davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune., 1909-10-07
HARRY BENSON SERVED TERM HERE.
Founder of Feltham' S Bank Says Brooklyn
Man Gave Him $4,000

London oct. 6.-In the course OF to-day's pro-
ceedtngs at the trial Of Harry Benson, otherwise
known as Bebro. on charges OF fraud in connec-
ton with the bankrupt Feltham's Bank, which he
founded the prosecution drew from Benson the
admission that he had been sentenced in New York
10 an indotemtnate term of from five to nine years
a notorious thief under the name Of Harry
Phillips.
Benson ALSO said that Alexander G. Chaf1n of
Brooklyn gave him $4,000 twenty-three years ago
as compensation, Benson having been tried and
acquitted al the Old Bailey on a charge of obtain
ing goods from Chatfin by false pretences for an
alleged bogus American
New-York tribune., 1909-10-07

Washington. Oct. s.-The United states soNe'n-
vnent mas not received from any quarter an mt
- .ha, either colombia or Panama desires 10
rso,sn negotiations looking To the makhs OF new
treaues between the United States and Colombia,
the United states and Panama and Panama an"
Colombia. -. -.
The United states conseateu 10 'e 80 F..,
- t,.,t,. tra,tiAs only with view 10 q settle
,rt nf ths diderences then existing between the
Two south American republics, bS the tS'i,s ~, -
~ ,hc OF Panama Was 70 .ne
reroenized This government has no iu' u trts ftrII
terest in the matter thSH tS s = matter OF no par
Hcl 10 pU, snt here W whether the treaties are Tati-
Aal or
New-York tribune., 1909-10-07

Request for Increase cFci
1910 1919
The Farmville herald. [volume] (Farmville, Va.) 1890-1934, 1909-12-03

s.-or,ncnt into tv9 lain divisions
of material ana pc soi'ei a'0o' O'N .
- ne native Of tr. dudes.
,rs. eetarr.t.,. of a division oi
onoraticns O.. t.e
me advertisement of a comprenen'
s,yo irsreci1u stem of permanent
e..e.ni-ation. whose officers snal DC
..,iodicsuv changed. who Will come
~.t,l, nom the active feet and De
al,','.rsant Uilh the latest ships ana
W. modern methods OF drill and organ
ization .,o~n and
efficient cost keeping system ID 'ne
nov, donartment and at navy yards
Tho separston of the navy yaro
work into the two natural divisions Oh
hull and machinery. 49,. o,,
The adoption Of a rule that com
,,er1ants and captains OF navy yaIu'
rran he selected for their knowledge
and experience and that their tenure n.
ri once shall be long enough 10 III
sure continuous administrative po.'s
A recommendation for the abo.isn
mont of the bureau Of equipment
o.hose duties VIII be divided amon'
The nrcas. of steam engineering co"
s.rn. tom and repairs and supplies an'
rse adjustment Of the board O
ror .rnlIlun
The Farmville herald. [volume] (Farmville, Va.) 1890-1934, 1909-12-03

Tho ST. paul mine nj Cherry ill.,
I'm which $40 coal miners were en-
tombed by fire ana explosion ON SAT-
urfay Nov 49, has been sealed No..
The fro was gaining such neadway
nat :. was thought best TO cut OFT all
air. The shaft VIII probably remain
closed for several weeks.
The bodies of nearly 200 men are
cntombod within its depths. The con-
crete wall hes hcrmetica'ly closed ne
fre-soarcd mouth OF tho mine. Hope
of eyer recovering the bodies of the se
victims has vanished ia The face of
tie sep taken by the mine officials
The ling o. tie m.nc was the last
recourse.
The Farmville herald. [volume] (Farmville, Va.) 1890-1934, 1909-12-03

Nels larsen q Norwegian, gave a
remarkable exhibition Of proficiency
IN the use Of skis at Caldwell. y. j.
Tie ran down the western slope Of
caldwell mountain TO Pinobrook, a
distance of nearly four miles, tn four
and threeouarter minutes. Larson
covered the frst mile IN about half a
Minute
The Farmville herald. [volume] (Farmville, Va.) 1890-1934, 1909-12-03
FEAR TRADE WAR
WITH CANADA
An Effort May be Made 70
Again Revise Tariff
STAND PATTERS PROVUktD

cororessmsn Mann viii Introduce
Number Of Bills In the House
That Is Expected to open Up '"'
Tariff Aroument-Payoe Pooh-Po0hs
Revision Talk.
The Laurens advertiser. (Laurens, S.C.) 1885-1973, 1909-12-15
Notice to Teachers.

A letter from Mr.. Swearingen, state
Superintendent of education, reads:
I'm view of the failure OF many teach
ers to comply with the Jaw requiring
certificates to teach in the free public
schools, this board orders an extra
teachers examination to be held on
the 9Th of January 1910" All teach
ers desiring to stand this examination
will please be on hand promptly at
10 o'clock on the 9TH day of January
1910. The examination will be held
in the court house.
Geo l.. Pitts.
Co. Supt of Education.
The Laurens advertiser. (Laurens, S.C.) 1885-1973, 1909-12-15
crimson carnations.

f.,s,g,c,,,, ,.ru,,,,;,,,..
rv
"'''''' VI ,''' ''''S'
if,, =, ~ ,.,I',
v,,.,a .,t,, ,,.,,i,,'., 49, '''
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,,,,. 49,, .,, ,a,,,' , 80
,,;,,,, r,,,,.,,;.,
woo. ,,. ,,;, nt ,,ua ,,I,,,, ''
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ara of tho nor,oo,I,. ,,,Ii,,a .a,
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form. o.,.n, u.;u, .,,. ,
,ri. ,,,.,,i.i,a ,,ia,.,,
I'LL. 49,.
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a,,r.na.d ~, ,n,,,,. ,m.,,.
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vim ,i., ,.o,.,,.,,,,I,,;,. 49,,
,;co ,.u ~, ,,,,.,..., ,,,,.,,,. ,.,.
,, a,,;
oy.r $3.50 -, U.,o,,o,... r,,.a,.i,, ,,,..,,
ter.
NJ, ANA ,1rs 1r..,;oo , ,.,
vea,,;,u +, ,hic tr,,o,,i,,, ,,;, ,,a 10
- nro,t,. .l,,do -, ,ao,, I,.,,,,,a,,.,,
fashioned win ono of mo NOV. corr.
The Laurens advertiser. (Laurens, S.C.) 1885-1973, 1909-12-15
LAND SALE.
STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA,
County OF LamrenS.


County Of LaurenS.
In Probate Court
Goldie G.. Brown, individually and as
Administrative of the estate of Rob
ert c. Brown, deceased, Plaintiff
against
Charles G. Brown ct al, Defendants.
Pursuant to a degree of the court
in this action. | will sell at public
auction, at Laurems c. H., S. c. within
the legal hour of sale, on salcSday in
January 1910, the Bird day of the
month. the following described land
to wit:
All that tract of land situate i'm the
county and state aforesaid, contain
mng seVenty-tive t15) acres more or
less. known as the Shell place, and
bounded by other lands of the estate
of X. c. Brown, known as the Farley
place by lands of ID. a. q S. j. Davis,
known as the Capt Shell place, and
by lands of Mrs. Mamie McLaurin
THrms of sale: Cash. Purchaser to
pai for papers. If the purchaser fails
TO comply with the terms of sale, the
property Will be resold on the same
or some subsequent Salcsday on the
same terms and at the risk of the
former purchaser
O. G.. THOMPSON,
Probate Judge
Dec - sos
The Laurens advertiser. (Laurens, S.C.) 1885-1973, 1909-12-15
Ill Health is More Expensive Than
any Cure,

This country is now filed with peo-
pie who migrate across the continent
in all directions seeking that which
gold cannot buy. Nine-tenths of them
are suffering from throat and lung
trouble or chronic catarrh resulting
from neglected colds, and spending
fortunes vainly trying to regain lost
health. Could every sufferer but undo
the past and cure that first neglected
cold, all this sorrow. pain, anxiety and
expense could have been avoided
Chamberlain's Cough Remedy is fa-
nous for its cures of colds, and can
always be depended upon. Use it
and the most serious diseases may
be avoided. For sale by Laurens
Drug Co.
The Laurens advertiser. (Laurens, S.C.) 1885-1973, 1909-12-15
Mr.. Fcatherstonc A Delegate.

At the conference in Abbeville last
week. Hon. c. c. FeatherStone of this
city was elected one of the three lay
delegates to the general of the South
ern Methodist church which meets i'm
Asheville next year. Mr.. Featherstone
lead the list of candidates as indi-
Gated in the following report of the
proceedings: Mr.. C. C. Featherstone
of Laurens. who is head of the CON
ference temperance committee, has
the honor of leading the lay delegation
to the general conference, having re-
ceiNed "a out of "a votes. Mr.. G.. G..
Hodges was close second, and both
are from the upper section of the
state"
The Laurens advertiser. (Laurens, S.C.) 1885-1973, 1909-12-15
Christmas Holiday Rates.

The Charleston & Western Carolina
Railway will sell excursion tickets
account of the Holidays at very low
rates for the round trip. Tickets on
sale December II, is, 81, %, %, "a. %
and 81, 1903 and Jan L. 1910. Final
limit returning Jan. 6, 1910.
For further information apply to
ticket Agents, or
Ernest Williams,
General Passenger Agent
S29 Broadway, Augusta, Ga.
The Laurens advertiser. (Laurens, S.C.) 1885-1973, 1909-12-15
School Costs In Laurcns.

According to Superintendent Swear
ingen's annual report, the per capita
expenditure per white pupil in the
Laurens county schools for the past
year was $ll.05, and for the negro,
$.97. the average being $5.73 In
Charleston county the expenditure
was $3.50 for whites and $255 for ne
groes.
The Laurens advertiser. (Laurens, S.C.) 1885-1973, 1909-12-15
Real Estate Offerings

5@&s avrcs land bounded by lands
of estate OF w. H. Garrett. Will Mar,
Goodwin estate; has good dwelling
ana out buildings; we'll tmbcred and
nicely located Price $23 per acre.
-. .,.
c,,, ,,.,. 49,, .' '''' '"''''''S7'
.,,, ,.,,.
- ceres land. bounded Inv lard. of
,,..,,i, ov.;.,,..
,,,,,,
3 acres Of land i'm the town of Whit
miro. S. c.. nicely situated. suitable
for dwoilin" lots. Price. ST COO
169l2 acres of land bounded by
lands of Bryson place. Bee Bailey.
ilamps Holland and others;j room
dwelling. , tenant houses; good barn
N',o" "S '"c %"
wan - 'U"'''" at present ny
"' SOW II ""S''''S
VI o"'S rice
N3 acres of land close to Beulah
church ON ,he dividing line of Grccn-
VILE and laurcns with an eight room
dwelling, one tenant house, also good
,1noa =. ,.,' w ''' p"1,"'' ms
hon,o.,o, n,, .n, .'""'"9 i''oo
.> goo per "c'e'
~
103la acres of land near Warrior
creek church with five room co,,ooo
r,,, "''N ''io p's'"ie'
.m - io'"'eu anu
~ p' W w. - 300 per acre
i'''' cosy
One LOT on Main streat o,oso 90 no
The Laurens advertiser. (Laurens, S.C.) 1885-1973, 1909-12-15
Summaries on Schools.

The following summaries will be
embraced in the annual report of Mr..
The Laurens advertiser. (Laurens, S.C.) 1885-1973, 1909-12-15

81. ocro. os ,,rd . .,,, ,,..,
,,iai, ""u '""'" cottage
l,''e'y located IN the town of Gray
Court, with one of the finest wells of
' ''''' F-'"'''
s room dwelling, on Centennial s.
Clinton 8 g viz, 81 r,,n,no,n,. 80
a., ,,.. 'N'' '"'"' VI
v, .''""" N'o"" us 'he "ri'hn
49, acres laDi, / miles oc Croaa nm
known MS the ola C,,unl,oll ,I,,,
30 per acre EaSy terms.
IN .o,.a 49,, ,,
ni"nl, In,a,,, W. ',mu III roulta'h nm
'"'"''"' p'I'c' F-'"Vo
I"o acres iahd, one mile of Dial
c"urcll' WIN handsome dwelling, ,
t"hal' houses ANA good outbuildings.
One lulck IL YOU want this place.
Price $50 per acre.
~ acres OF land Just outside of the
corporate llinlts OF the town of Gray
Court with one tenant house. Price
SO per acre.
,c- ,,
NJ. H. Holder. w. ID. Abcrcrombic, and
others; room dwelling, 3 tenant
houses, good barn and out-buildings
cash. remainder in five ennaI maj instni, eicTo
ments.
place, has room dwelling. 2 tenant
houses, fine corn mill in good running
order with 10 horse water mower.
Price $4,5OO. Terms made easy.
az ocrc. of Iond ,,,i,h ,,,,,,
The Laurens advertiser. (Laurens, S.C.) 1885-1973, 1909-12-15
Laurens Building and Loans.

According to Comptroller Jones re-
port there are three Building and Loan
associations in the city of Laurens.
which are assessed at $19,640.
The Laurens advertiser. (Laurens, S.C.) 1885-1973, 1909-12-15
Swearingen TO the legislature:
White.

r.,
10. .s,.,
49,
,.,, ''''''
~. .cn,nl .r.ao eva. mn, .,..,
iOl. 2.2lT: pupils Cboys 7,Q3, girly
79,11}; l53.S07; average attendance,
l07.3GS: pupils to a school. 90: pupils
TO a teacher. 30: average number of
weeks of school. 25l9: school houses
built last year Cwood. III; brick, 10.
l34; value of school houses built last
year, 500. .lS0.55. school houses with
grounds mclosed. 1O5; districts that
levy am extra tax. 65G districts that do
not levy an extra tax, 1.I77; town
schools. 2S2; county schools. 2.43O;
average number of weeks of town
schools 1858: average number of
weeks OF country schools, 1886: total
revenues Cfor both whites and negro
es), $2,345, ,641.72; total expenditures
twhiteS, $l,59O. 732.51; negroes, $685.
1913. .1G), $l,S9S, ,SS5.67; balance on hand,
July i, 1909, $44762. .05; average yearly
salary paid men teachers, $479.79; av-
erage yearly salary paid women teach
ers, $249.13; institutions of higher ed
The Laurens advertiser. (Laurens, S.C.) 1885-1973, 1909-12-15
MR.G.W G.W.JUSTiCE WEEDS
MISS HENDERSON
Beautiful Marriage SuIcmniX"d nj Wa.
tcrlOo Baptist Church Wed.
din" Reception.

Weddings that have been s0lemuiypG
j., ,,o ,,;,..,
49,,
~
"'""'E Oh de'"il nor more artisuc
'"''u''SS' una" 'he p''o"' c'Fe-
"''"' '"S' 'N''''&' "h'" 'A' Youngest
"""Hi'@'' O. N's' ',!'%"hs'.' t!ehHe's"n,
'.''''' ''"'''' "''"'''' '"' ".'He ". M''
,''o'1" w. '"S''''' O. Ileh hi'iSoAN'l!e'
No'"' aroma
''''''' "' '"' N'"''H Sii9'eh-
ms III i'H P"'' "Ii''"' """ "''oE"lioilS
% ""''' 'h" green was h'E'ect
u'S"" VI oo""H ia IL" SNOWY oven
"S"H' nc Pl"''"''" WIS O"hkeo WIN
moss -, '', ns an" H"l'i"A' I''eriiiIh-
-" WIN "e''N''e SPRAYS % "hIle
-, '",''E l''''e "il'le "euulhg
'''' P'",' 'u at ii''c'N"'S among 'lle
s''V" an" '"e "Ho'e "o''eu mere ana
,"''s WIN s''"ii'i'S ""''e c"lloleS'
~ 'ne emu Oh each sic rose grace
"' "'> - VI s'''''' 'o"'"'''oH vi ceo"t'
'''N' my" WIN SI"'ei"I sprays O!
'"'''"S IVY '"' "'''" "'" c"i'" eS n'-
'i'' 90 q" S7'' 90 IA ''ie ''"'" "t'oEa-
''o,'a
"'''' 'D""'S '''"' Ne' OH 'h' seats
io' '"c i"'Ii'H' "''Il'"le
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~ oO Vi ''' VI 'u"' parry!
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p'''i VI vi o'l"N"'
VI '"'e '"'eh'' ""S conduct
~ ~ '"e VI gan pS MI JoSePh +.
""o ""' "S"'''eu ''' se"'ihs
""A,oe' vi s"eS's pS MI
'o"' hep'e" oi 'he
''i an no"' pieceuiiis
oo"'' h'se Noi'ip'oh rehoereu
oN'''eU anu oe'is h'iui liiusicai
- 'ie e"ee'' iesohah'
' "'Nuihe hn"ieh peaieo
'''' '"nu,e bearers
'o''o"eu o' '''e piiue'iiiaids'
'o'' Vi iionea a'n'
" ooNe' 'he
-'-''' -1l' nan
/
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w. w. ileilu-
VI 'ne p'ioe' 'ne pes'
i'''iei e"iSe' o'
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80 '.iS''' .'o'"'hs ana 'dhihS
nv, "'ie vi .'e oS''"'il'
'' ''N vi hoi'oI' wore
''N ~ '0'S'' anu '"i "i'leo rover!
D0"i".'' VI ieu '"il'"'iohS ana lerhs,
wv % :. inc
a,,i.a ea 'e'''io'i"i
""''e e'oNeS ana
so,',>'' ~ "''''e va ''"''o''S'
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''s''' y, '''e pIiue' MIS- Joseph
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"'iN "'oou JHS'
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VI '''0 'o'
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,,. ., '' 70 'ue
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. '''"'''t
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The Laurens advertiser. (Laurens, S.C.) 1885-1973, 1909-12-15
ANNUAL REPORT ON SOUTH CAROLINA
SCHOOLS FOR THE PAST FISCAL YEAR
Extracts From State Superinendents Report Showing
Marvellous Development in Educational Lines
During Twelve Months Statistics.

The general prosperity and develop
pliiied than in the reports received in
the office of the state superintendent of
education from the superintcndents of
each OF the 10 counties. Education has
lccome the most important business of
the state i'm almost every particular.
The taxpayers are directly concerned
TO the amount OF $2,345.GlT.7g paid i'm
school revenue. This sum is collected
in district and county taxes. and the
state treasury contributes only SEQ coo
for high schools and $4,000 for weak
rdral schools. In fact all of the high
school appropriation for the school
year i901-'0S was not distributed
2mong the high schools established
under the high school law. On June
%. last. Il balance of over 1000 was
pneXpended and reverted to the state
treasurer.
The voting out Of the dispensary has
induced many districts TO levy special
school taxes, One hundred and six
such levies were made during the last
school year. raising the total of spe-
cial tax districts to 65G out OF / 1,S3S
school districts in the state. The APP
preparation made by the general as
sembly last winter to lengthen the
term of weak schools has greatly slim
ulated local taxation. In Laurens coun-
~ AZ districts of the &C now have spe-
cial levies, II Of which were voted in
since January 1 of the present year.
Many districts now pay the maximum,
mills, levy for common schools,
high school tax, bond tax, and in
addition, the regular mills constitu-
tional tax, dog tax and poll tax. The
growth in this particular is one of the
most hopeful signs Of educational pro-
greSs.
The Laurens advertiser. (Laurens, S.C.) 1885-1973, 1909-12-15
The Enrolment.

The enrolment is the largest in the
history of the state More than 1000
whites and 5000 negroes have been
added to the number reported last
year. Much of this increase is doubt
less due to growth in population, but
at the same time much is also due to
a growing interest in public education.
There We're 153 ,S07 whites and 49,
O95 negroes enrolled during the ses-
sion 190S-'09. The average attendance
for whites was 107,36S and for negroes
123,4S1. The growth in this particular
shows no reason for encouragement
and qualification" according to the Of
fical report from that office, but sew
eral counties could not secure this da-
ia because of the difficulty in obtaining
full reports from trustees and teachers
Since enrolment is the basis for the
apportionment Of all school funds
many school boards insist on making
il as large as possible, while they neg
lect the equally important considera-
tion of regular attendance.
THE maximum expenditure per
white pupil was in Charleston county
and was approximately $50. The mini
mum expenditure per negro pupil was
in Saluda county and was barely 20
cents. The per capita expenditure for
whites for the entire state was $1O.34
for negroes $1.70 an increase of nearly
10 per cent. for each race. One hun
dred and thirty-four school houses
are reported as having been erected
for whites and 40 for negroes, at an
aggregate cost of over $3.50, 900. Since
the present school building law was
rendered null by the abolition of the
state dispensary, the erection of a
large majority of the buildings has
been brought about by the issuance of
bonds.
"The average term has been length
ened nearly two weeks and is reported
to be 126 school days, or 2519 weeks,
as against 23.4 weeks last year
Since 25G schools heightened their
term by means of the Garris act this
improvement is in part directly due
to the small state appropriation of
last winter One hundred thousand
dollars Will be needed TO continue this
policy during the present school year
Assistant Superintendent Wells has
been busy with these statistics since
August and the tabulation is as full
and accurate as it could be made with
the data at hand"
Summaries on Schools.
The following summaries will be
embraced in the annual report OF Mr..
The Birmingham age-herald. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 1902-1950, 1909-12-01
COURT IS SITTING
At BROWNSVILLE
New Testimony Is Brought Out
In the Case
AFTER THE AMERICANS
Negro Soldier Is Declared to Have
Said He Was Sorry Mexican
Was Shot as They Were
Not After Them.

Brownsville, Tex, November 90--New
light was thrown on the Brownsville raid
by the court of inquiry In its session to-
day and q number OF heretofore unde-
veloped points were brought out. all OF
which are claimed to be detrimental to
the cause OF the negro soldiers charged
with shooting up' the town. Celso OIL
vier. . former policeman. and Manuel
Morales, formerly q tailor at the post.
were the principal witnesses.
Oliver testified he saw Captain Mack
lin, whom he knew well, picking up scat
tered cartridge shells the morning after
the raid At tho former inquiry Captain
Macklin testified that the shells were
found in one place. it being alleged they
were placed by citizens In support of .
conspiracy theory. Morales told OF Il
conversation he had with q negro soldier
after the raid, In which the soldier said
he was sorry a Mexican had been wound
ed, as the Americans were the only ones
the negro troops were after"
Among the other witnesses was Joseph
X. Powers of San Antonio, formerly
keeper of tho national cemetery at Fort
Brown. Powers said he had conversa-
ton with Major Penrose following the
shooting. quoting the latter as saying he
would rather have lost his right arm than
have had his men do the shooting and
he would give a years pay to know
which soldiers did it.
That the officers of the Twenty-ifth
infantry knew the shooting was done
by their men was testified to by Mrs.
Kate Leahy, who said Lieutenant Greer
told her the officers recognized the re-
ports of the high power rifles. but were
afraid to leave their families to investi-
gate, believing that the soldiers were
fighting among themselves, as on previous
occasions.
At the afternoon session, DR.. Joseph K.
Combe. retired army officer, and mayor
of Brownsville, declared that he was IA
miliar with the report of army rifles and
expressed the opinion that the bullets
were fired from such rifles on the night
of the raid. On the succeeding morning
he declared he visited the army post and
saw several soldiers cleaning the guns.
contradictory TO the previous evidence
by officers and men of the battalion. An
other witness, Mrs. r. H. Wallis, as
serted that she saw the flashes of the
guns as they were fired from the post. She
declared that roll call at the barracks was
a half hour after the shooting ceased. At
a previous hearing soldiers declared that
the shooting was still in progress while
the roll was being called. A number of
houses shot into were visited today.
The Birmingham age-herald. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 1902-1950, 1909-12-01
END OF THE TRIAL
NEAR AT HAND

Greensboro, N. c., November 9.-The
end of the trial of Lee H. Battle. who is
being tried In the federal court here in
connection with the failure of the City
National bank Of this city. of which he
was cashier, is near at hand, the gov
eminent resting at noon today.
One of the strongest pieces of evidence
brought out by the government today was
the testimony Of A. L. Balm, secretary
and superintendent of the Pomona mills,
of which Battle was general manager,
who swore that his note of $1,000 held by
the City National bank with Pomona
stock as collateral, was an accommoda-
ton note. The witness created somewhat
OF sensation by testifying that he was
induced to make the note by Battle who
he says told him the bank examiner was
expected in few days and 1t was nee
essary to show a reduction in the indebt-
edness of the mills. Witness testified that
Battle assured him In writing that he
would not be called on to pay either
principal or interest. The receiver Of the
hank has since instituted suit against
Balm for the amount of the note. Other
damaging evidence was given by F. c.
Campbell, bookkeeper for the Pomona
mills. who testified that Battle lost $500
for the mills dealing in cotton futures
during the fall Of 1907.
The case will go to the jury Friday
morning, Ave hours having been allowed
for argument on each side.