davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Democratic messenger. [volume] (Snow Hill, Md.) 1869-1973, 1910-12-31
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The San Francisco call., 1910-07-17

ingmen in foreign countries to COM
municate with their friends by under
scoring the words of newspaper,
which, read in the proper order. would
furnish all the words in proper Sc
quence of letter This principle was
carried even further, and before the
days of prepaid postage messages in
cipher were known to be written on
the envelopes of letters, SO that the
recipient, after glancing at the wrap
per, could return the missive to the
postman as unaccepted, thus escaping
the payment of postage, while the mes
sage of the sender had been duly re-
ceived.
Many chemical inks have been util-
lied in invisible writing" Messa ges
written in such inks are to be held In
the heat of fire or stepped in other
chemicals before they are rendered in
telligible. There are many such inks
on the market today, and passable
one can be made out of lemon Juice
This, however, falls outside of the
realm of cryptography proper
Ordinary playing cards have been
used for cryptic messa ges, the different
values of the cards and suits represent
ing. alphabetic letters. A clever method
consisted in the correspondents pre-
viously agreeing upon sequence of
six of more cards from a pack of SO.
and writing on the backs, one letter on
each card consecutively, commencing
with the first card of the sequence.
If the sequence consisted of eight cards
the ninth letter would be placed under
The San Francisco call., 1910-07-17

meath the first letter written. and so
on. The remaining cards would be COW
cred with letters-nullities-an the
whole pack shuf1ed- t recipient Of
the communication wou-d arrange the
cards in the sequence previously agreed
upon, and would readily read off the
by using a sequence consisting of the
whole pack, or with whole words writ
ten in. place of single letters.
Figure IL illustrates an interesting
musical" cipher. The score may be
written in any key and in either treble
or bass. For the sake of making it
more difficult of translation by outside
parties any number OF nullities may be
introduced.
The receipt of a piece of string per
haps tied about package. may contain
a secret message. Figure illustrates
the key to such a cipher. Knots placed
at certain intervals would not be apt
to cause suspicion, but if placed over
the key card could readily spell a
message.
communication that has not been dis
covered and utilized by prisoners seek
ing aid from their friends outside. bv
persons engaged in intrigue, laudable
or otherwise; by criminals, by govern
ments and by spies. They offer a fas
cinating field for study. In literature.
too. they have played an important
role. Yet, in spite of the subtIety that
such messages can contain, a student
of the science sooner or later comes to
The San Francisco call., 1910-07-17

The sand swept sides of the sphinx it.
self are to our puzzled eyes only
cryptic forms. Secret messages. in
tended to be readable only by the pos
SCISSOR of the cipher. or key, have
played a notable part in European
court history. They have aided and
abetted wholesale royal crime and in
trigue. The beautiful Mary Stuart,
Queen of Scots, left numerous ciphers
of the British foreign Office Figure 4
illustrates her capacity for this sort of
intrigue.
The Three Laws of Cryptography
Lord Francis Bacon, in his ceIe-
brsted work, DE Augmentis Scientia-
rum worked out number of ingen-
ious cipher systems. So jealous was
he is this regard that it is still a moot
question as TO whether the so called
Shakespearian plays of the "nrst fo-
lilo" edition are not his handiwork
containing within themselves hidden
messages for later generations which
he, statesman and courtier, did not
dare to deliver in his own time Be
that as ii may, Lord Bacon laid down
the following three laws as necessary
requisites Of a good cipher: First.
that it be easy to write and read; sec
ond, that It be difficult of detection;
third, that it be void Of suspicion-the
last meaning that the message be writ
ten in such a manner as to raise no
suspicion of its containing hidden
meaning.
One Of the most mastery of all ci-
piers, attributed to Russian nihiIists,
The San Francisco call., 1910-07-17

great detective with material for dis
closing one of the most bizarre crimes
In all of Doctor Watson's annals.
Every one has read Edgar Allen
Poes famous tale. The Gold Bug" In
that remarkable story il will be re-
membered that an amateur cryptOg-
rapher, Legrand, comes into the pos
session of a strange cryptOgram (ag-
ure lD which diSclOses TO him it's Sc
cret of buried treasure left by Can
tain Kidd on sandy Carolina shore
Poes method of deciphering that scrint
has laid the basis of all cryptogram
reading since His ingenious method
Is too long to be detailed here. but rests
roughly upon the fact that the letter
predominates Immensely over all
others IN BIT Of writing, even a SIN
gle paragraph. Next in their order
OF occurrence are A. o. I. ID, H. n. r. s
Il, U y, c, +. G. L. M, W. b. X p n
X, q. This rule does not by any means
noid absolutely. especially in a short
cryptOgram- But by counting the chsr-
acters in his mystic bit of writing in
the order OF their numerical occur
renee, and supplying a liberal arnonnt
OF guesswork and ingenious deduction.
he finally arrived at the meanina. ana
discovered the hiding place of the booty
OF the famous, doughty old Spanish
main pirate.
With this hint any one possessina
reasonable amount of clevernsss
should be able to work out a transIa.
ton OF the telegram printed as figurs
1 ON this paga
The San Francisco call., 1910-07-17
A6cpE EJTHZYIANlR2Pg PgJUNSlyz
FIG -I5- FaCc5IMILE ora "THQNETIc cIPLER
w151TTE7f 4aYD IN1TLALED BY CHARKES Z

Sphinx" 1t is illustrated by figure IL.
1t is of the double key variety, the keys
consisting of 26 alphabets, irregularly
arranged, and password, such as
Charles" to be used in conjunction.
Assuming this password. let it be pre-
sumed that a foreign agent desired to
forward to his government the message
WAR declared by Spain" The letters
of the password indicate which of the
alphabets, running from right to left
are to be used in conjunction with the
ordinary alphabet at the top of the
cipher. The first letter of the message
is written in the alphabet of the first
letter of the password, the second in
the second, etc. For example, the for
of the password under the letters of
his message thus:
WAR DECLARED BY SPAIN
CHA RLESCHAR LIE SCHAR
The first letter of the cipher would
be represented by the letter at the in
tersection of the vertical column COM
mencing with w with that of the hori-
zontal line commencing with c.; the
next would be at the intersection of
and L; the completed message would
stand
XCU HJISBTHH GE zQCLR
With the Sphinx" the password
may be changed after each word, or
as often as desired, depending on the
prearranged agreement between the
correspondents. 1t is seldom that the
same character represents the same
letter of the original message twice,
owing to the regularly changing al
phabet. For example, in the above
message, the letter A is repres snted
The San Francisco call., 1910-07-17
By NeilI c. Wilson

SVE IHEN J. ogden Armour flashed
message of three letters
w across the Atlantic from France
to his agent in Chica go, a few
months ago. the result was transfer
ence Of nearly $4,000, 900, or s1.ooo,Ooo a
letter, from the pocket of James A. Pat
ten, the wheat king" 10 his own. That
message was the signal for which the
Chicago agent had been expectantly
waiting. ordering him to plunge into the
wheat pit and crush the famous but
meteoric fnancier to the wall. The
three letters spelled NOW"
Armour undoubtedly sent that laconic
message in cipher. If he had used the
historic one illustrated by figure IL,
putting his own name in the left hand
vertical column occupied by the let
ters CHARLES" the message would
have appeared in the form of the three
letters heading this article
The tantalizing science of cryptog-
raphy has mystihed, aided and baf1ed
every age in every cline of which his
tory is recorded. The hidden meanings
of the Egyptian hieroglyphics on an
cient tombs, pyramids and carved on
The San Francisco call., 1910-07-17
FRO = rqCcSufn,E or FGOVERnMENT
CTHHER KEY, EHGN OF CHAELE 81

is illustrated by figure 2. OF all known
cryptic systems this most nearly ap-
proaches the ideal laid down by Lord
Bacon.
This cipher is known among stu
dents of the science as the checker
board" It's principle lies in the fact
that there is a common popularity in
handwriting that all letters of a word
are not properly connected and that
imperceptible intervals or breaks oc-
cur between letters composing words
In the letter shown in figure the
breaks" have been designedly made
in certain places, to convey a secret
meaning through dividing the letters
into groups. 1t is understood between
the correspondents that where the last
stroke of last letter of word points
downward, that letter is held to- be
connected with the first letter of
succeeding word, and where the last
letter of a word points upward, such
letter completes a cipher group. The
letter in figure is in appearance so
unsophisticated and harmless that it
can be imagined as passing the inspec-
tion of the most vigilant guard, but
broken into the proper groups of one
or mora letfere oe
The San Francisco call., 1910-07-17

ters intended to represent them is
appended to the original.
A facsimile of phonetic cipher writ
ten and initiated by Charles I is pre-
sented in figure 49, The phonetic dots
and dashes designate letters of the al
phabet. Another specimen of cipher
key, used by the government during
the reign of Charles I, is reproduced in
figure Z. Each letter of the alpha
bet is represented by two letters in the
cipher. The Instructions accompany
ing the key are as follows: This
cypher is made doble (double), going
twise over the alphabet only for va
rietie to make it harder to be de-
ciphered. When writing aine thing
(anything) in this cypher you are to
make use of letters to express your
words. you are not to use the letter
itself, but in place thereof to set down
two letters. one such letter of the
woord Optimus as is set directly over
the letter you meane; and the other.
such letter of the word Dominus as is
directly opposite the said letter you
meane to write
facsimile of small part of nu-
merical cipher used in the time Of
Charles II is shown in figure s. A part
of voluminous and unweildy cipher
used by the British government during
the reign of George I is presented in
hgure 10. The key consists of five
squares, each possessing separate
code The message was turned into
numerical fractions, the numerators in
dicating the square, or code.
Some Odd Cryptograms
Secret message writing has been put
to some odd uses. In former days,
when postage rates used to be prohibit
i've. it was common thing for work.
The San Francisco call., 1910-07-17

IT will be seen that the numerals,
which represent the number of letters
in each group, furnish the cipher text
of q communication. As the conclud-
ing group contains more than five let
ters, without break" they indicate
that the succeeding words have no sig
nificance. Each two consecutive groups
designate a secret letter. as shown in
the key, figure 8; the unit figures being
represented at the top. and the 10 fig
ures at the left of the key, thus 80
designates NJ, the intersecting letter of
the unit column with that of the 8 of
the 10 figures and so on, the entire hid
den message reading: Paul arrested.
Plot known. Fly"
Secret Ciphers of British Royalty
George III has left with the British
foreign office cipher. part of which is
shown by figure 9. The five numbers,
SIS, II, "a, 80 and 81, were used to In
dicate which of the five alphabets rep
resented the letters of the original mes
sage. Arbitrary signs and numbers
were used in conjunction with the gem
eral key to represent code words and
individuals
The British foreign Office reveled in
complicated ciphers in the eighteenth
century. They possessed little ingenu-
ity. and were difficult to write or to
decipher. Here are a few of the printed
directions appended to one of them
The number 80. after another figure,
cuts off all the syllables of that word,
or words of that phrase. except the
first.
"The number 22s takes off one letter
The San Francisco call., 1910-07-17

from the beginning of the subsequent
word or syllable.
'The number 392. after any other
figure, cuts off one letter from the end
of the preceding word or syllable.
THE number Alb, after another fig
ure, cuts off all syllables of that word,
or words of that phrase. except the
first
Turn now from these cumbrous ciph-
ers to one of such subt1ety and fngenu-
ity that it has earned the title of
The San Francisco call., 1910-07-17
FTG s. ExHnJ2LE or nOnERICAI
CIPEER Oe1ED BJ DRITIeSH
FOREIGN OFFICE TO COnNUTlCAT
.IETH CEnT TLLZPSC

twice by the letter c and once by the
letter B; the letter r by u and 7;
the two Els by and H. The result is
that the message can not be trans
lated by the ordinary system explained
later in this article.
Numerical ciphers were popular with
the British foreign Office in the seven
teenth century. An example of one
used in correspondence with the am
bassador at Venice is shown by Figure
5. A long list of persons and charac-
The San Francisco call., 1910-07-17

h55' 'g fsf Ss' G the aaIN az 81
Hs Fgsn Fgsna 's.' ya ngYn On"
'''Hs 'sS eye 1sn ns;' "g: tins. 'ss g
eng %Ts 17' I'm: '$s' %% Sc Ia e p'ss ere ere
The San Francisco call., 1910-07-17

agree with Poe. that master of cryptol-
ogy, when he says that there is no
cipher message which the mind of man
can devise which the mind of man,
whether possessed of the key or not.
can not decipher. Cipher communica-
L rs are common in business today
although not of a very complex order
That such messages can be translated
by outside parties, and that there are
regular rules to follow in the unmask-
ing of such mysteries. has been shown
many times. This set of rules will be
explained farther on.
Crytography in Literature
In the world of literature mystic
cryptogramS, containing within them
selves the keys to crime. intri que, bur
led treasure and hidden mystery. have
been wonderfully prolific field. In
recent years Conan Doyle. utilizing the
marvellous perception of Sherlock
Holmes. has given us one OF the best
cryptogram stories ever written 1t is
The Adventure of the Dancing Men"
In this tale strips of paper, bearing
grotesque sketches of figures waving
flags at different angles. furnish the
The San Francisco call., 1910-07-17

5tft305Oo* .)4D; Soo*j
4Sf5q6OO35; HIGH = st 1858
*t46G58*D*?; S)*+(;4SO;5
+f2: 2:tFG;.4756*2(5*-4)3F3*;4
0l72S5);)6fS)4+f ;I(f7, 43O6I, 8;
8FL;; 45f85; ;4)4S5f523SO6 *8If4;
1903; 4(+?34; 48)4f,IN;:I8S
+?;
FT6- ~ TIE s77EoUcg GOLD D0o cR7PTo
GRAM OF EDGaR AILEn FOE
The San Francisco call., 1910-07-17
Some Odd Cryptograms

Secret message writing has been put
TO some odd uses. In former days,
when postage rates used to be prohibit
i've, it was a common thing for work.
The San Francisco call., 1910-07-17

FIG 4 AN OPEN LETTER coNTA InIn5 n SEeISSYfS-11s
lLE55AeE Ts2q1a7 BY Tgf5 = 5yF5 E ff0O1
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser., 1910-10-01

Padula's hurts are believed to be fatal.
Accidents to cars and drivers contin-
ued frequent. In the accident to the
Lancia, a Massapequa race contestant
driven by Knipper, which left the road
and turned turtle. Knipper was held un-
der the overturned car and dragged
some distance. sustaining broken leg.
His mechanician escaped with few
bruises. The Lancia was leading at the
time and looked like a sure winner.
Next to come to grief was Beardsley's
No. 6 Simplex, which broke its steering
gear while making the nineteenth
round in third position Almost at the
same moment the No. Benz, driven by
F. Helms. caught fire near the Hicks
Vile turn and was forced out of the
race.
The police arrangements to guard the
course proved inadequate and driver
after driver complained on stopping at
the pits for repairs or supplies that at
various points the crowd had over
flowed into the road and could not be
kept back, Joe Dawson, driver of No.
25 Marmon. stopped in his fourteenth
round. his nerves utterly unstrung and
tears coursing down his cheeks. At the
time he was under the impression that
he had struck one of the spectators at
| the Westbury turn. Later he was told
that he had merely grazed boy, in
| ficting no hurt of consequence: and he
resumed the contest in a more cheerful
frame of mind.
When Knipper in the Lancia came to
grief his car crashed into two syutomo-
biles and crowd of spectators. Knip-
per saw that the car was getting away
from him and jammed on the brakes.
His sudden stop saved all but one
spectator, Morris Levinson, of Man
haitian, who had his leg broken and was
| thought to be internally injured.
| AS the big cars were finishing the
twentieth round the racers in the Mas
sapequa class completed the ten laps of
12640 miles. 1t was won by car No. 81,
Cole, driven by William Endicott. Time.
2 hours Is minutes 43 1-5 seconds.
| The Wheatley Hills sweepstakes, run
over is laps or 1895 mile course, was
won by No. 46, Fal, driven by J. f.
Galnaw, in hours 10 minutes and As
seconds; No. Al. Fal. driven by w. H.
Pearce, was second.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser., 1910-10-01
VANDERBILT CUP ENTRIES.

The thirty-two contestants and the
cars participating In the 27S.0S-mile
Vanderbilt cup race includes;
National. AL Livingston; Lozier,
Ralph Mulford; Marquette-Bu Ar
thur Chevrolet; Mercedes, Spencer e.
Wishart; Oldsmobile. Joseph Nilsson;
Simplex, Leland Mitchell; Benz. Franz
Helms; Amplex, Walter Jones; Ma
tionai, John Aitken; Benz. Edward
Hearne; Columbia. Harold Stone: Cor
bin, Joseph Matson; Stoddar6- Dayton
Ray Harding; Benz. David Bruce
Brown; Pope Hartford. John Fleming
Alec, Harry F.. Grant; Jackson. e. F.
scheifier; Oldsmoble. Harry Stillman;
Marmon, Ray Harroun: Pope Hartford
Bert Dingley; American. William Wal.
lace; Stoddard- Dayton, Tobin De Hy.
mel: Marmon. Joseph Dawson; Haupt'
Rockwell, Carl Limberg; Marquette.
Buick, Robert Burnam: Apperson, Har.
ris Hanshue: Marquette Buick, Louis
Chevrolet; Royal. F. H. Jardine; Ma.
tional, Louis Disbrow; Knox. Fred
Belcher: Simplex, Ralph Beardsley.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser., 1910-10-01
RELATIVE POSITIONS OF
CARS DURING BIG RACE.

MOTOR PARKWAY. Oct 1. Upon
completion OF the tenth lap the
positions of the leaders were: No. q.
Lozier. Mulford; No. 25, Norman, Daw-
son; No. Q, Simplex. Beardsley; No. 1s,
Alec. Grant; No. IL, Benz, Hearne; No.
80, Marquette Buick. Chevrolet.
After the fifteenth lap they stood:
No IS, Alec, Grant; No. 10, National,
Aitken; No. 6, Simplex, Beardsley; No.
2. Lozier, Mulford; No. IL. Pope-Hart-
ford, Fleming; No. IL, Benz. Hearne;
No. 20. Marquette-Buick, Chevrolet.
On the completion of the twentieth
lap the positions of the leaders were
as follows: No. IS. Alec. Grant: No. 10,
National. Aitken; No. 7, Simplex,
Mitchell: No. II. Pope-Hartford, Fiem-
ing.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser., 1910-10-01
TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION
RESENTS ACCUSATION.

INDIANAPOLIS, Ind, Oct. 1.-Presi-
dent James M. Lynch of the Inter-
national Typographical Union indig-
nantly denied that unionism was In
any way responsible for the explosion
which wrecked the Los Angeles Times
plant He had the following telegram
sent to the unions representative in
Los Angeles
I'm conjunction with the president
and board of trustees No 174 take
such measures us may appear neces-
sary to protect the international Typo
graphical Union and local union from
any charge of completely with the al
legged dynamiting of the Times office
Press reports convince Us that expIo-
sion was caused by faulty gas mains
and due entirely to unsanite-y condi-
ton of Times plant"
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser., 1910-10-01
TOOK LAMPLIGHTER FOR
BURGLAR AND SHOT AT HIM

Dominick Mercadante, official lamp
lighter, was going about his prosaic
occupation ''dousing the glims'' in Mon
tague place, 200 feet east of Prospect
street, South Orange. at $50 this morn
ing, when three shots broke the still
ness of the air, and bullets whizzed by
him so close that he Gays he could al
most taste them
What are you trying to do? XIII
me?" he yelled through the gray dawn
to a passing milkman-
IT thought 1t was a burglar. came
back the reply.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser., 1910-10-01
LOCAL AUTO|STS
IN FULL FORCE At
VANDERBILT RACE
Newark Was Practically De-
serted by Motorists Until
Late in Afternoon.

From 8 o'clock this morning until
late this afternoon one could shoot
cannon down Broad or Market streets
without hitting an automobile. Every :
one who owne1 machine or could af-
ford to hire one was at the great
Vanderbilt cup race. The loneliest
place iE the city was the home Of the
New Jersey Automobile and Motor
Club in Park place.
Never in the history of this club
has there been such an exodus of MEM
bers. AS early as o'clock last night
the machines began to speed from this
city over the Turnpike for the Long
Island roads Many had arranged for
dinner and theatre parties in Manhat-
tan before making the run to Ions
Island. 1t was after midnight that the
real rush to Long Island began. Theie
was a steady procession across the
Turnpike. Every imaginable machine
was in evidence from the $4,000 i'm
ported car to the insignificant snort
ing little roadster. In the gray dawn
there was many an impromptu race.
The usually dark, lonesome road wa.
light as day from the glare of the
headlights of the multitude of ma
chimes and denizens were awakened by
the shrill blasts of the horns.
Many of the cars had improvised
commissary departments. One party
of fournAad with them their own cook
and bs Aoffee served as they ran into
Jerse. Yty. More. declaring that they
were not camels. had drinkables other
than coffee. Every machine had extra
tires lashed to its sides.
Newarkers at Race.
The Anew Jersey Automobile and
Motor Club supplied many of its men,
bers with parking space along the
route of the big race. There was an
unusual demand for these tickets A
partial list of the members of the club
who saw the race is:
DIR. William G. Mckenzie, L. e. r.
Hunt, ]. Henry Smith, #. N. Sommer
william A. Gray, H. M. Cohn, Charles
B. Bell. Frank A. Reeve, James f
Kelly, Dr. W. Bailey, e. Easman ia
cobus, M. H. Stearson, Charles w. ia
cobus, Oscar Daniels, Stanley N. Reed
w. w. Trimpi, Louis d. Kilgus, Fred
G. Lovatt, e. e. Sergeant, B. Fl
Clickner, Sidney B. Taylor, John Doyle
l.. r. Glider. Waldo L. Mason. John
wehl, 1r., Fred A. Phelps, C. w
Nichols, Edgar B. Sharp, N, ]. Ward,
James E. Broadhead, Charles j
Demarest. J. v. w. Westervelt. Walter
j. Johnson, E. j. Fullerton, Mrs
Louise t. Wiss. George O'Gorman
Adrian r. Allen, Benjamin F. Jones
H. C. Stevenson, w. A. Starrett. B. #
Wilkinson, AL L. Driver, Ralph d
Erler, August Buecke, DIR. H. Martin
Pierson, J. NJ Shelter. p. c. McGovern
John ]. Radel. F. J. Radel. e. M. Slo-
comb, C. e. Fischer. G. Gilbert Brown
Edward A. Zusi, w. R. Sherrerd, H. c
DeRaisnes, Percy H. Johnson, Harold
T. Creighton, d. P. Payne, Melville A
Carpenter, H. A. Bonnell, w. Eugene
Turton, F. C. Van Keuren, Clinton g
Halsey, John w. Slaybach. August
Linde, Irving Smith, Charles e. Seller
IT., A. j. Hole, ]. Jocelyn Black. Harry
L. Parker, J. F. Rodamor, H. S. Hay
ward jr., James w. Ward, M M
Belding, jr., F. s. Smith, L. w. Fris.
bee, John w. Stewart. John Ashley
Guy r. Bell, Frederick Kilgus and J
w. Mason.
Newark evening star and Newark advertiser., 1910-10-01
GOMPERS DEFENDS UNION
AGAINST EXPLOSION CHARGE

ST. LOUIS, Mo-, Oct. 1.--samuel
Gompers. president of the American
Federation of Labor, said today he
does not believe union labor members
were in any way responsible for the
deadly explosion and fire in the build
ing of the Los Angeles Times.
THE position of the Times toward
union labor Is well known" said
Gompers, but nothing has occurred
recently to make the feeling of the
union men against the paper more
acute. 1 regret the loss of life and
destruction of property, but l see nc
reason for thinking that union mem
bers had anything, TO do with it"