davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Daily Missoulian., 1909-01-21

comes perhaps as near this as any,
but a merely mechanical use of this,
as of any other system, VIII often
lead to a large per cent of error. In
estimating areas where it is proposed
to sell the timber the estimate is
almost always very detailed, and Is
usually obtained by the strip method.
AS l have already stated, this esti-
mate is the foundation of any work.
ing plan. Working plans are, now
ever, of two sorts-general working
plans covering an entire forest or por-
ton of a forest and working plans
for specific sale areas. The latter in
clude an estimate map and plan for
marking the timber. providings for
close utilization and regulations gov
erning the sale, and are, properly
speaking part of the regular tim
| Der sale work.
The large general working plans are
| the basis for a timber sale policy for
any given forest, portion of a forest
or group of forests. 1t is the aim of
the forest service to obtain as rap
idly as possible complete and rather
detailed working plans for all of the
|
| DONE however, much information Will
have to be collected and large
amount of field work undertaken. In
the meantime a sale policy is estab-
lished for every forest, which Is
based on the estimate for that forest
and the estimated present and fu-
ture demand for different classes of
material in the market to which the
forest is tributary. This is, perhaps,
the simplest or roughest sort of work
ing plan, and sonsists only of rough
estimate upon which is based re-
striction upon the annual cut and
certain minimum prices upon different
| classes of material. Where, however,
| the local demand is already great
and the supply on the national forest
is limited, more careful plans have
already been made. The estimate is
made more detailed. the annual cut
strictly limited and, in some instances
sales to all but the local market dis
couraged.
In restricting the amount of timber
to be cut from any forest or grouI
OF forests, it is necessary to know tive
things: First, the stand of timber
now on the forest, which may bt
termed the interest on the capita
stock. A conservative business mar
will always avoid, If possible, en-
trenching his capital, and will, SO fa1
as he is able. increase 1T. In jus
the same way a conservative fores
policy avoids cutting into the capi
tai stock and confines itself to the in
terest, which is represented by tn
annual increase through growth. Sucl
forest policy also goes a step fur
| ther, and aims to increase the grow
ing stock by improving the forest, s.
J that the rate of growth is increased
] and by the establishment, either nat
uraly or artificially, of new fores
, areas An accurate knowledge of tn
rate of growth of any forest mus
be based upon a careful study of tn
individual stands and types Whic
! compose it, and upon series of meas
r urements from which the annua
4 growth of each species can be &C
e curately determined.
. The national forests have not, how
, ever, been under forest managemer
The Daily Missoulian., 1909-01-21

tion on one border of the tract ana
runs g. line directly across 1t, return
ing on line parallel to the first, and
one quarter or one-half mile distant
from the first line. The distance be-
tween these parallel strips varies ac-
cording to the care that is considered
advisable in making the estimate In
this way, from 2h to per cent or
the timbered area may be actually
measured.
A great advantage of the strip sys-
TEN is that it also provides a basis
for a map, since all streams roads
and other prominent features of the
topography are noted, together with
their distance from the point OF de-
parture. Changes of type In a forest
and the, boundary of each, may also
be obtained in this way. After the
completion of the field work. an aver
age acre is calculated for each type.
This shows the number of trees for
each diameter of each species, ana
the contents in board feet are OBJ
tanned from volume tables The areas
of each type are usually plotted on
map, and the average acre Tor eacn
applied to the whole. This method or
estimating is considered one of the
most accurate in use. 1t has, how
ever, it's distinct disadvantages. as its
accuracy depends to some extent on
the uniform character of the forest,
It is entirely possible, for example
| for the strips to run through the best
| timber, leaving 1t between, areas
| where the stand is smaller, or open
areas due to burns or other causes
When this is the case, the average
acre Is really above the average, and
an oyer-estimate results, and the
strin system is most accurate on ex-
tensive areas unless very carefully
I used.
| Another good method of estimating
| is by taking sample areas, carefully
! selected throughout the forest, meas
| uring the trees both for height anc
| diameter and computing the stand or
the entire area from these sample
lots.
have spoken several times of vol
ume tables, and perhaps a word o
explanation as to the character o
these will not be out of place. Vol
ume tables are usually made IRON
the actual measurement or scaling
of a large number of felled trees o
different diameters. From these al
average is obtained for each diamete
and the whole constitutes volume
table. Some tables show the con
tents of trees for different heights
as we'll as for different diameters
and are by far more accurate. l
will be readily seen that the accur
acy of volume table is of the great
est Importance in accurate estimating
where volume tables are used.
many cases a timber estimator con
structs a rough set of volume table
for use on the particular tract he
, to estimate. Such tables, thoug
rough. are usually very good in tn
locality for which they are made.
Summed up briefly, estimating II
, after all, largely matter of Jude
} ment, and no purely mechanical an
, at the same time practical method fc
, computing the amount of timber
, any stand, that will entirely elimina'
personal Judgment can be devised
The strip system, already described
The Daily Missoulian., 1909-01-21

for q long enough period to have any
thing like the necessary data on which
to base an estimate. For the pres
ent, therefore, it is assumed that the
annual rate of growth, or, in other
words, the interest on the capital
stock is / per cent. This is, of course,
very conservative figure for most To-
calities. The only region in which,
so far as / know, u careful study
has been made of the rate of growth
| for an entire region, is in the spruce
! timber of Maine. Figures obtained
there show that the rate of growth
was 8 per cent, /. c., that over the
entire forest the stand increased
per cent in volume annually from
growth. This amount can probably
| be greatly increased, since thrifty,
we'll managed stands of timber grow
| more rapidly, while in old, mature
| and over-mature stands the increase
| is largely offset by the deterioration
| of the mature trees. This Is the con-
dition usually found in the virgin
! forest. and the average virgin timber
| is, from the forester's standpoint, an
uneconomic affair, since, as it stands,
1
handling such forest the first step
mature trees, or make what is termed
an improvement cutting.
| From what has been said, it will
| be seen that future management on
| the national forests must aim first
| to secure accurate data with regard
to the supply of timber now on hand.
the rate at which the forests are
increasing by growth, and the best
methods Of increasing the rate of
| growth. AS this information is OBJ
tanned, it will be possible to establish
n more definite and well defined for
est policy, and this in turn will be
applied. in its details, not so much
to an entire forest, as to specific
stands Of timber.
Along with this Improvement in
management will also go studies to
determine what character of timber
is best suited, both from the forester
and from the local market standpoint,
to each locality; also what class of
material it will be most desirable TO
raise in given localities. The man
agement of any forest will then shape
itself along such lines as to meet
the market demand within the limits
of it's capacity for producing. For
this purpose, forests will be divided
into working units, a working unit
being determined largely by the nat
ural typographical features of the re-
: gion the uniform character of the
timber and the uniformity OF market
, conditions which bear directly on the
management of the forest. For eacf
of these working units we will have
: working plan. This plan may, in some
, cases, be but a portion of large
, working plan which may embrace al
= entire group of forests, all OF which
t supply the same market.
2 AS a concrete illustration OF this
t we may have q certain locality Wher'
e the chief demand is for railroad ties
\ and where the class of timber grow
= ing there Is we'll suited for railroa
l ties. In such locality we shall
= eventually seek to grow this clas
of material chiefly. cutting the timbe
= when it reaches tie size on some sys
t tenn that will provide for a continu
The Daily Missoulian., 1909-01-21

The third in the series of popular
lectures by members of the forestry
staff was given at the regular official
convocation of the state university
Yesterday at 1880 o'clock. A. w.
Cooper, chief of silviculture, was the
lecturer, and his subject was "The
MANAGEMENT of National Forest Tim
ber Lands, Estimates and working
Plans" He spoke as follows:
Forest management, as its name I'M
plies, is that phase of forest work
dealing with the management Of for
estry. In this sense, it Is the practice
of forestry as distinguished from the
inyestigative side of the work. We
have taken from the European fores-
ters a number of names for the diff
ferent aspects of forest work, Whlch
are often confusing, and seldom INTEL
ligible, to the layman. For example
the two most commonly used are the
words "Silvics'' and "Silviculture.
Silvics is the science which deals with
the growth and propagation of forests.
In considers trees largely in their re-
lation to one another, and to the for
est as whole. Silviculture is the
practice of the principles of silvics,
and may be compared with agricul-
ture. since it denotes the raising and
handling of forest crops, just as the
latter denotes the raising and handling
of field crops. Forest management
and silviculture are thus almost syn
onymous. Silviculture, however, in
cludes the planting and establishment
of new forests, while in this country
management has been somewhat mar
rowed in it's meaning and is used t9
cover the handling of already exist
ing forests, including their improve
ment and the marketing of the forest
crop.
Forest management naturally diff
ferentiates itself into two parts-the
preparation Of plans of management
and the carrying out of these plans
as represented by the sale, protection
and actual removal of the timber. II
is the purpose Of this lecture to dea
merely with the former.
A plan of management for any for
est is commonly termed a working
plan. 1t may be either very detailed
and extensive in character, or broad
and comprehensive. Generally speak
ing, it includes an estimate Of the
timber on the forest, a classification
of the forest area by types of differ
ent classes Of timber growth, deter
mination of the rate Of growth of th'
several tree species, and from that
of the forest as a whole; timbe
map showing the location and acces
The Daily Missoulian., 1909-01-21
FOREST MANAGEMENT IS EXPLAINED
BY CHIEF OF S|LV|CULTU COOPER
Manner in Which Affairs of Government Timber Lands Are
Conducted Is Subject of Lecture Before Students
of university Of Montana Third of Series

sibility of the different types of for
est, and a careful plan for marking
the timber, removing it, and protect
ing the forest from fire, insect and
fungus damage-in brief. a complete
policy for managing the forest in such
a way that the yearly cut will not ex-
ceed the yearly growth, and that cut
ting may tend to improve the charac-
ter of the forest itself, keeping in
mind at the same time the practical
aspects, of removing the timber which
are determined by numbering.
Working plans for national forests
in the United States must necessarily
be very general at the outset, since
a very large area has been placed un-
der management at short notice, and
the means for handling it are at best
limited. Furthermore, the study and
practice of forestry in this country are
both so recent that we are just begin
ming to learn the characteristics OF
our forest trees and what can be done
with the forests themselves.
On the national forests, the first
and most essential step has been to
! obtain, as rapidly as possible, rough
estimates of the actual quantity of
| timber on each forest in order to base
upon these estimates some tentative
policy for limiting the amount of tim
Der sold within the bounds of safety
| i. e., the object has been to secure
such information as was necessary to
avoid making inroads on the growing
capital Of the forest. Along with this
| there has been a continued effort tc
| improve the methods of removing
| thffber where timber is sold-the OBJ
| ject being always to secure an ade-
quate new growth. by natural means
| of the more valuable tree species.
The process Of estimating and Sc
| curing reliable estimates on the diff
| ferent forests is consequently the ini-
tial step in the plan of management
and the work Is so fundamental anc
| important that some Of the method:
of obtaining estimates are worth con
sidering. Generally speaking. esti-
mates fall into two classes-those tina
are general and those that are more
detailed, although there are all gradu
ations between these. The estimates
for national forests have necessaril.
been of the first class, since 1t wa
impossible to obtain for immediate us
a very detailed estimate for perhap
l 900, 900 acres of forest land, involvin,
8 ooo, 900 900 or 10. .o00 900, 900 feet of mer
chantable timber The methods of OBJ
tanning these estimates have in conse
uuence been in most cases very rough
oftentimes an entire watershed ha
been estimated ocularly by man rid
The Daily Missoulian., 1909-01-21

ing through once on horseback. 1t
will readily be understood that esti-
mates of this sort are often more de-
serving of the name of guesses than
estimates, and their value has been
chiefly in the facts that they have
been conservative and have furnished
starting point for more careful
work.
The usual method of obtaining an
estimate for a forest, where 1T is de-
sired to have the estimate within rea-
sonabe bounds of accuracy, is by a
rough reconnaissance Of the principal
bodies of timber. The estimator fol-
lows up some creek or stream, stop
ping every now and then to count the
trees, say on a circle of one-quarter
of an acre. He estimates the amount
of timber in these sample plots, and
from these obtains a sample acre for
| the different types Or classes of stand
| From his map he then roughly esti-
mates the area covered by each type
| on the watershed, and by applying the
average acre to the whole area of
each type, arrives at a fairly good es-
| innate of the amount of timber on the
| watershed On some cases, where the
| portion of the area has already been
carefully estimated, it is Of great as
sistance, as it provides a comparison
or check upon the estimator.
| There are almost as many ways of
| estimating timber as there are estima-
tors, but the greater part of the var
iation is in the minor details. One
man simply counts the trees of each
| diameter, and from a volume table
I obtains the contents in board feet,
while another may estimate the num-
Der of logs in each tree, and from this
| determine it's contents. Estimates are
| often made by forties, l. e., the 40
acre subdivisions of mile-square sec
tions. The estimator starts from a
known point and PAGES the distance
across the 40, tallying or estimating
the trees as he goes. He may do this
on a strip of a given width, say four
rods, and thus obtain a percentage
of the 40, from which he figures the
entire stand on the 40 acres. Many
old cruisers, however, estimate large
" from experience. After pacing
across a 40 or quarter-section once OF
twice. they say they have seen" sc
much timber, and from this has come
the expression common in many parts
of the country of termng timber
cruisers or estimators 'land-lookers,'
and the process itself looking"
The forest service has, from the be
ginning, used for purposes of careful
estimate what is known as the striI
system. BY this method all trees OF
strip are actually measured by call
pers, for their diameters, and TAILED
according to diameter and species
The usual method of doing this worl
J is by means of three or four-mel
crews In the case of the three-mel
crew, one man runs the compass
: course, drags the chain for measuring
J the distance, and tallies the trees
, while the other two measure the di
) ameter of each tree in a strip 80 fee
: on each side of the chain. The are
is thus actually measured off, and
chains of 66 feet, with a strip of
= feet in width are equivalent to a
/, acre. Usually the tract of land to
$ estimated in this way is gridironet
= l. e.. a crew starts from a fixed sta
The Daily Missoulian., 1909-01-21


ALL the quantity of these that we now offer this u
The quality Workmanship
n
Of these which
Offer
do bona fe bargain
which sincerely o n- w ~ -~ -~ ~
The Columbus commercial., 1909-01-07

No hunting nor trespassing al
lowed on any Of nv lands.
C. r. SMITH. ATtesia, Miss.
Oct. 60, 6 mo.
The Columbus commercial., 1909-01-07
DAYS ARE LONGER.

Since the 22nd of December when the the
Tpc Capricorn the days have been enghenng the rae of
about minute twcnty-four hours.
In other words the shining longer each
than formerly Doubtless has been the
individual those individuals are pec-
but fact just the and the between
rise about nine hours thirty minutes
fastening of daylight riser how
for the gain in the sunshine times in the afternoon
will continue be the situation January 18th The
truth the afternoons have been engthenng the expense
the mornings since December 14th
popular legend that the begin lenpthen the
cold begins strengthen That however depends upon Med-
and the weather clerk and neither to say what
kind of weather January has in store for general
anuarys duty furnish this with lust about
the winter weather that coming There have been
exceptionally cold Febuarys, notably the that killed the
Florida and furnished
enjoyment but that and nothing approaching
has since putin its january real winv
month"
The Columbus commercial., 1909-01-07

Mr.. Walter Howard of Birm-
ingham has been visiting his
mother in this city.
The Columbus commercial., 1909-01-07

This is to notify the public thrt
under the will of my late hus-
band all of the personal property.
notes, mortgages, trust deeds
and open accounts are left to me
and under my charge for collec-
ton and I either Mr.. T. A. Eg-
gleston. Jr., nor any other per-
son has the right to collect or
possess the same, and all pay
ments made to him of such debts
will be wrongful and will not be
respected By me.
MRS. A. l.. EGGLEsTON.
dec 20-2W
The Columbus commercial., 1909-01-07

Sorsby slayer of PostOce Inspector Charles Fitz
gerald Clinton few months and who captured Sun
day morning attic of building within few blocks of the
endsh deed has doubt had time the awUness
He has, during these sleepess nights lay and
pazd darkness and behed undescrbabe visions before
him. often thought IF could but recall that uncaed
for deed gladly would do it, Though with all these weeks
repentance hrngs his heart does not bring
back 10 Inspector Fitzgerald and the law
allowed take it's and add such punishment
Dis miserable form SOrsby being the
court charged with the murder of OF Uncle
Sam good will doubtless be hard for him be
spend the remainder of his life in the pententaybut
sympathy may poor Sorsby and spare his life for
lumaH-liEe
The Columbus commercial., 1909-01-07

experiences of living persons.
The faith that good shall be the
final goal of iii, ferns the legend
wrought out to gertrude in the
action of the play. The futility
of low cunning. craft; duplicity
and all the unlovely brood Of the
neither world. when opposed by
the nobler intelligence which
comprehends but disregards
them all, is demonstrated in this
thrilling drama, which centers
around the personality of the
son of many generations of sol
dier sires, whom his mother
would have made a shepherd,
but whom destiny made a king.
There is sound philosophy and
true art in the final description
of the personality of Parsifal.
A guileless fool-in the eyes of
the foolish-not by wrath, nor by
cynicism nor by cheap worldly
wisdom, but by pity enlighted.
AS a spectacle "ParsifaP' is a
tremendous enterprise; the seem
cry is on lavish scale and the
illuminations and electric effects
form a striking feature of the
production.
The Columbus commercial., 1909-01-07
subsoription Rates

next Monday evening eight O'Clock the college
made possible for the people of Columbus and
rounding country hear Americas pianist Mad
Bloomfield Zeer President Whitfield together with Miss
POndexer and other heads Of the music department. have been
nne their efforts bring artists within midst purely for
the advancement here well throughout the State
doing this takes and if the people of Columbus fail to
these attractions the from the music
Will people not help in the artistic growth of the
c2 Whether musician not public spirited citizen should
and help boost the entertainment and thereby hold
of the Industrial Institute and College Have to
YOU helped in the advancement of this branch of
edu
The Columbus commercial., 1909-01-07

Why. indeed should the public schools of the nation be
opened night ach people how do their days beter
the technician and the specialist
of the of education coming that nobody fit
educated who has not learned do particular
ceedingy we'll
Surely in this broad democratic country, it is time have
with the notion that trade schools
working class Here in the United Statesif any place
earth since the world beganeverybody ought be
another producer The New York American
The Columbus commercial., 1909-01-07

consists in punishment only when a
child Is actually bad. Some mothers
think shat All crying Is isbadness, it's not.
When your baby cries. look for pins or
soma-e4ternal cause. il you cane ind
them give the baby Whites Cream
vefmlluge as the chances are II is sui
lelinp from worms which keep it hun
rrv and cross al the time. Pleasant
to take-sure in its action. Price 25c.
sold by Mayo Drug Co.
The Columbus commercial., 1909-01-07
WANTED

A first class second hand piano,
Knabe or Steinway. Apply at
this office. 1-7-1m
The Columbus commercial., 1909-01-07

Many Ills come from irp pure blood.
Can't have pure blood with faulty di-
eestion, lazy liver and sluggish bowels.
Burdock Blood Bitters strengthens
stomach, bowels and liver, and purifies
the blood.
Price 90 cents. Foster AIilburn Co..
Buffalo, N. ", sole agents for the Unit
ed States. Remember the name
Doan's-and take no other.
The Columbus commercial., 1909-01-07

accomplish the greatest Good in life cannot fail take
for thought Every individual has ideal in life that
but how lives wasted be-
thoughts upon e plane have been enter
tanned many people think five yearsa year-even day
head2 If young people could realize the Importance of thinking
proper life and fit themselves for how many
might be averted In many schools and colleges meditation
observed regularly with beneficial results If in the busy
hi of life every would stop for half of serious
thought. how changed this world would be Try it.
The Columbus commercial., 1909-01-07
Sold and Recommended by
MAVo DRUG CO
"l'arsifal.' .

A play as broad in its interests
as humanity itself. Elaborate
The Columbus commercial., 1909-01-07
Notice.

! his is to give warning that
the gravel beds on the property
of t. A. Eggleston. Sr., deceased,
are posted, and that any one re-
moving gravel from this prop
erty will be regarded as q tres
pdsser and treated accordingly.
MRS. A. L. EGGLESTON.
dec 2O-2W