Evening capital and Maryland gazette. (Annapolis, Md.) 1910-1922, 1911-09-18
A ROPE OF WATER.
Berthelot's Test That Showed Its
Tensile Strength.
THE COHESION OF MATTER.

One announcer as inou9h iney were
Glued Together.
1t is well known that liquids are
among the least compressible Of sub
stances; this IN spite OF the fact that
they have the property OF conforming
to any shape OF vessel or OF yielding
to any forces. no matter how small,
which tend TO change only their shape.
Thus, TO squeeze water into nine
tenths of its volume under ordinary
conditions would require a pressure
Of no less than 1900 atmospheres, or
$4,000 pounds. 10 the square inch.
This property of being almost incom-
pressible is best illustrated perhaps
by an experiment tried centuries ago,
wherein an attempt was made to COM
press water by filing a leaden shell
with it and then, after closing, ham,
mering and squeezing the she'll The
only effect of the tremendous pres
sures produced in this way was to
cause the water to penetrate the mi
mute pores Of the lead and exude in
drops like perspiration on the outer
surface of the shell. The same effect
was found for silver shell.
But, while it is a familiar fact that
liquids will resist an enormous force Of
compression. the companion fact that
they are also capable of withstanding
tension is not so generally known. At
first sight this statement may appear
ridiculous. When water may be so
readily dipped from a pail or poured
from one vessel to another, how can
II be capable of withstanding tension?
If. however. we prevent change of
form we fad that pure water is capa-
bic of bearing fifty atmosphere Of ten
sion, or $50 pounds to the square inch.
If it was possible, then, to utilize this
property by making a rope" of water
we should ind 1t capable of sustaining
a good fraction of the weight that
could be borne by an ordinary rope of
the same size. But 1t must be admit
ted that the task of making a rope out
of such material would be rather diff
fcult, to say the least, Notwithstanding
the fact that it possesses this desirable
property of tensile strength. Because
of its inability to resist a deforming
force it would have to be inclosed in a
tube; but, while 1t would here be in
condition to Withstand compression, as
from a piston in the tube, any attempt
at stretching" the liquid in this way
would simply result In pulling away
the piston from the water surface.
However, this tensile strength was
actually found by Berthelot in the fol-
lowing way: A strong glass tube sealed
at one end and drawn out very fine at
the other was filed nearly full of wa
ter and then closed. The tube was then
cautiously heated until the water had
expanded and completely filed 1t. 1t
was then slowly and carefully cooled
back to its original temperature, when
1t was found that the water had not
contracted, but still filed the tube.
1t is almost q universal law that q
small extension in volume Of a body
requires the same magnitude of force
to produce it as to cause q similar
amount of compression, the forces, how
ever, being tension in one case and
compression in the other. With this
law in mind it is readily seen that the
under tension, since previously at the
same temperature 1t did not quite fill
the tube-that is, it has actually been
stretched or expanded beyond its nor
NAL volume for this temperature, and
from our knowledge of the forces that
would be required to produce the cor
responding compression we can figure
vhok t.
The ultimate particles or molecules
of matter we believe to be held to-
gether by powerful forces, known va
riously as cohesion or adhesion, but
being in any case forces Of attraction,
and these forces tend to prevent any
expansion of the matter, be it solid or
liquid. 1t might be thought that these
forces would cause two bodies in con-
tact to adhere to each other, but par
ticles have to be so near together to
be acted upon by them that it is diff
ficult to bring bodies into such close
contact that an appreciate area of
one is within this distance of the other.
However, two clean pieces of lead
can readily be pressed so closely to-
gether that they will adhere and
set Of copper cubes was once made
with such true faces that when a doz-
en- Of them were piled one on top of
the other the series adhered together
so well that the whole could be lifted
from the top one. But the best ex-
ample is furnished by pieces of OPP
teal glass whose surfaces have been
worked so plane that when pressed to-
gether they will as readily break at
some other spot as at this plane.
Perhaps 1t is unfortunate that these
useful forces, which hold all matter
together and keep it from collapsing
into impalpable dust, are confined in
their action to such a limited range
If this were not so, a break Of any
sort could be fixed by merely bring
ing together the broken ends. Glue
of any kind would be unnecessary.
But even this state of affairs would
have its drawbacks. A book laid on
a table would have to be pried of with
a wedge, and the same instrument
would be required to open it Ev-
erything would stick to everything
else, and the pleasure of walking
would be lost in the tedious process OF
II