davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Washington times., 1910-02-12

now 5SSun TO exercise her proper IN
tluence- 4 young and beautiful woman,
he declared, was the senior wTangleT
at the University of Bologna in the
twelfth century. He cited other IN
STAGES to show that the esriy ages
knew the advanced woman. He said,
however, It has always been noticed
that, after three OF four generations,
interest of women IN these intellectual
movements dissipated, and, withOu our
knowing how OF why, we find them
once more satisfied to look after house
hold affairs.
As every light on this rlooted ques-
tiOn Is now needed, DR.. Walsh's views
are given for what they are worth
The argument that nature in course
of time disapproves Of wOman's intel
Iectual development along certain lines
by rubbing out its advocates, we are
quite certain, viii neither satisfy nor
frighten the present-day suffragist.
The Washington times., 1910-02-12
4 NO-MEAT NONOGENARIAN
IN ROXBURY.

In RoxbUry, Mass, Is a woman who
has Just observed her ninety-second
birthday, and who has remained hale
and hearty But this is the interest
ing feature Of the case:
She says that she never ate meat,
AID il a strict vegetarian. alth Ough
occasionally she partakes Of the
cereal diet
Only the other day a physician who
was called upon to give his views OF
the azG meat agitation said that peo-
pie were reckless to give up eating
meat. He said IN so many words that
man naturally belongs among the
carnivora; that he must eat neat or
pine away.
The japanese eat very little meat
Most ofsthem, in fact, eat chiefly rice
and fish. Yet they are as hardy as
any other people. The Bulgarian noun
taineers. who are said TO be the longest
lived Of all, are not meat eaters. Cen
tenarians are reported to be common
among them while insurance men say
that in most countries centenarians are
as scarce as clean streets.
The old-fashioned doctor who pre-
scribed chest pads would be amazed TO
see the light clothing worn by a large
number of people today. No doubt
TO some extent this reliance upon meat
IS also traditional Certainly many
men and women who think for them
sel-es-who study themselves and try
TO live inteIIigently, without telePhOn-
ing 10 the doctor every time they
sneeze-are thriving on a nO-meat diet
and on fresh air life that gives scant
consideration TO wOolens and f1anneIs
The Washington times., 1910-02-12
Observation-Disclosures
TURE THIS WEEK

On the Cunard liner NIauretania-
which left New York for Liverpool
THURSDAY, sailed a theatrical company
scheduled TO give the first midOcean
performance Of a play with all the
fixin's. The company bears the name
Of q weII-known manager, and Is
called his Floating Theater Company,
which might give the impression that
the company has been specially organ
lied for transatlantic performances
The company Is really going TO London
to open an engagement there The
performance viii consequently be only
an incident, though possibly an eposh-
marking one.
ImpTomptu entertainments IN aid OF
the Seamen-s Fund have been Gus
tomary on the Atlantic a good many
years Celebrated players and singers
have taken part IN these entertain
ments: famous men have often pre-
sided over them; and we are told that
the mix-ups have sometimes been the
most amusing feature of these trans
marine shows. The theatrical man
aver in this case believes that a we'll
produced play VIII solve the problem
in the most successful manner. In
time, perhaps, every up-to-date liner
viii have its own stock company.
The Washington times., 1910-02-12
UNHAPPYFUTURE PxEDICTED
FOR ADVANCED WOMEN.

The discussion which Is going on
over woman's suffrage makes interest
ing the arguments, pro and con, which
are heard IN various quarters. 4 curl
Gus thought in connection with the
subject was advanced yesterday in
New York by Dr. James J. Walsh,
dean OF the FOrdham University
Medical School, before the National
League for the Civic Education of
Women. DR.. Walsh argues that, even
If women attain the suffrage, nature
ii course Of time viii eliminate from
the race all Of them who care for II.
He explains this unhappy augury by
citing history TO show that wherever
woman has blossOmed forth into some
unusual Intellectual activity the work
ing of some unknown law Of biology
mas pushed the advanced woman aside
and the Others have fallen back into
the pursuit of domestic duties.
DR.. Walsh also disputes the state
meut that woman has Just now come
into her Own and that she has Just
The Washington times., 1910-02-12
IFYOU WANT THE FRANCHISE,
MADAM, SAY SO.

Give the women a show Of hands
Time out Of mind men have said TO
them: Whenever YOU really desire
the ballot, we viii give 1t you" Sen
ator Grady's bill at Albany offers the
sutTragists a chance TO stand up and
be counted and prove their case.
He proposes a referendum, to be
conducted like a State election, at
which all women possessing in other
res0ects than their sex the qualifica-
tons of voters shall be entitled to cast
a ballot. declaring yes or mo- as
to a dummy amendment 20 the State
constitution. The bill carries the I'M
piled promise that If the women show
themselves in favor OF the change. q
really truly suffrage amendment viii
be submitted to the people, that is,
the men Of New York, after its ap-
provaI by the Legislatures Of 1911 and
1912. This passage by the two Legis-
latures Is required by the State con
stitutiOn itself
Curiously enough, the leaders Of TIE
suffrage movement unanimously de-
nounee the Grady bill as a trick and
an insult to their intelligence The
main objection appears to be that it
would postpone for year the posi-
bic submission of an actual suffrage
amendment. They want this Legis-
Iature to enact it and next years e
complete the preliminaries for a popu-
lar vote on the question But if they
reject Mr. Grady's measure, this Legs
lature may take no further action, and
the time VII be lost anyway.
In what other way can it be deter
mined whether few or most of the
women truly desire and deserve the
| baIlot2 NIr. A hears Mrs. B., his
neighbor's wife, loudly demanding her
rights while Mrs. a. tells him she
Is satisfied with things as they are.
How Is he to vote intelligently when
the suffrage amendment comes before
him at the polls? However friendly a
man may feel toward the feminine
The Washington times., 1910-02-12
TODAY THE BIRTHDAY Or
ABRAHAM LINCOLN.

Today Is the birthday of Abraham
Lincoln. One hundred and one years
ago. IN the rudest Of log cabins IN the
backwoods Of Kentucky, was born the
child who, having struggled through
hardships and adversely, was destined
to become the greatest figure OF his
time, and 70 lead the nation through
the crisis Of the civil war Period II
is q striking testimonial to the high
worth set upon him by the American
peopIe that the observance of his
birthday has become almost as com
mon as the observance Of the birth
day Of Washington himself. The
birthdays of each come IN the month
of February, but ten days apart, and
each day Is made the occasion for
patriotic speeches and patriotic OBJ
servances Of every sort. No other
Americans are so honored as these
two, and The tendency as time passes
Is to exalt Lincoln to the high plane Of
the Father Of His Country
In Washington and IN most parts Of
the country the day Is being remem-
bered fttingly. President Taft viii
speak tonight in New York, and VIII
make his Lincoln's Birthday speech the
vehicle for conveying to the country
his ideas on what has come to be IN
many ways as important question
as was the slavery and disuniOn prob
len which Lincoln found confronting
him when he entered the White House
Many high Government officials and
members Of the House and Senate viii
speak in widely scattered cities It
seems as If year by year the feeling
Of the people grows more pronounced
that LilcOln's memory Is deserving Of
appropriate annual honors- His stature
rises higher as the period IN which he
lived recedes farther and farther into
history. Could he be alive today and
understand the hold he has taken on
the American people, on the hearts OF
the generation that lived with him, and
on the hearts Of the generation that
never saw him, he would feel amply re
paid for the crushing weight OF re
sponsibility and suffering under which
he struggled from 1861 10 1860
The Washington times., 1910-02-12

movement, he is inclined to ask ior
more light on the subject.
Now, the Grady bill does not 90
far enough 1t proposes a mere count
OF only such women as take the trouble
to 90 on record as for or against this
resolution. 1t does not even require
a registration before the referendum.
No machinery is provided to limit the
casting of ballots to qualified female
citizens; that is, to those who are
twenty-one years old, native born, or
wives and daughters of naturaiized
men. and to women who have not for
feited their potential franchise by con
viction for crime or by present con
dition of pauperdom. Only by regis
tration can these essential conditions
be determined.
But. first of all, there ought TO be
an enumeration of all the women IN
the State who would be entitled 70
take part in the referendum Unless
this is made, the relation of all the
ballots cast to the whole number Of
possible female voters cannot be
known. The active suffragists would
all go to the polls and 'vOte" their
friends, just as the workers OF any
political machine would, while the I'M
organized, Indifferent women would
stay at home in large numbers A
majority of votes cast would be almost
certain TO fall iar short of half the pos
sible voters, and the issue would be de-
eided by a minority As large a pro
portion of the total number Of women
ought to express their choice, one way
or another, as the proportion Is of men
casting ballots in a Presidential year,
or in a State election in which the is
sues are Of the highest Importance,
The Washington times., 1910-02-12
N.R.TAFT SHOULD STAYAWAY
FROM NEW YORK, JUNE Is.

June Is VIII be Theodore Roosevelt
day.
a body representative of the whole
nation viii meet the former President
on his arrival at New York. Not
Grant nor Bryan, returning from dis
tant lands, had such a welcome home
as is preparing for the mighty hunter
from Africa, the distinguished private
citizen from Berlin, the Nobel Prize
winner from Norway land, we hope,
from Sweden, too), and the American
scholar and statesman from Rome and
Paris, London and Oxford.
There are two good reasons why Mr.
Taft should not take part IN this ova-
ton First, he already has planned 10
be in Alaska at that time; second, It
Is not seemIy that a President Of the
United States should be merely
among those present" at any demon
stratiOn-
The Washington times., 1910-02-12
SEEKING THE JOKE.

The Senate is tryins to discover
whether the Government Printing Offce
is trying TO perpetrate a joke on that
Body or whether the joke is on the print
ing Office itself.
A few days ago the District excise
bill was introduced IN the Senate by
Senator GallingeT- 4 little later Sena-
tor Clark introduced the federal in
corporation biz, and later stiu. Repre-
sentative Bennett presented to the House
a District excise bill Now there has
come from the printing Office a pub:g-
cation under the caption OF the Gal
linger bin which IS a mixture and A
ui1giing Of all three measures
A few pages OF one leads the doc91-
ment, a few pages Of another follows.
and then few pages OF the third fur
nisles a climax
The conclusion is, therefore that the
newspaper printer is not the only faI-
Ilbse human in the world
The Washington times., 1910-02-12
apitat T ale S

- ENATOR JOSEPH W. BAILEY,
OF Texas, will leave Washington
~ Monday for South Carolina, hav-
ing been invited TO address
me Legislature OF the Palmetto state
senator Bailey viii t1Ik TO the South
Oarollnians on the subject of the in
come tax
Al first there was just a ripple Of
Opposillon on the part Of a few Of the
sum Carolina sOlons to the proposal
70 nave the Texas Senator address the
legislature. This subsiJed, however,
ana the result was that the lower house
pTactlcally was unanimous in inviting
the senator, while the South Carolina
senate objected to the tune Of only about
hlhe votes, some Of the objectCrs, per
maps not being in sympathy with the
baliey attitude on the tariff and other
matters.
It is possible that Senator TiHman
also' may address the Legislature, but
lhe senator seems to be awaiting a
specltc invitation. and must be as
sured in advance Of his welcome.
The Washington times., 1910-02-12
Theaters.

NationaI-Elsie Janis in THE Fair Co.
Ed S:15 p. m
Belasco-Nazimova IN "a Dolls House, -
SIC D m
Columbia - Henrietta Crosman in
sham" SIS P m
Chase s-PoIite vau6eville,S:I5 D. N.
Acadeny-''Lena Rivers" SIS o m.
Cssino-Continuous vaudeville, II a. m
to IL D m.
sIajestic-Moving pictures and vaude-
vile, : 10 II p. m
Lyceum-''Big Review" s:15 D. m
Gayety-''S 'SerenadeTs,' SIS D. n
Masonic Auditorium-Moving pictures
7:30 TO 1870 p m
CThe Times viii be pleased to an
nounce entertainments and -TneetingS in
this column. Phone or write announce
ments.)
The Washington times., 1910-02-12
Mrs. Byron Andrews
Entertains at Luncheon

Mrs Byron Andrews was hostess at
luncheon today having as her guests
Mrs Burrows Mrs GOOdlOe- Mrs Gill;
and, Mrs. Fleming Mrs CraufOrd- Mrs
Wheelwrisht, Mrs. Goodrich, Mrs. Car
Denter, Mrs PeelIe. Mrs Wilson. Mrs
Hellman. the Misses HeIIman, Mrs
Or1ne. Airs. Sch0deId. Mrs McKeam,
MTs- BOughtOn. Mrs Conner. Mrs. Goe-
del Miss Dapray, Mrs White, Mrs.
AIerrlman, Mrs. Ross, Mrs. Marsh and
Miss Marsh, Mrs Peter a Porter. jr..
Mrs Young, MS O'ConneII, Mrs. Sal
ter, Mrs Hubbard, Mrs. Middleton and
Mrs PoIhemus.
The counselor OF the British embassy,
AiIred Mitchell lines. was host at a
dinner party at the New Willard last
evening followed by a box barry at the
Bri2s-O Ihe2ter- The guests were the
second Secretary Of the British Embas-
- and Mrs KennaTd. Miss Mary Hop
Elus, Miss Ethel Robson Miss de
OF the German embassy The party was
entertained at supper at the Willard
after the play
Mrs RichaTd Reid Rogers will leave
~ washington shortly for Kentucky,
where she viii visit several weeks. She
viii then TO 90 New York 10 spend the
remainder Of the winter season.
wife and daughter Of Representative
BarChfeld. viii receive TUESDAY, FsbrI1-
ary 10, from to 8 O'Clock at the Dres-
den.
The Washington times., 1910-02-12
President and Mrs. Taft
Begin Musicale Serie:

The President and Mrs Taft were
hosts az the first Of a series Of must
Gales which they nave planned as their
mode OF private entertainment The
guests. numbering about 900 were re-
cei-ed by Mrs Tart In the Green Room
before entering tie East Room where
the program was given
\ buffet supper vas served in the
state dining room upon the conclusion
# the program American Beauty
roses, carnations. and white Elacs
formed tie floral decorations through
out the drawing rooms
Preceding the musicale the President
and Mrs. Taft entertained a small com
pany informally at dinner
Nine olga SamarOn. pianist and +
Yer Treese Pollock, tenor, gave the
following program
Una FUrtiva Lagrimar G'EIisir
M Pollock.
EJude, c i7.nor CRevOluUOnary-- Chopin
NOCtUrue. = sharp majOr-------.- Chopin
Rhapsocie 70 lZ------------------ List
Nine Olga Sama-of-
III Sing Thee Songs OF Araby,'
Frederick CLAY
Nocturne ...-----....... George Chadwick
The New Years At the Spring
MIS- h H A Beach
Mr.. Pollock
Prelude, G minor-----------FSa FSaChuaninOf
Nocturne, for the left hand only.
SCriabire
The Ride OF the VaIkyries.
Wagner -fTutCheSOn
Nine. Olga Samaroff-
''A-fosO" (PaEIiaCcD -----R- LeOucavallo
Mr.. Pollock.
Mrs. Bradshaw. wife Of Lieutenant
Commander George b Bradshaw, L. :
: Louisiana, IS making a short visit
with Mrs. Henry Stewart. Of Connect
cut avenue, en- route 20 Florida, where
she viii spend the remainder Of the
month
The College WomeE-s Club announces
a course Of five lectures on the His
tory OF Art" TO be given by Earl
Barnes IN the Arlington Hotel bah
room Tho fist lecture VIII be given
on Friday. February IS
Included in the committee are Mrs.
NJ Allen NIartindeIl Mrs. L White
Bisbey, Mrs J P DOlliver. Mrs. R
" La Toilette Miss GeorEette RoOS.
Miss Sarah E SiTOnS- and Miss Edith
G wescott
The Washington times., 1910-02-12
What S on the Program
Tonight IN Washington

BIOLOGICAL Society of Washington
George Washington University. Fff-
reenth and II streets, 8 D. m; council
meeting. Cosmos Club. 40 p. m
Beatrice Hereford in monOIOgues. the
Arlington, S. D. n
The Washington times., 1910-02-12
Roller Skating
Gnce More Fashionable

Roller skating as a fashionable o. g.
time was revived yesterday afternoon
at the National Light Infantry Armcrv
by numbering Of society folk who
have formed themselves into an e.
elusive club. The committee is com
posed Of Mrs. Jack Story, Chairman
Countess 8Ioltke, wife Of the minister
Of Denmark; viscountess Benoist
d 'Azy, wife Of the naval attache OF
Ihe FTencn embassy and Countess
Lulse Alexandra Won BernstOrff, dsugts-
ter OF the German ambassador.
The club IS TO be somewhat limited
in membership, and includes some Of
me younger married set and number
Of diplomats and debutantes-
The project which originated somo
time ago on account Of the cOngested
condition OF the public rink at Con
afternoon for the first time. and is 70
become regular feature Of the Len
ten and spring season with. meetings
every tuesday and Friday afternoon
from . 10 s O'Clock Music has been
engaged. and tea Is 10 be served each
afternoon.
and DeauEs are quite proficient in the
spcrt. and instructors have been er-
gagged for those who are not
Mrs. Simon. wife of CoroneT Sv-ors
VIII leave Washington this evening for
New Haven. where she VII visit her
son, Thomas " SImOns. II, who is q
Yale student.
The marriage is announced Of Miss
Marie E Heiubuch 10 George Il. Groh-
OF ShebOygan, Wis The ceremony was
performed in Rockville, Nd. THURSDAY
afternoon al the home Of The officiating
clergyman the Rev Thomas J Pack
hard Mr- and Mrs Groh viii make
their future home in Sheboygan, Wis
Miss Marjorie czf-1znbaol- ,r A-7s--r-
City Is the house guest OF Mr. and Ms
" J Rich Of 145S Clifton street for
fortnight
Miss Gale has issued cards for a tea
on Tuesday, February j.. from ( 20 =
O'Clock, in her home. on K street.
Mrs. Marion Butler. wife OF former
Senator Marion Butler. has issued card
for two teas. one on Wednesday Feb
ruary IL. and the other on the fOllowin-
Wednesday. III her apartment IN raa
Portland, at O'Clock
=
Mrs. Britton S-one has out cards for
a tea on FRIDAY. February Is. IN ceIe-
bration Of her birthday
Mrs. WheatIev. OF Q street. has issued
Invitations for an at home" SATURDAY
afternoon, Februarv- 1S.
Mrs. lockwood Of 8Iassachusett=
avenue. has Invitations out for a bridge
party on TUESDAY February 2
Mrs Ben B Bradford VIII entertain
party at bridge on Tuesday, FebrUarv
The Norwegian Minister and Nine
GUIDE has issued invitations for a re-
ceDtion on Thursday evening, February
Il
Miss Gladys EIIrckIev. one OF the
seasons debutau1es- will leave Wash
inEton Monday for New York where
she wiz be the guest OF Miss Alice
HAZEL.
The Attorney General George "
Wickersham, who spent a few DAYS in
New York, has returned 20 Washing .
ton.
The Washington times., 1910-02-12
Nine. Cruz Honor Guest At Luncheon
Given by Mrs. Thomas II. Anderson
Wife of the Minister From
Chile Entertained
Today.
Representative Gathenng at
Supreme Court Justices
Home.

Nine Cruz. wife OF the Minister og
CAleI was the guest OF hoonr At 2
iuncheon given today by Mrs. Thomas
n ANDERSON, wife Of Justice Anderson
IN the company invited TO meet Nine.
cruz were Mrs LUrton. wife Of Mr..
Justice Lurton, Of the Supreme Court
MIS- Maurice Francis Egan- wife Of the
american minister to Denmark; Mrs
DoiIlveT' VIE OF Senator DOIIiver: Mrs.
5hlVeiy' VIE OF Senator ShiveIy; Mrs.
Ashiey n Gould, Mrs LOwdeu, wife OF
Representative LOwGens Mrs. J. r
Mann vile OF Representative Mann:
MIS- Rudolph Kaufman, Mrs. joan
Reid Sharon, Mrs Benjamin & Minor
Mrs Grandin, Mrs. Mcdonald, Miss Ida
Thompson, Mrs Wheeler, Mrs. Hutch
insOns and Mrs. Hamilton.
The Washington times., 1910-02-12

Col. J. Hamilton Lewis, Of Chicago,
has cast the horoscope Of his fellow
colonel, Theodore Roosevelt, and finds
the former President VIII turn Demo
crat- The fact Colonel Lewis did this
particular bit Of casting while on a
visL to New York leads US TO believe
that he had been out seeing the sights
On Broadway and that things were
looking the color Of his whiskers.
The Washington times., 1910-02-12

The newly appointed American an
bassador TO Austria-IfduSary. NJ
kerens, was the guest in whose hon-I
Mr- and Mrs Perry Belmont enter
tained a party at dinner last eveuiu-
in their new house, Of which they have
reCanTlE taken possession
The Washington times., 1910-02-12

Once more II has been shown there
Is nothing new under the sun DR..
Lewis Livingston Seaman, Of New
York. has discovered that the hook
worm is 4.910 years old II existed in
Egypt hack IN the days when the pyra-
uids were young Unfortunately, there
was nc John D. Rockefeller around
then. and Moses was too busy with
other matters.
The Washington times., 1910-02-12
Dinner Party
At LonRwoTth Home.

Representative and Mrs Longworth
were hosts at a dinner party last ever
ing in honor Of their house suest, AIrz.
Cornelius Vanderbilt.
The Washington times., 1910-02-12
Features of Interest
In February Magazines
Article Describes


Spending SIoo, 100000.
An article Of more than usual interest
IN The Railroad Mans Magazine fo-
March, details the immense project rep
resented in the efforts Of The PennsyIva-
MIA railroad, TO establish a terminal
station in the heart Of New York city.
II reCites step by step the methods
adopted by this great system to secure
a foCthOld in Gotham, and tells how
$l00 600 has been expended in boring
huge tunnels under two rivers and q
solid island OF rock
There are q number Of other absorb
ing features in this issue Amone, the
"OId-Timer Tales there is a story Of
The Jarrett K Palmer Special" Z. L
Bacon writes about 'FoTty-three Years
in the Luggage Car" which is filed
with pleasing "reminiscences Of the past
The Observations Of a Country Sta
tion-Agent' continue in their vein OF
homely humor, while the True Story
contribution for the month is entitled
o.. Meath the Shade Of the Old Water
Tank"
Interspersed with the splendid fea-
lures Of the issue are eight Of the
sprigh htliest, keenest short stories the
average reader could demand
The Washington times., 1910-02-12

Looking at the young woman's pic
lures, II does seem as II Young Teddy
aad made a capture that beats the
African hunting -feats Of his dad ali
10 uieCeS-
The Washington times., 1910-02-12

REPRESENTATIVE and Mrs Gilbert
Hitchcock Of Nebraska entertained
party at dinner last evening at Q
Connecticut
The Washington times., 1910-02-12

The Chinese Minister and Nine
Chang occupied a box at the NatiOua
Theater last evening.
The Washington times., 1910-02-12

Mr. and Mrs. Stein and son. for
merIy of Texas. viii make their
future home in Washington
The Washington times., 1910-02-12

Mrs. D. P. Mccartney left WsshinE
ton today for Atlantic City, where she
viii spend a month
The Washington times., 1910-02-12

Mrs. Clara Breslau, Of the Beau
claire apartment, left Friday for As
toria, Long Island. " 7.
The Washington times., 1910-02-12

Mrs James T Barbour ana MS
Marguerite Barbour have gone - Al
Iantic City for a fortnight
The Washington times., 1910-02-12

The Thursday Afternoon Card Club
rendered surprise to Mrs. Milhauser,
of Baltimore, at the home Of Mrs
Max OppenheimeT, OF the Princeton
The Washington times., 1910-02-12

Senator ard Mrs Flint entertained
party at dinner last evening
The Washington times., 1910-02-12

Mr. and Mrs Morris Ganss cele-
brated the tenth anniversary OF thel-
marriage last eNeLills a. t-l- -L1L-e o.
the iafter's mother. Mrs y Peyser.
17S2 4 street. A family di1ner was
served. The decorations of the table
We're cSTried out IN TN IN ne TIE cer-1T5s s,,5.s
4EvSfT carnations. jOnQuils, and ferns
ATDroDrfate souvenirs were presented
to each guest
~ and Mrs Sol HerzOg. Mr. and
Ms JuIius Peyser. Nh and Mrs Sol
Tevser- OF Newport News. Va: Mr.
aDd Mrs A. NJ FisheI. Misses Della
and Rena F-ishel, Mr.. and Mrs AdOIph
vTevI. Mr. and Mrs. X. LuchS, Mrs
EIi~sh. Mr.. and Mrs Morris GusdOrff
fbe Misses Hirsh, Miss Florence Gus
dorff- Melvin GusdOrff- Mrs Fried
lander and family. Mr. and Mrs.
samuel Gansss and Harold Ganss-