davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Bottineau courant. (Bottineau, Bottineau County, N.D.) 1895-1929, 1911-09-15
CRUSHED BY. An ENGINE
James beaton Met Instant Death When Steam Tractor
Crashed Through Bridge South Of This
City on tuesday Evening.

James Beaton, aged almost
"a years, was instantly killed
at 6: 40 Tuesday evening when
the big, thirty five horse power
Reeves tl1reshing engine, own
ed and operated by the Beatons,
broke through a wooden bridge
across Oak Creek four miles
south and one mile west of this
city. The unfortunate young
man was pinned between the
engine and its tender and
crushed to death. His father,
Duncan Beaton, was steering
the engine when the bridge
gave way and he too was
caught so firmly that he exert
ed all his strength twice and
failed to free himself until the
torture of the escaping steam
made him insensible to the
pain incident to tearing him
self loose, The pressure on his
chest was so great as to crack
two or three ribs and he is in
jured in the left hip. His left
arm is painfully scalded.
Before attempting to cross
the bridge heavy planks were
laid across it and from the fact
that they had safely crossed it
before they believed that it
would support the load. The
engine was about midway on
the bridge when it gave way
without warning and in falling 6
crowded the. tender up onto the
platform where the engineer is
wont to stand. So tightly was
the wreckage jamned that ii
The Bottineau courant. (Bottineau, Bottineau County, N.D.) 1895-1929, 1911-09-15
Weeds Must Be Cut

Chief of Police McKeen calls
attention to the fact that the
city has been opera tin g a
mower in alleys and out of the
way places getting rid of weeds
and that it is now up to the
citizens to do their part in get
ting rid of growths that are
not only unsightly but in their
ripened stage will be danger
Gus because of the likelihood of
fire spreading. 1t is very like
~, unless civic pride makes it
unnecessary, that the city
council will take steps to com
pei the removal of weeds and
rubbish.
The Bottineau courant. (Bottineau, Bottineau County, N.D.) 1895-1929, 1911-09-15
sincerely hope he may be left
with us for at least one year

sincerely hope he may be left
with us for at least one year
more.
There will be no services for
the next two SUNDAYS. The
first service being October 1.
Junior League at 3 p. IN. every
Sunday.
Mrs. BertWarfield of Kramer
is recovering from her opera
tion at the Upham hospital.
We hope she may be entirely
well.
Threshing is we'll under way
around here. One field yield
ed IL bushels of wheat to the
acre. Not SO bad for an off
year.
c.. Christianson formerly
with the Olson Elevator com
pany here, says he paid $3.50. 80
for one load of timothy seed
last week and that he has ham
died $1,000 bushels of this
years grain. Chris sends
greeting to his many friends.
The Bottineau courant. (Bottineau, Bottineau County, N.D.) 1895-1929, 1911-09-15

required the efforts of a large
crew of men supplied with jack
screws and other paraphernalia
until nearly midnight before
the body of James Beaton was
freed. Early in the evening
the pressure on his left breast,
which undoubtedly. c a us e d
death. was removed, but the
left leg was caught further
down in the wreck and it re-
quired the services of another
steam tractor to lift the weight
that held the mangled limb.
James Beaton was born in
Bottineau county on September
80, 1887, and was therefore, at
the time of his death, aged
twenty three years, eleven
months and twelve days. He
grew up in this community and
was we'll known and we'll liked.
He was a quiet, Industrious,
honest, God-fearing young
man and it seems such a pity
that he should be cut down in
the flower of his manhood.
The funeral services will be
held from the Presbyterian
church on Sunday afternoon at
3 O. clock and the remains in
tered in Oak Greek cemetery.
Messages were sent to absent
brothers and sisters of h e
deceased. Alexander and Will
liam arrived from Alexander,
N. d., yesterday, the former
accompanied by his wife. Dun
can, jr., and Miss Jessie arrive
today from Weyburn, Sask.
The Bottineau courant. (Bottineau, Bottineau County, N.D.) 1895-1929, 1911-09-15
Strayed or Stolen

One pony mare weight about
700, age II, all white with pink
skin, has brand on front right
hip and thoroughly broke for
cattle herding, eyes partly
glass eyes, forelock cut.
One pony gelding, weight
about 800, age 7,roan color, has
a barb wire cut not healed on
front right foot, same foot toes
in. forelock cut.
Notify me at once and re-
ceive suitable reward.
Q. L. Nelson,
Stanley, N. Oak.
The Bottineau courant. (Bottineau, Bottineau County, N.D.) 1895-1929, 1911-09-15
University News

A great deal of active work
is being done at the university
these days to put everything in
readiness for the big gathering
of students that will begin to
assemble soon, for the opening
date is Sept. 19. The biggest
Improvement will, be the new
Com mons building which is
now practically complete and
which will be occupied by the
university boarding depart
ment within the next few days.
This new buildings is thorough
ly modern and up-to-date in
everv particular and will furn-
ish sufficient accommodations
for all Of the university com
munity for some time to come.
Recently appointments of
interest at the university are
the naming Of DR.. H. E. French,
recently Of the university Of
South Dakota, as dean Of the
school of medicine; DR.. William
g. Bek, Of the university Of
Missouri. as head of the depart
5nent of German; Clarence
Wesley Sumner, also Of the
university Of Missouri, as libr-
|arian; Dr.. Carl F. Raver as
chemist in the State Public
Health laboratory; r Ro8y E.
Christie as assistant bacteriolo-
gist al the. same place; Leon
|V. Parker as bacteriologist in
charge Of the branch public
health laboratory at Minot and
! Alfred Larson ia the same cap
The Bottineau courant. (Bottineau, Bottineau County, N.D.) 1895-1929, 1911-09-15
ALL IN READINESS
All Members Of School Of Forestry
Faculty Have Arrived.
MANY CHANGES MADE ON CAMPUS
President Mills Continues to
lnaugurate improvements
In Method

With the arrival yesterday of
Mr.. and Mrs. Dixon and Misses
Nan Thompson and r u t h
Schurtz the members of the
School of Foresty faculty are
all on the ground and the local
state institution presents a
scene of activity. The build
ing has been thoroughly gone
over and made ready for the
opening of the school on Mon
day, work men have been busy
for several days fixing up the
campus, preparations are being
made for the erection of a barn
on the west side of the school
property, the tennis courts
have been moved to better
location, the old outhouses re-
moved and during the next
week scrapers will be put to
work building a dam across
Oak creek to make a reservoir
for irrigation purposes when
active plantation work is be-
gun next spring.
Many changes are in con-
temptation on the campus.
The driveways will be opened
up around the grounds and
decorative shrubs planted and
plans have been made for a lot
of landscape work with the
park system of banking trees
and shrubbery.
President Mills has announc-
edythat the. school will SECURE
another horse and some addi-
implements for cultivation. "a
place has been made ready for
the erection of barn about 20
by 36 feet on the west side of
the grounds and a structure of
that sort. will be erected next
week unless suitable build
ing can be bought at a reason
able price and moved to the
site selected.
The people of the city are
much interested in President
Mills plans and the school
has many visitors. On Sun
day nearly $50 people visited
the institution to inspect the
grounds and buildings and the
ladies were presented with
bouquets of flowers and all
were made welcome and invit-
ed to come again.
The Bottineau courant. (Bottineau, Bottineau County, N.D.) 1895-1929, 1911-09-15
Charged With Plsgias

Robert Carouthers Of Eek
man was arrested the latter
part Of last week by Sheriff
1Sandstrorn on q charge of vio-s
lating the hibitory liquor
law and was given a hearing
before Justice Snaithson on;
Tuesday afternoon but waived
examination and was held to
district court. Bonds were
|fxed AZ $500 Carouth ers was
found doing business III Paul
Cores Old stand a.
The Bottineau courant. (Bottineau, Bottineau County, N.D.) 1895-1929, 1911-09-15
acity at the branch laboratory
at Risnarck

acity at the branch laboratory
at Bismarck.
Dean NJ. A. Brannon, who
was transferred from the dean
ship of the school of medicine
to fill the vacancy left by Dean
George S. Thomas, of the col
lege of liberal arts, who resign
ed last June, left recently for
Chicago where he expects to
spend the year in advanced re-
search work in biology. Dur
ing his absence, Prof. Vernon
p. Squires will serve as acting
dean.
The university's bureau of
educational cooperation is ac-
lively at work on the probe m
of arranging extension lectures
in the various parts of the state
for the coming winter. A great
many more lectures will be put
on this year than has been the
case formerly and they will be
spread out more widely. A
strong effort will be made to
reach the more distant parts of
the state where the mental
stimulus that they are meant
to itnpart is most needed. The
list of correspondence students
is constantly growing, and it
would seem from the reception
that is being given to this new
line of university activity that
it is meeting a long felt want
in this state.
The Bottineau courant. (Bottineau, Bottineau County, N.D.) 1895-1929, 1911-09-15
IN AND AROUND eARDENA
News Items Of Interest From Thriving
Little Town on The 500.

A. Cannonberg left Friday
for St. Johns where he will run
the, barber shop a while, the
mother of the local barber be-
ing very i'll.
Several children around here
have been quite sick the past
week. Among those ailing
were Arthur Marquardt, Henry
Koehnlein, Lorna Fairfield, the
youngest daughter of Mr.. and
Mrs. Roth, Marion Fairfield and
Emil Doer.
Chas. Hogan was under the
weather few days last week
but is again able to be out.
Mrs. B. Gran and daughter
Hazel arrived a week ago. Mrs.
Gran has been away two
months visiting relatives in
Minnesota. 3S5sS
Mesdames T.. "a. Doole and
g. S. Fairfield were Bottineau
visitors Friday.
The Gardena Woman's Club
met at the home Of Mrs. N. IL.
johnson, Thursday Sept. Z.
The guest Of the afternoo on was
Mrs. Bingham, aunt Of Mrs.
Johnson, who is visiting here.
Mrs. Becker enjoyed a visit
I with her daughter, Mrs. Kie-
SOW and children and also Mr..
and Mrs. Foster Flanery. They
returned home Saturda
@. S. Fairfield made a busi,
'ness trip to Bottineau Monday,
Rev. Bruins leaves Saturday
for Norma, p. +, and from
there he will % Is the confer
,ence to be held mex I week. w
The Bottineau courant. (Bottineau, Bottineau County, N.D.) 1895-1929, 1911-09-15
Father Reported Dying

A message received Tuesday
evening from Des Moines. Ia,
stated that James Harty, sr.,
aged 5S4 years, was taken sud
denly i'll and was likely to die.
His sons, Timothy. John T.,
Henry c., and James and two
daughters. Mesdames John
Salsberger and Ike Grantham
left Wednesday morning in
response to the call.
The Bottineau courant. (Bottineau, Bottineau County, N.D.) 1895-1929, 1911-09-15
Fewer Hunting License.

Up to a late hour yesterday
afternoon the number of hunt
ing licenses issued inBottineau
county was only $40 resident
licenses and one non resident.
This is considerably below the
number issued last year but Of
course quite number will be
issued after tile duck and goose
shooting begins in earnest.
The Bottineau courant. (Bottineau, Bottineau County, N.D.) 1895-1929, 1911-09-15
Wafer HemIock Kills Horses

Last week Ben Kalbfleisch
lost two valuable horses which
had been placed, in a pasture
and it is his opinion that the
presence Of a poisonous growth
known as water hemlock is
responsible for the loss. Some
time ago Robert FL. Woods lost
a team in the same manner.
The Bottineau courant. (Bottineau, Bottineau County, N.D.) 1895-1929, 1911-09-15

The Bisbee Gazette charges
that members Of the game and
fish board Of control were gull
sty Of fishing illegally in the
breeding ponds at the state
hatchery. IL this is true they
should be summarily removed
from Office.
The Bottineau courant. (Bottineau, Bottineau County, N.D.) 1895-1929, 1911-09-15
sspsrIatsadsnt layas laIursd

H. E. Layne, superintendent
of schools. is confined to the,
house with an injured knee as
a result Of tripping over a rope
and falling on the cement side
walk on Wednesday morning.
The injury is quite painful but
it is hoped will have no serious
consequences,
The Bottineau courant. (Bottineau, Bottineau County, N.D.) 1895-1929, 1911-09-15
Socialist Crater, Here

Ernest Moore, who some
times sells liability insurance
and always talks socialism, was
fin the city Nv ednesday evening
and made an add dress to assnall
aud ia front Of the post
Office pleading the cause 81
3socialieln and ttacking the
old parties and the present
form of government.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1911-04-19
THERE IS ONLY LoeIcAL
Legal Notices
Summon tor PubIicstIon

summons for Publication
No. 31057
In the Superior Court of the State
of Washington in and for the
County of Pierce.
Laura jacob, Plaintiff, We. Christian
jacob, Defendant.
The State Of Washington to the said
defendant, Christian jacob:
You are hereby summoned to ap-
pear within sixty days after the
date of the first publication >of this
summons towtt: within sixty days
after The 9Th day of April. 1911. and
defend the above entitled action in
the above entitled court, and answer
the complaint of the plaintiff and
serve q copy of your answer upon
the undersigned attorneys for
plaintiff at their office below stated
and In case of your failure SO to do,
judgment will be rendered against
you according to the demand OF the
complaint, which has been filed with
the clerk of said court.
This action Is one brought by the
plaintiff to obtain a decree of d.
vorce from the defendant, upon the
grounds of cruel and inhuman treat
ment. abandonment and failure to
provide, and to obtain the care, Gus
| tody and control of Evelyn jacob
and Arnold jacob, the infant chill
dren of said plaintiff and defendant
JOHNSTON. McMENAMIN &
| SWINDELLS.
Attorneys for Plaintiff
Office and Postoffice Address 709-
10 Fidelity Building, Tacoma
Pierce County, Washington.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1911-04-19
Summons for Publica tion
No qn0a0

NO. 50S9Z
In the Superior Court of-the State
of Washington In and for the
County of Pierce.
Edith Gibson, Plaintiff. We. o. M.
Gibson, Defendant.
The State of Washington to the
said defendant. o. M. Gibson:
You are hereby summoned to APP
pear within sixty days after the
date of the fiEet publication of this
summons towft: within sixty days
after the 22nd day of March, 1911,
and defend the above entitled action
in the above entitled court. and an
swer the complaint of the plaintiff
and serve a copy of your answer
upon the undersigned attorneys for
plaintiff at their office below stat
ed; and in case of your failure so
to do, judgment will be rendered
against you according to the demand
of the complaint which has been
filed with the clerk of said court. I
This action is one brought blythe
plaintiff to obtain a decree of di !
vorce from the defendant, upon the
grounds of cruel and inhuman treat :
ment,- abandonment and failure to
JOHNSTON. McMENAMIN e.
SWINDELLS. H.
Attorneys for Plaintiff.
Office and Postoffice Address: 7Q9-
10 Fidelity Building, Taco<na,
Pierce County. Washington. 81
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1911-04-19
FOR SALE BY OWNER

Four acres, acres in fruit and
berries and one acre in hay; Groom
house, big barn and a storehouse;
2 good wells and chicken houses.
Take Spanaway car to Lincoln ave-
nue., walk blocks east to st. In
quire for G. A. Peterson.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1911-04-19
For Sale, Real Estate
SALE OR TRADE BY OWNER

20 acres, mostly cleared. 2 acres
raspberries; spring on the place.
VIII irrfgate; running stream. G.
w. Pickard, 1918 So. 18th.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1911-04-19
WEST END HOME
3 ROOMS, $3.50

An unprecedented snap! Eastern
client owns Groom house on 25xI20
IT. near Proctor and 18th SITS, and
has instructed us to dispose of the
This property is worth s110O. Ali
assessments. including paving on
18th st. paid. The house is old, of
course, but makes comfortable
home. We will make terms of $3.50
have We offered such a sacrifice.
First man with the money up gets
1t.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1911-04-19
Wines and Liquors

LANdERT LIo usg CO. Ills Psc. sy.
Wholesale and family trade. ~.
e022. A 3o22.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1911-04-19
Winners

fine lots and 3-room house, lots
are graded and fenced; a fine COW
and chickens and Q hives OF honey
bees, all go for $500; $500 cash, bal,
at Sc per month.
2 lots and 6 rooms to trade or sell.
This is winner; only $1,000.
2 lots, good 8 rooms down stairs,
room for 3 upstairs; lots of fruit,
all improvements in and paid for.
on car line, to trade for ranch. What
have you in Idaho?
A large rooming house to trade
for ranch, residence or small store,
centrally located.
100 acres to trade for city home,
s to rooms, 80 acres under plow.
This is east of the mountains and
good land.
Duff & Fechtner
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1911-04-19
40 Cal. Bldg. M.

FOR SALE BY OwNER-Nearly
new 5-room house. lots, improve
ments In and paid. Half block from
X car. $500; $500 cash. balance
monthly. Call at 2510 So. I st.
FOR SALE fine lots. N. E. cor.
N. 10th and Washington SITS. In
quire 1856 No. 2Sth st. or address
Box 81, Gig Harbor. Wn.
Dash Point summer home for sale
or trade for horses Address Lock
Box 166, Tacoma. Wn.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1911-04-19
Well Digger

b. T. BIRCH, Parkland, digs we'll
for recreation. Ask for prices.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1911-04-19
Upholstering

UPHoLsTERING ana fSrniturs re-
pairing Phone b 1861.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1911-04-19
FOR SALE

house and bath. big barn, fruit trees
and some garden. 1913 East 35th st.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1911-04-19
Vacuum Cleaners

>>>~>~~~~~~>~~>>~~->~> >>~~~-~~~-~~s~~>~~~
Sales agents for Vacuum Cleaners;
machines for rent. cleaning done
Main 1924. e1eh Tao. ave.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1911-04-19

Acreage one mile from Woodland
station, on Puyallup line. at $3.50 an
acre.. on small monthly payments.
Inquire 1886 So. L st. Main 1869.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1911-04-19

IT lots at American lake for
sale or trade. Inquire 1904 So. d st.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1911-04-19
Help Wanted-Male

e>s>~s~-~>~->>>>>~~> >>~~~>>s~ ~->>>~~~~~~~s>~~~s
WANTED-Six good huslipg solicit
ors: good proposition. Apply al
once Times office. 76S Commerce st
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1911-04-19
Boarders Wanted

" tWN VINO viii room t4EetHef, fine
bath and reasonable terms. els So.
G st.
board. 1921 9Th ave. Good care.
BUSY MEN AND WOMEN find ii
convenient 70 felephone their
want ads to the Times. Main 7sa
Ind a lisa Times ads cost only
one cent per word. 40 words cost
e oents.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1911-04-19
Business Chances

Coal and wood yard. with siding,
'ully equipped for business. best To-.
,ation In city for getting coal and
wood onto. Will give lease. Call
". $3.50.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1911-04-19
Stove Repairing

SEE ELLIS for anything your stove
needs. repairs. coils. connection,
castings made to order from broken
Or burned castings. 1343 Com. NJ
$3.50.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1911-04-19
Transfer Companies

FIDELITY TRANSFER q STORAGE
co. Large trucks. furniture vans
and baggage wagons; 6-day storage
free on baggage; piano hoistlng
ave, opposite N. P. depot. Phones:
Main SO. A 1897.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1911-04-19

OWNER GOING NORTH and must
sell 80 acres at Hales passage, val
uab1e spring of water on place and
heavily timbered. Phone Main ASP.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1911-04-19
FOR SALE

Broom house with Q full lots.
Phone A 2073 for particulars.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1911-04-19

Two acres near Regents Park. al
$475 per acre; $50 down, SIS per
month. Am forced to sell, so give
these fine terms on this very low
priced land.
Box lit. Selleck. Wash.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1911-04-19

FOR SALE 12-room rooming
house. central location. Price $500.
1913 So. D 1t.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1911-04-19
For Rent-House

1926 So. l. ST., rms, b., water 1850
5219 So. Pine st.,s4 rms, water $1,000
4412 No. 26th ST., 4 rms, water. 1000
4126 So. K St, s rms, b.. W.. 1919
1929 SO. +, 5.r.. wtr. bath. ....,,$dl
1908 No. Steele. rs, b., water 5000
712 So. ] ST., rms, b., water. 1000
sos Ea. 2Sth ST.. 7-r. bath, wtr.. SIT
523 Ea. 2sth St. 5-r., bath. Wtr. $l2
ZIG 49, So; 18th. e,r. w.t., bath .is$SSSS
704 So. 18th ST., ear, water, b.. 22.50
1901 No. Sth ST., err, wtr., b.. $500
1902 No. Madison, 7-r.. bath. wtr. $10
3406 No. Madison, 6-r., W., b.. 1900
iel2 H. So ). es scH wi M VI Co. INC. S00
BIC Bankers Trust Bldg.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1911-04-19
Furnished Rooms

IMPERIAL APARTMENTS - Hotel
has been entirely remodeled with
an addition of 20 new, up-to-date
room, unfurnished. Furnished /, Q.
3 and 4-room suites, So week and
up. CO.. So. 10th and Yak, Main
$i05. A 1897.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1911-04-19

For -Miscellaneous

For Observation-Disclosures
e.>~~~>~>~-~~>->-~~
FOR RENT-An island with partly
furnished log house. also furnish
ed kitchen, at American lake. In.
quire at Dunwaid's delicatessen.
18th St bet. c and ID SITS.
FOR RENT CHEAP--4o-a acre ranch
al spanaway. Apply Room j.
Lawrence hotel
DAVIS & HULL-Motors for rent on
short notice. s4T Com. NJ. 27s7.
FOX RENT-3-room house and lot.
water, partly furnished. in Shelton
Rents for $500 a month. AMY
go 50. st. Call Main 5I36. Az
~ a'ss Brown.
FOR RENT--10 acres OF best hot
tom land, near Firwood on Short
Line on reservation. Call at 1920
3d. Union St or add. J. p. Berg, Box
sos, city.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1911-04-19
Second Hand Stores.

s-~-~~s~~~~~-~~~.~s~~>~-~ ~~>~~s~~~S~~>>~~~-~>>
EVERYTHING in new and I'd hand
goods. We buy. sell, rent. repair
bicycles. @. Foster. 1917 Com. st.
ED. BENNICK. new C I'd hand
goods bought, sold, exchanged.
Highest prices paid for I'd hand
goods. 1901 jeff. av. N. 1880.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1911-04-19

FOR RENT-Niceiy furnished room
with alcove, for gents or ladies',
board II desired. s3s So. e. Main
efof.
Bryan daily eagle and pilot. [volume] (Bryan, Tex.) 1909-1918, 1911-10-27
Old Leather Bottles.

Leather bottles. or biackiacks. We're
common In Europe two centuries ago.
The bottles were often made of one
skin doubled up and closely stitched
together, leaving an aperture for the
neck. The thick piece between was
inserted for The slip II was meant to
be Sung at the back. leather thong
passed through two loops placed on
either side of the neck, and IL was suf-
ficiently hatat the base to stand when
put down. The stopper was made OF
wood. horn or old leather \ good
deal of care was required In the prep
aration of the leather. which had to be
oiled and worked with hammers to
make it supple and then washed with
a lye so that all the impurlty was en-
tirely removed. leaving the leather
clean and dry. No moisture or air had
any effect on it, Blackjacks were, in
fact. flagons made in various sizes.
They were sometimes pitched inside.