davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune., 1910-01-02

scriptions Of varying carburetors for the
next article. No one source of trouble mas
been or will continue to be more prolific
Of terrors for the motorist than his car
huretor. and much Of this trouble can be
avoided by proper understanding OF the
method OF feeding gasolene to the cylin-
ders.
Pure gasolene vapor will not burn. A
mixture with oxygen must be effected and
the simplest way to do this is to combine
the gasolene with air. When this mixture
is produced in the proper proportions the
amount of oxygen supplied by the air will
be that required for the complete combus-
ton OF the resultant vapor. This mixing
process is called carburetion. and the air is
said 20 be carbureted An excess OF the
air in the mixture delays combustion, an
excess OF gasolene prevents complete COM
bustion. a residue composed OF carbon re-
naming
III Is the function OF the carburetor 70
secure the correct proportions of air and
gasoleue vapor. and this is function OF
prime Importance. The carburetor is con-
nected with the combustion space by an
Inlet pipe through which the mixture en-
ters the inlet valve. and everything passing
through this valve must first pass through
the carhuretor
Liquid gasolene is passed into the carnu-
rotor from the supply tank, and the air
that is required enters when the pressure
IN the combustion space u reduced al me
New-York tribune., 1910-01-02

can easily put a out of business and
offer the excuse of accident BY a sudden
start he may strip the gear, entailing
costly repairs. A little sand in the bearings
is effectively ruinous. Parts of the engine
can be blown up by quickly "stalling'' the
machine.
1t is hardly considered necessary. how
ever, by the graft-seeking private chauffeur
to infiict serious injury upon his en-
ployer's property. He can make enough
money on imaginary repairs. He reports,
for example. that a tire has burst which
is a common habit OF tires. The employer
tells him to buy new one. Soon the car
appears with an apparently new tire and
the chauffeur presents a bill of SIS. A
close examination might show that the new
tire is really the old one, carefully busted
with chalk TO give it a virgin appearance.
Perhaps the old tire did blow up and the
new one is a second hand article, rejuve-
mated with chalk and worth about $40.
There is a rake-of for the chauffeur on
all supplies and repairs that ne orders for
his employer. A conservative chauffeur
limits himself to 10 per cent, while a reck-
less driver takes all he can get.
On 10y rides and other Illicit trips it is
a common device to grease the number
pIdlS so tnaC II Will collect dust and the
numbers will become iIlegible. A string
may also be attached to the plate so that
it can be pulled up when the car is speeding
or an accident has occurred and identifca-
ton is feared. False plates are also used.
although this is a misdemeanor. Plates OF
any sort may be had from any dealer;
they are not supplied by the state. There
IS no light at the rear of the car to Hum
mate the plate so that it can be read at
night Deputy Police Commissioner Bugher
has recommended a perforated plate with
a bulIs-eye light behind it, making the
figures legible at night.
An automobile bill drawn up by the
National Highways Protective Society will
E be presented TO the Legislature of New
York at the coming session 1t provides
for a commission 10 examine drivers of
automobiles and to license those who show
that they have both technical ability and
good character. Licenses may be revoked
and reissued a driver who is at the wheel
while intoxicated or is convicted more than
once of reckless driving is to have his
license revoked. ANY one running away
after an accident caused by his act shall
be liable to Imprisonment for one year
A clause providing that the owner of the
machine riding in the vehicle when the law
is being violated shall be held equally
guilty with the driver has been eliminated
from the rough draft of the bill.
New-York tribune., 1910-01-02

less ltbrication is thorough, and this
who wants TO avoid trouble from cranky
and refractory engine.
The fabrication of the piston and cylinder
walls is usually obtained by keeping the
crank case filed with oil to such a point
that the end of the connecting rod dips into
it in turning. AS a result oil is spattered
by the connecting rod to all parts Of the
crank case, and portion is caught in
groove cut around the lower end ot the
piston.
The inward stroke of the piston then
spreads the oil on the cylinder walls, and
il is distributed around the piston rings,
permitting their free motion in their
grooves A constant level OF oil IS main
tanned in the crank case from the lubri-
Gator. either by means of gravity or
through a small force pump driven by the
engine Air pressure in the oil tank may
also secure a constant supply Of oil. Press
ure distribution is perhaps the best OF all,
for in this method oil is supplied TO ali
parts of the engine, and the quanuty
passed TO each bearing is adjustable. Ihus
a feed is maintained that is exactly suited
to the requirements at all times-a valuable
feature.
The feed of the gasolene is the next I'M
portant topic TO be taken up. and at thls
time an outline OF methods OF carburetioh
will be given. leaving more detailed os-
New-York tribune., 1910-01-02

passenger in taxfcab he is likely to be
''short-changed" by the chauffer. Failure
to give a tip results in profanity and abuse.
Empty pocketboofs, canes and umbrellas
left in cabs are turned over to the '1ost
property department of the company, but
much money and many jewels have a way
of vanishing completely. Some chauffeurs
are most diligent in searching their vehi-
cles after each passenger to see whether
anything Of value has been left. They meet
many disappointments. and then again they
get their reward.
The taxicab chauffeur has several ways
Of cheating the company as well as the
passenger. He may keep for himself the 25
cents charged for each piece Of baggage
carried on top Of the machine. There Is
no clock or register for baggage, and the
only fear is of the company ''spotter'' A
driver might realize 8 or so in a day from
this graft. Sometimes chauffeur offers
to give a customer s2 ride for 81 50. The
red flag is kept down during the trip so
that the meter does not register The pas
senger saves half a dollar and the chauf-
feur pockets the entire fare for himself
The record of distance covered does not
betray this transaction. for the company
figures on getting cash for only half the
mileage, allowing the rest for empty return
trips.
During the taxicab strike a driver who
had been away two days brought in $40
1t was found he had been to Stamford,
Conn. and back. and the minimum fare
would have amounted to $40 At the same
time another chauffeur reported that he
was taking Police Inspector Walsh out
every day in his machine. as lie was told to
\
afterward that he went out just once. for
half an hour. The rest Of the time the
chauffeur was operating the machine for
his own benefit. This driver was eighteen
years old, married. a crap gambler and al
lowed his wife 10 go hungry. He was
finally arrested and sent to jail for selling
a spare tire on the company machine
New-York tribune., 1910-01-02

Advantages and Disadvantages of Cooling Systems
GasoIene Feed Important Topic.

off In these cellular radiators great
number of short lengths of tubing are en-
ployed. in varying shapes. held together
by plates or soldered ends. The water
from the Jackets enters at the top Of the
case containing these tubes and flows
downward between the tubes. the air pass
ing through the tubes.
The other circulatory system is based
on gravity and is known either by that
name as a thermosiphon system. The
principle is that heated water tends TO
rise, its place being taken by the heavier
cold water, which naturally sinks. This
system requires all the parts to be large,
and. moreover that they shall be COM
pletely filed with water. The water in the
jacket rises as ii becomes heated, and
flows to the radiator. entering at the top.
The place II leaves in the jacket is taken
by cooled water from the bottom of the
radiator. This circulation continues auto
ratically. varying in rapidity with the in
crease or lessening of the difference in
temperature between the heated and cooled
water.
This automatic method is neither so
rapid nor so dependable as the one that
depends a rotary pump. C1ogging of
pipes, Jackets or radiators is more likely
TO occur, and, while IL has many excellent
features and avoids complications to a
certain extent, il leads TO many troubles
that are not encountered in circulatory
systems dependent on a pump
To cool a cylinder by a blast Of air
without the aid Of water to absorb the
heat. it is necessary to increase its sur
face. and the most common method OF do
ing this is TO cast IL with fanges project
ing from all parts of the combustion
space. These acquire heat with the in
creasing temperature Of the cylinder walls.
and the air blown against them carries off
the heat Pins or copper strips may be
set into the cylinder walls, their form
being such that the air current strikes
surface made UP of number Of points,
which convey the heat very readily TO the
air. Then, again. under another system.
the cylinder may be surrounded by a
jacket, open at the bottom. into which air
is forced from the top by a powerful
blower
II the system of cooling by air is adopted
large valves for the quick discharge OF the
hot gases after combustion are required
The cylinders should be small, too not
large. for ii is necessary TO carry the heat
of quickly. and the smaller the volume of
gases the more quickly they be dis
charged.
fabrication is an essential part OF the
operation Of a gasolene engine. The con-
tinued delivery OF power is impossible un-
New-York tribune., 1910-01-02
Flash IN THE NIGHT.
Such Is Passing of Noted Train
ThrOu gh Upstate Citg.

No you have never seen IL At least
the chances are a thousand TO one that
you have never seen it Yet It is one OF
the twentieth century wonders When
griZzled shaggy headed railroad men.
grown old in the service. look up 70 heaven
and seem 10 reach into the air after
expression 70 tell you OF their awe az a
railway trains speed. you may be sure
that The train must go like a fash OF
lightning.
No. it isn't likely that you ever saw ths
Twentieth Century Limited rip through
place the size OF Utica ar o'clock in the
morning And II you have seen II crash
by. you just caught a glimpse OF II. saw
red fire hiss from wheels. heard a roar
and then saw nothing but darkness With
a sigh OF relief the fagman ar the cross
ing will say TO you: That was tho
Twentieth Century Limited" "
Yes the Twentieth Century Limited hurIs
itself through a city the size OF Utica with
brakes set hard enough TO split thousand
angry sparks from the twelve wheeled
PuIlmans; but that brake setting business
is only a formality. The train couldn't
be stopped within a quarter OF mile
Long before this annihiIator OF tine and
distance throws itself across the city tas
railroad men prepare for IL Its passing
Is the incident OF the night The heart
beats a little faster. a tighter grip IS
seized upon the duty OF the hour. the sig
nails are inspected rwice-ves. and mors
than twice the crossing gates are dropped
TO the ground and then-they wait
Every one looks 20 the west. for. Ike
young LOchinvar. this train comes out OF
the west She's in the block. as the signal
light reveals And then, way down the
yard a headlight. Just a dot. appears
But II grows. grows big. with astonishing
rapidity. II swells big. round and high.
and then it darts by Fire eats ar the
locomotive wheels and in the black OF
night the long. dark monster. riding on
streamers OF FIRE, leaps past and out OF
sight
No wonder men gasp and say: Good
heavens. She jumps through here Ike
streak OF lightning
But the Twentieth Century is popular
train People ride upon It who are IN n
hurry There is not room enough for all
the hurrying people on the one train. 50
1t is run in two sections. Hence. when
the one section has passed the railroad
folk prepare for the coming OF the next
section. Just as speedy. Just as awful II
may come IL ten minutes. IN ffreen
minutes but the railroad people know
when TO look out And when il has goEe
they are relieved.
New-York tribune., 1910-01-02

volvers nuzzle to submit to the demands OF
her captors. It Is not many months ago that
q married woman. bouDd homeward from
a sickroom, was inveigled into a machine.
suffered indignities, and was robbed and
thrown out into a roadway of Central Park.
One Of the assaiants, a strike breaker.
afterward went to jail. Two young girls
had to jump from from a car in Brooklyn
to avoid criminal assault, one OF them was
fatally hurt.
Other kidnapped girls were taken up to
Yonkers and thrown out on the road be-
cause they would not yield to the chauf-
feur's wishes. At Troy, n. Y, recently,
Miss Caroline G. Grogen was drugged and
thrown into a ravine from an automobile,
according to the police. She was dead
when found.
Any one who is passenger in a swiftly
moving car is at the mercy OF the chauf-
feur. It is dangerous to jump and about
as dangerous to fight with the driver. for
though he does not use his pistol or slung-
shot q wreck may result from the strug-
gle. Assaults are often committed on kid
mapped girls by accomplices of the driver
while the car is going at high speed There
are disreputable roadhouses frequentcd by
chaufeurs for their nefarious purposes.
Jamison. the hold-up man who raided
Tannenholz's tewelry store on Lexington
avenue some months ago, had as an &C
complice an unknown chauffeur, who lea
the pursuers a wild chase dodging elevated
road pillars and flying around street cor
Cha Ifeurs are inclined to be tough" as
a class. They are young, unmarried and
disspated. Some of them add to their
incomes by acting as touts for gam
bling and disorderly houses. They get a
percentage OF what their passengers lose
or spend in such places. The rake-off from
tn losses of a liberal customer may amount
to s25 or $50, and in consideration Of this
gain the chauffeur may save the passen-
ger several dollars worth of waiting fare
at the expense of the company by stopping
the taxicab clock. The same quid pro quo
is practised when passenger invites the
driver of a public vehicle to take a drink
in a saloon-the red flag goes down dur
ing the wait.
A new feature of the saloon and disor-
derly house business is the operation of
private taxicabs to bring customers to the
premises and to take them home after a
debauch. The chauffeur and the bartender
jointly drum up trade. Cards are given
out advertising the advantages of the sa-
loon-dtsorderly house, whence drunken Gus
toners are safely bundled home in an au-
tomobile. There is a special low rate for
regular patrons, and sometimes no charge
at all, for the proprietor figures that it
makes little difference whether he takes
the customers last S2 as payment for
drinks over the bar or as fare on the ma
chine.
If nothing worse happens to drunken
New-York tribune., 1910-01-02
ARTIFICIAL cAMPhoR.

Since the invention OF cellUloid the con-
sumption OF camphor has increased TO such
q degree that the manufacture OF artificial
camphor has become industry OF con-
siderable Importance Seventy per cent OF
the camphor annually consumed IS en-
ployed IN the manufacture OF celluioid. and
only IS per cent for pharmaceutical rur-
poses. Natural camphor Is obtained by
the disrsIlationsof the wood OF the carnphor
Laurel. tree which grows In great forests
in Japan and Formosa- Since 1905 artificial
caupkor has been made Oy the action or
various acids upon the essence OF rur-
pensine. II differs from natural caruphor
only in its action upon polartzed light
When sufficiently refined. II possesses. In
all other respects. the same properties As
natural camphOr. It's invention Is duo 10
the growing demand. combined with The
monopoly OF Japan IN the natural prod
net. AT the same time. efforts are being
ade 20 cultivate the camphor tree In India
Ceylon. Florida and Texas--Youta's Com
paotoN
New-York tribune., 1910-01-02
No 6.

o
Two systems Of cooling for gasolene
engines are in use. Water and air are the
means employed, and water has come 70
be the most popular Air cooling has Ger
tain advantages, but the water cooled en-
g1ne Is in SO much greater favor among
manufacturers that its claims 20 superiority
are hard tc controvert This does not
mean, OF course, that air cooled engines
are 70 be condemned odhand. That would
oe an unfair statement OF the case, for the
advocates Of air cooling have much on
their side. and their arguments are in
many ways powerful This series is not
intended. however. 70 settle such contro-
Versies or to push one car rather than
another. Its purpose is TO give the essen
tai facts which viii enable the intending
purchaser 70 form his own judgment
AS was said last week, heat is developed
in every act Of the gesoIene engine Heat
must be maintained too for the proper
performance OF its functions But that
heat must be tempered Hence a cooling
system L is essential 10 keep the tenn
perature below the ignition point Of the
lubricating oil. The oil is so made as 10
bear intense heat but IT will burn when
certain degree Of heat is passed, and lubri-
cation 2t once ceases. Moreover. carbon
VIII form as a result OL the com n1OuStlon,
which viii foul the combustion space of the
cylinder or the piston rings. This deposit
Of carbon viii interfere with the operation
OF the engine.
In the water cooling system the cylinders
are surrounded by water jackets. often
cast IN one piece with them Cool water
from the radiator enters at the bottom,
and, absorbing heat from the cylinder in
.ts passage, escapes al the top. Constant
circulation OF the water Is necessary. and
two methods Of securing this are employed
One Is by means OF rotary pump, and
this Is the more usual one. This pump
forces the water through the Jackets and
then 70 the radiator, where the heated
water Is cooled. This radiator IS so placed
that the water contained IN il is exposed
20 the air currents driven against the front
~ the car by its motion. These currents
arc reinforced by q fan driven by the en-
gtne. 4 large surface is. OF course. essen
cal for the proper cooling Of the water IN
the radiator. This surface must be exposed
70 the sir. and 10 secure proper blast
against ths wafer IL must pass through the
radiator In small streams.
Cellular radiation or honeycornb radia-
ton are coming into universal use now.
superseding the old type. III which coils OF
small copper tubing. on which were strung
disks Of copper, carried the water. the
eisxa absorbing the heat and throwing IT
New-York tribune., 1910-01-02
METER IRREGULARITIES.

There are some four thousand company
taxicabs in New York. and four hundred
taxicab5 ops Eated for hire by their owners
There is only 20 per cent of incentive for
the chauffeur of the company machine to
tamper with his meter-that being the pro-
portion OF earnings which goes TO him as
pay-while the proprietary driver has full
inducement to make the meter register
falsely. When the new law for taxcab in
spection goes into effect in January some
interesting figures may be obtained on
meter irregularity. The location of the
meter on the rear wheel gives false rec
ord in wet weather, owing to the whirling
around Of the wheel on a slippery pave
ment.
The malicious public or private chauffeur
New-York tribune., 1910-01-02
LITTLE WONDER.

Visitor-And who Is this pocr man in
the padded cell?
Attendant-Oh. he's the chap who tried
tc follow the advice Of all mis- alleged
friends-Chicago News.
New-York tribune., 1910-01-02

Asparagus growers OF San Joaquin County
expect large crop and good prices this
season One grower, al Lodi. estimates ne
will realize $50 an acre on his crop. which
is on high land His asparagus viii be
marketed fully three weeks earlier than
that grown on islands in the San Joaquin
River
New-York tribune., 1910-01-02
ONLY ONE CAN GET LICENSE.

There are reasons for the hoInicidal and
other villanies of chauffeurs besides those
given. No skill or knowledge Of automo-
biles is required TO become a driver. Any
one can get a license by sending & to the
Secretary Of State. It is easy to get a
license under a false name. There are
fifty thousand registered chaufeurs in this
state, and none of them has passed an
official examination as ability or char
acter. Young men and even boys Of sew
enIeen or eighteen with a taste for an
easy life spiced with excitement become
chauffeurs.
The youngsters are preferred, and they
prefer the trade. They have a good chance
TO acquire bad habits. their hours and
earnings are irregular. they get TO drinking.
grating and Joy" riding. Drug habits are
added TO the use of liquor. The strike Of
last year against the New York Taxicab
Company brought a great many thugs and
criminals into the business as strike break
ers; some of these have been sent TO jail
and the rest have remained to teach others
how TO commit misdeeds.
The carrying Of blackjacks, slungshots
and revolvcrs by public chaufreurs has be-
come common. Technically the law against
carrying concealed weapons is not violated,
for these weapons OF crime are not kept on
the person, but hidden in the toolboX or in
some other part Of the vehicle. The ex-
cuse is offered that the chauffeur carries
large sums of fare money. and needs to
protect himself against highwaymen. But
the record shows that many chauffeur is
inclined TO be q good deal Of a highway
man himself AA
The revolver comes in handy in kid
mapping girls and robbing passengers. More
than one young girl foolish enough 10 &C
cept the initial invitation to embark on a
joy ride has been compelled at the re-
New-York tribune., 1910-01-02

How IS your son standing in college7'
On crutches. He was initiated into a
fraternity last week."-Cleveiand PLAIN
Dealer.
New-York tribune., 1910-01-02

How is your friend. L8moules''
He Is al last delivered from his suf-
ferings.'
vner'-Bon Vtvant