davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1910-09-14

But the chairman ruled him out of
order, the secretary reading proxy
from Davis appointing Sam Parker to
represent him in the convention.
"Mr Davis is out of order, ruled
the chairman, ignoring the fact that
the proxy was dated several days later
than the convention "Mr. Davis Is
no longer a member Of the convention -
. Davis saw the point-of the forgery
and subsidized, to the tune Of the
laughter Of the assemblage.
House Nominations.
The voting for candidates for the
house then began.
From the Fifth.
The fifth was in first to announce its
results which were as follows:
Frank K Archer. Al; A. l.. Castle.
10; S. P. Correa, 81; f. j. Crawford,
16; Ed. K. Fernandez, SO; F. J. Gay,
II; VIM. K. Isaac, 3; Jos. Kalana, g.;
d. X. Kama, - S. X. Kamakaia, g.;
VIM. A. Kane, IL; Chas. Kanekoa. 63 !;
Euel KINNEY. Il; Sol. Mahelo1a. 50; s.
X. N2hoe, 40.
Four Elected
This me- ut that Frank X. Archer.
A. L. Castle. s. ? Correa and Charles
kanekoa had been nominated, and it
was necessary to vote again to nom
mate two more out Of the list not
chosen
Some Withdrew.
William a. Kane, f. j. Gay. VIM. X.
isaac. Ruel Kinney, Joseph Kalana
ana f. J. Crawford announced their
withdrawal as candidates for the fifth.
The second ballot resulted as follows:
Ed. X. Fernandez. 81; D. X. Kama.
81; S. X. Kamakaia, =; Sol. Mahelona,
%; S. X. Mahoe, 60.
This elected S. K. Mahoe, as one
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1910-09-14
THE LEGISLATIVE TICKET.


of
fourth and
nopart desire to support
itself either exceptionally
like Makalena Aeli and such promptly and
eHu dumped hoped fill being by Castle Long
undivided
o
of representatives
opinion this
if Hughes had
fourth The fact that
of plumper eombna
of
admirable A. F. Judd worthy of
will undoubtedly while Kaeou representative of the best
of Of
the polls and
defeat of John Hughes
was regettable.
of pleasing
which c. Cohen Mr. Cohen
he had been invited make and
him,
ing was
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1910-09-14
immigration and Politics

Millions of people from abroad have
poured into the United States for years
and been absorbed as part of the gen
eral population. The stream continues
practically unchecked, and question
of much interest that arises is whether
the influx has affected the numerical
strength Of the leading political parties.
II is estimated that six millions have
been added since the last census, and
these newcomers are not bound by ira
dition to any party, unlike many OF
the native descendants of stanch Re
publican or Democratic forebears, al
though they may be Influenced to some
extent by the sentiment of the comnu-
mites in which they abide.
A large percentage of this new popu-
lation is locating in New England, and
statistics from the States Of Maine,
New Hampshire and Vermont supposed
" might throw some light on national
political results. There are some dis
crepaneies in the relative showings,
however, that make accurate sonelu-
sions next to impossible. For instance,
New Hampshire s foreignborn popula-
ton increased by $4,000 in thirty years
ND TO 1900. while the Republican vote
there was 1926 larger in 1908 than in
1896. and the Democratic vote 12,o05
in the same comparison. Maine gained
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1910-09-14

$4,000 in her foreign born population,
the Republican vote there in 1908 was
13,17S less than in 1895, and the Demo
cratic vote rs more in the same COM
parison. Vermont lost 1000 in her for
elgn-born population, while the Repub-
lican vote there was 1855 less in 1908
than in 1896, and the Democratic vote
rs greater.
But Maine Republicans had 1884
more and the Democrats 14l9 fewer
votes in 1908 than in 1900. and the
Vermont Republican vote was 3O16 less
and the Democratic vote there 1853 less
in 1905 than in 1900 Names Repub-
lican plurality of 2s,613 in 1900 was
raised to 36.S07 in 1904 and dropned
back to 30,5S4 in 1905. New Hamp.
shlre's Republican plurality of 35.79t
IN 1896 was reduced to Is, 494 in 1908.
Fermont's plurality of 29.719 in 1900
reached 30,6S2 in 1904 and was abbre-
waited to 2S.0j6 in 1908.
These figures, taken as a whole, ad-
mt of one fairly definite opinion. 1t
Is that. no matter how high the tide
of immigration runs, the newcomers are
being assimilated pretty evenly by both
of the leading parties. If New England
IS any criterion, the foreign born citi-
zens are not throwing decisive strength
TO either of the party organizations in
the national situation. - Christian
Science Monitor.
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1910-09-14

been agreed that the fifth district was
to have one long term senator and one
short term senator, and as A. F. Judd
was the only candidate for the long
term for the fifth, he should be nom
mated by acclamation.
At the suggestion Of J. A. Kennedy.
Mr.. Judd was called to the platform
and pledged his support to the platform
and the entire ticket.
Breckons then put the motion to
nominate Mr.. Judd by reclamation AMI
he was nominated amid a burst of en-
thusiastic applause. Mr.. Judd was then
called upon for a speech.
AL Ready to Begin.
He said he had come prepared
to begin the campaign ana was ready
to take the stump to support all the
candidates. He was ready to begin ac-
tive work and believed he would be
able to work and assist the party to
victory.
He was generously applauded.
Platform Full.
Chairman Breckons then called upon
the other candidates to come forward
and take the pledge, and Cecil Brown,
Chas. Chillingworth, J. G. Cohen, Clar-
ence Crabbe, John Hughes and w. C.
Achi, candidates fer the senate, and
c. II. Brown, NJ. Deponte, Kamanoulu,
5. K. Kalee. E. X. Lilikaiani, A. Mar
callino, Z. A. Long, St. c. Piianaia,
Ed. Towse, Norman Watkins, William
Williamson, candidates for the house
from the fourth, and A. S. Kaleiopu,
W. G. Achi, Frank Archer, A. L. Castle
Edwin Fernandez, f. }. Davis, S. G.
Correa, Joe Kalana, VIM. Isaacs. Sonny
Gay, S. K. Kamapaia, VIM. Kane, Chas
Kanekoa, Solomon Mabolona and s. X
Mahoe. candidates from the fifth. lined
up on the platform to take the pledge.
Cohen Explains.
Joe Cohen had something to say. He
deemed it his right to state his posi-
ton on the immigration question When
the bill was introduced in the last legis-
lature, there We're several other bills
relating to education, the heautifving
of the land and so forth. He was in
favor of the importation of labor, but
he understood that if this bill passed
the others would be lost Therefore he
tonight the immigration bill-and lost.
Usual Butt-In.
John Wise interrupted the speaker
When he spoke up, Breekons said he
himself was about to interrupt Mr.
Cohen. Wise trotted up on the plat
form, butted in without comment from
the chair, and spoke up.
Under Wise S arm was copy of the
house journal; on his face was an ex-
mighty things. Cohen looked surprised
to see him taking possession of the con
vention, but stood still while Wise read
how Cohen had finally voted for the
immigration bill after it had returned
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1910-09-14


at pr being horewhipped
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1910-09-14
CHAIRMAN BRECKONS.

of
W. handled
at authority to
decisions when
off His
subbod
he
should
be overlooked.
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1910-09-14

lowed to go on talking against a man
who at least is honest and not for
sale.
Balloting Begins
Breckons then called the Judges and
tellers to the fore for the purpose of
taking the vote
Harry Murray suggested that. as Mr..
Cohen had refused to take the pledge
his name should be scratched off the
ballot. Rreckons so ordered it. at the
same time stating that in his opinion
the rule requiring the candidates to
take the pledge was an extremely
foolish rule
Only one ballot was necessary. the
result of the vote being announced as
follows:
Long Term Senators.
Cecil Brown. JAG.
Chas. Chillingworth. 121.
Clearance Crabbe. AZ.
John Hughes, IS.
Short Term Senators.
Charlie Achi, so.
A. 5. kaleiopu, 1876.
The chairman announced that for
the long term the convention had
nominated Mr.. Brown an6 Mr.. Chill
lingworth, for the fourth district and
for the short term, Mr. EaIeionu. Mr.,
Judd being nominated by acclamation
IN the fifth for the long term.
Defeated Satisfied
John Hughes moved that the nomina
ton of Cecil Brown he made mani
nous The convention applauded and
the chairman announced that there
were no noes.
tlarance trabbe moved that the
nomination Of Chas. Chillinewortb he
made unanimous. Carried without on
position.
Win With His Help.
Charlie Achi moved that the nomina.
ton Of A. S. Kaleiopu be made mani
nous as candidate for the short +ar,,,
Achl further announced that with the
efforts of the rank and file with his
backing. the nominations would no
turned into elections.
The chairman hoped Mr.. Acbi von15
stay with what he had said.
A ). kaleiopu thanked the eonvan.
ton for the confidence shown in hin,
Joked Davis.
The next order of business was vo+.
ing Tor nominees for the house of rem.
resentatlyes, and the chairman called
for the votes.
But the proper order of business b.a
to include speech from George Davis
This was a putup job on George. hnt
he didn't know it and started IN
bravelv
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1910-09-14
COUNTY COMMITTEE
TOLD TO GET BUSY

The members of the newly appointed
Republican county committee will meet
Tor organization today at noon in tho
headquarters of the party in the Judd
building. The committeeman held
short informal session on the Orpheum
stage last night, with Col. Sam Parker
as temporary chairman and John Mar
calllno temporary secretary.
Chairman Breckons and Territorial
Chairman Atkinson informed the com.
mlttee what its duties consisted Of and
notified them to get busy.
u would suggest that yoa appoint
W. w. Harris as your chairman, al.
though it's none of my business" spoke
up Breckons.
You want a man as chairman who
can put in time and energy on the
JOB" suggested Atkinson "Dont 90
and nominate chairman just because
you want to please some good fellow.
Cut out that sort of business. Being
your chairman means work and you
must get a worker
At this stage Of the game Breekons
hauled out fstful of gold and handed
1t to Parker, who received it In aston
ishment.
''This is the first campaign contrlou-
tlon,' explained Breekons. "Hand u
over to the treasurer as soon as you
appoint one'
"1es, and see that you get heavy,
weight for your treasurer, ~ remarked 60
Atkinson, while Parker slowed the gov.
carefully away.
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1910-09-14
HAWAIIAN COTTON IN THE SOUTH.

been considerable attention to Hawaii
producing country especially Doctor Wilcox
believing that
nj it the southern planters.
appears GreenviLe
Wilcox
that
A perennial
of if
he that
Of itself naturally perennial thing,
without
killed down by
the an will live
cumb cleaning make
the difference between
of
atifeiay
be killed gotten
thereafter 1t that expert is
o develop backwards
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1910-09-14

ceiving majority, he getting 70 rot..
The chairman declared him elee,sS
and told the delegates to prepare the,
ballots to choose their sixth man
John Marcallino moved that the nil.
be suspended and VIM. Williamson A.
clared the choice of the fourth.
This motion carried and Williamso,
was declared nominated.
Thanks and Cheers.
W. W. Harris moved that before tina
convention adjourned a vote of thanLs
be extended to the chairman for ,hs
able manner in which he had pres;das
over the convention. Carried.
A vote of thanks was also extendoa
to the booth and printing committas
A delegate from the fifth urged that
the chairman of the convention a.
the mayor and the board Of sunar.
visors and ask them to attend IN
luau tonight. Carried. And the con.
vention broke up as the lights beoan
to go out.
County Committee.
Before adjournment, however, tho
following county committee was
chosen:
Fourth District.
First precinct, E. A. Douthitt.
Second precinct, Isaac H. Harbottle.
Third precinct, w. H. Charlock il.
Fourth precinct, Geo. A. Davis.
Fifth precinct, Chas. Hustace j.
Sixth precinct, Andrew /. Bright
Seventh precinct, Chas. s. Bartlett,
Eighth precinct, Sam Parker.
Ninth precinct, Jno. Marcallino.
Tenth precinct, J. H. Wise.
Eleventh precinct, Akuni Ahau.
Fifth District.
First precinct, Frank Pahia.
Second precinct. Mark A. Robinson.
Third precinct, Fred L. K. Naone.
Fourth precinct, Andrew Adams.
Fifth precinct, Oscar Cox.
Sixth precinct, James /. Mundon
Seventh precinct, Albert Waterhouse.
Ninth precinct, H. K. Alapai.
Tenth precinct, Abraham Fernandez
Eleventh precinct, B. K. Kane.
Twelfth precinct, A. s. Kaleiopu
Thirteenth precinct, Ben. P. Fabian.
Fourteenth precinct, Chas. Kanekoa.
Fifteenth precinct, VIM. Henry.
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1910-09-14

from the senate, days after he mad OPP
posed it on the floor of the house and
lost. Wise appeared to think TINS a
clinching argument about something.
but why Cohen should be opposed now
on a platform pledging support TO the
law because he had voted for the law
is a paradox which only a genius Of
ratiocination like Wise might see
through. Considering that wise argued
against the immigration law IN his pa
per. the Re An Hou. within the past
two months. his present intense anxiety
to defeat Cohen can be traced back to
only one source-brewery money.
The way Wise has been allowed to
make himself conspicuous all through
the Republican convention has dis
gusted a large number of people, people
who respect man for standing up for
his convictions but whose stomachcs are
turned at the sight of one who is open
ly for sale.
"Mr. Cohen.'' he said. "do you
- pledge yourself to this platform?''
IF it does not mean the dumping
of foreign labor on the streets of Homo
lulu said Cohen, land the throwing
Of Hawaiian labor out
"Mr Cohen,'' said Breckons. gre
fuses to pledge himself to the platform
and is therefore disqualified. The other
candidates will take the PLEDGE
They did. and Cohen was virtually
elected, while the political renegade,
John Wise, was allowed to paw the
air and DO and say what he pleased,
Breckons once more announcing that
Mr.. Cohen was not a candidate
Cohen, white as a sheet, retired
from the platform while Wise was al
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1910-09-14

o'her candidate from the fifth Ie.,-;ncr
one o'her TO he nominated. Kamakaia
announced his withdrawal.
Made 1t Unanimous.
Den Zabian moved that the rules no
suspended and the next highest cand;
cate be declared the nominoa ~.
meant Edwin Fernandez Rnt Rrool.ans
ueeiared the motion out of order az
luies ueciaring that a majority vo+a
must elect. Murray hutted in On ~. ~
'"' WAS ruled out of order as hen.
district. Win the nth
= ADAMS moved that Fernando =,
CHOSEN by reclamation as ~ -; pe
non, nee from the fifth. This c.rr 80 =,
Win but two dissentinp vo+os aas al ,eo
handez was declared nominated ef-
Fourth District.
o. ne , hrst ballot in the fourth resnl+os
D robert Hoapili Baker. 4s. q II
pIo"h' 10; NJ. S Deponte "a. - IL
n n anaunaele, A.; ]. H. s. KaIeo .. Ina Ins
20. nn,amanoulu, 81; Hiram Ko,nmo - ~
90 90 +. Il. Lilikalani, 8; E. A G ' Ionu u
- geo hakalena, II; A. q ME-
1Iho' q; A. st. c. Piiana;sS vi Hareal,
,1oWse, IS; Norman Watsina GO o. Ed
Williamson. 81. 'Nihs, 81; VIM.
ms vote elected Kamanor1,
Mafcall'no and Watkins T Long,
were to be elected Two more
and GdePG ?1;' kaleo and Geo Maka,ana
baIlo4 I'm r aiahi withdrew. The saoona
s"i'ed IN only Ed. Towse va
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1910-09-14
COUNTY CONVENTION CONCLUDES LAB0RS
CONTINUED From Page One.)

CONTINUED From Page One)
cedure which made a good many of the
delegates, even those who were not
friendly to Cohen, pretty sore. Cohen,
white IN the face at the insult he had
received, left the platform and retired
to the political grave dug for him.
Started OFF Promptly.
It was just seven forty seven when
Chairman Breckons called the recon
vened convention to order and instruct
ed the clerk to call the roll. Contrary
to expectations. the number Of dele.
gates represented by proxies was com
paratively small, the outside delegates
Notwithstanding their SO much bewailed
poverty, being mostly present.
A quorum was present.
Everybody Invited
Breckons announced that It was his
pleasure to invite delegates. candidates,
defeated and successful TO a luau
to be held at Hirano hall tonight The
luau is given by the Republican party.
The announcement was greeted with
" .4e applause that might be expected to
greet such an announcement.
Breckons said that the chairman
would particularly see to it that those
delegates who have been kicking on ex-
pense, particularly Mr. Sharratt, would
get all that was coming to them.
Judd by Acclamation.
The chairman announced that the
next business was the balloting for
senators, and he wanted to know what
method should be employed.
A. L. Castle moved that as it had
The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, 1910-09-14
HOW OUR NATION GROWS.

by
the total the
whole
of
populations Hawaii and Porto Rico
population the States territories will
With
population
3l;443,321 beginning the
Of There nothing
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1910-02-15
OPENING AND CLOSING OF MAI S

Northern mails, week days, close at 45a
o.. and 10 40 a. m, and 40, s is
and 10 90 D. N. Open at 800 q. m,
~ 90 m, and 90 p. m. On Sundays Northern
mails close at 8 45 a. M, l 40, and z 10
p. N.
Southern mails via Southern Railway close
al 10 A. 3. M, 50 and ~ 10 2, N. OpeI
at 800 8. N. and 90 p, N.
Southern mails, via B., F. & P. r. r
Close 81 9 As and IL 40 a. No., and 8 so, z CO
aud 10 3 D. m. Open at ard 80 q. m,
and 10 10 D. m.
Manassas Division mails close at 10 a. m.
and 3 50 D. m. Open at - N. and 10 IS p. N.
Bluemont Branch, Southern Railway, mail
close ., 50 a. NJ, and % p. m. Open
At g % a. and 700 p. m.
Chesapeake snd Ohio mails close at 10 p.
N. oad 10 Is ?. On. Open st 500 a. N, and
o. p. m,
Washington mails close at SIS
and 10 40 q. M, and 40, IT,
snd ~ 80 p. N. Open at 800 q. m.
II 90 n. and 90 p. N. and 8 80 p. m.
Office Hour5-ODen st 800 a. m. Close 81
100 p. N.
Sunday Houu-Opsn ct SOoA. N. Clos
at 10 % o. N.
Carriers Schedule Collection made on In.
side routes-6 Is and 10 90 q. m. and 90 and
8 80 D. Ia. Fut routes Is q. N. and 5 30 p.
III. Sunday objection 4 IS p. m. CArrierEi
window open Sunday 200 8. m. and clots
10 90 I'm.
Deliveries made sOos. m. % D. m. and
s 90 o. n.
An nail should ~ IN tba ofins tsn minutes
before our indicated time for closing
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1910-02-15
To the Hiahest Bidder.

Even tobacco buyers have their trou.
bles. One of them, who represents q
New York house, met Connecticut
man who had sold his crop. The buy
er was amazed at the price the man
said he had received.
you have been cheated" said he.
"You are entitled to more money than
that"
WELL" replied the farmer, nothing
has been paid to bind the bargain"
"Then III give you 8 cents more a
pound and a bonus Of 500 for the
crop"
Agreed" exclaimed the farmer, and
he received a check for the full
amount.
ooh, by the way" observed the buy
er, "who was my rival in this transac-
tionT
He was informed.
81 might have known It," said he
sadly. THAT man is my partner.
New York Press
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1910-02-15
Alfxian1tia Gazette.
ORIGIN Of Tory.


Sir Walter Scott's explanation OF the
origin of tory" as give me" is not
quite the same as that of other in
quirers. According to a high authori-
", the word is Irish for ''pursuer'
and was at first given to moss troop
ers, who for their own yillainous pur-
poses pretended to be on the side OF
the crown and the constitution and the
rights of property and in that dis
guise haunted the boys Of Ireland,
robbing the inhabitants in the name
OF the king. About 1850 those who
commended for the extreme preroga-
tives Of the crown" had this contemp-
tuous term applied to them by their
opponents, and thus we arrive at the
meaning Of today. Macaulay points
out as a curious circumstance that
"whig' and tory" originally applied
as a term of insult should so soon have
been assumed with pride. An odder
circumstance Is that two great Eng
lish parties should have taken their
titles the one from the boys Of Ire
land and the other from the lowlands
Of Scotland.-London Times.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1910-02-15
Gilbert Islands Triple.

Neither tea nor coffee is drunk In the
Gilbert islands, but liquor named kara.
fee, or teddy. 1t Is the juice of the CO.
coanut tree, from which it IS drawn
daily at sunrise and sunset To obtain
it the natives climb up the tall trees
and while extracting it keep up con-
slant yelling to let those below know
that they are at work. The sap when
fresh is a harmless and delicious bev-
erage, but after It has been kept a day
or two fermentation sets in and 1t be-
comes Intoxicating. Karafee does not,
however. fly to the head, but a man
who drinks 1t to excess loses the con-
troll Of his legs. However, when this
befalls q native he has sense enough
TO remain indoors and shows his face
to no one, for II his chief should ever
hear Of 1t he would be tried and SEN
fenced to hard labor and n heavy fine.
In former days a native found intoxi-
Gated was tied to a tree and received
q hundred lashes. the blood fairly
streaming down his back. Besides
this, all his lands were conascated to
the king forever.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1910-02-15
Didn't Call Him Names.

Mickey's mother visited a young
schoolteacher on the east side the 9th.
er day, says the New York Sun. As
nearly as she could make out from
the mothers splutterings the teacher
had been calling Mickey names that
no lady would use and no dacint moth
er would stand for" The teacher
thought hard, but could recollect nc
time when she had given way to an
impulse to call Mickey dreadful names
Sure but you did" insisted the
mother. Il don't know what you
meant by it, but scuryy elephant is no
nice name to call boy. That's what
he said you called him-a scurvy ele-
plant"
"Scurvy elephant No." said the
teacher in a relieved voice; Il didn't
call Mike a scurvy elephant I called
b a disturbing element, and l re-
Il ate my statement"
Mickey's mother went home partial
" satisfied, but not quite sure that the
teacher hadn't been calling her names
foo
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1910-02-15
The Code of Hammurabi.

The so called "code of Hammurabf'
was brought to light during the exca-
vations on the site Of Babylon and IS
looked upon as being one Of the very
oldest If not the oldest of all known
records. It is believed to be at least
1000 years older than the Mosaic law.
King Hammurabl reigned over Baby
ion about the year 23O0 b. c., and the
laws he inscribed on the clay tablets
for the most part no doubt long ante
date that time. The Mosaic law IS
supposed to have been given to Israel
about 1900 b. c., and it would appear,
therefore, that the Hammurabi code
has the much greater antiquity'-New
York American.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1910-02-15
Witnn.s Nv Hand.

In the early days only few schol'
ars knew how to write. IL was then
customary to sign a document by
smearing the hand with ink and i'm
pressing it upon the paper, accompa'
MED by the words, witness my
hand" Afterward the seal was intro
duced as a substitute FOR the hand
mark and was used with the words
above quoted. the two forming the sig
nature This is the origin of the ex'
preston as used In modern documents.