davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1910-07-02
MIMIC WARFARE.

The stirring events of Al years ago,
which eliminated in the great three
days fight were repeated on a small
scale at Gettysburg yesterday morning,
when troops from the regular army
and militamen from Maryland and
Virginia took up arms for the bloodless
battles to be fought on historic grounds
under the direction of Brigadier Gene
raj William w. Wothcrspoon during
the month Of July. The opening OF
the mancuvers on the anniversary OF
the beginning of the battle OF Gettys-
burg gives the camp an added interest.
Early in the morning Of July l, 1868,
Gamblc's brigade Of cavalry from the
federal army clashed with General
Smiths division OF infantry from Hlll's
Corps OF Lees army. That engage
ment tool; place on the Chamhcrsburg
pike, one mtlc and half west of the
city OF Gettysburg. Early yesterday
morning General Wothcrspoon's troops
began their engagement near the York
Pike, one mile and half east OF town.
Virginia miltiamen refusing to
drink at the same bar with 4 colorcd
trooper led to a small riot in the town
OF Gettysburg last night. The coiored
man is member OF the Ninth Cavalry.
He was thrown from the barroom by
several militiamen. White regulars
came TO the assistance Of the colored
regular, and 4 lively scrap took place
between regulars and militiamen, with
display OF much feeling on both
sides.
The air was thick with beer bottles
and fragments of glass through which
the colored trooper was thrown. The
ncighborhood was alive with excite
ment at the time. The colored soldier
was roughly handled, and in the melee
one man was pierced with II bayonet.
A call was sent for provost guard, and
il looks like the city will be kept free
OF enlisted men after dark hereafter
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1910-07-02
- -s7--- -
II. +. Knox. Auctioneer.

DURSUANT TO \ DECREE REN-
dered by the Corporation Court OF the
city OF Alexandria. Virginia. on the LIST
day of June. 1910. in the chanccrr cause
therein pending. entitled Hopewell r..
Darncillc who sues. etc. VS.. Williams
Watchman's Clock Company. lncorpo-
rated. 4 corporation Incorporated and do
ing business under the laws of the state
OF Virginia. the undersigned. who. by
said decree, was appointed commissioners
for the purpose, will offer for sale at
public auction ut the Royal street ell
trance to the Market Building. i'll the
city Of Alexandria. Virginia. on
TUESDAY. JUN ). 1910.
at - o'clock noon. the assets OF the vii
liams' Watchman'S Clock Company. In
corporatcd. consisting of certain letters
patent of the United States of America.
numbered and dated rs follows:
Patent No. 6;}S. HOS. dated December >.
1880, and Patent No. Gs3.ES. dated
September a, 1901.
which letters patent now sAnd III the
Clock Company. Incorporated. on the
records Of the Patent Office Of the Unit
ed States of America. in the city OF
Washington. ID. C.. said patents being
for watchman'S clocks, fire alarm regis
ters. letter box locks. and burglar alarm
locks; also Il patent now pending IN the
Patent Office Of the United States OF
America. which patent is pending in the
name of Frederick Williams, which is
the property of said company under IN
agreement dated January 6. 1906. by and
between Frederick Williams. lIopewcll
II. Darneille, and Edward 5. Norton: also
two switch boards. six clocks, twenty
watchman's S clockSaud fire alarm boxes.
two registers. four letter box locks, and
one burglar alarm lock, and all books
and papers belonging to the defendant
company.
Terms of sale-Cash. Convcyancing 1T
the cost OF the purchaser or purchasers
GARDNER i. BOOT1E.
Commissioned Of Sale.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1910-07-02
Maryland Delaware and VIf'
qinia Railway Company.
s PRING SCHEDULE,

SPRING SCHEDULE.
Steamers of his line leave Alexandrla
OF an,l after May 10, 1910,
Every MONDAY. WEDNESDAY and
SATURDAY at 4:30 p. m.
FOR BALTIMORE AND ALL The
USUAL RIVER LANDINGS.
Cuisine and appointments unexceliea.
Freight for Baltimore, PhiladelPhia
and New York solicited and handled
with care. Through rates ana Dills Oh
Iading issued. :, "a. ,o,,,d
trim. $3.50; staterooms, one way. Sl.O.
REaRDON s. GRIMES, Agents.
Foot OF Cameron street.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1910-07-02
VOLUME CXI.--NO.
STEAMERS
Norfolk and Washington
Steamboat Co.

Every day in the year cs for.FGrt and noIOhs M0h:
roe, Norfolk, Newport NEWS New, steei anJ ppoIaee pI
south, via superb, powerful steei paiaos
steamers,
Leave Washington. 6.4o p. IN.
Leave Alexandria 100 p. m.
Arrive Fl. Monroes 7.OOa. IN.
Arrive Norfolk 500 a. m.
Arrive Portsmouth 500 4. m.
Leave Portsmouth 500 p. m.
Leave Eorfolk 600 p. M.
Leave st. Monroe 100 p. IN.
Arrive Alexandria $50 a. M.
pArriyc Washington I.00a. m.
Through connections made at Noriois
with steamers Of the Old Dominion
Steamship Company for New York ane nc
Merchants and Miners Steamships le'
% General Ticket Office, 72O 14th st: NV
Bond Building, Washington, u. y
Phone Main 1920. o7co
Seventh street wharf Phone Main 3I0o
Alexandria wharf foot Of PRINCE street
w. II. CALLAHAN,
april Tyr General Passenger Agent
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1910-07-02
FIFTY YEARS EXPERIENCE OF
AN OLD NURSE.

Mrs. Winslow's Soothing Syrup is the
prescription of one Of the best female
physicians and nurses in the United
States. and has been used for fifty years
with never-failing success by millions OF
mothers for their children. 1t relieves
the child from pain, cures diarrhoea.
gripping in the bowels, and wind collie.
BY giving health to the child it rests the
mother. Twenty-Five cents bottle.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1910-07-02

Lame shoulder is almost invariably
caused by rheumatism OF the muscles
and yields quickly to the froa applica-
ton of Chamberlain Linimvnt. This
liniment is not only prompt but effec-
tual, but in no way disagreeable to use.
Sold by w. F. Creighton and Richard
Gibson
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1910-07-02
alexandria Gazette.

PUBLISHED DAILY AND TRI-wEEKLY AT
GAZETTE BUILDING, $40 and 3l2
PRINCE STREET.
Entered atthe Postoflce of Alexandria,
Virginia, as second-class matter.
Terms: Daily-1 year, $500: 6 months,
$3.50; 8 months, s1.25: month, 43 cents:
/ week, 10 cents.
Tri-weekly year, $500: 6 months,
Sl.5O: 5 months, IS cents; l month, %
cents.
Contract advertisers will not be allowed
to exceed their space unless the excess
is paid for at transient rates, and under
no circumstances will they be allowed
to advertise other than their legitl,,
mate business in the space contracted
for.
Resolutions in memoriam, of thanks,
tributes of respect, resolutions adopted
by societies or persons, unless of public
concern, will be printed in the paper
as advertisements.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1910-07-02

I. Newell S. Grccnaway. Clerk OF the
Corporation Court of the city Of Alexan-
dria Virginia. lo hereby certify that
Gardner l.. Boothc. commissioner ofsale
in the above entitled cause. has entered
into bond. with approved security. in
accordance with tho requirements Of the
above mentioned decree.
NEWELL S. GRIENAWAI. Clerk.
by Louis y. DUFFEY. D. G.
#
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1910-07-02

Chambeerlain's Stomach and Liver
Tablets will brace up the nerves, Danish
sick headache, prevent dependency and
inyigorate the whole system. Sold by
". F. Creighton and Richard Gibson,
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1910-07-02

ATOTICE.-Having qualified as admin
IN istratriN OF the estate. of MINOR
JACKSON. all persons having bills
against said estate are notified to present
same promptly to me for payment. and
notified to make settlement at once.
LUCINDA PRIOR, adm'x.
ie2 lot
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1910-07-02
GAS FUND.

OPERATIONS OF THE CITY GAS
WORKS FOR THE FISCAL 9EAR
BEGINNING JUNE L, 1909, AND.
ENDING MAY 81, 1910.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1910-07-02
John B. Waller, Clerk of Gas, in account
with the Alexandria City Gas Works
CASH ACCOUNT. s

Id y
To balance in City Treasury -. :.
June l, 1909, Soo' !"
20 oeEiysd Eas ISSTI from sale Of, 3s,62s 50
20 ceiWed eE % from sale Of, 4,7a5 OF
20 oe;Scd iIf from sale of, a,o37 Is
To old account, amount re-
ceiyed from sale OF, 90 81
To old barrel account, amount
received from sale Of, w
To service and main account,
amount received from sale
of, II W
To ammonia account, amount
received from sale OF, oo w
To pipe and fittings account,
amount received from sale
of, ~
To meter account, amount re-
ceiyed from sale OF, S
To deposit account, amount
received on account OF, 1io w
s44,514 70
Cr.
BY construction account,
amount expended for, Sl u
BY meter account, amount
expended for, LUZ W
BY pipe and fittings account,
amount expended for. 5o II
BY coal account amount
expended for, lo,s2' "a
BY service and main account,
amount expended for, l,lGl IS
BY general expense account
amount expended for, 1896 30
BY repairs account. amount
expended for, l.3Si 43
BY deposits refunded. 100 %
S30,l97 II
BY general fund for amount
transferred to, 1850 w
BY balance in city treasury
May 81. 1910. sli -
Sii,5li -
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1910-07-02
Cubic Feet.

Total produced during year i3.925O00
Cubic feet.
Amount sold con-
sllmers. "a .:D6,l00
A mount used by city. 4,llG,30O
Total consumption. 3S.422 500
Amount unaccounted
for 5,5O2, 400
Percentage OF gas made and
unaccounted for l2.:3
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1910-07-02
WEEK END TICKETS.

Local week end tickels Washington to
Somerset. Warrenton. Harrisonburg.
Bluemont and intermediate stations sold
on Saturdays and Sundays. valid for re-
turn on Monday at very low fares. will
be placed on sale by Southern Railway
at Washington. ID. c., beginning SATUR-
DAY, May 18th. and continuing until
October 2, inclusive.
L. S. BROWN, General Agent
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1910-07-02
AIEXANDRIA. VA. SATURDAY EVENING, july 2, 1910

Meter account, on hand as
per inventory, al %
Pipe, fittings account. on
haudia per inventory, 49, %
Coal account on hand as per
inventory, l,I9 q
per inventory, 200 81
Service and main account, on
hand as per inventory, l3O W
Cash account, in city treasury
May 81, 1910, SlI 81
General fund, amount trans
ferred up to date, 2T,O9o 20
Personal account, amount Of
gas bills due and unpaid, 42O 9l
s4T9,ol4 OF
CIR.
Profit and loss account, net
profit TO date on gas sold
consumers, s4Ts,9Ol OF
Deposit account, amount to
secure sundry gas bills, 3l3 %
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1910-07-02
S44,5l4 -

This account has bcen examined anc
found correct.
L. z. UHLER.
JACOB BRILL.
RoBLEY D. BRuMBACK.
JAS B. FITZGERALD,
.JNO. T.. HARRISON,
Committee on Light.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1910-07-02

COMPARATIVE STATEMENT
Showing the amount of increase or de.
crease in the following items contain.
ed in the report for the fiscal year end
ing May 81. 1910. as compared with the
corresponding items contained in the
fiscal year ending May 81, 1909.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1910-07-02

STATEMENT
Showing amount of gas manufactured
during fiscal year ending May 81, 1910,
and disposition of same.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1910-07-02

There remain uncollected and
which are not included in
this report, coke bills
amounting to
Also bill Of tar delivered in
May as per contract, and
which is not included in
this report, amounting to
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1910-07-02

CUNSTKUCT1UN ACCUUNT.
To cost Of city gas works to
May 81, 1909, Sl96, ,532 &c
To amount paid for G5 new
services put in during year, CAT A.
TO amount paid for s97 feet
new mains put in during
year, 3G1 73
To amount paid for lamp
post, l. Sc
To material for oil house, l3 -
To piping for ammonia well. Is 20
To cost Of city gas works to
May 81. 1910 sl97 $50 "a
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1910-07-02
Alt y

ler, Clerk Of Gas, from
s June 1, 1909, to May 81,
1910. Alt y
S44,5l4 -
DISBURSEMENTS.
BY warrants paid from June
l.. 1900, to May 81, 1910, in
elusive as per vouchers filed
with the Auditor, SO.l .l9I Ii
By amount transferred to the
general fund (warrant No.
81, 1880 90
May 81, 19lO.-By balance in
treasury, sl' -
s4i.5l4 g,
City Treasurer's Oflce
Alexandria, Va. May 81, 1910.
THOS. W. ROBINSON,
City Treasurer.
This account has been examined and
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1910-07-02

RECAPITULATON,
Net earnings, amount of up
on gas, ETC., sold consumers
May 81, 1910.
Net earnings, amount Of. up
on gas, etc, sold consumers
to May 81, 1909,
Net earnings, amount, of, up
on gas. etc., sold consumers
from June !, 1909, to May 81.
1910,
Net earnings. percentage of, for
fiscal year l9O910, usron cost
Of construction (sla5 ,5s6.34),
Net earnings, amount OF gas
used by the city from June
l, 1909, to May 81 1910,
Net earnings, amount of, up
on gas, etc., sold consumers
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1910-07-02


by the city. dur
years IaO9-l9l0 l9.433 Sc
gs, percentage OF
for the fiscal year
etc., sold consum-
ised by tho city.
N cost ofconstruc-
5s6.3i), . 81
+. 100000 90
5 works as shown
lction, 1885 "a
works as shown
nings being 8 per
Ia valuation. 33,S91 66
e SHEET, MAY 81, 1910.
account, cost of
to date. Sl9I ,5s6 "a
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1910-07-02

amount Of gas consumed by
the city during the fiscal year ending
The Hattiesburg news., 1910-06-29

~=~~~~~%> s>==>> .
Mrs. Fannie ScoviII.

Mrs. Fannie scovil, wife of w. L.
Scovill, died at her residence in this
city this morning at 10:30 O'Clock,
after an illness of several weeks, at
the age Of % years. She leaves a
husband and lone son, Charles Scovill,
a young man about 21 years Of age.
Funeral services will be held at the
residence, corner West Pine street
and Sixth Avenue, tomorrow morning
at 10 o'clock Rev. George L. Thomp-
son, officiating. The remains will be
inferred in the city cemetery.
Mrs. Scovill was consistent mem
Der of the Methodist church, and en-
joyed the friendship of large mum
ber of people. Before her illness she
took great interest in church work
and was instrumental in the accom-
plishment of much good.
The bereaved husband and son have
the sympathy of a large circle oi
friends in their sad affliction.
The Hattiesburg news., 1910-06-29
Cattle Quarantine.

Prof. W. L. Hutchinson, director OF
the cattle tick eradication work IN
Mississippi, will spend the present
week in the counties Of Adams, JEFF
ferson and Wilkinson, comforting with
boards of supervisors. and arranging
for the quarantine work in that sec
tion.
The tick eradication work is Of es-
pecial interest to the three counties
named because of the fact that the
advent of the boil weevil has forced
the farmers to go more extensively
into cattle raising, and large meat
packing plant is now being erected at
Natchez, which will be in readiness
for operation within few weeks.
The three counties have already
pledged their cooperation with the
live stock sanitary board in the wori
of tick eradication, and the plan for
mulated is expected to quickly rid the
three counties of the pest.
The Hattiesburg news., 1910-06-29
STATE items OF
GENERAL Interest

Excessive rainfall during the past
week is exciting the faint-hearted, ac-
cording to reports received here from
over the state.
Precipitation has been unusually
abundant in the central portion and
in some of the southern counties, re-
tarding the work of chopping the
crop, and many fields are very grassy.
Similar reports of too much mois'
ture come from the alfalfa belt in the
prairie region where the harvesting OF
this important crop is now under way
many farmers being engaged witt
their second cutting.
1t is to the cotton crop, however
that excessive rainfall is infiicting it
principal damage, and the farmers
are hoping for a marked change II
weather conditions with the opening
of the new month. Floods in jun
are not unusual, but they general,
come during the early part of tn
month.
The Hattiesburg news., 1910-06-29
.SUPT. POWERS AT
UNIVERSITY NORMAL

Jackson, Miss, June 29.-State Su-
perintendent of Education ]. N. Pow
ers, is spending a few days at the
University Summer Normal. Mr..
Powers departed for Oxford Monday
morning, and expects to remain there
two or three days. This is his first
visit to one of the state normals, and
he will make the rounds before return
ing to Jackson.
Superintendent Powers is on the
program of each of the four normals
for addresses, and will go from the
State University to Starkville, where
he will spend two or three days. From
there he will go to Clinton, thence to
Brookhaven, and will deliver an ad
dress at each of these places.
Reports reaching the office of the
superintendent of education indicate
the large attendance of teachers or
record at the four state normals. Not
only is the attendance larger, but the
teachers are showing more interest il
their work.
Mr.. Powers, before his departure
expressed qualification over the re
ports he had received of the work o
the normals. The instructors ar
of the highest class of educators, an
have gone into their work with a
enthusiasm that means a great des
to the teachers of the state.
The Hattiesburg news., 1910-06-29
Bishop HesIin's illness.

Much apprehension is felt through
out the Catholic diocese of Mississippi
over the continued illness in Missis-
sippi of Bishop Thos. Heslin, the ven.
erable head of the diocese. Although
reports from the bedside state that
Bishop Heslin is slowly improving
the advanced age of the venerable
divine, coupled with the nature of the
malady, give rise to the fear that com
plete recovery cannot be expected
For the past year he has been com
PEELED to delegate many of his labor'
to the vicar-General of the diocese
owing to his failing strength.
The Hattiesburg news., 1910-06-29
Facts and Principles.

Here the attorney general quoted
from the report of committee some
time ago appointed by the faculty OF
arts and sciences of Harvard, which
expressed the opinion that in award
ing high rank or distinction in college,
emphasis should be laid more largely
than it is upon ability to deal with
facts and principles as compared with
information acquired or memory.
at is precisely that ability which is
the ideal of the legal profession said
Mr.. Wickersham, "and the achieve
|ment is characteristic of its most hon
ored leaders and is utterly inconsist
ent with a contentment with mediocre
things.
"That clear thought, sound learn
ing and a consummate ability to dea
with facts may be attained withou'
law school training is abundantlS
attested by illustrious examples
Many examples may be cited to sus
tain the theory. But as early al
Blackstone's day, THOUGHTFUL lawyer
realized that only occasional and eS
ceptional men accomplished good re
suits by this haphazzard sort of edu
cation.
The Hattiesburg news., 1910-06-29
A Great Danger.

"Contentment with mediocrity,"
Mr. Wickersham continued, sis in my
opinion, one of the greatest dangers
which confronts successful Democracy
everywhere. The hope of averting 1t
rests largely with men of sound legal
education.
For this same contentment with
mediocrity breeds an impatience with
any sort of superiority, a desire to
belittle all excellence, readiness to
impute wrong motives to anything not
easily understood, to accept calumny
as truth, without inquiry, and a grad
ual lessening for advancement, as ii
is perceived that peace, which is often
mistaken for happiness is alone to be
found by accepting contentedly a
place in the undistinguished multi
tude."
The Hattiesburg news., 1910-06-29
LEGAL EDUCATION md
governmental PROBLEMS

and to furnf the mind with a GER
tain exceller equipment admirably
adapted to I'll ordinary exigencies OF
life, but not always fitted to- attack
and master exceptional difficulties.
The genius G Langdell rescued the
Harvard LawSchool from that ten
dency.
"The rapid ,rowth OF our popula-
ton, the marelously developed IA
cilities and communication by land
and water andlir have given rise to
problems of Increasing complexity
concerning therelation of individual
effort to the geeral public, which by
reason of the oSious inability of any
single state of lie union to deal with
them have bee pressed upon the
national government for solution"
The attorney tneral then reviewed
in brief the Development of the last
few years towar the control of the
public utilities, nd compared to il
the growth of thtmachinery of trade
now come to r1trol of great line:
of industry by arporations or indi
lviduals. 4 -i
The Hattiesburg news., 1910-06-29

similar advantages are offered. The
figure includes board, laundry, hospi-
tai attention, books, lyceum lecture
course, and all incidentals.
During the recent session more than
500 girls were enrolled, and
the number could have been easi-
ly increased to 1900, but many appli-
cations were rejected on account of
the lack of dormitory room. Contract
is to be awarded for new building
when the general board Of trustees
meets In jackson on July 1st but It
is not expected that the structure can
be completed in time for the opening
of the next term.
The Hattiesburg news., 1910-06-29
LULLABY.

Sweet night hath lulled the restless
- day to sleep.
With Groom of soothing sounds
Now low, now high
That float by on the fragrant-laden
air
Meath watchful lowering sky-in
lullaby.
A plaintive note sounds somewhere
in the dusk
And eagerly, assuringly,
An answering cry;
"All's well, dear-Comrades Of the
night
Fold tired wing, close weary eye,
The roses dream in garden bed neal
by
Lullaby!
And vaguely lingering, the moon looks
out, 4.r-a 49, 4r'@'!-'~
Send little lantern shafts of light
To see you by.
you were too tired to say goodbye
sweetheart"
Dew-heavy blossoms bend caress
ingly,
And only softest night winds make
reply
Lullaby!
The Hattiesburg news., 1910-06-29
RAMSEY G. COMPANY,
LEADING UNDERWRITERS.
PROMPT AMBULANCE SERVICE.
**""*** **"****"'
CHURCH SOCIETIES.

The Philomathean Glass of Broad
Street Methodist church will meet Fri
day evening with Mrs. George Gill
more on Miller street.
Daisy Davies Missionary Society
With Miss Hopkins. -
A social meeting of the Daisy Davies
Missionary Society of Broad Street
Methodist church was held Tuesday
evening with Miss Margaret Hopkins,
,on College street.
Music and contests made the even
ing pass very pleasantly for the guests
who numbered thirty. Ices and block
cake were served.
= T. &
The West Minister Aid of Bay Street
Presbyterian church, met this week
with Miss Annie Gay, on Williams
street. This meeting closed the first
| half of a most successful year OF
work. The ladies are very enthusias-
tic over two entertainments planned
for the fall work, one "a Mock Trial,
will be given in September. and the
other, Mother Goose's Harvesting
Sale" to be given in November. AT
ter all business was transacted the
hostess, assisted by Misses Tina and
Cleo Johnson, served dainty lunch
con, which was enjoyed by about fif
teen ladies'. Mrs. Cromer was the
only guest.
= * 4:
The meeting this week of the Wo
mans Missionary Society of the First
Baptist church was held at the church
and the devotional exercise was lee
by Mrs. A. L. Jones, who used the
sixth chapter of Psalms as a scripture
lesson.
The hospital visiting committed
gave a good report, and other loca
church matters received attention
The orphanage box was packed. which
togther with the cash donations
amounted to seventy-five dollars.
There will be no meeting next Mon
day, on account of the Fourth OF Jul,
celebration. y