davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1910-07-10
FREE SCHOOLS IN
NTE-BEL[UM DAYS
Popular Education Not Popula.
in the South in the Olden
Time.
vIRGInIA's FEEBLE EFFORT
First Start Was in Norfolk, but
It Had Hard
Fight.
vIRGINIA's FEEBLE EFFORT

The impression has gone out that
there was no such thing as a public
school in Virginia until after the War
Between the States. While 1t Is true
that free schools" and odd field
schools" as they were called. were
not very numerous throughout the
State in ante-bellum days. and while
It is true that the tax-paying part OF
the population was rather opposed in
the main to "the free school system"
It is a fact nevertheless that Virginia
did have public school system, such
as 1t was, as much as half century
ago.
Joseph G. Fiveash. journalist and
local historian OF Norfolk. has recent
lv written series OF very entertaining
articles for the Norfolk Ledger-Dis-
patch, in which he gives the history
of this before the war" popular edu-
cation movement. and showing how
1t first took root in Norfolk. Mr..
Fiveash's story will prove exceedingly
to the readers Of this Edu-
cational Section. Here II is:
FiveuAh's Story.
Towards the middle of the last CEN
fury there was an awakening In Viz
ginia along the line of wider DIFF
fusion of knowledge among the
masses, and especially was thought
given to the subject In Norfolk, where
from about 1850 to 1855 a constant
struggle was maintained between the
advocates and opponents of public
education. The old Lancastertan sys-
tenn, which came into use in the early
part of the century in Great Britain.
Germany and France, failed to meet
the necessities of the masses, and
when the subject was taken up in
this State the Legislature. about 1916.
authorized such communities as were
willing to tax themselves for the sup
port OF schools to establish public
schools. Under this provision of law
the charter of Norfolk was amended on
March 20. 1850. ans thereafter the
struggle was almost Continuous until
on September 10. 1865. the system was
put into successful operation. AT the
time named mono except freeholders
were eligible as members of the City
Council. The amended charter "au-
thorized the Select and Common Coun-
ellis, at their discretion, to establish
such free schools as they may deem
necessary and expedient. under such
rules and regulations as they may
think best calculated to promote q
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1910-07-10

system OF primary and high school ed
ucation. and for that purpose may
build schoolhouses and annually assess
and levy upon the property and inhab-
itants OF the said city to pay for the
same and all other expenses incident
to the esta blishment of such free
schools.
To give full report OF the records
would consume more space than is
available at this time, consequently
1t has been found necessary to greatly
reduce the matter that has been pre-
pared for publication.
Opposition to Free Schools,
On the 9Th of September. 1852, T.
G. Clayton petitloned the Council for
permission to open a school in Ash
land Hall (the present site of fire
department. headquarters) at 81 per
month for each scholar, ETC.. or to
take charge of a free school at some
place at a fixed salary. Referred to
Committee on Ordinances. This APP
pears to be the flrst practical attempt
to establish public education on any
scale In Norfolk, and there is no rec
ord that the letter was answered.
On the 1st day Of February. 1852.
the records show that Messrs. Robin
son. Sylvester, Spratley, Harrison and
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1910-07-10

subject 1t was a new language; and
1t has taken time to have the children
become SO familiar with it that they
will use 1t in ordinary conversation.
More and more they are doing SO now,
however. and one listening to the re-
marks and the familiar slang at a
baseball game between two school
teams might easily imagine himself
in the bleachers at home. The use
OF English has come to be an evidence
OF education and to confer distinction
on the speaker: and while many emf
nent men trained in the old schools
Will never use any language other
than Spanish. English will be every
where spoken by the coming gener-
alton.
Those pupils who have finished the
Continued on Second Pacel -
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1910-07-10
AlphabeticalListofSchoo lsand Colleges


men
The times dispatch. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1903-1914, 1910-07-10

Continued on Second Pager
The labor world. [volume] (Duluth, Minn.) 1896-current, 1910-04-23
OF $4,000
W0RkMEN TIES Up
TRADES Of GERMANY

BERLIN, April 22-The biggest la
Dor lockout in the history>of Germany
Involving directly $4,000 workmen
and indirectly half as many more
went into effect the past week.
It results from the action of the So
sclalist Federation of Trades Unions
In rejecting on April the wage tar
iff proposed by the Master Builders
Union.
Since the rejection both sides have
made efforts to agree. but the main
demand of the workmen, equal rep
resentation on the wage schedule
oard, was denied by the master
builders and a strike was ordered.
The lockout simply forestalled the
strike. +.
The workmen seek shorter hours
and increased wages. The strike. in
wolves directly all Of those engaged
ill building operations, but indirectly
practically all classes of laborers
either are or will be immeditely in
volved.
The government working through
Minister of the Interior Delbruck, is
still trying to patch up the differences
hut eacl> side appears firm and a
paralysis Of the building trades is ex-
pected.
The labor world. [volume] (Duluth, Minn.) 1896-current, 1910-04-23
Wooden Tonnage Of Great Lakes,
Not Involved in Seamen's Strike,
Has by Freedom From Casual
ties in 1909 Secured Reduction
at Hands of Underwriters for
1910.

CHICAGO, Ill.,, April 22.-As re-
suit of the strike on the lakes, re-
markable situation has developed in
vessel insurance rates. For the first
time in history wooden ships On the
lakes are given lower insurance
rate than is accorded to steel vessels.
At conference between the yes
sci insurers and representatives OF
lumber carrying vessels at Cleveland,
sells were made slightly lower than
last year. Just previous to this
meeting the insurance rate for steel
tonnage was Increased one per cent
above the 1909 rate.
The significant feature Of this is
that normally the greatest risk is
attached to wooden tonnage, especi.
ally to those in the lumber trade, but
nearly all of that class Of vessels EN-
ploy competent seamen, union men,
and were not involved in the strike.
Hence, they made a good showing
last season and have now secured a
reduction Of rates.
On the other hand, the big majority
of steel vessels are in the Lake Car
rier's Association and were manned
by strikebreakers. Accidents were
numerous and insurance risks greater
because of employment of incompe-
tent seamen.
Since the union seamen have now
announced their determination to
continue the strike this season, the
insurance companies evidently expect
the many disasters of last season. the
to inexperienced crews, to be again
repeated, and have accordingly raised
the insurance rates on such vessels.
The Lake Carriers are again re-
cruiting non-English-speaking labor
ers and young boys, placing them
aboard of the ships to serve as strike
breakers. They have failed utterly to
secure sufficient competent seamen
The labor world. [volume] (Duluth, Minn.) 1896-current, 1910-04-23
Secretary Morrison Of the A. +. os,
L. Ridicules Sop Thrown to the
! country's Workers BY Steel
Trust Scheme to Head Off:
& Organization.

WASHINGTON, D. c., April 22.-
'" II always take the steel trusts prom
ises with a grain of SALT" said Frank
Morrison secretary of the American
Federation of Labor, when shown
the announcement Of the United
States Steel Corporation that it has
decided to raise the pay of its 100000
employees, about $9,00O,0OO annually.
eve know what the steel trusts
profit sharing scheme amounts to-.
continued Morrison, "well. this vol
untary increase in wages must be of
the same sort. Some may get 'bene-
fits, but most of the men don't even
know these things were even prom
ised. They don't expect anything
from the steel trust. and they don't
get anything. go r. :. =
What Is There To Get?
'But granting that the steel trust,
out of the kindness of it's corporate
heart will give the increase prom
ised. What does it amount to?''
Here the man who has secretarial
charge of the interests of nearly two
million workers, abruptly halted the
interview, took a piece of paper and
commenced figuring When he had
finished, there was a smile on his
face. =
Thirteen cents a. day is the munif1-
cent increase each steel worker will
receive. A glorious sum, Is it not?"
Thirteen cents day. continued
Morrison, will not keep the men
from organizing. The steel trust
knows that the men are discontented
with their pay and their conditions.
Scared By Organizers Success.
It knows that the A. F. of T.. or
ganizers are meeting with much sue
cess in their work = among it's en-
ployes, and fighting desperately for
the maintenance of its open-shop po-
licy, it jumps into print with all kinds
of benevolent schemes. -, r, =,
But it won't work. The employees
of the steel trust are flocking to our
organizations. Despite the tactics of
it's officials who use all sorts Of meth
DDS to prevent our organizers from
seeing the men, we are making good
progress. When the ). men will ba
thoroughly organized, they will enjoy
the conditions that union men gen-
orally do, and the steel trust will
them stop its press agent promises Of
what it is going to do for It's 230,00Q
EN- ployes.' - 81 r..., sszs
The labor world. [volume] (Duluth, Minn.) 1896-current, 1910-04-23

MILWAUKEE, April s22.-"Social-
ism accepts =: the. challenge Of the
world that it make good IN Milwau-
kee-and it will make good.', T.
This is the declaration with which
Emil Seidel, recently elected mayor
Of the Cream City, assumed his office
this week.
The old parties are not taking
their defeat gracefully.
Ex-Mayor David Rose refused to
greet Mayor Seidel at the Inaugural
ton ceremonies and the daily papers
in the control of the political trust
that has for years held the city by the
throat are even now trying to create
by insinuatlon and untrue publication
discord in the ranks of the victorious
Socialists and laborites.
They are attempting to play Victor
Berger, acknowledged leader of Mil
waukee's Socialist party, against the
mayor elect: They are attempting
to create a feeling of jealousy be-
tween the two men by insinuating
in their editorial and news columns
that Berger will be the real mayor
and will govern the actions of the
new incumbent.
But neither Seidel or Berger or
their friends are worrying about the
attitude, of the daily papers. They
are busy laying plans to make good
to the world-as they have promised
in the opening statement. .-
Here are some of the reforms that
they will endeavor to inaugurate in
The labor world. [volume] (Duluth, Minn.) 1896-current, 1910-04-23
AMENDMENT TO RAILWAY
- CLERKS BILL STUBBORNLY
FOUGHT BY BIG INTERESTS

I. WASHINGTON, April 22.-That SO
per cent Of all mail, cars are unfit
for, service, iss the confidential; report
railway, Mail CLERKS, and yet
Chairman Weeks. of the committee
on postoffice and post roads recently
told the house that "there is no evil
dence before the committee that there
are unsafe cars in use in this SERVICE "
The recent horrible deaths of Mail
Clerks johnson, Raines, Hatfield, Glib
son and Torgenson, who were man.
gled in the wreckage of old rotten
cars, and the fact that certain roads
are noY building steel cars to pre-
vent the slaughter and subsequent
damage suits, made no impression
on Chairman Weeks.
. Representative Sherley flatly con-
tradicted the statement of the COM
mittee's chairman: "You hardly ever
read of a railroad wreck in the south
that you do not learn of a postal car
being smashed to pieces, whereas at
the same time the baggage, express
and Pullman cars are not substanti-
ally Injured
An amendment proposed by Mann
to give the legal representative of
clerks who are killed, $4,000, was bit
terly opposed by Weeks and the regu-
lars, but was finally carried. In the
call for tellers and a recorded vote
on this measure, Cannon, as usual,
could be seen marching in line with
the opponents to postal clerks in
surance.
The labor world. [volume] (Duluth, Minn.) 1896-current, 1910-04-23

the: city-reformsl that have been sac
rificed in the past to- the insatiate
desire for graft in evidence in every
move Of Ex-Mayor. Rose and his sy-
cophants: -. ,.
Build and operate. a =, municipal
electric light and power plant; drive
out grafters' and contractors. rings;
thorough investigation will be the
first step, push public works, especi-
ally in winter, to- give employment
to as many as possible; pay union
wages, although the law prohibits
discrimination between union and
non-union labor; readjust taxes so
that the burden will fall in a less
degree upon the poor. >.
They will require street railways
and other utility corporations to give
better service; drop several hundred
superfluous employees from the pay
rolls; fill positions requiring tech
nical skill with men of that know
ledge, even If 1t be necessary to go
outside Milwaukee,; name Socialists
to- fill places where questions of pol
icy are to be determined ...
They will not attempt to abolish
capitalism. in Milwaukee,; create a
state of business uncertainty; to en-
ploy every man or woman out of
work; fill offices with political hench-
men, allow loafers to retain offices;
attempt more than the state law
authorizes, for instance, institute the
Initiative. and referendum, which
must wait on state legislation. &. :. i.
The labor world. [volume] (Duluth, Minn.) 1896-current, 1910-04-23
Open shops A JOKE
THE COUNTRY J over

LOS ANGELES, April 20 22:3s.-The
''open shop sounds all right. . But
that there is really no such thing is
becoming more and more manifest.
The Mill Owners. association of
this city processes to stand for the
fictitious institution.- It has a lot to
say about the freedom of labor and
insists that the possession Or lack of
possession of union card is not an
issue that concerns it.
Last week the superintendent of
the Hughes Manufacturing Co. dis
charged several employees because
they carried union cards.
One of the discharged employees
said: II was working in my depart
ment when the superintendent slap
ped me on the back and asked: Are
You member of the union?' I re-
piled, Yes; 1 have carried a union
card since 1 was seventeen years old.
He ordered me to the office to get
my time. Then he advised me to
withdraw from the union, telling me
that if 1 did so 1 would be reinstated.
He said the firm would send in my
withdrawal to the union for me if !
would sign IT,
Another who went through pretty
much the same process, replied to
the advice that he resign from the
union, by drawing his due book from
his pocket and saying, Il wouldn't
give that little book for any job in
your institution
The labor world. [volume] (Duluth, Minn.) 1896-current, 1910-04-23
WASHINGTo SUNIoNISTs
q 0 TO FORM LABOR PARTY

.5 SEATTLE, Wash, April 22.-The
Washington state Federation of La
Dor is urging. trade unionists to form
an independent labor party. It is
stated that . vote on the subject will
be taken through the office OF the
state secretary some time during this
month. .57 S@S ys i.ss: Isl. n z5E
The appeal explains that the old
parties have been tried by trade
unionists and found wanting. It also
points out that political pledges have
been made and broken. and that the
legislature has failed to give heed to
the demands labor. It Il is also
urged that every effort should be
mad TO- get the corporation of the
] Is Fa armers and State Grange associa-
lions.
The labor world. [volume] (Duluth, Minn.) 1896-current, 1910-04-23

the men 81 a day. until things can be
arranged so as to make out the 5regu-
lar runs. 1t has also agreed to take
! back the 174 men which it discharged
ON February 49,, and which was the
direct cause of the strike on the fol-
lowing day, subject to the decision of
President Kruger, of the transit COM
pany, and President Driscoll. of the
Car Mems Union, who will act as ar
bitrators in this matter. .Nr,
.-. BY a, referendum vote the men
agreed to the terms offered and were
Wednesday and Thursday ordered to
report at the various barns of the
company for their old runs. ~
The company mas agreed to place
the men back to work as fast as
possible and there will be no discrim-
tnation, it is said, against the. men
who were prominent in the strike
The labor world. [volume] (Duluth, Minn.) 1896-current, 1910-04-23
LOCK OUT employees
Who SOUGHT UNION

CANTON, Ohio, April "a thou.
sand employees of the Stark rolling
mills have been locked out by the
management, and the mill is idle as
the result, the management declares,
of organization by the men of a
branch Of the Amalgamated Associa-
ton Of Iron, Steel and Tin Workers,
IN defiance of the management's de-
sire to operate under the union scale,
but without organization ." x :
The mill has been operated under
this plan, and the management: de-
c'ares mo serious trouble has marked
us efforts to deal with the men as
employees, and not as, union mem
bers.''
Recently organizers came into the
nill: Several of the most earnest Of
these men will not be reinstalled, the
management announces, in a. state
ment to the effect that Its employees
can haze their old Jobs by applying
for them. sl,tzli 3zl 4. 3.
The labor world. [volume] (Duluth, Minn.) 1896-current, 1910-04-23

ers in having employers, liability and
workingmen's insurance laws passed
by the government rather than pro-
viding for employees benefits, the way
you are doing?" - 80.
business, we are in the manufacture
ing business was the direct and sig
nificantz reply. + .- ... -..-<-. j.
Steals Steel Trusts Thunder.
Investigation Of it's methods prove
that it has established complete
"open shop system among its $4,000
employees, q scheme, that the steel
trust has been working on for some
time and which other big corpora
tions are giving considerable study
to. ~ ~ =as @$3@s z,ss. ~ i'&, T. e. = j.
~ It is pointed out that the actions
of the harvester trust are in line with
the latest moves of other big corpora
tons in seeking to keep all its, deal
ings with its employees out Of the
hands, not only OF the labor organiz-
ations, but also out of the hands OF
the city, state and national govern
ments. E. 80 lgz5 S:5, a. " .s3+
This latest develo lopm ent, it IS said,
is most interesting and. Important
phase of the Industrial concentration
in this country. II raises the question
as to what extent the big industrial
combinations Will require the func-
tions Of the statesin It's defense of the
present system, and the result Of such
q method upon the minds OF the
workers emplo Dyed n such, an indus
try. 4ss
isa Willing to sSquander None 81.
ss Il ~ stated that the harvester com
The labor world. [volume] (Duluth, Minn.) 1896-current, 1910-04-23
USE INDUSTRIAL UNREST
TO AUGMENT MEMBERSHIP
LIST OF UNITED MINERS

>P1lTSBURG, Pa. April 2a.-The
United Mine Workers are making
hay while the sun shines. While the
10000 miners. are out on strike, sew
eral organizers have been placed in
the field and are now organizing
them. There never was a time when
the recognition for thorough organ
ization was more apparent that at
The present time.
With the increasing cost Of living,
the action of the steel trust in at
tempting to crush out labor unionisn,
within its shops entirely, and gen
eral feeling Of discomfort, the
workers; are awakening to the
fact that they must unite all their
forces against the common. enemy II
the remaining vestiges of freedom are
to be maintained. Therefore, organ
izers are welcomed by the coal miners
everywhere.
The labor world. [volume] (Duluth, Minn.) 1896-current, 1910-04-23
CHARGES OFFICIALS
WITH CHOKING OFF
PHILIPPINE PROBE

>, WASHINGTON, D. c., April "a
Representative Martin, of Colorado.
who has been busily engaged for the
last few weeks in trying to get an
investigation of the sale of portion.
of the Friar lands in the Philippines
to the sugar trust is still ON the war
path.
The house sat on Martin pretty
hard when it tabled his resolution
calling on the war department for
information, but the Colorado mem
her goes on undaunted. Martin has
charged that these lands were sold to
the sugar trust illegally under an op-
inion rendered by the attorney gem
eral. g. $780,. &zs e. ss
IF there ever was any doubt about
the necessity for an investigation Of
Philippine affairs said Martin, It
Is dissolved by disclosures contained
in the report made by the war de-
partmen: in response to my resolu-=
ton of inquiry. H.. szy:5s si1.s
Martin declared that he has learn.
ed that the war department has sent
to Chairman Olmstead. of the insular
c.ffairs committee, the information
he, Marlin, had called for in his reso-
luton. ~ t.::"s ::"":s' Z: .. IL 81
Martin says that Olmstead declined
to let ilf,n see the report before the
resolution was reported to the house..
Martin said that this was a part of a.
plan that has been put through to
table h.s resolution, shut off debate.
and pre- vent an airing of the matter
on the floor. Ms
The labor world. [volume] (Duluth, Minn.) 1896-current, 1910-04-23

pany expects to spend more than a
quarter Of million every year on this
new ":welfare plan" that it has estab-
lished. - -, .''->'. -
t. This new scheme is said to be mod
eled to some extent after the German
law along the same line. The en-
ployes are not compelled to- pay a
direct premium for the insurance they
receive. -s,->f : ]r.,'.% ~ -,
Some of the clauses Of the plan are
as follows: ~. :: ,~.a$ VI .;
In case of death three years wages
will be paid, but not less than 81 500
and more than $4,000. }. !. + a: ::
Loss Of hand or foot, one and one
half years wages will be paid, but
not less than $500 nor more than
$4,000. IS ~, 6 s ~ tx e2,s 5s ... ts
Thousand Per Member. :.*.S
Loss Of both hands or both feet.
or one hand and. one. foot, four years
wages, but not less than $4,000. tsg
&s"Other injuries, one-fourtll wages
during first thirty days Of disability.
one-half wages for the remainder. Of
the. time Of disability up to two
years ) .+Sz 1.Ss.. 0 @z 'S- 4.
GGt "a provision is made. SO that am am.
ployes may increase the benefits q ia
be paid during the first thirty days
Of disability to an i amount equal to
half wages. This is accomplished by q
benefit fund. to which employees earn
Ing 800 g month or less contribute
IS cents month employees earning
more mo than $50 and less than $Ioe, 5
cents q mon th,s and empl Dyes earninx
more than 81 90. 4 q cents 8 MOI It'll
The labor world. [volume] (Duluth, Minn.) 1896-current, 1910-04-23
IS CENTS A DAY VII I not
PREVENT men 0RGAN|Z ZINC
STRIKE IN FRANCE MAY
= : = PROVE NATIONAL TIE-UP

MARsEILLEs :: April 22.-The
strike of the naval reservlsts here. has
taken on a more revolutionary char
acter. = E%s"EssE{ ~ - n ~ 80 -
Government troops are now ocupy-
ing the city 1t looks as if the work.
ers! Of the entire community may lay
down their tools before. the trouble
is settled, The sympathetic strike of
the tramWay, employees gave the SOL
ciers and police considerable trouble.
The members Of the clerks union
also inapgurated a sympathetic
strike, and they, will stay out, it is
asserted, until the reservists obtain
satisfaction. =. IA -. -