davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Daily press. [volume] (Newport News, Va.) 1896-current, 1909-04-02

the DAILY PRESS is the
only newspaper published in
Newport News that receives the
full news service OF the Asso
eiated Press.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1909-04-24
THROUGH TRAINS ON THE
CLINCHFIELD ROUTE

On May 2. 1909 the Carolina,
Clinchfield and Ohio Railway viii
establish through passenger service
between JohnDon City, Tenn, and
Wilmington. n. c., via Bostic, N. c..
IN connection with the Seaboard AT.
Line Railway, leaving Johnson City
S:15 a. m, arriving Bostic 2:15 D..
m, Charlotte $40 p. m, Monroe
sos p. m, Hamlet 500 D. M, Will
mi1gIon at 800 a. m, arriving
direction this train will leave vii.
mington at $500 a. m, arriving
Hamlet 700 a. m, carrying 81 eeping
car to Hamlet, arriving Monroe
1925 a. m. Charlotte 1925 a. m.
Bostic 900 y. IN, Johnson City sos
D. m.
All trains will run on Eastern
Standard Time.
This forms a new line OF connec-
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1909-04-24
PERSONAL

NJ. T. Christian, OF Clearfork, Va.
is visiting in the city. Mr.. Chris
tan recently bought the fine farm
OF ID. NJ. Bailey at that place.
Guy ID. French eft this morning
to join his wife at Crockett, Va.
where she has been visiting her par
ents, and they will return to Blue.
field tomorrow.
Mr.. and Mrs. j. w. Simpson MD
Mrs. F. c. Haley and little soa, vii
lie. left this morning for a visit 10
Roanoke.
wv. w. Brumfield left this morning
for Raleigh.
Mrs. +. V. Baker, who has been
visiting her daughter, Mrs. G.. A.
Thompson, on Bluefield avenue, is
very IL. at the sanitarium.
Rev. e. F. Kahle returned to
Princeton last night and left This
morning for TazeweK, where she
will spend few days in the inter
est OF Martha Washington College
He will return to Bluefield Thursday
next
w. f. and S. o. Thompson, OF
Tazewell, were in the city asst night
Miss Emma Grimm, of New Mar.
ket, Va, wild arrive in The city D
night to visit he.' cousin, w. A. b.
dell and family, on Wyoming street
The remains OF the little nine
months-old daughter OF Mr.. and
Mrs. John Whitehead, OF FLOYD
street, were taken to RichIands this
morning for burial. accompanied by
the parents and Mr.. and Mrs. Wiley
Duff. The baby d'ed CT whooping
cough. m
Noah Partee returned this morn
ing from business trip to Brls.
toll.
Mrs. Bertha Thompson and Miss
Flora Taylor, who have been visit
Ing here for some time, returned
ID their homes at Ceredo this mora
ing.
Francis, the little daughter OF Mr..
and Mrs. r. Henry Bailey, who has
been Ill for some weeks with typhio1
FEVER, is reported improving. This
Is the fifth case of this disease IN
Mr.. Baiaey's family within the past
four months
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1909-04-24

Mrs. A. U. Hawley IS In very fee
BILE health and has been for several
weeks.
Capt. <. T. Spencer returned this
morning from a business trip to
Marion. n. c.
t. K. Bland. OF C,arnsburg, il In
the city.
Rev. r. w. Trapnell returns from
Charleston tonight after a visit to
his father.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1909-04-24
CHURCH NOTICES

LUTHERAN CHURCH SERVICES
In the Lutheran chapel on Mercer
street the Sunday school meets al
9:45 a. m. Divine services ait IL a.
III. subject OF sermon: Jesus Christ
the Good Shepherd" A song SER
vice. special music at p. ii. The
meaning of the Descent OF Christ
Into He'll will be discussed In he
evening sermon on the second arti-
ticle. A hearty invitation to the
public by the pastor. Rev. C. X. w.
Kegley.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1909-04-24
BETTER THAN SPANKING,

spanking Sses not cure children
OF bedwetting. There Is q coasti-
tutional cause for this trouble. Mrs.
Nd. Summers. Box w, Notre Dame,
Ind, Will send free to any mother
her successful home treatment, with
full Instructions. Send NO money.
but write her today II your chill
dren trouble you In this way. Don't
cures adults, and aged people trou-
blims-ths child. the chances are 1t
can't help It. This treatment also
bled with urine difAcufttes by day
or night.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1909-04-24
FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH

Sunday school at 9:45 a. m.
Preaching by Rev. 5. II. Thomp
son. Theme for morning IL a. m.
increasing an Astounding Love-" I
Thess. 3: IL. ID. Evening service s
subject. THE Preferred Inhe ritance"
Young Peoples meeting TOO D. IN.
Special music at all services. A cor,
dial welcome to all.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1909-04-24
. GRACE METHODIST CHURCH

The revival services which have
been In progress through the past
week will be continued. Preaching
at IL a. m. tomorrow and at D. m.
A special sermon for the chi dren
at 3 O'Clock Sunday afternoon. All
children invited. Sunday school at
$3.50 a. m.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1909-04-24
CHRIST EPISCOPAL CuRCu

There will be Sunday school ana
blble class ut 9:35. Morning prayer
and sermon at IL a. n. Evening
services at 8 p. m.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1909-04-24
CHRISTIAN CHJTRCH

The usual services wbl be held
at the Christia nchurch tomorrow
preaching morning and evening by
Rev. w. S. Bullard, pestor.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1909-04-24
Ninth Ward
j. s. Hall
Bluefield, w. Va.
j. II. Wilson
pnnI off old VIZ W.

ton between this section and North
Carolina. affording through service
in much less time than via prevail
ing routes.
The equipment will be new and
strictly first class.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1909-04-24

New money only is now given in
change at e. 8. Pedigo e Co.'S, and
1t Is certainly appreciated.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1909-04-24

Every lady can afford one OF TIE
handsome stylish siive. shirred ne. h
trays at price now Offered by Rsu-
dolph and Mittendort, Leading jew
elers.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1909-04-24
Nominations for Public Office
To be Voted for Munich pal Election to be Held on
the 18th Day of May, 1909.
REPUBLICAN

REPUBLICAN
Members of Board
Affairs
s. n. Morley
Bluefield. w. Va.
j. S. Kahle
Bluefieid, w. Va.
l.. A. Hooper
Bauefield, w. Va.
For Councilmen
First Ward
r. b. Ferguson
Bluefeld. w. Va.
s. l.. Ballangee
Second Ward
F. w. Udy
Bluefeld. w. Va.
p. r. Lilly
Buefield, w. Va.
K. E. Carter
Biuefield, w. Va.
j. NJ. Echols
Bluefield, w. Va.
Third Ward
j. K. Martin
Bluefield. w. Va.
p. Reiman
B!uefield, w. Va.
s. Turk
B.uefield. w. Va.
w. G. Miller
B,uefield, w. Va.
Fourth Ward
f. l.. Black
Bluefield, w. Va.
Karl Schoew
Biueiield. w. Va.
Btuefield, w. Va.
Fifth Ward
w. p. Hawley
Bi'Iefield, w. Va.
w. w. Kersey
Bl'uefield, w. Va.
j. f. Alifr
Bruefield, w. Va.
M. X. Hartman
Btuefield. w. Va.
Sixth Ward
j. G. Akers
Bluefield, w. Va.
" c. L. Borden
B.uefield, w. Va.
Seventh Ward
w. T. Gibson
Bruefield, w. Va.
John Dunnegan
Bluefield, w. Va.
b. Houchins
Bcuefield, w. Va.
T. c. Tanner
Bluefield, w. Va.
Eighth Ward
]. d. Enochs
Biuefield, w. Va.
j. B. Jenkins
Biuefield, w. Va.
Abel Massey
Bluefield, w. Va.
r. L. Austin
Biuefield, w. Va.
Ninth Ward
j. r. Tilson
Bluefield, w. Va.
G. III. Pruett
Bluefield, w. Va.
j. T. Akers, auditor OF tn
lie foregoing are the nomi,
ed by, to be voted for at a
ards Of said city Of Bluefil
ivel under my hand on tn
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1909-04-24

r pub1icOhice
al Election to be Held on
f May, 1909.
DEMOCRATIC
'or Members of Board Of
Affairs
F. NJ. Peters. .
Bluefeld, w. Va.
s. Frazier Showers
Blueheld. w. Va.
For Councilmen
First Ward
w. E. ArcArtor
B,uefield. w. Va.
-
Second Ward
S. ]. Sublett
Bluefeld. W.. Va.
Third Ward
j. F. Fox
Btuefield. w. Va.
E. L. Bailey
B.uefield, w. Va.
Fourth Ward
M. G. Wittel
B!uefield. w. Va.
BholN Fifth Ward (: one q, cas-
w. 1. Bailey
Bluefleld. w. Va.
A. Lynch
Bfueheld. w. Va.
Sixth Ward
E. III. Easley
Bluefeld, w. Va.
Seventh Ward
iHoge Mason
Btuef1eld, w. Va.
j. A. B. Bruce
Bluefield, w. Va.
Eighth Ward
r. A. Hale
Bluefield. w. Va.
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1909-08-19
Funeral OF Miles vanAlstein.

All that was mortal of Miles Van
Alstein, who died in this city Sunday
afternoon, was laid to rest in Green
wood cemetery this morning, at the
conclusion of funeral services which
were held at the St. Phillips church,
Father Schmit officiating.
The deceased was 70 years of age,
and his death wascaused by paresis,
with which. he had been afflicted
for some time past. Deceased was
the father of Mrs. A. Lloyd of this
city.
He was a man of excellent habits,
fine moral character, and until very
recently of sturdy constitution, and
he continued to be active in his
accustomed pursuits until long past
the age at which men ordinarily drop
out of the ranks of workers. To this
end there is no doubt that his sun.
shiny disposition largely contributed.
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1909-08-19
DRINK CAUSE OF DOWNFALL
Body Of Well Connected Young Man
Found in Wisconsin Woods,

Park Falls, Wis.,, Aug. 19.-Follow-
ing debauch J. W. Simpson of St.
Paul, son of the late General James
H. Simpson and said to be relative
of the lumber king, Weyerhaeuser,
was found dead in clump of bushes
near here.
With the finding of the body ended
the life story of brilliant Yale grad.
uate, a clever lawyer and a man con-
nected with wealthy and influential
families. tfe was also a warm per-
sonal friend of l.. w. Hill, the son of
J. J, Hill, the railway magnate.
Simpson had been living with his
mother at St. Paul. It is said that,
with the hope of breaking him from
the drink habit, he was sent to this
out of the way village. He began
work as a laborer and seemed intent
on reforming. For two months he
worked without touching liquor, but
several days ago he again went on a
drinking expedition. He became vic.
lent and was placed in the city lock-
up, from which he escaped, and moth
ing further was seen of him until the
finding of his body.
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1909-08-19
CREEK FLAG IS
HAULED DOWN
International Force Lands
on Island Of Crete.
NO RESISTANCE OFFERED

Emblem Raised in Defiance Of Turk
ish Sovereignty Lowered in Accord.
ance With erearranged Programme.
Small Detachment of Foreign Blue.
jackets Remains Ashore to Prevent
Repetition of Act. -
Canea, Island of Crete, Aug. 19.-
The Greek flag, raised three weeks
ago by the people of Crete in defiance
OF the sovereignty of Turkey and as
an evidence of their desire for union
with the kingdom of Greece, was low.
cred at sunrise by party of interna
t1onal bluejackets. There was no re.
sistance on the part of the Cretans
and the function was carried out with.
out disorder and in accordance with
the prearranged programme. Most Of
the bluejackets then returned to their
ships, but small detachments were
left behind in occupation of the has,
ton of the fortress to prevent any at
tempt on the part of the Cretans to
raise another flag. -
A landing party from the battle
ships of Great Britain, Russia, Italy
and France, the protecting powers of
Crete, who evacuated the island July
" last, came ashore before sunrise,
proceeded to the fort over which the
flag was flying and removed the Hell.
lenic emblem from it's staff. These
four warships had assembled in Canea
harbor the previous afternoon, their
presence being an outcome of the diff
flculty that has arisen between Greece
and Turkey since the evacuation and
an indication of the purpose of the
powers to maintain the status quo.
The foreign consuls at Canea had
notified the Cretan government that
the Greek flag would be hauled down
and they warned the government that
irreparable consequences would follow
any attack made on the international
landing party. On the receipt of this
warning the Cretan authorities issued
an appeal to the people not to OBJ
struct in any way the action of the
powers. The action of the powers
means that they have returned to the
island and the situation is again much
as it was before July 81.
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1909-08-19
The Eyes.

"Long, almond shaped eyes, with
thick and creamy lids covering half
the pupil and with a forehead that is
full above the brows- there you have
the eye Of the man Of genius" The
speakers own eyes answered that de-
scription striLingly, but he was far
from being a man of genius, being, in
fact, a magazine editor.
"Protruding eyes," he went on,
'tshow mental and bodily weakness
Eyes close together denote cunning
Those far apart denote liberality. Thin
lashes without any upward curve to
them and thin brows poorly marked
are signs Of melancholy and indeci-
sion. The eyes Of voluptuary move
slowly under heavy lids. Those Of a
miser are small, deep sunken and blue,
set in bony and perpendicular fore
head. The most beautiful eyes-large,
brilliant and clear, CHANGING and fash
ing with a rapid motion-the most
beautiful eyes denote elegance Of taste,
gayety, some selfshness and great
interest in the opposite sex."-New
York Press.
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1909-08-19
LARGEST OF AMERICAN NAVY
Bids Opened for Construction of Two
Immense BattIeships.

Immense BattIeships.
Washington, Aug. 19.-Two more
American Dreadnoughts, the Wyoming
and the Arkansas, took first shape at
the navy department when bids for
their construction were opened in the
presence of numerous representatives
of shipbuilding firms anxious to OBJ.
tain the contracts. These vessels are
to cost $6,000,000, exclusive of their
armor and armament, are to make a
high rate of speed and are to be
equipped throughout with the latest
improvements in naval development.
The vessels are to be of $4,000 tons
each, the largest ever undertaken by
the American naval establishment, the
increase in tonnage in this class of
vessels being from 10000, the size of
the original American Dreadnoughts,
the Delaware and the North Dakota.
William Cramp & Sons of Philadel-
phia were the lowest bidders for the
two battleships. They submitted two
bids, one at $4,450,OOO and another at
&,475,O0O. Only one ship can go, how
ever, to any one firm of builders. The
New York Shipbuilding company of
Camden, N. J., made the next lowest
bid at $4,675,000.
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1909-08-19
Clouds and the Weather.

When two weather prophets disa-
gree does it argue error or incompe-
tence In either? No, says the author
Of "Storms and Storm Signals" in
Yachting. The data upon which they
base their predictions do not always
bear one Interpretation: Thus:
Because the clouds indicate weather
In a different manner according to the
geographical location of the observer,
and also because they are in them
selves but byproducts Of the weather
and are not causes, weather predic-
tons from clouds at sea should be TAX
en- with plenty of reservation Of judg-
ment. To say, for instance, that at a
''red sky at night sailors delight" is
very tuneful and possibly truthful
where knowledge is conspicuous by its
absence, but red sky at night may
mean almost anything from a surplus
Of moisture in the air, meaning prob
ably rains, to volcanic eruption 1900
miles away which has sent great
clouds of dust into the air, causing the
red color by reflection and refraction
u the light rays.
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1909-08-19
Postage Stamp Gum.

Every time person ticks United
States postage stamp he gets a taste
Of sweet potato. The gum with which
the stamps are backed is made from
that succulent vegetable because Uncle
Sans lieutenants consider it the most
harmless preparation Of the sort. All
OF the gum used on American postage
stamps is mixed by the government at
the bureau Of engraving and printing,
where the stamps are made. It is
spread on the sheets after the stamps
have been printed. The gum, in q
liquid form, is forced up through pipes
from the basement, where it is made.
These pipes lead to a series Of ma
chimes consisting of rollers, between
which the sheets Of stamps are fed, one
at time. A continuous fine stream
OF the liquid gum falls upon one of
these rollers. The sheet with its wet
coating of sweet potato mucilage passes
from the rollers into long horizontal
f1ue filed with hot air. When it
energies at the other end of the f1ue
the gum Is dry.-New York Telegram.
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1909-08-19
Like Father Like Son.

Four-year-old Clyde was precocious
youngster-very talkative and a close
observer. He and his father were
strolling through the meadows one
morning when Clyde observed for the
first time some tadpoles in pond. He
waded in and cried out, ooh, father,
what are they?"
''Tadpoles, son." the father replied.
"Please, father, let's take them all
home with us, then come back and
find the mamma and papa, and We'll
have the whole family in our pond at
home"
The father explained how impossible
this would be, and as they walked on
a few steps a large, ugly frog hoped
across their path. Clyde's father said:
"Look, son. Perhaps there is the pa
pa"
Clyde was very thoughtful. He look
ed at the frog, then at his father, then
at himself and exclaimed:
"Well, father, was there ever so
much difference between me and your
-Delineator.
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1909-08-19
Curious School Customs,

Mexican schoolmasters show their
appreciation of pupils efforts in a
curious manner. The diligent student
Is allowed to smoke a cigar during the
lesson. When the whole class has CIV
en- satisfaction, permission is given for
a general smoke, and even the little
Mexicans are allowed to light ciga-
rette for the occasion. Needless to say,
the schoolmaster himself smokes a
cigar of a size and quality proportion
ate to his superior position. But the
scholars are not allowed to drink, this
privilege being accorded to the master
only. On his desk he always keeps a
bottle of liquor, which, when empty,
occasions much dispute among the
parents of his scholars, as it is consld-
cred an honor to be able to fill the
schoolmaster's bottle.-London Stand
ard.
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1909-08-19

When hard pressed the man fired
three shots into the crowd Of strik.
ers, one bullet taking effect in the leg
of Barney Waters, a bystander. Shoot
ing and stone throwing were freely
INDUCED in until the arrival, twenty
minutes later. of the state constabu
larry, when the strikers were dis.
persed.
A strike on the steamer Steel Queen,
used by the company to transport new
workmen across the Ohio river, fur
Their complicated conditions at McKees
Rocks. The rivermen state they arc
not anxious to help out he company
and also object to running the boat
under the revolver fire of the strike
sympathizers.
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1909-08-19
FLOOD CAUSES
heavy DAMAGE
Sudden Rise in Upper Ar.
kansas River.
ALL TRAINS ARE TIED UP

.,
Water in the Royal Gorge Twenty
Feet Above Normal and Ore Thou.
sand Tourists Are Stranded-Pu-
eb'o, Colo, Warned of Danger in
Advance and Merchandise and
Household Goods Are Saved.
Pueblo, Colo, Aug. 19-This CITY
was aroused at 8 O'Clock in the morn.
Ing by warnings given from the Upper
Arkansas valley that there was grave
danger OF flood and within an hour
5000 persons were upon the streets
working like beavers to remove stocks
of merchandise and household effects
out of danger. The work proved need
less in most cases, as, although the
river rose seven feet above normal
there was no flood in>the immediate
vicinity of this city.
Great damage was reported, how.
ever, in the neighborhood of Canon
City, forty miles from here, where the
Arkansas river overf1owed it's banks
and was higher than at any time with
In the memory of residents of that
section.
In the Royal gorge the river was
reported, to have risen twenty feet
washing out several miles of track on
the Denver and Rio Grande railway
and causing other damage Telegraph
and telephone communication through
the gorge and with the upper valley
was cut off and details were lacking.
The greatest damage was to the
railroads, although ground crops were
reported to have suffered heavily
There was no damage done the fruit
crop. The extent of the damage can.
not be accurately estimated, but it is
believed that it will be in excess OF
$250,O80,
Fully 1000 tourists are tied up as
a result of the flood. The Royal
gorge, where the Arkansas river
roared through "a canyon 1000 feet
deep, was impossible. The height of
the water at this point will be appre-
ciated when it is said that the river
was level with the tracks of the
Hanging BRIDGE"
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1909-08-19
Otto Ought to Have Been in an Auto.

The Caught on the Run" column
of the Duluth News Tribune recently
contained the following Josh" in
which the name of Adam E. Otto of
Company K of this city is quite
prominently mentioned:
The militia boys who were in
camp at Lake City recently, think
they have good joke on a young
man in a Duluth company, VINO is a
private in a rear rank" This
young man has not been long in the
militia. He was on duty one day
in front of the guard tent and was
told that Capt. Otto was the officer
of the day and warned that if he
came around as he was very likely
to, the guard was to be called out
as mark of honor specified in the
regulations.
The young man said he under
stood and went on walking his
beat. Pretty soon Capt. Otto, who
is Bemidii man, approached the
guard house. He passed within a
few feet of the guard, but the new
soldier paid no attention to his
stri pes and his shoulder straps.
Several of the older fellows wondered
why the guard was not turned out
at the approach of the captain.
They were discussing the incident
| when they saw coming down the
road big white automobile. It
came closer and the man on sentry
| duty before the guard house shouted
at the top of his voice Turn out
the guard! Auto!'
The guard turned out and stood
at attention for while waiting for
the officer to come up or pass. They
did not see any officer in sight.
When the sergeant asked what the
guard was called out for the innoc-
ent yonng private said:
For the auto, of COURSE
The joke was such a good one
that it quickly spread to all the
companies in the camp.
The Bemidji daily pioneer. [volume] (Bemidji, Minn.) 1904-1971, 1909-08-19

we are about made up our mind are
true, jugdging from Mr.. ellis most
recent purchase.
Mr.. and Mrs. Robert Foy and
their three children left last evening
for their home at Battle River. Mrs.
Foy and the children came to the
city yesterday forenoon from a visit
with friends at Redby, where they
had spent several days, Mr.. Foy
coming down from their home and
meeting them here.
Mrs. J. J. Conger returned last
evening from a business trip to St.
Paul and Milwaukee, where she
visited the principal millinery mar
kets and purchased a fine assortment
of fall and winter millinery which
will begin to arrive in a few days,
and which will be put on sale at
Mrs. Conger's local parlors.
w. H. Gemmel, general manager
of the M. & I. Railway company,
came to the city this morning from
Brainerd, occupying the private car
So" which was attached to the
regular-north bound morning train.
Mr.. Gemmell was accompanied by
E. N. Nelson, member of the con-
tracing firm of Libbey & Nelson of
Minneapolis, who have the contract
to put in the district terminals at
South Bemidji for the NJ. & I. comp
any. Mr.. Gemmell remained here
today, consulting with Mr.. Nelson
and w. H. Strachan, superintendent
of the M. & l., who has been here
for the past two days from Brainerd,
seeing how work was progressing on
the preliminary work of the terminals.