davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Graham guardian., 1910-10-14
CHAMPIONSHIP BASEBALL
At the FL Paso Fair and Exposi-
ton, Oct. 29th to Nov. 9Th

Ell PAso, Tex, OCT. l4-Chicago
and Philadelphia are not the only
cities that are to have champion
ship baseball series this season. Ell
Paso, Douglas. Bisbee, Cananea,
Albuquerque and Roswell are to
witness a championship battle which
will be as exciting and Of as keen
interest in the Southwest as the
worlds series will in the East ana
middle West.
The championship of the Cactus
League will be decided at the Ell
Paso Fair and Exposition, October
29th to November 9th. Like the
big Southwestern Exposition, the
baseball championship will be held
in Ell Paso where it is possible for
the people of all the cities to send
their fan contingent to attend the
contest conveniently, and at the
same time enjoy their annual fair
and exposition. The tournament
for the championship of the Cactus
Belt will begin on Saturday, October
29th, at the same time the formal
opening of the fair is held with
Buffalo Bill aud his band of from
tiersmen as the leading figures,
The baseball clubs will ride in the
parade with the old scout and will
play the opening game of the nine
days series as the main features Of
the fair opening.
!, This will be the only opportunity
the greater part of the fan colony
of the Southwestern cities will have
to see the real baseball players in
action. Each Of the Cactus clubs
are to strengthen their teams with
big league players who have finish
ed the season in the East and North
Last year Christy Mathewson, Rube
Waddel!, Jimmy Scott. Wingo An
derson, Corhan, Mag, Teal and
other big leaguers were seen in ac-
ton during the fair, and this year a
number of the major stars are to be
brought to the Southwest by the
various clubs for the championship
tournament.
Graham guardian., 1910-10-14
The Hyfalutin Hyphen

Although the general tendency is
to Go away with unnecessary marks
Of punctuation, the hvpen is still
uSelessly retained in to-day" to-
night" and Tomorrow" That the
retaining of the hyphen in these
words is not only useless but abso-
lutely criminal is easily demonstrated
by bit of simple mathematics.
There are 178,236,592 English
speaking people. The words to-
day." tonight" and tomorrow"
are together used 4S times daily by
every person-fve of these being
written out in long-hand. Thus the
daily output of hyphens in these
words totals S91, ,182,560. Taking
the average of a written hyphen to
be one quarter of an inch, you have
a straight line 1864 miles long. At
the usual rate of writing it would
take one man 76 years to insert the
hyphens in these words, and his sal
ary would amount to $7S, ,4S6.
But, avoiding all theory. to-day;
tonight" and tomorrow" are
daily hyphenated four times each
on 234, 1872 type-writers, and three
times daily on 184.212 linotype ma
chimes. Remembering that a pres
sure of one ounce is required to
strike a typewriter key and two and
one-half ounces to depress a limo
type, we see that in writing these
hyphens a total of 352,974 foot
pounds of energy is expended, or
enough to draw a passenger train
across the United States.
To avoid appearing picayunish,
no mention has been made of the
waste of ink and paper, but this
would approximate in value the
daily bread supply of the State of
New York.
The hyphens in to-day" to-
night" and tomorrow" should be
discontinued today. .-Lippincott's
Magazine.
Graham guardian., 1910-10-14
EDUCATORS MEETING
Parents and Teachers Meet in
Thatcher

The first parents and teachers
meeting of the season was held in
the Academy Chapel, Thursday eve-
ming, September 29th, under the
direct management of the school
teachers. A good attendance was
present. George H. Crosby, of SAT-
ford, gave a talk on the quarantine
law, explaining just what might be
done to prevent the spread of con-
tageous diseases. This was follow
ed by a lively discussion. The fol-
lowing resolution was adopted:
Resolved, That we, the parents
and teachers of Thatcher school dis.
trict, hereby request the Town
Council of Thatcher to pass an or
dinance providing for town board
of health, with power as strong as,
and duties similar to those granted
to, and required of, county boards
of health by the Statutes of Arizona,
and that we pledge ourselves to up
hold and sustain such town board
of health in suppression of all forms
of contagious infections and malar-
ial diseases, such as have hereto
fore not been properly controlled.
This was followed by a discussion
on cleanliness, led by Mr.. Bjerre-
gaard. Individual drinking cups,
the exchanging of chewing gum and
other things were mentioned. A
recitation was given by Luther
Green.
Both parents and teachers showed
a lively interest in trying to better
conditions for the children.
Graham guardian., 1910-10-14
NEXT MINING CONGRESS
Will Be Held in Douglas OF
Phoenix

The Mining Congress decided al
the Los Angeles meeting to hold its
next session in Arizona, but mas.
much as there were two candidates
for the honor, the congress left the
decision to the board of directors as
to which city will be chosen.
Douglas was the first Of the Ari-
zona cities to enter the race, and
the campaign carried on by the
Chamber of Commerce and Mines
has been productive of such en-
thusiastic support that the landing
of the prize seems practically as
sured.
Phoenix was an eleventh hour
candidate and is still in the race,
and it might pet be decided to hold
next years meeting in the capitol
city, as they are making a hard
fight for it.
Graham guardian., 1910-10-14
A SERIOUS QUESTION =

That the initiative and referSn-
dun will be incorporated into our
constitution is a foregone conclus-
ion, and it seems the only question
at issue now is the percentage.
The initiative and referendum
operates in eight states of the union,
and there is considerable variation
as to percentage and other con-
ditions. Oregon, South Dakota,
Maine, Montana, Oklahoma and
Missouri have adopted this system
of government, and a dozen other
states are moving to adopt it.
Oklahoma's percentage is 5 and 8,
with a certain percentage of coun-
ties of the state necessary for its
adoption. Oregon has a similar
per cent, but it can be obtained in
one county or more. Missouri re-
quires Is per cent, and it must be
secured in every county in the state
which nullifies the law absolutely.
The people of Arizona want this
percentage made so it can be ap-
piled when needed; but do not want
it so it can be made a plaything of,
or to put power into the hands of
designing persons or agitators to
disturb the business of the state.
We feel the men who are to write
our constitution will give these mat
ters their most careful attention,
and submit an instrument that will
not only redeem the pledges of the
democratic party, but one that will
rebound to the benefit and glory of
the new state.
Hail to the initiative and referen
duml 1t means that the people
will rule. Arizona Democrat.
Graham guardian., 1910-10-14
THE JUDICIARY


visions to be inserted in the consti-
tuition of the State of Arizona is
that which will provide for the ju-
dietary of the new State.
The question of the judiciary will
undoubtedly be one that will occupy
the serious deliberation Of the MEM
bers of the constitutional conven-
ton, for it must needs be that the
provision which will create the
method of selecting the supreme
court judges for the new State must
not only be an improvement on the
present system, but must go farther
and provide for the selection of the
very best men, and also whether
they shall be appointed or elected
and the term of office.
In the first place the judiciary
should be taken out of politics, and
there are many good reasons why
this should be done. The most i'm
portant being that a judge, nomi-
mated by political party, is in
fluenced, more or less, by the leaders
of the party nominating him, and in
many instances where the elective
system is practised, the best men
for judges have not been secured,
due to great extent to the fact
that judges so chosen are dependent
upon the favor of political bosses,
and good men will not seek the
office.
Arizona, starting in on it's career
as State, should have the best ju-
dietary system in the Union. 1t
should have judges who will not
depend upon politics, and who will
be free in every way to interpret
the laws wisely and in the best
interests of the people.
A judiciary secured by an appoin-
tive system which would provide
for a term of office of not less thai
fourteen years, with a falr salary,
will certailily prove the most bene-
~ncial. 1t would be better yet if
the term of office was made for
life, or during good behavior, with
provision for retirement at the
age of seventy years.
Such system would bring the
best results for the people as it
would be more honest method of
securing judges than by an elective
system, which practically places the
control of the judiciary in the hands
of politicians and corporations.
A provision in the fundamental
laws of the new State could pro-
vide for the nomination and appoint
ment of judges by the governor.
by and with the advice and consent
of the senate. If the term is fixed
for life, provision should be made
for retirement at seventy years of
age, with half pay.
If the people of Arizona are not
willing to have the judges selected
under the appointive system, and
decide in favor of the elective sys-
tenn, then a provision should be
made to hold the election for Judges
on off years; that is, in order to
eliminate politics from the selection
of judges, their election should take
place at time when no other State
officers are to be elected.
The term should be fourteen
years for the reason that a lawyer
fully qualified for the high position
Of Judge would have to give up his
business, in which event he would
not accept the office if he had only
4 few years to serve and thereby
ose his entire practice. J.,
Graham guardian., 1910-10-14
RATES OF LEGAL ADvERTIsING
OCTOBER IA, 1910.
AGOOD MOTTO

Let the howlers howl,
And the GROWERS growl,
And the providers prowl,
And the gee-gaws go it;
Behind the night,
There is plenty of light,
Things are all right,
And | know it.
Graham guardian., 1910-10-14

Hoarseness in a child subject to
Group is sure indication of the ap-
proach of the disease. If Cham
beriain's Cough Remedy is given at
at once or even after the croupy
cough has appeared, it will prevent
the attack. Contains no poison.
Sold by Stafford Drug Co. 33-4t
Graham guardian., 1910-10-14

1t is in tim Of sudden mishap OF
accident that ChamberIain's Lini-
ment can de reiie upon to take the
place of the fsr"jtg doctor, who
cannot alwaS be "rnd at the mo.
ment. Then it ~. that Chamber
lain's LinimeLt is never found want
ing. In cases of sprains, cuts,
wounds and bruises Chamberlain s
Liniment takes out the soreness and
drives away the pain. Sod by SAT-
ford Drug Co.
Graham guardian., 1910-10-14

A woman likes a great master
fulmad (you read about that kind
in novels(; she likes to show the
world that she can boss him.
The average woman is so loyal to
her kin that she thinks her husband
should build larger house that she
might have more room for her visit
ing relatives.
Graham guardian., 1910-10-14

The most conceited thing | ever
knew a man to say said a woman
to-day, my husband said to me
when he proposed: he said he
could make me happy"
Graham guardian., 1910-10-14

When a man brings his baby
down town, and does the best he
can for it, it makes him feel funny
when the baby sets up yell. and
says; y want Mammal
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1910-07-26
IIIUNBIA RIVER VALLEY IS
STRONG FOR POINDEXTER

underestimate che strength al
polndesler with the common PEG
ple aay thia advisodly. having
aad man5 YEARS experience hi Pc.
Nucai work In the eaat with daily
newspapers aud ON tho stump lie
VIII sweep this part of the state
Ills vote viii he one of che aar
prise8 ot the campaign.
"if sou find any difficulty IN
getting persons here 90 devote
time % hls campaign you are at
liherty 20 command my time aud
effort
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1910-07-26
Here's Pathetic Story of New
Couture. Bar and n Fall

uNss Annie Aberngth4 a nlEbt waitress n 4 Second Av
srast retired cefly SUNDAY mornns she more than
safeguard her head. because
~ eFa had paid $3.50 10 have her hair done up
~ ssteh auburn beauty. worth $50 in
= uas with kindly feeling the world neiad.
~ landlord. Joseph Cratr, that Annie sank anmber
~ Tor SIZE became dimly conscious OF something
80 ana her the presence which gradually
ITSELF crossed The b0tdefland
osslousuess she felix with Der hand.
something soft and her
~mut watkins thought OF her hair She
80 ana knew the worst
- = presumed she quickly examined her
.nse the incident took place the roof 81 che
slsx honse landlord Joseph Grats LAYING
Wlfh than discretion.
ssv hsid hand the ruined switch. she
80 IN anger when Grat1 round The
aay unblcd of the roof through the kitchen.
bodily damage be RECEIVERS.
! Agaaasd
...@&ssss
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1910-07-26
WvOCATE RECALL
OF MAYOR GILL

1asxatsng the recall ~ Mayor
= ~ fsilare 20 enforce the laws.
~ Z shorrest and A. r. Flagx.
ssentanx tbs Public Welfare
~ vii address the Ross I'm
z'sz'ent sInb tonight. The speak
= II also advocate TIRE abolition
! y restricted district w. -. Lane
= Hasf Speakers representing the
- ntli discuss the same sub
II q : meeting 70 be held By the
! &C. LAKE Improvement club IN
! sSssH Lake school ssth 81. and
y J. r. tomorrow night.
e Public Welfare league has
Starters al 1878 Alaska
- y and the secretary. W. II.
'a,nssy' y Communicating with
Z ssg'siileni clubs and arranging
: As'sinzz throughout the city.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1910-07-26
POINDEXTER At AUBURN


kIcncfudsG.t
Cauuonlsm. ard Polndsxfer gave the
particulars % 1hose fights with
greater detail than In bis preceding
speeches.
They call Us insurgents and At.
tack our party regularity because
ws voted against Cannon" he said.
~Bus cannonisru 10 not a card lnal
tenet Of the republican faith. The
men In congress vino dared the
wrath Of the party machine and Of
the special interests which maintain
that machine In power are more de-
serving Of the confidence cf the
party than those sho. driven by the
lash of party authority ard party
sspedisney. voted 90 eonsinue shat
machine in power.
They call ns Insurgents because
on SOME of the propositions we ad.
vAEced some az tho democratic
members voted with VA for the over.
throw OF Eannoai3tn. But some ~
the democratic members had enter.
ed Into corrupt combination with
the Cannouitss 10 support Cannon
Ia congress In return for the defeat
OF corrupt practices legislation tn
the New York Legislature
The wrath Of the sGanapattera ss
aroused By the fact that the decent
democrats voted wisb us. while only
the Tammany democrats voted wtth
them.
VIII Work for Party.
Some Of the standpattrrs. despite
their corrupt alliance with Tam.
many. are so bitter In their de
nunciatiou uf democrats that one
would suppose that II they we're on
the road 10 heaven they would turn
back II they saw democrats follow.
Ing them ] want 10 declare here
and now that ! shall never hesitate
70 vote with democrats whenever II
IL necessary 10 defeat republican
machine corruption and boss rule.
and to secure Legislation in the
interests Of the people
During the frat halg OF the SEES
sion OF congress the staudpatterA
argued thai II We deposed Cannon Il
would be impossible to enact any
legislation la congress We de-
posed Cannon. and the fact that we
deposcd BIN enabled ua 10 force
the consideration and passage OF
many progressive measures. Nov
the very men who fought for the re-
tention Of Cannon In power and OPP
posed Us on these progressive meas
ures. are pointing with pride 70 the
large number Of progressive meas
ures we forced 20 passage over their
bltterest opposition"
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1910-07-26

- -
~ nsWuin. 81. a former bicycle
~ she aseA 20 race with the
W. IN The eDaniry. and who's
~ q faai estate owner In Seat.
Il b missiag The police have
- sgpealsd to-
skain. vho lives AZ 1858 East.
~ W.. takrs q ride on BITS bi-
70 exnFT eyening When be
xzFsx ost Sunday he waited 10
- ~ little daughter with him.
y Mr. Bl0uin thought II was too
~ Esain started ogt alone
4 ksaat enme back
kxaE had bis leg broken a few
n1EAz ago. and wheu be did not
- back bis friends feared that
: hi met with an accident and
nsFA<st all Bloasns usual routes.
lxr nctorcycie police rode over
4 - routes.
6Maa bad no enemies that his
- kn0w Of. and carried no
AasT With him when he left
ataS lie IL a man Of regular
aH He wore q tan hat. tan
-! nj blue trousers.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1910-07-26

NfNfNNeHsasse4NFsesNsee reesfesNF~ssfsNesaSes
NepMpfts Tu tie s4tfe af .f fss..t,...t.
aRAH West sKth. infY III : sas
HAHEete tile a8fa "a a ft4fs~a sass
EtHtee Terrace IufN lg i 49,
NHyt rs abe wits "a U ttatt stk t4fk
avs tHiF ID. saH
tteMHHfH Fa the wife 90 ~ y uss.
hefE fagf ENsHkHn ae BoH- a $3.50
NsHfafd fu tha wlf+ af a. Mastf...f
#ee ttth aF 1aHe ae 3 saa
HaHeH ra tha efta "a Il aaa..n a..
#ttte tuN tB 4 daughter
Weaver Ta the Mffr 81 q Vya.v.r
seas affh 81 E Iult et 4 aa.twf.ts
HenuinNs fa tha allie 81 Fl feft5s..
tsatanM anH #atk at SUITS Z i 4sWsf'f4s
ifetas ra gha wiEa Sd s. fttfFs AVA
uuwwF hfars luis IN 4 ana
ri tifirm Fa the wtrs I'D b asurlen
tfaa NAnf HiF fufv 81 4 aan
AteRn# rs She effe ~ n H.... #as
n W Nath NalF #s a ahe~tfrF
8feaaf 'ra tbs nifs 81 81 0fes+f saa
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1910-07-26
THE SEATTLE STAR

NsNesseesfsfssN 4.a...,ss
hnfstva at tha hnatfla paHtafflea as
sRtWnA e.uHe matter
1he rent ref eopa. sts cents pee week.
81 twnntf nfH euhta pee months nslvt
efed ~ mail dr raWi6f SIS ftss gaplsn
10 Mali sNnNtmlmrus-rh aats
when tuWf subscription eaulsaa fs en ina
address label % each paper When that
NAtF arrives ~ Nauf subscription has nat
eEatn Been rafH lH advance. saur name
en the address label ts rapalpt AZ I'D
fef FsHf 81 te Ger ain nnnths
Noftth 10 sVisscuinNns ~4hsa3a
fauf MpF e ths asaf tat % reach Yau
~ tlpFh aHF sweating. please do us
tAa fAtef &c ehil up nMf ntHiu cffIea
aWeHet Matr etea{ IND Aat. taiwsaa 3
hhA erlaeN ehd $40 will asna yau .
svrF at euee ~ yea should misa Il mere
fHa miss q
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1910-07-26

80. - LAND. Ore, July 2s.--
: saisohds, a painter. IL miss.
~. .so''9slng a fire early today,
-. ala damage aggrsgatlng
- % three frame lodging
beaF Second aud Madison
r,.. 80 Fay = Fox. proprietor
II, 'alng house. and Miss Mabel
- saest, were compelled 10
49,. 40 second story window
" solid sheet Of flames.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1910-07-26

Meiiahie man 10 show and sell laudi
ernnriamfs not necessary. q GRAF
ses liberty BLDG, opposite postofflee
uatea ID this column 2Ta I cent a word
TeH words 10 cents. wheu set close
tNanfca~-7 live painters Apply new
building Ninth and Pike
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1910-07-26

Halter Beach netb House is nbw for the The
prices sbc for suit towels aud shower bath Dressing
60 be had for each ice including
and shower bath All cool drinks aud ec coffee
lowest city prCea Summer has last
= changes minute not every week. I win guarantee
M cleHnneea There viii be rowdiea your wives
or daughters in contact with Come
rest won't cost cent have cottages
sell at bargain
There Is also auto siding which you
stop We viii let make
the There Is nothing IN this advertisement
be strictly lived viii also make club dressing
rooms for children under ~ stokes will
find Il Al
AM Yesler way aud Occidental av Get Oft
at lialer Beach station.
NJ. NJ. DEE. MANAGER
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1910-07-26

va know 81 q single person
/. r,lambia River valley OK
Z ,m.stsrs oF ether political
.sn. who is not openly ~
wlth the progressive
e wrltes Angua llay, edi
"a waite nlafts spoheshan
es nlafgs. wash &C. Rufua
i "a me poindexlrr cam
1mniitee ...,.... 49,.
Nv i s,cord with the move
fh.ak your committed
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1910-07-26

WANTED-Men TO sell one and five
acre tracts, black soil, cleared and
level; fine for fruit and poultry, tiT5
20 $3.50 per acre, on very easy terms
$40 down and So per month Fee Mr.
Haven f1i Arcade Annex. before
10 a.
For sats~-1h acres, old homestead. one
fuiie from Pearson; close to good srhool
old orchard. good new house. All kinds
IT small fruit fine young orchard. Call
on 8 A. Morse, Pearson
Wanted mUrubstake to cruise Central
n q fpr desirable government land Ref.
erences c-tee, care star
Say you saw It IN The star.
Samuel Coilyar. s0t Lsnry Building.
deals IN city property. farms ahd tim.
bef lands list your property with him.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1910-07-26

eNs~~ee~~NrgerN~>r 100000 49,
MY OWN MONEY 20 buy MORT
CAGES and CONTRACTS and SELLERS In
terost IA contracts. anywhere In wash
ingtuu
W Il. GRETNWAY. Banker and Broker
500 BURKE BLDG. SEATTLE
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1910-07-26

Auction sale Of 20 work horses. VIII be
sold 20 the highest bidder at 1915
First -, Wednesday. g y. m. sharp
NJ walker. auutioneer
O n. uOLCOMn co. sale stnhlea
Heavy draft medium sised horses, lguar.
auteed 1913 Western av. Main ifFf.
For safe cheap pair shetland ponies.
harnesses aud buggy, t20s Woodland
Park hv.
Good al-round horse. will work any
place Phone North 1855 sac.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1910-07-26
A4r1 =-s-s=aasa-sa
WEN HAVE TROUBLE
FOR NOTHING

a|.,..s esasion Of striking ma
a ','.. buried up 70 the city coun-
- s. last night on a rumof
- gsalnsraee WAS 20 be intro.
= ..,s s,,,.e'aaang picketlng IN a la
kls.s ~ r. union men we're AL
Il y, ~ 2 light. but the ordinance
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1910-07-26

This addition idea place lies high and
slightly with the slope afford excellent drainage
fine view Of the Sound be enjoyed from n
the occupies OF the highest points tho
North Eud Of the city Only blocks beautiful park
stores aud school Lots cleared city water and sidewalks
IN and paid Convenient five different lines only
ten minutes ride the mill factory district
Seattle FREE CITY WATER 70 purchasers year
Right to the path the cyB rapid growth and develop
We going sell Of these beautiful lots for
only $3.50 and Of 81 % $40 month. II de
aire 10 build will advance lumber and material and
for your home With the money
Ing for Come out and the homes going
all the addition and viii be surprised the
activity NOW IL the time buy either a home
quick profit Take Fremont Ballard First
LAKE. aud ride TO end Of the ue who're Will show the
property
BURKE a FARRAR INC.
400 40g New York Block
Capital and Surplus 100000.
Il c. Burke
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1910-07-26
FoR sAlE-FuRNITuRE
WANTED TO RUY-FuRNiTURE

sN~~4~~-~NN~eNc~N~~ ~0~ON~4~N~~N~NNS~
Furnishings Of an eiEht-room house to
be sold at 1873 Tayiar ay. Thursday. July
49, at o n. m. Metal bed complete, fold
ing bed, chffonler, dressers. chairs. rock
ers, leather couch. bed lounge, portieres,
lace curtains sanitary touches. kitchen
queen. china and glassware Buck and
Jewel ranges and heating stoves These
goods must be sold as owner is leaving
city Both North and East Queen Anne
cars stop at the door, Rothschiid. aue-
honeer Main 1859.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1910-07-26

The sleigh buoy" Is the latest
life saving device. It's a life buoy
that can be padded like a canoe,
with d0ubleender paddle. II
looks ike a pair Of sl4d runners
made out Of enormous ham sau.
sagea. The picture shows the buoy
az il appears hung W waiting for
the excitement to begin, and the
buoy In action, with the life guard
rowing in with an exhausted bather
cllnglng 60 H.
The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1899-1947, 1910-07-26
LIVESTOCK

NJ ], WALKER. leading Ructioneer aud
appraiser, at your service Office i2t5
First av 81 Phone l. sTae.