Arizona republican., 1911-12-19

the temperature begins to rise the molecules begin to move in proportion Take bar of steel and place it in
 room of G0 degrees and its outward appearance will not change but the molecules will be flying this way and that in every conceivable direction
 through exceedingly short distances
 but these distances are very great in
 proportion to the ultra microscopic di-
 ameters of the atoms or the molecules.
 Whether things are haTI or soft,
 rigid of flexible. brittle or resilient,
 depends upon heat or temperature
 Quicksilver dipped in the intense cold
 of liquid air rings liL" steel and the
 hardest armor plate is as soft as rub
 Der when it is heated white hot. Wa ter becomes hard under the influence
 of cod and is called ise. Take ordi-
 nary air and lower its temperature
 sufficiently and it becomes a liquid.
 At absolute zero all permanent gases would be solilified.
 Water. and all other liquids. consist O. a state of temperature where the molecular vibration is sufficient to al- low the atoms or molecules to roll one over the other. If they moved any faster the atoms would fly in all di- rections and the liquid would be de- composed into gases. You prove this when you pour water from pail The atoms will leak out of any hoic in th" bottom or sides of the vessel or will roll out when you tip il up. but they b.l to be confined on all sides because thN flying atoms will crowd out of the smallest hole and escape into the free air
 A bar of steel left in tn" air at 6' degrees. if left there long enough will be at 50 degrees in very part. ven in the center. and the molecular motions within will be those or steel at 6"- Now apply heat a flam' for instance. at one end. The molecules of steel will increase their rates of swing and also the distances through which they move to and fro. Soon the end Of the bar will be as hot as the fire. and then a wonderful process will appear. the heat will travel to the other enj of the bar Instead of holding flame against the crd of tF" stool h"r or putting the end in a fire of coals, as iE forge. cannect a wire to each end and let these wires run to the poles of a dynamo Of low pressure but great volume of current Turn on the switch: soon the steel will begin to be warm. ] then hot. then hotter: then it will be- gin ts give out a lull red light, tE"n brighten: then white. next still winter Soon the bar will sag down. break and fall.
 But put the bar at first into d cor rrrIum tube able to resist terrific heat. The bar will turn into d boiling liquid. and by suitable means the whole bar can be made to vaporize into gas.
 Electric heat is produced by resis- tance. Flowing along a good COnduc- tor. such as copper wire. electricity travels 1S6.00O miles every second. IT. change this wonderful energy into heat we must place an obstruction in it's path in the form of bit of resistance metal-sCShe non- conducting alloy such as calorite which resistS the flow O. the current. Electricity has to work hard to get by this obstruction an1 work always produces heat The greater the resistance the more heat produced.
 Electricity. in working to get through the calorite resistance disk. hidden in the bottom of the electric chafing dish. heats this disk redhot and this. in turn. cooks the food.