davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1909-10-30
SHEEP ON The FARM

IT Is a great mistake to overstock a
pasture, as the sheep will lose the lat
ter part of the summer all they have
gained while pasture was good.
Better keep the ram in paddock
by himself out of sight of the ewes in
daytime, turning the ewes into the
rams paddock at night.
If the shepherd will keep a record
book in which is entered the time each
eve is served he will save more of his
lambs than if he works on the hit-or-
miss plan.
The male lambs should be locked
and castrated when L week old. At
this age they suffer little and tie
wounds quickly heal
Never permit a stranger to walk
through the flock. To allow strange
dog in the pasture means certain loss
because sheep are the most nervous
animals in the world and are easily
effected by fright.
Keep the eve lambs by themselves
until they are in their second year
when they may be bred.
Sheep thrive in tie air and sunshine
and quickly pine and fall away when
deprived of these essential elements
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1909-10-30
FALL IN THE FLOWER GARDEN

me perennial is essentially the busy
Woman's favorite class of plants. These
hardy plants are propagated by cutting
and division which may be done now.
When dividing such plants as peren-
MAI phlox, golden glow, fever few.
daisy, peony, see that a crown, shoot or
bud is allowed each new plant. Plant
IN rich soil that has been deeply spaded
II you have choice perennial phlox
OF which you wish to increase your
STOCK take shoot, pinch out the ter
mlnai bud, cut off half the first pair of
leaves, and the second pair wholly and
Stick the cutting in wet sar j. Place
IN the window witt the tlo,4seplants.
rake pity on the best blooming gera
NUNS, margarietes, salvias, when Jacl,
Frost approaches, and pot them for
Frightening the sitting room for q fey
weeks at least. Then consig~ to the
cellar.
Fall planting has great advantages.
the work is better done, you avoid the
spring rush, you gain time, Won have
better stock to select from. and tho
plant Il better prepared for the SIM
mer drought.
The peonia should be planted in the
fall In very rich, well prepared soil. II
is our finest and hardest plant.
For the sunless window provide q
few plants such as ferns, PAINS, ivies
tradacanties, araucarias, dragon trees
and the like.
A desirable soil for the window gar
den IS composed of loan from rotten
sods, little sand and well rooted
manure.
by all means make a compost heap
Gather into a sheltered corner or shed
sods, weeds, refuse from the kitchen
and garden, wood ashes, bones, rough
manure, rotting chips, sawdust and the
IKE. 1t has to be made outside
4 throw boards over it to avoid teaching
STR frequently and pour over it cham
| per Stops and soap suds.-Mrs Johr
| Field.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1909-10-30
NEWS FROM OTHER STATES

The Missouri State College of Agri-
culture at Columbia will complete
$780, 900 worth of new buildings this
fall.
Michigan now raises all the sugar
she uses, and has some to sell besides.
The product last year amounted to
So, 100000, although the industry is
barely ten years old.
A proposition is on foot in Hennepin
county, Minnesota, to bond the county
for from $1,0O0,oOO to 100000 with
which to build highwr--s
The United States produced 2S.ooo,-
600 bushels Of rice in 1908, which was
worth about $1s,oO0,o00. The farmers
sell their rice at about so cents a
bushel. while the retailers get about Sc
for the same amount. Is there some
thing wrong in this method of doing
business?
In Belgium there are only 1 lilo
acres to each person, or 51s acres to
each family Of five.
city Health Commissioner Evans ri
Chicago has at last found a milk dealer
who will conduct a model dairy under
x-~ e,.nervisiop of the health depart
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1909-10-30

The nutritive substances in hay or
feed may be divided into two classes
flesh formers and fuel or energy pro-
ducing substances. When the proper
amount of these two classes of sub
stances, is fed the ration is said to be
balanced II an unbalanced ration is
fed, as one containing more fuel or
energy producing substances than are
needed and less flesh forming material,
the ration is partially wasted, and such
unwise feeding will not bring as good
results as the feeding Of the same
amount of balanced ration. Each
class of substances has different offices
to perform in the body. If not enough
f1esh-forming substance is fed the body
suffers, because it>is absolutely neces-
sary to keep the body in good condi-
ton. Thousands of horses are fed all
they can eat, yet are poorly nourished
because the food contains little except
fuel substances.
The f1esh-forming substances are
used to replace the waste that goes on
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1909-10-30
WINTER CULTURE OF ONIONS

10 raise green onions for marketing
IN FEBRUARY, March I'D APRIL the kind
10 use Is the sort known as the Seven
year or Winter Shallots,'' SO named
from the fact that they are so hardy
that they live throughout the winter
and 1t takes about seven years to rid
a place of them
they are the kind that soon becomes
coarse and hard in the spring and send
up large stalks which produce crop
OF sets or buttons on top.
10 prepare a piece of ground for
onions, raise crop of early potatoes;
then after the potatoes are dug, pillow
the ground very deeply, and pulverize
1t thoroughly.
Have supply of loose, rich com
post or virgin soil from the woods
ready to cover the sets when planted.
Level the ground nicely, and mark
Off the rows nine inches apart. Make
drills two inches deep
Then take the little sets between the
thumb and forefinger. place them in
the bottom of the row about one or two
inches apart, with the sprout end up
ward, SO that the onion will grow
straight, SO as to have straight, white
shank.
TAAsSl LIE setS dTs pldCeu III the row,
cover them with about three inches OF
virgin soil, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS compost
or old chip manure.
There. will be nothing more to do to
them unless there should come up
growth of weeds that threatens to
smother them out.
Some time toward the last of jan
uary, see If your onions have white
| stems about the size of your middle
finger and three and one-half or four
inches long.
If SO, dig them up with a spade, and
take them into a shed where you can
have a fire to keep warm.
Clean them by stripping down the
outside leaves, and cutting the roots off
just enough to not cut the crown Of
| the root from the onion.
Tie UP in punches of four or live
onions each.
Cut off the green tops short enough
so that the punches will fit inside of a
strawberry or peach box
| Pack with alternate ends until the
box is tightly filled, but do not bru.se
the onions, then after the cover rs
nailed on the box, they are ready to
ship to the market.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1909-10-30
BY S. o. MILLER.

A farmer IN southern Illinois said a
short time ago:
Il have been raising corn on the old
farm of $40 acres that father left me
for many years and have always had
pretty good crops. But somehow | do
not seem to be making as much head
way as should. / have never raised
much live stock but think / will go
into it. Do you think 1t would be more
profitable?"
In the light of modern days this
question is easily answered. The
farmer who keeps on year, after year.
selling his crops, is surely and steadily
selling his land from under his feet. 1t
is just like drawing money from ones
bank account without putting money
in. 1t Is only question of time until
the end is reached and bankruptcy fol-
lows. The farmer who takes fertility
out of the soil and puts nothing back
will go broke in time. Nothing is more
certain.
Cattle feeding and growing should
be followed in one or more of Its
branches on every farm where DIVERSE
fled farming is followed and for the
majority Of farmers dairying will prove
more profitable than beef growing
Next to cattle, sheep should always
occupy a place on the farm.
A flock of about fifty sheep is the
limit for profit where other stock Is
kept on the farm. With sheep, as with
any other kind of live stock, the profits
depend upon the care and feed. Fol
the farmer who keeps sheep as side
line and has abundance of feed some OF
the large breeds would return moro
profit than the small breeds. Muttor
and wool should both be looked after
in the general-purpose sheep.
Hogs may be regarded as an adjunc
to the dairy and corn crop. There |!
no special attribute about the hog tina
makes him favorite. The farme
should not keep more hogs than cal
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1909-10-30
EXPERIMENTS or BURBANK
His Application of the Darwin Theory in the Vegetable
Kingdom Has Proven Highly Successful

entered, shutting in the bees, which
buzz angrily and CO.. er themselves with
pollen until they are set free. If not
visited by bees the flowers do not close.
A wild form of one of the Liliacae
was made white by selection Of the
palest among the pale wild ones.
Candida, taken from the high Sierras,
where it is a dwarf, becomes, after two
years of cultivation, more than twice
as high as the original stock, but not
nearly as high as the same species
grown in the valley.
Crossing" says Mr.. Burbank, sis
done to secure wealth Of variation.
BY this means we get the species into
a state of perturbation or 'wabble,' and
take advantage of the 'wabbling' to
guide the life forces into the desired
habits or channels.
The first crossing is generally a
step In the direction in which we are
going, but repeated crossing is often
necessary and judicious selection al
ways necessary to secure valuable
practical results. Crossing may give
the best or the worst qualities of the
parent or any other qualities, and pre-
vious crossings often affect the re-
suits.
LIBERALIZATION differs from ordinary
crossing only in degree. A species is
only race which has assumed greater
fixity. The purposes and results of
crossing within the species and OF
naturalization of different species are
essentially alike.
The formation of the new Individual
by the sexual relation of two parents
is in itself species of crossing, giving
each new individual in it's degree new
traits or new combinations"
Bees and other insects, as we'll as
the wind, cross plants, but they do moi
work intelligently, therefore rarely tc
any advantage economically to man
No mechanic could invent such devices
as those which tend to prevent self.
crossing in plants. All evolution an6
Improvement are dependent on cross
| ing; therefore nature has produced
more wonderful devices for this pur.
pose than for any other.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1909-10-30

for use later, when needed for either
energy or heat
One of the most important sub
stances in any foodstuff is protein All
nutritive substances which contain
nitrogen are classed under the general
term of protein. Protein is composed
of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
sulphur and phosphorus. Protein is
the substance which builds UP the
body The muscles, tendons, liga-
ments. connective tissues, skin, hair
hoofs. part of the bone, and in fact
every part of the body but fat, are
made up of protein, together with min
er.l matter and water.
The next important class of sub
stances is the carbohydrates, which
contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
but no nitrogen, sulphur or phospho-
rus; they include starch, sugars, etc
These are used for practically the same
purpose for which coal or wood is uset
in the steam engine--namely, to fur.
nish energy and heat.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1909-10-30
BY DAVID STARR JORDAN.

Luther Burbank of Santa Rosa, Cal,
Is doubtless the most skillful expert
menter in the field of the formation of
new forms of plant life by the process
OF crossing and selection.
He is the creator of many of our
most useful plant forms-roots, nuts.
fruits, grains and grasses, as well as
Of many of our most beautiful flowers.
His methods are the practical appli-
cation of the theories Of Darwin and
his followers, and to a degree wholly
exceptional among plant breeders Mr..
Burbank has kept in touch with most
modern work in the field of Economics
and very much of his time and energy
is devoted to experiments of scientific
interest not likely of themselves to
yield immediate practical results.
Not many OF Mr.. Burbank's results
are due to unassisted selection, as the
processes of crossing and LIBERALIZATION
save time by the increase of the rate
or degree of variation.
There is, however no evident limit
to the results to be obtained by simple
selection. New and permanent species
of wheat have, without shadow OF
doubt, been produced by selection alone
In the California poppy stripes OF
crimson are never seen on the inside
Mr.. Burbank once found Seeding ir
which the outside crimson had struck
through like a crimson thread which
had been misplaced.
In othe generations, by selection
this red W more and more increased
until finall out of it is developed a
crimson pc >py, of which Mr.. Burbanl
now has many specimens, seeding more
or less true to the type.
The Shirley" poppy is well on the
way to blue by selection.
From the pale yellow Iceland poppy
are developed white, yellow and orange
forms. and some with striped petals
and strong tendency to become
double. Selecting the Iceland poppy
for size alone, flowers three and one.
half inches across have been developed
A large scarlet poppy closes it's two
inner petals when bee or two have
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1909-10-30
] INCREASE OF CEMENT SILOS
MANY EXCELLENT TYPES GIVING SPLENDID SATISFAC
TON TO ENTERPRISING FARMERS
OF MICHIGAN.
Z BY J. A. JEFFERY,
Michigan State Agricultural College,

Ensilage may be roughly defined as
moderately fermented succulent feed
ing material The succulent material
is usually green corn in this country.
Other materials sometimes used are
green field peas, COW peas, soy beans,
horse beans ensiled alone or with corn.
Green rye, wheat, oats and others Of
the grasses are sometimes used
Some practical ensilage users think
that certain, of the legumes, such as
alfalfa, clover, field peas, cow peas or
soy beans, mixed with corn make a
much more desirable ensilage than
does corn alone. Three reasons are
offered for this preferences:
1. Stock enjoy this mixed ensilage
better.
9. Stock thrive better upon 1t.
8. Such an ensilage approaches more
nearly a balanced ration.
The green material is nearly always
cut into short lengths before being put
| into the silo. For several reasons II
| is better to cut 1t, but it is not impera-
tive that it be so cut In early prac-
tice not even corn was cut in ensiling
The best ensilage is produced when
the air can be kept most completely
from coming in contact with the en-
SLED material.
| A silo may be defined as a deer
chamber with air-tight walls, in which
green folders are preserved in mildly
fermented condition for future feeding
In a good silo the wall should be per-
fectly air tight; otherwise air will gel
into the ensilage and promote moIding
and rotting.
The inner surface of the wall should
be perpendicular and smooth Where
these qualities are lacking, open spaces
are almost, sure to occur between the
ensilage and the wall of the silo as the
ensilage settles. The air will work into
these spa sss with the effects mentioned
above.
The walls should be strong and rigid
If they do not possess these qualities
they will crack or spring and air will
be admitted to effect the spelling Of
! the enSilage
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1909-10-30

were cut to circles of proper radius.
The outer form was built of by "
inch sheeting tackled to perpendicular
ribs ] by inch, placed one foot apart.
This form is re-enforced by 2 by "a
inch strips nailed outside and at the
ends of the ribs. These forms were
clamped into place by means of two
k-inch bolts in each form as shown
in Fig. 9.
The frame for a continuous doorway
is made of az by inch oak bridge
timber, with a 1 by ~ inch strip on
the inner edge against the cement.
which strip acts also as shoulder for
the doors. An inch strip on the out
side of the six-inch piece makes the
thickness of the door frame equal to
the thickness of the wall. Cross pieces
of the same 2h-inch materials are set
in the frame three feet apart center to
center. The inside width of the frame
is 20 inches. The frame thus con-
structed was set up SO that the sill
stood one foot above the foundation,
properly braced. and SO was built into
place.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1909-10-30

SroSS-SectlOn OF wall ana FORMS OF Porter BIO
the reinforcing cables. 3. Inner form and
to produce a perfect silage. the round
stlo being the most popular type.
The illustration shows a view of the
hollowwalled cement silo of L. A. Por-
ter. Adrian, Mich. 1t has an inside
diameter of IL feet and stands SO feet
high above the floor. The floor stands
" fet below the surface of the ground
and inches above the bottom of the
foundation.
The lower three feet of the founda-
ton is of cobble stones and cement; the
upper two feet is of concrete. The
foundation is 101a inches wide at the
top and broadens inward and outward
to about II inches at the base, the
floor having diameter of only II feet.
The silo wall above ground has uni
form thickness of eight inches and is
unique in it's construction. Forms are
used In its construction, but the wall
is rendered hollow" first. by the use
of forms, and, second, by the building
into the wall of tiers Of No. 2 three
inch drain tiles. The Illustration rep
resents a horizontal cross section OF
the wall. 1t shows not only the ar
rangemert of the tile and other hollow
spaces, but also the outer and inner
forms, the plan of the door frame and
the manner of reinforcing the walls
with the wire cables. The hollow
spaces formed by the tile and by the
forms are continuous. The tiles begir
six feet above the foundation, form
spaces lying below the tile. The form
spaces are continuous from foundation
to the top of the wall. The inner form
was built of by B by rs inch pieces
of pine, nailed upon two circles Of elm
Each Of lAese circles was built up o.
by inch pieces, breaking joints witt
Is by inch pieces. All of these pieces
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1909-10-30

I D |p,,,x,

Section of foundation and floor of cement
block sllo on the farm of Wells Parish near
Allendale. Mich
The walls should be sufficiently nom
conducting ("warm') to prevent ex-
tensive freezing of the outer portions
of the enSilage in cold weather. Such
portions as adhere to the walls by
freezing are likely to spoil If they thaw
out slowly.
Built of stone, brick or cement, the
walls may be made sufficiently strong
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1909-10-30

The Department of Agriculture IL
seriously considering the Introduction
into this country of Bokhara sheep,
from which comes the fur called Per
sian lamb All Astrakan fur is now
raised on territory tributary to the
Caspian sea. The best fur is taken
from the lamb when 1t is only or :
days old. The Bokhara sheep also
make good mutton.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1909-10-30
Section Of silo foundation with door at surface

Section of silo foundation with floor at surface
Of ground.
For reinforcement wire cables were
built into the wall at intervals of
eighteen inches. The manner Of stretch
ing the cables is shown in the illus-
tration. In the lower wall four No 7
wires were twisted together for this
purpose; in the upper wall two No. z
Or No. wires were twisted together.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1909-10-30
Nutritive Substances in Hay

in all living tissue. Energy producing
substances are used to furnish the en-
ergy required for the nervous and mus
cular activities of the BODY, and when
fed in excess they may to certain
extent be stored UP in the form of fat
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1909-10-30

Diagram showing the relative amounts of d.
gestible protein and carbohydrates In different
kinds of hay. The sections Enclosed in light
lines represent the carbohydrates; those inclosed
In henvy lines, the protein.
Gloucester County Democrat., 1909-07-22
SHERIFF's SALE.

BY virtue of writ of fieri facias, to me
directed, issued out of the Court of Chan
cery of the State of Jew Jersey, will be
exposed at public sale, on
next, between the hours of u and o'clock
to-wit at O'Clock in the afternoon of said
day. at the Court House, in the City Of
Woodbury., County of Gloucester and
State of New Jersey all the following de-
scribed Real Estate, that is to say:
All that certain lot, tract or piece OF
land, situate on South Academy street, in
the Town and Township of Glassboro, in
the County of Gloucester, and State of New
Jersey, bounded and described as follows
Beginning at a point in the middle of
South Academy street, corner of lands of
Woodward Warrick, late of Warrick &
Stanger, ana nd runs thsnee ~ along said
and thirty minutes east four chains and
eighty mine links to a corner of land now
or late of Thomas Stanger; thence (2)
minutes east fifty-two and one-half links
to a corner in the. same thence (3) north
eighty eight degrees and thirty minutes
west four chains and eighty mine links to
thence a. along the same north two de-
grees and ten minutes west fifty 1.-TWO and
one half links to the place of beginning.
Containing twenty five one-hundredths Of
an acre, be the same more or less.
being the same premises which George
W. Newburn and wife by deed bearing
date date July Sth p 1891 Of record ss;a IN the
Gloucester at Woodbury., In Book 176 Of
Deeds, on page 81, &C., granted and con-
veyed to the said Hugh Kennedy In fee.)
ct ais, defendants, and taken in execution
at the suit of Keziah A. Gardiner, com
plainant, and to he be sol sold by u,r sor
Joseph sammerill, solicitor.
Prs. Fee. $1,000.
Gloucester County Democrat., 1909-07-22

Mr.. and Mrs. Philip Davis, of Sa-
lem. are visiting Mr.. and Mrs. Frank
Pennington, of Franklin street
Postmaster Frank Pedrick, Frank
B. Davis, Harre Brodwater, Thomas
Wallace. Robert Roxby and Harry
Cattell left on Tuesday for Port Nor
ris from which place they will go
down the bay, spending about one
week, fishing, camping and taking in
the sights of Cape May.
-G. Russell Taggart, of Washing
ington, D. c., who was in Woodbury.
with his father several weeks ago, en-
route for Atlantic City, to recuperate
from an attack of typhoid fever, had
relapse there, and became very low.
He is now back in Washington, and
barring unforeseen complications, will
pull through.
The Third New Jersey Regiment
of the United Boys Brigade of Amer
lea will go into camp at Almonesson
on Saturday. The camp will include
companies from Haddonfield, Camden,
Haddon Heights, Riverton. Merchant
vile and Oak Lynn. The boys will
be under command of Colonel w. G.
Richardson. of Haddonfeld.
Mayor Ladd has signed the Eu-
cid street and Newton ave. paving
ordinance and vetoed the South Broad
street paving ordinance. His Honor's
reasons will not be made public un-
til next Tuesdays meeting of Council,
but no matter how solid they may be,
South Broad street will continue to
carry infinitely more business and
pleasure travel than either or both of
these avenues, and nobody will deny
it is most in need of rebuilding.
The new school house is a very
busy place at this time-carpenter
plasterers, plumbers, etc., being as
thick as bees from basement to top
floor. The metal ceilings are on
throughout the building, and the fin
ishing plaster coat is on the assembly
room and most of the second floor
rooms. The next six weeks will make
wonderful change in conditions
about the new building. and perhaps
witness its completion