davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Der Deutsche correspondent. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1841-1918, 1909-11-22
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,gelcuttli19 uno 9anpfbei5une. aohett fcften.
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$3.50, Seoes Simmer fit 5tpei Werfonen Elm.
eeri9tets a5nnen. r~eierptrf, iperoep IN ben
@ilets 9iireanr 107 Sft'PaItimoresStrnbe, 500
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feritrlearapbenss 2 ftent ouseeftdttet
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Der Deutsche correspondent. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1841-1918, 1909-11-22
~N'iN u.s.
1cpartements. Gurnuihld8c.

WNUWWUN NNNTVNTTUT.
SaIdrc. 9l1lnoieho3iaiUuicUo, itcGcHbun.
ocruibpter3ta Sulure 1861, 740) ;liepuruiueI
iidoiilbet GtgentbumS BuiumuIen QeiaBU;
Observation-Disclosures eirbunoertuno.
iitHt8Ig Collars CS2l0,l60); RCiuigcn non Glous
len uierbuu0ert Dollars lSAU0l; Subruert
luO Transportation, eintauieto uhtbmoert
Collars (Sts0U) 5ufuIi9e guSpuber, bier
bifuOert NuIaUs $4,000,
Der Deutsche correspondent. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1841-1918, 1909-11-22

rett 3ln Sebraa6 in Der @aEsben. unb Wst.
Nl6 GlsStdtioH nm 1000 MbenbS.
AeferniruHh bon Raunt in SnInts ODER Bar.
10 sg8neaons, GpeiIerctsn etc. luerSen f1ueE
s:torgt Der 2elep6or in allen fpIatiloeH 8tnep
gIreul1. Gbur!ess mno 8nIttHiu resGirabe, q. q
g., 81. 4aul 1924. ODER Uto. Gouitlano 1901;
g}t. NopalsStrtion 4. & g, 0t. Sernon 9t23:
GambeftsGtdftoa SufotmaiionSsssredn, q. 4 B.,
Ct. YduI $40, ooer DID,, Gou:tIanb 2726. ant
Er, 500, GiosgrDabpdp.
Der Deutsche correspondent. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1841-1918, 1909-11-22
Mar9lauS &EennIgluania-Giienbab

7.46 Norm.-Norf, dus0. SOnntnI.
9.05 8~orm.L-9la6 a&elin. mt Sonitag.
$50 8ornt-9tau, 8efnir, uuSg. Sonntag.
1905 ga6mL-gin1 9eIair. uusa. Sanfidg
iino Sun1ttGg.
100 Radm.-Gab 9eInir. nur Snmltaa.
3.15 Nadm-9id0 Nort. auSg. sSunnlag.
4.05 9abm-9in0 Eclta, mur Sonntue.
500 Nndm.-ylah @eIuir, dtse. Sonntag.
600 NboS.-9ta6 Selta. alisg. Sonntag.
1L00 ~NbbS.-9iah Celia, mir SoHntag.
lao NboS.-9ind geIalr. nuss. Soilntaa.
Der Deutsche correspondent. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1841-1918, 1909-11-22

&crorOnuua Ir. s07 lin ocn 0auT bon 5pci
@rltnoitiidell &ett DER Gcpl0nten 3lpciuuoorei.
BlGllcn 1traBe, 5iutiden Silena mo Surforos
ScroronI1Q ytr. 372. am 20. SuIi 1899 lun-
ter3cidnet ReptitonssGommiiiinn oe5 gcucn
Charters, filnituuieuo Collars $4,000.
S6iUcbeno itlo bon Der Nnndbne ub6dnpia:
&crorouuna fir OIlt1i5ipule atbletbii6e Spielr,
iiiHfbunoert Collars (Sl00).
Der Deutsche correspondent. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1841-1918, 1909-11-22

TrinS SSfar bon ErerBen. ocr
3iueitjiingite Sobu oeSN aaiierS, Der
iii 81. 2ebcnsiobre itebt, miro, luir
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preiibiIden Armee 5Gbleu. Gle on
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StaatsipiiienIdoiten lit, lpobnte 0e.
ftern i'm aammergeriht al Der Gin.
benitrabe incpgnito benz R%eierenOor.
grnmen bel. Ter 9rin5, Der eiilen
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mitten inter Den anoeren 5ubotenoeu
Stuoeuten uno mrlroe pom Niemuil.
Dem erfnnmt. Gr blieb Den gall5et
Gormittpg iiber bort mo erillbr
Der Deutsche correspondent. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1841-1918, 1909-11-22

2tbibHitt /. 49, Gel Is ncrorouet bonn Wtauor
uno StuotraiD bon Baltimore, ouB bieruit Die
t~oiGcnoen .gclrdge fir ole Scpurtement5sTors
ihIdpc fiir idbrlibe 9eniLigunaeu bonn .ianor
uuo Stuotratb bon Baltimore fir ods Gabr
1910 NeuiLLiat lperoet.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1909-06-13

transits were used to determine the re- suits of the shots, which were always fired at fixed targets at known distances.
 Now the range finder is m entirely diff ferent kind of machine, and so thor oughly has 1t been developed that at glance one may determine not only the range triangle, but the necessary correc tions A base line. of a desired or con venient length is laid out, and at either end is stationed a man who has a tele phone connected with the tower of the battle commander. The observers tele- phone the angle made by the target, or ship, with the base line.
 As the surrounding water front for at least three miles is laid off In squares with which, in miniature-. the plotting board corresponds, the officer who re- ceives the information from the observer moves pointer across the plotting board to the square in which the target or ship may be. At glance the figures that have been worked out previously give the range etc, and the battle commander turns to his telautograRh, writes the di- rections for the gun crews and, In an in- stant, every gun captain in the battery Is reading his directions from the little machine on his gun.
 Tn the commanders own handwriting the message appears. There is no possi- bility of an order being given wrong to one gun crew and not to another by this little machine that literally telegraphs handwriting, though there are, besides, the ordinary telephones for use between
The Birmingham age-herald., 1909-06-13
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Weather Bureau hags-storm warnings and the like-must be flung to the breeze at the very time that the whipping winds are causing ordinary flags to be hauled in to escape damage, causes them to wear out very rapidly.
 Thus the enumeration of the govern mental flag users might be continued al- most indefinitely. The United States Lighthouse Board and the United States Fish Commission have numerous shore stations and great fleets of vessels, large and small, all of which must be provided with flags. The United States Life Say ing Service, too, makes extensive use of flags. Not merely the familiar tri-colored flag of the nal tion, but the whole compile ment of signal flags of standard design, for, be it explained, the lfesavers in sig naling to shipwrecked mariners make ex- tensiye use of the wig wag" system of communication by flags which has long been in vogue in the navles of the world and which will not be displaced for cer- tain functions even by the wireless tele- phone and wireless telegraph. Finally the national soldiers homes and the na- tional cemeteries, very appropriately make liberal use of the flag that their wards fought to preserve.
 For all that Uncle Sam spends thou sands upon thousands of dollars each year for flags, Congress makes no specific ap- propration for the purchase of these badges of nationality. and none of the government departments has a fund de- voted solely to such purchases. The Army and Navy, our biggest flag customers, and whose procedure may be cited as repre- sentative, pay for their flags out of gen. eral outfitting or equipment funds How ever, in a single department the flag pur- chases may be made from several differ ent funds For instance, in the Navy the cost of flags for the ship comes out of one budget whereas, the purchases of flags for use at the various navy yards of the country are paid for out of quite another fund.
 As the different branches of the gov ernment make their flag expenditures on widely different plans so, too, are the flags obtained through very dissmilar channels. The Navy Department attains the dual goal of economy and indepen- dence by making its own flags. Naval flag manufactories are maintained at the navy yards at Brooklyn. N. T.. Mare Island, Cal, and Cavite, Philippine Is- lands. Here flags of every description are turned out at short notice by women who are experts in their respective lines and who are regularly employed and paid a stated wage as flagmakers. Any ship or naval station when in need of flags ob-
The Birmingham age-herald., 1909-06-13

city, and the War Department maintains there a storage and distributing depot from which flags are sent to all parts of the country as required.
 The maintenance of Uncle Sans flags Is no slight job, as may be appreciated when one stops to consider the excessive wear and tear to which flags are sub jected when exposed to the weather day in, day out. On every warship and at every military post are enlisted men who are handy enough with the needle to make all sorts of minor repairs to flags. If the damage is serious the flag must be sent back ito the factory or issuing depot to be rejuvenated. Disposal of wornout flags is made in various ways. Those that are not too utterly dilapidated are sold to junk dealers, while those that are so far gone as to be useless are destroyed. Some flags, notably specimens of the Presidents special flag, are never allowed to fall into the hands of second hand dealers It Is easy to imagine that a presidential flag that had hung in the White House or been displayed on the Presidents yacht would be eagerly sought by relic hunters.
 In this connection It may be noted that
The Birmingham age-herald., 1909-06-13

the Presidents own flag is the most ex- pensive flag manufactured or purchased by the government. The presidential ban ner consists of a blue ground on which is displayed the coat-of-arms of the United States, the eagle being life size and the other details of the coat-of-arms in full color. The costliness of the presidential flag is due principally to the fact that the . eagle, with long outstretched wings, and the other intricate details of the coat-of- arms, must all be embroidered by hand, using the finest grade of embroidery silk, costing 80 a pound. This is tedious work, even for the most deft-fngered of the feminine flagmakers, and under the most favorable circumstances it requires wom- an one month to complete presidential flag. The Secretary of the Navy, the Sec retary of War and the Secretary of the Treasury all have their special distinctive flags but none of them are anything like as elaborate as that of the President. The private flag of the head of the Navy Department, for Instance, has four white stars surrounding an anchor on a solid blue ground.
 The Navy Department has no less than
The Birmingham age-herald., 1909-06-13

nine flags of special design which are used in It's sphere alone. In addition to the Secretary's flag already described, there is pennant, Union flag and jack, consisting of white stars on a blue ground; three two-starred flags (blue, red and white) for rear admirals of the three ranks, and three single-starred flags (blue, red and white in color, respectively, for the commodores-senior in rank. second in rank and junior in rank. The Secre- tary of the Treasury has the oldest flag in Uncle Sans collection. 1t has a white ground on which are displayed 13 blue stars and representations of a key and scales. The revenue marine has flag that has blue eagle in the corner and has red stripes placed perpendicularly instead of horizontally, as is the case in our national flag. The Lighthouse Service has a red-bordered flag in which blue lighthouse Is shown on a white ground. Little heard of is the United States mall flag, a blue-bordered streamer in which the words United States Mail,' in white letters, and blue eagle are displayed on a red background.
 The Navy is easily Uncle Sam's cham pion flag waver, and when a man-of-war dresses ship" by placing on show all It's hoard of bunting there is a riot of color that Is truly dazzling. But how does it come, the reader might inquire. that the | Navy Is able in this field to lay 1t over its sister service, the Army? The Navy l has a number of special flags, to be sure, but this score is balanced by the special regimental and divisional flags, many of them silk, in the possession of the Army. Similarly the Signal Corps of the Army Is provided with sets of "wigwag" flags :, for communicative purposes. However, | the Navy obtains its long lead through | Its complement of foreign flags
 l Every cruising warship visiting foreign | ports, as all our important vessels do, must carry a full stock of foreign flags. l Nor will merely the national flags of the various countries suffice. Very frequently distinguished foreign naval officers, and 1 even royalty, are entertained on board our floating fortresses, and on such oc- casions 1t is desirable to have at hand l the special insignia of the visitors for 1 use in the decorations if not for display
 at the masthead. Thus It comes about
The Birmingham age-herald., 1909-06-13

that one of the principal duties assigned to the half a hundred needle women at the Brooklyn Navy Yard is the manufac- ture of the flags of the maritime na- tions of the world Each of our battle ships on tho recent round-the-world cruise carried 25o different flags, costing S2,6oo for each ship. Each of the foreign flags Is inclosed in a heavy bag with the name of the country stenciled conspicuously thereon, so that any desired national flag may be obtained at short notice.
 Many of the foreign flags which Uncle Sam needs for saluting purposes cost him a pretty penny. The flag of salva- dor, for instance, with It's landscape and volcano, all of which must be embroid- cred by hand, requires 16 days labor and costs more than S52. Costa Rica, another Central American republic, has two ships in full sail and q chain of mountains on her flag, and the cost of working out this design Is $45. The dragon on the flag of China is made up of more than one hundred separate pieces of cloth or silk and costs Uncle Sam at his own flag plant S51.75 net. Whenever a new state is admitted to the Union all Ameri- can flags have to be replaced or altered by the addition of q star lin the case Of our national flag or union jack, and this involves a heavy expenditure.
 Aside from the employment of flags in what might be termed the regular line of duty, Uncle Sam makes very extensive use of his national embems for deeora- tive purposes. and is. moreover, very gen erous in loaning flags to committees, or ganizations, etc, for public ceremonies; provided of course, the borrowers agree to return the bunting in ias good condi- tion us when received. Thus we find flags depended upon to constitute the decorations at the balls given from time to time at navy yards and forts, and see them utilized to form the drapery of grandstands, reviewing stands and other similar structures at parades and spec tacles. A very effective innovation of re- cent years Is the use of huge flags to en- compass statues that are to be unveiled. Under the plan in vogue the flags are so arranged that when the signal for unyeil- ing Is given the great banners are swung aside from the statue and elevated by means of overhead ropes, so that they form a rippling canopy of color for the newly disclosed monument
The Birmingham age-herald., 1909-06-13

5,97S yards to 6,603 yards.
 To great extent the handling of these huge, far-shooting guns has been reduced to a science of mathematics and a range finder, an exceedingly simple, but never theless interesting, problem to work out So thoroughly is the aiming, loading and firing of the guns worked into a system that even the powder is subjected to the most careful scrutiny. It Is tested and blended, the grains are counted and care fully weighed and then packed carefully in bags of raw silk to prevent chemical changes taking place to reduce its effi- ciency. With the weight of the shell known and the amount of powder in a given gun, the distance to which the shell can be thrown can be figured to within few feet.
 The greatest and most important fea- ture has been the increase in the effi- ciency of the range finders. It had all ways been customary, under system that was in vogue until recently, to use a plotting board operated in connection with men stationed at the ends of a base line measured along the shore. Railroad
The Birmingham age-herald., 1909-06-13

tains them from one of these three foun- tain heads of the industry, upon requisi- tion through the regular channels of the department
 The War Department, on the other hand, obtains all of its flags by purchase from private manufacturers. Specifica- tions are drawn up; bids invited from manufacturers in all parts of the coun- try. and contracts awarded to the low est bidders, either for specific conslgn- ments of flags or for flags to be called for in small lots from time to time as needed. Most of the other branches of the govern. ment pursue the same course as the War Department. This is perfectly natural for none of those sections of the govern ment devoted to the pursuits of peace has sufficient use for flags to justify installing its own tiagmaking plant. It has never been satisfactorily explained, however, why the War Department. which uses great quantities of flags, does not emu late the example of the economical Navy Department and establish it's own flag factory on some centrally located mili- tary reservation. At present the military headquarters for flags is at Philadelphia. Most of the Army flags are made in that
The Birmingham age-herald., 1909-06-13

usually stationed nearby on tugs and they have instruments known as range rakes, In which the teeth are an inch apart. each inch representing so many yards, and with this, and other instru- ments, they measure the distance accu- rately and quickly.
 The largest of all coast defense guns is the huge 16-inch weapon mounted at Sandy Hook, which was built as an ex- pertinent, and is not likely to be dupli- cated. It cost $17o000 and 1t is said that 1t will throw missile weighing 1000 pounds distance of 21 miles. It has, however, been fired but four or five times, and its record is a secret of the govern ment.
 It Is highly probable that the gun of the future will be the rife of 14-inch caliber. Already the Navy Department has adopted this size weapon for battle ships, and 1t is but natural that the coast defenses will soon be equipped with it. There is a good, economical reason for 1t. High explosives cause great heat, which forms gases that burn out the lining of the guns, and after 60 shots, or In an engagement of about an hour, the guns would be useless. If lighter charges were used the efficiency of the gun would be reduced in proportion.
 It has been found, however, that with the 14-inch gun the same sized charge for the 12-inch gun will throw a projec- tile weighing 1860 pounds the same dis tance with much less wear on the gun. One of these great guns can throw projectile with muzzle velocity of 23,000 feet per second that would, at a distance of S,700 yards, penetrate F inches of chilled steel armor.
 The annual expenditure for the main- tenance of the coast defenses Is running well into the millions, but it is money well and wisely expended and though the general public may know little of what is being done a review of the records speak for themselves and go long way toward assuring peace for the nation.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1909-06-13
HEl

~w LAG DAY a holiday, the avowed
 "A purpose of which is to induce the
 American people to make more lib-
 " eral decorative use of the Stars and
 Stripes, is, in effect, an occasion designed to influence the public to follow the example of the national government in this form of patriotic display. Uncle Sam is the greatest user of flags on the continent if not, indeed in the world, although probably very few people ever have this fact brought home to them. That the Federal Government Is the fore most buyer of flags need not however, excite surprise when we stop to consider in how many different ways the national authorities use flags and how many differ ent kinds of flags are used
 It is patent, of course, that every ship in the Navy and every navy yard in this country or our new possessions in the Pacific makes liberal use of flags. Like wise, every military post has a brave show of the national colors in silk and bunting. Not merely the familiar Star Spangled Banner, mind you, but regi- mental flags and guidons and goodness knows how many minor insignia, to say nothing of the flags that the War De- partment must supply to every recruiting office in the land. Yet the Army and the Navy, which, at first thought, suggest themselves to the popular mind as the chief patrons of the flag industry, are but two out of more than a dozen branches of the government that constantly make most extensive use of flags of one kind or another.
 The Treasury Department has It's own distinctive type of flag that waves over the custom house of every port in the land and hundreds of yards of red, white and blue bunting are required each year to make the flags for the vessels of the Treasury's sea police force = the Revenue Cutter Service. Similarly, the Post Office Department has use for thou sands of flags on the postofflces of all the more important cities and towns of the country and the Department of State Is indirectly the custodian of other thou sands of these national emblems. for be it known, every American diplomatic and consular establishment scattered over the globe must be liberally provided with flags Wherewith to proclaim It's al1eg- lance. It might be supposed, off hand, that the farmers branch of the govern ment would have very little use for flags, and yet the United States Weather Bu- reau, which Is branch of the Depart ment of Agriculture, uses vast quantities of flags to announce prospective weather conditions. The very fact that these
The Birmingham age-herald., 1909-06-13

not for the reloading of the guns 1t would be almost possible for one man to work a whole battery of 10 or 12 inch guns, providing he was concentrating his fire upon one object.
 Shooting at fixed targets has become tame sport and now practically all of the work Is done with moving targets. It would not be possible to have a target the actual size of battleship, owing to It's great cost, nor would 1t be practie- able to shoot at real ships, even though they were old, wornout craft, so the next best targets are light floats, with a frame work of timber covered with canvas. Three of these floats are fastened to- gether, the distance between the first and the last being equal to the length of a battleship
 The string of floats is then taken in tow by tug, which steams around at a distance of from 5000 to 5000 yards. When the fort is ready the tug lengthens the tow line, lines the target out behind. and goes ahead at full speed. There is some little danger attached to the drag ging of the target. but the skipper, with powerful glasses, keeps his eyes on the fort. watches the signals as they ap- pear and sees that the distance between the floating targets and his tug is suf- flcient
 The gunners are not supposed to hit the target, but to plant their shells so close that, mathematically, were the target battleship, they would be actual hits. Every now and then, however, the marks men become enthusiastic and plant a shell on the target, with disastrous re- suits to the latter. GA battery near Bos- ton once dropped, at distance of four miles, 1,0O0pound projectile on tar get, shattering two of the floats. This shot was fired after sunset and Is con- sidered one of the most remarkable rec ords made).
 In order to accurately tell how close the shots fall to the targets officers are