davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Bottineau courant. (Bottineau, Bottineau County, N.D.) 1895-1929, 1911-10-27
POSSE IN PURSUIT.
Armed Men Are Securing The Country
In oil Directions Today
BELIEVED FuaITlvEs WENT NORTH
Two Men Reported to Have Visit
Cd Cook Car North Of 8ouris
This Morning

The bars of the county jail
have again proved inadequate
to hold the three highwaymen,
Wilson, Dunn and Irwin, and
the two grand larceny prison
ers, John Cummings and Emil
Bantz. For the second time in
a little over two weeks these
five sawed their way to liberty.
The latest evidence that these
men disliked and scorned the
cells and bars of the county
bastile was given last night
just after the supper hour when
they departed without cere-
mony through one of the win
dows on the west side of the
Jail.
The eight prisoners in the
jail were taken to supper a lit.
tie after 5: 80 and were turned
back into the jail about 9
O'Clock. About twenty minutes
later Deputy McKinnon went
down to lock the men in the
steel cages and noticed cold
wind blowing through the Jail.
An examination showed that a
window on the west side was
open and that two bars had
been cut off in a very work
manlike manner, presumably
with tools furnished by some
one on the outside.
The fire whistle was blown
and the firemen and a number
of other citizens induced to join
in the hunt for the prisoners
but no trace of them was found
beyond the report that five men
were seen going north and that
two had turned west near Will
liam Dinwoodie's farm on the
edge of the mountains.
This morning it was report
ed that two men had called at
the John Steen farm north Of
Souris and had secured break
fast at Sd. Moline's cook car.
Sheriff Sandstrom and his
deputies are securing the collr1-
try in search of the fugitives
but up to noon without success.
n y tf..N
The Bottineau courant. (Bottineau, Bottineau County, N.D.) 1895-1929, 1911-10-27
TraIslsad q caiils shIppsd

a special train leaves here
today with a large shipment Of
cattle for the eastern markets,
about twenty-six carloads in
all. Some Of those who were
interested in the. shipment were,
Messrs. Duncan Beaton, 3. Al
/ Juneau, Z. Z. Strom and. a.
professional buyer named Vac
sau. At Rugby this shipment
and a like one from the Max
bass branch will be made up
Las a special through train
The Bottineau courant. (Bottineau, Bottineau County, N.D.) 1895-1929, 1911-10-27
IN AND AROUND eARblHA Al / En- !.
News Items Of Interest From Thriving
Little Town on The 500.

Mrs. L. A. Doole has recover
| ed from her recent illness.
Born to Mr. and Mrs. RS Foster
Flanery a son, on Saturday.
Congratulations. r..
G. S. Fairfield went to Botti-
neau Tuesday on business.
Mrs. Stoll has returned from
a short visit with the family of
Otto Falk.
Mrs. Shaffer is enjoying a
visit from her mother and
sister, they having arrived on
Saturday.
Mrs. G.. S. Fairfield and Mrs.
B. Gran drove to Omemee on
Monday. The former had some
dental work done.
Regular services at the NJ. E.
church Sunday. Rev. Bruins
will preach in the evening.
Junior League at 2 p. m.
Rev. c. F. Blume district
superintendent will preach
here on Saturday evening,
November 4, in German, Sun
day morning, November 5, in
German: and Sunday afternoon
will be held the Love feast. At
8 p. m. regular services in
English. Don't forget the
date, November 5.
The Junior league will give
a social at the parsonage Fri
day evening. A charge of 10
cents will be made and re-
freshments will be served.
l.. A.. Doole is again the
lucky man, he having won a
$27 shot gun. This makes the
third gun he has won.
Fred Lentz and Miss NJ.
Larson were Bottineau visitors
last Saturday.
Jim Miller reports a yield Of
81 large sacks of potatoes from
a, patch much less than one
eighth of an acre. Potatoes
surely are plentiful these days.
Mr.. and Mrs. F. Furstenau
and son Emil accompanied by
Mrs. Le "a. Doole autoed sto
Willow City Sunday afternoon.
Mrs. Doole reports Norrine az
well and happy and making
rapid progress in her school
work. .s5s s..
Bottineau visitors the latter
lpart Of last week were Messrs.
VIM. Marquardt, sr., Mil.
Lbrath sr., Mrs. Chas. Marquardt
and Mrs. w. G. Riebie.
The sewing circle met with
Mrs. u. "a. Doole Thursday o.
last week. They meet with
Mrs. @. S. Fairfield Thursday
i October 26. "a very enjoyable
8Itirne was spent at Mrs. Doole D.
1 reshments were served by
1.-THE hostess.
The Bottineau courant. (Bottineau, Bottineau County, N.D.) 1895-1929, 1911-10-27

Grand Forks, October q.
The Big Anniversary Confer
1ence ofS the M ettodist church,
closed Monday after a very in.
;terestin 8 session Of nearly &
week. Many important mat.
iters were diiisp osed Of. Ap.
pointrnents for the ensuing
year were made. there beina
few changes. The 1912 con
ference will be held lin Willis.
ton. s5
The Bottineau courant. (Bottineau, Bottineau County, N.D.) 1895-1929, 1911-10-27
J Rsash = ! Z |! III.

s May We tell yosl more Use
the long distance service of the
Northerns Telephone Company
New-York tribune., 1911-04-18

Chicago. Ap-!! i7.-Frie-d. os the Sell
fridge family here were unable 70 account
for TIE presence % tAe family n the lake
region c: England or Sunday or IS IDENTITY
ne young woman mentioned IS NJ Sell
ridges eldest daughter. Letters had been
received here saying thar the family az
1ecte6 - spend Easter with Lady Dorothy
Stanley az Fu--e Hill. IN Surrey.
Mr sslt-.dge .as 10 married children.
I!s eldest daughter Is visiting Mrs.. John J
Mitchell II California, expecting 70 return
70 her school II New York next week. The
othe. children a-e Miss V!olette. sixteen
wears old Mss Beatrice. ten years old. and
Harry Gordon Selt-i5ge. j.. aoouc twelve
year. old. Letters received here soic Miss
V!c.e:te had expected &c 60 70 TIE home o.
Lady Stanley Ias- week and await the ar
r,va! yesterday OF her father and mother
her sister Beatrice an3 The elder Mrs. Sell
fridge. AL expected 70 return 70 their Lon
don home on Tuesday.
New-York tribune., 1911-04-18
URGES SEN4TCRSHIP PROBE
Ward to Move TO Discharge Com.
mittee CONSIDERING Resolution.
~ -a.ag-ap- 20 -.s -r-.3G=e.

~ Telegraph 20 To -r.5c-e.l
Albany april i7.-Asze-r. oly-.a: Ward. o:
New York. announced tonight tAar 20
morrow nc would move % discharge TIE
Ways a-d Means Committee tror. tur-.e-
consideration .: his resolution providing Tor
~ i-ves;tgat.c-. Q? any and =. Charges oi
corruption - regard 70 tte recent sera-
to-:a...p 5gat TIE resolution appropr!ates
s. .0oo nd Gals Tor : committee % three
.Ass.s... o!yr.er ard two Senators.
y his Resolution: NJ. Ward mentions
particularly allegations r..ac -Asse-. ..y-- a-.
Friedman. OF The Insurgents, a-6 r-.U-.c-
!pal court 3udgssaip offered him Z &c would
vote tor Saeehan. Re SAID also tAat while
he knew nothing personally :: -ae charge
that $1,000 had been offered Assec.o y-r.a-.
Holman. of Nassau County. ro VOTE tor
sAeehar. his resolut.o- woUld cover thar
also.
= merely warc the WAYS -a1 Means
Committee 70 GO what has been promised
ne would be done" said NJ. Ward. Ma
lor!ty Leader sro.-h SAID thar Il would DC
repor,ed bur the resolution was introduced
On February q and an now tired o.
waiting. II fact. understand r.:ar TIE
committee has ever refused 20 consider :
motion 10 report the measure. take rae
position that Il there Is any foundation 70
The charges that have been made II should
GO known"
New-York tribune., 1911-04-18
NEW SUNDAY BASEBALL BILL
Provides for Local Option-May In
vestigate Methodists Charges.
rCy reler-a-! 10 The tribune. 7


Al5a-y. APRIL 17.-Asse-a 5lyr-aa Bush TO-
night introduced e local option Sunday
Baseball bill u provides that on = petl-
ticr OF per cert oc tne voters OF city
or any community OF the state the ques-
tior os allowing Sunday baseball orofes-
stcna! or amateur. may be put 10 spe-
c,al or regular election Of the voters. The
Bill comes from the raenates Of the New
Yc-k State League.
Assem- b!yr,ca McGratt, who introduced
the Sunday baseball bill defeated earlier in
the session. sai3 tonight that tomorrow
he would Introduce q resolution calling Tor
~ t-vcaugation o. the statement MADE al
ire Methodist Conference AZ Saratoga that
The baseball Interests had raised q fund or
5000 90 10 secure favorable action CT the
sunday baseball bill. The statement re-
fsTreG 70 was made BY the Rev. O. r MI
ler of the -nternatoral Reform Bureau
IN the Senate resolution offered ~ Sen
aror Fe-rls for the investigation OF the
ALLEGED Sunday baseball boodle fund was
adopted. il empowered the Committee on
PRIVILEGES ard Elections 70 make the in
vesLgaNor.
New-York tribune., 1911-04-18
ToAMEMD CALLAN AUTO LAW
Senator White Introduces Bill
Iudcrse3 By Secretary LaZarskv.

Albany April -7-Tr.po-tcar amendments
70 IRE c1l.a- automobile law are proposed
= Dill introduced .o-r;gnt BY Senator
WA!cs chairman OF ras Senate Committee
o. -rte-ra. A1at-s The new measure IS
.z1o:sst oy Edward Laans1y. Secretary
z. S,a,e. who Is .ntrusJe6 with the en-
.o,-e-ae1- of IRE law.
re -. proa!oI-s al persons -1de- six
,es- years ol6 :ro-: driving machines. Tae
present .aw permits persons under e!ghcee.
years 20 operate IN automobile = accom-
panied oy 4 duly licensed chauSsu- or
ov-e- Ire amendments permit : person
between sixteen and eighteen years 20 r1n
Machine (: accompanied BY chauffeur
0. ow.sr.
IRE L-e-ss Zee +o- chauieC-s remains :
:: s e :o- examination and s. tor tae
:se. while che renewal Zee IS reduced acte-
Fs3-g--y : Eexr from & 20 s.
Motorcycles are 5roUga- y under ere
-s7 .aw si=;y days AFTER rs enacr-.eaI.
oVae-s {: motorcycles are 20 be COM
PEELED - 5e licensed. I'D - display ccn-
sr.c-o-,.y their number plates.
~ -eg.s-.St.or Zee is required Cor ears
;pe-a;sc :o- s-ace. cou-ty or city purposes
Mo;o- :-uc..s ere defined. there having been
dispute IS . the status Of machines used
tor ccn-e-c-21 purposes.
New-York tribune., 1911-04-18
A LIEUTENANT MURDERED
w. H. Rodney, of I'd Cavalry,
Killed by Moro Fanatic.

Mania. April 17-Lieutenant Walter H.
Rodney. OF the I'd United States Cavalry
stationed at the Augur Barracks. IN the
Department Of Mindanao was murdered
to-day py a Moro Juramentado.
The ASSASSIN belongs to the Mahometan
sect OF Juramentados. who have taken an
oath 10 sheG blood OF a Christian. They
kruw no fear. believing that the perform
ance OF what they consider a religious duty.
II resulting In their own death. viii be re-
warded with eternal bliss.
The fanatic vas armed with a bolo and
as he tore through the streets those who
saw him fed In terror. lie encountered
Lieutenant Rodney seemingly by chance
and sIruck him down before the officer
could defend himself.
Lieutenant Rodney was a native or Cali :
fornia and was thirty-two years Of age.
lie was appointed a second lieutenant IN
tnr lsr cavalry some ears ago, and was
naGc first lieutenant IN the ~ Cavalry on
Ausgsl last
New-York tribune., 1911-04-18
TAX BILLS INTRODUCED
Harte Measures Tap New Source
of Revenue for State.
LEVY ON BONDS PLANNED
Advertising Privilege on Rail-
ways Also Aimed at-Inherit-
ancs Tax Law Amended.
rBJ Telegraph 20 The Tribune. !

Albany. April l7.-Senator Harte to-nigh,
introduced four bills dealing with the fnaa-
c!al and lax probl ms OF the state The
first relates TO the inheritance tax law.
which Gorernor DIX said in a message u
the Legislature resulted in driving out OF
the STATE ,ich estates and caused a reduc-
ton IL the states revenues. Senator Ear'e
said that his DILL strikes OUT the double
taxation which exists in the present law
and which is continued in the proposed new
inheritance tax law introduced by Senator
Gittins anc Assemblyrlan Goldberg follow
ing the Governors recent message. IL pro-
vides for graded taxes on both llneal and
collateral inhertances. but with n1rch low
er rates than the present law. The Hart
measure follows the reconlm 'ndations OF
the Utica Tax Conference. but with more
liberal rates. The highest is Is per cent or
collateral 5equests OF more than 100000.
whereas the present law makes the rate
25 per cen. en- amounts over 100000. Cn-
der the bill shares IN domestic corpora
tons owned by non-residents and liable 70
taxation in the states o. their residence
will no longer be taxed here
The second bill amends the corporation
franchise tax law by providing a rnathe-
rnatical rule for the assessment OF these
taxes in accord with the resolutions Of the
Utica Tax Conference. There Is no change
In the general rate. but the complex classi-
acat!on c, the present law Is sirpliAed.
Senator Harte said that the law is now
causing the loss OF revenue by reason OF
a recent decision OF the Court Of Appeals.
and that his bill will prevent further loss
by correcting the ambiguity Of the present
law.
The third and fourth bills provide addi-
tional revenue for the state treasury. One
creates tax OF cne-half CO per cent or
al bonds and other evidences Of secured
debt similar 20 the present recording tax
on mortgages. On payment os such tax
the bonds will be exempt from all other
taxation. These bonds need not be secured
by mortgages IN the State o, New York.
The fourth bill taps A. entirely new
source OF revenue. the advertising privileges
on railways. The bill proposes an annual
license Zee on The privilege ot displaying 3
advertisements in cars and other vehicles
on the public highways, tne tax 10 &c
graded ACCORDING 20 the size OF the cities.
L also taxes advertisements or o!llooarcs
along railroad property. the privilege OF
stands OF railroad property .or
the sale Of Books ard papers and PROVIDES
for the taxation oi slot machines.
New-York tribune., 1911-04-18
ANNUAL APPROPRIATION BILL
II Tentative Form L Carries S25, 1885,
221 So. SmaIl Increase Over 1910.


Albany Ap-I i7--hs ez1ua. appopria-
ton bill introduced ro-r.g!:t j.: rs teata-
tive form. amounts 20 l25. sc e 90. - corn
pared with So CAS- so 2. t.e tota! ct last
years 5!u as signed. Tt:s shows 80 IL
crease c. Only S-3S.2 262 ever i9-0. nc-w.tt-
Standing - increase 9: SS7.3-5 made neces-
sz-ay 5y aeW legislation enacted .2st year.
This increase. according 20 = statement
given OUT BY Cha!rr.:a-. Smith. {: the Ways
and Means Committee. IS as follows:
Maintenance Of common schools S2s.. ~.
salaries and expenses OF schoo. district su-
perirter6ents j. place 81 school co1?r1!s-
sore-s. Eroaa January 70 Cctoce- !. 1912
S.47c75. maintenance oe The new Great
Meadows prison. S-20,0J4: maintenance of
The new Mohansic State Hospital for the
Insane 81 000. There Is also a. Increase q:
S15l137 TOR agricultural purposes. 'tt oetrg
the policy Of this administration 70 favor
agriculture" according 70 the statement
This bill IS drawn. tor the Arst time. d"
said Mr. Smith. Showing the class!Acar!ons
CT the different divisions OF TIE state gov
ernnent. 70 conform 70 the new system.
OF accounting as recommended by The State
Controller.
The departments have responded IL
spirit Of Cooperation 20 the request for L
% per cent deduction, but the deductions
are IN many cases made il the supply bill.
showing . total deduction ot 70 per cent
for the departments or the contemplated
appropriations.
The appropriation bill covers salaries
and axed items Of expenditure. and in view
o. the large increase required by law the
result o. the present appropriation bill Is
a a!sfactory particularly in compar!s on
with the total amounts carried in the ap-
preparation bill for the last seven years"
New-York tribune., 1911-04-18
MOVE TO SAVE RACING
Q T. Wilson and Andrew Miller
Call on Governor Dix.
WANT MEET AT SARATOGA
cau on Senator Bracket, Who
: Has Suggestions for Legisla-
ton to Help Out Situation.
rsy Telegraph 70 The T-iecne-l

aIba-y. Apri! l1.-E-4AO' % NS-e
..ssv Nv The racing interests 10 modl1y
- -ot 70 repeal. the so-cal!ed directors
=. o,'itv law. imposing personal rcSs9ons'-
-, car the violation os the antl-gan1-
80 laws az racet-acks on trustees or d.
...-s 90 racing associations. Seeking
- =. Wilson. president. and An
~ Miller. secretary. o. the Saratoga
e..,,r Association. called on Governor
~ they explained 70 him that the law
-..s GO drastic that all plans Cor race
Lettings in the state this year Lad been
,ns-5o-ed. they had no particular plan
- suggest 10 him. but hoped some change
.orlG be made II the law 20 permit the
s,r,-,er meeting az SaratoSa-
later rhe SaratoGiars talked with Sen
80 Bracket. VINO halls from that village.
cs-ato- Bracketr said that nothing very
ssA-ite resulted. but he had some sugges-
,s,rs to- legislation which might nslp the
racstreck people. One was that the law
;. .hsn-ed 20 authorize the Governor or
co-t-oller CT Secretary OF State 10 a2-
,o!-t policemen 70 patrol the tracks 20
haven't gambling. These patrolnoen would
- uais BY the racetrack people.
y dor'r near any fake pohcer en- or
,,v fake parrolling." said Senator Rrack-
e. lie, them DO genuine work and stop
.rb,ic gambling wherever they hnd Il.
Another suggestion he had was thar
.,sook-aktrs without writing be cshae6
r9-e precisely than the law ard court dc.
..s,ons have done hitherto. Senator Brack-
az hadn't worked cut any tcr-n OF words
so- The definition. His idea was that man
he declared : tookr,ake- who a. any par
.c,,,a- time accepted wagers Or bets with
re pubic that IS with more than one o.
two pe-socs. who might be his personal
friends Governor Dix sai9 re hoped 20
-a,s With Senator Bracket about this prop
os.tioa an5 re Senator SAID he'd De very
g!z5 % ;ake L NJ.
Assenbly-nan Martin, Q. Saratoga CoUr-
= las III! odUcs6 e bill repeating Tie d.
-scro-s' stability law. MeSsrs. wilson and
Miller say tais was done without their
srowleags. Taey think greater changes
tsa- taet would nave 20 be made ~ The
laws 10 pvt racing or proper footing.
New-York tribune., 1911-04-18
FARLEY GUSTS MORE MEN
Those Dismissed by Excise Com.
missioner Plan Fight.
by Telesraph TO The tribune. !

Albany, April I7.--Three more spec!a,
agents OF the State Excise Department were
discharged to-day by Commissioner Farley
No charges OF incompetence or misconduc,
were lodged against these men. This makes
L total Of twenty-eight special agents. scat.
tered al over the state. whom Corris.
sioner Farley has discharged since satur.
day,
The State Excise Department Is in Demo.
cratic hands tor the first time since It's
creation. and this wholesale discharge O.
men is the result Democrats around the
state are hungry FOR Jobs and the depart.
Ien' offers vast chances for patronage and
pap II II is 10 be used as 6 political ma
chine
Special agents are. IN the competitive
class. under the Civil Service laws. The
action Of Commissioner Farley in dismiss
Ing these men will be contested in the
courts. Fourteen OF the twenty-eigh, are
war veterans-thirteen Of the Civil War
and one OF the Spanish-American War. Two
others are exempt arernen. They all main
tain that thus they were protected from,
dismissal except OF proof Of charges for
n-ally flod against them. and intend 70 agh,
The case against the Democratic Excise
Commissioner
Porter l. Merriran. who represents some
OF the men. has presented Z statement OF
the facts 70 the Civil Service Reform AS
soc!aton. which already is opposing various
exemptions demanded by Controller sohrner
and approved by Governor Dix's Civil Ser
vice Commission. or the ground that they
mean complete disregard Of the spirit ard
letter OF the Civil Service laws
The Grand Army is likely 10 take q hand
II his present case Lewis z. Griffith O:
TOY. VII represent that body and The vet
erans who are corresting their removal
New-York tribune., 1911-04-18
BlLLAFFEcTS CORRIGAM CASE
Empowers Mayor to Remove
MAGISTRATES.
r5y Telegraph 70 TIE tribune.


Albany April 1.-THE quarrel between
Mayer Gaynor and Magistrate Corr.ean
was tie cause Of = bil, introduced tonight
BY Assent lyman Cuvillier. giving the
Mayor aLsolrte power 70 remove 2 civ
n.aSistr1te whenever he thinks that the
best interests OF the public would be sub
served b such an acr. ~ present city
magistrate can only be removed after he
has oeen tried on charges before the Ap-
2eIlate Division.
\ bill Introduced by Assornblyrn Fried
man gives the Fire Commissioner CT the
City OF New York full Jurisdiction over any
law or ordinance requiring the buildings OF
tie city 70 te equipped with fire escapes.
notwithstanding The provisions Of any pres
eat act The measure IS the outcome Of
the recent FIRE IN the Asch Builc!ng. New
York, IN wEico about one hundred and fifty
lives were lost.
another by Senator E-avlev provides
for the annual inspection OF al FIRE escapes
or factories. dwellings, and otaer buildings
- cities.
Assemb,vr7a9 FreaAricl, Higgins. Of New
York introduced bill 70 place the record
!ag o. documents in rhe Office OF The Regis
ter o. New Yo-k County on modern basis.
II speaking 0: -he bill 1Er. higgins said:
Register c-:feahager recently suggested
the Urgent necessity oS changing the pres
en- -.etaoc of recording instruments fled
= ne Registers oAce from type writing 70
linotype printing. Records CypeU-irren into
loe-s less taar tsr years ago have become
faded and = many instances are difficult 20
rea6. y -acI. they Wi. have 70 be rev-!t-
ter - great cost g t,e county. Ta!s wcUld
nor have been the cas= had the records
been - printers .ck. which IS practically
everlast.-g. Under the change proposed.
f-o-. -ypeW-.-!ng 20 iirocYpe printing, many
thousands o- dollars VIII 5e saved a-ru-
ally. TIE time :or recording and return os
documents reduced 20 about three days,
poSs.oly less a.6 duplicates O. Instruments
can be had without extra cost
New-York tribune., 1911-04-18
FEZ IN GRAVE DANGER
France Orders Reinforcements to
Morocco-Food Scarce.

Paris April lin consequence 81 rhe
a-archisric conditions - Morocco France
VIII reinforce her troops already there ~
sending Immediately four battali0as select
ed from the colonia! army. The troops will
errbar.l ~ Toulor and 90 to the Chaor!a
region. Several tribes hitherto faithful 70
Sultan 3iula! ga6d have thrown in their
lc, with the rebels
Conditions ~ Fez, including the matter
o! the lives ard property Of foreigners. are
COY sdercd critical The rebels a,e reported
drawing : circle around the capital whose
caly hope ot safety lies IN the Sultan
army. commanded by Captain Breulond.
Dispatches received here by way OF Spain
indicate that sed.tion IS rampant in Eez
itself Food is growing scarce. and COM
muricauon with the coast is becoming
daily more difficult
The t.ibcs which have recently Joined tina
revolt include the Zen! sadIen.. LEM Qua
rain. Cheraga and OuLad Dejanah.
Fez 10y way Of Tans!er). April TON the
night ot April 10 the Beni Cuarra!n tribes
men att nptsd 20 break through the wall
CT TIE palace OF Da--e-Bagh. outside OF
Fe. and steal tie rifles. but were re-
pulsed by he guard. This incident started
: general fight. the Beni Cuarrain and n!
Mir tr.Uesmen attacking the city from the
south. but the artillery proved too strong
for them and they retired.
These attacks caused a panic among the
citizens. however. and Captain Bremond.
IN command OF the Sultans army. being in
formed OF the situation, struck camp and
advanced toward the city. Bremond' S forces
were sta toned some distance from the
walls OF the town. and the Cherada tribe
offer some opposition 10 their return. but
were brushed aside without difficulty.
On the day previous foraging party was
cut of by the Cheradas and took refuge IN
a house until reirforecements were sent
o. their rescue. The troops took the tribes
on the flank. killing eleven OF them.
The departure OF Captain Bremond's force
from camp removes the line OF communi-
cation whicl Fee had with the outside
world