davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1910-05-24
WONr SIGN can FOR cAUCuS
TNeiNe Republicans lnsnrBsnts Oppsee
Postal savings nAnh ntll.

WASHINGTON. May q. Twelve Rspub-
lcan insurgents refused 10 sign the call
for tho party cauc,n which n b be held
Wednesday night N take action On tina
postal savings hank bill Among those WIN
withheld their signatures from the call
was Representative Morris. the Nebraska
Republican who led the fight against tho
Cannon organization IN March.
The indications are that unless a COM
promise il effected on the postal savinRE
hank bill in caucus II will fall by tho way
side. Representative Weeks 81 Nassa-
chusetts. chairman II the House Commit
tee On Post Ohices and Post Roads, ex-
presses confidence that the cauolss will
reich an agreement that will have the
support ~ the maiOrity 81 the Rspubli-
cans The bill will be open b amendment
in caucus and consideration given 20 a
proposal that Il he considered in the House
undor a rule.
The provision Of the bill in controversy
IL that relating 90 the disposition 81 funds
deposited in postal sivings hanks. The
bill pruvi5,es that per cent. Of such de-
posts shall he held a. a reserve fund,
that az, per cent. shall he invested In
Government bonds and that az per
cent. shall be- retained in the community
in which Il "a deposited, except that
tho President may IN his discretion
authorize the investment of such money IN
Government bonds and other approved
securities.
Insurgents insist that mandatory
provision shall he placed in the bill in the
ma tier 81 funds 70 he rstsined in the com
munities in which they originate They
object IN the discretionary power vested
in the President in this regard. They
take the position that while they are per
fectly willing 70 trust President TAFT care
should IN taken n provide safeguards
that would prevent Presidents Of the
future turning over q Wall Street prac-
tically all the moneys deposited in postal
savings hanks.
Il Is imperative for the Republicans 20
effect a compromise On this point az We'd
nesday's caucus. A considerable number
81 Democrats are opposed 20 this prOpOsi-
ton and will vote against II. In order
g. pass the Administration bili Il 10 neoes-
saFy for the Republican majority 20 hold
practically every one Of It's members IN
line
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1910-05-24
CHILD LEADS 4 NAN CHASE
Aitachcd IN a Doorway she PursHes Car
printer Intli Tier Father Comes.

A tcu-year-old girl chased a man who
she aid he'd attacked her in a doorway
for a block and a half in The Bronx last
night end give up the chase only whom
her father happened along and took the
job 81 hor hands.
The child Is Evelyn Hook 81 lsg Bergen
syeuYo With Alice Blackmoor, 9 years
old Of to0 Bergen avenue. she was play
ing 10 front 81 the two houses when a
man came along ard Begin petting her
Tho two girls hacked into the hallway
u IN" tenement whore tho Hook gil
lives and the man followed.
Ahr" blackmoor ran into tho street
screaming. The man became frightened
and ran .ouf ~ the hallway and up Bergen
venue toward itsth street. While her
comps mon stood screaming on the side
walk Evelyn Hook ran after the man.
~" turned into itSth street and ian
through 60 Third avenue. The child fol-
lowed Sh" was still running when her
father John =. Hook. a hig ahorer, saw
her aud stopped her. She explained and
pointed % the man, who had Rained
half a block boy the interruption Hook
took up the chas" and caught his man.
Hook was hauling his quarry and
there WIS 20 crowd ready n take I'D the
work IN clSe Hook should tire when Police
man k1rth~lInIu got the man out " the
crowd with the aid ~ a billy.
IE" man said he was Lachariah Fonda.
a carpenter. living a. 1919 Parker avenue.
X" said be- was 70 YEARS old and married.
"" was locked up in the Alexander avenue
station ON "a charge ~ assault and the
girl promised o. bo IN the Morrisania
court this morning 10 appear aEainaa
him
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1910-05-24
BUCKET SHOP CASES.
seven More Wen inflicted n, District "
Columbia Grand .IuF,

WASHINGTON. May .. The Grand jury
oF the District q Columbia to-day ~
turned sdditional indictments following
the inve-t CATION which the Department;
Il Justice hss been making into bucket
shous in New York. Philadelphia, Ralti-
more and this city Indictments were
return cd against Eouis Celia and Angelo
Gala ~ - LOUIS Edward Ahemus Sam
". Adler and G. A. Lilhs ~ NewYoFk and
William Fox and 2. ". Browning of Balti-
more
The indictments returned to-day are
supplemental 70 thnse returned several
weeks ago. when the Government raide1
burkat shops m the sarno day IN several
~ rts of the country. The new indict-
mentE. IL ia understood arr n insure the
trial Il those named taking place in the
district Of Columbia. The Hsn will be ar
rested ~ once
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1910-05-24
GOING AFTER LTMBER TRI ST.
Department NJ Justlre GettiRg Evidence
IN Whtrh 20 nasp Prosecution.

WASHINGTON. May q The Depart
ment Of Justice j. going after the lumber
trust II became known hsrs to-day
that for several months agents Of the
Department have besn investigating an
alleged combination among lumbernsn
with the idea n beginning prosecution
against IL for violation Of tho Sherman
antitrust act just how soon proceed
ings will he begun or where such action
VIII be taken h not dvul9ed
II IL the belief 81 officials here that
practically every concern u consequence
in the eDuntry IL interested IN the com
binatiOn and u b. suspected that thOsa
In II IN the price Of lumber and even 60
20 far a. n dictate 10 the several mem
bers % whom they shall sell
The Department n making the investi-
CATION on the idea that prices are arti-
hoially maintained. just a. they think
they are kept up BY the beef trust and
other alleged combinations which deal
in f0Odlsfufg
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1910-05-24

Means 10 Get His Department Heads To-
Esther Onee . M0nih

Mayor Gaynor sert for all the heads
~ his departments Yesterday and had
about an hours talk with fhem. He
would not say anything regarding the
nature Of the subjects discussed. hut he
explained that when he first went into
the Mayors ONCE he had planned to have
meeting with his department heads
Al least once a month 10 make and receive
suggestions tending to better the govern
ment Of the city. The Mayor said yester-
day that since the beginning Of the year
he had been 30 busy with matters Incl
dental 20 the beginning Of a new admins
tration that he had been unable 20 carry
out the plan until yesterday Hereafter
his cabinet will meet regularly every
month Stenographic minutes were taken
of the proceedings at yesterdays meet
ing. but the Mayor said that nothing
was Of auch public interest as 20 warrant
publication of the minutes
The Mayor said that the rumors that
Fire Commissioned Waldo and Chief { roker
were no, working in harmony had no
basis whatever
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1910-05-24
COWm WIZ Succeed ROGERS.
Hh Appointment a. PAymaster-senera
af the Nayy Announced.

SG the NaVy Announced.
WASHINGTON, May ?S.-Pay Dire, I1r
Thomas J. Cowie. paw oficer and general
storekoeper at the Naval Academy, will
be appointed UNCONSTITUTIONAL 81 the
navy within a few weeks. succeeding
Paymaster- General FuStace y. Rogers.
who will tender his resignation because
" administrative differences with Secre-
tary Of the Navy Meyer Mr. Rogers
will he placed on the retired list on his
own aspiration after thirty years service.
The appointment of Mr. Cowie was an
nounced az tho Navy Department to-day
following a conference between President
Taft and Secretary Meyer. Mr. COwie's
nomination a. TavmaSteT-Gen and
chief Of the bureau vt supplies and &C
counts will not IN sent 10 the Senate,
however, for several days. pending the
passage Of the naval appropriation hill.
which contains provision Increasing
the nav " bureau chiefs and granting
them the right oi retirement ~ Rear
Admirals
In submitting his request Tor voluntary
tirrmsnt Mr.. Rogers asked Secretary
Never not 90 take action until the bill -
creaas 81 about 81 So in hts annual pay
n he i retired under the provisions oi the
new law instead Of under the present Law.
Mr. Meyer has grant ID this request and will
not take any action until the law u passed
The nrovision increasing the paw u the
bureau chefs and granting them the
right u rstreusent A. Rear Admirals
was inserted IN the hill IN the senate
Naval Committee nv senator Hale Of
Maine former chairman of the COMMITTEES
Paw Director Cowie has heen on duty
M the Naval Academy since June ~
1875 Hs was highly recommended for
tho appointment by Capt. John NJ. Bow
YER. superintendent ~ the academy
NJ wa also indor@ed hy many prominent
membars n congress He entered the
naval service in June lesO. We b a native
Of Iowa He was the representative 81
the navy years ago in obtaining the pas
age n IN" increase Of nav hill for the
army and navy.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1910-05-24
FOOLED THE CHARITY AGENTS
OId Woman Posed ~ n Panper. but Lent
Money 10 Her BenefactOrs.

SAN Francisco. May IA curious
contest has arisen over the estate Of the
late SusannAh A. Moore. a charity patient
Of several church associations. who died
in a wretchsd hovel on December Q. l0Os.
but was found 10 have a fortune Of SO COZ
in hank deposits and loans.
Attorney OTools was appointed by
the court 20 look aitor the estate. and
after nine months " ork he has heen unable
10 unravel the tangle A supposed daugh-
ter. Margaret Dean Of Idaho has laid
claim % the estate, but O'Toole a. well
as John g. Dryer. an attorney IT Hart
ford. Conn. declares that she Is an i'm
pOator. They say tho only legal heirs
are two neicea. Miss Margaret Kane and
Miss Mary Hunter Of New York
Old Mrs. Moore fooled all the charity
agents here She posed a. a pauper
yet loaned $4,000 70 one II tho churches
that assisted her She also owned some
valuable real estate A will has been
presented which Dwyer says II bogus
He represents tho two New York neices.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1910-05-24
LIVE STOCK TRANSPORTATION.
Dlspute Between Railroads and uhippers
settled ~ Agricultural DePartmeRs.

Dlspute Between Railroads and uhippeTs
settled ~ Agricultural Department.
WASHINGTON. May IA controversy
has arisen between some ~ the railroads
and large live stock shippers in regard
10 the space in the cars which must be
Afforded animals In transit from one STATE
20 another - M N make unloading
unnecessary and still comply with the
twenty eight hour law. This law provides
that when the animals are carried in cars
in which they can and do have proper
food, water. space and opportunity 70
rast' they shall not he required - b.
unloaded The Department ~ AgriCul-
t,ire has been appealed a. by both railroads
and shippers, and to-day the position %
the Department is tentatively announced
az follows
II cars are not loaded beyond tho
minimum weight fixed by the tariffs
the Department will not for the present
raise the question ~ to whether sufficient
SPACE h provided for the animals % rest
but railroads which load beyond the
minimum and do not unload for rest will
have n take their chances of prosecution
in the courts
IL Is the intention ~ the Department
- institute a number ~ test cases and
secure rulings from the Federal courts a.
- what space must be Afforded II h
chained by the Department that this -
the only course open since no power II
gwen the Secretary u Agriculture by the
law 70 make rulings and regulations re-
gardng space N he afforded In cars.
In all oases where live stock - not
unloaded on route into properly equipped
pens for rest. water and feeding the cars
must he provided with facilities for
feeding and watering IN transit and live
stock must when ~ fed and watered
receive proper feed and water.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1910-05-24
NOLIGHTON FL ITBrSH WURDER
Autopsy D1selosss NS Bullet wounds IN
VlrtIm's Bods

An autopsy was performed yesterday
on the body 81 the Italian who was found
murdered On Sunday night in the Paerde-
aat Woods IN FiatbIsh Ths phySi~iana
reported - the Cor1n or that they had
found no bullet wounds Iaborsrs living
IN q shanty near by had heard three shots
early Sunday night and the Italian whom
Detective Tony Nachris arrested a. the
edge 0f tho woods carried a revolver
with three empty shells and four uneN.
plOded cartridge.
The detectives searched for hours
Yesterday with the idea that there was
another body hidden away in the WOods
somewhere but didn't End Il and last
night were ready 10 give up that end
Of the ca.e. A number Oi Italians were
taken 20 thu moYgtie during the day 20
look az the body Of the murdered man.
but all said they never had seen him
before. vachFis said last night that the
whole case was waiting for TIN identihca-
tiSs u the dead man.
Giovanni Ciparelli the man who was
arrested. was aFFaiEned yesterday morn
ing bsfOrs Magistrate HiEginbotham In
the Flatbush police court and held IN
g. 500 hail. Ne IL charged with carrying
concealed weapons.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1910-05-24
To CiRRT CATSKILL WATER.
Experts Report In FavSr Of Hlgh Pressure
Tunnels IN the CtJ.

The plan 81 the Board oH Water Supply
to distribute the water from the new
Catskill source in the vario ua borouRhs by
means ~ high pressure tunnels has been
approved by the committee n expert
engineers appointed by the Board OF
Estimate 20 pass on the scheme. The
committee. which consists Of Clemens
HerSchel. Francis l.. Pruyn and J Ed
mund WOodman. has reported that the
proposed tunnel system would cost only
SIS .O0O.OO0 70 build A. against the 81 :
600. OOO which Il has been estimated h
would cost 70 build a system Of pipe lines
The report says.
Whether viewed from the point of
first coat. maintenance or future cost
our opinion h that the city Of New York
will do well 10 direct the immediate con-
struction Of the proposed Manhattan
pressure tunnel for purposes Of diatribut-
ing the Catakill water supply in the five
bOrOughs
A committee II the Beard Of Estimate
will hold a public hearing "a the matter
IN the City Hall on May 81 atsPM
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1910-05-24
Mn,rmrn,. Of Na,aI Ns..els.

WASHINGTON, May q. The tug Rocket
has arrived AZ Norfolk. the hattleship
Indisna ~ Delaware BreakwGter. tho
gtInbnst Yorktown A. San Francisco.
the torpedo boat Reid a. Boston. the
cruiser DIXIE and the torpedo boats Lam
son and Preston at PrOvincetown. and
the EinbOats Wilmington and Callao
AZ Hongkong.
The collier Saturn has sailed from San
Francisco for Bramerton. the battleship
Iowa from Norfolk for Annapolis. the
tnrpedO boat Flusser from ROckland Tor
Boston. the battleship Michigan and is
collier Vertal from RJckland for Province
town. the torpedO boat Smith from Rock
land for final trail and the cruiser New
York from TOulon for Spei1a
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1910-05-24
LORTNER TO ANSWER CHARGES.
ls PrepaFlnG a Statement 70 Ne Made N
the senate Chamber.


the senate Chamber.
WASHINGTON. May q. Senator william
Lorimer. who arrived In Warrington
yesterday. IL expected TO make a speech
IN the Senate tomorrow or Wednesday
IN which he will probably review political
conditions in Illinois. explain the motives
Of some u the people who are attacking
him and conclude by expressing a desire
that the Senate make the fullest possible
investigation into theCharRes Of bribery
in connection with his election 20 the
senate This programme may he varied
somewhat hut his closest friends under
stand that the Illinois senator has about
concluded that he owes IL 20 himself and
his State and 70 his colleagues in the
Senate To answer the charges and invite
an investigation
senator Lorimer has not appeared az
the Capitol since his arrival in Washing
tion. He has kept Close 20 his room
IN the hotel and L IL said he il At work
preparing a speech or statement in reply
n charges against him The senator has
asked newspaper representatives 70 ex-
c'ise him from making any statement
al this time
Close friends Of the senator say tina,
Al the time the charges were launched
he was much occupied with the work
attending the opening Of two banking
institutions in Chicago of which he is
the president He was in no poeition.
Il is added. b turn aside from his financial
undertakings until these were fairly
under way. That having been accom-
rlished. the senator collected all the avail
ahls material relating 20 the charges and
started foG Washington 10 confer with
his political friends and Determine the
hest course 10 pursue IN answering the
charges
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1910-05-24
PUBLIC BiTHTNG PAVILION.

AldeFmeB's Flhance Commltlee % aeDSrt
FavorABly an 4 ones Ialand Project.
The finance committee Of the Board
Of Aldermen after holding = public hear
ing yesterday on tho resolution providing
for the establishment Of a public bathing
pavilion a. Consy Island decided 70 report
favOrably on the measure az to-day
nesting Of the hoard Il 10 estimated hat
the cost Of the building would bo about
s17s.OOO.
Although most Of those Who spoke at
the hearing we're IN favor Of the scheme
Il vas contended by the opponents that
there was no need for such a building
and that Il would mean the closing 10
Of a park aite which was now used for
cOnvalescgnt children.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1910-05-24
Thlrty-seVsn More Jobs At the New York
Custom House.

WASHINGTON May y. Author latirn
was given by the Treasury Department
to-day FOR the hiring of thirty-sevrn
additional employees AZ the New York
Custom House Two inspectors will 10
employed under the SIrveryur 0f the
Port. Naval OHi~er kraackc is 10 have
Ave and Collector Loeb will add twenty
Ave % his force. Collector Loeb gets i. Isl
five new clerks
This additional force has been Gu'h-
oriZed because ~ increasing business
a. the Custom HOUSE There ere some
vacancies in the Collectors Office. buf
most ~ the positions filed are newly
created.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1910-05-24
KIDNAPPER SENTENCED.
I've More 10 ~ Tried for stealing In
eubatoF naby.

HORROR. Kan. May %. Freeman ".
Tillotson. convicted here last week for
participating in the kidnapping Of Marian
Bleaklsy. tho &c. Louis fair -incIhatOT
baby. from her mother az Topeka. Han,
last August. was sentenced 10 an inde-
terminate term IN prison by Judge Rains
to-day. Judge Rains OveFruled a motion
for a new trial bat recessed rll0tson on
his continuing bond for ninety day1
pending an appeal 70 the Kansas supreme
Court.
Mrs. James q. Barclay q Moline. m.
foster mother 81 the child. for whom the
Bleaklsy girl vas kidnapped and J. n.
Gentry. Who 10 alleged 70 have assisted
In ne kidnapping. remain 70 b. tired.
Mn. Charlotte Hlaakley Of Topeka ia the
mother q he baby.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1910-05-24
Nominations b, the president,

WASHINGTON. May 7S-President TAFT
sent 70 the senate to-day the following
nominations:
To b. Collector 81 Internal Revenue
for the Third district ~ New York. FFed-
erirk Z. Marshall ~ New York
10 he United States Attorney for the
Eastern District Of Kentucky. Iamea \.
sharp Of Kentucky. 10 be United States
Marshal for the Western District Of Ken
urky. George " Long Of Kentucky.
To b. SUPERINTENDENT of Colorado.
Timothy O'C0nn0r Of Boulder. Col.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1910-05-24

The Wall Street edition Of TRE EvENEs0
srN contains all the financial news and
ths stock and bond quotations 70 the closa
q The market The closing quotations
including the bid and asked prices. with
additional news matter. are contained also
o the night edition o. TINS EyHEuNa 8uM.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1910-05-24

EwIp. OKLA. May 7s.--TlSt q oompro-
mise IN the custer suit brought by A.
torney- General West against the Waters
Pisros OIL Company 10 near 70 the general
belief hsre The case was Get for trial
today. but counsel were IN conferences AZ
dag.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1910-05-24

mas Decn DetOIe INV puuliC IoI Hdli
never been questioned. II is an at
fully matted grain. Overworked
children will find in Dufy's Pure
Malt Whiskey the health and
Strengthening properties that are
50 necessary to them. II is pre-
scEibed by doctors and recognized
as a family medicine everywhere.
&c On ngea q advice, write We1icai De.
BaFfmEut. Ehe Duly MALT Whiskey Company.
haGhalaar. New Nork. ktadinH ycmF clse
rally, our doet@r4 VII send gBd advigg free
tanglher WITH q valuable illustrated mgNlcal
hmakigi cpuialniRg rare rnmman 4emae rut-
Ter health, whlrh yes cannot aMngd % -
wffho1t, and anma % dha many fhnuaHudH
~ Fgaftfytng letters fram men nBG women
IN ~ walks % uie. beth nla ana yDunG,
VIE have been cuf1l End hene atad ~ tha
$50 81 tn1a lfnae me1ic an6 whn uumtluma
o. t1lqT nnqd henllns aott ~ eFu4Eisfa,
tottia
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1910-05-24

"Am in better condition
physically than | have
been for years. My
stomach. kidneys and
liver are in fine shape"
says Mr.. William A.
Burgess.
While serving in the u. S.
Army, 1898 to 1901, | contracted
stomach and kidney trouble, from
which ! have suffered ever since.
and for which ! receive a pension.
| tried many remedies, but none.
gave any noteworthy effect. About
three months ago ! began using
Dufy'S Pure Malt WhiSkey as a
medicine. have used three bot
ties and have gained fifteen pounds
since ! began using il. ! am StiIl
using it and do not think there
is any medicine made that is equal
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1910-05-24
Army ana navy Orders.

WASHINGTON May "a These army orders were
issued 20 day
FIRST i4sut John Lamhie. JF., Modiral Corps.
from phiuppines divtson 70 Aaa Franrisco.
can't naiel W Arnold. QuariernasisT, from
san Francisco 70 s. Paul. relieving Coz J Pa
cont Sawyer. Assistant Qnartermaster General
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1910-05-24

I'VE WeeAa NAcAttun for Ctty laboFerH.
Mayor GaynoF approved yesterday o.
the bill granting day labOrsrs employed
by the city two weeks vacation every year
with pay. IL will Affect about Sn0D men
carried on the pay rolls a. per diem men
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1910-05-24

Rear Admiral W ". himn1us Wuni Navy u
partineut Washington 70 home
Midahipnan p Welte, When lacharEe0 from
treatment ~ Naval Hosritai. Neu i0rk. 20 ine
Prairie
PAY Director u r. McDonaid, 70 Purchasing
psy OHr@r NAVY Pay once philndelpni4
rav mrrrt1r 7 81 hall. from Purchasing
Pas Ohcer. Philadelphia. settle aecouhta and uti,
orders.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1910-05-24

it, Nv stomach liver and Kidneys better order than theyhave
been for years. and these three organs Of the body kept order
one will have few doctor bills checuy recommend Duys Pure
Malt WhkeV tonic stnulln and OF the whole
svstcm n-MLIAM A. RuRGEss z. .. box szs Danvle H.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1910-05-24
Duffy's Pure Malt.vVhlSkey

a century and It's curative value has
pure distillatiOn Of care
men, delicate women and Siekly
The Brunswick news., 1910-01-15
LOCAL FISHERMEN
ARRESTED In
SAVANNAH
WILL WALKER AND GEORGE
BROCK, WHILE SEEMING IN ST.
cATAARiNE CREEK, TAKEN tfs
-
CHARGE BY OFFICER. .u

Accompanied by their attorney. r
c.. Butts, Will Walker and George
Brock returned from Savannah last
night, where they had been held
charged with violating the fish Law,
The two men were placed under ar.
rest Thursday and at once wired theii
attorney, who lett yesterday morning
for Savannah.
It seems that the Brunswick fish,
ernen left the city a few days agc
for St. Catherine creek, which is In
Chatham county. 1t is stated that this
is a private fishing ground, and when
the local fishermen we're seen seinine
in the creek they were placed under
arrest by a deputy sheriff Of Chatham
county and were carried to Savannah
and, while held under arrest, were not
placed in Jail.
AS stated, they at once telegraphet
Attorney Butts and he went over te
Savannah yesterday, arranged the
bonds for his clients and all of then
returned to the city last night. The
future of the case will he watched
with interest, as it is understood tha
the law has never been tested on this
particular point.