davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune., 1911-03-19

.0r three years ago the poorest ol t'e
earth's creatures. are to-day threaten
ing the precedence of those Oklahoma
tribes who claim to be tie weaithiest
race. per capita. in the world.
Another of the most interesting of TN
transformations is that brought about
on the Zuni reservation in New Mexico
This little tribe 81 1.Sop souls lives III
one Of the most unique pucblos in the
Southwest. q comractly built adobe VII
'ace. located on slight cminence III the
centre of a rich alluvial valley. The rea
soil is wonderfully fertile If irrigated
Int utterly worthless without water.
There Zuni women could still be seen
a wear ago carrying their water Jars
uron their backs to water their niue
garden plots near the walls oi the pu-
ci,lo. The very existence Of this people
has been one prayer FOR water. the
decorations which their pottcrs paint on
,heir iars and which their bead workers
use to ornament fine garments are pict-
urcs Of water creatures--fross, water
New-York tribune., 1911-03-19

beetles or perhaps storm clouds or a
conventional representation of ram
storm.
The story is told or the group Of HnniS
which visited the worlds Fair at 'hi-
ago that. after they had been whr'"d
across the continent in railroad u'in
and had been led for t"o weeks AMONG
t.. huge palaces uf the white ''ty
ard ,hc most marvellous group of scien-
fifr wonders tha, had cy'f been satn-
cred together. some one asked the Hunis
80 hat il was that bad struck them most
during their trip. They looked at one
another. each eruni"d single word
and thea their spokesman replied:
Most wonderful how white man turn
handle in wall and water come ont for
him"
\ CHICAGO water tap represented. to
fbcir minds. ,he one real triumph of
c,,Hi1ition.
This pueblo is rarely visited 10y
whites. being located in one of thc most
New-York tribune., 1911-03-19
A MOST FORMIDABLE TASK.

The government has expended about
5000 on this reservation in the con-
structinn OF a combination loose-rock
and hydraulic earth-fill dam and ca
nal system leading from the storage
reservoir created 10y the dam. The task
OF. constructing such dam At a point
50 remote from base ~ supplies. with
unframed Indians to furnish the COM
mon labor required. was one bcset with
many difficulties. 1t was necessary 10
teach them L. work with derricks. dump
cars. drills. hydraulic monitors and 10
perform cement work.
Eut the Zuni took well To this work
and became efficient in IT, These Ind
ians are nstinctively agricultural and
irrigation has long been understood by
the tribe. Last year they harvested for
the first time crops from hundreds OF
acres. and the harvest celebration was
such as the tribe had never before
known. To them Engineer Code. repre-
scnting the great white father. Is the
water man." most blessed of them all.
the water man goes through the vii
ace. and every individual turns out TO
do him honor.
The reservation OF the Yakima Ind
ans. i'm the State Of Washington. ad-
joins the best of the famous apple grow
ing lands of the Northwest. Without
water il was little better than Wilder
ness. The large reclamation projects
which are now being pushed forward In
that region were first planned with a
view to fertilizlng the reservation Al
ready thirty thousand acres Of the Ind
ian land has be-n reclaimed and allotted
To- Yakima families at the rate of from
five To- ton acres for each individual.
with additional rights in the grazing
grounds Four or five times as much
rriGiblc land is still awaiting develop
ment on the reservation. 1t is secured
by law 10 the Indians and cannot be
alienatcd
New-York tribune., 1911-03-19
RECLAIMED $4,000 ACRES.

To see a crow driving such Il team. at
the same tim, managing the two handles
Of an earth sCraDcr and clutchns a
Tapping blanket about his shoulders
WAS - sight not soon To- be forgotten.
Squaws. dressed ia five different colors
wori,ed i'm clearing up tn. ground. i'm
deed. a; first the women were more cf-
fective than the mon. for they had had
more practice. Eut 81 the end thc
braves became excellent workmen. sixty
thousand acres Of the reservation land
We're reclaimed by the bitches at a cost
Of nearly Sl.oc0,oo0 and to-day many of
the Grows are following the plough al
most within sight OF the Custer battle
field.
There has perhaps been no greater
transformation brought about at any
point in the world through irrigation
than among the Mission Indians IN
Southern California. Here there are
remnants of Indian tribes gathered
about mere SeeiaGes of water i'm IN"
midst of the great deserts.
Near lndio. cal. a number of small
reservations were established by a com.
mission. on lands % barren that il was
thought no white man would ever coVet
them. The deserving Indians located on
these lands adjacent to the now famous
Salton Sea and could obtain barely suf-
ficient water for drinking purposes An
cntcrprising white man decided to try
for artcSian water on some adjoining
surprise of every one his experiment re-
VealeG the fact that fine flowing artesiap
water could he obtained at depths Of
from 300 10 $40 feet
on the occasion of the late President
Mckinleys Western visit his special
uain stopped "A short time at Indio 1t
was boarded by delegation of Indians
representing the various reservations Of
Torres. Cabazon. MARTINEZ. Coachclla
and san Augustine and the Great
Father" through an Interpreter. was
asked To give his children water. The
President was touched with their recital
OF their hardships. and from his car win
dow could observe the Saharalkc ap-
pearance of their lands. Taking the
written petition submitted 10y them hc
wrote this request 10 the Secretary ~
the Interior on the back Of it,
Please give these Indians water. II
possible. WILLIAM MK1NLEY."
New-York tribune., 1911-03-19
GREATEST PROJECT OF ALL.

or all the irrigation works in which
the Indians have an interest. however.
the salt River project is by far the
greatest. as indeed il is one of the great
est works OF it's kind in the world The
key of the ststem. the Roosevelt dam
which will create a reservoir of the
waters of the Salt River. will be for
mally closed by oX-Prcsident Roosev welt
himself on March IS No less than two
hundred thousand acres of land i'm the
Salt River Basin will be irrigated from
this reservoir. and indian settlers. who
are. numerous there. will share with
whites In receiving the benefits of the
work and in paying their share OF its
cost
Ii is forty miles from the nearest rail-
road station To the Roosevelt dam. The
road was built by the engineers through
country where for miles at time there
had been not even a footpath. Fish
Creek Hill is cut out of the solid rock OF
a thousand-foot cliff 1t has been called
the best piece Of rock hewn highway in
allow the passage of heavy loads Of ma
chincry, and turnouts are cut into the
rock at frequent intervals To allow two
loaded teams 10 pass In safety.
To build the great dam village.
Roosevelt, was run up on what will soon
be the bed of the reservoir There was
IA street of frame houses, boarding
house, II church and a school. The dam
itself Is built of sandstone and cement.
II rises $50 feet above the bed Of the
river, or almost precisely TN height OF
the Flatiron Building II is seventy feet
the crest To hold up roadway twenty
feet in width. The length at the top -
l,USO feet. The structure is bent in the
New-York tribune., 1911-03-19
HAVE LEARNED TO WORK LAND

Between the two extremes are many
Indian nations which. the government
learned long ago. would not have the
farmers life thrust upon them. 1t is
the justification of the new system that.
by encouragement. 10y patience, by sym
pathetic study Of the traits of the tribes
themselves. As we'll as Of their lands. ii
has at last led thousands of Indians To
work the reservations that have been
saved and watered for them. The old
days when these Indians aliotments
we're compounds of desert. Whiskey, SEN
timcntalism and downright thievcry, are
gone or going fast
The great Crow reservation in Mon
tana is inhabited by the descendants of
the braves-indeed. by some of the very
men-who slaughtered Custer and his
troopers The Crows were known as
fighting men and hunters. and il was
said tSat the government could never
make farmers Of them. II was on this
reservation that one of the first Indian
Irrigation projects was begun.
The dams and canals were 10 be built
New-York tribune., 1911-03-19
Foundation Of Huge Roosevelt Dam in Arizona Is Step in
Governments Systematic Plan for Settling Red
skins on Their Own Property.

far from any cities. and the problem OF
labor could only be solved by hiring the
Indians themselves to do the work. The
whole hearted way in which they an
swered the call was the most welcome
encoura cement that the friends of th'
plan could have asked. But their array
when they actually reported for work
was something of a shock to the East
crn engineers who were in charge.
Kills Three Men" Takes "a Gun.
Two Barrcled- Gun "I<illsThe- Man.
Who Has No-F t-Teeth' were the
names which the clerks checked off in
blue pencil on the payroll. They brought
teams of lean nippcd brOncos, usually
mismated. which seemed never To have
been in harness before. Traces were
made Of baling wire, breast bands of
DagGinG and reins were knottcd together
out of buckSkin thongs.
New-York tribune., 1911-03-19

isolated sections Of New Mexico anu
f,rtv-dye miles from the nearest ran
ro.d An especially interesting feature
is a high nat-topped moui'a'h'
rises out of the plains to heis"' Va
several thousand feet. on which are inc
ruins of a former Zuni village pre-
s,,med TO have been the site OF the prih-
ciral one of the seven cities or Clboia'
which the Spanish explorers were sent
ont 10 locate. Two detached rocky pm
nacles projecting from the moun'ai"
side are the legendary forms oi Nlca-
r;ous sacrifice of the son and datLSnter
of the chief made to save the trlpe
from the great flood.
This tribe is noted for the nilnper
and variety Of its religious dances. i's
New-York tribune., 1911-03-19

nee MORE Boston has a prlma
donna of its own. At least. she was
~ born in Boston or. to be more ac-
Curate. in Dorchester. though her father
was from Plymouth and her mother from
Maine And her name is Miss Caroline
White. and her blood is as New England
as her name. Plymouth Rock and the
pines Of Maine have thrown tradition to
the winds and evolved a young girl with
black hair and black eyes and olive skin, "A
true daughter Of Italy in appearance yet a
Puritan of dozen generations.
Miss Whte-in private life she is SisnOra
Paul Longone-created the title part OF
1.-The Gill Of the Golden West with the
Chicago Opera Company, and last week she
made her debut at the METROPOLITAN in the
first American production Of Wolf-Ferrari' 5
one-act opera. The Secret of suzanne 1t
was the day after this performance that a
Tribune representative saw her at the
Hotel Knickerbocker.
Yes" she said laughing TO the reporter,
who had expressed his surprise at her eX-
tremely Latin appearance, II have often
been told tina, don't look bit like a New
Highlander. but / am heart, body and soul.
IN tact. my family is Puritan TO the back
bone-so much ttat they didn't at all
approve Of my following an operate ca
r,cr. ~ father is from Plymouth and my
grandfather was a United States senator.
On my mothers side | come from the
Reeds and Grants OF Maine. There is not
much that is operate in that, is there
when did you hear your INST grand
opera asked the caller.
Miss White hesitated a moment. biushed.
then looked up quickly with merry laugh
n her eyes.
II ought TO be ashamed TO answer that.
she replied But do you know. it was
Miss Geraldine Farrars first appearance
in Boston as Marguerite in Faust just
five wears ago, / was just out Of school
and went with my father What treat
1t was. hadn't then the slightest inten-
tion of studying FOR opera. And now. only
hve years later am singing Il leading
part al the Metropolitan Opera House. /
can hardly believe it myself
so no wonder Miss Farrar means so
much TO me. She Was i'm the audience last
night and sent me "A beautiful bouquet
After the opera she came TO me in my
dressing room. and then for the first time
] told her that she was the first singer 1
ever had heard In grand opera Ana what
AN admircr am Of Miss Farrar. | think
her far and away the most gifted Of the
younger singers. ! adore her Butterfly,
her Mimi, her Goose Girl. her Tosca. And
how happy ] am that VIC are from the same
city. She gave me lot of good advice,
and I'm sure shall profit by it,"
And your cl,ildhOOd?" hazardcd her
oucstioner Did you always want TO sing
in opera"
''O.. heavens. no, said Miss White. Il
didn know what | wanted to do. I al
WAYS loved to sing, but didn't love To
s,uks. went TO tho Brighton High School
more TO Join the glce club than anything
else. NJ family wanted me To go 10 col
lege. bui one day gentleman who heard
me sing told me should 90 into opera
Tia might told my father this. and
father, though Z Puritan and business
New-York tribune., 1911-03-19
unObtrusivclE' re-
sarding each step as an expert

~AREFULLY. unobtrusiVeF'
gardng each step as an expert
~ ment e. he watched rather than
q tri1mph TO be boasted Of. the Tilted
States government has set out 10 de-
velop a system tic plan for setting 'he
Indians upon their lands in the ara
regions Of he\West and Southwest. 30
quietly has the work gone forward that
the country at large has heard httle OF
It. But the completion Of the great
Roosevelt dam in Arizona last week calls
attention to the new Indian policy
which, in part. il serves.
With appropriate ceremony the Gates
Of that mighty dam were raised reieas-
ing the floods Of Salt River for irrigation
purposes. The project has been celebrated
as the costlest that the Reclamation
Service has undertaken. II is well
known that great tracts of Indian lana
will be irrigated by its aid. The cost of
the work was S630O.0UO. But ii is still
moro striking fact that a sum almost as
large. S6.OO0.OO0. has already been eX-
pended exclusively for the development
Of the indian lands under the new pol
icy. and that similar projects now under
way call for SJjOOO0O more.
The plan OF the government. in brief is
e. induce Indian families To settle on
small farms by supplying them with the
water TO irrisate their lands. Merely 10
give every Indian a block Of land and
leave him To- he msera bile in his own
way was plan that the Sovernment
tried long ago Its results We're as diff
fercnt as the tribes on which II was
practised. The Zuns of Arizona in the
days of Moses had irrigation bitches of
their own. and after the bitches had
been broken in wars their women car
rod water in jars upon their backs To
cultivate little plots no bigger than
country spare bedroom. The are born
farmers.
ON the other hand. their neghhors, the
Navajos. are born wanderers. 1t is not
in their blood To- settle on any home
steads no matter how fertile. As herds
men they roam over their tribal lands
in New Mexico. Arizona and Utah and
they have grown prosperous and more
or less contentCd.
New-York tribune., 1911-03-19
BRONxViLle.

The social colony IN Ncsts"''' NJ
Is enjoying quiet Lenten ..,nsr 9!
r r. Costello entertained ''' AZ d.
friends at bridge in the PAIN NV ,mcr;
Hotel Gramatan last Thuis'a' ,r,,.,so
The Ginner parties was one ol ,,.sl -
coye,s given by the Jenkins Meo'' %
c,e,v. Amcns tie late arrNa a. u
,lotel Gramatan are Mr.. ana "'a, W
Maxwell. Mr.. and Mrs, iii''' .d ~
and Mrs. 4. T.. Ommon, MI. ,~.s ~
Ralph rnder.ill. MIR. ana ans
MIR. and Mrs. G.. W. Wilsop'
New-York tribune., 1911-03-19
-,e ,r,y ,vAv OF BRINGING WATER THE INDIANS CROP

members rarely marry outside Of the
tribe. and although this custom hdS
been said to tend 10 physical and men,
tai degeneration they seem 10 be an
execution to the rule. Their men are
the most wonderful long distance run
rcrs i'm the West it being quite common
fci one or more of their numoei To run
to Gallup and back. a distance OF some
ninety miles. with only an hour or s" L"
rest and obtain food throughout the
Fri
New-York tribune., 1911-03-19
HARDSHIPS OF THE PIMAS

There has been much discussion o. the
suefcrincs of the Pimas and not a ntte
avngoeration. But it is an established
fact that they have suffered hardship'
through the diversion of their own flVer'
A, tho coming OF the white men they
u,ore = peaceable agricultural tribe Nv
ing by the irrigation of the desert r'er
lands with the waters OF the "ha am
raising corn. wheat and melons 'hc'e'
Twenty years ago An irrigation COM
,,.rv diverted the ella near lis head
waters and practically cut OF us nov
during the summer months. The Plma'
Gould 90. no water for their fields. Ihel'
c,ops vithered almost as soon as 'he
had sprouted. The tribe WAS drNeh
live on rabbits and coyotes ana us
beans of the mesquite.
Already the works on the SAT- ki's
have brought relief 10 the fllllas. IA
,esn miles above the Roosevelt daih "'
Granite Reef dam was f'ung across 'A'
stream turning part of the river INTO
pover canal For nineteen mics u''
water is carried in channel 90 cehieH'
md rock. and near the Roosevelt da"
tho water goes down through the noun
tain in tunnel. a drop of 10 ieet T"
drive q set of turbine wheels. WIN -
great A head the pressure is, OF course
enormous. 4 small part Of the hoW "
the river sufrices to generate III" horse'
rover which is turned into electr'cVN
: bv dvnamos directly attached 10 u''
turbines.
! From here came the power that "'
used in building the Roosevelt dam '"'
/ from hereptoo. comes the power Tor re-
claiming the parched lands oi 'hs
pimas. in the valley of the ella tAs"'
numping stations were built on the fl'"a
lands IN lift the water Tor their lrtls"
,,op and for more than a year tne!
have been operated by the power o."
the Sal, River. They have actu@"'
brought eigh, thousand acres OF the ot''
bo,,om lands Ia pitch of fertility SUI"
,s ,bey had never known. Last iaF 'H'
{ harvcs, of the pimas was enough 10 l@s'
the tribe through five years oi iaih'h.
Tb.r celebrated their Thanksgiving WIZ
a ceremonial feast Of ten days
New-York tribune., 1911-03-19
NO SCANTINESS IN PROJECT

Rut the work has only begun. tld''
are already complete for building ''s-'
more pumping stations-enough 10 '''
gate all the desirable lands oi tht ''lp''
The new Indian policy does moi ~
things b. halves. As the Pimas nav
shown themselves industrious. ana '0'.
able and willing to make the mos' "
their advantages. they are eh'i'F' "
more than a bare living.
They are 10 bc allowed to ra's' go,
until they cannot store II all up " -"
i, at profit If they can and u sun
thing ever should come To an lnula"
grow rich. 1t will be worth s"S.
many irrigation bitches TO have '''.r
prosperous. really industrious "'
civilized tribe u demonstrate wna' y"
Indian may become. Such. at 'oss"
the aspiration OF the govcrnmehI
There are at present ten Indian "'
tion proiccts either completed OF u"'
wav some yi.NO.0O0 has been
pended and as much more must s'" :,
spent. Of course. there VIII
other projects with great pcss'"'"
that will show up with the ope''"e |.
,.hcr reservations. But the s'h'"
doing much toward solving the
problem Of providing FOR the sun
red man. and it is effective JUS, w."
the suffering is greatest. The hS'
location Of the projects now ooN"
and und,r way are as follows:
New-York tribune., 1911-03-19
pro.ct. Finished or Under Way Call for Expenditure II
Many Millions to Cause Desert to Bloom as the
Rose for the Primitive Americans.

form OF crescent the outer su,t...
facing upstream, so that the weight :.
the water is carried as IL on an az.
and the pressure only wedges the ha,'
rier more solidly against the rock waIh
of the canyon.
The sandstone for the dam was blas,.s
from the cliffs near by. Blocks ten ton,
in weight were swung into place BY N.
cranes.
Work was begun soon after the pau,
ing OF the reclamation act In 1870
and has been driven forward over Sine.
For a good part Of the time the wort
went on night and day. The iron gate,
weighing $1,000 pounds. were cast in
Pittsburg and were drawn by horse,
over the engineers road.
One of the most difficult problems os
the work was to obtain supply o,
cement. Some 10000 barrels were 70.
CURED. and the bids which were tendered
by the cement manufacturers We're az
prohibtive figures. The engineers estab.
jished their own cement plant in the
village and manufactured the entire
amount on the spot The actual cost O.
this work was carefully figured and II
WAS found that there had been saving
on this item of $61J.OO over the loves,
bid of the manufacturers.
The labor problem was serious one.
I; was partly solved. as II had been
earlier on the crow reservation, by the
emnlovment Of Indian wOrkmen 4
tribe Of Apaches contributed several
hundred men. They did excellent ser.
yico i'm the building of the road. and
most Of them remained 10 work in the
cement mills and brickyards and IN tho
dam itself.
The direct purpose OF the Roosevelt
dam is 10 irrigate a tract of the sal,
River Valley. sixty miles below. Indian
settlers. as has been said, are numeroui
in this tract and VIII share in tho bene'
fits Of the project. But the principal
service which the work does 10 Indians
is the indirect irrigation of the lands %
the Pimas. seventy miles away in the
valley of the ella River.
New-York tribune., 1911-03-19
How Puritan Stock Furnished Prma Donna Grand Opera

Jess common.
And mc reporter departed wondering
what the reply of iDr next meeting ~ the
Woman. Christian Temperance Union
would be tp Sir Dp.ei,
New-York tribune., 1911-03-19

This autographic request of tHo mar
tyrcd President ultimately reached w.
II. code. the chief engineer of thu Ind
ian service. with Instructions from the
department To- obtain the supply of
water necessary for the needs of th"
Indians. 70 the personal interest which
New-York tribune., 1911-03-19

zanuC do you wear a gown OF tne rciio'
OF the 1ys:"
"Wcn. didn't intend 10 at nrst was
the reply "Bw yo1 know tile whole plot
VI the opera hangs upon the enormity oi
New-York tribune., 1911-03-19

President Mckinley thus manifested IN
these little bands of Indians is due in a
large measure their prosperity not cN-
,crdod bv any tribe in California AZ th'
present time. There arc thousands "a.
acres Of land that may now hc irrigated
ia this way. and these Indians. but two
New-York tribune., 1911-03-19

woman smoking cigarette. aHi M'.
ppr, said rit r- 400 women smoH'd
cigarette uoNaaaf. it would hc better ="
.,t tine period of thr opera back half
century. when smoking among Wo'1rn was