davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Los Angeles herald., 1910-09-12
GOOD SCORES MADE At
REVOLVER CLUB SHOOT
Fair Experts Appear on Bishop
Range and Puncture the
BuIISeye

Excellent scores were made yesterday by
the Los Angeles Revolver club members at
their practice shoot the Bishop street
range. When r. j. Fraser settled down to
business he did exceptionally we'll, boring out
nine scores of 90 and better and ending with
a % out of a possible 100. j. f. Holcomb
made a good showing, his scores averaging
close to the 30 mark,
A. b. Douglas was on hand with his IS
six-shooter and gave good account of him
self with the weapon
In the afternoon Miss Annis Putnam and
Miss Anna Bartosch put in an appearance
at the range for the first time and did clever
work with the % caliber single-shot smoke
stick.
w r. Smith who is in the habit of pune
turing the 10 ring quite frequently, was not
present as he was absent from the city on
his vacation.
Taken all together the shooting good
and the members left the range well pleased
with the days work.
The outdoor championship matches of the
United States Revolver association will be
held on the Bishop street range the week Of
September 1926, and some good scores are
looked for from the local marksmen.
Those who will take part in the events
are: w. f. Smith. A. d. Macomber r. J.
Fraser, j. f. Holcomh, Or. G. I. Royce, DR..
L, NJ Packard A. B. Douglas and I. C. Doug
las The conditions will be so shots at so
Yards under L. s. r. A. rules
Following are the results Of yesterday:
r,rr-rv UADT
Los Angeles herald., 1910-09-12
AMATEUR GOLFERS READY
FOR NATIONAL TOURNEY

BROOKLINE, Mass, Sept. 11.-EX-
pert amateur golfers will begin a
weeks struggle at the Country club s
links tomorrow for the championship
of the United States Golf association.
The player that survives through
thirty-six holes of medal play and five
rounds of match play will receive a
gold medal, and his club the custody
for a year of the Havemeyer cup.
Robert A. Gardner of the Hinsdale
Golf club of Chicago is the present
title holder and will be one of tomor-
rows starters. The field also includes
Walter j. Travis of Garden City, three
times a winner; H. Chandler Egan Of
Exmoor, who won in 1904 and 1905,
and E. NJ. Byers of Pittsburg, title
holder of 1906. Jerome D. TraVers,
winner in 19O8 L. N. James of Chi
cago, in 1902 H. M. Hartman of New
York, in 1899, and A. S. Douglass Of
Nassau, in 1898, will not start
Los Angeles herald., 1910-09-12
ANACONDA GARD FOR MONDAY

First race four and half furlongs-Othale.
Wiltrude s., Deadwood, Greenwood los; ABE
Slupskey, liz; Faith McAlister 100; Practi-
TONER 103.
second race five and a half furlongs-Robert
Mitchell, Carasco, May Pink, He Knows, 1O4;
Caesar, 1O1; Glaucus. 1O7; Aouiline, Phillistina,
1OS Gramercy, 81.
Third race, FIVE and half furlongs-Lady
Adelaide, Soma, Emma G., 10S; Lee Harrison
II, Tillinghast. Roy II. 10; Warfare. Sononas
Nyanza 1O5 Ybor, Ill; Geneva, SO.
Fourth race, one and a sixteenth miles-Dave
Weber, Springban, Mike Jordan, ]. C. Glen,
102; Iivius 101 Nebraska Lass, Treasure Seek
er, 107
Fifth race, one mie-Dr. White, Captain Bur-
nett Ornate, Howard Pearson, Cabin, John J.
Rogers 1O9; Tom Reid 112; Electrowan. 1O1;
Kogo, 104.
Sixth race. six furlongs-Del Cruzador. liz;
Thomas Calhoun, 107; Ramon Corona. Miss
Picnic, 1O3; Marian Casey, McNally, Beulah
Lee. Native Son, 109.
Los Angeles herald., 1910-09-12

score After that came the twelfth
and Bodies chance to be a hero.
Mohler was first man up and drew
a pass. Shaw sacrificed, Wheeler to
Howard. Then Bodie and his fence
clearer, and the Seals were two runs
in the lead. This was not enough,
however, and after Tenant had
grounded out to Wheeler, Witt came
through with a bingle to left. Will
liams slammed one to Thorsen, who in
tended to throw to Wheeler, but hit the
runner instead. The ball caromed into
right field and Witt scored before IT
could be recovered. That was plenty,
as the following numbers show:
Los Angeles herald., 1910-09-12
ARELLANES HOLDS
VERNON RUNLESS
Former Boston American TWirIer
Has Villagers at Mercy-Car-
son Is Not Difficult -

SACRAMENTO. Sept. 11.--Frank Ar
elanes, late of the Boston Ameri-
cans, was or the mound for Sacra~
mcnto today and held Vernon to three
hits and no runs. The Villagers were
unable to connect at all with Arel-
lanes shoots, while Carson was nit at
opportune times by the Senators.
Heister, in center field for Sacra-
mento, and Carlisle, in the same place
for Vernon, pulled off some brilliant
catches. Today's game gave Sacra-
mento the series. Score:
Los Angeles herald., 1910-09-12
VANDERBILT'S HORSES WIN
TWO RACES AT CHANTILLY

PARIS, Sept. .11.-W K. Vanderbilt
was successful in two events at Chan
tillv today. His Brume won the Prix
la Rochette for 2-year-old fillies, while
his Manfred captured the Prix la
Rochette for 2-year-old colts. Each
prize amounted to $4,000. The distance
was five and a half furlongs.
Los Angeles herald., 1910-09-12
WESTERN LEAGUE

At Wichita-First game Des Moines 4,
Wichita s. Second game, Des Moines 70,
Wichita g.
yer o. Second game, Sioux City 2, Denver 3.
At Omaha-First game. Topeka o. Omaha 7.
Second game. Topeka 3, Omaha T.
At ST. Joseph-First game, Lincoln 3, st.
Joseph 2. Second game, Lincoln 8, st. Jo-
seph 0.
Los Angeles herald., 1910-09-12
SANTA MONICA BUNCH
WINS FIRST Of SERIES
Take Sea Lions of Redondo in
Tow in Game Featured
by Hitting

Santa Monica yesterday afternoon won
the first game of series of three against
the Sea Lions of Redondo by a score Of II
to l. Hard hitting of the winners brought
home the long end of the score. Forney OF
Santa Monica was the star of the game
sending the ball out three times FIVE
trips to bat, while johnson connected with
the sphere for a home run. Redondo and
Santa Monica will play next Sunday at he-
1uudO. Score:
Los Angeles herald., 1910-09-12
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION

Al ToulsviIle-First game, Toledo 3, Louis
vile O Second game, Toledo II, Louisville TO-
At Milwaukee-First game, Minneapolis A.
Milwaukee s. Second game. Minneapolis g.
Milwaukee l.
Columbus TO- Second game, Indianapolis g.
Columbus 0.
At Kansas City--First game, st. Paul g.
Kansas City 0. Second game, st. Paul /,
Kansas City g.
Los Angeles herald., 1910-09-12
NATIONAL LEAGUE
COLE KEEPS HITS SPREAD
AND CUBS DEFEAT PIRATES

CHICAGO, Sept. 11.-Chcago regained its
lead OF 10h games in the National league
race today by defeating Pittsburg 8 to p
before a record crowd. Cole, though hit for
twelve safetes, kept the drives scattered
Loose fielding, Camnitz's wildness and time
ly hitting won for the locals. Score:
Chicago 8, hits Q. errors 0.
Pittsburg 2, hits y, errors 4.
Batteries-Cole and king; Camnitz and
Gibson. Umpires, Rigler and Emslie.
Los Angeles herald., 1910-09-12
OAKS TAKE TWO GAMES
FROM LEAGUE LEADERS
Holes in Beavers InfieId Give
Commuters Chance to Fat
ten Their Percentage

SAN FRANCISCO, Sept. 1.-THE
Oakland players burned up a great
stretch of the distance between them
selves and the Portland outfit in the
percentage column today, when they
defeated the northerners in the morn
ing and repeated the dose after the
monday meal.
The first game ended 5 to 8, and the
afternoon game, to 8, both in favor of
Oakland. Holes in Portland's 'infeld
gave Oakland the advantage. Score:
MORNING GAME
Los Angeles herald., 1910-09-12
AMERICAN LEAGUE
MAPS MAKE CLEAN SWEEP OF
OU5LE-HEADER AT ST. LOUIS

ST. LOUIS, Sept. 11.-Cleveland took both
games OF a double header from ST. Louis to-
uay, 3 10 o. and to s. Scores first game;
st. Louis 0, hits l, errors l.
Cleveland 3, hits T. errors 3.
Batteries-Malloy and Killfer Mitchell and
Land.
Second game:
ST. Louis 5, hits 7, errors G.
Cleveland T. hits 9, errors 3
Batteries-Lake and Stephens; Koestner and
Land.
Los Angeles herald., 1910-09-12
TWO RUNS IN FIRST INNING
WIN FOR TIGERS OVER soX

CHICAGO, Sept IA base on balls to D.
Jones, a scratch hit by Mcintyre and an
error, and Crawfords triple gave Detroit two
in the first inning today, and although the
visitors could not score again, Detroit won,
2 to 0. Score:
Detroit 3 hits 7, errors 2.
Chicago 0. hits . errors T.
Batteres-Mullin and Schmidt; 'Omstead
and Block.
Los Angeles herald., 1910-09-12
Totals. ........34 3 II
OAKLAND
SCORE BY INNINGS
SUMMARY

Hits-Two and run off Boice in l-S IN
nings: II hits and runs off Nelson in 1-3
innings Home run-Maggert Two-base
hits-Olsen Casey. Sacrifice hits-Sheehan
Kruger Rapps, Nelson, Maggert. Eases on
balIs-Off Boice, off Seaton, 4; off Moser
/. Struck out-By Nelson, by Seaton, 3;
by Moser, /. Double plays-Pfyl to Thomas;
Wolverton to Cutshaw to Cameron. Passed
ball-Murray. Time-2;00. Umpires-Fin-
ney and Van Haltren.
Los Angeles herald., 1910-09-12
Totals. ....',...2f - -
SCORE BY INNINGS
SUMMARY

Sacrifice hits-Pfyl Sheehan, Knapp, Cut
shaw. Two-base hits-Olsen. Kruger, 2.
Bases on balls--Of Knapp, 3; off Christian,
3. struck out-By Knapp, 6; by Christian,
2 Hit by pitcher-Wolverton. Passed balls
Thomas .; Fisher, g. wild pitch-Krapp.
Time-1:45. Umpires-Flnney and Van
Haltren.
Los Angeles herald., 1910-09-12
Standing of Clubs
COAST LEAGUE
YESTERDAYS RESULTS

Los Angeles I, San Francisco 0.
san Francisco 3, Los Angeles (12 in
nlngs).
Sacramento 3, Vernon o.
Oakland 5, Portland 3.
Oakland 4, Portland 3.
Los Angeles herald., 1910-09-12
SCORE BY INNINGS

Home run-Johnson. Three-hase hit
Venable. Two-base hits-Forney, Bibo. sac
ridce hits-Forney ., Cline, Morrissey
schildwater. First base on errors-Rodondo
8; santa Monica D Left on bases-Re-
dondo, .; Santa Monica, s. Eases on balls
OF Russell, .; off Gype, /; off Nenable, /.
Struck out-By Russell, s; by Gype, 4; by
Venable, >. Double play-Bouett to Ven
able Hits-On Russell, 10; off Gype, o. off
Venable. g. Passed hals-Hoyt wild
pitch-Russell. Hit by pitcher-Teck,
Wright. GmpiTe-Baldy.
Los Angeles herald., 1910-09-12
SAN FRANCISCO
SCORE BY INNINGS
SUMMARY

Home runs-Bode. Two-base hits-Daley,
Madden, Bernard Sacrifice hits-Muryhy Wit.
4ennant, Bernard. Howard, Hallinan, Sutor.
Bases on balls-On Thorsen, 6; Sutor, g..
Struck out-By Thorscn, 5; Sutor G. Double
plays Hallinan to Dillon TO Oren1orff Mohler
to Shaw 10 Tenant, Hallnan to Howard to
Dillon Witt to Mohler to Tenant: Shaw to
Moher to Tenant Wild pitches-Thorsen, 2.
mpre, McGreevy Time Of game, 2:3O.
Los Angeles herald., 1910-09-12
ST. LOUIS TRIMS REDS IN
LOOSELY PLAYED CONTEST

CINCINNATI. Sept. list. Louis won a
see-saw game from Cincinnati today 3 10 G.
Gaspar was hit hard at all stages, Golden's
wlldness coming losing for the visitors.
Score:
st. Louis s. hits Is, errors /.
Cincinnati C. hits TO- errors @
.Batteries-Golden Harmon and Bresnahan;
Gaspar and Mclean. umplres, Johnstone and
Eason.
Los Angeles herald., 1910-09-12
SAN FRANCISCO
SCORE BY INNINGS
SUMMARY

Three-base hits-Orendorff. Two base hits
Madden. Sacrifice hits-Mohler Bases on balls
off Henley. /; Nagle, l. Struck out-By Hen
ley 7; Nagle. 4. Double plays-Delmas to
Hallinan TO Dillon to Delmas Passed balls
Orendorff. Umpire, McGreevy. Time of game
Los Angeles herald., 1910-09-12
BOD|E SMASHES WORLDS HOME RUN
RECORD AND WINS CAME FOR SEALS

ThoSen and Sutor Engage TWeNennng Pitching Duel Before
Fence Clearer Breaks Up the Show and Gives Visitors
Margn-Mornng Game Is Taken by Angels When
Orendorff Drives Out Triple in Eighth and Is
Brought Home on Single by Nage
Afternoon Game Sensational
Gilpin observer. (Central City, Colo.) 1897-1921, 1910-06-16
ON HIS FIRST SOCIAL CALL
Mr.. Makinbrakes Succeeds in Distin.
gushing himself In His Justly
Celebrated Way.

Mr.. Makinbrakes was expressing
his qualification that a respectable
family had moved into the house next
to his.
You may not like it at first, Mr..
Newcome," he said, "for our street
has kind O. run down, and nobody
that amounts to pinch of SNUFF ever
comes here to live any more-that is
l mean, that's the way they talk about
our street, but 1t isn't exactly true,
for we have had sometimes just as
good citizens as you'll find anywhere;
the family that occupied that house
you've just moved into were excep-
donally nice people. and we were
sorry to see them move away, because
you never can tell what kind of-er-
people will come next, you know
might be the cheapest kind of skates,
you see-Im not speaking of anybody
personally. or, rather I am-for one is
likely to be polite to-h'm!-perfect
strangers, and-er-encourage them
to borrow things when you-by the
way, Mr.. Newcome, do you think the
Cubs stand any chance of winning the
championship this year,"
Gilpin observer. (Central City, Colo.) 1897-1921, 1910-06-16

cause and their interest is being stimulated by
means of shooting competitions, in which the
trophies and prizes of sufficient value to in
cite keen rivalry. Much of this countrywide
arousal of interest In craftsmanship is attributable
to the missionary work. performed by the Ma
tional Board for the Promotion of Rifle Practise,
a permanent body maintained by appropriation by
congress- and the membership of which embraces
both government officials and civilians.
Yet another factor in the present awakening is
found in the very keen interest manifested in
every phase Of this subject by the present head of
the United States war department Secretary OF
War Dickinson Is. himself. something Of rife
cabinet In many years who has attained any pro
fciency with firearms. Recently. when the war
secretary visited one Of the military rifle ranges
near Washington in company with some army OFF,
GERS. he made score of AZ offhand. for his first
Gilpin observer. (Central City, Colo.) 1897-1921, 1910-06-16
Observation-Disclosures

awaiting the moment when the girl will come out
The correspondence having been established
and the girl having accepted and returned the
love VOWS of the novio. then begin the evening
cooings through the balcony grating, when all
movement has ceased in the city and nothing but
the whistles of the policemen at the corners or
the footsteps of night Waterman heard
The moonlight nights generally are particularly
preferred by the lovers for their billings and it
is not rare when one is going home at midnight
to find three or four couples of lovers on every
street; he on the sidewalk. she at the window
or in the second-story balcony. and the moon
smiling on the picturesque scene
With regard to playing the bear" among the
lowest class little be said A soft push a
pulling of the woman's rebozo, few harsh
words from the lips Of the latter, then a smile
and subsequently few medidas (drnks) at the
nearest pulque shop. and the contract is closed
None would think. however, when seeing how
easily these poor people concluded their engage
ments. that they would be so devoted to each
other The woman, particularly. will patiently
bear all kinds OF suffering rather than to
her man." She would die before she could be
Induced to depose against the man when he ia
In trouble with the authorities II he fails sick.
1t is she who provides food and medicine.
Gilpin observer. (Central City, Colo.) 1897-1921, 1910-06-16
A Practical Discourse.

One stormy day the children were
amusing themselves indoors, playing
church. Nov. Florence" said Theo-
dore. I'll be the minister and tell you
what you must do. shd you'll be the
people. and you must stem and do
what I tell you" Climbing up on a
chair. he began his sermon Florence,
you must be a very good girl and do
whatever your brother wants you to.
If he wants your playthings. you must
let him have them, and If you want
any of his. you just let 'em alone."-
Christian Herald
Gilpin observer. (Central City, Colo.) 1897-1921, 1910-06-16
GREATEST GOLD COUNTRY.

The largest gold-producing country is the Trans
vaal. where the output increased from ssOooooo In
1889 to s133 900 900 In 1907. The increase In the
production of the Transvaal mines made during
the year 1907 almost equaed the entire production
of the gold fields in Alaska In round figures. the
worlds production OF gold from the discovery Of
America in 1892 to 1880 was about $4,000 100000
The entire worlds supply of gold could not have
been in excess of s65OO.OOO.Ooo The last 80 years
has doubled this supply and II the present produc
ton is maintained for another generation 1t will
double again. the National Magazine says. AS gold
has long been the worldwide standard of value
these statistics certainly suggest that the increase
In the production of this precious metal may indeed
vitality affect prices
Gilpin observer. (Central City, Colo.) 1897-1921, 1910-06-16

Playing the bear" in the current language of
Mexico, means to court a woman. Although there
are so many social classes in this country espe.
cially In the capital city. where ten or more could
be counted. all Of them entirely different in Gus.
toms one from the other. there are but two ways
OF playing the bear"
When young man OF the middle or higher
classes is attracted by girl the street. he be-
gins by following her to her home. though he may
spend whole day without daring to speak to her.
He remains on the street. looking at her balco-
MES or windows. II the girl comes out or II the
beau observes the slightest movement Of the cur.
tains or blinds. that Is a sign that she Is not en-.
trey Indifferent to him and from that day on he
spends all his leisure hours and many that he
should dedicate to his occupation under the bal.
comics or In front Of his prospective novias resi-.
dence
After three or four days. when the ap.
pears. the girl comes out to her balcony, Just for
a moment. The following day she comes out
again and stays little longer, but only after
ten or twelve days (never nor after the thr.
teenth day. for fear Of the number 13) does she
degn to look In the direction Of the patient beau
who salutes her with bow. taking on his hat
and beaming with his sweetest smile.
Thereafter salutes and smiles are daily ex.
Gilpin observer. (Central City, Colo.) 1897-1921, 1910-06-16

changed; then comes the sending Of flowers
symbocal colors slyly delivered by the ''agua-
dor" (water carrier) or the "carbonero" (char-
coal vender), till at the end of month a per-
fumed letter. written rose-colored paper in
the young mans best chirography. reaches the
hands of his beloved. carefully concealed among
the flowers Of the prettiest bouquet that the
novio was able to find at the flower market near
the cathedral.
One ignorant OF the country customs would
think he had Disguised the mistress of his
thoughts. because for two three days after the
sending Of the letter she does not appear at her
window. as she was in the habit of doing and 1t
is necessary to send another letter. even more
expressive than the first to make her come out
and smile again.
Neither Is this letter answered. It is neces.
sary to send third one. speaking Of nights of
watchfuness. Of dependency. Of projects Of sui.
eide. etc., as they say in well.known szarzuela:
mi como nj bebo. vivo nj duermo, nj
fumo. nj NADIA" Il neither eat nor drink, nor
live nor Sleep nor smoke nor do many other
things)
AS rule. this letter is answered evasively.
but from that moment correspondence is estab-
lished. The appointments come next and the
lover Is no longer obliged to spend entire days
Gilpin observer. (Central City, Colo.) 1897-1921, 1910-06-16
Good Friend" President Buchanan.


Your letter of the 9th ult has afforded
me the greatest pleasure, containing as 1t
does such kind expressions with regard to
my son and assuring me that the character
and object of his visit to you and to the
United States have been fully appreciated
and that his demeanor and the feelings
evinced by him have secured to him your
esteem and the general good will Of your
countrymen.
1 purposely delayed the answer to your
letter until I should be able to couple
with 1t the announcement of the prince
Of Wales safe return to his home. Con-
trary winds and stress of weather have
much retarded his arrival. but we have
been fully compensated for the anxiety
which this long delay has naturally
caused US by finding him in such excel
lent health and spirits and so delighted
with all he has seen and experienced in
his travels.
He cannot sufficiently praise the great
cordially with which he has been every
where greeted in your country and the
friendly manner in which you have re-
ceived him. and whilst. as a mother, I am
grateful for the kindness shown, I feel
impelled to express at the same time
how deeply I have been touched by the
many demonstrations OF affection person.
ally toward myself which his presence
has called forth.
l fully reciprocate toward your nation
tie ieeiiHsS linus apparent ana look
upon them as forming an important link
to connect two nations OF kindred origin
and character, whose mutual esteem and
friendship must always have so material
an influence upon their respective devel-
opment and prosperity.
The interesting and touching scene at
the grave OF General Washington, to
which you allude. may be fitly taken as
the type of our present feeling. and
trust of our future relations.
The prince consort. who heartily Joins
In the expressions contained in this let
ter. wishes to be kindly remembered to
you. as We both wish to be to Miss Lane
Believe me. always your good friend.
VICTORIA. r.
The Prince Of Wales wrote to the
president In the same spirit and sent
him portrait Of himself las a slight
mark of my grateful recollection Of
the hospitable reception and agree
able visit at the White House on the
occasion of my tour in the United
States" The portrait was a painting
Of himself done by Sir John Watson
Gordon. The prince also presented
Miss Lane with set OF engravings
Of the royal family.
Gilpin observer. (Central City, Colo.) 1897-1921, 1910-06-16
BY QUEEN
Victoria's Regard for Harriet
Lane Is Recalled.
Popularity Of President Buchanan's
Niece Recalled by Death Of King
Edward-Mother's Letter to
the Chief Executive.

Washington.-In the administration
Of President Franklin Pierce in 1852
James Buchanan was minister to Eng
land, and with him in London was his
niece, Harriet Lane. who at that time
had just reached her eighteenth birth
day. Mr.. Buchanan was a bachelor
and Miss Lane was his ward as well
AS his niece, and his home had been
hers from her childhood.
Under ordinary circumstances she
would not have had the distinction
she enjoyed at court, but Queen Vic
toria, upon whom her beauty made a
deep impression decided her social
status by her personal attention. All
the royal family regarded her with
favor and admiration.
A letter published at the time in a
Baltimore paper tells of the sensation
she created when she appeared before
the prince, who afterward said his
stay Of five days in the White House
was the happiest he had spent out of
England, and he made no secret of
his appreciation of both the president
sessed likable qualities, for all the cir
Gle Of official Washington voiced his
praises at the time, and their recol-
lections as recorded in books and let
tiers emphasize the hold he had upon
them.
The queen. writing from Windsor
castle in November. 1860. to her
Gilpin observer. (Central City, Colo.) 1897-1921, 1910-06-16

the showing they made In the last
previous national shoot, and there
are great number Of monetary
prizes In all the different classes.
For teams, first prizes range from
individual matches the first prizes
are In the neighborhood of $50 each.
Many of these individual contests
are open to any citizen of the Uni
ted States between the ages of 18
and 45 years.
Congress annually appropriates
about $4,000 as a mess fund for
feeding the contestants In the great
annual matches. Each competitor in
the big contest is also entitled to the
use of cot and mattress. and the
necessary camp furniture. 1t is a
populous tented city which rises
each year in the vicinity Of the tar
gets at Camp Perry. More than 100
officers and more than 1000 enlisted
men of the regular army enter the
trials each year, and there is also
upward OF 1000 team contestants
and officers, and perhaps half as
many National Guardsmen not at
tached to teams, and civilian rifle
club members. Finally. there is a
considerable body of individual con-
testants. and not less than 500 mem
bers of the National Guard of the
state of Ohio, who cooperate with
a regiment of the regular army. in
manning the range-attending to the
Aiken targets, with which the range
is equipped throughout. and acting
as markers and scorers. The con-
tests this year promise to attract a
greater number Of participants than
ever before.