davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Daily independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 188?-1915, 1911-09-25
ORIGIN OF OUR CALENDAR
Story Of the Year and Its Days ~
Now Constituted, Told
Once More.

The Julian year consists Of 1854
days and exceeded by IL minutes 1885
seconds the solar year OF 500 days
hours 48 minutes 46 seconds. In con-
sequence Of this, the equinS n the
course Of a few centuries fell back con-
siderably. In the time OF Julius Cae-
sar. 1t corresponded to March rs.
and by the sixteenth century 1t had
refrigerated to March IL. 1t was at
this time that q physician OF Verona
named Ghiraldi proposed plan for
amending the calendar. He died be
fore he had opportunity to carry 1t
forward, but his brother presented 1t
to Pope Gregory Kill, who assembled
q number Of learned men to discuss It
1t was passed upon favorably and
adopted, and thus was given to the
world what has since been known as
the Gregorian calendar. In 1882 Greg
DRY Issued brief. apolishing the Julian
calendar in all Catholic countries. aPd
Introducing the reformed one.
The reform of the Gergorian Ut new
on the Julian or old, consisted In
dropping ten days after October 4.
1889, so that the 18th was reckoned
Immediately after the 4th. Every one
bundredth year. which, by the Odd style
was a leap year, was to be common
year. the fourth century, Invisible by
four, excepted; that is. 1000 was to re-
main a leap year, but 100, 1900 and
1900 were not to be reckoned as such.
while 1000 was to be reckoned.
In this calendar the length of the
solar year is taken to be 265 days
hours 40 minutes and IL seconds, the
difference between which and the true
length is immaterial.-The Christian
Herald.
Daily independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 188?-1915, 1911-09-25
On the Shelf.

To the married woman and to the
spinster alike 1t Is always a shock IN
IND that parties are being given for
n younger set to which they are not
hidden. for the realization that these
younger members Of society are class.
Ing them as "old" Is not altopatbor
pleasing. To the married woman tbJo
experience usually comes later than
10 the unmarried. for she will be
asked TO young gatherings when a
spinster several years her Junior will
be omitted. Whether this ia because
her husband is still reckoned attrac.
tive, though married, or because OF
her utility as chaperon, is an omen
question, but the fact remains. One
spinster lately confessed that for sev.
eral days after her first experience AZ
being left out Of a party she almost
pinched herself, saying, Can this be
] that All so slighted?" for she dearly
loved to dance and never had been A
wall hover. Now she says she has
slowly but surely been relegated To
the dinner set. and there she cuts OLD
the debutantes at every chance she
gets in revenge.
The First "cowboys.r
:, .owooy" was once sinistel, Eord
IN american politics. In the RSvolu.
uonnry war the cowboys" were a
set OF Tories In Westcbester county.
view York. popularity so.called because
OF the brutal roughness with which
tney treated their Whig or rebel
nelghoors. II was. no doubt. in
memory OF them that the name OF
cowboys. was given in 1851 to Ger.
tain people in Connecticut and other
parls OF New England who wero al
most secessionists.
Fitzgerald enterprise. (Fitzgerald, Ga.) 1895-1912, 1911-12-28
A Great Curse
Uric Acid Dangerous, Torturing
Troubles When the Kidneys
Are Sick.

There is no more serious danger
to health than the presence of too
much uric acid in the body 1t is
the duty of the kidneys to rid the
system of uric poison as fast as it
accumulates. When the kidneys
fail to do this work thoroughly, uric
acid attacks begin first in one part
then in another.
The cause of these attacks is so
likely to be mistaken, even by a
doctor, that it is well to post your
self on the subject.
1t is dangerous to neglect sick
kidneys. 1t leaves the uric acid
free to attack and damage every Or
gan of the body. Dropsy swellings
appear, and the gradual tendency is
towards Bright's disease.
The pains from uric acid attacks
are characteristic: backache, sciati-
ca, muscular or articular reumatism
neuralgia, lumbago, pains through
the hips and groin, headache, and
n ervous disorders.
Treatment from Doan's Kidney
Pills should be begun at once. What
this remedy has done for others it
will do for you.
FITZGERALD PROOF
Fred A. Harnish, of 215 Roanoke
Drive, Fitzgerald. Ga, says: For
five years | was in misery from kid
ney trouble. Nothing relieved me
until took Doan's Kidney Pills !
have previously endorsed them and
at this time am glad to do it again
For sale by all dealers. Price SO
cents. Foster Milburn Co., Buffalo.
New York, sole agents for the United
States.
Remember the name-Doan's-
and take no other.
Fitzgerald enterprise. (Fitzgerald, Ga.) 1895-1912, 1911-12-28

their enemy could not cope except with
mounted men. In the north WIS great
rush to LINE the cavalry" or course
the government furnished the horses.
and 1t was the tremendous outlay
Of money necessary to fit out mounted
troops which had caused the govern
ment to halt. In the Confederate cav
airy the trooper furnished his horse.
Cavalry service was also popular with
southern men. and the Confederate
government accepted horsemen ms fast
as they organized.
In the matter of the navy the United
States again had the better Of the
Confederate states. All Of the sloopS
and frigates Of the old navy. with the
exception of the Merrimac. which was
burned TO the waters edge in the de
Fitzgerald enterprise. (Fitzgerald, Ga.) 1895-1912, 1911-12-28

By Captain GEORGE J.. kiLN1tN. Late
u. $. "
copyright by American Press Associa-
ton, i9D.l
~NHE reports Of the secretary OF
81 the war and navy. which these
u officials presented to congress
at the opening Of the session.
Dec. Q, 1861. showed that the United
States armies numbered 66O.97l men.
of whom all but 10000 were volun-
teers. The infantry arm comprised
100000, the cavalry about 10000. the
artillery $1,000. The navy comprised
2G4 warships, carrying 1851 guns and
% 600 sailors.
The army was distributed along the
line extending more or less direct from
the Atlantic coast to central Missouri.
Fitzgerald enterprise. (Fitzgerald, Ga.) 1895-1912, 1911-12-28

struction of the Norfolk navy yard,
were in It's hands. They were steam
aud screw propellers, fast sailers and
right up to date. The government de-
cided to construct new gunboats pro.
tected by armor plate. Strange to say,
the Confederates, in spite of the scar
city of material in the south, We're
pioneers at the building Of armored
warships. They had them fighting be-
fore the Federals were ready. John
Ericsson, the Swede. was already
building in New York the little iron
clad which was to become famous as
Fitzgerald enterprise. (Fitzgerald, Ga.) 1895-1912, 1911-12-28

of the war powers should be set free,
Previously, on the 9TH. Senator Trum
bull of Illinois brought in sweeping
bill for confiscation of Confederate
property, including slaves. These were
to be set free and employed or colo
nized. At the same time Lovejoy OF
Illinois presented resolution revoking
the drastic orders of General Halleck
Some generals had gone further than
Halleck and actually delivered ur
slaves to their masters right in camps
not far distant from Washington.
Fitzgerald enterprise. (Fitzgerald, Ga.) 1895-1912, 1911-12-28

the Monitor. Even with the largest
navy the United States was not in a
position to push the war afloat be-
cause the best ships were stationed on
blockade service. In the shallow wa
tiers of the sounds and on the rivers
the light draft river steamers. even
ferryboats, were pressed into service.
Early in the war the general senti-
ment north and south was in favor OF
severe punishment for prisoners taken
in the war. To the southernerS the
men in blue were invaders and home
Fitzgerald enterprise. (Fitzgerald, Ga.) 1895-1912, 1911-12-28
The War Fifty Years Ago

Great Armies on the Border Lines Preparing For Ac-
ton---Strensth Of the Contendng Armies and Navies.
The Infantry Cavalry and Artllery--Fightins Ships.
Old and New---Status of the Prisoners of War--Ne-
fotiations For Exchange of Prison Life
In Acknowledgements For Decentralization For
Immediate freedom of Negroes In Bondage---Con-
seryative Attitude of Lincoln.
Fitzgerald enterprise. (Fitzgerald, Ga.) 1895-1912, 1911-12-28
Good Watches A.
The Right Priceh
For Everybody

1t dOeSn't matter whether
you want a new watch, or if
you haven't any or if you in
tend giving one as a present,
our stock of watches should
interest you. We believe that
a jewelry store should carry
la complete stock of good
watches. 1t doesn't make
any difference what particu-
lar movement you prefer; it
doesn't make any difference
how much or how little you
want to pay; our stock is pre-
pared to please everybody
and to meet the require
ments of every man, woman
or child.
We do however, guarantee
to please and satisfy you
whether you are buying a
watch for temporary use or
whether you want one to
last a lifetime.
1t is 10 your interest to see
this stock of watches before
even thinking of going else
where.
Russell Bros.
Fitzgerald Georgia
Fitzgerald enterprise. (Fitzgerald, Ga.) 1895-1912, 1911-12-28
Lost, a Pointer Pup

Saturday morning a pointer
seven months old was stolen from
my house on West Pine street. l
will pay $500 for the recovery of
this dog.
DEscRIPT1oN-Black with white
breast, short tail, answers to name
of Sport. Notify. H. Ginder, or
Enterprise.
Fitzgerald enterprise. (Fitzgerald, Ga.) 1895-1912, 1911-12-28
Farm For Rent

Good two-horse farm about one
half mile from City limits. Will be
rented either for standing rent or
under Choppers Contract, latter
preferred
L. Kennedy,
Phillips Block, Fitzgerald, Georgia.
Fitzgerald enterprise. (Fitzgerald, Ga.) 1895-1912, 1911-12-28
Five Dollars Reward

Will be paid for the return of a
white pointer bitch with liver color
ed ears and spots above tail. She
has on collar with name of Chas. L
Davis, Warm Springs, Ca, to
Jno. B. Reynolds,
Ocilla, Ga
Fitzgerald enterprise. (Fitzgerald, Ga.) 1895-1912, 1911-12-28

Forces were concentrated Mt points in
Virginia. Kentucky and Missouri. with
attachments at Port Royal, s. e.. and
Pensacola, Fla.
The largest force was in Virginia
and the next largest in the depart
ments commanded by General Buell.
and General Halleck, with headquar-
tiers at Louisville and st. Louis re-
spectively. The force in front OF
Washington intended for the defense
of the capital numbered from 10000 to
100000 men. Buell. had about 100000
and Halleck nearly as many under his
command The entire force. including
the troops under General L. w. Sher-
man in South Carolina and the regi-
ments designed for the expedition to
New Orleans under General Butler.
made not more than 100000 to 10000
in the field.
The Confederate Array.
The Confederate forces were natu-
rally distributed in the same field as
their enemy's. At Norfolk and York
town. Va, ut the eastern end OF
their line, they had about 10000 men.
Confronting Washington. they had a
line extending from the lower Poto-
mac to the upper, with the center and
headquarters at Centerville, twenty
miles from Washington This position
was strongly fortified and held not less
than $4,000 troops. This entire force
was estimated at 175.000 men. Its com
mander was General j. F.. Johnston.
The Confederates also had troops con-
fronting Buell. in Kentucky and Ten
nessee and at various points in Mis-
souri,. also in Florida. Small forces
were held at Vicksburg. Natchez. New
Orleans. Mobile Savannah and Charles
ton. The total force under arms was
not far from $4,000 men. although it
was estimated at the time that about
100000 men had rallied around the
Confederate flag.
The Federal authorities thought that
G0.O00 cavalry was too large a force
of that arm of service for the kind of
warfare ahead. The recruiting of cav
aIrymen had stopped. but it was not
long before the war department heads
changed their mind The Confederates
were expert horsensen and used mount
ed troops in such a daring way that
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1911-04-17
Juargz Safe
From Rebels
Insurgents Unexpectedly Retire From
Attack on the FderaI Strong
hold.
PEACE MOVE MAY
HAVE CAUSED ACTION.
Second Attack Made on Town, and
Both Were Repulsed by
MeSicans.

Ell PASO. April ls.-The second
battle OF Bauche has resulted as the
first. fought on February 4. The in
surgents left the field. and the FEEDER
ais have come back TO Juarez.
Whether the insurrectos retired be-
cause OF lack OF water as on the for
mer occasion. or the result OF a mes
sage from DR.. Gomez I'm Washington
relative 10 peace. is not known.
The Federals lost six dead. includ-
ing Lieutenants Miguel Baturoni and
Abraham Jiminez. and six wounded.
including Captain Porfirio Hernandez.
The wounded We're brought to Juarez
during the night. The dead were
brought IN today.
The federals had fired bridge on
the railroad between Bauche. where
the fight occurred. and Juarez. There
was no necessity Tor this I'm order to
block the railroad. however. as the
insurrcctO train had been wrecked In
Bauche as II came from the south
Federals on Thursday placed dyna-
mite under the tracks. and the charge
blew up the train. The insurrectos
had two cars loaded with railroad ties
ahead Of the locomotive. and these
cars received the brunt Of the damage
When the insurrectOs retired they
took their locomotive and some OF
their cars with them. but left two cars
besides those wrecked. Beside tho
track were some bloody clothes. show
ing that they had some dead or
wounded. None was left on the field.
however. The Associated Press cor
respondent found two bodies one
was FOUL Of billet holes Another body
had been rifed hv vandais.
The fedsrals arc keeping a strict
watch over Juarez tonight.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1911-04-17
Prevent Mine Horrors
Or. Holmes Suggests Precautions That
Would Eliminate Much
Danger.
FIRE-PROoF CONSTRUCTION
FOR DOWN IN THE MINES.
With Fire Fighting Apparatus Should
Be Required and Fire
Would be Unlikely.

WASHINGTON, April 16.-Outlining
some measures designed to 20 along
way towards preventing a repititon of
mine accidents such as recently at
Banner, Alabama. and Throop. Pa,
with their accompanying toll OF human
life. DR.. Joseph A. Holmes. who has
Just returned from investigating both
accidents today, urged that mo miner
or operator should feel satisfied until
every precautiOn known to the in
dustry has been taken" DR.. Holmes
Is head OF the bureau OF mines. He
said that fires for instance as those
at Cherry. ILL.,. in November 1909 with
its 262 lives LOST and the Pancoast
Coal company at Throop which cost
13 lives. could easily have been ex-
tinguished If promptly attended to. He
advised that the shafts and the stables
ana engine rooms when underground,
shall be OF fireproof construction. II
combustible materials must be stored
In the mines there should be ample
water supply TO gether with other fire
hghung apparatus.
Precautions Suggested.
Dr. Holmes urged the use OF only
those explosives least likely to ignite
after gas or dust and the general
adoption of a system OF electric firing
to be used at 4 time when all OF the
miners are ont OF the mine" Other
measures suggested are that only
small quantities Of any explosive neeT-
ed for use during a single day should
be in the mine ~ one time and under
no conditions should the powder and
the detonators or caps be carried into
the mine together. nor should the
powder or decorators be kept I'm any
mine over night. as dampness may
change their quality.
Although the safest plan. according
70 Or. Holmes 10 prevent a dust ex-
plOsion is 70 wet the coal dust
throughout the whole mine. a through
wettins In any part Of n bituminous
coal mine lessons the danger OF an
exp'osicn. The cheapest and most
satisfactory manner OF doing this. he
IS 10 turn exhaust steam
from Tho mine power plant into the
mine along with the air current.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1911-04-17
U. S. Message for Fsd.rals

aqua PRIETA. Mex. April 1s-
Insurrecto leaders here report that a
battle was begun this morning. east
OF Cabullona. fifteen miles south OF
this city. The federal troops engaged
are said TO have been caught between
two bodies OF rebels. who far ont
numbered tho federals.
After a conference with Colonel
Skunk. commanding the American
troops here. Colonel Medina. the in
surrecto Jefe OF Aqua Prieta. permit
ted an automobile carrying two Amer
leans TO pass through the rebel lines
toward the federal camp. Tho Amer
leans in the automobile. which flies
the American flag. are James T. VIII
liRms OF Tucson. formerly United
States civil service commissioner. and
Charles Mexican. formerly OF the
United States army.
Mexican, II was learned. has been
officially commissioned by Colonel
Skunk 20 carry written message TO
Reynaldo Diaz. IN command OF the
federal force. Mexican and Williams
proceeded directly TO the camp OF the
federals and delivered the message 10
Diaz. Diaz receipted for the message
and assured Mexican that every pre-
caution would be observed TO present
firing into Douglas Diaz was attend.
ed by the rurales. Chief Barron.
Colonel Chiapa and other staff Off.
GERS. The Americans returned safely
10 Douglas
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1911-04-17
Women Die
In Battle
Rebels Make Attack on MexIeans Con-
Neyin9 Women and Children,
Killing Many.
RIOERLEss HORSES
WARN OF FIGHTING
Rebel Loss Heavy While Loss Of MexI-
cans Are MlnImlzed by
Early Reports.

CHIHUAHUA. April 16.-Forty or
more insurrectos were killed and over
100 wounded In a battle fought be-
tween Sauz and Santa Clara canyon
ABOUT nifty miles north OF here. accord.
ing 10 federal couriers who arrived
today. The couriers brought orders
to have hospital cots ready for the
tederals wounded. The federals re-
port five killed but later develop-
ments are expected to change the fig
ures. A number OF women and child
ren are believed to be among the
killed.
coming across from Casas Grandes
on their way TO chihuahua. with
prisoners under General Luis VALDEZ
the federals followed by about 100
refugees were attacked. Five hundred
insurrectos under Generals Orozco and
villa has been instructed bv Francisco
Madero 20 head Off the Casas Grandes
contingent and n possible capture and
release the prisoners. The fight oc-
CURED on Hacienda as the prisoners
shackled together and the women and
children refugees. weary from the
long tramp We're scattered In a long
broken line. The federals Immediate
ly responded with heavy firing and
placed the prisoners and nou-combat-
ants under protection. The fiehting
continued for several hours and re-
suited in the sending north from here
OF General Rabago with 500 rein
iorcements. The extent OF the fight
became known when riderless horses
arrived here with evidence OF having
lett the front I'm a stampede. So far
as Is known. none Of the prisoners
among whom are believed 10 be many
Americans. were wounded. and none
escaped. although these statements
are based on unofficial roports
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1911-04-17
Kill Three
Train Piows Into Crowd at Depot at
Elizabeth With Awful
Results.

ELIZABETH. y. J.. April 16.-An
eastbound express OF the New Jersey
Central Railroad plunged into n crowd
about 10 board n standing local train
here tonight. killing three persons
and injuring several others. Tho
dead are:
Mrs. Henrietta Cosqrove.
Mrs. Stone, Mrs. Cosgrove's daugh-
ter.
Saunders. station baggage mas
ter
The baggage master IL said 70 have
lost his life while trying 70 rescue
Mrs. CosgrOve.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1911-04-17
Reciprocity
is TO CLAIM CANADIAN PARLIA-
MENT'S ATTENTION NOW.
sody ReeonVenes Wednesday and an
Early Vote Favorable to Treaty
Is the Prediction.

OTTAWA, Ont, April ia favor
able vote on the reciprocity agree
ment with the United States is looked
Tor by members OF the Dominion gov
ernment not long after parliament re-
assemblies on Wednesday. The rapid
progress being made at Washington
and the prediction that the agreement
VIII be before the American Senate
by next Thursday have been noted
mere with satisfaction by the govern
ments supporters. Settlement or the
reciprocity issue in Canada. they be-
lieve, now depends primarily upon ac-
ton in Washington. ANY assurance
that Congress will ratify the agree
ment may be coupled with the assur-
ance that the Canadian parliament
VIII do its part as soon as the passage
OF the agreement on the other side
OF the line is certain.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1911-04-17
Arranging at Washington Truce
to be Declared
in Mexico.
HALT FIGHTING TO
NEGOTIATE PEACE.
Anxiety I'm Washington Over Con-
dition Across Boundary
Line i'm Mexico.

WASHINGTON. ID. c., April 16.-
Anxiety over developments in Mexico
endangering the lives and property of
Americans near the boundary line
was plainly evident in official circles
here tonight. President Taft, until
nearly midnight tonight received bull
letins at the White House from the
War Department regarding the ad-
vance OF the Federals upon the IN
surgent forces at Aqua Prieta. but re-
tired confident that an attack would
not be made before tomorrow.
DIR. Vasquez Gomez was in constant
communication with the insurgent
Junta at FL Paso. Texas. who trans
mitted to him messages from the in
surgent army advancing on Juarez.
Mindful OF the incidents OF last week
around Aqua Prieta. DR.. Gomez tele-
graphed message of warning to his
constituents to avoid injury to Amer
lean lives or property. He was ad-
vised that the insurrectos had mobil-
lied practically their entire army in
Chihuahua, under Francisco /. Made
TO, Jr, to within striking distance OF
Juarez.
The messages that Dr. Gomez sent
10 the insurgent forces. in n manner
unexplained here. prevented the at
tack tonight on Juarez. He attached
much importance TO the pause OF the
insurgents. and other Mexicans drew
much hope from the occurrence. DR..
Gomez. however. was unable 10 say
whether II was caused by his long
message OF last Tuesday, addressed to
francisco !. Madero. Jr., and explain
Ing conditions under when peace
could be arranged. or his message OF
last night advising the insurrecto
forces TO defer their attack pending
the receipt Of certain messages from
Mexico.
Dr. Gomez was said TO be arranging
Tor an armistice. 70 take effect imme-
diately, by which peace negotiations
might be instituted near Juarez.
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1911-04-17
TerSe Telegraphic Tips

SHARON. pa.-The body Of Oscar
bsunlnehauf. aged IS. vas found 10.
niEht On some bushes. four miles from
here. There was bullet hole
through the head and a revolver Law
nearby Benninghauf has been miss
Ing five days
SPOKANE Wash. - sirty.nlne
healthy chicks from settling of
seventythrco eggs have Just been
hatchcd BY electricity near SPOKANE.
Ihe Initial test was 90 successful that
laoo eggs VIII be placed in the IN
cuhators.
SpOKANE. Wash.-spokane viii
have women police officers On ts pub.
hc parks this summer M the recon
mendauona of the park commission
are carried out
ST. LOUIS Mor--Ator twenty. four
The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1903-1961, 1911-04-17
Suicide Note
Endorses Socialism and Condemns IN,
Business Men Of
America.

PHILADELPHIA. Pa. April 16.-
Leaving an open letter addressed 10
the socialist party. In which he con-
demned the business men OF this
country and urged that the work for
socialism be continued. Daniel Kis-
sam. a wellknown writer on social
isuc topics. committed suicide by
taking cyanide Of potassium today at
his home IN Narberth. a suburb Of
THIS city.
The dead man was born IN VII.
liamsburg. y Y. in 1851. His father.
the Rev Ebert Anderson Young was
a noted abolitlonist The suicides
widow Is q well-known advocate OF
woman's suffrage