davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Caucasian. (Shreveport, La.) 1900-192?, 1910-10-30
THE ROMANCE OF BARBED WIRE.

Mrs. Joe GliddeB threatened to do
something Ot1tlandish Ii Joe did not
keep the pigs out Of her cabBages and
onions.
That was back in the sixties
50 one day GIidden drove to the
/ hamlet eft Dekalb. lii. three miles
distant, with an idea In bis head His
horse had east shoe. In the shoe
stuck nail Why not stick sharp
nails through wire and thus keep the
pigs ont Of Mrs. G1iddenss garden?
Joe wanted to talk about 1t with Isaac
Ellwood. the hardware dealer.
Ellwood listened and then said. aIf
get the patent. Joe, viii yon gife me
half infaresfT'
Joe agreed
That evening Isaac Eliwood ex-
planned the idea 10 his wife. who said:
tHnt tue nail slips. Take two wires
and twist fhem around the nail
Moreoger. the bright woman sug-
gested the use of a coffee mill TO twist
the wires.
50 that next day Mr. and 8frs. Ell
wood took a big coil gf wire and
new coffee mil from the store and
went out to Joe Glidden.s place
GIiddan fed the Hire into the coffee
mill, EI1wood turned the crank. and
Mrs. Glidden stuck In the barts at the
right time.
That day they made enough barbed
wire 70 fence ore side Of Mrs. Gid
den's gardef. and. taking sample.
ElIwOod went to washington.
Which was the beginning Of d billion
dollar business the American Steel
and Wire company.
The FIRST machine. an Improvement
over the coffee mill. was set Up Id the
rear Of EiIwoodss store. Afterward
capitalists bought out Gliddenss share,
and the big company was organized.
And the story reads right along just
as beautifully as before
Glidden got lot OF money and
stayed il Dekalb EIlwood became q
nultimiIlionafre ana stayed IN De
kalb. Aud nobody who really needed
money ever appealed to Mr. OF Mrs.
El1wood ID vain.
Then the other day Mrs. E1lwood
died And somehow Isaac EIIwood did
not care 20 live any longer.
He callrd his children shout him. df-
vided bis fortune, wiIIed large sums to
charity. and d few weeks after his
wife passed away be died.
Which Is the end.
And this postscript: In q day when
men are accused Of robbing widows
and orphans and stealing according to
law the story of Isaac and Mrs. Eli
wood Is one worth while.
The Caucasian. (Shreveport, La.) 1900-192?, 1910-10-30
QUAINT coNcElTs.
The Highest Of High Achokerso to Is
Worn Iris Winter.

Tire Highest Of High Checkers 70 Es
Worn Iris Winter.
The comfort of the low neck IS TO be
atoned for BIZ ehokers which threaten
to reach heights that fhe stock has So
far fallen short Of Some Of the new
est biack satin scarfs. lined with dain-
II colofs. are shirred in wide collar
style at the middle and have deep
frflIs standing high about the face
For pretty girl these frills are very
becoming.
The use Of braid as & fabric for the
fashionable hat is new, and it IS par
The Caucasian. (Shreveport, La.) 1900-192?, 1910-10-30

would never be another. The sf0ppEna
Of the entire domestic machinery Of
the world for even one day would be
sufficient. Grievances thereafter would
be promptly considered and eoBcss-
sions readily granted.
As IL Is now
Mother ia NJ first. starts breakfast
CATS father. dresses the children.
washes the dishes. cleans. scrubs
dnsfs. gets dinner. sews. gets supper.
darns. addresses the children. sews-
4 thousand and one things during
the day. to say nothing Of the hours Of
the night given over to sick children
or freited babes
Eight hours?
There would be chaos In the domes-
tie world If the mothers demanded
even twice eight hours in day.
And in all this. mind yot1-
Day after day. night after night.
with the pull on her slender strength.
the fasp on her frayed nerves. the
drag ON her vitality. the drain on her
spirits. the working mother keeps
sweet.
In the midst Of countless Interrupt
tons and petty annoyances. despite
the hard. intending, complex duties
that would ELL a man
She is gentle and patient!
Can ron blame her-tbis silent, faith
full drudge-if she wants her pay?
Not an envelope on Saturday night.
No. no: not that.
what. then2
The love end gratitude Of those for
whom she tolls and suffers and sacri-
fees
When you think of the loveless
homes where she is not only denied
her pay. but IL abused besides. it
makes ron want to organize the union.
The Caucasian. (Shreveport, La.) 1900-192?, 1910-10-30

ticu1arIy effective when combined with
velvet.
Among novelties in buttons pendants
ID imitation Of jewels and small black
and red buttons are offered. Glass
and enamel buttons show animal fig
ures, polar bears. etc. mounted in sl-
yer. These are specially designed for
fur coats.
Overdresses Of sheer fabrics are pop
ular for afternoon and evening gowns.
Handsome gowns and wraps are
trimmed with metallic laees in con-
junction with fine rnalfnes, cfantiIly.
lierre and aIencon aeayes Of lace.
such q waist as this may be utilized
81 various WAYS. - pictured It Is
made Of wool material with silk trim
ming. yoke and undersleeyes Of lace.
but the center portions can BE made
OF some thin material. while the pain
er portions are Of something heavier
However It is carried cut It is always
smart and attractive
JUDO CHOTIET.
The Caucasian. (Shreveport, La.) 1900-192?, 1910-10-30
UMBRELLA MODES.
Handles Grave and Gay in poiishsJ
Woods and Dull Silver.

Hand carved handles of japanese
design are new this year. three ami
four sided sticks with plain. round OF
mushroom tops.
Mushroom handles may be had In
wood. ivory. horn. metal and in the
new beaded styles Wooden mush-
room handles are sometimes carved
with animal heads.
Polished and stained wood. round.
square or trilatera1 in shape. have
The Caucasian. (Shreveport, La.) 1900-192?, 1910-10-30
JUDO CHoLLET.

This May Maut0n pattern Is cut in two
sizes for children Of six months or one
year and TOR children from two 10 four
years If age. Send - cents to this Of
fee. giving number. gs1g and it win be
promptly forwarded 20 yeu ~ mail II
In haste send an additional tWo cent
stamp for letter postage K5lch insures
more prompt delivery
The Caucasian. (Shreveport, La.) 1900-192?, 1910-10-30
JUDO CHoLLET-

This May Manton pattern is cat IN sizes
Tor misses Of fourteen sixteen ana eight
cen years Of age Send IL cents to this
Office. giving number, $50. and il win BE-
promptly forwarded 70 yon b. mail II
h haste send an additional two cent
stamp Tor letter postage. HalscE lnsures
more tsfsSrnsf deliver
The Caucasian. (Shreveport, La.) 1900-192?, 1910-10-30
SUCCESSION NOTICE

70. Iz.sszFirst District Court, Psrish
OF eaddos State Of Louisiana SIC
esssioa Of J. S. Mclean.
notice g hereby given that ]. D. Bal
1eaf' administrator, has this dzy Sled
maj account n said succession, and sa-
lsss opposition be made thereto withE
me time specified By law, the same wEs
E,s duly hon1ologated As prayed for
witness The Honorable A. j. nure
5aags Of said court This the nth dsy
OF October 1910.
S. O WILLIAMS.
- g Deputy Clerk
The Caucasian. (Shreveport, La.) 1900-192?, 1910-10-30
Culinary

How did that story ron cooked up
to tell your wife pan oufy'
Naturally il q family stew Bal
sImore American.
The Caucasian. (Shreveport, La.) 1900-192?, 1910-10-30

When you consent. consent cordial.
.-A1ll1a4t
The Caucasian. (Shreveport, La.) 1900-192?, 1910-10-30
CHARTER
or THE INVESTORS REAL rs
TATE COMPANY.

The State Of Louisiana, Parish oi
Caddo. Before me- the undersigned no
taTy public, da1y commissioned and
sworn. appeared Amasa z. Hawkins, !
resident Of Houston, Texas John L.
1ibboft q resident Of Shreveport, La
ard Jesse u. Hawkins, 4 resident Of
Houston, Texas, who declared to me
that they do hereby form themselves
into corporation Under the laws Of
the State Of Louisiana. under the slip
tiiafions hereinafter set OFT, to wit
The Caucasian. (Shreveport, La.) 1900-192?, 1910-10-30

We have time jsst now to do ssm.
WORK ior you. Nay Be Jon hare not
tired our printing. Phone 100
The Caucasian. (Shreveport, La.) 1900-192?, 1910-10-30
ARTICE ]

he nafne Of this corporation shalt be
INVESTORS REAL ESTATE con-
PANY; it shall have the right to enjoy
succession for ninety years, with
the right to contract, sue and be sized.
and to hold, purchase, lease, sell and
hypothecate property, real and per.
sofIal; ifs dofnicile shall be in the City
Of Shreveport, and ali citation and other
legal process shall be made on its pres
ident, OF in his absence At the Office OF
the company according to law.
The Caucasian. (Shreveport, La.) 1900-192?, 1910-10-30
ARTTCLE II.

The objects for which this corpora
ton IS organized and the nature of the
business TO be carried on by ii are
hereby declared to be, to buy and sell
real estate; especially to buy acreage
property within the limits or adjacent
to the City Of Shreveport, Louisiana,
or elsewhere, and to snbdiyide the same
into lots and to sch OF improve and
lease said lots to own and acquire city
residences, business property and to sell
or lease the same, TO buy and sell farm
lznds and timber lands; to buy and sell,
as we'll as Lease, mineral lands, and TO
Buy and SELF lands on commission.
The Caucasian. (Shreveport, La.) 1900-192?, 1910-10-30
The fIOr5heiR Bros. Dry Goods 70. Lid.
Exclusively Wholesale Dealers in
Dry Goods, Notions, Boots, Shoes
and Hats.
510-512-514 Levee St. New York Office TT Franklin ST.

titled to one vote. Notice Of al eles-
tons OF meetings Of stockholders shall
be advertised ten days in daily paper
directors u be chosen at The ofice Of
The company.
The Caucasian. (Shreveport, La.) 1900-192?, 1910-10-30
ARTICLE III.

The capital stock Of this corporation
is hereby fixed in the sum OF one hun
dred thousand (sfooooo.oo) dollars,
disided into one thousand shares OF
one hundred dollars each; and said
corporation is authorized 70 commerce
business whenever one hundred shares
OF IFS capital stock shall have been sub
seribed and paid for in fn1l, the capital
steek of said corporation shalt be paid
for IN cash Of lis equivalent.
ARTICLE ".
The corporate powers 81 this corpor-
alton shall be vested in 4 board Of df-
reefors, consisting Of three stockho1d-
ers, who shall be annually elected on
the second Tuesday IN January. The
first board Of directors is declared to be
Amasa F. Hawkins, John l. Tfbbott
and Jesse II. Hawkins, who shall serve
Until their Successors are elected The
officers Of this company shall be a pres
ident, vice president, secretary and
treasurer, and the first Of said officers
are declared 70 be John L. Tibbotf,
president; Jesse n. Hawkins, vice pres
ident; and Amasa r. Hawkins. secre-
tary and treasurer. Said officers shall
be elected annually On said second ties
day IN January 4 majority Of the
stock shall elect the directors, and In al
elections or proceedings Of stockho1d-
ers. each share Of stock present or rep
resented BY written proxy shall be en-
The Salt Lake herald-Republican. [volume] (Salt Lake City, Utah) 1909-1918, 1910-02-20


Impurities fill 1t with poisons, the
flesh harbors these poisons, and the
lungs cannot eliminate them as they
should.
II needs a purifier. stuart's Calcium
Waters give to the blood through the
same channels as food all the strength
and stimulus necessary to remove the
Impurities and to make rich corpus
cles which will feed the body or fight
it's enemies. 80
Time was when poor blood purifiers
had 10 be used, such as herbs and roots,
powdered minerals, ETC.. but thanks to
latter day achievement, the Stuart
process gives to the system the full,
rich strength of Calcium Sulphide, the
greatest blood purifier known to sci
ence.
These little powerful waters are pre-
pared by one of the most noted expert
! pharmaceutical chemists in the world,
and so far as science IS concerned, no
| expense has been spared to make them
perfect.
They contain Quassia, Golden Seal
| and Eucalyptus, each a most powerful
| aid to the blood of man.
| Thousands of people use these waters
with religious zeal, and their testi-
monial evidence is an unfaiIing source
| OF interest to one who reads 1t.
! Melancholy marks every suffering
woman, yet one should be armed with
| this knowledge and make up ones
mind to try Stuart's Calcium Waters
at once. Every druggist carries them.
/ Price soc, or send US your name and
we will send you a trial package by
| mail free. Address f. A. Stuart Co.,
l 175 Stuart Building, Marshall. Mich.
The Salt Lake herald-Republican. [volume] (Salt Lake City, Utah) 1909-1918, 1910-02-20
Music and Musicians
CONTINUED from Paae one.)

three years OF age. The ehildren's
chorus Will be assisted by the choir
of st. Mary's cathedral, with Mrs. Cor
rine Hammer and Miss Alice Farrell
as soloists.
The usual organ servI~s viii be given
by Tracy Y. Cannon at the First Con
selections including the Chanson
Triste." by Tschaikowsky, an Andente
In F, by Truette, and Sublime Eve
ming STAR" by Wagner. AS an 0ffer-
tory number, Mr.. Cannon Will play
Song without Words" by Eaglemen,
and the closing organ selection Will be
a postlude by Lemmens'
The regular Sunday recital at the I.
>, S. hospital has been changed from
20 a. m. TO D. m. This afternoon the
2Srd Ward choir will provide an eX-
ceilent program. The following num-
bers will be rendered;
Baritone solo. Rocked IN the Cradle
Tenor Solo, Show Me the Way, o.
Father Charles /. CrOwton
Soprano Solo, Slumber Song. 1919.
............... Miss Vivian Morton
Baritone Solo, o Love Divine. -;
Observation-Disclosures. Iyor J. Brlnd
Piano solo, Gates Ajar. 80. Harry Allen
Basso Solo. Mighty Deep. Carr Weenig
anthem 100000; 49,. =, ""iu oiio-'
The soloist at ST. Paurs Episcopal
church today will be Mrs. Mabel In
gram, Of Reno, Nevada. Mrs. Ingram
will be remembered by local musicians
as Miss Mabel Shirley, q former mem
her of St PauIs choir She VIII rem
der a soprano solo, 20, Paradise by
The Salt Lake herald-Republican. [volume] (Salt Lake City, Utah) 1909-1918, 1910-02-20

King. J. B. BerkhoeI. chorister, is
preparing special music to be rendered
at Bishop Spalding's lectures, which
viii be given at st. Paufs church every
Friday evening during the Lenten sea-
son.
The offertory selection at ST. Marks
cathedral this morning will be a SOLO
by Miss Isabelle Osborne, soprano. the
ice will include the kyris IN O. by
idge, and the nunc dimittus In E
flat, by Harris. In the eXening
program of Gregorian numbers Will be
sung by the choir.
Irving Robertson, talented violin
ist, eleven years cid, who is now tour
ing the west, Will appear later IN the
season in Salt Lake and DINER CITIES
throughout the state, in concerts unuer
the direction OF Fred c. Graham. rms
remarkable boy is considered one or
the child prodigies OF the United states
and has received most flattering no
tices from CarusO, Nordica' SemprlCh
and many of the noted New YORK AK
lists. Master Robertson's home Is IN
Idaho, but for the past three years
he has been a student at the New En-
gland Conservatory of Music IN Bos-
ton His accompanist Is MISS Aice
Philbrook. a noted pianist OF bos'oh'
\ X -
Mrs. Stella Faneher Robinson VIII
entertain with a musicale TO be given
Thursday evening at the Linden hoteI'
the musicale to be an invitation arIair,
About ten numbers Will be given anu
Mrs Robinson will be assisted by Fred
g. Graham, tenor, and W. ClaWson,
baritone. Mrs. Robinson, who is the
wife of Harry J. Robinson, a proml-
nent local attorney, has appeared ~
recital at the Ladies Literary cruz
here. and before coming to SAT- Lax {,
was prominently identified with the
musical world of Denver and WASH
ington, D. c. OF her work In Denver,
The Denver Post says: Mrs. Robinson
is a musician Of rare ability ana Cd
The Salt Lake herald-Republican. [volume] (Salt Lake City, Utah) 1909-1918, 1910-02-20

the pleasure grounds covered with
frost, make many places Of the city
look like a Veritable scene from fairy
land In a letter received from Miss
Edna Evans, the city Is described as an
other Venice. The letter states that
the flood has not seriously affected
the Salt Lake musicians there, and that
they are attending ali of the operas
and other musical events, which 80 on
in spite of the flood, Miss Evans Will
continue her musical studies in PARIS
during the spring and Will then 90 TO
Germany and other European countries
for the summer months. In the rall
Miss Evans expects to return to Paris
for another years work
Miss Duncan, who is studying under
De Reszke, is making splendid progress
in her musical studies, and viii RENAL IN
abroad until July, when she expects TO
return to her home in Kansas CITY
Mo, On New Years day, Miss Duncan
was the sOlOist at a musical following
large dinner party given IN the
French capital and her beautlrul voice
has attracted much favorable attention
there.
"a Dress Rehearsal" the operetta
which Miss SybelIa Clayton and Prof
George Careless have been so long re-
heRFsing, will be presented in Whlt-
ney hall next Wednesday and FRIDAY
evenings. Most of the members OF the
Margaret W ullu6y opera OOAAAPsNAJ ~
ed by Della Daynes Hills and others!
will take part. Messrs. Whitney and
Spencer have charge Of the staging.
x X x
The choir at st. Mary's cathedral this
morning will sing the Festival mass IN
E-flat at the II O'Clock services. Inc
solo parts will be taken by Mrs. Co
rinne Hammer, Mrs. Kathleen Fitzpat-
rick Atkins, Mrs. A. c. DAILY and JONI
Post, The Ave Maria" by Lahosh
will also be sung at this service
Lynn Hodgett, cornetist, will appear
| as solCist at the entertainment 10 b'
given at All HallOW's college MONDAY
/ evening. A musical program by IN
! college band and orchestra, under I'M
direction of Prof. Anton Peterson. vii
also be features Of the evenings enter
| tainment.
! Arrangements have been made 70
| the second symphony concert, 10 D
given during March. The orchestra !
| holding weekly rehearsals on Thufsda
at OdeOn hall, and at the last rehearsa
! a number of new selections were pfac
| ticed. Among the selections rehearse
were the Introduction to "LohengIlh'
fine Overture to Egmont," by Bee
thoven, and The Picturesque froI
Nassanet. very effort is being mao
to make this concert one of the mos
successful ever given by the Symptom
orchestra
A musical program VIII De give
Tuesday evening at Whitney hall at IN
Young family reunion. The program
will include piano solos by Spence
Clawson Jr. and Tracy Y. Cannon, an
vocal selections by Hugh Dougal an
]. Whitney Clawson.
The Salt Lake herald-Republican. [volume] (Salt Lake City, Utah) 1909-1918, 1910-02-20
PARK CITY.

Park City, Feb, John A Murphy,
q former shift boss at the Ontario mine,
left Friday afternoon for Jarbidge, New,
where he VIII locate some mining claims.
The Knights of Maccabees gave a So
cial dance at Odd Fellows hall Thursday
evening.
The local lodge of Knights OF Pythias
celebrated the fOTty-siXth anniversary Of
the order Tuesday evening at Society hall
A vocal and instrumental program was
rendered and later dancing was INDUCED
in. The guests later sat down 10 deli
cious banquet.
The Ladies Of the ST. Luke's Guide met
Friday afternoon at the home of Mrs. T.
S. Townsend on Park avenue.
Postmaster Peter Martin and wife have
gone 10 Hot Springs, Ark, owing to the
i'll health of Mr.. Martin.
The Salt Lake herald-Republican. [volume] (Salt Lake City, Utah) 1909-1918, 1910-02-20

The Music Festival will be given
later in the season this year than usual,
probably the latter part of May, instead
of during April. as has been the custom
in nreviC11s wears The members OF the
chorus are working on a number of diff
ficult selections and the chorus prom
ises 10 be one Of the best ever had by
the organization.
The Salt Lake herald-Republican. [volume] (Salt Lake City, Utah) 1909-1918, 1910-02-20

returned home.
James IL. White is spending a few
days in salt Lake.
Mr.. and Mrs. Joseph Stakes OF Rovili
visited with Mr.. and Mrs. Peter Lowe
OF this place the first OF the week.
Joel Lowe has gone 20 Idaho TO
spend @ few months
Steve White of Idaho has returned
home after spending a few days with
relatives and friends hsre.
The Salt Lake herald-Republican. [volume] (Salt Lake City, Utah) 1909-1918, 1910-02-20

Miss Florence Locke and the Temple
Citv ouartette, composed of Bowman
Johnson. Walter Belle, John Farrell
and Will Parr, assisted by Fred G
Graham, sang last evening at the open
ing of the automobile show, and Will
fbrougbout the week. They will be
assisted by an eight-piece orchestra
under the direction Of John Held.
The Salt Lake herald-Republican. [volume] (Salt Lake City, Utah) 1909-1918, 1910-02-20

william e. Morgan has returned to
Salt Lake after spending a few weeks
with relatives here.
Mr., and Mrs. f. z. Grey were WISH
tors in Ogden during the week.
Frank J. Lowe has returned home
from Provo, where he visited relatives
and friends.
Lester Owens Of Logan has been
visiting with relatives and friends
here,
The Salt Lake herald-Republican. [volume] (Salt Lake City, Utah) 1909-1918, 1910-02-20
WILLARD.

Willard, Feb. 19.-The primary asso-
citation will give a social Tuesday aft
ernoou. There will be a program, fol-
lowed by refreshments.
William Dalton, who has been at
Logan for the past few months, has
The Salt Lake herald-Republican. [volume] (Salt Lake City, Utah) 1909-1918, 1910-02-20
st. Mary'S Notes

After the reading Of the points at the
general assembly Of the students Monday
morning Miss Mena Reno delivered an
original address in which she demon
strated, chiefly from personal observa-
tons the various uses and the most
potent advantages of the art of public
speaking The talk showed good prepa-
ration, and in points of oral presentation
was a very fair effort for a beginner. 1t
was followed by pretty selection from
Eleanor c. Donnelly's poems entitled The
Face in the Mirror" read in a sympa-
thetic manner by Miss Margaret McDon-
Ough.
The Salt Lake herald-Republican. [volume] (Salt Lake City, Utah) 1909-1918, 1910-02-20
The Beauty
of Firm Flesh
Lies in the Power of Rich Blood
to Keep It Ever Clear and
Clean.
stuart,s Calcium Waters Free.

S1uaFIs OafcIuIH W HIcIS
The secret If firm, strong, supple
flesh is-good, rich, constant flowing
blood. When hollow cheeks appear and
hidden pigments make the eyes look
like burnt holes in a blanket, the blood
is sick and out of tune.
The Salt Lake herald-Republican. [volume] (Salt Lake City, Utah) 1909-1918, 1910-02-20
Automobile Show.

Salt Lake City, February 10 to 26.
Best display Of automobiles west of
Chicago. Excursion rates, via Salt
Lake Route, from all Utah stations
February p and %; limit February q.
The want ads can serve you only If you
USE them.
The San Francisco call., 1910-11-16
YALE and HARVARD
ARE WHOLE SHOW
Tickets for Saturdays Game
Worth Weight in Radiun1
Back East

NEW HAVEN. Conn, Nov. 15.-Tick-
cts 10 the Yale-Harvard football game
here next Saturday are worth nearly
their weight IN radium. The demand
IS nearly twice as great as any previ-
Gus wear. according TO the manag cement.
and nearly 10000 alumni and under
graduate applications have already
been thrown out because Of Inability
10 fiji the orders Offers of from 500
to 800 apiece are made for the paste
boards bv speculatOrs. Two tickets are
the most allotted TO any Yale or Har-
ward man and a large proportion or the
seekers have been cut OF with single
admission Not a single outsider has
secured tickets
This unprecedented demand has re-
revved the demand here for the build
tnC Of a Yale stadium. The present
stands seat only 33, 900 and the clamor
for tickets To the game Of next Satur-
day would exhaust seating capacity
% o5o. .000. Yale has no idea or erect
ing a stadium that VIII meet such
general demand s that but estimates
flar z structure for $4,000 persons VIII
ocommodate the students. alumni and
their guests.
The Yale athletic committee has
.naree of the building plans for the
proposed stadium. They sent EVeraro
Thomas the graduate manager, TO Eu-
rope some time ago TO look over the
stadium which was recently built in
Chester. England.
The committee has an option on
site adjoining the present Yale neld.
The structure viii cost about 100000
-Four touchdowns were made by the
Vale varsity football team in a practice
game with the freshmen eleven today
In one of the scrimmages Baker, the
substitute halfback. injured a leg. but
viii be in shape to get into the game
Satuuday. The lineup today was that
used against Princeton, and there VIII