davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Leavenworth echo. [volume] (Leavenworth, Wash.) 1904-current, 1911-04-21
NOtIce for Publication

Department of the Interior, u. s. Land
Office at Waterville, Wash, April 9, 1911.
Notice is hereby given that Frank A. OFT,
Homestead Entry No Ops, for e% sea, sec
IS; NJ neA, sec 81, twp q n, + 10 w merid-
ian, has filed notice of intention to make
final f1ye-year proof, to establish claim to
the land above described before Frank A.
Reynolds, u. Commissioner, ut Leaven-
worth, Wash, on the 10th day OF May, 1911.
Claimant names as witnesses: Rush j.
Huston, Oliver Bates, Clifford Rairdon,
William F. Blankenship, all of Telma, Wn
Apl4Mayl2 w. f. HAYNES, Register.
The Leavenworth echo. [volume] (Leavenworth, Wash.) 1904-current, 1911-04-21

Continued on opposite side)
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1911-10-07

ity and velocity of the shell of a gun
have been tested, the fight between
it and the armour. such as is used on
modern battleships, begins. Some
times an experimental target such
as the counterpart of the section of
battleship is set up, and against
this various sized shells are fred in
order to note the destructive effect
on the interior. Our newest battle
ship is to cost somewhere in the
neighborhood of eleven millions and
the greater part of this expenditure
goes for guns and armour, and the
latter is quite as rigidly tested as the
former. A searching chemical
analysis of every piece is made, and
it must undergo something like thirty
different examinations A thoroughly
equipped laboratory is maintained for
this purpose at Indian Head After
the armour has been pronounced
chemically perfect a sample plate Is
set up on the Proving Grounds, usually
about three hundred and sixty feet
from the gun. which is to try its
powers OF resistance. This process is
quite as dangerous, If not more so.
than the test of a gun, for steel splin-
ters are likely to fly through the air,
and here again the greatest precau-
ton is taken and everybody is kept
out of the danger zone. After terrific
crash and the shower of steel has
passed away the result of the gun fire
on the armour is examined by the
officers and a Photographic record
made by the official photographer.
The actual impact has been photo
graphed several times with more or
less success and more or less de-
struction for Photographic apparatus.
The camera was operated by cleo
tricity in the exposure of plates. Fan
tastic figures are often formed on
the armour, and as the result of one
test the perfect profile of a woman
appeared on the steel plate. Later
in the day the exploded shells are
dug out of the sand by the use of
a clam shell digger and carried to the
shell dump
Indian Head has been the scene of
some remarkable tests. Recently the
aeroplane gun was tried out there
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1911-10-07
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ond or first mate and a knowledge
of navigati ton. He wanted a vessel of
his own so he organized company
on a stock basis.
With the ship in commission the
captain'9 real work began, and when
he slipped his moorings for :. voyage
he was going tramping. although he
called 1t trading In his quest for
cargoes he did not bother where he
might have to go. his only stipulation
being that he should have a return
freight OF a monetary consideration.
Those were the days when trading
was not as prosaic as today, for the
doughty shippers of sailing craft took
all kinds Of chances, especially those
who went over on the African coast,
swapping beads, mirrors, calico,
knives and other gimcracks for ivory.
Many of those shippers were not
averse to "blackbirding," as running
slaves was called. and many a cargo
of blacks was run to the States, even
after the British government started
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1911-10-07
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pertinent and accidents sometimes
happen, and several years ago a col
ored man had his head blown off by
the explosion of a six FOUNDER. Pro-
jectiles, too, sometimes perform
strange antics. Special precaution is
taken to minimize the number and
extent of the disasters which might
result through the freaks of the pro-
jectiles, by the use of a siren whistle.
This is blown five minutes before the
test begins. thus affording the work
men who are at the works nearby or
walking about the grounds an OPP
portunity to seek shelter in some of
the shacks erected for that purpose.
The whistle can be heard for at least
mile, and even the inhabitants of
the village are prepared for the con-
cussion which is little short of an
earthquake. The after effects of great
gun fire are sometimes serious, for
the conclusion frequently loosens
plastering from the ceiling of the
houses in the vicinity and in one in
stance several windows in the hotel
of the village were shattered. Nearly
all the officers homes have pressed
metal ceilings and many of the
buildings have windows made of a
material known as fibreloid instead of
glass. Everybody about the place has
become accustomed to the noise. and
the tremendous conclusions occasion
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1911-10-07

army and stores is a minor one,
for the members OF the junta know
that for the price a tramp steamer
may be chartered. The risk to the
owners? Oh, that's nothing if the
price is right.
During the Russo-Japanese war it
was common to read of both the Japs
and Russians destroying steamers
found to be carrying contraband. The
owners of the steamers were satisfied
for the gentlemen who chartered the
vessels had paid enough freight
money to justify the loss. As the skip
per and crew, If they escaped with
their lives to enjoy their portion of
the money paid well and good. If
they went down, well. is it not all in
the business?
The business of tramping is as old
as ships. but it was developed to a
high degree by the Yankee shippers
of the early days of this country.
In those days a young man returned
from a voyage with a rating of sec
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1911-10-07
ZNcret WE or 6T9lIaz N7z7a,o

the master of the tramp. He no
longer sails lin ballast" on q seek"
Rather than that he lays up, retain
ing only enough of his crew to keep
up his ship. Then he awaits orders
from his shore agent who, In the
meantime, has been notified. The lat
ter then goes after business. For in
stance a ship loads coal at one of
the Chesapeake Bay ports for Tam
pico, and upon arrival there finds
that the only out cargo is one for
Delaware Breakwater for orders"
The cargo is taken and when the
vessel arrives at the Breakwater she
receives orders to proceed to New
York. At the latter port there is
no outbound cargo for her unless she
is willing to wait two weeks. After
having just come off a short voyage
the prospect does not appeal 50 the
skipper telegraphs his agents at all
the coast ports asking for charter and
until something does come the snip
must lay up in a basin. While there
is an enormous amount Of business
done one may always find one or more
of these tramps laid up and these are
the vessels that may be engaged for
any enterprise, from seeking treasure
to running contraband for a band OF
patriots.
AS the excellence of accommoda-
tons on the big liners has advanced
the accommodations on the tramp
have kept pace until the master of
one of these modern free 1ances is as
well or as is the skipper of any of
the floating hotels" He has a suite
of rooms, all comfortably, and even
handsomely furnished. his bathroom,
private pantry and kitchen, his cleo
trio light and fans-all Of the COM
forts that one can possibly have at
sea. A small refrigerating plant keeps
his foods and furnishes cooling liquid
when in the tropics.
And in tonnage, too. the tramp has
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1911-10-07
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as troop transports, as many were
during the Boer war.
The Ship Subsidy Bill that has been
agitated in this country for years pro-
vides that kind of encouragement for
our people, but Congress has not yet
been convinced of its necessity. The
result is that the Stars and Stripes
is rapidly disappearing from the over
sea trade.
In the meantime England and Nor
way, which also have a subsidy sys-
tenn, are enjoying the major profits
of carrying the wares of the world
in bottoms that yield from Is to 40
per cent. interest annually. England
leads the world because of the readi-
ness of her people to invest, and the
rapidity with which the vessels can
be turned out. One shipyard alone
for several years maintained an av-
erage of one 5000 ton steamer every
three months. from the laying of the
keel to the official trial trip.
The cable has done wonders for
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1911-10-07

little excitement among the workers
and the men in the Administration
Building hardly look up from their
books when the building seems TO
rock on its foundation.
The guns are fired by electricity
from a building in the rear of the
battery, which is known as the bomb
proof" This building looks somewhat
like a mausoleum. 1t is built of con-
crete and its walls are five feet in
thickness. 1t is the main place of
refuge during the firing and is also
a storehouse for the powder to be
used during the day. Giant scales are
used to weigh out the powder charges
which are poured into muslin bags
ready for the guns. The utmost pre-
caution is used. for nothing is taken
for granted. and every move is noted
by the officers. When everything is
ready the officers retire to the hill
in the rear of the battery, the signal
is given and the man at the electric
key presses the button. The flight
of the shell is most carefully OBJ
served. This is done over and over
again, for each gun, large or small,
is fred at least five times with in
creasing charges of powder until the
maximum chamber pressure is one
and one-fourth times that required
for actual service. This is followed
by the elevation and getting 1t point
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1911-10-07

in to break up slavery.
Just as soon as the procuring of
blacks was difficult then the rewards
were greater, as was the temptation.
and many vessel that left her home
port as a trader became a black
birder,' sometimes with profit and
sometimes not
During the Civil War the tramp
steamship made its appearance. first
as a blockade runner. In that business
successful voyage meant quick and
ample returns, for the freights were
generally worth more than the ships.
One round trip paid for the vessel.
after that it was all profit
It is to the tramp steamer that
England owes her position as the fore
most maritime power. The Crown
has encouraged the building of liners
and tramps by the giving of subsidy.
In other words. the Grown is a part
owner. but only in time of war does
the Crown assert its rights. Then
these tramps must respond to be used
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1911-10-07

ed on a fixed mark, after which it
is fired over the river range and the
officers note the places where the
shells fall. Calm weather is preferred
for this work, for wind and atmos-
pheric conditions sometimes change
the whole routine of a test.
Much might be written from 3
technical point of view on thu smoke
less powder used, and as to it's gem
eral effects. but many Of these facts
the Navy authorities prefer to keep
to themselves. This powder, which
looks like pieces of perforated bore
hound candy, is all manufactured at
Indian Head-about a dozen build
ings being. used for the purpose.
The effect of the conclusion on the
mount or gun carriage is also care
fully watched, because the carrier
must be strong enough to absorb the
recoil to a certain extent as any
great yielding or stretching might
affect the range of the shot and the
correctness of the fire. All this re-
quires repeated testings, and in one
year more than ten thousand shots
have been fired at Indian Head in
proving out two hundred and seventy
five guns. This did not include the
small arms.
The velocity of the shell as it is
hurled through space is another prob
lem. and this is worked out by the
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1911-10-07

aid of the chronograph-a delicate
instrument in the Office of the Ad-
ministration Building. When the
speed of the projectile is to be tested
the gun is sighted on two screens
which are suspended IN the air one
hundred and weight feet apart.
These screens are connected by wire
with the chronograph in the office
quarter of a mile away. This in
strument, or rather, instruments, for
there are three in number, each
working on the same gun in the fol-
lowing manner: A long rod coated
with silver soft enough to allow dents
hangs by a magnet which is in cir
cult with the first screen. When the
gun is fired the shell tears the wires
Of the screen, the connection is bro
ken and the rod begins to fall. As
the next screen is pierced 1t releases
a second rod which touches a spring
causing a knife to shoot out making
mark on the first rod, the distance
between this mark and the initial
mark accounted for beforehand is
the measure of the distance fallen
by the rod while the shot is passing
over the distance from the first to
the second screen. BY the known
laws of gravity the distance fallen by
the rod, together with the distance
between the screens, furnishes the ba-
sis for calculating the velocity of
the projectile. The speed varies with
the different guns, and ranges from
fifteen hundred to thirty-one hundred
feet per second, the shells of our new
est guns making the latter speed.
The chronograph is the invention of
Frenchman.
The chronoscope. which is also in
the Office, is even a more delicate
piece of machinery, and records the
time from the explosion in the powder
chamber to the instant the shell leaves
the gun. This is done by a spark
on the machine as the powder is ex-
ploded and another when the projec-
tile passes the muzzle, and in so do
ing breaks the small wire in connec-
ton with the instrument. A drawing
is made of every test and later trans
ferred to blueprint paper an put on
record.
Now that the strength, aiming quail
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1911-10-07

and its success makes aeroplanes prac-
tically useless In time OF war. It
was fired at an angle OF eighty-hve
degrees. almost perpendicular. It has
a range OF over three miles and can
fire fifty shots per minute. As no
aeroplane has as yet attained this
height IT can be readily understood
how destructive this gun will prove
to an air craft. It is said that the
Navy Department contemplates the
manufacture OF a large number OF
these guns-in fact. enough to place
a battery of them on the deck OF
every warship in the Navy. The guns
are being built at the gun factory
in the Navy Yard at Washington.
d. c.
Fuses are also tested. and on the
bank of the river a plate OF the thin
nest armour. such as is used for tor
pedo boats, has been set up as a fuse
tester. Loaded and fused shells are
fred against this plate and the bursts
observed. Before this can be done
clear range of seven miles must be
had on the river There is also a
covered firing butt containing a plate
with a number OF screens behind Il.
This is used not only to determine
the distance but also the character OF
Our twelve inch armour piercing
projectile is said to weigh little less
than nine hundred pounds. but go
ing at a speed of perhaps two thou
sand miles an hour IL can be readily
imagined what the impact will be.
From a scientific point OF view In
dian Head Is full of interest, but the
layman thinks only of the awful de-
structive power of these giant guns
which lie in the valley OF the Proving
Grounds awaiting their stamp-the
large official "P" which means per-
lection after a rigid test.
1T must be something akin to be-
ing struck by a three hundred and
fifty ton train" said a Congressman
after he had witnessed a gun and ar
mour battle, cor worse
Nothing seems to be left undone.
and Uncle Sam is equipping his gal
liant sailors with the best weapons
skill and science can provide.
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1911-10-07
ZTO1cszZ/26rH~e8IeZ2
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grown until there are some OF them
that register 5000 tons. Most OF
them, however, are less than 5000
tons, for they have been found TO be
more economical to operate IN line
of business that IS more or less un-
certain.
AS the tramp carries her cargo at
so much per ton only the restraining
hand of Lioyds. the insurance com
pany, prevents much OF the overload
ing that Is something of a practice.
In carrying coke, which IS light for
it's bulk. IT is usual to not only MI
the hold. but to build up huge wooden
boxes on deck and NIL them. Lum-
Der, too, is often piled high on deck
Occasionally a crew refuses to go TO
sea on such a laden vessel, and this
brings about an inquiry by the Con-
sui. who decides whether the ship
is fit for sea.
A new type OF tramp ship f. the
turret, designed to evade the tonnage
tax, and although this type OF vessel
does not appear to be able TO CARR
as much as an ordinary type or the
same length appearances are decep-
tive. Oftentimes lumber Is carried on
the tops of the turrets, but the prac-
tice is generally discouraged.
The Norwegian maritime laws are
hence when the British tramps begin
to outlive their usefulness they are
sold to Norway. The new owners
patch them up and send them forth
under their own nag.
On the other hand the Norwegians
turn out some exceedingly nice craft.
scores of which are engaged In the
West Indies fruit trade under charter
to American fruit comTvsntas.
These little vessels A. smart in
speed. cheap to operate and carry
1000 to 1900 stems. or punches,
which is considered as being an ideal
cargo-quick to load and quick to dis
Besides, being small, they
can get into many OF the poorly shell
tered harbors. Many OF them are
lost, hardly a year passing but what
two to six strike on the reefs and. as
a rule, striking means the end Of
them, as the cost OF salvage and re-
pair would amount to more than they
are worth.
In but one sense is the tramp steam
er a hobo. and that is in its wander
ings for wherever there's freight.
that's where the tramp goes"
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1911-10-07

~HE hobo Of the sea is no rela-
ton to the Weary Willie of the
land, and although in the old
~ song of wherever there's
freight, that's where the tramp goes
applies. in a measure, to the pilgrim
who steals his way on the cargo
carriers of the steel rail. it was penned
by someone who had in mind the
thousands of sturdy steam craft that
are known on the seven seas as
tramps.
All vessels that do not ply on regu-
lar routes may be said to be tramps,
and while tramping may be looked
upon with disfavor by those who live
ashore those afloat and the shipping
interests hold the tramp ship in high
favor. A manufacturer gets a large
order to deliver, say at Tampico,
Mexico. There are no regular freight
ships plying from his nearest coast
port. What does he do? He tele-
graphs or telephones to ship broker
at that port and the agent charters a
tramp steamer of the required cargo
capacity
And one may always. or nearly al
ways, find a tramp at the larger cities
laid up waiting for charter.
The skipper of the tramp is the
man with whom to talk. He does not
care what the cargo may be-fruit,
oil in case, wheat, lumber, ties, dyna-
mite or sinews of war for a revolu-
tionary party in any part of the world
Just SO the price is in keeping with
the risk and the time required.
Into the calculations of the pro-
posed revolution that certain dissat-
isded patriots may be contemplating
the question of transportation of their
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1911-10-07
Zhe NsWAeP00zZ0e

Jew people realize just how great
~ a test the big guns which go to
make up the equipment of our
battleships must undergo be-
fore they earn the right to Uncle
Sans firing line. These tests are
made at the Naval Proving Grounds
at Indian Head, Maryland, a seclud-
ed spot on the banks of the Po-
tonac River about twenty-five miles
from Washington Here the United
States Government owns twelve
hundred acres of land, and almost
every day a bloodless battle between
guns and armour is waged on the
river front This conflict is jealously
guarded from the public eye. The
place is absolutely closed to visitors,
and only those who are fortunate
enough to obtain a pass from the
Bureau of Ordnance at Washington
are permitted to look upon the tech
meal tests to which the guns and
armour are subjected. The Govern
ment tug is the only boat allowed to
make a landing at the wharf. There
is a corps of Naval officers at In
dian Head, and these men and their
families reside on the far end of
the reservation away from the valley
where the firing is done. About five
hundred civilians, three hundred and
fifty of whom are negroes, are en-
p1oyed to carry on the dangerous not
to say difficult work of safeguarding
the lives of our sailors as well as
proving the awful power of our mod
ern guns.
Only those who have seen a gun
go through its many tests can fully
realize the havoc which is wrought by
the huge steel instruments. The guns
are brought by tug to Indian Head
from the gun factory at the Wash
ington Navy Yard. At the Proving
Ground wharf giant crane lifts
them to a truck which runs on rails
to a point near the spot where the
tryout is to be made. At this point
another crane lifts them into posi-
ton, where a thorough examination
of the structural parts is made by
the Naval Officers on duty. The heavy
work is done by the colored en-
p1oyees, and as soon as the gun has
been pronounced structurally perfect
the men begin to make ready for the
firing.
The first trial Is a dangerous ex-
The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas) 1892-1980, 1911-10-07
Rl0cAz8ZHS N7o0 ore

Wherever there's water;
Wherever there's freight,
That's where the tramp goes,
That's where the tramp goes!
old Song.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1911-02-08
SAVED BY MIRACLE.
Crew imprisoned in Blazing Forecasts
of Capsized Vessel Escape,

Boston, Feb. 1.-Marvelling that they
were alive to tel the tale, the Is men
of the crew OF the fishing schooner
Tca2cr which reached r wharf late
Monday. told of having faced death
while imprisoned Jan. % in the burn
ing forccastle of their almost capsiSed
craft off Sable island.
The schooner was struck by i north
east gale when riding at anchor on
Cape Sable. Monday morning. accord
ing 20 Capt. Dunsky, which threw her
on her beam ends. with her masts i.ar
upon the waters. The galley stove emp
tied its live Goals into the forecastle
and started blaze which threatened
the crew with cremation. While tho
galley range threw its boiling water
over one of the crew, who had to DO
TO hospital Monday night.
By miracle the schooner riEiited
herself. bringing up as she did one of
the dories securely caught in the cross
trees OF the foremast--the others were
all smashed. The inrushS of waters
Guenchcd the IRE in the forecastle. thus
all hut the man who was scalded cs-
capped injury from the fire. "A mustard
mnS. stuck in the ceiling Of the faEe-
castle Eaya one evidence OF the cap-
sizing Of the craft When she tiet N |,
a. sssstis..sgsin saifra - .sss.a,,,ss.
Daily Kennebec journal. [microfilm reel] (Augusta, Me.) 1870-1975, 1911-02-08
Races at Central Maine Park.

The races at the Central Maine Trpt-
ting park, which We're to have beer
held last saturday. but We're postpone
ed ,his Wednesday afternoon if tn,
weather is favorable. The following
are the entries in the three classes:
FREE OR-ALI.-TROT OR PACE
Rosie Wilkes, Holmes.
Tony Nelson, Pomerleau.
Doris. W. CT. Reynolds.
81. Ccvix. Jr.. Thomas Burleigh
Rodcrick, Joe Roderick.
Fanny Delmar, Merrill
Henry Arnold. Mr. Coombs.
Dora T., Lilly.
80 CLASS-TEOT OR PACE.
Jimmy t.. Harvey Doe.
Harvard Dcmtin.
Chestnut mare, AlXah Bragg.
Lady WILDER. Summer Clark.
Virginia NJ. VI. l.. Jones.
Prince Albert, ~ q. Lombard.
Il. G.. Maxine Turmoil.
Don 3. \. j.. SAWYER.
Sta, Nelson. Bumps.
l;cl w, :. j.. WhtcOmb.
Grey Gclding. Fortier
Daisy. L. +. poulin.
Fri L.. Bean.
NAMED RACt..
Ely Rod. MarcouX
aiarcaroni Girl, Marchctti
Quick Step. Thomas Holmes
Maud F.. French.