davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1911-10-24
TO APPLY
4 New Rule In Divorce Cases
In Summit Co.
Court To Appoint Attorneys
Where Defense Has None
The Rule Seems To Meet
With Approval By All
Two inventories Filled In The
Probate Court
other Items OF htereSt From
Temple Of Justice

Al conference nelu Dy Dayton
Doyle and II. NJ Wanamaker, judges
of the courts of common vpleas of
Summit county, it was decided that in
all uncontested divorces begun from
this time on, an attorney will be ap-
pointed TO represent the defendant.
While this has been in practice in sew
eral states of the union, the Summit
county experiment will be the first
in Ohio, says the Wooster News.
In many uncontested divorce cases
which have been tried in Summit
county the judges have felt the need
of attorneys to represent the defend
ants in the cause. The judge presid-
ing in an uncontested divorce case
unless an investigation has been made
of conditions, is at the mercy of the
evidence introduced by the plaintiff
and his or her attorney The new rule
will. it is hoped, prove a protection to
the courts.
The attorneys who will be appointed
by the judges will receive fee of $5
in eacn case, the same to be attached
to the costs, and they will be supposed
to make an investigation in the neigh
borhood and report to the court before
decision is reached as to the decree
1t is thought that the new rule will be
instrumental in cutting down the per
centage of divorce cases which have
been filed here in the past.
inventory and Appraisement--
In the matter of the estate of
Clara Phillips an inventory and ap-
praisment has been filed in probate
showing the following Moneys $64.
IT. real estate S10,750 Total $40,
S14.77.
The Barker Estate
In the estate of Thomas Barker
an inventory and appraisement has
been filed as follows: Securities 500
real estate, $3,5OO. Total $4,000.
Marriage License
Frank O. Christel. electrician, and
Anita M. Wrentzel, both of Mt. Yer
non. Rev. Ira J. Houston.
.
| Deeds Filed
Sylvia Hawkins to Ora w. Mcbride
IL acres in Milford, $1,400.
VIM. j. Smith to Andrew j. Beatty
acre in Pleasant, $4,000
Cora II. Harry to James B. Foote
lot in Fredericktown. 81.
James b. Foote to VIM. Hurst, lot
in Fredericktown. S35.
Samuel Thatcher to Clyde Thatcher
parcel IN Mt. Liberty, $S5.
Minnie C. Ralston to A. l.. Dudgeon
lot Is Martinsburg, 81.
Henry G. Devin to the Essex Glass
Co, part lot 423 Elmwood Place, 81,
200.
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1911-10-24
Inventory and Appralsement--

Clara Phillips an inventory and ap-
praisment has been filed in probate,
showing the following: Moneys $64.-
II. real estate $10,750. Total $780,
S1477.
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1911-10-24
The Barker Estate

In the estate of Thomas Barker,
an inventory and appraisement has
been filed as follows: Securities 800,
real estate, $3,5OO. Total $500.
The Democratic banner. (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 1898-192?, 1911-10-24

Marriage License
Frank O. Christel. electrician, and
Anita M. Wrentzel, both of Mt. Yer
non. Rev. Ira j. Houston.
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1911-01-09
HOPES ARE TEMPERED
BY PAST FAILURES

hcw York. January S-Sloci: mar
Ect operations Of the new year orcn-
Ing week showed tentative dtsppsi.
zion in the speculation aud not mucu
participation outside ut pyofessicn-i
ranks. The summing ~ ~ TIC paFr
years reccrd and tho coming ycaro
prospects in numerous annual reviews
rad The effect Of tcmpcrius Homes ia.
The future by the remembrance ~ past
disappuintments. Confluence in the
'vill he fairly general nut Authoritative
opinion showed some widc Emergencies
over tho prohhhl" pcriod nj Tic re-
ectinn Df the latter part Of las; year.
suggestions That business might SIN
he kept wi,.!:. :icE.g.a.ad limits is 4
spirit ~ caution and rs tho necessities
~ the credit situation. avaiiahlc cari-
tni Huppica and entertainments OF
operating ana producing costs were
Tot calculated TO incitc 80 fresh prices
81 speculation.
pparcntly some expectation mad
been felt that these doubtful factors
might induce a degree Of positive de
iJrcssion and short interest remain
,in2 uncovered was the consequence
{The demand TO cover from this source
impaired s.rength'to the market. IN,
measures Of retrcncllment and cconop!
$50 generally in force while marking Z
halt IN enterprise and progress, ar,
Is lacking in conditions, Tine progress.
Of regeneration already shows IN ,h'
Haonty. inerket. An expanding volume
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1911-01-09
ATTACHES
TO GINNING REPORT

will compare with a.Gi7,S27 bales
ginned UP 10 January year ago, and
l..A65,2oS Einncd up TO the same time
TWO years ago
With the census report out OF tho
way the trade will be able to give it's
undivided attention TO The statistical
situation which is now unfolding it
self in very interesting manner. TO
many the very large movement has
meant that the crop is larEer than tho
popular estimate of 1l.5O0.o0o
Bulls have argued all along that
heavy movement had been the result
Of heavy demand During tho last
week. port stocks increased while in
terror stocks began To shrink. and the
visible supply for tho first time this
season showed q decrease instead of an
increase in its weekly variation. 1t
is not Improbable that statistics this
week Will do much to settle the still
existing dispute over the approXi-
mate size Of crops Unless develop
mcnts that cannot now he foresccn
arise. the market will he Interested
mainly by statistics for some time to
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1911-01-09
I:nstcrn Shore Nc,,..

onancock Va. January S.-The
oyster business on the seaside ami bti$ :
side of Accomac has hecn exception
ally good for the past sixty days. At
ch'ncotcaCuc plants are fatter than
usual. and arc bringing fancy prices.
An average Of thousand barrels II
day OF selects are being shipped by
rail. In addition. large quantities OF
medium stock are shucllcd for rail
shipment and loaded on vessels In the
shell. II IS claimed that every man
on the island has work and money.
on tho Chesapeake Side. in Tan
Eier Sound and off Onancock bar,
tho catch and growth OF the year WAS
readily to vessels on the ground a.
LiEh prices. Tangicr Sound has sell
dom had SO prosperous season.
"Wednesday night last Herman l..
East. a resident of tho town walked To
Belle Haven and back in seven hours
and fifty minutes. Tic round distance
Is twcnty-ciEht miles. and was 10 be
made In eight hours.
He left Onancock Mt midnight, re-
ported at the central telephone Office
IN Belle Haven, whore hc was known
by the operator. and returned to Oman
cock. having eight minutes to spare.
Tho wager was So and he was not -
eat or drink anything during the jour
ney.
The weather during a part OF the
week has been quite cold. IN spite OF
this and the freezing or land and
water. two snakes were found crawl :
ing as best they could ncar tho town.
and were killed. Ono was a black,
six feet long, and the other mecca
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1911-01-09

OF bond dealings and a rising Tendency
~ prices in tl'at department. give horo
i"i beticr terms for new issues wh,ch
must shortly hec"De necessary man
Wcra ,hpneht possible iasl ;all Sueh
symptoms - fcpienisnmcnt 81 tho sun.
il: OF capital scckinr Investment point
=" means Of paramount Importance
,.oi foiief from inc deadlock which nAd
F"Hsht enterprise 20 a state OF *us-
r"nsr Inc further progress or CO..
sh'lon % these sympt orns Of the :avosi.
lnenf demand from fresh capita! ,yui
70" waichea VIII Keen attention for the
nscis!vo thfa' likoiy to ha c&erclged
on spccuiatlvr initiative
tailur" q local trust company
YESTERDAY was utterly ~ithaut inau.
| "hce on tho st"rk market. which ciosea
q hesi Witrs Of the weeE Tbe cm.
harrhssmrnt ~ tiis ius,liuiion Is bo.
/ iicycd 10 date back to tic name ..
leVn when " position "as admlttediy
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1911-01-09
IN PRICES
FOLLOWED BY RALLY
Trading in Cotton During Past Week Has Been
Mostly Professional, and Figures Have
Been Irregular

New York, January S-'rhc trading
In eotton tic past week has been light
In volume as general rule, ana most
by professional. with prices nuctuatlns
IN an irregular ana unsettled manner.
Intervals OF liquidation and Southern
selling have. however. prcdominated
aud this tendency has given a dragging
60 prices against occasional rallies Oh
support ana covering of Efforts. From
thc low level Of 1850 FOR March. and
1i.9i for May. there was a recovery oi
twenty 20 iwenty-iivc points at one
time bY early Friday morning bringing
Mare TN TO i5.p3 ana Mag to 1915,
liut most % this. However, has since
rnra lost Sno; markets rave changed
Iitle, but conditions ere reported cas-.
icr ard IN hryers favor .; most points
IL ne SpH;4. from a falling Of in the
ce1ln1 freHi I-asiish and Continental
,p!nlfrs zSents This is altrituted
L tre large purchases iaey ilizv$ ar
+eao1 p2s:r -nG The desire 10 await ma.
r=S- t7Nc ginning reports u The Census
Sg-l - setts+ Ihs size pf the rop.
IN tne meantime outside speculation
q l-lsetiinenl hpy.rc LIS beer lighter
ias i'ss; seer: ,.an az en-! iiiaa II the
las ..sI
Future Government Reports.
Tnc Gtes; rnsjprjt$ ~ trade r;efests
r T%il Ihe tan1; and H.s Or jhe sJ,cc-
a4s-iNs element : Row awaiting the
fu5lscaiipu % he neNi othci.l f.rorf
~ the Census i}presu 81 tHe ginning
9: Inc cycp eefor. attempting IL antic-
:pste Inc n=Nt important movement In
-" market This IL Que to 10. an
ffrncec 5uSt oe.nrs lAc openinE .. the
5nerEe; on Tuesday q: latc ,he-c has
hem E disposi'iou on IL. part ~ the
lJTgi' r., w.. 81
al Gotten tina, ,tas c@en rinntd -This
has undoubtedly teen 70. the PURPOSE
q pulling the marker again after Il
mas been puhlisA.@ on tie sround that
u is smaller man. .iad reey. ANTICIPATED.
end ihefcfore nen bah Argument. !;
remains to be secn whether litis plau
viii bc succession IN rttlv!ne q uecu-
satinc or investment buying ntoYcmcut.
'Sacn estimates how cr!rant arc That
shis report will show over zoe 900 bales
ginncd from December i1 10 January
/. against 2ss. 0Ge bales FOR ,ha1 period
last year This would bring Jhc total
amour; Of The crop giuncG for tic sea-
son UP 20 near 1ll0p.Uo0 bales.
In conservative trade circles. u.ually
Ncll informed, Il j. not believed how
ever. the coming report wi! show quite
as much As that total. At The same
time II Is believed the neNt rcpori
from the Census Bureau. due on Jan.
vary y" covering the anioun, % tha
crop gnncd 10 January - vii. show
sufficient amount ginncd to tina, datr
10 very plainly indicate a Eull conGr-
NATION Of the governments crop cSii.
mate Of lI.l@G1oo made on Dcccnbci
+, when the final report from M cen
gus Bureau FOR the season is announce
on March 20. That report. besides III.
Ing whatever additions and correction
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1911-01-09
DISCUSS METHODS
OF SAINT Alto N
Lancaster Association Holds
Regular Mceting-News Of
the Northern Neck.
{ especial 10 The Times !

7
Lancaster. VA. January S.--'rhe reg
uiar monthly meeting of the Lancaster
sanitary Association was held in the
high school building here yesterday
with u large attendance of members.
lr. NJ G. oldham. member OF tho
county Board OF Health. delivered an
prevention OF Infectious and conta-
Sious diseases. for which tho assucia-
zion gave him vote OF thanks Re-
ports made by the standing commit
.hc village under sanitary rcgula-
tons had begun. and il is expected
nSiorc the beginning OF spring TO have
all the promises in the village sun
piled with sanitary appliances in nc-
cordance with the regulations adopted
nv the state Health Department and
,hc statutes enacted ON the subject by
INC General Assembly.
The third meeting for the session
OF the Lancaster Teachers Association
VII begin here next Friday. when Stutc
T"nS,rintcndent EgElcSton and lsoberl
L. Blanton. editor OF the Virginia Jour
MAJ OF Education. arc expected 10 make
nuurcsscs IN attractive program has
nSch arranged, and many teachers.
non arc expected to no present m
Frank W. Lewis. superintendent OF the
schools Of Lancaster and Northumhcr-
and. is about 10 complete his vista
Hon 10 the schools of this division
aSt week he attended an educational
gathering at RecdVilc in the lower
Firt OF Northumbcrlan where II ri
Die ami large United States nar
were presented by the Junior Order OF
American Mechanics to the high school
recently rebuilt there to replace the
on destroyed by fire last spring
MISS Agnes Palmer. who was elected
Queen of the Holly Realm at the
recent festival held NJ I<ilmarnock has
appointed ~ ~ Cralle. Of Tnppahan-
mock. her minister Of state; Miss Ma
RE Blundon. first maid Of honor. ard
Miss Julia V. Harding. second maid OF
honor.
oscar Tatun. the farmer who COM
lnittod suicide several days ago in
inc lower part uf Lancaster by blow
lnG tlS brains out with ~ shotsu is
Sii'l to have been driven to commit
the iaSl, act by dcspondcncy about his
1chith and that OF his wife He was
about forty years old and leaves a
wife. but no children
Martin :. StrnEfellow. OF Brandy
Station. Va, has severed his connec-
lion with the Central Union Life In
Surancc Company, 10 assume the duties
Of president OF the Mcnhadcn Fish
Factory Company. recently incorpor-
ntcd 10 do business on the hayside,
ucar iiilmarnoc Hon Harry st.
George Tucker and Colonel Joseph T.
Willard. former Lieut. cnant Governor
and member Of the Virginia Corpora
ton Commission. arc members Of thu
company. which will begin operations
In the spring
A. w, Reed or Westmorelnnd. has
purchased farm near Lancaster
from John H. Davis and
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1911-01-09

Which may be made To tho total gin.
ming figures ON the crop will give the
net and gross weight OF the bales. THAT
will settle the crop Of 1910. No other
government rapport Will then 10 due
until acreage ;,rd condition report on
the new crop OF 1911 is ready tho nrsi
week in June.
The Crop vs.. topsumrtInn
II the ginning repor, fully confirms
IN" governments crop estimate OF ill.,
l"S,""" bales, about $4,000 bales for
the seasons iinters and repacks Of
sample cotton will be added to those
hgures. with tho possibility OF about
ieQ.@Pn bales extra. which may be mar
hetcd during AuEusi from tho now crop
hctore the cotton year of lal0-'il ends
on August 81. THAT would give an
ayailabie supply OF the total CONNER
csc movement for the season OF H.
>tf,p19. plus the amount carried over
a ihe end % last season in the invisi-
NE stocks py the mills and the known
Visible ~ shout sac 0G1 bales of Anler-
.can cotton Th!s would he the amount
aNailehlc TO meet tho requirements OF
iAe wcTlfs srinners for their actual
con liapilon until The new crop IS ready
- rofne on ihe market next Scptcn-
n@- calculations on the probable size
~ the worlds consumption would then
pe H. order
Air El!i.on. the Recognized authority
in England Oh such matters. has 30 far
nsTell rendered : preliminary indica-
ion 81 between ll.50o.o0Q ana 1000
GEO bales There arc 50 many ihing.
70 na considered il rendering an csii-
MAZE on ,hc World consumption OF any
fcliability IS la;e a tic end OF this
month or in February Stat even then
tAeN arc hazardous The state OF trade
throughout iite world must b. care
!Hl|r considered IN connection with Tie
actual consumption II previous wears
especially in EnGland Germany. France
Ausirit. INDIA and China, as we'll as IN
this cOuntrv
Complicated Problem
ti'Th there IS also the question as to
rfices which spiruers may have 10 pay
FOR iae balance % Their supplies for
Pc season and whether there viii be
M ptohi.blo basis between the raw sta
"le aud ne manufactured goods to take
.hip consideration. The subject. in
deed is such an extensive and rerplcx-
eng one. with So much 10 he taken for
granted Tint even the best cxpcr, cal
rtiaiiol Ike that OF Mir Ellison, may
q" pNci. 'tpH0 G1 bales from III. nil
mntc reault. Consequently the prob-
.etn Of figuring the probable value Of.
COTTON the balance Of the season from
the Ir"Seni basis Of over 10 cents peI
pound fpr the staple on a total actual
NloiI Of l.i0G.4n0 bales. aud a CONNER
cial crop movement of possibly IL 600 :
Gun Is not nearly SO simple to the old :
est M most "Npcr!cnced cotton men
III ne ir;yde n IL looks 10 tho many
new romcrs. who are now prcdictin:;
and Ultimately Decent cotton on
that La4Iy
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1911-01-09

New Orleans, La, January s.-Thc
New Orleans cotton market this week
will not open until Tuesday morning.
owing TO Monday being the annivcr-
sary OF The battle OF New Orleans
The first thing Tuesday morning. I'VE
minutes before the trading In tho fu-
turc market. the Census bureau will
issue report of tho amount OF cotton
rinnad up to January l. 1t had for
some time been assumed that this re.
mort would be OF no special consc-
qucnce. but rumors from the interior
that Sinncrs We're again incrca sing
their working t!mc. however. caused
considerable interest 10 be attached 10
the figures.
The average expectation is proha bly,
for q report OF around ll.o00.nG6 bales
which would mean that something over
100000 bales had been gained in the
period between December IL and Janu-
AIRY J. In the same period last year,
2$9.ooo bales were Einned. This in
crease. it is claimed, is due wholly
10 the ginning of ,hrcshcd cotton, that
i. cotton that has been thrcshcd out
from frozen bolls. Tuesdays report
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1911-01-09
TEMPER OF WHEAT
MARKET CHANGED
Prices Are Higher and Short Sellers Anxious
Because of Light Primary Receipts and
Unfavorable Crop Reports

New York, January S.-Therc Was a
Radical change in the temper of the
wheat market carly in the week. exist :
posite to those that prevailed I'm the
preceding week SluEEishucss and mar
rowncss WAS displaced by buoyancy
and rapid variations. and there was "A
general awakening among the spccu-
iativc clements. At The outset strength
was largely ascribed to nervousness
among shorts, owing to UntavGrable
weather news. the temperature being
low in tile Southwest. as well as in the
Northwest Buying was stimulated by
decidedly light primary receipts in the
Northwest where the arrivals were
moro than 30 per cent smaller than in
tho same days las, year.
Adviccs from the Nest Indicated that
professional operators were steadily
addinE 10 thcir large line OF May IN
Ehicapo. prompted ry suggestions Tint
the crop ot spring wheat had hccu ma
tcrially ovcrcstimatcd The belief in "A
crop OF loss than Pea. 600. 900 bushels
instead of 23i,ooo.ooo. according 10 the
final government report, is greater.
Farmers have already marketed big
proportion of their surplus. and dealers
anticipate large reductions in available
supplies ere long. Demand was accelc-
rated partly by tho encouraging cable
ndviccs European markets were
strong. influenced by the light worlds
shipments. the hig decrease in tho
quantity on passage. and tic large re-
duction in The European visible sup.
ply
The Wcck-End Market
Late in the week there was even
more striking hmoyancy. GREETINGS
were small and demand fairly ami
mated. short sellers displaying in
creased anxiety 10 cover. partly be-
cause tho big bulls sill gave 81 ROM.
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1911-01-09

i, support. while primary receipts CON
tinucd light and exports ruirly large.
{; was the general impression that tho
next visible supply statement would
show AN apprcciabie reduction Crop
advtccs were unsatisfactory. The crop
in the Southwest presents an uufavor-
able appearance. owing To tho cold
weather, AMI the scarcity Of snow pro
lection. Reports from Kansas an,
Oklahoma. where thr drought was incsj
severe. stated that apprehension Of
winter killing was entertained EUR
tlcrnorc. cable advlccs have been OF IL
stimulating character. European mar
kcts being influenced by the material
lN smaller exports from Argentina
ana from other countries. It Is he
licvcd that lhc worlds exports fvt the
week Will he light, resulting in - big
decrease in The quantity OH passage.
Further large quantities Of Manitoba
whoa; had been sold for forward ship
mcnts :ia outports but this cannot bc
considered - beneficial feature as ia.
as our markets are concerned. Our
markets are mainly on Il domestic
basis for the time being. as we secm
TO he out of the running as an cx-
porter, unless ii be OF macaroni or red
winter wheat
Grcntcr .tcti,ity in Corn.
There has been father more anima-
ton in corn. and q stronger tendency
has prevailed. but the fluctuations
were by no means wide. The strength
was attributed mainly to covering by
short sellers. prompted largely by fur
ther reports OF damage by drought In
Argentina. which led To fairly big buy
ing lay exporters.
y decided advance was checked. how
hN Contin1ipI "a h,tnIpn, 4
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1911-01-09

Viii settle there shortly.
marner Benne, nm old and highly
nnspectcd citizen OF Lancaster. who
was severely .paralyzcd one day last
weeks whtle going down the Coroto-
man Rlvcr In his susolenc launch. Ia
n nSg;"r.ed to be slightly better. but,
nope ~ entertained for his recovery
r. otis Harding. who has been dan,
LIorU"slN III With pneumonia at his
cuvcry.
rho epidemic OF diphtheria which
v prGhe out In several families in this
nhristnaS, thanks TO tho prompt ac-
ION OF the Board Of Health. has been
cnecked and no new cases have been
rcportcd The uuarantininE OF the In
lectcd families and tho use of anti
toxin prevented tho spread OF the dis
case and the fatal termination OF any
Of the cases.
mond. and Cadets Ralph and cyrus
clifton. of The Nirginia Polytechnic
days here at the homo OF their father.
William Chiffon. clerk of the Circuit
Court. left Yesterday
Mrs. Mary Bittncr. wife Of John
Bittncr. living at Wecms. in tho lower
part OF Lancaster. died last week ar
ter lingering illness. in her seventy
cighth year: She was native Of Ger
many. but had lived in Lancaster for
moro than twenty years She Is SUR
Nivcd by her husband. two sons and
three daughters. all living at weems
The funeral services were conducted in
The PRESBYTERIAN Chapel at Wecms by
tho Rev. !. -. IIozicr, of the southern
Methodist Church.
Mrs. ELLA rialc. wife of Zcphaniah
Hale. died AZ her home near sunny
bank last Thursday night. after an Ill
ness Of several months. She Is sur-
Nivcd by her husband and one child
The funeral services were cOndurted
to-dnN by tho Rev. James II. Massey.
OF the Methodist Protestant Church
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1911-01-09
DRY GOODS MARKET

New York, January s.-Therc ia a
better tone in the cotton goods market
following fair sales of wido print
cloths to printers; some goods for ex
port, and small lots of brown and
bIeachcd domestics for the jobbing
trade.
Fall River sold 100000 pieces during
tho week, OF which $4,000 We're for
spot delivery, and for the first three
months of tho year n fair total of
sales is noted. The export business
consisted OF about 1000 bales OF 40
and fve-yard sheetings for China ship
ment. Tickcted bleached goods for
the JObbing trade are firm and an adj
vance is pending In consequence of
the cleared mp condition of stocks and
the unwillingness of mills to accept
further business unless there Is a
margin of profit in the trading.
There has been n better trade In
many Of the fine wash goods which has
come principally In the way of re-
orders from jobbcrs. The first week in
the year Is not normally q time OF
activity. hut during the coming two
weeks many Of the largest jobbers of
the country Will be In the market. and
it is anticipated that operations Will
broaden slowly. Cotton blankets and
mapped cottons for the fall season are
10 be shown ncx, week.
Whilo n conservative tonn pervades
the market, II was thought by mer-
chant that optimism was more pre-
valent at the close of the week. The
yarn markets are generally quiet on
the last days of the week inquiries
were more general. The old difficulty
of getting prices up to parity OF
high cost cotton Is still encountered.