davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Licking Valley courier. [volume] (West Liberty, Ky.) 19??-current, 1911-02-02
Uncle Sans Material Wealth.

Two hundred and ninety-nine
years ago this month on the cold,
bleak shores of Cape Cod Bay,
Mass. the intrepid little band of
passengers who horeverently disem-
barked there from the Mayfower
two months before were battling
against the pangs of hunger and
tormented by the menace Of ulti-
mate starvation.
Out of that same harbor for
the last three months half a hun
dred huge ships, weighed down
with grain. have gone forth to
feed and nourisd the world.
There are now 92, 900, 900 of US
where there were but 10S in
1920. Out Of virgin soil of the
Licking Valley courier. [volume] (West Liberty, Ky.) 19??-current, 1911-02-02

Pacific
this yea .c.Edfal products
worth $1,000, 100000 a record
never before attained by any
single nation in the wotld in any
one year.
Our national wealth has grown
from $3.50, 600, 900 in 1871 to the
.prodigous sum of SIPS, 900, 900 on
January lst last twice that OF
the United Kingdom of Great
Britain, Scotland and Ireland and
three times that of either France
or Germany, our three closest
competitors. Despite our endr-
nous growth in population we
now have a per capita capital of
81, $50 where we had but $19S in
Il79l. We are the worlds great
est manufacturers as well as its
most extensive and richest agri-
Iculturalists. We mine more coal
and extract more gold, silver
copper, and J iron out of the
ground than any two countries
in the universe. We are pros
porous beyond the most extrava-
I CANT picture ever painted in fan
: cy by fertile human imagination
Unable to proftably employ al
our own capital at home, we us'
our surplus millions to finance
t tobacco plantations in Porto Ri
co and the Phillipinesl suga
plantations in Cuba, coffee plan
| tations in Brazil and rubber plan
! tations in British Guiana an,
thus add to our rapidly accum
7 ulating revenuer.
: Favored by nature, blessed b
I Providence, admired by tn
e world, everybody's friend nc
n| body's avowed enemy, endowe
4 with marvellous physical vigoi
= animated by such enterprise a
Y no other nation has ever showr
n hattered and toasted the cart
It over, we should be supremel
u happy, But we amt.
We fret and fume because
: ldyspeptic, railroad presidel
talks pessimistically of the t,
y lture, and if he was inspired
! had any better opportunity
J forseeing things in advance
- oltheir advent than the rest Of h
q community who make no pr
n tsnce to being prescient. 81
D. Pessimism never declared
" dipidendy built two hous
Licking Valley courier. [volume] (West Liberty, Ky.) 19??-current, 1911-02-02

Lebanon, 0. Claiming to
% his own grandfather and
abrother to his ownson, Ri
chard Connell arrived here
to spend several weeks will
friends. He -
Licking Valley courier. [volume] (West Liberty, Ky.) 19??-current, 1911-02-02
seassv ls nlssa D..p.

TasaA Bleed neana : clean lkF
s,aaty vitAsat ~ CaseAyets. cbnd.
a. eIaAA ysNR kAscd ~ kesg u
sIirrihe % ~ lay hyef asd ATiSr
puritIss frsm NJ body peGtn :
banish pimplss, heilA, blstsheA biz
and that sickly hilieus eonlpleS'ea
Cascarets, beauty for tca esnn,
slsta satisfaction ggarsntsed, Na
Licking Valley courier. [volume] (West Liberty, Ky.) 19??-current, 1911-02-02
Hair That Won i Fortune, ,,

Some moschs ago an elderly
entric citizen Of Memphis,
named Anthony Bowling
ced his determination to
5 entire fortune to the
lunder sixteen years Of
ain the city Of Mepl-
sered hair most nearly
Licking Valley courier. [volume] (West Liberty, Ky.) 19??-current, 1911-02-02

where there was one before.
Like the flea on the dog the pes
simist is inevitable. While his
persistent propensity of remind
ing US of his presence may in
termittently annoy and harras,
when allis said and done, he
cuts little ice. How literally
true this is was never more for
cibly or interestingly emphasized
than in the figures Of our natl
onal material pre-erinence now
available. He indeed must be a
queer American who in the CON
temptation Of the stupendous de-
velopment Of his country and its
epochal achievements does not
feel sense Of patriotic exalat-
Ion as ne reads and studies the
significance Of the record of its
growth and transcenling accom-
plishments since that intrepid
little band ofpilgriplp bravcd the
terrors Of the sea to plant their
standard on our then inhospita-
bic shores.
Licking Valley courier. [volume] (West Liberty, Ky.) 19??-current, 1911-02-02

GaIlano believes that
nd of chumship with
husband prevents misun-
andings and attendant
lces.
Licking Valley courier. [volume] (West Liberty, Ky.) 19??-current, 1911-02-02

Representative Hughes, of
West Virginia, saidir Washing
ton on the 18th inst that ]. G.
g Mayo, of Kentucky, has ex-
pressed his confidence that he
wouldabe chosen Senator from
Kentucky, Bugle Herald.
Licking Valley courier. [volume] (West Liberty, Ky.) 19??-current, 1911-02-02

MOVIE. l610.

Nov 3, 1910.
This day came I, B Brown,
Sheriff Of Morgan 'ounty. to-
gether with his Depu|Ies who af-
ter being sworn as the law dire
cts, presented the following de-
linquent list.
West Liberty Ward No. Il
Pol ppg Pers'l.
Henry Caskey,
Dave Conley,
David L. Conley, l1
Tom Davis )
John M, Davis
w. 7. Day /
]. 7. Fsrlay ~
Fry Davis : 1
1L. II. Roberts /
/ Dave Vance L
RS, Vaughn i
J. M. Vaughn 1
I Albert Day
| West Liberty, Ward NoI2e
T,anard Adams i
Frank Adams ] l
John R. Bays l l --s
Joe Barker ] i
] Nan Byrd a !
!. Bill Cooper l
E. T. Cartmel
John C. Cox ~ 2,
!. T, j. Daniel a
E. w. Day ~
]. H. Cox Jr.
]. M. Day !
I. H. Davis l
w. H. Elan l
: John H. Elan l
! ]. E. Elan l
r Flem Fannin j
E Eli Ferguson l
) M. G. Hamilton l
: jeff Haney 81
: Paris Helton |
II Isaac Kilgore
!. Burns Literal l l
Il Wiley Lumpkins 0 !
'e 7. L. Lumpkins Il l
'e w. M. Lumpkins !
l. William Mckenzie l
lr Clifton Mcclure II
l,1Fill Peyton ! ~
A. Gilbert Ratliff ! ]
ID G. B. Short !
a. W. M. Whitley l
John Buckheart l 81
W Ezel Nos
10 H. w. Back l
o. John Burton !
ID Marion Elan /
! Sam Richie i
as w. M. Adams l +
n S. l., Brown | j
N w. T. Romans 1
.lv James Romans l
C, e. Childers /
Edward Meaks /
Andy Phipps !
ne Rt Patterson dead II
u 7. ]. Sexton i s
or w. n, Craft /
Of Ches. Montgomery 6
, oi Charles M. Phipps
he Taylor Shockey 1
re- Morton Music 0
Eddie Mcclure 0 3
a Eli Cox ! -
ses ".
Licking Valley courier. [volume] (West Liberty, Ky.) 19??-current, 1911-02-02
How Editors Get Rich

1t is not good policy to give
business secrets away, but as
many people wonder how editors
get rich so ouick we yivs ont
Licking Valley courier. [volume] (West Liberty, Ky.) 19??-current, 1911-02-02

Nov. / 3, 1910.
This day came 4, B Brown.
Sheriff Of Morgan county, to-
gether with his DepuI|es who af-
ter being sworn as the law dire
cts, presented the following de-
linquent list.
West Liberty Ward No. l.
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1911-03-04
State BANKS TO
TURN NATIONALS
TWO Tulsa INSTITUTIONS VIII
PROBABLY CHANGE TO-DAY.
AWAIT WASHINGTON WORD
Bank Of Commerce WIN Bc National
Bank ~ Ommcrcc--NcCul-
iongh Denies Rumor.

The noyt few days win see one OF
iha biggest changes m local bauhag
.c.raIos In me history OF Tulsa. Hy
Monday OF next week il 10 expected
Chat arrangements vln ho completed
whereby tWo state banks. the Bank VI
Commerce ana tha Bank OF Oklahoma.
VIII become natiouaIzed, each with 81
capitalization or 100000.
The change in tho Bank ~ Com
MERGE. u W0s expected last night win
h' made ths morning. providing that
'hH bank officials receive notification
from The comptroller OF currency that
tn" bonds forwarded to Washington
N1FH been received. Tho message was
expected het night ana may bo Zee
c"IFci this morning ln time 10 permit
th" opening Tor business under the
name of the National Bank OF Com
morDc.
Officials at the Bank " oklahoma.
which % l8 underatolr ie IN be known
las the Oklahoma National Pank. re-
fused 10 discuss the change. President
10. II. Mccullough declaring that there
was nothing 10 the rumor.
From unofficial circles, il Dc said
that by Monday tho Oklahoma state
Fank Win omen It's doors under the
name of a national bank. with a cap
iuiizatipn OF 500 600. The opening
lot the two bauhs win follow within a
short timo ~ each other
President J. H. McBlmoy of the
Bank or Commerce stated last nisht
that an that VAS necessary To- com
plrto tho change from state bank 10
The National pauk of Commerce would
Dee "a message from the comptroller
acknowledging the recoipta Of tho
bonds required 10 be deposited In
Washington with the treasury depart-
mcut
IL was expected that the bonds
would Oe pl0ced with the department
Thursday or Friday but a delay In
Jhoir transmission by u New York
bank is held to hc rcspouslhlc for the
lack OF news on the subject early last
night.
Tho officials and directorate Of the
two banks Il ~ mid, win remain prac-
tl1lly tho Same oa 40 present.
Tho officials OF the Pank Of Com
morco nrc j. " Mcplrnoy, president.
Lee clinton, vico-prcsidcnt; s. p. Nc
rlrncy cashier ana Lea McBirney, ae-
Fist1ni cashier Thoy win remain with
the National pauk Of Commerce.
The officials of the Bank Of Okln-
how1 1ro' q. ", MeCullough prcsi-
don't: IT, o. Mcclure, vice-prcsldont
and a H. HTudubHv pnahipr Tbov will
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1911-03-04

Mr. James H. nr1ckcn York ~ y, has
ecomd the Office of Wotor Inspector New York Guy for tho pa ht
Ave Ito h Post Deputy Of Gruud nghm OF Reua celia Council
knights or columbus N. y lie writes follows
for nearly dozen years oorrh has bothered
another troubled
oc which troubled me most Of the morning MY appetite
also was advised TO take lcrno ana took prescribed for IA
Ia a
OF corh n yacm aud without hesitation that
curcl me-
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1911-03-04
$3.50 Recipe Free,
For Weak Men.
SEND MALE AND ADDRESS ToDAY-YOU
CAN HAVE IT FREE AND BE
STRONG AND VIGOROUS.

have IN my possession a prescription for
nervous debility lack Of yigor, weakened
manhood, failing memory and lame back,
brought on by eXcesges, unnatural drains
or the foliics Of youth that has cured 40
many worn and nervous men right In their
own homes without any additional helm or
medicine-th that | think every man who wish.
es TO regain his manly power and yirity,
quickly and quietly should have copy
So / have determined to send copy Of dc
prescription FREQ Of charge in plain, ordl.
nary sealed envelope to any man who will
write me for it
This prescription comes from physician
who hN mado a special study of men, and
am convinced IL is the surost acting c0mbina.
tion for the cure Of deficient manhood and
yig0r failure ever put together
think l owe 10 10 my fellow man 10 eend
them a copy M confidence, so that any man
anywhere who ia weak and discouraged with
repeated failures may stop drugging himself
with harmful patcnt medicines, secure what,
/ believe. Is the quickest acting, restorative
upbuilding SPOT TOUCHING -emody ever
devised, aud so cure himself at home quiet.
ly and quickly Just drop me a line Ike
this; DR., A =. Robinson, 4s92 Luck Bldg,
Detroit Mich, and / win send you a copy
Of this splendid receipt In q plain orai.
nary scaled envelope free of charge A
great many doctors would charge $500 TO
$500 Tor merely writing out prescription
like thls-hui 7 send II entirely free
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1911-03-04
Cnlnrrh of mcad nnd stomnch.

MIR Frank Rchtcr. 500 East Sec
ond e. Wiuon0, Mimi, writes; "As
"a remedy Tor cnt1rrh / take pleasure
in recommending roruuu Tor cutUrih
of the stomach,
II know what it ~ TO be AFFLICTED
with this awful disease ana consider
10 my duty 60 Say word in behalf
OF tho remedy which gave mo such
relief reruuu cured me. ana know
it win cure any one Clso who suffers
from TINS disease,
1T gives me great pleasure 20 tos-
Try TO the curative effects Of this
medicine. pcruno is well tested aud
frequently used remedy ana for ca
Arrh of the stomach Il ~ unsur-
passed,
MY cotnrrh was principally locat-
cd IN ny hepd Ond stomach. tried
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1911-03-04

many remedies without success.
tried several doctors, but they were
unable to cure mo. I read OF poruna
In tho papers and fvo bottles cured
mo-"
System In Had Candltlon.
Mr. Michael Rooney 20 Firth ST.,
Wotervliet, A. y, writes;
'lf l had known Of Poruna years
ago | should have been saved much
suffering. Undr cnrolossncss and ox-
posuro In my younger years my sys-
tenn got into n very bad condition
before | wag aware OF H.
"My doctor thought that I had en-
tnrrh of tho bladder and duly pro-
scribod for mo, but nothing dld me
any good
MY friends advised me 10 try Pc.
runa. for which ! am very thankful.
os II has cured me In two months,
and am In perfect ho0lth,'
Tulsa daily world. [volume] (Tulsa, Indian Territory [Okla.]) 1905-1919, 1911-03-04

kidney trouble prry5
upon tho mind d.a-
courago8 and Do Gus
ambition, beauty Wig
or aud uho'IfuIuom
soon disappear when
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1911-11-29
THE REASONABLE WAY

Strong. vigorous men. women and
children hardly ever catch cold--it's
only when your system is run down
and vitality low that colds and coughs
can get foothold.
Now isn't it reasonable that the
right way to cure cough is to build
up your strength again?
Mr. Patrick Wren of n. Birming-
ham. Ala, knows about this. He
says, Il caught bad cold year ago
and had bad cough for long time,
but Vinol relieved it completely and
built TIP my health. Vinol is the best
medicine | ever used or heard Of for
coughs and colds
This splendid cod liver and iron
remedy does not smell or taste like
cod liver OIL but is SO delicious that
children love to take it. Yet it has
the strengthening value of cod liver
oil. with tonic. bodybuilding iron.
Chronic bronchitis yields to Vinol
because it builds up the system in all
weakened and rundown conditions
You can get your money back any
time if Vinol does not do all we say.
Leo Fl. Fihe, Druggist, Richmond,
Ind
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1911-11-29
The Same Mistake.

those daily the OF
Theodore caught
year Tammany the
King when fact he
simply make Smson New York the place OF
it with the
held Naonaism dangerous to
stability
year it committed Taft
said that ruined himself
agocan yourself remember the great mass of
who
OF az assailed?
ais to did they ever give him an impulse which breathed
Roosevelt fellow citizen
people and m he
o
You will believe candidate and earnestly desire
Wall dsapprov
al or Ne" Na'ona'Sn nave come I" o'o" MI" IN MS CLOSING '
which Wisconsin dealing with the
La
I'VE need formulate Immediately, and definitely policy S. Which,
necessarily potential
which of great and well MANAGED shall tn not " at their
mens sh" control them such fashion as amply to eguad the
workers. This ontr1 should nesssa be pnsh extreme cases
controlled although is
The law that honest
men may not find that unwingy they have violated it In short our
fashion to regulate and control in the public interest the great nru
nevertheless
vay that general welfare to regulate and control Com
methods
crush out their incidentally the will
well methods
with all
pu
by the
bureau
minisraive
determined he dicredied
view Roosevelt in the easily misd did
the in his
Neither believe
ha he
he
Teddy
thinking
They have the with hat
Amer
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1911-11-29
GROOM SHOT RIVAL
Kokomo Tragedy Culmi-
mates Happy Wedding.

kOkOMO, Ind, Nov. 29.-Because
Mrs. Lethe Ford became Mrs. SEVERN
Ebel, Wren Sheppard, former fiance
Of the widow. went to her home, ex-
tended congratulations, begged for
giveness for insult to the newly made
bridegroom and then cautiously asked
if the latter had anything with which
to fight, making a threatening motion
toward his hip pocket as he did so.
Ebel had no weapon in his pocket
but dashed into an adjoining room, re-
turned with a 3s-caliber revolver and
fired two shots at Sheppard. who turn
ed and ran as he say his successful
rival emerge from doorway. One of
the shots struck Sheppard in the left
arm. Ebel was arrested within an hour
and is in the county JAIL charged with
felonious shooting. He admits the
shooting, but says it was done in self
defense.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1911-11-29
This Is My Goth Birthday
JAMES OOMvilLE,

Lieut.. Col. James Domville. a men,
Der Of the Senate Of Canada and a
prominent figure in financial and in
dustrial circles in New Brunswick, was
born Nov. 20, 1872. in Belize. British
Honduras. where his father was serv.
ing in a military capacity. He was ed
ucated at the British army school at
Woolwich. Since 1866 he has been a
resident Of Canada. He organized the
Sth Hussars. which regiment he COM
manded for 20 years. and was one Of
the officers who accompanied Sir Will
frid Laurier to England for the cele-
bration Of Queen Victoria's Jubilee.
He entered public life in 1872, in
which year he was first elected to the
House Of Commons. Since 1903 he has
been . member of the senate
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1911-11-29
GOODNEWS
Many Richmond Readers Have Heard
It and Profited Thereby,

1t and Profited Thereby.
Good news travels fast" and the
thousands of bad back sufferers in
Richmond are glad to learn that
prompt relief is within their reach
Many lame. weak and aching back is
bad no more, thanks to Doans Kidney
Pills. Our citizens are telling the
good news of their experience with
the Old Quaker Remedy. Here is ar
example worth reading:
Edgar S. Mote. mail carrier, "a S
Twentieth ST. Richmond, Ind, says
"Doan's Kidney Pills brought such
good results in my case several years
ago that l gave a public statement
recommending them. For a long time
suffered from backache and kidney
trouble and the least cold l caugh,
settled in my kidneys, making my com
plant worse. Hearing about Doan's
Kidney Pills, procured a supply at A
G. Luken & Co.'S Drug Store and their
use SO completely cured me that
have had but little trouble since
will always hold Doan's Kidney Pills
in high esteem"
For sale by all dealers. Price SO
cents Foster Milburn Co., Buffalo
New York, sole agents for the United
States.
Remember the name-Doan's-and
take no other.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1911-11-29
lam Willing To Prove
lean Cure You
To That End Am Giving Away $4,000
Worth of Medicine

In order to show beyond all doubt
that | am in possession of a medicine
that will cure kidney trouble, bladder
trouble or rheumatism, l will this year give
away ten thousand dollars worth OF this
medicine, and anyone suffering from these
diseases can get box OF il absolutely free.
All THAI is Necessary is to send me your ad-
dress.
l don't mean that you are to use q part of
it or all Of ii and pay me il cured. I mean
that l will send you box Of this medicine
absolutely iree Of charge. gift from me to
show them where and how they may be cured
cine, nor would I accep, it now or later il
you sent it. 1t is free in the real meaning OF
the word.
For twenty-five years. quarter Of a cen.
tury--l have been trying to convince the pub
lie that have something genuine. something
born, chronic rheumatism, for tcrturing kid
ney backache. for annoying calls to urnatc
But it is hard to convince people-they try a
few things unsueeessfully ard give up all hope
and refuse to listen to anyone thereafter.
Happily, am in a position now to demon.
strate to sufferers at my own expense that
have 4 medicine that cures these diseases.
! don't ask them to spend any money to find
out; don't ask them to believe me. nor even
to take the word of reliable people. but all I
ask is that they allow me to send them the
medicine at my own cost. That is surely fair.
To this end l have set aside ten thousand
dollars which will be used to compound my
medicine. Much of it is ready now to be
sent out. all of it fresh and standard There
viii be enough for all sufferers, though there
b. thousands of them. And anyone who
leeds it can get some of it free. But in
order that shall know that you have dis
ease for which this medicine is intended,
ask you to send me some Of your leading
symptoms If you have any Of the symptoms
in the list printed here you need my medicine
and if you will write me ! will gladly send
your, use. Look the symptoms over. see
about as follows Dear Dr.. notice symp.
toms number'-here put down the numbers.
My address is Dr.: T. Frank Lynott. so+2
Occidental Bldg. Chicago, Ill.
The ten thousand dollars am spending for
the compoundins of my medicine is only a
part of the money I am devoting to this
cause, for the package Of medicine send you
will be fully prepaid at my expense. From
any standpoint you view it. YOU incur no
expense or obligation; Just tell others who
you know are suffering who sent you the
medicine that cured you.
I am promising to give away ten thousand
dollars worth of medicine and will do that;
am promising to. send any. sufferer, who
directions free of charge, and will do that.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1911-11-29
"TH/S DATE IN HISTORY
NOVEMBER 10Th,


Will
died in England
a
774The patriots
in
2,
183O-The last Polish Revolution
1S3S-Mexico again France.
slorace Greeley editor
n. 3,
of
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1911-11-29

Books printed in Cairo are read by
the campfires OF the Sahara, in the
market place of Timbuctoo, under the
very shadow of the kaaba. and are
treasured in the mosques of Java and
western China. There is no speech
or language" in the Moslem world
where the voice Of the Cairo press lis
not heard. Their line has gone out
through all the earth and their words
to the end of the world London
Moslem World.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1911-11-29
MASONIC CALENDAR

Wednesday. Nov. 20. 1911. Webb
lodge No. -. f. & A. NJ. Called meet
Ing. Work In Fellow Craft degree.
Friday, Dec. l, 1911. King Solomon's
chapter. No. I. r. A. NJ. Called con-
vocation. Work in Most Excellent Mas.
ter degree.
Saturday. Dec. 2, 1911. Loyal Chap.
ter. No. -. o. r. 8. Stated meeting
and annual election of omcers.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1911-11-29
EXCITEMENT at Wabash

Excitement at Wabash, Frankfort
and Loqansport, over Cures Wrought
by Denns Rheumatic Remedy, Sure,
Safe and Speedy.
rheumatism, Liver, Kidney, and
Stomach diseases absolutely cured
when doctors and all other means fail
ed. Some turned in sheets and fed
with tube cured in a short time
Following are few: John McNally,
George Pence, Al. Henderson, P. B..
SchWer, all of Frankfort; Miss Eads,
Mt. Sella, Ind, Walter Baumbauer,
Wabash, Ind.
Regular size bottle while they last
rs cents, at Luken's Pharmacy, Ri CHI
mond, and Murray and Co., Dublin.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1911-11-29
BIG THANKSGIVING
TURKEY FOR TAFT
National News Association

WASHINGTON. d. c., Nov. pa
32-pOund bird that is declared to be
the best of the New England turkey
crop this year has arrived at the
White House to grace the Thanksgiy-
ing table tomorrow. Following his
usual custom. the President will have
only the members of his family and
one or two intimate friends for
dinner.