The Ekalaka eagle. [volume] (Ekalaka, Mont.) 1909-1920, 1910-06-10
y CIVZLZA TON
is o p
Interesting Lecture on "7he World
Movement" Delivered at the Uni
uersity of Berlin by the Ex-Presi-
dent of the United States

lOH Va SCleHCc WnlCn has changed the
lsthmus OF Panama from a death-trap
Into what is almost a health resort. Every
progressive In China Is striving to intro
ouce western methods of education and
administration, and hundreds of European
and American books are now translated
into Chinese. The influence Of European
governmental principles Is strikingly H.
lustrated by the fact that admiration for
them has broken down the iron barriers Of
MoSlem conservatism. so that their intro
duction has become a burning question in
turkey and Persia; while the very unrest,
the 1mpatience Of European or American
control. In India, Egypt. or the Philip
pines, takes the form of demanding that
the government be assimilated more close
ly to what 1t Is in England or the United
States.
So much for the geographical side of
the expansion of modern civilization. But
only a few Of the many and intense ac-
tlvlties of modern civilization have found
their expression on this side. The move
nent has been just as striking in it's con-
quest over natural forces. in it's searching
inquiry into and about the soul Of things.
Steam and electricity have given the
race dominion over land and water such
as 1t never had before; and now the con-
quest of the air is directly impending. AS
books preserve thought through time. so
the telegraph and the telephone transmit
IL through the space they annihilate, and
therefore minds are swaycd one by an
other without regard to the limitations Of
space and time which fOrmerly forced
each community to work in comparative
isolation. 1t is the same with the BODY as
with the brain. The machinery of the fac
tory and the farm enormously multiplies
bodily skill and vigor. Countless trained
1ntelligences are at work to teach us how
to avoid or cOunteract the effects Of
waste.
Ihp advances in tho vnn1v, re -,,,o ;-4,
lect have been of equal note. and they
nave been both intensive and extensive.
Great virgin fields of learning and wis
dom have been discovered by the few.
ana at the same time knowledge has
spread among the many to a degree never
dreamed of before. Old men among us
have seen In their own generation the
rise OF the first rational science of the
evolution Of life. The astronomer and the
chemist, the psychologist and the his
torlan. and all their brethren in many diff
ferent fields of wide endeavor, work with
a training and knowledge and method
which are in effect instruments Of pre-
clslon dlfferentiating their labors from
the labors Of their predecessors as the
rifle is differentiated from the DOW.
The play Of new forces is as evident in
the moral and spiritual world as in the
world OF the mind and the body.
One Danger of Civilization.
Cie OF tne prime dangers of civilization
has always been it's tendency to cause
the loss of the virile fighting virtues, of
the lighting edge. When men get too conn
Portable and lead too luxurious lives there
is always danger lest the s~oftness eat like
an acid into their manliness of fiber, The
barbarian, because of the very conditions
or his life, Is forced to keep and deyelOn
certain hardy qualities which the man Of
civilization tends to lose. whether he he
clerk, factory hand, merchant, or even a
certain type Of farmer. Now l will not
assert that in modern civilized society
1hese tendencles have been wholly over
come; but there has been a much more
successful effort to overcome them than
was the case in the early civilizations
This is curiously shown by the military
history of the Graeco-Roman period as
compared with the history of the last four
or I'VE centuries here in Europe and
among nations of European descent. In
the Grecian and Roman military history
the change was steadily from a citizen
army to an army Of merCenaries. In the
days of the early greatness of Athens.
Ihebes, and Sparta. in the days when the
Roman republic conquered what world If
knew, the armies We're filled with citizen
soldiers. But gradually the citizens re-
fused to serve in the armies, or became
unable to render good service. The Greek
states described by Polybius, with but few
exceptions. hired others to do their fight
MS " tHtIl. ne ROMANS OF the daVS of
Augustus had utterly ceased to furnish
any cavalry, and We're rapidly ceasing to
furnish any infantry, to the legions and
cohorts. When the civilization came to
an end, there were no longer citizens in
the ranks of the soldiers. The change
from the citizen army to the army of
mercenaries had been completed.
Modern Citizens Armies.
Now, the exact reverse has been the
case with us in modern times. A few
centuries ago the mercenary soldier was
the principal figure in most armies. and in
great numbers Of cases the mercenarv
soldier was an alien. In the wars of re-
l1glon In France, in the Thirty Years
war in Germany, in the wars that imme-
diately marked the beginning of the
breakup of the great Polish kingdom, the
regiments and brigades of foreign SOL
diers formed a striking and leading fea- |
ture in every army. Too often the men
OF the country in which the fighting took
place played merely the ignoble part of
victims, the burghers and peasants an |
pearins in but limited numbers in the
mercenary armies by which they were |
plundered. Gradually this has all changed.
until now practically every army is a
citizen army. and the mercenary has al
most disappeared. while the army exists |
on a vaster scale than ever before in his |
tory. This Is so among the military mon |
arches Of Europe.
In our own Civil war of the United |
States the same thing occurred, peaceful |
people as we are. At that time more than |
two generations had passed since the
War of Independence. During the whole
OF that period the people had been en-
gagged In no Efe-and-death struggle: and
yet. when the Civil war broke out, and
after some costly and bitter lessons at
the beginning, the fighting spirit of the |
people was shown to better advantage |