davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1911-12-04
OF IOTES N'N4N4RA CASE.
Ma gisirate Breen Also Fixes Heavy Ban
for Arrested striker

Ludovlca Santo, a marble polisher Of
207O First avenue, was in the Morrsania
police court yesterday charged with
felonousIy assaultlng Francisco Marno,
also a marble polisher Of 40 East Thir-
tecnth street Nlarino is a strikebreaker
and was on his way to street car with
several others al l4ist street and Walnut
avenue. The Bronx, yesterday afternoon
when a shower of stones came from a
crowd on the street corner.
Marino was struck in the right eve and
tn" crowd dispersed, hut not before
Policeman Kingston, who was in civilian
clothes on street car had spotted Santo
Kingston Jumped from the car and ar
rested him. When he was arraigned in
the police court his attorney asked Magis-
trat" Butts for "A minimum bail There
had been good many arrests in the mar
ble cutters strike, he said, and few con
victiOns
This is a serious matter" said Magis-
trate Breon We see where murder had
been confessed. The confession Of the
Nc NamaraS is going to do more 10 unfit
and advance oi union labor than ANYTHING
III the last century Present conditions
IN our country demonstrate that no man
II above the law. No man or class or
men can obtain their ends by riot or mrr.
der The people Of this country demand
law and order. This confession is the
greatest blessing to labor and is going 10
eliminate the disorderly and m,Irderons
element. All true friends of labor see n
/ new era dawning. | will not make n
! light ban IN the case of assault / hold
III" man under 5000 for trial"
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1911-12-04
SHANE LESLIE HEiRD.
Pleads spirltch!y Before the Gaelic
League for Gaelic Revival.

Three hundred members of the Gaelic
Society of New York crowded into tue'r
rooms at %? Wc-' furty-siNth street
last night to welcome shane Lcsli"
every good lrishnnn pronounce II Shaun
who is here T. preach go IA in tho col
leges and eisewnrro THO gospel Of a re-
vival Of tho Gaelic language, literature
and music in lro'a0d.
MIR Leslie whr.r rlrc and Irish Cyr-
and eyebrow th1t he u-c- arc cycn more
surely Gaelic than the lowered dres,
wiistcoat Of green th1t ne wore last night,
told of the glorics of old Ireland. said that
the gloom and ChInS IN It's history have
another untold side. sketched It's history
through the inva sions that had come upon
Il from which il had absorbed the b"s' in
each.
Tho history Of ireland i NOT only Yet
70 be vvitten but yet 10 be n1d", h" said
The Gaelic League in ireland which i
working for tho Gaelic revival and which
has no connection with tho Abbey players,
as telegram from ireland told last night,
scored in its fight Tor tho making Of
knowledge of the Gaelic language a
requisite for admission to the University
VI Ai'idiii' pfElllllliE III wv F'dlN
1T is only question now Of keeping
the Gaelic League going for two or three
years more until tho education oi Ireland
VIII no longer be The play hing Of an anti
narional board and we shall have the right
not only of making our own law hut our
wgivcrs through teaching the language,
literature and history of our nation
which set the literary man next Ia th"
throne and put the poet above the warrior
and at the side of the bishop.
We in the Gaelic League will not give
up this fight Ifneed bo we will 60 down
with the speech Of our ancestors on our
Tongues. and will not be dishono red
among the dead" Mr.. Leslie concluded.
Patrick Egan. Minister to Chile. was
present. John Casey. eN-presldent of
the State Gaelic League did some Ian
guage revival himself in a speech in
Gaelic. Michael Fox. president of the
society in this city. presided. Michael p.
| Clynes. secretary. "and don't forget the
p. honest Pat" was also present The
p. is not forgotten. He and Secretary
Lawlor had their troubles seating all the
people who came through the rain to hear
Mr.. Leslie.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1911-12-04
MME.Ct RIE CREATIVE SPIRIT.
Discovered Poionium Before She Met
Her Husband Early Career.

iSptC'dt lHtf ~ fspCftt 20 ! ~ ~
PARIS, Dec 3. VI. Coudv. the advooat Be-
Of Nine Langevin in the case agains' her
husband and Nine. Curie will find il a
difficult task to prove his claim that the
genius cf the latter il assimilativc rather
than creative and that her work has
always been done with her husband or
Prof Langevin.
An examination Of the records shows
that Nine Curio was Miss Sklodowskl
the daughter of Polish professor ol
physics AZ Warsaw Al the age ot Is she
won the travel prize Of the Zurich Polish
Scientific Ass ociat ion. This brought her
IN income of 100 francs. or $50. a month
with which she came To Paris and took
the free courses in physics, chemistry
and mathematics at the Sorbonne
At the age of 20 Miss Sklcd owski passed
the most severe examinations IN a brilliant
manner ard qualified for a dnerea IN
mathematics and physics Al that time
she did not know Prof Curie, who was
working "a an assistant in the laboratory
# Prof Becuuercl. She discovered polo
mum alone when she was 81 Then she
met Prof. Curc. who was almost unknown.
and the affection between them resulted
in their marriage.
-Four years later radium was discovered
and this work has always bcsn recognized
as the joint work Of Prof. Curie and his
wife. In fact it has always been said
that if the honor should he divided the
greater credit should he given to Mmc.
Curio
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1911-12-04
LECTURES NJ CABINET MEN.
We'll known womcn arrange for >eric.
at the " WaidOrf.

The following resolution will he rre-
sented at a meeting in the Waldorf-As
toria tomorrow afternoon Introductory
to a series OF ten lectures by the members
Of President Tafts Cabinet. the course
having been arranged by Miss Elizabeth
Marbury. Miss Anne Morgan and Mrs.
Francis Mcneil Bacon, Jr The resolu-
tion reads
RosoIred. That the recent developments
in the Mcnamara case show such a lack Of
harmony between labor and capital, whose
interest should be identical. that our "oun-
try Is in danger Of becoming a house divided
against itself. In the face of such evidcu, u
it behooves every citizen to STUDY tie
processes of government and the 'oudi-
ton OF his fellow men in order that Just, e
and sympathy may prevail and the cause
of common humanity be advanced
The course of lectures is to he given
under the management of the women's
welfare department of the National Civic
Federation. - West Thirty ninth street.
and the eneral committee with Miss Nor
gan. Miss Marbury. and Mrs. Bacon are
Mrs Archibald Alexander, Miss Mary
Pond, Mrs. William Rand, Jr.. Mrs. August
Belmont, Mrs. Alexander Shaw. Mrs
Lindon W Bates. Mrs. George Blumen-
tndI, MISS Mduu hlNts DoIluiu, MIs
Francis Higginson Cabot. Miss Mabel
Clyde. Mrs Walker Smith. Mrs. James $.
Cushman. Miss Caroline Shippen. Mrs.
Y. Everitt Macy, Miss Gertrude Robinson
Smith, Mrs. Mary Hatch Willard and Mrs.
LINDSAY Van Rensselaer,
The Introductory lectures will he de
ivered by Prof, John B. Moore of the
department of international law and di-
plomacy. Columbia University. The
public is invited to the lectures, course
tickets being obtaiuable al the offices Of
the federation or at the first lecture,
Succeeding lectures will be given on Mon
day afternoons on the following dates:
December II. Philander {. Knox. Secre-
tary of State; December IL. Franklin Mac
Veagh, Secretary Of the Treasury; Janu-
AIRY =. Henry l., Stimson, Secretary of
War January IS, George ". WiCkersham,
Attorney General January %. Walter
Fisher Secretary of the Interior Janu-
AIRY 20. George b. Cortelyou, eN-Post-
master General February >, George Won
l.. Meyer. Secretary of the Navy; Fehru-
ary 10, W. W. Hayes, Assistant Secretary
of Agriculture; February &C. Charles
Nagel, Secretary Of Commerce and Labor,
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1911-12-04
SOCItIIST INDNIS MONS.
Bouch white says They Prescribe Nio
Icnce and HonOrpd McNamaras

BDuCk White. socialist author and
lecturer. speaking last night before the
Bay Ridge Socialist Forum said Every
true socialist, should rejoice at the Mona
mara tiasco. For that hideous exposure
lays bare the hiding places Of the heart
of trade unionism with a nakedness that
will be awakening 10 muddleheadedness
everywhere
Trade unionlsm stands for violence.
That il the lesson which Mcnamara
sculptured endurlnglv on the tablets Of
every intelligent reader of events. For
that dynamiter was more than private
III the ranks. Rapid was his promotion,
swift was the preferment over his fellows
and by his fellows to a highest post of
leadership; ne i the kind of man trade
uuionism delighted to honor After his
arrest their official magazine continued
TO hint the need of further violence. To
be sure, disclaimers are now being uttered
-OnOTOusly. But these voCiferatons are
mui'ed into mutenesS by the thunder
Of fact fact palpable as the day.
press il upon you, it was trade unionism
and not an unofficial set Of irresponsibles
that decreed and did this wrecking of prop
crty and this slaughter.
= 90 further. Not only does trade
uniOnism stand convicted Of appalling
violence, violenc" l. "A constituent pal
of its programme Socialism mas shown
hero and there an inclination to tie up
with trade unionsm, Dearly will she
repay IL; for she thereby is made answer
able for the wild deeds which are nsepar-
able from the trade union plan and prin-
Ciple. Socialism fights its fight through
the halloting booth, and therefore peace
ubly
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1911-12-04
WANT M'NAMARAS HANGED.
Pittsburg Labor Leaders Declare They
Have No sympathy for Crime.

PIrTsBURG, Dec. 3--lf Mcnamara
was mean enough to commit such crime
and low enough to conceal il he should
hang. | believe him guilty and he should
not have dragged the labor movement
into this" said General Organizer Thomas
r. Flynn of the American Federation of
Labor to-day
Il see no reason why labor should not
demand capital punishment" was the
way NJ, NJ, Garland, Surveyor Of the Port
Of Pittsburg and a pioneer leader in organ
lied labor, puts il, "Pittshurgers, he said.
and particularly organized labor. should
not feel merciful toward slayers of the
innocent in cold blood.
Similar expressions were made at labor
meetings to-day by other men high in the
affairs of organized labor.
1t is probable that members of the Iron
City Trades Council at a meeting next
Thursday will take steps to advocate the
transfer Of the defence fund to the relief
of the widows and orphans left behind
by the Los Angeles Times disaster.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1911-12-04
ELkS HONOR THEIR DEtD.
Memorial services Held ny Lodges In
Manhattan and Brooklyn.

The Elks in Manhattan and Brooklyn
held memorial services for their dead
yesterday. Al the new home of Lodge !.
on West Forty-third street, and in
Plymouth Church, Brooklyn, where Lodge
% held it's exercises, lists Of the lodge
members vino had lied in the past year
were read rnd there were addres nos and
musical services.
More than 1000 persons. among them
many relatives of the deed, filed Plym-
outh Church. Judge Michael j. Murray
of Boston made the memorial address
the Rev. Archibald Love of Brooklyn
made the oreninG prayer and the Rev.
James II. Sankey pronounced the bene-
diction.
Edward j. Shalvey, the Exalted Ruler
OF Lodge /, made the address in Man
haitian. Charles 4. Baker played on the
big organ in the new clubhouse.
OF members Of Ledge I who died this
year were the Great Lafayette who lost
his life in a fire at Edinburgh; William
Hepburn Russell and John j, Murphy
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1911-12-04
U\iU iRt LEFT TRiII.
Expert osborn say, IaniUritins In Reg
IStrrs Ilrtra,cd Aliases

Mo%rDLAiE, y J.. Dec. g. 4. = Osborn.
the handwriting expert, who lives N
2ij Midland ayruIo, received a mcssl gn
from tie District Attorney # Los Angelo,
county lat might ln-,ruc'ing him to
cease hl- work IN connection with the
prosecution of the NcNamaraS MIR
Osborn had just returned from Los
Angeles where he had spent a month in
conference with those who We're enga god
in building up the case against IN" two
dynamitcrs. His part in the affair was
10 present the specimens Of handwriting
hundreds If which are in his pos So 81 on.
winch were expected to establish IN,
connection uetwe"n James b Mcnamara
and J. B Bruce. +. j. sullivan and j. b.
Smith, IT." names said 10 have been
ad yptot hv Mcnamara IN his travels
throuahou, the country
Mi Osborn said today that Mcnamara :
frequent use Of the same alias, j. B Bric..
WAS remarkrhi" example Of the folly
that usually crops out in the conduct
Of those who engage IN criminal enter
prisc-. Mcnamara signed this name on
hoto! registers and - letters - often
and without any attempt AZ discussing
l..' 'l'''''AN = ''l'' NV l'l' - 'Itll 80
clear that this very fact alone would have
had great weight, Mr. Osborn pointed out
IL establishing his connection with the
many other explosions besides that at
Los Angeles which are charged against
HIM and MI fcllow con-plrutor,
Sol u all my experience" said Mr.
O~bn:u. have ] been -. Impressed hv th.
idtM'y ut a criminal d. | have been nv
tn" exhibition IT James Is Mcnamara in
tins particular instance. In nearly every
h-'duc" Mcnamara wrOt" his alias with
out any attempt ~ COuc,a!ing the Charac-
terl-'lC' Il his CulroGraphv and thi.
would undoubtedly have proved his
und aiu- al W." ,rial have snv.ral /
hIudG"d- 81 -nrclW"u- Of the hand
writing ~ TN" men involved in the CON
spiIacY, Many of thc-" samples have
been enlarged lay photography, bat this
IN my opinion, wa, hardly necessary, a :
IN" r"S"Wblhnr" is S'rikingly evident
even IN N" originals. The signatures are
taken from hn'"l, all the way from Boston
io san Francisco and they corroborata
the confession e Ortie Mechanical in
which ho said hc visited certain ,itir,
and STOPPED n certain hotels. In many
cases h" tad n companion The hand
writing ot }, Is. Brce Reproduced ON
register. all tu" way from tho middle
West TO the Pacific coast /. that Of James
Is McNamara. II Is 80 Enthusiastically his
mat even movie" could 500 il.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1911-12-04
CHICAGO FOOTPADS KILL TWO
UONiN SHOT DOWN ~ STREET
CONC HOuE FROM OPERi.
Former Chaurcur, Dismissed by Her Hus-
band for JOY Riding, Arrested MUIR
dcrcr Had Demanded Money second
Thugs Victim Had Resist cd Robbery.

CHICAGO, Dec. 3 MNs Edmund Kauf-
man was shot dead by q bandit late last
night for 10 apparent reason other than
that she screamed when the holdup men
attacked her husband. The crime was
committed in tine aristocrdtic North Shore
residence district.
Edmund Kaufman, a South Water
street commission merchant, gave the
following account Of the shooting That
resulted in his wifes death
we went to see the opera GYPSY
love- lis' night. and when We left The
tholtr" wanted 80 ride home in a taxi
cab. My wife objected. 50 We boarded
an Evanston avenue car. We got of at
Roscoe Boulevard 10 walk a block west
90 our house.
When We reached a srot in front o. 81
Roscoe Boulevard an automobile contain
ing four men drove ,uddenly up 10 the
curb-tone and stopped near us Two Of
the men jumped out Of the machine and
ran straight to Us Won throw up your
hand'; we want your money, one OF them
cried NJ wife seized ny arm and began
to scream She shouted loud enough to
arouse al the residents i'm the block. but
before ! could say or do anything a man
pui gun to my wiic- head and fired.
W., struck 10y the othor man and knocked
down ! wa unconscious ! don't know
what va struck with but think it was
the butt o' % pistol
81 a minute there were lights in tho
windows n"ar hy and some neighbors
came out In the street They carried my
wife into the home Of Ernest Freeman
and sent for " Nobel y Eberhart
My wife died before she was taken
into the house The bullet had gone
through hnr head
William Gutten.erger. formerly a chauf
feur icr Kaufman, who wds discharged
for taking the lHt,ers automobile out
for JOY rides. Wa arrested to-day and
positively Identified by Kaufman a. the
man who killed Mrs Kaufman
Mrs Kaufman was murdered few
minutes after John Jamuhowski was
killed 10y three men a West Forty eighth
street and Paulina street. He was walk
ing with Michael Swaldowski. u friend,
wher three mon approached them anG
told them to hand over their valuab bles.
Both resisted ard the robbers fired AT
them Jamubowski was shot in the
head and died instantly.
\ short time later detectives from
the New city police station arrested ia NEE
Moraritv. Roman Schultz and Edward
johnson tn" latter had revolver.
| All the chambers were filed The men
were questioned hut refused to admit
that they had attempted to rob anybody
| They are orill held
| The two murders and the long list of
other crimes committed recently aroused
Mayor Harrison
Il don't think the crimes can be charged
TO anything but the horde of thugs which
seem To get active when cold weather
comes on. Mayor Harrison said. 1t has
been the same every winter. Every year
about this time there is an influx of rough
characters into Chicago. They begin
operations and it takes the police few
days to get the upper hand. | don I
think the police department is dsor-
| ganiHed
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1911-12-04

-,,,,.,, - - ~ t,,,, o,,.,,o Iroo,,rs
,'"''"n an" w 'u' ''"l 80 ~. ".
ASSOCIATION began IN l"o "h'r 'he open
shop va- declared in tho structural iron
workers trade because Of repeated vio-
I,,,,,. og ,yroaro,t. bv tho national
,,,d i,cal r,,on. nf ,L, ir,r ,,orlc,,s
'",' ~ y [,rr,'r rba'r,,,n, ,T ,ho hoa,.,
,, ,,,,,,,,,,.. ,,r ,bo RniiJ;n,r Tnod,u go VI
T,,,i,va,. (.soriatinn said yc.ter1iav
Ini 10 t.,J JcraI ,u,bor,t;o. b,,.e a ,,,,,'i
o,5donco ,,.nd which would nav" haon 80 msed ."
,,,o,r., tho NrNamnra. and which ,'iii
ntn,,N' ,l,, ;,,Ii',,,',,,,, ',,,j ,.iai ~h'
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1911-12-04
M'NAMARAS NOT MARTYRS NOW.
Socialists and lniOnists DcnOuncc Men
They Met To EXtOI.

ST Louis, Dec, 3 James b and John
j Mcnamara were denounced by seven
speakers, originally selected to extol them
aS mertyrs n 1. mass meeting Of 900
socialists and trade inionists who filled
the New Club hall this afternoon. Instead
Of raising money for the defence of the
accused men the committee devoted the
afternoon 10 IA TRADE against capitalism
end vigorous defence Of The labor move
graced by or responsible for the acts of
the McNamares
Typographical Union No. at meeting
adopted resolution calling on the Los
Angeles Union to urge the maximum
penalty prescribed by law for the
McNamaras and all others guilty of the
crime.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1911-12-04
4tTO GRAND PRIN BOY corr.
Belgian and German Makers to stay Out
American Cars Invited.

PARIS, Dec. 3.-The report printed yes
terday thai one Belgian and eight German
automobile manufacturers have agreed
to boycott the French automobile Grand
Prix. the entries for which are to close
at the end of this month. is confirmed.
The promoters of the race are greatly
vexed particularly at the Germans, three
of whose cars took part in the recent
American Grand Prix at Savannah.
II is recognized, however, that the ac-
ton of the foreign manufacturers is partly
the result of the action of the French
builders of cars in not participating in
recent races. Hopes are expressed that
the French managers will now make
greater efforts to assure the success of
the race and that they will try to secure
number of American entries.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1911-12-04
NE NAY M CHARLIE MILLrB
Pol'ce >a, Their Captive Is the >otor,cn,
Criminal.

If the police are right in their iden,i.
fication a goodly sized, gentemanlv look.
ing. spectacled man who jostled MAY
Eichlin, a Mount Vernon cigar store
manager, in Bronx car vrsfAriav
is Charles Miller, notorious crook who
escaped from Police Headquarters here
four years ago and was brought bac,
from London for trial This time he is
held as p'ckpocket
MaX Eichlin, who live, at 2io Thirl
avenue, MouHt Vernon. and manages
"a string OF retail cigar stores, was on
southbound Third avenue car al Ire.
mont avenue Yesterday afternoon Mrs
Eichlin was with him and Eichhn was
carrying their two-year-old child He
and his wife started to get ont at Ire.
mont avenue when several men crowded
about The biggest man was neira,'
Eiohlln.
Here. take the baby" Eicnln said to
bis wife. and made for the man next TO
him.
For several MINUTES they fought all
over the floor Of the car Policeman
Lougran of the fremont station made
for the car where the fight was The man
was arrested and policeman. prisoner
tichhn, wife and baby went 10 the police
station. There ,hc prisoner said he
was Robert Lewis a cab ,wn'y, Of e3S
East Twentv-third street.
'ArcnH YOU CHG-lie Miller" aaSod De.
tectivc NcCg~t IN. who was in the station
The prisoner denied it. Then Eichin
was shown s,ne pictures Of crooks and
the police say he picked out Charles
Millers photograph as that Of the man
arrested. He found seyeral others there
who he said were with the prisoner on
IN" car. The police started out u make
more arrests
Eichlin said thai sGSi in ca-h and four
| check, made ont t. the ROYAL Arcanum
tptalling $3.50 had been taken from his
! pocket in III" car. Only s3l and some
iewelry were found on the prisoner
| Charles Miller, alia5 Lewis, was ar
rested on February ;. 1907, for rohhinG
, the Pennsylvania Railroad Company Of
, thousand" of dollars worth Of baggage
J in NirginiF Another man wa arrested
a. the same time One da when door
! man a. Police headquarters here took
, their breakfast u them the two men
| sprang az him, knocked him down and
made their escape Miller got away n
England. lie was arrested in London in
November and brought back for ,rial
! The complainant against him vas rep
rcsentativo ut tho ChssaOeake and Obi,
Railroad and on April /, laos, he wai
sontenced az Charlottesville. Va 10 fou,
YEAR and eiv months for grand larceny
Although Miller has been picked up
dozen times or - by the police this il
the only record Of conviction agains
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1911-12-04
HJGH JENNINGS CONDITION.
symptoms Now Indicate Conclusion OF
the Brain.

SCRANTON, Dec. 3.-That the first
diagnosis Of Hugh Jennings's condi-
ton was correct was borne out this after
noon when the Detroit baseball manager
whois now at the State Hospital here, gave
evidence of suffering from what his al =
tendants fear may be conclusion Of the
brain.
Guarded statements are being given
out at the hospital. and it is privately
intimated that while Jennings is appar-
emily fully conscious. his condition Of mind
ss indicated by his talk is causing alarm
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1911-12-04
COSSACkS Nv TEHERAN.
Advance Guard OF Russian Advance
France Against Sbustcr.


TEHERAN, Dec. Russia's advance
guard arrived here to-day. company
Of Cossacks. ostensibly to protect the
Russian Legation, marched in without
any previous warning.
PARIS. Dec. 3 Commenting on the
situation in Persia. the Temps says the
occupation of Teheran by Russian troops
will not only imperi Persias independ-
cnce but will severely test the Anglo
Russian agreement OF 1907 III regard
to the spheres of influence OF the TWO
Governments in that country. ms
is owing to the fact that neutral zone
under the agreement, was left between
the two spheres of influence, and IT Will
be difficult to dispose of this territory
without arousing friction.
1t will take week for the Russians
to reach Tcheran, and the Temps advises
Persia to employ this time in reaching
an equitable compromise The paper
insists that Persia should dismiss Mr..
Shuster. the American Treasurer-Gen-
crdl whom il calls this American tnan-
,icr who. with the naughty blindness
N, viii oi a business man, Is disdaniul
o. politics and history and has disturbed
Russian prot6ges and embarrassed Eng
land by employing fnglishmen in Rus
-ian spheres of influence
II is no secret. says the Temps. that
Russia is not satisfied with the conduct
Of Vi. pokhitonof, its Consul General.
in the affair. For this reason. says the
paper. while unable To admit the pres
ence AZ Teheran of financier whose
Il. =, 4. al,
Russian policy which his mission con-
mande1 him to sustain, Russia might
spare Persia the humiliation of being
compelled to consult Russia and England
previous to employing another stranger