davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Marshall republican., 1910-01-21
ARROW ROCK

Mrs. Horace Fades of Cooper
county was shopping here last
Tuesday.
The Electric railroad surveyors
numbering about Is reached the
opposite bank of the river here hast
Tuesday and are expected to make
a survey through this county soon.
John %Burrough of the county
was in town Tuesday.
Henry Morris and wife made the
round trip to Napton last Tuesday.
Dave Green and daughter Miss
Helen were town visitors Satur-
day.
Mrs. Parilee Bingham and broth
er Earl Gretchen after a short stay
in Marshall and Napton returned
home Thursday.
Messrs Wells and Fisher having
sold their gasoline boat "Alice"
to parties in Boonville expect to
build a larger boat in the spring
as ssoon as the weather will per-
NIT.
Miss 'Blanch Townsend was a
guest last week Of Mrs. Parilee
Bingham and family.
w. s. Shemwen and June Martin
took the boat Mabelle to Boonville
: last Thursday.
/ Watson Diggs and wife were
' guests last week of T. E. Hogge
and family.
VIII Freeman and wife OF Cooper
county We're town visitors Sarur-
day.
w. o. Burge, E. d. McMahan,
Billie and d. Lewis, Will Adams
an dJohn Whittle all OF Cooper
county were among the people in
town Saturday.
Miss Jennie Brockway was a
town visitor Saturday.
Gus Cries an enterprising farm
er west OF town was on our streets
Saturday.
Tom Davis of Hardeman s. G,
Thornton and L. A. Wilmarth OF
Cooper attended a meeting Sat-
urday OF the Arrow Rock telephone
company.
Horace Amick OF. Howard county
was t~ransacting business here on
Saturday.
Earl Gretchen who has been
visiting his many relatives here for
some time left last Saturday for
his home In Fairbanks, Alaska
Charles Janneck OF the county
was trading Saturday afternoon
with Sour merchants.
Miss Della Bierbaum very pleas
antly entertained several OF her
acquaintance last Friday evening
Those present were Misses Ruth
shemweM, Sue Fisher, Edna Park
Lillian Reynolds end Messrs. Sam
Fisher, Willie Nixon, Ralph Shem-
we'll and Huston Townsend.
Mrs. EARLY Thomas and children
visited with the formers mother,
Mrs. Virena Eastman.
1NiN- HNHNHt N|I...
The Marshall republican., 1910-01-21

burn received the sad news recent
ly OF the death of his brother in
Illinois.
John Reith of Blackburn bought
a lot tof C. J. Wagner adjoining
the latter's saddlery shop and
will build as soon as soon as the
weather permits.
The Marshall republican., 1910-01-21
NORTH

Mrs. Geo. Fortiner was the guest
Of Mrs. Jim Taylor last Friday.
Lots of corn is being hauled to
Marshall from this vicinity.
Mrs. Grace Crump and little son
visited her parents Mr.. and Mrs
A. r. Shanks near Sweet Springs
Monday.
The Marshall republican., 1910-01-21

Messrs Harry and Roy Harter OF
Fci mosa, Kans. visited Mrs. Willis
Lennon last week they left Sat-
urday for Houstonia to visit rela-
'tives at that place before return
ing home.
Miss Minnie Harris was in Sweet
Springs Friday afternoon.
The Marshall republican., 1910-01-21

is or should be worried when the
little ones have a cough or cold.
1t may lead to Group OF pleurisy
or pneumonia-then to something
more serious. Billiards. Horehound
Syrup will cure the trouble at once
and prevent any complication. Sold
by P. Fl. Franklin.
The Marshall republican., 1910-01-21

The Saline County Fair Associ-
alton held a meeting at the court
house Saturday afternoon and
while no business Of Importance
was transacted everything was re
ported moving on nicely. 3
The Marshall republican., 1910-01-21
Farm for Sale.

About ~ acres, one-fourth mile
sRsst Of Herndon, adjoining Hazel
Grove church, on the east. For
xerms call at the farm or write
laura Schmidt, rid 2, box 12i, Mar
ahall, Mo. Sweet Springs phone.
The Marshall republican., 1910-01-21
Dissolution Notice

We the undersigned, composing
the firm Of Bidstrup & Hammond,
have this day dissolved by mutual
consent the partnership hereto
fore existing between P. c. Bid
strup, w. w. Bidstrup and d. E.
Hammond. Mr.. Hammond contin-
uing the business. All debts due
said firm for which separate ar
rangements have not been made
are due and payable to d. r. HAM
mond.
p. c. Bidstrup
wv. w. Bidstrup
d. E. Hammond.
Arizona republican. [volume] (Phoenix, Ariz.) 1890-1930, 1910-08-04
A Sorry Trio.

The Mexican revolutionists, Magon
Villareal and Rivera, who were re-
leased from the Arizona penitentiary
yesterday at the expiration of the
terms for which they were sentenced
seem to have learned no lesson from
their Imprisonment. They come out
of the prison still breathing threaten
ings and slaughter against President
Diaz and the government of Mexico.
There is no probability that these
brave revolutionists will ever risk
their own precious hides. Their func-
ton is to stay safely on this side of
the line, and persuade their dupes in
Mexico to take all the risks that
haunt the steps of the anarchist in
Mexico.
But these patriotic senores assume
too much when they think that they
can repeat the offenses for which
they have just completed their prison
terms. They will find that the Amer
lean people will not uphold them in
preaching murder and war against
the Mexican authorities, and it is not
improbable that their activities will
soon land them behind the bars again.
This is a free country-to the man
who obeys the laws. But it is not a
free country for men who abuse the
blessings of our freedom by conspir-
ing on our soil against a friendly ma
ton. We have just as little use for
patriots of the stripe of Magon,
Villareal and Rivera as we should
have for conspirators who might in
Mexico plot war and murder against
the authorities of this country.
Arizona republican. [volume] (Phoenix, Ariz.) 1890-1930, 1910-08-04

and they point to the fact that every
congressman who dared to dispute the
despotic sway of Cannon was pun
ished in every way possible by the
speaker.
Republican party leaders in the ma
ton will do well to heed the lesson
of the Kansas primaries, albeit the
result was obtained by the assistance
of democratic votes. There is a coun-
try-wide revolt against Cannonism
and Aldrichism. Kansas is more near
ly the true political barometer of the
country than is, any other state. The
ideas which manifest themselves first
in Kansas generally prevail in the
country, in time Kansas is not for
democratic free trade. The state is
safely republican, when the voters
believe that republican leaders and
platforms stand for true republican
principles.
Arizona republican. [volume] (Phoenix, Ariz.) 1890-1930, 1910-08-04
PROHIBITION AND THE CoNSTI
TUITION.

To the Editor of the Republican:
Sir-In your issue of July 81, you
publish a letter from a Tucson at
torney objecting to the inclusion of
a prohibitory clause in the constitu-
ton. The substance of that letter
you put into an editorial comment.
The two points sought to be made
are, first, only fundamentals should
be included in the constitution, and,
second, the rule of the majority
should be guaranteed.
AS to the first point: What shall
be the criterion by which we shall
determine what is fundamental? Is
there any divine sanction on the
point? Is there any law of the
Modes and Persians saying what
shall be fundamental in making con-
stitutions? Is there anything in your
list of fundamentals which precludes
the inclusion of the prohibition of the
manufacture and sale of intoxicating
liquor?
The object OF constitution is to
preserve and advance the material
and moral welfare of the people This
Arizona republican. [volume] (Phoenix, Ariz.) 1890-1930, 1910-08-04
Hark From the Tomps!

A notable and amusing develop
ment in connection with the discus
sion of proposed features OF Arizona S
constitution is the alacrity with which
politicians of the has been" class
members of the political down and
out" club-are rushing to the front
and telling the people what kind of
a constitution they should adopt. All
of these gentlemen are reformers.
Ballot box suffers, takers of brides,
all-around crooks, are uniting in a
chorus of reform"
Suggestions as to the constitution,
if considered at all, should be con-
sidered on their merits, of course, and
regardless of the sources whence they
emanate. But the wide-awake peo-
of amusement in noting the readiness
with which some of our time dis
tinguished citizens. having in posi-
tons of trust betrayed the people and
made records which stink to high
heaven. are trying, by an assumption
of piety and civic virtue, to tell US
just what we ought to do in making
our constitution.
The hypocrite and the Pharisee
never flourish for long, however, and
it is our guess that it will be the
sad fate of sundry professional re-
formers to learn that they can't
come back"
Arizona republican. [volume] (Phoenix, Ariz.) 1890-1930, 1910-08-04
GOOD WISHES.

For every leaf the loveliest flower
Which beauty signs for from her
For every star a drop of dew
For ever ysun a sky of blue
For every heart heart as true
For every tear by pity shed
Upon a fellow sufferers head,
Oh, be a crown of glory given;
Such crowns as saints to gain have
striven-
Such crowns as seraphs wear in
heaven.
For all who toll at honest fame.
A proud. a pure. deathless name;
For all who love. who loving bless
Be life one long, kind, close caress-
Be life all love. all happiness.
j. =. Bailey.
Arizona republican. [volume] (Phoenix, Ariz.) 1890-1930, 1910-08-04

1t is to be hoped that the condemna-
ton board of the navy department
will find some way to keep the
armored cruiser Brooklyn in the serv-
ice. To send to the junk heap the
vessel with which Schley won indy
ing fame for the American navy
would be almost as much of a sac
rilege as would have been the de-
struction of the frigate Constitution.
The prosaic authorities of the navy
would have destroyed the Constitu-
ton when it's usefulness was at an
end, had not the protest of the Ameri-
can people, voiced in the ringing
verses of oliver Wendell Holmes,
pricked the official conscience at
Washington.
Omaha daily bee. (Omaha [Neb.]) 187?-1922, 1910-11-06
SURE AND SPEEDY JUSTICE
Criminal Procedure in English Courts
Compared with American
Methods

Judge John d. Lawson, dean OF the law
school of the Missouri State university, and
DR.. Keedy, head Of the law department OF
the Northwestern university, who have
been abroad four months studying criminal
procedure in England, are in Washington
Although We obtained our original Grim
inal law from England" said Judge Law
son, I'VE are today a century behind that
country in criminal procedure. l have sat
with the court on various benches through
out England and / have travelled with the
circuit courts and court OF appeals and
learned much of their practice and the
expeditions way in which they dispose of
the legal business that comes before the
English courts. That experience Is suf-
ficient to convince one sonversant with
American methods Of the imperative neoes-
sity for reform in the administration of
Justice in this country.
In England every man gets absolute
justice and fair play, but the courts there
will not tolerate delay. It Is rare a Juror
is challenged. Opposing lawyers get to-
gethsr before cases are called, agree upon
the venire and make every arrangement
possible TO assist the court and obtain an
early trial. American practices leading TO
inteTminable delays ana repeated postpone
ments Of cases are not known, and would
not be permitted IL attempted On one day
/ recall the court Of appeals made more
than fifteen decisions in addition to at
tending TO motions and other routine bust
ness that came before the court. After the
lawyers had concluded their arguments the
judges held a short consultation, authoriz-
ing one Of their number 10 give the opinion
Of the court, and IL was done instantly.
marveled at this, and asked why decision
was given in this way. The judges OF the
/ English court saw nothing unusual in sucf
practice. These people are before US for a
/ Judgment one member OF the court re-
piled. We have heard the argument ant
know the law, 80 why not render oul
( opinion immediately
This is the reason the English court,
are not congested like ours. and Il Is thii
policy that makes British justice speedy
and sure. Reversing q judgment Is ,
rarity and cases never hang fire as they
do with u.s. The judges Of the British
courts are men Of ths highest type and ar,
well paid. Jurists holding positions simila
. TO our state circuit judges receive a salar1
of from $1,000 to $1,000 a year, while th
members OF the municipal court that dea
with minor criminal matters receive a sal
/ AIRY Of about 1850 Positions on the benol
in England give social prestige and the
are priced By some Of the best legal mind
in the country. The system 10 much NOR
advanced than ours, and their practice In
cludes many OF the reforms that Presiden
Taft has advocated ana which inevitabI
must be- adopted in the United states D.
Washington Herald.
Persistent AdvsrusipE is tas Ross V -
RssurnA
Omaha daily bee. (Omaha [Neb.]) 187?-1922, 1910-11-06
DUN'S REVIEW OF TRADE
Whatever Change Exists is Chiefly in
Point of View.
PROGRESS IN IRON AND STEEL
Dry Goods Market as whole Reflects
Expansion in Retail Demand,
Although Labor Troubles
Cause Anxiety.
PROGRESS IN IRON AND sTEE

NEW YORK, Nov. 5.-R. G. Dun and
company's Weekly Review today says:
Whatever change there is, lie chiefly in
the point OF view. 1t is the characteristic
feature OF the situation that whereas a
Few weeks ago business interest put
emphasis on the uncertainties Of the out
look and the possible dangers involved,
now the emphasis is mostly on the hopeful
aspects, Yet so far as actual develop
ments are concerned there is very little
change, and the volume OF actual tran
sactions continues below productive ca
Recent developments in iron and steel
encourage the more hopeful feeling already
noted even though progress is slow,
The dry goods market as a whole reflects
expansion in retail demand, although labor
disturbances cause some anxiety. Cotton
goods in first hands are generally quiet,
exceptions being in staple prints where
the ordering for spring delivery is good
and where the wash goods trade is steady
on advance business. The yarn markets
rule steady but not active.
steady Improvement is maintained and IN
sole leather is especially firm. Upper
sole feathers are duh and weak owing to
the substitution OF velvets In uppers.
Omaha daily bee. (Omaha [Neb.]) 187?-1922, 1910-11-06

10 THE VOTERS OF DOUGLAS COUN-
TY, NEBRASKA:
You are hereby advised that there will
be a voting machine set up this evening
in the City Hall, South Omaha; City Hall.
and will remain there until Monday, No
Vember T. at 10 o'clock p. m, TO give in
strucuons|in the use Of the machine TO
those who may call
Dated at Omaha. this End day of Novem-
Der, 1910.
d. M HAVERLY,
Nov ST County Clerk.
Omaha daily bee. (Omaha [Neb.]) 187?-1922, 1910-11-06
REAL ESTATE TRANSFERS


Real estate transfers for November 6
furnished by Midland Guarantee and
Trust company, Bonded Abstraoters, I714
Farnam street Telephone Douglas 2S65:
William S. Curtis and wife to Roy A.
Ralph, s45 feet OF lots IL and u,
block 1O4, Dundee place..,,........,.S
Harry M. Christie to w. Farnam
Smith, lot II, block 8, First addition
to Orchard place. 300
Victoria j. Hogan and husband to
Frankie +. Smith, lot 3, block 40,
Albrights Choice. ...................... 1
f. X. Wileman and wife to John A.
Mckenzie, lot 1, block 20, Omaha. 1
Emily .. Dilworth to William A
Dilworth. lots II and Is. block z, Hill
side NO. ....s.,...s.s......... 900
Frank Martzohn and wife to u. s.
Hanger and Marinda Hanger. lot II,
block 10, South Omaha..........,,... / 100
State National Bank of Cleveland to
Jacob l.. Rather, lots 1877 and 1876,
LenoN addition ...,..................... 40
Eva Il Elliott and husband 20 Louisa
J. Wilson, lot l, Dennett's subdivi-
sion .s.'.'''''.''''''''''..'..' AOO
Omaha daily bee. (Omaha [Neb.]) 187?-1922, 1910-11-06

Music at tho Dundee Presbyterian church
for Sunday, November 6:
Omaha daily bee. (Omaha [Neb.]) 187?-1922, 1910-11-06

The Omaha New Thought fellowship is
to have a leader from Chicago. DR.. Eliza
beth Severn has arrived in this city for the
purpose Of working as a metaphysical
teacher and healer under the auspices of
the Omaha New Thought fellowship. DIR.
Severn is an experienced platform worker
and new thought writer OF ability. She
will make her first address Sunday morn
ing in the Lyric theater
Omaha daily bee. (Omaha [Neb.]) 187?-1922, 1910-11-06
Col Jim Deright had bunch of
slightly used automobiles. He began
to advertise them in these classified col
umnS.
uTnnS.

every single one Of
tb0ss after began Hst thsu
Omaha daily bee. (Omaha [Neb.]) 187?-1922, 1910-11-06
TOPICS OF TIE DAY OF REST
Approach Of Election Viewed with
Interest by Several Pastors.
WILL DISCUSS ISSUES SUNDAY
Reva. n. II. HOuseman, }. G. schick
and Nathaniel McGiffin Announce
Sermons ON Political Topics
other Church Items.
WILL DISCUSS ISSUES SUNDAY

The approach of election day has melted
several clergymen to prepare sermons for
this Sunday on the issues Of the campaign
and the election OF Tuesday will be dis
oussed by Rev. Nathaniel MoGAffin at the
Lowe Avenue Presbyterian, Rev. John
Grant shiok at the McCabe Methodist and
Rev. r. II. Houseman at the CASTELAR,
Street Presbyterian church.
by the choir Of the First Congregational
church, Frederick c. Freemantel, director,
will have the following program:
Organ adagio Sonata 2.... Dudley Buck
Miss Nancy Cunningham.
Anthem-Sing Unto the Lord. Dudley Buck
Baritone solo-Lord, God of Abraham.
Mr. Harry Disbrow.
Offertory-Yiolin solo (Serenade) -. .PiOrne
Miss Grace Mcbride.
Anthem-Calvary .................... Rodney
Solos by Miss Zoe Fries, Mr..
Disbrow.
Tenor solo-To the Angels .Zarde
Frederick c. Freemantel.
Anthem-My Faith Looks Up to Thee.
Violin obligato. Miss Mcbride; solos,
Miss Ruth Mcbride, Miss Blei.
Mr.. Dirbrow, Mr.. Freemantel
Postlude-Grand chorus .......,. .Guilmant
At the Walnut Hill Methodist Sunday
school the orchestra, led by Prof. II. T.
Fellers, will give a fifteen-minute pro-
gram at noon. With the morning service at
1880 the pastor begins q series Of ser
mons for the month OF November on vari-
Gus phases OF a much neglected topic.
Omaha daily bee. (Omaha [Neb.]) 187?-1922, 1910-11-06
Burd F. Miller

Rev. g. Harmon Jones OF Regina, sasl. /;
will occupy the pulpit at the First Baptist,
Park avenue and Harvey street. morning
and evening; 1880 a. m, subject, THE
Coronation Of Conqueror;" 1880 p. m.,
subject, ''The Servant OF Us ALL" The
communion OF the Lords supper will be OBJ
served at the close Of the morning service.
A young mems bible class will be organized
in the Sunday school, which Oonvenes at
II o'clock. teacher Of ability has been
secured for this class, and all young men
attending the church are requested to en-
roll in this class.
Omaha daily bee. (Omaha [Neb.]) 187?-1922, 1910-11-06

ODvet Grand and Thirty-eighth George
MsaeDougSii Psst4r-Ssryices at Il and 1850
at g. Young peoples meeting at ESQ, Sub
evening, when Saved"
Calvary, Twenty NTH and Hamilton, Rev.
10. r. Curry, Pastor-Services at 1880 and
1880, led by the pastor. The Lords Supper
will be observed at the close of the morn
given new members. Evening subject, ''The
Conflict or the Ages Bible school at r.
Young peoples, meeting at $50. Midweek
devotional service Wednesday at 8.
Emmanuel, Twenty-fourth and Pinkney
Rev. J. Scott Ebersole, Pastor-Sunday
school at $50. Preaching at II and 1880
sermon, The Kings Business" Reception
Of new members and the Lords Supper.
Evening sermon Bed Too Short and
hold gospel meetings every evening this
week. The large chorus will lead the sing
ing The pastor will preach.
ChFistian Science.
First Church Of Christ, Twenty-fifth and
school at s;l5; services at ii and s, Subject
OF lesson sermon, Adam and Fallen Man '
Second Church Of Christ, Nineteenth and
Farnam, Lyric Theater-Sunday school al
sermon, Adam and Fallen Man"
congregational
Parkyale Gold and Thirty nrst-sunday
school al 10; n. G. Wilbur, superintendent
Christian EndeaVOr at $50. Evening WOF,
ship at $50 Rev. John p. Clyde will preach
St Mary's Avenue, J. A. jenkins. u. d.
Mlnister-CommuniOn and reception OF new
members 1890 a m, peoples service
Danger signals for American Homes d
1880 ,. m, Music by quartet.
Plymouth, Twentieth and Spencer. John
p clyde, Notwithstanding worship si
80; theme, "Christs Message to Men
Sunday school at 1880 Christian EndeavoI
at 6;ib Evening worship, In charge Of
North Side Christian church, at 1880
( First, Nineteenth and Davenport, Fred
erick r. Rouse, PastOr-MOrninF subject
| The Ten Commandments Of Peace" Spa
| cial musical service In the evening al la
| by the choir, directed by Or. Frederic q
| Freemantel
Episcopal,
] All saints Twenty sixth and Dewe,
/ Avenue r. j. Mackay, Rector-Holy com
munion az 1880 a, M morning prayer anC
sermon al II a. m.
! Saint Matthias, Tenth and Worthinston
Rev James Noble, Rector-services Sunday
Omaha daily bee. (Omaha [Neb.]) 187?-1922, 1910-11-06
Wisconsin.
miscellaneous.

HAVE YoU A FARM FOR SALE OR
TRADED Or DO you want to buy one .
Make your wants known through THE
DIES MONIES CAPITAL. the want me-
dunn Of Iowa Rates: ] cent q word for
each insertion, cents a line. 70 cents an
inch. Circulation. 1900; largest OF any
Iowa daily. Give US a trial. Address The
Omaha daily bee. (Omaha [Neb.]) 187?-1922, 1910-11-06


Response-The Lords Prayer. Palmer
sentence-Biessed Are the Pure in Heart
Omaha daily bee. (Omaha [Neb.]) 187?-1922, 1910-11-06

Anthem-Seek Ye the Lord.......... Robert
Tenor solo and obliRato, Raymond
p. Anderson, choir.
Bass sOlO-There is a Land of Pure De-
Omaha daily bee. (Omaha [Neb.]) 187?-1922, 1910-11-06

Bishop Scannell will preach at st. Ce-
eelia's pro cathedral tomorrow morning at
the II o'clock mass.
Omaha daily bee. (Omaha [Neb.]) 187?-1922, 1910-11-06

On account Of overhauling Of the heating
plant Of All Saints Protestant Episcopal
church, Twenty-sixth street and Dewey
avenue, no services will be held in the
church Sunday.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1910-04-21
GOING AHEAD.

That North Dakota IS gong anea0
in more ways than one, only needs
the eye of a practical observer, and
the opinion of man Of reason and
possessing enough common sense TO
appreciate. An employe of Oscar fl.
Will stated that five thousand young
trees had been removed from their
beds and would soon be ready for
shipment to various parts of the state.
Among some of the purchasers we
noticed the names of G. H. Halmson
of Reeder; Rufus B. Lee of Glad
stone; A. G. Elferston of Dickinson;
E. J. Joseph of DENLY; Edward P.
Kelly Of Covington; A. Stebbins Of
Granville, and Mr.. J. C. Sherman of
Steele. In addition to the above ship
ment there were 800 pounds of seed
of various kinds, which were being
shipped to New Castle, Wyo.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1910-04-21
OBITUARY.,

Died, Helen Holm, at the residence
of Geo. Robidou, Monday, April IL,
at s p. m.
She was bo"u in the southern part
of Sweden on the 25th Of December,
1884. came to Wisconsin, in 1880 and
to North Dakota in 1888.
She lived at Painted Woods man!
years. Her husband died in 1898.
She has lived in Bismarck since the
death of her husband. with her daugh-
ter, Mrs. George Robidou.
She was always warm freln'! to
everyone she met.
She was buried at 2 p. m. Wednes-
day. April 20, and the funeral services
were held from the Lutheran church,
of which she was a member.
Mrs. A. F.. Nelson and Chas. Holm
of Painted Woods. were her step
children. :.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1910-04-21
Candidates should purchase their
petition blanks at the Tribune. We
have the approved form.
ESTABLISHED A PRECEDENT

ESTABLISHED A PRECEDENT
Rud Jennison, of Canheld, who was
arrested some time ago, stood trial
Wednesday and was convicted on the
evidence of four witnesses. Rud was
fined $50 and costs. No defense was
made. The case came up before JUS
tice Pierce and the evidence went to
show that the day he started out with
his engine the wind was blowing a
gale. Sparks coming from the smoke
stack ignited the grass, which caus-
ed so much damage to real aIZ per-
sonal property. This is the first case
Of the kind where such a sentence
has been passed, and therefore estab-
fishes a precedent.