davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1909-01-01

mie plains; and the oil meal was old
process.
The lambs on native hay ate less
hay than those fed alfalfa, and the
lambs fed pea hay ate only 200 pounds
of hay per head, which was less than
the amount of hay and grain eaten by
any other lot.
Lots / and 3 constituted a. second
trial of native hay, oats, and oil meal,
In comparison with alfalfa hay and
corn. In experiments conducted the
previous winter with small lots of
lambs upon various grain rations and
native hay, the ration made up of ma
tive hay, oats and oil meal proved to
be the best of those tried, the lambs
making gain of ia pounds per head
in IA weeks, against ESQ pounds made
by the lot on alfalfa hay and corn. The.
present experiment with 40 lambs in
each lot shows an average gain of
20.3 pounds in IA weeks by the lambs
on native hay, oats, and oil meal, and
34.3 pounds by the lambs. on alfalfa
hay and corn.
The amount Of feed required was
GOT pounds Of native hay, 400 pounds,
of oats. and Is pounds of oil meal for
100 pounds of gain. In the previous
experiment STA pounds of hay. 59l
pounds Of oats, and Sc pounds of oil
meal were. required for 100 pounds
gain.
The results Of these two expert
meuts indicate that the native hay,
oats. and oil meal ration will produce
somewhat less than two-thfrds the gain
produced by alfalfa hay and corns1n
the same length of time, and also re-
cures considerably more feed to pro.
duce 100 pounds gain.
Wild sweet clover is common along
irrigation bitches and in waste spots,
and since 1t withstands alkali we'll
and gives heavy tonnage of hay, il
should prove desirable hay crop in
many sections. Stockmen commonly
/, believe that sweet clover is useless
a q forage ulant but cattle and sheer
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1909-01-01
Through a
Wonan's Heart.
By Sidney Warwick.

the same again. Not much chance
of his tumbling into the Hume prop
erty. though. Young Philip will be
turning up again soon; sure to-"
But, two weeks passed and still no
news came. The continued frost pre-
vented the fallen snow from going,
even though little more fell; there
were no signs of the frost relaxing it's
grip. AS the slow days dragged by
Stephen Ruthen sometimes wondered
whether it would not be a relief when
this long, unexpected respite before
the inevitable discovery that must
come was over. The fever of sus-
pense tortured him.
Olive Vanstone lay i'll, but she had
at last passed the crisis, and though
her faculties were still wandering, she
was slowly beginning the uphill jour-
ney towards recovery.
Her illness had lasted yearly three
weeks when one morning Stephen
Ruthen was awakened early by the
sound of heavy thud outside. He
started up in bed listening; there was
another muffled thud. 1t was the snow
falling from the roof. Rain was pat
tering on the window panes.
A cold PRECIPITATION broke out all
over him, as the realization of what
it meant flashed across him. 1t was
the beginning of the end. The thaw
had come at last.
Stephen Ruthen crossed over to the
window and looked out; the wintry
dawn was breaking. On the roofs Of
the outhouses the heavy covering of
frozen snow was breaking up slipping
in miniature avalanches. The begin
ming of the end!
The thaw had come that would un.
lock the dead mans prison of ice. The
discovery Of the tragedy was only a
matter of hours now!
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1909-01-01

yer hay was due to the fact that it
was cut late and was very coarse and;
stemmy. The lambs liked it, however.
and showed a steady appetite for it
There was not the slightest difficulty
in getting them to eat it at the start.
The lambs eating pea hay made the
low gain of 1863 pounds per head in
IA weeks. 1t required 1,472 pounds of
the hay to- produce 100 pounds gain
in live weight. This poor showing for
pea hay is borne out by the results
gotten with Lot 10, which contained
a very different class of lambs and
was not carried on in comparison with
Lot 6, but which shows still poorer
gain of only IS pounds per head in
IA weeks.
The pea hay seemed very unsatisfac,
tory. and while nothing is definitely
established by this experiment with
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1909-01-01
Wind Gauge for Trains.

A singular device for the protection
of railroad trains crossing viaduct
exposed to heavy winds has recently
been employed at diversion, England.
It consists Of wind-gauge fixed at
the west end Of the Levens viaduct
When the wind pressure reaches 80
pounds to the square foot. an electric
contract is made automatically, and
bells ring in the signal cabins on each
side of the viaduct. Upon this all
trains are detained until the force of
the wind abates. The interruption il
telegraphed along the line. The danger
Of very high winds to trains on AZ ex.
posed bridge or viaduct was tragically
illustrated many years ago by the
lamentable Tay bridge disaster In
Scotland.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1909-01-01
EXPERIMENT IN LAMB FEEDING
IN THE WEST .
Results Obtained from Various Feed combinatons-by
e. Morton, Wyoming.

The Wyoming experiment station
have just concluded years investi-
cation in lamb feeding with view to
ascertaining the best ration.
Three experiments were carried on
at the same time. Previous expert
ments with small numbers of lambs
had shown that oats and oil meal
seemed to balance the native hay ra-
ton about as we'll as any grains tried.
Therefore, one lot of 40 lambs was fed
this ration and another lot was fed al.
falfa hay and corn. Shropshire-Meri-
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1909-01-01
CHAPTER VII.
As a Dream When One Awaketh.

Stephen Ruthen went downstairs
that morning, with the sound of rain
and the thuds of falling snow beating
their significant message into mis- ears,
to find Kilda waiting for him with a
little air OF suppressed excitement.
Such good news, Stephen!" she
cried, eagerly. "Olive has recognized
me! Nurse tells me she woke in the
night with her mind clear; and this
morning she spoke to me quite ration
ally"
Hilda was little surprised at the
way her brother received the news.
She had expected Stephen to be as
enthusiastic as herself; but for mo-
ment he seemed almost taken aback.
and when he spoke there was trace
of effort in his voice. He crossed to
the window and stood staring out. He
had known, of course, that now the
crisis was safely passed Olives re-
turn to normal consciousness was on
ly q question of time, and under Or
binary circumstances he would have
hailed Hilda's news gladly. Only the
circumstances were not ordinary.
Now that discovery of the tragedy
was imminent, Stephen Ruthen was
conscious OF sense almost of relief.
At least the slow torturing suspense
Of the long waiting would be over;
it would be relief to know the worst.
The horror of those constant refer
ences and speculatiohs about Hume's
disappearance that he had been forced
to listen to during the past three
weeks would be ended, and he could
drop the mask that it had needed an
increasing effort to sustain-three
weeks that had made the hair about
his temples grayer, had craven deeper
lines in his face. Yes, it would be a
relief to know the worst.
With far more dread than to the
revelation Of Philip Hume's fate had
the rector looked forward to the time
when Olive should regain her facul
ties. Throughout her illness that
thought had haunted him. When, with
returning consciousness the floodgates
of her memory swept back, wha
would its effect be on Olive-the re
membrance of that nights wild ven
geance? He could not bear to con
template it.
"My poor Olive!" the man wh'
loved her whispered to himself, as h
stared out into the desolate garden.
At breakfast Stephen was unusuall
silent. For days past Hilda had beel
struck by a change in him that ha
touched her with a vague uneasines
"a change scarcely to be analysed
only that he seemed suddenly Older
grayer, more distracted. She realize
as she talked to him this morning tina
he was scarcely listening. Once
snatch Of her talk broke through hi
, preoccupied thoughts:
aren't you glad the thaw ha
| come, Stephen? I'm so tired OF tn
. sight of the snow. Three long week
: of it-and so much of 1t lying on tn
: roads that I'm afraid 1t; will be Ion
time going"
| Yes. It would probably take da
or two before the deep frozen drift,
nv the cross roads, yielding reluctan
: ". inch by inch, before the conque
: ing element, surrendered their secret
the wind shad drifted the snow
rigt-higher than the waist of II
store cross. At least another day, pc
, hars longer. before the discover
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1909-01-01

will eat the growing plant II 1t IS
not too large and coarse, and the e4.
pertinent here reported shows tna'
lambs eat the hay readily and MAKE
good gains from 1t.
Comparing Lots 4 and 5. we ma
that the sweet clover lambs made an
average gain of 30.7 pounds In IA
weeks, while the alfalfa lambs made
34.4 pounds gain. The former ate
one-sixth more hay, somewhat more
corn. and q small amount Of oil meal.
The larger consumption of sweet clio
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1909-01-01

Plan Your Work.-Give the feeding
and chores as much attention as they
require, but do not let them take all
your time. Spend part OF it in read.
ing and studying your business ia
make a dollars worth Of time o.
money accomplish that formerly done
by two.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1909-01-01
A Slight Misunderstanding.

DO you take any periodicals." ask.
ed the new clergyman on his first
round Of parish visits. .evaq,
''Well. I don't" replied the woman;
"but my husband takes 'em frequent.
I do wish you'd try ID get BIN to sign
the pledge" q
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1909-01-01
Missionary Work.

Missionary Work.
$50 you once lived in Africa. sam?"
Eyes, sah."
Ever do any missionary work out
there, SAINT"
"oh, yes, sab. was cook TO- .
cannibal chief. SALTS
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1909-01-01

Be ReguIar.-Regularity in milking
helps the flow during this and all sub
seouent lactation periods.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1909-01-01
One Of Two Thinas.

How cold your nose Isl"
Dad" declared materfamdlias in
the next room, either that young
man has proposed at last or Towser
ts In the parl6r again.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1909-01-01
A Mean .Renari

A Mean. Remark.
/. Mrs. Honey -My husband n OK.
tremely hard tt, psSaSe. IN sfi<
Miss eaustiQus ,Indeed: you don't
look it.
The pioneer express. [volume] (Pembina, Dakota [N.D.]) 1883-1928, 1909-01-01

No Smoking for Chinese School
children.
The board of education has order
ed the prohibition Of smoking by
young persons under seventeen years
Of age.
The Marshall republican., 1909-06-18

pupils gave a recital at 10. o. F.
Hall last Thursday 10th.
Miss Maize Bridges spent several
days last week visiting Slater
friends.
Mrs. j. G.. Goodwin is spending
the week with her sister near Cor
der. E
Houstonia will celebrate the Ma
tional holiday with a picnic on Sat-
urday, July Sd.
Earl Huff was in town a short
time Sunday. Earl's friends don't
see much of him since he married.
j. A. Orr, OF Parkville, was the
guest OF his son, Fl. A. Orr and fa-
mily last week,
F. M. Bright, OF Los Angeles, Cal.
is spending the summer with old
friends at Sweet Springs.
e. M. Wright returned Friday
from a two weeks visit to his moth
or and home-folks at Lyndon Ohio.
Mr.. and Mrs. F. M. Mollenbrock
of Blackburn went to Warronton
Saturday to visit the old friends.
Miss Rosa Richter spent last
week at Elmwood the guest OF
Miss Forbes.
For Sale--My farm of ITO acres
10 miles southeast OF Marshall, at
a bargain. w. T. Brown,
7-2 rfd.1 Nelson, Mo
The summer school at Mo. Val
ley College we understand is an
excellent one and the attendance
is good.
Mrs. L. A. Grimes, OF Slater, Ii
the guest Of her daughter, Mrs. c
w. Jones, and went to Naptor
Monday for a visit to relatives.
Born to Mr.. and Mrs. Roy Ham
ilton, a daughtef, Sunday, June "a
at the home scf ths sarents' on
West North st.
The Marshall republican., 1909-06-18

Miss Julia Morris, OF Napton, was
visiting Saturday.
Mrs. S. Young is very ill at this
writing.
Lewis Miles, OF Napton, was here
Friday.
Len Murrell is the proprietor OF
a new Studebaker automobile.
VIM. Allen of Boonville was here
on business Tuesday.
Mr.. and Mrs. Levi Hagan and son
visited in Slater Sunday.
Want something good and cheap2
Call at Mabel Smiths and get a hat
for half price. 1926.
Trimmed hats at half price at
Mabel Smiths. Come at once and
get first choice 1926
Miss Stella Pannell has returned
home from a two weeks visit at
Sapton.
Mr.. and Mrs. L. A. Hagan and lit
tie o spent Sunday at Slater Wis
ting relatives and friends.
Mrs. Jas. Neff of east Of town
is visiting relatives at West Plans
Mo.
Born to Mr.. and Mrs. Charles
Ross of Malta Bend a fine boy June
III 1909.
Monday was flag day. Marshall
did not show very many flags but
a few were in evidence.
"Sanitol" preparation 2Es
size 19c at New York Racket,
Harvey Edwards, of southeast
OF town, was here Monday and re-
ported his father still very sick
Miss Fannie II. Taylor's piano
AN.EL NHA NNL.
The Marshall republican., 1909-06-18

following his advice, they will live
long and die young.
Mrs. Anna Frohman, of st. Louis
who is now visiting her sister at
Nebraska, expects to return to Mar
shall next week to visit her faith
err, Thad. Barcafer, on her return
home.
DR.. Harold McGinnis, son OF Mrs,
Sophia McGinnis, OF WarrensburE,
died at his home in Norborne re-
Gently. Mrs. McGinnis and family
are well known around Sweet
Springs where they have a large
farm.
We would like to have more LETT
ters from our readers in distant
etates. Several hundred papers go
to Texae, California. Washington,
Oregon and other states from
which a letter would make inter-
esting reading.
Mrs. Sam Thompson has return
cd from Bakerfield, Colo. She was
accompanied home by her mother,
Mrs. Mary Reynolds. Mr.. and Ms.
Thompson will go to housekeeping
in their new home on South Jefie.
son.
d. X. Miller OF S~tanhope brought
in last week six wolf skins and y
n. Stipes OF Kansas City brought
one, for which thsy received 81 50
each from the county and will get
the same from the state.
M. M, Bogie, deputy p~rosecuting
attorney OF jackson county and
owner OF the Independence Dem-
ocrat, came down from Kansas
City to look at our type-setting
machine yesterday. He says he
win install one shortly.
Nose II. Land Milling co. IS
making some substantial improve
ments by having erected a steel ele
wator with asca9acity Of 10000 bus
oil wheat. IT Willsbe connected with
the elevator on me mill by conveys
ors. They expect to have It CONF
pleted BY Iply Al, Is
OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES ..WtNHI.NM WM IA ||
The Marshall republican., 1909-06-18

HoI SroWs
Misses Katherine Rea, Frances
Buckner, Helen Campbell and Hell
en- Duggins all students at Ran
dolph-Macon. Lynchburg, Va. re-
tu' ned to their homes Thursday.
d. B. Witcher has returned to-
Marshall after a pleasant visit to
the western part OF the county. He
says there is a fine prospect for
a good corn crop this year.
Freddie and Tonne McCutchin of
Ridge Prairie spent Saturday with
their grandmother, Mrs. Lee Dye,
returning home Sunday. The lit
tie men had quite q nice visit.
--
The delayed auto in the ocean-to
ocean race passed through Mar
shall Monday afternoon. The c
pants looked haggard and dirty
and were not attempting any high
speed.
j. p. Huston and wife and son
Carey Huston, arrived here Friday.
The two former attended the co.i-
mencement exercises OF the miii-
tary school OF which the latter is @
student.
49, #UanUN AUIuUN EL .HEHEIHHI
Mr.. and Mrs. d. F. S~crutchfield
left last Thursday for Los Angeles
and other Western points. They
will attend Seattle Exposition be-
Tore returning home.
Miss Bertha John who has been
here several weeks at work in the
millinery department OF rthe New
York Racket store, returned to her
home near Sweet Springs last Sat
urday.
Marx Twain "a 4 lecture At Balti-
more Ffiday advised the young
blades not TO smoke, drink %
marry to excess. We believe, BY
+Iffrf4Rt~%N+i& AtA4t
The Marshall republican., 1909-06-18

Br1Spols park.
w. II. Baker and H.. A. Ransberg-
er of near Mt. Leonard went to
Kansas City Saturday-Mr. Baker
said to get away from the weeds.
~. -
Mrs. Dearborn VanStone and
baby son, OF Slater, arrived here
last Friday afternoon to visit rela-
tives and friends a few days.
w. H. Sappington who was a
guard at the Missouri Penitentary
during the administration OF Ex-
Warden Hall, has returned with
his family to Marshall.
Mrs. Mary Brandon and daugh-
ter, Miss May, left for Oxford, Ohio
to visit with Prof. Ed. Brandon,
the formers son and other reH-
tives.
Sylvan Wilson Jr., OF Malta Bend
passed through Marshall Saturday
enroute to Kansas City to meet his
wife and children who have been
Visiting in Kansas.
WANTED-Man with binder to
cut so acres of wheat. ]. P. Full
kerson, Q miles northeast OF Salt
Springs. p. o. address Mt. Leon
| ard, Mo. 6-1S
y. W. Taylor, Rev. J. Q. Partee.
Ii. C. Gaunt and Virgil Burroughs
lIeft Monday for Moberly, where
they will attend a conference OF
| Baptist Laymen.
Mrs. Minnie Campbell left Mon
day for Colorado Springs. She and
her son, Robert, will go to Seattle
from there to attend the exposi-
tion.
Father o'Hara, OF Montgomery
Ala, is in Marshall the guest OF J
J.. Mitchell's family. The former
has been travelling for his health
and ID very much improved.
George Crockett went to st
Louis Saturday to see his wife
] who Is under the care q. the spe-
The Marshall republican., 1909-06-18

Born to Deputy Circui t Clerk,
Johnson and wife, a daughter,
Monday, June 14th, at the home of
the parents on West Boyd.
Sterling Redman, who has been
teaching at Nc. Valley, Iowa, ar
rived here Friday and will spend
his vacation in Marshall.
Mrs. Jacob Staley, who has been
with Mrs. L. e. Merkins since the
death Of Mr.. Merkins returned to
her home in Kansas City Saturday.
The game OF baseball Friday at
ternoon between Lexington and
Marshall Elks resulted in a victory
for our neighboring city.
Mrs. Thad Barcafer is at Port
land, Oregon, visiting her daugh-
ter, Mrs. g. Y. Salmon, Jr., and at
tending the Portland Exposition.
G. N. Hanson is on a ceveral
weeks vacation in Kansas. He ex-
poets to return home in a day or
so. Z
Mrs. John Harbold and daughter
returned, Saturday evening from
Nevada and reported Mr.. Harbo!d
much improved.
Prof. r. L. Shepherd and family
left Friday for a visit to relatives
at LaPlatta and will go from these
to Chicago, their future home.
The Wabash established at 1.
o'clock last Friday a passenger rats
OF 2 IL cents a mile Throughout.
the state.
Mrs. G. p. Williams and Mrs. OBJ
Mari, OF Hoping went to Kansal
CITY Friday evening to visit Mrs
Rucker. iss
The Nelson base bali team Sun,
day defeated the Marshall Mar
chants at Brisbois' park in a scor,
2
The Marshall Merchants defeat,
ed the c~hase-L!ster ball team
The Marshall republican., 1909-06-18

Born to Deputy Circui t Clerk,
Johnson and wife, a daughter,
Monday, June 14th, at the home of
the parents on West Boyd.
The Marshall republican., 1909-06-18

cialist there. Mrs. Crocketts con-
dition is no better at this writing.
Cut off, at any time any suckers
you may find growing at the foot
OF fruit trees or on the trunk or
main limbs where branches should
not grow.
The Marshall republican., 1909-06-18

Sterling Redman, who has been
teaching at Nc. Valley, Iowa, az
rived here Friday and will spend
his vacation in Marshall.
The Marshall republican., 1909-06-18

Thursday in a score OF 10 to 4 at
Brisbois park.
The Marshall republican., 1909-06-18

pupils gave a recital at 10. o. F.
Hall last Thursday 10th.
The Marshall republican., 1909-06-18

Mrs. Dearborn VanStone and
baby son, Of Slater, arrived here
last Friday afternoon to visit rela-
tives and friends a few days.
The Marshall republican., 1909-06-18

Mrs. Jacob Staley, who has been
with Mrs. L. E. Merkins since the
death OF Mr.. Merkins returned to
her home in Kansas City Saturday
The Marshall republican., 1909-06-18

W. H. Baker and H. A. Ransberg-
err of near Mt. Leonard went to
Kansas City Saturday-Mr. Baker
said to get away from the weeds,
The Marshall republican., 1909-06-18

following his advice, they will live
long and die young.
The Marshall republican., 1909-06-18

w. H. Sappington who was a
guard at the Missouri Penitentary
during the administration OF Ex-
Warden Hall, has returned with
his family to Marshall.
The Marshall republican., 1909-06-18

Miss Maize Bridges spent several
days last week visiting Slater
friends.
The Marshall republican., 1909-06-18

George Crockett went to st.
Louis Saturday to see his wife,
who 10 under She care 81. the spe-
The Marshall republican., 1909-06-18

Misses Katherine Rea, Frances
Buckner, Helen Campbell and Hell
en- Duggins all students at Ran
doIph-Macon, Lynchburg, Va, re
tu' ned to their homes Thursday.
The Marshall republican., 1909-06-18

Mrs. Anna Frohman, of st. Louis
who is now visiting her sister at
Nebraska, expects to return to Mar
shall next week to visit her faith
er, Thad. Barcafer, on her return
home.
The Marshall republican., 1909-06-18

Born to Mr.. and Mrs. Roy Ham
ilton, a daughter Sunday, June "a,
at the home scf thu arents on
West North st.
The Marshall republican., 1909-06-18

The game Of baseball Friday af-
ternoon between Lexington and
Marshall Elks resulted in a victory
for hi neighboring city.
The Marshall republican., 1909-06-18

The Marshall Merchants defeat
ed the chase-L,ster ball team
The Marshall republican., 1909-06-18

Mrs. J. G.. Goodwin is spending
The week with her sister near Cor
der. g.
The Marshall republican., 1909-06-18

d. B. Witcher has returned to
Marshall after a pleasant visit to
the western part Of the county. He
says there is a fine prospect fol-
a good corr crop this year.
The Jackson herald., 1909-09-30
COVERED WITH HIVES.
Child a Mass Of Dreadful Sore, Itch
ing, Irritating Humor for 2 Months
Little Sufferer In Terrible Plight.
Disease Cured by cuticura.

my six year old daughter had the
dreadful disease called hives for two
months. She became affected by play.
Ing with children who had II. BY
scratching she caused large sores
which were irritating. Her body was
a complete sore but II was worse on
her arms and back. We employed
physician who left medicine but It did
not help her and tried several reme-
dies but without avail. Seeing the
Cuticura Remedies advertised, I
thought would try them. gave her
a hot bath daily with Cuticura Soap
and anointed her body with Cuticura
Ointment. The first treatment re-
lieved the itching and in n short time
the disease disappeared. Mrs. George
L. Fridhoff. Warren, Mich. June 30
and July 13, 1905"
Potter Drug \ Chem. Corp. sois Propa. Boston
The Jackson herald., 1909-09-30
POLICEMAN has CLOCK
TO keep HIM AWAKE
SOUND OF BELL TAKEN FOR BUR.
GLAR ALARM AND HE IS
FINALLY CAUGHT.

Trenton. N. J.--Policeman Charles
Stokes of the Wilbur department has
been suspended on three charges
carrying an alarm clock on duty.
asleep on his post and the causing of
q burglar call. Stokes has confessed
and has pleaded for mercy. asserting
that 1t was impossible to keep awake
while on night duties
For some time he has been carry
ing an alarm clock and sleeping in
the loft OF n stable. lie would set the
clock so that he could not sleep more
than an hour and sometimes half
hours repose would be sufficient n
he feared a roundsman might be on
his beat.
The innocent alarm clock was the
cause of his downfall. The policeman
made his slumber quarters In the
stable of William p. May whose home
is but a short distance from the place
where his horses are stabbed. About
year ago May was robbed OF a val.
liable horse and since he has intended
to install n burglar alarm In the
stable. He put the matter OF until
Friday, when he met an old friend
who is an electrician and instructed