, Oregon and
Montana.
In all a fund of 100000 may be
raised to carry on the work until the
first of the year. An executive secre-
tary to carry out the projects of the
league will be chosen at a meeting of
the executive board to be held within
the mex month.
The officers of the league elected
are: President, Lewis Penwell, Hell
ena; treasurer, H.. G. Sampson, Spo-
kane; vice presidents, l.. M. Newman,
Montana; Senator Fox, Idaho; Dennis
w. King, Washington; William Han
ley, Oregon; J. H. Digit. Minnesota:
Governor Wesley, South Dakota, and
John Bruegger, North Dakota.
Executive Board-R. w. Reynolds,
Montana; w. M. Morgan, Idaho; II. II
Wilson, Washington; C. c. Chapman,
Oregon; G. l.. Kluckhohn. Minnesota:
e. Y. Sarles, North Dakota, South Da
kota to be filled later by the presi-
dent.
The meeting was unusually success
ful and free from efforts to introduce
politics. A spirit of cooperation pre-
dominated throughout and the indica,
tons are that great good will be ac-
complished for the seven states that
have joined in the conference.
Adopts Strong Resolutions.
A strong set of resolutions was
adopted by the conference. recon-
mending the organization of auxiliary
development leagues in the states and
In the various towns to work in har-
mony with the league.
That the present interests of the
railroads and people are in harmony
and that unanimity of action between
them is vital to the development OF
this section.
That the league favors extensive ad-
vertising Of the Northwest.
Thai all the states interested should
provide state departments of immigra-
ton.
Urging the enactment of publicity
bills and the appropriation of money
for publicity by the states in the
league.
Urging the extension of agricultural
education in secondary and elementary
schools and commencing the opera
ton of demonstration trains OF the
Northwest products by railroads.
Urging the government to aid in
opening the great waterways of the
country by bond issues, if necessary,
and commencing country life move
ments, such as Fairgrounds, parks and
community centers.
Opposing the withdrawal of natural
resources by the federal government
when such are needed to
properly develop the country adjacent
thereto and favoring a modification of
the conservation policy of the govern
ment to conform to these principles.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1911-05-11
U. c. T. To Invite Governor.

At a special meeting of Fargo
committees of United Commercial
Travellers it was decided to extend in
vitations to the governors of both De-
kotas and Minnesota and to premiers
of the provinces of Manitoba, Sas-
~katchewan and Alberta to be present
at the annual meeting of the organi-
cation there next month. Three
states and three provinces comprise
the district.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1911-05-11
Wins Spelling Contest.

Arthur Tweet of Thompson was
winner in the second annual county
and will represent Grand Forks
county in the state contest to be held
in Bismarck the latter part of the
month. Eva Johnson, also of Thomp-
son, won the second prize of Sc and
the third prize of 81 went to William
Bahr of Union township. County Su
perintendent Helen Prindeville con.
Quoted the contest.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1911-05-11
CRlTlCISES LABOR LEADERS
Roosevelt Writes Article on Los An.
QeleS Case,

New York, May 5.-Former Presi-
dent Roosevelt will have a signed art
icle in the Outlook this week in which
he severely criticizes union labor lead.
ers who have at once flown publicly
to the defense of the alleged dyna-
miters" under arrest in the Los An
geles Times case. Mr., Roosevelt pays
tribute to Attorney Heney as a fair
and fearless officer and extols Detec.
tive Burns as Heney's right hand
man"
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1911-05-11
MAKES TWENTY-MiLE CHASE
Officia Captures Alleged Horse Thief
After Exciting Ride.

Armed with a warrant for the ar
rest of William Monroe of Marion on
a charge of horse stealing Village
Marshal Martin Evans captured his
prisoner after an exciting chase with
horses covering twenty miles.
Monroe walked into a livery barn
owned by Otto Holtost of Marion and,
bridling one of the best horses, rode
out of town on it headed for the Ca
madam line, presumably. The mar
shall followed his man with a warrant
from Judge e. B. Smith and captured
him after a chase that took him we'll
into Barnes county. Monroe was
bound over to the district court on the
charge of horse stealing and was COM
mitted to the La Moure county Jail in
default of $1,000 bail.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1911-05-11
SENATORS OPPOSE GAG RULE
Attempt to Abolish Debate in Cowan
Case.

Attempt at abolishing debate on
the Cowan case on the part of the
members of the state senate, sitting
as a court of impeachment, was made
at a special meeting, being blocked by
the strenuous demands of Senator l..
A. Simpson of Stark, who declared
that he, for one, would not counter
ance any such action even if the forty.
eight other members of the court were
against him.
For a time the court was in some
what of an uproar over Senator Simp-
sons heated statements on the ques-
ton of arguing the case, or arguing
points that may be brought up from
time to time during the balloting.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1911-05-11
INCc..iARlES ARE BUSY
Fires In Grain Elevators Arouse
Suspicion.

Fires In Grain Elevators Arouse
Suspicion.
An unsuccessful attempt was made
to burn the Farmers elevator at
Scranton.
The fire had apparently smoldered
for some hours. Scranton has a vol
unteer fire company and fire fighting
apparatus and the blaze was quickly
subdued.
U%ndaunted by failure at Scranton
the alleged %tirebugs visited Bowman
and succeeded in starting a blaze
which destroyed two elevators, the
Bagley and the Empire, the latter be-
ing full of grain. While these fires
were in progress at Bowman robbers
entered a hardware store there and
carried off a large quantity of goods.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1911-05-11
High School Boy Killed.

While he was attempting to
break a team of fractions colts at Lis.
bon Ralph McConnehey met a horri-
BILE death, being thrown violently
against a stump and instantly killed
The lad was the seventeen-year-old
son of Rev. Mr.. McConnehey. He was
a student in the high school.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1911-05-11
Engine Hits Automobile.

While in the act of crossing the
Northern Pacific railway tracks at
Bismarck an engine hit the automobile
driven by Fred Stone, a farmer, living
eight miles from Bismarck. and prob.
ably fatally injured Stone and com.
pletely demolished the machine. Stone
was taken to'a hospital, where 1t 10
said that he cannot recover.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1911-05-11

Business men of Rugby are taking
great interest in the Twin City land
show to be held In the fall. 1t is evil
dent that North Dakota will cooper
ate by sending attractive exhibits OF
wheat, barley. oats and other grains.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1911-05-11
Recommends Sugar Trust Probe.

Washington. May 9.-Investigation
Of the American Sugar Refining com.
pany and all other concerns engaged
IN the manufacture of refining sugar
to ascertain whether or not there have
been violations OF the antitrust law
was recommended by the house com.
mittee on rules.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1911-05-11
Consumptive Kills Himself.

Despondent because he was afflicted
with tuberculosis, Joseph Janavosky
of Scranton, a Bohemian homesteader,
blew off his head with a shotgun. He
pulled the trigger with a piece of wire.
His mother. a brother and two neigh.
bors were In the adjoining room ct
the time OF the suicide.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1911-05-11
GR0NNA FOR FREE SUGAR
North Dakota Senator Would Extend
Free List.

An amendment to the free list bill
placing sugar on the free list will be
introduced in the senate by Senator
Gronna of North Dakota.
Sugar is one of the necessaries OF
life" said Mr.. Gronna. Il see no rea.
son why the product should not be ad.
mitted free. The Canadian bill pro.
poses to admit wheat free. Why not
apply the same rule to sugar?"
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1911-05-11
DUEL IS FATAL TO TWO
Chicago Italians Fight to Death Over
Woman.

Chicago, May 1.-TWO Italians shot
and killed each other in a pistol duel.
following a quarrel over a oma
Salvatore La Morta. twenty-three
years old, was instantly killed. while
his assailant. who has not been iden.
tilted. died on the way TO a hospital.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1911-05-11
SC0W UPsETs IN STREAM
Three Men and Two Boys Drowned in
St. John River.

dentally drowned in the st. John
river neal Edmundston. The victims
crossing from the American to
the Canadian bank of the river in a
ferry scow operated by a wire cable.
The cable broke and the scow was ur-
set in the freshet swollen waters.
Courier Democrat. (Langdon, N.D.) 1891-1920, 1911-05-11
SUCCUMBS TO LONG ILLNESS
Former Senator kittredge Dies at Hot
Springs, Ark,

Springs, Ark.
Hot Springs. Ark. May 5.-Former
Senator Kittredge of South Dakota
died here after being unconscious for.
ty-eight hours.
A brother announced that he and
his sister would accompany the body
to Kent, N. H., where 1t will be In.
tered in the family burial grounds.
Senator Kittredge was tfty years
OF age.
The Sentinel=record., 1911-10-18
UNDERWOOD
 ARRIVES HERE
REPORT HAD BEEN CIRCULATED THAT HE HAD BEEN SHOT EN-
 ROUTE TO CITY.
Congressman in Fine Health, and Af. ter Few Days Here Will Go to
 His Home at Birmingham.

Congressman Underwood, one us the big leaders in the house arrived in Hot Springs last. night at midnight in time to give positive denial te the night press to d story which had been circulated from an unexplained source in effect that he had beer shot while enroute here.
 My trip from St Louis was without incident, said Congressman Underwood. after registering at the Arlington hotel last night, and ex- cept fe.' the stop at Benton where there was some delay, there was nothing unusual on the trip
 Just how the rumor was started could not be explained. But it did circulated in the cities of this sec ton, and there was a hurry up Tn yestigation started
 MT. Underwood came down from St. Louis, and will remain here for several days, after which he will go to his home in Birmingham.
The Sentinel=record., 1911-10-18
GOULD AAsELY
 sEAR SUFFERING
Mrs. Duncan, Of Pryor, els Story of Her lnttnss Suffering and Describes Narrowing symp-
 toms.

Pryor. Okla. "I suffered so much coulf hardly bear it, says Mrs Mollie Duncan. of this place.
 For r years. had been affliet- ed with womanly troubles. and had difierept doctors give me treatment but none of them helped me any.
 had such drawing down pains, and a pain in my side Also hea@- ache and dizzy spells l was very weak. and could not be up at times :.
 I decided to try cardui. and will say I am not sorry that l did, for it helped me wonderfully feel like Ia new person. intend to keep |Cardui in the house just as long as II live. for il has done me 90 nlne4 goodls
 Remember that Cardni is a mild, safe remedy, composed of valuable medicinal ingredients. which help tc build up vitality, tone up the nerves and strengthen the womanIy consti- ltntion.
 For more than 50 years cariui has been relieving womans sufferings and building weak women up to health and staength No other medicine has exactly the same results as cardul. No other medicine has the 
 long recort Of success in treating cases Of womanly weakness and dis ease
 It will help you
 Suppose you try it. N. B.-Write to: Ladies' Advis. lory Dept 1. chattaneoga Medicine Co. Chattanooga Tenn, for Special In structIons. and e4 4page book Home Treatment for Women.r sent in plair wrapper on request.
The Sentinel=record., 1911-10-18
BOX PARTY.

A very delightful box party was rendered Mrs. Hugh Gates of Little Rock yesterday afternoon at the Princess theater by Mrs. J. G. Hig- gins. Violets were the favors. The party was composed of Mesdames s . A. Price, w. w. Waters, Annie Frazier. Conrad, Jennings, Theo. Ed- sail. Ing Goodwin. Oscar Collins, Joseph Longinotti, c. A. Hogaboom, Bessie Hukn, W. c. Rather, T. J Petit, D. l.. Edwards. John s Wood, W. NJ. Anderson, Hugh Gates and ]. G. Higgins and Miss Elsie Wilson.
The Sentinel=record., 1911-10-18
JoE pAvIs Acoulrrrn.

McAlester. Okla, Oct i7-Joe Davis charged with cattle stealing Of starr Davis feud fame tonight was found mol euilW Although there had been inteus, feeling er through the trial and all al. tending the tflal had ben searched foI weapons upon their arrival in town there was no disturbance after the yer diet was anounced.
The Sentinel=record., 1911-10-18
MAoERo eN ROUTE.

saitillo. Mex. Oct. 17.-Franeiseo | Madero. president-eiect. spent several hours here today on his way to Monte- rev where he win arrive in the morn Ing.
The Sentinel=record., 1911-10-18
JONES ENTERS A , PLEA 0F GUILTY
ONE OF THE BOYS IN THE RAc- WEED SHEEP STEALING CASES
 TAKES YEARS SENTENCE.
TWO Others but i6 Years of Age Used by tbe Prosecutor to Testify Against Another Who Was
 With Them.

George Jones. young country boy Ibnt IT years of age, entered plea of guilty yesterday afternoon in cir cult court to charge of stealing sheep, larceny which took place in the famous Ragweed Valley. and will get one year of penal serVitude.
 After the plea of guilty was en- tered Circuit Judge Gotham stated that instead of sending the youth oft to the state penitentiary he would en- deavor to have him placed in the state reform school.
 The case of George Fisher. under the same class of indictment was next taken up, and Is now on triai in circuit court.
 Prosecuting Attorney Wood yester- day afternoon placed Earl Lee and Walter Carley, two other country hoys who are but 16 and r years of age respectively, on the stand to testify against George Fisher They incidentally had to testify against themselves, or at least tell about their guilt in the matter. since ac- cording to the evidence. five of the boys stole the sheep and brought them to the city where they were sold.
 George Fisher and a brother are the others charged in the indictment.
 The larceny is alleged to have taken place in the famous Ragweeo district and has caused much com ment. There was some time consum- cd yesterday morning iii trying to get a jury for the Jones case. and before the jury was finished Jones agreed to enter his plea of guilty and ask the mercy of the court.
The Whitefish pilot. [volume] (Whitefish, Mont.) 1904-current, 1911-08-31
OFFICIAL DIRECTORY

Congressional.
Senators-Henry L. Myers. Hamil-
ton; Jos. M. Dixon, Missoula.
Congressman Charles N. pray. IT.
Benton.
Federal.
Judge-Carl Rasch, Helena.
Surveyor General. F. Cone, Mis-
soula.
United States Marshal Lind
sey. Glendive.
Collector Internal Revenue. q.
Bair. Great Falls.
Register U. 8. Land Office-A. w,
Swaney, Kalispell.
Receiver U. s. Land Officer. M.
Goshorn, Kalispell.
U. s. Attorney. w. Freeman,
( Helena.
Govenor-Edwin l.. Norris.
Lieutenant Governor William r.
Secretary Of State Abraham N.
YOder.
State Treasurer-E. E. Esselstyne.
State Auditor-H. r. Cunningham.
Attorney General-Albert j. Galen.
superintendent Public Instruction
w. E. Harmon.
Chief Justice-Theo. H. Brantley.
Associate Justices-William H. Hol-
loway. Henry G. Smith.
Railroad Commissioners-B. T. Stan
ton, Dan Boyle, e. A. Morley.
State Game Warden-Henry Avarre.
Humane Officer. M. Kennedy.
State Veterinary-Dr. Knowles
County.
Senator-Fred Whiteside.
Judge-John e. Erickson.
Commissioners-Jce.E e. Edge, Chair
man, R. w. Main. Henry Good.
Clerk and Recorder S. Perry.
Treasurer-Evan E. Day.
Sheriff-Al Ingraham.
Clerk District Court-Sam D.. Nc.
Nicely.
Assessor j.. w. Johnson.
County Attorney-X. K. Stout.
superintendent Schools-May Trum-
per.
Surveyor Harry P. Walters.
Public Administrator-Hugh Swaney
Coroner. E. Waggener.
Representatives-Geo. II. Grub,
A. D. Macdonald, F. L. Gray.
City.
Mayor-H. +. Mayfield.
Alderman: First Ward-C. M.Bon-
ner. 3. L. Geddes. Second ward
u. e. Skyles, J. c. Little. Third
ward. J. Johns, Chas. Noble.
City Clerk and Attorney-Merle G.
Greene.
City Treasurer-C. H. Jennings.
Water Commissicuer-C.F f, Greiser.
Chief OF POlice--Ben Hotter
Patrolman-George Taylor.
Police Magistrate H. Carr.
Health Officer-Dr. A. T. Lees,
The Whitefish pilot. [volume] (Whitefish, Mont.) 1904-current, 1911-08-31
Typewriter Ribbons
AND PAPER
The Pilot Office
ATTACK LIKE TIGERS.

In fighting to keep the blood pure
the wnlte corpuscles attack disease
germs like tigers. But often germs
multiply so fast the little fighters arr
overcome. Then see pimples, boils,
eczema. salt rheum and sores null
uply and strength and appetite fail.
This condition demands Electric Bit
ters to regulate stomach. liver and
Kidneys and to expel poisons from
the blood. They are the best blood
purifier" writes c. T. Budahn, OF
Tracy. Calf, Il have ever found !"
They make rich. red blood. strong
nerves and build up your health. Try
chem. Soc 1t Dodds Z sharar's dru
store.
The Whitefish pilot. [volume] (Whitefish, Mont.) 1904-current, 1911-08-31
ACCUSED OF STEALING.

E. e. Chamberlain Of Clin,a Me-,
boldly accu1es Bucklen's Aruica
Salve OF stealing the sting from
burns or scalds-the pain frol sore
OF all khds-the distress from boils
or piles. 1T robs cuts, cornsruis-
es. spraiAs and injuries Of thsi ter
ror." he says. .'as = healing ,me-
dy ~ equal don't exist" Onl CSC
at Dodds 3 Sharar's drug store.
The Whitefish pilot. [volume] (Whitefish, Mont.) 1904-current, 1911-08-31
Orchids.

Oecnlo8.
Many plants have the power to shift
their quarters. The orchid can move
one step every year, and, although 1t
takesa long time to cross the meadow,
Il the orchid goes On long enough 1t
would move one step forward toward
finishing that long walk every year.
The Whitefish pilot. [volume] (Whitefish, Mont.) 1904-current, 1911-08-31
Two Truths.

Two Truths.
'ODe OF the most important things
In life. my son." said the father. lis
to know when to grasp an opportunt-
IT,"
And another" said the wise son.
.'is to know when to let 20 It +.
OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES Ledger.
The Whitefish pilot. [volume] (Whitefish, Mont.) 1904-current, 1911-08-31

II the country has the same average
potentiality for producing food as land
similarly situated In North America or
Europe, it would seem that Argentina
can support 1OO.O0O.O0O people easily,
as only small parts Of It lie outside
the temperate zone.
The Whitefish pilot. [volume] (Whitefish, Mont.) 1904-current, 1911-08-31

Women should remember hat the
continual changing of ones lind is
apt to wear 1t out.
The Whitefish pilot. [volume] (Whitefish, Mont.) 1904-current, 1911-08-31
RESOLUTION NO. :.

! resolution Designating the Mum.
Dor OF Special Improvement Dis
trict Describing the Boundaries
thereof, Stating the Character OF
the improvements Which are to
Re Made, and the Approximate
Atamate Of the Costs Thereof,
ana the Time When the Council
Whl Hear Objections to Its Fin
al Adoption.