davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Caldwell tribune. [volume] (Caldwell, Idaho Territory [Idaho]) 1883-1928, 1910-06-03
ELECTION PROCLAMATION.

l, ]. B. Gowen, Mayor of the City
of Caldwell, do hereby proclaim ano
call, in accordance with the provl-
sions of Ordinance No. 10, passed by
the Mayor and Council of the City OF
Caldwell, at a regular meeting held
on the 1st day of June, 1910, a spec
ial elect on to be he'd on the 7th day
of July, 1910, between the hours OF
a. m. and Z p. M, for the purpose
of submitting to the qualified elect
ors and tax payers of the City OF
Caldwell, the question of whether o.
not the Mayor and Council shall be
authorized to issue, in the name OF,
and on the credit of, the City of Cald.
we'll, coupon bonds in the sum OF
$26, 059.78, bearing interest at no,
to exceed six per cent per annum,
payable in twenty years, out may b.
paid in ten years, at the option OF
the City, for the purpose of grading
and paving, with Bitulith pavement,
that port on of the streets and alleys
Of the City of Caldwell and calico
street and alley intersections, to cor
respond with like grading, paving and
curbing proposed to be made at the
ting the same, as provided by Special
Ordinance No. 2, declaring the inten-
on of the City of Caldwell to grade
pave and curb certain streets and al
leys, and Ordinace No $50, creating
Local Improvement District No. l !,
to which reference is hereby made.
And for the further purpose Of
submitting to the qualified voters OF
the said City of Caldwell who are tax
payers the quest on of whether o.
not the Mayor and Council shall b.
authorized to issue, in the name of
and on the credit of, the CITY OF
Caldwell coupon bonds in the sum oil
$5O,OOO.OO, payable in twenty years,
but may be paid in ten years, at the
option of the city, bearing interest a
a rate not to exceed x per cent per
annum, for the purpose of providin
for the construction and maintenance
or additional water works of said
City OF Caldwell, and supplying the
same with water, as provided in Or
olnance No. III, to which reference
hereby made.
The said election shall be held as
aforesaid, in the respective wards of
me city OF Caldwell, County of Can
yon, State of Idaho, and the descrip-
ton of the wards and polling places
and the names of the registrars are
as follows:
The first ward comprises al that
part of Caldwell lying east and north
oil the main track of the Oregon Short
Line Ra lroad; polling place. Pacific
HOTEL; Registrar, Frederick Schnabel
The second word comprises all thai
part of Caldwell ying south and ives.
OF the main track of the Oregon
Short Line Railroad, and east and
south of Kimball Avenue: polIiny
place, corner of Arthur and 9th aven
ne; Registrar, Clara Powell
The third ward comprises all that
part of Caldwell lying west and south
OF the ma track of the Oregon Sbort
Line Railroad, and south and Yves
OF ktmball Avenue; polling Mac
City Hall; Registrar, Lillian Potter
Given under my hand and seal tbie
ISL day OF June, 1910.
J. B. GOWEN,
Mayor |
The Caldwell tribune. [volume] (Caldwell, Idaho Territory [Idaho]) 1883-1928, 1910-06-03
HISTORY OFCLAY-
BEDFORD FEUD
Continued from First page.)

Continued from First page.)
represents the truth as follows, to.
wit: Both families were southern as
stated but they were, never friends,
being more or less strangers to one
another except by distant tie Of re
lationship thru which Clay worked
in making the acquaintance of our
family and inducing them to remove
from the south to this country. The
second glazing Misrepresentation
comes in the statement that Clay was
a Colanel in the Confederate Army,
this s false, as Clay served under
Cap, James Bedford, commanding
a company under General Nathan
Bedford Forest, said Capt. James
Bedford was brother of my late
husband, B. F. Bedford. In the next
place the article that ''it was agreed
between them (my husband and II.
G. Clay) that they could both make
desert entries and join In the install
lauon of plumbing plant. The
Bedford entry was lost in some mar
ner and upon his death his heirs iuA
stituted a contest against Clay's cla.m
waging a bitter fight. This is a
misrepresentation of the facts totally,
the records will show that Bedford
had never made entry nor did he az
ply for an entry, as an examination
of the U. S. Land Office records
will prove.
Clay had made an entry before the
Bedfords' had been induced to come
to this country through the represen-
tations and efforts of said Henry c
Clay then in the real estate business
at Caldwell, Idaho Under Clay's Of
fer Bedford should come to Idaho at
which time Clay would re'inquish
one-half of his desert land entry per
uniting Bedford to enter same. as
compensation for this REIMBURSEMENT
Bedford agreed to expend money in
the installation of a pumping plant
for tract of land in that vicinity in
Guiding Clay's land and the part he
should have rel.nquished to Bedford
as well as other lands, for which Bed
ford was to be repaid by Clay, bur
tho REIMBURSEMENT was to be given
as an inducement for the making of
The Caldwell tribune. [volume] (Caldwell, Idaho Territory [Idaho]) 1883-1928, 1910-06-03
NOTICE OF SPECIAL E1pcr,o,

NOTICE OF SPECIAL EIECTIoN
Notice is hereby given: That
Special Election will be held At tho
City of Caldwell, County of Canvon
State of Idaho, on the 9TH day
July, 1910, in accordance with ~ ~
provisions of Ordinance No 17%
passed by said Council and annrovoS
by the Mayor of the City of CaIdwoT
on the 1st day of June, 1910 ~
which election there will be subnitteS
to the quail fed voters of said CITY NJ
Caldwell, who are taxpayers, thu
question of whether or mo- the Mavor
and Council shall be authorized n
issue, in the name of. and on tho
credit Of, the City of Caldwell cou.
non bonds in the sum of $26,O59 ~
bearing interest at not to exceed CIV
Der cent. per annum, payable in
twenty years, and may be paid in fen
years, at the opt on of the city. for
he purpose of grading and paving
with Bitulithic pavement, that nor.
ton of the streets and a'leys of the
City of Caldwell and called street and
alley intersections, to correspond with
Ike grading, paving and curb ny nro.
posed to be made at the expense Of
the property owners AUDITING the
same, as provided by Special Or1m.
nee No. 2, declaring the intention of
the City of Caldwell to grade. pove
and curb certain streets and alleys.
and Ordinance No. 1870, creating 10.
cal Improvement D strict No to
which reference is hereby made.
hat, at said election, none but uua'i-
fed electors who are taxpayers end
registered according to law, will be
entitled to vote. The polls shall he
oDen from eight o'clock in the fore
noon, to seven o'clock in the evening
Of said day.
The poll ng places and registrars
for the respective wards are as fol-
'ows:
First Ward: Polling place. Pace
4o'el; Registrar, Frederick Schnabel.
Second Ward: Polling Place, Cor
Ter of Arthur and 9th Avenue; Reg
'strar, Clara Powell.
Third Ward: Polling place, City
Hall; Registrar, Lillian Potter
By order of the Mayor and City
Council of the City of Caldwell, Ida
no.
c. ]. sHORB,
City Clerk.
Dated June / 1910.
The Caldwell tribune. [volume] (Caldwell, Idaho Territory [Idaho]) 1883-1928, 1910-06-03
CANYON COUNTY, DIRECTORY

w. A. Jeffries commenced canvass
for directory of Canyon County on
May 26 A complete canvass will be
made of every town n the county in
addition to which all R. F. D. routes
will be thoroughly canvassed.
Mr.. Jeffries has been in the employ
of the Chicago Directory Co., Chi
cago, Illinois, Gould D rectory Co.,
St. Louis, Mo-, R. L. Polk & Co.,
Detroit Michigan, for the past IA
years and is thoroughly familiar
with every detail of directory WORK
The name Of every person over 16
years of age W II be taken and in con-
nection with each name the pace of
business or employment will be shown
followed by the residence address.
There is a demand for a work of
this kind throughout the county and
the publication will be given a rcu-
lation in the most remote section of
the county.
Mr.. Jeffries was in charge of the
last two of the Pocatel,o & Bannock
County Directory and a publication
thoroughly equal to that of Bannock
County IS assured for Canyon County.
The Caldwell tribune. [volume] (Caldwell, Idaho Territory [Idaho]) 1883-1928, 1910-06-03

the CITY of Caldwell, Idaho. as pro-
vided in Ordinance No. 1876 OF sald
City. Said bonds are to be issued
denominations of $1,OOO.OO each'
and will bear interest at rate not
| exceeding per cent per annum, sala
interest to be paid on the first DAYS OIL
January and July of each year, at
the office of the City Treasurer or
the City of Caldwell, Idaho, or at the
Chase National Bank of New YORK
CITY. State of New York, at the OPP
ton of the holder of the interest
coupons. The pr ncipal of said bonds
is to be paid at the office of the City
Treasurer at Caldwell, Idaho. Said
bonds will be payable ten years from
date. redeemable in their numerical
order. one-fifth of the total amount
of bonds shall be paid six years from
date, one-ffth seven years from date,
one-ffth eight years from date, one
fifth nine years from date, and one
fifth and last .nstallment at maturity
thereof. Both principal and inter-
est of said bonds shall be payable in
United States Gold coin.
The bids for the purchase of said
DOnQS uuSI D6 SSdISu anu ouul O0oSN
to the Mayor and Council of the City
of Caldwe |, Idaho, and filed with the
C ty Clerk. Bids will be received I'M
til IL o'clock, noon, on Monday, July
IL, 1910, Said bids will be opened by
the Mayor and Council of said city on
July II, 1910, at 8 o'clock p. m. at
the City Hall, Caldwell, Idaho. Said
bonds will not be sold for less than
tace and accrued interest at the time
OF delivery, and no bid Wlll be cOnSid-
cred which specifies a higher rate Oh
interest than 8 per cent per annum
Each bid must be accompanied by a
certified check on some bank in the
City of Caldwell, to the amount OF
five per cent of the amount bid, paya-
Bile to the City of Caldwe |, Idaho.
Said DDS may be for the whole
amount of the bonds to be issued or
for portion thereof, at the option OF
the bidder, and the City reserves the
right to reject any or all bids and to
make allotments of the bonds that
shall be deemed for the best interests
of the city. The issue of the bonds
herein spec fed is authorized by the
laws of the State of Idaho, and the
ordinances and resolutions of said
city.
BY order of the Mayor and City
Council of the City of Ca dwell,
Idaho.
J.B. GoWEN.
Mayor.
C. J. SHORB
The Caldwell tribune. [volume] (Caldwell, Idaho Territory [Idaho]) 1883-1928, 1910-06-03

the attempt to get Bedford interested
In the proposition. e =.
0n2tais inducement Bedford began
work ana several times asked Clay
to fix up the rel adjustment, but Clay
each time put him off saying that he
would fix il up-a little later, as that
could be done at any time, in this
way the retinquishment was delayed
u1tfl MI Bedford's : death, after
which Cay refused to comply in any
way. q #@ eEEt
As to the -installat.on of the pump
ing plant, that was Mr.. Bedfords at
fair entirely, but having been in
duced -to- take up the proposition by
Clay many have enormously associa-
ted them together in the business.
AS to the contest, same was started
by me for the reason that Clay had
not compiled with tho desert land
law and the claim was. therefore COM
testable, and / believe I had sufficient
interest in the land to justify me in
gaining same through legal means If
| could, especially for the reason that
Clay was not holding same by legal
means. M
AS to ,"waging a bitter fight" we
have fought fair white Clay through
perjury and trickery and underhand
ed movements has succeeded IN win
ming the case where. it has been pre-
Sented, such tr1efery and perjury not
having been known by myself or my
attorneys until recently when the
light was renewed. IL 3bsEz!
AS to the recent decision of the Hon
Commissioner of the general land
office we have not received it as yet,
while we have ben Informed that Clay
and his Attorneys have had same for
a day or so, not having received same
we cannot. discuss the same. i
AS TO this second case started the
same for the reason that 1 do not be-
lieya that Clay either-i intends to nor !
has intended at any time to hold |
same as a home for his family, and
have believed it his intention to spec
ulate thereon and using his right
for speculation only.
AS to the Clay's past life 1 wish
70. say that he has been a whisky
1ealer most of his life according to
his own statement, and the best in
l have been able to gather.
The article says the Bedford fam
lies is one of the wealthiest families
If Canyon County,, this regret /
must declare to be untrue, while we
re comfortably situated yet we are
0 by dint of hard work and economy, ,
nd my sons work out by the day
lost of the year. ,
1t seems that the person writing
+ debating the article referred to 7
lust be an interested party who has
cen unscrupOusly careless as :
} the truth of his statements, having {
ne purpose in view of misleading \
ne pubic and they have been suff ci- !
ntly acquainted in. the facts to enable =
lem to calculate on the sympathies r
the public thru familiar channels.
very respectfully, g
Mamie E. Bedford. I
The Caldwell tribune. [volume] (Caldwell, Idaho Territory [Idaho]) 1883-1928, 1910-06-03
ORDINANCE NO. 40.

AN ORDINANCE DECLARING THE
NECESSITY AND ADVISABIl lTG
FOR THE ISSUANCE, BY THE
CITY OF CALDWELL, IDAHO, OF
COUPON BONDS IN THE SUM or
$26,059.7S WITH WHICH TO
DEFRAY THE EXPENSE or
GRADING AND PAVING THE
STREETS AND ALLEYS AT IN
TERSECTIONS WITHIN LOCAL
IMPROVEMENT DISTRICT No. !,
TO CORRESPOND WITH LINE
IMPROVEMENTS TO BE MADE
AT THE EXPENSE OF The
PROPERTY OWNERS ABUTTlNn
THE STREETS AND ALLEYS IN
LOCAL IMPROVEMENT DlSTRlCt
No. l. SPECIFYING THE NUN
BER FORM, CONTENTS, PRoVI2s,,
IONS, PRINCIPAL AND RATE W w
INTEREST, THE MANNER W
MAKING PAYMENTS OF PRiM'
CIPAh AND INTEREST; PROV W,
ING FOR ANNUAL LENlES "
SPECIAL TAXES FOR THE PAX
MENT OF THE INTEREST. AM AM
TO CONSTITUTE A SlNN'n AZ
FUND FOR THE payment Ur
THE PRINCIPAL THE thVT
PROVIDING FOR AND REGuLASb6'
ING A SPECIAL, Et ECrtBN. sun,
MITING THE QUESTION OF THE
ISSUANCE OF BONDS to
VOTE OF THE PROPERTY OWE
Frs OF THE CITY OF ca, 10
WELL, AND PROVIDING F0 20
THE pun ICATION OF THE Nv
TICE OF SUCH EI FCTloN
(ContInued on page Sd
The Caldwell tribune. [volume] (Caldwell, Idaho Territory [Idaho]) 1883-1928, 1910-06-03
NOTICE OF SPECIAL ELECTION.

Notice is hereby given that a
special election will be held In the
City Of Caldwell, County of Canyon,
State of Idaho, on the 7th day OF
Ju y, 1910, in accordance with the
provisions of Ord nance No. III,
passed by the Council of the City of
Caldwell, on the LIST day of June,
1910, and approved by the Mayor of
said City of Caldwell, on the 1st day
of June, 1910, at which election there
will be submitted to the qualified
voters of the said City of Caldwell,
who are taxpayers, the question OIL
whether or not the Mayor and Coun-
Gil shall be authorized to issue in the
name of and on the credit of the City
of Caldwell, not exceeding six per cent
interest bearing, coupon bonds n the
sum of $50,OOO.00 payable in twenty
years but may be paid in ten years, at
the option of the City, for the pur-
pose of providing for the construc-
tlon and maintenance of addit onal
water works of the City of Caldwell,
and supp ying the same with water as
provided in Ordinance No. III to
which reference is hereby made.
That at said elect on none but
qualified electors who are tax payers
and registered according to law, will
be entitled to vote The polls shall
be open from 8 o'clock in the fore
noon, to 7 O'Clock in the evening of
said day. The polling places and reg
istrars for the respective wards are
as follows:
First Ward-Polling place, Pacific
Hotel; Registrar, Frederika Selma.
bel.
Second Ward-Polling pace, Cor
ner of Arthur Street and Ninth Ave
nue.; Registrar, Clara Powell.
Third Ward-Polling place, City
Hall; Reg strar, Lillian Potter
BY order of the Mayor and CITY
Council of the City of Caldwell, Ioa-
no.
c. ]. SHORB
City Clerk.
Dated June /, 1910.
The Caldwell tribune. [volume] (Caldwell, Idaho Territory [Idaho]) 1883-1928, 1910-06-03
Two brand new houses, cheap.
Park Tompkin5 Co., Lad

An exceptionally fine bill will be
put on at the Magic Theatre Friday
and Saturday and in order to &C.
commodate the large crowds that are
expected both nights the doors will
BIZ opened about half all hour
earlier.
The Caldwell tribune. [volume] (Caldwell, Idaho Territory [Idaho]) 1883-1928, 1910-06-03
OPENING OF 10000 ACRES CARE@
ACT LAND

AT Weiser. Idaho, June 18th. IN
DER Crane Creek Project. Reduced
.ckets on sala juno IL, IL and IA
Inn ted to June IS. See ageats 70,
further part eulars.
The Caldwell tribune. [volume] (Caldwell, Idaho Territory [Idaho]) 1883-1928, 1910-06-03

church were delightfully."- entertained
on Wednesday afternoon at the home
of Mr.. and Mrs. Ed Meek.
Mrs. Gilbert Shelby entertained on
Wednesday and Thursday
The Caldwell tribune. [volume] (Caldwell, Idaho Territory [Idaho]) 1883-1928, 1910-06-03
$500 reward VII be given for tn

$500 reward WI be given for the
return of New Foundland dog taken
from my pace The dog is pet Of
my children and the person having
same in his possession would confer
great favor uDon me and children
by liberating the dog. Thos. Nc
Cullom
The Caldwell tribune. [volume] (Caldwell, Idaho Territory [Idaho]) 1883-1928, 1910-06-03

You buy at present valuations,
paying in instruments, 70 US, like
rent. You sell-a year, 2 years or
so from now-at the then valuations,
getting a years or two years rent
free and some to add to your bank
account.
The Caldwell tribune. [volume] (Caldwell, Idaho Territory [Idaho]) 1883-1928, 1910-06-03
LEGAL ADVERTISING.

Final proof notices .......... $3.50
Bank Uatements, legal rnteH
All other legal notices at the rate
established by the laws of the State OF
Idaho; that Is 800 per folio first in
ser.icn and so cents per folio each ad-
dit.oral Insertion. A folio consists of
Jhe inch solid nOnpareil or co words.
No other rates recognized by the firm
except on written contracts.
The Caldwell tribune. [volume] (Caldwell, Idaho Territory [Idaho]) 1883-1928, 1910-06-03
RATES OF ADVERTISING.
In Effect .IuIy l. Intlil

Display, per inch $50. ........ 171sc
Display contracts, not less thnn
1900 Inches to be used within
six months ................. 12kc
Locals, per line per Insertion. 10
Local. contract of 500 lines to
be used within six months -. OF
Card of thanks ..... ........ 80
Condolences ..,..,....sssA...... leo
Classified advertisements.s INC per
word per issue.
No CLASSIFIED advertisement taken for
less than 20 cents. a.S
Posters printed from ndvts.s
Full. NEe-I5OO copies ...s... 1900
less $685. per cent.
Full pnEe-f0O0 copies ....... 1900
Less 331-3 per cent.
HnIf pnRe-I6OO copies ....s.. 1000
Less 33 Ia per cent.
Hall page-IOO0 copies ....... 500
Less 33 I-3 per cent.
The Caldwell tribune. [volume] (Caldwell, Idaho Territory [Idaho]) 1883-1928, 1910-06-03
See Park Tompkins Co. Ltd.

O05 I al II IUIIIphIuo OO'I LtU.
We can sell you a four room house
with an acre of ground, splenddly
located, just finished. $1,000. Your
own terms.
ARK Tompkin. Co. Ltd.
The Caldwell tribune. [volume] (Caldwell, Idaho Territory [Idaho]) 1883-1928, 1910-06-03
Dated June l 1910.
NOTICE OF SALE OF SPECIAL AS.
SESSMENT SEWERAGE mp-
RONEMENT BONDS OF DISTRICT
NO. 3, CITY OF CALDWELL,

Notice is hereby given by the Nav
or and City Counc of the CITY of
Caldwell, Idaho, that the said Mayor
and Council intend to issue, negotiate
and sell the negotiable Special As
Sessment Sewerage Improvement cou-
non bonds, District No. 3. OF said
City TO the amount of 100000 90 for
he purpose of pay ng the cost AMI
expense of the Improvement in 80.
cal Improvement District No. g." Of
The Caldwell tribune. [volume] (Caldwell, Idaho Territory [Idaho]) 1883-1928, 1910-06-03
Lazy Mans TribulatIons

he lazy man." said Uncle Eben
"'eS 10 save trouble an merely sue
'as IN fa,in' ii up sos To rit !, +,
nuuCh " y
The Caldwell tribune. [volume] (Caldwell, Idaho Territory [Idaho]) 1883-1928, 1910-06-03

Reu Telephone Observation-Disclosures. 6S
Independent Telephone ...........6 SO
The Caldwell tribune. [volume] (Caldwell, Idaho Territory [Idaho]) 1883-1928, 1910-06-03
Attest:

G. ]. SHORE,
Clerk of the City of Caldwell, Idaho
The Caldwell tribune. [volume] (Caldwell, Idaho Territory [Idaho]) 1883-1928, 1910-06-03

Continued on page 3D.
The Dawson news. (Dawson, Ga.) 1889-current, 1910-10-05

Every year a large number of poor
sufferers whose lungs are sore and
racked with coughs are urged to go
to another climate. But this is cost
ly, and not always sure. There's a
better way. Let DR.. Kings New
Discovery cure you at home. 1T
cured me of lung trouble" writes
w. r. Nelson of Calamine, Ark
when all else failed, and gained Al
pounds in weight It's surely the
king of all cough and lung cures -
Thousands owe their lives and health
to it. It's positively guaranteed for
coughs, colds, lagrippe. asthma
croup-all throat and lung troubles
5Oc. and S1.O0. Trial bottle free at
Dawson Drug Cos.
The Dawson news. (Dawson, Ga.) 1889-current, 1910-10-05
MANY ASK TO SEE U. S. FLYER
The Army Is Asked to Exhibit Its
100000 AerOplane, and Also
to Loan 1t.

10 Loan 1t.
WASHINGTON, D. C.-Have the
people of the United States gone mad
over aeronautics? Officers of the
chief signal Office of the United
Estates army seem to think so, and
as evidence for their belief they Of
fer several hundred letters received
from persons in all parts of the
country asking that the $4,000
aeroplane which the government ac-
CURED last year from the Wright
brothers, after number of spectacu-
lar flights at Fort Myer, be sent to
different points in the country and
exhibited
Many have asked Brigadier- Gen
eral James Allen, chief of the signal
service, for the use of the machine
in contests. The government ma
chine is at San Antonio, Tex, where
a number of Gen. Aliens assistants
are engaged in experimental work.
The officials say they are sorry they
cannot accommodate the writer's and
send the machine into every state
in the union. They believe that if
they could do this there would be
no trouble about getting congress to
appropriate additional funds for
aeronautical wrok
The Dawson news. (Dawson, Ga.) 1889-current, 1910-10-05
LOOK WHO COMES.
Mr.. MinOtt, the Rubber Man, With
Two English Wallets.

Mr.. MlnOtt, the Rubber Man, With
Two English Wallets.
Mr.. Minott, nabob of the Ameri-
can Rubber Trust, arrived at San
Francisco the other day with two
English Wallets in his encourage. The
customs authorities declined to ad-
NIT the Wallets on the ground that
they were contract laborers. Mr..
Minott, who is a millionaire, and
could not possibly do without the
services of two Wallets for his per-
sonal care and adornment, told the
impertinent customs officials that I'M
less they passed the Wallets in he
would, his own splendid and i'm
portant self, stay out The customs
ofhclals were Obdurate, so Mr.. Minott
stayed out with the gentleman s
gentlemen who could battle his feet,
brush his clothes and tell him which
suit and which hat he ought to wear.
The rubber trust, of which Mr.. Mi
mott is a part, is the organization in
the interest of which the Payne-AI-
drich tariff law makes higher prices
possible.
The Dawson news. (Dawson, Ga.) 1889-current, 1910-10-05
$4,000 RAISED BY NEGROES.
Will Be Presented to Morris Brown
College at Atlanta.

Negroes of Georgia, by appealing
to members of their own race and
not to a single white person, have
recently raised the sum of more than
$25 900, which is to be presented to
the Morris Brown college as a me-
mortal offering on October 9Th, the
date of it's quarto-centennial
This is an achievement never be-
fore accomplished by the members
of the race at any place in the
United States at any time in it's his
tory. The subscriptions to this ed
ucatiOnal fund have come froe mem
bers of the African Methodist church,
numbers of whom are washerwomen,
laborers, team drivers, ditch dig
gers, etc.