davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Wallowa County chieftain. [volume] (Enterprise, Or.) 1909-1911, 1909-02-11
Home Course In
Modern Agriculture
How q Seed Starts to Grow
By C. v. GREGORY
Agricultural DiviSicn. IosOa STATE CoUe6e
BY C. V. GREGORY.
Copyright. 1908 by Am Association

the same way. 1t is much the same
inside as the bean, only flatter. The
hilum is at the pointed end, and the
plumule is so small that you may not
he able to see it at all. In these two
seeds there are only two main parts,
the seed coat and the little plant. By
far the greater part Of the room inside
the seed coat is taken up by the fleshy
seed leaves.
Now let us look at different kind
of seed. Take a kernel of corn that
has been soaked for several hours and
cut it in two lengthwise the narrow
way. The back of the grain is made
up in part of a hard, f1inty substance
and in part of white, mealy layer. A
large part of the front of the kernel is
taken up by the soft, oily germ.
Look at the cut section Of the germ
carefully. The little plant can be
made out very plainly. The little
pointed stem which points upward and
outward is the cotyledon. There is
only one cotyledon in corn instead Of
two, as in the other seeds you have
examined. If you will take cotyledon
of a corn plant that has been left in
warm place until it has commenced to
grow and cut it In two lengthwise you
will see that the inside is packed with
layers of tiny leaves ready to unfold
as soon as their turn comes. This is
the plumuie. The other parts Of the
little corn plant you will be able to
make out with little trouble.
You have doubtless been wondering
what the rest of the kernel, the part
back Of the germ, is for While 1t In
not part of the plant itself. 1t is OF
very great use to It, as we shall see.
The little plant when 1t begins to
grow must have food. At first it has
no roots to get this food from the soil.
so it must get its nourishment from
some other source. This source is the
part Of the kernel outside of the germ
itself, or the endosperm. In the pump
kin seed and the bean the endosperm
and the cotyledons are the same-that
is the food material is stored in the
large. fishy seed leaves.
This food material consists largely
Of starch and oil. Neither of these can
be used by the developing plart with
out first being changed to a liquid
form. This is one of the reasons why
seeds will not germinate without wa
ter. The other reason is that the wa.
Wallowa County chieftain. [volume] (Enterprise, Or.) 1909-1911, 1909-02-11

ter is needed to soften the seed coat so
the plant can get out. But this starch
and oil will not dissolve in water
without first being changed to a solu-
BILE form. This is accomplished by
means of ferments called engines. II
you will put a piece Of starch on your
tongue for moment you will find that
It will begin to taste sweet. This is
because the ferments in the saliva are
changing it to sugar. The engines in
the endosperm work in much the same
way, changing the starch and oil to
sugar and other soluble substances.
These are dissolved by the water and
so to feed the growing plant.
These engines cannot work without
air and warmth. You already know
that seed will not germinate in cold
ground, and if you will put some
beans in a glass Of water and leave
them for several days you will find
that they viii not germinate, no mat
ter how warm they are kept, because
they cannot get air. The reason is that
without both air and warmth the en-
zymes cannot prepare the food for the
plant, and if it cannot get food of
course it cannot grow.
After the plant has started to grow
the seed coat is no longer of any use
to it. In some plants, such as corn,
the little plant finds it's way out very
easily. The little pumpkin plant, with
Its heavy coat, has a harder time. In
deed, were it not for little contriv-
ance with which nature has provided
1t 1t could not get out at all. This Is a
tiny hook on the lower end of the
seed. This hook catches on the end of
the seed coat and peels it back as
neatly as you take off your coat.
Watch for this in terminating pump
kin or squash seed and see If you can
not notice It, In some seeds, like hick-
ory nuts, the plant is unable to get out
until the seed coat is cracked by the
frost or in. some other way.
We have seen that a seed cannot
start to grow unless it has moisture,
warmth and air. 1t not only needs
these, but it needs them in the proper
proportions. In a light, sandy soil
moisture is often lacking, and the
seed is slow in terminating for this
reason. In such a soil growth will
start more quickly If the soil is pack
ed tightly around the seed. The seed
will soak up moisture more rapidly if
the particles of soil are In close con-
tact with it on all sides. Packing
down the soil in the row with the
fiat side of hoe or with a board or
with the broad, fiat planter wheels in
the field helps the seed to absorb
moisture and so hastens termination.
In a heavy, sticky clay soil there is
usually plenty of moisture, but air is
often lacking. If such a soil is pack
ed down too tightly over the seed the
particles are forced so closely together
that very little air can get through,
and hence termination is delayed. In
a soil of this kind seeds should never
be planted very deeply.
The most important factor of all is
warmth. A cold soil may have
Wallowa County chieftain. [volume] (Enterprise, Or.) 1909-1911, 1909-02-11

moisture and air In exactly the right
amounts, and still the seed will not
start to develop. Even If 1t does be-
gin to grow progress will be slow, and
the plant will have a weak, unhealthy
look. 1t is of the utmost Importance
to wait until the seed bed is warm
before planting the seed. Many seeds
which would rot or produce only
spindling stalks If planted in a cold
soil will grow into strong plants II
planting is delayed until the soil has
become warm. Any seed will make
stronger, better producing plant If it
has warm seed bed to start from.
The rapidity with which soil will
warm up in the spring depends great
deal upon the nature Of the soil itself
A sandy soil warns up quickly be-
cause the air can get down into It
easily, thus warming 1t all the way
through at once. Another reason for
the higher temperature of sandy soil
is its greater dryness. AS long as wa
ter is evaporating rapidly the ground
will be cold. The process of evapora-
ton requires a great deal Of heat.
Wallowa County chieftain. [volume] (Enterprise, Or.) 1909-1911, 1909-02-11

never be heard OF. A cold often
forms culture bed for germs of
infectious diseases Consumption,
pneumonia. diphtheyia, and scarlet
fever, four of the most dangero 70
and fatal diseases, are OF this class.
The culture bed formed by the cold
favors the development of the germs
of these diseases, that would not
otherwise find lodgment. There is
little danger, however, of any of
these diseases being contracted when
good expectorant cough medlci Q
like Chamberlain's Cough Remedy
is used. 1t cleans out these cultd.
beds that favor the development Of
the germs of these diseases. That is
why this remedy has proved SO Il
Eersally successful In preventing
1t not only cures your
eold quickly, but minimizes the risk
of contracting these dangerous dis.
eases. For sale by Burnaugh &
alayfield.
Wallowa County chieftain. [volume] (Enterprise, Or.) 1909-1911, 1909-02-11
Fed is a simple thing to look

SEED Ia simple thing to look
N at. 1t might as well be
"A pebble or grain of sand for
all there seems to be to 1t.
Only a bean, you say. yet there's a
great deal more to that bean than you
ever dreamed of.
Take bean-just an ordinary white
bean out Of the pantry-and look at it.
The smooth white outer covering is
the seed coat. 1t is almost water
tight and Is a protection for the parts
that lie within. On one side you will
notice very conspicuous spot This
Is the seed scar and is the place where
the little stem that fastened the bean
to the pod was attached. Near one
end of the seed scar, or hilum, as the
botanists call it, is small round hole,
the micropyle. If you put bean in
water it will soon begin to swell be-
cause Of the water which it absorbs
through the micropyle.
Now, take bean that has been
soaked for a few hours. The seed
Wallowa County chieftain. [volume] (Enterprise, Or.) 1909-1911, 1909-02-11
ITo BE Continued
Red Cross Gives s15O.OOO.

Rome, Feb. 9.-lt is announced
officially that the American Red
Cross, through Ambassador Griscom,
has put $150,O00 at the disposal of
the committee organized by Queen
Helena, which has undertaken the
establishment of an orphanage to be
devoted to the care Of children of
homeless and without care of par
ents after the earthquake disaster.
Wallowa County chieftain. [volume] (Enterprise, Or.) 1909-1911, 1909-02-11

bunch Of leaves SO small that you
may have difficulty in making them
out. Farther on, at the end of the
bean, is the stubby root, or radicle.
These different parts are found in ev-
cry seed, no matter how small.
Now that you have seen what is in
the bean. examine a pumpkin seed in
Wallowa County chieftain. [volume] (Enterprise, Or.) 1909-1911, 1909-02-11
Or J. E. Reynolds, La Crandc, Oregor.

allow the surplus wafer TO be given OF
by evaporation we must provide tile
drains and bitches to carry 1t away
We shall study more about drainage
and the movement Of water through
the soil In another article.
Wallowa County chieftain. [volume] (Enterprise, Or.) 1909-1911, 1909-02-11

coat will come
off easily. The
part Of the bean
that is inside Is
found to be split
In two length
wise. These two
halves are called
cOtyledons, which
Is only another
name for seed
leaves. Spread
I Ii e cotyledons
apart carefully.
If you look close
ly you can see a
little plant tuck
ed snugly away
between h e m
Just to one side
of the middle is
a small stem, the
caulicle. Fasten-
ed to it is the
plumule, q tiny
Wallowa County chieftain. [volume] (Enterprise, Or.) 1909-1911, 1909-02-11
A Common Cold.

We claim that If catching cold
could be avoided some of the most
dangerous and fatal diseases would
Wallowa County chieftain. [volume] (Enterprise, Or.) 1909-1911, 1909-02-11

We can help the soil to become
warm in the spring, then, by doing all
that we can to check evaporation. Did
you ever notice how quickly the sur
face of wet field became dry after it
had been narrowed? This is because
stirring and loosening the soil stops
the water from coming up from be-
low. The water in the loose upper
layer soon evaporates. and after that
the heat is used in warming the soil
instead Of turning the water into va
por. OF course If we are not going to
Wallowa County chieftain. [volume] (Enterprise, Or.) 1909-1911, 1909-02-11

bA o
Canadian
in nine eearat
IF mHe edinokbdt
mocra danda dakaE
hay Haua
One Sod Crop Actually Pays For The Land And
It, HYou Raise No Crop You Make No
U Uio shave ebouhtH
beings gdippeho mPndan
thing wheh
by hmookwn
an sta It wihouha hatr
Hundreds Of Wide
Of hmea being alrad
and is onteAm
meh
dy terms The
ddhw btafico t haul Hwmh
dhuasor rdoanyHmg orikatde
%MemTp
dLdD %
Sierra County advocate. [volume] (Kingston, N.M.) 1884-1960, 1909-07-02

Continued on page -
, 1909-12-08

ces; for example, the Treasury made
communication TO the tea trade,
which were followed by = resolution
to pay: nevertheless, Gho -r3asEr. bills Out
standing are already eighJ millions ABOVE
last year, and must increase largely; collec-
tions viii certainly be lessened and delayed,
and the unsettlement of trade and industry
is likely to be emphasized in an effort to dis
credit the government, hence any reduction
of the bank rate is improbable, although the
ratio of reserve is fifty six per cent, the high
est for u decade.
Sixty eight lancashire spinners report an
aggregate loss of 239, 903 pounds, and four
teen report profits. The ressA YES are de-
pleted by dividends from ptst profits. The
reports are the worst for twenty five years.
Mr. Balfour, ia a letter, says the United
States will soon use all the cotton it
raises, aud an excessive portion of the
worlds supply is dependent solely upon
the American climlte; from this it IS inferred
that if the Unionists are Successful in the
coming elections, Mr.. BaIfour will subsjdize
British grown cotton.
A Copenhagen despatch announces that
Princess Waldemar is dying, following upon
an unfayourable turn to an attack of infu-
enza. The members of the Royal family
have been summoned to her bedside.
A Rome despatch says the Chamber of
Deputies has rejected "a reduction OF taxation
upon necessities, which was to be offset by a
progressive income tax. The Giolitli Cab
met has resigned.
Ottawa, Dec. 3rd--phe Senate has rati-
fed the Franco. Canadian treaty. Sir Will
frid L8urier announced he was considering
the status of consuls in Canada.
Washington, Dec. 3rd-A telegram from
Co,,;orr0 GbI; n r Tho yoVO+OoNl hos bapu
signed for King Edwards mediation respect
ing the Alsop claim.
The Panama Canal commission is to be alb
olished, and its functions centralized in a Di-
rector General.
New York, December 3rd
Flour, Blended Clears per barrel $50
Meal, Kindred, per barre 3.30-3.35
New Seasons Pork
Heavy Mess Pork, $254-26
Crystals per 100 lbs 433-
sugar Muscovado 89otest 1oofbs. 3.83
MoIas ses lIng. Isld@ per gal. 10 qlotaCoa
Liver?ool Cotton, middling Upland. u
Exchange, New York&London, 80 days sight
asa
Exchange NewYork and Jondon,si light 1911
London, December Bird
Dem. Crystals los. 3d-17s. Gil
Sugar Lond I1s0 Calls "a
German beet IS f. o. b.. October
delivery Us. I'D.
Java Sugar 96o1to Gibralt2r or Channel for
orders, Ioating terms. 49,. 44d.
Demernra Rum, Is dis. la.
Cocoa, Trinidad, good middllng Red, pr cwt'
54s. Sd.
Cotton, medium Fine Stat Liverpool, nominal
Is. 43d.
Bank Of England Rate of discount S.
Corsols 81
rhree per cent. Rentes III Paris $500.
, 1909-12-08

The boys of the Brass Baud have
brought themselves more up to date
through getting stylish American-made
uniforms of khaki trimmed with black
braid and caps to match-the bandmasters,
of course, being the SWEETEST. They sportod
them for the first time yesterday, and as if
to express how proud they felt in their new
togs, played for all they were worth, giving
a fine programme with operate selections,
then marching down to the lively strains
of q ringing quickstep. And the crowd,
trim and tidy, was with them too.-I6%d.
, 1909-12-08

E. NJ. S. Ingolf, Capt. Kunow, arrived
this morning from Copenhagen and on en-
tering the port saluted with IL guns, to
which the Battery replied. The ship will
spend the winter in these waters
S.. Ihom0s BuAIetla, Nor. G9M.
The Marion daily mirror. (Marion, Ohio) 1892-1912, 1909-08-30
VERY QUIETLY
Two Well Known Young
People are Married

A marriage of interest, especially
tc the younger social sets of the city
was that of Miss Harriet Torrey
daughter of Mr.. John Torrey, to Mr.
Frank Philbrick, solemnized Satur-
cay evening at the home of the
groom's parents, Mr.. and Mrs. A. r.
Philbrick, of Columbia street West
only immediate relatives witnessed
the impressive ring service at 1885
o'clock by Rev Eckoff of Cardington
Both Mr.. and Mrs. Philbrick are
extremely popular socially, the bride
being a young woman of charming
personality and accomplishments
and the groom member or the Tai
ly Wag Club and valuable employe
in the Office OF the Susquehanna SILK
mills. They will be at home on Vine
street south.
The Marion daily mirror. (Marion, Ohio) 1892-1912, 1909-08-30
MOVING REMAINS
FROM OLD CEMETERY
Work is Now Almost Com.
plete After Two Years
Old Cemetery VIII Probably be Of
rercd for Sale i,s Soon as the Work
is Complete.

The work of exhuming the bodies
in the old st. Mary's cemetery and
reintering them in the new cemetery.
which has been conducted from time
to time for the past two years, is
nearing completion, and it is said by
those in charge that soon the new
cemetery will hold the remains of
all those who died previous to the
establishment of the new grounds.
The task, which has been a very
great one, has been laboriously con-
Quoted for some time past.
Previous to the establishment OF
the new cemetery in the South End
the old grounds located Immediately
opposite the new, across the Della
ware pike, were kept up but later
than this, little or no effort was
made at keeping them in condition.
Local members of the Catholic
The Marion daily mirror. (Marion, Ohio) 1892-1912, 1909-08-30

church. thinking that the remains of
their friends should be located in the
new cemetery soon began the work
of relnterring the remains with the
result that the work has been going
on very steadily for several months
past. Now, 1t is stated that prac-
tically all of the dead have been re-
moved, together with their mark
ings and that considerations for the
sale Of the cemetery will be in order
within the near future. Some of the
members of the church, however,
have refused to comply with the
wishes of the others but 1t Is be-
lleved that these few will permit the
removal of the remains of their
friends with the completion of the
work.
During the progress of the work
there have been many interesting
things discovered in many of the old
graves. Some Of the graves have not
been open in forty years and the
diggers declare hat for the most part
the caskets are in fair condition. In
some instances. on the other hand
there has been difficulty experienced
in locating the remains.
1t Is probable that the old cemetery
will be added to the present public
cemetery.
The Marion daily mirror. (Marion, Ohio) 1892-1912, 1909-08-30
WILL LECTURE ON BETTER
MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT
,Seaborn Wright Will be
Here Tuesday Evening.
First Presbyterian Church VIII bc
Thrown Open To the Voters OF Ma
rlon Who are Interested.

Better Municipal Government Is 10
he the note sounded by Seaborn
Wright, the eloquent Georgian, at a
mass meeting of the men or Marion
TO be held at the First Presbyterian
church Tuesday evening.
Mr.. Wright's experience has COW
cred all phases OF the game political,
and from his coign OF vantage entirely
removed from any personal ambition
TO swim in the muddy pool he has
gathered some valuable facts anent
right government and some equally
valuable hints concerning wrong gov
eminent. Every man Interested in
the welfare OF his city will make a
special effort to hear Mr.. Wright's
suggestions and apply them on the
vote in the coming municipal election,
Seaborn Wright has been associa-
ted with George Steward in lecture
and field of work along the line OF
moral and governmental uplift, and
takes rank among the most popular
and practical speakers of the land.
His ideals are OF the ueable sort, and
his dreams, the oDsession with which
most lecturers are accredited, are the
KIND that may be made to come true
Wright is q product OF Rome, Georgia
The Marion daily mirror. (Marion, Ohio) 1892-1912, 1909-08-30
PROMINENT MAN A
VICTIM OF BRIGHT'S DISEASE
Francis Dali Passed Away
Monday Morning.
Funeral Services VIII be Conducted on
Wednesday Afternoon mt Lahuc
Baptist Church.

Francis Dali, we'll known resident
Of the western part OF the county,
died at the home of his son, John
Dali, at $3.50 o'clock Monday morning.
Demise was the result OF a long Ill
ness with Brights disease.
The deceased was aged seventy-hve
years. He had resided at the place OF
death for five years and had been a
resident of the county for thirty-nine
years. He was Civil War veteran
having enlisted during the last year
of the war at Plain City, Union
county, Ohio. He was member OF
company X. of the 136th o. V. |. He
was a prominent member OF the La
Rue order Of q. A. II. and was az
filiated with various county organiza-
tions.
The surviving members OF the
family are, John Dali, at whose home
death occurred, James, Albert and
David C. Dali, both hesiding In the
vicinity of LaRue.
Funeral services will be conducted
from the Baptist church at LaRue,
wednesday afternoon, the hour not
having been definitely set Interment
will be made in Price cemetery, near
LaRue
The Marion daily mirror. (Marion, Ohio) 1892-1912, 1909-08-30
HOLINESS
Was the Topic of Rev. Ho-
mer Elliott's Address.

Rev. Homer Elliott, one OF Ma
rion's most promising young minis
tiers, delivered powerful sermon on
"Holliness" at Epworth NJ. e. church
Sunday evening. The church was well
filled and the young minister was
heard with much interest.
Rev. Elliott left the city Monday
morning for Ada, Ohio where he will
persue a literary course in the Ohio
Northern University. He will also
preach in the rural churches of that
vicinity. Rev. Elliott is a son of Mrs
S. T. Elliott Of Olney avenue.
Save your grain by buying a set o.
listing guards, sold only by the
Houghton Merkel Co. 7-17-tf
The Marion daily mirror. (Marion, Ohio) 1892-1912, 1909-08-30
SPECIAL STAMP
Local Collectors are AL.
ready Becoming Active.

+ Local stamp collectors are much
interested in the report that the
United States government will soon
issue a special stamp Tor the Fulton
and Hudson celebration In New York.
The anniversary of the discovery of
the Hudson river and the sailing of
the firts steamship "Clermont," in
vented by Fulton will be commemo-
rated in this way and local collect
ors of stamps will make a special ef-
fort to obtain a number of the
stamps as II is said that the supply
Will be quite limited.
The Marion daily mirror. (Marion, Ohio) 1892-1912, 1909-08-30
BUSY SESSION
School Board Will Hold
Meeting This Evening.

There are at present four vacan-
cies in the corps of teachers in the
local public schools and an ad-
journed meeting of the board of ed
ucation will be held at the High
school building this evening to con-
slider the matter. There are a num-
ber of applications for the position.
These will be classified and 1t is
hoped by the members of the board
TO have the positions filled this
evening. Some additional changes in
text books will also be given atten-
ton. An effort will be made to
have these matters settled soon. as
the time for the. opening of school is
less than one week away.
The Marion daily mirror. (Marion, Ohio) 1892-1912, 1909-08-30
ROBERTS S-GAST
Two Prominent Young Peo
pie are Welded. &

Miss Shirley Roberts, daughter OF
Postmaster j. J. Roberts, of Prospect
was united in marriage at $3.50 O'Clock
Sunday evening 10 Mr.. Carl Cast, one
of Prospects most popular young
men. The ceremony was performed
by Rev. A. ]. Clere at the new homo
which was recently constructed by
the groom.
The wedding was very quiet affair
only the members of the immediate
families being present. After the wed
ding, dinner was served, covers
having been laid for ten.
Sugar Bowl Ice cream. 10c pint. Il
The Marion daily mirror. (Marion, Ohio) 1892-1912, 1909-08-30

The enraged financial magnate was
charging badly through the Office of
the 10-cent monthly magazine.
What is he doing?" asked the amaz-
cd bystanders, running amuck?"
81 think not" said one of the frigh-
tened stenographers, preparing to flee
"Hes running a muck-raker." - Chi
eago Tribune.
The Marion daily mirror. (Marion, Ohio) 1892-1912, 1909-08-30

fact Of which his home state is par
donably proud.
Admission Tuesday evening will bc
free.