davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune., 1909-11-21
HISTORY OF THE DISEASE.

The sleeping sickness of man AT pres
ent exists on all the shores of Victoria
Nyanza. on the Tanganyika. along Ger
tain rivers. and il has been reported 20
be on Nyassa Lake. although this is not
sure. IL was probably introduced by
Emin Pacha's soldiers whom Stanley
went 10 relieve and it spread rapidly
owing 10 the thick iungles which are
around the lakes and which are the nat
ural habitat Of the gIOssina palpalis.
vulgarly called tse-tse fly. The victims
Of this disease around the shores OF VIC
tOria Nyanza alone are estimated at be-
tween four and i've hundred thousand
persons within the last ten years. These
victims have been principally natives.
since the White man does not expose
himself as the native does So far the
disease has proved invariably fatal. the
few exceptions sometimes cited being OF
doubtful character.
Thanks 20 the Investigations OF Sir
David Bruce and his assistants. who have
found the cause Of the disease and de
monstrated the action Of the ffy. il has
been possible 70 take precautions against
the spread Of the disease
The immediate cause Of sleeping sick
ness is a trypanasOrna-i 2. a ffstUIated
blood parasite which enters the blood
stream by the bite OF the tse-tse fiy.
and which. after increasing the blood
stream. finally reaches the Emphatic
system and thus gets into the medullary
tenn and attacks the brain causing
ions which produce the appearance Of
sleep
AT first il was believed that the fly
acted as mere carrier. that is. would
bite man suffering from sleeping sick
ness and then. biting another man.
would innOculate him in turn. Now this
* partially true. but holds good only IL
the second man is bitten considerable
time after the first IL has recently
been demonstrated by Professor K1eine
New-York tribune., 1909-11-21
Many Prefer to Be Killed by Wild Beasts Rather
Than Wait for Natural Death

content 20 let Us do all the work and
certain natives volunteer 70 help Us in
our nursing some have perished at
their posts. victims Of the terrible dis
ease they were nursing but next day
others were always ready 20 replace
them. We have lost some OF our fathers
from sleeping sickness contracted in re-
giOns whittier they had gone on their
duties either as priests OF as educators;
but. strange % say. those Of rs who give
up all cur time = the sleeping siczuess
victims and remain constantly near them
and in the most imminent danger. those.
] say. appear 20 b. immune in some mi-
raculOus way. for we have not in a single
instance contracted the disease from our
patients
The most complete as well a. most
authoritative Information which I gath
cred came from the investigations OF
sleeping sickness now being conducted
for the first time in Uganda by the ROYAL
Bruce. The commission was sitting
while I was in Uganda. and I learned OF
It's early results direct from one OF SIR
David Bruce's guests. Dr. \ Theiler.
chief veterinary bacteriOlOgist Of the
Tr0nsvaa.. and accepted as the greatest
living authority on African stock dis
eases. ! quote here DR.. ThelIer's own
words as I wrote them down while he
was talking 10 mo
New-York tribune., 1909-11-21

with the female elements in the process
OF fertilization. and the result is the new
whole Individual. the Oocyte. which al once
develops into the mature cyst stage. with
which we started.
This part Of the developmental cycle in
sures the life OF the organism outside OF
the turkey. for these encysJed forms OF
the cOccidium are tenacious Of life and
are able 10 lie for a long time dormant IN
the soil Of the poultry yard. awaiting their
turn 10 be taken in. along with the food.
by other unsuSpecting birds. All these
stages OF the cOccidium mentioned above
are 20 be found. al some time within the
iutestines. cssca or lfvers of the infected
turkeys. where they produce the severe le-
siOns ana cell changes which are charsc-
terisric OF the disease and which eventually
produce death.
IL seems probable, result of the
many experiments which have been con-
Quoted by DIR. Hadley at the Rhode Island
Station that no medicines which viii kill
the coccidia can he administered 20 tur-
keys without also killing the turkeys. This
IS due 20 the fact that the mature stage or
the coccidium - very resistant 20 disinfect-
ants of all kinds II Is not one bit feazed
by weak solutions OF corrosive sublirnate
fornaiin or carbOIic acid and il -four
ishes in 10 per cent solution of potaz-
sium bichrOmate. which IS considered a
very strong disinfectant.
These facts go 10 prove that very Efficient
germicides are required 10 kill the cOc-
cidia. which are numerous In and about
nearly every large poultry yard. These
disinfectants cannot. Of course. be given 20
turkeys without killing them. Therefore
the successful treatment OF blackhe2d is
bound 10 be very diricult matter. and Is
perhaps wholly impossible But while there
Is the least hope scientists will strive tow
ard this end. using all tire modern meth
DDS that are available. IN this case. how
ever. a. in many others. IL Is probably true
that prevention is the better part OF cure.
The Investigations OF Dr. Hadley have
thus far been chiefly confined 20 a study
Of the pathoiogical conditions in the sick
bird and a study OF the biology OF the
oausative organism. the cOccidium. Moth
Ing has yet been recommended by him as a
cure for the disease. but ia l. stated that
the amount OF the disease in given To-
cslity may he greatly reduced hy certain
simple precautions.
These include chiefly the following Dt
To keep che turkeys on wide ranges 0f
fresh uninfected territory. 80 20 have the
breeding stock free from disease. 90 and
lastly. uu most important % all o. Keep
them Isolated from common fowl and all
Og.er species of domestic birds. AL VI
New-York tribune., 1909-11-21
Imported Bird Spreads the Deadly Germ which
Causes "Blackhead" and Can Not Be Cured
by ANY Method Yet Discovered.

desiro~ the industry q the Vest as thor
oughl,- ~ IL already las done that of the
Eastern states. Experts declare
The fun import Of the present conditions
has come % The poultrymen only sio0 ly
For some --ears previous 20 1895 = had been
noticed that successful turkey raising n
Rhode Island was on the vsne The poul-
tr-rnen complained that the young pouiis'
from TWO weeks 10 I'VE months old. died IN
Isr-e numbers. and few birds lived %
Errw up % maturity.
r. vas IN 1899 that Ssmue Cushmsn, sr
that time animal hushandn'sn Al tho Rhoo@
Isaud Agricultural Experiment station. Ar
Ki-igston. published p paper ON this disease
OF turkeys IN which he gave itS symptoms
ce~-ribed the condition ~ tho diseased or
Ezns sno suggested tho true infectious or
.-7lIuicaLhle character of tho aiiUent
C1ishnlan also was tho first 10 give 10 fhe
nalady tho name blackhsad. for the reason
that the heads of the diseased turkeys
fr.ouentf,- became dark color~d. other
names Tor the trouble subsequently arose-
such - liver trouble spotted liver"
turkey all" going light and '-choiera-
II was A. FIRST the general opinion among
turkey ralsers and poultrymen al large
that the cause OF the trouble was 10 BE-
found in the faulty management OF the
birds. Consequently an exhaustive study
was INFLATED az the Rhode Island station
OF the methods OF management which Were
ia vogue throughout the state al that time.
j. being believed that the results Of this 'n-
quiry might give some suggestion az 20 a
way by which the conditions might be i'm
proved Although q limited number Of
new methods were tried AZ the station, and
by many pOultrymen 4 the state no new
light vas thrown upon the disease and the
turkeys continued 10 die al a rapid rate
subsequently 20 this 81 was believed by
many that the New England stock Of tur-
KEYS ullgLt have become weakened. PEE
hans as tle result of too Close inbreeding
through many years. Acting upon this
i6ea Cushuan procured from the Souts
several Wild turkeys ahica were subsi-
.u,erflv crossed "a rIe Riloae Island Ftatiou
.rith tiio gafive bronze and Narragnnse- g.
-tort n asa noped that tt thls mear7
new .i..or migi.f 10 added -p iiae native
-forf Tiu.. passed however and h began
i, saf-ear hat fEis course of procedure
..r,,.S ~ no sv-u in lmpfoy.ns tas conil-
Mons TO- f,e hsif siif -foek died 10 tAe
s.n.e extent . she nftia-.
New-York tribune., 1909-11-21

-a1r ne turkey raising industry ~ the
LDt-. states b. on n serious decline ana
-N-t -ir noble Thanksgiving bird reaches a
r-r- price i0 the market each succeeding
facts clearly recognizeu h'fn ny
..--r Who have tried 70 raise turkeys ana
--o-e who have sought in vain Tor a
gr~ Rhode Island Or Vermont turke, 70
--... tr-ir ThsnksEfvirE table ~ tho old
rur price.
T.l-r- sears sEo turkeys were raised IN
-s-lcsrrr ou almost ever, NeT t.ng 'and
.f--. end me praise ~ Ehoa~ lslsnd's 3
r1f- f@mols bird has n@en Loudly sung
.-1rs MANY a festive board. THIRTY years
~. -.-kr-s were raised because The hu7i-
nose yes profitable and because lf was %
r-- no raise them ~ nsturs' methods
--e- -sDEeG v-ide territories o'er ne
farm .snoS ana it was seldom ihaf disease
zrpsared amorE them. Before TURKEY rais-
was srsrfed in the West fock - fhTeH
1dre5 In Tho Eastern States vas COM
nor sight From Block Island and the ISL
ends of NsrrsGsusett Bay. which years aso
Formed New England's best turkey raising
ground. tho home q the famous Aarrasah-
s~f- breed. from hfty 20 sixty tons ~ hiros
were shipped annually 20 Se~ YORK ana
Boston markets.
l--caY al Dr. changed, ana peoPie WIZ
o-lnke the English sparrow may viii JUS
lice blame MIN FOR being an active agent IN
me transf0rInation. Tor he carries from
n1ruf ard o. barnyard the germ which de-
siroys tie Thanksgiving bird. So great II
Ire change that to-day the inland IArnefs'
VIA very f~W exceptions. have utterly
given lp their attempts a. turke- raising :
TIE Islands of Narragansett Bay are almost
turkey iess-oT. Al most. single hen wan
oerE fhe fields with troop Of hair dozen
lifle ones. all designed for home consunlp-
'ion while from Block Island. which thirty
fars ago supplied the trade WIN %" i"ss
i-an fNenfy tons Of turkeys year. not
.fe hundred pounds have been produced Tor
many years
hsf En- may De- asked is Oh" oause ior
i'is 1-ll lalsHI,. condition il the turkey iair-
a- Industry of The country D. b. n"tlihs
'ft tsau fas great turkey epidemic nif-
Ha.f n.seclesd. winch var lrsf notes -h
--H.. i-l.aa som. time pre- ieus ~ 1880
n-l.. i.s no4 aH i.lf anillliilaifa i.i'
lalsiur iudlsf-r lu Sew i-nsisii
. r.-rsr rIe riseure b. r-Isic' 'h
fatsdIaz fp u-c nolEs of ule western
s.-ies. a.e r.4s IL asa sniess ele'Ati'
New-York tribune., 1909-11-21
THE INSECT BEELZEBUBS.

What causes these two flies out Of
every thousand 10 fall short Of the ideals
shown by the vast majority Of their
race? Does an overruling destiny point
with obdurste finger and say To two from
a line a thousand long: You shall he
poison carriers and then dismiss the
rest with permission 10 be nothing worse
than blood suckers DO the influences
Of remote atsvism diminish their apti-
tudes for healthy living. OF do individual
weaknesses develop degenerate ten
denciese or. finally. is il A mere ques-
ton Of temptation and opportunity. there
not being enough sleeping sickness vic
Tins 20 poison al the flies waiting for
drop of corrupted blood?
Scientists have not yet got this far in
their researches. and no authoritative
answer can BE- given; which is a pity be
cause il might solve some problems as 70
human character mans tendencies and
influences seeming often as difficult 10
untangie and attribute as the tsetse
iy's For the present We must rest con-
tent with the fact that this average of
two from a thousand has been estab-
70 be accepted by the scientists who have
studied the matter on the spot. In some
thousands there may be only one. but
then in other thousands there would be
three so that the average remains con-
stant
Ny companion. Filippo Bull. had been
IN the region for some years as repre-
sentative OF an Italian trading company.
although. 10 be accurate. he was not my
companion al all. but q companion Of my
travelling companion. which latter was
Count Federico Violatti Tescari. holder
of vast concessions in Italian Sonaii-
land. Bull assured US there was no dan
ger where We stood meditating. yet
added il vas not d gay place 70 be. and il
had been ascertained that the fly would
90 further along the surface OF water
than on dry land.
That native squstting down near the
rocks 70 wash his waistcloth would be
fned one hundred rupees - he vsded out
FAR enough 10 battle or u FISH. Buln ex-
New-York tribune., 1909-11-21
DEVOTION OF TWO ORDERS.

Question the natives about here"
Father FilliOn said TO me. and they viii
tell you that We and the White Sisters
were the first 10 shelter and care for
victims OF the sleeping sickness. al the
time when every one fed from them
and their own relatives would throw
them out of doors 10 die. and they will
tell you that still to-day it is we wlc
sit by them in their suTerings. though
they csn upon US 10 perform for them
the vilest and most humiliating services.
and though they exhale at the last stage
OF the disease an odor sickeninE be-
yond description.
These good Wagands feel such graft
tude 10 VS. for what We have been able 20
do that not only have they ceased Iesv-
ing their relatives 70 die when affected
with sleeping sickness. but they are not
New-York tribune., 1909-11-21

haps the treatment Of blackhead.
There was very good reason why one
Of the earlier names applied to hlsckhead
was going light" one of the first OBJ
servable symptoms OF the disease is a loss
OF appetite and q consequent gradual
smaciation OF the sick bird. At the same
time il sbuns the rest u the flock and
Feeps much by itself In young turkeys
The course Of the disease Is often rapid.
frequently killing them ia from ten 10 four
teen days after tile b-ginning Of The at
tack Ia older birds TIE courss ~ tie
disease is much slower aud T. frequently
of a chToni. co. semi-chronic nature So
thst tney ma2 suffer with b,sckhead for
MONTHS or even years. before dealt comes.
IH turkeys the disease affects either the
e.eca ltle slnd pouches ol TIE lRtestiasJ Or
New-York tribune., 1909-11-21

tients being cared for now in this re-
gion. and the mean deaths a day are
twenty. As many are eaten by leopards
and hyenas as are killed by the final
phase Of the disease. Hyenas sometimes
burrow into the huts and carry off the
sick, but Oftener the sick themselves are
responsible, for they are taken with a
desire 10 die at night. and. escaping
their nurses and guards in the darkness.
they will slip nOiselessly out into the
bushes and might never be heard from
again il their Wild cries did not soon
after reach camp. For leopards and
hyenas stand watch over the camps. the
leopsrds for the living and the hyenas
for the dead.
New-York tribune., 1909-11-21
MOTOR CARS ON RAILROADS.

From The Ctica Press.
The Erie Railroad Company has been sx-
periueurinE for -wo wears with Gasoien-
motor cars on side lines. where ordinary
pa ssenger trains cannot give the service
desired WithOut serious loss Motor ears
have been running regularly for some
time between ArtiCa and Avon and be-
tween Salamanca and Bradford II -
said that they are giving perfect salts
faction 20 the patrons OF the road and
have secured = more profitable passenger
traffic between these places than ever
bea0re known. The Easoleus motor car
Is claimed 70 bs more economical thar
the trolley. and railroad men believe r.
viii soon come into general u<c for short
runs on al roads.
New-York tribune., 1909-11-21

The ravases Of the disease still continued.
spreading from Rhode Island into the
surrounding states. The problem OF rails
ing turkeys was becoming one Of serious
irauortance something must be done n
the turkey raising industry was 20 be pre-
sery I'd.
Accordingly. careful stud, of the
d. theological conditions and Of the cuusa-
riv. organism was taken up IN 1907 BY
Dr Philip b Hadleg. chief of the ai-
Vision OF biology at th' Rhode Island sta
.iou The results of lhis Iurestisarou re-
,saird au organism called a coccidiun
This ia rssite b uow regarded i.3 It- Had
i,, ss tlls sole cause pf fhe great turkey
dlseare. sud i,s discovery nss urnshed "a
basis foT R0Ik ga -.ie 9re, ention. and .,-.-
New-York tribune., 1909-11-21

planned. SO long as brush was kept down
near the town and bats We're not set
10 lure the flies from their cOverts, there
was hope for life in this country; or for
such a sort OF life as one could get
Bulh sighed-in this hot. malarial. desc
late place, almost without friends and
wholly without recreation. since all game
had fed when the vegetation round about
was destroyed
At least that is better than the sleep
ing sickness I ventured interrOgative-
~ as We strolled back toward the little
town
New-York tribune., 1909-11-21
INFECTED ANIMALS A PERIL.

"On the lake shores. infected lies are
still caught i'm places whence all natives
We're removed more than a year ag0.
OF course this allows another interpre-
tation. viz. that not only men but ami
mails also may act as reservoirs Cor the
virus. and through them men may later
be poisoned. Bruce is now making
study Of this. and important communi-
cations are expected soon.
I asked Dr. Theiler about the duraJiOn
OF the disease and its characteristics.
but here he was loath 70 commit himself.
50 varying are its phases according n
individual cases
Certain generslities have. however.
been observed I'm chronic cases. vhich
Dr- Theiler mentioned 20 me- Intectivs
and uninfective flies being precisely sim
liar in appearance. slightly smaller than
the ordinary houseAy and very black
in hue. and the sensation from their
sting being similar in all cases. the
man who Is stung has no way OF telling
whether or not ne has been infected.
He may have forgotten the bite when.
a week or two later he has an attack
character. n the case is 10 be chronic.
h viii recover from this fever and ap-
pear perfectly Wen for several weeks.
or perhaps even mOnths-it Is impOs-
s.ble 70 geleralizs with any degree OF
aCcurac---and then a second attack OF
fever Will come. n may be only at the
third attack OF this kind that tho
diagnosis Of sleeping sickness Is made
or course, IL the case Is TO be an acute
one. that first attack OF fever viii last
on % the end, the phases succeeding
one another rapidly II has never been
possible TO establish the lapse OF time
between the bite and the first attack OF
fever. because men paw 40 little atten-
ton 10 the bite. DIT. Theilsr said 70 ne:
From experiments made. II has been
ascertained that with monkeys the at
tack comes eight DAYS after the bite. 50
il is presumed that the period is the
same with man. although there - as
Yet no definite evidence as to man"
New-York tribune., 1909-11-21
", Warrington Daw-on.

And the-e.' said ny Comua MON. eN-
tending his arm. Lies the sleeping sick
u.-~s country. "a here men often prefer 70
he torn % pieces by wild beasts rather
r.an wait for q natural death"
Prom the shorn hank On which I
stood 4 looked across the Nile. narrow
fere a. IT'S source to the heavily bushed
further side confess that little thrill
shot down my spine-that spine into
n hich an eNcruciatinsly painful and un-
rreveutablv deadly parasite would work
It's way 81 veutured over the waters ~
TINS river - immemorisl dreams. True.
So long a. remained on the crop
beaded civilized bank. my dreams would
not he those inspired by tho sleep Of
death. and need not even be sentinen-
tsT unless 7 delved in historical remin-
iscence.
had come up TO Ksvirondo Bay.
Gle easterunost point of Victoria Ny
snza. by train along the Uganda Rail-
vsv which ends there. thence I had
crossed the north Of the lake aboard
q comfortable steamer provided with
electric lights and wire netting at the
rnF-f lnleS. and nov ! 5000 al Jllla,
where the lake narrOWs down. 20 empty
over Ripon Falls and become the Nile.
such defensive measures as science
rss found against ~ ri the most for
r-idable. because one Of the hopeless.
ma ladies' known 10 the world today
surrounded ne: native hshitations had
been cleared AVA and the riverside was
q stubblv stretch ~ close cut grass.
~irhered shrub roots. roughly heWn
gree srUmps.
was IN Roosevelts Africa. ~ OF
near where the eX-Presideut viii stand
m necemhor. and not in the Africa Of
stanley / was IN the Africa Of mod
s~u thought and progress. not OF
srr r.si- dread snd mystery. Yet I ex-
re-ienced my little thrill all the same
as g Iookod across the Nile and thought
fo0 apt was that French saying about
r-e interest inspired by ''the wall be-
rud which something is happening
New-York tribune., 1909-11-21
coIoREo TROOPS AND EsERrroN.

From The Boston Transcript
The cOlOred troops serve u0bly DeSer-
tons nom colored regiments do not aver
age one-tenth OF those from white regl-
ments. This ideity 20 the coiOrs may -
partly due 70 the truth OF an old army
saying ths. The service offers 60 the whiIs
man a refuge and 90 THE colOrsd man A
career den pass ufetiues IN the color-,f
reEiments c0nteuted IN the assurance a.
the retired pay that awaits long S~rvi...
ana COED records. Between officers an,i
men grow up long trust and conrder-.
that even irovnsvillr has been po~srlsxs
~ sAaAe-
New-York tribune., 1909-11-21
DEATH BEHIND THE BARRIER.

What was happening behind that wall
Cf -angled foliage 7 could guess readily
enough Indeed. I don't doubt that vivid
.-laC.nation operating undisturbed from
-re safe bank could picture fsr more
than the eye would discern II a man
.lauenged desperate risks and crossed
r-s forbidden space. Certain facts
However. were in themselves 50 over
u-lsIuiug that The "a garies of fancy
could sdd nothing 10 their strength.
Within that thickeL - near re tha-
could distinguish trees. shrubs and
.rrpers lived tsetse flies. starved for VIC
rUs since drastic measures OF the Brit
is- government had driven the black
population . couple OF miles away from
r-r waters edge-sn amply sufficient
distance since this hy thrives only under
cover and viii not wander Ear from H.
- that 7 had only 70 cross the river
penetrate under the leaves and boughs.
and small black flies would light on my
lands 7r neck and sting me. causing
--s Characteristic Sharp pain Ike q
needle thrust. followed by = drop OF
t.o0l
Then IN ] could 90 would no 10 SIT
New-York tribune., 1909-11-21

IN German East Africa thar The try
panasoms COR fstulated blood parasirel
probably underzoes a cycle in the ~.
50 that though the fy may bite to-day
Il becomes infective only after certair
period Bruce confirmed this by ais
experiments. and found the shortest pe-
riOd was seventeen days after the -
had bitten. the ay then became infec-
tive and remained ~ as long as IL lived.
which. in the experiment.. was eighty
DAYS. n is not certain YET how long
such rs may live. but probably longes
than Vas fnrmerlv Thought
Charlevoix county herald., 1909-05-01

wider than the door of an ordinary
box car, yet it could not be shipped
on a fiat car, as it would be liable to
destruction from the sparks of loco
motive.
The contrivance was purchased
from the Indians by DR.. ]. w. Hudson
of Ukiah and by him sold to the Brook
Ign Institute of Arts and Science to be
installed in its museum The doctor
paid only S25 for the basket, but it is
likely to be worth fortune before it
reaches the Atlantic coast.
Taking it for granted that the bas-
ket can be moved at all by rail the tar
if officials are searching the classifi.
cation sheets to determine under what
rate the shipment would move. Some
claim the basket is merely basket,
while others contend that it should
move under the classification that IN.
cludes parts Of grain elevators"
Traffic Manager Geary is of the opin.
ion that the thing is a corn crib and
should be so billed In any event, it
is too large to get in any ordinary box
car and must, therefore, take a mini.
mum weight of 5000 pounds, although
it weighs only 200 pounds. Under this
Interpretation of the tariff it would
cost $175 to move the granary to
Brooklyn.