The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1911-12-16
Freezing And
 lis Preventatives
A Helpful Word on NOn-Freez- ing Mixtures = How "The Symptoms" Manifest Them selves in Cafs-Alcohol For the Motor in Various Propor- tiOnS .

About this time," the ardent rural automobile owner will go out to the earn some frosty morning and, with tlngling fingers, attempt to crank his motor, only to find it in no mood for crank1ng. A better grip on the ham ole and little more muscle than us- ually is required and the pistons will start very much as usual
 Ugh!" he exclaifns, rubbing the fin- gers of his right hand in the open palm of his left. Thought she was froZe that time sure"
 Probably she was too.
 Maybe in the stress of that first hard yank, when it seemed the pistons were sticking beyond the gripping power even of congealed lubricant, he failed to notice a sharp metallic click as of breaking twig. Maybe there was no such sound at all, but only sudden yielding as the mechanism seemed to overcome some stubborn op- position to its movement and resum- ed its accustomed, throp.
 At all events, he is pretty apt to discover within half an hour all the symptoms of overheating, the cxckity-, click of pre-ignition, the smell of burn ing oil and the warning cloud of smoke issuing from the "s1ats" in the side of thl hood
 Yes, the pump was frozen, even if it isn't any more. The only trouble was that turning over the engine by main strength and awkwardness while the pump was clogged with ice served to twist off the shaft or break a key somewhere in the line and so put the thing out of business.
 Fortunate,C in such circumstances, is the owner of a car whose manufac- turer has thoughtfully provided for piece in the pump line shaft Where this has been. done, it is the work of only few moments to renew the piece and start out as though noth- ing had happened-providing of course, the whole difficulty was caused by little frost fin the small amount of water contained in the pump-and nothing else. Even more fortunate is the owner of machine in which the pump is driven by spring dog which when due resistance is offered to the movement of the shaft, will merely slip preventing further damage and at the same time indicating to the operator that the pump is out of commission Otherwise it may be a matter of hours days or even weeks, before the pump can be put in order again and the slipping dog or whatnot, pumps will freeze, and oddly enough, it is that organ of the entire automobile mech anism which is most frequently endan- gered by cold weather.
 In the mind of the average automo- lille man cold weather and cracked cylinders are gloomily confused Ac- tually, however, the proportion of cracked cylinders to frozen pumps is pretty low, and with good reason. The cylinders are at a, relatively high tenn perature when the car is shut down for the night and remain so for some time thereafter. The metal of the jackets is strong, mol cover, so that it does not yield to the inward pressure of the freezing water until the liquid has practically solidif1ed. Similarly. though the water pipes contain a rel atively large volume of water in pro- portion to the amount of metal in the walls, excessive pressures are reliey- ed by the elasticity of the rubber hose connections. AS for the radiator. it's walls are thin enough to bulge suf- ficiently to take care of expansion while the open space above the water a like purpose.
 With the pump it is different. Or dinarily situated at the lowest part of the 'waterworks'' and not infre- quently exposed to draughts of cold air, besides handling the coolest water in the cooling system, it is in a fair way to reach atmospheric temperature as soon as any other part of the sys- ten-if not sooner.
 The real trouble comes most freouent- ly, not from an actual freeze-up, but from the formation of just enough ice in the pump to clog it's action and thereby to cause it to be stopped. just as it would be stopped by core sand. scales of rust or any other impedf- ment. Tn other words, to indulge in a harmless paradox, the direct result of