davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1910-10-28

cities in the United States. except one,
namely, Boston.
/ am strongly of the opinion that, in
theory Mt least, our school system should
be organized so as to admit pupils to high
schools at least two years earlier than
now, or at the beginning of the seventh
I'M grade.
Too mach time is wasted in the upper
two grades of the grammar schools; or. In
other world, there is no need of taking
eight years to complete the elementary
schools.
We are confronted at this time in the
State of New Jersey with a peculiar stu
alton as regards compulsory education and
child labor laws. According to the for
mer a child must remain in school until
the age of II years, unless (a) 10 years OF
age and graduated from a grammar school,
or (b) at least IA years of age and eX-
empted by action of the Board of Educa-
tion on satisfactory evidence that the
child's services are needed for the sup
child must be legally employed, or his
attendance at school is required. Accord
Ing to the child labor law. any child
certificate permitting him to go to work.
Obviously the two laws conflict with
each other, o~ceasioning more or less frie,
part of parents of the children. as well as
on the part of those charged with the
enforcement OF the law.
Recommendations for sites.
DIR. Poland also made several recon-
mendations for new school sites, and In
his opinion the following schools could
be we'll taken under advisement as
serving to relieve the congestion in
many sections and in helping to aid
the boards efforts to relieve the crowd
ing that most of tho schools have tc
contend with now:
A site south of Bragaw avenue ano
west of Clinton place, relieving Haw-
thorne Avenue School.
In the near Vicinity of Camden Stree,
School fol- the purpose Of relieving sale
school.
A new site for the Chestnut Street
School.
A new site in The vicinity of Runyor
street M Belmont avenue for future
use to relieve Johnson Avenue Annex,
A new site midway between Nortf
Seventh Street and Abingdon Avenue
schools to give relief to North Seventh
Street. School,.
A new site in the Weequahic Parl
district, south of Peshine avenue ant
perhaps midway between Peshine Ave
nue. School and Newark city line.
A site somewhere on the triangle Dor
dered by Bruce street. South Eight
street and Fourteenth avenue, =
school will be needed sooner or later IL
this neighborhood.
A new site for the South MarlSe
Street School in the vicinity of Maya
zine and Komorn streets.
A suitable site in the north end o
the city for an ungraded school. Pos
sibly h old Ridge street building MAJ
be used for this purpose in case a suit
able site were found, or this building
may be utilized for special classes, par
ticularly for o%pen-air classes, if a suit
able site were found.
When the matter of the Avon ave
nue. site for the South Sid High Schoo
came up for consideration h board
voted against it. although the matter
will be taken up again. The principa
objection to the site seems to be tht
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1910-10-28

desire is to have them located all to-
gether in the section where they live.
An appeal was made for & school In
the vicinity of Elizabeth avenue, the
Newark branch of the Pennsylvania
railroad. Clinton and Peshine avenues.
J.. g. Mcctirdy, who appeared for the
residents Of the section interested. was
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1910-10-28

only ~hullabaloo in Hopewell township.
The taxpayers are wondering whence
contractor Archibald Stout gets his
right to use the township stone-crusher
on his contract of building the road be-
tween Pennington and Ackor's Corner,
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1910-10-28

der consideration and intends to put up
a school in that part of the city at the
earliest possible date.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1910-10-28
" q

! want any person who suffers with bilious
ness, constipation, indigestion or any liver or
blood ailment. 20 try my Paw-Paw Liver Pills.
I guarantee they will purify the blood and put
the liver and stomach Into a healthfui condi-
ton nj Will positively cure biliousness and
constipation. or 1 win refund your money
~AIunyon's Homeopathic Home itemedy
COP 53rd and jefferson Sts-. Phiia.. Pa.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1916, 1910-10-28
UNIFORMITY Or 81
INSURANCE BIDS
STIRS UP BOARD
One Bidder Figures on So, OOO,.
900 School Contract Far
Below Competitors.
AGENTS DENY THAT
AGREEMENT EXISTS
Majority of Those Seeking
Award Submitted Minimum
Rate; One Went Under.

9U0s1tIteu minimum
H.
NATE, UHe WeHt OlluSi
The Board of Education unearthed
an interesting situation yesterday when
II opened bids for handling 49, 600. 600
wortIosx ,ns,,a,oo covering local
-, T.1.o - fortn.ora
iop.' -,
plos receiVeo' ana .hrts-seNeh :"
were practically alike as 10 the RAYS
quoted. Three bidders supmltteo pIu-
positions tnat varied somewhat III u
mater OF detail ana one oluoer,
Joseph A. wright, quoteu hgures tna.
we're so much lower than the rest ma
the circumstance occasioned nc ht'ie
comment.
1t was. believed by some nat ehe So
called hre insurance compiha,iol was
sun operating despite tne recent ruiins
o.uos - s.inas that a tenta-
tive agreement had been entered into
between the thirty-seven companies
whose bids were alike to maintain uni
form rates. This is denied by the
companies and the agents interested.
The reason for the uniformity of the
u DIGS is aSCI1DeQ IO.Inc ldtl lldL Oil thN
companie have a minimum rate for
certain classes of property, and in the
matter of schools. churches and dwell
ings where certain fire protection on
ditions prevail, the rates are fixed and
permit of no deviation on the part
of agents.
AS each of the thirty seven bidders
in question adopted the minimum rate
for school property of the class in
which the Newark schools are listed 1t
was only natural according to the
claims of the agents, that the bids
should be alike or. the same lines of
insurance. Just how it happened that
Mr. Wright. who is a regularly licensed
broker and former alderman, happened
to submit rates that were lower than
those established by the companies for
property similar to the Newark schools,
is something that has caused consid-
cradle surprise.
- r.
Ills hgures ior the entire Vaiua'ion
OF the property Tor one year were go
cents per sloo; for tnree years. oo.o'
gents per sloo' on on per cent, o. .ne
entire valuation Tor one year. ls.l1, ior
three years fGVi' Inc rates supnhl.,eu
by the tnirty-seVen hrlhs VINO stoou
together, SO tar as pids were concerheu.
We're. On the one-year piah' oo ee"s
per $lVo' On II 70 ~
cents per $loO; on the ~ per cent. plan
for one year, .225, and on the three-year
nlon 5eo5 cents
pam .'V-o e .iS .
A NUMBER OF counter ~propositlohs
were submitted offering alternative
ia ~. tha,, ala not an,roach the
pius' out 'ney u'u " -
figures offered by Mr.. wright. IL was
finally decided to turn all the bids
-. s,hNoon,mittaa Gov ana,,sis
n over 10 d suo-sot.e 10 @Naiysis'
and a report Will be submitted later
The agents whose bids were uniform
,yara.
we're.
Frank M. Parker, Herbert G.. Rorick,
who bid IN $l5S,00O worth; Henry
e. RumnoeUf Norris v. Brown.
- ceh,aa.u n,ar;c,n rnsuranca
LOUIS ochiesllsei, n tlnoaa,n w SU
The labor world. [volume] (Duluth, Minn.) 1896-current, 1910-09-10
LETTERS !: 6! 8 (. FIR ON i /,
a W'ORKIlyGMA. / !:

p . ...Y..-F ( -
When the worker: is compelled to
struggle for the sbarest necessities,
there is very little opportunity for
the deyelopmentEof the finer instincts
which lead, for instance, to the appre-
citation Of art and of the beautiful
things in nature. + This shuts out q
world OF pleasure which nothing else
can replace, His struggle for SELF
preservation prohibits the develop
ment of culture. He is too closely akin
to the beast to have any regard for
the higher and finer things. All this
II said with a full appreciation of the
strength OF character which is de-
veloped even in the midst of poverty.
How can a. love of the beautiful be
nurtured In the soil of filth and want :?
The real curse Of child labor is not
IN the fact that the children are COM
PEELED to work; even a child Of eight
may perform a certain routine of
duties on the farm, in the home or,
for a limited time, in the factory,
without. serious injury. It Is the con-
tinuous toll for long hours, under UNI
sanitary conditions, with improper or
insufficient food, that stunts the body
and the mind,5esoathat when the child
arrives at the. years when it. should
be giving expression to Its best self,
IT. Is simply inabSssible for; it to ap-
,preciate the best values of life. The
pathetic thing about the whole. situa-
ton Is that there comes no realization
The labor world. [volume] (Duluth, Minn.) 1896-current, 1910-09-10

boss here. You are quite welcome to
stay as long as you wish. Constantine
objects to my hospitality and treats all
strangers alike, fearing they may be
company men," 49,.
I'VE throwed a Swede out on his
neck" declared Fraser; swelling @1th
conscious Importance, ':and L guess
he's Grabbed us with the other square
heads" ~ 49,.
.*"Oh, no! They have instructions not
to harbor any travellers. It's as much
as his job Is worth for any Of them to
entertain you. Now, won't you make
yourselves at home while Constantine
attends to your dogs? Dinner will
soon be ready"
He jmurmured "Gladly" and then
lost himself in wonder at this well
gowned girl living amid such surround
1ngs. Undentably pretty. graceful in
her movements, bearing herself with
certainty and poise. who was she?
Where did she come from?: And what
in the world was she doing here7
He became aware that "F1ngerless''
Fraser was making the introductions.
This Is Mr.. Emerson. Ny name is
French. I'm one of the Virginia
Trenches, you know. Perhaps you
have heard Of them. MOI Well. they're
the real thing" =. ~
Emerson forestalled her acknowl-
edgement by breaking in roughly:
His name isn't French at all,
madam; it's Fraser ingerless' Fra
ser. Hes an utterly worthless rogue
and absolutely unreliable, 90 far as
can learn. pic ed him up on the ice
In Norton sound with marshal at his
heels" = $=. LII. 81 =. /.
"That marshal wasn't after me-
stoutly denied Fraser, quite unabash-
ed. why, he's a friend Of mine
we're regular chums. Everybody
knows that H< wanted to give me
some papers to- take outside, that's
all" s.z.. + =#r
Boyd shrugged his shoulders 1nd1f.
ferently:
'sWarrants!' y
Iner hostess. greatly amused. pre-
vented any further argument BY say.
ing:
= suppose 70, are pouad for the
statesy' ..'> s..s, .s..5. d, &.
Yes, We intend to catch the mail
boat at Katmai. am taking Fraser
along for company. It,sS hard travel.
Ing alone IN g strange country. He's
& nuisance. but les ather amusing at
times, + 49, s1ss.s. .1=-ss NE IA
y certainly an" agreed that cheer
#ful person, now Fully at bis ease.
p and By th{ girl rose, and after
showing them 4 = room she excused
herself Oh the ssore Of having to Gee
g the dinner When she. had With.
drawn Ffngerless', Fraser pursed his
I thin lips Into 9 loiseless whistle. then
observed: S5=ss 'ss 35.:5s
a ell.s IN - -t|cussed z,
ITO - l,o,,li1 d
The labor world. [volume] (Duluth, Minn.) 1896-current, 1910-09-10

invertifor one-half hour Cook = faW;
mlnutes teaspoon q finely: oh opped
onion i IN two ablesp oonzs butter, add
I one g half cup finely chopped meat,
one-half cup soft bread .crumas, the
tomato pulp and season: ITO taste.
Cook, and add an egg. heat again
and fill tomatoes with mixture. Bake
In b1ttered pan 20; minutes. ) y, Ut:
) Fritters- ~ Cook six peeled tomatoes,
six cloves, one-third cup sugar and
one small onion sliced. for5515 min
utes, then rub through "a sieve. Sea-
son, melt one-fourth cup butter, add
one-h half cup cornstarch and: stir un-
til smo oth.@ Add tomato pulp gradu-
ally, cook: up, then add one: slightly
beaten egg. Pour into buttered dist,
and coll. Cut In squares, dip first in
egg, and then in cracker, crumbs
and fry in deep fat. Drain and
serve. l.. w. ,~.. . ,,,q.t.3> >':"'
zAspic-Soak one-half box gelatin in
one-half pint water an hour. Cook
six tomatoes with one small onion,
Sliced two teaspoons sugar, a bay
leaf and teaspoon minced, parsley,
with pepper and salt to taste. Drain,
add gelatin. stir until dissolved and
strain through coarse cloth into small
molds Put in ice chest and when
cold serve on lettuce with mayon-
naise.-+- -. T.. = : -
Cream Toast-Toast brown, small
squares Of bread. Make sauce by
adding to, three tablespoons melted
butter, the same amount -four, one
half teaspoon salt, one and one-halt
cups stewed and strained tomato to
which :one-fourth teasp oon soda has
been added, and one-half cup scalded
cream. Pour over toast and serve. Z:
The labor world. [volume] (Duluth, Minn.) 1896-current, 1910-09-10
IHE LABOR " ORID
Cook Tomatoes Many ays.|

The meek and lowly but ripe and
luscious tomato 40 in our midst or
ought to be! Originally a love apple
to our foremothers-for ornament
and not for use it has long since
come into its own as one Of the edible
and nourishing vegetables the garden
produces. ~ II
5 Here are g. few hints to the house,
wife who would prepare them, either
for present or winter USE. <
It one supplies oneself with good,
wide-mouthed glass Jars, new rubber
rings each year, and perfect tops.
one may can tomatoes without fear
of time wasted. sF ss.:.% ~ .ss.,.,,~.@
i Cut the tomatoes in pieces after
skins have been removed. and cook
only until thoroughly scalded. skim
ming often. Can and seal at once.
Observation-Disclosures skins from ono
pound small yellow tomatoes, add
one pound sugar and let stand over
night. Next morning pour Oft strip
and boil it until thick. Skim and add
tomatoes, two ounces preserved GIN
ger and two sliced seedless lemons.
Cook until clear :.,,x>ss<es .:1. 1z.z. H..
l7neooke fsick.e ana chop
three pints ripe Etorna toes. add one
cur. chopped celery, four tablespoons
chopped pepRers four tablespoons
salt. atx, each.spf sugar and mustard
seed, one-half teasp DON: each cloves
and ctnnanaa1t one teaspo grated
nutmeg. and two cups vinegar. insEor-
der named Pug IN stone jar and
cover: !. q VIII keep year. i* mr.: 4:
stuffed--Cnt thin slices from stem
end Of .suffioient tomatoes: to: serve.
take out pulp. sprinkle witt, silt and
The labor world. [volume] (Duluth, Minn.) 1896-current, 1910-09-10

H.. :.
Of what is missing. Life has lost its
largest and fullest meaning; 1T is#liml-
tied to the routine Of getting e. liv-
ing. - y - :. II. IA z.iss4% !
' Many q factory or shop girl; after
= hard days work, is compelled 10
spend thek evening in further mono
tonous toll in the home, because of
the poverty Of her parents or because
Of her own limited means: To such
there can be little or no development
of those qualities which make for the
highest type Of womanhood. The
harshness OF their daily toll brushes
cut many. of the softer and gentler
qualities The tragedy Of such an ex-
isten;e lies in the fact that the woman
rs deprived of the greatest happiness
OF a woman's life and at the same
time Is unable to enter into her daily
occupation: with a mans enthusiasm
and vigor. 1t is commonly said, by
business men that it is better to en-
ploy a woman for certain tasks, be-
cause. it is well-known that she must
make that her life occupation. where
as in most mems cases, the position
is simply q stepping stone to some
thing better. = - - y. Il
The woman in her home, crowded
In by the four walls of her kitchen;
the workingman, whose daily path
Is from his home to the shop and
from the shop to his home, cannot
fail to show the influence Of this
restriction: Tie !. recreations which
must come to them, especially in the
case of the men, appeal merely = to
the physical side Of their. nature. - It
is the overworked ,toiler who patrons
ICES the, .saloon-the man who works
the longest hours in the day-and not
the .highly-skilled workingman who
has the opportunity for self-expres-
sion on account of his higher wages.
The limitations of poverty, then,
are the terrible pressure due to g. low
standard Of wages and hence low
standard Of living, and the lack of
the power to-, appreciate the best
things in life because the higher in
stincts have been Systematically
ground out through long years OF
deadening toll. ~4 -. 49, H.. ...< p
The labor world. [volume] (Duluth, Minn.) 1896-current, 1910-09-10

The breath Of the Wild north
west Is tn this great story Of love
and life and hate and death.
Rex Beach and Jack London
have revealed the hidden nsys-
ferries and ron,ances Of the Alas
kan wastes as hare no other au-
thors, and in this stirring, grip
ping narrative IL shown tho best
work Of Mr.. Beach's career.
Boyd Emerson and his superhu-
man efforts to Win a fortune for
the woman. he loved; Cherry
Malotte, the captivating, ensr-
'getic young woman who combat
ed desperate men on the battle
ground of their own choosing !;
Mildred Wayla'ad, the fn.pertous
beauty and society faporite.
whose hand was sought by bitter
rivals ,vho did not stop at n,ur-
der; George Bali. the sturdy
fisher hero, whose voice ,pds
like the roar of giant waves on a
lee shore; "Fingerless" Fraser.
whose quaint hunaor alone pre-
vented him from going to Jail,
where he really belonged, and
Willis Marsh. unprincipled in
triguer and betrayer Of men
and won.en-these are some Of
the characters and elements that
make this story one of the great
est tales of adventure ever writ
ten.
The labor world. [volume] (Duluth, Minn.) 1896-current, 1910-09-10

TO the Voters OF st. Louis County:
! have nled for the Republican
nomination for Judge Of Probate. Ny
residence ID at Virginia on. the Me-
saba range. believe that the~north-
ern part of the county should receive
favorable consideration in, selecting
county. officers. SEA. Is. &
am prepared TO conduct the Office
in q prompt and intelligent manner.
and Il nominated and elected will
give my entire time to the duties Of
tho office. & >s
All 7 ask Is that every labor organ
tzat1on look UP my record. Men
should be judged BY their acts. .s
Thanking you In advance for any
faeorable consid ton. I am
+. I'll. Yours very truly,
1865 s. w. GILPIN. 81
Condon globe. (Condon, Gilliam Co., Or.) 189?-1919, 1910-06-24
Gwendolen Items.

Mrs. Burns returned to Hood
River Monday accompanied by
her granddaughter. gena Lamb,
who will spend some time visit.
ing relatives there.
Mr.. and Mrs, Skelly and Mrs.
Morgan of Olex spent Saturday
and Sunday with Mrs. Ellis and
family.
Geo. Lamb was a Condor Wis.
itor the latter part of last week.
Earnest Ellis and Fay Adams
returned home from Hood River
Tuesday.
Condon globe. (Condon, Gilliam Co., Or.) 189?-1919, 1910-06-24
NORTH PORTLAND
STOCK MARKET

Receipts at this market for
the week have been: cattle, 2i42
calves 1870. hogs 945, sheep 36ll
and goats 1870.
The cattle market has been
slightly draggy; sheep have sold
briskly on account Of an ascend
ing market and the hog market
recovered sabout zoe from the
low point Of last week.
A good many California cattle
were among the receipts and
while the cows and butcher stuff
sold at high prices the steer
market was low and sellers found
difficulty in disposing Of their
offerings. A great many more
cows could have been sold with
out affecting prices but the over
proportion Of good quality steers
initiated against and evenly bal
anced the market.
There was a brisk demand
for sheep and every thing that
was fat brought good prices. In
the offerings there were not
many sheep of good quality in
the matter of the flesh and the
demand for fresh mutton and
lambs was only supplied in part.
Receipts for local territory
hogs were next to nothing and
prices advanced Is to 25c over
the low point registered last
week.
Condon globe. (Condon, Gilliam Co., Or.) 189?-1919, 1910-06-24
PUBLIC SALE.

| will sell at, public auction on
Saturday, July Q, the following
described property: 25 head Of
horses, 16 well broke. 6 heavy
geldings, several good brood
mares. One 8! Mitchell wagon,
One 81 Balm, One 81 Studedaker,
One 12-ft Mccormick header,
One buggy and harness, harness
for ID head of horses. One left
Steel Harrow, One 8 bottom
Dutchman plow. Other farm
implements, tools, etc.
Terms: Five per cent discount
for cash. Four months time on
approved notes bearing 10 per
cent interest.
j.. C. Thrall. VIM. Case,
Auctioneer. Owner,
Condon globe. (Condon, Gilliam Co., Or.) 189?-1919, 1910-06-24

E. Magee expects to leave for
Portland about July1 where he
has the contract for the plumb
ing work in the $4,000 apart
ment house being built at 2lst
and Irving streets in that city by
S. B. Barker. The work will re-
quire about three months time.
Condon globe. (Condon, Gilliam Co., Or.) 189?-1919, 1910-06-24

w. A. Darling, has just re-
ceived $500 rolls of wall paper
ard 140O more on the road all in
new 1910 paper. A postal viii
bring samples, or will be pleased
to show sample books. Painting
and papering done and estimates
furnished.
Condon globe. (Condon, Gilliam Co., Or.) 189?-1919, 1910-06-24

FOR SALE-One fullblooded
male Scotch Collie pup 4 months
old. Four young light Barred
Plymouth Rock Cockerels.
w. l. Ebbert, Condor.
Condon globe. (Condon, Gilliam Co., Or.) 189?-1919, 1910-06-24
Some New Things For
You Consider.

yer, Wn., and II miles from RR.
station. All divided into 10-acre
tracts with streets. Soil is clay
shot resembling Hood River.
Land is sub-irrigated and water
ed by many springs. Timber to
be removed by Dec. 31st, 1911.
Land is practically level. Price,
$50 to SIS.
40 acres fairly well improved in
the Willamette Valley. Price
$4,000. To trade for a small
farm in Gillian County. Value
about $4,000. The man is a
bachelor and would not mind
accepting a ranch about fifteen
miles out of Condor.
214 acres near Jefferson, Ore
gon. very good improvements,
and more than one-half cleared
and in cultivation. Worth 500
per acre. Price $4,000. To
trade for Gillian County wheat
land.
Condon globe. (Condon, Gilliam Co., Or.) 189?-1919, 1910-06-24

Rolled wheat and oats mixed
for feed; and oats for seed or
feed for sale, Terms: Cash. In
quire of G. w. Parman,
Condor, Oregon.
Condon globe. (Condon, Gilliam Co., Or.) 189?-1919, 1910-06-24
Wanted

Five hundred acres of grain to
harvest with combine. Anyone
having grain they wish harvest
ed may call at this office for fur
ther particulars.
Condon globe. (Condon, Gilliam Co., Or.) 189?-1919, 1910-06-24

Rev. A. B. Snyder of Beaver
ton Oregon will hold services in
the Congregational Church both
morning and evening on next
Sunday, June 20.
Condon globe. (Condon, Gilliam Co., Or.) 189?-1919, 1910-06-24

If you are figuring on having
your house papered call on W. A.
Darling and choose your pattern
from 1900 rolls. Estimates will
be given on application on paint
ing and papering.
Condon globe. (Condon, Gilliam Co., Or.) 189?-1919, 1910-06-24
Partner Wanted.

efb'Ss "NsfsS
Owner Of large stock and
grain ranch who cannot give
personal attention to 1t wishes
partner 10 take q half interest in
the property and to take entire
charge of the management.
Small capital required. Good
references must accompany the
applicant. Property situated
east Of the Cascade Mountains. +"
McCargar, Bates & Lively.
Failing Building
Portland, Oregon
Condon globe. (Condon, Gilliam Co., Or.) 189?-1919, 1910-06-24

Have you seen the Weekly
Blotter? Get a copy of this new
publication at the Condor Drug
Co. or at this Office. 1t is pub
lished by the Globe Printery.
Condon globe. (Condon, Gilliam Co., Or.) 189?-1919, 1910-06-24
Harvester for Sale.

Holt Jr., with 16-foot and 20
foot headers and Schenandoney
hitch. Will sell cheap or trade
for work horses. Call or address
c. w. Martin,
If Olex, Oregon.
Condon globe. (Condon, Gilliam Co., Or.) 189?-1919, 1910-06-24

Dunn Bros have just received
a complete line of A tents and
wall tents. All sizes and prices.
Condon globe. (Condon, Gilliam Co., Or.) 189?-1919, 1910-06-24

FOR SALE or TRADE Fine
piano in best of condition. Will
sell reasonably or will trade for
horses. Call on or address
MRS. w. D. FLETT,
Gwendolen Oregon.
Condon globe. (Condon, Gilliam Co., Or.) 189?-1919, 1910-06-24
Notice..

The party taking the lines and
collars from my harness in my
barn had better return them at
once as I am aware who took
them.
IL d l3 G. E. Townsend