davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-17
Garden on Every Farm.

"A good many men pillow their gar.
den in the spring and harrow it, with.
out ever applying any kind of manure
and leave the rest of the work to be
done by the women folks and good
deal OF heavy digging and transplant-
ing OF vines should be done because
the women are not strong enough or
else have too much house work to do.
But good garden should be on every
farm and a farm of 100 acres or more
should have at least an acre of gar.
den we'll attended and | would advise
1t to be divided in one-tenth-acre
tracts or size tracts to suit, one-tenth
to be planted to each different per-
enn1al plant, such as asparagus, ber-
ries and grapes, and then as much of
the land to annual plants as is needed
to supply the demand of an ordinary
s1G0-acre farm. And don't forget a
patch of ground in the garden for al
falfa for green manuring.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-17
HAY-MAkING ADVICE.

Cut your feeding hay early.
Keep the bearings clean and well
oiled
Clover should BIZ cut before it falls
down. You can get it all in this way.
Stop the machine every hour to
touch up the knives with file or whet.
stone.
With wad of wool in the oil cups
you need not oil the mower SO fire.,
quently.
Every mower tool box should con.
tain monkey wrench, milestone and
fiat file.
Wait till the dew is off before you
start the mower, and put in the time
cultivating the corn or potatoes.
Mark the light spots in the mead
ows to pillow and reseed after harvest.
Sharp knives make light draft.
AS a matchmaker, milk-maker, and
money-maker, alfalfa is equally priced,
and as "a rejuvenator and improver OF
soils it has no rival.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-17
NOTES ON SHEEP RAISING.

Ten sheep will eat as much as one
COW and aim to feed accordingly. II
Is all right to feed on the ground nm.
less 1t is muddy and wet. when they
should be fed in racks; the thrcshed
oats or coarse feed in trough.
The average farmer should keen
clear OF fads. Grow sheep for both
wool and mutton. Both are grown on
the same carcass and both should be
considered in the line of profit in their
production. A sheep is no more a
sheep without wool than it would be
without mutton.
There are 9O,OOO,0OO people in this
country, but we are raising only about
5O,OO0.OOO sheep-half sheen for
each person yearly. We ought to be
eating a whole sheep every 12 months
Then the sheep business would hum
And this can be brought about by
raising good sheep and educating the
foreigners who are coming over mt
the rate OF a million a year to eat
them.
The best condition in sheep prod,,e.
ton cannot come until the PRINCIPAL
part of the ilocks of America is to be
found on farms. The distribution
should be wide and not confined 10
one locality.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-17
WHEAT IN FAR NORTHWEST.
Fruit, But Irrigation Rapidly In
creasing Latter.

In the district comprising the ter
ritory where Washington, Idaho, Mon.
tana and Oregon join, taking in 1907
600 square miles, the wheat crop for
1908 was valued at $45,O00,000, and
the fruit from the same district was
estimated at s16,0O0,O0O, writes Clar-
cnce e. Edmonds in American Re-
view OF Reviews. 1t is predicted that
wheat production in this vast terri
tory will decline from this time on,
while fruit production will increase
until 1t overshadows cereals.
What irrigation and fruit have
done for the great state of California
they are doing for the northwest,
this being evidenced by the great
rapidly OF settlement noted in Ore
gon and Washington, where the pop
ulation has more than doubled in the
last eight years. With the increase
in population comes, necessarily. not
only a decrease in the wheat area,
but also an increase in home con-
sumption, thus lessening the supply
furnished the outside world from the
surplus.
THESE are the conditions to be
found today in the empire lying on
the western coast of the United
States, from British Columbia to Mex
leo. The conditions are changing
with each year, and the day is not
far distant when all of the grain
raised in that vast territory will be
consumed at home and the world will
be called upon to supply a deficiency
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-17
SOMETHING ABOUT TREES.

The Glove is the flower bud of an
evergreen tree. When the flowers are
in full bloom they are of brilliant
red, the little ball at the top of the
Glove being formed of curled-up pet
ais. Glove trees are natives OF the
Moluccas, or Spice islands.
horticultural inspectors in Wash.
ington. Oregon and Idaho report that
there are 100000 growing fruit
trees in those states-5,744,257 of
them bore fruit last year.
A yearling tree is preferred by
many to older trees. They are
thought to be safer to transplant than
two-year-old trees.
When planting never let the roots
get dry by leaving them in the sun or
wind. Keep the trees covered with
wss sacks and uncover one at a time.
An old elm tree was recently cut
down near Oldtown. Me. The tree
was four feet and four inches at the
butt and 121 bateau knees We're cut
from its branches and sold for $3.50.
Five more cords of wood from the tree
sold for S. per cord.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-17
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FEEDING OF THE YOUNG PIG
To Do 1t Properly Is Both an Art and
Science and Well Worth
Studying.

1t is both an art and science to
properly feed young pigs, and is some
thing well worth any farmers time TO
study. The most economical gains
that pig ever makes are made while
he is young, and upon his. early
growth and the proper development
of his digestive system depends the
economy and success with which he
will later be fattened. Hence one
must consider not alone supplying the
nutriments to make continuous growth
but supply such feeds as will develop
and prepare the digestive system for
the handling of the kinds and quaint
ties of feeds required in the finishing
process.
When the pig is born its digestive
tract is. filled with manure (the re-
suit of mucous eXcretions probably,
called meconium. Nature has provid-
ed for the removal of this by making
the first milk of the dam very rich in
oily globules which act as laxative
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-17
INCREASE CROP AREA
Several Irrigation Projects Will
Reclaim Much Land in West.
Millions of Acres of Ground viii Be
Added to crop-Producing Scope of
the United States by the AS
sistance Of Government.

Twenty five projects completed anG
upon which the government is now
at work will, when fully developed
add 3,19S,000 acres of land to the
cropproducing area of the United
States, while IL others held in abey-
ance until the completion of the for
mer, viii reclaim 3,270,00O acres, max
Ing total of G, 4GS, 900 acres reclaimed
at cost of $159,62l 900
The largest of the projects in Wash
ington are in the Yakima valley. as
follows': Sunnyside, 10000 acres,
cost $l,G00,000; Tieton, 80, 900. cost ST.
100000; Wapato, 10000 cost 81 $780,
600. The Okanogan will water 5000
acres at u cost OF 100000. Other pro
jects contemplated will add 5000
acres to the states crop,producing
area.
Government projects in Idaho are
the Minedoka. 100000 acres, costing
$4,000 and the Payette. Boise, 200,
600 acres. completed at a cost of 3d.
100000. The latter covers the largest
single tract under irrigation on the
continent at the present time. Ore
gon has the Umatilla, $4,000 acres
costing $l,1O0,O00, and the Klamath
extending into California, 10000
acres, costing s3,600,O0O.
The projects in Montana are the
Huntley. $4,000 acres, costing $780,
900, the Sun river, 10000 acres, cost
ing 100000, and the Milk river, IN
GLIDING the Saint Mary, 10000 acres,
costing $1,200,0O0. The Lower Vel
lowstone project, $4,000 acres, in Mon
tana and North Dakota, will cost 81
100000. The Blackfeet will water 81
900 acres in Montana where will also
be built the Flathead. 100000 acres,
and Fort Peck, $4,000 acres.
Salt river project in Arizona will
water 100000 acres, while the Yuma
in California and Arizona will care for
100000. Other projects are the I'm
compahgre, Col, 100000 acres; Gar
den City, Kan, 5000: North Platte,
Wyo., and Nebraska, 10000; Truckec-
Carson, New, 100000; Hondo, Carls-
bad and Rio Grande, New Mex, 45,-
900; Buford-Trenton, N. d.. 10000;
Belle Fourche, S. d., 100000; Sho.
shone, Wyo., 100000, and Strawberry
valley, Utah, $4,000
Several millions of acres of lands
will also be covered in Montana, Cal.
ifornia, Washington. Colorado, Ari-
IONA, Idaho, Texas, Nevada, New Mex
leo, Oklahoma, Wyoming and Oregon
as soon as the funds are available.
More than 100000 acres of lands
are under private plants in various
states where plans are now under way
to put 100000 acres under the ditch
during the next three years. If these
projects are carried out the Horse
Heaven country, in Washington, will
contain single tract OF 100000 acres,
watered at cost Of $15,OOO,OOO. The
Pacific project in the Bow
river Galley. east OF Calgary, Alberta,
upon which work started in 1904, will
cover 100000 acres at a cost of S.
100000. making it the largest single
tract on the continent.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-17

and slide this meconium out readily.
If it is left in the system gases arise
from it, and it is absorbed into the
system, causing the pig discomfort
and sickness. If the dam for any rea-
son dies, very rich milk must be sup.
piled to remove this meconium.
The muscles surrounding the diges.
tive canals of little pig are not
strong. 1t is not natural they should
be. Therefore the little pig is not
fitted to cope with large amounts of
crude fiber. 1t needs bulky but fine
feeds. Coarse cellulose, such as is
found in oats, barley and things of
that sort, it is almost impossible for
a small pig with its rather feeble mus
cular activity to handle. The mucous
Innings of the intestines and stomach
are tender and delicate. They become
irritated very easily by coarse, harsh
substances. Giving them rough, graf
ing feeds would produce about tie
same sensation in their intestines that
getting a cinder into the eye does upon
the membrane of the eyelid
The cells of the digestive tract
through which the nutrients pass out
into the system are small The alb
sorption powers of the pig are there.
fore weak. He cannot handle as
many nutrients nor as easily as can
the large celled mature animal To
give him more than he can absorb,
is not alone a waste of feed, but also
waste of his energy. The nutrients
that he digests and does not absorb
simply pass out with the feces. They
do him no good at all, but he has
nevertheless had the work of digest
ing them.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-17
MAKEUP OF HORSES TEETH
What They Consist Of and How to
Tell an Early Foai from a
Late One.

The horSes's teeth consist of the fol-
lowing: Twelve incisors, front teeth,
six in each jaw; four tusks or canine
in each jaw, on each side,
says the Business Farmer
AS a rule, at birth foal has two
central incisors. If not, they will ap-
pear in day or two. From IA to q
days, the two middle teeth, viz, the
two next on each side OF the incis-
ors, develop, and in about two months
after appearance they become level
The third teeth on outside of the in
cisors or corner teeth are level with
the others at about eight months Lit
tie change take place in the teeth for
some months. At one year. the cups
have left the center teeth 4. ..a
These cups are the hollows in the
crowns of the teeth. The cups at Is
months leave the middle incisors and
at two years the same takes place
on the outside incisors. so that the
crowns of the lower incisors are fat
at that age. This makes it possible
to tell an early foal from a late one
at the foaling period by the develop
ing Of the cups, if any, in the corner
of the teeth. In developing the colt
teeth the upper and lower usually
appear at the same time.
The permanent teeth begin to dis.
place the colts teeth soon after the
animal reaches two, years. This dis
placement is brought about by the
actual absorption Of the fangs of the
permanent teeth. 1t begins with the
center incisors, which will show a
slight contraction. discoloring and
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-17
Air and Water.

Air is just as necessary an ele-
.nent in the soil as the water. but
both must be there in proper quaint
ties. If there is too much air and
too little moisture nitrlfication ceases.
If there is too much moisture and too
little air the effect is the same. From
ten years experience and observation
we have concluded that a certain
chemical action must be practically
continuous in the soil during the
growing season if we are to grow the
largest crops. This chemical action
is unquestionably dependent upon
Just @ certain ideal or perfect condi-
ton of the sofia physical condition
that will carry in the soil just the
ideal quantity Of both air and water
and then as soon as the soil be-
comes sufficiently warm natures work
begins.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-17
Horses Hard to Handle.

Many incorrigible horses have been
started on their degenerate career by
improper management The stubborn
disposition of mature horse that
encourages him to rebel against the
authority of man could, if properly
cultivated when young, have made the
horse useful animal when matured.
Foals should be carefully handled and
halter broken at weaving time and
taught that man is their master and
protector. Young foals are easily
halter broken and taught that man is
their friend and when old enough to
work will readily submit to the tasks
imposed by the trainer or breaker.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-17
Dry FARMING.

Only within the past few years has
there been general recognition of the
value and practicability Of Soil culture
in farming, the dry country. 1t is a
science built upon years of actual
field experiments in many states and
under all conditions. Farmers are
naturally conservative and slow to
change their ways, and only when
success has been demonstrated many
times and in the face of fiercest criti-
cism has the method been accepted.
But now the desire for information
comes from all directions.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-17
I. curinu the llI1ay.

With dry air above and dry soil be
meath. hay win cure very fast under
the hot sun. Cut IN the forenoon, II
win be ready to put up In the after
noon. Il the hay 10 not very heavy
and IL the air and soil are dry It is
best 70 rake in windrows an hour aft
Ell moving and allow It to cure slowly
there. Leave some Of the natura.
moisture In the hay to give 1t taste
and flavor. Hay too ripe and too DRY.
liss not only tasteless, but IL less ai
gestible than when It lie put up green
er with some Of the natural sap In It
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-17
Cherries.

Fine cherries are grand fruit. Ma.
.ture has never provided satisfactory
substitute for them. The extreme
measures adopted by boys, young and
old, to satisfy the inward, inbred, in
tolerable craving for them, when
temptingly displayed ON some neigh
boris tree, attest the captivating and
alluring lusciousness of fine cherries,
says writer in an exchange. may
further state with safety that the as
sumption Of considerable risk in this
respect by the young boys is strong
evidence Of q cultivated palate and
discriminating Judgment, as well as a
goading appetite. Is
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-17
Goats for CLEARING Land

GOATS TOT Siearin9 Land.
l have in mind an uneven pasture
field which had become overrun with
hazel brush and other small shrub
berry writes a correspondent of the
Michigan Farmer. The owner put
IN that field last season small flock
of goats and a short time since / had
occasion to go there to view some cat
tie. did not see single live hazel
brush. There was dead brush stick
ing up on all sides and the June grass
had gained its hold there. Feed was
abundant where only one year ago
was q mass of brushes. In many
places In Michigan the goats could be
used to advantage in clearing the
land of bushes and making the plant.
ing Of crops possible where at present,
the conditions make 1t out Of the cues
ton. .fZs ssI{. - M y & - =
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-17
Imports Of Oats.

During the ten months ending with
April of this year. the imports of
oats into the United States amounted
to Is 500 1913 bushels. as compared with
2Ol, 1888 bushels during the same Pc
Rod one year. ago. This looks as If
the oats CROP Of che United States
needs some attention. Not as much
attention has been paid to this ce-
real as should be. It responds most
readily to improved cultural proc
sssea.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-17
LIVE STOCK NOTES.

Sows narrowing in April, if we'll fed,
will produce second litter in August
or September.
When sheep begin to look ragged
and lose wool in spots, better look out
for some skin disease.
Keep the eve very quiet with the
young lamb. Do not have any excite.
ment in the way of dogs to disturb
her.
lar exercise everyday. If not used
daily in the harness, she should be
: turned loose in yard.
When you lead the horse to water.
tie him there and let him take his
time while 9you rub him down. No
time wasted then.
No farm animal is given such poor
quarters as the hog. Still, none will
give better returns for good care and
treatment than this scme hog.
The Ohio station finds that corn is
equal to oats in every way as feed
for work horses; also that oats do not
give an animal more spirit and endur.
ance.
Sows may be kept from eating their
pigs by giving them a great variety
of food for two months or more before
the pigs come along. 1t should include
some animal food and plenty of salt
Don't grumble if it is necessary for
you to get up in the night few times
during Landing season. 1t won't hurt
you and it will help long way in
bringing the flock through success.
fully.
Do not under any circumstances al.
low the ram to be teased or torment.
ed. Those who have handled them
have learned that it is very easy to
develop a playful or tricky disposition
in these animals. A
Give the mare sufficient feed TO
keep her in a thrifty condition. Wheat
bran and oil-meal, and occasionally
feed Of roots. apples. potatoes. ETC.,
for variety. Do not allow her to be-
come constipated.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-17
Care for the Horse.

Don't place the horse in hot stall
to eat and rest. Better feed him in
the shade of a tree, where the cool
breezes will make him comfortable
while he eats and recuperates. "A
barn should be well ventilated If used
for work-teams in summer. Goud
open sheds are much more preferable
for summer use.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-17
TRIO atinn the, Garden.

The garden should be well and
deeply plowed every winter or fall
after . heavy coat of manure has been
applied. The land should be irrigated
during the winter SO that the spring
thaws and freezes will better rot the
manure.
Il there are any high spots which
are hard to irrigate they should be
sleveled on. as the garden ID = place
where there should 10 no time wasted
81 CARING for what grows there.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-17
conerete Floor for cattle.

y A concrete floor for cattle should
not be smooth. After putting the top
layer In place brush It with a coarse
broom, which will leave the surface
somewhat rough,
The milking stable should be free
from dust and disagreeable odors, and
the mixers hands clean and dry. He
should have clean. loose jumper and
overalls to slip on over his clothing,
and these should be washed ire
Quently. -l
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-17

There Is retribution for nations in
this world owthat Spain faces a finan-
Gial crisis through drain by the war
IN Morocco, IT must feel pang that
the rich field Of Cuba is no longer at
its disposal to draw upon.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-17

The reversing Of I. judgment by.
an appellate court en- the ground Of a
mere technically when substantial
Justice has been administered is an
outrage, says Justice Brewe.. Of the
supreme court Of the United States.
the highest legal authority in the
world. This is q confirmation Of the
public ideal Of law as the conseryator
and defender of Justice and Of tech.
lnicality % the form by which is pre-.
served the spirit.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-17

Now they are talking of the Ameri.
can Peril" in Europe. There is not
more peaceful or peace-loving power
In the world than this country. and its
possibility as a peril" exists only in
the excited European Imagination in
whose minds the war scare is turning
into a panic.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-17
Permanent Teeth.

After the fangs have been alb.
sorbed the remains fall OF and the
permanent teeth appear. When this is
the case the colt is rising three. At
three years the two permanent cen.
trail teeth are level with. the two mid.
die incisors. When the same process
has begun in the two lower middle in
cisors the colt is three OF" in horse
parlance. When the two middle colt
teeth have dropped he .is rising four"
AT four the two permanent middle In.
3cisors arb level with the two perman.
;ent incisors. The same process goes
on with the outside incisors until the
colt reaches five. when the incisors
teeth are level. The permanent teeth
in the top jaw usually mature in ad.
vance and the lower jaw is therefore
the best safeguard.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-17

A Massachusetts woman left five
times more to her canine pets than to
her husband. She must have been
some connection Of the cynical lady
who announced that the more she saw
of men, the better she liked dogs.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-17

Now Carlism. reviving, has added
IL claims to those Of the revolution.
ists. socialists and republicans to tear
unhappy Spain. But II the throne is
oyeFturned. It will not be change Of
mcnarchs the people win want, but q
change 81 government. e
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-17

Nearly 400 blooded sheep from
King Edwards stock farm have been
purchased by a Wisconsin breeder.
and are now on the way west from
Boston. where they were landed re.
Gently Wisconsin stock raisers
have royal tastes, so far as fine
strains Of breeding ire concerned
and some OF the best cattle, sheep and
hogs In the world are now to be found
in that commonwealth.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-17
\ PROFIT "a Fruit.

While the average money receiyes
from an acre; Of apple trees win no.
exceed SIS. IN many cases. under mol,
Sern methods Of high culture, propc1
fertilixing and spraying OF the trees
10 destroy insects and funxous dis
cases : yield Of 5000 to $500 per acre
lei obtained on many farms, and ther,
are well,knowg Instances where 80
has been received FOR an acre Of Bald
win apples.