davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Arizona republican., 1911-05-13

resented by Maj. Fawcett He pays his respects to the ''incredulous folk who sit at home and think they know all that is to be known about the world" The work of the explorer was not done. by any means, when Stan lev lifted the veil of mystery en- .hrouding the Dark continent. We have a dark continent in the Western hemisphere, and South America still awaits her Stanley. who shall throw light upon the hidden recesses or western Brazil, Colombia and the Caupolican.
Arizona republican., 1911-05-13

The Phoenix Republican says that Tucson does not want the territorial capital. It appears that the Repub- lican is right.-TucsOn Star.
 Of course, The Republican is right it's always right. The Republican will go further and say without fear of successful contradiction that neither does Tucson want the moon, or the Grand Canyon.
Arizona republican., 1911-05-13
SUBSCRIPTION RATES:
PHoENIx, ARIZONA, MAY IS, 1911.
The Increasing Cost of the Toqs.

There are four democratic candidates for the office of United States sena- tor from Virginia to succeed Senator Martin, whose term will expire next year. Senator Martin himself, by the way, will be one of the candidates But that is not the matter of imme- diate interest in the campaign.
 Virginia has a recently adopted primary system, which includes the taking of an advisory vote for sena- torial candidates. The democratic state committee, since the appear ance in the field of the quartet of candidates, has decided that they should bear some part of the ex- penses of the primary and has levied an assessment of S3,OOO on each of them.
 This action has been followed by some criticism, not alone of the ac- ton, but of a system which creates what must be a financial burden to
 
 of $3,O0O is more than many men who are otherwise qualified for the office of United States senator can raise without great difficulty In fact, man who can spare s3,0OO in a lump sum in a preliminary cam paign. to say nothing of the rest he must spend in the payment of personal expenses during the campaign, is a rich man in Virginia. Then, if he emerges successfully from the pri- maries, there is the campaign proper. Thus the system excludes the poor man. whatever may be his mental and moral qualifications, from the contest.
 One Of the many accusations lodged against the United States senate in recent years is that it is a million l aires club, and comparison has been made of the present with those good I old times when the senate, the greet est delberative body on earth" was | composed of men chosen with re- | spect to unusual fitness rather than | unusual wealth.
 It is true that in the period begin ming soon after the civil war many | men of wealth but possessed of no | other qualifications found their way into the senate. sometimes by means which in the present day would pro- yoke an investigation. Yet the sys- tenn was the same that had prevailed in the earlier palmy days. The finan- cial difficulties in the way of the poor aspiring statesman were no greater than they had been in the time of Clay and Webster.
 But in many of the states under the guise of reform, insurmountable difficulties have been raised by which the man of moderate means is barred from participating in the struggle for honors, so that wealth is becoming more strongly entrenched than ever in the United States senate
Arizona republican., 1911-05-13
SI00 Reward. SIOO.

The readers of this paper will be pleased to learn that there is at least dreaded disease that science has been able to cure fin all its stages. and that is Catarrh Halfs Catarrh Cure is the only positive cure now known to the medical fraternity. Catarrh being constitutional disease. requires a constitu- uonal treatment. Hall's Catarrh Cure is taken in- ternaly, acting directly upon the blood and mucous surfaces Of the system. Hereby destroying the foundation of the disease, Nad giving the pktent strength by building up the constitution and assist ing nature in doing its work. The propretors have SO much faith in it's curative powers that they offer Ohe Hundred Dollars for any case that it fails ta cure. Send for list Of testimonials
 Address F: J. CHENEY & CO. Toledo. O.
 Sold by all Druggists. 75c
 Take Halls Family Pills for constipation.
Arizona republican., 1911-05-13
JUNGLE JOE" SQUELcHED
Had Word to Say But Could Not
 Say It

Washington, May 12.-The house to- day adjourned until Tuesday after a short session. Former Speaker Can non had q few words he wanted to say about this effort to adjourn over Mon day, on which day motions to discharge committees would be in order, but Mir. Underwood. the democratic leader de- clined to let him say them and insisted upon an adjournment.
 Uncle Joe" pleaded for just five min utes, giving all sorts of reasons but MT. Underwood was Obdurate.
 The republicans forced a roll call on the motion to adjourn to Tuesday. They also opposed the adjournment for the day, but were defeated in both cases. The statehood matter will be taken up on Tuesday
Arizona republican., 1911-05-13

We have observed that the advo- cates of progressive" principles. (we do not mean such advocates as Bourne and La Toilette. but such as Governor Wilson and Colonel Roosevele), couple invariably with their advocacy a warn ing against demagogues, who. they seem to think, would especially under a system of untram- meled popular government.
Arizona republican., 1911-05-13
BAN MUST PAY
Judgment For Damages Against Am
 erican League President

New York, May 12.-John NJ. Ward, former shortstop of the New York Ma tionals was awarded a verdict of S1,- 900 damages today in his suit for libel against Bancroft B. Johnson, president of the American league.
 Ward claimed that Johnson made de- rogatory remarks about him when he (Ward) was a candidate for the presi- dency of the national league.
Arizona republican., 1911-05-13

Champ Clark and Chairman Under wood believe that the removal of the tariff on raw wool would cost the democratic party the electoral votes of nine states. Are pledges to be re- deemed and the high cost of living lowered on such ruinous terms?
Arizona republican., 1911-05-13
WAR OFFICE NEW CHIEF

(Continued From Page One.) down to my home in Tennessee to live and attend to my private af- fairs" he said For a great many years I have been interested in the Bon Air Coal company of Tennessee. which recently went into the hands of a receiver, and my interests here need looking after"
The Washington herald., 1911-03-15

Although there are 10000 cases of the
hookworn in the State of Virginia, the
three members of the hoOkwOrm COM
mission, with headquarters in Washing
ton. announced last night that there was
no immediate danger of the malahy
reaching this city.
A report of the Virginia State board
Of health, issued a short time ago Is au-
thority for the statement that there
were then 10000 cases of hookworm In
existence in Virginia. 1t is being fought
by the State physicians and board of
health officials.
The hookworm commission in Wash
ington is taking no active part in the
fight. but is making a scientific study of
the germ. DR.. c. w. Stiles, scientific
secretary of the commission, said last
night that there were at present no
known cases Of the disease in this city
The Washington herald., 1911-03-15
& OHIO RAILROAD.
LEAVE UNION STATION.
nnUaT nTrr WYN-H

LEAVE
ROYAL BLUE LINE
EVERY OTHER HOUR ON THE ODD HOUR {"
TO PHILADELPHIA AND NEW YORk
NEW YORK TERMINALS. LIBERTY STREET
and ". TWENTY THIRD STREET
100. 100 CRoyal Special hours, 500 JRoyal
Special I'll 90 q. m, = 90. 800 Royal Limited S
hours), SO g so p. m. and l2:l5 night 2:s2 4 m
Diners and Parlor Cars day trains. Sleepevs %
I2I5 night open at 1000 p. m.
Philadelphia and Atlantic City. r7oo 30. .uaO
q. n, 100. 800. 400 p m.
TO BALTIMORE
EVERY HOUR ON THE HOUR
Week days. 100 a. m. to 1000 d MI
Isl, 800, $3.50, TNo 10, fs0o $50 se1p
re:D. 1000. I'll 90 q. m, s12Oo noon, fl26, 100
uI5 100 800. $50. $50 too n.B 500
$50, $50 teOo $50. 100. $50, 1900, 1850
1850 'usR. '12:l5 night.
WESTWARD.
CHICAGO, $40 a m. r2. $50 o. "A.
CINCINNATI ST. LOUIS. AND LOUIsvIILE
$40 a. m. ':l0 p m. 1210 night.
PITTSBURG. 'e:l0 a.. m, r:2 $40 D. m, sl21
night. Csleeper ready 10 p M
CLEVELAND. $40 p m. COLUMBUS. $50 u m
WHEELING, $40 q. m, $50 D. m
Schedules Of local trains at ticfst Offices
'Daily. Except Sunday. tSundsy only.
TELEPHONES at following Ticket Ofices: ir7 a
st. NV, Main 1881: SIC PENNSYLVANIA ave-. Main rs:
Union Station ONCE. Main $50
The Washington herald., 1911-03-15
INSANITY WILL Be
MELBER DEFENSE
Relatives of Child Slayer
Tell of Her Actions.

Albany, n. Y, March 14.-Mrs. Edith
Melber's fate will be known in another
twenty-four hours. The defense rested
its case in the trial before Justice How
ard in the Supreme Court for the muir
der of her five-year-old boy. George
Melber, shortly before the conclusion Of
the afternoon session to-day. Two or
three lay witnesses were called in re-
buttal by the State to tell of the i'm
presSions they had gained as to Mrs. Mel
bers mental condition during interviews
with her. All of them swore that her
acts and conversation had impressed
them as being rational. The State prob
ably will call it's experts on insanity at
the opening of court tomorrow.
The feature of tO-day's developments in
the trial was the declaration of three
alienists that Mrs. Melber was insane at
the present time, was insane at the time
she killed her boy, as well as for several
years before the commission of the act,
and that her case is a hopeless one-that
she will be insane until she dies. Each
one of them agreed that she is an i'm
beetle. Two of the alienists fixed the be-
ginning of her period of imbecility as
shortly before the birth of her child. and
a third insisted that she had been an
imbecile from birth.
An aunt of Mrs. Melber. Mrs Mary
Gibeau. of Syracuse. tainted in the cor
ridor leading from the court room after
giving her evidence on the stand She
said Mrs. Melber had as a girl shown
fits of violent temper. and that she had
at times acted in a peculiar manner. AS
an instance. she cited visit to the grave
of Mrs. Melber's mother shortly after
her death. While Mrs. Gibeau knelt at
the grave. the defendent, then about nine
years old. had run about the cemetery
dancing about the tombstones, laughing
and shouting. She had chided her for her
IL
The Washington herald., 1911-03-15
RAILROADS.
CHESAPEAKE & OHIO LINES.
Pnnhlish.ed nnlr ns infrrnation nnt r1aranteed

Published only information. not guaranteed.
1901 noon week days-Pullman Parlor Car Wash
ington to Newport News Norfolk, and Old Point
Comfort, via Wash So. R., F. & p, Richmond,
and c. o. Ry. Dining car.
800 p m. daily-WESTERN EXPRESS to Viz
Enia West Virginia. and Kentucky points Pull
man sleepcrs to Cincinnati and Louisville Parlor
Car TO Virginia Hot Springs week days. c. & o.
dining car.
$50 p m. daily-sT. LoUIs-CHICAGo SPE-
CIAL Solid train to st. Louis, with Pullman
sleepers to Chicago. Stugs only at important sta
tiOns. Pullman's finest equipment and G & D.
dining car, service Ia carte.
uIO n m. daily-F. F. v. LIMITED to the
West Southwest, and Northwest. Pullman sleepas
to Virginia Hot Springs Cincinnati. and Louisville.
Cincinnati sleeper open for occupancy 10 p N
c. & o. dining car. service Ia carte.
Ticket OfBces. SIS Pa. ave-. lSp st. and Union
Station. Phones Main 1905. 206. and 730.
The Washington herald., 1911-03-15
HOOK WORM COMMISSION
TO STAMP OUT DISEASE
No Immediate Danger of Malady Invading Washing
ton--TO Be Exterminated in Southern States.

The report of the hOOkworm commission
will be published at the end of this week,
and is expected to give a definite idea
of what progress has been made, and
how long a time must elapse before the
disease can be stamped out.
DR.. Stiles said the disease, which is
principally confined to the Southern
States. will be thing of the past in a
few years. Rapid progress. he said, is
being made in its eradication.
An appeal from Porto Rico has been
answered by the War Department, and
DIR. Bailey X. Ashford. discoverer of the
hOokwOrm. who is now in Porto Rico.
has been detailed to carry on the night in
that country. DR.. Ashford will organize
and head the sanitary department created
in Porto Rico at the last session of Con-
gress. The people of Porto Rico hold
DIR. Ashford in high regard. owing to the
determined fight he waged against the
spread of the malady.
The Washington herald., 1911-03-15
NORFOLK & WESTERN RWY.
SCHEDULE IN EFFECT OCT. 2. 1914.
-. W..hi..A.. n - nL-.I--

SCHEDULE IN EFFECT OCT 2 1914.
Leave Washington, New Union Station
80 g. n--DaIy-An points Norfolk and Wee
en-.
!o1o r. m.-Dany-Roznoke. Bristol. winstoo-sa-
iem Knoxv1le. CbattanooSs, Nashville, Nss o.
leanA Through Sleeper. Dining Cars.
$40 q m--Fce Bristol. ROCKVILLE. Chattanooxa.
Nashville and MemphiA Washington Memphis
sleeper open 10 p N.
For HorfoIk-Leave Washington. s@ O. m. daily.
srIive Norfolk II % q. M; fz1i daily. arrtrs
Ncrfok, 5D q N. weekdays. Leave Richmond
Sunday 40 d n arrive Norfolk 80 p n
SlS D n.-Dafly-BeryyiIle Luray. Shenandoah
Trains from the Southwest Errive eas q N. IN
p m, and l215 o. N.
An information Fourteenth strest and Hss Yoss
essnus Bond BuildfnR
The Washington herald., 1911-03-15
DIES FROM SHOCK OF ROBBERY.
Wife of Bank President Expires
Following Theft from Vaults.

Rushville, y. Y. March 1.-THE Pri-
vate bank of the Westville Banking Com
pany here was looted by three yeggmen
at > o'clock this morning. The men es-
capped with several thousand dollars, prac-
tiCally all of the money in the vaults.
after blowing the latter open with dyna-
mite. The explosion was muffied with
heavy blankets, but the detonation
aroused several nearby residents. These
rushed to the bank, but by the time they
arrived the men had made their escape.
The bank officials refuse to state the
amount of their loss until an eXamina-
ton has been completed by the Maryland
Casualty Company, by which it was in
sured Three strange men were seen in
town late last night, and the police are
confident they are the robbers.
Mrs Bainbridge Jones. wife of the
president Of the bank, died several hours
after the robbery from shock.
The Washington herald., 1911-03-15
ASSASSIN FEIGNS INSANITY.
Baron PnternO Arrogant in His Be-
hayior Toward Turnkeys.

Rome, March 1.-THE extraction of the
bullet from Baron Paterno's head, which
was to have taken place to-day, was post
poned until tomorrow. If the operation
is successful he will be tried and hung.
Since his removal from Jail the be
haviOr of the assassin of the Countess
Trigona has been most arrogant. He
treats the official turnkeys in diSdain
ordering them TO stand at attention and
salute as he passes. He repeatedly asks
for newspapers and various infOrma-
ton and when refused threatens the pri-
son authorities.
Paterno still feigns insanity. pretend
ing he does not know the countess is
dead. He declares he still enjoys the
protection of the highest royal circles.
The Washington herald., 1911-03-15
/. SOUTHERN RAILWAY.

n. B.-Following schedule figures published only
as information and are not guaranteed
For Atlanta, Birmingham. Mobile. New Orleans.
Ashevine, a m and los5 p m For Chattanoosa
and Memphis. 800 a. m. daily. Dining cars.
Far Roanoke Knoxville, Chattanooga, Birming-
ham. New Orleans. loao p m. Dining cara
For Roanoke, Knoxville. Chattanoogs. Nashville.
Memphis i:i0 A. N. daily. sleeping car open after
10 D. nj Dining czrS
For Charlotte spartanburg Atlanta. Admission. Bir-
u,fneham as D. m. daily. Dining cars.
For Greensboro, Durham. Raleigh. Charlotte. Co
funhia. Charleston. Aiken. Augusta, savannah.
IacksonyiIle. and Florida points, SD p m. daily.
Dining cans L 8. BROWN. General Asuut
The Washington herald., 1911-03-15
AND HOUSE CLEANING

YOU'LL WEAR BILLIKEN'S SMILE
IL you have the Acme do your win
dow, office. and house cleaning. ACME
WINDOW CLEANING CO., 9A @ St NV.
Phone Main 7159.
The Washington herald., 1911-03-15
AUCTION SALES.
THOMAS BOWLING & CO., Auction

TRUSTEES SALE OF VALUABLE LOT
FRONTING ON STREET IN GEORGE
TOWN, ID. c.
By virtue Of certain deed Of trust recorded in
liber 32 at folio 20 ct seq, Of the land records
Of the District Of Columbia, We will sell at public
auction. in front Of the Tremiss, on FRIDAY
March H. 1911 at 4 o'clock p. m, the rear thirty
three feet Of lots 3 to IS. both inclusive in Robert
w. Mcpherson and Irving Williamson trustees sub
division of part Of square 1888. together with
right of way fer alley purposes, as said property
and right of way is fully described in said
deed Of trust.
Tems-Cash 500 deposit required when property
is knocked down.
GEORGE +. FRASER. Trustee.
JAMES S. FRASER. Trustee
1870 New York ave. nw
Il - ''
The Washington herald., 1911-03-15
MISCELLANEOUS.
CTOvE uOCpTTAT

Repairs oil and gasoline stoves. refrig-
orators, ice boxes. automobile lamps
Roof painting and repairing, guttering
and spouting. Old stoves taken in ex-
change for new ones
W. l.. C0GSWELL.
6e 15 ~ ST sw. Phone n 2su-
The Washington herald., 1911-03-15
MONEY WANTED AND TO LOAN.

MONEY TO LOAN = LET US MAKE
your new loans or replace old ones at
lowest rates of interest All transactions
conducted with economical consideration
for borrowers. WIN. H. SAUNDERS &
CO., 1407 F st. NV. 5Stf,
MONEY TO LOAN ON d. c. REAL
estate-Lowest rates of interest. Pay
more received at any interest period.
THE F. h SMITH CO.. Bond Building.
l4OS N Y. ave. A-tE
MONEY TO LOAN ON APPROVED
CITY real estate at lowest current rates
Of interest; special privileges with respect
to nrior payments TYLER & RUTHER-
FORD. Inc, 73o 18th St NV. 63-tf'
The Washington herald., 1911-03-15

fmbia, holding Probate Court Estate of
Catherine Hayes deceased. No. l7T6, Administra-
ton Docket--Applicatiou having been made herein
foy rrohate Of the last will and testament Of
said deceased and for letters testamentary on
aid estate by Catherine E Murphy. it Is ordered,
this 18th day Of February A. d. 1911, that Lizzie
Hills, Roga Carroll. John Carroll and Patrick
Carroll residents of London, England. the
known heirs at law and next Of kin Of jeremiah
Carroll deceased, and the unknown heirs at law
and next Of kin Of said Catherine Hayes. deceased,
and al others concerned, appear in said court
MONDAY. the 10Th day Of April A. d. 1911. at
10 O'Clock a. m TO show cause why such apph-
cltlon should not be granted Let notice hereof
be published in the Washington Law Reporter aud
The Washington Herald once IN each Of three
successive weeks before the return day herein men
tioned-the first publication 70 be not less than
thirty days before said return day. ASHLEY n.
GOULD Justice. Attest: fSeaLl JAMES TAN
NER. Register Ct Wills for the District Of CoIum-
bia, Clerk Of the Probate Court. JOSEPH d.
SULLIVAN Attorney. mh1s1s
The Washington herald., 1911-03-15
PAWNBROKERS.
PIANO TUNING.

TUNING $3.50; ALL WORK
guaranteed; 20 yrs. exp. Phone NJ. 712S,
or drop postal ]. +. HERMAN. 1920 Pa.
ave. 29S-6m
The Washington herald., 1911-03-15
mh11,B.15,T7
THos. j. OWEN & son. AGcfioneels.

TRUSTEES SALE OF VALUABLE UNIM-
PROVED REAL ESTATE in Chevy Chase d.
C.-By virtue OF four certain deeds Of trust duly
recorded IN Liber No. BIB folio a2l. et seq. :.
Libe= 3ll9. folio 81 ct sed. Liber 3o54 folio la
ct seq. and Libcr 1858. folio 20 ct seq respect
iTely Of the land records of the District of CoIum
bia, and at the request Of the party secured ther
by. the undersigned trustees will sell at public
auction. in the Office If Thos J. Owen & Son. 1881
q street northwest on MONDAY THE 18th DAY
OF MARCH. A. ID. 1911. at O'Clock D. m the
following described land and premises situate in
the county Of Washington. District Of Columbia and
designated and being lot in square l743 lots
81 and y in square 1880 and all of lot 80 and
the south 10 feet by the full depth Of lot 49, all in
square l7i9. all in Fulton II. Gordons subdivision
Of part of tract of land called Chevy Chase as
said subdivision is recorded in the Office of the
surveyor Of the District Of Columbia in county
book "a. page Il. Also lot 5 in square 1857 in
Fulton Il. GOrdOn's subdivision of part Of a tract
Of land called Chevy Chase. as said subdivision is
recorded in the Office of the surveyor Of the District
OF Columbia in county book No. s. page ls
Terms OF sale: One-third Of the purchase money
To be paid IN cash. balance in two equal INSTALL
ments, payable in and two years. with inter
est at per centum ner annum payable semi
annually. from day Of sale secured by deed of
trust upon the property sold. or all cash at the
option Of the purchaser. deposit Of 500 on
CunTeyancinE. recording &c. at cost Of purchaser
Terms Of sale TO be complied with within fifteen
days II. u. GORDON
ROBERT Z. HEATER.
mhelI.I3Dl7D Trustees
5. BENZINGER. AUCTIONEER.-ON wEDNES-
DAY. MARCH Is, 1911. at 10 a. m. | will sell at
public auction at the Wholesale Producer Market,
triCt horse No. ~ by order Of :he Commissioner
ID. &. NJ. {. HARGRONE. Property Clerk. r.
The Washington herald., 1911-03-15
PROPOSALS.
'FFTCE WASHINGTON GAsLIGHT COMPANY.

OFFICE WASHINGTON GASLIGHT COMPANY
| Ajil7 Tenth street northwest
Washington ID. G.. March "a, 1911.
| SEALED PROPOSALS will be received by the
Washington Gaslight Company at its Office or he
| fore THURSDAY. March Q. 1911, for the following
supplies to he delivered as needed through the
ing year ending March l. 1872 in quantities indi-
Gated more less:
WEST STATION STABLES. 25th and q sts NV.
23O bushels white clipped double screened oats,
500 bushels cracked com,
800 bushels bran,
20 bushels meal
~. 600 pounds clear timothy long hay,
q coo pounds rye straw.
20 sacks Pratt's food,
500 pounds rock salt.
EAST STATION STABLES. l2h and VI sts. g.
1900 pounds clear timothy long hay,
500 pounds rye straw,
. bushels meal.
500 bushels white clipped double screened oats,
100 pounds cracked corn,
l6O0 pounds bran.
STABLE TEMPERANCE ALLEY. 9th and 10TH
D and Z SIS.
25Co bushels white clipped double screened oats.
81 900 pounds clear timothy long hay,
l3,oO pounds rye straw,
81 bushels bran.
All Of the above named TO be of best quality. sub
ject to inspection.
The company reserves the night to reject any an4
all bids.
Envelopes containing proposals should be marked
distinctly: PROPOSALS FOR HAY. OATS
WASHINGTON GAsLIGHT COMPANY.
mhl4d&SlCt
PROPOSALS WILL BE RECEIVED AT THE
Bureau Of Supplies and Accounts. Navy Depart
mCnt Washington, II. G.. until 10 O'Clock 4 m.
MARCH p, 1911. and puOliCly opened Immediately
thereafter to furnish at the navy yard. Washington
d. G.. a quantity Of steel German silver and
grinding wheels Applications for proposals. should
refer to Schedule 33sl. Blank proposals. will he fur
nished UPON application TO the Bureau. T. J.
COWIE. PaymaSter General L. :. y mhSl5
OFFICE OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF THE
District Of Columbia. Washington. u. C., March
TO- l9ll-Sealed proposals will Be received at this
Office until O'Clock p. m. MARCH .. 1911. for
site for a manual training school in the Twelfth
division b. located west Of First street northeast
south of street northwest, east Of Fourth street
northwest. and north Of street northwest. ON
tanning approximately fifteen thousand square feet
A certified check for hundred dollars, bond
Of an approved surety company in the sum Of one
hundred dollars a certificate from the collector
Of tax1s that the aforementioned sum has been
derositcd with him must accompany the bids for
sites submitted as guarantee of sale. The COmmiS-
siOncrs rcrye the right reject any and all bids
CUNO H. RUDOLPH. JOHN a JOHNSTON.
WILLIAM V. JUDSON. Commissioners + the Dis
trict Of Columbia. mhll-d6t
The Washington herald., 1911-03-15
COURTLANDS.
COURTLASDS.

Most desirable place for residences IN
Alex. Co. Va: beautiful lots. with shade,
gas, new macadam road . car lines, one
fare: choice lots, 5000 Apply to II. w.
FINNEY, Courtlands Va. or H. c.
MACKALL. Metropolitan Bank Building.
Washington. D. c. IA