Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1910-12-18


axle which is turned quickly by powerful engine
The shape of these fans, blades,
quring much knowledge and skill in designing; but the
principle is the same as l have mentioned 1t is the
thrust pull of these fans that pushes the aeroplane
through the air till gets up speed to make enough
wind to lift it.
How Men Direct Their Machines
GETTING an aeroplane off the ground is easy
~ matter if its wings big enough and if the engine
is powerful enough; but the controlling of it when in
the air much different affair. 1t is impossible in
this space to explain just the that make
chine steady in the air and another unsteady but
it is possible to describe the methods of control in
hope understandable way
Let us suppose that machine is in the air and that
it is designed that it is really able fly You have
already from the instance of cutting the air with
FAM that surface forced through the air always
to follow the direction of its cutting edge which gen.
orally called the entering leading" edge Now,
the main planes WINGS of aeroplane tilted up
ward, and this tilt gives them tendency to rise and
drag the whole machine with them. At certain angle
of tilt, which is found by experience by calculation
and according to the speed and weight and design
of the machine any given aeroplane will be in such po-
down to the extent and then the machine will hv
level with the ground.
To make it go higher, either the speed must be in
creased that it will have stronger wind against it
under the planes the angle of tilt of the planes must
be altered The latter is the method and
the angle is altered by of extra plane called
elevator The elevator may be either front of or
behind the main planes, and is fixed on an
axle placed horizontally When placed in front and
tilted upward 1t tres to follow It's leading edge and be-
ing placed is at the end of long stick SPAR it
has much leverage that it tits the whole machine up
ward and the extra tilt the main planes gives the
extra lift to raise the whole machine.
When the elevator is placed at the like birds
tail, it operates in the opposite way That is say,
when the leading edge of the elevator is pulled down it
forces the tail down. and pulls the back edge of the
main planes down. which leaves the front edge
tilted up and the machine then rises When the rear
elevator is tilted up it raises the tail and decreases the
tilt of the main planes making the machine dive to
earth These elevators generally controlled by wires
it forward tits the planes downward and pulling back
tits the planes up.
The Steering Gear
ITO steer horizontally rudder is used which works
L acty like the rudder of boat and is operated
through wires either by wheel like that of motorcar
by pedals that be pushed forward to pull the
rudder to side or other.
1t is of most important to keep the machine
from rolling from side to side; for if it rolled too far it
wise For the prevention of this of the methods is
lift up the side that is falling too low and depress
the side that is getting too high. The common is
the of little flaps the ends of the WINGS which
called aerons These flaps are really like little eeva
tors, and when wing drops the driver pulls the
back of the aleron down that side, that it has
tendency to lift; at the time the pull the control
wire of the aleron the other SIDE which too high
is released, that it is able to tip up at the back with
the pressing of the wind and give less lift to that
side.
The other method of keeping even keel is to warp
the wings las is caled) The main planes themselves
made flexible at the back and when wing drops
the back of the wing that side is pulled down. Civ
ing the whole wing greater tilt upward and conse-
quenty greater lift At the time the holding
the back of the other wing Stacked off and the Of
the wing is allowed to rise and so give less lift.