davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The San Francisco call., 1910-03-01
INVENTOR WILL FLY
MACHINE IN STORM
Leonard Lane Claims That His
Gyroscope Aeroplane VIII
Sail in Any Wind

BERKELEY, Feb 2s.-Leonard Lane.
a West Berkeley inventor who de-
clares that he made flights a year ago.
announced today that his machine had
been perfected. but that he intended
to fly his gyroscrope aeroplane only in
storm to prove it's stability -
Lane claims that his flying machine
will operate in any kind of weather
conditions. and to prove ITS worth he
intends waiting for a high wind to
snow his perfect control under ad-
verse circumstances,
Lane attracted someIattention a year
ago when he declared that he had
flown with his machine. worked by
man power from Oakland to his Fran
cisco street home. He afterward took
his small model to pieces. but de-
clareS that he has lately completed a
large one, with which he will fly.
The San Francisco call., 1910-03-01
Coast Brevities

PIONEER ARCHITECT BURIED-San Jose Feb
2s.--The funeral of Jacob Lensen, the pioneer
architect who passed away Saturday, was held
this afternoon by the local Odd Fellows.
SAN FRANCISCAN F1NED-Ssn Jose Feb 2s-
Henry Simonds of San Francisco was arrested
yesterday by Game Warden kopple on the
Llagas creek, while fishing for trout and today
he was fined $40 by Justice Wallace Of this
city,
SOLDIERS BODY IDENTIFIED-Port Town
send. Feb. 2s.-5The body of a soldier found at
the base of a clin near Fort worden last week
has been partially identifed that OF Private
Reil. who posted as deserter nearly a
year ago
GIVEN THE LIMIT-Red Bluff, Feb. 2S.-James
Freeman. mulatto, was septenced today to
IA years Imprisonment in the penitentiary at
Folsom for an assault ON Mrs. Payne In Te-
hama two weeks ago. Freeman pleaded guilty.
The penalty imposed Is the limit off the law.
WOMAN WILL RECovER--Los Angeles Feb.
2s--AIrs. l. O. .Curtiss. wife of Senator /. o.
Il Curtiss Of Aberdeen. =. D., who fell from the
platform OF moving trolley, car at Venice
last night. will recover unless unexpected
complications set In.
The San Francisco call., 1910-03-01
MARRIAGES

BARRoN--JAMES--I this city. February II,
1910; by the Rev.. William RAIDER. Charles
Clinton Barron Of San Francisco and Ella
Henrietta James of Los Angeles, Cal.
BLoCK-HORSFALI,-In this city, February 2.
1870 by the Rev. William RAIDER, Wilhelm
F.. Block and Lucy e. Horsfall, both Of San
Francisco.
DALZIEL-McPHEE-In this city, February o.,
1910, by the Rev. William RAIDER, David Dali
ziel and Alta McPhee, both of San Francisco.
NG--MAHLMANN-In this city. Feb
ruary 16. 1910. by the Rev. William RAIDER,
Henry FOSTERING Of Alameda CAL, and Sadie
:. Mahlmann of San Francisco.
NEwMAN-McKAY-In this city. February o.
1910 by the Rev. William RAIDER, Alfred
H Newman and Ethel May Mckay. both of
San Francisco
RoLLs-SAND-In this city. February "a. 1910.
by the Rev. William RAIDER, Edwin l.. Rolls
and Myrtle Anita Sand. both of San Francisco.
sPARoyICH- this city. Febru-
ary 27 1910. by the Rev. Father I. n Pash-
kovsky, Tomo' p. Sparovich and Mileva r.
.Popovieh. both of San Francisco.
WOOD-MORCUNf--In this city, February "a.
1910. by Rev. E. p. bennett, Charles II.
Wood and Lila s. Morcum, both of San
Francisco.
The San Francisco call., 1910-03-01
NEWS ALAMEDA HAYWARD AND SAN IEANDRO
MARRIAGE AGENCY
WEDDING lUCklESS
/ Plaintiff Says Woman Took Him
Because His ''BankrolI
Looked Good

OAKLAND, Feb 2s.-The marriage
through the instrumentality of a mar
riage agency brought no marital joys
for Charles H. Picard and his wife
Rosalia, or, if ii did, those joys were
soon dispened. They were at outs two
months after Picard had answered an
advertisement and made the husband
hunting advertiser his wife, according
10 testimony that was given today in
Judge Harris court. Both are asking
for a divorce on the ground of extreme
cruelty.
Picard's claim is that his wife never
did have any real affection for him
She told his friends, he testified, that
she had married him because his
.'bsnkroll looked good
Mrs. Picard says her husband was
brutal and was in the habit of flying
into passion Judge Harris viii take
further testimony.
An unnamed affinity broke up the
marital happiness OF Mrs. Edna Rob
erts Of Alameda, who was granted ar
interlocutory decree of divorce today
against r. Knox Roberts, an automo-
bile salesman.
August Silveira deserted his wife
Leonora, the latter testified, because
she was a California girl Silveira
who is a Portuguese. told her he did
not like native daughters and went
back 10 his native land TO get a woman
he liked better. The wife was granted
an interlocutory decree of divorce to-
day.
The following new suits for divorce
were begun today Florence NJ. Burg
hardt against Arthur F. Bnrghardt. de-
sertion and failure TO provide; Lucy NJ
Smith against K NJ. Smith, desertior
and failure 10 provide. -
The San Francisco call., 1910-03-01
ALAMEDA ..fUGlVlYf... /.
CAUGHT ! ] IN N MODESTO.
Man Who Fought Sheriff Barnet
Taken Into Custody fori. .=. d
-: -. .'..::.:
Cracking Safe 81. 81. i ]
1 Special Dispatch 10. The Call

MODESTO, Feb. rs Charles 3Tevfs,
arrested here a week: ago. by. Sheriff
ptin.gley: in connection with the crack
=ing#of. safes; at Ceres. and. oakdaie,. in
county, :itlentified today: by
Deputy Sheriff Brown of: Alameda
county as being one: of the men who
!: severaf months q agoe.s 11ln1itted "a burg
= sIlarE=a.t- Alva RADIO, Alameda county, and
who: later had: an encounter at Niles
with Sheriff Barnett. Other. Alameda
Officers e are expected here today. to add
- - TeVis was arrested in company with
"a nlan>.nanled Chambers and both. haVe
been positively connected. with: the
Ceres. and oakdale .:burglaries. ;::.:.-:. . $
: Depue,. the fin gerprint expert. of Sa n
/: Francisco. has been. : working with
Sheriff Dingley on: the case. ande*the
: cfficers are convinced :that in. Tevis
they have the leader of. the safe crack &
ing: gang which has committed: many
crimes about the bay. =
The San Francisco call., 1910-03-01
KNIGHTS OF ARTHUR
PLAN ENTERTAINMENT
Will Give Vaudeville Show and
Hold Lecture Friday

BERKELEY. Feb 2S-The boys of
the knights Of King Arthur of the
North Berkeley sCongre gatfonal church
vii lhear an Interesting lecture in the
Hillside club house Friday night by
Prof II. C. Biddle of the department of
chemistry OF the university on Liquid
Air"
Professor Biddle will perform. a
number Of experiments for the enter
tainment Of the friends Of the club
Following the lecture viii be a vau=
deville performanc and the staging of
Dutch Justice a farce in which the
boys viii display their histrIonie tai
ent. A male Quartet composed of Ed
ward Harrison, president of the club.
Chandler Harrison, Minor White and
Henry Ashmond, viii sing. and Gay
lord Cookwill VIII contribute another
musical number. =
The San Francisco call., 1910-03-01
HEBREW CONGREGATION
APPROVE CHURCH SITE
Committee Will Make Report
Thursday Evening

OAKLAND, Feb. 2s.-The board of
trustees Of the First Hebrew congre-
cation viii meet Thursday evening to
receive a report fro mthe special COM
mittee which was appointed TO select
q site for a new synagogue. The loca-
tion at Twenty-sixth street and Tel
egraph aynue, which has been pur-
chased, viii be approved The commit
tee is composed OF George Samuels,
George Nosbacher. A. Lavenson, Fred
Kahn and L Violin.
The San Francisco call., 1910-03-01
MELROSE GIVEN LATE
S. p. TRAIN SERVICE
FruitvaIe Cars Will Go on to
End of Line

OAKLAND, Feb. 2s.-Beginning to-
morrow night the Southern Pacific rail-
road company Will operate all the even
ing trains 10 Fruitvale out to Melrose.
thus giving the latter the. same night
service as is enjoyed. by the rest of
Oakland. This action was taken in re-
Spouse TO q request from. the Melrose
citizens club. y ~ 3:
With the new service trains will leave
the clty for AIelrose as. late as go a. m.
while the last train toward the city will
be at 1854 p. m. ~. ~:
AS the company has a block wide
strip from High street TO Bay, If: is be-
lieved that Meirose viii he made the
central station for the Alameda branch
electric system when built. = :,
The San Francisco call., 1910-03-01
/. BIRTHS.

cI.EaIENT-In berkeley. CAL. February IS,
1910; to- the wife of Walter o. Clement. q
son.
McELEARNEY--Fn this city, February 10, 1910.
to the wife of Hugh P. afcElearney formerly
:. Annie Hugheslr "a son:
MIKKELSEN-I this city. February 13. 1910,
to- the wife OF Jen Mikkelsen formerly Clara
Kentlinger), a daughter.
PENG EI,LY-In this city, February II, 1910.
to the wife of W. r. Pengelly (nee RollinsJ,
ia SON., -.
wEBsTER-In. this city. February 20. 1910. to
the wife of o.. d. Webster formerly Laura
Iibbing3; son.
The San Francisco call., 1910-03-01
MRS. III. II. BARRETT
CALLED BY DEATH
Wife of Captain Succumbs After
Illness
/ Special Dispatch 10 The Call

Special Dspotch 10 The Call
PALO ALTO. Feb. 2s.-Mrs Hart
Hills Barrett, wife of Captain Frank
Barrett, died at the family home, 62S
Cowper street, this morning. She had
been confined to her bed for FIVE weeks.
Mrs Barrett was native of Winfield,
w. Va, and her age was 81. The
Barretts moved TO California 16 years
ago and have lived in Palo Alto for
IL years. Mrs. Barrett was a woman
of much refinement and was well
known for her charity
She is survived by her husband three
daughters and a son. The funeral
will be held at Alta Mesa cemetery at
. clock tomorrow.
The San Francisco call., 1910-03-01
PREPARING FOR THE
G. A. r. ENCAMPMENT
Headquarters Secured in Oak
land for Organizations

OAKLAND, Feb. 2s.-Chairman Will
liam r. Bair of the executive commit
tee arranging for the encampment of
the Grand Army Of the Republic, divi-
sion of California and Nevada, to be
held in Oakland in April, announces
that meeting places and headquarters
have been secured for the various
auxiliaries and branches of the organi-
zation. The complete program of the
encampment BENEFITS TO be held in Idora
park theater on Thursday, Friday and
Saturday nights Of this week will be
ready tomorrow
The San Francisco call., 1910-03-01
ORCHARD PRODUCTS WILL. "
BE PLACED ON DISPLAY
Apple Show to Be Held at Se-
bastopoI in August
I Soil D:.AsieL L. IL CaHl -.

SEBASTOPOL, Feb. 2S.-Arrange
ments are being made here for a Grav-
enstein apple and horticultural show
August Il, u and 49, This section OF
Sonoma county, known as Gold ridge
is famed for the excellent apples
grewn. =:
With the Cloverdale citrus fair. Santa
Rosa floral carnival, the Healdsburg
water carnival, the historic old city 81
SenoIna fourth of July celebration. and
the chicken show in Petaluma, Sononla
county can boast of each city doing its
share towards making the section
known throughout the country :.
The purpose of each is mail>ly te
advertise it's own locality.
The San Francisco call., 1910-03-01
FAVOR ACQUISITION
OF FAIRGROUNDS SITE
Fitohburg Improvement Club
Wants Large Grounds

OAKLAND, Feb. 2s.-Tbe PROPOSE
tion TO secure from 4to.s10. acres at
Fitchburg for site for a new s room
school. with ample play grounds and
a public park has ben indersed by the
F'itchburg Improvement club. The
club, according to J r. Kin gston. has
abandoned the effort 10 secure the Fox
estate. as the owners are not disposed
TO sell. Secretary Murray has sent q
protest TO the Western Union COM
psny against the sending of kilograms
10 residents Of Fitchburg TO San. Le-
andre. which necessitates an extra
charge for messenger service:
The San Francisco call., 1910-03-01
VIII ISKERS. MUST BE ~. :...= I. =. !.
+ !. . AMPUTATED SATURDAY
Oakland BARRIERS and Bosses
Favor Six Days Work .:..5 7

s. OAKLAND: .:Feh. i. 2S.-The !: barber
shops of. this city. will lpproba bly, e
closed on Sundays In the. near future.
The boss BARRIERS have. already gone on
record as -being:::in favor of Sunday
closing. This action was. taken at a
meeting of. the: boss, BARRIERS and com
mittee representing $ the journeymen
harbers*1o days. ago. The journeymeri
BARRIERS Union will hold a meeting next
week. at which 1T is expected that the
Sunday closing plan will; be. approved.
The San Francisco call., 1910-03-01

SAN FRANCISCAN CLAIMS
BRIDE IN SANTA ROSA
I Speciol Dispoieh 10 The Call !

SANTA ROSA, Feb. 2S.-Mrs. Marie
Kapfer and Henry C. Winer of San
Francisco were married here today by
Justice of the Peace A. J. Atchison.
The groom is a Clayton street butcher
in San Francisco, while his bride has
been in this country from the father
Land for only. two weeks.
The San Francisco call., 1910-03-01
SAVANNAH TO BE HEARD
IN OAKLAND CONCERT
Will Appear ait Y. w. c. A. Ben.
fit Friday

OAKLAND. Feb. 2S.-Signor Samuel
Savannah will be heard in Oakland for
the first time Friday evening. when he
will render program of selections on
the violin in the common school assem-
bly, hall. The appearance OF the violin
ist will be preceded by an address on
music by Miss Jenkins. The program
will be the second of the star" series
being given for the Young Women S
Christian association.
The San Francisco call., 1910-03-01
SANTA ROSA GETS TWO
RELIGIOUS CONVENTIONS
Mission Board and Sunday
Schools Meet in April
rSs.1;,I D;,ootcb 10 Tbe C,U1

SANTA ROSA, Feb. 2S.-Santa Rosa
will have two religious conventions
in one ,week of April. according to
the present plans. Word has been
received here that the woman's oeci-
dental board of foreign missions of the
Presbyterian church has selected this
city for its annual meeting on Tuesday.
Wednesday and Thursday. April 5, 6
and 7. Beginning with Thursday night
and continuing through Friday evening
of the same week the annual conven-
tion of the Sonoma County Sunday
school association Will be held here.
The San Francisco call., 1910-03-01
THREE YOUNG BURGLARS
ADMITTED TO PROBATION
Two Promise to Avoid Saloons
for Year
=, n. ri q III
/ Special Dispatch TO The Call

REDWOOD CITY, Feb. 2s.-James
Powers, William Mitten and. Palmer
Lewis. three confessed burglars, APP
peared for sentence in Superior Judge
George H Bucks court this nlornins g
and were admitted to probation: The
first two promised. not to enter "a sai:
loon for a year. Palmer Lewis, the
19 year old boy who broke into j oe
Rosa's saloon in this city, was put on
probation with the understanding that
he Will Immediately go to his brother
in Canada.
The San Francisco call., 1910-03-01
OLD RESIDENT DIES
AFTER LONG ILLNESS
cial Disnatch 10 The. Call

Special Dispatch 10 The Call
PETALUMA, Feb. 2S.--J, M. Perry, a
resident of this city for 40 years, died
today after a long illness. Perry was
a native of Portugal and was SO years
old. He leaves a widow and two chill
dren and eight stepchildren. Deceased
was a prominent member of the U. P.
Z. c., the Portuguese fraternal society.
The San Francisco call., 1910-03-01
DEATHS

BARRErr-In Palo Alto. CAL. February 2s.
1910. Hart Hills Barrett, beloved wife of
Frank Barrett, and mother of Julia. Annie,
George and Ora Barrett, native of West
virginia, aged 81 years and ii months.
Funeral services at family residence at
cemetery.
CANEPA--In this city. February %, 1910. Ben
edetta Canepa. dearly beloved wife Of the
late August Canepa. mother OF Anthony Ca
native OF Italy. aged 50 years and months.
The San Francisco call., 1910-03-01
PETALUMA BANK WILL :.:s.
ENLARGE QUARTERS
I Special Dispatch 10 The Call

PETALUMA, Feb. 2S-A big real
estate transaction was consummated
today, when j. H. Gwinn. cashier of the
California savings bank, and Henry
Schluckebier, president of the Petaluma
national bank, purchased the two story
brick building adjoining these affiliated
banks and which belonged to- Conrad
Poehlman, the local capitalist. 1t is
understood that the affiliated banks are
represented by the two purchasers and
that the present quarters of the banks
will be enlarged.
The San Francisco call., 1910-03-01
SHERIFF IS. ASKED TO
FIND MISSING BOY
Absence of Will B. Minck
Alarms Parents !:
/ Special Dispatch 10 The Call |.

OPecldl DlspdlcH 10 nc NnlI
BLOOMFIELD, Feb. 2S.-.Will B.
Minck, a I6 year old boy of this place,
failed to return home last night and
today Sheriff j. K. Smith was asked
to locate. the lad. The boy has never:
been away from home and his absence
has greatly alarmed the family. He.fs
of light complexion. with light gray
eyes and wore a suit of brown: clothes
with gray hat and sweater. >.
The San Francisco call., 1910-03-01
JAILED WHILE ON WAY IL
TO MEET HER AFFINITY
Woman Who Deserted Children
Arrested in South
ISpeeial Dispatch to The Call

SANTA CRUZ. Feb. 2s.-Mrs. Antoine
Amaya deserted her husband and three
small children several weeks ago and
is alleged to- have gone to meet an
affinity in some other location. A mis-
demeanor charge was preferred against
her for leaving her children and she
was taken into custody at Los Angeles.
Deputy Sheriff Frank Moore leaves to-
morrow to bring her back. .
The San Francisco call., 1910-03-01

Birth; marriage and death notices sent by mail
will not be Inserted: They must be handed in at
either of the publication offices and bes.tndorsed
with the. name and residence of persons author
jed to haze the same published. Notices re-
strieted simply to=the announcement of the event
are published once in this*coumn free of charge.
The San Francisco call., 1910-03-01
YOUNG ., WOMAN AND e. Is: s.
: ESCORT. ARE CAPSIZED
Rescued From an Overturned
- Canoe on Lake Merritt

!. OAKLAND, Feb. .2S.--DanaId: Dorr. Of
1921 Alice street. "a: student at the state
university, and Miss Edna Hanfen Of
1926 Alice street were :capsized while
out in "a. canoe: on Lake Merritt last
Saturday. night. They clung to their
overturned. craft until their cries for
help attracted attention and they were
rescued: Miss: Hanfen-. was in a:-state.
of COLLAPSE: when she reached the shore.
The San Francisco call., 1910-03-01

HELD FOR TRIAL-Oakland, Feb. ESD Mar.
=: tinez was held for trial in the superior court
by Police Judge Samuels this morning on: a
charge of burglary for the theft of tools from
j. A. Carl, who lives i'm Telegraph avenue.
Bail was. set at 1000.
Atlanta semi-weekly journal. (Atlanta, Ga.) 1898-1920, 1910-03-25
DID GIRL SWEAR FALSELY
TO CONVICT WORTHINGTON

ROME, Ga, March 22.-Claiming to
possess an affidavit in which the young
girl says that she falsely accused the
defendant at the instance of his ene-
mics, lawyers for Jack Worthington,
sentenced to twenty years for alleged
assault upon Miss Rosa Elrod, will i'm
mediately file application for pardon
for their client with the state prison
commission. The attorneys for the de-
Tense allege that the father of the
young woman has also signed an affi-
davit substantiating the reported con-
fession of his daughter. 1t is claimed
that the girls father will sign the pc
tition for Worthington's pardon.
The supreme court has just handed
down a decision refusing TO grant
w orthington a new trial. The refusal
of the supreme court is to be followed
by the presentation of the plea for the
pardon some time this week.
Worthington was convicted on the
charge of assault, and his uncle ''Dink'
Worthington, who was charged with
being a party to the crime, was acquit-
ted. Miss Elrod now states. so it is
said, that she accused Worthington
falsely, that her testimony was false
and that she was induced to make the
representations at the instigation Of an
enemy of Worthington whose name she
does not mention.
Atlanta semi-weekly journal. (Atlanta, Ga.) 1898-1920, 1910-03-25
Household Letters
How to Plant Flowers

Dear Household: I am glad that 20 many OF
our Household readers are flower lovers. They
are one Of the blessings that our Heavenly
Father has given to His children, so let Us
thank Him for the pains that He has taken
for our pleasure.
II has been a pleasure for me TO divide my
flower seeds with you and my only regret Is
did not have enough seeds. l had no loea now
many read this page; ] thought l had enough
for all but 1 had TO return about 10 letters
without ally seeds.
Many IN writing for seeds requesteu me TO
tell them when TO put out rose cuttings, now 20
grow begonias peOnies, pansies. etc. have
answered many letters, but have few more
10 answer. and as Miss Thomas suggests my
answering the many questions by writing let
ter for our Household. I hope many who are
now puzzled will be helped.
Rose cuttings should be put out in November.
Re sure TO select hard wood, as the tender
limbs Will not take root easily as limbs
one and two years old. After you have the
holes dug deep in q few old leaves, set the cut
ting straight and bury within three or four
fruit jar; this protects them from wind ana
cJld: they will not root il they are twisted ana
turned BY winds Rocks will protect them from
winds. but not well as glass jars. IL roses
have been rooted In boxes. they should be plant
ed where they are TO stay in March, provided
they are well rooted; " not. let them remain
till November.
BegonIss should be rooted IN leaf mold or soil
from the wood pile. They should be planted
IN pots o. boxes and kept In cool place until
they begin TO grow. They are easily rooted IN
this manner.
Peony tubers should be taken up every two
years. in September or October. After they
are divided with one to three eyes TO each tuber
put them in soil that has been dug up and put
Atlanta semi-weekly journal. (Atlanta, Ga.) 1898-1920, 1910-03-25

veriIed to the depth of IS inches. Let the tops
OF peonies be covered two inches below surface
Sprinkle leaf mold and rich soil on top Of the
surface. ] have Sc peonies OF Is varieties. and
they are among our prettiest flowers.
do not grow my sweet peas and nasturtium
seeds their flowers have TO be kept picked
off TO keep them blooming. / divided the seeds
of sweet pers and nasturtiums that l bought
with some Of the flower lovers and l did not
have time to write directions for planting
sweet peas, win say to those to whom 1 sent
sweet pess 70 plant them in this manner: Groun
should be dug up and pulverized to a depth of
16 inches, and the seed sown at bottom OF a
trench six inches below the surface and covered
about two inches As the young plants grow,
keep gradually drawing in the earth till the
trench Is filled Give them something five or
six feet high to run on. Plant seed from De-
cernber TO March Is. Give them plenty OF water
while blooming.
will tell you about carnations 1.-THE sweetest
Of all small flowers) snother time.
Will some Of the Household tell US how
TO grow paDsies7 A lady In South Carolina
asked Inc to tell her how to cultivate them.
yut ! have never tried to grow them and woul1
like 70 know.
With best wishes to Miss Thomas and our
Household. sincerely.
MRS. MINNIE ALMoN.
Granville, Ga.
Atlanta semi-weekly journal. (Atlanta, Ga.) 1898-1920, 1910-03-25
One Who Loves Our Household

Dear Miss Thomas: We have missed getting
the Semi Weekly Journal since Christmas as
our subscription expired then, but we have re-
newed now and the paper came last week, and
IL seems almost like one Of the family has re.
turned home after an absence
We are living in the country and | like H.
My husband is farmer and I assist him in
his work all l can during crop season. and
Ike field work fine. also do my house work
but | don't have much house work to do
as some others. there being only my husband
myself and a little nephew who is living with
rs. However think every housekeeper can
always find plenty Of house work to do IL she
keeps every thing in its place rF'
| don't think thst know any OF the House
hold members. but l think I am living not
many miles from Busy Bee, 7 see her town
and rural route is the same as mine
Myrtle Harris. I hope you are restored to
perfect health by now I would like very much
70 know you. we closely related and I
would like very much for you to visit me when
You down this way again.
attend Sunday school and find II great
help to me. / think all parents should have
their children in a good Sunday school and
they should attend too. II the older people
wonid get deeply interested In Sunday school
work the children would become more inter-
ested. too. There should be a good Sunday
school at every church. Wishing Miss Thomas
much success In her work.
MRS. NJ B. DEE.
Elberton, Ca, r. F. d. No. 8.