davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune., 1910-10-31

down a chair When the capacity is exer-
cised in the pursuit Of knowledge it is all
the more admirable because it is so rare
Students of musical history know ten times
as much about the early cultivation OF the
art in the United States now than they
knew before Mr.. o. G. Sonneck devoted a
year or two to the perusal Of the
public prints of the eighteenth and
early nineteenth centuries in the Ii
braries Of New York, Philadelphia. Boston
and other Eastern and Southern cities and
gave the unadorned results Of his literary
excavations TO the public in the books
which he has published since he took
charge of the musical division Of the Lii
brary of Congress The capacity is also
possessed in a high degree by Mr.. John
Towers, an English musician, who has
spent a large portion Of the period during
which he has lived in the United States,
sixteen years and more, in compiling a
Dictionary Catalogue Of Operas and Oper-
ettas Which Have Been Performed on the
Public Stage" which has now been pub
lished for him by the Acme Publishing
Company, Of Morgantown, w Va. The fact
that he has brought together and classified
over 5000 titles would serve in itself TO
indicate that Mr.. Towers has given his
information in a sententious form. and yet
he has managed to present 1t In three as
poets, so as fully to serve his set purpose
to answer three questions which he con-
ceives that one curious about Operatic lore
might reasonably ask. viz:
!. rs there such an opera or Operetta?"
= What operas did sO-and-so compose;
and did he compose this or that opera or
operetta?" 3. How many times has such
aud-such a 1ibretto, OF subject, been set to
music for the lyric stage" He has pre-
sented his colossal mass Of material, the
overwhelming major part OF which has
been well digested, in a stout volume OF
LOIS pages. Of these 631 are taken up with
an alphabetical list Of the titles Of operas,
followed By the names of their composers.
q record Of their nationality and the year
in which they were born and died In a
second part Of 1872 pages there Is a list of
composers, with the titles Of the operas
which they wrote; and in q concluding
part a list Of libretto titles. with a record
of the number Of times they have been set
TO music Much of this, no doubt, is In
formation which will appeal chiefly to the
curious. for students will want 10 know
more than is vouchsafed here. If they ap-
proach the field at all But for them Mr-
Towers book will serve as an invaluable
guide. or check list. and its merit will be
but little lessened by the fact that, as was
inevitable considering the magnitude OF the
undertaking. they will find that Mr.. Tow
ers has been guilty Of sins both OF Omis-
sion and commission Those who will know
how rightly to use the book will also know
how to remedy its deficiencies- H z. K
New-York tribune., 1910-10-31
A HOOD0OED PALACE
0min0uS Name of ManueI's
Home at Lisbon.

Copyright, 1919. by the Brentwood Company
Some royal palaces are popularity re-
garded as hoodooed, and as destined TO
bring misfortune TO their iIlustrious &C.
cupants. None, however, has enjoyed a
more unenviable reputation in this re-
speCt than the palace OF the Necessidades,
CT which the very name. translated into
English. means Palace Of Tribulation."
When Lisbon was ravaged by the plague
in 1892 10 such a degree that all the
vealthier Inhabitants fed from the cap
ital y couple sought refuge at Ericeira
where Dom Manuel and his mother and
grandmother embarked the other day on
hoard the yacht Amelia for Gibraltar At
Ericeira the couple found a beautiful
image OF the Blessed Virgin, and when
they were able TO return to Lisbon they
carried back the image with them. con-
WINGED that it had been efficacious in ar
resting the progress OF the plague in the
capital in compliance with their prayers.
In The outskirts Of Lisbon. close to their
home they built church and an abbey
for the image. 10 which they gave the
name of Nessa Senhora das Neces~idades
(Our Lady OF TribUlation). It soon be-
came nonular with the Lisbonese, and the
seafarlnss population, in particular, adopt
saint her church as their particular place
Of worship and her name as that of their
guild King Jose V transformed the
church into a beautiful basiIica and built
adjoining it on the site of the monastery
a palace bearing the same name. so as to
admit of his Queen performing her devo-
tions at the shrine Of Our Lady Of Tribu-
lation-
SO many Of the members Of the reign
ing family have died there some Of them
in the most mysterious and uncanny fash
ion. notably Queen Stephanie. King Pedro
and his brothers Ferdinand and John,
/ all within a few weeks Of one another.
that on Christmas Day. 1851. the Mayor
and principal municipal authorities, ac-
comDanied BY a vast cOnCourse of people,
called upon King Luis [ there and be
sought him 10 abandon the palace without
further delay On account of its sinister
/ influence upon his family. IN fact, they
escorted him away that very same night
/ by torchhght to the palace OF Belon. Yet
Dom Carlos established his residence in
+ the NeCessidades, was murdered, with his
! eldest son, and lay in state there. while
Dom NanueIs brief reign of two years
/ has been spent within its walls. It has
/ been his hoodeo, like that of his father
1 and SO many other members of the royal
I house Of BraEanzs-
New-York tribune., 1910-10-31
DINNER FOR PROF. sELIGMAN
Friends to Honor Columbia Man s
Twenty-Five Years as Teacher.

Invitations have been sent out 10 attend
o dinner TO be given in honor of Professor
Eduin r. A. Seligman. Of CoIumbia. Uni
vargitv. on November u at the Hotel AS
tor This dinner, given by his colleagues,
students and associates, is Ito commemO-
rate his twenty-five years of public ser
vice as scholar, teacher and citizen
The committee IN charge of the arrange
ments consists of President Nicholas Muir
raw Butler. Felix Adler. Frederic r COu-
dert. ir. r. Fulton Cutting Robert ". de
Forest. Theodore Roosevelt, James w.
Gerard. ir., V Everit Macy. Victor Nora
wetz. George A. McAneny. George Haven
Putnam. George L. Rives, Jacob II Schiff.
Edward NJ. Shepard and Frank A Wander
lin A special medallion is being struck
off for the occasion
New-York tribune., 1910-10-31
IN MEMORY OF MRS. HOWE
Service Held in Newport Church,
Where She Used TO Worship.

Newport, Oct 30.-The memory OF Julia
Ward Howe Modern Christian Saint.
was honOred at a special service held to-
day in Claiming Memorial Church, where
Mrs. Howe was accustomed to worship dur
ing her summer sojOurns at her summer
home in MiddIetown- The Howe pew was
ennptv to-day. except for a large picture OF
the venerable woman, surrounded by white
roses and ferns. IN the pew Just behind
sat MIS- Laura Z. Richards and Mrs Flor
ence Howe Hall. daughters OF Mrs Howe
The Rev. william s Jones, pastor OF the
church delivered the memorial address.
New-York tribune., 1910-10-31

,,s IN four elaborate models ana
oonsll To.c,worth. BournviIe. Port
hu.---a h-,.-,,t AIkrington and h'aIs"ioA =.
s'ii,.E. ,a.Esaorately illustrated The oopaI'-
ine ..nsnts' movement is also eX-
nersi'P l. exhibits from Harborne ana
pialiis1 .-.,era there are garden sub
u-bs. .,,.-,.o % becorning the
.-lardid city in the world "flen
- plan for the construction %
o--srr,es radisting from cehue
D'0''' -.s.-+.5 after the great FIRE Cen
va .r+or generation it has remained
el@'''.-- .,si-,on stage. with soUahd areas
:, cleared. large districts 10 De con-
- into commercial use ana great
Nta',.. - rising in Whitehall and South
s. -, -,--+,- 70 denote the restlessness
-, modern spirit rather than the
.s,r,ftv OF Inigo JOEes's banquet
gu .,5 -bs graceful lines Of Wren's
ing han anu ~--'
2,--ns II his interesting address at
-. .onsning Of the conference describes
-,a-ropolis. with its four hundred
- souares and crescents as the
- i7lcfziest and healthiest piece Of
- manning ever done by anybody
:, .ps- were not q glaring example OF
80 ortirlisrn, the enlightened self
,--e-es- 0f the titled land owners would
more trustworthy resource than
-, aggressive art OF architecture and
,-,5srane gardening, and when one
-,.,ces AT the new drawings for max
a. over costly improvements and beau
.-s-i,r the gray old metropolis one is
.-----e7 II agree that the land holding
s-tss r7arquesses and earls have been
- in their conservation than the chill
dren OF light
A. The Academy are seen plans for a
bridge Of shops across the Thames, with
b-os5 approaches from north and south;
.rs conversion Of Battersea Park into a
.5assu-a garden. Illuminated al night
and varied with covered walks, winter
---,-,e-a6es and concert halls; the con-
---,--iaTl Of a new avenue as an outlet
fo- s.. PauTs Bridge: the making over
81 r~srsTaar Square SO as TO set of sir
,s-.r Webb-s Professional Road; the
,-a-zfor-nation of either HYDE Park Cor
rs- OF PiccadiIly Circus into a King
Inward SQUARE. with Shakespeare me
mortal theatre. q new opera house and
ether biz structures and with the old
r-7f-ua-ks lost IN topsyJurvydonl
The old prints OF the eighteenth cen
-,-~ SQUARES have a restful aspect after
-he visitor has been bevildered by these
artificial schemes for rendering the
snow uIaces Of the metropolis smarter
md more impressive. He must pertorce
recall the Ringsrrasse, IN Vienna with
-ts r-a-eful lines and masses Of hap
-ir-- z-s~ied architecture. or the fe1citous
Herds ,f ancient and modern work IN
Munich before he is prepared 10 admit
that sove-nmeut control over the con
s--r--5o- and decoration Of cities Is nee
cgss~v on es1hetic as well as utilitar1an
grounds That Is the real lesson of the
rozn PLANNING conference and ezhihl-
--or.-exnert advice from the best archi-
reetz and landscape artists and some
form of government censorship IN The
obstruction and ornamentation oi
,.-sse I y. T.
New-York tribune., 1910-10-31
SOCIAL NOTES FROM NEWPORT.

-Br Telegraph r. THe Tribune
NewpsrL. oct 30.-AIr- and Mrs. J I. D.
Lzni-r Ga.e closed their season and gone
T. New York flr Tho winter.
bliss Roberta WIZARD, who has been the
uaesr NJ lr and Mrs. John r Dre1el IN
1aw York has returned 10 her home here.
AIRS. Lyman Tiffany has gone To Wash
i-g-au for The winter
Ir ana Mrs. RoGericl1 Terry have de
c-ded 10 remain here throughout the win
Ter
Edward - BerwiEd returned 10 New
York to-day
General and Mrs. J. Fred PiersOn Will
cia-e -1-l- season here within d few day s.
New-York tribune., 1910-10-31
eeceeTARY MEYER AT HAVANA

r,.,,a,a oct. 30.-The United states ui3
- Dolphin. with George Fon L.
- secretary of the Navy on podi a.
Aiese. 80 this lfternoon after a rough
aril'e4 - ,1,an,i. She was saluted by the
zap Mr. Never landed. and the Dol-
,I,in started for Santiago. ,,, .t,
PIT, rbe Secretary of the Navy VIII r'ili'i'
liio ,,ntiI. tomorrow night when ht
~ "a - r., train TO Santiago with Minister
wiII W. - lie viii visit President Gomez
tomorrow afternoon. --,...... sal,
~ ..,,.t.irs Of his plans the SocretafS san
- t,,,7..d fo complete hia inspection 'i
''.,,..,,.,,,o ,uic.ly, 80 That he might p'
80 -, rVssbngton on saturday IA liIli'
90 vote.
New-York tribune., 1910-10-31
NEW YORK FROM THE SUBURBS.

There are eighty thousand rooms in New
York without light And yet they boast or
the Great White Way.'-Pittsburs Dis
patch.
From Bangkok comes a dispatch saying
the King of Siam was about 10 visit New
York when he died. That settles tt-Pni!a-
delphia Times.
Connecticut gains ~ per cent in Popula-
tion. But it would still take about tour
Connecticuts to make one city or New AoFk-
Utica Observer
Mayor Gayuor says Washington Is as
wicked as New York Washington prOnt-
ing bv this advertising, will now seek 10
attract some OF the excursion business
that has been going 10 the metropolis
Syracuse Post-Standard.
Mayor Gaynor refuses TO issue special !
licenses 10 New N0Tfs saloons anu
restaurants to keep open till dayllSht doii
apnear on Election Night. AFTER all. gNtIl
ming ought to be settled by q clo'h
which ia New York is saloon closing iluie
so that everybody can SO home ana Z" ~
bed.-Bustou Glube.
New-York tribune., 1910-10-31
THEATRICAL NOTES.

Nav Irwin will come 20 Wallck's Thea
ire next Monday. in Getting Foilsh.
succeeding Alias Jimmy Valentine In
which Fl. 3. Warner has been playing there
for several months.
Vincent Serrano and Aphie James, widow
of Louis James. have been engaged Tor
The Seventh Daughter a new melodrarla
nv Richard Harding Davis. in which Chrys-
tai Herne is TO play the title part
The Dartmouth football team occupied
boxes at Saturday nights performance or
,rrba Dollar Princess at the New York
Theatre and several hundred supporters
had seats in the orchestra
E1gie Bowen and Tom MacNaughtOn have
been engaged for important places IN the
supporting company Of Christie AlacDonaid-
Ovirg TO the sudden illness OF Adolf
Kuebns. the repertory OF the Irving Place
Theatre has been changed B0ccaccio
viii be the bill at every performance, ex-
cent on Friday and Saturday evenings.
Der Huettenbesitzer" Will be presented
on FRIDAY and "Flachsmaun ais ErZieher'
on Saturday.
william Hammerstein has engaged as the
head line attraction for next week at the
Victoria Roof Mile Yvette. who Made her
Nrst appearance on any stage last Friday
sba pIavs the violin and sings and dances
at the same time
sam Bernard will be at the Casino inca
ire where he is appearing In he came
srou Milwaukee" tomorrow afternoon at
7 o'clock to select man capable or play
ing his part in company which the shu-
berts are planning to organizes Tor road
tour,
More than two hundred writer's nave en-
rolled In the contest by which an American
aperstta of the type 0f Madame irouOd-
dour" now playing at the Lyric lhT''le'
Is to be selected.
The Blue Bird will be- trShsieffea t'oi'i
The New Theatre L. tho MaleSut 1hes''Te
New-York tribune., 1910-10-31
Royalty SuPerstitious.

Describing a visit paid to ex-Eripress
F,Ueanie ne relates: Before leaving the
Fnpress gave ne a litue bust in aianasteI
Of Queen Marie Antoinette. There was
something almost tatalistic in little incl
dent which then occurred. Becoming AMI
mated in an account Of her dangers IN lea'-
ing Paris on September g. 1870. the Empress
knocked The little pust off the table. ana
r..aizrd 81 UP gith the head as clean On
t1. shoulders ae If it had been cut win =
l.rif- -Pauvra refine, sighed ihe fi'-
,.~-- .cHe MA uaa de- chance ana men
.s. fsIa ms how a similar lining had nap
New-York tribune., 1910-10-31
DR. WILLIAM S. sEARLE.

Dr. William s Searle, one of the found
ers of the State Board Of Medical Exam
fners. of which he was vIce-preSldent up
to a year ago, died yesterday at his nome
No. 1S3 Henry street, Brooklyn Dr Searle
was born in Bradford. Mass. seventy-seVen
years ago. He received his early education
at Hamilton College. and later attended
the University Of Pennsylvania. from whlch
he was graduated. He was also graduate
Of the homeopathic Medical College he
moved 20 Brooklyn forty years ago, during
which time he had been actively engaged
in the practice of his profession He leaves
TWO sons and three daughters The funeral
will be held tomorrow at o'clock. and the
burial will be in Oakland Cemetery, Troy
New-York tribune., 1910-10-31

Don Christobel Colon de Toledo de IA
Cerda y Gante. Duke Of Neragua MARQUIS
of Jamaica and admiral and Adelantado
Mayor of the Indies, was born IN the cry
81 1adrf1 in 1857. He was the thirteenth in
descent from Christopher Columbus ana
was noted in his own country for MS
Ienor,Iadge of fine cattle breeding and aSFi-
cultural pursuits
rrba d77ke was the guest of the United
States during the Worlds Fair at Chicago
in 1893 and when he landed in New YORK
from the steamer New York. OF the AmeFl-
car inc he was welcomed TO this country
bv General Horace Porter and commit
tee Mavor C;ilroy presented to the VISITOR
a set of engrossed resolutions, conveying 20
hin, the freedom OF the city. He arter~aru
vent IN washington and met President
Cleveland.
After taking his degree at the law school
of the University of Madrid the duke De-
came identified with the Liberal party N
1874 he became a member Of the Municipal
Council OF Madrid. and soon afterward be-
gan to take a keen interest in agriculture
and cattle breeding Later the duke was
chosen Minister OF the Interior and VICE
President OF the Senate and Royal Com
missioner of Agriculture.
The famous VeragUa buiiS, USed III 144S
buIIfghts in Spain, were noted Tor tnelr
ferocity and desperate fighting qualities
They were bred by the duke on his great
estates. and were sold at prices ranging
from $500 to 81 DO It was only necessary 10
tell A Spaniard that Veragua bull was I'd
no LET loose in the arena 20 assure his at
tendance
The Duke Of veragua's titles date back
70 his great ancestor Columbus In 1871. in
the Cathedral OF Santo Domingo. metallic
box was found bearing the inscription, '1he
Admiral Don Luis Colon. Duke Oh NeTas Ua'
MARQUIS OF Jamaica" evidently referring 70
the grandson of Columbus Also in the me
taIio box was discovered a case OF metal
on the inside Of which was the following
Inscription. supposed to refer to Columbus
I himself: ''IllustrissimO Esclarecido Naron
I don CristovaI Colon
Although one OF the greatest grandee5 in
/ Spain and honored by his cOuntryWen be-
| cause OF his illustriOUs descent. the Duke
/ of Veragua Was more like an English
/ squire, living the outdoor life and interested
/ always in his estates. from which he de
/ rived the principal part of his income
/ In 1881. when the American Congress was
| held in Madrid. the duke acted as one OF
! the presidents, and when It was announced
/ that there was a scarcity OF money Tor ex-
I peuses he offered to make the deficit good
/ from his own pocket In 1893 he was chosen
| chief of the Spanish worlds Fair commits
sioners. and all the arrangements in re-
gsrd to exhibits and other details we're
/ made under his personal supervision
New-York tribune., 1910-10-31
His Meetings with President Grant.

AT one time Lord Ronald was a frequent
--;sf,or To America. and while over here
saw much of the late Thorndyke Rice, the
brilliant editor of The North American
Te.-,ja.9-r- Of Oliver Wendell Holmes and
OF President Grant. OF whom he used 10
say that the fine simplicity Of his face put
him in mind Of GaribaIdi. He insisted that
The type of Grants face was Scottish, and
thai lis dry humor also savored Of the
Land . Cakes
Lord Ronald stood particularly high IN
the favor OF Queen Victoria, who hal
l.p.xu him from childhood as the son OF
4re most intimate Of al her friends, ana
few men have had better opportunities or
seeing the world and of becoming acquaint-
ID with The persons VINO render 1t interest
-ng than this singuIarIy gifted and brilliant
man. who has been in turn author, sculptor.
raiuter. conhdant Of royal personages ana
Of statesmen, collector, traveller and 30
Iennian. witty. cynical and sarcastic TO a
degree. he is fuIl Of anecdotes, and his con-
versarion is always entertaining
As far as his talents as a sculptor are
concerned. I need only refer every Amerl-
ran who has visited StratfOrd-on-AVon To
his Sha kes~ care monument there bis
,.aintfngs are nearly all in royal OF private
.,.tIEeri-s. but as far as his literary gitis
are concerned ne has furnished public eFl-
sence thereof in his exceedingly readable
hook of "Reminiscences, and II MS Dog
rsnbies Of Romney, GaiHsborough, Michaei
angelo. of Joan of Arc and in his seEeraI
works about Queen Marie Antoinette' VINO
was an object of particular cult 10 him. ana
the inspiration Of much Of his activity as
collector painter and d sculptor
New-York tribune., 1910-10-31
the NEW BRAZILIAN CABINET.

Rio de Jaueiro. Oct N-President-slecs ;
Marshal Ffermes Fonseca has selected his
new Cabinet as follows
Minister of Foreign AfraiFs-Barun De Ris
BRANCD-
Minister Of the Iuterior-SeuEor CORFEa-
Minister of PubIt- W0rls-Dr- + T sEABEA%
Minister OF Agriculture PEDRO TOLEDO
Minister Of Finance-Ss1hOr SALES
Minister OK WaI-Ge1eraI BAERETTD.
Minister OF Marine-Adnirai LEAO.
New-York tribune., 1910-10-31
DR.. M, 9. VAN sUsNRK.

Dr. nj. s. Buskirk, for forty years a
practising physician Of Central New York,
died Yesterday at the home Of his daugn-
ter. Mrs. D. B Huntsman, No IL River
side Drive. DR.. Van Buskirk was seventy
years old and was graduated from the
University of Pennsylvania He served IN
the Civil War and vas a member OF the
LEGISLATURE from 1884 TO 1885. He leaves a
wife and one daughter The funeral Will
be held at his home, at Aurora y Y,
on Wednesday at , o'clock
New-York tribune., 1910-10-31
FRENCH BIRTH RATE LARGER
Great Change in Statistics, Compared
with the Preceding Year.

Paris. oct 30.-Durlng the HSt .1,
the year 1910, it is officiaIy t,-
liie l., france exceeded the deaths hy
Oh 90 ,-l9 r,,,ricg the year 1909 the deaths e1-
oeeaed the births by 2s'Zoo.
New-York tribune., 1910-10-31

next Monday. The origfnaI cast WIZ %
seen at the Columbus Circle playhouse y
messenger service for delivering tickets has
been installed.
Edwin Carowe viii make his hrsr sp-
pearauce in Alma. Where Do fcu Liver
at Weher's Theatre tonight. playing tnS
rart OF the detective
New-York tribune., 1910-10-31
FASTENING ENGLISH MAILS
The Mauretania Sails Two Hours
Earlier Under New Agreement.

...eglstoUU. oct 38---lc steamship
-Ea-retauia sailed from here to-day al SD
r r.. Two hours earlier than usual This
e. u accordance with new arrangement
Tor The acceIera-fon Of the Amer can mails,
Whereby -Eev may be delivered al New
York or Thursday evening
New-York tribune., 1910-10-31

pened when a bust Of Louis XVI had been |
sent to his daughter. the Duchesse d'Angou- !
1eme When unpacked the marble bust
was found to be broken off at the neck
Another was sent for from Paris this time
in bronze But when If reached its desti-
na ion a fissure was found that almost
completely divided the neck Who can
wonder when such things happen that roy
aIties are superstitious%'
New-York tribune., 1910-10-31
Jesse p. oUTcAULT.
IBy Telegraph to The Tribune.l ]

Lancaster. Ohio. Oct 3O.-Jesse P Out
CAN'T. father of Richard P. OutcauIt' an
artist. Of New York City, died at his home
here late last night His son was at his
bedside when he died. having reached Ian
caster a few days ago from New York City.
Mr.. OutcauIt was one OF the Oldest resi-
dents Of Lancaster, being close 70 eighty
five years when he died He had lived N
this city ever since his marriage, sixty
y-aa-s ago
New-York tribune., 1910-10-31
SECRETARY DICKINSON SAILS.

Paris, Oct 30-Jacob VI. Dickinson. ti7s
American Secretary Of War. Mrs Dickinson
and party sailed to-day for New York oft
the steamer Priuz Friedrich Wilhelm from
Havre Ambassador Bacon and repre-
sentatives OF the French War Department
saw the visitors off al Paris
New-York tribune., 1910-10-31
MUSICAL COMMENT
Mr.. Hofmann's Recital The
Young Russian and His Old
Master "A Remarkable
Operatic Reference Book.

Mr.. Josef Hofmann IS SC familiar figure
on the local concert stage that it was diff
fcult last Saturday afternoon when he
sauntered on the platform in Carnegie Hall
in his familiar unconcerned manner to
realize that ne had not been heard here
for two and half years. He was a mar
vellous boy when the music-lOvers of New
York first made his acquaintance, and
man OF ripe years when he visited Amer
lea in the season of 19G7-190S; but on Sat
urday it seemed as if in his brief absence
he had achieved a twOfOld growth-back-
ward into something like the extraordinary
popularity which he enjoyed in his prodigy
days, and forward into artistic maturity.
Three years ago his performances were
curiOUsIy uneven and reflected the indif-
ference toward pianoforte playing which
was published also by his attitude at the
instrument and before the public. There
was a great deal TO admire in his playing,
especially its Iucidity and his command of
nicely graduated dynamics and tone-color:
but after ravishing his hearers one moment
he would offend them the next by playing
with what sometimes seemed to be con-
temptuous carelessness. Yet he always kept
the respect of the judicious by refusing to
lend his splendid technical abilities 70 the
service of mere charlatanism even in the
display pieces which, like the majority Of
virtuosi, he puts at the ends of his pro-
grammes.