davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Dakota farmers' leader. (Canton, S.D.) 1890-19??, 1910-10-21

water pressure, and the same fate befell Bauer's
iron boat Plongeur-Marin at KEEL In 1850. In 1863
McClintock and Howgate built a semi-submar1De
hand-propelled boat for the attack on the federal
fleet. but 1t sank four times, each time drown
ing the entire crew Of eight men. In the same
year several larger boats propelled by engines
were commenced In Europe, and these at inter
walls were followed by others designed by How
gard, Goubet, Zede, Nordenfeldt, Tuck, Holland
and others. The French navy began experiment
ing with submarine boats about 1885. The Gym.
note was built in 1888 and the Gustave Zede in
1893. The Morse was commenced In 1894, but
remained unconnpIeted until 1899, pending add;-
tional experiments with the Gymnote and the
Zede. In that year the construction Of subma-
rines was actively commenced, ten being
launched in 1901.
All London is talking about the startling ex.
hibitions of speed given by a little boat on the
Thames and at Bournemouth. The boat was seen
racing up and down the river at what seemed a
terrific speed, darting along by leaps and bounds,
just as a shark chases a fish scudding between
wind and water. The impression she left was
not SO much that of power, for she was such a
mite of a thing, only 26 feet long, as of vicious
and desperate energy Crowds of people gath
cred along the embankment to watch her, won
dering whence in her tiny body this o~verpower-
ing energy could come.
1t has since been divulged that she is the MI.
randa w. the latest experiment in skim boats.
or, as they are called technically, hydropianes,
by the veteran English inventor, Sir John Thorny-
croft. Compared with anything near her size, the
Miranda ". is certainly the fastest craft afoat.
Her exact speed is not known, but she has sew
eral times done well over "a knots an hour, and
has decisively beaten the Columbine at Bourne
mouth, the only other craft which could lay
claim to a record in her class. But it is not only
for this terrific speed that the Miranda ". is
remarkable. She is the most seaworthy craft OF
her size that has been constructed.
Dakota farmers' leader. (Canton, S.D.) 1890-19??, 1910-10-21

Modern submarine boats are Of two types, the
submerged and the submergible. The submerged
when In light cruising condition moves with only
a small percentage of the hull above the water;
the submergtble cruises on the surface much
like an ordinary torpedo boat, which it resembles
externally. The difference in principle between
the two types Is slight, but in construction de.
tails 1t is very marked. The submerged boats
are usually nearly cylindrical with pointed ends,
the general shape being much Ike that of d
admitting water to the ballast tanks or by means
Of inclined rudders, or both. Submergible boats
have two bulls, one inside the other. The outer
hull resembles closely that OF the ordinary tor.
pedo boat, but has as few projections as possible
rising from the general outline, in order to pre-
sent a smooth surface when submerged. Inside
this there Il p second hull Of nearly circular
cross-sect!on and as large as the shape of the
outer boat permits. To effect submergence water
first admitted to the space between the hulls.
and this brings the boat to the "awash" coudi.
ton. Further submergence is effected by permit
ting the ballast tanks to fill.
When or by whom was built the first subma.
rine boat will probably never be known. 1t is
said that Alexander the Great was interested in
submarine navigation, while subaqueous attacks
Of vessels was studied at least as early as the
thirteenth or fourteenth century. M. Delpeuch
states that some English ships were destroyed
in 1872 by fire carried under water. In the
early part of the seventeenth century submarine
boats were numerous, and In 1924 Cornelius Van
Drebbel exhibited to King James |. on the
Thames a submarine boat of his own design. BY
1927 no less than fourteen types Of submarines
had been patented in England alone. In 1774
Day began experiments with q submarine boat
second submergence trial. In the following year
David Bushnell built his first boat, with which
Sergeant Lee attacked H: M. s. Eagle in New
York harbor. Lee actually got under the ship,
Dakota farmers' leader. (Canton, S.D.) 1890-19??, 1910-10-21
WORK IN THE GARDEN
Onion Bed Set In FalI-SeIect Sweet
Corn Seed From Growing Plant
Burbank Plan.
(By BESSIE l.. PUTNAM.)

II you are fond of young onions do
not fail to set out a bed of top
onions for the very earliest use In
the spring. They do not form BULBS
but are more In form like scullions.
Yet in early spring it is indeed re-
freshing to be able to find an onion
bed ready for use. The tops Of the
iced stalk produce small bulbs which
should be set in autumn. and thus
the stock renewed from a to year..
While the plant is perennial. the bulbs
are more tender when grown each
year from bulbs planted In the au-
tumn.
Select your seed sweet corn from
the growing plant, noting not only
the size and Of the ear and
grains. but the number produced on
q stalk. Turn the husks back. using
them to braid the ears together. You
Their nave a convenient package for
hanging up to dry.
Save your squash seeds from the
first really good Hubbard that ma.
lures. Like begets like and If you
wait until the late ones are ripe you
simply make a selection that will pro
duce later fruit another year. The
Burbank plan has many applications
which the ordinary gardener will dc
we'll to observe.
Keep the late root crops growing
II the soil is lumpy or the g%olden.rod
gets in. the wheel hoe and the weed
cutter will remedy this IL short order
Dakota farmers' leader. (Canton, S.D.) 1890-19??, 1910-10-21
Concrete CuIvert Form.

culvert by cutting off the ends of BIB
10 inches, or 1 foot, and running a
form out as long as the wings are
wanted.
Proportions for concrete: Two parts
sand; four parts coarse gravel or
crushed stone; one part Portland &C.
ment.
The sand and cement should be
mixed dry. The gravel, If not damp,
should be dampened, then mix with
the sand and cement. Turn the mix.
ture three times, dry, and add enough
water to make a thick mortar; turn
two more times and shovel into the
forms; puddle or pack into the forms
with stamping stick or piece of 2x4-
inch scantl!ng.
When finished let stand n day,
then put on the earth which will help
to dry out the concrete all alike.
Any time after n week the same
may be shoveled out.
Now you have a culvert Of one
solid piece; one that will not rot out
wash away, nor can it be torn down
by the boys while hunting rabbits.
Dakota farmers' leader. (Canton, S.D.) 1890-19??, 1910-10-21
TO MAKE CONCRETE CULvERr
Proper Drainage Is Foundation Of
Good Roads-Plan for Making
Substantial Form.

Inc proper drainage with good cul-
vert is the foundation of good roads.
concrete stands at the head of the
class OF materials for c~ulverts and
abutments.
Excavate to the depth of 8 feet and
width of 6 feet, and the full width Of
the road Set up and stake in place
two planks or slabs 10 inchy> wide.
as shown at BIB in the picture. AS
these pieces are to remain in place,
they may be of II ordinary stuff just
good enough to hold the concrete in
place until 1t sets. These pieces are
set 5 feet at the end where the water
starts In and 5k at the lower end.
They should have a fall of l inch to
each foot in length. Now, put a layer
OF concrete 6 inches deep, and hollow
out and smooth down. Raise the side
toward BIB, keeping them in position
as shown In the picture.
Set up 1O-inch boards &C IS inches
from BIB. This will make the wallt
of curvert 18 inches thick, and the
opening 2 feet wide at the upper end,
and 2 feet and 6 inches at the lower.
AS the forms are being filled with
concrete. sand or gravel should be
filled in at "a" for a core, which after
ward may be shoveled out and earth
filled in behind the outside pieces to
hold it in position.
When the form Is filled to the top
Of the planks the center. or core,
should be rounded up with sand to
form the arch of opening In the cul-
vert. This sand should be packed
solid and smoothed off nicely SO the
surface Of the arch will be smooth.
A plank should be set up at each
end of the culvert before any concrete
is put in, so the ends will be smooth
and look we'll. Wings, or side walls
may be built at the same time as the
Dakota farmers' leader. (Canton, S.D.) 1890-19??, 1910-10-21

81 NOTEfS

Cow peas, flax and millet are good
sod crops.
The greatest weed distributing
agency is the threshing crew.
The only way to decrease smut IN
norm Is to pluck off the smut-balls n
burn them.
Good blowing is economical IN every
sense of the word, and no amount OF
complementary work will take its
place. .
The first requisite for insuring a
good wheat crop, granted a favorable
season. is a w~ell-prepared and en-
riched seed bed. .,
A crop planted in deep ground Will
stand more drought and mature with
half the cultivation required by a crop
on shallow ground.
Potatoes that have been well pro-
tected all through the season by the
bordeaux spray are not so likely to
rot in cellar or pit.
Applying a fertilizer rich in phos-
nhorus with moderate amounts OF po-
tnssium and nitrogen will prove 'aid
able on most pasture lands.
II roughage is scarce, stack we'll the
vheat straw. Bright wheat straw vii
70 a long way toward filing out q
season Of abort %rouehase crops
Dakota farmers' leader. (Canton, S.D.) 1890-19??, 1910-10-21
Why Charcoal Is Beneficial.

Many poultrymen make the mistake
of thinking that because charcoal IS
really carbon 1t cannot be converted
into fat. 1t is very useful, however. be-
cause 1t really absorbs impurities
from the food and promotes the absorb
ton OF fat from other substances. Char
Goa! Is !nsoluble and cannot be d.
pested. but should be given In certain
quantities to the fowls at all times. any
impurities in the food Will be readily
taken up by it.and as it keeps the bow
els free 1t throws off these Impurities
yery readily. Always keep 1T on hand
for It is n of the blessings OF the
roultryman when considering the ques'
ton of digestibility Of food.
Dakota farmers' leader. (Canton, S.D.) 1890-19??, 1910-10-21
Handy Fodder Truck.

wheel. Notch a 2 by 4 about two feet
long in a similar way II nail on un-
der side to keep the hub in place.
Saw five 2 by 6's for cross sticks.
notch their width and thickness in the
2 by SIS and spike them firmly, leav-
Ing the two INC pieces long enough
to stick out two inches as a brace to
the standards. Standards. writes Fred
Barter. Rich Hill. Mo-. in Missouri
Ruralist. may be made Of l by 6, and
should be bolted IN. Put a pair OF
double-trees on the high end, letting
the other end drag. Nail a Pinch
board on top, make wheel guards of
l by 6 and you are ready for the fod-
der.
Dakota farmers' leader. (Canton, S.D.) 1890-19??, 1910-10-21
K0TTcER55 y 6S7ARGflI
Gz& ZA4244 32zHb5 =

English submarines Of about the same size as
the Salmon. which made the coastwise run from
Dover to Dundee, a distance Of 512 miles, and the
famous performance of the French submarine
Papin, which on one occasion made a cruise OF
200 miles. However, this French achievement
is overshadowed by the Salmon's cruise because
not only was TIE distance Of the latter much
greater, but it was an open sea performance.
whereas the Papin cruised along the coast, and,
finally, the French vessel is much larger than
the new American record breaker, the Papin be-
ing of $50 tons displacement. whereas the Salmon
is of but 800 tons displacement.
The Salmon, alike to most Of the submarines
which have lately been added to the United
States navy, is a Development Of the original
Holland type Of submarine which first gave the
Americans the lead in this class of sh1pbuild1ng.
The Salmon Is 1876 feet in length by IA feet beam
and is a twin screw boat, being driven on the
surface by two gasoline engines of 300 horse
power each and propelled when submerged by
electrical power supplied from storage batteries.
By way Of fulfilling her mission OF destruction
the little vessel has four torpedo tubes equipped
to fire the latest type of torpedo-that is, a tor
pedo II feet in length and IS inches In diameter,
having a radius of 1000 yards and carrying an
explosive charge Of 200 pounds of guncotton. On
her cruise to Bermuda the Salmon carried a
crew Of 81 men. but 1t was demonstrated on this
cruise that under actual service conditions such
a submarine can be operated. In so far as nav1-
CATION is concerned, by five incentive on the
bridge and three in the engine room
The Salmon is CdpdDle Vi d SpSSu Va ~ hho'S
per hour when running nwash or on the surface
of the water and u knots per hour when running
wholly submerged. Only three minutes IS re-
ouired to change from surface running by gaso-
line engines to submerged running by electrical
mower. The vessel has. on trial. dived to a depth
of more than 200 feet without any sign OF strain
or leakage being manifest anywhere on her steel
ciearshaped body. A unique feature Of the equip
n,ent Of an up-to-date submarine such as the
Salmon, is a double periscope whereby, When
rho vessel is wholly submerged the officers on
hoard can observe all that is going on at the
surface Of the water. Electrical ranges are pro
vided for cooking the meals of those on board,
and there is a reserve supply OF a,9No cuh!c reef
If air. contained in % tanks, so that II need be
tho vessel could be sealed up" tight and remain
..,or tho surface CT the water for one or two
DAVIS and nights without those on board having
any communication with the outside world or
coming to the surface for fresh air. On the
salmon's Bermuda cruise there were on board, ID
ADDITION to the officers of the American navy,
C,n+ Arturo Cuevas Of the Chilean navy, who
-apt ,or the purpose of reporting to his govern
mont on the behavior Of the vessel.
Dakota farmers' leader. (Canton, S.D.) 1890-19??, 1910-10-21
Farming InteHigentIy.

In everything connected with agri.
culture there are new and unseen con-
ditions that are constantly presenting
themselves, but with agricultural col
leges standing ready and willing to as
sist US. and with practical agricultural
journals brought to u door yards. 1t
seems almost incredible that there
should be go much lack of interest
among some agriculturists.
No man can deny the good that
comes to him from keeping up to date
on all matters appertaining o his line
OF business. yet we see farmers on
every side who seldom take time to
read or think out the problems con-
nected with their every cay life and
bus1nesS.-A Farmer.
Dakota farmers' leader. (Canton, S.D.) 1890-19??, 1910-10-21
Suecuient Feed for Lambs.

Recent experiments at the Iowa sta
ton show that with cor at ordinary
prices cheaper gains or lambs may bs
made with dry feed than with roots or
silage. When corn and s1lage are low
in price, the gains made with silage
are a little cheaper than those made
with dry feed. The largest total gains
were made by the lambs getting sugar
beets,. and the finish Of this lot was
also a little better. The lot getting
turnips and cabbage required the larg-
est amount of dry matter for each 100
pounds of gain. Silage and dry feed
came next. The least amount OF dry
matter was required where sugar beets
and mangels were fed. The chief OBJ
lection to mangels and sugar beets Is
the large amount of hand labor re
quired to raise them.
Dakota farmers' leader. (Canton, S.D.) 1890-19??, 1910-10-21

Kicked Up the Straw and Applied the
Torch.
Smith with his squad rode i0to their
camp and demanded their surrender
and opened fire on them. Those that
did not surrender tool to the woods
and left their horses, and those run
ming the mill rushed out to see what
the commotion was, only to find the
mill yard in possession Of Co. A.
Some surrendered; others started to
run, which was the wrong thing to do,
as they exposed themselves to the fire
Of our revolvers.
Capt. Henry, in command Of the
C~onfederates, had been captured at
Arkansas Post some time before, and
had just been exchanged. He had rid
den in from the main camp, and
might have made his escape had he
known the situation. l saw he was
surrounded, so called to him to sur
render, which he did.
1t was then ABOUT 5 O'Clock in the
evening, and a heavy rain storm was
brewing, which I have always thought
was our salvation. The lieutenant
called us together, and gave us orders
to set fire to their camp, get all the
horses ready, detail q guard for the
prisoners and be ready to march in
the quickest time possible.
/ gathered up a firebrand out of
their campfire, and started In the first
tent in the line, and kicked up the
straw and applied the torch.
In a few moments we were on the
march. and by this time the rain was
falling In torrents. The lieutenant,
instead Of starting towards the Bluffs,
started on the road to the main rebel
camp, but only followed It until we
were out of sight Of the houses that
surrounded the mill. and then took to
the woods again. We made another
ctrcuit back around the mill and
struck the Bluff road three or four
miles north Of the mill, getting there
just at dark.
We got into Pine Bluffs the ne1t
Imoruing about l o'clock.
Dakota farmers' leader. (Canton, S.D.) 1890-19??, 1910-10-21
y
G@tANN\
@
l&TS<Bf%A@
CAPTURE SMALL GRIST MILL
Detachment Of Missouri Cavalry
Make Raid and Bag Lot Of
Rebels and Horses.

Our three years service expired
Aug. 9, 1864. and on the 18th Lieut..
Groves, in command of IA men OF Co.
A and IL Of Co. B, 7th Nc. Cav, left
Pine Bluffs, Ark. at daylight ON a
secret march of 80 miles south to a
grist mill, which Gen. Clayton was
anxious to know whether the rebels
were operating. We were guided by
Columbus Mari, who lived In the
neighorhood of the mill. He was loyal
and brave.
b noon we stopped back OF q
field, where the guides mother, a wild
ow, lived, and about three miles from
the mill. AS soon as our horses were
rested we started for the mill through
the timber. We had not gone far until
we could hear the throbbing of the en-
CINE, writes w. H. Craven, sergeant
Co. A, 7th Mo. Cav, Of Milton, Iowa,
In National Tribune. We went within
so rods Of the mill, when the lieuten-
ant concealed the command in a
thfcket and gave us orders to remain
quiet until his return. He and the
guide left.
In about an hour they returned, hav-
A"o oohS AioiuS AC ACbOA SoAp "
house which was not more than 200
yards from the mill, occupied by a
Union family. As u guide was per-
sonally acquainted with the family and
knew he could trust them, he had y
Of the girls go to the mill under the
use Of having some milling done, and
get all the information she could in re-
gard to the location of their camp and
the number Of soldiers there, which
she did.
The lieutenant called us around him
and said: Gen. Clayton sent me to
find out whether or not the rebels
were running the mill, which they are
There are 100 men running and guard.
ing it.; there are 10 now at the mill
and 80 on a scout between here and
Pine Bluffs. and have started since
noon. Two miles south of the mill Is
their main camp, occupied by 1000
infantry and cavalry. with two c
>tions of artillery. 1 have fulfilled my
mission. 1t Is up to you II W 60 any
farther"
A tall, lank fellow by the name of
Nichols Strengthened himself up. and
said: Lieutenant, we don't want to
use ourselves up like We did today
without getting one shot" "A1l right"
said the lieutenant; mount your
horses"
We were now about 80 rods north
east Of the mill. and their camp was
800 southwest. We made q circuit un-
til we we're almost west of their camp
and about 200 yards from It. when we
halted. and the lieutenant told Sergt.
Smith Of Co. B, to take IL men Of his
company and charge the camp. and he
would take the IA from Co. A and
charge the mill. and gave me orders
to take those left Of Co. A and not
come into the mill yard until all Of the
men were In.
The rebels were surprised. and did
not discover our presence until Sergt.
Dakota farmers' leader. (Canton, S.D.) 1890-19??, 1910-10-21

the eyes, and draw the bedclothes
over the exposed left ear. This shuts
out light and sound. and relaxes some
muscles which are usually forgotten.
Now proceed to relax more
muscles, beginning at the feet, legs,
thighs, and arms, imagining each in
turn a heavy weight bearing down
upon the bed; and, lastly, imagine
that the eyes are looking far away to
the distant horizon. The attention is
SO taken up with the relaxing process
that thinking soon ceases and the
imagination, instead Of running riot
Dakota farmers' leader. (Canton, S.D.) 1890-19??, 1910-10-21

at its sweet will, is set to play on
something definitely soothing. and
soon falls asleep.
At the same time it should not be
forgotten that the bedroom should be
flooded with pure air; and an impor-
tant point to remember is that
higher temperature than 58 degrees
Fahrenheit increases the action Of the
heart and warns sleep away; a tenn
perature too low congests the heart,
tending also to w~akefulness. 1t Is
best to sleep on the right side, and
in the morning to rest on the left side.
Dakota farmers' leader. (Canton, S.D.) 1890-19??, 1910-10-21
No Waste From silage.

II the silo is properly made ard Sill
age properly fed there need not be a
bushel of waste. The corr is cut up
in half inch lengths while 1t Is yet sue
culent, and even the harder parts Of
the stalks become soft by the heat and
Juices Of the other parts. and conse-
auently all become palatable food. The
cows viii clean up the last vestige
Of every feed. The succuience OF the
feed keeps the COWS In good condition.
The palatability Of It gives them a
good appetite, and the richness OF It
1ooo away with having to buy much
eoocentrated feed stun.
Dakota farmers' leader. (Canton, S.D.) 1890-19??, 1910-10-21

Five absolutely sleepless nights are
enough to cause death, and two NAY
he enough to cause Authorizations, loss
~ memory, and all kinds Of other trou-
Mos The best advice for the treat
men+ If insomnia, perhaps, was that
~ the frishman, who said he knew the
me and only cure-"Just go to sleep
and forget all about it." Not easy
navbe. but sound advice. all the same;
"a worry aboue s~leplessness Is fatal
Dakota farmers' leader. (Canton, S.D.) 1890-19??, 1910-10-21
When Sleep Will Not Come

Narcotics are, generally speaking,
equally bad. To earn sound sleep, In
fact, there is only one way, and that
Is to follow natures system of de-
.stroying consciousness.
First, lie In the most comfortable
position possible. and this is usually
on the right side with the knees slight
ly flexed. Then, with the lips closed,
but not compressed, drop the lower
Jaw and relax the tongue, gently shut
Dakota farmers' leader. (Canton, S.D.) 1890-19??, 1910-10-21
GATE IS EASY TO REGULATE
Handy Device for Confinirg Cows to
One Pasture and Allow Swine
to Run at viii.

This device Is a handy hanger when
hogs pass from pasture to pasture,
while cows are confined to one. The
hanger proper consists of a length of
strap-iron bent around the posts and
supported by pegs. which may be in
Dakota farmers' leader. (Canton, S.D.) 1890-19??, 1910-10-21

MAKING TRUCK FOR FODDER
Directions for Constructing Implement
That Will Be Found Handy on
Any Farm.

Take two 2 by SIS 16 feet long, two
BID owe wheels with their connect
Ing shaft-taking out the dogs In the
wheels-and some pieces OF board 2
by 6 and / by G. Measure 6 feet from
end Of the 2 by SIS and cut a notch
20 fit over the inside hub Of each
Dakota farmers' leader. (Canton, S.D.) 1890-19??, 1910-10-21

Easy to Regulate This Gate.
perted in holes at different lengths or
heights. In the north this can be
:aised above the winter SHOWS.