davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1911-10-01

of the past two weeks hasn't depleted the assortment
Your choice will be of the splendid variety
the first day All in des gins and colorngs all
of the VERY best makes. Staple sizes in Rugs, and all
the odd Sizes too are here
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1911-04-25
DEFICIT WIPED OUT.
The Postal Service. at Last, Is Paying
Its Way.

Washington, April PA deficit in
the operation of the postoffice depart
ment of ST. 100000, inherited by the
present administration of the postal
service. practically has been wiped
out" says Postmaster General Hitch
cock.
He had Just received from the audi
tor for the department a final report,
showing that the revenues for the first
six months of the current fiscal year
aggregated $11S,573,s17 and the expendl-
lures $11S,614 $50.
1.-The wiping out in less than two
years of the largest deficit in the hir-
tory of the department, said Hitch
cock was accomplished not by curtail-
ing postal facilities but by extending
the service along profitable lines"
He believes that the current fiscal
year will show considerable surplus
The auditors report says that since
the opening of the administration 3,0S9
new postoffices have been established.
delivery by letter carriers provided in
142 additional cities, and 2,124 new rural
routes, aggregating 51,230 miles in
length, authorized, the force of postal
employees increased by S,274 men, and
the annual expenditures for salaries in
creased by $11.70S,071 in the two years.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1911-04-25
GRAINS ARE DOWN
Rain in Kansas and Nebraska
Depresses Wheat Prices.
Improved Conditions Also Are
Reported From Europe.
CORN is WEAKENED
By Fine Weather and a Rush to
Sell.
Provisions Remain Firm i'm Spite
of Bearish Conditions.

Chicago. April 25-WHEAT-Rain in
western Kansas and Nebraska today had
decidedly bearish effect on the price of
wheat. Improving conditions were also
reported from Europe. The opening was
1s@1sc to $z@7sc lower. July started at
&c to size, decline of 14Q1zc and fell
to 86b@87
Glowing reports as to the Canadian
northwest gave prices an additional set
back but a big decrease in the world S
available supply led to reaction. The
close, however, was weak at SIC for July,
a net loss of 1ac.
CORN-A rush of commission house
selling weakened corn. Fine weather and
bearish cables formed the chief reason.
July opened 14c to 1sc down at 51%c to
SIC, but steadfed around 517sc.
Later the Hghtness of offerings caused
a rally. The close was easy, though with
July at 521sQ52Ac, exactly the same as
last night.
OATS-Oats eased off with other grain.
July started 1ss4Ac to Ac lower at 311a@
1880 and fell to 313sc.
VISIONS-ProviSionS were firm.
First sales were unchanged to TIC higher
with July at $1495 for pork, $S.071s for
lard and $S.0215 for ribs.
RYE-No. 2, 93c.
TIMOTHY-$12.00
CLOVER-S15.25.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1911-04-25
FLoNzALEYs HERE SATURDAY.
Famous String Quartet Will Play at
Security Hall.

A success which deserves to be
classed as a sensation is that which
marked the rise of the F1onzaley quar-
tet from a position of comparative
obscurity to first place among cham
Der music organizations of the world.
The hold which this unique body of
musicians has gained was strikingly
shown by the audience which greeted
the F1onzaleys at their opening New
York concert this season. Despite the
fact that New York was experiencing
the worst blizzard of the year, the hall
was filled to it's capacity and the play
ers received a tremendous ovation.
The quartet will be heard at Security
hall Saturday night. Seats Wednesday
at Stansfield's.
Following is the program:
Mozart Quartet in G Minor
Glazounow . COurante
Haydn . .... Canzonetta
Boccherine Allegro Con Mato
Dvorak. Quartet in F Major
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1911-04-25

disease which is too deep-seated 70
be cured by ordinary doctors and
medicine.
Among those who have testified re-
Gently is Rev. U. G. Bryant, pastor N
the Church of God at Carthage, Mo-,
who says:
This is to certify that L have taken
one weeks treatment of the United
Doctors and l feel that 1 have been
wonderfully improved and feel a great
deal better. Before taking the treat
bent 1 was unable to go about with
any comfort and suffered continuous
" Now / am greatly improved and
encouraged and feel sure the United
Doctors will make a permanent cure.
1 recommend them to my friends, for ]
believe them to be upright and honest
in their dealings.
REV. U. G. BRYANT.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1911-04-25

at the opening of the market here today.
Southern Pacific lost a point and Union
Pacific H. Most Of the other active stocks
declined fractionally.
There was little feature to the early
dealings; prices moved in an irregular
fashion mostly with a slight fractional
range A brisk rally followed the OPEN
ing hesitation but the higher prices I'M
covered new selling orders and the mar
ket receded again to it's low level. The
Bethlehem Steels gained /.
Stocks manifested a sagging tendency
in the second hour, again under the lead
ership of United States Steel and the
list was dull and heavier throughout.
There was some selling of the Hartman
issues and trading a whole was per-
functory and more restricted than for
some days past. Mackay companies and
the Texas company declined 3.
Bonds were steady.
Trading was very quiet in the late ses-
sion but the market displayed a firm
tone, several stocks moving sharply
despite the meager demand. Chesapeake
and Ohio and Amalgamated Copper ruled
above yesterdays closing and Minneap-
oils, st. Paul and Sault Ste Marie Ia.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1911-04-25
BIBLE SELLS FOR $4,000.
IT Is the First Book Ever Printed
From Movable Type.

New York, April 25.-The first book
ever printed from movable type has
brought the highest price ever paid
for any book. The prize was the
Gutenberg Bible, the purchaser Henry
E. Huntington of Los Angeles, and the
price $4,000.
The purchase was made at the open
ing session at the sale of the library
of the late Robert Hoe, the largest
public auction sale of books ever at
tempted. Experts have estimated the
collection to be worth more than
million dollars.
The highest price previously paid
for the Gutenberg Bible was $4,000,
which Bernard Quaritch purchased in
England IA years ago. At private
sale he disposed of it shortly after
ward to Mr.. Hoe at a profit of $4,000,
and it has remained in the Hoe col
lection ever since. The copy was
printed some time between 1850 and
1856.
Next to the Gutenberg Bible, the
Book of st. Adams, compiled by
Juliana Berners and published by Cax-
ton in 1886 brought the highest price
-S12, 0O0-also bought by Mr.. Hunt
ington. 1t is the third book ever set
up in type by English printers.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1911-04-25
c. w. KOUNS PRESIDING OFFICER
Santa Fe General Managers Meeting
in Albuquerque.

Albuquerque, N. M, April 25.-The
meeting of the general managers of
the grand divisions of the Santa Fe
system which has been in session for
TWO days in the Alvarado hotel, fin
lshed its labors and adjourned
me matter which kept the railway
ofhclals in session so long a time was
the revision of the rules governing the
maintenance of way service of the sys-
tenn.
According to A. G. Wells, general
manager of the coast lines, with head
quarters at Los Angeles. the rules had
gotten d bit out of date. In order to
keep them up to the present standard
OF the rest of the service it was neces-
sary that they be gone over carefully
and revised to meet the present needs
The meeting was presided over by
g. w. kouns, general manager of the
eastern grand division at Topeka, and
Chief Engineer Charles A. Morse of
Topeka was secretary.
There were present at the meeting
General Manager c. w Kouns of the
eastern lines, with headquarters at
Topeka; General Manager F. c. Fox
of the western lines. with headquar-
tiers at Amarillo; General Manager F.
c. Pettibone of the Gulf Colorado &
Santa Fe lines, with headquarters in
Galveston; General Manager A G..
Wells of the coast lines, with head
quarters in Los Angeles; Chief En-
gineer G. A. Morse of the eastern diVi-
Chief Engineer H. c. Phillips of the
coast lines, with headquarters at Los
Angeles; Superintendent Meyers of
Las Vegas
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1911-04-25
kansas City Produce Market.

Kansas City, April 25.-WHEAT-Cash:
Market unchanged to 1c lower NO. z
hard S71hG95c; No. 8, S4d93c; No. 2 red,
S9690c; No. 3, S6QS9c-
CORN-Market unchanged to &c lower.
No. 2 mixed, 49d494c: No. 8, 3S1Ig4Ss4c;
No. white, 49c; No. 8. 4SA @484c.
OATS-Market steady. No. white, SAG
35c; No. 2 mixed, 311kqS311c.
RYE-Market steady. Choice timothy
S14. 5Od15.00; choice prairie, $l2OOq1250.
POTnTRY-Marke firm. Hens. 121zc;
springs, 15c; turkeys, 151sc ducks. lac;
geese, Sc. 20.
BUTTER-Creamery, &c; firsts, 1Sc;
seconds. 16c; packing stock, 13c.
EGGS+Extras, TIC; firsts, 15l2c.
WHEAT-Receipts, IS cars.
CLOSE: WHEAT-May, 1914 dS3ssc sell
ers; July, S17sc bid; September, Sl1sc sell
CoRN-May, 4sss@4s1kc sellers; July,
4s5s65Oc sellers; September, 5o1zc sellers.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1911-04-25
NEW TRAINS ON MO. p.
New Colorado Flyer on Better Service
Plans.

Hutchinson, Kan, April 25.-After
May I, if present prospects pan out, a
fast train will be put on over this di-
vision of the Missouri Pacific and will
be known as the Colorado flyer. 1t
will connect with both southern con-
nections for Little Rock and with
eastern connections for st. Louis.
One of the things that is being
planned is a new fast train which will
make eastern and southern connec-
lions with Colorado. This train Will
run over this division and will be very
fast According to the present plans,
there will be but one stop between
Wichita and Geneseo, and that will be
Hutchinson.
The work of ballasting the Missouri
Pacific track has made it possible for
faster trains to be run over the divi-
sion.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1911-04-25
New york Produce Market.

New York, April 25.-BUTTER-Marke
unsettled
CHEESElMarket irregular State
whole milk specials, 14@15azc; ditto Sep
TENDER quiet; fancy colored, 131sc; ditto
white, 13c asked; state whole milk, new,
large, best, lie; ditto small, 10azc; skins,
2d10c.
selected extras, 191kc; ditto first, 17q1sc;
ditto seconds, 161zc; storage packed, first,
1ssz@1ec; state Pennsylvania and nearby
hennery white, 19G21c; ditto gathered
white. 1s1k@20c; western gathered white,
ls1hG1sc; western ducks, 19Q21c-
POULTRY-Dressed, steady; western
fowls, 14Q16c; turkeys, 15q20c.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1911-04-25
cbtcapo Produce Market.

Chicago, April 25.-BUTTER-Marke
steady. Creameries, l5@2lc; dair1es, l5g
18c.
EGGS-Market steady. Receipts 25,27O
cases at mark cases included, 14Q1412c;
firsts, 1870; prime firsts, TIC
CHEESE+Market steady. Daisies, 1874
d13atc: Twins, 121z@13c; Young Americas,
131IG1Ss4c; Long Horns, 1214013c.
POTATOESMarket easy. Choice to
fancy. 5sc; fair to good, SIC.
POULTRY-Live, easy; turkeys, lac;
VEAI-Market steady. so to so lb. WITS,
61s7c; so to IS lb. WITS, 7qSc; 50 to ITO h.
WITS Si710c.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1911-04-25
kansas city Live stock Market.

Kansas City. April 25.-CATTLE-
Receipts 1000, including 200 southerns.
Market steady to strong Native steers,
$5.25@6.35; southern steers, $4.25G6. 90;
southern cows and heifers, $3.25G5.00; ma
tive cows and heifers, $300G6.25; stockers
and feeders, $450d5.s5; bulls. $40oG5.15;
calves, $4.00d6.50; western steers, $4.750
600; western cows, So. 25d5.O0.
HOGS-Receipts 1900. Market steady
to strong. Bulk of sales, $5S5d6.0O;
heavy, $5S5d5.95; packers and butchers,
$5S5@600; lights, $5.90d6.05.
SHEEP-Receipts $4,000. Market 10c to
15c lower. Muttons, s350d4.5O; lambs,
$500@5.95; fed wethers and yearlings,
$400Q5.00; western ewes, $350@4.15.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1911-04-25

Washington, April 25.-Mrs- Charles
W. Morse, wife of the New York
banker now in the Atlanta prison, has
made a personal appeal to President
Taft for information as to the status
of the petition for her husbands par
don and has been informed that Mr.
Taft will make an announcement in
the case within few days.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1911-04-25
Mrs. schenk Is Acquitted.

Chicago, April 25.-Mrs. Theresa
Schenk, who shot and killed her hus-
band Charles Sehenk, March Is, at
their home in Park Ridge. has been
discharged from custody after the re-
turn of a no-bill by the grand jury.
Mrs. Schenk said she mistook her hus-
band for a burglar.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1911-04-25

chants, teachers,
preachers, farm
merS, mechan-
ics, engineers,
even doctors, in
fact, any and all
ella SSeS w n o
have been af-
hicted with a
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1911-04-25
Hoosiers Start a Kern Boom.

indianapolis, Ind, April 25.-Lead-
ing Democrats of the state met here
la st night and launched a presidential
boom for United States Senator John
w. Kern of Indianapolis. A Kern
presidential club was organized and, it
is said. similar clubs will be organized
throughout the country. Resolutions
commencing the senator to the voters
of the country were adopted
He Kept Quiet.-"Is your mother paint
ing any still life now?" Yes; father s
portrait. -Meggendorfer Blaetter.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1911-04-25
New YORK Money! Market.

New York, April 145.-MONEY-Money
on call steady, 214@2ss per cent; ruling
rate, pa per cent; closing bid "a per cent;
offered at 2ss per cent. Time loans, dull
and easy; 60 days, 21s per cent; 80 days,
pa per cent; six months, 8 perS' cent.
CLOSE: Prime mercantile paper 31H to
per cent.
Sterling exchange firm with actual BUSH
ness in bankers bills at $4.S4.40 for 60 day
bills and $4.S655@4. 6.60 for demand Com
mercial bills, $4.S374.
SILVER-Bar silver, 541sc; Mexican dol
lars, 45c.
BONDS-Governmentb bonds steady, rail-
road bonds firm.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1911-04-25
HoNIEsEEKER TRAVEL LIGHT.
Only Southern Lines Escape Usual De-
cline of Spring.

Kansas City. No, April 25-A
heavy falling off in the homeseeker
business moving through the Kansas
City gateway is reported by local pas
senger officials. This is a usual oc-
currence at this time of year, how
ever. Those who usually make up
parties of homeseekers are turning
their attention to farming. The home
seekers, or many of them seeking to
go west, availed themselves of the col
onists' rates to California, which were
effective for thirty days until April 10.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1911-04-25
Chicago Live Stock Marked

Chicago, April 25.-CATTLE-Recei
at $500. Market slow Beeves, $5.00d6.50;
S4S0Q5.75; stockers and feeders $4O0d5.60;
cows and heifers, $2.40Q5.65; calves, $4.50Q
$50.
HOGS-Receipts estimated at 1900.
Market steady. Light, $5.S5q6.20; mixed,
$5.S5Q6.15; heavy, $5.65d6.10; rough, $3.50
5.S5; good to choice heavy, $5.S5G6.10; pigs,
$5S0@6.15; bulk of sales, $5.95Q6.05.
SHEEP-Receipts estimated at 1900.
Market weak. Native, $300Q4.60; western,
$326Q4:60; yearlings, $4.25G525; lambs, ma
tive, $4.45@6.10; western, $4.75@6.15.
DAILY MOVEMENT OF PRODUCE.
WHEAT-Receipts, %, 800 bushels; ship
ments 1900 bushels.
CORN-Receipts, 262.7OO bushels; Ship
ments Al, 900 bushels.
Car lot receipts: Wheat % cars, with IL
of contract grade; corn 262 cars, with So
of contract grade; oats, go cars.
Total receipts of wheat at Chicago, Min
neapolis and Duluth today were 225 cars,
compared with $50 cars last week and III
cars the corresponding day a year ago.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1911-04-25
Preacher Endorses
United Doctors
TELLS HIS FOLLOWERS WHAT
THESE GREAT SPECIALISTS
HAVE DONE FOR HIM.
He Was Greatly Improved by One
Week of This New Medical
Treatment,

From every walk in life do patients
come to the Topeka institute of the
United Doctors at SO Kansas ave-. to
be cured of all manner of diseases by
these world famous medical special
lists. Lawyers, laborers, bankers, mer-
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1911-04-25

Wall St, New York, April 25.-STOCKS
The decision against the Southern Pa
ciffc road in the Oregon land case caused
some heaviness in the Hartman stocks
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1911-04-25

Lees Lice Killer kills all lice and
mites For sale by Zimmerman Seed
Company.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1911-04-25
COWS AND HEIFERs.
Toneka Nlarkefl

topeka Markets..
FURNISHED by the Chas WoIr Packina
Co.. yards close at noon SatW day. We
cannot use pigs. thin sows or hogs
weighing less than 170 lbs. DO not mar
ket hogs unless same are well finished.
rs we cannot use half fat stuff. We give
below prices effective at once. until fur
Their notice.1
Topeka, Kan, April 25.
MIXED AND BUTCHERS......-.$5 -50Q5.60
HEAVY ...-....-----.-.---.----. 5.5O45.50
LIGHT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. 5.556560
Ecan't use than hogs those .i-ssr Al
p0unds.l
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1911-04-25

Homeseeker business. however. is
much better now to southern points
than year ago, according to local
officials.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1911-04-25
New York Sugar and Conee Market.

New York, April 25.-SUGAR-Raw,
firm; Muscovado, SO test, $3.42; centri-
fugal, Sc test, 1892; molasses, 50 test, $S.17;
refined, steady.
COFFEE-Market quiet.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1911-04-25
Kansas City Live STOCK Sales.

1.-THE following sales were made this
morning at the Stock Yards. Kansas
City, and reported over long distance
telephone direct to the State Journal by
Clay, Robinson & Co., live stock commits
sion merchants. with offices at all mar
kets.1
Kansas City, April 25.-CATTLE-Re-
ceipts 1000 head. Market slow and steady
to 10c lower.
HOGS-Receipts 1000 head. Market
strong to 10c higher. Bulk of sales, $500
500; top, $685.
SHEEP-Receipts IA, 900 head. Market
weak.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1911-04-25
Chicago Grain Market.

Chicago, April %.
Open High Low Close Close
Yes
The herald and news. [volume] (Newberry S.C.) 1903-1937, 1911-07-14
Vacant Scholarships in the Citadel,
The Military College of South Caro-.
lima, Charleston, S. C..

One vacancy in the beneficiary
scholarships in the Citadel from New
berry county will be filed by competi-
tive examination on August II, 1911.
For full information concerning
these scholarships address the super
intendent, at the Citadel, Charleston,
S. c.
Next session begins September 20,
1911.
The Citadel offers courses in Civil
Engineering, English, Chemistry and
Physics. Degrees of B. S. and c. E.
conferred. It is designated by the
war department. as one of the distin-
guished military institutions, one OF
whose graduates receives commits
sion in the United States army.
The herald and news. [volume] (Newberry S.C.) 1903-1937, 1911-07-14

Right in your busiest season when
you have the least time to spare you
are most likely tc take diarrhaea and
lose several Gays time, unless you
have Chamberlain's collie, cholera and
diarrhoea remedy ct cand and take
a dose on the first appearance of the
disease. For sale by all dealers.
The herald and news. [volume] (Newberry S.C.) 1903-1937, 1911-07-14
WANTED.

Teacher for Jolly Street school for
five months term at a salary of $40
per month The teacher will be elect
ed on July 26. Applications can be
sent to either of the undersigned.
". B. Boinest,
T. p. Richardson,
E. T. Werts,
Slighs, S. 6.
The herald and news. [volume] (Newberry S.C.) 1903-1937, 1911-07-14
DIR, MELDAU

will answer emergency calls In con-
nectio1 with his Office work. Special
ties, morphine and other drug habits.
Hours 9 to l forenoon; 4 to after
nom. 10-28-6mo-
The herald and news. [volume] (Newberry S.C.) 1903-1937, 1911-07-14
THE
CLEMSON AGRICULTURAL
COLLEGE

Enrolment Over 7O0-Value Of Prop
erty Over q Million and Quarter
Ninety Teachers and Officers.
Seven full four years courses, In
Agriculture, Engineering. etc.
Cost per session of nine months, in
Guiding all fees, board, heat, light,
laundry, and necessary uniforms
s121.87.
Students who are financially able,
pay $4,000 tuition additional.
SCHOLARSHIP AND ENTRANCE
EXAMINATIONS.
The College maintains 124. Agricul-
tural Scholarships, and 43 Textile
Scholarships, worth each $4,000 and
free tuition.
(Students who have attended Clem-
son college or any other college or
university, are not eligible for the
schola rships unless there are no 9th
er eligible applicants).
Scholarship and entrance examina-
tions will be held at the county seats
July Il, 9 a. m.
Next Sessions Opens Sept. Is, 1911.
Write at once to W. M. Riggs, Pres
ident Clemson College, S. c., for cata-
logue, scholarship blanks, etc. If you
do1ov vo1, NAV he crowded ont
The herald and news. [volume] (Newberry S.C.) 1903-1937, 1911-07-14
Beth Eden PastOrate.

Service at Colony on second and
fourth Sundays at II a. m. Sunday
school at 10 a. m. T. J. Wicker, super
intendent. Beth Eden, first Sunday
II a. m, and third Sunday at 4 p. m.
Sunday school on first, second and
and fourth Sundays at 10 a. m., and
on third Sunday 3 p. N. ]. G. Craps,
superintendent. st. James on third
Sunday at 1890 a. m, and first Sun
day 4 o. m. Sunday school every
Sunday afternoon. Sidney J. Mayer,
superintendent.
Jas. D. Kinard, pastor.
The herald and news. [volume] (Newberry S.C.) 1903-1937, 1911-07-14
Falls Victim to Thieves.

S. W. Bends, of Coal City, Ala, has
a. justifable grievance. Two thieves
stole his health for twelve years. They
were liver and kidney trouble. Then
DR.. Kings New Life Pills throttled
them. He's we'll now. Unrivaled for
constipation, malaria, headache, dM
pepsia. 25c at W. e. Pelham's.
The herald and news. [volume] (Newberry S.C.) 1903-1937, 1911-07-14
BARBECUE.

We, the undersigned, Will give a
frst-class barbecue at the old J. A.
Cromer place Saturday, July %, 1911.
The public is invited to attend. Guar
anteed enjoyment for young people.
B. NJ. Suber.
D. A. Felker.
The herald and news. [volume] (Newberry S.C.) 1903-1937, 1911-07-14
BARBECUE.

The undersigned will give a first
class barbecue at Fork school house
n Thursday, Jlir 20. Every body is
invited to come an:' enjoy a guod din
ner.
r. L. LominicK
Caldwell Ruff.