davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The San Francisco call., 1910-09-18

the reel into rakes, so timed that every
first, second and third rake would dis
charge a bundle.
The beginning Of the harvester which
preceded the modern binder dates back
to about 1855, when experiments were
tried with machines that cut and ele-
waited the grain TO platform, on which
two men bound 1t. These machines
were not successful, owing to the pre-
5udice OF farmers against anything but
reaper and owing TO the poor con-
struction Of the machines themseIves
There was a prejudice against harvest
ing machines, because it was generally
believed the machine In the end might
reduce the demand for labor at harvest
time
A few years later the twine btnd-,
superseded the wire tying apparatus
and improvements have been added
from time to time, until now the mod
ern self binder is a marvel of simplicity
and effectiveness
From the first experiment with the
reaper, about the beginning of the nine
teenth century, until 1890 wood was
used largely In the construction of ma
chimes. At this time iron. and steel
began to replace wood, and is now used
to such an extent that the modern
binder is essentially a structure of IRON
and steel
Some economists have estimated that
the invention of the reaper moved civ
Aization westward at the rate of 80
The San Francisco call., 1910-09-18

winter. Crude mills ground out the
meal for the frugal people.
What change came with reaperl
1t was gradual yet sure. When the
sturdy sons OF agriculture began to
realize that they could increase the
profits OF their labors, then was the
beginning Of our great prosperity. More
ground was needed as the grain grower
could have larger fields to harvest
The reaper enabled him to cut and bind
so much more grain during the har-
vest season that the eastern farms
westward, and hearing Of the fertile
prairies OF the middle west they emil
grated, taking with them their precious
reapers.
Railroads were small and limited TO
few miles OF eastern territory-their
principal business was carrying people
1t was not until farmers began to grow
a surplus OF grain that these gigantic
traffic organizations began to develop
When the necessity for some better
means of transportation arose, the rail-
roads began TO grow. Some OF the
roads out OF Chicago to the PaciAQ
coast were built on the vast plains tt
virgin soil that had never been trod-
den by civilized man until the spikes
holding the rails were driven IN the
ties. The builders OF the railroads
knew the unlimited resources OF this
great expanse of territory, yet they
never would have lifted hand -
driven a spike to open this grain grow
ing paradise, but for the reason that
they knew farmers were equipped with
machines that would enable them to
TIL the soil on an extensive basis, and
in this way give them traffic. Had
the reaper never been invented. II IL
coniectured whether or not railroads
would ever have become what they are.
The ever increasing demand for
reapers caused manufacturing plants to
surfnz up everywhere and they re-
cuired iron and wood. which must be
secured from mine and forest and made
into materials for machines. These
in turn necessftated foundrfes. sawmius
and facilities for shipping both the raw
materials and the finished products. IN
dustry after industry was started and
they have developed into gigantic es-
tablishments.
As soon as farmers saw that their
labors were not limited. that they could
harvest more grain than they could
SOW with the old til1age and seeding
implements. they realized the nacaa.xtkv
for better tools-they must have mezns
Of sowing more wheat Steel plovvs
and improved harrows OF different
STYLES were developed from the nneager
tools then IN use The farmers In thsJ
west usually made their own spfka
tooth harrows. as they were called.
They made the frames from wood ana
inserted teeth-forged by the village
blacksmith-into holes bored through
the frame. The spring tooth harrow Ia
an invention sS the last generation.
The San Francisco call., 1910-09-18
Bv A. H. Harris

V- MERICAN agriculture has devel-
oped into science within the
~ last half century. American
farmers are employing capital,
as well as energy and active enterprise
IN their business. Systematic prac-
tices are prevailing. provisions are
made for rotation Of crops. and other
signs Of a growing wisdom and
thoughtfulness are apparent. During
the nineteenth century the progress Of
agriculture was profoundly advanced
by several great general causes:
The application Of science to the i'm
provement Of agriculture.
The marvellous changes wrought IN
transportation methods through the
use Of steam power on land and on
sea.
The rapid opening for settlement of
vast areas OF fertile and cheap lands
offered by the government and by the
railroads
The wise dissemination Of agricul-
tural information through books, jour
mails. public documents, farmers insti-
tutes, etc.
The establishment OF experiment
stations. where scientific and practical
investigations are carried on for the
benefit OF agriculture In connection
with this may be mentioned the inspec-
tion OF material. the investigation Of
the enemies and diseases Of plants and
enimals, and the dissemination OF in
formation on the theory and practice
OF agriculture
Wheat has been the STAFF OF life of
civilized man for 20 centuries. Its
production from the soil has always
been one OF the essential industries -
the centuries. The transportation of
wheat and -four constitutes the great
est item in the business of railroads.
More people are supported by the tiny
brown berry than by any other single
element in the activities of man.
Early writers treated the cultivation
OF this cereal and its food value
Xenophon supplied his men with kind
OF cake made from wheat; Caesar was
careful that his armies should always
have an abundance OF grain; Cato ad-
vised that wheat should be grown even
though the men were at war 1t has
been more Instrumental in the advance
ment OF human welfare than any ether
cereal II has been the means OF de-
veloping the mechanical ingenuity and
intellectual faculties Of man. without
wheat, farms would be abandoned.
cities would crumble to dust and civil
lizatiOn perish.
This cereal has been esteemed Of
such vast Importance by all nations
through the many centuries, It seems
strange that the reaping hook and era
Gle continued to be the best means Of
harvesting until nearly the middle of
the nineteenth century. Pliny. in de-
scribing the practice OF reaping wheat,
says: One method is by means of
reaping hooks, by which the straws
are cut of in the middle with sickles,
and the heads detached by a pair Of
shears. In other cases the grain is
The San Francisco call., 1910-09-18

as IL deprives the land of the juices
consa!ned in the stubble)."
Men now living saw the first success
ful reaper invented. In the early part
OF the nineteenth century several in
ventors attempted to perfect machines
which would supplant the cradle and
reaplng hook, yet nothing more prac-
teal was developed until 1881 From
that time numberless machines were
invented, some Of them never having
passed the experimental stage Others
We're pronounced success from the
start, and are now the modern self
plnaers, reapers and headers.
Tue underlying principles in the
early machines are the same as in
those used today viz: the reciprocal
ing sickle, reel and platform; the mo-
tive power was oxen or horses hitched
either to the side and front or behind
IN the same manner as the modern
headers, and the grain forced to the
sickle by the reel was cut and dropped
TO the platform. A man walked along
the side of this platform and removed
the grain with a hand rake as soon as
enough accumulated for gavel. Some
or the machines were constructed so
the gavels were raked off behind In
stead of at the side of the platform.
The great difficulty encountered by
the e pioneer reaper inventors was the
sickle. Many different devices were
tried, but nothing equaled the recipro-
eating knife. The first improvement Of
any practical merit was a sea for the
man who raked the grain off the plat
form and several years later the self
rake was added. This feature was
long step toward the reaper of today.
IT enabled one man to drive and operate
the machine; the reel was equipped
with rake in such a manner tnat It
swept the grain off the platform with
every revolution OF the reel The later
Improvement was the arrangement of
The San Francisco call., 1910-09-18
WHEAT CROrS CALENDAR

JANUART-Austr New Zea--
land, Chile, Argentine RePub-
lie.
FEBRUARY AND MARCH-Up-
per Egypt, India.
APRIL - Lower Egypt, India,
Syria, CEprus. Persia, Mexico,
Cuba. Asia Minor.
kzAK-Texas. Algeria, Central
Esia. China, Japan. Morocco.
JUNE-CaIffOrnia kansas, the
40 gthern states. Turk Y,
Greece. Italy, Spain, Portugal,
south of France.
JULT-Nexv England, the north
ern states, upper Canada, Rou-
mania, Bulgaria, Austria, Hun
gary, south Of Russia, Ger
many, Switzerland, south OF
England. Oregon. Washington.
AUGUST-The DakOtas, Mani
foba, lower Canada, British CO.
Iumbfa, Belgium, Holland,
Great Britain, Denmark, CEN
traI Russia, Poland.
SEPTEMBER AND OCTOBER
Scotland, Sweden, Norway,
north of Russia.
EOVEMBER-Peru South Africa.
DECEMBER-Burm New South
Wales.
The San Francisco call., 1910-09-18

V- MERICAN agriculture has devel-
oped into science within the
n last half century. American
farmers are employing capital,
The Brandon news. (Brandon, Miss.) 1892-1961, 1910-05-26
COLORNEL ROOSEVELT
is NOW Resting UP
Taking Things Easy and Be
ing Entertained
DINED BY HUNTERS OF old ENGLAND
Now the Guest of Former British
Military Attache at Washing
ington-Meets Andrew Car
negie and DIR. Osler.

London Mr.. Roosevelt is enjoy
ing the quietest days thus far OF
his European tour and is getting
something like a real rest. His
Hltroat still bothers him and his
voice is husky.
After spending the weekend at
Wrest Park, the home of American
Ambassador and Mrs. Reid, Mr..
Roosevelt, Miss Ethel and Kermit
returned to London today and are
guests of Lieutenant Colonel and
Mrs. Arthur B. Lee at their city
house.
The lieutenant colonel was militia
ry attache at the British embassy at
Washington in 1899. The Roosevelts
will remain at the Lee home for the
greater part of the week. The de-
mands upon the former presidents
time do not lessen but his present
host is endeavoring to have Mr..
Roosevelt refuse to receive callers,
in order that he may have much
needed rest. On Wednesday Mr..
Roosevelt will receive a group Of
delegates of the parliamentary
union.
Today Mr.. Roosevelt was the guest
at luncheon of twenty big game
hunters, several of whom joined in
presenting him with a rifle before he
started on his African expedition.
Those at the function included Har-
ry Johnston, F. G. Cunningham, H.
Section Car, Sir Clement Hill, Count
Won Bluecher, Sydney Charles Bux-
ton, Ivan Buxton, w. A. Baillie-
Groman, Seth Bullock.
This afternoon Mr.. roosevelt had
tea at Dorchester house, meeting An
drew Carnegie and Mrs. Carnegie,
DR.. William Osler and few others.
Tonight the Roosevelts dined quietly
with the Lees, only the members OF
the two families being present.
The Brandon news. (Brandon, Miss.) 1892-1961, 1910-05-26

killing was Unsuitable.

A negro named Will Ales was shot
and killed by ]. T. Miller, four miles
northeast of Hazlehurst. An investi-
cation of the affair was had before
Justice of the Peace Russell, and
Miller was discharged. According to
the evidence, Miller and his sons
came to Hazlehurst and left Mrs.
Miller, wife of j. T. Miller, at home
by herself Some time in the early
afternoon the negro, who works on
the place, came to the house, and
was not discovered by Mrs. Miller
until he had entered the hall. He
suddenly grabbed her, and she
screamed and succeeded in jerking
away from the brute, and rushed
into her room and slammed the
door. When Mr.. Miller came home
she told him of the circumstance,
and little later the negro was seen
at the barn Mr.. Miller secured his
gun and went to the barn and de-
manded an explanation. The negro
first denied all, and then proved in
solent and started toward Miller for
the purpose of attacking him with a
heavy pillow wrench, when Miller
fired two shots, killing him instantly.
The Brandon news. (Brandon, Miss.) 1892-1961, 1910-05-26
RED UNDERCLOTHING ADDS
TO HEAT BURDEN
Unpopular Garments Not Satisfacto-
ry From Medical Point.


Washington Fantastic theories
regarding the use of colored under
clothing to repel the heat in the
tropics have been dispelled by re-
port made by the army board for the
study of the tropical diseases in the
Philippines. About eighteen months
ago five thousand suits of orange
red underclothing and correspond
ing number of orange-red hatbands
were sent to the Philippines. These
were distributed SO that one-half of
a company should be clad in the
new garments and the other in the
ordinary white underclothes. The
army surgeons kept close watch upon
the men but they failed to find that
that colored underclothing brought
any relief from the tropical heat.
The Brandon news. (Brandon, Miss.) 1892-1961, 1910-05-26
LATE NEWS BREVITIES.

AS the result of two days fight
ing near Rama, the Estrada forces
lost fourteen killed and twenty-nine
wounded. The entire stores Of the
Madriz forces, near Blue1elds, were
seized by the Estrada faction.
A serious clash occurred at Cork
when rival Irish factions me-. Sever
al were injured.
Clifford Pinchot sailed from Liver
pool for New York.
Jewish women attending the high
er educational institutions of Russia
were extended the privilege of es-
Gaping the expulsion edict.
King George began his reign by
extending clemency to prisoners.
King George will maintain a royal
racing stable.
Representative Arsene Pujo said
that the efforts in the interest Of New
Orleans for the Panama Exposition
should be directed towards securing
support in the East and the Missis-
sippi Valley, as the congressional del
egation of the South Is already prac-
tically pledged.
Louisiana delegates to the worlds
Sunday School Convention boosted
New Orleans for the Panama EXPOSE
tion Logical point" literature was
freely distributed and typical Dixie
yells were given during the mems
Bible class parade.
The Interstate Commerce Commits
sion in the case of E. E. Saunders
& Co., of Pensacola, Fla, against the
Southern Express Company, found
itself unable to accept the Alabama
rates on fish as fair and reasona-
BILE basis for fixing the defendants
rates to the same points from Pensa-
cola.
Experiments on soldiers in the
Philippines show that orange-red un-
derclothing adds materially to the
burden of heat upon the system.
An earthquake shock, lasting thir-
ty seconds, was recorded at Salt Lake
City, Utah.
A tornado, at Cairo, ILL.,, injured
several persons and caused heavy
porperty damage.
Miss Minnie Alders, school teach
er, was found shot to death in a
hotel at Peoria, Ill. s. T. Easterly,
her companion, is detained.
A norther, accompanied by freez-
ing temperature and some snow
swept West Texas and New Mexico
Fire at Elkhart, Ind, destroyed
the plant of the G. G. Conn Compa-
ny. brass band instrument makers
causing 100000 loss. A night watch
man persisted.
Fire at Texarkana, Ark, caused
$1,000, 900 loss.
The Brandon news. (Brandon, Miss.) 1892-1961, 1910-05-26
work ON Electric Line Begun.

Manager Blackmore has a large
force of men at work clearing the
right of way of the new electric in
terurban railway between McComb
City and Godboldt Wells, via Sum
init. ]. E. Randall, of Gulfport con-
tractor in charge of the work, said
the right of way would be cleared
and everything would be ready for
the placing of the ties and laying of
steel by June /, and that he expected
to have the road completed and
ready for business by July 4. AS
soon as the right of way is complet-
ed, the work of construction will be
begun at both ends. The final sur
vey adopted places the length of the
line 4.37 miles.
The Brandon news. (Brandon, Miss.) 1892-1961, 1910-05-26
PARK FOR NEW YORK.
Five Million Dollar Project May
Yet be Realized by State.

Albany, N. Y.-Governor Hughes
nounced to the Legislature early in
January that Mrs. Edward H. Har-
riman, in accordance with the wish
es of her late husband, had offered
the state a ten-thousand acre tract
of land at Arden for state park,
and $1,000,000 with which to &C
quire and improve adjacent land so
that the park might have a river
frontage. Five months have passed,
however, and the final week of the
session finds the Legislature still un-
decided as to the acceptance of the
gift.
The Brandon news. (Brandon, Miss.) 1892-1961, 1910-05-26
JEwEsEs ESCAPE EXPULSION.
Privileges Extended to Women II
Higher Educational Courses.

st. Petersburg. important de-
cision in regard to the Jewish Ques-
ton has been published in which the
ruling is made that women's higher
educational courses, which have been
established in many cities, are clas-
sified with university courses, and
that the privilege of residence out
side of the Pale is extended to such
students on the same basis as uni
versity graduates. The matter has
been pending for six months, and du-
ring that time many Jewesses have
been expelled from st. Petersburg
and elsewhere.
The Brandon news. (Brandon, Miss.) 1892-1961, 1910-05-26
Live Wire Injuries Children.

A small boy and girl, aged and
respectively, children of G. F.
Hughes, of Hattiesburg, sustained
what may prove to be fatal injuries
by contact with live telephone wire,
which had fallen in the street. Had
not a negro boy who was passing
heard the screams of the little girl
both children would probably have
died in the street. The negro upon
reaching the children, discovered
that the boy had been rendered un-
conscious, and was apparently dead,
while the little girl was writhing
and screaming, lying with her shout
ders upon the live wire and appar-
emily unable to get away from it.
The Brandon news. (Brandon, Miss.) 1892-1961, 1910-05-26
IMPORTED COTTON.
American Manufacturers Draw Upon
Every Part of World.

Washing ton.-The cotton manu-
facturers of the United States are
drawing upon every part of the world
for raw material for use in their do
nestle industries. Notwithstanding
the fact that the United States pro-
duces three-fourths of the worlds
cotton, her manufacturers have
drawn raw cotton from every grand
division and nearly score of coun-
tries and islands during the current
fiscal year.
The Brandon news. (Brandon, Miss.) 1892-1961, 1910-05-26
THIRTY FIVE HURT.
Engine Jumps the Track and Turns
Over.

Rogers, Ark.-The st. Louis and
San Francisco passenger train No. 4,
the fast express from Texas to st.
Louis was wrecked two miles south
of Rogers. Thirty-five persons were
injured, three probably fatally. The
injured were brought here. The
train was running 35 miles an hour
when the engine and mail and bag
gage-cars left the track and turned
over. The chair car followed but
remained upright. The cause of the
derailment is not known.
The Brandon news. (Brandon, Miss.) 1892-1961, 1910-05-26
ESTRADA FORCES LOSE IA.
Thirty-Nine Others are Wounded in
Fighting Around Rama.

Washington.-Tw days fighting
near Rama, Nicaragua, has cost the
Estrada forces fourteen in killed and
thirty-nine wounded. The casualties
of the MadriZ forces were not learn
ed. General Mena retired after the
fight to his retrenchments. Large
quantities Of ammunition and pro-
visions said to be the entire stores
of the Madriz forces near Bluefelds,
were said to have been captured by
General Mencada, of the Estrada
faction
The Brandon news. (Brandon, Miss.) 1892-1961, 1910-05-26
School Teacher Stabbed.

Barney Grice, school teacher Of
the western portion of Lincoln coun-
ty, was cut seriously in the side by
Louis Criscoe, of the Bogue Chitto
neighborhood, in a difficulty at the
union depot at Brookhaven.
The Brandon news. (Brandon, Miss.) 1892-1961, 1910-05-26
ERROR ON EDWARDS COFFIN.


London. curious error was
made in the inscription on King Ed.
wards coffin. The last line of il
read: "Regnique Sui k" That is
"And in the Ninth Year Of His
Reign" Edward 81 reign began or
January %, 1901, and the ninth veal
was completed ON Jan. Fl, 1910. Com
seouently he died IN the tenth veal
of his reign.
The Brandon news. (Brandon, Miss.) 1892-1961, 1910-05-26
Negro Shooting ARRAY.

At Scranton, a shooting affray
took place between two negroes Bra
cey Cooper and Roscoe Johnson, in
a dispute about pair of pants.
Cooper found Johnson beating his
wife and went to her rescue, shoot
ing Johnson in the right eye. 1t is
believed that Johnson will die from
the effects of the wound. Cooper gave
himself up to the officers.
The Brandon news. (Brandon, Miss.) 1892-1961, 1910-05-26
nedicafion Postnoned.

The dedication Of the Wisconsin
,namorial in the National Park at
vicksburg, has been postponed to
ao,ne time in October. 1t has been
snpounced, on account of delay of
material in arriving.
The Brandon news. (Brandon, Miss.) 1892-1961, 1910-05-26
BRYCE ASKS FOR RECALL.
British Ambassador Affected by the
Death of King Edward.

Washington.-Ca advices from
London received here state that Am
bassador James Bryce, of Great Brit
ain, has written to the Foreign Of
fee, asking that he be relieved from
further duty as ambassador at Wash
ington as soon as possible. Mr., Bryce
according to close friends has been
affected by the Death of King Ed
ward.
The Brandon news. (Brandon, Miss.) 1892-1961, 1910-05-26
Bisop Murrah's Residence.

According to Major r. w. Millsaps
who attended the Methodist General
Conference at Asheville, and has just
returned after his three weeks stay,
the probabilities are that Bishop
Murrah will accept the suggestion of
both Mississippi conferences and
make his Episcopal residence in
Jackson.
The Brandon news. (Brandon, Miss.) 1892-1961, 1910-05-26
Mississippi Textbook
Commission Busy

z For the next few weeks the d
e Office of the Mississippi Text d
= book Commission will be one !,
= of the most completely occu- .
= pied departments in the Cap %
= itol Building at Jackson. Both %
e. State Superintendent Powers, d
q who is ex-officio chairman of d
2 commission, and Prof. John %
= Windham, the secretary, are q
Z spending much time in get y
. ting matters in shape for the d
q meeting of the commission q
. advertised for June 8, at q
= which time bids a eroebtu ann
2. which time bids are to be q
= opened. Some twenty-odd d
= book concerns have registered %
. as they are required to do, u
8. along with the men who rep d
3 resent them, in addition to in q
q dividual book men. 4
= Specimen copies of text 4
2 books covering every line of y
e study included in the COM q
= mon school curriculum of the %
. state have been supplied the 4
9. secretary and members Of the d
q commission.
The Brandon news. (Brandon, Miss.) 1892-1961, 1910-05-26
Bloody Fight in Negro Quarters.

A bloody fight occurred in the ne
gro quarters at Gulfport, which re-
suited in Jeff Magee being fatally
shot by Aleck Richards, who receiv-
ed a stab in the back and a battered
head The trouble grew out of an
old feud. Magee received three shots
and will die. Officers Spiers captur-
ed Richards who was jailed.
The Brandon news. (Brandon, Miss.) 1892-1961, 1910-05-26
Fed Gray Pardoned.

Governor Noel granted pardon
to Fed Gray, negro, sentenced
from Leake county in 1905 to serve
ten years at hard labor for the crime
of manslaughter.
The Brandon news. (Brandon, Miss.) 1892-1961, 1910-05-26
Meat Packing Company Inspector.

The NatcheZ Dressed Beer Compa-
ny, w. C. Dorsey, and the hatcher
Meat Packing Company are cores
ponding with the Federal Depart
ment to secure the detail of meat
inspector for Natchez, and expect to
have matters settled favorably this
week.
The Brandon news. (Brandon, Miss.) 1892-1961, 1910-05-26

Mrs. Harriet B. Kells, leading
temperance worker, Of Jackson, left
70 attend the w. G. T. U. Conven-
tion at Glasgow, Scotland. She was
accompanied by Miss Madge Mont
gomery.