davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune., 1910-12-11

the suburban. with twenty-five tracks,
beneath the express, provided with
forty-two tracks. Beneath the lower
tracks is to be a subway for the move
men Of baggage. There will, therefore,
be four levels, the track levels being be
low the street level. In the Pennsylva-
MIA station the tracks are all on one
level. with the waiting rooms one flight
down from the street surface. and the
exit passageways suspended between the
waiting room level and the train plat
forms 4 special subway is also pro-
vided in this station for the movement
OF baggage.
The Grand Central station will have
train platforms level with the car plat
forms. In this respect and that of en-
tire separation of the inbound and out
bound streams Of travellers the two
stations are alike. These stations will
New-York tribune., 1910-12-11

Grand Central Terminal. The rates of
slope We're not decided upon until after
months of study and the application of
the most severe tests. by some of the
leading officials of the road. In the
planning OF great railway passenger
station one of the problems is that of
getting men and women who are in a
hurry into and out of the trains and the
building without friction. The human
clement is the great problem.
The ramp idea was first used by the
Romans in their fortified camps SO that
chariots could be driven in and out.
only Of late years has it been employed
at II in buildings. The Grand Central as
sociated architects. when they drew their
preliminary plans. introduced the idea TO
a limited extent. The plans of this great
work were scrutinzed and passed upon
by several committees composed of men
New-York tribune., 1910-12-11

rate Of movement through the portals
and passages of the Pennsylvania Is es-
timated to be 1OO.OOO,OOO year.
The Grand Central station is to have
one feature which will especially mark
it among the stations of the world, for
no other great station in the world has
it. 1t will have ramps in place of stair
ways. Perhaps some one will ask what
ramp is 1t is the answer to the fa-
miliar conundrum regarding the differ
ence between a lazy dog and an inclined
plane--"a slope up" The stairleSs sta
ton it might be called for practically
all Of it's channels leading up and down
between the track and street levels will
be inclined planes or ramps.
The method of determining the slope
Of these ramps illustrates the care which
is taken in designing a great railroad
station of SO modern a character as the
New-York tribune., 1910-12-11

ard have scientists make elaborate CAL
culations as t. the exact amount Of po-
tential energy expended. but each by
actual experience tried TO excel the other
in becoming a ramp specialist.
Among them were men of every phys1-
cal type that Is to he found in the aver
age run of railway passengers. Some
were tall some short. some fat and some
lean. Some We're young and some past
middle age. Grips. suitcases and
all sorts of hand baggage We're provided
These pieces We're packed and weighted
to correspond with those that would be
found in the hands of Il traveller trying
to compress the maximum travelling
equipment into the minimum space one
after another. over and over again, these
men of the committee picked up a grip
or suitcase and walked from one
end of the ramp TO the other as though
New-York tribune., 1910-12-11

probably he unique in this country
among those of trunk lines in having
raised platforms.
1t is estimated that where the old
Grand Central station was able to and
did handle II 00n.Hp persons year.
the now terminal viii have d capacity
for 1OJe0.0n or "A number greater
than the entire population of the United
States 1t has been figured that 10000
persons could stand in the con-
courses and waiting rooms of the
station which is To be built without
serious overcroWding. and that 10000
could pass through it in an hour on
their way from the trains. That mum
her. if lined up in a parade. would re
dlIirc several hours to pass given
point in broadway. At present about
Gn.N0 persons pass through the station
in the course of day. The possible
New-York tribune., 1910-12-11

they were hurrying from their trains 10
catch a streetcar. Then they Wouid
walk back again as if they were hurry
ing TO make their train. Then tney
would try it with two heavily loaded
suitcases. one in each hand. After each
experiment they would dictate to the ac-
companying secretary a full report OF
their impressions.
Other records were kept as TO the
length of the inclined ways. the time IL
took to traverse them and the weight
carried by each member of the commit
tee. Then women were called upon 10
aid I'm the experiments The Central enl-
pIoys a considerable number In various
capacities. Typical women were selected
and asked to make the same tests. Inere
were tall and short. fat and lean among
them also. and they, too, carried hand
baggage of varying weights They were
asked to give absolutely frank impress
sions of their experiences. These were
recorded with the utmost care.
New-York tribune., 1910-12-11

sixteen miles of track, with storage
capacity for $50 cars and twenty one
tracks underneath the station, along
side the platforms. The track length
beside the platform is four miles. In the
case Of the Pennsylvania Railroad. of
course. its chief storage yard is in Long
Island City, whore it has ffty-three
miles Of track with storage space for
1857 cars. and room to lay more tracks
when required. In this yard is a loop
for accomplishing what is to be done di-
rectly beneath the great 42d street ter
minaI.
At the Grand Central It is figured that
two hundred trains can he dispatched or
received in an hour. This schedule of
three and third trains a minute is
made possible hy using three of the four
tracks leading from the terminal under
Park avenue in one direction. Appar
entity it is purposed when necessity
arises to utilize the tracks in this man
ner for the inward bound traffic in the
morning rush hours and In the same
manner for the rush service in the even
ing. The maximum train capacity of
the Pennsylvania station and tubes is
ia loaded trains an hour.
New-York tribune., 1910-12-11
CAN'T MISS THE WAY.

The outward bound crowds. which a1e
the most difficult kind to handle IN any
great passenger station. will find thar
train level in the new Grand Central By
the force of gravity. II a barrel az
water, for instance. should be upset At.
say, one Of the 42d street entrances to
the terminal, II would keep moving,
theoretically. until IT reached tho tracA
level OF the suburban trains. tho lowest
Of slL The stream would flow slow1y
down q geltls Incline until It reached
the level OF the main waiting room Be-
yond that II would move along . shors
ramp between the waiting room and tbs
concourse, across that and then over the
other ramps to the tracks below.
The streams of human travel VIII fol-
low the same cours-. They will all rnove
I'm the same direction and will be guided
automatically IN the. direction they
should go. They will move freely and az
swiftly as they may wish. but under all
circumstances they will move safely.
People hurry to get aboard a train.
but they do not hurry so much coming
from ii. The distance between the street
and the trains will be the same with
either stairways and ramps, but q man
can run up and down the inclined ways
without losing his breath or his temper.
He could not do this If they We're stair
ways instead. In one two cases there
are flights of steps. but these are not
absolutely necessary. because there are
ramps leading in the same direction
There are elevators I'm the terminal too.
but these are simply an added luxury
and convenience
New-York tribune., 1910-12-11

However that may be. il is expected
that the foundations for the main build
Ing which is 10 replace the portion now
being razel will be laid soon and that
The structure will be finished by April, a
year and four months hence
What is this station to he like? A
very large perccnta sc Of those who now
form a part of the human tide that flows
back and forth through the various
channels which comprise the temporary
terminal have no concrete idea OF what
Il viii he like. They see men tolllnS
down in the pit when by any chance the
,lanacement leaves A knot mole through
which they can get a surrepuuouS
glimpse The earth and rock tumble down
before the assaults OF the modern batter
Eng ram, the steam shovel. 1t is lifted
aboard the sondola cars and that is the
last Of IT. There are all sorts of plat
forms, wooden and concrete. some below
the level Of the lowest step of the car
and others level with the ear platform
The roofs and walls surrounding the
rack levels. in their utter nakedness OF
concrete, remind one more OF dungeon
keeps than Of parts OF a great and sup
posedly palatial railroad station This is
su they see. and Imagination does not
receive much stimulation from the spec
tacie-
All this IS to he transformed, accord
.ng TO the plans Of the railroad COM
pauv. The work is at a point in its
progress where it may soon be expected
20 blossom forth INTO something attrac-
tive 10 the eye and more interesting 10
contemplate than the daily and yearly
destruction Of 50 much primeTa matter.
New-York tribune., 1910-12-11
Nesc Edifices Annual
Capacity VIII Exceed
Noffon's Population.

Apparently the completion OF the
Grand Central terminal frontage IN 4Zo
street IS within sight This will be wei
come news 10 thousands upon thousands
or commuters They have spent SO much
,,,ental energy specHlating when the new
s.a+;on would be finished that the par
,ic,,Iar cells which have done the work
have struck. For SIX months Worklnen
r.1-e been reducing the old station TO
6us, and second hand building material
To the impatinet commuters 1t mas
seemed an intcrminable job y large
rercentase have expressed the opinion
20 their neighhors AS they advanced up
the inclined way toward the SUBWAY
that they could have managed the ousi-
ness a great deal better themselves
six months TO tear down shell ike
that. Why, any good contractor could
have removed it in a month. LOOK at
the way thcy do il down town! There
was that big skyscraper at the corner OF
and - streets Look at tne
,,,,,o Off
New-York tribune., 1910-12-11
SEPARATE LANES OF TRAFFIC.

The ramps are SO arranged that the
crowds of people going to suburban or
to through trains Will never come in con-
tact with each other or with those COM
ing from trains. The ramps will be
straight The crowd will move in one
direction, and the bigger the human
river the faster it will flow There will
be no friction. Men Will not run INTO
each other and get quarrelsome. for they
will all be moving in the same direction.
If a man wants to pick a fight he must
overtake some one ahead of him The
ramps will ne so wide that there Will be
no excuse for jostling.
A woman with her hands full of par
GELS or luggage cannot pick up her skirts
when she is going downstairs They
drag and sweep the steps, which is an
noying and dangerous in many ways
People will step on them and stumble.
and accidents cannot he avoided. Co
ing down these inclined ways. however.
there will be little more chance of fall
ing when hurrying to catch train than
New-York tribune., 1910-12-11
RESULT OF PRACTICAL TESTS.

1t was by these practical tests that the
best gradient was ascertained and de
cided upon. 1. was found that a rise of
eight feet In a hundred was hardly no
tlceable to any one carrying heavy mana
baggage and this grade was fixed upon
as the maximum that should be used
OF course. the percentage of the grade
IS controlled somewhat by the physical
requirements of the building-the space
available and so on Whenever possible
the grades are only three or four per
cent.
In the new station It will be possible
to pass between the street surface or the
subways and the train platforms With
out using a stairway by means of slopes
so gentle that the passenger will scarcely
be aware of the fact that he is going up
or down hill Yet he will not walk
greater distance than If stairways were
used. The grade of Murray Hill. on
Fifth avenue. from 34th to 3Sth street,
is eleven feet in the hundred. a grade not
markedly noticeable to the person carry
ing a bundle, yet a much greater grad1-
ent than that of any in the new station
New-York tribune., 1910-12-11
NEW STREETS TO COVER TRACKS

\ network of reopened streets two
miles in length is to he constructed over
the Grand Central yards. and ultimately
il is expected that the whole area will he
covered with group of monumental
buildings treated in a harmonious archi-
teCtUral design. comprising a unique CEN
IRE in New York OF course. the Penn
sylvania station and yards do not fur
nish any comparison for this detail.
While il is difficult to get an impress
sion of what the new Grand Central ter
niinal is to he like from what is 10 he
seen to-day. Yet il is to ba great build
ing. containing waiting rooms having IN
area equal to that Of Madison Square. or
more than six acres. 1t will have
maximum height Of l0I feet and it will
spread out underground over an area of
approXimately S5S .Na square feet. being
A., by 4So feet. This hole will be forty
five feet deep. The dimensions of the
Pennsylvania station are 1SS feet a
inches by 1870 feet Is inches. the half mile
f walls inclosing approximately $4,000
square feet Its average height is -
feet. with a ma aximum height of LII, feet.
the concourse. is approximately 1854
acres. This does not include the res
taurants or the arcade approach. The
waiting rooms and conconrses Of the
Grand Central terminal station arc prac-
ffcally duplicated for the through and
the suburban traffic on two levels, there
being q concourse and waiting room
for each class Of passengers. The build
ing will not have this full size on the
Park avenue level. for it will he only 6oo
hy :.ieb feet. Park avenue is to flow
around it's sides and turn il into an
architectural island Beneath the street
surface viii lac a portion of the station.
The main conCcurse viii be :hD feet
long. l2o feet wide and 100 feet high.
The great waiting room Of the Pennsyl-
yania station is ;;1f feet long. los feet
wide and 100 feet high. The New York
Central terminal has tWo track levels.
New-York tribune., 1910-12-11
WILL EXTEND PARK AVENUE.

When the new station is finished Park
avenue. instead of coming To an end AT
I'D street, will sweep around the great
terminal structure on the north side
of it those who come in carriages or
motor cars can aIight on the Park ave-
nue. level, which is one story higher
than that of I'D street. They can have
tkeir baggage checked there and then
descend by elevators to the level of the
tracks. The supposition is that COM
parativeIy few people Will care to use
the elevators on account of the easy
slope of the ramps. and that the eleva-
tors will be employed almost altogether
by people having business in the bag
gage room. AS matter of fact. out
going travellers need not go to the bag
gage room at all to check their trunks
even now All they have to do after
buying their tickets is to pass along %
the next counter and turn over their
tickets and their claim checks from ths
transfer company These are sent by
pneumatic tubes to the baggage room.
where the trunks are checked and ths
checks and tickets sent back to the
waiting traveller.
The stairs shown in the picture at tbs
east end of the express ConCourse lead
from the gallery. on the level Of Park
sengers arriving in vehicles or entering
on the gallery may also use the eleva-
tors on the north side of the concoursa
New-York tribune., 1910-12-11
WORLDS LARGEST TERMINAL.

It is asserted that it viii be the great
est railway terminal i'm the world-more
than twice as large as anything Of
similar nature planned for any other
railroad. Perhaps as good a way any
ny which to give some idea Of what 1t
will be like. without intending I" make
fnvidious comparisons. is Ia give figures
for the completed Grand Central term-
ral and similar figures for tn" recently
completed PENNSYLVANIA Railroad sta
ton 1t is expected that the Grand Cen
tral Improvement VIII require an eX-
penditure Of SfSo.n .nnn.0nl i'm carrying
cut tie entire Tlans. The PennSyl-
@ania's improved terminal viii cost
S1J9.oan.0n. Of which S1oaHnNn in
round figures Was the cost Of getting
p train into and ont Of the Island of
Manhattan again. The area Of the en-
tire New York Central terminal is Soy
enty-siH acres. Of which approximately
seventy viii ho occupied hy railroad
tracks Tho area of the PENNSYLVANIA :
Yards at the station At Seventh avenue
IS tventy-thrOe acres The amount Of
the exca ration in each case is the same,
2 o00tHa cubic Yards. tNo-thirdS Of that
taken ont at 42d street being rock. Tho
length Of The tracks in the hole provided
f"r the Grand Central terminal is thir-
ry-two miles. - which eight miles viii
Re given up tc the siXty-soven tracks in
the station. pn these tracks ther" viii
he storaCn space for 1.149 cars Tho old
Grand Central terminal had space for
cnly 3G6 cars Tho large space in tn"
yar6s makes k possible 10 reduce in
large measure III number Of trains II
be sent back through tho tunnel to the
Mott Haven Yards for cleaning and Te
versing This means that there viii he
greater freedom IF movement for regu-
New-York tribune., 1910-12-11
Conpletion Of Grand Central Cernial Nosv in Siebf
You'll Nor HoIe 10 Climb
.Sfoira in SfCffon, Jus:
Use the Ramps.

when one is Fastening along level
floor Many mon and women fall down
stairs every year hurryiug 10 cate"
trains Whenever an accident "S this
sort occurs IT is likely 70 be followed b.
a suit for damages. \ railroad not ONLY
does not want accidents OF any sort. bu-
II is willing 20 spend good deal OK
money to prevent them and to keep peo-
pie pleased. The New York Central OF
ficials believe that by this system Of IN
clined ways throughout their great ter
uinal they viii not only save money by
eliminating accidents. but will add very
materially TO the comfort and pleasure
OF their patrons as we'll
New-York tribune., 1910-12-11
LOOPS FOR INCOMING TRAINS.

Ia order 10 facil;1at" Inc movement Of
incoming trains both the express and
suburban levels VIII loo provided with
loops So tnat the trains may enter AT
one side of the station. swing around
and lea, by Tho Other side. In this
manner 1tay are turned around ready
for the - urn journey without further
ado Tho 7onnsylvania's yard contains
New-York tribune., 1910-12-11
ISLAND IN SEA OF TRAFFIC.

The new Grand Central viii bs tbs
centre OF the most extensive combina-
ton of passenger transportation lines IN
the world. 1t will connect not only with
the subway. but the MCAdoo tunnel tn
New Jersey by way of 42d street and
Sixth avenue. the Belmont tube TO Long
Island. other subways planned but not
vet constructed. and the elevated and
surface lines already in existence. 1t
will be an island in the centre OF a sea
of traffic, but one that can be reached
Quickly by a score of routes. Travelling
will be reduced to a minimum OF DIM
Guilty.
1t is considerd probable that several
hotels will form a part Of the group os
monumental buildings that will rtss
above the tracks adjacent to the ter
ninal. IF the traveller decides TO stop
at anv Of these, or at some other near
bv. lie will be able 20 pass directly
thither without going into the street az
all or climbing any steps. His baggage
will be whisked underground and VIII
reach his room almost as quickly as hs
will.
New-York tribune., 1910-12-11


comparison" YORK ~ ~ '
New-York tribune., 1910-12-11
END OF WORK IN SIGHT.

wav that came down." etc
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1910-12-05
HENRY ROGERS DEAD
Father of Ex-COrporation Counsel in
 New Haven Passes Away at 89.

New York, Dec. 5--In the passing away of Henry Rogers. yesterday. at the home of his son, ex-Corporation Counsel Edward H. Rogers. New Ha- ven loses not only a much respected citizen but also an eminent authority on the genealogy of the old Connecti- cut families and on the history of the state. MT. Rogers was born at Bran ford, Conn.,, on July 31. 1921. His fam fly had been prominently connected with the affairs of Branford since. 1720 He was a lifelong democrat and serv- ed in the general assembly in 1877. He married Miss Elizabeth Townsend, of Westmoreland. Oneida County. New York. MT. Rogers had three sbrothers, Eli s.. Elizur and Abraham. all of whom are dead. E. H. Rogers. at whose horoe he died. was: his, only, son.
 The funeral will take place tomor- row afternoon at O'Clock. the Rev. James DeWolf, Perry. officiating. The interment will be In the Rogers plot in the Rranford cemetery.
 MT. Rogers had held several town offices and was universally recognized as the most reliable authority on geneology to which work he was de- voted. Long after his retirement from active life. parties from outside the State sought his assistance on matters of geneology.
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1910-12-05

Foley's Kidney Piiis are tonic sn action. quick fin results, and restor, the natural action of the kidneys anI bladder. They correct irregularities. F. B. Brill and Curtis Pharmacy, -. F *1 35
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1910-12-05
MulLICAN ON
 BRIBERY CHARGE
Waterbury Fight Promoter Calls M. J. Colloty a Cheap Sport

Waterbury, Dec. 5-George Mulli- gan yesterday blew into town from Bantam, and the we'll known man ager of the recent boxing show had not little to say about the recent bribery charges. Listen to his re- marks:
 Having been away on Q hunting trip since Monday evening, : during local paper, I returned this morning and my attention was called to sev- eral newspaper articles relating to the meeting of the Board of Safety last Wednesday afternoon, when M. J. Colloty appeared in relation to his application for boxing permit.
 "Of course. it's no more than I had refused, for 1t is just about his way of doing business, and that is why I favored withdrawal at the, time I was granted my last permit in order to give him chance to show what kind of a sport he was in running boxing exhibitions. Nevertheless think he is one of the cheapest sports ever heard of. and if I were never to give another boxing exhibition, my last step would be to try and queer the game in Waterbury, ..@4.
 Regarding all this talk about SOIneDOOy SlVlHS SoIHeDOuy .eISe SSUV for boxing permit, I challenge@Mr. Colloty or any one else to produce the proof that I :, had any part ,in it. As for any member of the aBoaFhs of Pub lie Safety receiving the ,money,.. I wouldn't take a million dollars to approach one member of. the Board, and will bet, ,$1 900 with Mr. Col loty that they received not even a nickel through any individual con- nected with me.
 "I like the boxing game and want ed to see the money stay in Water bury. For the Shea-Burns fight ran a special train that carried 500 people to New Haven. alone turn ed over $500 ticket money and had orders taken on the way down for tickets bringing the total sum up to s1.S0O. That's lot of money to take out of town. when 1t might just as we'll be kept in town" e
The Bridgeport evening farmer., 1910-12-05

During the ten last fiscal years. the receipts of the State Treasury have exceeded the expenditures in five. and have fallen below them in five.t Ex- cesses of expenditures oyer receipts have occurred during the last three years, although receipts increased heavily during each of. them. but ex- penditures also increased largely:
 Since 1900, receipts have increased from $3,15b,156 in the fiscal year 1901 to sS,054, 941 .O6 this year. but ex- penditures have increased during the same period from $3.777 .10ssS1s to. s6,- 95O,7S6.12 The discrepancy between these figures. is explained by the fact that included in the receipts for 1910 are s1.O2O,OOo in bonds issued and s1,- reduce the receipts that year to $5,- S1s,s41.0S or s1.6SO. .S45o6 less than the total expenditures.
 It is not an encouraging balance sheet which Is issued by the State Treasurer and from which the above figures are taken. The Legislature must do one of two. things. viz... find new sources of, revenue. orI increase present taxes, or reduce expenditures. It is doubtful whether any of the pres ent taxes can be increased without awakening intense dissatisfaction. while as to new taxes. none are within view-the field is nearly or quite ex- hausted. But that expenditures can be decreased. is a certainty. This should be done. for the State cannot go on indefinitely with annual, debt increases