davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1910-09-09

NOOAAlAAAOCO 1AOAI PREVIOUS p2Re.J
fell TO the shippers themselves to or
ganize such routes and rates, through
the operation of privately owned fast
freight lines. After awhile the rail-
roads saw that the fast freight lines
were making more money out of the
business than they were, so they took
over these lines and operated them on
a cooperative basis. the lines being
distinguished by the colors of their.
cars, such as the Orange, Blue Red
and White lines
The First Refrigerator Car.
So far as is known the earliest at
tempt to make a refrigerator car was
on the Michigan Central railroad in
the sixties. Ordinary box cars were
filled with ice tanks and catch basins
and perishable goods were shipped in
them. In 1867 the Pennsylvania rail-
road had 80 box cars refitted with dou-
bic sides and the spaces between these
sides were filled with sawdust. making
a huge ice box on wheels. The first
patent on a refrigerator car was is
sued to ]. B. Sutherland of Detroit,
Mich, Nov. %, 1867. In the next year
D. W. Davis, also of Detroit, patented
the Davis car, and in 1869 shipped the
first load of Chicago dressed beef to
New York.
First Fruit Shipments.
The first attempt TO ship fruit In
refrigerator boxes was in 1865. Parker
Earle of Golden. Ill, was the expert
menter. In 1868 he shipped several car
loads of peaches, but they were spoiled
in transit. The following year he built
a preceding station on his fruit farm
and later made many successful ship
ments. This proceeding station idea
had laid dormant for more than a third
Of a century, and its recrudesence in
California during the present fruit sea-
son marks what is believed by fruit
men to be the most important event
in the history of perishable freight
transportation since the beginning of
the refrigerator car. Under methods
heretofore obtaining cars loaded with
fruit were iced at the initial point, re-
curing from three to four days to
bring the temp of the cargo to
the necessary p. int for safe shipment.
During this time, if the fruit were not
pulled little green, it would become
Overripe. The result has been that the
consumer is forced to eat fruit arti-
ficially ripened. Anyone who has eat
en- bananas, oranges or other fruits
that were ripened on the tree knows
how much sweeter and better they are
than those which were pulled before
ripe. Under the proceeding methods
which are now being used again, the
whole world in the future may enjoy
the luxury of naturally ripened fruit.
although it has to be shipped a tnous-
and miles or more. Vast supplies of
cold air are forced into the car until
its contents have a proper temperature
Icing follows and tne car is sent on
its way.
Stock cars were owned privately as
far back as the seventies. In 1883 an
exposition of transportation equipment
was held in Chicago and many palace
i've stock cars were exhibited. Among
them was the Mather car, invented by
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1910-09-09

A. c. Mather, and now the leading type
of stock car in the United States MI
Mather was on trip to the east, IN
which his train was wrecked Wnlle
waiting to resume his journey he saw
a carload of cattle in which some four
or five were dead and a half dozen so
badly injured that they could not stand.
This suggested TO him the need Of
stock car which would permit the hui
name transportation of cattle and other
stock, and when he had perfected such
a car he took it TO the railroads, but
they refused 70 buy his patent. 1t was
only by having the cars built and useo
as a private line that he was success
full in getting the stock cars into the
railway service.
Cost of Operation.
The average compensation of the pri-
vate car lines throughout the country
is three-fourths of a cent a mile for
the distance covered by a car, whether
running empty or loaded. 1t IS fig
ured out that the average car Of the
special equipment variety runs ABOUT
100 miles a day throughout the year
1t will be seen from this that the
revenues of the private car lines, aside
from the refrigerator car service,
amount to about IS cents day per
car. In the case of the refrigerator
lines extra charges are MADE Tor the
icing of goods in transit. Many lines
of railroads are beginning TO operate
their own refrigerator cars. The Santa
Fe and the Hartman lines have taken
the leadership in this particular. 1t
is admitted, however, that the average
railroad cannot maintain its own refrig-
orator car service, since the period IN
which it could operate such a service
profitably is limited to the compare
lively short fruit season in the terri
tory covered by the line The average
refrigerator car costs about S11O0, and
would be a dead investment TO the aver
age railroad for more than half the
year. The reduction in transportation
charges incident to the installation OF
the refrigerator car service has been
so great that where the charge on Cal
ifornia fruit to New York q quarter
of a century ago was Z cents a pound,
it is now less than one cent.
Private Car Lines Lose.
Great losses often are sustained by
the private car lines. a few years ago
one line undertook to handle the North
Carolina berry crop. Because of the
fact that its supply of cars ran about
half a day behind the demand, mucn
fruit was spoiled and the car line paid
out $4,000 in claims. In another case
this car line filled all of its Georgia
ice houses with ice from Maine in an
ticipation of a big peach crop. but
late frost destroyed the crop and the
entire supply of ice was a dead loss to
the car owners.
Tomorrow-Hunting Dogs.
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1910-09-09
TONGUE TWIsTERS.

From Chicago Tribune.
i London paper recently offered a
series Of prizes for the best tongue
twisting sentences. The prize winning
contributions are:
The bleak breeze bHghted the bright
broom blossoms.
Two toads totally tired tried to trot
to Tedoury
Strict. strong Stephen Stringer shared
Sticky six sickly silky snakes.
Susan shineth shoes and socks; socks
and shoes shine Susan. She ceaSeth
shining shoes and socks, for shoes and
socks shock Susan
4 hadGock, d haddOck, a black spot
ted haddock; a black spot on the black
hack Of a black spotted haddOck.
oliver Oglethorp ogled an owl and
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1910-09-09
BRIBER TOO BIG To
BE PUT IN A CELL.

Jefferson City, Mo, Sept. 9-Gover-
nor Hadley has paroled Louis Decker.
of St Louis, from the penitentiary.
where he served a term of five wears
sentence for bribery. He was a mem
Der Of the St Louis house of dele
gates and was caught in the Doodle
crusade.
Decker weighs more than 400 pounds
and never was inside of a cell in the
peniteniary because the doors are too
narrow. He slept IN the guard house.
His size prevented him from working
at a regular trade, and he passed his
time in the stables of the prison.
Let US suggest a dainty frozen desert
Phone Me Elite any time
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1910-09-09
4 DEMOCRATIC VIEW.

From Tombstone (Ariz) Prospector.
The Phoenix Democrat sizes it UP as
follows: The Republicans are now
holding garden parties in the interest
Of statehood Next week they will
be holding pink tea parties Then the
following week they will close up their
headquarters and say d-n it,"
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1910-09-09
MEXICO EXTENDS WARM GREETING To
ARRIVING CENTENNIAL DELEGATES

another delegation Will greet the visi-
tors at Chihuahua, and by the time
Of their arrival in Mexico, hotel accom-
cations for them will have been secured.
Such is an Illustration of what Mex
leo is doing i'll entertainment of her
guests on the greatest occasion of a
century.
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1910-09-09

an oyster. Did Oliver Oglethorp ogle
an owl and an oyster? If oliver Ogle-
thOrp ogled an owl and an oyster,
where are the owl and the oyster oliver
Oglethorp ogled?
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1910-09-09
WITH
The Exchanges
GOING SOMEt

From albuquerque IN. NJ Morning
\ Journal
\ To add insult TO injury, on election
day up in san Miguel they ran a trolley
car into A. A. JOnes's automobile.
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1910-09-09
HASKIN ON THE
PRIVATE CAR LINES

CONTINUED from previous page)
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1910-08-28

White Cotton Tape. 2l-yard
rolls, worth loo. at ....-.......V~
Pin-on Hose Supporters for
women. misses and children: made
Of good quality Isle elastic In
various colors; worth up to 81
lbc pair
Dress Shields. nafnsook covered
and lightweight kinds-a variety
Of popular styles and shapes:
worth 15c and lsc q pair. &c
Sale price
Transparent Collar Supporter
Sets. six strips I'm each set; all 2c
heights. Per set
women's &c Pad Hose Support
ers: extra quality wide elastic,
four straps. large pad: all 12c
colors. Sale price .........
Wood Hairpins Cabinets. contain
q good assortment OF wire &C
hairpins. Special at ........-
Sewing Machine OIL: extra grade.
will not gum. Large bottle &c
Tor -.
Children's Skeleton Suspender
Waists. with hose supporters at
tached; all sizes; best 2ec I0C
kinds, Tor -..-...-.'--
Bone Hairpins. six pins In a pA'
Variety Of shapes and Styles SC
regular 10c values. at ...-.'.'-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1910-08-28

You cannot buy Yard-Wide Per-
Gales OF this quality for less than
12hc a yard. They are only Of
fered at this low price tomorrow be-
cause the wholesaler had q lot on
hand he wanted to turn into money
and clipped part OF the cost to do 50.
In light and dark grounds OF blue.
gray, black. garnet. pink, etc. show
ing pretty stripes, checks. dots. neat
figures and broken plaids-
Sale price, 9zc a yard.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1910-08-28
Needed Notions Under Price.

Sewing Machine Needles. regularly
&c paper. All makes and 0ILc
Sizes ~
Good Quality White Bias Seam
Tape. all widths. one TO four. Six
yard pieces. worth up to lie. &C
Clinton Safety Pins, all sizes:
worth DC to &c. Three cards 10<,
IoT $500
Dressmakers' s h ears. nickeleo
steel finish: all sizes; worth 1Or
up to Soc pair .......-....-.
100-yard spools of Good Quality
Sewing Silk. In black and 2LC
colors; worth SC a spool VI
Turkey Red Woven Initials. fast
color. for marking underwear. In
ems. ETC.; one quarter gross In Q
package; all letters: regu- 2r
aluminium Thimbles, worth &c
each. Sale price. TWO II
Mohair Shoe Laces. all lengths.
A. ga or Ga: worth up to &c
loo dozen --............-.
Warren's Collar Foundations. net
covered: washable and cniHon
styles; newest shapes; all Sizes
regular Sc and 1Oc kinds. RI
CnOlco al $1,000.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1910-08-28
30c TOXIC SILKS
at 10c a Yard.

The fact that this beautiful sik-andlnen fabric general
avote for frocks and evening doubles the I'M
portance OF tomorrows sale What resist the com
bned appeal of value and low price?
silk linen that gives desired
sef-color - wide
a
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1910-08-28
5-inCh Ribbons.
12Hc. Regularly g4s

AIl-silk Moire ard Plain TafYeta
Ribbons. up 10 . inches wide.
Choice OF white. black and leading
shades.
one day at I2lzc a yard instead OF
go.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1910-08-28
Csc MerceriZed POplinS
at 12hc Yard.

These Handsome Mercezed Poplins have fin
ish that washing exposure
affect.
Ideal frocks for
and early fall Tomorrows half price offering should
urge you to be here and share the bargain
N
a
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1910-08-28
$3.50 Comforts
at CSC Each.

II additional bed coverings are
needed for the fall this news will In
terest you.
90 dozen Large Double-bed-sise
Comforts: covered with good QuAnty
(. silkoline and filled with me white
cotton; soft and fiuffy kind.
Scroll stitched quilting. Sold rego-
larry at $50. One day 1t $50 each
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1910-08-28
Pearl Buttons,
SC a Dozen.
Worth lOc to 1SC.

A new lot OF Ocean Pearl But
tons. In fancy. carved. beaded edge
fish eye and plain styles.
Sizes IL to 20 ligne.
All are good quality white genuine
ocean pearl buttons.
One dozen on o card for SC. Kinds
sold regularly At 1Oc. 12c and 15c.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1910-08-28
SIS Extra Size Black
Silk PettiCOatS, $2.95

We justly proud of record for selling these EXTRA
SIZE Black Taea Silk Pettcoa $2o5 How vastly superior
they the imitation silk skirts sold elsewhere be easily
told by comparison.
shipment sale tomorrow They made of,extra
heavy superior rustlng quality black aeta silk with deep
shred tucked ounce Seams ed and each skirt has
dust rufhe Made in the careful manner.
Regular five dollar values at $2o5
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1910-08-28
Administer Rugs,
50 Kind, at $1.95.

200 Best Grade Administer Rugs
the well known Alexander Smiths
heavy-pile grade.
Size 27x60 inches.
In handsome floral. conventional.
medallion and oriental designs. Col
orings Of green, red, blue. rose, tan
and brown.
Regular s. value at $1.95 each
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1910-08-28
Csc First Quality
Shades, 10c Ea.

200 dozen Opaque Cloth Window
Shades: mounted on strong perfect
acting spring rollers. Strictly per-
feet first-quality goods-not Sec
onds' or damaged shades.
Size 3x6 feet.
In light. medium and dark green.
ecru. yellow and white.
Sold regularly at -25c each. One
day at 19c.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1910-08-28
So Couch Covers,
Special, at $1.19

A one-day sale OF Regular 81 Quail
fly Tapestry Couch Covers at Q
worthwhile saving.
Heavy weight. In handsome orfen-
tai designs. Of red. green, blue and
tan. Fringed sides and ends.
60 inches wide and 8 yards long.
Regular 81 value at $1.19 each.
The Wenatchee daily world. [volume] (Wenatchee, Wash.) 1905-1971, 1910-10-22
OKANOGAN REALTY.

FOR SALE-One half interest in SO
acre tract on Brewster Flat, Okla
hogan county, miles from Brew
ster; 500 acres irrigable under
existing ditch. High grade land.
Price, $3O00-$1OO0 down, bal
ance in eight annual installments.
ONE HALF interest in forty acre
tract on Brewster Flat, Okanogan
county, five miles from Brewster;
% acres irrigable under existing
ditch. High grade land, level
Price, 81, 500-$500 down, balance
in eight annual installments.
ONE HALF interest in one hundred
and sixty acre tract, 2 IL miles
from Brewster, OkanOgan county:
about 35 or 40 acres irrigable ur-
der High Line ditch survey;
spring on land; small portion un-
der present ditch. Price, $4,000
81, 900 down, balance in eight an
nual installments. Address,
HAMILTON TOMBSTONE,
Lawyer, Brewster, Wash.
The Wenatchee daily world. [volume] (Wenatchee, Wash.) 1905-1971, 1910-10-22
First NJ. f.. Church.

First Methodist Episcopal church,
corner of Orondo and Chelan ayes.
NJ. L. Sanders, pastor. Sunday
school at 9:45 instead of 10 as for
merly. Quarterly meeting services
postponed on account of the inabil-
ity of the district superintendent to
me with us. Pastor will preach both
morning and evening. Subject of
morning serman, The Desire for a
Special Religious Awakening" Sub
ject of evening service. How They
Brought Him to Jesus Epworth
League and Class Meeting at $40,
Young peoples prayer meeting on
Tuesday evening. Regular prayer
meeting on Thursday evening. Spe-
cial music at both preaching services.
You will be made welcome.
The Wenatchee daily world. [volume] (Wenatchee, Wash.) 1905-1971, 1910-10-22
8888888&
Do YouknoW What
time DRUGS ARE?

Well, Time Drugs are drugs that
deteriorate with age. Today they
are full strength and capable of
healing. Six months from now they
are as useless as ashes. Science has
been able to determine the life of
such drugs.
At the Owl Drug Store the Time
Drugs are all dated. 1t is just mat
ter of horse sense. From time to
time we go over these Time Drugs
and eliminate all that have reached
the age limit It always means a
money loss, but we've got to give you
good service.
We do not deserve credit for this
precaution. We are. Dracticing our
business You find drug stores, too
many of them, where Time Drugs
never have chance. 1t remains in
the bottle six months or six years,
according to demand, and when it is
wanted there is never a thought as
to whether it is an honest drug or
a failure.
This is an argument in favor of
our prescription department.
We never nave ana never will
sacrifice quality.
The Wenatchee daily world. [volume] (Wenatchee, Wash.) 1905-1971, 1910-10-22
WILL GIVE SERIES
Of SERMONS
DR.. Stevenson Will Preach
Three Sunday Evening
Special Sermons.

Tomorrow night DR.. Stevenson
will have special service prepared
at the Presbyterian church. An or
gan recital is announced as one fea-
ture to be rendered by Mrs. j. D.
SickelS, a newcomer. The subject
of the sermon is The Saloon as a
Business Investment for This Com
munity" 1t is the result of ten in
terviews and is the first of a series
of three Sunday evening addresses
on gospel, civic and political prob
lens. They will have special bear
take place next month.
The Wenatchee daily world. [volume] (Wenatchee, Wash.) 1905-1971, 1910-10-22
COLUMBIA RIVER BOAT

Hunters, Wash, Oct. 22.-Captain
McDermOtt is here in the interest Of
the proposed boat which the fruit
growers and shippers along the Co
lumbia, from Kettle Falls to the
mouth of the Spokane, wish to buy
and operate to move this falls crop
and reports nearly all the money
raised. The captain says the boat
will be taken up the river about the
first of November.
The Wenatchee daily world. [volume] (Wenatchee, Wash.) 1905-1971, 1910-10-22
Church of Christ.

Bible study begins at 10 a. m
Preaching services at II a. m. and
1880 D. M Creations From the
Hand of Divine Power" will be the
theme for the morning service
Seven Sons of Sceva," will be the
theme for the evening service. All
are solicited to attend these services
especially those who seldom attend
church. Come, and the gospel will
do you good.
The Wenatchee daily world. [volume] (Wenatchee, Wash.) 1905-1971, 1910-10-22
Christian Church.

Bible school at 10 p. M, Sermon
and communion at IL. Subject of
morning sermon, Lessons from
Paul's Experience in Paradise, y
Christian Endeavor service at $50
p. m. Sermon at 7:30; subject, 'Fu-
ture Recognition.
The Wenatchee daily world. [volume] (Wenatchee, Wash.) 1905-1971, 1910-10-22
Baptist Church.

First Baptist church services to-
morrow as follows: Bible school at
10 a. m. Sermon at II. Sermon
theme, New Reformation in Rus
STA" B. Y. P. U. at $50 p. m, fol-
lowed by evening sermon; theme.
Surprise in Samaria." A duet will
be rendered by Grace Paris and Syl-
via Grant, and c. A. Nugley will
give a solo. All are cordially in
vited.
The Wenatchee daily world. [volume] (Wenatchee, Wash.) 1905-1971, 1910-10-22

A Reliable Medicine-NOt Narcotic
Get the genuine Foley's Honey and
Tar in the yellow package. 1t is
safe and effective Contains NO OPT
ates. Refuse substitutes. Sold by
Wenatchee Drug Co.
The Wenatchee daily world. [volume] (Wenatchee, Wash.) 1905-1971, 1910-10-22
POTATOES FOR SALE

FOR SALE-Mountain grown, unir-
rigatcd Beauty of Hebron potatoes.
Delivered to any part of the city.
G. A. Fletcher, R. F. D. No. /, Box
SO. Phone X37. ia
The Wenatchee daily world. [volume] (Wenatchee, Wash.) 1905-1971, 1910-10-22
COAL.

BEST GOALS on the market-Ros-
lyn and Carney Lump. The best
is the cheapest. Full weight al
ways. Phone the Cannery, 545.
range. Phone the Cannery. $40.
The Wenatchee daily world. [volume] (Wenatchee, Wash.) 1905-1971, 1910-10-22
Christian Science.

Services Sunday at II a. m. in
Elks hall. Subject for tomorrow,
Probation After Death" All are
welcome.
The Wenatchee daily world. [volume] (Wenatchee, Wash.) 1905-1971, 1910-10-22
HOUSEKEEPING APARTMENTS

FOR RENT = Two housekeeping
apartments, one two rooms and
one three rooms. Gehr BLOCK.
Phone 2413. 1929
The Wenatchee daily world. [volume] (Wenatchee, Wash.) 1905-1971, 1910-10-22
PACKERS WANTED

WANTED-Two experienced apple
packers. &c a box straight. Ill
grades Phone 2472. II
The Wenatchee daily world. [volume] (Wenatchee, Wash.) 1905-1971, 1910-10-22
Christian Church EndeaVOr.

NIFIStIdH OHuFCIl EHuedVOF.
The Christian Endeavor of the
Christian church meets Sunday at
$50 p. m. Topic, The Chances We
Miss" Howard BOblet, leader
Special music All welcome.
The Wenatchee daily world. [volume] (Wenatchee, Wash.) 1905-1971, 1910-10-22
OKANOGAN LAND

FOR SALE-All or part of 40 acres
choicest irrigated apple land in
Okanogan project. within one mile
of town; or will trade for i'm
proved orchard or city property.
Address owner, A. P, care Daily
World. 1926
The Wenatchee daily world. [volume] (Wenatchee, Wash.) 1905-1971, 1910-10-22
POTATOES FOR SALE

FOR SALE-Potatoes, delivered, at
$3.50 per 100 pounds. Call phone
3143 II
The Wenatchee daily world. [volume] (Wenatchee, Wash.) 1905-1971, 1910-10-22

- <,B. P. o. ELKS NO. 1856
~ ~/<NLodge and club rooms,
#sX7Y Gehr Bldg, lie Wenat-
N chez Ave. North. Meet
x ings every Tuesday
tE night at 8 o'clock.
The Wenatchee daily world. [volume] (Wenatchee, Wash.) 1905-1971, 1910-10-22
POTATOES FOR SALE

FOR SALE-Potatoes in lots of IA
ton or more. delivered at $3.50
per 100 pounds. Phone 1888.
1925
The Wenatchee daily world. [volume] (Wenatchee, Wash.) 1905-1971, 1910-10-22

TOO LATE TO CLASSIFY.
POSITION WANTED

A COMPETENT Japanese boy wants
position for general housewOrk.
Good cook Address P. o. Box
1874. 1925
The Wenatchee daily world. [volume] (Wenatchee, Wash.) 1905-1971, 1910-10-22
A Doctors
Opinion
One Of the Busiest and Most
Successful Physicians of
the Northwest Praises

milk like mothers milk
Bank Bldg, Seattle, Wash, says:
In regard to DEMOS BABY
FOOD would say that / have used it
in many troublesome cases, and al
ways with the best results. / believe
the best testimonial for any food is
the fact that it does the work where
other foods fail, and | can say this
without reserve for DEMOS BABY
FOOD.
The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, 1910-02-15
SYMPHONY
TO Be PRESENTED
Third Concert Will Include
A Major by Men
delSSohn.

The third concert OF the washington
symphony Orchestra VIII be given az
;He Columbia Theater. Friday at SO
O'Clock
The piece Of chief interest VIII he
MendeIssohn-s a major, better known
as the Italian symphony
Felix 8IendeIssohn BauhOldy 0Sf2-
$50 vas ore Of the chief represente-
lives Of that SchooT- Wi.ose aim was the
progressive cultivation OF instrumental
music. on tie basis Of Beethoven leg
acy. To SurpaSS Beethoven III prodUr-
lions Of ch'S kind Is declared TO be i'm
possible, Vet il was not denied lfeElelS-
Sonu 10 extend in certain directions the
exDresSionGl sphere Of instrumental mu-
ST.
Thus he cxCeiIed even Beethoven in
painting nature by tone and ne sought
to bring 10 view rural pictures entirely
ty orchestral means. 3S 3 evidenced 10y
his symphonies in a major and a minor
which have "a double right 10 fIei-
names Italian and scotch" since they
mirror IN their music, besides the ma
rtoraE ChaTz CteTisticS. also the land
scape scenery Of those countries. as
personally observed 10y the composer in
his tTavsis-
Mrs Nellie Wilson Shjr-CIin. tee solo
fsr for this concert viii sing BClcr.o
~Sicilian Nesper=, by verdi. Other
numbers on the program viii be an
overture by Wight. Suite Pastichc-' ny
Isa-huTyIc. and Grand Festival March. 90
by. Robert c SteaTns-