The Carlisle independent., 1909-10-28
h cPMIE GRE<HYe 5AXQlsE oNTlE H0oqS

worm, Trichnostrongylus gracilis, is
regarded by Dr. A E. Shipley. F. r.
s., who is the chief authority in the
present band Of Investigators, as the
real offender and he has made valu-
able contributions to the knowledge
caution is displayed by Dr. Shipley in
giving any statement as final, it seems
fairly well established that, owing TO
some earlier cause which reduces the
birds vitality and powers of resist
ance, these parasites are able to de-
velop to such an abnormal extent
that the bird succumbs to their at
tacks. In some instances the grouse
appear to recover. but as Mr.. E. ~
Wilson, the field naturalist to the
committee. points out. some of the
early symptoms of grouse disease
might be confoUn6ed with those Of
moulting
This brings us to the predisposing
causes which make a grouse unable
to resist the chronic wasting form of
illness. Is it possible that Prof Klein
was right and that form of pneu-
monia exists among the birds, which,
even if it does not carry them off, pre-
disposes them to injury from the
wasting form of the disease? 1t can
not be said that in the interim reports
of the committee of inquiry any great
leaning to this view is to be discov-
cred. During 1905. 1906 and 1907 the
very large number of field observers,
| amounting to several hundreds, asso-
ciated with the committee did not de-
tect one instance of the acute pneu-
monte form of the disease, and Mr..
Wilson has observed that some of the
symptoms relied on by Prof Klein in
his published monograph are not con
| elusive evidence of its existence 1t
seems, therefore, that the committee
are rather reluctant on the one hand
to admit Klein's grouse-pneumonia,
ano yet are at loss to explain why
otherwise it is that the birds become
susceptible to the wasting sickness.
Within the last few days the Zoo
logical society of London has issued
a series of papers by DR.. A. E. Ship.
ley on the parasitic organisms OF
which the grouse is host In these
papers the value to be attached to DR..
Cobbold's early observations is fully
apparent. The larvae of the thread.
worms which prey upon the red
grouse exist in abundance in every
square foot of heather, and no doubt
is felt that under certain conditions
at present undetermined-the lar.
vac reach the two important organs
Of the bird, the lungs and the liver
/ Referring to the extreme difficulty in
consequence of their microscopic di-
mansions, Of finding the ova upon the
heather. either on the stalks or in the
buds Thought they exist in countless
thousands), DR., Shipley mentions a
new and peculiarly successful method
of examination, which he hit upon in
the autumn of last year, whilst visit
! ing at Beaufort castle A handful OF
heather placed in a bottle is soaked
in a little water for some hours; ulti-
mately the sediment after suitable
treatment is examined microscopical-
| ly for larvae, and that with unvarying
wealth of material 1t is stated that
the exact relations of the grouse-fy
(Ornithomyia lagopodis) to the grouse
is not known. 1t is, however, believed
to suck its blood, and it will certainly
bite human beings. The fly is provid-
ed with pair of great hooks on its
feet, and altogether this insect has a
decidedly sinister aspect. It occurs
freely in larders where freshly killed
grouse have been placed.