The star. (Reynoldsville, Pa.) 1892-1946, 1910-10-06

rangers cabins which have become
such an important adjunct OF forest
guardianship, are near the summit OF
some peak, from which a view can be
had over many miles Of woodland.
In the early part Of the year, be-
fore the rains cease and the ground
dries out these rangers and wardens
are employed at ordinary duties
through the forest, repairing trails.
establishing telephone lines, watching
for careless campers and lumbermen.
cleaning up dangerous underbrush
and the like. AS the dry season ad
vances and the conditions develop
that are especially favorable to for
est fires, these men become the
"lookouts" of the forest protection
force. Day and night they scan the
| distant horizon with strong glasses,
for traces of smoke or reflected
flames. In the woods, from such an
eminence, fire may be seen for
miles, and the first traces Of it may
be detected by these lookouts long
before it would be observed from
rangers cabin much closer to the
scene.
Men and Money Needed.
1t is to cope with such conditions
that the forest service is asking for
more men and better organization of
the forests. At present the men on
the hilltop stations use methods as
primitive as those of the Indians to
| flash the news of a forest fire to dis
tant stations where help can be Sc
cured. Often there is no telephone
at the mountain lookout station; or
no telephone connection to other
points where rangers and fire ward
ems are supposed to be oh duty.
Smoke signals such as the Indians
used, made with a blanket over
smoldering fire, or pillars of smoke
or flame from a number of fires, con-
stitute the methods of commuplca-
ton used by many of the forest ranger
stations, and with which all of the
men in the woods are expected to be
| familiar
The heliograph flashing the light
of the sun; flag signals such as are
used in the army and other systems
of signaling, also are used. In some
places where small settlement ex-
lists near the fire lookout, unique
means of summoning aid is used. A
small windmill is erected at the look
out station, equipped with a revolv-
ing ball in which mirrors are set at
every angle. The watchman who dis
covers traces of distant fire, sets
his windmill in motion II the day is
bright, and departs at once for the
scene of the fire, secure in the knowl-
edge that the signal will call to his
aid every man who sees the flashing
mirrors.
To get rid of the fire causes Is the
| first lesson taught the forest guard
ians, and the end toward which the
forest service is constantly working.
The origins of fires in the woods are
roughly classified as follows:
Sparks from locomotives, sparks
from sawmills and donkey engines
used in forest operations, camp fires
not properly safeguarded or extin-
guished, the burning of brush to clear
land, the burning Of grass to i'm
prove pasturage, carelessness OF
smokers and hunters, incendiarism
and lightning.
From the last there can be little
protection except equipment to fight
the flames as soon as they make
their appearance. From every other
cause however. the standing forests
of America can be fairly we'll pro-
tected with proper equipment and
funds.
Ways Of Fighting BIazes.
The firemen of the woods learn
that the night is the best time for
their fight. The damp air retards the
progress of the blaze. A fire that will
sweep ten or twelve miles in the day
time will eat its way slowly at night.
when there is little breeze and the
air is heavy. Then the fire fighters
attack it with all the energy they
possess, and often bring 1t within con.
troll.
The forest fire will burn up hill with
such rapidity that no strategy of the
fire fighters can cope with it. Sweep
ing from the bottom Of canyon, or
the foot of hill, 1t rushes up the
slope like a hot blaze up chimney,
carrying the fire to the top in an in
credibly short time. Once at the sum-
nit of the hill, the fire burns more
slowly descending the other side, AID
the fire fighters have an opportunity
to dig trenches. cut fire lines and pre-
pare other defenses to head it off and
stop it.
The source Of the greatest danger
to forests is the presence of dry tops
and piles of brush left By lumbermen
and bv tho wfudfa1ls of heavy cforma