davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune., 1910-01-23
Different Systems of Producing the Electric
Spark Discussed and Compared.

Bile OF producing this spark. It's volume is
large; its pressure is small. Technically it
is OF high amperage and low voltage. So
by means OF primary induction coil, 1t is
transformed to a current of higher voltage
and lesser amperage. This coil consists of
n core, a bundle of soft iron wires, around
winch is the primary winding, several
layers of copper wire. The core becomes a
magnet when electricity flows through the
winding. and ceases to be a magnet with
the stopping Of the flow. The magnetza-
tion is slow, on the completion of the cir
cult. but demagnetization is instan taneous
when the circuit is broken.
The extent Of the field In which the inf1u-
ehce or a magnet is felt depends on the
strength OF the characterization. When a
loop or wire. forming a closed circuit Is
placed In the magnetic field, a current OF
eiectricity will be set up in it whenever the
strength OF the field is changed Without a
ehhhge there will be no current But the
sfeater the change of the strength Of the
"''o' Whether increased or diminished, the
eiea'er VIII be the strength OF the current
se' up IL is this principle that is applied
iii ''ie primary Induction coil. for the wire
that iorms the winding is In the magnetic
heiu VI the coll, and the current is set up
III ~ whenever the strength of the field
SHaHseS' Inc strongest current, therefore.
20 iiiuuoeu "hcn' In the least possible time,
theie cHange either from no magnetiza-
toh 10 TUG iuiiest possible magnetization, or
the ieNelse' Inc current thus induced will
last curing the time when the change of
s,rehs'h occurs ceasing when the strength
OF 'he "eio Is constant. The quicker the
New-York tribune., 1910-01-23

does the primary winding. A current is
set up in it at every change of strength,
the pressure depending on the extent of
the change and on the rapidity of its oc-
currence.. The magnetization of the core is
SLOW; It's characterization instant The
current produced during demagnetization
Is hence the greater. and has pressure
enough TO cross the gap
Two circuits are involved in this ignition
systematic primary circuit magnetizing
the core and the secondary circuit, lead
ing 10 the combustion space the current
houced In the secondary coil The pri-
mary circuit includes the battery as gem
orator supplying the current, the primary
winding of the coil, the timer and the
vibrator
me spark must occur in the combustion
space at the precise instant in which ths
mixture Is In condition for ignition Then
only. therefore. is the secondary current
required. AS this secondary current de-
pends upon the flow of the primary current
through the primary winding, the urinary
circuit must contain a device so TO adjust
this now as TO obtain magnetization of the
core at the required instant This device.
Nio"n as d uiner or commutator is a
ie.oi.ins s"itch' operated by the engine.
completing the primary circuit when the
secondary current is required and braalsins.
IL when the production of the spark by the
secondary current has been secured. Ig-
milton occurs only once in each cvIinaer
during the crank shaft revolutions. where
lore the commutator Is placed ON the hair
uine smart that operates the exhaust
valves.
The simplest form of commutator consists
OF disk of insulating material in which ,s
set metal plate. 1t is mounted ON ana
reVoiVes with the half time shaft. 4 aat
spring carried on plate of hard insu,at-
ins material. bears against the edge or tb.
New-York tribune., 1910-01-23
SOME FREE ADJUSTMENTS.

Amusements are a common field of ex-
travagance New York has some of the
finest free shows in the country. and her
citizens generally neglect them. Instead Of
spending 81 or So apiece for seats at the
atrical performance let the welded or en-
gagged pair visit the Metropolitan Museum
of Art, the American Museum of Natural
History, the Bronx Zoo the Botanical
Gardens. If it cost S. to visit these places
and nothing for the theatre, it is a safe
guess that the latter would often be de-
serted and the former crowded.
A source OF entertainment rejected by the
majority but approved by the wise is per-
ambulation of the streets of a great city.
There is much of interest to be seen in
manifestations of human nature generally,
in the variety of classes and in physical en-
vironment A score of foreign quarters af-
ford a delightful field of exploration.
Mayor Gaynor has set an example in
economical transportation by eschewing pri-
vate automobile, taxicab and even streetcar
In favor of the sturdy locomotive devices
provided by nature. Every man may not
have a pair of "mayoral" legs, which are
indeed phenomenal but he can walk up TO
his ability, thereby cultivating health as
well saving carfare.
Serious elements in the high cost of living
are flowers, bonbons, jewels, hats, gloves,
frocks and other fittings for womankind.
New-York tribune., 1910-01-23
DICTATES OF FASHION,

Hundreds of persons wear those funa-
bering decorations Just as that woman did,
because they are fashionable, not because
they care for them; surely not because
they are of any use.
Souvenirs are the catch for travellers
money. Mosaic brooches set in German sill
yer are always costly. and sometimes last
week. Ar enau3eIied pin done in the
coat of arms of the city visited is often
bought and is sometimes worn. not be-
cause the owner likes It. but because IT is
pity to have bought 1t and not wear it
Is this woman unique who was seen to
stop to look at a basket OF puppies and
kittens that corner pedler held up for
sale a few days ago?
Did You ever anything so cute in
your life?" she cried in delight II will
yes. 1 will buy that brown one. Heaven
knows what I'll do with il, but it's too
cute TO pass"
There was s. bill that might have been
saved, TO say nothing of the cost Of the
food IT was going to take to feed the dog
till the woman should get tired OF IL and
persuade friend in the country to give il
q home.
How many persons pay a couple OF dol
lars for a gardenia to wear for an hour
or so. not satisfied with the more plentiful
rose or carnetion? Why not wear the
flowers of the season that are fairly mex
pensive. or when all are out OF season
choose those blooms wl.cn are fully as
charming as the rare ones ard far less ex-
pensive.
Many dollar spent on tonics with the
hope of bracing up failing power might
be saved IL half the outlay were expended
on food that is really nourishing to tired
muscles or to iadeG nerves
New-York tribune., 1910-01-23

buying cheap clothes, which do not last.
An expensive suit lasts more than twice as
long as the suit that costs half as much.
and 1t looks well even in its decline Ap-
paratus for hanging coats and stretching
trousers and means of preserving clothes
from dust and moths are economical.
Physicians and dentists bills contribute
to the high cost of living, and these may
be cut down with a little foresight. We
often know when we are in training to see
the doctor, and we can avoid the visit by
hygienic care. 1t might be worth while TO
buy a phonograph with records inscribed
with sound medical advice. like, MY dear
sir (or madam, your constitution is all
right, but you need to slow down this rapid
pace Get plenty of fresh air; don't lose
your Sleep" etc. Daily care of the teeth
and the prompt filling of cavities will tend
to shift some of the burden of the high
cost of living from the householder to the
dentist,
New-York tribune., 1910-01-23
Many Instances Ad-
duced of Daily Extrav-
agance and Waste.

Men used TO be afraid OF wars and pesti-
lefces. things concrete and visible, but to-
sav the nation shivers before apparitions
which are seemingly as unsubstantial and
abstract as Banquos ghost. These i'll fa-
Exored shades have left their proper place
between the covers of profound treatises
-aad college textbooks and have begun 10
istals abroad. One OF the most reprehensi-
bic Of the lot, known as High Cost of Liv-
ing. has not only made himself pretty IA
milia- TO the common people. but has dared
- intrude i1 the halls of legislation with
s1eering expression on his face, interpreted
to mean: What are you going to do
about it?'
The lawmakers may not all be Solons
hut they will not stand the impertinence of
slfr. Hieh Cost of Living. They are re-
solved to interrogate and investigate the
economic afrit, and If they find that he is
.aa impostor they will either turn him over
30 the police or send him back 10 the cold
type where he belongs If il should be
proved that Cost of High Living is masque
rading as High Cost of Living it would be
evident that the parsonage was a fraud,
Indeserving Of mercy. On the other hand
IF II. c. Of l.. establishes his identity and
good faith and the professors of political
economy certify that he couldn't help
escaping frofn the textbooks the next thing
TO discover will be the antidote.
Already there are as many antidotes pro-
posed as there are cures for consumption.
II is taken for granted that there is an
sntdote and that il should be applied. In
advance of the projected investigation by
Congress Of the cause and cure Of High
Cost Of Living. an Independent inquiry by
the Secretary of Agriculture, similar action
requested OF the Ohio Legislature by Gov
ernor Harmon, meat strike OF thirty
thousand persons in the same state and
Beef Trust inquiry proposed in the New
York Legislature. il is interesting to con-
slider some unofficial testimony
President Brown of the New York Cen
tral Railroad belongs to a group of think
srs who hold that the primary trouble is
shortage in farm production and that the
immediate remedy must be rise in wages.
Shoe manufacturers blame the vegetarians
for eschewing meat. thereby making leather
S.oear and raising the price OF shoes 10 to
al2 per cent Meat magnateS criticise the
carniTorous population for demanding fancy
ssuts and rejecting plain ones, thereby
sboosting the price Of all cuts. The high
,cost of New York architects fees. recently
raised from 10 per cent, i. explained by
the high cost of living, which is a sort of
circular explanation.
New-York tribune., 1910-01-23
THE GOLD THEORY.

Then there are heavyweight economists
who explain in one cryptic word, Gold"
They say that the precious metal by large
sroGuctioD has become cheap and that
dozen eggs are worth more gold to-day
than formerly. Their remedy is TO distrib-
ute more gold among the common people,
or the gold equivalent in wages-an opera
ton TO be performed in a theoretical. Chris
'tian Science way, without costing anybody
a cent-and then the spectre of High Cost
{ viii be gently but firmly laid to rest
Meanwhile, many Americans are con-
fronted by a condition and not theory.
They can't wait for Congress to tell them
What to do and they frankly skeptical
of that painless distribution OF gold. The
question is how to keep some of the nickels
and dimes anchored in the right hand
trousers pockets. how TO preserve little
longer those greenbacked works of art por-
Taying the visages of beloved Presidents
and those richly yellow masterpieces en-
graved with an 'cX" or Xxx" 1t is not
stheir intention TO hold on to dollar until
sthe eagle complains that it is being tllrot-
tied but they would like to reduce the
velocity Of circulation which is violating
all speed laws and causing them 10 feel too
well the truth OF the poets plant: Who
steals my purse steals trash"
few suggestions on how TO make money
last may be helpful both TO husbands and
wives. and no doubt each will recommend
10 the other some Of the good points given
There is a school of dietitians which ad-
ivises humanity TO eat less and more cheap
ly; IN fact, asserting that one can subsist
on nine cent meals. This may be scientific
sfbut IL does not appeal to the average
stomach. No person wants TO economize on
his meals, except a millionaire with ind,-
Gesuon- Nor can all travel with the Ohio
fznartyrs who are striking against meat in
the hope OF humbling the beef trust: it is
too heroic. Let rations in their amplitude
variety and quality Is exempt from cold
calculation. Heaven knows that Al cent
butter has too much tang. and that 50 cent
eggs are often as reminiscent as q Civil
War veteran.
However. money can be saved by buying
food In goodly quantities instead of quart
end peck lots. Generally the man of the
house must intervene IL this economy is to
be effected He has a wholesale mind and
can bear 10 invest several dollars in pro-
visions at clip Perhaps he will buy bar
srels OF potatoes and apples, and then most
of them will spoil, because there is no cell
lar connected with a fiat. In that case he
will either propose moving to the suburbs
where there are cellars, or will discover
that canned goods, beans, cereals and so
forth, may be accumulated regardless Of
atmospheric conditions.
New-York tribune., 1910-01-23
COSTLY TOYS PASSED By.

An outraged mother found her little five
year-old girl playing under neighbor's
stoop one day with the neighbor's little
girl They had some rag dolls. and had
rugged up a corner with some pieces or
board to play house in. The dishes were
pieces of glass and china, which were too
broken to be of further use. even in the
kitchen, and the dolls clothes were made
of paper. 1t was very inexpensive house
keeping outfit. and consisted mostly OF
imagination.
The mother cried out: What are you
playing house with those things for? Have
you forgotten the big dolls house bought
for you and had put up in your own back
garden. with everything you can think Of to
play with in it? Why don't you take Ger
trude around there % play. child?'
Nicer here" was the laconic answer.
Like these things best
How much money is spent on handsome
toys that do little but occupy closet room,
while the small despot for whom they were
bought prefers a battered doll or glass
eyed cat whose life stream ebbs in trail
of sawdust wherever the toy is carried.
at was in a feather shop few days
ago." said New Yorker. "a shop that
was one flight up, over we'll known drug
store on Broadway. While / was waiting
for my package to be done up I heard a
janglins sound out on the narrow stairway
leading to the dooc OF the shop The sound
increased AM draw nearer. 1t puzzled me
so much that / turned in curiosity, waiting
for the door to open and reveal the cause.
Soon the door did open. and a luxuriously
clad woman came in. considerably out OF
breath. Hanging from large silver ring
which was slipped over her thumb, were
innumcrable silver objects on silver chains
of varying lengths. recognized among
them a pencil. si!Yer fountain pen, a
penkrife. powder case, cigarette case,
stamp book and change purse There were
many others also, and as she walked the
noise of jangling was extraordinary.
LAS She drew with difficulty from her
mun paper bundle containing feathers TO
be renovated. she sighed to the clerk, L
wish I had left this bunch of things at
home. I do not use them, anyway. and
they are a trouble when I have SO many
other things to carry"
New-York tribune., 1910-01-23
THE HEARTY LUNCHEON

There is complaint of the hurried and
scant American luncheon, yet many busi-
ness men overload themselves with largo
meals. with wine, at the noon hour. They
2 Fest too much. drink too much and spend
too much at the midday meal, and are
e1togy al afternouon. Such trencher effort
5 scsnc en5oynent belong properly TO the even
ssrg.
- 6o1ss sssD spend much on their heads
and faces az = chorus girl. They go into a.
bsrosf ssSDp sn1 get trimmed, shaved
siDgees D.&ssz.st sad shsmpooed, and IT
e'osts perhaps & 7s. Maybe the rnanicurist
gets -sxEctsssT Collar. and then there are tins
for eysryDr>1, Gown 70 the doorboy. What
with Improved safety razors. non-hair-
shedding brgghes and specialized scans.
sharing az home has become an easy ia SIX.
End It's economies are great An able bodied
man can EhamDoo himself with the aid of
rubber tube attached to q bath fub
sauces, and ne ought 10 be able TO live
without getting professionally manicured.
There is an increasing number of no-tip
= barber shops. which a man may patronize
for the simple purpose of haircut.
= Shoe polishing pariors absorb many
nickeis that the owners have use for. II ia
10 cents fot a polish. cents to clean rub
bers. and cents more az tip By having
feit shoe renovator at home one polish
can be made 70 last for two or three dsvs.
Rubbers can be cleaned in domiciIe. And
the tipless shine shop can be discovered
with little exertion. Speaking OF shoes, If
pays 10 have several pairs and 10 wear
them in turn, keeping the reserves on shoe
strees TO preserve their shape. The most
economical shoes are not the cheapest but
cost from 50 80 upward. II is the same way
8 with shirts and other articles OF dress.
The American is often extravsgant In
New-York tribune., 1910-01-23
SOME DISNTERESED ADVICE TO PURCHASERS OF AUTOMOB

change. therefore. the greater the pressure
of the current and the shorter its duration.
This induced current forms the spark in
the combustion space of the cylinder. The
battery current cannot produce the spark,
but can and does establish the condition
required. The two points of the igniter
being brought into contact, completing the
circuit. the flow of the battery current
through the winding of the coil will pro-
duce gradual magnetization of the coil.
When the points are separated the flow
ceases. the strength of the magnetic field
falling instantly TO nothing. This sharp
change induces a powerful current in the
winding, which in passing over the circuit
causes a spark between the igniter points
as they separate.
This system can be used with magnetic
alone. The current then is produced by
revolving an armature made of soft iron,
wound with several layers of wire. in the
magnetic field between the poles of a per-
manent magnet. The armature. In turning.
brings the iron case closer to or further
from the poles of the magnet, being thus
magnetized and demagnetized. The change
In the degree OF magnetization sets up the
current that produces the spark
The other system of ignition. the high
tension or jump spark system. depends
upon the production of current at such
high pressure that IL can leap from one
point to tho other through the high re-
sistance offered by the air at low tenn
peratures, particularly when compressed.
A secondary induction coil is used to OBJ
tain this pressure. This consists OF core
and primary windings. as already de-
scribed. with secondary coil of very fine
insulated copper wire of great length
wound over the primary winding. The
change in the strength of the magnetic
field affects the secondary winding as It
New-York tribune., 1910-01-23

they never wear. Many girls who work IN
offices all day and never go anywhere at
night because they are strangers In tho
city or are too tired TO go have an array
of evening dresses that Is astonishing.
Meantime they have perhaps only one old
outfit appropriate for the office, and that
they wear within an inch of its life.
Many persons have a naive way OF buy
ing things because they are cheap. saying.
This may come I'm handy some time.
These things are usually discovered years
afterward when one moves.
The woman who bought bargain pair
of gray suede shoes because they were
cheap and the color was attractive, and
then bought stockings. suit. hat and
gloves to go with them, because she had
nothing she could wear gray shoes with,
and after all wore the whole outfit only
once because gray was not becoming, Is
not particularly exceptional case.
New-York tribune., 1910-01-23

disk During one revolution of the disk the
metal plate set into the disk will be
brought into contact with the spring. One
wire of the primary circuit is connected to
the metal plate OF the disk and the other
TO the spring. the circuit being completed
when the revolution of the disk brings the
two together and broken by further revo-
luton of the disk.
Commutators vary greatly in construc-
ton, being adjusted. naturally, according
10 the number OF cylinders. There is much
variation, according to the preferences of
makers, too. but enough has been said TO
ihuicate the purpose of the device aud its
hiole common applications IL is necessary
W know that there is such a device. but
examination of-the newly bought engine
WI enable the purchaser TO understand its
intimate details. which differ greatly. of
course, in the various models.
the spark is not required ALWAYS 10 mass
INTO the combustion space al the sams
point In the stroke of the piston. Were
'na' TIE case the stationary mart OF the
eo"iinutator could be set in such a rels-
10 'he moving part that contact would
iiaue at any desired point In the reyolu-
$50. u 'ne shaft. AS IL is necessary. how
80, 80 10 provide for the retarding or adj
,,S'ts or The spark to meet changing
rot".. ''ohs. the stationary part is made TO
reta.S aoout the shaft for half turn. this
stea., peins controlled by a lever on the
steering column. W. '''N
v,ers, s'orator. the spark plug and the re-
a VIII. '"e hish tension ignition system as
much :. must be postponed. for there is
Fau, Ia, 'a' should be clearly understood
china ae III any delicately balanced ma
sor,e e are NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS., IN fact-nut
t,n' ,hihss demand more careful attsn-
otba,., e'u more detailed knowledge than
unaa and ignition must be nro,sr,v
This i,ood. .,,e Therefore, the discussion OF
"''ecs VIII be completed next week
New-York tribune., 1910-01-23
SHOWER GOLD ON BABY.

do you know, said a salesman in one
of this. citys big department stores. that
we sell babies coats here that cost as
much as $500? We not only sell them, but
We sell hundreds of them. We carry cheap,
simple little things of all kinds for the
baby, too. but people, shabby looking peo-
pie at that, prefer the little dresses and
coats and even underwear that are adorned
with handmade lace
The result Of this usually is that the un-
fortunate baby has TO go dirty In its perish
able fnery rather than be clad in mex
pensive things that wash without going to
pieces. IL many person of small means
who dresses her baby this way could see
the tots OF the rich crawling around in
gingham jumpers she might decide to dress
her own in cheap, clean things
The use OF trinkets, a term which seems
to Include all kinds of objects of personal
adornment, is general. Hardly any woman
particularly among those who cannot af-
ford 1t, who has not her silver chain purse
her ''semi-precious' necklaces, bracelets,
New-York tribune., 1910-01-23
EXPENSIVE STATIONERY.

In the matter of stationery most people
could save money If they would. Hardly
any woman in moderate circumstances now
adays but has delicately coIored, family
scented monogram note paper. And not
only that, but different kinds of stationery
for differences in the length or Importance
of notes. A few words giving an informal
invitation to luncheon or declining or post
poning appointment, recording some
bit of delightful foolishness, will be put on
a stiff card that just fits into its letter sized
envelope. Longer notes are on the usual
letter paper. The slightest occasion OF for
mality is the excuse for engraved cards got
up especially for the occasion. new baby
is now announced almost the same as an
engagement and has Its own cards. Per-
sons OF fixed incomes" that is, fixed on
Saturday night for the whole of the ensuing
week. engage these passing fashions just
TO keep up" Unfortunately, there is often
a huge amount of secret laughing done at
the expense of such people, but as long as
they do not know il. they do. not lose any
thing except their extra dollars. =
Fads of all kinds eat up siie weekly sal
AIRY. Postcards and.stamp collecting habits
are not cheap ones, nor is it inexpensive
to have new cards printed because script
has gone out and roman lettering come in.
Suede purses TO match every street suit, to
say nothing of the costumed dog, are real
extravagances. Women's gold cigarette
cases, with cigarettes, dainty in size, in
side, are worn with many chatelaines, but
perhaps never used. But why knock the
women and spare the men? How about
the men who have their personal cigarettes
made with their own initials on them?
None of these things contribute toward
financial or physical welfare, and most
of those who indulge in them cannot really
afford them. Why be the slave OF fad
which some one else invented In moment
of i0Ienessp