davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1910-07-13
PLOUGH!NG WITH DYNAMITE.
.'Caldw eli Plan" Of Preparing Land
Attracts Interest

\ Columbia dispatch says Mr.. Ira
". Williams. in charge OF the gov
-rament'S farm demonstration work
in this State. will not undertake 20
discuss for publication the practical
5ili,y OF the cultivative methods OF
J. Henry Caldwell. the Dynamite
farmer OF Spartanburg. but con-
tents himself with saving that Mr..
Caldwell's crop. which he recently
inspected is such as 20 give Mr.. Caid.
well good chance Of winning the
state corn-leld prize.
Capt; CAas. Petty. well-known
Spar;anhurg authorit: on asricultur-
al matters. thinks the Caldwell
scheme utterly Impractical! and apt
20 do irrcparahie damage 10 ;he land.
Mr.. Caldwell planted his corn on
Good Friday The land was broke
with small! sticks OF brown or yell
low dynamite. planted two feet deep
in holes four feet apart - both
directions.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1910-07-13
FLIES OVER THE OCEAN.
Curtiss Takes Flight OF Eight MIMI
tes Above Atlantic

Glenn H. Curtiss made an eish,
minute aght over the ocean a. Allan
tic City. NJ. at s&6 TUESDAY night.
The trip Included 4 flight along the
entire front Of the city about a mile
of shore. and 100 fee; above the
ocean The successful! fight was
the second one attempted. the first
resulting in miShap ;ha; nearly
sent Cur;iSs :n;o the ocean While
he was attempting TO max. 4 ;rrE
from the beach 20 go 20 sea AT -air
cu.ren, caught '.se plare and drop
ped II within ten feet o: breakers
Cur,iss made quick turn and drove
his machine on the beach with such
force that a wood standard along his
sea. vas snapped.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1910-07-13
DISPATCHER BLAMED
FOR THE WRECk OF THE BIG
FOUR PASSENGER.
Revoked Order to Passenger Train.
but Failed TO Re>end Same One
to Freight. Causing the Accident.

In;eres: in Mondays disastrous
wreck OF the Big Four'S New York
FLYER I, Nidd!etown. Ohio IN which
f.ore ,Aa.: 4 score o: lives were sac
r!Gcel. WAS transferred - Ciuc!E-
raii Tuesday \ Sta;enIen; i.o!a ]
W Hal plot eneiGeer o: The H!s
-Four pasSenser train which craS!"d
INTO :. freight ,ra!u o. ne C!nc:a
matt. Hamilton .nt Day;cn railway.
place.. blame !o:, the ~reyk on TRAIN
dispatcher Smith. .: the latter Sys-
,c!n. 4; Dayton.
In his H.. w,S partly confirmed -
r \, Gould general superintendent;
of the Cincinnati. Hamilton aud ba:-
ton. Mr Goula was unwilling 20 -"
iur:h.- than 10 say that. some sucr.
reason was responsible Tor the ac-
ciGea;. bu, railroad men about the
headquarters OF the two systems as
cep:ed the explanation Of Wall as
contained the Sis, OF the case.
Walls statement follows:
The engineer Of the treigh; train
showed me order No. SO supposed TO
have been used after our train che
Big Four limited eft Dayton. and
10 have been handed 20 us at Car
liSle between DAYTON and Middle
Gown. This order gave III" freight
till ! %. 20 make the siding At Poas;-
town. north Of Middle,own.
Smith revoked ,ha, order so thai
it was no, delivered 10 US 4; Car
! liSle. but failed 20 revoke the same
order issued TO the freight Our
train made up SOME time after lear-
ing Dayton and this brought US 70
the poast,own siding earlier than
l.0I.
We had no warning OF anything
in the way ana supposed We had a
clear line.
Wal! also exhibited four train or.
i ders. not one Of which gave any in.
d:ca,ion that the flying passenger
,rair was to meet any other train al
Poas;town CT any other siding be-
tween Dayton and Cincinnati These
orders. he said. were all. he had &c
guide him the day Of the wreck.
| Local officers Of the Big Four are
no, vet willing 10 account ot:iciall,
| for the wreck. "A misunderstood
ing CT orders was mentioned b,
some. but whose misunderstanding
it was. they were not prepared te
state.
With the definite Identification o
the four unnamed bodies in Middle
town. all the nineteen unidentified
are acsounted for. Two more diei
Tuesday. one a; Dayton and one q
Hamilton. These were John Pa.
kin. Springfield. Ohio. and Evely.
Lloyd. Round Point Maine. and ,hei
passing made the death lis; q. For
others are scarcely expected 10 sur
vive their hurts.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1910-07-13
KILLS WIFE AND HIMSELF.
Real Estate Agent shoots Wifc. SON
and Himself.

Charles DeSfo-ges. real estate
agent. Sho; and killed his wife. proc
ably fatally wounded his l1-year-oiG
son. and then blew his own brains
out AT New Orleans THURSDAY DeS-
sorgeS and his wife were separated
several months ago. That night the
man wen; 10 the house where Mrs.
Defo-ges and the Son were living
and at once began revolver fr,
upon the TWO. who were sitting or
the gallery After they had fallen
DesCorges turned his weapon upon
himself. Both he and his wife i'm
died 4; the hospital 10
which the son was taken il was said
be was probably mortally wounded
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1910-07-13
Hills Two Negroes.

Two heroes were killed and a
third wounded by II. Y Evans. I,
white man AZ Enoka. about lS miles
from Lake Providence. La. Monday
l. IS reported that Evans brother
was be;n: beaten by negro bar
tender when Evans opened fire. kill
in. the negro 4 second negro. who
:n;c-icrred. met A like fate and a
n"srcss was struck By 4 S:ra" oul-
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1910-07-13
Rlueiackets Mix In.

Race riots broke out all over Nor
folk Monday niSni and many negroes
we're injured The trouble was
caused mostly ny enlisted men from
the various battlcShirs who attncket
negroes wherever they met them. a
detachment OF marines from :he
navy yard are aiding the police 10
Que!! the riot.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1910-07-13
Killed Ivy Lightning.

Geo. G. Wilson. a prominen; Young
man OF Mayodan. y. c.. was struck
by lightning on Friday afternoon
and instantly killed. Mr.. Wilson was
standing near the chimney fiue il
the store OF his brother. where he
worked. \ bolt from a passing thun-
der storm struck this Hue and In
some way was communicated 10 Mr.
Wilson.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1910-07-13
Nineteen Persons Killed.

Nineteen persons we're killed out
right. three probably fatally hurt.
and haif dozen were seriously in
jured in headon collision between
4 freight and passenger train on The
Cincinnati. Hamilton and Dayton
railroad at Midd!etown. O.. Monday
evening. OF the killed IS were pas
S.nsers. the other victim being j
l.lrnl:cr Of the train crew
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1910-07-13
KILLED In WRECK
NINETEEN PERSONS MET DEATH
on AN OHIO RAILWAY.
The Twentieth Century Limited Pas
scnger While Rounding Carve
Crashes Into Freight.

Crashes Into Freight
Nineteen persons were killed out
right probably fatally hurt. and half
a dozen were seriously injured in
head on collision between :, frieSh;
and p:asS-nSer train on the Cinc!n-
Hamilton and Dayton railroad
AZ Middleton. Ohio. Monday OF the
killed. eighteen We're passengers.
he other victims being I member ot
he passenger train crew.
The trains were the Cincinnati
section G; the Twentieth Century
United on ;hc Cleveland. Cincinnati.
Gn:c,So and St Louis railroad. Chg
Eou-l ard tn. second section OF a
;se:.aJ irain on The Cincinnati. Pam
!lton and Dayton railway.
The latter was attempting to make
siding TO give the passenger train
clear track. when the hyer. ,rav-
cling al a rate OF fifty miles al
hour. flashed around curve and
crashed into it.
:, misunderstanding Of orders
caused III. disaster. which was one
ot The worst that that section OF
the country had ever experienced.
Flo; engineer George Wa!d had
received oreGrs 10 wait a, Pos: Town
three miles north Of Middleton. and
4 siding station. according TO rail-
road officials The freight train was
10 have passed him there. but was
!a,e in pulling out OF Midd!e;own.
Instead OF The seven minutes margin
| which Wald thought he had 10 reach
M!ddletown. the time was less than
| FIVE minutes. The first section OF
N" freich, had taken the siding at
Middleton and Conductor John Wea-
| yer. In charge OF the second section.
tried 10 reach the north end Of the
same siding
Before his train had cleared the
switch points the passenger train
rounded curve screened by the
thickly wooded lots on each side OF
! the track The engine crews had
time 70 jump and al! escaped ser
sous injury.
The crash when the trains me,
was terrific. the freight train was
made up Of scnjola Goa! cars. fla,
| carS and box cars loaded with !uIn-
be-
Directly behind the passenger To-
connective and the tender was com
bination baggage and smoking cal
followed by day coach and chai!
car. All the dead and injured were
in the frst TWO cars. there being 81,
passengers in the smoker and TWEEN
ty-one in the day coach
Everr seat in this coach was torr
from It's fastenings. the roof wa:
thrown TO one side and the heav,
weight Of massive timbeTs hurled
with awful force struck among the
men and women IN the coach. Ever
before the crash came rescuers were
running 10 the wreck from the Mid
dle;oa station. some three hundred
wards south OF the accident. Call:
For assistance were sent 20 Dayto!
and Hamilton. Relief trains were
made up at each Of these places anc
the injured were placed upon then
and sent 10 hospitals in those cities
there being no such institution il
Nidd.e:own
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1910-07-13

morality hitherto fos,cred by the We
| " unsoph histication she is now seek
! in: 20 overcome. This. combined
| with increasing luxury in little
things. is gradually pushing down
the scale the former high-minded
moral code ex:s,ant in the Aneri-
can woman. Rome and Paris ;rav-
eled This course un:ii the tottcrius
walls collapsed for lack OF moral
support The parallel may not be
Identical. but the similarity is there.
We love y1u. girls. Tor YOUR win
some wiles and gay camradeship. In
fact YOU are more slipping into
grooves hitherto occupied by our
brother chums. We love you for X
today. but it makes US doubt when
we ask ourselves whether such as
you should be the mother OF our
children Could you. dear Ameri-
can girls. uphold still as your
grandparents before. the probi;y
and morality Of the home?
Your independence. your self-reli-
ance. your worldly outlook. al az
t-ac: an! lend 20 the piQuancy OF
your dear selveS--GEt!l the man be-
gins 10 think OF gathering Il all
within the sacred portals OF his
home 10 be the mother and Suardi-
an OF his succeeding generation.
hen YOU :oSe-tor .ou have moth
ing 10 offer.
Your independence and seif--eli
ance most asSured!y will not tend 10
perfect harmony in the home: your
worldly outlook. Ike i: IS We may
.or ourselves is not the atm osph-re
We require 70: our ch!lt-en. In tact
you are becoming more o! Z comrade
n pleasure seeking an: less o: a
mother every day
The entire supecs'ruc;ure OF So
.iety rests upon the home. AID as
he foundation Of a skyScraper is
;radua:lv undermined while the up
yer stories receive many coat o.
,s:nt. so is the hearth becoming
while the possible
no.he- faultlessiy arranSes tie
raoe Of her our gown h.for" the
r,rrce Il worldly Independence and
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1910-07-13
CHILDREN DROWNED.
4 Property Damage Of Over Fifty
Thousand Dollars.

a Lexington. Ky. dispatch says
IL zee negro children were drowned
and damage 10 the extent OF $4,000
or more was done IN Winchester and
Clark counties by cloudbuvst Mon
day morning. Residences and buSi-
ness structures were flooded in Win
chester and boats and RATS used
20 rescue families. In the country
several farm houses were washed of
thei. foundations by the sudden rise
o; the streams. Three negro children
were crowned in poyn,eTtowa. a ST.
5u-b OF Winchester
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1910-07-13
Win> 81 bu, Funeral Follows.

To win bet Of 81 which he had
made with 4 friend. Peter Smith.
Of Newark. y. J. drank seventeen
whiskicS and died as a result. Smith
had been drinking in = saloon early
Friday morning when an arGumea;
arose among the crowd as 20 their
respective drinking abilities. The
;. :.gcr an: death followed.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1910-07-13
BROKEN NECK RlGHTED.
Surgeons Saw Coal Miners Life l;y
Rare Onrrntion.

By a bloodless surgical operation
Jack Bowers. coal miner OF Ne!sor-
Vile, O.. was cured OF broken neck.
Four weeks ago he fel! and fractured
and dis!oca;ed the vcrieb.,r OF ~
neck and was unable 20 move his
head though he could walk and talk.
He was unable 10 sleep because ne
could not rest comfortably aa w:.S
in ia,minent peril Of paralysis and
death. An X-ray examination =.
veaied 10 the doctors that his neck
could be restored 10 his norma. coz
di;ioa by hand .nanipula;!ors. The
operation was made and an hour la
Ter the man was talking and laus:!-
ing. with full power Of sensation
and muscular movement.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1910-07-13
Shot All Dogs in Sight.

T. G. Elmore. while celebrating
Tho Fourth OF July a; Pacolct Mon
day. dcrit.d that he had 20 shoot all
The dogs IN sight on" nf tho doSs.
teeinc from Tho shots fred Al him.
ran into an Did gentleman named
Tinenwer and upset him with the
result that bis leg vas broken. El-
more was arrested a2d placed u JAIL.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1910-07-13
BRUTAL. ASSAULT.
Janitor Fired Five Shots info Body
OF Patrol Wagon privcr.

Steal,hily approaching his victim
from the rear. j. B. Allison. aged
rs. former janitor a; the city hall.
fred hve shots in the body OF = Vi.
McGhee. driver OF m. city pai-o:
wagon Tuesday afternoon az .tshe-
vile. every bullet taking effect
After his victim had fallen .All.-
son pea, ou, the formers brains with
a I0-pound hammer. Allison sur
rendered and is nov in jail. IDdiS
nation runs high abonS ;he citizen
ship. and there is some talk Of lyT-
ching. The killing according 10 he
prisoners statement. Is The ou;coni.
OF an old quarrel concerning a wo-
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1910-07-13
GOT FOR BONlNG.
Jim Jcfvric> Made $111, 200. While
Johnson Secured $500. 900.


Jack johnson was sl20.e00 richer
when jim JeGries wen, down for the
asst time in MONDAYS fight. He took
so per cent OF the Sl0l 900 purse
which amounted 20 $50. 400. bon
Us OF $4,000 and he sold his PIC
fure interests :or $5u.060.
!eTrieS took 4 fortune out OF III"
!etcat at Johnson hands. He re-
cr!ved 30 per cent. o! the purse.
amounting 10 SiU.00o. the bonus OF
Si0. 900 and he sol. his picture IN
;ere>,s for s66.666 making total
OF SII..000. The owners of the
picture films are calculating on a
million dollars profit.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1910-07-13
Physician Accused OF Bisan:y.

\ warrant charging bigamy was
sworn out at noon Tuesday aGains;
DR.. J. NJ. Sigman. we'll known S..-
vannah physician. at the instance
OF Re,ecca Pigg. z trained nurse,
who alleges that having married her
in Charleston. Dr.. Sicman is guilty
Of hiSam- because OF MS marriage
20 a woman in BiooIiHsdale-
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1910-07-13
Lightning Strikes Tree.

During very sever" cicc'~iiol
storm * Ahheviile thursday light
ming Struck on" OF ;he large c.dar
trees in tho Episcopal church .ard.
tearing the tree from ,np 20 bottom
and breaking cut Two Of The w.n-
dows. One OF the windows demol-
ishcd was 4 very handsome stained
glass.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1910-07-13
CRACKER CAUSES FIRE.
Exploded Among Straw in Barn With
Serious Results.

A fre which Will amount TO APP
proxiaatelr 100000 destroyed o."
buildings. made so families home
less and wiped out The business and
residential! section Of Benton. Col
umbia county. Pa. occurred Monday
An exploding frec-acker thrown IL
amoag the straw IL the barn OF Geo.
CroSS:ev was the cause OF the tlre.
The Are broke out at about three
O'Clock in the afternoon and j; was
no; until late tha; nigh; that after
aid had arrived. tha; the flames Were
got unde. control.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1910-07-13

II your husband IS kep; iritated.
he will make much better lob OF
beating tie rugs.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1910-07-13

happiness where there IS couT; OF
list resort. Where this is not the
case challenge you 20 show perfect
harmony. harmony devoid OF pet
" srictions rife in modern nla;r!mon-
ial tangles And petty qua-reis. OF
AT least ruarrels with petty origin.
are undermining the entire :ns;i;u-
ton Of matrirlony Cold hard STAT
:s.ics prove Il; One cut OF every
twelve marriages ends in divorce.
So why should the man marry
~hen the moaren American girl is
constaEtlv training herself. or de-
v.loping il you will. along lines tha;
increase the probability Of friction
and Jack harmony in The home
We mi:h; question: What real!
" is the definition OF home 10 the
American girl? Surely not
the home OF our grandparents. nor
even OF our mothers. as recall
them To me they were real homes. |
whore the track o! muddy foot or
Il purlo.ned ginger cookie met their |
Waterloo on the bottom OF fathers
slipper. onlr 70 be afterwards envei |
oped III the sweet carcsses OF mothe.
ove. whil. father looked on with i
tw!Hkle in his eve.
And now Typical OF today is a
,onteSt recent. conducted by
~ci!-krown magazine. in which opir
onS were rcques;eI as 10 Inc ne
:essary annual income on which
nan might atfemp; ma;rimony.
Surely il MS 10; any increased cos;
Il living that sen; the average fg
IRE soaring UP 10 over $500 year.
lot the increase OF a:ew cents IN the
.oaSt OF becf-bI' the demand ct
modern feminine American for a
rhirl in the circle OUTSIDE OF home. j
he luxurics OF sccietv and the al ,
way rom ;he pivotal cen;er OF
one. ;h' cradle. c
This butterfly existence. even ;
hen i; touches the individual bu; oc- 6
IS undoubtedly under :
aiming the necessarily s;ric, code Of :
,o-ais set by our ancestors Blu: G
y"r moro d"morsiizirS is woman r
assumption OF mans IN 6
epcud"nce The S.lf-relianre on y
hirl she nrideS herself brings her a
ITO contact with The harshe. !ea-
lres OF i!:e and strikes deep At N"
ibutes Of butterfly existence er h
y day circles :a:;.e: az :a:::sc- 9
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1910-05-28
SALARY RAISED
61-4 CTS. MONTH
SIOUX CITY SCHOOL TEACHER
GETS INCONSISTENCIES CON-
PUTTING EASIER.

Sioux City, May 26.-How happy
would you be if your salary was in
creased 6A cents month? How
would you spend the addition to your
Income?
These questions might be answered
by one OF Sioux City's public school
teachers, for this is the amount of the
increase of her salary made ny cne
beard of education at it's May meet
ing, when 1t elected teachers for the
school year beginning next fall and
fixed their salaries. Her increase was
Is cents annually. Divided by IL it
gives 6A cents as the monthly In
crease. The increase was given sim
ply in order that the annual wages OF
the teachers may be in round num-
bers. Her salary formerly was a GER
tain number OF dollars and Is cents.
1t was increased to an even number of
dollars. The salary is not given out,
the board keeping such matters con-
fidential for the benefit of the teach
era- Other teachers were given in
creases OF $3.50 to $3.50.
Practically every teacher Of the
corps who was reelected received an
increase, large or small. None were
decreased. A few who have been In
creased to the maximum already were
neither raised nor lowered.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1910-05-28
TO BUILD cENTERvILLE DEPOT.
Burlington Road Buys Ground-Ex.
pect to Spend $40 ,000-Modern
Station to be Erected.

Centerville, May 26.-The c.. B. &
"a. Railroad company has purchased
ground in South Centerville as site
for new depot which is believed to
have been authorized when the annual
budget Of s32O0O,O0O was passed by
the board of directors. 1t Is expected
that the Burlington will expend $685.
900 to $4,000 here in the construction
Of the new depot, which will be large
large and commodious and modern In
design, providing room for the local
passenger and freight business and In
addition for the offices and operating
department Of the Centerville division.
The old frame buildings now occu-
pyin~ the site will be sold and remov-
ed and actual building operations are
looked for before next fall. The effect
of the building of the new depot will
be to extend the business section Of
South Centerville considerably and Il
number of new brick blocks are al
ready either being erected or conten1-.
plated for the new future. Many OF
the old shacks which have been an
eyesore to the city will be replaced by
modern brick structures.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1910-05-28
SCHOOL YARDS
Play GROUNDS
DUBUQUE BOARD OF EDUCATION
ALLOWS CHILDREN TO EN-
JOY OUTDOOR LIFE.

Dubuque, May 26.-This city will
have a supervised playground this
summer. The board of education has
granted the use of one Of the school
yards and the woman's hygenic COM
mittee will put playground in opera
ton as soon as possible. This is graft
flying news to children and adults, and
there is no doubt that a demonstration
the Fairgrounds a necessity in every
district.
Inception Of Plan.
The establishment Of public play
grounds In the beginning had a purely
physical basis, to furnish space and
thing places for the children Of
congested districts. The great sue
cess attending these first Fairgrounds
in the illimitable opportunities reveal
ed for mental and moral discipline has
shifted the question to other needs
equally vital with the original.
"The development Of modern city
life, has, during the past century,
greatly restricted the opportunities for
play by children. with all the physical
and social benefits which go with it.
1t Is the aim of our association to de-
wise and propagate means which shall
provide for the children both places
and plans for Fairgrounds under mod
ern conditions-places that shall aid
not only in the development of phys
ical health and stamina, but at the
same time aid in the growth of that
ethical self-control and regard for the
rights of others that are essential to
true democracy"
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1910-05-28
CHARLTON man
FRACTURES SKULL
BERT SCOTT HAS AN ATTACK OF
EPILEPSY YESTERDAY-TA
EN- TO HOSPITAL.

Bert Scott of Charlton met with
painful injury last evening about $50
o'clock when he fell in the Hallgren
saloon on East Main street and frac-
tured his skull. Scott, who is subject
to epilepsy, entered the saloon and
approached the bar. Before he reach
ed the bar he was seized with a fit
and fell backward, striking his head
on the tile floor. Persons standing
near him rushed to his assistance and
DR.. l.. E. Sleeper and DR.. W. c. New
ell were summoned. The injury was
found to be of serious nature, and
the ambulance was called. The man
was taken, to the Ottumwa hospital,
where his wounds were dressed. He
received a bad skull fracture in COM
ing in contact with the floor Although
his injuries are very painful, his con-
dition is not dangerous and he will
be able to leave the hospital in few
days. Many thought that the man had
been drinking, but he had not Night
Captain Matt Mier questioned the
men in the saloon and it was found
that Scott had not partaken of any
From friends it was
learned that he was subject to attacks
Of epilepsy at various times.