davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1909-10-23
SOME STRANGE
POPULATION
FIGURES

Editor the Times: A headline
In a paper recently read: "A City
of 225,000,000," meaning New
York in 100 years from now, If
that city kept up the growth rate
during the next century. which 1t
has been enjoying the last one
hundred years. But 225, 200
would be a mere trifle IL COM
pared with what Tacoma's popu-
lation would be, using the City of
Destiny's past growth rate during
the next one hundred years. Just
figure it out. 1870, Tacoma had
1,O9S people, according to the Of
ficial United States census. In
1910, thirty years later, the CEN
sus will show at least one hun
dred fold increase. and very near
two hundred times as many as In
1880. 1t will be one hundred
times as many, in any event, or at
least 1O9,S0O in 1910. We claim
more now. Now, then, using the
increase by one hundred fold
every thirty years, Tacoma will
be city of 10,980,000 in 1910.
In 1870, multiplying by one hum
dred again, Tacoma will have a
population of 1,098,000,000, and
when the next century begins, the
City of Destiny will have 109.-
500, 100000, or several times as
many people as there are in the
world altogether today. oh, you
New York!
DONIPH p.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1909-10-23

Alice Atherton Blight, daugh-
ter of Atherton blight Of the old
Philadelphia family, has made
good. High as she has climbed In
the social scale over the water.
with quality folks. she has never
failed an instant.
She used to appear in the NOV
ing pictures with which society
amused itself at Newport, and
there Sir Gerard Lowther met her.
He was attached to the British
embassy at Washington. One day
she posed as "The Sultana." little
thinking that she'd ever play a
real life part In the country where
there are real sultanas.
One day Lowther received word
that he had been appointed Brit
fish minister to Morocco. Society
folk thought Miss Blight had been
only fooling with Lowther. But,
10 and behold, when she saw that
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1909-10-23
TWO CARS
TAKEN
OFF
PUYALLUP SHORT LINES
EQUIPMENT CUT DOWN OW-
ING TO DECREASE IN TRAV-
Ell SINCE RATE BOOST
PEOPLE TURN TO THE N. p.
ROAD.

Fewercars will be run on the
Stone-Webster electric lines, just
as travel, owing to the rate boost
drops off.
This morning the report came
from Puyallup that one car had
already been pulled off the
short line. The car leaving Ia
coma at 8:15 in the morning and
leaving Puyallup at 9:15 is nc
more.
When asked about 1t, Manager
Dimmock said:
THE matter is in the hands OF
Superintendent Boutell. / sup
pose the cars have been taken off
We will pull off cars just as fast
as the lack of travel demands 1t
The people have been riding at ouI
expense on low fares. We expect
ed there would be some decrease
in tn travel in readjusting the
fares, and, while it has not been
as much of a falling off as we ex-
pected, we are determined not to
run cars when the people do not
ride. We will pull off all the cars
necessary to cut the number down
to the requirements of the traf.
fic."
Patrons of the electric line
from Puyallup say since the rate
boost went into effect travel has
taken an awful slump on the
Stone-Webster line. 1t has also
taken a great jump on the N. P
Forty people got off one N. P
train from Puyallup today. The
company is now running IA trains
daily between Tacoma and Puyal.
lup. and 1t has cut the fare to 35
cents for round trip, and Is gath.
ering in the lions share of the
PuyaIlup-Tacoma travel, according
to Puyallup people.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1909-10-23
BY Gen. Theodore Bingham

BY Gen. Theodore Bingham
For three and a half years,
from January, 1906 to July, 1903
l was commissioner of police OF
New York. I was suddenly re-
moved from office.
AS the average citizen has no
idea of the power of organized
criminals, it may be worth while
to give a story of my campaign
against them, and their fight
against me, to show how great
their power is.
had scarcely moved into the
office on Mulberry street when
political leaders began to call up
on me to secure a continual shift
ing of police for plausible but mys-
terious ends of their own.
didn't grant transfers. And
very soon they left me alone and
dealt with Mayor Mcclellan.
found that among the officers
there were very few l could trust.
I was head of the department
for a period which might end any
time. Back of me was the mayor,
whose office would also end at an
early date. AS the policeman is
in office for life, he very logically
looked past both the mayor and
me, and made his alliances with
the only permanent influence con-
lcerned-the politician
The officers and men belonged
to secret political clans. The larg-
est of these clans was the "Sulli-
van clan,". who rule the Tammany
hall districts south of Fourteenth
street. The political forces that
elect theme are drawn from the
criminal centers that radiate from
out the Bowery. My headquarters
were full of spies. News Travelled
out of my office with incredible
lswiftness.
In my attempt to change these
conditions, Mayor Mcclellan gave
me no help and showed no inter
est.
For the democratic primaries In
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1909-10-23
DEATH
RECORD IN.
QUAKE
HEAVY LOSS OF LIFE INDICAT-
ED In EARTHQUAKES HOR-
ROR IN INDIA-MISSOURI
AND ILLINOIS ARE SEVERE
LY SHAKEN TODAY.

CALCUTTA, India, Oct. 23.-
Following the receipt of reports
here yesterday regarding whole
sale destruction of villages by
earthquake in Northwestern Balu-
chistan and Western Punjab, the
local authorities are today max
ing preparations to cope with the
earthquake situation without
troubling colonial headquarters
until a formal report is made.
The colonial authorities are not
making any effort to estimate
the total number of dead at this
time.
Quetta reports today that 150
bodies already have been taken
from the ruins. The number who
met death in the earthquake can
not be estimated at this time, but
the list of fatalities is sure tc
greatly exceed the above figure.
The Anglo-Indian residents ap-
pear to be uninterested in the
fate of the natives.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1909-10-23
PANIC | n FRISCO
HOTEL FIRE
(By United Press Leased Wire.,

(By United Press Leased Wire.)
SAN FRANCIC0, Oct. 3D.
Two hundred and fifty men, wom-
en- and children were awakened
early today in the Hotel Irwin
and fed panicstrioken from their
rooms to escape smoke and flames
which were threatening to de-
stroy the seven-story hostelry.
Clad in very scant attire. the
guests ran from their rooms to-
wards the elevator and stair
way, those who were crowded out
of the car tumibaihg down the
long flight OF stairs. regardless or
injury.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1909-10-23

The really had to go away from
America, she up and married him
land went off to lonely old Tangier
with him.
One day the native tribesmen
defeated the French at Csa Blanca.
They began to move toward Tan
|gier, and Europeans fled. But
Lady Lowther wouldn't go. Even
the pleadings of her husband, who,
of course, could not depart. were
in vain. Instead of going, she
fixed up hospital and gathered
Ia corps of nurses. She got ready
to do all the woman's part of war.
The natives didn't get to Tangier,
but that didn't detract from this
American girls bravery.
When Sir Gerard went back to
England on visit he declared to
his friends. In his English way:
.By Jovei Don't you know. that
little girl of mine Is a perfect
brick. Pom my wordi"
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1909-10-23
MASONS HOLD
BIG BANQUET

The Scottish Rite Masons closed
their celebration in this city last
might with big banquet, follows
ing the comforting of degrees. Sew
en- candidates were put. through
the 31st and 32nd degrees.
Charles Fettke, John Donahue. ID.
e. Gilkey. Killian Weller, Oliver
J. Mcconnell, @. D. McQuestion
and Ira Davisson. Three hundred
and fifty guests sat down to the
banquet.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1909-10-23

(FoR THE FIRST TIME IN MANY YEARS THE PUBLIC
HAS FOUND AN OPPORTUNITY TO SEE THE INSIDE WORK
THE NEW YORK POLICE DEPARTMENT = GENEIa-
ALLY ACKNOWLEDGED THE MOST CORRUPT DEPARTMENT
WORLD
Theodore Bingham, police
by Mcclellan has melted
many the exclusive
ish by bingham magazine
which placed nds today Bingham an n-
mate friend Roosevelt the United
army.-Edior)
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1909-10-23
Queer Rappings Told Her
Family Had Perished


CHICAGO, Oct 23.-Because She heard mysterious rap
Bertha Dougherty Chicago school,
brother his wife and three chill
the MoaVe desert in
California, pershed from thirst.
When she heard from her brother he starting
the desert for the purpose
to he Indian reservation.
Searchers are seeking Dougherty and his family
according today's dispatches
Miss Dougherty today said:
"Our family believes whenever death is imminent
mber of family will be warned by mysterious
knockngs Thursday night nearly all night heard the rap
ping repeatedly.
"My first expressed to friends yesterday
morning befalen brother and last
night the which leads me to believe ha he Is
in desert"
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1909-10-23
Have No Use for Jail;
Use 1t for a Woodshed
Since Town Went Dry

WENATCHEE, Oct. 2s.-on,
arrest for drunkenness has been
made In Wenatchee during the
month of October and two made
during the. month OF September.
The saloons were closed here fol-
lowing the local option election
held August "a.
. Befoase the "dry" tow invent i'm
to effect the arrests for drunken
ness averaged one a day the year
round. and the police were kept
busy. The city jail, constructed
two years ago by the city, ct an
expense Of $4,000. Is now used as
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1909-10-23
HENEY WINS
RECOUNT

Work will be started next week
on the construction of the new
cells for the McNeil's island peni-
tentiary, contract for which was
entered into some months ago by
the government. F'orty-eight steel
cells are to be put in. greatly In
creasing the capacity of the prison.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1909-10-23
(By> United Press Leased Wire. }

(By> United Press Leased Wire
LOYALTON, Cal, Oct. %
One man is dead. another is dy-
ing and two others are in a SER
ious condition at Vinton, small
town near here, following an at
tempted burglary at the Hotel
Vinton.
The alleged burglar is dead,
the bartender of the hotel is dy-
ing and Proprietor G. Conancla
and his son Robert are badly in
jured.
Although the attempted bur-
glary occurred Thursday night
news of the affair did not reach
here until today.
Stabbed During Struggle.
Thursday night, the elder Con-
amelia discovered man attempt
ing to ransack the room of his
daughter. Conancia grapple i
with the man and, in the struggle
which followed, the hotel man
was sta bbed several times.
When Conancia cried for help
his son and the bartender rushed
to his assistance. AS the two
men, unarmed, burst into the
room, the alleged burglar levelled
his pistol at them and shot them
both. The bartender fell TO the
Iioor, mortally wounded. with a
bullet nthe abdomen. Young
Conancia was also shot In the
body.
Following the shooting the
thief dashed from the house and
escaped.
Thief Killed Instantly.
Yesterday the hotel hostler
thrust pitchfork into a hay pile
in the barn and prodded a man
concealed there. The hostler
hurried to the hotel and sum-
moned help. Two guests of the
hotel named Carmichael, broth
ers, seized shotguns and hurried
to the barn. They found the al
legged thief sitting on the edge of
the manger. Without giving him
a chance to explain they sent two
charges of buckshot into his
body, killing him instantly.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1909-10-23
Wouldn't Go to
Negro School;
Runs Away
By United Press Leased wire.)

(By United Press Leased Wire.) }
o MO hsoo-fi!c aech2 lntaaslb
Los ANGELES, CAL. Oct. 30.
Rather than attend school with
negro children, Daddy Mumford,
IL years of age. ram away ffom
home and the police today are
searching for him In behalf of his
anxious parents. {
With his father and mother,
Gaddy came to Los Angeles re-
Gently from a small Georgia town.
Yesterday the lad disappeared.
leaving the following note for his
parents;
"Dad and Mamma:-I cannot
keep on at school where I have
60 association with negro chill
dred GAiDDY."
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1909-10-23

1906 he ordered a detail of not
less than 100 specially-named men
to polling places. For what legi-
innate purpose this was done l did
not understand.
/ directed my attention upon the
CONTINUED on Page Eight.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1909-10-23

Ole johnson, 70 years old,
died suddenly yesterday at the
residence of his son, G. j. John
son, 3102 North 29th street. The
funeral was held from Hoska's s
chapel this afternoon at Q o'clock.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1909-10-23

Mrs. Matte 8. Cooke. SO years
old, died at the family hospital
. this morning at the residence,
1881 N. street. She is survived BY
nr- san, Edward. oldfield. Nevada
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1909-10-23
HOTEL BURGLAR
SHOT DEAD AFTER
WOUNDING THREE,

THIEF INSTANTLY KILLED
AFTER A DESPERATE On
COUNTER IN HOTEL ONE
MAN DYING AND TWO FA-
TALLY HURT AS RESULT OF
CONFLICT WITH MIDNIGHT
PROWLER.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1909-10-23
MISSOURI IS
SHAKEN BY
QUAKE

CAPE. GIRARDEAU, Mo-. Oct.
23.-A heavy earthquake. lasting
for full minute, was felt here at
1:16 O'Clock this morning. Build
ings We're rocked and the yibra-
tions were accompanied by deep
rumblfngs. The shock moved from
east to west.
The earthquake shocks also
were felt at Mcclure. Ill. and
Sikestown. Mo. No damage has
been reported from these towns.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1909-12-03
j. P. Conmx Married.

The announcement of the marriage Of
j. 2. Conmy last week came with sur
prise 10 his many friends in Pembina as
it did elsewhere, as no intimation was
ever made here that Chick" had any
idea of getting married. The Grand
Forks Times gives the following account:
"Attorney John 2. Conmy of this city
was welded last Saturday at st. Paul,
Mimi, to Miss Emma Desrosier, former
" employed as clerk in the Ontario store
at Grand Forks.
The announcement will come as a
complete surprise to Grand Forks peo-
pie, for while rumors have been atloat
for feveral days concerning the supposed
marriage. Yet nothing definite concern
ing it had been received here until TO-
day. The first intimation received by
his parents was in a letter from st. Paul
in which he told of the wedding. Mir.
Conmy and Miss Desrosier have been
acquainted for some time. 1t is not
known whether the couple will return to
this city o. not, but at present they are
somewhere in the west.
MIR. Conmy, or Chick Conmy as lie
is Familiarity known, is a North Dakota
university graduate and as football
pla. er has starred considerably. He was
also coach Of the Grand Forks high
school football team this year. When
Attorney Conmy left the city for Min
neapolis and st. Paul he gave 1t out that
he went there to see the football game,
while Miss Desrosier let it be understood
that the illness of a sister was respon-
sible for her departure to st. Paul. Miss
Desrosi RS home is in Langdon, this
state, where her father is engaged in the
real estate business. She has not spent
very much of her time at home however,
as eight years of her life were spent in
St. Paul hospital
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1909-12-03
After
La Grippe

81 had suffered several weeks
with LaGrippe. Had pains in
my head and eyes. 1t felt as
though there was a heavy weight
Oh the top of my head, until it
seemed that my brain would
burst. / was so nervous that
l could not rest or sleep. When
l dozed off I would awake with
sudden jerking Of my whole
body. DR.. Miles Nervine, Heart
Remedy and Nerve and Liver.
Pills cured me. A number CT
friends have since realized the
same benefits"
MRS. ALVIN H. LOCKS,
Seabrook, N. H.
The after effects of LaGrippe
are often more serious than the
disease, as it leaves the system
in a weakened condition that
invites more serious troubles,
such as pneumonia, etc.
D.. Miles
Restorative Nervine
should be taken for some time
to thoroughly restore nerve
strength.
DR.. Miles Nervine is sold by all drug.
gists. If the first bottle does not benefit,
your druggist will return your money.
MILES MEDICAL CO., EIkhart, Ind.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1909-12-03
Subscription Rates and Terms.

The PIONEER EMPRESS is sent only on
the direct order of subscribers, and is
continued until ordered stopped and all
arrearages paid.
The rate of subscription is alike to all.
200 nor year. Subscribers paying i'll adj
vance have the choice of several premium
papers i'll addition.
Sample" or marked copies" are sent
as complimentary only, and while de
sire them to he considered as invitations
to subscribe, they will not be continued
except upon request.
The PIONEER EXPRESS is the best adj
vestising medium il! the county, having
Il more general circulation than any
other PAPER. Card o{ rates sent on APP
plication.
Entered at the pos'oflice at Pembina as
second class mail matter.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1909-12-03

Mrs. William Fowler died Tuesday
afternoon at 6 o'clock.
The deceased has been i'll for several
months, but during the summer had i'm
proved considerably, but of late had
been gradually sinking. The fatal dis
ease tuberculosis had too stronga Lold
and the end came as stated.
Mrs. Fowler, nee Agnes Dickson, was
born at Mount Pleasant, Ont, and at
her death was Is years, 10 months and
Is days old. She came to Pembina with
her husband in the spring of 1882 and
has lived he e since that time. She was
the mother OF nine children, three of
whom are dead. Mabel, Beatrice, Bert,
Lloyd, Everest and Anetta are the living
children who, with tie husband, mourn
the loss of devoted mother and wife.
Mrs. Fowler was one of those women
OF whom the world has so many, to
whom the world owes so much, but of
whom the world knows so little. Gentle,
unobtrusive, she made her home life her
life work. How well she did her work
only the inmates of that home know,
and even they can never know it all
But the Father, WHO was her help and
guide through life, knows, and she has
entered into her rest and reward,
Mrs. Fowler was,a member of the Or
der of the Eastern Sta" and a member
of the Prcsby terrain church,
The funeral will be held to- lay at $50
under the auspices of the o. b. s.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1909-12-03
Five Generations

We are in receipt of a copy Of the
Spoksman-Review, published at Spc-
kane, WASH, under date of November
26th, giving account of fi,e generations
of the Fadden family, with fine illus
tration, and we regret We don't have the
picture to reproduce to our readers, a
great many eff whom are personally
acquainted with the families, and have
enjoyed their hospitality in the pioneer
days of territorial times. The following
is an extract:
MRS. John Fadden Of Grand Forks n
D., the head of the five generations, is u
pioneer woman who experienced some
thrilling adventures in the early days OF
Minnesota territory. =. Mrs. Fadden' :
daughter, Mrs. H. r. Vaughn, is resi-
dent of Spokane, and is grand. mother
to "Babie" Sawhill. Mrs. j. H..Abfams
although herself possessing grand
mother, is glad to be a grandmother O
the youngest of five generations. Mrs
Abrams is resident of Spokane. Mrs
Robert Sawhill, also of Spokane, is tn,
mother of the infant whose arrival com
pleted the chain of tiverlinks connecting
the past With the preseEt. Baby
Sawhill, therefore, has mother, ,
grandmother, great grandmother ant
last and most wonderful Of all, q grea
great grandmother.
Mrs. Vaughn emigrated from Hcudr.
sou, Minn.. to- ID .koga tnrrltory IN 1874
anu was tLc ursJ white woman 10 maxi
a" actual residence in what IS nov
North Dakota
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1909-12-03
::County News:
Crystal is builuing a curling rink.


Cavalier will have two skating Kinks.
John Heazlette is building large ad-
dition to his barn at Glasston.
The M. e. church supper at Glasston
last week had receipts of over SO.
George Camnbcll of Walhalla has
gone to spend the winter in California.
Nate Upham shipped three car loads
Of Poled Angus cattle from Drayton
last week.
Hills, Manning Co. are remolellng
the P,'a>y barn at Bathgatc for Il slzat-
ing rink.
Gil Monsoon. station agent at Glasston
has gone to Thompson. He is succeeded
by q. 0. Perry
Nels Burley and other hunters find
deer tracks in the mountains near Y al
halla-l that's ali.
y party of twenty young people of
Nrche spent pleasant evening at JOS.
Morin's one day last week,
Hamilton got doctor from Orleans
recently and has now taken minister
Rev. Stinson, Presbyterian.
Walhalla and Neche are both reported
as paying from two to three cents more
bushel than surrounding toms.
Miss Freda Arnason arrived yesterday
to sp nd Thanksgiving at the home of
her sister, Mrs. Sig. johnson.
Chronicle.
John Grandy. B. Broadly, Marshall
Craig, have returned from the Canadian
northwest after filing ON lands covered
with snow.
Mr. and Mrs. John fl. Hogg gave
delightful birthday party to relatives of
Grandma Hogg on the occasion of her
eight! third birthday.
Mrs. Levi Talion left this week for
Brandon, Man. to see her brother Thcs
bergeron, who is the barber there, and
sick with typhoid fever.-Cavalier
Chronicle.
y. H. johnson of Hamilton went to
Minneapolis to spend Thanksgiving with
his family and will remain until after
the marriage Of his daughter which
takes place on the 14th.
Contractor Richardson has completed
e5work on the residence erected for
Mrs. Quackenbush on her farm near
McArthur.-Pink Paper, And if we are
not misinformed the public will Reid
another paragraph in this connection
pretty soon
Commissioner NORM visited Ben En-.
ping at the Yeaddo farm near Leyden
and had him sent to the Drayton hospi-
tai. Epping broke his leg and before it
had properly set broke it again, while
yet in bed. The Mountaineer says he is
likely to become permanent county
charge.
A building owned ny A. A. White and
occupied by t.s.u Mcintosh was burned
at Hamilton last week. The fire was in
the upper story and. 80 far advanced
when discovered that nothing was saved
from the bedrooms. The furniture be.
/ low was taken out. Little could be done
70 save the house. It was valued a
$1,000. Mr.. Mcintosh lost about 9l5O
worth of stuff. Origin supposed to be 4
defective aue.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1909-12-03
Married

At Neche, Nov. 25th, Miss M. Larson
and Sterhen Smith, both of Pembina,
by Rev. Father Forbes.
While this union has been expected
for some time the news was surprise to
many. The bride has been in the MILL
merry business for many years while the
groom has grown up in Pembina; both
have extensive acquaintance who wish
them much joy.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1909-12-03
County Wedding.

At Neche, Nov. Gath, Miss Elmira
Dupre of Neche and Henry Marcelin of
Olga, by Rev. Father Forbes.
At Neche Nov. 23rd, Miss Louise Re-
maud anu PAiAp .Mirou vi Lcro.. ~ kcv.
Father Forbes
At Leroy Nov. oath, Miss Mary
Ann Urlaub and Louis Marquette, both
of Leroy, by Rev. Father LaRochelle.
At Crystal Nov. Mth, Miss PLAINLY
Conlan, of Hensel and Clarence Erick-
son, of Calvin, by Rev. Father McDon-
aid.
At Bathgate Nov. 23rd Miss Ellen May
Burton and William J. Maher both Of
Bathgate township by Rev. Father
sevigny.
At Clayton, Ont, Miss Gertrude L
Bowland, formerly Of Bathgate, and Her
bert W. Louden Of Bathgate township.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1909-12-03
Marriage licenses.

Lewis B. Warner, Hamilton and Min
ME N. Olson, Bowesmont: Jacob Adam,
Glenburn, N. D., and Pauline Schultz,
St. Thomas; Martin Paulson, Eagle
Point, MINI. and Sara Lila Shield, Dray
ton.