davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1910-06-09
HOG RAISING IN THE SOUTH

pertinent stations prove this not true.
OF the many forage plants. alfalfa il
one of the most satisfactory for hogs,
since it can be made q permanent
pasture and is rich in protein, making
an excellent combination with corn.
The leaves are tender and the stem
small which make it easily masticated
and it is very much relished
At the Mississippi Station careful
tests have been made to determine the
value Of alfalfa pasture without grain
for hogs. Pigs ranging in age from
three to twenty-four months have
been used. and the results Of two
years work show that alfalfa IL little
more than maintenance ration for
growing hogs without grain, Satisfac-
tory gains have always been secured
from alfalfa pastures by supplement-
ing the pasture with from one to two
per cent Of the weight Of the hogs in
corn or other grain.
Cowpeas without grain 80 far has
given better results than any other
crop for hog pasture. In one test the
crop was grown on thin hill land,
where one acre OF cowpeas produced
$50 pounds Of pork. In another test
on rich valley land one acre Of cow
peas produced 483 pounds Of pork.
The hogs were put in the field when
the peas were about ripe.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1910-06-09
ALWAYS ON THE JOB.

We have little horsepower gas
oline engine that is wonder. It does
as much work rs two men, at the
right kind of a job, and we can hardly
get along without it. This powerful
little machine is always ready for
business. We can get UP steam in 15
minutes, or less on a pinch, and 1t
makes things hum. We run the sepa-
rator with it. cut all the feed for 8
cows, run the silage cutter, saw wood
in the winter. and run the corn shelter.
The engine is set in little wooden
shed lined with sheet iron, adjoining
the main floor of the barn, and the
various machines are connected up on
a 30-foot pully rod. Every man on
the place can run 1t. IT. drinks less
than dollars worth OF gasoline per
week, even during the busy season,
and when it isn't working 1t isn't
eating or drinking anything.
The little engine pretty nearly
earns its keep by doing odd Jobs for
the neighbors. It shells nearly all the
corn for the entire neighborhood.
cleans much Of the seed, and last
winter the hired man loaded It on our
low-wheel wagon and went about the
country saving wood. He sawed up
$50 cords In short time: could have
done more, but was called home to
work In aur own wood Lott R. b.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1910-06-09
FORTY YEARS OF TOMATO CULTURE
Careful Study And It's Correct Application Necessary
For Success
By J. 81. Haynes.

We have made tomsto growing q
specially for the past forty years.
Two mistakes are often made by
tomato growers.
Ffrst, the setting Of seed bed plants
Second. planting out too late in the
season.
Seed bed plants have too few roots
to allow them to recover vigor after
taking from the hot bed and rasettins
IN open ground. The change is rad
ical. They chill and are q long time
starting new growth.
Planting too late, throws the bulk
Of the crop late and frost Is apt to
destroy It. Even II the canneries will
net accept crop till sweet corn Is out
Of the way yet there need be no loss
for early tomatoes always command
reaAy sale at good prices and this way
you can care for the crop till the
factories win receive them.
We atm to have strong stoclxy plants
Tor setting and do this the first Of June.
Aftsr the plants come up they are
closely guarded against chilling for If
4 plant is injured 1t never makes a
good fruiting plant
When It gets its fourth leaf we
begin transplantins into another warm
bed that u In waiting.
They are forced in growth by daily
watering with weak manure water.
When the plants begin to crowd
they are transplanted into cold
frame a. by this time the weather
VIII admit OF this and they are hare
nnsd to stand out door planting.
In the mean time the fields are
made ready for the planting.
The soil is thoroughly pulvertzed
and leveled, marked of both ways to
permit Cross cultivation.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1910-06-09
BY 81. r. Lloyd.

pastures, woven wire Is the best
fencing material, all things considered.
Around the field to be used for pasture
run a woven wire fence thirty inches
high with three strands of barbed
wire above This fence will not only
turn hogs but other live stock.
For convenience in preparing the
land and planting the crops, it is best
not to divide the pasture up with
permanent fences. When the crops
are ready for the hogs, by using the
hurdle or portable fence, the field may
be divided into lots Of any size. The
hurdle fence is simple and cheaply
made and when not in use can be
taken down and stored under shed
until needed again.
There is a mistaken idea held by
some, that alfalfa, red clover, rape and
similar crops. will produce profitable
gains when pastured without grain.
The practical trials made at many ex-
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1910-06-09
FLOWER GARDEN NOTES.

Watch the roses. Hand picking will
keep the rose bug in allegiance: whale
oil soap finishes tho rose slug, and
kerosene emulsion is death to the
aphis.
During the hot weather when rain
does not fall, keep stirring the dust
mulch and you will be agreeably
surprised at the result.
Sow seeds Of perennials just as soon
as they mature. Be sure to water
them we'll. and keep down the weeds
If the aster blight makes its ap-
pearance, pinch the diseased leaves
off. and dust the plants with equal
parts Of fresh Stacked lime and hour
of sulphur. Place these ingredients
in coarse bag, which shake over the
diseased plants.
Don't get into the habit Of sprink-
ling the surface Of the ground. but
when your plants need water, apply
It generously, or not at all. Water
after sunset II possible.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1910-06-09
DISEASE Of THE BEAN
Nearly Everyone Is Familiar With The Spotted Appear
ance OF Snap Beans, Especially Of the
Wax podded Varieties 9#

young pods. On these It produce,
small brown or rusty spots. which en-.
large and darken until they become
nearly black. The affected tissues OF
the pod dry. leaving sun<en areas, In
the centers OF which may be seen
small pink spots. masses OF spores
which rapidly spread tho disease from
plant to plant.
The spores by which the fungus IS
spread from plant to plant are very
sticky when wet and are readily trans
ferred on the hands. clothing, or im-
Elements On this account beans
should never be cultivated or gathered
while wet with dew or rain. II 1t Is
too much trouble to observe these pre-.
cautions for the whole crop, It could
be done with little extra effort for .
small plat on which to grow seed for
future planting. There ID some preju.
dice In certain quarters against the
raising Of seed at home, but expert
ments at the Louisiana Station gave
as good results with homegrown bean
seed as with that introduced from :
distance.
II the following recommendatitts
are observed, but little loss will result
from anthracnose:
~ Plant seed free from disease.
(2) Keep away from the plants
while they are wet.
(3) Remove AMI burn diseased
plants as soon IS they are observed
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1910-06-09
BEST Time TO HARVEST GRAIN
If left Uncut Until Dead Ripe Grain Loses 80 in
Quantity and Quality
By Robert H. Cahoon.

a portion Of the stalk is green, as sonr
as the kernel has passed from tho
milky" to the '.doughy'' state.
The stalk has then begun to change
color. sometimes from the bottom
sometimes for three or four inches be.
low the head.
"A most careful and accurate expert.
ment was made to ascertain the diff.
ference. taking wheat, first. when 4
was green: second. a week after. when
1t was changing color: and third. wheE
fully ripe.
The result was in the first case 19N
bushels an acre; in the second. 23I,s
in the third, 23M: and the same DIFF.
ference was found in the straw.
The total value an acre was: in that
cut green, 5000; in that cut one week
after. when the stalk was yellow be.
low the ear. s64.61: in that cut one
week after when fully ripe. s56.1:
The first two productions had more
fine flour and less bran than that .ui
last. showing that gluten is converted
into starch in standing to get fully
ripe.
When either end of the stalk turn,
yellow, the sap ceases to flow. and tht
covering or shell of the kernel thick.
ems and becomes hard, and Of course
gives a larger proportion Of bran and
less fine flour.
Beside in early cutting there is les,
loss from Smelling out in handling, and
from high winds, which involve very
heavy loss in ripened grain.
Now what is true OF wheat is, in the
main, also true Of other small grains
oats and rye. II we raise them for
seed to sow again, they ought to he
allowed to ripen fully, but II for grind
ing or for feed for animals, they should
be cut early. II they would be In their
best and most nutritive condition.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1910-06-09

Among the numerous mistakes that
lead to enormous wastes on the farm.
few are more worthy of attention
than that Of letting grain, oats, wheat,
rye. corn, etc, get too ripe before har-
vesting.
No one can ride about the country
in summer without being struck and
amazed at the prevalence Of this error
You will notice field after field that
has reached, or Is approaching. the
period Of dead ripeness,. and that
ought to have been harvested several
days before.
The loss arising from this source Is
more appreciable and more easily es-
timated, perhaps in was It. Of which
we cultivate comparatively little. than
it is in other grains. like oats and rye,
but the same general principle applies
to all.
II wheat Is cut two weeks or so be-
fore it fully ripens, it contains more
gluten and starch and bushel will
weigh more, and it will make a large,
quantity and better quality Of -four,
with q less quantity Of bran or mid
dlings, than II it were allowed to ripen.
This Is by no means q matter OF
theory. It Is the result OF careful OBJ
servation.
!. The straw will begin to change color
slightly two or three weeks before the
grain comes to complete maturity.
In the best and most favorable sea-
sons it will begin to ripen and change
color at the bottom. In some less IA
vorable seasons the upper Joints turn
first.
In the great wheat-growing sections
OF the far East, where wheat-growins
IL carried on to a much greater extent
than 1t Is here, they have studied this
point more carefully than we have.
The hest farmers begin to cut while
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1910-06-09
WORK TEAMS IN THE PASTURE

I believe that It is much safer to
cut green grass and feed the horses
once day than to allow them the run
Of a pasture in summer unless they
are old and accustomed to running
out.
Green grass is an excellent tonic
and assists in carrying waste and i'm
pure matter out Of the horses sys-
tenn, but the risks Of losing a horse
more than offsets the advantages
gained from allowing them to run in
the pasture. beside the green grass
cut and fed once day win be an ex-
cellent substitute for the pasture
grass.
OF course the mare and foal should
have the run Of pasture and be
given their liberty. but the work teams
are too liable to injury to make the
practice safe.
W. NJ. KELLY.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1910-06-09

The Model stan which has been in
1so 1or several yeaEa, has been adopted
b. many a. the best datrymen Of the
eounsxyI Tho .essontial feature Of this
Seu0 = 11e movsb1o Cross bar near the
Rid leeA q tho COW, witch csznsos her
% move forward when lying down
t1D avoiding her own droppin9A
w1sdunsof constructing sanitary barns
- Shown by tho many inqulxtes for in
1ssn1e1pu on this subject Thfy
axanAn9,among the dafryman. IL in
pert IN soueooene Of the pure food laws
1h4ch hape been enacted to meet the
lsnaands1orrpure MIX and it, products
6n4hnRy COW barns should contain
pazheAsy fssten4nss for securing cows,
hut THU does not necessarily imply
lhao4 suoh nsstsn1ng7 need be patent
I'd Theo Sesns to be . prevailing
lurpFaon axnong datynen that q
pFtabie sanitary stall or stanctfon
y On expensive factory product. while
the feet - thak any farmer who IL
handy with carpeueor1 tools can build
= stan which WIN secure @ good re-
market.
the Moo0l oe8H 10 nome made
product and was originated by Dx-
Governor w. D. Hoard Of Wisconsin.
He has used this stall in his own
stables for several years and finds it
very satisfactory. It u probably the
nearest approach to perfect stall Of
any IN use at the present time. It is
constructed SO as to force the COW to
have her hind feet between the Cross
bar and gutter when standing, thus
preventing the fouiing Of the stall by
her own dropptngA When lying
down che h brought forward and COM
pslled to lie In front Of tho crossbar.
| rhe COW IL forced to stand back from
The hay rack when eating because Of
the position IN which It - huns. The
rrosshar is adjustable and the stall
will accommodate large or small
now. Tho chain or Fastening IL % ar
Anged that a. the COW starts to lie
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1910-06-09

the time Of hfving, tho queen with an
afterswarm is never fertilized when
the swarm issues.
1t is nearly month from the time
Of living before any young bees
emerge from their cells from this
queen, by which time tho bees going
with the swarm are the larger part
dead, dying Of old age. which makes
and keeps the colony weak a. to
numbers.
BY giving frame Of brood this
weak part Is very materially helped,
for, as fast as tho bess die Of old age
young bees are emerging from this
frame to take their places: and thus
the queen, when she gets to laying.
has suitable bees to mature the eggs
which she lays 80 that by the end
OF six weeks from the time the after
swarm was hived, We have . GOOD.
populous colony.
It is we'll understood that II we can
keep our colonies working in nor
NAL condition. without swarming, all
through the season, that the best re-
suits will be obtained. This happy
state of affairs seems impossible.
Most bee-keepers want at least
some swarms. so as to make up Tor
winter losses, even IL they do not care
to have large number. It IL very diff
f1cult to prevent all swarming. but not
80 very difficult to prevent each colony
from ,swarming more than once.
Swarming can be prevented in a
great measure by the free use Of the
honey extractor, but somehow, even
in this case colony that has been
prevented from carrying out the in
stincts Of nature, although 1t may do
well for time, soon gets out of bal
ance, and thereafter works In slug
gish fashion.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1910-06-09
BY F. G. Herman. Leonia, n. J.

old bees that leave the old hive thu
! next day or so will return to the ole
stand.
This will strengthen the swarm, and
at the same time will weaken the old
colony SO much that 1t will generally
prevent any second swarming.
Not in all cases, however, and If we
can do anything to throw q still larger
number Of bees from the old hive into
the new. it will be an advantage to
do SO.
When prime swarm issues, II the
colony is strong and circumstances ia
vorable a second swarm. may be ex-
pected in week or ten days later.
If the queen cannot accompany the
swarm, the bees will continue the at
tempt to swarm, sometimes every day,
sometimes not so often, but when q
young queen energies then the "old
one is disposed Of, and the bees 60
with the one that has flying powers.
It sometimes happens that at the
time when first swarm Is ready to
issue, the weather Is so bad that
swarming is delayed for two or three
days.
In that case the second swarm
would issue in less time than usual
after the first, making 1t happen that
If we wait week before moving the
hive to a new place, there would be
a second swarm before that time.
So If there has been bad weather
just before the time Of the prime
swarm issuing, it may be well to move
the old hive to new place in six days
or even less time after the day Of
swarming.
The first requisite toward success
full start for an afterswarm is frame
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1910-06-09

For the dwarf kinds marks are
made feet by 4 feet and for the
larger kinds feet by feet or IN
squares ~ feet each way.
It requires 200 plants OF tho dwarf
kinds and 220O Of tho large for an
acre.
moons or on cloudy days to avoid
plants whiting. Culture Is given often
to keep the soil loose and clean. Fine
tooth cultivators are best to use a
shallow cultivation must be given.
The roots Of the tomato run par
allel with the surface and are not
deep.
If these roots are broken tho plant
is greatly injured as there are no
deep running roots.
A good plan is to have small
killing pillow on the cultivator next
the row so as ito hill up slightly al
each blowing
If extra early tomatoes are wanted
the suckers are kept of, and only the
main stem is allowed to fruit.
Stalking up gives nice fruit but
hardly pays as the dwarf kinds give
same results.
Good strong tomato plants should
average 80 pounds each.
An acre of 1900 plants would yield
33 tons. Cannery prices are Sc per
ton. An acre would bring $19S per
acre.
An acre Of dwarfs, 2.700 plants.
averaging the small amount of s
pounds per plant would give 1850
pounds If sold at cent per pound
would equal $135, but early tomatoes
bring from s 1-3 cents down to cents
Der Mound jn1tea6 of cent
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1910-06-09

Most Of the swarming IL done ir
the months of June and July, but
sometimes strong colony may swarm
during May. There IS hardly any sure
way by which you can tell beforehand
when a colony is going to swarm II In
box hive. @
In frame hive you can tell some
thing about 1t by the queen cells. But
you will have no trouble about telling
when the swarm actually comes, fol
it will seem that all the bees in the
hive will come out all at once, or as
fast as they can pour out.
A good supply of hives in which to
put the new swarns should be all
ready, and should be in shady part
Of the bee-yard, so the hives may be
reasonably cool when the swarns are
put into them.
II the hives are hot. as will be the
case when standing in the sun, the
swarms are much more inclined to
leave for parts unknown. The newly
hived swarms should be shaded for
the same reason.
When q prime swarm issues there is
q lot Of sealed brood present and
young bees are emerging by tho thou
sand every day, so that when the first
queen Is ready to fly there is strong
force Of bees ready to go with her.
II you can manage to have the larger
part Of those young bees unite with
the swarm, you increase its ability for
gathering surplus, and at the same
time lessen the desire for second
swarm.
II you put the swarm in the old
stand and at once put the old hive In
q now place at some distance, Gil the
bees that were out in the field Will go
back to the old stand. and all the
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1910-06-09
SANITARY cow STALLS
The Demand For A Higher Grade Of Milk And It's
Products Has Brought About The Necessity
Of Cleaner Quarters For The Cows
BY G. A. Ocock.

down she Is drawn forward and will
step in front of this cross bar to pre-
vent an uncomfortable position. The
door In front is hinged at the top and
opens upward when grain and water
are given. Hay is placed in the hay
rack from the front. The partitions
are so constructed that it Is almost
impossible for a cow to step upon the
udder or teat Of one lying down next
to her. This feature alone is worth
the cost Of several stalls to the owner
Of valuable animals.
A wooden mat is laid over the con-
crete floor. This mat Is removable,
permitting the cleansing Of the entire
floor whenever occasion demands. II
1t seems desirable the manager may be
constructed OF concrete the same a.
the floor and whore new stalls are be-
ing erected the manager and floors
should be made at the same time.
This construction will be more dura-
BILE than separate construction.
The now Ideal stall has very de-
sirabie feature: that Of having the gas
pipes which retain the chain placed %
as to slant. This construction permits
OF loosening OF the cross chain when
the COW stands up and Tightening Of
II when she lies down. This gives
more freedom to the individual than
any stall which has been described.
This is considered very sanitary stall
and is giving excellent satisfaction
where used. A board mat may be
provided or II this Is not desirable.
In sufficient quantities Will
prevent any contraction Of rheuna-
tism by the animals lying on the con-
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1910-06-09

The New Ideal stan Il one Of the
most sanitary Of the simple homo.
made stalls now used. This 10 made Of
gas pipes with the exception Of tho
managers and their partitions which
are Of wood. Tho guides for tho chain
tie are placed ct IN angie nearer 10
each other at the top, which fighters
the chain and draws tho COW nearer
the manager when she lies down, thus
preventing entangfement and bringing
her forward ont Of her own fifth. This
stall IL used In the dairy barn Of the
Purdue Experiment Station.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1910-06-09
GOOD TREE GUARD.

This simple ar
rangement is a sup
port to young trees
as we'll as q protec-
ton from the direct
rays Of the hot sun.
Drive two nat stakes
into the ground and
tie at the top with
cord or wire. The
guard may be left all
winter as a protec-
ton from rabbits.
One set Of stakes
will last until the
tree Is well started.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1910-06-09

Anthracnose spots IN stem and
leaves OF the bean just before blossom
ing time.
The disease, which Is Of fungus ORR
gin, goes under number Of names,
as rust. wilt, pod spot, etc. AS there
is a true rust and q wilt, caused by
bacteria, the name pod spot or an
thracnose is preferred for it.
Practically all parts Of the bean
plant except the roots are subject to
attack Of the fungus. The most COM
mon indication Of the presence of the
disease is the occurrence Of brown or
black sunken areas on the stems.
leaves and pods. They may also APP
pear on the leaves and stems OF the
plant soon after 1t appears above
ground and cause considerable losses
through reduction in the stand. On
the older plants the attack is most
serious on the larger veins Of the
leaves, and the leaf may be wholly
destroyed or It's efficiency greatly re-
duced. From the stems and leaves
the fungus spreads to the pods. and
as many are rendered unsightly con-
siderable direct loss Is occasioned.
The presence of the fungus is often
unnoticed until It appears upon the
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1910-06-09

In Portugal, when a farmer dies,
instead of one of the heirs taking the
whole property and paying the re-
naming heirs for their parts, the
farm is divided into as many parts
as there are heirs. This process has
been going on for a very long time
so that now in the most fertile part
Of Portugal the land Is divided into
incredibly small portions.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1910-06-09
A GARDEN ROLLER.

A durable garden roller may be
made Of piece OF thing. It should
be burnt to glaze and the best size
is about two feet in diameter. Set II
upon board and place q piece of gas
pipe directly through the center, pass
ing it two inches through hole In
the board. It should project above
the tile the same distance. Fiji In the
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1910-06-09
PIGS USE NURSING BOTTLES.

A Minnesota farmer is the owner Of
: SOW that does things right. She
had twenty-ona little pigs. and nature
only had provided feeding accommo-
datiors for twelve. One Of them died.
The farmers wife extended motherly
sympathy to the eight neglected ones
from . well-filled nursing bottle. All
are satd to be thriving.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1910-06-09

The average wheat yield Of America
is only about II bushel to tho acre
while In England the land that has
been farmed for hundreds Of years
averages about 80 bushels.