davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1910-12-30
ST. PAUL HAS ITS
RECKONING DAY

ST. Paul MINI, Dec. 30.-Judges
Hanft and Finehout are having field
day today. reckoning accounts with
their adult. prisoners to see where
they all stand. It has been the prac.
dee of both judges in placing prison.
ety on probation to have. the proba
iiop run to'a fixed date and then have
ajsthe pfobationers in for lnaR dis
position ofitheir cases, This feature
Of the adult probation Law Is distinct
" a st. Paul jnstitntioD, and vas
started by Judge Hsnft and Finehout
in practical channels The system
has become known for It's beneficial
results. hogeyeFt until It has been
adopted By several other Western
cities, and is constantly spreading.
Whenever the prigoners make good
during their probations, the charges
against them are dismissed. There Is
special officer to keep record of
every probationer. Employment is
found for men and families are looked
after. Husbands who have failed to
support their families have been obJig
ed 70 pay n portion of their salaries
into court 70 be turned over to the
Bmiiy.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1910-12-30

Al an. adjourned meeting OF the
Chamber of Commerce held last night
which was the best attended IN manV
months, the following nominations,
of officers to be elected at the regular.
meeting the third Thursday in January
for the ensuing year were made:us .I
& President. ID. e. French. oa
] Vice president, l.. A. Hooper.
Secretary ann treasurer, J. B.
Pearson and w. E. Ross.
Directors: o. NJ. Deyorle. G. A.
Shirey. w. II. Thomss. H. ]. Shot. s.
VI. Smith and w. !. Jclks.
President g. M. Fort.
Vice president. !. r. TnorDt1ri
Secretary and treasurer. II. -,
Wells and G. A. Matthews.
Directors: e. II. Easley. G. B. Han.
cock. p. J. Kelley. ]. NJ. RUIZ, G. s.
strader and T. G, Cwynne. .Gk
According to the by laws which pro
ide for the naming of two or more
tickets By committee. on motion OF
o. NJ Deyerle. the Chamber appoint.
ed w. J. jerks. Frank S. Easiey and
y y Morgan TO act in this capacity.
In the original report the name bf
a newly elected member was in.
Guided, and in view Of the fact tbAt
there IS a provision that all membeE,
ship dues mnst be paid 10 render a
candidate eligible, the president. G. A.
shlrey, ruled that the report could
not be accepted since lawful nomfnA
tions had not been made. There waS
q considerable amount OF discussiea a
which ended in the committees beiaa
sent back and the nominations given
above were reported. The report vas
accepted II Is generalIv
conceded tbat PreAident sbirey waf
right In his ruling. and the meaning
OF the throttle hand" referred 10 In
this mornings Telegraph is p matter
of more or less conjecture.
Prior 70 the nomipauons the Cham.
Der heard the report OF Prof. Fore
chairman Of the committee on advef
tising matter for the West Virginia
Educational Association which meets
here in June The report provides
for 2 quantity OF four color postgf
cards and an advertising booklet. the
entire cost not TO involve beyond 800.
II met with approval, and WAS referrsB
70 a special financial committee coryt
posed Of o. VI Deyerle Frank S. Ea3
iey and ". D. Wells appointed by the
chair.
Z This brought up discussion OF the
'Voklets and msps which the Chamber
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1910-12-30
Matewan Man Says that He
~ Has Retracted Moth
ing in Mingo Coun-
~ Contest
nTHEsHAEF HAS i
NOT BEEN TOLD
Appears that Telegraph s
Williamson Man Got
- Wires Crossed

The following letter was received
today from Samuel Simpkins of Mate
wan relative to a statement made by
the Teiegraph's Williamson correspon.
dent that MT. simpkins had retracted
IN the matter of his evidence given
tn the Mingo county Legislative con
test which stated substantially that
misconduct had been shown by the
election officers at Matewan:
-, Matewan, w Va, ~
Dec. %, 1910.
Editor Leader:
The letter from our Sonnty seat III
the Telegraph OF yesterday concern,
ing the contest In Mingo county. and
that had recanted all that swore
to last week Is wilful falsehood.
'.he half has not been told. ~
tSisped, SAMUEL SIMPKINs ~
The following is the statement made
by the Teiegraph's Williamson cor.
respondent in it's issue printed De.
csmber ss:
Sam Stmpkins, the star witness OF
the contestants. who was on the
stand some days ago. voluntarily re
turned on Monday and retracted ev-
cry statement he made as to the al.
legged misconduct of the election
officers at Matewan. He declared that
II he made the statements repnted to
him II was not his intention to do so
and his retraction was full and com.
p4ete. His original testimony placed
the Democrats in high glee and they
are correspondingly glum now tha,
ne has retrscted.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1910-12-30
JOHNS HOPKINS
100000 RICHER

Baltimore, Dec. 30---Johns Hopkins
University will be one million dollars
richer after the first of the year than
1t Is today, according to prominent
members of the Board of Directors.
The trustees are endeavoring TO raise
$2.O00,00O for improvements that have
been under consideration for several
years. Pohn ID. Rockefeller has prom
ised to give $25O.OO0 from the Rocke
feiler foundation for higher education
providing s75O,O0o is raised by the
first OF the year. II Is practically GER
tain that the conditions will be met
TO enable the trustees TO claim Mr.
Rockefeller's gift.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1910-12-30
SAW THE
AV|ATOR'S FALL

Paris, Dec 90 Lieut. Document
.of army aviation corps was frightfully
crashed and fatally hurt when the
.monOplanc I'm which be- was mixing an
experimental fight today turned tur.
tie. two hundred feet IN the air and
crashed TO the earth on top OF him.
beaumont was to have been mar.
ried tomorrow and his fancc saw tho
fall She was taken from the field
unconscious
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1910-12-30
'5PREACHERs.
DRAWN INFO. 10.
Thu SCANDAL. Al.
Sold their Votes in Adams
County at Five Dollars
Per at the Fall moo,
Election uq Rgs I.
sg.sgf
WOMEN INVOLVED
IN THE DIcKER
ra. cp'e'
In One District Every ,Citi.
zen, 1t Is Stated, Nj
Sold Out
WOMEN INVOLVED
IN THE DIcKER

West Union, Ohio, Dec. 3o.--T~o
preachers and many women have be Y
drawn into the Adams county ballot
scandal, the ministers .eonressing they
sold their votes for s. eachri and
women asserting they had pupu the
price on votes of sons and husbands,
IT was the usual thing" WAS the
excuse of the preachers, fors mot
preaching against the evil. tps ,
The total indictments now reach
loU. In one district every citizen
sold his vote.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1910-12-30
YALE E-CORNELL ..
!. HOCKEY CAME
DlEp. ~

Chicago. Dec. -30.--The ait.-c,or,
I'll series of hockey games which be.
gin at the Ice Palace in Chicago to-
night, will bring hockey before ,the
public almost for the first time asi a
regularly adopted game added tF the
IN of sports furnished by the big
coilfgesgof the country. Colleges OF
thy mlddle west are eagerly adopting
5 Two Canadian Hockey teams. the
lRegimentals of Halifax and Xavier
College will visit Boston shortly for
games with amateur seveDs of that
city.B The RegImental team is com.
posed OF British Army officers stat.
ioned at Halifax.
Iq The hockey season is well under
%ay at Dartmouth. Seven veterans
are o obtainable but members of last
years freshman are pushing them out.
TheD'Varsity is lining up as follows:
Capt Elton s. Eaton, Wells and
Strucklin, forwards, Lubman. cover.
point. Patten, point. and Morris. goal.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1910-12-30
WILL TURN OUT
An ENGINE A DAY

Scranton, Pa. Dec 3O.--Today the
last details OF the new locomotive
shops of the Lackawana railroad viii
be finished and the plant will be
thrown open next Tuesday to nearly
1000 skilled workmen .and iaborers.
The company. IT is stated intends 70
build its own locomotives in future
and the shops will have a capacity Of
sn engine 2 day.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1910-12-30
'bELCH A
FRIENDLY
GOODBYE
French Cannon Boom Part.
ing Salute to Atlantic
Fleet AS It Weighs
Anchor
HARBoR LOOKED -
LIKE REAL WAR
English Battleships Also
Roar Farewell as Second
Division Leaves


Cherbourg. France, Dee. 3o.-Frenej.
cannon belched rort'' = .r:en.'iy Sc5a,
b, today to the Am lean stil1rs >:
the first division OF the Atlantic bat
tleship feet which weighed anchor Tor
the Scilly islands rendezvous for four.
divisions of the feet In return the
Americans doomed forth an answer
ling salute and for a time the harbor
looked as though battle were rag
ing,
The third division sailed from Brest
and second and fourth from English
waters. ef 80
The war game" will terminate with
the end OF the manoeuyers OFF Cuba
next month.
British Farewell.
Portland. England, Dec. 30.x-With
a roar OF British farewell salutes ring,
ling in their earss the sailors Of the
second division OF the fleet sailed from
here today for the Scillys islands.
The ships passed through the lines
formed by the British battleships In
the harbor.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1910-12-30
SHOOT IT OUT
OVER A GIRL

Culman. Ala. Dec. 30. Cicero
Wood and Marion Gibson, two young
men, quarreled here last night over
a young lady and agreed to 20 to the
outskirts and shoot il out"
Wood was killed and Gibson gave
himself UP to the authorities.
Gibson fred five times and each shot
took effect and was himself uninjur-
ed.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1910-12-30
FERRY employees
co ON A STRIKE

New York. Dec. Because OF
reduction in their wages all municipal
ferry employees went on strike to
day, tying up the ferry TO St George,
$. l., and also the ferry to 39th
street, Brooklyn
Deck hands, pilots and other mem.
bers of crews walked ashore al the
height Of the rush hour This pre-.
vented other ferries from entering
the slips and thousands were delayed
and great confusion resulted.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1910-12-30
eroEoNs GATHERING IN INDIANA

indianapolis. Dec. 30.---Gideons from
all parts Of the State are gathering
here for the annual state convention
Of the Indiana organization which
opens here tomorrow. The Gideons
is an organization Of Christian com
mercial travellers with about $500
members in The United States. One
Of the purposes Of the organization is
10 place Bibles in hotel rooms. and
over 10000 have been placed during
the past two years. according 20 the
report OF the secretary. W. u. BOYD.
TO be read tomorrow.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1910-12-30

recently had printed. Mr. Deyrele
ftated thar his company. the Flat Top
fAg' company had distributed 500
mhps and that there is call for
bnafe3 II WIS thought advisable 10
have more OF these maps made with
seedat printing matter on them to
qit -thc needs of any particular firm.
w y genks found the same state OF
.afaifsh existing He has distributes
a number Of the maps and the book
.IetsE and he finds that there is a big
ddp1p hdt for them. particularly the
an sgf On the outside
Tnes committee on the Educational
'Fsssocfation advertising matter ~ss
HHtHorfzed- 10 raise funds 10 meet the
expenses in the matter
Prof Ford moved to have q reso-
'iyFtfon dd6Bted expressing sympathy
on account Of the loss Of the normal
school at Athcns, and the desire OF
O. Hhadfbhr tc have the institution
fmNn Az the present location. Tho
+bot4eD 9sas carried. and Prof Ford
asPppointed 20 draft the resolution.
The now members elected were:
Rev. ~. S. Mabic, J. VI. Andrews and
u g. Kelly
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1910-12-30

P laohn La Forge. the famous dAmerl.
'canartist and author whose viii which
was recently filed for probate is ona
of the most curious ever drawn. All
of his estate is left In the hands OF his
private secretary. Miss Grace L.. Bar
mes OF Larchmont. n. Y. who for the
,past ten years or twelve years con.
ducted all his business affairs. This
Mill was drawn April %, 1910. when
the painter knew that he had hut n
few more months to live. sh,-
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1910-12-30
WHITE SOX WILL
Il BE A FACTOR

Chicago Dec. O.--Although .the
Chicago White sox finished last sea.
Eon, loW In percentage there ate
many persons who figure that they
be a factor in next years race.
After the trade with Boston had
strengthened their inheld. they played
some remarkkable BAH. and al theIp
new Dlayers got experience which wifi
undoubtedly We OF great value 20 them
this year.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1910-12-30
BIDS FOR CHILEAN SHIPS

Valparaiso. Dec. 20.--Ns announced
last October. The Government today
began receiving bids for the construc
tion OF two Chilean battlcships of
$4,000 tons each American and
German interests are most largely in
terestsd in the construction of the
dreadnoughts
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1910-12-30

Tomorrow is the last day 10 pay
city taxes. II you would avoid the 10,
per cent penalty. ssl
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1910-12-30

! Queen Victoria OF sSpain with illier
teo yomfg sons, the Slsgsnce ofs Aus
tria and the lnfante Don Jaime The
Queen was formerly Princess Ese -of
Battenburg. and from the time Of her
marriage to King AlfonseoSin[ sIay
1906. she encouraged the height tof
refinement in the Spanish capital, Al.
though some of her notions have not
met widespread approval, her two song
are the pets and the pride of Spain
first because the succession TO the
throne appears To be amply provided
for, and. second. because the masses
appreciate the children themselves..f5
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1910-12-30

Mrs W. s. Rocker and daughter
Miss Hazel returned this morning
from visit 10 Lynchburg.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1910-12-30
RULE ACTIVE
!. AND STRONGER.
Standard Railroad Issues
Show Gains on the
Stock Market Trad
ing III Brisl:

New York, Dec. 80. Stocks ruled
active and higher during early trad
ing on the stock market today with
Union Pacific and Reading leading the
prominent railroad stocks. Union
Pacific gained point. Reading was &C.
tive and strong with gain OF 3.4
points.
Trading was brisk and many stocks
rose to the highest prices of the
week.
Decline In Wheat.
Chicago, Dec 30.~- Unrespongvo
cables caused IL cent decline in
wheat at the opening today but the
market was steady at the decline.
Trade light and scattered. Corn was
Id to 1.2f1ower. oats steadier. Provis.
ions opened higher with hogs. Trade
scattered and light Opening Dec.
wheat, 90; corn "a ~ oats 81 i4:.
pork May 1870.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1910-12-30

Marjorie Prichett of Bromwell fs
Bi nd city today.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1910-12-30
OUR GUARANTEE

paM In advance subscription list
is what the Leader presents to the
advertisers.
The Salt Lake tribune. [volume] (Salt Lake City, Utah) 1890-current, 1910-05-01
ed in that part. wasn't it2"

gested in that part, wasn't it?"
1T was"
February 3 he submitted a report from
DR.. Haines TO Mr.. Paxton saying there
was no strychnine in the ejecta, Of Mar
call having received q report from DIR.
Hanes informing him there no
poison In the capsules.
not TO permit DR.. Hyde to have any
part OF the viscera OF Chrisman Swope?H
querled the attorney.
Il probably did" answered the scien-
tist.
An effort was then made TO prove that
| representatives of DR.. Hyde had called
upon the chemist on March 1 and asked
for portions Of the visceras OF the two
Swopes, and were refused. The state
objected TO this matter being delved
into. saying the demand was not made
Further. the state said, the demand
should have been made on the court for
an order for the scientist to produce the
vlscera. II IL were really wanted.
This was replied to by the defense
by saying that at the time the demand
WAS made the court here had no power
cago. and also that no indictment had
been returned.
The court said It was unable to decide
Just what, what powIer pSIe 1t had In The mater matter
| In order TO give II plenty OF time to In
vestigate the law.
! Judge Latshaw suggested II would
clear matters greatly for him to ap-
point several disinterested and eminent
| scientists TO examine the remaining un-
disturbed parts OF the visceras and make
a report to the court on their findings
| II the law gave him the right. and ar
rangements could he made either by the
I state or the defendant to meet the ex-
pense, and the attorneys were willing
| he would take such action, he said. An
| attempt will be made 10 reach some de-
cision on the proposed plan by next
| Monday
DIR, Hyde's counsel refused TO make any
| statement in regard 10 their attitude on
| the courts proposition
The Salt Lake tribune. [volume] (Salt Lake City, Utah) 1890-current, 1910-05-01

and some of them mighty good ones,
purchases into America without paying
duty. The best dressmakers, for exam,
pie, voluntarily offer to aid you in
avoiding>the payment Of duty on your
purchases.
''The spirit is much the same in
London. Berlin. Cologne, Antwerp, Mar
seilles and Edinburgh; but, of course, it
counts most in Paris, the mart of the
world In Antwerp, an enterprising
center of the tricksters, more attention
is given to the smuggling of small ar
ticles Antwerp is the headquarters OF
the manufacturers Of trunks with false
The Salt Lake tribune. [volume] (Salt Lake City, Utah) 1890-current, 1910-05-01

ments of Colonel swope would have
caused death.
DR.. Ludwig Hektocn followed DR.. Ad
kins on the stand.
Pathologist Is Heard.
The scientist explained that he was
a pathologist and not toxicologist and
that he never had an active part in the
chemical analyses of the Swope case. He
was interviewed by Mr.. Paxton anc
Thomas Fl. Swope, Jr,. in Chicago on
December %, he said, and on December
80 was employed to work on the case
On the occasion of the visit of Decem
Der %, he testified, he received from
the two men the eiecta of Margaret
Swope and some capsules. He turned
the articles over TO DR.. Walter 5
Haines of Chicago for examination
said the witness.
The autopsy on Craftsman Swope OF
December 80 was first testified to,
"Was there anything about the brain
that suggested meningitisG' asked Mr.
Atwood
"There was not" replied DR.. HEX
toen.
"'was there anything about this or
gan which would account for deathP
"No, sir. There were traces OF
typhoid in an early stage.
There were no signs Of congestion II
the brain, said the physician
WAS there present in that body
anything which would lead you to be
lieve death was from natural causesY'
was asked.
''From what ] saw of the organs al
the time of the autopsy did not fee
justified in attempting to give the
Poisoning Is Apparent
In answer to long hypothetic ques
tion setting forth the condition of Mr.
Swope and asking what, In his opinion
was the cause of death, the witnes:
said:
'tFirst. the victim of typhoid fever. II
also would seem he was suffering from
the effects of some powerful and para
lying poison
Every part Of the body Of Colonel
Swope was frozen when the autopsy
was made upon IL on January u, said
tho witness.
we first removed the brain" he tes-
lifed, There was no injury TO It. The
organ was normal with the exception OF
several small blood vessels being thick
ened at the base OF the brain,
have caused death?" asked Mr.. Atwood
NO. sir
Had Colonel swope died of apoplexy?' %
''Ho had not"
naming organs in the body DR.. Hektoer
said:
The lungs were slightly congested .in
the lower part. The liver was appar-
emily normal The right kidney showed
a few small depressions.
On the lower end OF the left kidney was
tumor. Perhaps the kidneys were i'm
paired to some extent. A part OF the
aorta was hardened TO a considerable de
gree. None az these Affections was OF
sufficient consequence TO have produced
death"
Cyanide OF potassium never has been
in general use. testified the witness
Answering p hypothetical question in
tended to elicit the probable cause OF
COLONEL Swopes death, DIR. Hektoen re-
piled
In my opinion the symptoms described
resulted from a convulsibe and paralyz-
Ing poison being administered"
Technical Testimony
'One of the evidences OF cerebral
meningitis is congestion Of the pia mater
isn't IT." asked Mr.. Walsh.
Yes" answered DR.. Hektoen.
"Chrisman SMope.s brain was con-
The Salt Lake tribune. [volume] (Salt Lake City, Utah) 1890-current, 1910-05-01
Ian Accused of Whole
Murder Is Still Smiling
!, and Cheerful.
sSETTLES DOWN TO
!, BATTLE OF SCIENTISTS
Suggests That Eminent,
Authorities
Be Called TO Testify.

lated Press.
las CITY, April 50.-Smiline
,rful, as he has been every day
3 case was taken up almost three
20, DR.. B. c. Hyde came into
froom from the jail this morn
lace a gruelling day, it being
4 that DIR. Ludwig Hektoen OF
3 would take the stand. This
seem to worry the physician.
sing the evidence OF DR.. Hal
,sterday, DR.. Hyde said;
! never can hang a man on tes
like that
IIyde, too, was pleased with the
I'm which the defense combatet
imony of DR.. Hall. She sale
4 it was victory for her hus
Lntshaw today turned over tc
s for DR.. Hyde the letters re
> the Swope analyses winch
.otween john 6. Paxton and DR.
The court said 1t had read
ives and had found nothing
ould prove of value TO the de
In order, however, that DR.
eht have every opportunity to
Innocence he would give the
1's attorneys the letters, said
ss was taken TO permit the de
examine the letters.
lis return to the courtroom At
rank H. Walsh said the report
here was no strychnine in the
OF the stomach of Margaret
the capsule which DR.. Hyde
Fay was not among the papers
kling responded that in so fal
new the state was not in pos
f such a letter, but if he found
uld hand it to the defense.
Twin Adkins, city physician OF
Hence, testified as TO the con,
{ Colonel Swope's body. He
Iubelieve the natural bodily all
The Salt Lake tribune. [volume] (Salt Lake City, Utah) 1890-current, 1910-05-01
FLANNERY RESIGNS
AFTER INDICTMENT
By Associated Press.

BY AssOclaIed eresS.
SAN FRANCISCO. April 3o-Harry
P. Flannery, president of the San Fran.
cisco police commission, who was in
dicted Yesterday by the Marin county
grand jury for grand larceny in CON
nection with a recent raid on a fake
poolroom in Sausalito, resigned his of
fee early this morning. His resigna-
ton was promptly accepted by Mayor
Mccarthy
In rendering his resignation Elan
mayor in which he declared he is the
Victim Of conspiracy.
The Salt Lake tribune. [volume] (Salt Lake City, Utah) 1890-current, 1910-05-01
PROBING CUSTOM FRAUDS
ON AN EXPERT BASIS
BY Associated Press.

NEW YORK. April 30.-Special
Agent C, C, Wall was at his desk in
the custom house today after a long
and important trip abroad. He was sent
to Europe for the purpose of acquir.
ing expert knowledge to be used in the
detection and prosecution of customs
frauds at this port.
Mr. Wall said that he had found an
interesting state of affairs abroad, espe-
cially in Paris. where TO his surprise
he heard plans for customs frauds freely
and openly discussed.
"In the American colony in Paris,
be said. 81 found that many plans.
The Salt Lake tribune. [volume] (Salt Lake City, Utah) 1890-current, 1910-05-01
Carpenters Ask Increase.

By Associated Pres
SEATTLE. Wash. April 3o.-The union
carpenters of Seattle. who number 1900.
last night adopted a resolution demand
Ing wage scale OF $3.50 n day instead
OF 81 now paid. and voted TO go on strike
next Monday morning II their demands
are not granted. Eight hundred men
were present at the meeting and tho
vote was unanimous
The Salt Lake tribune. [volume] (Salt Lake City, Utah) 1890-current, 1910-05-01

Street Additions and presents uneQualed opportnl-
ties and inducements to investors and home builders.
Come out and see the property any day. Take the
Murray car and get off at the Granite Stake House.
A visit will convince you better than anything we
might say. The rich fertility of the district the
ceent car service and the Incompatible view all
speak for themselves.