Evening bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1895-1912, 1911-06-10
enlarged snleen.

oluef chlIdren or from adults To the
newly born infants, so that the local
ity may remain malarious for very
many years, in fact indefinitely.
In the same way a newcomer ar
irving In such a locality win very
probably become infected, especially
If he sleeps in an infected house, even
for one night, at time when mos
quitoes are flying and biting. A local
ity Is malarious only when II con-
tains persons infected with the para
sites, and also sufficient numbers OF
the proper species Of mosquitoes to
carry the infection to The healthy
persons.
The Malarial Mosquitoes.
There are In the United States only
three species of mosquitoes which
commonly carry malaria. namely,
Anopheles quadrimacuatus Say, Ano-
pheles crucians Wied, and Anopheles
punctipennis Say. Several other
species of Anopheles are occasionally
found, but are not important malarial
factors.
sfHbpuNlfo ~ fblii-
monty found in the more Northern
states, and A. cruclans more abund-
antly in the Southern States, partic-
ularly In the coastal region
A. punctipennis occurs in both
Northern and Southern States #
has been found TO carry quartan and
tertian malaria In the South. but not In
the North A number Of experiments
have been made with this species In
the North, and especially at Baiu-
more and New York. TO see II It will
carry malarial parasites, but without
success
The anopheline mosquitoes are dis
| tingnished from most other mosqu-
toes of the United States by the fact
that their wings are more or less
| spotted and that IN resting on the
wall their bodies incline away from
the wall at an angle, while with most
others the body is parallel to the
wall. The females also have palpi
which are nearly as long as the pro-
bOscis. or beak.
The Anophcles mosquitoes above
mentioned pass the winter as adults
In the autumn they enter houses.
stables, barns, or other outhouses. lr
seek sheltered hiding places. aud
remain there until spring. They are
| often found in the winter in numbers
in the cellars of houses. where they
may be killed by fumigation
| Thfga tnngpuftpaa M. =. ..,,Ia htta
only after SHUTDOWN. Anopheles cru
clans has on rare occasions been
known to bite during the day. az has
A. punctlpennis. This has not been
recorded of A. qudrimaculatus.
They do not fly far It is doubtful
whether any OF these Species over
ilics for more than half a mile
| These Anopheles mosquitoes breed
In all sorts of Accommodations of stand
Ing water, In pools. springs, watering
tronghs, In the footprints of cattle
In marshy land, and In marshes
where fish are not abundant in
drains and cutters choked with grass
or weeds. in old boats along the wa
| terfronts, in hollows In rocks, in the
backwaters Of even rapid streams. in
| earthen ware vessels, In water bar
rels and tubs, in cesspools, and all
places carrying water accommodations
whether pure or foul Anopheles cru
clans and A, quadrimnculatus have
even been found breeding In bracklsh
water along the seacoast.
The minute, blackish eggs are laid
on the surface of the water and are
found floating on their sides singly
or In groups.
| Their larvae do not hang from the
surface OF the water by the tail, as
do other mosquito larvae or "wrig-
| glers" when at rest, but lie fiat at
the surface, with their heads turned
upside down. feeding upon minute
floating particles at or near the sur
| face
Their growth is rather rapid, and
| they may In midsummer reach full
size In two weeks after Matching.
When full grown these larvae
transform to pupae and remain In
this stage at the surface OF the water
ior three or more days, when the
adult mosquitoes issue.
Prevention and Cure.
| There are now three recognized
means of warfare against malaria
| az The mechanical protection OF
individuals from the bites of malarial
mosquitoes; (2) the destruction of
the Anopheles mosquitoes in any or
all of their different stages of growth:
tS the systematic treatment OF the
population of malarious locality
with qulnine until the malaria has
been stamped out and there are none
of the parasites which cause this
disease for the Anopheles mosquitoes
to carry.
The first Of these methods Is large
ly matter Of personal prevention.
and consists IN thoroughly screening
all habitations of human beings and,
In the summer time, of wearing wells
1