davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The labor argus. [volume] (Charleston, W. Va.) 1906-1915, 1911-05-11

COMMENT ON PASSING EVENTS
IBN Frederic Heath 1
The labor argus. [volume] (Charleston, W. Va.) 1906-1915, 1911-05-11

CContinued on PAGE two.)
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1911-11-11
The CAN of the Wild.

On. 10 be out IN the open againi
Far from the clamorous clatter and
crash,
Far from the glitter and glamour
and dash.
Far from the gable OF garrulous men:
Far from stage beauties that fiutter
and flash.
Far from prim parlor and cluttered-
UP den,
Far from Ambitions memorable
Mile upon mile from the Kingdom
OF Cash.
Oh, 10 be out In the open againi
oh, 70 once more be an urchin OF ten,
Full OF a hunger that craved succo-
fash,
Fried cakes stale biscuit and
warmed-over hash;
Full OF mirth that was Inerriest when
Into the swimming-hole blindly ia
splash
Never thought OF proprietles, then!
Fashions and fortunes could all 60
To smash.
Nothing IN heaven nor earth could
abash!
Oh, TO be only an urchin OF tent
Philadelphia Public Ledger.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1911-11-11
Fur Time
and
The Annis Furs

PROPOSALS FOR WOODEN GLOVES
--ChIcf Quartermaster's office. Federal
building, Chicago. Ill, Nov. 6. 1911
Sealed proposals, In triplicate. subject
TO the usual conditions, will be received
here until IL o'clock a. m, Dec 3. 1911
and then opened. for furnishing and
delivering at either the Chicago or
Philadelphia depot OF the Quartermas-
tet's Department: $4,000 pairs Olive
Drab Wooden Gloves; subject 10 in
crease OF not 20 exceed SOC. IL desired
by this Department. Right is reserved
10 reject or accept any or all propose Is
or any part thereof Preference will
be given 10 articles OF domestic manu-
facture. conditions OF quality and price
inoluding In the price OF foreign pro-
ductions or manufactures the duty
tnereon4 being equal-- standard sample
can be seen. and specifications, blanks
for proposals and full Information VIII
be furnished upon application at this
Office Envelopes containing proposals
10 he indorsed Proposals for WOODEN
Gloves. TO be opened Dec. s. 1911. -
Col. Jno l.. elem. Chief Quartermaster.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1911-11-11
The hygenic purpose OF bath. isl

The hygenic purpose OF oath, Is
cleanliness. Incidentally bath may
be tonic, sedative, refreshing or thee
apeutic. For healthy person, clean
illness is its real objective.
An important problem OF modern
hygiene is 10 remove the impression
that seemingly clean skin is after all
hygienically clean skin. Ashes. mud,
dust. cinders. coal, paint yarnish
and garden soil are often not dirt In
a sanitary sense. Even the nursing
infant would 60 uubarmed from ster-
illzed filth. But this offensive tell
tale smut when under the finger
nails and on ones linens, Is the red
light of information. IL indicates
that a deadly and invisible foe -four
ishes there.
There are many bedizened denlzens
OF the fashionable world whose shiny
hands. manicured nails, ena,neled
cheeks and scented skins, gloss over
but do not destroy the deadly disease
germ buried in the riot of cosmetics.
Normal individuals battle regular
" every morning. This is as II
should be. During the rest or the
day these same persons assume that
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1911-11-11
FEARFUL BURNING
ITCH WAS CURED
BY Cuticura Soap and Ointment.
Another Man Had itching on Scalp.
Hair Fell Out, Leaving Bald Spots.
Now Hair Has Grown, Thanks to
Cuticura Soap and Ointment.

81 deem Il my duty TO tell about cure
that the Cuticura Soap and Ointment have
made on myself Ny trouble began in
splotches breaking out right in the edge Of my
hair on the forehead, and spread over the
front part Of the top of my head from ear
to ear, and over my ears which caused most
fearful burning itch, or eczema. For three
years had this terrible breaking out on my
forehead and scalp tried our family doctor
and he failed to cure H. Then l tried the
Cuticura Soap and Ointment and used them
for two months with the result OF q complete
cure. Cutlcura Soap and Ointment should
have the credit due, and ! have advised q
lot OF people to use them" (signed) c. ID.
Harrington. Greek. N. c., Jan. 20, 1911.
II will say that / have been suffering
with an itching on my scalp for the past
few years My hair fell out In spots all
over my head. My scalp started TO trouble
me with sores, then the sores healed up.
and crusts formed on the top. Then the hair
fell out and left me three bald spots the
shape OF a half dollar. ! went TO more than
one doctor. but could not get any relief, so
tried one bar OF Cutieura Soap and some
Cuticura Ointment, and felt relieved right
away Now the bald spots have disappeared.
and my hair has grown. thanks TO the Cuti-
cura Soap and Ointment. l highly recon-
mend the Cutleura Remedies to all that are
suffering with scalp trouble" (Sgned)
Samuel Stern. 236 Floyd ST., Brooklyn. N. Y.
Feb. 7. 1911.
Although Cuticura Soap and Ointment are
sold everywhere, liberal sample OF each with
82-p book on the skin will be sent post-free
on application 10 Potter Drug a Chem. Corp.
Dept. "a, Boston, Mass.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1911-11-11

DRY GOODS.
E. j. Henderson, Ola Grand River Ave.
A Keiden 900 Gratiot Ave.
"A Rolf 1851 Gratiot Ave.
WIN Siegel. 1870 Gratlot Ave.
Louis Knapp, 2562 Jefferson Ave.
Hungerford & Caughey 1914 Grafton
Ave.
The Ideal. 1896 Gratiot Ave.
GENTS FURkIsHlNGS.
Regner e. Gray. $50 Gratiot Ave.
Regner & Gray. 1914 Gratiot Ave.
Chas. Levy, 1884 Jefferson Ave.
b c. Fischer, 1476 West Fort st.
FURNITURE STORES.
Hoetger s. Martz. s24 Gratiot Ave.
CANDY STORES.
Hammcle Candy Co. sSs Grand River
Ave.
HARDWARE
Louys & wickey, s2s Grand River Ave.
Tyre Hardware Co.. asa Grand River
Ave.
W. A. schmitz. 1904 Russell ST.
MEAT MARKETS.
C. w. spoehr. 1920 West Fort st.
Detroit Market Co. ass Clay Ave.
VIM. Gaedeck. 2436 JEFFERSON Ave.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1911-11-11

the absence of the visible signs OF
dust and filth is excuse enough 10
neglect hand-and-face bath. Just
as many seem to think that washing
ones hands beyond the point OF seem
ing cleanliness. is waste OF time,
soap and water
Observe the slovenly habits OF some
women in the kitchen. and ponder
over their actions OF selling first a
soiled or polluted domestic utensil,
then batch of dough. Are YOU then
surprised at that celebrated case OF
Typhoid Mary. who never had typhoid
herself, but left blaZed trail OF ty-
phoid victims behind her wherever
she went? An alert health depart
ment in New York discovered her.
BY proper bathing and medicines, she
ceased 10 be dangerous.
A clean body. clean house. clean
clothing, clean premises, clean
streets. and clean city, are funda-
mental TO right living and self-re-
specting civilization. They are all
necessary to perfect health. for dirt
is never actually free OF disease
germs.
A bath in tepid water. about IS
degrees. with soap-suds will clean the
skin sufficiently for all purposes. Hot
baths, either. OF the entire body or
parts thereof. are valuable In bring
ing the blood 10 the skin. They thus
prevent threatened cold and even
worse infections. Exposure to cold
after hot baths, however. will surely
precipitate the expected disease. The
hot bath when taken by virile. well
persons, Is harmless IL followed by
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1911-11-11

The following new books have been
received by the Detroit public library:
Lyman Abbott. Problem ~ Human
Destiny as Conditioned by Free WiH;"
William &. BagIey, Educational
Values" J. Edwin Barnard. Practical
Photo Mlcrography," clayton Beadle,
Rubber Production and Utilization OF
the Raw Products" Henry 4 Bethel.
Modern Artillery I'm the Field I'd
ward Y. BurCh. Electric Traction for
Railway Trains" Theodore r. Burton.
Corporations and tho state" Philip ~.
Cambray. Irish Affairs and tho Home
Rule Question:" Theodore F1ournoy.
"Spirittsm and Psychology" Henry :.
Haines. Problems in Railway Regula-
ton" Hastings " Hart, Juvenile
Court Laws In the u. s. ~" clifton John
son, Highways and Byways OF the
Great Lakes Alfred w Martin. "Great
Religious Teachers OF the East" J.
Alan Murray The Economy ot Food:
David g. Reid. Effective Industrial
Reform" r. l. @, Barclay. Following
Of tho star" L II Beth. "a safety
Match" Mrs. ]. y. Buckrose. Love in
a Little Town" Leonard Merrick. Con
rad IN Quest OF His YOUTH Ruth NICE.
STUART. sHaunted Photograph: Short
stories. a. a Ward, Case Of Richard
4. ||&&1 go ~&.4| H|&.I4. ~
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1911-11-11
cold showers. needle sprays or a cold

cold showers. needle sprays or cold
plunge.
The cold bath is a powerful slim
illus TO the nervous system. II
"hardens' the skin and body against
the effects OF low temperatures. 1t
makes the circulation adaptable to
rapid atmospheric changes, and un-
questionably has an exhilarating in
fuence upon depressed mental states.
Cold baths must be taken moder-
ately and for short periods. From
20 seconds TO one minute is long
time. In the morning, after muscu-
lar exertion, or after a hot bath Is
the proper time TO take one. The
skin must be warm at the time. Then
| vigorous rundown TO make the cir
culation glow and dance, will sound
the reveille TO the loaflpg body cells.
There are some objections to cold
baths. individuals who do not react,
that is, who remain cold and pale
Afterwards. should not take them. A
| atmospheres, Is conducive TO pneu-
monia or tuberculosis. All baths
should be delayed for two hours after
meals. They are, most beneficial be-
fore eating.
Salt water bathing in hot weather
need not be so restricted in amount
and time as the other forms OF bath
ing. IL running. swimming or other
muscular activity is associated with
ocean bathing. 10 or 20 minutes OF
such indulgence are enough. The
temperature OF the body falls so rap
idly after a Commute bath that II Is
always wise when blue lips. creepy
chills and chattering teeth appear tc
err on the sane slde. and leave OF
further bathing for at least "a hours
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1911-11-11
Sales Slips From the Following
Stores Are Good for Votes

DRUGS.
Arndt Bros, 73s Gratiot Ave.
Herman l. Becker 473 Gratlot Ave.
r. F. Bodimer. SSt Clay Ave,
Duncumbe Pharmacy. 2946 Woodward
Ave.
A. V. Filler. 9s3 Jefferson Ave.
T. S. Geppert 1900 Grand River Ave.
Geo Mahlmeister. 1865 Gratiot Ave.
Morris Drug Store, 91s Grand River
Ave.
Mt Elliott Pharmacy. 1902 Gratiot Ave.
T. A. Schwartz, 1858 jefferson Ave.
Edward Young. 761 Oakland Ave.
John A. Dyer, 1915 Gratiot Ave.
Greethal Pharmacy. 1919 Gratiot Ave.
SHOES.
VIM Eyre e. Son, 932 Grand River Ava
L. Hermann, 2i56sJeffersor Ave.
Geo. Hewstone. $50 Clay Ave.
Carl KreiRer. S27 GrRtiot Ave.
VIM X. Kreiger. 1882 Gratiot Ave.
Macpherson & Muenz, 5S2 Gratiot Ava
rhos +. Scheick. 1915 Gratiot Ave.
T. B Rockwell. 2945 Woodward Ave.
JEWELLERS.
otto Simon. is6 Gratiot Ave.
Alva HUM Jewelry Co. $40 Crane
River Ave,
CATHOLIC CHURCH GOODS.
Krieg Bros, lS5 Gratiot Ave.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1911-11-11

piano solos by Miss Elvyn; Ballade in
Flat major Chopin; Chant Polo
naise (Chopin-LisztD, Etude for left
hand only tBlumenfeldl "RakocZy
March" (Llszp.
A studio musicale will be given Sat
urday evening in the Mcdonald
School OF Music, No. 573 Cass-ave
Francis A. Meyhew. head OF the piano
department, will play Richard Strauss
setting OF -Tennyson' poem. "Enoch
Arden" The other numbers on the
program will be- Trio in G. Major
(Haydn): Margaret Orr. Raymond
Dulitz. William Stone; Venitienne
(GodaFd1, and prelude r. Minor
Chopin Edith Read: Etude c. sharp
minor (Chopin), Edna Billings; I'M
promptu (ReinholdD, Hazel Winters;
Romance (Rubinsteinl, Beatrice Rud-
duck: Autumn song (Salterl
Thoughts Have Wings" U,ehmann)
When Roses Bloom (Mozarp, Myr
tie Mcdonald.
For the appearance of Mikail Mord-
kin and the All-Star Imperial Russian
ballet. in the Garrick theater. Sun
day afternoon and evening. elaborate
programs have been prepared. The
afternoon program win begin at 3
o'clock with the ocular opera Cop
pelia" in two acts founded on an IN
cident in The Tales OF HOFFMAN,"
with music by Delibes, for the first
half and number OF solo dances. bal
lets and advertisements for the sec
end part In the evening the ocular
opera The Russian Wedding" in one
act, composed and arranged by Mikail
Mordkin, with music from a number
Of Russian composers including Rim
sky Korsakow, Rubenstein. Tscahi.
Tkowski. Glazounow. Glinaka, will di-
vide the program with miscellaneous
group OF ballots, advertisement and
solo work The artists to present the
program include NJ. NJ. Mordkin, Alex
ander Yolinine; Mines. Julia Sedowa
Bronislawa Pajitzkaia. Lydia Lopou
kowa, Plaskowietzkaja, Meskowska
Kun, Schuber. Gluck. Ossipowa and
NM. Morosoff Barboe. West. Mashat
Matkowsky. Trojanowski, Bankoff.
tull orchestra, under the direction OF
Vittorio Podesti. one of the conduct
crs Of the Metropolitan grand opera
house, will accompany the dancers
The evening program will begin at
o'clock.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1911-11-11
Pointed Paragraphs.

It's good
The path OF ambition leads 10 many
political graves.
Even in the darkest hour there are
only 80 minutes.
Some men marry for money and
some others are married for t.
In case you should ever become a
ghost have you decided whom you will
haunt7
When woman wants to puzzle a
man all she has to do IL 10 act ma
tural
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1911-11-11
Conditions of $4,000 Prize Contest

will be given exchange for labels wrappers and trademarks
office In
this announcement
in Merchants Grand
dividual, girl
purchaser his her and address 10 each safes
otherwise sales slips will be counted for votes
will accepted
these respects will nvada the vote
empo are barred om the
will be sold to the highest bidder by
Times proceeds will be equally divided
hereby that the final
con should dispute arise shall rest with The Detroit Times
mail labels trade
Detroit
paid.
conditions will
fed
In he Times
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1911-11-11
HOW TO WIN PRIZES

labels OF which
Iookov getting
slips he makn
Asks all
and buy labeled products
FOURTH pledge
else
Be Early Bird and Start Hustling Now.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1911-11-11
GnthiaGcB
Me,mAn@swers

Dear Miss Grey: Give suggestion
for refreshments and decorations for
an afternoon party expect to give
Ia girls before leave TO go away
10 school-Babe.
A-Tea or chocolate. dainty sand
Witches. waters. sailed nuts and can
dies will be sufficient. unless you
wish more elaborate refreshments,
wheL you may add salad, or an
ice and cake Decorate with autumn
leaves and the flowers OF the sea
son. Goldenrod is in it's glory now,
and is beautiful decoration. with
the autumn leaves.
Dear Miss Grey: Which is the more
formal salutation. My dear, or
Dear ?"-Ignorance
A.-The former.
Dear Miss Grey: Cd Is II right
for a girl OF 16 to correspond with
man OF 22? CO What will remove
tan? CD How can find out II a very
dear friend OF mine loves me? ca
What is the latest style in hats for
girls of IA? CO.. What will make rosy
cheeks and lips? CO. How early
should girls OF IA. living in the coun-
try, be in at night? ca Give recipe
for ice-cream 50 Is is right for a
girl OF l6 to powder her facet
Baby Doll"
A-(D II mother is willing GU
Try lemon juice or buttermilk. go II
| n man tells a girl he loves her, and
1 asks her TO be his wife, she may take
! il for granted he really loves her
! t4) Soft felt hat trimmed with a tail
ored bow, with or without wings oil
lQuills. 60 Good health. 60 They
should not be out at night at al
without their parents. CD For plain
simple cream without eggs, take equal
parts cream and milk, and sweeter
II very sweet Flavor with any ex
tract preferred Pour In the freezer
with plenty of rock salt and ice pack
ed around IL and let stand for Ii
minutes Then stir for 10 minutes
and pack until ready TO use. 80 Not
exactly wrong. but very foolish II
she has a good skin. Powder is sure
TO ruin IL. by causing large pores
and will cause II TO turn yellow In
time
Dear Miss Grey: What will remove
a roll of fat from across my shoul
ders back of my neck 2-Vexed.
A.-This Is called lazy woman's
hump, and that will tell you how &c
remove IL Straighten up throw bach
shoulders and take deep breaths fire
| nuently Massage IL saw n rom \
towel back and forth across IL, hold
ing the ends of the towel with the
arms extended TO the limit
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1911-11-11

woes
JeIi-o, The Dainty Dessert, save
front OF carton. .............. 100
karo Corn syrup, save red label. 100
kRrO Corn syrup, save blue label. 100
kinEsford Corn Starch, save front
az carton -........s.... 's,... iUO
Argo Gloss Starch, save entire car
ton ............. ......ss ..s...-.. %
Minute Tapioea, save entire car
Dunnam's Original Cocoanut, save
front of carton. ,...,..........,. 100
kunkeih Chocolate, save wrap
nnnker. pure Cocoa, save wrap -
RsnkeI's Dairy MIX Chocolate,
save wrapper ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. 90
RunkeI's Almond MIX Chocolate,
Calumet Bssias Powder. save IL
Morton's Free Running Salt, save
front carton OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES. 100
Port Huron Triangle sait, save cou-
weich'. Maple syrup, save label,
700, 800, 1000
Boar's San Mario Conee. save
Dorrs Pilot Conee. save wrappers $50
| Bour's Conaueror, steel cut, save
Bours Royal Garden Coffee. save -.
Bour'. Ola Master CsGee. save
Hour's Royal Garden Tea. save -.
wrapper ,............. 200 tO 1000
rar.on. Household Ammonia, save
label ............. 100 60 ESQ
Frsnco-American Food Products,
ave labels ........... 100 90 900
Uncle Sans Macaroni, spaghetti
Egg Noodles, save entire car
.ton .............. $3.50. % anu iVN
| ArIstos Flour, save sack. $50 60 $500
Bixh, shoe Polish, save carton,
90 90 100
Red Hen Molasses, save label. 100
Ginger Cake Molasses, save label, 100
Flash Cleaner, save top OF can. 100
Saginaw TIP Match, save top OF
King q Match, save front Of car
ION ...-......' .. ..''' '.'.'.'' 800 ~
| Uncle Jerry Pancake Flour, save
trent Of carton .....,.#....#. 1Ou
Holland Tea Rusk, save wrapper 100
WrisieN's OlivilO Toilet Soap, save
MraRper lOO
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1911-11-11

Pressed Potatoes--Wash. peel and
boil in sailed water about eight pota-
toes. When done drain and dry over
the fire for moment. Take each po-
tato and press It firmly in a cloth to
give a round shape. Place in but.
tered baking dish. pour over half a
pint Of stock, put a piece Of butter on
each potato, season with salt and
pepper and bake in the oven until the
potatoes have absorbed the stock.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1911-11-11

Chantillv Potatoes-Prepare some
nicely seasoned light mashed pota-
toes and mound on platter. Beat
one-half cup cream until stiff, add
one-half cup soft cheese grated and
seasoned with salt and pepper Pile
lightly onto the potato and set on the
top CRATE OF the oven until the sur
face is nicely Drowned. Be sure that
the oven is very hot.
Mix with a pint OF cold boiled
mashed potatoes, two tablespoonful
OF flour, 10 which has been added one
teaspoonful of baking powder. Add
tho yolks OF four eggs, a half cup OF
milk, pinch of salt, and, lastly the
beaten whites. Bake on hot. creased
griddle like buckwheat cakes. II the
dough runs. add a little more -four;
II too thick. a little more milk. Serve
hot. These are delicious.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1911-11-11
|A\NS
i TO COOK
POTATOES.

Potato Omelet-Grate three mealy
boiled potatoes. Beat in the yolks
of three eggs. beating in three table
spoons of milk. one-half a teaspoonful
of salt. a pinch OF white pepper. and a
tablespoon of chopped parsley, and
at the last minute the beaten whites,
mixing II all as lightly as possible.
Put tablespoon of butter in the fry
ing pan and as it boils pour in the
omelet Let il brown on the bot
tom working the turner in under
so as TO let the uncooked part run
down under When blown enough,
put in the oven and cook until a knife
blade, IL run In. will come out clean.
Then IL will not fall. Serve like a
plain omelet.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1911-11-11

Pierkot, but old friends in Nine. Elsa
Raegeer, cellist, Henri Matthews. viola
and Edmond Lichtenstein, first violin
and director. The program for the
hrst concert Tuesday evening will
present Beethoven's quartet No. 1: a
new Hugo Kaun quintet in which Miss
Elvyn viii play the piano score: and
fouv plano solos by Miss Elvyn-a
Chopin Fantasia, Scarlatti- Godowski's.
Concert allegro, Llszt's "waldefrau.
schcn and LisEt's paraphrase on Yer.
dis -Rigoletto" For Wednesday aft.
ernoon ne quartet will play Mozart's
1&@|{4I A. q minor second Hugo
M. *III Miss EItyn AZ the
|0||.<I14 <r0u1 Il
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1911-11-11
BATTLE, OR BEWARE OF YOUR
MANY INVISIBLE ENEMIESl

An Important Article A. M
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1911-11-11

Dear Miss Grey: Which is the more
formal salutation, My dear, or
"Dear?"-Ignorance.
A.-The former.
The Detroit times. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1903-1920, 1911-11-11

piano solos by Miss Elvyn: Ballade in
Flat major (Chopin); Chant Polo !
naise CChopin-Lisztl, Etude for left !
hand only tBlumenfeldl; 'RakocZy |
March" (IAszt).
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1911-08-16
I ABLES TURNED
ON CULPEPER Nine
tsnecial 70 The rimes.Disnatch.l

Charlottesville. Va. August l5.-The
local Eagles baseball team turned the
tables on the Culpeper nine at the
horse show grounds to-day. defeating
the visitors I 10 i, in n fve-inning
contest. which was stopped by rain
Cuipeper's twirler, Rurgandine, lost
control OF the wet ball. and was given
ragged support. Despite the mud the
locals iielded sharply. H. Kilby made
Culpepers lone run by mailing a home
run drive over the centp. field fence
Rev MI. Hooper of Culpeper, a Pres
hyterian minister, unpired.
Score by innings: RHE
Culpcpcr o0IOn-I
Eagles ......3
batteries; Burgandine and Brown.
Chewning and Bell W. :