davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Daily independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 188?-1915, 1911-01-16
Application No. 1856

Application No. 1856
Notice of Application for Per-
mission to Appropriate the Public
Waters of the State of Nevada
Notice is hereby given that on
the 9th day of October, 1910, in
accordance with Section rs, Chapter
XXI, of the Statutes of 1909,
one Nevada Land & Live Stock
Company of Elko, County of Elko
and State Of Nevada, made ap-
plication to the State Engineer of
Nevada for permission to appropri-
ate the public waters of the State
of Nevada. Such appropriation is
to be made from an unnamed creek
andits tributaries in T. 40 NJ, r.
So E., M. d. M. in Elko County,
Nevada, and locally known as
Indian Creek, at point which bears
west from quarter corner on line
between sections Fl and % in TIP.
40 N. r. So f., Nj. D. M. is 875
feet distant and being in mel of
NWt of Sec. % in T. 40 IN. r.
So E M. ID. M. by means of dam
and fifteen cubic feet per second
is to be conveyed to points in the
Sci of SET of Sec. 8, SCI of
NWt, NJ of SW4 and SW4 of
SWi of Sec. Is, M of SCI, of
Sci of SE4. SW4 of NE4. NE4 of
NEt and SW4 of SW! of Sec. 16,
the SCI of NWt SW4 of NE4 and
WI of Sci of Sec. 20. Wa of NWt,
Sci of NWi, WI of NEt and NEt
of NE4 of Sec. q. M of NW3 of
Sec. %, NE4, NW4 of SCI, NE4
of SW4 and W. of SW4 of Sec.
20. SCI of NE4 and FL of SCI of
Sec. 30, and NWt of NW4 of Sec.
30, all in T. 90 NJ, r. So E., M ID.
M. by means Of bitches and there
used for irrigation. Water not to
be returned 20 stream
Date of first publication January 3.
1911.
Date of last publication FEBRUARY. 8,
1911.
Daily independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 188?-1915, 1911-01-16
HUMAN BODY LIKE DYNAMO
Not . Storage Battery. Writer Says,
but Manufactures Its Energy Ac-
cordino to Demand.

l have long been convinced that the
well-trained human body is a dynamo
or magnetic which manufactures Its
energy according to the demand. and
does not, like a storage batter, con.
tain liked quantity OF stored-up en-.
| ersy or power, writer in the
Forum says. A little reflection upon
The great adaptability OF the body to
many varying conditions OF existence
tends strongly to confirm this view.
7 is well known that no other anin7i
an exist under such a variety o! ca.
mates and conditions, and upon such
diversity OF foods, as man. But 1t
Is not so well known, for example,
that no other animal possesses the
endurance and capacity for labor
which man possesses. Yet 1t Is in
conceivable that any other animal
than man could have performed Mr.
Weston's task in the time he accom-
plished 1t. Whenever a horses endu-
rance has been tried against mans.
the victory has seemed to lodge with
the biped.
The average mans endurance OF f..
tigue, like his endurance OF heat and
cold, fasting and feastIng, great exer.
ton and absolute rest, can be ain. ost
Indefinitely increased. The only sat
isfying explanation OF this phcnome.
non Is the preponderating influence Of
his spiritual nature. Man can train
his body to do his bidding to de.
gree hitherto considered impossible,
and evidently far beyond the capacity
OF brute. The body, when proper
ly trained. manufactures the energy
II needs as 1t expends It. Our energy
Is not stored up within us to be drawn
on as man draws water out OF a
cask, nor Is our so-called vitality a
liked quantity. Great bodily strength.
huge muscles and a deep chest do not
necessarily Indicate endurance. or a
capacity for a lOng-sustained exertion
These attributes merely indicate the
muscular and Osseous foundations
upon which an athletes prowess may
be developed. Man trains himself TO
great physical or mental efficiency by
practice and care. He succeeds In
endurance tests largely by will power
Daily independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 188?-1915, 1911-01-16
BEWARE OF OIA1MEATS FOR
CLTRRR THAT CONTAIN MERGURY

as mercury will surely destroy the
sense of smell and completely de-
range the whole system when enter
ing it through the mucus surfaces.
Such articles should never be used
except on prescriptions from re-
putable physicians, as the damage
they will do is ten fold to the good
you can possibly derive from them.
Halls Catarrh Cure manufact-
ured by F. j. Cheney & Co., Toledo
o., containsno mercury, andis taken
internally, acting directly upon the
blood and mucous surfaces of the
system. lnbuying Halls Catarrh
Cure be sure you get the genuine.
1t is taken internally and made
in Toledo, Ohio, by Efficiency &Co.
Testimonials free.
Sold by Druggists. Price, 75c.
per bottle. Take Halls Family
Pills for constipation.
Daily independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 188?-1915, 1911-01-16
HOBBY FASCINATING TO MEN
Hh'iateIist Finds Large Field for His
acknowledgements Farthest
Corner of Earth.

The dis covery Of solemn mans
hobby soltcns his austerity. So Their
Is something very human and Interest
ing In the convention recently held
mere OF the nations philatelists-seri-
ous men brought together by the com.
non fascination exercised by little BIZ
Ut co!ored paper
Like every other hobby which In.
Voives collecting something, the fun is
not half so much I'm possession as I'm
me eternal quest. Whole volumes Of
odd and beautiful labels. given as q
receipt for postage paid. are not as In.
tcresting as the rare and Elusive speci
rcns witch are yet to be corralled
While the small boy collector has his
heaven In grandmothers garnet, shear
ne the old labels from long treasured
spistles. the full.nedged enthusiast
hnds larger field for his activities.
md the farthest corner Of the earth is
not too remote to stop his quest. There
Is more In the hobby than one might
suppose. History. geography and ma.
tional politics form groundwork for
IN intelligent pursuit Of the pastlme.
New Zealand and Hawaii will show
YOU landscapes uEon their stamps; n
Central American country pictures
tropical birds: Jamaica shows water.
tall; old Canadian Issues and some Of
Borneo show native laura. while Japan
'evels In various presentations OF It's
'ized chrysanthemum. Col
1mbia and the Quebec centehnials pre-.
cent whole maps. while the heads of
rulers and statesmen give designs for
thousands OF issues.-DetroIt Free
Press.
Daily independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 188?-1915, 1911-01-16
new RAILROADS
BEING PLANNED

1.-THE next 60 or 80 days will deter
mine whether half billion or more dol
lars will be expended in extending
transcontincntal railroad lines into Cal
ifornia, or whether the plans for this
construction aro to bc deferred indcfi-
nitoly," said l.. l.. Lomax of San Fran
cisco, passenger traffic manager of the
Western Pacific, i'm Los Angeles in
terview one day last week.
"B. +. YOakum, head of the st. Louis
and San Francisco railroad, il prepared
to ext end the Frisco system mt IL cost of
800, 000,0 The Phelps Dodge
syndicate has similar proposition for
building tho Rock Island line to the
coast The Gould interests want to build
Il limo from some point near Salt Lake
to Los Angeles, and another line south
ward from San Francisco through the
Sun joaquin valley. Hill is seeking to
extend his great system from the north
west through California to tho Gulf of
Mexico.
But capital is timid and consorva-
tive, and tho morcycd interests which
must necessarily got back of these pro-
jects will not finance them if there Is
danger of Il continuance Of tho policy
of Legislation adverse to the railroads
that has characterized the national
congress and tho stutc Legislative bodies
in the last fcw years. If capital he
assured that the past prevailing epidemic
Of Legislation adverse to railroad
progress IL over, these various projects
will be realized San francisco and
Los Angeles will bo the principal
beneficiuries.
Daily independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 188?-1915, 1911-01-16
UNCLE SAM is SLOW PAY
Ono Army Officer Had to Wait 80
Years for Small Sum
Of Cash.

II anyone doubts that Uncle Sam
often is tardy in settling his just debts
all they have to do to dispel that IL.
fusion is to ask Brig. Gen. Harry II.
Anderson. u. s. A., retired, to whom
the government has acknowledged
that he has had coming to him TO
some 80 years a small amount OF gov.
ernment cash
After many years OF putting Uncle
Sam time and again through the third
degree, as 1t were, I'm the shape of a
claim In connection with his old-time
army service, the doughty general sue
ceeded lately In extracting full and
complete confession from the comp
troller OF the treasury and law officer
OF the department, whose word Is
final, that his contention was right
that the government forthwith must
turn over TO him S2i0.l0 he ought to
have had long years age.
Fair-minded people will think that
Uncle Sam. to do the handsome thing,
ought to pay the general interest on
the money he has not had the use of
ir this long period, but your Uncle
Samuel: will do no such. thing He
pays 40 interest on such money as
that, and never has. At fair interest
the claim would total more than $500.
While the amount involved Is small,
Gen. Anderson's case Is unique by rea-
son Of Its age and tie fact that some
OF the items figuring in 1t date back
as far as 1871. and are for ridiculous
~ small sums, ranging from 40 cents
to the highest sing.c item OF Sj3.54
Daily independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 188?-1915, 1911-01-16
TALE OF YACHTING CRUISE
How Hostess Arranged Breakdown
and Got Rid of Her Bored
Guests.

A few seasons back a well-known
hostess chartered a splendid yacht for
August and invited n large number OF
her friends for a three.week cruise. At
first all went well, though the part y
was not specially we'll assorted: but
after few days they began to evince
signs Of being somewhat bored with
each others company.
The hostess marked these signs OF
incipient boredom. which became more
plainly evident each day. and at last In
despair she took counsel with one Of
her guests. an old and experienced
yachtsman.
What on earth shall do to amuse
these peOple?" she asked
The yachtsman looked ut the serene
sky and calm. blue water. and shook
his head doubtfully.
"A storm would enliven them I'D a
Bit" he said. "but the weather looks
quite settled. There is only one thing
to be done. You must arrange a break
down, the engineer will manage that
oil right for you. He has probably
often done SO before. Then you must
make for the nearest port for repairs
and let your guests have a run ashore
Some Of them. | expect, will find an
excuse for bidding you good.by and
those who remain with you will get
along all right together"
The hostess took her guests adyIce
aud arrived at Toulon a dav Iater
where nigh twenty Of her guests bid
her good-by.-M. A. p.
Daily independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 188?-1915, 1911-01-16
An insect in the Car.

II In riding through the cour.r,
roads winged insect nies inJo the
ear. do not try to dislOdgo by poking
Tor that VIII send It further in. an
The buzzing against the drum of the
ear become almost unbearable. Hold
The head over 10 one side and I'LL the
ear with water. which usually browns
the insect and floats II ont. II a house
Is nearby where YOU can get sweet
oil, that Is better yet.
Daily independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 188?-1915, 1911-01-16
NOTICE

Until further notice there will bo ne
light or power furnished between the
hours Of y A. NJ. and $3.50 p. NJ. Owing
to the snow blockade on the Sierras we
are unable TO get fuel for tho operation
of our engines, one car being caught in
the snow west of the summit. Ono Of
our engines is disabled :and cannot be
repaired for several days.
Elko Water q Light Corporation
Daily independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 188?-1915, 1911-01-16
Another Diq.

Mrs. Stubb C,r8 uviugly) John
you were rather latc getting in from
the club last night
Mr.. Stubb-Ycs. Maria; you see
there were lots Of h'slnoss men down
there and we were discussing busi
ness
Mrs. Stubbs--Oh. we'll, just walt I'm.
I'll we women get on n suffrage foot.
Ing and we'll remain at our clubs dis.
cussing business. too.
MIR. Stubbs-Whose business
body's7
Daily independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 188?-1915, 1911-01-16
'pIBI9H uOlSOH- q

'pIBI9H uolsou- SuILoUo
soeod 80 souo Mou eQl luSnoq pun
s5uIQl IepIo eql Ilu u5NoLq 10 pouInq
pun puuqsnu IoI 'luo SUM loIoos
eUJ 'selBld u9NoIq euos pun ssousssl
'ssn OF peqoIoos sup SuINooo MOI .
peIeAoosIp lsuI ~ GUS LuIoo uMop
loIIBq usu uB III 'uMoU pvu 69ul
pIoqeq ana 'sHsuoln pun seqsIp plo
lou mo lsS o. lu5@ GUS oS suoIs
1000 eluls ioJ mern doaY pIuoM GUS
luul popIosp ueul pun sSuIul &eu sul
posn Gus os 10 6Bp IoA 'eunr W
meql p9lseSSns GUS ueuM ..luuSuAuIl
.xe,. SO uodn psuMoIJ puq puuqsnu
leu qoluM slsu9ln ueqolIN Mou 10
loI pun l9s IeuuIp Meu puuJq U puU
o. pesIidIns SIInJlu5Hop sBM Gus oSs
s6up MOI y uonuoUA leu uioIJ peuInl
81 Iod9eNesnoQ uBqJuqns u uouM
'h'lsoJsuso s.pugqsnH JoI uosesH
Daily independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 188?-1915, 1911-01-16
A Distinct Lack Of Reposs

He Is one OF the most impulsIve
men ever saw in my life." said the
Hoston girl. What" her friend asked
has caused you to form such an opin
ion of him?" He tried to kiss me
without taking on his glasses or Civ
ing me time to remove my own"
Daily independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 188?-1915, 1911-01-16
Necessary Mental Work.

Physical energy is common enough.
II is easy to work hard with your
oody' 1t Is far harder to work hard
with your mind, but only that will
DT'ng the mental growth that makes
me difference between success and
failure.
Daily independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 188?-1915, 1911-01-16
Now Flre.Escape Idea.

A New Yorker has invented mat
tress trucks" a bit OF fire apparatus
which Ia designed to he elevated to
about the second story OF a house and
then spread out In such a manner
that imprisoned persons In the upper
stories may Jump into them with alb
solute safety.
Daily independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 188?-1915, 1911-01-16

To rent-An ice house in good
order. Inquire of Judge
Morgan.
Wantcd-By a gentlcman-A
pleasant room with board in
private family. Address B. B. at
this Office. Applicant is willing to
pay for good accommodations.
Daily independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 188?-1915, 1911-01-16

Gity's Many Servants
New York city Is liberal employer.
IL pa. $lo2 a minute to its servants.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1911-05-09
NO CHANGE
SITUATION

Special BY United Press.
Oklahoma city, May q The street
railway situation today remains I'M
changed there being no new deyeIop.
ments
Two propositions submitted to Off
cials of the Oklahoma Railway com,
pany, in behalf of the local car mems
union, that the differences between
the company and its discharged em-
pIoyes be submitted to arbitration.
were rejected hy John M. shartel.
yice-president Of the railway company
Monday afternoon. The first PROPOSE
ton was contained in the resolution
passed at the labor mass meeting sun
day, that the differences be submitted
70 temporary board Of arbitration. or
the state board Of arbitration: the sec
ond communicated in writing to Mr..
shartel Monday afternoon. proposed
g submit to the voters Tuesday the
question Shall the Oklahoma Railway
company submit its differences with
its discharged employees to arbitra-
ton? Yes. No"
When asked for statement regard.
ing the first proposition MIR. Shartel
said:
Insofar as the company Is con-
cerned the matter is closed OF the
second and last propositions II is too
foolish to talk about
Every street car was run on sche.
dule time Monday and no rioting or
disturbance was reported.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1911-05-09
BANDIT
Is KILLED
I'M RANK
nV UHlVM
Sheriff Was Waiting for
Him; Plans We're
Tipped Off.

Tulsa, May 9. Lon Jordan, one Of
the last of the bad men Of the old In
dian territory days. met a tragic death
al o'clock Monday afternoon while
attempting to rob the keystone State
bank,
Five bullet holes are visible through
the clothing. or these three plowed
their way through his breast while one
tore through his hip and another
through the fleshy part Of the leg
Saturday O. g. Marshall, sheriff Of
Pawnee county. was tipped off relative
to the proposed hold uo. Jordan and
Tom Phoenix rode into keystone, is
miles west Of Tulsa, and dismounted
before the bank building Immediately
preceding the shooting. Phoenix was
next to the frame-up and when Jordan
entered the bank he went across the
street
When Jordan commanded II. G.
Vineyard, cashier. to shove out the
cash. Sheriff Marshall ordered Jordan
ITO hold up his hands. Jordan was
armed with two 3s Colts. He whip
ped out one Of these and a volley Of
shots we're exchanged between him
and the sheriff. Jordan staggered
from the building still defiant. AS
sistants Of the. sheriff opened fire and
Jordan fell, rolling OFF the elevated
porch
Jordan was about AZ years old.
part Cherokee Indian He lived on
farm two miles east Of CollinsvilIe,
about 20 miles north Of Tulsa He
leaves a wife and several children. He
was son Of Colonel Jordan. weII re-
sDected resident OF Cleveland, Okla.
Jordan had only recently been re.
leased from the state penitentiary.
sent up On a charge Of dlsposing Of
mortgaged property. During the panic
OF 1907 he entered the ColIinsville
bank and made its officers pay him
money instead Of script at the point
of gun. He as said to have been as-
sociated with many Of the daring es-
eapades indulged in by the famous
bandit, Henry Starr.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1911-05-09
DEITZ TRIAL
NEAR END
Story OfDefender Of Cam
eTOn Dam a Thrill
ing One.


Special by United Press.
Hayward, wis. Iay g It IS ex-
pected that the Deitz case viii 60 to
theh jury Wednesday The trial has
drawn immense crowds and has at
tracted wide attention
the trouble of the Deitz family,
which eliminated in long siege Of
their log cabin near the Cameron dam
and their final capture after desper-
ate and bloody battle in the early part
'of last October, began in 1904, with
the purchase Of the Cameron farm By
AR and Mrs. Deitz. Prior to that time
peitz and his family occupied a cabin
near Price dam and Detz was employ
ed AS watchman of the dam BY the
choppewa Lumber 4 Boom company.
When Deitz removed to his place at
Cameron dam, he gave up his posi-
ton. The refusal OF the representa-.
tive of the lumber company to settle
with Deitz FOR the pay which the lat
ter claimed FOR his services. led to an
assault by Deitz upon the agent Of the
company The latter obtained war.
rant but an attempts to serve 1t failed
After short time a dispute arose
between Deitz and the lumber com
pany concerning the right Of the com
pany ito run logs through the sluice OF
Cameron dam. Deitz. who owned the
property. refused to allow the com
pany the use Of the sluice without
payment and the company took the
matter into court Summons were is
sued for Deitz and also temporary
inianction. but De would not accept
service The case was fought in the
civil courts and was finally decided in
favor Of Deitz During the years since
the Deitz family moved into their log
house on Cameron dam numerous at-
tempts We're made to serve warrants
ana legal papers on Deitz. but the lat
ter, claiming that he could get no JUS
tice IN the courts. refused to accept
service. on May ,. 1904 former sheriff
Ciglin aud three armed men tried to
arrest Deitz, but he defended himself
with his rifle and forced the sheriff to
withdraw
Deputy Sheriff Rogich was shot dur.
ing another attack upon the Deitz
homestead on July 25. 9O6. A pitch.
ed battle between the deputy sheriffs
on one side and the members Of the
peiiz family on the other took place
and Rogich was seriously wounded by
shot II was said at the time that
Almyra Deilz bad fired the shot. In
September Of last year Deit1 Sses-sc.
Involved ia a quarrel with the presi-
dent OF the school board during a visit
to the town or Winter and incidental.
ly shot Bert Horel who tried to act as
peacemaker This last trouble led to
the long seige Of the Deiiz home by
large posse seeking TO arrest Deitz. It
was during the final assault, which
ended with the surrender Of Deitz and
his family that Deputy Harp was shot
and Killed
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1911-05-09
gFirst published April IA. 1910
NOTICE or PUBLICATION.

state of oklahoma. Grady county, S..
m Superior court No l69
GEORGE Bartels, plaintiff, vs. Margrete
Bartels. defendant
said defendant Margrete Bartels
VIII take notice that she has been
sued I'll the above named court for
divorce % grounds of extreme cruel
Is and abandonment, and must answer
the petition filed therein By said plain
tiff on or before the goth day Of May
A. p 1914, o. said petition win be TAX
en as true. and judgment for said
plaintiff IN said action for divorce viii
be rendered accordingly
Dated this lItb day Of April. isii.
Attest: W. 4. MELTON.
District Clerk
THOS y TAYLOR,
Deputy.
q G. HeIndou. attorney FOR plaintiff.
4-l4-sod
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1911-05-09
TWO sUiTs FILED.

A suit was filed for Clarence Mar
+ S. Bettis, Jas NJ Bettis and N. w,
Palmer, IN the districtcourt this morn.
ing. Spencer Sanders OF Muskogee is
attorney for the plaintiff
Harry ribbard vs. W. A. Dawson.
ct al, is the style Ola forecEsseure suit
ciled by Barefoot Carmichael
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1911-05-09
HOW ABOUT lrn

= What would you think OF :
, merchant who wrote sou a letter :
= on wrapping papers Your sta :
= tionery represents You Il is an =
= introduction to strangers with ,
> whom YOU want TO do business. ?
? What kind OF an impression does +
: the stationery you are using To- =
= day make upon The outside Z
? worldg The Daily Express has :
, men who are REAL printers ,
> and who DO REAL printing on ;
, READ sapcr. Phone is and we ,
= viii can fof your work and deliy. =
= er it. =
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1911-05-09

If you have horses. cows. nogs or
chickens to sell. advertise them In the
classified column Of the Expl ess
,Rayera can be fonnk fos anyehinG
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1911-05-09

The Cuslomer-Theres something
wrong with these grand opera records
There's a orfible racket in each one
That spoiis the effects of the music.
The Demonstrator An. yes. One OF
cur latenl elects That's the conveF
satiou in lhe boXcss Wonderfully real.
isiic.
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1911-05-09

A merchant told me one time
that he did not have to ad-
vertise---everyone knew him.
When the sheriff sold him
out an immense crowd at
tended the sale. Compare
lively few people knew the
sheriff but the business had
been advertised.
The Daily Express and the
Grady County Express go in
to 1000 of the best homes in
this community and are read
by more than 10000 pros
porous men and women.
A phone call will bring our
advertising man TO your Of
flee who will assist you in
preparing your copy if you
desire.
Phone 43
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1911-05-09

Now is the time to get rid Of your
rheumatism. You will find Chamber
lain's Liniment wonderfully effective.
One application will convince you Of
its merits. Try it. For sale by all
dealers. DIV
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1911-05-09

FOR RENT Two large connecting
rooms completely furnished for house
keeping; all moderu reasonable rNnt
for desirable tenant; phone 90 9'3
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1911-05-09

FOR RENT room house an
newly papered and painted with els.
tern and grassy yard g blocks from
post office. Phone 20. o-s
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1911-05-09
NOTICE

= For garbage service call Wal =
, ter Griffin, city scayenger, phone +
4 1872, or call at City hall, police :
& department. q
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1911-05-09

Furniture repaired right Phone sis
Earl Andrews. q.e
The Chickasha daily express. (Chickasha, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1899-current, 1911-05-09

The lowest
advertising
rate in Chick
asha---circu-
lation CON
sidered, and
after all ad-
vertising is
only pubIici-
ty and pub
lcity is only
circulation