The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1910-04-12

DIX IlShT IN VI
@ profit to agents.
8UEF n L. sa9 r. Tenn.
also lessons the chance of white frosts
often SO injurious to our Ii truck
in the spring. If you get your truck
a week earlier in the market than
your neighbors you Will get the top
price, tile drainage VII do this.
In all cases the end desired is the
nearest possible approach to the nat
ural examples of the best soils resting
on pervious subsoils. where the rain
fall finds a gradual passage through
the soil and subsoil, sink ng always
where it falls, carrying generally the
warmer temperature of the air into
the soil. carrying also many an ele-
ment of plant food, which the sir
contains, directly to the roots. AT
the same time it is hindered from
doing the harm which, on undrained
land the rainfall cannot fail Of doing.
The manur particles Of the soil,
if they do to some extent escape
through drainage, are at least not
washed wholesale from the surface
into the burrows or bitches. not Civ
ng the soil a chance to retain them
as in the case of undrained land.
Il is not only low fat land that
j M - Cd S1ie '0s IN 80
speaking it will pay to drain all kinds
Of land.
Causes OF Wet1leSS.
There may be many causes OF wet
ness. The most frequent cause is
rain-water falling directly on the sur
face in too great q quantity and find
ing no sufficient escape through stiff
subsoils. Sometimes this is aggra-
waited by soke from higher adjacent
lands. and sometimes by springs.
Some lands are liable to suffer by
one of these causes, and some by all
of them; and to drain with advantage
it is necessary to know how much
of the surplus water is due to each
of these causes. The first thing to do
in tile drainage is TO find the proper
place to locate the main outfall and
leaders, tbs can only be done by
taking levels, and making q careful
Survey of the land, the lie of the
strata and what it is composed of.
After locating the outfall and lead
ers a profile should be made, giving
the depths TO be cut at say every 100
feet, marked by stakes numbered"
on the line to be cut on the ground.
mere leaders are more than eight
degrees diameter, socket and faucet
glazed pipes should be used, but the
joints left open, except i'll cases of
qulcksand, or passing through wood
lands, then the joints should be thor
oughly filled by cement this is to keep
ont the sand, and roots Of trees which
would soon till n pipes completely
up. Roots will seek any little OPEN
ing in the pipes and VIII in no time
till the whole pipe and even burst it
open.
Leaders must be cut to the depth
necessary to take in the territory to
be drained SO as 10 give the I~aterals
sufficient fall. However, if the lead
ers have good fall the I~aterals require
very little.
Leaders VIII work Oh q fail Of 10
degrees per mile if carefully laid,
especially if the ~laterals have a fall
Of say 10 degrees per 1000 feet,
which | would say is the maximum
length of laterals ) degrees diameter.
In placing laterals, several things
must be considered. In very stiff
clay subsoil I would not run them ut
greater distances apart than 80 feet
and J feet deep at upper end if posi-
bic and , degrees diameter.
Where the subsoiI is of a more omen
description wider distances apart will
do, but the pipes in tbs case should
be larger, say 8 or i degrees diameter
accordingly. Here, j would say that
1t IS false economy to put the Iaterals
too far apart, even although the first
cost is greater. In open peatv sub
soils the rain will reach the pipes
quicker. In clay soils t will perc1-
late slower and not draw so far.
All laterals should be run into lead
ers at an angle less thar a right angle.
especially the last two engths Of
pipe, which should enter leaders at
angle Of say 45 degrees.
All laterals should run IN the same
direct On as the water on slopes.
J prefer soft, burned clay pipes /
loot long, but ! believe pipes made Of
cement and sand in the proportion OF
III part CHTHaDf In hrao ~ fD,-r ~-,%-
sand would do very well. but T have
not yet seen the results to cornnare
them, the benefit in using cement
pipes, IS that any farmer can make
them himself and save freight and
1aulage TO a great extent. Most