davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Caucasian. (Clinton, N.C.) 188?-1913, 1910-07-07

Nes York. 1aiy S. natsoa-wia~
protest axxsnst p2waiIszs. n~aseves ~
sporting men 20 soand he asath-
kneli of the ring. aax sore np .. tie
direct result % Tic IeTrse8-1ohusoa
contest ~ Reno yesterday. an1 fhs
rare riots whgeh followed al over The
country.
The spectacle O. , negro hammer
Ing = white man Ento tuseasIhgItsv
was N all probability the Last os it,
kind 10 BE- seen for = long time. 81
best. II the fears 81 sporsaon are suI-
niled. Racial indignation II regard
ed as . strong factor IN the sasua-
ton.
A systematic campaign for the
prevention Of prixe-aghting. more re-
hemeni than that ~hich preceziea
yesterdays affair. Is underway and
the church leaders who are directing
II are known 70 be optimistic.
While IL is premature. according
To sporting men. 10 forecast the gen
erai outcome. the impression here Ia
pessimistic- The end of prize fighting
in America Is by many believed 10 be
at hand.
The Caucasian. (Clinton, N.C.) 188?-1913, 1910-07-07
SURVIVORS, PICKED TT.
spens the Night in An Open Boat
After shin sank.

New York. July g.-Three men aid
boy. survivors Of the two-nasted
schooner Garfield White. which
sparng a leak and sank seven mtIes
east OF the Ambrose Channel light
ship. we're picked mp near Arvsrne.
L. l.. today. after having drifted
about all night II a small life boat
When they were taken ashore by
United States life savers they we're
so exhausted that they had 10 be car
ried out OF the tiny boat They said
that during the night they had bat
tied against heavy seas and had
given up all hope of ever reaching
land again
The survivors are. Captain c.. G.
Morrison. Mate J. r. Clarke. Cannon
Miner. sailor. and James Morrison.
cabin boy. There were no others on
board the schooner.
The Caucasian. (Clinton, N.C.) 188?-1913, 1910-07-07
cen.~rx.s.na ra.se, srxun m rsfa.

Beverly. uass.. 1zfy 49, rrwssssas
TAN yesterday spoa tAe a@ss ssen So
Ass uwa ecrAwvvafsaz noasxr ~ ssxn.
inw orders o. s8tAArasaI xoxsvtnx -
ssSsTsa axssa 80 poser site. raus-
paats I'D resroa~zsa lanas.
TIE rrwst1sns also arpusssSa sAe
Eve eaxla@sr cEc~rx 81 tie ar~av sc
arg 20 Constitute a ssoara -AarA wagl
PAS apoa The reclamation projects %
ee conr1st@d unAer ne rw~eas as
psoprtAsioa Of t.a.oas .aea.
u IL hlnts4 ;aat there are usa~~
Important announcement 20 ean~
sftA regard 20 -. conservatism pos.
Ter Of tbs psssent administration.
The President has .anmoaea s~cve-
taTy Of the Interior nattinrrr for a
conference ca Tuesday. when varaons
phases 81 the cork 20 ae done IA the
near future all BE gone over.
President Taft also slwned orders
of withdrawal to-day covering public
lands In national forests In Alamka
In which workable coal Is kno~n "a
occur. thus raiffyinw the order o,
withdrawal made By direction Of for.
mer PTesiden, Roosevelt on Novsm.
Der IL. 1906.
The water power sites withdraw
BY President Taft cover . total Of / :.
i54.4es acres The phosphate land.
withdrawn total 2.ss4.fI3 acres. and
the petroleum lands 4.447,I1s acres
The Caucasian. (Clinton, N.C.) 188?-1913, 1910-07-07
Colored Baptist Conventional Cor
rectiOn.

To The Caucasian:-The North
Carolina National Baptist State Con-
vention convenes at Henderson on
Thursday morning at 9 O'Clock, July
14th, instead of July 18th, as was
stated in last weeks issue.
However, the Grand Opening Pre-
lude'' will take place Wednesday
night, July 18th. Subject for the
prelude, "Oour Common Warfare.
This will be a general discussion In
five-minute speeches by large num-
Der of delegates.
Quite a number of distinguished
speakers from various States is ex-
pected, and a very large and enthusi-
astic gathering is anticipated.
Humbly yours in His service,
L. T. CHRISTMAS,
State Missionary.
The Caucasian. (Clinton, N.C.) 188?-1913, 1910-07-07
Educators Denounce College Foot
Hail.

Boston. Mass. July 5.-Denoun-
cling college football as a combina-
ton OF pure brutality and pugilism
that appealed to the love OF the sor-
did, David Starr Jordan, President OF
Leland Stanford University, led In
the discussion that followed a report
made to-day by the committee of
Moral Education in Public Schools
to the National Council of Education.
OF the National Education Associa-
ton, in convention here. He added
Some day the college president
and school heads of this country will,
perhaps, be called cowardly and bru-
tai because they did not put a stop
to the dangers of football, a sport
that destroys the best there Is In
American youth"
The game, he continued, aroused
the same love of the sordid that TO
cussed in the country in "a ring way
out in far Nevada. where a black man
and a white man were pounding each
other yesterday"
The Caucasian. (Clinton, N.C.) 188?-1913, 1910-07-07
Jailed Stormed and Two Negroes Are
Lynched.

Charleston, Mo-, July Am ex-
odus in the negro population OF
Charleston is reported to be in prog
ress, following the double lynching
on yesterday when Robert Coleman
and Sam Fields were hanged by an
Infatuated mob for the murder OF
William Fox, a Mississippi county
farmer. An investigation of the af-
fair at the request of Governor Had
ley will be made by the prosecuting
attorney to-day.
The Caucasian. (Clinton, N.C.) 188?-1913, 1910-07-07
Jews Going to Palestine.

Pittsburg, Pa, July 5.-Dr. Harry
Frienenwall, of Baltir'o ore, was this
afternoon reelected President OF the
American Federation of Zionists at
it's session here.
Seven hundred acres Of farming
land in Palestine were sold at auc-
ton to Jews who will emigrate there,
the land averaging SIS an acre.
The managers of the auction said
they had lands enough for all Jews
who wanted to go back to Palestine.
The Caucasian. (Clinton, N.C.) 188?-1913, 1910-07-07
A Saner Fourth i'm Gotham.

New York, July 5.-Five persons
were killed on July 4, 1909, and but
one death was due to fireworks in
the city yesterday; SIG were hurt
by fireworks, cannon and pistols last
year, and only SO yesterday; there
were 116 fires a year ago; yesterday
there were but 3S, ali insignificant
This is a showing over which the ad-
vocates of a safe and sane Fourth
are entitled to boast
The Caucasian. (Clinton, N.C.) 188?-1913, 1910-07-07
New Louisiana Senator.

Baton Rouge, La, July By an
overwhelming majority, Governor
Jared Young Sanders was to-day de-
clared the choice of both Houses of
the Louisiana General Assembly for
the seat in the United States Senate
left vacant by the recent death OF
Senator Samuel Douglas McEnery.
Sanders election to the Senate has
been a foregone conclusion ever
since Senator McEnery died.
The Caucasian. (Clinton, N.C.) 188?-1913, 1910-07-07

Fzsseax~w TsAia H@@@snx fTfsy Nst~.
an Hear Csasssws Enss Fswsxas---
Emxsswww Mz@-Is~sssas xfFs.r~~A

1tAsasscsw. OAsn. Tn1p t-Nsae-
ss~a pw~suAs wese fSsse4 oasrsxAs.
shswS psUaAhty sstagfr AaFs naA AsIs
araxa sew swTsossGy aafagps - =
AesG-oa sn1E1ss0a hwswew@ . frwsxas
49, pasaesx ws tfasn 80 tAs Tasxsa-
nasa. naz11su1 ssa fsavsn1 Raalsua<s
avTe to-day Ut tie ktlaea. eaxAseea
wsFs passengers. taw osAss xssssG -
sng 81 tie rAsswages tFAin crew
The Caucasian. (Clinton, N.C.) 188?-1913, 1910-07-07
Rough Rider Boys Going
Home.

New York, June 30.-The Aber-
nethy boys, Louis and Temple, who
rade from Oklahoma to New York
on horseback, to be in at the welcome
to Colonel Roosevelt, will start back
next Wednesday by automobile. The
brothers will pilot the way in run
about and their father will follow in
larger car. The party intends to
vivouac by the roadside wherever
nightfall finds them
The Caucasian. (Clinton, N.C.) 188?-1913, 1910-07-07
Large Crowd Attend UnveiIing Exer-
eiSes

Greensboro. " c.. July An i'm
mense throng was attracted 70 the
Guilford Battle Ground to-day to at
tend the unwilling of monument TO
Peter Francisco and tablets TO Will
liam Washington and Marquis OF
Bretigny. The principal address was
delivered by State Auditor B. F.
Dixon, who told in a highly entertain
ing manner of the life and career OF
Peter Francisco.
The Caucasian. (Clinton, N.C.) 188?-1913, 1910-07-07
NOTICE tn CREDITORS.

Hasinw 1aA1Iae3 ss sxe<Gsss asasT-
the tAsi wEII aa6 tsssssEzsnt 81 Essts
Page. deceased. late 81 wake Cozn-
~. tats Is % nosify al rsrsCss kuia-
Ing eialna aEalass aid estate 30 pre-
cent sane 10 me % my assc~nsy or or
before Jsns s. 1911. o. sAts Hossce
wlii he pleaded II sAr Of The recorssy
90 sAne.
All persoas Indebted TO aaia estate
are requested 10 make promps pay
ment
This June Z. 1910.
HERBERT PAGE.
Executor OF EdIsh Page. Deceased.
II. =. NORRIS. Attorney.
e timea.l
The Caucasian. (Clinton, N.C.) 188?-1913, 1910-07-07
Robert Woods, colored, a grass cut

Robert Woods, colored, grass cut
ter around Raleigh, has wandered
away from his home He is very old,
and it is possible that his mind is
unbalanced. His wife, who cooks for
Capt. J. J. Thomas, has an advertise
ment in this issue by which means
she hopes to locate him and get him
back home. Any information about
him will be greatly appreciated by
his wife.
The Caucasian. (Clinton, N.C.) 188?-1913, 1910-07-07
WOULD HANG THEIR HEADS IN
SHAME.
This Would Happen Should Wake
County BE Turned Over to Daniels
and His Associates.

State Democrat.
The entire State has its eye on
Wake County. Many people know
how prone the unthinking and unsus-
pecting people are to listen to the
vile, poisonous message Of lying
hypocrite, but with few exceptions
the papers of the State and the good
people in all sections are confident
that Wake County will not be given
over to Josephus Daniels and the Re-
publican associate editor of his pa
per. If such a calamity should come
to us the good people of the county
would hang their heads in shame.
The Caucasian. (Clinton, N.C.) 188?-1913, 1910-07-07
A Grave Accusation.
Greensboro News. !

Greensboro News.
But was it any worse for Mr.. Lock-
hart to intimate that two members
of the Corporation Commission are
under the domination of the railroads
than for the Ansonian to insinuate
strongly that the Governor and Su-
in the hands of the American Tobac-
CO Company?
The Caucasian. (Clinton, N.C.) 188?-1913, 1910-07-07
But They Can't Buy or Bulldoze the
Wake County Voters.
State Democrat

State Democrat.
That Joe Daniels spirit of rule or
ruin and the Bill Bailey check giving,
instituted in the last State Guberna-
torial campaign, is the same now be-
ing used by these boilers in the Wake
County campaign save there is no
check giving, but an occasional IS
bill has been handed out for ward
workers.
The Caucasian. (Clinton, N.C.) 188?-1913, 1910-07-07
Bailey and Daniels "Refawmers'' Has
rs Increased Taxes.
State Democrat

State Democrat.
J. VIM. Bailey promised the voters
in the city good government cam
paign lower taxes, fewer officers and
better service. What have the peo-
pie gotten? Increased taxes, increas-
ed salaries and a new Office created
the dog-catcher. Don't Willie want
the new office?
The Caucasian. (Clinton, N.C.) 188?-1913, 1910-07-07

Durham Herald

Durham Herald
That fact that independent candi-
dates are boebing up In Wake coun-
ty would seem 10 indicate that con-
ditions are not as harmonious rs
they would have us believe.
The Caucasian. (Clinton, N.C.) 188?-1913, 1910-07-07
WEEKEND EXCURSION RATES

To Norfolk and Virginia Beach, via
Norfolk Southern II. II.
Tickets sold for Saturday night
trains, good returning, leave Norfolk
Sunday night. $50
Saturday night, July 9th, first date
of sale, and every Saturday until
September 3rd.
The Caucasian. (Clinton, N.C.) 188?-1913, 1910-07-07

Eward w. Pou, of Smithfield, was
for Congress at a con-
vention held here yesterday by the
Democrats. He had no opposition.
The Caucasian. (Clinton, N.C.) 188?-1913, 1910-07-07
Greatly Reduced Rates.

Fares in same proportion from, all
stations between Raleigh, Belhaven
and Norfolk.
The night express of the Norfolk
Southern offers the best and most
convenient service between Raleigh,
Eastern North Carolina and Norfolk,
Va.
Spend next Sunday at Virginia
Beach, the most attractive. Seashore
Resort in Virginia.
Get complete information from
nearest Ticket Agent, or
D. V. CONN, S. P A,
Raleigh, n. c.
H. c. HUDGINS, G.. P. A.,
w. w. CROXTON. A. G. P. A.
Norfolk, Va.
The Caucasian. (Clinton, N.C.) 188?-1913, 1910-07-07

Jeffries didn'ts make as good
showing as Colonel Bryan has done.
The Caucasian. (Clinton, N.C.) 188?-1913, 1910-07-07

Franklin. OF Swift Greek. majority.
III; l. n Lynn. of Houses Greek.
majority. 200: ". IL. cnamblee. Jr..
OF Little River. majority. 49,.
Primaries DO Not Bind the Voters.
Speeches By the various candidates
then followed. the most remarkab bic
one being By Uncle Dickie" Battle
The venerable gentleman. who Ia
well versed in the Law. spread con-
gternation in the ranks OF the insur-
gents when he declared that those
who voted in the primary were not
legally bound 10 support the ticket
that was nominated. Despite Mr..
Daniefy frowng and shakes OF the
head, the lawyer. who Ia called the
"Negtor OF the Wake Bar" continued
10 repeat the remark. to the evident
glee Of the regular Democrats who
were present
The Caucasian. (Clinton, N.C.) 188?-1913, 1910-07-07
Wants More Offices.

Prof. Skies, having been put In
line for a little piece Of pie for him
self, now wants TO give the faithful
a little more, and as a bait for votes,
he wished inserted in the platform a
declaration pledging the members of
the Legislature to have appointed a
commissioner OF agriculture" for
every county in the State, thus sad
ding on the people a new and an
other useless Office
The Caucasian. (Clinton, N.C.) 188?-1913, 1910-07-07
Regulars Refuse to Take Part.

Regulars Refuse to Take Part.
Mr.. J. Newton Holding was called
upon for a speech, but that gentle
man, who delivered perhaps the most
telling speech in opposition to the
Daniels-Bailey combine during the
late Democratic campained, grinned a
refusal. In fact, the evident de-
meanor of the whole regular party
was that of bitterness, as they claim
with good reason, that they were de-
feated by false statements spread
! broadcast in red headed" editions
of the News and Observer and by the
insurgent speakers.
! Geo. E. Hunter was elected chair
man. Mr.. Bailey was not elected
chairman, as was expected, he evil
IDENTIFY preferring to rest on his
| laurels CD of winning the primary
/ fight and not risking his reputation
on the practically certain defeat of
| his ticket by the Republicans this
fall. While Mr.. Hunter is nominally
the chairman, it is generally under
stood by those who know that the
campaign will be directed and con-
trolled by Mr.. JosPhus Danields, the
editor Of the News and Observer.
A Disappointing Platform.
After a bitter county fight every
one expected a vigorous declaration
regarding county affairs, but they
were doomed to disappointment. II
practically ignores county and State
affairs, dealing only with national af-
fairs, and this, too, year when there
is no Presidential election.
1t pleads for the return of the
Democrats who might be sore over
the result of the late primary, and
that was about as far as it got on
local affairs. With the tariff and
other matters that will hardly hold
the attention of Wake voters this
fall, it had a mighty lot to say, but
mary" word about the grating
and "abuses of the peoples affairs
that they charged the regular Demo
Gratis with a few days ago.
In substance it was a revamp of the
News and Observers articles of the
past few days, and bore all the ear
marks of having been written from
that Office.
Amador ledger., 1910-09-02
ASSEMBLY BILL NO. 900

Passed the Assembly, March 4, A. D. 1909
CLIO Lloyd, Chief Clerk Of the Assembly
Passed the senate, March II, ID. l9OO, Lewis
a Hilborn, Secretary OF thu senate.
This bill was receive by the Governor, this
% day of Mar, A. d. 1909, at II o'clock NJ T. =
copper, Private seer tary or the Govern ~.
CHAPTER 3,3. An act authorizing the construc.
ton, acquisition, maintenance ana con fOl OF
Il system of state highways IN the state OF
California; specifying the work. hiking the
payments TO be made by counties for moneys
expended therein; prov ding Tor the issuance
ana sale of st ITO bonds to create tuhd Tor the
construction and acquisl ION OF such system
creating a S hiking fund for the iyment OF
sal bonds; and providing 10 the submission
OF this act u II vote OF the people
The people OF tho state Of California represented
in senate and assembly, do enact as follows.
SECTION |. A system OF ate highways in and
for the state Of California shall be cons ructet
and acquired as and In the manner provided
by law by the department. OF engine ring OF salu
state at a cost not 10 exceed eighteen mi llol
dollars. For tho purpose or pfoVlulhS Tor Iht
payment OF the cost OF the constructions t Il qui
siton Of said systonl Of sud highways, me NtllC
OF california Is hereby authorized 10 lncurau in
dehtedness IN the manner provide by this ac
in the sum Of eighteen mi lion dollars.
Immediately after tho issuance OF the procla
nation OF the governor. uB provide IN section II
of this act, the treasurer OF the state shall pre-
pare eighteen thousand suitable bonds or the
state OF California In the denomination OF one
thousand collars each. 70 be numbered from
10 5000 inclusive ana % hear the date OF lht
third day of July, 1911 The total issue OF said
bonds shall not exceed the sum o. eighteen mil
lion dollars and they shall bear into est mt tho
rate OF four per cent per annum from he date OF
issuance thereof The said bonds and the in
terest thereon shall be payabl' In gold coin Of
the United States OF the presenI standard Of
value at the ollice Of tho treasurer OF said state
at the times and In the manner following 20 wit
The first four hundred OF said bonds shan be
due ana PAYABLE on the third daY Of July, 1917
and four hundred OF said bonds In consecutive
numerical order shall be due ana payable on
the third day OF July, In each ana every yeal
thereafter until and including tho third day Of
July, 1861 The interes. accruing on all OF SAID
bonds that shall DO sold shall boo payable az inc
Ofiice OF the treasurer OF the state on the tlird
day or January and the third day of July ofeach
and every year after the sale OF the same The
Amador ledger., 1910-09-02
sENArE elLL NO. 4e4.

Passed the senate. March II, A. d. 1909.
Lewis A, Hilhnr,, Secretary OF the senate.
Passed The Assembly NJ Uch 20, A. ID. 1909.
Clio Lloyd, Chicf Clerk OF the Assembly.
This hill was received by the Governor this
Ord day of March, a. ID. 1909 ~ o'clock p. m.
II. G.. Cooper, Private secretary of the Cover
nor
ance and sale OF state bonds 10 create a
fund for the construction by the board OF
state harbOr comm ISIS toner's for the bay OF
san Diego OF harbor improvements To con
sist of a seawall, wharVes, piers, state rail-.
Amador ledger., 1910-09-02
Notice to Voters.

Notice is hereby given TO the electors OF the
State OF California that the following acts will
be submitted TO the people Of the State Of Cali.
fornia for their ratification at the next general
election, TO be holden on the eighth day OF No
A IN
Amador ledger., 1910-09-02
L. n. oTANTONs
Speaker of the Assem- bly,.
w. II. PORTER,

Approved March 22nd, A. d. 1909.
j. n. GMLETr, Governor.
Endorsed: Filed in the office of the Secre-
taTy of State the % day of March, 1909, at $50
O'Clock \. N. Q. +. Curry, Secretary of State
BY j. Hoesch, Deputy.
Amador ledger., 1910-09-02
w. Il PORTER.
President OF the Senate.

PrtSldtuI OF Ilt otHIIt,
Il. a. STANTON,
Speaker OF the Assembly.
Approved March 20, A D. 1909.
n. GILLETT, Governor
Endorsed: Filed in the Office of the Secretary
of state the 2, day of Nj. oh, A. ID ~ 9, AT
O'CLOCK p. NJ. G, +. CURRY, Secretary OF State.
b. - Hoes h, Deputy.
Amador ledger., 1910-09-02

President OF the Senate,
Il. \ STANTON
Speaker OF tho Assembly.
Approved March oath A. u 1903
j. N. GILLETr Governor.
Endors d Filed IN the office et the Secretary
OF state Tho % day of March, d. 1909, az 30
ocluck ~. m @ f. Curry, secretary of state BY
j. Hoesch Deputy
The Appeal., 1910-11-05

Each of the Southern States, as ex-
Senator McLauren admits, is gov
erned by an oligarchy which retains
its power by a cunningly devised
code of election machinery of the
state under the control of few reck-
less partisans, who do not fail to use
their advantage to the full extent.
Now, if Democratic house is elect
ed, it would be an important step in
aiding the election of Democratic
president. The amendments to the
constitution would be nullified and all
appointive Offices would be filled by
stalwart Democrats.
1t is claimed by some that the Afro
American voters will give their aid to
carry out this program; but we have
no idea that such will be the case.
We believe that the Afro-Americans
will remain true to the Republican
party-the party of freedom and
progress.
The Appeal., 1910-11-05
WHAT THE RACE OWES THE RE.
PUBLICAN PARTY. : .

We cannot really believe that any
Afro-American has an intention to
vote for Democrats for congress, but
the Chicago Tribune is not sure upon
that matter. It says:
IF the past is recalled by the Afro.
American he will not fail to appre.
ciate the fact that every privilege he
has in this country came to him at the
hands of the Republican party. Every
proposition looking towards his well
fare was fought by the Democrats
during the long years of struggle
over the Negro question following the
close of the Civil War. The history
of the United States tells it's own con-
elusive story on those points. Free
dom, manhood, educatoin, suffrage,
opportunity were given by the Re.
publican party.''
The foregoing shows what the At
ro-American owes to the Republican
party, and it is only fair to state what
he owes to the Democratic party, as
follows: Two hundred and fifty
years of slavery, peonage, Jim Crow
ism, lynching and degradation.
The Appeal., 1910-11-05
EQUAL RIGHTS PLANK.

"The Republican party has
been for more than fifty3years the
consistent friend Of the Afro.
American. 1t gave him freedom
and citizenship. It wrote into
the organic law the declarations
that proclaim his civil and poIiti-
cal rights, and it believes today
that his noteworthy progress in
intelligence, industry and good
citizenship has earned the respect
and encouragement Of the ma
ton. We demand equal justice
for all men, without regard to
race or color; we declare once
more, and without reservation.
TOR the enforcement in letter and
spirit Of the thirteenth, four
teenth and fifteenth amendments
to the Constitution which were
designed for the protection and
advancement of the Afro-Ameri-
can, and we condemn all devices
which have for their real aim his
d'sfranchisement for reasons of
color alone, as unfair, un-Ameri-
can and repugnant to the ST.
preme law of the land"
-RepubIican Platform, 1908.
The Appeal., 1910-11-05
ITO ARMS, THEY COME, THE
GREEKS, THE CREEKS"

NHcIN0, ! 1nGcN0.
The goodly town of Tarpon Springs,
situated on the lower portion of
Florida, is in decidedly bad fix. The
industry of the city is the sponge
fishery, in which nearly all of the
inhabitants are engaged. The Flori.
dian method Of gathering sponges has
been, from time immemorial, to DRAG
them up from the vastly deep by
means of the ''hooker," kind OF
three-pronged rake.
But few years ago, some mis-
guided Tarponspringsite imported a
Greek diver to settle in the town
The diver came, settled, dived and
made big thing out of it. Then he
wrote for all of his brothers, nephews
cousins and brothers-inlaw to come
and settle and dive. --..-.
And, accordingly they all came and
settled and dived until they captured
the town. cornered the market and
put the Floridians out of business. In
fact, Tarpon Springs has become q
Greek town, with three Greek citizens
to one American.
Even on the signs, instead of John
Smith and Peter Brown, one finds the
names of Demetrius Sminthens and
Epaminondas observation-disclosures,
And the latter respectable gentle.
men are controlling the sponge trade
of Tarpon Springs, much to the dis.
guest of the aborigines, whose ac-