The citizen. (Honesdale, Pa.) 1908-1914, 1911-12-06

| OF the statute. This Is wholly untrue
| \ reasonabe restraint Of trade at CON.
mon lgW is we'll understood and is
| tlelriF defined. Ii does not rest in Tie
discretion of tn court. 1t must BE-
limited to accon ,ish the purpose of Il
! lawful main contract to which in order
that it shall be enforceable at all IL
must be incidental. If it exceed the
needs of that contract it is void.
The test of reasonableness was never
applied by the court at comman law
to contracts or combinations or CON
| spiracies in restraint of trade whose
purpose was or whose necessary effect
would be to stifle competition. to con.
troll prices or establish monopolies
| The courts never assumed power to
say that such contracts or combina-
tions or conspiracies might be lawful
if the parties to them were only mod
crate in the use Of the power thus Sc
cured and did not exact from the pub
| lie too great and exorbitant prices. 1t
is true that many theorists and others
engaged in business violating the stat
ute have hoped that some such line
could be drawn by courts, but no court
of authority has ever attempted it.
Certainly there is nothing in the decl-
sions Of the latest two cases from
which such dangerous theory of ju-
dicial discretion in enforcing this stat
ute can derive the slightest sanction.
Force and Effectiveness of Statute a
Matter of Growth.
We have been twenty-one years max
| ing this statute effective for the pur
poses for which it was enacted. The
Knight case was discouraging and
seemed to remit to the states the whole
available power to attack and suppress
the evils of the trusts. Slowly, howev-
er, the error of that judgment was cor
! rected, and only in the last three or
| four years has the heavy hand of the
| law been laid upon the great Illegal
combinations that have exercised such
an absolute dominion over many of our
industries. Criminal prosecutions have
been brought, and number are pend
ing, but juries have felt averse to con-
victing for Jail sentences and judges
have been most reluctant to impose
such sentences on men of respectable
standing in society whose offense has
been regarded as merely statutory.
| Still, as the offense becomes better un-
derstood and the committing of it par
takes more of studied and deliberate
defiance of the law we can be conf
dent that juries will convict individu-
ais and that Jail sentences will be i'm
| posed.
The Remedy In Equity by Dissolution.
In the Standard Oil case the supreme
and circuit courts found the combina-
ton to be a monopoly Of the interstate
business of refining, transporting and
marketing petroleum and it's products.
effected and maintained through thir-
ty-seyen different corporations, the
stock of which was held by New Jer-
| sey company. 1t in effect commanded
the dissolution of this combination, di-
rected the transfer and pro rata distri-
button by the New Jersey company of
the stock held by it in the thirty-seven
corporations to and among its stock
holders, and the corporations and indi-
vidual defendants were enjoined from
conspiring or combining to restore
such monopoly, and all agreements be
tween the subsidiary corporations tend,
Ing to produce or bring about further
! violations of the act were enjoined.
In the tobacco case the court found
that the individual defendants, TWEEN
ty-nine in number, had been engaged
in a successful effort to acquire COM
plete dominion over the manufacture.
sale and distribution Of tobacco in this
country and abroad and that this had
been done by combinations made with
a purpose and effect to stife competi-
ton, control prices and establish a
monopoly, not only in the manufacture
Of tobacco, but also of tin foil and lie
orice used in its manufacture and Of
it's products of cigars, cigarettes aud
snuffs. The tobacco suit presented a
far more complicated and difficult case
than the Standard Oil suit for decree
which would effectuate the will of the
court and end the violation of the stat
ute. There was here no single hold
ing company, as in the case Of the
Standard Oil trust. The main company
was the American Tobacco company,
a manufacturing, selling and holding
company. The plan adopted to de-
stroy the combination and restore COM
petition involved the redivision of the
capital and plants of the whole trust
between some of the companies con-
stituting the trust and new companies
organized for the purposes of the de-
cree and made parties to it and num-
bering. new and DID, fourteen.
Situation After Readjustment.
The American Tobacco company
(old), readjusted capital $92,000OOO;
the Liggett & Meyers Tobacco company
new, capital $67 100000; the P. Loril-
lard company new, capital SAT ,OOO,-
600, and the r. J. Reynolds Tobacco
company (old), capital $7,525,O00, are
chiefly engaged in the manufacture
and sale of chewing and smoking to-
bacco and cigars. The former one tin
foil company is divided into two, one
a q