davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Spokane press. [volume] (Spokane, Wash.) 1902-1939, 1910-10-04
September 3o-Died, Florence
Abbott, age 26. acute alcoholism"

September 30-Died, Florence
Abbott, age 26, acute alcoholism"
That is brief entry made on the
boks of Sacred Heart hospital last
Friday morning.
Not much there to summarize a
tragedy, is there?
But back of this brief little entry
lies story OF life, life in the real,
the story of a woman's downfall, OF
broken hearts and horrible death
great, big, throbbing tragedy Of
the curse OF drink.
Florence Abbott-maybe that was
her name. maybe 1t wasn't; anyway,
that's the name she went under
was the daughter of honest and re-
spectacle parents, parents who
guided her along the right way, who
watched over her and guarded her,
who glowed with pride as they
watched their little human blossom
develop and expand into woman
hood. ~
Friends were many for Florence
for she was fair Of face and figuTc
ard she .Hsaa popsllas with her It'll.
set untf1 the curse came.
Occasionally at party or some
little social function wine would be
served, and Florence, with the 9th
ers. would drink it. The taste grew
and about three years ago the liquor
habit had gained such hold upon
her that she drank to excxess.
Friends pleaded with her. parents
implored, to forswear the drink
And time and again Florence prom
ised. She would never drink again
The Spokane press. [volume] (Spokane, Wash.) 1902-1939, 1910-10-04

known, but the women visitors
passed 1t by with scornful glance
and shrug Of the shoulders; the
show in question was The longest
haired woman in the world" Ma
dame Baker.
Ice cream venders have been
given the icy stare SO far this week,
but the coffee and hot drink dis.
pensers were working overtime.
At the aviation" tent the mes
chanics were busy making q few
last alterations and improvements.
while along the main roadway Of
the grounds horses were continu-
ally trotting back and forth, now
breaking into short spurts OF speed
as the way seemed clear and now
slowing to walk.
The farm and fruit exhibits were
we'll patronized. There seemed to
be a number Of out of town exhib-
CortInltAd an Dana Tnn
The Spokane press. [volume] (Spokane, Wash.) 1902-1939, 1910-10-04
LA TOILETTE
OPERATED ON
SUCCESSFULLY

HoCHESTER, MInn., Oct. 4.
An operation on Senator Rob /
ert NJ. LaFohette WAs success !
fully performed today at the
Mayo brothers hospital. Mrs. /
laFollette announced shortly
10 o'clock that he operation was
over and that the senator had
wlthstood the shock we'll. Tho
operation, she said, was . com. I
plete succsU1.
The Spokane press. [volume] (Spokane, Wash.) 1902-1939, 1910-10-04
Will Demand
EXPLANATION
STATE TAX BOARD MUST SAY WHY THEY LOW
Erred RAILROAD ASSESSMENTS TO
THE AMOUNT OF $3,0OO0o0.

Following telling how
the
and public corporations
the general property had stood raise Of $OOOO
M. E. Hay has written the board for
of The Press containing the article
cutting
Il this action the written 70
them for the Details said
Parrish champion higher taxa
the railroads his
pcion of avorim in this The other
uay seeing
the general taxation can't why they Spo
county"
The Spokane press. [volume] (Spokane, Wash.) 1902-1939, 1910-10-04
(1y United Press Leased Wlrel
(ey United Press Leased Wire.)

PANAMA, Oct. 4.-That SO per-
sons out OF 70 on the steamer chirI-
qul, which sank near Point lara,
chine, were drowned is the belief Of
survivors who reached Jarachlne to.
day.
Thirteen survivors were picked
up In one OF the chIriquI's iifeboats
and were brought Into port.
The chiriqui sank after Its boilers
exploded near Point Jarachlne, the
survivors say.
A second llfsboat. with nine sur.
vivors, which left the wreck after
boat No. I, In which the survivors
uers found. has not yet reported.
The Spokane press. [volume] (Spokane, Wash.) 1902-1939, 1910-10-04
CHARGE LOCAL
! CENSUS WAS
PADDED
u. s. Secret Agent Said to
Have Collected Evi-
dence.

i X is charged that surprising
Aa6ding Of the Spokane census of
1910 has been discovered by Spe-
cial Agent McClain of the census
bureau, who started crew of three
mem at work yesterday in. check
Iinx mp the enumeration In the
FdOt ptown hotels and lodging
houses.
Itvis charged that Japanese. Chi
gnes& and other foreigners were re-
EDOrded rs neeros and citizens. that
women without husbands were put
aeNa NJ being In double. harness,
thatsmarried men were given wives
and ahat some men we're listed who
Ncontinued on Page Two.
The Spokane press. [volume] (Spokane, Wash.) 1902-1939, 1910-10-04
AND THE END WAS DEATH
FOR THIS POOR G|R[
DRINKS CURSE DROVE 26-YEAR- OLD GIRL q
DRUNKARDs GRAvE-A TRAGEDY IN
SINGLE DEATH NOTICE

she vowed after each Of her more
and more frequent lapses.
But the curse was upon her, and
she fell again and again. At last
she let go all holds and cave up
her life to the drink.
During the last three months Of
her life she was under the fearful
influence nearly all the time.
Then came the inevitable. De
lirium tremens, that horrible, creep
Conttnued an 0anA TM0
The Spokane press. [volume] (Spokane, Wash.) 1902-1939, 1910-10-04
RACE RESULTS
(Hy United Press Leased Wire)

LOUISVILLE. Oct, 4.--First race
The Hague, won; Helene, second; /;
Discomfort. third. Time. 1:14.
Second race-France won. Cha
pultepec second, Lawrence p. DAILY
third Time 1:12 2-6.
Third race-Emperor William
won, Mary Davis second, Norbitt
third. Time 1:43.
Fourth race-Princess Galloway
wcN, Labold second, County Tax
thhsN Time liza.
Ektb. race-Mrs. Sewall won.
Turnc0ast second. Stolypin third.
Time 1:45.
The Spokane press. [volume] (Spokane, Wash.) 1902-1939, 1910-10-04
4 AEREOPLANES
ARE TO RAGE

(By United Press Leased Wlrs)
NEW YORK. Oct. AT. least
four aeroplanes will contest in the
proposed Chicago-New York flight
for $4,000 prize. Willard. NC.
Curdy. Ely and Post will take part
In the race.
The Spokane press. [volume] (Spokane, Wash.) 1902-1939, 1910-10-04

RACE RESULTS AT
The FAIR GROUNDS

Races at the fair grounds today still run under
difficulties, the track being sticky. The second race
which the pace called off early in the
afternoon account of the adverse conditions About
three thousand spectators packed the grandand and the
freely applauded they rounded the turn
the home stretch Although the track considerably
improved yesterdays the time still slow
Results Of this afternoons follows:
224 trot, purse $1O00-Firs heatJack Monroe first;
Geraldine, second; Mckinney, third; Wesos, fourth
Second heat-Dan McKenney, first; Jeraldne second;
Jack Monroe, third; Wesos, fourth Time 2:51 Ia
Third heat-Dan McKenney, first; Jeradineeeeeeeeeee
Third heat--Dan McKenney, first; Jeraldne second;
Jack Monroe third; Wesos, fourth. Time 2:55 IL.
Fourth heat-Dan McKenney, first; Jeraldne second;
Wesos, third; Jack Monroe fourth
Dan McKenney wins Monroe is second Geraldine is
third, and Wesos fourth.
PIONEERS SELLING STAKE, $500.
Bean Man, first; Roy Junior, second; Madeline Mus
grove, third Father Downey, fourth Father Downey led
most Of the way but the others drew away from him in the
stretch.
PALoUSE SELLING PURSE $3.50.
Platoon, first EEL second; Sona third. Time :06 34
Aviator Mars attempted flight at O'Clock this after
noon, but after getting into the air short distance
forced to descend quickly possible The wind made
it almost impossible for him to control the machine and
rather than risk injury to himself and the machine he de-
seended at once.
The Spokane press. [volume] (Spokane, Wash.) 1902-1939, 1910-10-04
. ~~A~>~>s s~>~~>>~ >>>>>~~~A~A~~H>
WASN'T HURT WHEN Lso WAS cur orr IN wREck.

William j. Shaw fireman. being scalded in the
debris OF wreck at Youngstown
cab driver liberated him by cutting off his
saving his life.
Shaw win not have lay off losing ies.
however. cork a v
. . . . . - . 9 . = y = . Z
The Spokane press. [volume] (Spokane, Wash.) 1902-1939, 1910-10-04
NATIONAL LEAGUE.

Batteries--Crandall and Wilson;
Mattern. Frisk, Ferguson, Burke
and Raridon.
The Spokane press. [volume] (Spokane, Wash.) 1902-1939, 1910-10-04

Bater1eS-Preiffer and Needham;
Rowan and Mclean. (Game called
in the fifth on account of rain)
The Spokane press. [volume] (Spokane, Wash.) 1902-1939, 1910-10-04

Continued on Page Two.
The Spokane press. [volume] (Spokane, Wash.) 1902-1939, 1910-10-04
PALOUSE SELLING PURSE. $3.50.

Platoon, first; Eel, seconds Soma, third. Time
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1910-06-25
:: : :: :: :. 4: :. I: = + = =
PERSONAL.
. :: :. :: = =: :. :. {: = i: :: {:

A. E. Mckay of Fargo, deputy Unit
ed States marshal, was in Bismarck
Friday on his way to Wilton and the
western part of the state.
Ralph Brown, who has been at home
for the past week to attend the wed
ding of his sister. returned to his
work at Beach Friday afternoon.
Miss Jennie Hall of Madison, Wis,
is the guest of her sister, Mrs. Herb
bert c. Fish. She will probably spend
the summer in Bismarck.
P. D. Norton of Hettinger, was a
visitor in the city Friday afternoon.
Hon. Thomas Marshall Of Cakes,
was an arrival in the city on No. 3
Friday morning.
Mrs. J. M. Niles, q former resident
of the city, is visiting friends and
relatives here for few days.
Mrs. George Welch went to Mandan
Friday afternoon to visit friends.
Mrs. James Mckenzie of Sentinel
Butte, is the guest of Mrs. Paul Char
leboise. She will remain for two or
three weeks.
Mrs. Robert Orr spent Saturday at
ternoon visiting friends across the
river.
Thomas Berge of the Northern Con-
struction company of Grand Forks,
returned to his home for few days
after a two weeks stay here in con-
nection with the erection of the new
International Harvester company's
building here.
Thomas Fitch, assistant superin-
tendent of constructio of the Inter-
national Harvester company of Chi
cago, returned to the city to attend
to business affairs here.
DR.. and Mrs. La Rose visited Man.
dan between trains Friday.
Olaf Olson of Arnold, was in the
city on his way home from Canada.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1910-06-25

He spent some weeks there looking
over some Canadian land.
Mary and Matte Johnson went to
Mandan Friday afternoon for a short
visit.
Mrs. Thos. MCGOWAN and son, John
ME, will leave today for Detroit Lake,
Mimi, to spend few weeks during
the hot of the summer.
Mr.. and Mrs. Ray Potter of Dia-
mond, spent the evening in the city.
M. J. Cort of Minneapolis, a vet
eran creamery supply man, is in the
city on business.
H. A. Wehlitz of Steele, was in
Bismarck Friday attending to some
business affairs.
o. Beardsley was down from Under
wood on the north 500 Friday after.
noon.
w. H. Hay of New Salem, was
business visitor in the city last even.
ing.
Carl Jorgenson was passenger on
no. Friday afternoon for eastern
points where he had some business
to attend to.
L. S. Langedahl was an arrival in
IAC ClIy IL Jill OIOOAO AooC OVChAA6'
T. M. Casey Of Underwood, was in
the Capital City last. evening to at
tend to some business matters.
Mr. and Mrs. E. H. Reese we're ar.
rivals on the north 500 from Max
Friday afternoon.
E. B. Miller and family, were up
from Steele Friday and remained over
night in the Capital City.
M. H. Whelan arrived in the city
on No. Friday evening on his way
home to Underwood from an extend.
ed visit at Minneapolis.
George Wehlitz was business Wis.
itor in the Capital City Friday after
noon.
Miss Helen Hoskins left Friday for
a trip through Minnesota where she
will spend the summer months. =
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1910-06-25
PROMPT PAYMENT.

Clerk O.. r. Nichols of the Modern
Woodmen of America, received a
check yesterday from the head camp
for one thousand dollars, the same
being in full payment of the claim on
the life of Archie Niles, who died a
short time ago. This is a rapid return
indeed and the members Of the order
here are we'll pleased with the way
the head officers handled the case.
The check was Immediately forward
ed to Mrs. Niles at the home of her
parents at Little Falls.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1910-06-25
HIS FATHER HERE,

Mr. Daniels. of Lucas, Ia, came to
Bismarck on No. 5 Thursday night.
He is the father of the young man
who met such an untimely death at
a local hospital Wednesday afternoon.
He was away from home when his
older boy telegraphed him the sad
news and did not learn the particu-
lars until later He Immediately go,
aboard a train and came to the Capt.
tai City with all possible speed. He
learned that the body of his son had
been shipped home on No. 6 Wednes-
day. He departed at once for Iowa,
on the first train east.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1910-06-25

and kept him confined in the county
Jail thereafter until after the date
designated in the bond for his ap-
pearance.
2. By such arrest and detention OF
the principal, performance of the con-
ditions of the bail bond was render
ed impossible by the state, the obigee
in the bond, and therefore the default
of the principal in failing to appear
is excusable.
Syllabus by the court.
Appeal from the district court, Nc
Lean county, Winchester, J.
From Judgment in plaintiffs favor
defendant appeals.
Reversed.
w. S. Lauder and James NJ. Austin,
for appellants.
J. E. Nelson, for respondent.
Opinion Of the court by Fisk j., all
concurring, except Morgan, C. J., not
participating.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1910-06-25
NO ROUGH HOUSE

Mention was made few days ago
that Patrolmen Ely and Martin son
had broken up a rough house at the
Banner house. No further particulars
were given and the bare statement Of
the fact might have led the casual
reader to believe that the proprietor
was implicated in the affair. Such
was not the case, however. 1t seems
that five roomers had smuggled some
Whiskey to their rooms "unbe-
klownst" to the proprietor. They
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1910-06-25

o. Elder.
Judgment for plaintiff, defendant
appeals.
Reversed.
Guy C. H. Croliss, for appellant.
F. Baldwin, for respondent.
Opinion of the court by Crawford,
j., all concurring.
Mr.. Justice Ellsworth, being dis
qualified, did not participate, Hon. W.
G. Crawford, judge of the Tenth jul
dicial district, sitting in his place by
request.
State of North Dakota, respondent,
VS.. Frank E. Funk and August E..
Johnson, appellants.
1. It is a good defense to an &C.
ton against the sureties on bail
bond that the state, intermediate the
date of such bond and the time when
by the terms thereof the principal was
obligated to appear, in another county
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1910-06-25
KID AND RIFLE.

Glitschka brothers report the loss
of a hog at their slaughter house
south of the tracks Thursday night.
The animal was found with a bullet
hole in his head back of the right ear.
The firm is inclined to think that
it was the work of some of the boys
who have been carrying % calibre
rifles around with them and shooting
promiscuously at everything that af-
forded a good target for their marks
manship. It will go hard with the
guilty parties in case they are discov-
cred.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1910-06-25

were having high old time before
they were discovered. Mr.. Series as
soon as he learned what was going
on ordered them to vacate their
rooms and sent in a police call for
aid. The police came Immediately
and helped to quiet things down. The
proprietor of the Banner house is
running a clean hotel and will not
tolerate any event of this nature
about the premises.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1910-06-25
The Golden Rule
GROCERIES and NOTIONS

NOW IS THE TIME TO PUT UP
PINEAPPLES, PRICE PER
DOZ. .................1. rs
New Cheese, full cream, strictly
first class, 2 lbs. ............$ as
Radishes, home grown, per bu..... .o5
10 lib. Jars butter ..........-..... 200
Fresh Made Good Table Butter,
lb. jars butter same kind. 1875
2 Id. bricks for .................... so
1 lb. print for ............... 80
This is all fine table butter.
Fresh Eggs, per doz. ................ 20
Hiawatha brand foods are the best
on the American market.
Perfection Blend Coffee is a regu-
lar 35c grade, our price .-.-. 20
5 gal. Galvanized Oil Cans IS
S gal. Red Galvanized Gasoline
CduS -..--...-.-.---.-..- ~
A fine assortment of Csc goods;
every item bargain.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1910-06-25
PLEASANT RIVER TRIP.

Rev. Father Clemens, o. S. B., and
four of the Sisters of St. Benedict
from the St. Alexius hospital and St.
Mary's school, were the guests yester-
day of |. P. Baker on one of his river
steamers. They will make the trip
down the river by boat to attend the
Catholic Indian congress at Fort Yates
which commences today.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1910-06-25
WILL PREACH SUNDAY

Rev. William Suckow, presiding ell
der of the Fargo district, will occupy
the pulpit of the German Evangelical
church at the Sunday morning and
evening services The Lords supper
will be observed and a cordial in
vitation is extended to all. Rev.
Suckow is fluent speaker and two
interesting sermons are looked for
ward to.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1910-06-25
RUNAWAY AVERTED.

A bad smashup was averted by the
coolheadedness of the bystanders Fri
day afternoon when the team which is
attached to the delivery wagon Of
George Gussner became alarmed at
some unknown cause and tried to
make a getaway. They were seized
by bystanders before any damage was
done, although the rig narrowly es-
capped being tipped over.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1910-06-25
HUSBAND VERY SICK,

Mrs B. G.. Brown, who has been in
the city for several days, and at
points on the northern branch of the
500 line, received telegram from
Los Angeles. Cal, telling her of the
serious illness of her husband She
left for her home on No. 3 Friday
afternoon.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1910-06-25
MANY NEW DWELLINGS.

The members of the board of equal
ization made complete trip through
The city the other day to determine
the amount of building that was done
here in 1909 They discovered that
fifty-one dwelling houses were con-
structed last year. as we'll as several
larger buildings. This year there is
cons iderably more building work be-
ing done than last, and a greater num-
Der of business houses erected
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1910-06-25
WILL GO SOME.

She riff McGills and his deputy are
busy men for the next two or three
day They must cover all the forty.
seven townships of the county within
that period of time and post up the
various ballots which are to be voted
upon at the primaries next week.
They will have to go some to CON-
plete the round in time.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1910-06-25
BOUGHT SOME LAND.

Edwin Last was in the city from
Dana. Ia. yesterday, looking over
some Burleigh county lands. Before
he departed for his home he purchas'
ed three quarters of a section a lit
tie way north of Wilton.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1910-06-25
In the Supreme Court

George Yokell, plaintiff and respond.
ent, vs.. A. O. Elder, defendant and
appellant.
If a proper objection is made a
judgment cannot be proven by intro
ducing an abstract of such judgment,
nor by parole evidence in the absence
of a showing that will allow the Of
fer of secondary evidence.
Syllabus by the court.
Appeal from the district court Of
Foster county, Burke, J.
Action by George Yokell against A.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1910-06-25

steaks or roasts, will become his per.
manent customers if they once use
his meats and learn the difference.
.r Arrangements have been made
whereby local merchants may be sup.
piled in fresh meats, lards, pork and
beef, in fact practically anything in
the line of meats at wholesale prices.
All these produ is are dressed in san
ltary, clean conditions and are in
keeping with the usual quality OF
Gussner's goods.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1910-06-25
GONE FOR VACATION.

Otto Holta and his family departed
on No. Friday afternoon for their
Old home in Minneapolis, to spend
their vacation. Mrs. HOlta will remain
there for about month, but Mr..
Holta will return within the next few
DAYS
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1910-06-25
STRUCK BY LIGHTNING,

Frank Gabel, who resides about four
and half miles east of the city, lost
valuable colt in the electrical storm
Thursday night The animal was out
in the pasture and when Mr.. Gabel
passed there Friday morning he found
he horse lying in the field dead.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1910-06-25
BACK IN STORE

E. L. Faunce is sufficiently recov-
cred so that he is able to be around
at his store again. He was confined
at the hospital for week with a
badly poisoned hand.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1910-06-25
SUMMER In ILLINOIS.

Mrs. Orris w. Roberts left Friday
morning for Chicago where she will
visit for few days. From there she
will 60 to her old home in Oak
Bluffs, a suburb. of the Windy City,
where she will spend the greater part
of the summer.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1910-06-25
GOOD MEMS.

Those who havn't had the pleasure
of eating Gussner's choice meats will
certainly appreciate the difference be-
tween his home butchered meats in
the cleanest and most sanitary con-
narily sold.
Those who havn't tried Gussner's
choice sausages, bologna, fresh pork
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1910-06-25
BROUGHT BACK White.

BROUGHT 6HCN Willie.
Sheriff John Beck of Washburn,
was an arrival in the city Friday at
ternoon having in custody Charles
White, who was recently convicted of
blind plugging in the district court
there. White has been in the county
Jail at Washburn since he was ad-
judged guilty. He is now released
under two thousand dollar bonds.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1910-06-25
MCConkey & Son
PHONE No. zoo
Corner Sixth and Broadway

verge of delirium tremens. He i'm
imagined that some one was pelting
him with stones all the time. The
police took him to the county jail
where he was taken care of for the
night
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1910-06-25
BOLD ATTEMPT.

A bold attempt was made to burg
larize the Bismarck Electric COM
pany's wire house yesterday in broad
daylight. The parties broke the lock
on the door but were evidently fright
ened away before they secured any
booty.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1910-06-25
THE CITY
ANOTHER INDUSTRY.

A license was issued yesterday to
J. S. knauss emitting him to conduct
pawn brokers' office in the city.
He will begin his new business at
once
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1910-06-25
HAD THE SNAKES.

0N0 ne SNNNES. a.
Ed. Cassidy, we'll known charac-
ter about town, was found late on
Thursday night by the police on the
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1910-06-25

50, $3.50 oxfords, $2e5. Go see Busch.