davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Birmingham age-herald., 1911-09-20
Live Stock Market

Chicago, September 19.-Cattle: Receipts, 15O0; steady to weak; beeves s4.91GS.15; Texas steers S4.50d6.30; western steers, S4.10G7: stockers and feeders. $345S0: cows and heifers, $2.25G6.SO; calves, $649.50.
 Hogs: Receipts, 17,000; Sc lower than yesterdays averages; light $6. 75a7. 22h mixed $e.5567.25; heavy, s65oG7.15 rough, $6.50@6.70; good to choice heavy, s6.70ff7. 20; pigs. A. .4OQ6.S0: bulk of sales, s675@7O5.
 Sheep: Receipts, 50C0; market weak na- tive, $2.25@f4.25; western, s2.50@425; year. lings, $3.70@4.50; lambs, native $4@6.15; ewes, $4d5.6o.
 Kansas City. September 19-Cattle: Re- ceipts, 15,00O, including 14.000 southerns, steady to 10c up, calves 25c higher: dress ed beef and export steers, s5@S; stockers and feeders, SOS; southern steers, sia5.75 southern cows, s2.650J4
 Hogs: Receipts, 13.000; market 10c to 15c lower; bulk of sales. $6.70a6.S0; heavy $6. 70d6.S0; packers and butchers, S6. .7OI 6.S7h; lights. $6.7OQ6s5.
 Sheep: Receipts 12,00O: market steady to 19c lower; lambs, s45OG6; yearlngs. St1 < 4.5O; wethers, s3.2503S5; ewes,, $3G45O; stockers and feeders, $25OG3.7 .75, r
 St. Louis, September 19-Cattle: Re- celpts. 7900 including 250O Texans: mar ket steady; native shipping and export steers, $6.75@S. 15; dressed and butcher steers, $S7tQT; stoclsers and feeders. s3G b.55; Texas and Indian steers ,$406. .25.
 Hogs: Receipts, 11,000; market steady: pigs and lights, s450G7.20: packers, s7M 71O butchers and best heavy. s7MT. .N.
 Sheep Receipts, S6Oo: market steady to
The Birmingham age-herald., 1911-09-20
HEAVIER TONE IN SECURITIES  Influence From Foreign Sit
 uatiOn and Domestic
 Political Conditions

New York, September 19.-A distinctly heavier tone developed today in the se- curities market. There was renewal ol selling on a heavy scale. The movement seemed to represent the main, the lnhu- ence of two faotors-the foreign situatioii and domestic political conditions. ihe , advance of the German bank rate ron V to per cent was in no sense surprise and seemed to have been fully justif1ed by recent events
 The weekly, statement showed that last week the bank lost s4,2500o0 in gold ana increased it's discounts by $42oooo". FIT vate bankers had anticipated the change in the rate by raising the private discount rate materially above the official mini mum of the Bank of Germany. Within the last four years the rate has been raised above 5 per cent seven times. The increase of today, however, served to draw attention to the existing tension in foreign monetery affairs and the unfavor- able effect which it exercised on European markets was felt here, s&
 It is now thought probable that the English rate will be advanced this week to per cent, inasmuch as private dis courts at London were close to that figure.
 Serious political conditions in Spain and Austria also found more or less reflection in the nervous state@of the continental exchanges.
 An indication of the nature .of'the day $ selling may be found in the fact that of the three stocks to fall to new records for the year. two of them, United States Steel and International Harvester, were issues of the corporations mentioned most frequently in Wall street reports of ex- pected antitrust proceedings.
 The selling of United States Steel was especially heavy in the day, blocks of 1000 to 35OO shares being thrown on the market The price fell 21a points to 65. International Harvester sold; at 1O0s4, a loss of 1A. The third issue toareach a new low point was Amalgamated Copper, which declined 2ss to 5sl. !; ..
 The pressure against United States Steel was due in part to the belief that conditions in the industry are at low ebb.
 Operations of the United States Steel corporation since the first of the month have fallen below the corresponding period in August. One estimate of ;he earnings of United States Steel for the current quarter was s110,OO0O00, as com pared with s14l,ooo,oo0 in the same period of last year.
 Opening prices of stocks were generally lower with some losses of as mich as a point. From these declines there were subsequent rallies. but the undertone was at all times tlncertaint The heavy selling of the last hour sent down prices gener- ally from to ? points, with larger losses in number of cases.
 The bond market was steady. Total sales.= par value. $1,754,0o0. United States bonds unchanged on call.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1911-09-20
Montgomery Market

Montgomery, September 1S.-(Special.)- Spot cotton is quoted at nominal price in Montgomery, ranging from 11hc to 11%c. Eggs are selling at PC retail and chick ems from 200 to 35c. Other quotations are as follows: Tomatoes fancy stock. six basket crates, g. 10. Choice stock. basket crates. 90c@s1. California blackeyed peas, 6c per pound.
 Peaches California, sl.75@2 per crate.
 Cabbage-s325 25 per crate.
 Sweet Potatoes-$l 5O per bushel
 Iarish Fotatoes-$2.05 per bushel.
 Onions-S1 .S0Gl2 per crate. Texas Ber- mudas in crates, bushel crates, H.50Q1. 75 per bushel.
 Alabama Peaches-$1. 70 per crate
 Watermelons-Florida Watsons, $12. .5Oa 20 per 100.
 Corn Roasting ears, 2oasoc ger dozen.
 Lard-Pure, 10Ac; basis fancy cotton oil lard. sEc; packers composed, SIC.
 ButteT-Cx xnmery. firsts, 2G@27c: coun- try. n@ps renovated 2oI211ac.
 Flear--Tnncy nEilinar; straights. s4. POD 4.25; patent. $4.95@p5.75.
 Meal-Roler, 96 pound bags. s1 .65: water ground, N.7e.
 Cheese-Tull cream. Daisy. Ice per pound.
 Coffee Maxwell House blend. pound cans, s5c; Maxwell House blend. 1 pound cans, BOG; ordinary, 14is9151sc; prime, 160 1sc: fancy, 20022c; Peaberrv. 22lAc; Ar- buckles. 22.1c per case. New York basis; Moca and Java blend, 271zc.
 Roclkland. Me-. August 2S.-Prof. Ed ward L. Curtis, instructor in Greek st Yale divinity school and until recently 0ting dean of the school, died on the eeoston boat on the way to this city from Castine last night. Death was due to heart disease. Prof. Curtis was 57 years old and native of Ann Arbor. Mich.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1911-09-20
NO SUFFRAGETTES
 FOR TAFT BANQUET

Denver. Col, September 19.-'Let the women do the work Is the sad refrain of Colorado suffragettes who are nursing their wrath against those in charge of the banquet to President Taft on the occasion of his visit here oekober 3.
 Easing their request on the ground that this is an equal suffrage state and that the votes of women were largely respon- ssibe for the success of three republican candidates who broke the solid democrat lie administration in the state election last fall, prominent women politicians ask for their places at the banquet board
 They received coupons entitling them to seats in the gallery and the privilege of watching the men eat. Feminine cajoery and tears availed nothing. Not room enough for the men, to say nothing of the women,' was the reply of the banquet committee, and now the women are plan hing legislation which will give woman her share in the play of politics as well as in the work. "f f5
The Birmingham age-herald., 1911-09-20
FIRM TONE SHOWN IN WHEAT MARKET
Martial Law in Spain and Vienna Has Some
 Influence

Chicago, September 19.-Prevalence of martial law in Spain and Vienna had a part in making the heat market firm The close was 9sc net higher for the ac- tive months, but 1sc off for September Corn finished 14@3sc lower than last night oats up shade to 1s914c, and hog pro- soucts varying from 2Oc decline to 1716e ad- vance.
 In addition to the war like conditions ir the Spanish and Austrian domlnions cause for uneasiness by speculators short of wheat developed in the raising of the German bank rate and in the fall of Brit ish consols.
 Evidence that Canadian farmers were storing their wheat until after the set tlement of. the reciprocity issue had fat from a calming effect on the bulls, al though there was good authority for the statement that an affirmative vote in Canada had already been pretty we'll dis counted and that pricesoare now substan- tially adjusted to the change. The only important reaction during the day follow ed a sharp break in corn futures.
 Simultaneously a generous increase in the total of the worlds stock of wheat was likewise announced. Fine weather in the spring wheat country acted also against values, but all the bearish factors proved in the end to be of no avail, the market closing steady at almost the top figures of the session. During the session December ranged from 947s@S5c, and 96c with last sales sc up at 95sc to fractions.
 Shipping demand for corn was notice able and selling of longs depressed the cereal New investment, however, re- suited in considerable export business. December fluctuated between 535s and 6lc closing steady at 64c, net los of ssc. Cash grades were easy, No. ? yellow fin ished at 671adeSc.
 Oats made gain for the day largely as result of the fact that sellers over reached themselves and had to bid against each other when rallies occurred in corn and wheat.
 High and low levels touched by Decem- Der were 45l4 and 44Ac with the colse a shade up at 45Is@45Ac.
 Talk that some of the European coun- tries would be forced to reduce or re- move import duties had bracing effect on provisions but also afforded a fine chance for sellinss. The outcome was mixed.
 Pork was 20c down to 171Ac up and other products ran from yestsrdays final figures to 121sc depressed at the close.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1911-09-20
BUSY DAY ON
 MORRIS AVENUE Arrivals Heavy-A Car of Pears and California
 Fruits Received

Yesterday was quite a busy day with the Morris avenue merchants. Arrivals were heavy and the markets generally ap- peared to be well supplied. The produce markets especially furnished a large dis play of stock, which was increased in the afternoon by the arrival of car of pears and a large shipment of California eruits.
 The fowl trade showed some improve ment. but it is still unsatisfactory. Prices range around 15 cents for hens and IS cents per pound for flyers. Eggs are quoted at g and 24 cents per dozen, but there will be little demand as long as the hot weather continues.
 Current quotations are as follows:
The Birmingham age-herald., 1911-09-20
SHAKERS WILL NOT
 HELP IN DEFENSE

Canterbury. N. Y., September 19.-Re- ports that Shakers of the country intend to raise a large fund for the defense ol Sister Elizabeth Sears and F. E. Giletts members of the, Shakers colony at Kis- simme, Fla, who are alleged to have ad- ministered chloroform to Sadie Marchant when she was In the latest stage of tuber- culosis, are denied by Elder Arthur Bruce of the Canterbury Shaker colony.
 Tt seems to me that Gillett and Sister Sears acted unwisely,'' said Bruce. '1f on trial 1t shall appear that the chloro- form was administered with intent to lle- galy cause the death of Sadie Marchant, no Shaker would demur if punishment followed
The Birmingham age-herald., 1911-09-20
SPECIAL RATES i VIA E.....s....Ez.9
 fgyNZ'!l| N

New Orleans. La.. and Return .$1O.9O Account American Bankers Associa- tion. Tickets on sale November IT to 20 inclusive. Final limit for re- turn November 30, 1911, unless de- posited before that date with special agent New Orleans and payment of fee of s1 00 made, in which case limit will be extended until December 2S, l911 Liberal stop overs allowed.
 Nashville, Tenn, and Return. .. Ss.Ss Tickets on sale October 3rd and 4th. also for trains scheduled to arrive in Nashville before noon of October Sth good to return until october goth, 1911.
 One Way Second Clnss CeIOnist Fares San Francisco ....... ........ &34.5O Los Angeles ..s......... $S4.S0 Portland s.......,.....'.. &44.10 Seuttle .'.s.....' .$s4.1O
 Fares to other poiWs in proportion. Tickets on sale September 15 to Octoh<i 15 1911. inclusive; stop-overs allowt1
 For further information call on or write to P. Sid Jones, D. P. A., Bir- mingham. Ala. Both phones s77.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1911-09-20
NO CHANGE IN DUBLIN STRIKE

Dublin. September 19-There was no improvement today in the situation result ing from the strike affecting the three principal lines of railroad communication in Ireland. Traffic was disorganized. The strikers generally were quiet.
 The movement of goods has practically ceased except on certain branches of the Great Northern.
 An effort to fill the strikers places is be- ing made. Forty Scotch strikebreakers arrived this morning and met hot re- eeption from the strikers, who attempted to stampede them. A big police escort routed the attacking party .
 Another party of strike breakers from Manchester was ipet by strike piclIsts who persuaded m6st of the newcomers not to go to work.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1911-09-20
Hubbard Bros. & Co.'s Letter

New York, September 19.-The large receipts and the continued good weather finally caused the liquidation of several large lines of long cotton, which have been held by Wall street parties. This liquidation began immediately after the opening and continued all day, with the market barely steady at the close, some 20 to g points lower. It was entirely unexpected to the local trade, who were the principal buyers, expecting that Euro pean arbitrage buyers would absorb the offerings and sustain prices, but they did not do so There. was demand from spinners, but it was not sufficient to ab- sorb the offerings which weighed heavily upon the market at the close.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1911-09-20
Coffee Market

New York. September 19.--The market for coffee futures opened steady at an ad- vance of to } points in response to bet ter French cables than expected. There was some scattered realizing, but Europe had buying orders in the local market. firm offers from Brazil were steady and while primary receipts ran little heavier, the market worked higher during the day or covering particularly by winter month shorts. The close was steady at a net advance of 1 to IS points, Sales were re- ported of 110,250 bags Closing bids fol- low: September 12 45c; october, 12.2oc; November, P .05c: December. 12c;, Janu- ary, il soc; February, Il .S5c March, April. May, June. July and August, II. .S2c. Havre was A franc higher. Hamburg was 14 lower to 14 higher. Rio 70 reis lower at 7sxS25 Santos unchanged; As. 7sxS00; Is, 7sx200. Receipts at the two Brazilian ports, 13S.o00 bags, against 10000 last year. Jundiahy receipts $500, against 92.- 400 last year. Todays special Santos ca- bles reported Santos 4s under early at 7sx SC0 and Sac Paulo receipts of S0,0O0 bags, against 10S 900 yesterday. New York ware house deliveries yesterday 6,4S2.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1911-09-20
Interior Movement
New Orleans Cotton Market

New Orleans, September 19.-Cotton flu lures opened steady at an advaice of l to points on good cables. Immediately after the call trading stood mostly 8 points up, but selling was heavy on this small rise, and the market quickly de- veloped sagging tendency. Fear on foreign political and financial conditions and a heavy movement of cotton were the basis for the selling. But for the tropical storm still lowering about the Yucatan channel, bears would have been bolder. At, the end of the first half hour of
 business prices were to 5 points under yesterdays close.
 The market gradually developed a weak tone. Bulls offered no support, and it
 vas rumored that one of the largest
 lines of long cotton held by prominent
 interests was being thrown overheard.
 Offerings were increased by general short
 selling, in which to some extent the out
 side public joined Crop reports were
 flattering and much bearish gossip con-
The Birmingham age-herald., 1911-09-20
Fruits and Produce

(COrrected by Douglas Bros,)
 Apples: Fancy northern, per bbl., $46l5; bulk, S2.75Q3 Oranges: California per box, $5. Lemons: Fancy, per box 360s. $475 Lines: Imported. S1. Pineapples : Per crate, $3.50 Pears; California. per crate. s2.75. Grapes: ToSay. per crate. s2; Concord, pony basket, 15c; S-lb. basket, 25c? Peaches: California. per crate,- a 50. Irish Potatoes: Per bushei $1.3O. Sweet Potatoes: Dooley yams, per bushel sl. Rutabagas: Canadian per lb., 1% Onions. Red Globe. ger h.. 2Ac; spanish, per crate, s165. Celery: Colorado. per crate. s3.75; per dozen punches, S0c Cantaloupes: Per crate. S2. 50dS.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1911-09-20
Liyerpool Cotton Market

Liverpool, September 19.-Close: Cotton spot quiet; prices point higher to 3 points lower. American middling fair, 763d; good middlng, 7.37d; middling, 7.11d i: low middling 697d: good ordinary, 6.7ld; ordinary, 646d. The sales of the day were 5000 bales, of which AGO were for speculation and export and included 4500 American. Receipts, 9o0O bales, including 2I00 Americans. Futures opened quiet and closed easy. September. 6,5Sd: September October 611iqd; October-November, G.04d; November December, 6.02d: December January, 6.G2d; January-February. 602d February March, 6.03l9d; March-April. 6.O5la; April-May, 6.06lsd; MaysJune, 6.0715d.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1911-09-20
Hardware Corporation Changes

New Britain. Conn.,, September 19.- Directors of the American Hardware corporation at a meeting here today voted to change the corporation from a holding company to an operating com pany. It is understood that re- cent interpretations of the Sher- man antitrust law. desire to economize and wish to extend the business into foreign countries led to today's action. The corporation has capitalization of s1oO0O,0OO and the five controlled companies s2,6oO,0O0
The Birmingham age-herald., 1911-09-20
New York Money

New. York. September 19.-Money, on call steady, 21s @21s per. cent; ruling rate, 2A per cent; closing bid, per cent; offered at 21s per cent; time loans easier, 50 days, 3A @S1s per cent; 90 days, 3h@9a4 per cent; six months. 3C@4 per cent. Close: Prime mercan- tile paper. AZ per cent; sterling ex~ change, steady with actual business in bankers bills at s4.S325 for 60 day bills and at s4S6 25D4.S6.3O for de- mand; commercial bills, $4.S2; bar sill yer, 52ssc; Mexican dollars, 45c; gov ernment bonds steady; railroad bonds steady.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1911-09-20
Treasury Statement

Washington, September 19.-At the beginning of business today the con dition of the United States treasury was. Working balance in treasury of fice, $S3,T59,S60; in banks and Phil- lipine treasury, s32,277,237 The total or the general fund was $141, ,S41 ,69S Re- ceipts yesterday were SSH ,932; dis bursements were s2.127.590. The deficit to date this fiscal year is $20, 0,S19,143 as against a deficit of $11,279,5SS at this time last year. These figures exclude Panama canal and public debt transac- tions. ei Sss F7 A.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1911-09-20
New York Cotton Futures
Daily Cotton Movement

Galveston: Quiet: middling 1112c: net re- ceipts, E, ,492; gross receipts, 32, 492; sales. 500; stock, 95.S7S.
 New orleans: Easy; middling, 11ssc; net receipts. 3363; gross receipts, 1892; sales. 1575; stock, 2G, 220; continent, 2179
 Mobile: Steady; middling, 1llsc; net re- oeipts, 1460; gross receipts, 1472; sales, 600; stock, 1888; coastwise, fl.
 Savannah: Quiet; middlng, 111sc; net receipts, 16 453; gross receipts, i6, 453; sales, s233; stock. 59, 799; Great Britain 7550; con- tinent, S407.
 Charleston. Quiet; middling, lie; net receipts, 2027: gross receipts 2027 sales, 100; stock, 20.231; coastwise, III.
 Wilmington Steady middlng, 11Ac; net receipts 3415; gross receipts, 3415; stock, 13332.
 Norfolk; Steady; middling, Il 3-16c; net receipts 4096; gross receipts, 4096; sales, 1918; stock, 95S7; coastwise, 73s.
 Baltimore: Nominal; middling, 111ac; stock, BOOT.
 New York aQuiet; middling, 1145c gross receipts S040: stock, 96, 2O6; France, 2i21 i; continent. 1900; coastwise, 4199.
 Boston: Quiet; middling, 1l.45c; gross receipts, 355S; stock 12,24
 Philadelphia Quiet, middling, Il. roc gross receipts, 50; stock, 2027
 Port Townsend: Net receipts, 600! gross receipts. 600; Japan, 600.
 Total today at all ports, net 63,9O6; Great Britain, 255o; France, 2421 continent, 4O79 Japan, 500; stock, 346,S11.
 Consolidated at all ports. net, 167, ,959; Great Britain, 36,S21; France, 29,442; conti- nent. 5l,5C7; Japan, 600.
 Total since Septembe 1, at all ports, net 57S, 454 Great Britain. 149 sos; France, T4,- 7es; continent, 163,55 Japan, 7OO Mexi- co, 350.
 Interior Movement
 Houston; Steady; middling. 1lssc; net receipts, 27,002; gross receipts. 27,O02; ship ments, 24565 sales. 36O7; stock 67,263
 Augusta: Steady; middling. Il 5-16c; net receipts. 4S53' gross receipts. 4535; ship ments. 1495; sales. 2S4S; stock. 2,42l
 Memphis: Steady; middling, 117sc; net receipts. 235; gross receipts. 2So; ship mel ts. 53l; sales, 400; stock. S135.
 St. Louis Quiet; middling, 117sc; net receipts. 70; gross receipts. 70; stock, 207O CIncinnati: Net receipts, 63; gross re- ceipts. S.. stock, 13S05.
 Little Rock: Quiet: middling. 11c: net receipts, 25; gross receipts, 25; shipments, Ii. stock 150S.
 Louisville: Firm: middling, 111ac.
 Total today; Net receipts, 31,67S; gross receipts. 3l,S25; shipments, 2S, 475; sales 6s52; stock, 125,002.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1911-09-20
Longest Eruption in Years

Catania, Italy, September l9-Professor Ponte, the volcanologist, of Catania uni- versity. says that the present eruption of Mount Etna is five times greater than that of 1910, and that more lava has been thrown out in six days tlfan during twen- ty-six days of the disturbance a year ago. The volume of lava emitted is not increasing.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1911-09-20
PARADISE JIMMIE"
 DEAD IN, NEW YORK

New York, September 19.-Assemblyman James Oliver, one of the veterans of the state legislature, affectonatey known to his friends as Paradise Jimmie' died yesterday after a long illness He was a democrat, representing the Third district of New oYrk. During the session of 1907 he was minority leader. In 1898 he was ser geant at arms of the democratic na- tional committee. He was 70 years of a
The Birmingham age-herald., 1911-09-20
Flour and FoOdstuffs

Self-raising flour. s5.50. Nellie King flour, per barrel, s4.6O. Bolted meal, per se-pound sacks, s1.7O No. corn, per pushed. kiln dried, ssc. Pure wheat shorts, s34. Pure wheat bran, s29 1O0-lb C. &. hulls, per ton. SIP. Prime c. 8. meal, per ton, BPS. c. Sliced meal, per ton. s2S No. timothy hay, per ton. S2s. Mixed alraIfa and Johnston grass, S20.. Corn chops, per l0O-lb sack. $1.7O. Flour in wood, 1sc White oats, soc.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1911-09-20
New Orleans Cotton Futures

New Orleans, September 19.-Spot cotton easy. 3-16c off; middling, 11asc. Salese275; to arrive. 1900. Low ordinary, 15-16c nominal; ordinary, sac nominal; good or dinary, 10 S-16c strict good ordinary. 10 9-16c; low middling, 107sc; strict low middling. 11lsc; middling, 11ssc; strict middling, 111zc; good midding, 11ssc; strict good middlng, II 13-16c; middling fair, 12bc middling, fair to fair, 121ac; fair, 127sc nominal. Receipts, 3363 stock, 26, ,220.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1911-09-20
Dry Goods

New York, September 19.-Between 200,
 900 and 30o,000 bales of cotton goods were sold for China, Red sea and Indian ports The department for convertible and print cloths was firm. Jobbers were doing steady trade of moderate proportions. Reports reaching the primary markets in-
 dicate a quickening in the retail dry goods
 lines.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1911-09-20
Americans Wed in Italy

Milan. Italy September 19.-John q. A. Leshman, Jr., son of the American ambas- sador. and Miss Helen G. Demarest,
 daughter of MT. and Mrs. Wren G. De- marest of New York were married yester- day al the Episcopal church at Cadenba, on Lake Como.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1911-09-20
HUBBARD BROS. & GO.

Cotton rdershenf Henover square. N. 'schange, New Orleans Cotton Exchange. New York Produce ExchaHnge; Asso- Aso clate Members Liverpool Cotton Asso- chase and sale of Cotton and Cotton
 Seed oil for future delivery. Special att fentior, and liberal terms given for con.
 sirnments of spot cotton for delivery. { Correspondence invited. ..
The Birmingham age-herald., 1911-09-20
LOCAL QUOTATIONS
Pig Iron
Meats
fCnrrected

(Corrected by Armour x Col
 Lard, He; compound, SC; D. S. Short ribs, 10c. D. s. fat backs, SEC. Clear bellies, lie. Ham butts, 14c; Boston butts, 16c. Bacon, fancy. 221sc: medium. 191ac. Pork loins, 15Q16c spare ribs, 11c. Star Reg ham, lie. Star skd ham, 17hc.