davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Washington bee., 1910-07-02
THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION
OF COLORED GRADUATE
NURSES.

Miss Martha NJ. Franklin, President,
81 DixwelI Ave, New Haven, Conn.
Miss Mary K. Tucker, First Vice
President, I27 n. 18th St, Phila, Pa
Miss Eva NJ. Greenwood, Second
Vice-President, Lac Du Flambeau,
Wis.
Miss Mary f. Clark, R. n, Secre-
tary, 522 n. Second St, Richmond, Va.
Miss A Lottie Marin, Correspond
ing Secretary 90 w. I34th St, New
York City.
Miss Adah B. Samuels, Treasurer,
Lincoln Hospital, cor. Z. I4Ist St. and
S. Boulevard. New York City
Miss Eva n. Davis, R N, Chairman
Membership Committee, 355 Cumber-
land St. Norfolk, Va.
The National Association of Colored
Graduate Nurses, which will convene
in Philadelphia, August II, 18 and 10,
bids fair to be the most successful
OF its kind ever held.
The Citizens Committee-Mrs. ]. B.
Taylor, President; Mrs. George Black
well. Secretary; Miss Helen Stevens.
Treasurer-in connection with the
Philadelphia Graduate Nurses AssOci-
alton, are making every effort to en-
tertain this intelligent body of women.
The hospitality of the City of Broth
erly Love being we'll known, the
nurses and their friends may come to
this city with every assurance Of hav-
ing a royal reception.
The convention will be held in St.
Peter Claver's Auditorium, Twelfth
and Lombard streets. Street cars
taken at Twelfth and Market streets,
from Broad Street station and Read
ing Terminal, go direct to the Audi
tOTIum.
All visiting members of the associa-
ton will be accommodated without
charge. Headquarters at the Audi
torium. All communications for hOus-
ing and board, address Mrs. Mary
r. Tucker, R.N., President, Philadel-
phia Graduate Nurses Association, of
fee, I27 n. 18th Street, Phila.
The Washington bee., 1910-07-02
MONOTECHNIC
SCHOOL URGED.
Roscoe c. Bruce Suggests New Edu-
cation for Negroes.

Roscoe I. Bruce suggests new EQu-
cation for Negroes.
Pleading for the establishment of a
model ''mOnOtechnic school for the
education Of Washington's cOlored
population along lines. of industrial
training, Assistant Supt. Roscoe C..
Bruce, of the public school system,
has put forth the statement that with
out such training thousands of col
ored children, whose parents show no
interest in their education, can never
be brought successfully into the Influ-
enCe of the schools
Nh Bruce suggests a S25O,Ooo build
ing to be placed in the center of negro
population here, to house a system OF
class-rooms for modern industrial
schools of elementary grade. He be-
Eeves that such a school would be
constantly filled with cOlored pupils
of thirteen years and upward.
He believes the school should be
established for boys and girls already
with a slight knowledge of some trade,
as we'll as those who have no expert
ence.
He gives as two leading causes for
the enormous number of poor chill
dren who, in spite of the compulsory
education law, have never been en-
rolled on the school books, the fact
that the schools as at present con-
Quoted are literary and abstract to a
great degree, offering no direct prepa-
ration for the earning of livelihood,
and also because parents in many
cases are unable to provide children
with proper clothing.
The Washington bee., 1910-07-02
Hon. CoO Rudolph, Commissioner celebrates his Fiet
.4JlLiUeyS0yU
AHTlIUerSUTU

Mr.. Miller went on to state that
when the assembled yeomanry of Pan
ola county had transferred Curl from
the main line of the Illinois Central
railroad to Mastadon they halted I'M
der a well-limbed tree within forty
feet OF the CABIN from which Curl shot
young Miller.
When the party arrived there. p"
continued Mr. Miller, they asked me
what were my wishes in the matter.
Their courtesy 10 me could not have
been surpassed. | told them that
did not believe in brutality, nor did
! approve of mutilation of bodies or
the torture Of slow burning. but that
| would like to have the privilege
accorded me of making the first pull
on the rope All accorded to my
wishes i'll the matter
But ! believe that the negro was
dead from fright before he was hauled
up from the ground The knot was
tied at the back of his neck and he
was pulled up slowly from the ground
There was no jerk or fall, yet he never
kicked, and so far as we could see
no muscle ever moved after he was
hOIsted into the air In fact we had
to lift him to his feet, as he seemed
unable to stand. All Of the best peo-
pie of that section took part and
have never seen a, more orderly as
semblage anywhere"
The Washington bee., 1910-07-02

Polls open Suti, 7 o'clock this even
ing. Not a vote received after that
hour.
The Washington bee., 1910-07-02
CHILDRENS' DAY
AT GALBRAITH.
What They Owe Their Parents.

What They Owe Their Parents.
Editor of The Bee:
Please allow me space in your very
valuable paper to say few words
about the church of my choice. Last
Sunday was childrens' day at Galbraith
A. NJ. E. Zion Church. The Rev DR..
COrrathers preached a very interest
ing sermon in the morning, taking for
his subject: Relative duty of parents
and children" A large congregation
greeted this very distinguished pastor
Of Galbraith church, who seemed to
have been at his best The sermon
was listened to with rapt attention
from start TO finish, and everybody
seemed to have enjoyed 1t immensely.
DR.. Corrathers spoke at length upon
the duty of the parents towards their
children, and made 1t plain to the
young men and women, who are being
graduated from the High schools and
colleges. that they owe their fathers
and mothers a lasting debt of graft
tude for having denied themselves OF
much of the necessities of life that
they might receive good education
etc, etc. The collection for the day
was $Ioo.
Tomorrow DR.. Corrathers will COM
mence a series Of sermons taking for
his subject: "The rise and fall of ma
tons" Come early, everybody, if you
wish TO get good seat. The SUBJ
ject is deep one, and those who know
Dr. Corrathers are acquainted with
the facts that he is equal to the
great task of discussing them, and
needs no introduction by Us.
J. c. CUNNINGHAM.
The Washington bee., 1910-07-02
Mr.. w. Sidney Pittman.

Mr. w Sidney Pittman who, with
Mr.. w. Calvin Chase, Jr, will report
the tour of DR.. Booker T Washing
ton through the State of Delaware,
July 3rd and 4th, exclusively for The
Washington Bee. Mr.. Pittman as well
as Mr.. Chase are two graphic writers.
and their joint report of this tour Of
pr Washington through the State Of
Delaware will be most interesting to
the readers of The Bee. Those who
will leave this city Sunday morning at
! o'clock will be Mr.. w. Sidney Pitt
man, Mr.. w. Calvin Chase, Jr., Editor
Oliver Randolph, of the Washington
Auditor Ralph A. Tyler.
Judge Robert Il Terrell and Register
w. T. Vernon. Mr.. w. Calvin Chase,
ST.. is prevented from touring the
State of Delaware with DR.. Washing
The Washington bee., 1910-07-02
Is There Fraud?
SCHOOL DISCRIMINATION.
Supt. Stuart Called on to Investigate.
The People to Ask for the Removal
of Supt Bruce

The People to Ask for the Removal
of Supt. Bruce.
Superintendent Stuart IS called upon
to Investigate what looks upon its
face to be gross frauds and Irregular
ties III our cOlOred schools. In the
recent graduation that took place at
Convention hall, Friday evening, June
I7th, quite a number of students grad
uated. 1t seems that in the rating a
self-constituted committee met and
passed upon the merits and demerits
Of the graduates. Those students who
were conditioned in two or more
studies were graduated and placed
ahead of unconditional students Sup
erintendent Stuart has taken up the
matter himself for investigation, and
he will be asked to make a change in
several heads Of the colored schools.
The widest Indignation is seen to ex-
ist on the part of parents and the citi-
zens, and what the outcome will be
no one knows.
Mr. Alexander Payne, of this city,
left the city Monday evening for
Staunton, Va, where he will attend
meeting of the stockholders of the
Dime Saving Bank This is one Of
the most successful banks in the State
of Virginia. The bank will enter its
new building,
The Washington bee., 1910-07-02

ton on account of an engagement in
New York City, July 3rd to 5th.
The Bee will be we'll represented
by Mr.. w. Sidney Pittman and Mr..
w, Calvin Chase, JrY who will no
doubt give the readers of The Bee,
and the entire country, what no other
paper will have Mr.. Pittman is one
OF the most careful Journalists in the
country and an architect of national
reputation. This tour will be the most
noted in the career of this distinguish
ed educator 1t will be noted because
DR. Washington IS doing what he can
for his people in a State where the
freedom of speech is allowed, and
those who will accompany him are
men of education and influence.
The Washington bee., 1910-07-02

slavery gallery where its companion
portraits will be those of Frederick
Douglass, Charles Sumner, John
Brown, Wendell Phillips and the
group known as the Lincoln Enranci-
patton Cabinet
Those desiring to do so are invited
to send their contributions to the trea-
surer. Prof. George William Cook
secretary of Howard University
Washington, d. c., who will promptly
acknowledge all contributions.
Respectfully,
THOMAS L. JONES,
President.
GEORGE H. DeREEF,
Secretary.
OO5 l Street, n. w.
The Washington bee., 1910-07-02

COlOred Americans, rally to your own
defense. From every town and city
send delegates to this annual meeting.
there to deliberate and organize for
seIf-proteCron against this menace.
And let all true patriots of whatever
race, ali friends of liberty, battle with
us for equality of citizenship, for true
democracy, that this may be in very
truth the home of the brave and the
land of the free
By order of the president,
ALEXANDER WALTERS,
WM MONROE TROTTER,
Corresponding Secretary.
June p, 1910, 2I CornhiIl, Boston,
Mass
The Washington bee., 1910-07-02
SEES PLOT IN LYNCHINGS.
Lecturer Declares Acts of Violence in
South are Without Grounds.
LIeVeIand, o, june p.

NlSN CldAII, C-y ) ullC L.
"LynChing is the OutgrOWth of the
feeling OF anger on the part Of the
white people of the South because the
negro was lifted from his former state
of slavery, given the ballot and placed
on an equal footing with them, de-
clared John p Green in an address on
lynching before a large number of col
ored people at the Shiloh Colored
Baptist Church last night
AT the close of the Civil War the
negro was on pedestal Of glory" he
continued. He had fought courage
ously through the war for the North,
and he had been true to his trust
with the South. He had been left to
protect the women and children of
the South, and he had been true to
these people at home. Then the peo-
pie of the South found 10 what point
the negro had been elevated and they
cast about for some means to reduce
him 10 his former state, They chose
women as the last resort and declared
the negro a brute and menace to
women.
1T is a significant fact that in no
other country where the negro lives
has there been such a charge against
him There IS not proof to support
the charge, because he has never been
tried" Mr. Green said the President,
ministers and newspapers should Work
TO develop a sentiment against this
estimate of the negro to end lynching.
Memphis, Tenn, June II.
L wish that you would please state
that the lynching of Elmo Curl at
Mastadon, Miss, was a most orderly
affair, conducted by the bankers. law
yers, farmers and merchants of that
county. The best people of the coun-
ty, as good as there are anywhere,
simply met there and hanged Curl
without a sign of rowdyism. There
was no drinking, no shooting, no yell
ing and not even loud talking"
This was the statement which we'll
dressed. nice looking man who entered
the Commercial Appeal office Wednes-
day afternoon asked to be published.
He proved 10 be J. D. Miller, tax
assessor of ConcOrdia parish, La, and
the brother of w. P. Miller, who was
shot by Curl at Mastadon several
weeks ago when Mr. Miller went at
the head of a posse to arrest him for
writing an insulting note to white
woman.
The Washington bee., 1910-07-02
At the White House.

Prior to the President leaving the
city Monday, Judge Robert H. Terrell
and NJ. Gregory, of New York, called
to pay their respects. They were ush-
cred into the Presidents private office
by Secretary Norton.
Mr.. a. Calvin Chase also saw the
President by engagement, and had
quite a chat with him.
The Washington bee., 1910-07-02
Vote EarIv.

No votes for the teachers contest
will be received after seven o'clock
this evening, hence all votes must be
in at that hour
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1910-07-05
THO STOCK ueALS.
Sherwood Took Fiood's Boast and
Later Handed II Back

Sherwood Took Floed's Beast and
Later Handed Il Back
Id Joseph L. Kings History Of the
San Francisco Stock and Exchange
Board is this story Of Flood and
Sherwood:
In the early days, in the seventies.
quite a number Of operators would
gather together in Cahilfs office on
Montgomery street. near California.
Among them were Mr.. James c. Flood
and Mr.. Robert Sherwood Sherwood
had 1000 Consolidated Virginia. the
stock selling at about 500. One day
Sherwood. on looking Mt the prices.
remarked that he was getting tired OF
that Consolidated Virginia: 1t did not
move much. Mr.. Flood said: What
are you growing about: II you are
tired Of that stock will take It OF
your hands at $780," Sold" said
Sherwood. and the stock changed
hands.
In course OF time the Nevada bank
building was erected on the corner OF
Pine aud Montgomery streets. On
meeting Sherwood one day Mr.. Flood
remarked. I'VE built that Nevada
block on the profits OF that 1000 shares
of Consolidated Virginia you sold us, "
Subsequently. in the Sierra Nevada
and Union deal. MIR. Flood approached
Sherwood OH the street and bought
from him 5000 Union at $500 share
the transaction footing up 100000.
Sherwood built the Union block. or
the gore corner of Pine. Davis and
Market streets. Meeting Flood on,
day. he remarked. Il built that Unior
block with the profits Of that 5.0ot
Union I sold you"
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1910-07-05
City Statistics
Deaths and Funerals.

WELSH-Mrs. Melinda Welsh, wife
of Emil Welsh. foreman at the car
barns, died yesterday at the home of
her aunt, Mrs. Louis Welsh, near
Whitewater, of pulmonary tuberculos-
is. Mrs. Welsh is survived by her hus-
band and two sons, aged seven and
six years. The body will be brought
to the home at 402 Randolph street
today. Friends may call from 1880 to
10 this evening. The funeral will be
held at the residence at 9 o'clock on
Wednesday and at Middleboro NJ. E.
church at 1890. The Rev. S. w.
Traum will officiate. Burial will be
in the Goshen cemetery.
FRY-The funeral of Mrs. Mary F..
Fry, aged "a, who died Sunday morn
ing. will be held at the home five
miles north of the city Thursday at
two o'clock. Mrs. Fry is survived by
her husband William w. Fry. The
burial will be in Goshen cemetery.
Friends may call at any time.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1910-07-05
A WARM GREETING.
She Overcams the Rules ard Met Him
at the Station.

She ovsreams the Rules ard Net Him
at the Station.
She was rushing through the gate
past Bill Gibson. the gateman. like q
passenger train by flag station, but
Gibson stopped her.
Let's see your ticket. lady," he asked
politely enough.
'Oh. | have no ticket" she said.
but won't you please let me through.
l want to-
Its against the rules" cut in Glib
son.
Yes. but l want to be there on the
platform"-all this breathlessly-
so anxious to meet him.
''Well. go on through" Gibson told
her. II guess it'll be all right" Then
to himself he soliloquiZed why not:
Perhaps she won't always be so keen
to meet him: probably hasn't been
married but Il month or so: mebby
isn't married yet at all. Far be it from
me to Interrupt her in such nice little
attentions"
The train came In. Gibson sort OF
looked out Of the tail of his eye for
a chance to witness the happy re-
union. Such sights illumine the dark
recesses Of the dingy old depot.
In a moment he caught sight of her.
But her husband or sweetheart-if she
had one or the other-was not with
her. However. she was not alone.
Under her arm she clutched tightly a
compact brindle English bulldog with
t<>a
goyle.-Cleveland Plain Dealer.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1910-07-05
Deafness Cannot Be Cured

by local applications. AZ they cannot
Tncre is only one way TO cure deaf,
nSss. ana that 10 by constitutional
remedies. Deafness Is caused by an
srTamNd condition OF the mucous lin
me AZ the Eustachian Tube. When
shIs tube IL inflamed you have . rum
bling sound or imperfect hearing. and
sh~ result. and unless the inflamma-
zion can be taken out and this tube re-
stored 70 It's normal condition. hearing
ant a. ten are caused by Catarrh.
which % nothing but an lnflamed con.
alton q the mucous surfaces.
We WIN give One Hundred Doll
Scaused By cataPrh) that cannot be
cured by Halls Catarrh Cure. Send
for circulars free.
r. J. CHENEY q Co. Toledo. O.
sold By Druggists. 7Se.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1910-07-05
Cataciysrnie Geology.

"Cataclysmis" geology no longer cx
lists. 1t was once the accepted opinion
that the great changes on the earth's
surface had been mainly brought about
by sudden and violent tca,aclysmic,
agencies. but Sir Charles Lyeli. as far
back as 1898. demolished the old the
DRY of cntaclysm at once and forever
Sir Charles proved by facts which
were indispufable that the great geo
logical changes have been produced
slowly by gradual processes of subsi
dence and elevation and not by earth
quakes. volcanic action. etc. Lyell
may be said to be the father of mod
ern geology. or. to put it more cor
rectly. of real scientific geology.-New
York American.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1910-07-05

Could plants lay claim TO aristocrat.
lc position. ~ representing an old fam
ily. rice might safely claim to Be OF the
most ancient pedigree. II 10 the ear
Hest cereal known. Originally . native
Of India. Il has crossed the ocean and
made q home for itself where heat
and moist soil could be found. Ii
grows in all warm portions OF the
globe and furnishes the principal food
Of nearly ope-ehird OF the human race
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1910-07-05
A Fearful Poison.

From the microbe which gives rise
in human beings to the disease known
as tetanus. or lockjaw. a poison called
tetanine is obtained which is over 100
times more powerful than strychi,ine.
A fragment OF tetanine SO small as to
be invisible to the naked eye would
kill almost istantaneously the strong
est man. One fifteen-thousandth part
Of a grain of 1t has caused the death
Of a horse 1.6OO.OOOOOO times its own
weight.-Pearson's.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1910-07-05
Strategy.

Strategy.
The conductor put his bad through
the doorway.
Can't you move mp to the 'front.' q
nttiey' be pathetically inQuired-
Impossible" \ clear voice called
back. There's . fat man wedged in
the aisle"
Whereupon hasty move up the
aisle ensued. and the situation was
promptly relieved. Cleveland Plain,
Dealer,
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1910-07-05
CONSISTENTLY HOT"
Only One Way to Describe the
Weather in This Vicinity
During the Past Week.


The Chronological record for last
week was consistent in one thing
heat. Sunday. June e. was the hottest
day, with a record of 81 to its credit
That evening was also the coolest of
the week, when the thermometer fell
TO %. In other respects the weekly re-
port of the meteorological observer
Walter Vossler. shows that on Tues
day, June %, "A inches of rain fell and
Sunday was the only clear day. The
daily temperature record is as follows:
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1910-07-05
West Point Gray.

The origin Of the gray uniforms
worn BY the cadets at West Point
dates back to the war OF lSl2-l4. when
the commissary general OF the army
could not procure the blue cloth re-
quired for General Winfield SCOTS
brigade. and 20 they were clad In gray
So distinguished was the conduct of
that brigade at Luudy's Lane and Chip,
pewa that when. after the war Of 1872
q reorganization Of West Point Mill,
tary academy was made. out OF com
pliment to General Scott and bis bri.
Gade the uniform Of the corps Of ca.
diets was changed from blue to gray.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1910-07-05
Empn..,x.na . Fact.

There are pecuiizrities. idiosyucra-
sizes Of expression. which emphasize
and accentuate facts. IL is not enough
to say he is deaf" We invariably
add -as post" Ii would appear suf-
6ctept to say he - blind" but we
prefer in nearly all cases 70 admit OF
no contradiction by announcing that
he fs stone blind" To be dead"
should sufice. Dead aAa doornau''
clinches the fact.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1910-07-05
Fully Informed.

with nll your wealth are you not
afraid Of the proletariat:" asked the
deliver in sociological problems.
mo, l amt" snapped Mrs. Newrich
Eve boil all our drinkin' water."-Phil.
adelphia Record
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1910-07-05

Make yourself an honest man. and
then you may be sure there IS one
less rascal in the world,-Cariyle.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1910-07-05

TABltHA:
Gold Medal Flour loads them al
0U1D44D
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1910-07-05
Gales.

The average number Of gales that
sweep the world in q year IL about
sixty-siY.
The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1907-1939, 1910-07-05

PALLADIUM WANT ADS PAY.
Freie Presse fuÌˆr Texas. [volume] (San Antonio, Tex.) 1865-1945, 1910-02-22
GcdenfaI in 8erar gpuntn.

Na6 Dem iabrliden 8eribt ulties
res bieligen @etter-8 eobadtets Il.
Ian 9uea, mar bas Sabr 1909 bas
trodenite zines 3eitraunles BON
5ebn Sabren. gs fieIen i'm gan5en
Sabre 1ur 1892 3on 9fesert, pab-
reno Ser 0ur6i6nitts- Hegenfoa Die.
ier @egeno iid auf $3.50 3on be-
lauft, na6 ben 8eoba6tun0cn Der
lebten 35 Sabren.
9as Sabr 1909 NOR iogar bas
trodenoite oieier ean5en Yeriooe.
9os Sobr 1857 ion aaerbings nod
trodenite oieier gon5en geriohe.
9tegen Dor Suli fiel, uno es bieE.
ooB bielem cine %18monotlide
8rodenbeit poranging. 90 oomals
aber nod feine itatiltiiden Iuf5ei6-
nip1gen gema6t nuroen, eriitiert
fem offi5ieler 8eri9t iiber oieie 4e-
riooe. @ub innerbolb Der S0ger
Sabre oes porigen Sabrbulloerts gob
es einise iebr trodene Sabre.
SroB oleler S%rodenbett lpar 0as
Sabr 1909 fein ungiinltiges fir ltn-
lere 5armer nno Die grnten 5iell-
lid) gut.
9as Sabr 1909 mar i~iberDaupt ell
abnormes in ieoer 8e5iebung. IS NOR
nidt MIR oas trodenite, es nor audj
oas beiBelte. SIM Iuguit ltieg oas
thermometer ouf 107 @rao, Die bod.
ite @rao5abl, Die ie in Seras, 10 lonse
offi5ieae Muf5eihnungem gcmaht
moroen oer5eihnet puroe. Iltber6enl
baben mir ou6 i'm Sanuar 1910
Die ameiteroBte 4alte mdbreuo Der
lesten 5ebn Sabre in Sears GIT per-
6eidnen, inoem oos thermometer
atf 90 @ro6 fiel. 9ies purce MIR
i'm Sebruor 1905 nit elmer 1en;pero.
tur BON nur 10 @roo iibertroffen.
9os ra6it trodenite Sabr oieier
5ebniabrigen 8erio0r NOR 1901, III
lpeldcm Sabr Der Nieoerihlas anlr
1914 3on betrug. 9ogeeen mar
1900 oas feudteite nit 1913 3on
fegenfaa. Ser feudteite Monat NOR
glpril 1900 init eli 3o1 fegen,
Der trodenite @ueuft 1902, NO fein
Sropfen &egen fiel.
Nod ben offi5ielen @eridten if
alpin Die feudteIte 5taot in Segas
hit einem bur6idnittliden Meeen.
iaa bon 5t.55 3on per Sabr. Die
trodenite lit @I 8aio, mo Ii9 Der
0urdidnitt in ben Iebten 80 Sabren
ltur otf 9.3t 3oa belief.