davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1909-11-06

that is sealeve canal across the isthmus 500 coo
feet wide. To accomplish this, however lock canal
must be built first and subsequently widened and deep
ened until the ideal is reached There is data avail
able for such canal With mountains instead OF hills
to be removed estimates are, of course impossibe SO
the most optimistic figures, suitable alone to the ideal
offered bait. In any event It Is also claimed
that Boho should selected for tine site Of
dam in lieu of Gatun.
AS between Gatun and Bohio at both places the dis
lance from the natural surface to the is great
that any attempt to found the dam she last named
material will be attended by expense At 3D.
ho the gorge in its lower strata is flied with water
bearing gravel and to make the dam safe the underaow
through these strata would have to be off by some
means extending down 165 feet No such strata exist
at Gatun, for this alone leaving consd
GRAFTON the advantages in the control the Chagres
river and to navigation by Of the greater
of lake, Gatun offers the better SITE
Both the majority and minority of the of con-
sung engineers considered Gatun suitable location
for dam; the former adopted it for the typical lock
canal used for comparison with the seaeve canal the
however. feared the existence of underground flow
in of the higher DAM but Investigations have failed
to disclose The great of underlying material
is not sandy and gravelly deposits supposed
mixture of these materials firmly cemented together
with clay to make the strata in which they
impervious to water.
Foundation at Gatun Is Satisfactory.
the statement, without fear contradiction
that the site of public private work Of any kind
has received such thorough and exhaustive examina.
locks at Gatun. There is longer doubt concerning
of the underlying strata neither the mpermeabity
the ability of the foundations to bear the loads that
will be brought them be questioned if the data
be carefully and mpartally examined The investiga-
lions fail to disclose Waterbearing strata the
stence of that underground stream with discharge
equal to the Chagres river ITSELF which recently
asserted as a fact on the floor of the senate.
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1909-11-06

onehalf mile wide at the base 100 feet wide the top
constructed to 135 feet above tide The lake
formed by this DAM I'll miles in extent carried
navigation to Pedro Miguel, where lock of 80 feet
lift carried the vessel lake SIS feet above mean
tide extending to Sosa HILL where two locks
the difference Of level between the and
Pacific Nineteen and eighthundredhs miles the dis
lance from Gatun to Sosa hill channel 900 feet
Culebra Of 200 feet at the bottom The balance
distance varied in width feet larger portion
of the entire canal being not less than 500 The
depth of water fixed at As feet The lake assured
perfect control of the Chagres river.
improvements in Original Plans
Certain changes have been made the original pro-
ject the most important being the withdrawal of the
locks from Sosa to Mirafores which recommended
and adopted in December 1907 This resulted in
change in the direction of the channel in bay
island which, by cutting off the siltbearng
rent which has always been troublesome protects
channel against sitting.
second change is the widening of the AZ miles
Of Culebra cut to width of 800 feet bottom This
done by executive order and not made on the
recommendation of the commission.
third change is the location of the breakwaters in
Colon harbor The necessity for these breakwaers
made apparent in the latter part of January, when
storm of magnitude seriously interfered with ship
types the breakWaters parallel to the axis of the
channel eXcavated in Lmon bay. If constructed suf
hcient would not be given to dssipate the
entering head into the channel and they would not
afford much If any, protection to shipping These break
waters to be built out from Manzano island and
Toro point, to give sheltered anchorage and also
an opportunity for such expansion to the to
break them up.
"A fourth change is in the dimensions of the locks
AS proposed by the minority they 900 feet by 95
feet, disable lengths widths. These dimensions
subsequently changed by the commission at the nstga
uon OF the president to dimensions 100 feet wide aid
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1909-11-06

differences tidal lock near the Pacific was provided
Various schemes also proposed for the control of
the Chagres the most prominent being the construction
of dam at Gamboa. The dam proposed afterward
proved to be impracticabe and this problem re-
NAMED for the time being tunnel through
the divide also abandoned in favor of open
First Change from Sea Level to Lock Type
Work prosecuted the sea-level canal until
1887, when change to the lock type made,
to the of the canal for navigation soon
as possible. 1t agreed at that time the change
in plan did not contemplate abandonment of sea-
level canal which ultimately to be secured but
merely posponement for the time being In this new
plan the summit level placed above the flood line
of the Chagres river, to be supplied with water from
that stream by pumps Work pushed forward until
1889 when the company went into bankruptcy, and
February that year. liquidator appointed to
charge of its affairs. Work suspended onMay IS
1889 The new Panama Canal Company organized
in October 1894 when work again resumed, the
plan recommended by commission of engineers.
This plan contemplated seaIevel canal from Limon
hav to Bohio, where dam across the valley created
lake extending to Bas Obispo, the difference in level
being by two locks the summit level extended
from Bas Obspo to Paraso reached by two locks
md was supplied with water by feeder from an art1
cal reservoir created by dam at Ahajuela in the up
per Chagres valley. Four locks were located the
Pacific side, the two middle at Pedro Miguel
bined in flight.
A second or alternative plan was proposed at the
some time by which the summit level to be lake
formed by the Bohio DAM fed directly by the Chagres
Work was continued this plan until the rights and
nronerty of the new company purchased by the
United States.
United States Become Interested
The United States, not unmindful of the advantages
of an ishmian canal had from time to time made nves
tigations and surveys of the various routes With a
view to government ownership and control congress d.
rected an investigation of the Ncaraguan CANAL for
which concession had been granted to private COM
many The resulting report brought about such dis
cusson of the advantages of the Panama route to the
Nicarasan route that by act of congress- approved
March g. 1885, commission was appointed to make full
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1909-11-06

% feet above tide, extending to Mrahores the
location of the final lock- The ruling bottom width of
the canal prism fixed at $50 feet increased at the
curves and in the submerged channels In Panama bav
the width fixed at 200 feet and in artificial chan
mel in Limon bay 500 feet adopted, with turning
places 800 feet wide The minimum depth was So feet
and the locks to have disable lengths of TAO feet
and widths Of "a feet. The commission assessed the
value of the rights, franchises concessions lands nm
finished work plans and other property including the
railroad of the New Panama Canal Company at s4O
100000.
By act of congress- approved June 49, 1902 the pres
dent of the United States authorized to acquire at
cost not exceeding $4,000 000 the property rights Of
the New Panama Canal Company the Isthmus of Pan
anna and also to from the Republic of Colombia
perpetual control of strip of land not less than six
miles wide, extending from the Caribbean sea to the
Pacific ocean.
Pursuant to the legislation, negotiations were entered
INTO WIN colombia and with the New Panama Canal
company with the end that treaty with the
tepubnc OF Panama granting to the United States con-
troll OF lOmie strip constituting the Canal Zone with
the right to construct maintain and operate canal This
treaty was ratified by the Republic of Panama on De-
cenoer z 1903 and by the United States on February
%, 1904
The formal transfer of the property of the New Pana
ma Canal Company on the isthmus was made on May T.
1904 after which the United States began the organiza
ton of force for the construction of the lock TYNE NJ
canal, In the meantime continuing the excavation bv
utilizing the French material equipment and such
labor as was procurable the isthmus.
Lock Type Is Adopted.
The question of sealevel canal was again agftated
ana secured such recognition that the president con-
Vened the international board engineers consisting o
IS members, to assemble at Washington on the first dav
OF September 1905 for the purpose of considering the
various plans Tor the construction of the canal that
would be submitted to it.
AS result of its deliberations the board submitted a
majority report and minority report signed by Of
its members the former advocating seaevel canal and
the latter lock canal with the level IS feet
above mean tide
The Isthmian Canal Commission with one dissenting
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1909-11-06
A BANKERS NERVE
Broken by Coffee and Restored by
Postum.

A banker needs perfect control of
the nerves, and a clear, quick, accu.
rate brain. A prominent banker of
Chattanooga tells how he keeps him
self in condition:
up to II years of age I was not
allowed to drink coffee, but as soon az
I got out in the world / began to use
it and grew very fond of it. For some
years noticed no bad effects from it's
use, but in time it began to affect me
unfavorably. My hands trembled. the
muscles of my face tWitched, my men,
tai processes seemed slow and in other
ways my system got out of order.
These conditions grew so bad at last
that had to give up coffee altogether.
MY attention having been drawn to
Postum, began it's use on leaving off
the coffee, and it gives me pleasure to
testify to its value. I find it delicious
beverage; like it just as well as I did
coffee, and during the years that 7
have used Postum I have been free
from the distressing symptoms that ac-
companied the use of coffee. The nerv-
BUSINESS has entirely disappeared. and
am as steady of hand as a boy of
rs, though I am more than 92 years
old. owe all this to Postum"
There's a Reason" Read the little
book, "The Road to MELVILLE" in
pkgs. Grocers sell.
Ever read the above letter? new
one appears from time to time. They
are genuine trues and full of hunaam
interest.
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1909-11-06

months use of them. Mrs. D. a.
WILLIAMS, r. F. D. No. ID, Box 49,
No woman should submit to a surgi-
cal operation, which may mean death,
until she has given Lydia E. Pinkhams
Vegetable Compound, made exclusive y 2!s1
ly from roots and herbs, fair trial.
This famous medicine for women
has for thirty years proved to be the
most valuable tonic and remover Of
the female organism. Women resld-
ing in almost every city and town IN
the United States bear willing tesGl-
mony to the wonderful virtue OF LYDIA
E. Pinkham's Vegetable Compound
It cures female ills, and creates radi-
ant, buoyant female health. Ii you
are i'll, for your own sake as well as
those you love, give it trial.
Mrs. Pinkham, at Lynn Mass's
invites all sick women to write
her for advice. Her advice is trees
and always helpful
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1909-11-06

and complete investigation of the 18TH
mus of Panama, with view to the con"
struction of canal to connect
the Atlantic and Pacific oceans {.
and particularly to investigate the two
routes known respectively as the Mica
ragua route and the Panama route, with
a view to determining the most prac-
ticable and feasible route for such canal,
together with the approximate and prob
able cost of constructing canal at each
of the two or more of said routes.
The commission reported on Novem-
Der 16, 1901, in favor of Panama and rec
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1909-11-06
His Proper Field.

A co1ored man was brought before
police judge charge with stealing
chickens. He pleaded guilty and re-
how it was he managed to lift those
chickens right under the window of
the owners house when there was a
dog loose in the yard. Hit wouldn't
be no use, judge" said the man, ito
try to 'splain this thing to yo' all. Eff
you was to try it you like as not
would get yer hide full of shot an
get no chickens, nuther Eff yo' want
to engage in any rascality, Judge, yo'
better stick to de bench, whar yo' am
familiar. Ladies' Home Journal.
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1909-11-06
Can Not Escape Taxation.

Every day fresh instances are COM
ing to light Of how strenuous efforts
are being made in Germany to evade
various forms of the new and heavy
taxation. The imperial postal authori-
ties tried to escape the new taxes on
gas nantes and electric globes by
getting in huge stock in advance of
the day from which the altered legis-
lation came into force. The brewers
in their spite against the government
have attempted to charge the public
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1909-11-06
Navigators' Date Line.

The international date line is an ir-
regular line drawn arbitrarily on the
map of the Pacific ocean gear the one
hundred and eightieth meridian of
longitude, marking the place where
naVigators change their date on the
trans-Pacitic voyage. This change is
necessary on account Of the length
ening Of one hour for every Is degrees
Of travel westward. BY travelling east
ward day will be gained, westward
a day will be lost
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1909-11-06
Foundation at Gatun Is satisfactory.

with a thousand per cent. increase in
excess of the true increase, hoping
thereby that the public would turn and
rend the legislators. Instead of which
the public has either quietly reduced
its expenditure on alcohol Or boycott
ted the saloons of notorious offenders.
The German cafetiers, too, have be-
gun to raise the price of a cup of cof-
fee by cent in order to reeoup them
selves for an increase In taxation to
the extent of a quarter of cent and
have met with the same fate at the
hands of the consumer.
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1909-11-06
A Great Bridge Builder

Brooklyn bridges and the consulting
engineer of the third His steel-arch
bridges at Niagara Falls are regarded
as landmarks in the history of that
type of construction.
His pioneer work in Peru and Ecua-
dor as the builder of difficult pieces of
railroad involving high bridges and
viaducts gave him reputation on the
west coat of South America for mar
velous kill and efficiency under diff
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1909-11-06

voice. recommended to the president the
adoption of the lock type recommended
by the minority, which was also strong
~ advocated by the then chief engineer.
Mr.. John F. Stevens.
On June 20, 1906, congress provided
that lock type of canal be constructed
across the Isthmus of Panama, of the
general type proposed by the minority
OF the board of consulting engineers, and
work has continued along these lines. AS
originally proposed, the plan consisted
OF a practically straight channel 500 feet
wide, Al feet deep from deep water in
the Caribbean to Gatun, where an ascent
to the S5-foot level was made by three
locks in flight. The level is maintained
by dam approximately 400 feet long.
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1909-11-06

one of the greatest masters OF the
art Of the engineer that this country
of inventive and resourceful minds
has vet produced was the late Lerert
T,afferts Buck, who died at his home
near New York on July II. Mr.. Buck,
among many important eng1neering
nroiects was notably identified with
The linking Of New York and BROOKLYN
:, ~ Great bridges. He was the design
A. and builder of the second OF these
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1909-11-06

commended the lock type of canal The plan
consisted of a seaevel section from Colon to
Bohlo, where dam across the Chagres valley
created summit level 50 to 80 feet above the
sea, reached by two locks. The lake or sum-
init level extended from Bohio to Pedro Mi
guel, where two locks connected it with a noo1
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1909-11-06

cult circumstance that no other man
has equaled in the Andean regions.
His modesty and unselfishness were
as great as his courage and his pro-
fessional skill. In all his qualities he
was an honor to the self-sacrifcing
profession of civil engineering, which
has done SO much to place our coun-
try in the forefront of modern nations.
Review of Reviews.
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1909-11-06
New Geyser in Yellowstone Park.

new GeySer IN Yellowstone Park.
For few days past there have been
indications of an eruption of some
kind near the Fountain hotel in yell
lowstone park, says dispatch from
Mammoth Hot Springs, Wyo. Now a
new and magnificent geyser has
broken out in full force about 100
feet north of the regular Fountain
geyser near Fountain hotel. This
new geyser, which does not appear
to affect any of the others in that
vicinity, played to a height of $50
to 200 feet, throwing off immense
quantities of hot water, mud and
steam. The new geyser does not play
regularly as does Old Faithful, but at
short intervals, the eruptions occur
ring five or six hours apart, and last
ing about one hour
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1909-11-06

Panama saw his opportunity for sensational story and
attributed the flood to the dropping Of the Gatun dan
into the subterranean lake under the dam and locks,
which another faker had previously discovered and the
news of the destruction of the Gatun dam cabed to
The United States
The sp did not affect the south slope or side OF the
roc nile If was entirely local and did not in
interfere with the work 1t would not have occurred
had steps been taken during construction to give the
nroner slope to the rock pile, but of time and
money did not warrant such precauton. AS states by
one of the engineering publications, 1--WE can state from
actual personal examination that this incident has anso-
lutey no engineering significance"
As result however public is told that dire dig
aser will follow the undertaking unless the present plans
are abandoned and the Straits of Panama constructed
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1909-11-06

dllA u DC NCAS A.
weakness. L b e
doctor saidI would
have to go to the
hospital for an
operation, but L
could not bear to
think of it. l de.
cided to try Lydia
e. Pinkham's Veg
etab1e Compound
and Sanative W ash
and was entirely
oT1rn1 after three
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1909-11-06

ander the auspices Ferdinand de Lesseps to consider
the question of the best location and plan of the canal
Ihis congress, after two weeks session. decided in
laVor OF the Panama route and of sealeve canal with
out locks. De Lesseps' success with the Suez canal
made him strong advocate of the sealevel type
his opinion had considerable influence in the decision
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1909-11-06

Immediately following this &C
ton the PanaN:a Canal Company
was organized snder the generti
laws of France, with Ferdinand
de Lesseps as it's president. The
concession granted in 1878 by Co.
Iombia was purchased by the COM
pany and the stock was success
fully f1oated in December, 1880.
The two years following were de-
voted largely to surveys, examina-
lions and preliminary work. In
the first plan adopted the canal
was to be 29.5 feet deep, with a
ruling bottom width of Y feet.
Leaving Colon, the canal passed
through low ground to the valley
Of the Chagres river at Gatun,
distance of about six miles; thence
through this valley for q miles, to
Obispo, where, leaving the river, it
crossed the continental divide at
Culebra by means of a tunnel, and
reached the Pacific through the
valley Of the Rio Grande. The diff
ference in the tides Of the two
oceans, nine inches in either di.
rection from the mean in the At
lantic and from nine to Ii feet
from the same datum in the Pa
cific, was to be overcome and thu
final currents reduced by a proper
sloping of the bottom of the Pa
cific portion of the canal. No pro-
visions were made for the control
of the Chagres river.
In the early eighties, after a
studv of the, flow due to the tidal
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1909-11-06

A man always expects his wife to
be lot better than he could possibly
be.-New York Morning Telegraph.
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1909-11-06
ANOTHER
WOMAN
CURED
ByLydia E. Pinkhan's
Vegetable Compound

Gardiner, Maine.-"I have been q
great sufferer from organic troubles
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1909-11-06
JUST AS GOOD.

did you send your wife to the sea
this year,"
mo. just bought her deck chair
for the balcony"
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1909-11-06

CANAL connecting the Atlantic and Pacific
oceans has occupied public attention for up
ward OF four centuries, during which period
various routes have been proposed each hav-
ing certain special or peculiar advantages. It
was not until the nineteenth century, however
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1909-11-06

toward its accomplishment
IN 1886 an organization perfected in France for
mailing surveys and collecting data which to base
'e construction Of canal the Isthmus Of Pan
anna and In 1878 concession for prosecuting the work
WAS secured from the Colombian government.
IN May 1879 an international congress was convened
St. Tammany farmer. [volume] (Covington, La.) 1874-current, 1909-11-06

This was the fifth slip that occurred at this
point, the rock settling to some extent, but
generally slipping sidewise until the angle OF
repose was reached. In this connection 1t IS
to be noted that the silt deposits in the chan
mel had not been removed. This slip would
probably have passed unnoticed, as did the
former ones, but for the fact that at the time
a food in the Chagres river had attained sucn
proportions as to cover a portion of the Pa
mama railroad tracks just south Of Gatun.
newsnaner correspondent, going from Colon to
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1909-02-18

SHIPPING

Sydney-Sailed, Feb Is, S. S. Ma
kura, for Honolulu.
Salina Cruz-Sailed, Feb. 16, S. S.
Texan, for San Francisco.
San Francisco-Sailed, Feb. II, blk.
st. Katherine, for Honolulu.
San Francisco-sailed, Feb IS, S. $.
Enterprise, for Hilo,
San Frapcisco-Arrived, Feb. IS, Sch
Helene, hence Jan. 81.
sydney-sailed Feb. Is, s S. Makurs
for Honolulu.
Salina Cruz-Sailed Feb 16, S. S
Texan, for San Francisco.
San Francisco-Sailed Feb II, blk
st. Katherine, for Honolulu.
San Francisco-Sailed Feb. IS, S. S
Enterprise, for Hllo
San Francisco-Arrived Feb. IS, SC
Helene, hence Jan. 27.
The Hawaiian star. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu]) 1893-1912, 1909-02-18

criticize the action of the other house
it should be done with dignity.
Holstein announced that the Gov
ernor wanted all the Legislators to
gather at his Punahou residence on
Monday afternoon next, Washington
birthday, between and o'clock
Literary exercises in the House on
Washingtons birthday were referred to
and Holstein thought it well if the
Senate and House could join on that
day, some time, to make few re-
marks on the significance of the day
The time of meeting for this purpose
will be announced later