davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Columbus journal. (Columbus, Neb.) 1874-1911, 1910-03-02
MARRIAGE.

A game Of chance in which the
chances are about even. The man
leads at first. but after leaving the al
tar he usually follows breathlessly in
his wife's trail. The rules are very
confusing. If masked player holds
you up some night at the end of long
gun, it is called robbery. and entities
you to telephone the police, but if your
wife holds You up for a much larger
amount the next morning ut the end of
a long hug. it is termed diplomacy,
and counts in her favor. In this, as in
other games of life, wives are usually
allowed more privileges than other
outlawS-Judge
The Columbus journal. (Columbus, Neb.) 1874-1911, 1910-03-02
judge 10 Charitable.

Richmond. Va.-Moved by the pI.
:hetic testimony Of Hunter Ingram. :
I4-year-old boy. brought before him
In police court the other day. charged
with having stolen q loaf OF bread.
which the yOungster said he wanted
to take TO his mothher, who was
starring. Judge John ]. Crutckfield or
derad collection taken UP in court
for the boy and his mother. Passing
around the hat. the bailiff obtained
from those present in court the sum
of SIS. the judge having dropped iE a
crisp five-dollar note The case
against Ingram was dismissed.
The Columbus journal. (Columbus, Neb.) 1874-1911, 1910-03-02
SUNDAY Schools Want Al,

There is church in Brooklyn that
has adopted novel scheme for en-
larSinS its Sunday school. Ii adyer
uSes for boys and girls 10 come to it
In the shop windows in the neighbor
hood of the church one may see pIa,
cards, such as are used for adverti.
sing entertainments of various kinds,
that bear the legend:
"Wanted-Boys and girls to join our
Sunday school" Below this are set
forth the advantages that will come
10 the young folk who attend the
classes
The Columbus journal. (Columbus, Neb.) 1874-1911, 1910-03-02
1nelioibIe.

So you wouldn't let Bombazine Bill
sit on the jury that tried the horse
thief"
NO." answered Three Fingered
Sam. we do things fair and square
in Crimson Gulch. Bills a good man.
but the fact that he runs the only
undertaken business in the county
couldn't help prcjudicin' him some
agin the defendant"
The Columbus journal. (Columbus, Neb.) 1874-1911, 1910-03-02
H0w's This?

We odef Ono Hundred Dollars Reward M any
ense Of CataTh that cannot Be cured BY Halls
CSSASIh Cure.
FL. CHENEY CO. Toledo. q.
We. the undersigned. have known +. J. Cheney
for the last IS years and believe him perfectly hon
oeabie IN all business transactions and financially
oble to CARY out any obligations made by his firm
WALDIN0. kINNAS 4 MARVIN.
Wholesale DruzHistS. Toledo O
Haiis CAfArh Cure Is taken internally. acting
directly upon the blood and mucous surfaces Of the
system Testimonials aent free. Price IS cents pr
bottle Sold by all Druggists.
Tlxe Halls Family Pulls for const.patto0.
The Columbus journal. (Columbus, Neb.) 1874-1911, 1910-03-02
Opera the Great lexeler.

At one of the Wagner operas a few
days ago woman nudged her friend
and said: Who is that distinguished
man bowling to you over there?" Her
friend looked in the direction desig-
mated and smiled in a return greeting.
That's my butcher" she said. Il see
him here quite often. When ! go mar
keting in the morning We always dis
cuss the opera. He's a German. you
know. and really knows a lot about
other things besides cutting meat
New York Sun.
The Columbus journal. (Columbus, Neb.) 1874-1911, 1910-03-02
A Natural Question,

James J. Corbett. in the smoking
room of the Mauretania. praised the
style" of Jim JeffrieS.
It's a neat STYLE" he said: neat,
quick, to the point. 1t gets there like
the remark of little girl who said
TO the minister in the course Of a
quite interminable call:
Did you forget to bring your amen
with you, DOCTOR"
The Columbus journal. (Columbus, Neb.) 1874-1911, 1910-03-02

the best current in society, and she
acted as model which many men and
women could emulate to advantage
"As she was leaving" said Dr. Dix
on. "she took my hand most gracious
ly. said 'gcOd-by.' and she very evt
IDENTIFY endeavored to initiate me.
working her lips and mumbling. The
lack OF development Of the center Of
speech. which We know to exis, In the
chimpanzee. accounts for the mum.
bling. but there was the palpable at
tempt to emulate the persons of whom
she was taking leave"
The Columbus journal. (Columbus, Neb.) 1874-1911, 1910-03-02
Financial Loss Through tuberculosis

Based on the census of 1900. il is
estimated by the National Association
for the Study and Prevention of Tu-
berculosis that nearly 100, 900 children
now in school will die of tuberculosis
before they are Is years of age. or
that about 6.400 die annually from
this disease. Estimating that on an
average each child who dies of tuber-
culosis has had six years of schooling.
the aggregate loss to the country in
wasted education each year amounts
to $1,l52.O00. According to investiga-
tons made in New York. Boston and
Stockholm. the percentage of children
who are afflicted with tuberculosis is
much larger than the death rate would
Indicate
The Columbus journal. (Columbus, Neb.) 1874-1911, 1910-03-02
Doing Two Things at Once.

\ man hurried into a quick-lunch
restaurant recently and called to the
waiter: Give ne a ham sandwich"
Yes. sir" said the waiter. reaching
for the sandwich VIII you eat il OF
take it with ~Ou?'
Both" was the unexpected but OBJ
yiuus reply-i.adieS' Home journal.
The Columbus journal. (Columbus, Neb.) 1874-1911, 1910-03-02
CUT THIS OUT

And mail to the 4. II. Lewis Medicine Co..
st. Louis. Mo-. and they will send yOu free
DY (EE tabletS) Guaranteed for Rheu-
matism. Consultation. Sick Headache. Iiv-
or. Kidney and Blood Diseases. Sold by
all Druggists. Better than Pills for Liver
Ills. It's FREQ to you. Write today.
The Columbus journal. (Columbus, Neb.) 1874-1911, 1910-03-02
Gives Old Faneuii Rafter.

Philadelphia - SergL Edwin E.
Snow Of the Ancient and Honorable
Artillery Company Of Boston. came
here the other day with a piece OF
the original oak rafter Of Faneuil hall.
which he presented to the city Of
Philadelphia to be placed in indie
pendencs hall.
Sergt Snow said the relic was q
present from the famous old hall Of
Boston to the famous old hall In Phil
adelphia."
The Columbus journal. (Columbus, Neb.) 1874-1911, 1910-03-02

hood. swimming baths are easily
reached. there Is a tennis court In the
grounds. and the long line Of the South
Downs fills the northern horizon q
mile away.
The Columbus journal. (Columbus, Neb.) 1874-1911, 1910-03-02

4 scientist claims that hogs have
souls, but he probably doesn't mean
those who occupy two double seats in
z crowded railway car.
The Columbus journal. (Columbus, Neb.) 1874-1911, 1910-03-02
Mournful Pleasure.

Master-Since your wife died you
have got drunk every day. You had
better get married again at once
Servant-Oh, sir. leave me yet a
month in my grief.
The Columbus journal. (Columbus, Neb.) 1874-1911, 1910-03-02

IN mans friends o. ~. M'.Au4 raue,
lvl Ttmnt Washington
IN
weekly
mania Na
The Columbus journal. (Columbus, Neb.) 1874-1911, 1910-03-02

Any woman can make an impress
sion on 4 man who has either sof.
heart or a soft head
The Columbus journal. (Columbus, Neb.) 1874-1911, 1910-03-02

Crosses are OF no use to us, but In
as much as we yield ourselves up to
them and forget ourselves
The Columbus journal. (Columbus, Neb.) 1874-1911, 1910-03-02

One should take care not 10 row
TOO wise for so great 4 pleasure of lie
as Iaughter.-AdGISOn
The Columbus journal. (Columbus, Neb.) 1874-1911, 1910-03-02

II is easy to see the silver lining OF
other peoples clouds
The Columbus journal. (Columbus, Neb.) 1874-1911, 1910-03-02

Take from my mouth the wish a.!
happy yearS.-Shahespeare.
The Columbus journal. (Columbus, Neb.) 1874-1911, 1910-03-02

Much preaching Is attempting to &c.
water by polishing the faucet.
The Columbus journal. (Columbus, Neb.) 1874-1911, 1910-03-02
Natural SUGGESTION,

Natural Suggestion.
Il AM going to burn coal here
after
Hereafter? I thought Old Nick
would attend to the heat problem for
you then"
The Columbus journal. (Columbus, Neb.) 1874-1911, 1910-03-02

Lewis Single Binder gives 4 man y nat
he wants, rich. me,low-tl>ting ci.a..
The Columbus journal. (Columbus, Neb.) 1874-1911, 1910-03-02
no NOT .CCEIT S;E>T.Tyrr

Nsltli ~ t,.-1r
: as good for rheuud' ism. nrursl'.i AZ; similar
troubles 80 years IN constant u>s.. -. -. ard Sc
The Butler weekly times. (Butler, Mo.) 1881-1918, 1910-02-03

Earl Draper, Lee Hardinger, Howard
and Albert Leonard, Ray, Lawrence
and Henry Mccain.
Mrs. Clark Draper and two chill
dren, Gladys and Clarke, returned
Sunday from Guthrie, Okla, where
she went before Xmas to visit with
three of her sisters and a brother.
Monday Young Aaron saw R. +.
Judy trimming up his grape vines.
The Republicans have got prosper
ity so high that the laboring man
can't buy meat and the farmer cannot
afford to produce the meat with Re-
publican high priced corn.
Mrs. Geo. Rubel received a letter
from Mrs. Lille Smith, of Los An
geles, Cal. Mrs. Smith was formerly
Miss Lille Stephens. She states that
her father, William Stevens, is now
living on farm in Butler Co., Mo.
Miss Annie Standfield commenced
the spring term Of school in the Crook
District Monday.
A little w. C. T. U. arrived at the
home of John linn Sabbath night.
Samuel Kuhler, of Keytesville, Mo-,
who has been looking for a farm, has
been making his stopping place at W.
W. Parks. He came out from But
Ter Sabbath afternoon to bid them
goodbye. He was driving a fine
team, and when he started back to
Butler, it looked like he was prepar-
ed to enjoy the trip.
Mrs. Minnie Eggelson, who was
taking her mother, Mrs. Morrison, to
Warren Ayers, as they were going
down a HILL the tongue fell down,
one of the horses commenced kicking
and trying to run, they upset the
buggy throwing Mr.. Eggelson and
her mother out. Mrs. Eggelson was
kicked in the back and side. She
was badly bruised, but at this writing
she was improving. Mrs. Morrison
was only slightly bruised on her
shoulder.
Mrs. Ben Parker, of Kansas City, is
visiting her father, Jas. Quick.
Mrs. Will Ayers is on the sick list.
YOUNG AARON.
The Butler weekly times. (Butler, Mo.) 1881-1918, 1910-02-03

Several delivered fat hogs at But
Ter Monday.
Miss Agnes Allison and children,
of Rockville, visited the Hubbard
brothers and families the last Of the
week.
G. R. Borum will move to his place
this week.
Quite wind storm struck the Val
ley school house last Friday after
noon. The wind blew at the rate of
so miles an hour. No damage was
done. No one hurt and no one was
scared.
Mark Spain and family, of Double
Branch, visited at the homes of G. R.
Borum and j. H. Baker Saturday
and Sunday.
Bert Vansant and family visited at
Jesse Grimes Sunday.
Mr.. and Mrs. James Reynolds gave
an oyster supper at their home last
Tuesday night. All those present en-
joyed the occasion and departed for
home at a late hour.
FARMER JOHN.
The Butler weekly times. (Butler, Mo.) 1881-1918, 1910-02-03
Amsterdam Enterprise News.

The big drill which has been churn'
ing in the earth on the Darby farm
for some time has been stopped, on
the one hole at least. The well is SOC
feet deep, and three strata of gas
sand were passed through and on
Gaping the well it shows about SO
pounds pressure. We did not learn
whether another well will be put
down or not.
Last Saturday evening while in
Jefferson City we were entertained
at dinner by Judge and Mrs. w. w.
Graves. "Zack" Patterson, Butler
boy and the Judges secretary, was
also guest. The Judge and family
are in the best of health and made
inquiries concerning their Bates
county friends.
Mrs. L. M. Braden left last Thurs
day for Columbus, Ohio, where she
will make an extended visit with
relatives.
Prof. Wheeler was in our office
Wednesday and announced the fact
that he would be one of the Demo-
cratic candidates for Circuit Clerk in
the coming campaign. Prof. Wheel
The Butler weekly times. (Butler, Mo.) 1881-1918, 1910-02-03
West Deepwater.

II seems like winter again. A light
snow fell here Saturday.
Mr.. Raglan and family moved Mon
day to his farm near Adrian.
Mrs. L. L. Wix is on the sick list at
this writing.
Mrs. C. F. Beard, of Butler, and
Mrs. W. B. Griffin, of Clarado, Tex.,'
visited at j. H. Bakers one day last
week.
Mrs. w. E. Vansant returned home
after six weeks visit with relatives
in Ohio and Illinois.
Professor G. A. Theilman, of APP
pleton City, will give a lecture at
Compton school house Friday night,
Feb. 4th.
James Carroll moved in from
Kiowa, Okla, last Friday.
Mrs. Alene Herman, of Culver, was
the guest Of her parents, j. H. Char
tiers, Sunday.
The Butler weekly times. (Butler, Mo.) 1881-1918, 1910-02-03
NEW HOME.

Soon will be Valentines day, and
then what?
Bud, Neptune has been cutting
hedges at his farm to-day, and is
burning brush tonight.
Clyde Goodrum has been quite
sick with the scarlatina.
The New Home school is closed
this week, but will possibly begin
next Monday.
Prof. Allison is making his rounds
again. He visited New Home, Hill
side and Ovid Friday.
Mr.. Lewis, Of near Rich Hill, is
buying another load Of cattle and hogs
IN our community.
Mr.. and Mrs. Andrew Morris spent
Sunday at James vauQhn's.
Vernie Botkins' children are re-
ported to have the measles.
W. B. Miller has the catarrhal
fever. DR.. Rhoades was called Mon
day.
& The diphtheria has Qot Started d
|Frank Swarens' family. d. Rhooaeo
kan honn .ntfondiu,1v - 49,. ~ s
The Butler weekly times. (Butler, Mo.) 1881-1918, 1910-02-03
Farmers Building Silos.

While in town Saturday Frank Fix,
of near Rockville, stated that twelve
silos complete, were received by
farmers in his section last week, and
that he, together with a number of
others are expecting like fixtures
to arrive in few days. He says the
silo has proven a money-saver, in the
long rum and predicts that many
more will be installed throughout the
country, when their benefits are once
conceived by the farmers. Review.
The Butler weekly times. (Butler, Mo.) 1881-1918, 1910-02-03
er is teacher at the Edgewood school.

er is teacher at the Edgewood school.
The house on the Suddarth farm,
just west of town, was completely
destroyed by fire Wednesday even
ing. The fire was discovered abou
five O'Clock and is supposed to have
started from a defective flue. w. H.
Duvall and family who occupied the
house, lost nearly everything they
possessed. They saved a feather bed,
washing machine and a very few
other small articles. A subscription
paper was started last night and
thirty odd dollars were raised in a
few minutes,
The Palatka news and advertiser. [volume] (Palatka, Fla.) 1908-19??, 1910-07-08
Table Linens, Napkins, Towels.

WAY UNDER THEIR VALUE.
60-inch Red and White Table DamaSk, o.
real value CSC. This sale go. @O~
65-inch Fine Mercerized extra heavy 0n
and beautiful patterns Doc values; SIC
clearance sale price ..... .....
''1 ss, Ias ss. nas .. % s, as' 's val 49c
's' ss. Fine s,.. rass sss". 1900 val, 79c
19x42 Huck Towels, big value at 15c; ~
clearance sale price. ..... ..... wv
Large Turkish Towels, regular 15c ~
values; clearance price ......... wv
''' h a' .as 1 s..,s..s s,1 and 19c
The Palatka news and advertiser. [volume] (Palatka, Fla.) 1908-19??, 1910-07-08
Wash Goods

AT A TREMENDOUS SACRIFICE.
A lot of new goods have just been added here,
bought under value and they go in the same way.
Good Apron Check, usually sold at &c;
this sale ............ .'..'....''.'
Amoskeag Apron Check real value lOci IT.
this sale. ................,....
Fancy Dress and Shifting Gnghams, ri
Linen Finish; the best l0c values; OF
Amoskeag Toll de Nord, Red Seal and nj
other Fancy Dress GinghamS, l2l2 S1eC
and 15c Values clearance price,,
One S' P Ps aRs Fancy t93 saa re Ss 1Oc
values; clearance sale price.
One lot Linen Coaches, Diagonal Wash SuitingS,
eSe value s'' up Il to az asa S' ssa SS 12ac
sale price OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES
Is and 35c Plain and Fancy Colored m
Poplins, all the leading shades; nc.
clearance sale price ..,.........,.
rs and 35c Fancy French Ginghams ~
Pretty Plaids, Elegant Goods, 1 nc
clearance price ..........'.''....
One lot Coored Dress Linens, ~ to 10
36-inch wide, IS and 40c Values NC
clearance price ..,.............'.
SOC oo,e,sa d., Ds, ST.. Linens s'lo'' Csc
The Palatka news and advertiser. [volume] (Palatka, Fla.) 1908-19??, 1910-07-08
NOTIONS
At so small a price.

Good white envelopes, SC val. at &c
Invisible hairpins, sc value at .-. &c
Good pearl buttons, DC value at. 23c
Fancy box hair pins, &c value at. &c
Nickel plated brass safety pins DC val &c
Stewards duplex safety pins, Zoe val Sc
Cosmo Buttermlk soap, 10c value Sc
Fine pearl buttons, 10c value at. SC
Fine Talcum Powder, violet 15c val. &c
Mennen's and other 25c tatc powder 15c
Colgate's tooth paste and powder l9c
Ladies' Satin pad hose supporters 25c
kind at Observation-Disclosures. 19c
4. 100 Alarm Clocks at ,........... sac
The Palatka news and advertiser. [volume] (Palatka, Fla.) 1908-19??, 1910-07-08

lbs IS your IasV CIIdIU5 % S0U UI'0'V
at such low prices.
45x36 Good Pillow Cases ........,. lOc
42x36 Mowhawk Cases ........,... 15c
8rx90 Good Sheets, scanned i'll center 39c
S1x90 Regular Csc Sheets, this sale sac
S1x00 Extra heavy Sheets, 75c value 64c
S1x9O Mohawk Sheets. ......... CSC
Good Bed Spreads, Soc value at. =. 59c
Regular $l.00 Spread full size .... 79c
Al 25 value, yery good, at ........ CSC
81, so Special values at. .......... $1.19
200 &" "........,.... 1.48
Others up to $500 value at big cut.
The Palatka news and advertiser. [volume] (Palatka, Fla.) 1908-19??, 1910-07-08
Sheets, Pillow Cases and Bed
Spreads.

This is your last chance to get these
{ such low prices.
The Palatka news and advertiser. [volume] (Palatka, Fla.) 1908-19??, 1910-07-08

MANY of our customers look forward to
this great event with many anticipations and
we are not going to disappoint them.
The Palatka news and advertiser. [volume] (Palatka, Fla.) 1908-19??, 1910-07-08
White Goods, Fancy Lawns and Batists

Here is the chance OF lifetime. Several Of tn
goods just arrived-bough at one third less than value
One lot Fancy Lawns good quality, &c value, A
Clearance sale price 49,. ............
One lot Fancy Towns, OrgandcS, and Batiste, val n
up to &c. elegant new patterns, sale price
n inch sheer White Lawn, see it and you will e
realize its value, 81. .,........ ........... a
80 inch White Persian Lawn, extra value at Tf
15c, Clearance sale price ...,...... ....
IS inch Persian Lawn, 25c value real value SOC, IL
This sale ,...'r,. 49,. $500. ..'''''.
One lot Fancy White Goods, paids, stripes,
checks, and dots, all new value up TO 2Oc, T(
Clearance sale price ..,. .s...............
SO inch paama or underwear checks, 15c value B(
his sale ..,,.. ..,.....' ''..'..' ..'..'..'.'
80 inch Plain White sheer Flaxon, looks like J1l
Linen. This sale .....-.... ..........,....
SO inch Fine Flaxon, regular 25c value, special II
this sale .,......,. ......,. .........''.'.'
50 inch Handkerchief Cloth (Linon). Special "
this sale '''...''. ...'.''....
p inch Wash Chiffon Organdic. Special this oE
The Washburn times. [volume] (Washburn, Wis.) 1896-1976, 1910-07-14

The Declaration Of Rights was forerun-
ner of the Declaration Sf independence. There
is nothing more essentially British than the
dictuln that there shall be no taxation without
representation Of the early American states
men only Franklin and Otis wished to have
representation in the British parliament The
others considered that their own assemblies
should be the legislative bodies entirely and
that if any taxes were to be imposed they
should be collected only with the consent of
the colonial assemblies.
The question of taxation, however, did not
enter into any controversies, for 1t was not
until the middle of the eighteenth century that
Great Britain exhausted by many wars and
seeking to replenish the national treasury,
sought extraordinary means for raising reve-
nue. and her ministers proposed that the col
onies, which had been growing in wealth and
Importance, should be made to contribute to
the impoverished exchequer. The French and
Indian war had shown the power OF the col
onies and their force and had given a very
definite idea of their growing wealth and i'm
portance.
Having reached the decision to tax the col
opios, the ministry did not spend any time IN
prelimnaries. 1t was decided that parliament
had the right to levy the taxes and the fact
that the colonies had no representation in that
body was not taken into account Such mat
ter would ordinarily nave peen ConSldereu'
subject for delicate negotiation, but, the deci-
sion to tax having once been made, no time
was lost in levying it,
England had in effect been constitutional
monarchy since the signing of the Magma
Charta in 1915 and in taxing the colonies not
represented in the common council of the
kingdom she had violated one OF the Oldest of
the rights which every Briton claims.
Such was the situation in 1854, when the
struggle began which IL years later brought
forth the Declaration of Independence and the
next year brought into being the first congress
of the American colonies, which decided that
the assembly had the power to fix taxes. The
stamp act was the first heavy impost levied
The Washburn times. [volume] (Washburn, Wis.) 1896-1976, 1910-07-14

by the mother country which provided lot tne
stamping Of various legal instruments and pa
pers and contracts of all kinds, as well as dlce
and playing cards.
The news of the passage of this act reused
the colonists to fury. A gallows was erected
in what is now City Hall park, New YORK. ana
the British governor was hanged in engy, ana
the house of Major Jones, in command OF tne
British regiment, was sacked. Then came the
rising of the Sons of Liberty" and the raising
of the liberty poles Boston and Philadelphia
were worthless of the storm. So emphatic was
the protest that much of the act was repeated
and duties were established on tea, which ac
counted for the sudden rain of tea In Boston
harbor. Then came the burning words OF Pat
rick Henry "Give me liberty or give me
DEATH" before the Virginia in 1878. The year
later brought the PRONUNCIATION of the Dec
laration of Rights and Privileges" in which 1t
was declared that every man had the rlght
to" life liberty and property and that most
ancient right granted at Runnymede. trial by
his peers of the v1c1nage.
throughout all this time of storm and
strain the protests were made as British sub
iects and that congress which met in Carpen
ter's hall in 1774 was still loyal to the crown
It petitioned the king demonstrated with par
lament and appealed to their brethren in Eng
land Then came Lexington and Concord. The
congress of 1775 made provisions for an army
with Washington as commander, and still Pc
titioned It's petition was refused and mer-
cenaries were hired from petty German
princes to-quoting the words of LOSING
butcher British subjects for asserting the
rights of British subjects"
Richard Henry Lee of Virginia offered the
independence resolution in June, 177G, and a
committee was appointed to draft the declara-
ton, consisting of Thomas Jefferson, John Adj
ans. Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman and
Robert Livingston. Jefferson wrote the docu-
ment and alterations were made principally
at the suggestion of Franklin and Adams. The
paper was submitted to congress on June %.
1t was laid on the table until July 1, when nine
colonies voted in favor of it.
The independence resolution was actually
adopted on July 2 and promulgated to the
world on July 4, when John Hancock of Massa-
chusetts affixed to it his bold signature
The other members of the congress did not
sign it until August 2, and the impressive
scene connected with the signing was not wit
messed until nearly month later, although it
is popularity associated with the Fourth Of
July.
Centuries of the progress of the rights of
man bear witness in the Declaration. That "all
men are created equal and are endowed by
their Creator with certain unalienable rights,
that among these are life, liberty and the pur-
suit of happiness" was not new, for it was
recognized at Sinai. That governments derive
their lust powers from the consent of the gov
erned had been stated and restated in many