davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1910-07-30

worst infected spots. OF two plants
| In the same hill one may die and the
other live. p.
| Tho disease reappeares in the same
place each year cotton Is planted and
on q larger scale. This annual ap-
pearance and spread will distinguish
wilt from barren spots due to other
| causes.
Wilt is most prevalent during June
and July. but some cases continue to
develop until the end Of the season.
The standard varieties Of cotton differ
considerably in susceptibility to wilt,
but none Of them are sufficiently re-
sistant to be cultivated with profit on
infected land. Extended variety tests
on infected fields have shown that as
general rule the largo boil sorts,
Russell, Truitt, ETC., are more subject
to wilt than other groups or varieties
The most resistant Of the American
Upland varieties tested was the Jack
son Limbless, which produced about
Is per cent Of crop where other
kinds failed. The original jackson
was not sufficiently resistant to Justify
it's general cultivation. but 1t has
been of value as basis for breeding
better races. .e
Egyptian cotton, IL moro resistant
to wilt than Upland cotton, but 1t
has not a. yet been found practicable
to utilize this quality, as the Egyptian
varieties do not succeed In our South
eastern States and it Is easier to breed
resistance direct from Upland varieties
than from crosses with Egyptian Cot
ton.
The use Of resistant varieties has
been shown by experiments in most
of the Southern States, to be sat
isfactory method Of combating wilt.
1t has also been shown that con-
tinued breeding will result in develop
ment of other improved strains pos
sibly better adapted to the require
ments Of the section where they orig
mate than any existing kinds.
The development Of such varieties
however, is neither quickly nor easily
accomp lished. but requires breeding
by exact methods for several years.
The origination of new wilt-resist-
ant varieties of cotton is work for tho
plant breeder rather than the general
farmer. The farmer, however, should
practice selection to further improve
the strain purchased from breeders, or
at least to preserve 1t from deteriora-
ton.
The individual differences in cotton
plants have been utilized as a basis for
breeding new resistant strains. The
work of the Bureau of Plant Industry
has been continued along this line for
eight years, and has resulted In the
successful development Of two new
varieties, the Dillon and Dixie, that
can be grown on badly infected land.
provided a rotation Of crops for the
control Of root-knot IL practiced.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1910-07-30
KEEP THE PALS CLEAN.

One Of our institute lecturers told
US last winter that we ought to rinse
out tho pals after feeding tho hogs,
every time. This seemed to mo rather
tar-fetched at the moment, but tho
more I think of 1t the moro believe
he is right. We do not pay enough
attention to the sanitary condition Of
the vessels in which milk and other
feed for the hogs is kept. The hog is
clearly animal when It can be. and
more than that pork is made for men,
women and children to eat. 1t should
be as sweet as possible and free from
airy disease-producing element. 1t
cannot be II we feed the hogs from
vessels that contain leftover feed that
has become sour and rancid from heat
and exposure to the air. We sold II
pigs that averaged ITO pounds to the
local butcher last winter and when
he came out to look them over he
remarked that they were the cleanest
lot Of pigs he had bought for months
He also ,complimented US on the clean
feeding pens and their surroundings,
and taking advantage of his evident
satisfaction we had no trouble in get
ing a nice toppy price for the lot
M. T.. Wisconsin.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1910-07-30

Tho ground plan is IL feet by 80
feet, and Is divided into parts each
IL feet by 10 feet.
Tho compartment on tho right is
used as a winter roosting and laying
place.
The center as a scratching shed in
the winter and shelter from rain and
sun during tho GUNNER.
Tho room at the left used during
the winter as a place Of exercise and
in which to feed mashes and to water
the fowl. This room also contains the
dust boxes and where the feed is
stored.
A. A, A, in the dotted squares re-
present the windows or their location
In the front of the house. B, B, is
sided up solid to the line running from
B to one and ore-half feet high.
The line running from G to G is
the top of q four-feet high poultry net
ting which runs the entire length of
the house.
There is q drop curtain arranged
in each room to come down next to
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1910-07-30
a GOOD ROTATION.

My field is 20 rods IN width aud ~
rods in length, DIVIDED into I'VE Soc
tons, each rods In width. containing
one acre. Along tho division fence
are mulberry trees for shadA Begin.
ming in April. lot No. I was p1aneed IN
sorghum, to be followed By fm1 oats
and vetch In October. No q Yves pAant-
ed in sweet potatoe4 also 60 be fol-
lowed by oats and vetoh> Nc. 3 was
planted in peanuts: No. Z - planted
in sweet potatoesi NO 3 b planted n
arttcholee.
Tho following year iots1so. 4 Whart
was in OATS and vetch Through The
winter. is planted IN sweet po<seo>A
to be followed BY oats and veeoh II
tho fall; No. 2 also covered With .oaa4
and vetch through the w1ntsn IL
planted in artan1olsesst,No> e. - panneed
in sorghum or kanr oo1n % be foa<
lowed by OATS and vetuh ln ooeobsff
No. 4 is planted In peauutA md No. 8
in sweet potatoes. both TO be followed
by oats, and vstch. Th4s gnccs3on
and rotation is to support 30 hogs
with pigs. etc.-pI NJ Hutch4usoaa
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1910-07-30
A GOOD POULTRY HOUSE

which is to be lot down at night. r
is the roosting poles In tho winter
quarters.
G is the roosting poles in the sum-
mer roost1ng quarters.
H, H, the doors Of poultry netting.
I, the little door that leads from tho
scratching shed to tho end room.
J. cut straw scattered on the floor Of
the scratching shed in which to scat
ter wheat. rye, oats and corn,
K, the dust box.
L, drinking fountain. ...
M. M, M, tho door, which should be
Of sand and gravel.
N. the dropping board in winter
roosting department.
A house of these dim ensions should
be nine feet in front and seven feet
tall in the rear. 1t may be made Of
any stuff at hand, or to suit tho bull
der. ....
1t can be made a very costly af-
fair, or it may be gotten up very
reasonably.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1910-07-30
IS s11lAGE GOOD FOR SWINE?

The testimony concerning the value
of silage as food for swine is oon-
flicting, both favorable and unfavor-
able reports being at hand. Many
farmers have tried feeding 1t to their
hogs, but without success.
On the other hand. a number of
hog-raisers have had good success
with silage, and feed it regularly to
their swine. 1t is possible that the
difference in the quality Of the silage
and of the methods Of feeding prac-
ticed explain the diversity Of opinions
formed concerning silage as hog food.
Col. F. D. Curtiss, the great Ameri-
can authority on the swine industry,
states that silage is valuab BILE to add to
the winter rations of swine. j. w.
Pierce, of Indiana, writes in regard to
silage for hogs.
1--WE have fed our sows, about
twenty-five in number, for four win
ters, equal parts Of ensilage and corn
meal put into a cooker and brought
up to a. steaming state. It has proved
to be very beneficial to them. 1t keeps
up the flow Of milk Of the sows that
are nursing the young. equal to when
they are running on clover. We find,
too, when the pigs are narrowed, they
become more robust and take to
nursing much sooner and better than
they did in winters when fed on an
exclusively dry diet. We also feed 1t
to our sheep To sixty head we put
out about six bushel Of ensilage."
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1910-07-30
RAISING HOGS FOR PROFIT

Success in hog raising is determined
by intelligent daily, sometimes hourly
care and attention to small details, and
good judgment. When a farmer de-
cides to become hog raiser, he
should plan to stay permanently in
the business. For the capital, labor
and time required there is no business
that will pay larger profits. in many
sections Of the country, than hog rails
ing. With an expert stock raiser as
high as 500 per cent net profit has
been made In six months under ord
mary farm conditions.
The breed to raise is the kind the
grower likes best. There are more
differences in the individuals Of any
breed than there are between choice
animals Of the different breds. A good
hog, we'll bred from prolific strain
Of any Of the popular breeds Of hogs.
will make money for the farmer when
handled right.
Well finished hogs Of the proper
weight are always in great demand
Hogs Weighing alive ago to $50 pounds
each, will supply cured hams weigh
ing 16 to Is pounds, and sides Of
bacon. weighing 10 to ~ pounds each.
These weights command q premium
Of rs cents per hundred pounds
above lighter hams and sides.
Well finished hoss, only. are wanted.
The hog should be we'll fattened and
rounded out, the flesh coming we'll
down on the hooks, and tho fat on
the sides should be from to IN
inches thick. In finished hog the
flesh will be firm and hard to the
touch, and tho hair will be smooth
and lustrous. The flesh should be
firm. the fat pure white. and the best
consumers want good proportion Of
lean.
Many farmers neglect their hogs
through the summer, stunning them,
and stunted hogs do not finish we'll.
An unfinished. stunted hog weighing
$50 pounds, will dress about IS per
cent. Bacon from such hogs sells at
Wholesale for one-half that from fin
ished hogs. The bacon from the I'M
finished. light hogs, when cooked, con-
sists of skin and flabby, soft meat.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1910-07-30
DEVELOPING A FARM FLOCK.

If we make q success $of keeping q
flock Of sheep on our farms we must
get away from the common belief that
sheep may be kept as scavengers
While it Is a tact that sheep win clean
up weeds and brtaFs, and manage to
exist on poor pasture, yet this is only
incidental.
If we keep flock Of sheep as scav-
ance that their purpose would signify.
Their feeces appear seedy and full Of
burrs and br1ars, and they show the
effects Of mismanagement and neg
lect. .
It is best TO start with a few we'll
bred ewes and the best ram that can
be found at q reasonable price. and
gradually build up q herd Of fine
ewes.
In this way the new breeder can
mako q closer study Of tho individu-
atty Of hts sheep than he could If he
was working with larger number. A
moro Intelligent selection could be
made Of the rams that were bought to
mate with his ewes, and he could be
all Of the time Increasing hts knowl-
edge Of the business a. tho size Of tho
flock increased. until he would be
capable OF wrestling with many Of tho
moro intricate problems that would
como when the flock was nearing per-
lection. A great many fail with sheep
because they undertake to work with
too largo number.
Every sheep looks arike and they
cannot mako an Intelligent study of
the individuals that they are selecting
and mating.
It takes considerable time for man
to train his eye and touch 50 that he
can mako intelligent selections even
from his own flock.
When we observe the quality and
study the conditions which surround
the average farm flock we do not
wonder that tho majority Of farmers
mako failure Of the sheep business.
1t Is really astonishing to note the
waste Of opportunities in the sheep
business. Any Intelligent farmer who
is student Of tho present economic
conditions cannot fail to SEQ that the
future Of tho mutton growing and fat
tentng business affords an attractive
outlook for the farmer who b IN q po-
sition to handle q farm flock Of from
one to two hundred welIbred ewes.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1910-07-30

all its modern improvem ents. Every
new invention out Of the ordinary has
to fight for place in the world, to over
como initial 1mperfections and van
quish prejudice and opposition of
mankind.
So it was with the automobile. AT
first they were intended to be used for
Independent locomotion only, but
sportsmen saw in them a chance for a
new diversion. Instead Of using them
for legitimate purposes they began
to call for racing machines and de-
voted their attention to speed contests.
These contests were carried to the ex-
treme few years ago but the use Of
automobiles for such purposes is be-
ginning to decline in interest. Laws
regulating the speed of those who
were inclined to race on the public
highway began to discourage the
racing instinct and we now have ma
chimes that are suitable for nearly all
of the ordinary purposes for which
vehicles are intended. At first the
standard cars were considered luxuries
and were only used by people who had
plenty of money and leisure. Gradual
ly the automobile descended from the
luxury class to that of a convenience
and in many cases a necessity. To
man living in town who has no use for
any kind Of vehicle except to ride
around for pleasure, an automobile
is still luxury. To those who have
occasion to make extended trips for
business purposes automobiles have
become a necessity. To the farmer
who is able to afford one. an auto
mobile is both a convenience and
necessity rather than a luxury.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1910-07-30
NOTES OF THE GARDEN.

Re-trim the sod edging Of borders;
all gravel or loose walks allowing a
growth Of weeds should be we'll
soaked with strong brine, and hand
waeded.
All hedges should be trimmed in
dry weather, when the loss of sap
will be least Work the soil about the
roots and cut out ell weak or decayed
wood.
plants that root close to the surface:
merely break the crust with the claw
rake, or with the fingers.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1910-07-30
MAKING GOOD BUTTER.

Keep each days run in can by It.
self until 1t is thoroughly cooled. 1t
can then be put in the general storage
can for delivery.
Even the franc Of tho machine
should be kept clean. Some seem to
think that their duty Is ended whom
they have cieensed the bowl.
A hand separator presupposes some
power other than hand power for run
ming. You may start with the idea
that you arc going to run It by hand,
but you soon realize tho economy Of
something different.
There must be better care all along
the line II We would compete sue
eessfully with the oleo people. There
IL nothing they like to hear better
than high officials knocking on the
separator product in any state.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1910-07-30
THE IDEAL DAIRY COW.

In selecting COWS for dairy herds
there are several essential points to
consider. The COW should have great
stomach capacity: avoid round
bodied COW whose ribs are short, and
fiat ribbed COW. There should be
ample room for the udder, which
should extend we'll forward and not
hang down. The milk veins should
be large and the farther they go the
better. The udder should be loose and
pliable, when empty-not neshy.
The eyes should be large and bright
and project we'll out from the face.
This is strong indication of the nerve
force needed for strong digestion and
large milk secretion.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1910-07-30

Enlarged Section of Part of Dis
eascd Cotton Stem, Showing Vessels
Filled by the Wilt Fungus. Normal
Water Vessels arc Shown (h) in Com
parison With Several Such Vessels ~
Plugged by the Wilt Fungus.
weeds. after the death Of the cotton:
% depreciation in the market value
Of wilt-infected land.
These losses probably amount to
more. than $4,000. 900 Iier annum and
are. annually increasing
Cotton wilt may mi Ike its appear
ance on single plants in a field, but
its later and most Characteristic de-
velopment is In DEF hite spots of ir-
regular size and var ling area in which
de- Some piank partially recover,
but remain dwarfed and bushy, often
one sided, while for some distance
around the wilt-infected area the cot
ton is more or less stunted by partial
root infections. Occasional plants are
found to remain healthy even in the
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1910-07-30
SUPPORT THE DAHLIAS.

Be sure to supply substantial sup
ports for your dahlias. II this il not
done you will be likely to flnd them
broken some morning after q sudden
wind or hard rain strom. The stakes
should be at least four feet tall-allow
an extra foot and half for insertion
in the ground-and they should be at
least an inch through, and Of good
sound wood. Paint them a dull green
and they will not be unpleasantfy OBJ
trusive. Tie the stalks to them with
broad strips Of cloth instead of
strings. The latter will cut into the
tender branches when they are whip
ped by the wind.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1910-07-30
MUST HAVE EXERCISE.

Pigs whose mothers have plenty Of
range are not going to die from the
thumps, but they are going to be
atrong and vigorous growers. It Is
natural for tho pigs to follow their
mother and 1t Ia best. She will not
70 too fast nor too far tor their little
short less. The pigs will acquire keen
lppSGa4es and bufid tho foundation
vhereon to lay pork at profit Feed
Ing heavily and running OF flesh use
lessiy arc not advisable with any ami
mai. but some eneretse is essential to
health IN q growing animal and an
lhssncs ct hea1th means an absence
" profit
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1910-07-30
COTTON WILT CAUSES GREAT LOSS

Il Is very di1ncult to estimate the
total loss from cotton wilt. The In
Jury varies from tho death of few
plants to the destruction Of hundreds
OF acres. Several factors are to be
considered In estimating the loss.
We must add to the actual shortage
Of the crop In tho spots where the
cotton dies: a. A diminished yield Of
the surrounding cotton duo to the
dwarfing Of the plants from partial
Infections; (3) \ lessoned income to
tho fsrmsRs on account Of the neces-
sity Of planting on infected land some
less profitable crop. such as corn, or
Of throwing cotton out OF cultivation
altogether: (S) tho increased cost OF
cultivation Of wilt-tnfeeted spots duo
to tho footiaold obtained by crab grass
nut-grass. cockleburs, and other
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1910-07-30
AUTOMOBILES FOR THE FARMER
MANUFACTURERS ARE RECOGNIZING THE VALUE OF THE
, farmers TRADE AND ARE PUTTING OUT MACH
GOOD AND MEDIUM PRICE
THEIR USE

It is not at all strange that when
autom obiles first came into general
use that farmers should have looked
upon their Introduction and use with
considerable prejudice. In the first
place their horses were frightened by
the new apparition which met or nit
ted by them. Accidents and breakages
were common occurrences ana the
new vehicles weFe much in disfavor.
The haughtiness and carelessness OF
the first automobiles from town
strengthened the prejudice for
while and an instance is known where
a new road law was defeated in state
legislature because Of speech made
by a farmer member. He said he
knew it was a scheme to get the roads
improved at the farmers expense so
that the town automobile fellows
could whiz by, throw dust In the
farmers faces ana scare their horses
to death.
That was at time when hogs were
selling at few cents per pound. But
they have doubled I'm price and now
those who were prejudiced against
auto cars are looking upon them with
favor and occasionally buy one 30 that
they can whiz by and throw dust In
the eyes of the other fellow, f1gura-
lively speaking. They are taking in
terest in the movement for good roads
and conditions are rapidly changing.
All prejudice against the machines
is disappearing, horses are getting
used to seeing them pass by, prices are
becoming reasonable and in the course
Of time all who are able to afford
them will have cars of their own.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1910-07-30

Don't be sparing Of water on your
window boxes. Ninety-nine cases of
failure out Of hundred result from
a lack Of sufficient water. Being ex-
posed to the air on all sides. evapora-
lions takes place very rapidly. APP
ply water by the pailful instead Of
the bowlful, and there need be no
failure to grow just as good plants
in the window box as in the garden
beds
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1910-07-30
Ground Plan Of PiegUy.

Tho piggery shown here IL satis-
factory building whore . permanent
one is wanted. Tho partitions be-
tween the pens arc movable In case
It is desired to use tho building for
fattenlng hogs. Tho doors leading to
the yards are raised from the central
alley by means Of ropes and pullsya.
A shute across tho ends Of one set
of yards makes 1t an easy matter to
dip hogs regularly. It Is 6 feet to the
caves and 1e feet to tho Ridge above
the pens. Additions to this house can
be made when desired and tho build
ing remain just as convenient
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1910-07-30
'.M:aKi

Last summer q neighbor, who had
just come through a sick spell, mount
ed the cultivator whom the second
corn blowing came on. I suggested
that he rig UP an umbrella over the
cultivator, but he said he was afraid
the neighbors would laugh at him.
Result-He spent two weeks in bed
and four more in the house. Better
be sensible and let the neighbors
laugh.-R. Cooper.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1910-07-30

and the consumer Is diasattsded.
The flesh on the live, unfinished
hog Is soft and habby to the touch
and the hair has q dead appeoranco-
The meat from an unthr1fty hog II
always soft, and that from thin hogs
is usually soft
Special attention should be paid to
housing the swine. Hogs are more
disturbed by wind than any other
farm animal and their shelter should
thoroughly protect them from wind
and from draughts.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1910-07-30

Whether to retire old Dobbin, who
has served SO long and faithfully, and
buy an automobile Is just now an i'm
portant question with many farmers.
The horse was the first advance over
the ordinary means Of locomotion
when speed and endurance was re-
quired. He has been mans main de-
pendence on land from the dawn of
civilization down to the present time.
The tabled Mercury with his winged
feet was at once dream and a
prophecy. The anoients wished a swift
or means Of travel for business and
pleasure. Tho Centaur-a mythical
being, half horse and half man-was
the barbarian's conception Of the
horsemen Of other tribes more ad-
vanced than his own. Other animals,
such as the llama, the camel, and the
burro, were domesticated by prirni-
tive peoples but they could not de-
velop speed and have remained beasts
of burden.
The advent Of steam introduced a
new means Of locomotion, with an in
crease of speed, but its sphere Of ac-
ton was limited to certain rigid lines
Of steel and there was no freedom OF
movement ooincident with the taste
and whim Of the individual In his de-
sire to travel for pleasure or profit.
Modern invention came to the aid of
man and the evolution of mechanical
contrfvances to assist the individual
and to add to ones speed as a means
of Independent locomotion, has made
steady progress. First the velocipede,
and later the bicycle, to the motorcy-
cle then the somewhat crude steam
buggy to the final gas motor auto with
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1910-07-30

feet long and one foot wide. Nail
or bolt the edges together like the
side Of house and hitch the chain
to each end. Load 1t with as many
large stones as q team can draw and
go over the surface. It often does
better work than q regular roller.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1910-07-30

The Dairy Cow Should be Deep and
Wide From to 2 as This Gives her
Large Capacity for Rough Feed. The
Back From 1 to Should be Sharp,
With Little Flesh, When she is in Good
Condition. She Should be Well cut up
Behind so That the Udder can Extend
Well up, as at 8. Her Flank Should
be Well Arched. as at s, to provide
Room Cor a Large Udder.