davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Birmingham age-herald., 1910-05-08

~ HE average man fas m idea that
 the first of January and the first of
 - the year came together by some natural arrangement, and that the year begins on January 1 because 1t could not well begin on any other date. Yet as n matter of fact beginning the year on and as late as the year 1745 people in Italy began their year on the Festival of the Incarnation, which was placed on March 25
 History shows that for centuries Eu- ropean nations had many legal and off, c.al dates on which the year began. The first country to select January 1 was France, and this date was proclaimed as New Years Day first by the young King Charles K, and only by slow degrees was 1t accepted by other modern na- tions.
 Down until a hundred years after the discovery of America nations continued to use the old New Year date of the Roman Empire, which Julius Caesar put on the 1st of March. Some nations for centuries began the year at Easter, and all of Europe began 1t at Christmas dur ing the period of the early Crusades.
 Years that began with movable feast like Easter were the hardest for science to handle, as they did not end and begin on the same dates any two successive years. For example, the year 1347 be- gan on the 1st of April and ran over until the twentieth day of the following April, producing nearly 13 months and nearly two full months of April In that single year. There were 20 days dupli- cate dates, such as two April 1, 1347; two April 2, 1347, and so down to April 19, when Easter came and the year 134s began on April 20.
 Of course, such method of beginning the year could not have existed where intelligence was of a fair order. The Ro- mans never permitted so ridiculous duplication in their annals. although they did begin their year on March l. But then, as a matter of fact, March l has many reasons in its favor, especially in climate like that of Italy and Rome It really began new season md season when nature started once more to grow and flourish and new crops could be obtained from the earth.
 However, the fact which crentes the year is the fact that the earth goes around the sun in a long, narrow ellipse in 365 days and a tiny fraction. It is evident that 1t Is matter of choice or
The Birmingham age-herald., 1910-05-08

Indian girl leaves Carisle-as fine a spec linen of the genus homo as anyone would care to see-the chances are her heart is in keeping of some young man of her own race whom she has cheered on to victory on the football field If these two educated and enlightened young peo- pie marry, their children will be like them. If there are enough of these mar riages a new generation of Indians, vast ly superior to the others, may rise to save the race.
 Many Of the men return to the reserva- tions as teachers and lawmakers. With wives that have also been reared and educated at Carlisle their influence in up- lifting their own people is doubly strong. Some of the football champions take posi- tions in the East as civil engineers and mechanists. They are always quick to grasp situations, eager to do their best and capable of enduring physical strain that some white men could not stand
 But the work and lives of the girls who come from Carlisle are especially interest ing, for until a few years ago the Indian girl was more or less rarity in the East Our natural conception of the Indian woman is that of a slow-moying creature.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1910-05-08

Carlisle He would come in contact with fine, strong men and noble women who stand as opponents of q higher ciyili- Zation for their raee-a race that needs their influence and example more than all the land the government can bequeath it.
 From the reservations in the West and Southwest mostly come these sons and daughters of dethroned kings. They are Sioux, Oneida, Apache, Chippewa, Sem eca, Cherokee, Tuscarora, Alaska, Pueblo Cheyenne, Winnebago, Nez Perce and the once powerful Iroquois-names that several centuries ago were known throughout the vast realm that the Iro- quois planned to develop into a great Western empire. They are the last of their tribes, but in them is the hope of their people who are again wistfully turn ing rheir faces to the rising sun.
 As children they have known little, as a rule, but reservation life-a life that engenders shiftlessness and immortality. When these young men and women are graduated from Carlisle they are splen- did types of American citizens. The men become civil engineers, physicians and scientific agrculturists. The women are
The Birmingham age-herald., 1910-05-08

secret. ! be straw Is taken from the stock room and placed in a vat contain ing the bleaching solution. It remains there from three to IA days, dependent upon the kind it is Then the braid Is placed in huge dryers until it is perfectly dry and then 1t is subjected to a sul- phur smoke which prevents 1t from mil dew. The braids are then sorted out and are ready for making into hats
 One of the first steps toward making straw hats is the making of the patterns or shape moulds. These form a most i'm portant part of the equipment of the factory and they represent the expendi- ture of much time and money. The first step is to cast block of plaster of paris and this is whittled by hand to the shape desired, standard shape or one that the manufacturer thinks will be a novelty and cause a run on. The staple shapes, it may be said, are the straight crowns with straight or curled brims and slightly tapered crowns with curled brims.
 When the plaster of paris model is ap- proved a casting of 1t is made in zinc, which is then finished off smooth by grinding and polishing Zinc Is used be-
 
 requires half a dozen or more shapes and It is estimated that it costs $500 to make up single set. When it is understood that the average factory carries about 400 different shapes and that it takes about 125 tons Of zinc to make up the patterns or shapes for q 50,0O0-dozen plant the importance of this department can be appreciated.
 The 400 shapes, however, do not rep resent as much of q range in models as may be supposed, for every size of each style of hat has its several shapes in each of the departments through which 1t goes in the course of making The styles are. with few exceptions, similar to each other, but there may be a differ ence of an eighth of an inch in the height of the crown or the width of the brim. Even the slightest difference re- quires a full set of shapes.
 Most of the work of making hats is performed by female labor. and the first department is the sewing hall, whence the braid goes after it has passed through the grading following the sulphur bath. The hanks of braid are given to girls who, sitting at power machines, sew them into hats. The first step of the sewing is the making of the tip, or but ton. which is in the center of the crown. This button is formed and sewed by hand. Then 1t is placed in the sewing machine and rapidly becomes q disk.
 After the disk has reached the proper size for the crown required, the girl deftly turns 1t and forms the side. The girls become so expert that they can tell to q nicety just how many braids must be laid for a given size, but, now land then, they lay the hat upon shape
The Birmingham age-herald., 1910-05-08

loring shops for women. The tapestries she weaves are beautiful examples of her artistic sense and her skill with the needle. One of the buildings at Carlisle contains dozens of lovely examples of the handiwork of its students both boys and girls. Indian designs are applied to many modern articles that are both use ful and ornamental Embroidery of all Kinds Is made as well as rugs. friezes for wall decoration. cushions and table cov- ers Both the Navajo and Persian mcth- ods of weaving are used with splendid results. The boys largely turn their at tention to photography, in which they be- come expert. One entire building at Car lisle is devoted to teaching photographic work in its various branches.
 In developing the artistic sense of the young Indians, music plays a great part. The boys have band and the girls n guitar and mandolin club. The Indian girl particularly learns Instrumental music rapidly and before graduation ia apt to become proficient on the guitar or mandolin. Concerts are given, and to hear these boys and girls of once say age race playing with fervor our patri- otic airs Is calculated to make ones blood run warmer and his pulse beat faster.
 The dramatic entertainments are equal- ly as important as those musical The literary societies bring out the Indians natural ability as an orator, and the plays that are given show both young men and young women at their best. Standard comedies are generally selected for presentation. Shakespeare being played with ability and intelligence by actors who never heard of the great bard until they came to Carlisle is a spectacle that raises to q high degree the visitors admiration for these representatives of an unfortunate people.
 The results of this training along art istic and utilitarian lines are already be- ing felt. The government has under taken to father in the West other schools like Carlisle, believing that In these schools the Indian problem' may be solved.
 For this training the Indian is more than grateful He has no sneaking hate for the government that is trying to help him. On the contrary, when he leaves Carlisle he is patriotic through and through. He has seen the Stars and Stripes waving over his school since he first came from the reservation, and he has come to appreciate the aims and ideals of the government whose flag he salutes.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1910-05-08

She is burdened with the cares that have come down to her through centuries and invariably she carries dirty pappoose on her back.
 The young Indian woman whom Car iisle graduates is as far removed from thls type of female as is the modern American girl from the peasant woman of England. She comes to Carlisle a child. There she is taught practically everything that goes to make up use full woman of the world, woman capa- ble of taking care of herself and help ing others.
 Under what Is known as the "outing system" the Indian girl-and the Indian boy, too. for that natter goes into some of the best homes in Pennsylvania. Into whatever home she goes she is given light household duties to attend to and she goes to the public school with the children of the family. She learns the ways of the paleface and naturally adopts the ideals that have kept the paleface at the forefront of the worlds progress.
 The extent to which this outing system has grown may be realized when one considers that in some years the Indian
The Birmingham age-herald., 1910-05-08
Io0s2S SA2ozz0La1A7a Mal1enM MAe
 GoerH 21JIlLz7~

boys and girls going into the best homes have numbered upward of n thousand. These, of course. receive pay for their work and their earnings have totaled as high as $30,0O0 in single year!
 By nature the Indian woman Is adapted to domestic surroundings In the first place, she is physically stronger than the woman of any other race perhaps A frail, puny and poorly developed woman Is a rarity among those whose skin is cop per colored. Coming of race whose whole existence has been out of doors, she is agile and healthy. While her paleface sisters have been encasing their bodies in tight clothes for generations the Indian woman has lived in harmony with the laws of nature.
 In the gymnasium her skill strength and quickness are commensurates to the strength of her brother on the football field. She plays basketball with a vim and eagerness that might be an example to some of the girls in the female semi nares. When she leaves Carlisle she Is as well developed physically as mentally.
 This training in homes, at school and In the gymnasium fits her ideally for that most noble of all callings for women nursing. No better trained nurse exists than the young Indian woman Sights 
 shivers and throw her into fits of nerv- ous fright as they do many girls who don the nurses apron. Her nerves are under perfect control and she is quiet and gentle. Any hospital that gets one of these young women graduates of Carlisle makes a fortunate addition to its staff. Several of the large hospitals in Phila- delphia and New York have Indian nurses who are of greatest assistance to the phy- sicians in cases that demand calmness and quick action.
 Domestic inclinations lead many In- dian women to become teachers in the homes of their own people. Many an Indian girl has come to Carlisle knowing little of the civilization of the white race. She has returned to the reservation to teach and uplift her people with the ideals of the paleface. She goes back home thoroughly loyal to Carlisle. and its lofty aims.
 Hand and head she is fitted for this ennobling work. She is equally capable of teaching the primary branches of learning or fashioning a garment for child or adult. The Indian girl with lit tie training becomes an expert needle woman. She can make a ball gown as easily as a dress to be worn about the house. Some of the graduates of Car lisle find good positions in the best tai
The Birmingham age-herald., 1910-05-08

expert dressmakers, musicians, teachers and trained nurses. Meeting these stud ents and graduates of Carlisle makes one wonder if the Indian ever was as savage and bloodthirsty as he has been pictured by prejudiced historians. The men are courteous, kind and considerate. The women are gentle, patient and willing to
 work faithfully in the vocation they have chosen. Carlisle, indeed seems to work miracle with the Indian.
 These young men and women scions Of q primitive race and possessed of all the emotions and passions that dominated their ancestors, are going to school to- gether at Carlisle as peacefully as the boys and girls of our public schools. The sight is enough to make the impartial observer think that maybe the Indians are the most maligned of all the people God ever created. The rules at Carlisle are no stricter than at any other coedu cational school, and not nearly so rigid as at some doublesexed institutions. So- cability is not only not prohibited. but Is encouraged The young men are al lowed to visit the girls in the higher classes at certain times. There is a mo- tive in this and noble one. When the
The Birmingham age-herald., 1910-05-08
L~-%-HA-7-K-E-zle
 S C<709g G0lZLrY Zazz2

~ HE Indian. driven from the east ern section of the United States
 more than a century ago. has
 fathers near the Atlantic coast to reach the highest point in civilization that he has ever attained.
 The great government school for Indians at Carlisle, in the rich agricultural belt of Pennsylvania. is the center of a new Indian civilization whose influence is be- ing felt In several of the Eastern states and on the reservations in the West. In the early history of this country the spot on which Carlisle stands was frontier military post. There Benjamin Franklin made a treaty with the Indian tribes in 1753 In later years the Red skins were driven back across the rapidly extending frontier, and as war and dis ease thinned their ranks, they withdrew to the lands reserved for them in the far West.
 But now the Indian has come back to Pennsylvania under the care and protec- ton of the government that drove him away from his rich hunting grounds. Carlisle, the largest and most influential of the governments Indian schools, is known mostly for its victories on the gridiron. Mention of Carlisle brings to the average mind the picture of a foot ball field with a band of eleven red skinned young warriors rushing ferocious- ly down the field against eleven equally stalwart pale face champions from an- other college. Carlisle's football teams are known to every lover of sport. When ever the Indians play there is a throng to see them battle in a game in which their primitive characteristics stand out boldly. To see young man of twenty descendant of chiefs who ruled over thousands when Captain John Smith was a boy and Washington yet unborn-charg- Ing around the ends or "bucking the | line" Is an action picture that will thrill | any football spectator.
 But Carlisle means far more than foot | ball, as many friends of the Indian are beginning to find out. Those who have in- | herited the belief that the only good Indian is the one six feet under terra irma | should meet some of the graduates of
The Birmingham age-herald., 1910-05-08

~ HE manufacture of mems straw hats Is one of the most important
 industries in this country, for the
 - annual production is close to S00Oo0
 dozen, ranging in price from $3oo to sS4 per dozen wholesale, and retailing from 50 cents to S10 each. The industry is constantly growing, for the demand for summer headgear by men is greater now than it ever was, and, more than that, the majority of men buy not less than two of these lightweight hats each sum- mer.
 The greater quantity of straw for the making of hats comes from China. where the rice and wheat straw is not only grown for the purpose but 1t is braided and assorted there, coming to the United States ready for bleaching and sewing together Considerable straw comes from Japan, while Switzerland, Belgium, Italy and England furnish some. The relation of production of the raw materials, how ever, is: China, 75qe; Japan, 209o, and the others combined, 5ao.
 All of the plating of straw is done by hand, and it is put up In various widths, quality and kind, running in lengths of 12 yards, 24 yards, 60 yards and 12O yards. Each length is bound up into q hank, Is tied at each end, and several hanks, tied together, are then wrapped in paper, again tied up and put into either cases or bales for ship ment.
 The manufacturer, upon receiving the braids, finds them q pale yellow The trade demands white hats, however, and it is necessary to bleach the straw to that color. A few years ago, when the industry was young and the Mackinaw hats were popular there was no bleach ing Then, with the increase in the sale of the hats and the introduction of the foreign bralds, there came a demand for white straw and the bleaching process was introduced. The braids were washed fin weak acid solution and were then hung on the roof to dry in the sun. It was claimed that by that process the best results were obtained
 But these methods of bleaching did not produce the white hat, and to keep even with the demand the hatmakers cast about for another method, finally adopt Ing the tank and dryer process that is now generally employed. Strange to say, the new method is much slower than the old, taking three or four times as Iong to get the straw the right color but at the same time the straw is ,leached far winter, although the life of he color is far less than by the old method.
 The component parts of the bleach are ! trade secert and a valuable one lrm organized couple of years ago paid B,000 for the formula of such a bleach me can understand why It is such a
The Birmingham age-herald., 1910-05-08

Ha HE Indian. driven from the east ~ ern section of the United States & more than a century ago, has W1 returned to the land of his fore
 fathers near the Atlantic coast to
Arizona republican., 1910-01-17
RIGHT OF A LAWYER
To Represent in Court an Organization
 of Which He Is Msmber.

Jackson. Miss. Jan. 16.--An inter esting legal case, involving the now disputed point as to the right of Hon. D. A. Scott, member of the Yazoo- Mississippi delta levee board. to act in his capacity as an attorney-at Tn litigation affecting the. interests and affairs of the, board, will come up for it's first hearing at Clarksdale tomor- row s
 The bill of injunction filed by the attorney general states the position or the state and of the governor. and seeks to restrain the employment of Mir Scott in legal capacity, whilst he is member of the body. To this bill the board entered a demurrer, coupled with motion to dissolve the injunction. and it Is on the demurrer and the motion that the case will come before Chancellor Denton for the first hearing
Arizona republican., 1910-01-17
MISSOURI RlcIFIc's BIG BOND ISSUE
It VIII Be Ratified by the Stockholders
 Tomorrow.

St. Louis. Jan 16.-At special meeting of the stockholders of the Missouri Pacific Railway company. a Gould property, to be held in this city on Tuesday. a $175.00O.000 bond issue will be ratified The issue will consist of convertible 5 per cent first and re- funding mortgage fifty-year gold bonds. Present stockholders will be permitted to subscribe for the bonds at the rate of ss50 per 5000 bond. up to thirty-six per cent of the par value of their present holdings.
 The stockholders will authorize the Missouri Pacific company to purchase from time to time of not to exceed s25, ,000.O0 par value of the bonds of the Iron Mountain road. another Gould property.
 Consent will be given to the pur- chase of the whole or any part of the railroads and other property and fran chises of all or any of the following named railroad companies: Carthage and Western Railroad company. Joplin and Western Railway company. St Louis Oak Hill and Carondolet Rail- way company. Sedalia. Warsaw and Southwestern Railway company. The Kansas City Northwestern Railroad company. Omaha Belt Railway com pany. Omaha Southern Railway com pany. Pacific Railway company in Ne- braska. The Pueblo and State Line Railroad company. and Kansas and Arkansas Valley railway.
Arizona republican., 1910-01-17
Il BRITISH ORDER
 AGAINST FIGHTING
IN THE IMMEDIATE VICINITY OF
 oREvToWN.
Americans at eIuefislds Find Some
 thing Sinister in It.

Bluefields. Nicaragua. Jan. 16.-The official declaration by Captain Theisi- ger of the British warship Scylla. sta- tioned at Nicaragua. that there will be no fighting at Greytown. is still re- garded by resident Americans as a move not as innocent as it appears. Many declare that it is a covert slap at the United States.
 Greytown is the sole British legacy remaining on the Mosquito coast. All the town has fallen into decay. Such property as there is is owned by Brit ish subjects. many of them negroes from Jamaica. Notwithstanding. the United States has recognized the blockade which Estrada has declared against Greytown.
 British Consul Bingham at Greytown generally is reported to have been in- terested in certain enterprises with Zelaya. It is said that he requested that a warship be sent to that port, and the appearance of the Scylla fol- lowed.
 Meanwhile Captain Niblick has been dispatched to Greytown with the Ta- coma. ostensibly for provisions. but in reality to care for the wounded in the anticipated battle
 Americans believe that Captain The siger's order furnishes a further reas son for the presence of txe Tacoma. Captain Niblick is in a position to keep a watchful eye on the Scylla and to carry out immediate orders that might from Washington as result of Thesiger's attitude.
Arizona republican., 1910-01-17
| GRAIN OF FAITH
 IN EXPLORER COOK
That He May Be Shown Not to Have
 Lied Deliberately.

f Copenhagen, Jan. 16.-The truth of Dr.. Cooks claims of having reached the north pole may yet be demonstrat- ed in the opinion of the few friends and believers he still has left here. John R. Bradley. the packer of pr. Cook. has asked Captain Sverdrup. the noted arctic explorer. to go with him on a polar exploration trip and it is understood that Sverdrup has consent ed to make the trip. Plans have not so far progressed yet as to set any time for starting. but as near as can be learned preparations are now being made
 More than one of the men most fa- mliiar with arctic work while admitting that Dr. Cook has been unfortunate in ms actions since his return from the north and failed entirely so far as pre- senting scientific proof of having reached the pole, believe that he went far north and on his return honestly believed he had reached farthest north. These men are inclined to believe if Sverdrup undertakes the trip with MT. Bradley he will be able to bring back some corroboration of Cooks nara tive.