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The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1910-12-30

he who has the truth IN his heart
need never fear the want OF persna-
sion on his tongue Ruskin.
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1910-12-30
KNOWN VALUES

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The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1910-12-30

WANTED-Good girl for general
homework. MIS-. L. G.. Crothers
7I3 Beltrami Ave.
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1910-12-30

HOUSEK EEPER WANTED-To
care for three children in city. Nee
home and good wages for right
party. Box AS, Postoffice.
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1910-12-30
FOR SALE.

FOR SALE-Fine phonograph in
perfect shape with records for
sale or will trade for wood. Call
Sunday or evenings on week days,
1924 Beltrami ave.
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1910-12-30

WANTED-Girl for general house
work. Mrs. w. w. Browne. 700
MINI. Ave.
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1910-12-30

FOR SALE-Lot IL and part of
~ (65x12O) cheap if taken at
once. Give me an offer. c. Swed-
back. - ... a T.
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1910-12-30

FOR SALE-Rubber stamps. The
Pioneer will procure any kind of q
rubber stamp for you an short
notice.
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1910-12-30

EOR SALE-Six room house 1903
Mississippi Ave. This is a snap if
taken at once. H. NJ. Young.
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1910-12-30

FOR RENT-Five room house ALI
MINI. ave. Call at Henrionnet
Millinery Parlors.
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1910-12-30

FOR RENT-Four room cottage,
1914 American Ave. Phone 461.
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1910-02-05

strychnine as it is the most soluable
and will readily dissolve in warm
water. It is very essential to add the
sugar TO the mixture 10 sweeten it.
The strychnine is very bitter and tho
rabbits might not eat the poisoned al
falfa unless the sugar is used. Only
the bright green leaves of the alfalfa
should be used as they most resemble
the fresh and growing plant. The
best time Of day to put out the poison
81 in the late afternoon, so 1t will be
in as fresh condition as possible when
found by the rabbits. Care should be
taken to keep the poison out of the
reach of stock; also the dead rab-
bits should be buried as soon as
found TO prevent them being eaten by
any pet dog. as the poisoned rabbits
have been known to kill dog when
eaten by them. Putting the poison
out every week or the days during
the season when the rabbits are the
worst Will be sufficient to protect the
crop.
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1910-02-05

sufficient to insure the trees against
any drOuth that comes in the fall and
a stormy winter like the present the
soil may carry enough moisture to in
sure the life and growth of the trees
without any previous following, and
in such a case a whole year can be
saved, but no tree should be planted
unless there is at least two feet OF
moist earth from the surface down,
about II percent that Will ball readily
when squeezed in the hand.
The best trees TO plant are those
that we are sure have never been irri-
gated Those that stand the hot and
cold winters of the west are not the
trees Of the extreme north. but those
that are used to extremes Of tempera-
ture and can pass the warm spells
without raising too much sap or swell
ing the buds These come from Kan
sas, southern Illinois and preferably
Missouri
Planting Apple Trees.
Apple trees should be planted 40 feet
apart, cherries and plums 20 feet and
small fruits 10 feet. These distances
are the result of careful calucula lions
based on practical experience of %
years. Of the amount of moisture re-
quired by the tree in question when
full grown, allowingja small surplus
TO the good, with AM average .precipi-
tation of II to Is inches.
Not only with trees, but in all
branches of dry farming, plenty of area
means plenty of moisture When the
trees are young it Is impossible for
them 10 use up all this moisture. for
a yearling apple tree only needs a few
hundred pounds, whereas on an area
40 feet square We get about so tons
per annum- The surplus not being used
up and evaporation being more of less
prevented by the mulch. this excess is
stored in the subson. which becomes
moist deeper and deeper with each sue
ceeding year, providing a supply ALWAYS
ahead of the demand.
Thus, as far as the orchard is CON
cerned, we care not whether a drv vesr
comes or not, for the trees are not de-
pendent on the moisture Of any one sea
son, but on the average of all the sea
sons since il was planted
Concerning Moisture.
OF late years the conservation o%
moisture has been insisted upon as tho
one essential of dry farming. but the
accumulation of moisture is eduallv I'm
portant, for how can we conserve what
we have not got? For instance. if We
cultivate an orchard or anything else
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1910-02-05
Dry Land Horticulture
(By E. R. Parsons in Dry Farming Bulletin)

ment from the soil and will probably
die
The first element of success men
TONED above is to secure enough mois-
ture for a whole season before set
ting the trees. This is done by plow-
Ing year ahead of time and clean
ialIoWing the land until planting time
The blowing should be done in lands
so as to bring each dead furrow where
a row of trees is TO be. We do this
so as TO dish The surface of the ground
toward each row of trees, in order
that in case of heavy rains creating
run-of, the excess of moisture may
go right to their roots
The best time to plant is the fall
and allowed to fill up with snow and
slush all winter and it will usually
be found by planting time that the
moisture has penetrated to depth OF
four or five feet below the bottom or
the hole. and from two to four feet
on the level, between the dead fur-
rows.
Cultivation for Trees.
With proper cultivation this is quite
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1910-02-05
Mixture of Sugar, Dried Al
falfa Leaves and Strych-
nine Brings Good Results
in Experiments.

ITO POISON jack rabbits, first catch
= tific sense and horse sense. ]. E.
Munden, assistant at the govern
ment experiment station in connection
with the New Mexico Agricultural col
lege at Mesille Park has issued a bull
1etin on the gentle. art of killing the
pests that eat small grains and bark
up the orchard trees. Prof. Mundelrs
plan is a variation of the old potato
bug advise to first catch the bug. It
IS not necessary to catch Mr.. ]. Rabbit
before putting him to death. All that
is necessary is to cook up a mixture
OF sugar, dried alfalfa leaves, and
strychnine, the latter ingredient being
an absolutely necessary che. Strychnine
is bitter and the sugar is added to
counterfeit this bitter taste so Br'r rab-
bit will devour it. The mixture is
placed in the field TO be freed Of rab-
bits and the poison does the rest.
The Bulletin.
Prof. Munden's bulletin, which is No.
161 Of the "A. & NJ college experiment
station, reads:
The jack rabbit is quite a pest to
small grain growers and orchardists
In many sections of New Mexico. The
question has often been asked of the
station how to get rid of the rabbits
and prevent their destruction Of vari-
GUS crops The horticultural depart
ment believes that 1T has found a
means which, if persistently followed,
Will help materially to keep the rab-
bits in check and prevent the loss &C.
casioned by them
During the months of September
and October Of the fall Of 1909 the de-
partments planted a plat of about two
- 1n 70
muda grass. Wheat was sown with
the grass to help cover the ground
during the winter months. After irri-
eating the plat the sod and wheat be-
gan to grow, and continued to do well
until the jack rabbits, finding their
feed getting short on the adjoining
mesa land, began TO migrate to the
newly planted lawn and feed upon the
growing wheat and grass. As the rab-
bits did most OF their feeding at night
there was no chance to shoot them
while they were doing the damage The
rabbits were so numerous that they
soon ate the wheat off to the ground,
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1910-02-05

corn for instance, up and down the
slope, we are simply leaving a lot Of
small burrows to carry the runOff down
hill, to wash out our orchard and carry
off the top soil. The orchard should
be cultivated both ways in order to
thoroughly stir up the soil between the
trees. bat the job must always be fin
ished for the time being by cultivating
as deeply as possible across the slope,
and the rougher the cultivation the bet
ter chance of holding all the water
that comes and thereby accommodating
more moisture
The disc is an invaluable implement
for using for this purpose, since it
leaves a distinct hollow behind it which
in mellow ground viii usually take
all the water that comes, even on a
side hill. With the reversible disc, hol-
lows or ridges can be made or effaced
at will.
Deep PIcying.
Deep blowing before planting or
when first preparing the land, is also
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1910-02-05
. :. So 49,: :. :.

New York, N Y, Feb. 5.-Starting
with a cash capital of s25 six years
ago, today Mrs. Marion MacRea, of
Hood River, Ore, who is at the Hotel
Aston, on a sightseeing trip TO New
York, is worth $4,000, all Of which
she made in fruit farming.
Farming has office, factory or store
work beaten all to pieces as a means
Of livelihood for an ambitious woman"
declared Mrs. MacRea. in breezy
western style, in an interview with
reporter.
"The girl that gets IS a week stand
ing up all day behind a counter in
department store has mighty little flu
ture ahead of her, except, possibly, a
chance to get married" she continued.
Il say to all such, back to the farm,
where you can be independent of mere
man.
What I did in six short years, be-
ginning with only $50 to my name, any
young woman of grit and energy can
duplicate. 1t all depends upon the
woman, of course, as in all other walks
of life. II she has initiative and can
use her head as well as her hands, she
needn't stay poor and work for mere
pittance all her days.
Don't Be Driven to Matrirnony.
And she doesn't have to be driven
into matrlmOny, eltner, 10 escape
drudgery, If she will only take cour-
age and look beyond her nose for op-
portunities. AS for me, the fruit farm
I consider an ideal occupation for a
woman, especially one who loves ma
,ture and the health an out of door life
brings.
ITO begin at the beginning" ex-
planned Mrs MacRea, laughingly, Il
got tired of scraping along in the east
on a small salary, working for some
body else. I never seemed to get any
further ahead from one years end to
another. My health was almost broken
down from staying indoors, which is
the only kind of a job a young wom-
an seems to be able to get in the east.
"Out west things are different, and
a woman seems TO be more on plane
Of equality with man, her so called
superior. And she makes good, too"
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1910-02-05

the poison was put out The following
morning another batch of dead rabbits
was found. No more poison was put out
at this time but from the two applica-
tons made, 33 dead rabbits were found
in less than week. This shows that
one application of the poison will be
effective several days after 1t is put
out
As a result of the above experiment
the depredations by the rabbits on the
grass plats were greatly lessened. and
there is hardly any doubt that If the
poison is properly prepared and dis
tributed, the rabbit plague can be
kept in check.
The best season of the year to put
out the poison is during the winter
months or in early spring while the
natural herbage, on which the rabbits
feed is scarce.
Advice to Farmers.
In preparing and using the above
poison, it will be well to keep in mind
a few points. Use the sulphate of
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1910-02-05

cause they don't take enough pains
with their trees.
THE successful ones have got apple
raising down to a fine science. There
are lots of women out there running
their own farms, many of them work
ing in the orchards and doing just as
much work as a man, too
Out there we are strong believers
in unions, and we have an Apple Grow
ers' union, which regulates the price
of apples, and through which our en-
tire product is sold. We don't have
70 hunt up markets out there. The
dealers hunt US up. because we supply
the very best fruit that can be bought.
keep On the job
solid trainloads of Oregon apples
come clear TO the Atlantic seaboard
every season. In fact, we supply Lon
don with a great many apples They
as South Africa That's going some
for Oregon and the Hood River val
ley" asserted Mrs. MacRae, with par
donable pride.
ct is not unusual to make $1,000 an
acre on the apple crop We get an
average of $3.50 a box and 1t costs so
cents a box to raise them. One east
ern firm this last year bought 100000
worth of the fruit
IF a woman wants TO succeed she
can do it by keeping on the job. Trees
have to be watched like babies. If
they are not sprayed and properly
trimmed and the fruits thinned the
crop viii not turn out right I've
worked hard 10 win success. but I'm
not sorry, and I could do II all over
again if 1 had to-" concluded Mrs. Mac
Rae, with q courageous laugh that was
inspiring.
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1910-02-05

For a possible success in dry farming
several conditions are essential OF
most Importance are, first, sufficient
rainfall of not less than 10 inches Of
annual precipitation, and u to IA inches
would be better, since failures have
come even with these amounts; second,
q suitable soil: that is, a soil which is
not only fertile but of such a physical
character that il will absorb, and with
the aid Of proper tillage hold moisture;
third. the selection of drouth resistant
varieties of crops which have been
grown under conditions of little rain
fall, and have become acclimated; and,
fourth. the necessity of proper tillage
in the soil as much as possible the
moisture from the rain or snow.
The first of these factors, lack OF
moisture" has probably been of great
est Importance in checking the develop
ment of dry farming in Nevada Thou
sands of acres of land in this state
are today lying idle as barren wastes,
which, If they received sufficient rain
fall would produce profitable crops
The soil, as a rule, is fertile, but when
the records of precipitation in those
regions are examined, ii is found that
the average annual rainfall usually
falls below 10 inches. When attempts
have been made to produce crops in
such regions without the ala OF lrrlSa-
ton; the moisture of the soil was ex-
hausted before the crop had matured,
and the result was a failure.
The Condition.
In order to understand more fully
the conditions of rainfall in this state,
not only the average annual precipita-
tions should be studied, but also the
sectional and seasonal distributions OF
rainfall. The average annual rainfall
varies greatly in adjoining sections OF
this state. At Levers ranch, for in
stance, close to the Sierra Nevada
mountains, in the western part of the
state, the mean annual rainfall for the
past Is years has been over 25 inches,
while across the valley, a distance OF
about five miles, the mean annual rain
fall will scarcely exceed 10 inches. This
shows that only in the most favorable
localities, which in the most cases in
clude limited areas, is the precipitation
sufficient to insure profit in the pro-
duction Of dry farming crops.
The seasonal distribution of rainfall
in most parts of the state is also quite
unfavorable for the best success in dry
farming. Practically all of our rain
fall comes during the winter and early
spring months, and very little during
the growing season. Tue precipitation
during the growing season in the state
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1910-02-05

asserted the plusky little fruit farmer,
while her blue eyes twinkled merrily.
Didn't Get Discouraged
when 1 got way out in Portland,
Ore, it seemed almost like the jumping
off place, but 1 didn't get discOur-
aged. 1 got busy right away, as it
was a long way to. walk home in case
I got broke. 1 heard about the great
Hood River valley and the wonderful
fruit farms they had up there, eSpe-
cially apples. So the first chance I got
1 went to the little town of Hood Val
ley, which is 65 miles from Portland
I saw a 20 acre farm up on the foot
hills that nobody seemed te( want, so 1
picked it up for $3.50.
Some of my friends out there gave
me the laugh and said 1 was paying
out real money for a piece of very
handsome scenery, but I'd never be
able TO make living out Of it. went
right ahead and had it cleared and
planted with young apple trees As IL
takes about six years for the trees
to bear, had strawberries planted be-
tween the rows, which gave me crop
every season and helped pay for the
farm and the expense of clearing. To-
day my land is worth $1,000 an acre
ITO help pay my expenses while 1
was waiting for the fruit trees to grow
began a side line OF specializing in
fruit lands. Wherever I saw a piece
of cheap property 1 would get on OPP
ton on 1t and hunt up a buyer.
Sold 1000 Acre Farm.
IT found this very profitable, and
engineered one big deal where 1000
acres changed hands. The Hood River
valley is the most famous apple coun-
try in the world, but, the newcomers
out there don't always succeed, be-
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1910-02-05
MANY NEW SETTLERS IN PECOs VALLEY;
BIC INCREASE IN ALFALFA ACREAGE

Pecos, Tex, Feb. 5.-During the year
1909 the acreage in alfalfa increased
from 1000 acres TO over 5000 acres in
Reeves county, and a proportionate in
crease is expected for 1910.
Reports of yields from alfalfa crops,
over the signature of the grower, show
net returns Of from SIS to $3.50 per
acre, no tract Of less than l6 acres
being considered
MILO and kaffir yielded an average of
q nttle less than ton per acre, with
out irrigation.n
The returns from the growing of
beets. cucumbers, potatoes, onions. tur-
nlps, radishes, cabbages, asparagus
and many other vegetables, Were such
as 10 warrant the seeding of a large
acreage TO such crops in 1910.
The acreage in apples, pears, peach
es. plums, figs and other fruits has not
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1910-02-05

Relation OF Rainfall To Dry Farming
(By Charles S. Knight of Nevada

averaged less than ? 1-2 inches and less
than one inch of this comes in the
month of May, when a good rain is
most needed for the growth of the crop.
Taking an average~of six Utah stations
for three years, the precipitation dur
ing the growing season was about four
inches, and nearly half of this came in
May.
Like New Mexico.
The seasonal distribution also varies
greatly from year to year throughout
the state For instance, at the expert
ment station at Reno, during the month
of January, in 1904, the total precipi-
tation was .21 inch; in 1905, - inch;
in 1906. 3.55 inches; in 1907. 1.2S inches,
and in 1909, AIS inches The same is
also true Of other months Of the year,
and in many sections of the state
where farming is carried on without
irrigation. Thus one year we may re-
ceive sufficient rainfall at the right
time for the production of a good crop,
if the moisture is conserved in the soil
by proper methods of tillage; while the
next year the precipitation may fall
much below the requirements for sue
cess in dry farming, or it may come at
such a season that it cannot be used
to the best advantage by the crops.
There are, undoubtedly, many favored
localities which receive moisture from
the spring flow of small streams or
the wash of mountain sides, thus in
creasing the available moisture in these
regions. IT is probable, also, that there
are localities especially favored in the
matter of rainfall concerning which the
public is ignorant, for the reason that
rainfall records have not been kept. 1t
would be Of great benefit to the state
if a survey could be made for the pur-
pose of accurately locating these I'M
known regions adapted to dry farm
ing.
Fall Seeding.
On account of the very light spring
rainfall il the state, 1t seems that the
best results are to be obtained from
fall seeding on land plowed the year
before. and carefully cultivated
through the summer to retain suffi-
Gent moisture from the early spring
rains to start the fall seed crop
Forl the successful advancement OF
dry farming in Nevada, the develop
ments must come slowly and along CON-
sentative lines Dry farming is not
Door mans proposition, or a colonists
proposition in Nevada, but it is to the
men who already have safe anchorage
in irrigated farms that we must look
for the demonstration and development
of farming without Irrigation
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1910-02-05

valuable aid in the accumulation Of
moisture
Some extra moisture can also be OBJ
tanned when necessary by back fur
rowing between the rows to catch snow
which would otherwise blow off, but
after the trees attain their growth they
catch their own snow drifts and the
orchard is often two feet in snow when
the surrounding prairie is almost bare,
and for this reason we can figure on
larger precipitation for our orchard
than the average allowed by the wealth
er bureau
Theoretically the orchard should be
cultivated whenever a crust forms.
Practically 1t needs cultivation only
when moisture is actually escaping
After a heavy rain a crust may form;
after a few days the little cracks and
assures appear through which evapora-
ton takes place They go down only
half an inch or an inch, very little
d. \
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1910-02-05

increased in proportion to that Of
grains and vegetables, most OF the
newcomers preferring a crop where
quick returns can be realized, rather
than wait for the maturity of fruit
trees.
That this development is real and
recognized can be shown by the as
sessed valuation of Reeves county lands
and improvements, taken from the tax
rolls.
From 1895 to 1909 the rate of in
crease Of the valuation of resident
rolls is 270 percent, while the rate of
increase Of the valuation Of nonresi-
dent rolls is So percent.
The aggregate sales Of farm prop
critics alone, in Reeves county. for
1909, Were s2.124.342. A gratifying
feature of the development done is
that it is by settlers, not spectators.
El Paso herald. (El Paso, Tex.) 1901-1931, 1910-02-05
PART ONE.

The elements of success in this branch
Of dry farming are extremely simple
and easy to understand. They are:
Never to plant a tree until there is
enough moisture in the ground to carry
1t a whole season. whether it rains or
not.
To plant far enough apart so that
the precipitation falling on the area
allowed TO each tree will be more
than sufficient for the uses of that
tree when full grown
To accumulate and conserve the mois-
ture as it falls by the requisite work
ing Of the soil
In choosing a site for the orchard
the most important item to be con-
sldered Is good, deep soil, either sandy
or clay loan anything in fact that
VIII raise good. ordinary crops without
any rock or very solid hard pan at
less than 10 feet, although six is suffi-
cient for cherries and small fruits
Some protection from the prevailing
winds is advisable, although we find
orchards doing well with every variety
OF exposure. Many horticulturists ia
Vor a gentle slope facing the south and
east, rather than the north and west.
New Land Not Best.
Land that has been plowed for a
year or two is preferable to newly
ploWed sod, for the reason that few
can break the sod as deeply as neces-
sary, or work it up fine enough to be
properly cultivated. Another objection
is that If any sod. manure or liter of
any description is tamped In around the
roots of a tree it cannot draw nourish-