Evening bulletin. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1895-1912, 1911-06-10

| attacks.
Such relapses are frequently en-
couraged by fatigue heat, chill, wet
ting, dissipation, or Illness, and they
may occur at intervals for long time
after the patient was first infected
by the mosquito, and even after he
has moved to localities where there
Is no malaria.
Besides fever, these malarial para
! sites often produce anema and en-
largement Of the spleen, especially
with patients who have suffered many
relapses.
Death Is often caused In malarial
patients by other diseases, such as
pneumonia or dysentery. the system
being already weakened by the ma
larial parasites.
If the. patient survives. the para
sites tend TO die ont of themselves,
without treatment, after a long period
Of illness, leaving him more or less
immune.
The parasites are of at least three
kinds, which can be easily disting-
uished in the blood II placed under
the microscope. These are "a a
parasite which produces its spores
every three days and causes what is
called quartan fever: C2l a parasite
which produces its spores every other
day and causes tertian fever: go
parasites which cause the so-called
malignant fever or pernicious ma
laria. which Is Of anairregular type
and In which dangerous complications
most frequently occur.
Quinine kills the parasites when
administered at the proper time: but
generally II will not destroy all the
parasites In the body unless II Is
given In sufficient doses and con-
| tinued for several months As long
as a single parasite remains alive in
the blood, the patient may be subject
| TO relapses. Ross advises that at
least grains of sulphate of quinine
should be taken by an adult patient
| every day without fail for four
months, but he should consult n ply
sician regarding the details of the
treatment.
Method Of Infection.
The malaria parasite has several
different stages. Aside from those
forms which produce spores In the
| body, there are other stages-male
and female When one of these ano-
| nhelina nnsnuitp.g uyhi,h ,,s,tog
malaria, happens TO feed on a patient
whose blood contains parasites these
are sucked, with the blood. into the
mosquitoes stomach.
II the sexual forms of the parasites
are present. those of opposite sexes
at once unite. The parasite now un-
dergoes certain changes In the mos
tqulto's stomach. II passes through
the stomach wall and finally aiiixes
itself TO its outer surface.
Here II grows very considerably
and, after week under favorable
conditions. produces a large number
OF spores.
These spores. thus entering the
general body cavity of the mosquito,
find their way into the salivary
glands. These glands secrete the
irritating fluid injected under the hui
man skin when the mosquito begins
| to feed.
Thus, when one of these mosqui-
toes, which has fed upon malarial
patient containing the sexual forms
of the parasites, bites, after a week,
another person, II injects these spores
together with It's saliva under his
skin and generally into his blood.
These spores now cause or may
cause infection or reinfection In this
| second person.
Thus the parasites OF malaria pass
from men to certain mosquitoes and
back from these mosquitoes to men.
Marlarial fever Is then an Infectious
disease, which is carried from the
sick to the healthy by anopheline
mosquitoes, and only In this way can
II be contracted.
II has always been known that ma
| laria Is most prevalent In the vicinity
OF marshes, and II was formerly sup
posed that the air or exhalatlons from
these marshes produced the disease.
Parasites of malaria have not been
found In the water or air OF marshes.
nor In decaying vegetation nor in
the soil, although they have been dill
gently searched for. Attempts TO
produce infection by these agencies
have always failed. The mosquitoes
which carry these parasites, however
breed In marshes or in marshy pools
and streams.
Issuing from these breeding places
they enter nearby houses and feed
upon the inmates, mostly at night
biting first one person and then 9TH
ers. and living for weeks or months.
If an infected person happens To
be present In any OF these houses,
the anopheline mosquitoes biting him
will also become infected. and the
disease is likely, ultimately, To he
carried by these mosquitoes to Others
! and IN phhnrinp hnuaas