davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03
Responsible for saIton Sea Floods.

San Francisco, Aug. 2.-Responsi-
bility for the Salton sea floods of 1905
and 1906 was finally fixed today by
the United States circuit court of ap-
peals. The ruling affirms the decis-
ion Of the district court In the case of
the California Development company
against the New Liverpool Salt COM
structed by the development company
were improperly built. The Southern
Pacific company, which made the re-
pairs. with the approval of President
Roosevelt. has presented q bill of 81
000.00O to the government
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03
ANOTHER TUNNEL OPENED.
Connects Manhattan With Eric Station
in Jersey City.

New York, Aug. 2.-Another hole in
the ground was opened today TO public
traffic the Hudson and Manhattan
Railroad company extending its SER
vice from its terminal station at
Church street, Manhattan, to the Erie
railroad station in Jersey City. The
running time of trains was well within
in the scheduled six minutes and the
trains were well patronized. At the
Erie terminal q system Of colored lights
distinguishing the various divisions of
the railroad was also tried. -.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03
Steamship Arrivals.

At Naples; Aug. San Giovanni,
from New York
At Genoa: July 80. America. from
New York.
AT Iiverpool: Aug. ., Arabic. from
New York.
At Bremen. Aug 1, Friedrich Der
Crosse. from New orkY,
At Antwerp Aug. 2. vaderland, from
New York.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03
Compressed Air for Submerged Vessels.

Newport X. l.. Aug. 2.-Still another
triumph for compressed air a. a salvor
Of wrecked vessels was recorded to-
Night when the naval collier Nero wa-
successfully noafed from the rocks off
Brenton's Reeef. Pumped clear OF
water and buoyed up by the COM
pressed air II was an easy matter for
the FIVE tugs and the submarine ten
der Nina TO csc the Nero from her
impaled position. After being drawn
clear Of the rocks the Nero was towef
into this harba
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03
ASHORE At WATCH HILL.
Boy With Stolen Block Island Boat
Swept on Beach.

Watch HILL r. l.. Aug. 2.-After
drifting in a small open boat all night
from Block Island, Earl Southwick, Is.
was swept ashore through the surf at
Watch Hill today and was immediate :
ly placed under arrest on charge of
stealing the boat. He confessed mat
he took the boat yesterday at Block
Island and started for sail He was
unable to manage the craft and finssiy
let her drift. She BROUGHT up in the
breakers off Watch Hill and finally
was thrown up. badly smashed, on the
laa
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03
LAWLEssNEss IN INDIANA TOWN.
Governor to Send State Militia If City
Officials of Gary Do Not Close Up
Disorderly Resorts.

Chicago, Aug. 2.-As a result Of a
clash between state and city officials
over the suppression of lawlessness at
Gary Ind, that city practically will be
under state rule today, deputy sheriffs
under command of Sheriff Hunter of
Lake county taking charge of the sit
uation over the head of Mayor Knots
and his police department.
Following the announcement of
Governor Marshall that he would send
the state militia to Gary If the city
officials did not take immediate steps
to stamp out the law1essness, Assist
ant Prosecuting Attorney Hodges de-
clared he would have several hundred
deputy sheriffs sworn in to close up
the "blind pigs and other illegal
places which he declared have been
f1ourishing there.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03
MATCH AND GASOLINE.
Careless Man Painfully Burned and
$4,000 Damage Done.

Rochester, " Y. Aug. Jacob w
Kelley. an employe of the Sworts Pro-
duce company at Dundee, Yates county
tried to fill a five-g gallon tank with
gasoline in the cold storage plant yes
terday. He struck a match in order to
see where a funnel was After he had
hurried out of the building. painfully
burned. the flames destroyed the plant
Loss $4,000.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03
QUEER TEST OF SANITY.
If You Can Place Index Finger Of
Right Hand to Nose, with Eyes
Closed, You're All Right.

New oYrk, Aug. "A new. or at
least very odd physical test as an
index to ones sanity,was introduced
by police magistrate today when
Mrs. Harriet r. Berry, trained nurse,
was brought to court on physicians
application that inquiry be made into
her mental condition. 5la@
Close your eyes, madame, and touch
your rose with the index finger of your
right hand" commanded the nlagis-
trate.
1t was only after several attempts
that Mrs. Berry succeeded and the
court ruled that the test was sufficient
10 indicate unsoundness of mind. Mrs.
Berry was accordingly taken to Bel
levue.
Her case is said to be one of per
secutory delusion.'' She thought a
friend had sold the manuscript of her
book "The Design of Life" to President
(emeritus) Eliot of Harvard and that
the latter had plagiarized it.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03
SMASHED HOTEL FURNITURE.
Maryland Farmer Frightened Guests
in Washington oHtel.

Washington. Aug. 2.-Charles ID.
Stuart, who claimed to be a capitalist.
farmer and planter of Anne Arundel
county, Maryland, was arrested here
early today, after he had awakened
many OF the guests of the New Will
lard hotel by smashing furniture in his
room. When a detective tried 10 ar
rest him, the man fought his way to
the lobby Of the hotel. and there held
the house detectives. hotel night man.
ager and clerks at bay with a whistle
that they believed to be a pistol.
The police reserves took him I'm
custody. Stuart went with them
without resistance. asking that he be
taken to the White house at once
"for trial by President Taft Police
surgeons held him under observation.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03
coNeREssMEN ~HELD UP"
Compelled to Remain in Washington by
Sergeant at Arms of House.

Washington, Aug. 2.-Flve repre-
sentatives were victims of rude shock
tonight when they were held up" at
the union station by the sergeant at
arms of the house and compelled to
remain in the city until a vote is taken
in the senate on the tariff bill. They
are DENLY of Michigan. Ashbrook of
Ohio, Kelliher of Massachusetts. How
ell of New Jersey and Cassidy of Ohio.
The representatives had bought their
tickets and were about to board an
outgoing train for their homes when
the officer stepped up and spoiled their
plans. Countless excuses were offered.
but the officer was firm.
When the house adjourned the con-
ference report on Saturday members
began to flock away from Washington
and Representative Dwight. the repub
lican whip" is having a difficult time
holding enough of them to transact
public business. He sent kilograms far
and wide last night urging the absent
members to return.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03
Monthly Statement of Public Debt.

Washington, Aug. AT the close of
statement of the public debt shows that
the debt, less cash in the treasury
amounted to ss17,5S0.s57. The interest
bearing debt is $s13,317, ,490; debt on
which interest has ceaser since ma
turity. s2.S14.475: debt bearing no in
terest. s3s0.47l.144: total. s1.2ss. .549. 110.
This does not include, however. $l,343. :
21f.S6S in certificates and treasury
notes outstanding which are offset by
an equal amount OF cash held in the
treasury for their redemption
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03
COMMENTS ON CRANE.
Russian Newspapers Praise New AM
erean Minister to China.

ST. Petersburg. Aug. 2.-The Novoe
Vremya today devotes its leading edi-
toria article to the appointment of
Charles r. Crane pf Chicago TO be
American minister to China. II gives
the details of Mr.. Cranes business
career, which qualify him as an ideal
representative to carry forward the
American policy of commercial ex-
pansion in China, and hopes that his
knowledge of Russia will help to dis
pei the misunderstanding that have
hindered Russo American corporation
in the far east. Other Russian news
papers have commented favorably up
on the appointment of Mr.. Crane.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03
New Atlantic Gable Hitched.

New York Aug. AT Manhattan
beach. near Coney Island. there was
hitched the end of new cable which
has just been Maid by the Commercial
Gable company to Newfoundland.
where Il connects with one laid 25
years ago across the Atlantic from
Ireland to Canso n. s. but which was
lately moved so as to terminate near
St Johns. n, F.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03
HARTRIDeE's SUIT FOR 100000
Postponed Because of Absence of Mrs.
Mary CopIey Thaw.

New York, Aug. Mrs. Mary Cop
ley Thaw's presence at the hearing in
White Plains was given as the reason
for the postponement today of her ex-
animation in the suit of Clifford w.
Hartridge, Thaw's former attorney, for
a total of nearly 100000 claimed for
services and disbursements in connec-
tion with 'rhaw's cases. 1t was stated
that the attorneys for the parties had
agreed to defer the examination until
some time in September, the date to be
fxed later.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03
OBITUARY..
Calvin Wells.

Pittsburg, Aug 2.-Calvin Wells, 50
years old, former owner of the Phil
adelphia Press, and partner in the
firm of Hussey, Wells & Co., Phila-
delphia, died. here tonight. The cause
of death was old age. Mr.. Wells was
president of the Pittsburg Forge &
Iron Co., and was connected with sew
eral local financial institutions. He
was republican presidential elector at
large from Pennsylvania in 1884, and
during his ownership of The Press,
Charles Emory Smith, member of
McKinley's cabinet, was his editor in
chief.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03
MILK SUPPLY THREATENED.
New York, New Jersey and New Eng
land Affected by Drouth.

New York. Aug. 2.-Unless there is
q good-.Tain within few days. milk
PRICES In the east viii attain a figure
not reached In. years. according to
.dairymen who have been hit by the
snrought New York, New Jersey and
most OF New England are affected.
Dealers are boarding their daily
supply as best they can to meet de-
mands and on August a meeting will
be. held to discuss the situation. If
relief is not forthcoming soon, the re-
tail price of milkwill probably be rails
ed At that time The wholesale price
OF milk has risen from s1.75 and Sl.e0
TO So and y4 a can in the last week or
a
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03
COAT TAILoRS ON STRIKE.
Seek Restoration of 20 Per Cent Re-
duction-16,oo0 to 10000 Out.

New York, Aug. 2.-After mass
meeting held this afternoon, most of
the coat tailors in New York walked
out on strike with the hope of forcing
employers to restore a twenty per cent
wage reduction made during the finan-
cial stringency of 1907. The number
out is variously estimated at from
$4,000 to 10000 including about 5000
women. Brooklyn coat tailors have
been on a strike for a week.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03
WOOL BROKER GETS TWO YEARS.
Concerned in Robbery OF Leather VAL.
ued at $4,000 from New Haven
Road.

Boston, Aug. AFTER pleading
guilty to charge of receiving stolen
goods, Henry P. Garrity, a local wool
broker, was sentenced to two years in
state prison by Judge Charles U. Bell
in the superior court late today, for
having participated in the robbery of
leather valued at $4,000 from the New
York, New Haven and Hartford Rail-
road com oany In January in 1908. The
leather after being missed from the
car on the New Haven road in which
it was being shipped, was traced to
st. Louis. it was found. Garrity and
two other men were arrested, and
the other two have already been con-
victed of stealing the leather and sent
to state prison.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03
Vice President Sherman Would Vote
for Conference Report.

Utica, N. Y, Aug 2.-'If there
should be tie in the senate, will
vote for the adoption of the confer
ence report" says Vice President
Sherman. However, 1 don't think it
viii be necessary. 1 am quite sure
that the tariff bill will be carried"
The vice president left here for Wash
ington tonight
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03
MILK SHORTAGE IN BOSTON.
Advance in Price Probable Owing to
Drouth and High Cost Of Grain.

Boston. Aug. 2.-The metropolitan
district is threatened with a decided
shortage in the milk supply or else
an advance in prices. The trouble Is
due to the drocth which has killed the
grass on many pasture lands. and TO
the high cost of grain and other
feed.
The Boston milk contractors were
waited on today by representatives OF
the Boston cooperative Milk Produ-
GERS company, which embraces New
England milk producers supplying
Boston and vicinity and urged to
advance prices. 1t is possible that
winter prices will go into effect Sept. 1.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03

Norristown Pa. Aug. 2.-Falling in
to a large boiler at the pork packing
establishment where he was employed
here, Samuel Z. Werkheiser. aged so
years. was scalded to death. When
discovered the skin and flesh had near
ly all peeled from his body and his
features cOnld not be recoEniZed. ~
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03
Cabled. Paragraphs

Nairobi, British East Africa, Aug. 2.
Theodore Roosevelt attended divine
srevice yesterday at the Scotch church
of Nairobi and made donation to the
local Young Mems Christian associa-
ton. Tonight he will attend a func-
ton at the Masonic institute.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03
Clash Betwseen Whites and Blacks in
FarrilI Ga,

Rome. Ga. Aug. News has just
reached here Of clash between
whites and blacks at Farril. a small
ing from the attack of Garvin Perkins.
colored. upon Harper Wright post
Office enploye. Perkins as captured
ard a posse Is now chasing fourteen
other negroes.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03
ZEPPELIN FLIES 22o MILES.
average Speed of 2t Miles an Hour
Part of Time Against Head Winds.

Frankfort. July 31.-The diriaible
balloon zeppeliD II. steered by Count
Zeppelin himseh. descended here safe
ly between . and O'clock this after
noon, after having sailed from Fried
richshafen, a distance of about eco
miles. at an average speed OF 81 miles
an hour. Half OF the time the flight
was made against strong head winds.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03

London, Aug. S.-Sporting Life says
it learns that the Belgian authorities
will grant a license to Tod Sloan, the
American jockey, who will ride next
Sunday at Ostend for M. Copee, pres
ident of the Belgian Jockey club, if, as
is probable. the British Jockey club
makes no objection.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03
!. Dam .Rarst-rma MenlkiIl.d.

Morelos, Mexico Augs 2.+-Two men
were killed.: three hurt and several
houses swept away by the bursting of
here yesterday. The wreck was caused
by a cioudburst and the damage is es--
timated at 100000.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03
SHED oVERWEIeHTED.
ene Man Killed by Its coIlapse-Two
Others Missing.

Pittsburg. Aug. 2.-One man was
killed and two others are missing. sup
posed to have been buried under the
ruins OF shed. overweighted with iron
ore. which collapsed at the 29th street
plant Of the Carnegie Steeel company
today.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03
Ten Million Lincoln Pennies Issued.

New Work, Aug. 2-Ten millions OF
the new Lincoln pennies issued at the
Philadelphia mint today have been
applied for by New York banks. The
sub-tressury here will have guam
tity on hand for distribution toh,or-
row, the first of the new cents hav--
ing reached the city today.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03

London, August 2.-Under a special
license secured in Canterbury, Henry
Clay Pierce( of st. Louis, was quietly
married today at st. Georges church,
Hanover Square, to Virginia Prickett
Burrowes. daughter of Major William
whose former husband died four years
ago.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03
Boy Observation-Disclosures Tried to Com
a. NIT Suicide.

New Haven. Aug. 2-Adolphus Va
lene, q years old was drowned in Mil
river. here today. The boy fell from
q raft on which he was playing. When
the body was taken from the water
his mother was notified and on hear
ing the news tried to commit suic ide
by. cutting-her threat with razor, but
was prevented
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03

Beatrice Mshaney Of Dubois, Pa, and
William NJ. Yorkey of Auburn were
drowned in Oasco lake, near Auburn.
n. Y.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03
LouisvilIe Banks consoIidate.

Louisville. KY. Aug. 2.-The second
bank consolidation in one week in
Louisville was effected today, the First
National becoming the property of the
Kentucky Title Savings bank. Oyer
81, ,0oo, 600 Is involved.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03
New Treasurer New York Stock Ex-
change.

New York, Aug. 2.-Henry c. Swords,
president of the Fulton Trust company,
was elected treasurer of the New York
stock exchange today to fill the unex-
pired term of the late Franklin w. Gill
ley, who died suddenly recently.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03

week Ol dNlatlOH dt hnelinS, rTdhce.'
Beatrice Mahsney Of Dubois, Pa, and
William NJ. Yorkey of Auburn were
drowned in Oasco lake, near Auburn,
N. Y.
Special Collections Were Taken Up
in the Atlantic City churches to pro-
vide funds for a Sunday closing cam
paign.
A Despatch from Acapulco, Mexico.
states that seventy three distinct
earthquake shocks were felt there since
Friday.
Governor Brown of Georgia signed
the bill which prohibits the use os
trading stamps for barter or trade in
ducements.-
Rose stahl, Who Has Been Playing
in London in THE Chorus Lady" re-
turned to New York by the White Star
liner Cedric.
An Oklahoma Attorney Was Baked
in an attempt to get hold of 10 per
cent of the money and lands of the
Choctaw Indians.
King LeopoIds Sale of His Master
pieces of art is arousing great popular
indignation in Belgium, writes La Mar
quise de FoTftenoy.
M. Sybak, the Norwegian charge
daffaires, transferred the Norwegian
and Danish legations to Bar Harbor,
Me-, for the summer.
Leo j. Perrine, Who Induced a 16
year old Baltimore girl to go away with
him, escaped from the house of cor
rection at Philadelphia.
Great Confusion Reigns in Osaka,
Japan, a large commercial city, where
thousands are homeless as the result of
the fire that burned for twenty five
hours.
S. G. .McLendon, Suspended State
railroad commissioner Of Georgia. for
whose removal the senate voted, made
preparations to fight the legislative
action.
The Naval Parade Committee of the
Hudson Fulton celebration announced
that the official reception of the Half
Noon and the Clermont will take place
Sept. 25.
The First Pilgrimage to the Shrine
of Our Lady of Martyrs at Auriesville,
Glens Falls, Fort Edward and Saratoga
Springs was made.
The Body of Harrison Cline, who
tried to kill his wife because she would
not return to him, was found badly
mangled on the railroad track near
Winston Salem N c.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03

A Woman at Aberdeen, WASH, dream
ed she saw a friend killed, and later
the police found the body.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03

The Newport Police are on the watch
for masked automobilist who has ter
rorized the town.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03

NJ. Sybak, the Norwegian charge
d 'affaires, transferred the Norwegian
and Danish legations to Bar Harbor,
Me-, for the summer.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03

A Los Angeles (car Woman told the
district attorney that her husband
called her an "old hen"
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03

General Passenger Agent w. n. lay
loe of the Southern Railway has re-
signed on account of i'll health.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03

John Barrett Declared That Argen-
tina is wonderland of natural re-
sources.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03

Special Collections Were Taken Up
in the Atlantic City churches to pro-
vide funds for Sunday closing cam
paign.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03

A Despatch from Acapulco, Mexico.
states that seventy-three distinct
earthquake shocks were felt there since
Friday.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03

Charles M. Pepper said the new
tariff bill will greatly Increase the
foreign trade with the United States.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03

Governor Brown of Georgia signed
the bill which prohibits the use os
trading stamps for barter or trade in
ducements.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03

The Conference of Y. M. c. A. in
Barmen- Elberfeld Germany. discussed
work among soldiers and sailors.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03

The First Pilgrimage to the Shrine
of Our Lady of Martyrs at Auriesville,
n. Y, from Lake George, Whitehall,
Glens Falls, Fort Edward and Saratoga
Springs was made.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03

The Naval Parade Committee of the
Hudson-Fulton celebrat tion announced
that the official reception of the Half
Moon and the Clermont will take place
Sept 25.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03

A Bundle Containing Art Master
pieces was found by officials at work
in the basilica of ST. Marks at Venice.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03

Rose Stahl, Who Has Been Playing
in London in "The Chorus Lady" re-
turned to New York by the White Star
liner Cedric.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03

The Body of Harrison Cline, who
tried to kill his wife because she would
not return to him, was found badly
mangled on the railroad track near
Winston Salem N c.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03

S. G. .McLendon, Suspended State
railroad commissioner of Georgia. for
whose removal the senate voted. made
preparations to fight the legislative
action.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03

An Oklahoma Attorney Was Baked
in an attempt to get hold of 10 per
cent. of the money and lands of the
Choctaw Indians.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03

Great Confusion Reigns in Osaka,
ia pan, large commercial city, where
thousands are homeless as the result of
hours.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03

, King Leopold's Sale of His Master
pieces of art is arousing great popular
Indignation in Belgium, writes La Mar
quise de Foftenoy.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03

The Programme Has Been Arranged
for a series of airship races during the
week of aviation" at Rheims, France.
Norwich bulletin. [volume] (Norwich, Conn.) 1895-2011, 1909-08-03

Leo J. Perrine, Who Induced a 16
year old Baltimore girl to go away with
him, escaped from the house of COR
rection at Philadelphia.