davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Athena press. [volume] (Athena, Umatilla County, Or.) 18??-1942, 1910-10-14
Chance Of Front.

Tie Groom-Great heavens, who is
this coming up? The Bride-Why,
that is Aunt Maria! The Groom
Well, have I got to embrace that old
fairy? The Bride-Sh! 1t was she
that sent us the handsome silver sery-
ice. She's worth thousands. The
Groom Qxissing her rapturously)-Myi
darling nt.-London Answers.
The Athena press. [volume] (Athena, Umatilla County, Or.) 18??-1942, 1910-10-14

Michigan. The fact that the life
diploma granted by the Lewiston Nor
NAL 10 recognized not only in Idaho.
but in the states of California, Wash
iugton and Montana as well, has un-
oubtedly had much to do with the
increased registra tion.
The Athena press. [volume] (Athena, Umatilla County, Or.) 18??-1942, 1910-10-14
Card of Thanks.

We desire to use this means to ex-
press our deep gratitude to the good
people Of Athena for the many kind
nesses shown vfs during, the burial
of our beloved wife and mother.
r. II. Whitehead and daughter,
and Miss Lena johnson.
The Athena press. [volume] (Athena, Umatilla County, Or.) 18??-1942, 1910-10-14
Read

"The Spirit of Idaho" by Arthur
w. North, and "Greater Than Gold. !"
(The Harvesting of Western Rivers. J
by Clayton NJ. Jones, In October Sun
ct Magazine. Now on sale on all
snew stands. 5 cents.
The Athena press. [volume] (Athena, Umatilla County, Or.) 18??-1942, 1910-10-14
OF Course dot.

II a man really loves woman OF
course he wouldn't marry her for the
world II be were not quite sure he
was the best person she could by any
possibility marry. Holmes.
The Athena press. [volume] (Athena, Umatilla County, Or.) 18??-1942, 1910-10-14
Schnnl Renorf.

Following is the monthly report Of
Union district, No. 52, for month be-
ginningsSept. 12 and ending Oct. q:
Number of pupils enrolled, 0; number
The Athena press. [volume] (Athena, Umatilla County, Or.) 18??-1942, 1910-10-14
Notice.

All persons owing @. E. Goff will
please call on Homer /. Watts or DR..
j. d. Plamondon and make settle
ment at once. Homer I. Watts.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1910-09-14
A CHINESE BANQUET.
cu..nary Mysteries That sewiIdered
an Enoiishwonan

Culinary mysteries That sewiIdeeed
al Ens!ishwor'an-
One momcat we were eating ducks
eggs whose b!ackeaed, lime Favored
whites indicated that their age was
uninpcachab.e; the next VIC were crap
puns with sea weeds. macaroni and
the slippery sharks Gns that e!uced
our clrms!.y manipulated sticks. Nov
we tacked-aot withou; fear-ur-
known meats and vegetables cooked Ia
sugar. fresh shr:@pS, mushrooms from
Mongolia. young bamboo sprouts, pi-
scoas eggs AID hundred different
foreign tasting Uesses. Then clean
plates We're S:rea TO Us. and bowls or
sicAly pink strip. sweet potato aHc
Indian corn cakes 0: dusHy hue were
SET before each ore These were only
crcyicc .i!;c-s ard coac!:dcd the frs;
AIT! lighter portion OF The -cDa-s No"
came the real substantial riea!. where
il every dish hai Cd accompaniment
OF s.&a..c- oaes. con:a!r:n: srarteS.
ctc.. II Ht.cL 20 C!tp kL-c ..!S'S So >-ANS'
from The ccc;-a! bow.
There WAS stcwe! duel; cooked with
out SAY. vo;:S: sticking :'!:. .oTccmeat
balls :,aG chicken: there we're soups o.,
birds. ..es;. o: mushroom. OF vegetables
and ct sea S.usS There was SrilIed
fresh water fish. which. according 10
custom. WAS helped fro", ;he top siG"
only. to- tl.- Chinese remembers bis
servant, And. Saaliy. =; thc conciu-
sion the inevitable small bow! OK rice
and rice waite. was set before each
person.
After some three hours. WIKI Z fee!.
Ing os :hankfuiacss that q! was over.
pipes, cigarettes and tea We're served
and IL seemed 20 ne TIA: the delicious
aroma which rose tro1; the latter
soo;hct! our senses and almost DIS
PEELED the a2upa;ty that had been
growing ca rs to- a.. things Chinese
Mary Moore IN London Express.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1910-09-14
a Fa;,iy Good Appetite.

Ka&rs, North American indians and
the fat boy IN "pickw!ck" may we'll
be quoted IS fearful! examples OF vo-
rac.ty. but even their sTas;roaos2:c
Seats are exceeded by The euu S,own
Eskimo. who wi! daily eat twenty
rounds OF sesh and oil Il lie has the
chance. while OF the authority os I'D
n.-aI Sar:,cheS EaSar ot Siberia has
been Known - consume II twe2ty-fCur
hours the hiSd quarter os Z large OK.
twenty pounds OF Iat and quantity
OF melted butter for bis drink
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1910-09-14
Coiors Of the Stars.

Although there IS nc relation ap-
parent between the two phenomena, yet
It IS interesting TO recall the fact that
among the stars certain colo-s ap-
pear to characterize different stages OK
change, or evolution Red stars. ac-
cordsns TO the testimony Of the spec
:roscope. differ widely in their coasu-
tuition from white or yellow ones. ana
Il has been thought that varying COL
OTIS may give clew 70 progressive
changes IN the heavenly bodies. Sirius.
tor instance. IS said 20 have changed
from red TO white. and some have Sus-
pectad that Arctuzus IS fading from
red toward yellow.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1910-09-14
A QUEER UNIVERSITY.
Cairo Has tho Worlds Oldest Eduea-
sionaI Institution.

when we think OF Harvard q 1aie.
tho <ocmer dating from lt>SS and the
latter froc 11oI. VIC think o. them ~
old universities. says :: writer IN tue
American Educational! Review; pEe
when VIC pass 70 The other side ct tic
world We discover ,Aat even the oldest
American universities are y reality
ve-,. young institutions.
The eldest educational Institution IN
the world IS the University OF L.
Asha-, CaiSo, founded Z. the year 9eS
by the great Saladia- It IS the central
seat os learning fo- The whole No
hammcIaa world. aS vel: rs ioua-
tain Of sp;-isca! tie 1t occupies 4"
aacicn: mosque IL the Arab quarter OK
Cairo. surrounded By Z confusing maze
os narrow streets where the population
Is made up OF representatives OF every
race that follows the prophet
The OLD mosque corccs scrcca! acres
and consists OF q series o; courts SuT-
rounded by long c!oistcrS wi,h low
roofs supported by forests Of columns
The doors OF rcd tiles axe covered 0a!.y
By q multitude OF men md boys. squat
ting IN Sem:ci-clcs around their teach
ers, who 81: wiz, .hci- backs 10 the
columns Icctu-inG n Eono;cEcS.
The chancellor OF the university IS
aiways 4 descendant; OF the p7ophce
and IS usually 4 man OF ability and
learning. uc occupies apartments IN
e Ashac and is not only the supreme
educational but the eeclesiastical head
OF the church Of Egypt
There IS 70 organization similar 10
that Il modern universities. Any rep
usab!e man who desires 20 teach caa
obtain the privilege by application and
Is assigned column where he may SIT
and .mpart the truth rs be THINKS
proper. His tamc or ability VIII az
tract more OF less students and cis-
c.ples. who pay him fees according to
their means"
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1910-09-14
. CSe1&SetrA

- St:atcSise.
"Tha: fellow IS g greater stra'cSist
than Napoleon ever was.
AS 20 how!
'.He got two doila- raise OF salary
wear ago and hasn't told his wife
about (: yct."-P!,tsbuTs Post.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1910-09-14
THE sc0LD'S Birdie.
Brutal Punishment to Which Women
Were Oneo Subjected.

II
Were Once Subjected
The Drank, or sco!d's bride. OK Sos
SIPS bride. was neither more aoc less
than Z :cuzz,e. I. waS II genera! use
n Great Britain from the sixteenth to
the eighteenth century. .cd Il Scos-
laad as well women were tnuzzied tcs
certain oIe2scs, SoCc 1t least OF them
more imaginary than real The inSi1u-
,oent OF torture. even = dogs leather
noS.zzie, Is uncomfortable. How much
more the scold's muzZ!e. II consisscd.
according 20 high authority, Ny W.
Jewtte, OF ! kind Of crowa CT frame
work Of Iron. which was locked upon
the head. and !: was armed IN frooo
with q gag, plate or sharp cutting
koHe OK point. which was placed IL tas
Door wocan's mouth SO as TO prerei's
her moving her tongue. or It was 50
placed that II she did move It or at
tempt to speak s. was cut IN most
er!chtful manner. With this cage up
on Der head and with the gag firmly
pressed and locked against ter tongue
the miserable creature, whose Sole Oh
Tending perhaps was that she raised
her voice n defense OF her social
rights against brutal and besot'eo
husband or had spoken honest truth OF
some one high il Office in her town.
was paraded through the streets, led
By chain by the hand Of bcilnan.
the becdle OF the constable or chained
TO the pIlory. the whipping post OK
market cross, to be subjected 70 every
conceivable insult and degradation,
without even the power lef. her OF
asking 70. me-c: or OF promising
amendment for the future. and when
the punishment was over she was
turned OUT from the town hall cc the
place where the brutal punishment
had been inflicted. manned. d!sfSu1ed,
bleeding. faint and degraded. to be the
subject OF comment and jeertcS among
her ueishhors.-Londoa Family Her
eid
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1910-09-14
Xiss;nc In Iceland.

Among o.d time laws against kissing
those oS Iceland appear 70 have been
tho most severe Punishment was the
peca!:y Laid down Tor kissing anotAc!
mans vile. either WIKI or without nc'
consent. The sane punishment was
enforced 10. kissing an unmarried w"-
rlaa aSa!aS; her Will: II 4 could be
proved tha: she had consented 70 DC
kissed tie offender WAS sti!! liable 70
a fac OF n great quantity OF cloth for
each oticn>t
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1910-09-14
Tia Kind Needed.

Dear me said the GrSt young We
maa. taking her !nitta! lesson Il Go:..
"wha; shat! do now? This bal! IS IN
a hole
We'll. let me see" said her compan-
ION. rapidly turning the ica"cS OF
book Of Instructions. Il presume you
vii! have 10 take stick OF the r!sh;
shape 20 Ec, il out
"Oh. yes: OK course" was The some
vha. CYNICAL reply. Well, see II you
can ind oac shaped like Z dus;1an and
brush New York Tribune.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1910-09-14
4 Starting Reply.

An English country bookseller sent
TO I.oadoa for = coly OF q book called
HAPPY Husbands" The work was
ou, OF r-!a:. bu: ;!!c wholesale agent
certainly might haN: !ntima'cc The
fact differently. IL .ep!:cd that
There are no Happy HuSbancs ID
London London Ti.-E!ts.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1910-09-14
10 So Avoided.

There's W!lSoa. Let Us turn back
I've 40 desire 20 mcc, that fellow
aca!a. Last week asked him 20 lend
me five pounds"
Wei. he certainly hight have done
so: be has plenty OF money"
Yes. kcow-aad--he did lend me
the frer,"-London Mail.
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1910-09-14
3c.t lrtcrtIon3.

Man::l:.-Jyuaay. villa, IS Tie baby
rc:i:a: about: ..ohnny-Noth!A.
tcs; tool: his milk and sho"cG hin'
how % drink !;.-C!erc!and Leader
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1910-09-14

Learn 70 say NO" and Il VIII be OF
,aorc use - you than to be ao!e 10
read Lat:H.-Spuc.ton
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1910-09-14
In the Fight.

The decks are cleared for action. in the
for cash trade and have splendid stock Of everything
needed on the farm or in the household
cordially invite an inspection OF my stock OF
The Manning times. [volume] (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, 1910-09-14
Dry Goods, Fancy Goods,
Notions, Shoes, Hats,
Clothing, Crockery, Tin,
Wooden and Hardware.
G. r O G. E r I e S

OF ali kinds and in large quantities.
Come TO ,,v store price goods. examine the quality
and ii no. rs hc; the cheapest then don't bny from me
haze made speca! arrangements to DO large cash trade
this season and fully realize that must 10 do business
sharp competition This | have prepared Tor
want Your trad"
1ol
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1910-07-14
farmers RETURN
TO first Love
TIDE OF IMMIGRATION is SAID
TO BE TURNING TO UNITED
STATES,
Even in Government Irrigation Terri
tory Farmers Who Have Tried It
Say the Good Old Y. S. A. - Thou
sands Have Returned and More Are
Expected Soon.
;Hy Associated Press.)

Washington, July l3.-The tide of
immigration of homeseekers to Can.
ada, which has been the subject of
great concern to the administrators
of the public domain for the last few
years, has turned in the opinion of
officials of the reclamation service
Thousands have returned and a great
many more are expected back in the
near future.
Clarence J. Blanchard, statistican
OF the reclamation service, reports
that he has interviewed a great mum.
Der of settlers in Montana who had
tried the Canadian experiment, but
were glad enough to return home.
They stated that practically every
American farmer in the neighbor-
hood Of Alberta, where the Canadian
government maintains it's irrigation
project, was anxious to get back il
he could sell his holdings.
During the last nine months it was
said at the reclamation service today,
$1,000 settlers have returned to the
state from Canada and the prospects
for a general backward movement
was bright.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1910-07-14
ROOSEVELT INDEPENDENT
f0F fACI|0NAL Fighting
rs IT PLAIN THAT SIDED NEITHER nsuRe
ENTs OR REGULARS WANTS TO SEE REPUBLICAN SUCCESS
WANTS PARTY PICK GOO MEN FOR eovERNoRs4lp OF
lrHE YORK.

day from James w. Wadsworth Jr.,
speaker of the assembly.
"You know the insurgents had
cold feet when l came back from
abroad" said the colonel, because
the first four men with whom I con.
ferred were Senator Lodge, Secretary
Meyer, Secretary Wilson and Nick
Longworth.
II had similar experiences when
was in the White House. When J..
Pierpont Morgan came to see me,
they said had sold out to Wall St.,
and when Samuel Gompers came,
they said l was going to hoist the, red
flag" %ss
But" he added. Il didn't do eth
er."
The name ofsWillfam Loeb Jr., COL
lector of the port of New York, was
mentioned, he said, during the talk
with Governor Hughes, but he declin-
ed to 60 into details.
my position in regard to the gov
ernorship this fall" he continued, els
that We must find the best man fitted
for the post, and most acceptable to
the rank and file of the republican
party and the independent voters. I
shall do everything to see that such
a man, when chosen, is elected"
There is no question that Colonel
influences will be bent
toward the success of the republican
party" said Mr.. Woodruff, lin depart. !
ing. There is no question>as to the |
weight of his influence. Therefore, |
am glad to have him see the people I
and learn the situatinon. All that mil.
ltates to the advantage of the repub-
lican party which is what We all !,
seek" s s.5E4: s. 40 s ~, "a n;
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1910-07-14

ON RAMPAGE

Winnipeg, Man., July 13.-Mounted
police at Kamsack, Sask., received
hurry orders this afternoon to go to
Veregin, seven miles out, that Douk
hobers were on rampage. When the
police were half q mile from the set.
tlement they met party of IS almost
nude. They have been chanting
hymns for the past few days, and this
afternoon in the center of the settle
ment took of their clothes, piled them
in a heap, with Ill their money and
jewels, and burned them.
The police secured an empty build
ing and locked them in while they
made search. for more clothes.
These, when secured, the Doukhobers
refused to wear, and force will be
necessary. More police were sent for,
as the other members of the COM
refuse to assist the police.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1910-07-14
WEALTHY FARMER
RES|S1S ARREST
WANTED FOR BREAKING THE
GAME LAWS, HE ATTACKS
OFFICERS OF THE LAW
Has Made his Escape-Owns Much
Land in Ward county-Russian who
ed Under Arrest-Case Liable to
Assume Alarming Proportions.

Minot, N. d., July 13-Special.-A
wealthy farmer living near this city
named Wassel is wanted by the police
on the charge of assault and battery
and resisting arrest as a result of a
fracas which took place this morning.
when Constable Fisher attempted to
serve a warrant that had been sworn
out by two deputy game wardens.
Jack Ruckoduck and Fred Walkirk,
the two deputy game wardens, have
been after Wassel for several days
in the charge of killing young ducks.
Two days ago a warrant was sworn
out before justice of the peace and
Constable Fisher went to serve it..
Wassel was out, and the constable re-
turned last night with two other men
and the game wardens. Wassel was
in the house but refused to come out,
and the officers lay in wait until
this morning, when he appeared with
six other men. The warrant was read
but he still resisted arrest and jumped
on one of the deputies while two OF
the other men attacked Constable
Fisher from behind. Fisher sustained
a black eye. Deputy Sheriff Dickin.
son was summoned from Minot, and
with the Sawyer marshal went to
Wassel's house, but found that he
had escaped.
A Russian who assaulted Fisher
was arrested and will have a prelim.
mary hearing on the 18th. Sawyer
is excited over the incident, which
may assume alarming proportions, as
Wassel is a wealthy man with valu
able property in this vicinity.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1910-07-14
TAFT WILL SUBMIT MANY RE.
p. FORMS TO NEXT SESSION
OF CONGRESS
PARTICIPATE In CAMPAIGN
PRESIDENTS PART IN THE CAM.
=. PAIcN WILL BE OF ONLY
GENERAL CHARACTER
Economy Commission Composed of
Chiefs Of Departments will Make
=, Thorough Investigation Of Cost Of
Operating Government - Experts
will Look into Conditions.

Beverly, Mass, July 13.-President
Taft is giving considerable thought
to the forthcoming report by the
monetary commission, which, it is ex-
.pected, will recommend sweeping
monetary reforms to congress. If the
next congress is republican, the presi-
dent will make an effort to get a
monetary reform bill through. Se1-
.ator Aldrich, the leading spirit in the
monetary commissions work, will
have retired from congress by that
time, but 1t is said that after leaving
the senate he will spend considerable
time in going through the country
making addresses in favor of a CEN
trail bank of issue.
The president also is mapping out
line of work for the economy cr"l-
mission, to be composed of de-.
ment chiefs at Washington. 1n.e
commission is expected to work a
complete reform in the methods of
transacting government business. The
100000 appropriation for the commits
sion is to be spent entirely in paying
experts to study department methods
and reporting on various schemes for
a more economical administration of
&afralrs.
: II was authoritatively announced
+odav in view of various stories that
are going the rounds, that President
Taft;s participation in the campaign
This fall will be wholly of general
character.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1910-07-14
CONVICTION FOR
FORBES MURDERER


Glendale, N. D., July 13.-Robert
Boatner, charged with the murder of
Richard A. Mock at Forbes. this
county, on May 3, over dispute of
S. due on wages, was found guilty of
murder in the second degree by a
jury this morning.
The jury fixed the sentence at thirty
years in the penitentiary. The tria
was concluded at midnight and the
jury was out five hours.
Mock was shot twice. He was TAX
en- to hospital at Minneapolis on the
evening of May 8, where he died May
9th. The shooting was declared to
have been premediated and without
cause.
Boatner admitted the killing, but
claimed self defense
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1910-07-14

ing hospital at the university of Min
nesota. She comes to her work high
ly commended, and the courses which
she gives in dietetics and the princi-
Piles of nursing will be supplemented
by others given by men highly train
ed in their respective fields. Miss
Erdmann's training included gradu-
ate work in teachers college of Col
unbia university, New York city.
which makes a specially of instruc-
tion in dietetics and domestic science.
Upon completion of the year of
academic work, students taking this
course are admitted to number of
affiliated hospitals, which have indi-
Gated their willingness to receive them
for a year of practical work. At the
end of that time the successful can
didate will receive from the univer.
sity of North Dakota a certificate in
nursing, which will entitle her to re-
gistration in any town in the state
and be guarantee of superior train
ing wherever she may wish to engage
in the work. Such course has an
advantage over training given wholly
in the hospitals, in that the theoreti-
cal work is systematic and thorough.
rather than fragmentary, and crowd
ed in between long, hard hours given
to the care of rooms, floors, the max
ing of beds and the like. This acad-
emic course preliminary to the hos
pital training of nurses is one of only
two Of its character in the country,
the other being the one recently e.
tablfshed at Columbia university in
New York city. s7.s
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1910-07-14
GRAIN Dealers
MUST Speculate

DesMoines. Ia, July 13-Alarmed at
the proposed drastic and sweeping
legislation aimed at speculation, the
Western Grain Dealers association at
the closing session tonight, passed res
olutions condemning such action.
The resolutions state that the sys-
tenn of buying and selling agricultural
products for future delivery, and le-
gitimate, intelligent speculation in the
prices of the same, are indispensa-
BILE factors Of the gran trade. The
grain dealers declare that the elm
ination Of these would destroy the
most economic and scientific methods
which time and experience have yet
evolved for the marketing of agricul-
tural products of the country at the
least expense and greatest conven-
ience.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1910-07-14
BALLOON DROPS:
five ARE DEAD

Leichlingon, Rhenish Prussia, July
13.-Oscar Erbsloch, the German aero
naut who won the International bal
loon race at St. Louis in 1907, and
four companions were killed today
which the dirigible balloon Erbsloch
burst at height of several hundred
feet and dropped to the ground a
crumpled mass.
The Dead
Oscar Erbsloch, inventor and bal
loonist.
Herr Toelle, manufacturer of bar
ometers.
Engineer Kranz.
Engineer Hoppe.
Motorman Spicke.
Bismarck daily tribune. [volume] (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]) 1881-1916, 1910-07-14
iBv Asscciated Press,)


yster Bay, N. ", July 13.-Theo'
. Ie Roosevelt said with emphasis
lay that he has taken no stand in
! Tor of either the Insurgents or the
kulars in the republican party; and
ht he. desires to correct any impres.
bn that he is showing favoritism.
the situation. within the party in
lew York state he said that he saw
Ehly harmony ahead.
Il want you to make it clear" he
4 aid to interviewers, that l am see
ng both sides. l wish you would
make that emphatic. My main inter.
lest is in the state, but in national is
sues want to see both regulars and
insurgents, party men and independ-
ents. want to see democrats as
we'll as republican,"
But you do not want to see the
democrats VIM" he was asked.
"Not if the republicans do the
right thing" replied the colonel.
Timothy Woodruff, chairman of the
New York state republican commit
tee, and stanch organization man,
was ini the house as Colonel Roose-
velt explained his attitude. So was
Representative Chas. N. Fowler of
New Jersey, who is first to last in
surgent. During the day Colonel
Roosevelt had talked with them both,
and apparently with equal affability. !
Governor Hughes. had departed ear
lier in the day. Colonel Roosevelt
said that he had talked politics with
all three and that he had gained
about the same impression from Mr..
woodruff e. be had obtained yester.