davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The log cabin Democrat., 1909-02-09

Pence Ss Rogers yesterday or dered the opera chairs for their new moving picture show which will open about Feb. 22.
 MT. and Mrs. w. R. Sturgiss entertained number of youn g people with a chahng dish party at their home on Davis street last evening.
 No prayer meeting service will be held at the Presbyterian church tomorrow evening on account ot the protracted meeting in progress at the Methodist church.
 FOR RENT-If not sold before February 20, my residence ust north of the State Normal grounds will be for rent.
 d-3t FRANK w. JONES.
 LosT-On January 3I, slender built brindle bull pup, age 8 months. Finder notify and receive reward. EDISON oM1TH, d-2t w-Its Conway, Route ?.
 Rev. A. M. Mclaughlin of Tex as will preach at the Presbyterian church in this city next Sunday, Rev. Mclaughlin will probably be called by the church to serve regu larly as pastor.
 While visiting in this section of the country, George w. Goodman of Great Falls, Montana, stopped off today for a short visit with his old war comrade, Jesse Witt of this city, whom he had not seen in over 40 years.
 The north dormitory boys of Hendrix College gave delightful reception to several of their young friends at Tabor Hall last evening. The reception room was tastetully decorated in college pennants. A two course luncheon was served. The party was chaperoned by Prof. and Mrs. Guy A. Simmons.
 ]. G. Hudgens, who will open an up to- date stock of dry goods in the new Donaghey block, arrived here from keo this morning. MT. Hudgens is here to arrange for his shelving and counters, and will leave in few days for St. Louis to buy his stock. He expects 10 be ready for business after March I.
 w. C. Troxwell of Greenbrier is in the city today. MT. Trox- we'll is an advocate of the stock law and believes it will be one of the most popular measures ever adopted inl the county. He says visit to Texas last fall convinced him of the advantage of prohibit ing stock from running at large.
 M. l.. Higgins, who has been connected with the Arkansas Farm CT office for several years, left this morning for Siloam Springs, where he will open a moving picture show. Mrs. Higgins and children will visit her mother in Little Rock several weeks before joining MT. Higgins in his new home. Their many friends here will greatly re- gret their departure from Conway.
 Lemons Studio oper every day. oOod uort ouorarteed Front St
The log cabin Democrat., 1909-02-09
MT. VERNON.

Hardy Grafton of Little Rock visited here Sunday and carried his wife and baby home with him, they having vis- ited here for several days.
 Mrs. Lily Campbell Wood of Missouri has been visiting her mother and rela- tives here for several days.
 Leo Grafton made his semi monthly
The log cabin Democrat., 1909-02-09
Reduced Rates
MARDI GRAS CELEBRATION

MARDI GRAs CELEBRATION New Orleans, La., Feb. IS to 23rd
 For above occasion we will sell round trip tickets Feb. I7th to 22nd inclusive for SI7.4o. Side trip tickets to Texas and Louisiana destinations can be obtained at New Orleans Feb. 24th to 26th ln- elusive for one fare plus one dollar. On same dates tickets can be bought to city of Mexico for one fare plus two dollars.
The log cabin Democrat., 1909-02-09
NOT DUCK LIKE.

Mrs. Yeast-And did you at one time call your husband duck?
 Mrs. Crimsonbeak-Oh, yes that was before l found out that he'C
The log cabin Democrat., 1909-02-09

HEAD CAMP WOODMEN OF WORLD Ft. Smith, Ark. March 9th to I2th For above we will sell round trip tickets to Fort Smith March 7th to nth inclusive for S4. 50. Limit return to March I4th, 1909.
 l. w. JAMES, Agent.
The log cabin Democrat., 1909-02-09
MORE PRESSING.

'T came to see if can get some fire insurance.
 "On your home?'
 "No; on my job. ."-IIouston Post.
The log cabin Democrat., 1909-02-09
FOILED.

The Boy (fervently)-You are the first and only girl l ever loved. Ethel.
 She-Ah, what lots of fun you have ahead of you, Freddy.
The log cabin Democrat., 1909-02-09

Ben l.. Griffin IS 1u Llttle ROCK today.
 w. l.. Durham was in Morrilton yesterday.
 Hard and soft coal. Phone 1o7. Toe R Tones. oo-ti J.G. Nordie of Russellville is in the city today.
 Henry Frauenthal went to Little Rock last night.
 E. l.. Smith was here yesterday from Martinville.
 I. H. Fry of Atkins was in the city this morning.
 When you need coal, call phone 16o. w. L. Robins. dI2t Two fine Jersey COWS for sale, see R. B. MCCULLoCH. I27tf B. A. Arthur of Wooster went to Little Rock yesterday.
 The Merry Widow Waltz at the Electric Theatre tonight
 l.. M. Dickens of Greenbrier is here to spend few days.
 C. D. Sloan and A. C. Cheatham of Little Rock are here today.
 MT. and Mrs. Leo Schwarz are spending today in Little Rock.
 Station Agent J. w. James has been quite sick for several days. I have several nice shoats which must sell. d3t l.. N. Bolls. L. G. Moore of Vilonia was here yesterday on his way to Little Rock. Mrs. Katie Sloan tf Mayf1ower is spending the day with friends in this city.
 c. N. Menty, who has been i'll for several days with lagrippe, is now improving.
 Miss Mattie Crow of Philadelphia is the guest of Miss Dovie Harton in this city today.
 Mrs. Rayburn Peay of Johnston Ark, is the guest of her sister, Mrs. w. N. Owen.
 c. B. Morton, proprietor of the Pope County Nursery at Pottsville, Ark, is in the city today.
 The U. D. C. will meet tomor- row afternoon at 3:3o o'clock at the home of Mrs. C.. w. Bruce. FOR SALE-A young Jersey COW. Will be fresh soon. d-3t FRANK w. JONES. w. J. Apple of Little Rock special agent of the department of agriculture, is in the city today. FoR SALE-No. 3 Oliver type writer, cheap. See
 w. H. NoRwOoD. Good farm for rent near town, 35 acres in cultivation.
 d If E. Erbacher. Will sell and deliver live hogs of any size to any part of the city. d3t l.. N. Bolls. For Sale-Good prairie hay, 25c bale.
 d w-2t HENRY BREACH. l have about 30 head of hogs and must sell some. d5t l.. N. Bolls. Sewing neatly and promptly done at satisfactory rates. Apply to Mrs. Willie Lander, Clifton street; west of Hendrix. 3tN
The log cabin Democrat., 1909-02-09

Lemons Studio oper every day. good work guaranteed. Front St.. !, Conway, Ark. 45t.
The Wenatchee daily world. [volume] (Wenatchee, Wash.) 1905-1971, 1909-05-17
FRANK GOTCH TIRED
Of GAME
SAYS HE WILL LEAVE THE MAT
big WRESTLER rs IN FINE
SHAPE-WILL GO INTO THEA
TER BUSINESS.

Spokane, May 17.-Frank Gotch,
looking better natured and more
than ever like Jim Jeffries, is again
the guest of the city. Big, strong,
fine looking and cheerful, the fact
that he has won the worlds cham
pionship since he left here does not
seem to affect the great wrestler in
the least, and he is the same happy
boy who had his first and last pro-
|fessional fight in Spokane.
"This trip may see the last of
Gotch as wrestler" said the cham
|pion. II am speaking seriously when
I say l will leave the mat. If I meet
Hackenschmidt in Australia, it will
be my last bout, win or lose. II that
match does not take place, the end
of this trip will probably see the last
|of me as a public man.
Il have been at the business a
number of years. l have worked hard
all of that time and have been sue
lcessful The people have been good
to me. They have boosted for my
success on the mat and they have
enabled me to make fortune. I am
independent now. This year alone
will have Melted me $4,000, and ]
will never have to worry about fl
nances the rest of my life.
81 am going to quit the mat and
go into the theater business in Mime
apolis l have a fine chance there.
We will build a vaudeville house and
establish business that should grow
and amount to something.
IT have made a success of my pro-
fession. If there is any honor in the
game, / have gone as far in that line
as I can. Mercenary motives are,
therefore, all that could keep me at
the game any longer. 1t is mighty
hard to keep at the top, when the al
mighty dollar is the only aim one
has.
II am 80 years of age now and the
time is coming when I will begin to
deteriorate. Take me at the present
time whenever 1 go against a for
eigner 1 must give away weight. To
overcome this handicap, I must be
fast and active. Remember, that /
can meet no foreign champion at my
weight, 200 pounds.
Zone can readily see how l must
work to acquire that speed and
science. I must be on the feather
edge all the time. I can take no va
cation in my physical condition. 1t
is a terrible strain and I am getting
tired of it. I am going to quit be-
fore I begin to go back.
The Wenatchee daily world. [volume] (Wenatchee, Wash.) 1905-1971, 1909-05-17
CASHMERE.

Last week F. d. Slawson sold 10
acres of his Mission creek farm, four
miles south of town, to George Fas-
ken. He realized $4,000 in the bar
gain, taking a good house and lot
owned by George Fasken in South
Cashmere, for $500. The 10 acre
farm has three acres of two year old
trees and z acres of alfalfa. The
soil is very rich but the farm is cut
into by the creek.
Gus Shaser, who has been seriously
i'll for the past month in Seattle, died
last week. He was an old resident
in this state and has spent most of
his time here.
Cleaning up time has come in Cash
mere. The houses of residents and
business places are being cleaned. The
city is spending some money in clean
ing up the streets and putting things
In a much better condition.
The Cashmere schools will close a
most successful year one May 2S.
nUder the supervision of J. H. Scott
this is the best year in the history
of our school.
The Wenatchee daily world. [volume] (Wenatchee, Wash.) 1905-1971, 1909-05-17
WORKING TO SAVE
THE FR|ENDlESS

Spokane, May 17.-Leaders of the
movement, which is world wide in
scope and purpose, say that Spokane
has the distinction of being the first
city to unity the Baraca classes into
a federation to assist young men in
need of friends, employment and ad-
vice. The plan, as outlined by Sam
uel A. Mann, judge of the municipal
court, is to aid those committed to
Jail for the first Offense by providing
them with work and boarding places
of good Influence and looking after
their welfare The relief committee
works with the judges of the local
courts and is thus brought directly
into contact with those who would
be released from custody if the prop
err safeguards were placed about
them The committees employment
secretary visits the men regularly
with view to improving their con-
dition. Detailed plans will be dis
cussed at a meeting of the general
assembly of the Barracks Union in
Grace Baptist church here the even
ing of June z.
The Wenatchee daily world. [volume] (Wenatchee, Wash.) 1905-1971, 1909-05-17
GAVE HIS SONS AS
SECURITY
MAN WHO ARRIVED RECENTLY
AT SPOKANE HAD TO GIVE
SONS AS SECURITY FOR MONEY
BORROWED.

Spokane, May 17.-When Daniel
Mann, farm laborer, employed by
John kranish on his Moran prairie
ranch, five miles from Spokane,
cabled a money order for $1,000 to
Genoa, Italy, today, he released his
four sons, ranging from 20 to nine
years of age, held there as security
for funds he borrowed several months
ago to bring his wife and four daugh-
tiers to Spokane. Prominent residents
of Spokane county have interested
themselves in the case and they say
if settlement is not made by a
steamship agency at Bremen that suit
will be instituted to recover damages.
Briefly told, Mann's story is that
he and his family of 10 left the viii
lage of Kuraka, Russia, on October 8,
1908, for Germany, intending to sail
from Bremen to New York and travel
thence by rail to eastern Washing
ton, and that when they reached the
sailing point the steamship agent
induced them through misrepresenta-
ton to go to Brazil; that they were
forcibly detained in an immigrant
house in the forest near PrOsttenort,
where one of the children died, and
finally he was swindled out of $1,000,
the savings of lifetime in the cars
land. They managed to reach Genoa,
where he was forced to leave his
four sons as guaranty to repay
money advanced. by Michael Loufti,
who took pity on the family's plight.
I'VE found thousands of. men, wo-
men and children on the iensely tim
bered and rocky lands in Brazil be-
wailing their fate" Mann said. Like
ourselves, they were immigrants from
Europe We were warned there not
to tell any one about the real condi-
ton of the country, and, in fact. we
were told that death by hanging was
the penalty for saying anything about
what we saw and the way we were
treated by the officials in the immi-
grant house. I was told that a dozen
others had been executed for disobey-
ing this Injunction.
The Wenatchee daily world. [volume] (Wenatchee, Wash.) 1905-1971, 1909-05-17
KNOCKS DEMOCRAT
PLATFORM
ROOSEVELT TAKES A RAP AT A
CERTAIN PLANk-THENf HE
TAKES A SHOT AT THE WRIT
INGS OF TOLSTOI.

New York, May 17.-Theodore
Roosevelt, in the current number of
Outlook, declares: There was but
one point in the platform of either
element of menace to the peace of the
world.
This was the plank in the Bryan
platform which demanded the imme-
diate exclusion by law of all Asiatic
laborers, and therefore the Japanese.
Coupled with this was an utterly
meaningless plank about the navy,
which was, however, intended to
convey the impression that we ought
to have a navy only for the defense OF
our coasts, that is, merely defensive
navy, or, in other words, quite use
less navy
Proceeding Colonel Roosevelt dis
cussed Count Tolstoi, saying that
wherever his influence had been felt,
it has been for evil. He explains that
if the reader is strong enough to dis
criminate, something good can be got
from Tolstoi's writings, but makes
clear his opinion that weak persons
are influenced evilly by the great
Russian author
The Wenatchee daily world. [volume] (Wenatchee, Wash.) 1905-1971, 1909-05-17
Will Live i'm Wenatchee.

Mr.. and Mrs. Ira D. Edwards ar.
rived Saturday from California, where
they have been for several months
past. They also spent some time in
Phoenix, Arizona, in their absence
They expect to take up their resi-
dence in Wenatchee.
Ira D. Edwards will always be re-
membered as one of the early We
natchee enthusiasts and one whose
prophetic vision few years ago saw
in the not far distant future a city
of large proportions at this place.
He is now seeing the naturalization
of those earlier dreams. Mrs. Ed
wards will be remembered as Miss
Grace Parker, formerly one of We
natchee's most successful teachers.
The Wenatchee daily world. [volume] (Wenatchee, Wash.) 1905-1971, 1909-05-17

the Pacific coast Brotherhood of
Presbyterian churches, which in
cludes the states of Washington, Ore
gon and California. There will be
conventions in each state beginning
June 1 at Los Angeles, San Francis
co, Portland, Seattle and Spokane.
The executive committee of the
coast Brotherhood appointed by
President Holt of the national Bro
therhoOd includes: Rev. William
Hiram FOulkes, D. D., Portland,
chairman; John Willis Baer, LII. D.,
Los Angeles; Rev. Mark A. Mat
thews, D. D., Seattle; George N
Stone, Tacoma; Rev. William RAIDER,
D. D., San Francisco, and Rev. S.
Willis McFadden, D. D., Spokane.
The local executive committee con-
The Wenatchee daily world. [volume] (Wenatchee, Wash.) 1905-1971, 1909-05-17
RIDER HAGGARD'S
COUSIN
WANTED IN LEWISTON ON
CHARGE OF ENTERTAINMENT
IN PILOT ROCK.

Spokane, May 17.-Burl Haggard,
journalist, printer. hotel waiter and
ex-convict, claiming to be a cousin
Iof Rider Haggard, an English fiction
list, and known in various parts of
the Inland Empire as Harry Lavelle,
is wanted at Lewiston, Idaho, for
embezzlement and forgery, the &C
cuser being Mrs. A. p. Eek, owner of
Mothers Kitchen" for whom he
worked He was seen in the Palouse
country, south of here, a few days
ago and it is believed he is now on the
way east. Haggard was arrested in
Spokane five years ago for stealing
from the Artesian hotel at Pullman,
Wash, where he was a clerk. He
pleaded guilty and was sentenced to
five years in the penitentiary at
Walla Walla. He proved a model
prisoner, and by Saving" his cop
per-" he was released after serving
less than four years. The police say
he served time in Oregon before COM
ing to this state, having been con-
victed at Portland. He was also
wanted for embezzlement at Castle
Rock, where he conducted a newspa-
per, but the Washington authorities
would not release him while he was
in Jail at Colfax prior to being sent
to the ''pen."
The Wenatchee daily world. [volume] (Wenatchee, Wash.) 1905-1971, 1909-05-17

Uncle Ezra Says:
Its poor rule that won't work
both ways, but it's still poorer one
that won't work either way"
The Wenatchee daily world. [volume] (Wenatchee, Wash.) 1905-1971, 1909-05-17

10 cents a pound and the rates on
cigarettes are raised. Cigarettes re-
failing at 5 cents for package Of 10
will be taxed $50 thousand, and
those retailing at 10 cents package
will be taxed SO a thousand.
The Wenatchee daily world. [volume] (Wenatchee, Wash.) 1905-1971, 1909-05-17
United Brotherhood in Spokane.

Arrangements have been complet
ed for the annual convention of the
Mems Brotherhoods of the Presby-
terrain church in the Inland Empire
in First church in Spokane, June ID
and Is, when speakers of national
reputation will participate in the
program. Among others will be Dr.
Ira Landrith, general secretary of the
Brotherhood of the United States;
Charles S. Holt, president; H. E.
Rosebear, social secretary, and j.
Ernest McEffec, of New York.
The convention is authorized by
The Wenatchee daily world. [volume] (Wenatchee, Wash.) 1905-1971, 1909-05-17
HUGE BOUNDS IN
TARIFF SHOWN
SENATOR CULBERTSON REVEALS
IMPORTANT INCREASES PRO-
vIDED IN THE ALDRICH BILL
METAL SCHEDULES HIGHER.

Washington, May 17.-Showing
the duties imposed on hundreds of
articles to be higher in the Aldrich
bill than in the Dingley tariff, tab
ulated statement of comparisons be-
tween the schedules Of the two bills
was filed In the senate today by Sem
ator Culbertson of Texas. Particu-
lar attention is paid in the statement
to the increase over the Dingley tar
iff in II paragraphs of the metal
schedule.
The increase includes various ar
ticles, the star leap of the entire bill
being one of 1900 per cent on ferro
tunsten. This enormous increase
was accomplished by changing the
duty from 81 ton to 20 per cent
advalorem.
Other increases noted in the metal
schedule are ferro chrome, 1850 per
cent; flat castings, cast iron vessels,
, tailor irons, 225 per cent.
Increases in the rates on oats, rye,
wheat, hops and buckwheat flour
vary from 25 to 100 per cent. In
creases in the wine and spirits sche1-
ule vary from Is to II per cent.
The statement includes relation
of the incidents leading to the var
ious raises in the schedules.
Attacks Tobacco Trust.
Branding the tobacco trust as 1.-The
most compact and effective private
monopoly in existence" Senator Bev-
eridge of Indiana today told the SEN
ate that the government has lost
s1S4,099,557 which might have been
collected in revenues in the last
eight years, but which had gone into
the Golfers of the octopus" Ber-
eridge made this assertion in a
speech when he introduced an amend
inert to the tariff bill providing for
an increase in the rates Of duty on
tobacco.
if adopted, would bring at least $21,-
461,954 more revenue yearly than
the present bill would produce. He
said that it would also correct an in
Justice to the people. He assured the
cigar makers that the amendment
would not affect them, increasing the
tax only on cigars selling for 10
cents, three for quarter, or over.
The amendment provides for an in
crease of the present rate on smok-
ing, chewing and fine cut tobacco
from to 9 cents pound. Refer
ing to this the senator charged that
he trust controls more than 80 per
cent OF this business.
Cigarette Rate Raised.
The rate on snuff is increased to
IL cents a pound and the rates on
cigarettes are raised. Cigarettes re-
failing at cents for package of 10
will be taxed $50 thousand, and
those retailing at 10 cents package
will be taxed SO thousand
The Wenatchee daily world. [volume] (Wenatchee, Wash.) 1905-1971, 1909-05-17

The Ladies Aid of the Christian
church will serve an all day lunch
May IS, at the Eagle hall.
invited. **5-17
The Wenatchee daily world. [volume] (Wenatchee, Wash.) 1905-1971, 1909-05-17

sists of F. Nj. Goodwin, chairman;
Frank B. Macken, DR.. F. c. Harvey,
A. E. Miller, and DIR. T. o. Cole.
The Wenatchee daily world. [volume] (Wenatchee, Wash.) 1905-1971, 1909-05-17
Olympia Arrivals Sunday.

Olympia Arrivals Sunday.
Will Dun, Chelan.
F. d. StOop and wife, Rocky Ford
Colo.
G. Armstrong and wife, Seattle.
Mrs. L. |. TrOw.
A. F. Slime, Seattle.
James Keane, Rock Island.
Edith Williamson.
Jack Nelson.
The Newark star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1909, 1909-05-29
AUCTION.

$50. 600 STOCK high-grade Shoes, Rubbers and
Rubber Boots; elegant Fixtures. J. DOBLIN,
will sell commencing Monday. May
Slst. 1890 a. n, and continuing the following
Of 2. Heyman & Son (retiring). on premises.
III Market st. Newark, N. j.. comprising in
best manufacturers. such as Banister. Heine 8
Lynch, J. & D. Barry; 49, pair Ladies' Welt
and Turned Shoes, 1900 pair Boys and Youths
cases Rubbers and Arctics. 5000 pair Slippers.
Pumps and Sandals. elegant line OF Fine
Hosiery, large line of Dressing, Uppes and
Findings; also the Fixtures OF the entire build
ing In large lots to the trade.
P. S.-This being one Of the finest shoe estab-
lishnents IN the State Of New Jersey It will
interest the best buyers, especially department
stores. as all goods are in excellent condition.
The Newark star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1909, 1909-05-29
SEALED PROPOSALS.

NOTICE TO ROAD BUILDERS.
Sealed proposals will be received by the Com
mittee on Roads and Assessments of the Board
OF Chosen Freeholders OF Essex County, New
Jersey, for grading and paving with bituminous
telford pavement,
NORMAL AVENUE,
In Montclafr and Cedar Grove, from Valley
road, Montclair. to the Reservoir road. Cedar
Grove.
The proposals. 10 be submitted to the commit
tee on Monday. June 7th. 1909. at $3.50 p. m, at
the rooms Of the committee, No. 312, Court
House. Newark. N. j.. and at no other time or
place.
Each proposal TO- be accompanied with a
OF the bid. or an approved surety bond for
$1,000. to insure the execution Of the necessary
contract, and is to be Endorsed on the outside
with the name of the bidder and the work he
proposes to do.
Plans and specifications may be seen at the
above Office.
The committee reserve the right to reject any
WALLACE oueHELrREg.
Director,
The Newark star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1909, 1909-05-29
FOUR MAKE ESCAPE
FROM MILITARY PRISON

NEW YORK, May 2s.-All Of the SOL
diers and officers stationed at Fort
Totten early today were aroused and
put into action by the roar of a can
non that announced an escape from the
military prison. Officers of the guard
Immediately reported that four pris-
oners had escaped. In less than three
minutes after the discharge Of the can
o every exit to the fort was guarded.
The Newark star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1909, 1909-05-29
THINK CANDY KILLED CHILD.

PHILADELPHIA, May 2s.-Beatrice
Ingram. s years old. of 1912 Paramount
avenue is dead of ptomaine poisoning.
She had eaten some yellow colored
candy. which Is supposed to have
proved fatal.
The Newark star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1909, 1909-05-29

A delayed advertisement brings only the
Aftermath Of trade. It's the first cali that
captures the procession Of customers.
The Newark star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1909, 1909-05-29
BUSINESS PERSONALS.

Stoves.
COAL STOVES. gas ranges, gasoline stoves,
oil stoves and all kinds of stove repairs. M.
PSI Springfield av.; 2292-L. Waverly.
The Newark star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1909, 1909-05-29
MEDICAL.
LOST AND FOUND.

FOUND-A screw tail English bulldog. n not
claimed in five days will be sold to defray ex.
penses. 1888 South st.
LOST-Tuesday. on Bloomfield av. trolley, small
silver purse, brown top, monogram, NJ. NJ. q.
Reward. no questions asked, IL returned to
Montclair Times Once, or Isl Broad St.
The Newark star and Newark advertiser. [volume] (Newark, N.J.) 1909-1909, 1909-05-29
cLARK-suddenly, Samuel A. Clark.

cosTELLo-on May 2S, 1909. at her
late residence. 200 Davis avenue. Har-
rison, Catherine, daughter of the late
jeremiah and Johanna Costello.
Notice of funeral hereafter.