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The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1911-05-16

human life through the agency OF
insects.
Although we estimate our average
wheat crop as worth $3.50, 600, 900, we
lose yearly from ravages caused by
insects, $1C0,000,00 or more than
20 per cent Of the total output. OF
this, the Hessian fly is yearly respon-
sible for more than $4,000, 600, the
chinch bug gets away with Sic, OO0,-
900, and the balance is sacrificed to
%locusts. grasshoppers, cut worms,
army worms, etc.
The corn root worm, the chinch
bug and other insects destroy $780,
100000 of corn each year.
At least 10 per cent of the hay
crop, or $50, 600, goo worth Of hay, is
levied on annually by l~ocusts, grass
hoppers, etc.
San Jose scale, cooling moths, cur-
cuiios and other pests. rob us of 20
per cent Of our annual $135,OOO,O 600
fruit crop.
We produce annually potatoes
worth in the aggregate $4,000, 900,
but lose by insects each a $4,000
600 on this crop alone.
OF our annual products. which
easily represent $1,75O,OOO,O 900. ten
per cent goes each year to satisfy in
sect parasites, and We might go on
enumerating through a long list. the
damage wrought by insect pests.
However. the triumph Of science In
recent years, through the practical
work Of entonologists, in restoring to
the agricultural classes each year
past of the loss occasioned by insects,
has been n of the most notable
achievements of modern times.
The South has lost annually s12.-
600, 600 in it's cotton raising area,
through the work Of the cotton boil
weevil, and in 1904 in Texas alone
about s22. 600, 900 was sacrificed to
his insect. Field work by trained
entomologists has shown means of
preventing a large portion of this loss.
The Hessian Fly has. at times. un-
til made a special study. levied an an
nual tax upon our wheat of from,
$1,000 0 900 to $500. 600, 900. while
the codIing moth, until remedies were
found for 1t by ~entomologists. de-
stroyed each year at least SO. 600
worth of apples in the United States
The corn DOT worm took nearly or
quite 100000. 600 each year ont of
the Mississippi Valley, until entomol-
ogists found the proper means tn corn
bat it.
The value Of stored roduc sncb
as mill stuffs. fruit. cotton wooden
and other manufactured goods has
| in the past. deprecated Annually
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1911-05-16

800, 600, 900 by insect attack. but
entomologists nave found that expert
fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas,
or bisulphide of carbon, will reduce
hat nearly or quite one-half. Within
the last few years, State and govern
ment entomologistS have learned
practical methods of combating our
most destructive fruit insect, the San
Jose Scale, so hat growers putting
the proper methods into practice.
need no longer fear it. This saving.
both to tree and fruit, directly trace
able to the work of entomologists,
amounts to millions Of dollars.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1911-05-16

How see potatoes r cut into sets.
In the largest specimen the cuts arc
made just above each eye and in a
downward direction to give best sup
port to the future sprouts.
Innate, formaldehyde or carbolic acid
after cutting diseased tubers, n be-
fore cutting others.
The usual seed treatment for scab,
etc, will be very useful to kill dry
rot spores which may adhere to tubers
and may be applied to the healthy
portions after separation from the dis
eased parts of potatoes.
The means by which late blight is
carried from place to place is the
chief question which interests the
shippers and planters Of seed potatoes.
This is restricted to tubers which show
the dry rot. These carry the fungus
in a semi-dormant state, which de-
velops after the tuber is planted, and
spreads to the leaves Of the growing
plants. The purchaser has the mat
ter entirely in his own hands. If he
insists on all sound tubers and plants,
only such there will be no danger Of
introducing late blight with TEEN.
Blight is probably eve carried on
the surface of the tubers.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1911-05-16
WEED ENEMIES OF ALFALFA.
BY j. n. Westgata

Over a considerable portion OF the
country weed constitute the worst
enemy Of alfalfa This is especially
true in the humid sections and In
those parts OF the West and South
west where the bulk OF tie rainfall
m during the comparatively mllo
winters. Witch-grass or c~ouch-grass
In New York and the New England
States. crab-grass in the Eastern
States south of New York, blue
grass in the bluegrass sections. anu
the "foxtail' or wild millets and CRAB
grass in the Central States are the
worst enemies in the respective sec
tiOns from the tandDol OF the d.
falfa plant.
In the irrigated sections Of the
West. especially in those sections
characterized by rainfall during the
comparatively mild winters, the
growth OF the wild barleys Is a de-
cided drawback to the successful pro-
duction of alfalfa. h mature short
" before the first cutting OF alfalfa,
and the boards Of the grass heads
sometimes ruin the first crop Of hay,
which is sometimes burned to de-
stroy the grass seed. These wild
barleys are also known as foxtail
grass, squirrel-tail grass, and wall
barley.
Since alfalfa is not usually a clean
cultivated crop the problem of weed
destruction is a serious one. Disking
is usually the most effective remedy
for weeds, as the alfalfa is generally
benefited by the operation, while the
weeds are greatly injured. owing to
their different root systems. In sec
tons where the wild barleys are
troublesome it is sometimes thought
necessary to burn the first crop OF
hay. Another method is to cut the
first crop while the wild barley is still
immature and feed the mixture Of
alfalfa and grass hay. The objection
to this method is that it necessitates
the cutting Of the alfalfa when too
young. A heavy growth Of crab
grass is sometimes burned in the early
spring.
SO far as alfalfa is concerned. The
dodder seeds terminate in the ground
and the young plants soon attach
themselves to the alfalfa seedlings.
AS soon as the threadlike stem is
firmly attached to the alfalfa plant
the stem connecting it with the
ground withers away. ThencefOrth
the dodder lives entirely on the al
falfa. 1t is very difficult to eradicate
when once established, and for this
reason great care should be taken to
avoid introducing 1t with the alfalfa
seed at seeding time. Grazing close
with sheep has been recommended as
being effective in holding fodder in
check. If dodder appears in isolated
spots through the field, it is advisable
to cut the affected alfalfa plants very
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1911-05-16
VALUE OF CLOVER HAY.

IN the past horse feeders have not
Understood the value Of clover hay.
CioVer should constitute one of the
main coarse roughages for horses. 1t
mas been found to be more nutritious
IMAM timothy and nearly equals alfalfa
IN this respect. Feeders object to it,
however, Of its tendency TO
produce heaves and other respiratory
trouoies when fed in a dusty or other
wise unclean condition. These objec-
elon n even in death. Those who do
cut at the right time. properly cured,
ana tree from dust mold. Moldy
Grover will often cause acute indiges-
uon and even deth. Those who do
not care to feed straight clover viii
IND that the grade Of light clover
mixed will give better results than
timothy, and there is no good reason
why 1t should not be used extensively.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1911-05-16

total output. In other words, eight
hundred million dollars might be
added yearly to our agricultural and
forestry output If we could eliminate
the work Of injurious insects. This
Ices not include the annual loss OF
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1911-05-16

Where the disease has not pene-
trated more than one-third the length
of the potato, the hall OF the pcta.o 70,
ward the bnd end may be used for seed
with better promise. In such cases
the knife used for cutting should be
dipped in a solution of corrosive SUD-
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1911-05-16

1t has been pretty we'll proven that
an incubator Chick il it has peer prop
erly i~ncubated and gets the right kind
OF food n treatment afterward Is
just as thrifty as his AID cousin who
was matches and raised by a hen.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1911-05-16

stem.
low n remove them. Destroying the
dodder by burning with different ma
terials has occasionally proved sue
cessful, but it is apt to De more ex-
pensive than the emova of the at
fected portions Of the plants. If the
stand of alfalfa is badly affected with
dodder, the alfalfa should be plowed
up before the dodder goes to seed and
the land kept in cultivated crops for
two or more years.
Iditarod pioneer., 1911-02-04
Wandered Five Years
 or Upper Kuskokwin1

After another round the Tokon Peterson who white about the of the Kuskkwm Jul efectng taked Ben Anderson original akel strike, negotiating the SrandbergJonscn Mining 
 oldest North
  of the familiar figures the He the Kuskokwm only n that whole
 he all the Kuskokwim tells finding Kuskokwim, old in he earl of claims the of the fights trouble exciting though much work is being his prospecting Spruce creek Ben Anderson still prospecting but little accomplished facilities 
 All
  taking
 Peterson will be here nego otiat tions
Iditarod pioneer., 1911-02-04
BUTTER, HAM AND
 CROSS-CUT SAWS

It is fine mixture of shorts that Jack Devereaux and Jim Ryan just landed from the Str Minneapolis. There are about five and a half tons, and they have been relaying them from Lewis Landing for several weeks using two teams and going up against all the kinds of weather that Old Man Winter has had ill his pOrtmanteau.
 There are butter. ham, salmon bellies, cross cut avs and ax hand les ill the layout, and they are all billed to E. w. Griffin & Co at Flat, where they will undoubtedly do much 10 cheer tine fresides and tighten the daily labor of the in, habitants.
 Alabam Laboyteau started out with Devereaux for this shipment, but upon reaching the Yukon, he kept right on going, presumably for Chena and the K yukuk.
Iditarod pioneer., 1911-02-04
STORM P0STPONES
 TRIP D MOORE

Caught in the midst of the bad storm Of last Monday, Theodore Witte, the mining operator who recently bought into Moore creek property, and who is planning to begin active preparatory work there, was compelled to abandon his journey and holo in his outfit for the rest Of the week
 He was proceeding with double ender and two horses with about HOO pounds of supplies and had made as far As Boulder when overtaken by the storm. In attempting to make it up Otter, he was met by combination of bowling winds, drifting snow and over flows. Thinking it wiser to wait for better going, he cached the outfit at Boulder and returned to the city, en- tirely satisfied to leave the hills alone with the elements until better days are In evidence.
Iditarod pioneer., 1911-02-04
Father of Georgetown
 Passes Through City

Harry St. George, of Georgetown, accompanied by Mrs. St. George, blew into the city preceding the big storm Of last week, announcing that they were on their way to. Fairbanks and never coming back.
 The St. Georges, who are well known in the Tanana and the Yukon, were among the very first settlers of Georgetown, in fact, Harry might be called one of the dads of that famous metropolis to be. They lived through all the first gasping, struggling exist ence, they also stayed to see the blos- som of full cityhood, the maiden blush of a new metropolis.
 Mr. St. George is convinced of the coming greatness of the Kuskokwim, but he says the development will be slow, and in the meantime he will look after his interests in Fairbanks.
 They expect to leave on their way to Fairbanks next Monday, the party proceeding with dog team under the direction of Claude Shea.
Iditarod pioneer., 1911-02-04
DID THEY MAKE IT
 THROUGH IN TIM?

There has been considerable speculation on the part of the friends of Al Thorns, Ray Brum- baugh and Ed Kellogg, as to just where tbe party was caught ln the big storm of last Tuesday.
 They left here Sunday morning and were we'll equipped for a fast run. They were headed for Nulato, and it seems to be the Concensus of opinion among men familiar with the trail, that they would have reached Diskaket before the wind struck them. In addition it is opined, that even had they reached Diskak-t, they were far out of the zone of the wind that hit this place.
 But if it did 80 fall out that they were caught i'll the blizzard, their friends laugh at fears, for all were experienced mushels, familiar with the trails of the North, and are even now busily hitting the wires on the Yukon
Iditarod pioneer., 1911-02-04
COMING AND GOING

Sam Sanderson reached the city last week, just before the breaking of the the big storm. He has been looking into the possibilities of the new lay which he holds in partnership with Chute and Goebel on 1-b Otter, and although he has not had time to in- vestigate with any degree of certainty, he believes that he has landed on some thing that will produce the goods next summer.
 Ramps Peterson says the Reindeer section may be all that it is cracked up to be, but there is one thing of which he is sure,-it certainly is tough going on the return journey. He returned early last week, was caught in bad weather and nipped the toes of both feet The resulting damage has not been serious but was quite painful. He explains that there has been nothing accomplished to justify stampede to the Reindeer section but believes some thing may be accomplished over there this season.
Iditarod pioneer., 1911-02-04
vviII Puncture Black
 and Cottonwood Greeks

Alter putting about 25 holes Slate creek, during which they that historic look like plaster and demon beyond shadow ground Walker Wack and Ssane the drill turning Black Cottonwood paystreaks on those
 The discouaging They bench under but all the holes they dirt that would go better than the foot thus proving that ground good for dredging,
 The big drill of Slate puts hole operators fully convinced that it brings up all the values
 They moving this big drill Discovery hey have secured another and where Walker and Wack charge of the they will the right limit creek placing gether o make almost perfect croscut,
 In the meantime Mr. Slender, will take charge of small d. belonging the and Cottonwood line of holes will be down the head of the
 has shown method of prospecting shallow ground and they will be tenSvely here this
Iditarod pioneer., 1911-02-04
WANTED THEM ID
 HAVE DUE CREDIT

Some of the travellers who were caught between this city and Flat on that wild night of the big storm are quite emphatic in their praise of the good work done on that eventful even ing by Joe Gean of the Summit road house, and Mr. Simms, the colored man who had just arrived from Nome with d sled load of eggs.
 Realizing that someone might be in danger along the trail, and knowing that the stage would be coming, Gean way, and it was he who encountered the Amalong party some two miles this side.
 They tried to make it back to the roadhouse in the teeth of the gale but found it impossible on account of the women. Joe then went ahead with the horses to summon help, having left the women buried in the snow with their robes.
 When called from Flat with his dog team. Simms responded at once and his well trained animals started off at a run, although the trail was then oblit- erated. He joined Gean at the road house and they proceeded on to where the snow-b bound travellers were praying for help, and together they took the party into camp, arriving at the road house about 10 o'clock that night. The ladies had been in the storm since three in the afternoon.
 But for the timely intervention of Joe Gean into affairs of the Amalong party and the help of Simms. there might have been much sadder tale to tell.
Iditarod pioneer., 1911-02-04
A BIT 0F NEVIS
 ABOUT OUR FRIENDS

They do say that Tom Walsh is show. ing great signs of improvement at the local jail where he is now being held on the charge of insanity, and from whence he must be sent to Nit. Tabor before he can be properly cleared of the psychological indictment. He was thought to be paralyzed from his waist down, but the last week or so has demonstrated the fact that he may re- cover the use of his lower limbs, at the same time, maintaining a fairly nor nal standard of intelligence. His friends will be glad to hear of his un- doubted improvement.
 Tom Acklin harbors the belief that he is the presiding genius of the as semblage, and frequently announces his intention of firing the entire federal force if certain regulations are not lived up to.
 Wallace and Anderson seem, uRtor- tunately, to show little signs of i'm. provement, nor does Uamm0nl For this reason it has become apparent to he local authorities that these patients must be moved to the sanitarium as soon as possible.
Iditarod pioneer., 1911-02-04
Celebrated His Natal Day

A bunch Of section men got to gether at Miller's cafe the other night and tried to eat all the chick eli iu the place. They had ordered 1t dolr Maryland, and 1t was.
 Then they filed in, headed by Isa Eoldstein, he being the man in honor of wliom the assault was be ing made. Marching proudly at his side, was Bobby Simpson, the black smith, Zich Lous,ac. the pill nagnate, Wise Billy, who rastles porosknit, and Earl Hunt, the man who vas afraid to go home III the dark.
 It was Goldstein's birthday, he being q by the clock. The corn flitters were supine, and they caught the birds when they were not looking. They do say that the slaughter was something awful.
 Following the battle Band of Mercy Students helped remove the wounded and the underdone. while tue victor:us skirmish party took a little target practice with glass pop guns.
Iditarod pioneer., 1911-02-04
TEST LEGALITY OF RICHMOND COURT

plaintiffs that the value of their property being high class property greatly reduced That the to the ot their prop aty cut off Ihat they off from light aud air. that the to the river hindeed and that the fire hazard their buildings greatly increased by of the proximity of the In noko Trading Company's oies
 The prayer of the complaint asks for soooo damages by of these grievances and prayS the court for abatement this nuisance They also ask for reasonable attorneys fee aud for the and disbursements n the action
 The firm of McGOwan, Clark & Albrecht repre- senng tue plaintiff but the lawyers for the detend ants have been nounced. The necessary lapse ot time while the peadngs got 10 issue should bring the the trial stage by the time Judge Overheld gets fairly under way with his term of court next spring
Iditarod pioneer., 1911-02-04
SK00KUM JOHNSON
 RETURNS ID RANKS

Last week we had Skookum Johnson in the hero list, but it looks as though we must put him back in the ranks again, for he is only a volunteer.
 Skookum says we made mis- take when we connected him with that lot jumping episode at Flat last week. He declares and in sists that he had nothing to do with the sortie made by Lund and Frolin when they copped out the front street lot adjoining the store of E. W. Griffin, and the restaurant of SkOokum.
 He further says that he has a big hunch to sue our perfectly good family journal for damages, because we have driven away a lot of his trade. He adds, how ever, that he can overlook this if we will fix it so he can become d member of the "Stomach Rob bers'" union.
 Taking Skookum's denial, we are glad to publish it, for we have no desire to injure him nor his business. He says that when he wants to start out jumping lots he will call us up and let us knoW-all of which is fair enough.
 Flat City is having her troubles right now for they are jumping every foot of ground that isn't covered They appear to be calmly submitting to it and will eventually be relegated 10 the unsatisfactory remedy of the courts. Yes, they are having trouble, but Skookum says he has no place in it.
Iditarod pioneer., 1911-02-04
MALAMUTE KID
 FINALLY DEPARTS

After delay of several weeks, during which lime the newspa per> ot the city have been on the qui vive lest they get scooped on the item, Frank Tondreau, known as ihe Malamuie Kid, finally got away ,his morning with long dog team and the smiling MT. Rippa in the tonneau of his sled.
 They are on their way to Fair banks and they doubtless will en- counter some rough going before they strike he Yukon.
 Rippa will attend to some mining matters up there and will also ne gotiate for machinery which will be used here early next spring or early alter navigation opens
 It was reported that NJ. R. Illus sey would accompany him, the sup position being that they were look ing for a saloon license at Flat. No confirmation of this report could be obtained, but MT, Hussey has deferred his departure and may not go al all.
Iditarod pioneer., 1911-02-04

The first real fighting has been instituted in the district of the Iditarod and tue existence of Rich mond Court will be ill question before the federal authorities It is called Richmond Court because it longer Richmond Street, is closed at both ends.
 The trouble started yesterday when suit in>t tuted by Charles Worden, Alma Wordcn, Chas E Miller and Ernest H. Slenter against William Barrett and Edward Levin, the Innoko Trading Company, charging them with being public nuisance in the obstruction of Rich
 ond street. asking for the abatement of the nuisance and for damages in the of $o,ooo The papers filed before Commissioner Maltby deputy clerk of the district court and served the defendants last evening.
 In their complaint, plaintiffs alege that Richmond first laid of by the then inhabitants of the of Idarod early March, 19Io and from that time generally recognized street from the
Iditarod pioneer., 1911-02-04

the city to the water front In June regularly veyed and the limits of the recognized aud in by the inhabitants of the growing city.
 They further allege that they were the of the lot on the northeast corner of First and Richmond streets or at ne point where Charles Wordens saloon now stands
 That on or about July 3rd the defendants sought per mission rcm the plaintiffs aud from the N C. O. and the town trustees of Idarod Richmond St spot occupied by the store of the Innoko Trad ing Co for temporary purposes until they could dispose of certain perisables which they had for sae the under standing being that they would thereupon vacate the prem ses, and restore the street to it's original status.
 That about August the defendants began the erection of permanent building this spot taking up about 25x5o feet of the
 In reciting the ills that followed un this action the
Iditarod pioneer., 1911-02-04

Patrick O'Connor who ascertained the fallacy of looking after gold pans where they are not to be found, is willing away few idle hours taking care of some of the charges of the government at the local jail. Pat is finding his hands entirely full with taking care of five insane patients who now occupy the bastile, and it gives not the slightest chance for ennui, be, cause the diversions are too many and too varied.
Iditarod pioneer., 1911-02-04

From the latest available data, the matter of wood hauling became a seri- ous proposition on the creeks following the excess of congealed moisture that fell in around the trails with the big wind of the coast. As was predicted in these columns some time ago, the wood problem on the creeks could be- come a serious one at any time that the elements took hand in the game. It appears that they have now done so, and if they play the hand out it is entirely nossible that somebody will have to look at the hole card.