davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1911-07-22
TO TEST POLICE AUTHORITY
Man Arrested as Gambler Gets Writ Of
Habeas Corpus.

To test the authority of the police i'm the
matter OF entering houses suspected OF
being used for gambling Henry Frank, of
No 72l Seventh avenue who Is now in
the West Side court prison. obtained writ
of habeas corpus i'm the Supreme Court
yesterday. The legal right of the police to
guard the door of such suspected places
will also be argued when Frank is pro-
duced in court
Frank was arrested on July II in front
Of the house. which he gave as his address.
by members OF the staff Of Inspector
Walsh. In the house are the rooms of the
Bedford Social Club. and the charge
against Frank was that he interfered with
a policeman in refusing TO permit him to
enter the house.
Frank was paroled in the custody of his
counsel who surrendered him yesterday TO
the warden of the West Side prison that
the case could come before the Supreme
Court
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1911-07-22
DECREE FOR MRS. BOURNE
Referee Decides in Favor of Wife Who
Was Married in 1902.

William A. Keener. as referee Of the di-
vorce suit .of Mrs. Louise Angelo Bourne
against her husband. Charles Grswod
Bourne. filed his report yesterday, recon-
moudng a decree for the plaintiff.
The couple were married In 1902 at St
Thomas Church. When the case came be-
fore Justice Page on a motion 10 appoint
n referee he nj FIRST refused to take that
step because he believed that there was
COLLISION between the husband and wife
Mrs Rouwc. who the referee saws.
should bc permitted 10 resume her maiden
name Louise Angelo Merriam Way. lives
al No. 20 West 5sth street MIR Bourne has
in office al No. Broad street.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1911-07-22
STEAMERS AT FOREIGN PORTS


Kobe. July 2o-Indradeo lBr)' Ne" h0rH,3h
Ssbang Hong Kong. etc. ,,,.,,. 90,
p.rmnSa July o. 9:i5 m-Bermudisn Nh,
New York. m, -, yorL ia Al
Alden July 2l-Kslomo 'b1 Ne" '''N 80 p
giers for Manila. a., ,,.,,ot.,,s 90.
u,i,a r,,iv oI-Vandalia GER, 1okohaha eve,
FOR Boston and New York u...,,--...
Cherboure July 20 , p m-George a',.-k..
Ger1 New York VIA Plymouth JOY n''''h
land proceeded. n, g.. ~,
r,,,rnooi rulv oO-Carmania tBr Ne" fok
Via Queenstown and FishguarG. m, ~
Cane Town July 2O-River Clyf" ,Br, NV
YORK Via 81 vincent G V, for IFenahNs'
soutbsmn,on. July 2o-Adristic CBD, New YORK
via Plymouth and Cherbourg. =.
Tsingtau, July IT-Copenhagen OBJ, Nc" i"H
Via 81 Vincent. V. and Duran
Genoa July 1s-Amerca dtaD. New loia Wa
Pabis blanca. July 2l-Foxton Hall OBJ. New
York for Calao, etc. ~, =
New York. , ,r,.,.., 4,
Roulogne July o. m-Potsdam 'DltcD'
New York for Rotterdam land proceefef
SAILED.
Southampton. July q. 40 m-kaiserin Az
guste Victoria Ger from HambuigL Now
York via Cherbourg
Durham, July I7-Ben Nevis 'BO iron New
York;, Fremantle ,, o..
Port au-Prince. July 10. m-Aloingla 'erJ'
New York. -, -. ~.
PASSED.
R,ov Head. July 2l-Chicago city tBD. New
York for Bristol.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1911-07-22
FAILS TO ESCAPE JUDGE
Prisoner Stays in Jail a Month
Collapses When Sentenced.

Although Walter Richmond. after plead
ing guilty TO the larceny Of $500 from the
Charles Hutchinson Company, Of No. 100
Duane street, by whom he was employed as
cashier. spent nearly month voluntarily
in the Tombs in an effort TO escape SEN
tence by Judge Malone. OF General Ses-
sions. who has a reputation OF severity ne
was sentenced yesterday by Judge Malone
to not less than four nor more than SIX
years in Sing Sing.
Judge Malore was sitting In Part Oh
General Sessions when Richmond was ar
ralgned last month. He pleaded gulity'
but when some one informed him that
Judge Malone was not noted for lenlehcy'
he changed the plea to not guilty, pelng
willing to remain In the Tombs until Judge
Malone had passed on 10 Part III. Klch-
mond calculated that he would then be ar
raigned in Part before Judge Grain.
Judge Malone in some way learned OF
these calculations. and carried the case
with him to Part III.
When Richmond was arraigned for trlal
yesterday and saw Judge Malone upon the
bench he knew that his plans had misca?-
ried. He at once pleaded guilty, declaring
himself ready for sentence, which Judge
Malone Immediately pronounced. When
Richmond heard the sentence he collapsed
and had to be carried from the courtroom
He gave his age as thrty-three years
and said he lived with his wife and Two
children at No. 100 Prospect Place, Brook
lyn. According TO the records In the case
Richmond had lived regularly until three
years ago. when his lnfatuatlon for
woman led him into extravagances that
eventually got him tangled up with loan
agencies Exorbitant interest rates and
bounding by the money sharks had him
desperate. according to Richmond when,
on February l. 1911 he stole $500 in cash.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1911-07-22
CAPTAIN TAPPIN REINSTATbD
Police Commissioner Decides That he
Was Uniustly Dismissed.

Police Commissioner Waldo yesterday
renstated Captain John F. Tappin' VINO
was dismissed from the force last January
by Commissioner Cropsey on charges OF
making false statements to the Commis-
sioner After reading the minutes In the
case Mr.. Waldo decided that Tappin had
been uniustly suspended and placed MIN
in charge OF the Queensboro Bridge. A..
Norrisania police station. He got INTO
trouble according TO the minutes OF the
case. because ne favored certain police.
men in this precinct: Other policemen sen.
letters to Commissioner Cropsey "nen
Tappin learned that letters had been sen.
10 Headquarters 1t is said that he warned
the men not to send any more.
Two weeks later he was quesuoned oS
the Commissioner. and denied that he had
warned the men.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1911-07-22

60. O. IN with II passengers malls and
Daue'' ,s,,ved AT the BAR AT 2;17 y
nl1se, - p,frfalo GER Rotterdam July O. 10
,a'ss ~ PItou. in baIias:. Arrived a, the Par
al midnight. .., r,i.s,e Igns d p,,..,.
and Alziers 4. 10 Phelps Bros Co.
s.t,b ndse Arrived at the Ber az u = m 9th.
Steamer Yumuri (Cubanl lamplco july ~ %
sanm work and Cuba Mall S. co. with mdse.
inc N q, the Bar at ass p M
s,.amer Roma Fr), MarseHns july and
's,nna 10 10 James " Elwell & co, With .
sttn ana IL steerage passengers ana mdss.
.rriysd az the Bar at 5;4S IN ,,gxafy
c,eamer Navigator tNorl baIaooa July " 70
49,. Atlantic Fruit co. with fruit Arrived az
o.. Rar at $50 m. ,,
steamer Daphne tNor,, Batnurs' b
Anchored In Quarantine al .;so ~
steam, Ia SbsrIeston 49, TO the CLYDE S. 40
J.,u,,SS nassensers and mdse. Passed IN QusaH-.
un S, a. campania Obj. Liverpool July Is ard
onaonstoun 49, 10 the Cunard Line WIN pas
sengers. malls and mdse. On rHs is'ana AZ
aeaynep Seneca. Santiago July ie. 70 the New
ynrk and cuba Mail Sc co. WIN mas" Passsf
IN sandy Hook az 1885 p m nm -,
san,y Hook. J, July -, 800 ,t ..,n1
southwest: light breeze: paw "7ou'F' "''le'a's
ground swell eruD
e,,,r.rs prInz Eitcl Friedrich Ger. King
80, Nobauk Charleston ana Jacksonfie;
Vedra 13r) Rouen: Madeirense ,N0n. f9It Al
1910. XiiIkommen (Ger), Stochnoim, Ma9Ison'
Wn,o,, Ira Newport News. Minister Deluxe
Ca.e psIbous,e. Natanzas. ProSreso' Nlnera
mn baltimore: Nayahoe, wilmington y - 81.
Georgetown e.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1911-07-22
MAN KILLED BY AN AUIO
Knocked Down in Fifth Avenue
and Crushed by Wheels.

lanes Rooney, driver, Of No oil Morton
street was killed yesterday at flftn ave
nue. and 18th street by an automopi'e oe
longing 10 John A. Kelly, of NO ~ ives.
10th street. Patrolman McHrath pul
Rooney in the automobile, which was IL
charge Of Mr.. Kellys chauffeur, Pete tIo r..
Martin. and hurried TO the New foIh "a 70 he
pital with him, but he died when ABOUT W Js
iiaced on The operating table. Both wheeis
p pr'C one side of the autom )bile had passed
Martin had left his employer at the Ia
fayette- Brevoort Hotel at sth street, ,hs
was proceeding up the avenue W. cid
machine struck Rooney. Marun saIu
Rooney appeared suddenly from oehihd oiio
Of the vehicles at the corner.
Martin was arraigned before III ~
Hellenstein and paroled In the CUSTODY Vi
his lawyer.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1911-07-22
PLANS STATEN ISLAND PARKS
Slower Would Buy Land While Cost
Is Low

Park Commissioner Stover had confer
ence yesterday with Borough President
Cromwell OF Richmond regarding improve
ments 10 be made in the parks OF that
borough. Commissioner Slower wants TO
make Silver Lake Park a park OF the
highest standard. and will soon begin work
Of development there
The Park Commissioner says he wants
10 lay out park system for the borough
while the land is still available and while
the cost * not prohibitve
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1911-07-22
PARK GOSLINS DISAPPEAR
Keepers Are on Lookout for Raccoons
Cats and Bows.

William Snyder and the other keepers Of
the Central Park menagerie are trying TO
find the man. beast or bird that has robbed
the park duck colony Of more than a hun
dred little goslins. Some Of the keepers
think a raccoon has made away with the
goslins. while others blame stray cats
squirrels. and even boys.
a raccoon recently was seen in one OF
the park trees. He was the one captured
by Snyder last summer but escaped again.
and has been a. large ever since. Menage-
RE attendants have heard of mink being
near the lower lake, which Is the haunt
OF the ducks and swans. The park keepers
are on watch with guns ready 10 shoot the
goglin thief
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1911-07-22
TRANsPAcIFIC MAILS.

Destination and steamer. Close In N. Y. Pm.
Samoan Islands, New Zealand. Aus
tralia via san Frsncisco)-Roseric.Juy %. $50
Hawaii via San Francisco)-Hono-
Iuian .....................July "a. $50
Japan. Corea, China (via Seattle)-
Inaba Maru ....-..'...'''s.. July %i o'oo
Japan. Corea. China. Philippines via
Vancouver Empress OF India July p, $50
Hawaii Japan corea. China VITA
san Francisco Manchura. .....: July Is, G:3O
Hawaii tvia san Franclscol-Wilhel-
nina jury ~ o.a'
''q FTHssntisco,"t. Transport July 81. $50
aexlco Maru '..'.,....'...e." July 81. $50
Tahiti Marquesas Cook Islands via
san Francisco Maripc ga Aug. !, $50
japan. Corea, china via Seattle)- -
Hrnlasllaus .......... aug. 4, b.3O
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1911-07-22
AiRsHIP GETS INTO COURT.

Chicago. July 2l-The first litigation IN
the history Of the Chicago courts over the
possession Of an aeroplane WAS begun to-
dan when Hugo +. Frauson % o. SUI
against William Paul Butusuv and four
others to have the ownership .. d flying
machine determined.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1911-07-22
WIRELESS REPORTS.

The Minnewaska. reported as loo miles east
OF Sandy Hook at s45 a m yesterday is eS-
pected 70 dock Monday forenoon.
la Tourane, reported as LOS miles east OF
SANDY Hook AZ s: ~ a m yesterday. is expected
10 dock Sunday evening Monday forenoon.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1911-07-22

SlNDA1s JUL 30
Atrato. Kingston. II " p. 500 m II 90 a m
MONDAY. JULY "a
Narov,iine Paramaribo RDWI. II 90 m 100 m
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1911-07-22
MARINE INTELLIGENCE.
HIGH WATER.

MINIATURE ALMANAC
Sunrise. 4:47. sunset, I 26; moon rises. FOB
%
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1911-07-22
OUTGOING STEAMERS.

'Brings mail.
Evening star., 1911-05-26
EFFICIENCY
That's The Thing
How Many Men Know how
to Keep it at Par

Thousands. yes. tens Of thousands of men
grow cid ten years too soon.
The daily duties of business grow arduous
early in the afternoon, AMI evening finds them
Tired mentally and physically.
The stomach is mostly responsible the man
who keeps his stomach in frst-class shape will
keep his mental efficiency and his physical eff
cheney ten years longer than the man who does
not.
Lack of efficiency means lack o! pure blood
and lack OF puS blood means that the stomach
Is not supplying the blood with enough nourish-
ment.
And IL the stomach does not supply the blood
With enough nonrishment. something is wrong
with the stomach and should he righted.
IL you and realize that your eff
cheney is the wane and that you are losing
money and happiness In consequence. get q 90
cent box OF M-o-na stomach tablets today and
take two after or with each meal for three days;
then take one with each meal regularly until
Won feel well and vigorous.
MIo-na stomach tablets disinfect. tone up and
restore elasticity 10 the stomach and intestinal
canal They do more; they increase the nutri
ZION OF the body and in case Of nerve exhaus
TON seeplessness night sweats, had dreams
or auy condition that requires a restorative
s,cv act with astonishing rapidity. They ear
be found at James O'Donneil's, and helpful drug
cats the world over.
Evening star., 1911-05-26
MAKE CHANGE IN ARMY
IN HANDLING PRISONERS
Term of Confinement to Be Reduced
Pending Good Behavior.
Parole for Some.

The War Department has issued orders
which make important notifications in
the method of handling garrison prison.
ers with the idea of making the pro-
cedure more In accord with advanced
modern ideas on penalogy. The idea OF
reform is given more prominence. and
the prisoner is given every opportunity
to make good.
Under the orders referred to, garrison
prisoners will he allowed an abatement
Of five days of their terms of confine-
ment for each period of twenty-five days
of good conduct, when serving sentences
of one month and not over three months
On sentences exceeding three months
they Will be allowed this five days abate-
ment for the first month, and thereafter
ten days abatement for each period of
twenty days good conduct. Attachments
thus authorized may be forfeited wholly
or in part by subsequent misconduct.
Another important provision of the new
orders is that garrison prisoner who
has served one-half of a sentence of ten
days or more may submit request to
be put on probation for the remainder
OF the sentence, and if his request Is
granted may be restored to duty on
condition that if his conduct is not good
while on probation he will be required to
serve the remainder of his sentence.
The orders also make important
changes in the methods of working gar
rison prisoners at military posts. These
changes have been directed in the fol-
lowing letter which has been sent to the
commanding generals of departments:
The present system of working gar
rison prisoners under sentinels conveys
q false impression as to the character
OF the prisoners, gives the public the
erroneous idea that the army is full of
bad characters requiring forcible hand
ling, is Injurious TO the self-respect of
the prisoners. discouTages enlistments,
and lowers the military service in public
opinion. In addition to those objections,
the system constitutes a severe drain
upon the command furnishing the neces-
sary guard.
THE Secretary of War deems Il de-
sirable, and in the interests of the serv-
ice, to adopt a different method of hand
ling those garrison prisoners who are
confined for comparatively short periods
of time, to the end that the fewest prac-
ticable number of prisoners may be re-
quired to work under guard.
1T is therefore directed that as far as
practicable, may be determined by post
commanders in accordance with the
above policy, garrison prisoners will be
paroled for work under the general su-
perviSion OF the officer or commits
stoned officer in charge of prisoners, and
that prisoners whose character or Of
fenses are of such d nature as to require
that they be kept under armed guard shall
be assigned tasks, as far as practicable
which will make the presence in the
service Of this class of men as little con-
spicuous possible.
Evening star., 1911-05-26
BEES CAUSE COMPLAINT.
Swarm in Southeastern Section An.
noys Residents,

Some beautiful brown bees have scat
tered all over the neighborhood of which
Sd street and South Carolina avenue
southeast is a center. and have been the
cause of complaints sent to Capt. Null
hall of the fifth precinct Some person
of urban tendencies, who hears not the
song of spring In the hum of the workers.
nor sees the symbol Of eternal life In
the emerging brood which holds a coro.
nation ceremony for it's queen upon some
plain everyday limb of tree, has called
for vengeance upon the bees and theil
keeper. But the wise men who wrote
the police regulations left out all refer
ence to bees.
Capt. MulhalI. who says he can keer
people from being stung in more ways
than one has confessed that he cannot
arrest bee. None of his men fancy the
idea of raiding a bee hive either.
Meantime the bees are going ahead with
their swarming. for May is the accepted
month for the young queen to emerge
from the old hive. and gather with hel
all the insurgents, to set up new little
kingdom in which flower petals pass fol
money. and nectar is stored away In eel
lars instead of coal and potatoes.
Evening star., 1911-05-26
St. AIMS Asylum Case Goes Over

The cases of Sister Agnes. superintend-
ent OF ST. AIMS Orphan Asylum. and DIR.
Murray \. Russell of the asylums visit
ing staff, charged with failure 10 report
10 the health officer the existence of a
contagious disease at the asylum, again
were continued in the Police Court today,
without date. 10 enable respective counsel
TO submit an agreed statement of facts.
II is regarded as probable the cases will
b. decided on the question OF RESPONSE
billy: a. TO whether IL was incumbent
on the visiting physician or the superin-
tendent 10 report contagious disease in
the institution. The regulation under
which the charges are drawn also will
he attackeS. il was intimated today. on
constitutional grounds.
Evening star., 1911-05-26
Avenue Association Committees.

II is announced that w. b. Smoot. vice
president OF the Mount Vernon Avenue
Association. has named the following
committees for that association: Finance.
w. b. Smoot. Thomas Nelson Page, John
r. Mclean, NJ b. Harlow. Joseph z. VIII
lard: press. A. j. Wedderburn, Robert S.
Barrett, Hubert Snowden. John r. Nc
Lean, Frank A. Munsey, II. c. Noyes,
Henry L. West: legislation. James Il.
Clements, James r. Cation, r. Walton
Moore. Robert L. Lee, ]. X. NJ. Norton,
Charles Bendheim and Lawrence Wash
ington: right of way. James r. Cation, NJ.
b. Harlow. r. Walton Moore, Gardiner
L. Bootlie, A. ID. Brockett, DR.. Tabor
Johnson, j. Norman Gibbs.
Evening star., 1911-05-26
Dainty Neckwear for Warm Weather.

Here are several new arrivals that
will interest women who are looking
for new summer neckwear at little
cost.
soc Lace and Net Fichus-they're
new and exceptionally styl-
ish right now. Special VNC
25c novelties in handmade Roses
and Sweet Peas. made of =
fine quality satin and vel sc
Vet. Special at................ "
$1.-A Tucked Net Guimpes. 90
in white and butter color. VSC
New designs. Choice at.
Evening star., 1911-05-26
ALEXANDRIA AFFAIRS
Courts Ruling on Suits
Against Corporation Directors
ARGUMENTS ON DEMURRER
Liability for Debts of Defunct Trust.
Proposed Increase of License
Tax-Briefs.
ARGUMENTS ON DEMURRER
Spccial CorreSpondcnce Of The Star.

| Special Correspondence Of The Star.
ALEXANDRIA. Va. May 90 1911.
Before any suits can he filed against
the directors of the defunct Virginia Safe
Deposit and Trust Corporation. 10 hold
them responsible for the deficit in the
assets of the corporation, the petition of
&. NJ kemper of Nelson county. Va, will
have to he acted on, according to ruling
If Judge l.. c. Barley in the corporation
court yesterday afternoon, following ar
ruments on the demurrer. the effort be-
ing to hold them responsible.
1t Is announced that the Kemper peti-
tion will shortly be amended and that
all proceedings to hold the directors per-
sonally liable will be conducted under this
petition. The court will enjoin and re-
strain all persons or corporations from
entering any suits in any court by bill
or otherwise against the directors.
The court announced it would stay fur
ther proceedings in the Donahue.
it sustained the demurrer to the Kemper
petition. with leave to amend The de-
murrers and other proceedings and allie
cations in petitions were not passed upon
on the ground that they were not spe-
cific enough to hold the directors liable.
Increase in License Tax.
more than last year, it is estimated, from
liquor licenses. based on the annual
license law passed al an adjourned meet
ing of the board of aldermen last night.
In addition to the raise on the liquor
people. there was general raise in
licenses on all business enterprises rang
ing from In per cent To ~ per cent
1t is expected that the city council will
hold a meeting very soon to act on the
...l.t tttrA Yrty,
next.
The retail liquor dealers will pay
license of $3.50 against 1925 under exist
ing law An increase of 800 is made on
wholesale liquor dealers. the old license
being S125 and the new rate so25. Whole
salers of malt liquor are raised from $50
to $50. The hotel licenses have been
increased from $50 to S175 each. Agents
for lager beer, porter or ale manufactured
out of the city are raised from $50 to
$50
Evening star., 1911-05-26

Hurricane Hazard" by Charles Fran
els Bourke, is entry No. % in our prize
story competition. See our next Sunday
Magazine.
Evening star., 1911-05-26

The integrity OF the Panama canal
will depend upon the stability of the dams
that are to hold In check the billions of
gallons of water in the great artificial lake
through which about thirty-twO Of the
fifty miles of channel will run at level
eighty-five feet higher than the sea.
The water in this lake will be brought
down from the watershed Of the Chagres
river. a natural supply, but II 1t were not
for the dams thirty-fve miles of the big
ditch would be high and dry. 1t will
devolve upon the dam at Gatun to restrain
the nearly two billion cubic feet of water
in this lake, the surface of which will be
more than a hundred thousand acres in
extent. The shape of the lake may be
likened to that OF an irregularly out
lined gridiron. the handle representing the
Culebra cut through the mountains, and
the grill the main body of the lake.
Interest in dam construction at Panama
centers in the one at Gatun, because it is
the largest dam in the world, and also
because of the great controversy that
was waged for so long as to whether or
a mile wide and mile and a half long.
1t closes up the Chagres valley COM
pletely. one end resting on small noun
tain west of the Chagres river. and the
DiH6T emu dDultiuS oii tuc iuChS tt tHc
east side of the valley About midway
across the valley there Is a minor ridge
running parallel with the hills which wall
the lowland. This has been christened
"Spillway hill" by the engineers, and on
it's crest Is located the spillway which
will carry all surplus water from Gatun
lake to the sea.
The Gatun dam will not be as high as
was originally planned Two years ago
the world was
Dam Not as High startled by report
as First Planned. svns sman ou' 'y ye,1or 1an
Journalist that the Gatun dam had given
way, although there was then no dam
there to give way. This report so stirred
the country that President Roosevelt sent
commission Of the best engineers in
America to visit the isthmus and examine
the work with the utmost thoroughness.
The net result was unanimous verdict
that Gatun dam was being built useless
~ big and that useless precautions were
being taken. The commission recon-
mended that the dam be cut down from
1S5 feet height to lis feet. and that the
interlocking steel sheet piling which 1t
had been intended to drive into the foun-
dation of the dam be omitted as an un
necessary precaution.
The result is that today the Gatun dam
is mile and a half long. 11b feet high.
half mile thick at the base, four hun
dred feet thick at the water line, and a
hundred feet thick at the top. The water
in the lake will have a normal level of
eighty-five feet. so that the top Of the
dam will be thirty feet above the ordinary
| lake level.
The average conception of the Getun
dam as high wall of mud or as an
artificial mountain with precipitous ddes
| is entirely erroneous. Its slope is so