davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Washington herald., 1911-07-09
GcaRE AoLdez.1 RRZZNIzY
.Loca17ozTe

upon the tracks of another, hence
each company selected q gage. or
width OF track. to suit itself. The
gage IS selected by Stephenson was
feet 8 \ inches which proved to
be the most practicable and which
was gradually adopted as standard.
In 1878 there were, besides ths
standard gage, eleven other cages in
use In this country, the widths vary
ing from dve feet to six feet in width.
The necessity for uniform gage be-
came 50 apparent that practically
every road in the United States and
Canada adopted the standard gage
and changed their tracks to conform
with it. One OF the most notable en-
cheering feats on record was the
changing Of the tracks of an entire
system of railroad In "a hours. 1t
is but fair to say. however. that
months had been spent In making
preparations for the change
Before al of the roads were Of
the same gage through passenger
traffic was carried with dificulty, It
being necessary to change whole cars
from one set of trucks to another so
as not to disturb the passengers
Since the eleotrifcation Of steam
railways begun there have been en-
ployed three different systems: The
continuous. or direct current. gener-
ally known as the third rail-" the
three-phase alternating current with
two overhead wires and the single
phase, alternating current high ten
sion system with single overhead
wire.
A notable instance Of the latter is
that Of the New York. New Haven
& Hartford Railroad. the motors and
controlling apparatus being 30 ar
The Washington herald., 1911-07-09

cheney. AS a matter Of fact these
1893 motors are still In use, hauling
passenger trains. For the handling
of freight trains motors that weigh
16o tons and which have a traction
power Of $4,000 pounds starting and
are able to haul 10000 pounds at
speed Of sh miles an hour are used.
One OF these giant motors has no
difficulty In drawing an 1S00-ton train
through the tunnel and up the ~
per cent grade, while three steam To-
comotives. with their tenders. weigh
ing $40 tons, have great difficulty in
performing the same service.
The latest models of these giant mo-
tors weigh $50 tons and they embody
many features not contained In the
older models and they are. corre-
spondingly. more mobile. The cab Is
The Washington herald., 1911-07-09
Loconohre IapNIC 6ARR.

ranged to utilize the single-phase cur
rent from an overhead wire at 11,ooo
volts. and also being operated by cur
rent from the $50 volt third rail sys-
tenn Of the New York Central & Hud-
son, thus making demonstration Of
the wonderful fiexibility of alternating
current apparatus.
The three-phase system has been In
use in Italy and Switzerland for sew
eral years and at the present time the
Italian government is .eqripping the
Giovi road which runs out Of Genoa
with this system. This line. which Is
heavy grade road. viii be operated
by IS motors that are now being
built.
The employment OF electric motors
to haul IN conjunction with steam
locomotives dates back In this coun-
The Washington herald., 1911-07-09

try, to 1898, when the Baltimore &
Ohio Railroad company adopted cleo
tricity as a motive power in its Belt
Line tunnel under Baltimore. At that
time the trolley car system was but
seven or eight years old. and while
the cars had done wonderfully. cleo
trical traction for heavy hauling was
an. unknown problem and one to be
worked out.
Great interest was evinced In the
first motor that arrived and electrical
experts from all over the country
viewed 1t and watched 1t work. Conn
pared with the great motors Of to-.
day It was small. weighing but s6
tons, but It was. nevertheless. the
germ upone which, or rather through
which, electrical traction power has
been evolved to high state OF eff
The Washington herald., 1911-07-09

that the electric motor is therefore
comparable from that point Of view.
But there the comparison Is not Alto
Gether fair for 1t Is traction power
that counts
By placing together a pair OF these
cotton motors, both under the con-
troll Of one man, the engineer has under
his control $500 horsepower. or q
maximum tractive effort of 10000
pounds developed by the 1s0-ton To-
comotive. One OF the huge Mallet
steam locomotives weighs 2S9 tons
but Of this weight but 1877 tons Is on
the drivers, and this engine Is capa-
BILE of but 1900 pounds tractive eff
fort.
Taking into consideration the
weights on the drivers, which Is the
weight that counts most in traction.
the electrical engines are on their
drivers practically pound for pound
while their steam brethren are not by
about one-half.
Another system Of propulsion, other
than steam, for railroads that Is be-
coming popular for short branch lines
is the gas-electrio motor car. q car
that combines all Of the features OF
the trolley car and yet is 80 selt-con-
tained that II Is independent of wires
or third rails and can cruise all over
the country where 1t can fnd rails Of
proper gage.
This car is q comDl1Ation passenger
and parcel carrier, and its motive
power is a combination Of the gaso-
line engine and the electric motor.
That the car is practicable has been
demonstrated by a long distance run
by one of its type. several thousand
miles being covered and most Of the
larger cities OF the country being
visited.
Already some OF the larger roads
have adopted the model for operating
upon extensions from the main line
and 1t bids fair to become an import
ant feature on lines known as feeders
to main trunks.
In this car the power is derived
from the gasoline engine and is then
transmitted to electric generators and
the current thus made Is trGnsmitted>
direct to the motors that drive tha
wheels.
The great difficulty in the electrih-
cation of standard railways Is no
longer the engineering problem OF
an electric motor and the
electrical system that will operate IL,
but It is a broad question Of financial
and general policy Of far reaching
scope and 1t requires combination Of
the highest engineering and CONNER
cial skill.
The Washington herald., 1911-07-09

divided into two parts, a main cab
and an auxiliary cab. In the former
sits the engineer while in the latter
are pumps, air tanks, rheostats and
other machinery that does not require
constant inspection. All of the oper-
ating gear, switches. etc, are in the
main cab and arranged so that the
engineer may reach any one of them
in an instant
1t Is interesting to compare one Of
these motors with the types Of steam
engines. The motors are built in two
sections. each OF which weighs 80
tons The Pacific type of locomo-
lives. such as are used for heavy pas
senger service. weighs about rs tons.
On the other hand the power freight
locomotives of the Mikado type weigh
from 80 to 100 tons on its drivers. so
The Washington herald., 1911-07-09

American convicts In other countries.
He pays a large sum each year for
the maintenance OF lighthouses along
the coast of Morocco. other countries
contributing their share. He spends
thousands each year in bringing back
from other countries persons charged
with crime. There are hundreds OF
other ways IN which the government
finds good use for money that the
citizens never hear about.
The Washington herald., 1911-07-09

hundred dollars as its share OF the
expenses OF keeping mp e Brussels
an institution known as the interne-
tionai bureau for the repression of the
African slave trade.
Uncle Sam Is deeply interested In
ascertaining the sire of the earth over
which he recently stretched out his
mighty hand. With visW Of gain
The Washington herald., 1911-07-09

ITO have discovered how TO
make an inert mass of metal ca
pable Of Transforming alternating
currents of 100, 900 volts into cur
rents OF any required lower volt
age with a loss OF only q trif1e of
the energy so transformed, would
have been to achieve enduring
fame. The facts divide this honor
among q few, the benenciar1es
will be tens OF Millions"
GEORGE WESTINGHOUSE.
TN less than rs years q new indus
trial and economic situation hal
been created by the development
OF apparHtus to generate. distri-
butte and utilize electricity. Not leas
thsn two thousand million dollars
Rsve been invested in plants to
mAnuIscture apparatus, in power
houses to EeneTats electricity, In COP
per lines 10 transmit this mysterious
energy, in the construction Of rail-
ways and their equipment and In the
manufacture OF products unknown
before the advent Of this wonderful
agent Of man.
We are all more or less familiar
with the great development OF what
are commonly called trolley lines"
not only In the cities but In the inter-
urban service, how they became the
cities and then, like q vast net, en-
veloped almost every section Of the
country.
In the intsrurban service the troll
ley car has become q most important
competitor with the steam railway.
In many instances the tracks Of the
rivals parallel and whenever this b
the case the steam road finds the oou1-
petition unequal with the odds In
favor OF the trolley.
The great success Of the trolley Tor
quick transit and the mobility Of cleo
trioSty hes SO strongly appealed to the
steam railroad companies that Q num-
Der have electrified portions Of their
roads. The great terminal Of the
Pennsylvania Railroad in Philadelphia
Is being electrified to the city limits
and the trains as they pull In are
towed through by huge motors. AL
Of the cars that so through the tubes
into and out Of New York are hauled
by electric motors.
It is but question OF q short time
when the tunnels OF this road that run
under Baltimore win be sleotrifed.
Then will follow the eleotrifyIng Of
the great Union Station at Washing-
ton. The equipping OF the links win
then be taken up and eventually the
electrioi motor viii make direct hauls
from the Capital to New York.
To date just 13 steam roads In va
rious parts Of the world have added
electric motors to their equipment
employing total Of 242 motors and
operating 47T.7 miles OF track.
In the first days Of railroading there
was probably no idea Of the inter-
change Of trafi1c involving the uses
of the rolling stock Of one company
The Washington herald., 1911-07-09
GOVERNMENTS OUTSIDE EXPENSES.

ing the much desired information he
pays annually. through the American
embassy at Berlin. his quota as an ad-
herring member OF the International
Geodetic Association for the measure
ment Of the earth. fifteen hundred doll
lars.
It costs Uncle Sam fifteen thousand
dollars annually to provide prisons for
The Washington herald., 1911-07-09
MlNINO CoFFIN BLANKS.

nNE Of the many carious occupa-
ticns in the world is the BUSH
" ness of mining for coffin planks,
which is carried on in Upper Tonquin.
q portion Of the French possessions in
Asia There exists great
deposits Of underground logs in one
section of the province, and It Is
thought that they were placed there
The Washington herald., 1911-07-09

as the result of an earthquake at a
comparatively recent period The
trees are species OF pine known to
the natives and also to some extent
to European commerce as ''namhou.:,S'
The wood is almost imperishable
and has quality. either through its
nature or a result pf its sojourn under
ground. Of resisting decay from damp
The Washington herald., 1911-07-09

AHE United States government
pays out annually thousands OF
dollars for purposes which not
enc In e thousand OF citizens knows
anything about Although slave trad
ing Is generally supposed 70 be thing
OF the past. the government does not
think so. This is evidenced ky the
fact that the country contributes one
The Washington herald., 1911-07-09

ness. This quality makes it particu-
larly valuable for the manufacture Of
collins, and for this purposes 1t is
largely exported to Europe. Several
of the trees located under the ground
have been yard in diameter. They
are buried in sandy earth and are dug
up by the native&
The Washington herald., 1911-07-09

The largest diamond in the world
Is the Braganza. being part Of the
Portuguese jewels. 1t weighs 1850
carats and was found In Brazil in
1741.
The Virginia enterprise. [volume] (Virginia, St. Louis County, Minn.) 1893-19??, 1911-07-21
RECIPES WORTH FASTING UP
Indian Curry and Rice Makes Excel
lent Hot Dish-Proper Way to
Boil Rice-Pie Crust.

Indian Curry and Rice.-Fry Is
cents worth Of round steak IN hot
olive oil with chopped onion and
one Glove of garlic. When brown
cover with hot water or soup stock.
Simmer about twenty minutes. Into
this put two grated turnips and one
grated carrot; season with salt and
pepper and a pinch of cayenne pep
per. Mix one heaping tablespoon of
curry powder with a little water and
stir into gravy. Serve with boiled
rice.
To Boil Rice ProperIy.-Pack rice
clean and wash it in two cold waters,
not draining eff the last water until
you are ready to put the rice on the
lire. Prepare 4 saucepan with plenty
water and a little salt When it
boils sprinkle in the rice gradually,
so as not to stop the boiling. Holt
hard for 20 minutes, keeping pot COW
cred; then pour off wter, after which
set the pot on the back of the stove
to allow the rice to dry and grains
to separate.
Pie Crust.-Two cups -four, one cup
lard, one-half cup water, pinch Of
salt; enough for two pies
The Virginia enterprise. [volume] (Virginia, St. Louis County, Minn.) 1893-19??, 1911-07-21
Believed It Imperative That He Re-
main at His Post to Meet Pos
sible Attacks Against Founda.
tions Of Commonwealth.

Melville w. Fuller of Chicago be-
came chief justice of the United
Etates in 1883, being at that time
11fty-five years of age In 1908,
after he had served twenty years, and
when he was seventy-five years of
age. some Of the more intimate of his
personal friends ventured to hint to
him that it would be we'll. in view
Of his advanced years, if he should
give some thought to retiring from
the bench. Vs..
To these somewhat vague but we'll
meant hints the chief justice at first
paid no attention. He turned them
aside by some kindly remark, some
times intimating, for example, that
he was still physically strong. and
sometimes in spirit Of jest, asking
his friends if they detected any men
tai impairment in him.
Therefore. after a time. the matter
was dropped. But about year after
the first suggestion of this nature
was made to him, Chief Justice Full
ler's friend again. in a kindly and
sincere spirit which he fully appre-
ciated. ventured still more earnestly
to urge upon him that he owed it to
himself. to his family and to his
friends that he take early advantage
81 the opportunity for retirement
from the bench. which had been his
at any time since he had been sew
enty years Of age. This intimation
was followed by others, and from
tire same sources, and at last the
chief Justice. perhaps conscious of
the fact that already intimations had
The Virginia enterprise. [volume] (Virginia, St. Louis County, Minn.) 1893-19??, 1911-07-21
TRUE NOTE IN DECORATION
Fitness OF Useful and Ornamental A.
ticIes in Room Must Be First
Consideration.

The true method of making a room
beautiful Is to make all the necessary
and useful things in it beautiful: SO
much is this true that it becomes al.
most impossible to design a really
beautiful room that is to have no use.
ful work done in it or natural life
lived In it. An architect called upon
to design a room in which nothing
more earnest is to be done than to
gossip over afternoon teas has a sad
job.
For a room must always derive its
dignity or meanness from, and reflect
somewhat, the character and kind of
occupation which is carried on in it.
For instance, the studio of an artist.
the study of man of letters, the
workshop of carpenter, or the
kitchen of farmhouse, each in it's DO
sition and degree, derives a dignity
and interest from the work done in
1t. And the things in the room bear
some relation to that work, and will
be the furniture and surroundings nat
ural to it; as the bench and tools in
the carpenters shop; the easels and
canvases in the studio; the books and
papers in the study; and the bright
pans and crockery in the kitchen. All
these lend sense of active, useful.
human life to the room, which re-
deems 1t from vulgarity, though it be
the simplest possible; and no amount
of decoration or ornamentation can
give dignity or LONELINESS to a room
which is used as show room, or in
which no regular useful life is lived.
For in the work room all things have
a place by reason of their usefulness,
which gives a sense Of fitness and re-
pose entirely wanting in room where
place has obviously had to be found
for everything, as in a drawing room.
The Virginia enterprise. [volume] (Virginia, St. Louis County, Minn.) 1893-19??, 1911-07-21
Why Fuller Died in Harness

appeared in the public press telling
of his contemplated retirement at an
early day, was persuaded that the
time had come when he should take
his personal friends into his conf
dence. This he did in the manner
and with the words here reported.
Il have not been unmindful of the
suggestion that at my age it may be
the better part for me to retire to
the serenity and comfort of private
life" he said. But l should say to
you now that l have already placed
my resignation in the hands of d.
vine Providence. 1t may be accepted
at any time. 1t is certainly to be
accepted within two years. l await
with serenity the call.
Il have done this because it has
seemed to me that in these times,
when great events are in progress
when it is apparent that some severe
test of stability of a Republican.
Democratic form of government is
now or is about to be made-when
preachings and agitations made, pos
sibly, in sincerity. but containing
seeds of grave danger-it is impera-
tive that l should remain at the post
to which I was called so long as l
have my faculties, to the end that
our tribunal, the master work of our
federal constitution may still stand
as rock in permanent support of
the fundamental principles upon
which our great commonwealth is
founded.
A few months later Melville w. Full.
Ter had his resignation as chief JUS
tice of the United States accepted by
that Divine Providence in which he
placed implicit trust
Copyright, 1911. by E. ]. Edwards. All
Rights ReserVed,)
The Virginia enterprise. [volume] (Virginia, St. Louis County, Minn.) 1893-19??, 1911-07-21
Eugene Hale, Defeated for Reelection
to Congress by Stonecutter Named
Murch, Started His Political Ca.
reer Anew, and Succeeded.

Eugene Hale, who retired from the
United States senate last March, is to-
day the country's most famous man
from Maine. He had been in the SEN
ate since 1881, longer service than
any other member now in the senate,
and he had been in public life and
public office practically continuously
since he came of age in 1857. But, so
far as l know, it has never been told
In print how, after he had been a
county attorney for nine years, a
member OF the Maine legislature for
two years and member of the lower
house OF congress for five terms he
began his political career all over
again.
A few days after Mr.. Hale had
been sworn in as United States SEN
6sor for the first time l met Thomas
b. Reed in telegraph office in Wash
lngton. He was in one of his delight
mi philosophical, contemplative moods
anu he spoke Of the great enjoyment
ne was then experiencing through his
discovery of French classic. After
a while the conversation drifted
around to national politics, then to
Maine politics and then l reminded
Mr.. Reed that in 1879, when a stone.
cutter of the name ot Murch had de-
1eated the new senator from Maine
IN ms sixth candidacy for congress,
predictions were freely made that
that was the end of Eugene Hale M.
litically."
WELL" drawled Mr.. Reed. that
might very we'll have been the end of
Eugene Hale if he hadn't begun all
over again. At any rate, I'm certain
that he wouldn't have got into the sen.
ate SO soon II 1t hadn't been for the
Greenback craze that swept over
Maine and leveled him, among others.
before it died down.
mot long after this fellow Murch
defeated Hale l asked Hale what he
was going to do
Tom,' he said, I am going to be-
gin all over again.
How are you going to do thatr 7
asked
Well, he said, you know served
two terms in the Maine house of rep.
fesentatives in 1858. l made my DO
1itical mark there and from there 7
was sent to congress- Now, they are
saying that l am dead politically. be-
cause. after serving five terms in the
house of representatives of the United
States | have been beaten by an un-
known, stonecutter, backed by the
Greenbacks, the labor vote and the
Democratic party. But l didn't think
so; in fact, | am going to prove to all
who say | am dead politically that
they are wrong, and I'm going to do it
by going back to the Maine legisla-
The Virginia enterprise. [volume] (Virginia, St. Louis County, Minn.) 1893-19??, 1911-07-21
Rich Street Gown.

With the exception of very few
costumes, street gowns in the present
season are matters of such elaboration
as to make them particularly difficult
to describe in class by themselves
To be sure, there are numbers of tive
piece costumes composed of a skirt
and a coat for which a waist must be
designed unless the shirtwaist is re.
sorted to; but the majority of street
costumes Of today represent an under
dress Of great richness, especially at
the top, with coat that is modifying
ly plain, perhaps, but not necessarily
SO. There are charming cotton waists
offered for use with the skirt-and-coat
costume, and novel chiffon waist TOPS
for the palmer complete underdresses.
-Harper'S Bazaar. =.
The Virginia enterprise. [volume] (Virginia, St. Louis County, Minn.) 1893-19??, 1911-07-21
Maine Man Began Over Again

ture and beginning my political ca
reer all over again
We'll. the following autumn" con-
t1nued Mr.. Reed, Hale was a candi-
date for his old seat in the lower
house of the state legislature. He
was elected easily from the town Of
Ellsworth, and back he went to Au-
gusta the same old Eugene Hale that
he was when he first took his seat in
that body. He did not complain at
the come down; he did not moan over
the fact that he was no longer in con-
gress. He applied himself assiduous-
Iy to his duties as state legislator,
and the first thing his political enc
mics knew-the very ones who had
prophesied some time before that he
was dead politically-Hale's conduct
had so won the admiration and re-
spect of the state that when it came
time for new senator to be elected
from the state Of Maine Eugene Hale
easily led the list of candidates and
won the coveted honor. am sure
that his demeanor during this second
period in the Maine legislature served,
more than any other one thing-more
than his long record in congress, more
than the fact that he had been offered
and declined the post of secretary of
the navy by President Hayes-to
cause his party, without dissent, to
insist that he succeed Hannibal Ham
lin in the limited States senate And
doubt whether he would have got to
The Virginia enterprise. [volume] (Virginia, St. Louis County, Minn.) 1893-19??, 1911-07-21
How He Killed a Caribou.

1.-THE only caribou that l ever shot,
said DR.. Oscar H. Sellenings. came
my way III a somewhat peculiar man
ner. I was up in the New Brunswick
country for big game and my guide
and myself had tramped about the
country without seeing any. We were
going through the woods when the
guide remarked: Well just on the
spot where you are standing a doctor
from Boston got caribou last year
Maybe Well see one now The guide
had scarcely got through talking when
1 happened to turn around and there
was one Of the big animals tramping
along, but beyond gunshot He was
coming my way, however. and I pre-
:nared for him.
Il aimed between two trees and Just
az his head appeared, fired and he
crashed down and was dead when We
got to him -Columbus Dispatch.
The Virginia enterprise. [volume] (Virginia, St. Louis County, Minn.) 1893-19??, 1911-07-21
Quail or SQUAD on Toast.

Take as many birds as required,
pick, draw, wash thoroughly and dry.
Set giblets IN boiling water until
needed. Rub each quail or SQUAD
thoroughly with salt and pepper, have
good piece Of butter melting in deep
stewpan, put S1rds in and brown nice
ly on all sides. then add enough sher-
ry wine to keep from burning, then
your giblets, d small onion, Glove of
garlic, and some dry mushrooms all
cut very fine with a dash of mace.
Cover tight and set on slow fire; test
with fork and when nice and tender
put quail on platter with toast cut
Y shape, add more sherry and water
lhalf and half; thickcn slightly, coax
for five minutes, pour over birds and
toast and serd to the table.