The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1910-07-24
THE SUN. SUNDAY. JULY "a. 1910.

power. A Constitution WAS promised
but all that the promise really guaranteed
to the German people WAS an unlimiteC
right Of sxpectation- Metternich per-
c,ived the necessity Of another automatic
congress. wound up by himself. and sum
moned an assembly at Carlsbad which
made him master % Germany ae well ~
Austria and suppressed liberty for a gen.
Grafton. the laws then rushed through by
violent and illegal methods determining
the politicai system until 1858.
| Spain meanwhile was getting out OF
control. for within FIVE years after Water
loo the restored Bourbon King had been
B forced to transform his monarchy by di-
vine right into a constitutional monarchy
founded on the sovereignty - the people
As for Italy. Napoleon. writing TAT ~.
Helena, had declared that at some period
more or lesa distant she must become
united nation. under one Government.
with Rome IA her capital For fifty years
after the congress ~ Vienna shs was tn .
sport Of foreign Powers. dependant now
upon Austria instead Of upon France and
50 partly the cause 81 the commanding
position ~ the Austrian monarcy after
the fall 81 Napoleon. Tho King Of Pied
mont. Victor Emmanuel l.. had been for
fifteen years an exile in Sardinia. his State
having bAen anneNed to France. and he
returned To Turin 20 enraged against the
author II his " oes that he was as reaction
0ry az even Metternich could wish Gas
illumination OF the Turin theatre was
tbIndoned because IL had been introduced
hy the French French plants were torn
up in the Botanic Garden. French furniture
in the royal palaces was destroyed Other
Wise. however Piedmont follow ed = course
~ independence 81 Austrian Affairs IN
politics Revolutions and demands for
a Constitution IN Piedmont. Naples and
elsewhere failed through the fault Of all
parties concerned. and the Holy Alliance
triumphed in italy as well AZ in Spain.
where 1t reestabliahed absolute monarchy
and showed itself the dominant power in
Eurorean politics y vas az this period,
isia that the United states forced Spain
To ceda Florida. and President Monroe.
nv his message 20 Congress propoundiuR
the famous doctrine which goes under his
name. gave emphatic notice 10 the HOLY
Alliance 81 the attitude ~ this country
should 10 endeavor tn win back her COL
onisa for Spain in case Spain herself
should he unable 90 do -.
The doctrine ~ intervention. which
had reached its high water mark as APP
piled 10 the interests 81 reaction thus re-
reiv~d an emphrtic defence. Austria,
Prussia and Russia protested: England
under Canning upheld the United State.
and Metternich pronounced Canning a
malevolent meteor hurled nv an angry
Providence upon Europe In France
under Louis NvIII and Charles Y ct
perimants with elections we're made. nut
Charles vas ~ the arbitrary type conSenial
70 Ma,,s-nch and insisted that he had
the right 10 choose his Ministers. whether
thew pleased 'he Chamber or not u
would rather saw wood he said. than
hc a King ~ 'he English type When the
revolution % July forced him 70 abdicate
he Hed ~ England. Meanwhile there
was inceSslnt friction betwc~n Belgium
and Holland. 10 which as an Austrian
province n had been annexed by the
congress ~ Vienna in compensation for
other acquisitions and in lsJ0 Belgium
declared hsraelf independent. electinR %
King Leopold ~ Cohurg. who had Just
declined TO throne ~ Greece The
Powers could not intervene for q revolu-
ton in Poland alarmed them for their
own borders Russia in particular had
her hands full The Emperor Alexander
I. in his liberal period had dreamed a
restoring the old kingdom II Poland a.
IL had existed until late In the eighteenth |
century II was 20 he entirely separate |
from Russia. and though he was to he |
King the union Of the States was ~ be |
purely personal This new regime. well |
meant and full ~ prorli.e. encountered |
obstacles from the start. The Russians |
were opposed 10 a rr~tored Poland and I
artic,IlATly 20 constitutional Poland |
when they themselves had no Constitu- !
ton The Poles had not the wisdom 10 Use I
their new liberties 20 build up the social /
solidarity which Poland had always lacked /
by redre-sing the crying grievances Of the |
serfs against the mobiles A n result
Of the revolution already mentioned Po-
land ceased TO exist a. "a separate king
dom in AL and became merely a province
~ the Russian Empire Germany and |
Italy also had their revolutions in ls5n.
France. under Louis Philippe. formulated
for foreign affairs the policy ~ non in
tervention. but INTERVIEWED in italy and
Belgium IN the name % non -intarvcntion.
Home politics were unsettled; parties
headed Nv Theirs and Guizot wransled
over the King = position. Thiers held that
the King reigns hut does not govern:
Guizot maintained that the throne IL not
an empty chair and that the King was
not bound strictly 70 follow the ma jority
in the Chamber a. 90 the choice Of his
Ministers. Economic conditions were
had and socialism spranR up and -four
ishcd Matters reached n crisis in Feb
rIary. Isis. the King abdicated and hesl
To England. Will. the popular demand
arose for republic
III.
This French revolution 81 ias was the
signal for the mtst vide reaching distur.
BARGE Of the century. Revolutions broke
,ut from the Baltic TO the Mediterranean.
from Eranca In .he Ri,asinn frontier The |