The Carlisle independent., 1910-06-09
ROMANES LECTURE GIVEN
 BY THEODORE ROOSEVELT
Event Postponed by Kings Death Attracts a Large Audience at Oxford---Lord Curzon
 Introduces the Distinguished American.


 Romanes lecture, his subject being Biological Analogies in History" The lecture had been scheduled for delivery on May IS, but of course was post poned on account of King Edwards demise. It was given in the Sheldon ian theater and Lord Curzon, as chan cellor of the university, presided and introduced the lecturer.
 In seeking to penetrate the causes of the mysteries that surround not only mankind but all life, both in the present and the past, said MT. Roose- welt, we see strange analogies in the phenomena of life and death, of birth growth and change, between those physical groups of animal life which We designate as species, forms, races and the highly complex and composite entities which rise before our minds when we speak of nations and civil 1izations. It is this study he assert ed, that has given science its present day prominence, and the historian of mankind must work in the scientific spirit and use the treasure-houses of science
 To illustrate, the lecturer took sev- eral instances of the development of new species and the extinction of spe- cies in the history of mammalian life, showing that in some cases the causes can be traced with considerable accu- racy, and in other cases we cannot so much as hazard guess as to why a given change occurred.
 Analoqies In Human History.
 Continuing, MT. Roosevelt said in part:
 Now, as to all of these phenomena in the evolution of species there are, if not homologies, at least certain analogies, in the history of human societies, in the history of the rise to prominence, of the development and change, of the tenn perary dominance. and death or trans formation, of the groups of varying kind which form races or nations.
 As in biology, so in human history, new form may result from the specializa- tion of a long-existing and hitherto very slowly changing generalized or non specialized form as, for instance, when a barbaric race from a variety of causes suddenly develops more complex culti vation and civilization. That is what cured for instance. in western Europe during the centuries of the Teutonic and later the Scandinavian ethnic overfiows from the north. All the modern countries of western Europe are descended from the states created by these northern invaders. When first created they could be called 'new" or young" states in the sense that part all of the people composing them were descended from races that hitherto had not been civilized at all, and that therefore for the first time entered the career of civilized communities. n Of E1lrnnp the new states thus formed consisted in bulk of the inhabitants already in the land under the Roman empre and it was here that the new kingdoms first took shape. Through a reflex action their influence then extended back into the cold forests from which the invaders had come, and Germany and Scandinavia witnessed the rise of communities with essentially the same civilization as their southern neighbors; though in those communities, unlike the southern communities. there was no infusion of now blood, and in each case the new civilized nation which gradu- ally developed was composed entirely of members of the same race which in the same region had for ages lived the life of a slowly changing barbarian. The same was true of the Slavs and the Slavonized Films of eastern Europe, when an infil- tration of Scandinavian leaders from the north and infltration of Byzantine culture from the south joined to produce the changes which have gradually. out of the little Sav communities of the forest and the steppe, formed the mighty Russian empire of today.
 "NeW" and "Young" Nations.
 Again the new form may represent merely splitting off from long-estab- lished, highly developed and specialized nation. In this case the nation is usually spoken of as young" and is correctly spoken of as new ~ation; but the term should always be used with a clear sense of the difference between what is described in such case and what is de- scribed by the same term in speaking of civilized nation just developed from a barbarism. Carthage and Syracuse were new cities compared with Tyre and Cor inth; but the Greek or Phoenician race was in every sense of the word as old in the new city as in the old city. So, nowadays, Victoria or Manitoba is new community compared with England or Scotland; but the ancestral type of civilization and cul- ture Is as old in one case as in the other of course do not mean for a moment that great changes not produced by the mere fact that the old civilized race Is suddenly placed in surroundings where 1t has again to go through the work of tanning the wilderness, work finished many centuries before in the original home of the race; I merely mean that the ancestral history is the same in each case We can rightly use the phrase "a new reople'' in speaking of Canadians Australians, Americans or Afrikanders But we use it in entirely different sense from that in which we use it when speaking of such communities as those founded by the northmen and their de- scendants during that period of astonish- ing growth which saw the descendants of the Morse thieves conquer and trans form Normandy, Sicily, and the British islands; we use it in an entirely different sense from that in which we use it when speaking of the new states that grew up around Warsaw, Kief, Novgorod and Moscow, the wild savages of the steppes and the marshy forests struggled haltingly and stumblingly upward to become builders of cities and to form stable governments. Che kingdoms of Charlemagne and Alfred were new" compared with the empire on the Bos- phorus; they were also in every way diff ferent; their lines of ancestral descent had nothing in common with those of the polyglot realm which paid tribute to the Caesars of Byzantium; their social prob- lens and aftertime history were totally different. This is not true of those new nations which spring direct from old na- tons. Brazil, the Argentine, the United Gfof A11