davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The border vidette., 1909-08-14
TERRITORIAL NOTES
Items of Interest CuIIed From Our Ex.
 changes.

The new Payne tariff bill is now a law. It affords small protection to the west. but gives the eastern mag mates all they asked for and more.
 After four years of investigation the Interior Department has decided that the officers of the United States land department have full authority to de- termine whether mining locations are based upon bona fde discovery of mineral or whether the lands are really mineral in character before the locator has applied for patent.
The border vidette., 1909-08-14
Pay the Damage.

The following rough and ready claim for damages was sent in by a New Mexico ranchman:
 "Dear Sir-Did your injineer tel you he has killed two couse belong in to me, he said he would tell you an the konductor too they killed them tonite as they cam across the road at my plais where I have got a crosin' and when I put my crosin in you sed you was putin up 8 fense on eche side of the road that would keap crit CTS from getin' killed you put up hel of fense too calfs broak it to kind I'm wood an ouar after your fense gang went down the rode your injinear ott to be fired he knos there is a graid thare and he coms down thare hel bent every nite-the couse he kilt was yarling heffers-brand bar J bar swallow fork on rite ear and left ear underhacked-I want the money for the couse my critters is all have on urth to live on and # your injInear can kill one every time he gets drunk IS all have to say is this United States has gone to the duce the couse will be 90 dollars hoping you are well, Kan sas City Journal.
The border vidette., 1909-08-14
Kind words for Arizona.

Los Angeles News: The desert is pouring its human tide into Los An geles from Nevada. Arizon a and Cali fornia points. Wher @ one locality of the heated zone sends one person to Los Angeles for the summer, Arizona sends at least twenty people, and Los Angeles is mighty glad to see them. Every body here has the glad hand out for Arizona. We like the people from over there. and we frankly like their dollars. They have lots of dbl lars and they are not reluctant to spend them. Every body here has the glad hand out for Arizona. Sometimes we think the Arizonians are the best spenders in the world. It isn't the come easy go- easy kind of money with them, but neither is it the stin- gy, tight wad kind. It Is the sort of money that is earned in big. clean way, and it is spent in joy and com fort. An Arizonian dostn't throw his money away. neither does he hold onto a dollar until the eagle dies of old age. His dollar is honestly earned. but still it did not come with the sweatshop efforts.
 Arizona's dollars comes from three sources. They come first from the mines, next from agricu ture and last from commerce. Everybody in busi- in Arizona averages high. It is a re- markable fact, while the worlds aver age of mining companies which make good is only one out of every hundred. in Arizona one of every twenty eight mining companies organized in the whole territory have developed into dividend payers. It is said that in the grert Warren district in which Bisbee is located, one company out of every six organized companies has de- livered the goods. Of course thous- ands of prospectors spend years in the search of valuable metals in Arizona, just as they do elswhere in the world. but we do believe there are fewer dis appointed prospectors in Arizona than Tn any other great mining zone in the United States. We also believe that there is still more unexplored mining country in. Arizona than in any other state in the union.
The border vidette., 1909-08-14
"|ncreased Assessment 7

the July meeting of the Board of Equalization, it, with the information then possessed by it, believed that following following described prop erty each too small, name
The border vidette., 1909-08-14
Victor Talking Machines

We are wholesale and retail dealers for Mex ico for the Victor Talk ing Machines
The border vidette., 1909-08-14

Our prices are the same as Chicago and New York. When you purchase your Machine and Records from us, we save you the Ex- press Charges to No gales
Der Deutsche correspondent. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1841-1918, 1909-03-14
NdDtmna! ridlt' GndJ!
ScntidJrr WtilitGr- II. Iamrn-0 crcin,
-Stiftnugsieit nno Ball.
MontaA Den Is. MIR; 1909,
in Der China. Safe.
Ora

SH1tragettcn 2ciocn. -
Ton ocn SciOcn ulo SreuOcn, uur.
rebn1ild) alleroings Don ben GrItercll,
elmer Stumprebnerin Der Sliiirogct.
ten, er5Gblt Sri. Nan Goitclloe BON
Sonoon IN elmer Nniprude, Ole lie
tilr5lid) in Sonlpben, Wb., I'M ,Inte.
relie bcS Nrouen E Stunmrehts biclt.
~Hotten, MGuie uno horrible Tictil
- foilc Gier, 10 erfIGrte ole Meones
rim babe man in Gnglono olf ibre
Iomplgenoliinnen ole ais Gompoa
Mediterranean aili0etreten, losae.
lol'rL obcr ielbit bieic @aifcn ieicn
nid)t i'm Stonoe gelpeielL. ibrcnWilltb
crlubmcn 5u %laiien; uno cs lei MIR
nod cine Srogc tur5er 3eit, Damn
lpilroet in Gnglono bic Srolcn iid)
ihr 9utcS Hedt crfGmpit boben uno
5ilr Wohlllrle 5llaclaIlen lperhcn. Iie
Snifrugetten IN Gnglunb, mcld)c nm
Der 9lten Sohe piQcn nit Der HoIi.
sci III SonIlift Netornmen lino uno
Sreibcitsiirofen crblllbct bobell, ici.
crtc Ole Mconcrin oils WGrtprcrinnell
mo in oiclen Gone ging ca ipeiter.
YRit Der @cihihte bon Den iolllen
Gicrn e"r5ielte Trl. Golicuoe, Die iibri.
gems - man iollte cS folm glolibcn
int0 uuo biibIh lit - notiirlid)
Die nmmittelborc @irtmno.
Gerbicnte Stroe. @e.
gen oifcntliher 9elcioiguno pom
Trau Charles Sdrmon BON Nr. $50.
Siib.Gborles. Strnbe. mrlroe Der -
Sabre ultc, bertits licbcn Mol mcgen
obnlidler Gcrgcbcn porbCitroitc Src.
herid Tlod Don Nr. 1906, Siios
GburlcSsS irobe, oeitern o,rd Hidtcr
Sclpis in Der iiiolidtn ToIijciitotiou
81 $50 Stroie mno Soften ucrilr-
tbcilt. Elod biclt iid) om 6rcito9
Abeno oil Der Ode pon 9igbt- uno
Gburd)- StroBe ollf unb riei bcu pal
Iirenoen 0rolleu idmubigc @ortt 5il.
Seine @erhoitun9 criolgte oui Or
llldlcn BON Srou Sdmmon.
Eo it or Sopcritid actor,
ben. - Yu6r Meronber z. &opcr-
'tid, Heftor Der biidDil. Stride IN ct.
WorgorctS, nobc annapolis, Mb..
liorb geitern on Spphisiicbcr inn nj,
ter BON 60 Sobrcn. Gr bintcrl1bt lei
nc @ittiue, 5lpci pcrbciratbcte S0bnc
mo cine SodJtcr. Die Weeroigruto
finoet morgcn IN SrpItbltrg, Nacoo.
%rpsGornip. itntt.
Sci mntbIos. = YoIiSilt Col.
Inns griif gcitern @ormiitoa ocr 81
Sabre alien Sobn Martin. Der feline
Mobnutg bat nnb ociicn alcibulN
iilir aus Yunlpen beitanb, oii Der
StroBe arf uno trad)te ion nod,
Dem oltlid)en Stntionsbouic. 9Soli.
5eirid)ter S'Hciu iibcrmies ben Sci
matbloien Dem @appicm.a ipl chi
siuei Ionate.
Der Deutsche correspondent. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1841-1918, 1909-03-14

~Sbc Somil pY nit
zine Meoi5in, Die lid, in SoIge ibrer
Seilfraft GROCER 8erbreitune e~rireut
uno in feiner Samilie ieblen iolltc.
oo fie ein ailsge5eitnetes Mittel lit.
I'M 8ranfbeiten i'm Seine au eriti.
den. @er einmal einen 0eriud nit
oerielben geinnht bat. miro bieIcIbe
ltetS i'm Soitie bobcn. "Sbe Samiip
Ebpiicion" lit ipe3icIl gut gegen Sil.
itcn, GrfGItuneeu allcr art, 9ronti.
It's, Seiierfeit, 9~ipbtberitis. Ioieru
uno Shurludfiebcr unb lit ouber4
DEM ein portrefilifer WIutreiniger.
Sabrisirt miro oieie Wcbisin mi:
ollrd) .Souhens Wcoieine Co." in
Baltimore uno lit, ipie an anoerer
Stelc oieies @lotteS onaeSeigt, fir
nllr % Gents in alien gpotbefcn su
babcn.
Der Deutsche correspondent. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1841-1918, 1909-03-14
Stdot Baltimore.
Suuncuauis nnS llntcrgdng.
Nas Mcttcr.

Mir Wurnlunb unh sen GiItritt
Columbia bclltc HcQcn mo nohocm
FLAIR, morQcn flor mo f0Itcr, lilo
lidc, nod) Dem @citcn umipringcnoc
@in0c.
Gin rconCriid)1r GAG mar @altts
more 0~eitcrn brihicoCn; n0brcno e
am %orrnitto9 .Hinoiuocn" reQnctc,
iuar c3 Qn Nnhnlitto0 tbcilpciIr
trod7ll, obcr in Den NbcllO'tltn0cl
icetc Der Hegen Don Ncllem cin mo
belt bis ip0t IN Die Nod)t bIncin al.
Gic b0d)itc Gcmpcrotur mur IS
Wroo INN 1 ll6r 9%todymittoQ9 unO Die
nieOrigltc II @roO Dor & llbr Mor'
Q1nS.
&u sen ml0Crcn @umocS F @cttcr,
observation-disclosures mllr0rn 0ic
~ioI1cnocn n~icbriNitcn (empcroturen
pcr5eidnct:
Goilport n, Tortlono %, Bolton
81, NIbonp 80. Ncp-Dorf 80, Ybilo.
bclpbio 3S, 9ltlontic.Gitp 3S. @oib.
ington Al, NtorioIf As, SottCroa 50,
Charlotte Al, @%ilmin0tou "a, Ga.
pnnnob 5G. Gborlciton 56, Sodion,
bile So, Sltpiter y, acp.@cit "A,
Ntlontn l6, Wont1omcrp IS, Ncm.
Orleans 20, Eolcltinc At, @olucItnn
81, Corpus Gbriiti 80, Mun1phins
AS, Cincinnati 40, EittSbur0 II, Oa.
lucAo 26, Buffalo %, Glcpclono so,
Gctroit %, 9llpcnn Is, MurQuCttc
%, @rccn 0op %. Gbicogo 81, 1ll-
littb -, ct. Saul 81, ct. Holli3 IS,
&onIoS.Gitp 26. Snobo %, @lron
IL, 8iSnlorf s, @iuilton 10, SABRE
8, StIcnn 4, Salt 2ofc 30, 9cnper
n. Nortb EIottc 20, GoO1c-Gitp 6,
Nnloriaon rs, Sos 9n0cIcS lG.
Der Deutsche correspondent. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1841-1918, 1909-03-14
SbesiaI-Cfinte.

N. @eEert, 4O9-411 9srb.0as.
strahe, Der beitbefaaIte beatiAe Bio.
tosrapb, offerirt MIR fir Sieie BsAe.
Gin Iebeassrofes Bib, In aasareiI.
farben semaIt sab boa bstem taait..
leriidem @ertbe fret nit eisem
9atent ieiner beitea Gabiuet.e tnbies
fir $500. @~esxldrsr HreiS $4,000.
Cute Gabinet.YiIber $3.50 aab sxf.
,uarts. @ersrSaerxnsen bon sItea
Silsera in allen Axsfi5rnssea. aae
Mrbeiten s~arantirt. A4tex Gle iye.
3iea omf anieren Ramea 1sS &s1S.
unmmer, 409-411 .Oat-etr.
(Dr3139uS 49,
Der Deutsche correspondent. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1841-1918, 1909-03-14

Gin lSu It il + III / d) c I
2iebbober. = Cab all5u1tiirmi-
Idle 2icbesbe5el,gInaen gefabrlid,
psroen fonncn, mubte gcltern Scr
81 Sabre alte George Eboebl,s bon
Ir. 1911. Sit.9altimore-S trabe, or,
fobren, als er auf @eranlaNune iei-
i,er beiieren SGIitc in ser oitlidcn
Yoli5eiitotion Dem Rihter S'NeiQ
porgcfiibrt murbe. 6ran Hboebns
beifuIoi9te ibren @atten. tic geihIa-
gen mo iosur in Die @ange gebiiien
81 boben. Muf Die ACKNOWLEDGING
ermioerte Eboebus. oie Eriiael, BON
benen feline 6rau iprebe. ieien 2ieb-
%folungem utlo Scr @ib elm 2iebesbib,
CT babe ieiner 6rau ME meb' thll,,
iuollen. Irau Tboeblls war aber
nit)t oerielben Aniibt mno ebenio BE-
tradtete aiid) Der 6id)ter sic NngeIe.
genbeit pom cinrm mocren Stano.
piinft, mesbalb er Den MrreItantcll
NIT So nnb Softer uno 10 Jagen
@cf6naniB bcitroitc.
Der Deutsche correspondent. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1841-1918, 1909-03-14
o.. Rnt1te,
(5itr ben .eonntass: Gorrefponoeni".)
Srenno, luic aebt's9
xse1t bes Rsrbb0ttAes etstb.
canbsre.amertts.etnie.

Witlcioig fragt ibr, mie eS 9fJt,
Ob mobl Der &opf nod otrn Itcbt,
Sb nod Die @einc unten2
1inG Mrs olld) ihleht, Sbr beIit
bod ntdt,
Srob Current frciunolidJen 8cIidt,
Shr noieipeiien Gunoen.
Sier beiBt eS: .Sili Cir ullr allein,
Sonlt lpirlt Oh bolb ~perloiien iein,
Irob ollem id)0nen @riiben;
Sb gruOer bin, Oh 9riloer her,
Gic grloerliebe luiegt nid)t idlper,
Stcb' I'll ollf eia'neu Tiiben!"
@obl oriidt man innig Cir bieSano,
GoS lit bolt GnBcrlid)er Sano
llno bat nld)tS 5l bebcuten;
Var eS iogor Elm grilber9riit
2afilr 9ibt Nicnlonb cinen Bfiif,
Nur Shein it's Dor ben 2cllten!
@obl iro0t Der 9ruoer, mic Gir's
gcht,
Sb iid) boS Wilblrob olId) nod, orebt,
Sb nidt Scin 2cib p~croorben:
@ic q I'M M%agenlciuen fiiblIt
Sb iii Den Speitcl oblpGrtS ipiiIlt,
Sb iii nod uid)t ecitorbeu. -
l(ho lucnn I'll mld) ~geitorbcu lpGrIt,
@on5 bilnarig in Die @rubc f1brit,
@er miro nod noh 9ir fragen?
Gann Iogt man bofitenS: Ger lit
fort!
Wer ipridt Damn nod Elm gutes @ort
@enn Oh III Grab 9etrogen?
"a fomnlt Der Iiebe 5reunoesfrcis,
Ger NleS ried)t uno Iqes meiB,
Mit ieinen feinen Raien =
Gu orebit lid nod i'm Grab berum,
SORT Gu bos b1Blife @ebrumm
Ger 9riiber, Sdppeitern, 8aien.
G'rrln Iaae nimmer, lpie Iir'S eebt;
Nlld) ipenn bas Gleno bergbod) itebt,
Us bilft Iir's Hiemdno trageh.
Sag immer friih llnb ip%oblgemutb:
Sbr licben 2eilte, mir gebt'S gut! -
llno tnlirrt Cir altb Der Waaen.
Ter bort ia aud 81 fnurren auf.
Gas lit eitnlal beS SebenS 2alnf,
ltnb oas lit nod ouS Bette!
Gort ilnten iino lie glle gIeid) -
Sb iott, OBJ biin9rig. ODER reid,
Tn1 tiefen, fiiblen Heite.
Sort ruben gle, Ireunb unS Geinb,
Sb lie aelod,t, Oh Tie gelpeint,
Sb fleil, Oh groB aetpeien;
OBJ lie geoarbt, Oh lie geprabt.
Ser Wirno lit itumnL bos slug Der.
bIaBt,
rSn @rob tbln lie %peripcien.
q. Z. g.
Der Deutsche correspondent. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1841-1918, 1909-03-14
.Scbbcl,s eiusiacs MtrIicr.

@ir babcn MIR Gin Mtelirr in Bal.
t;mure, nnb Sas bcfinbet sid in Der
Stage 81 cbcncr Groe, Nr.321, Huro'
&ap-, maize s,4st-Str. Miuorr-Ebo'
toaraphicn esaa SpesialitGt. ~ Seine
Macrh " mno fcineI rcppen 81 iteisen.
). $ebbel. 6. Grai,. Vei&Gftsfi4rer.
Der Deutsche correspondent. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1841-1918, 1909-03-14
1beo. s. Tiener e Co.,
2t7, EitsHultimprc EtraNe.

Teutihes unb anberes n~lsldnbi.
ifies 0elo g%cfauft uno oerfauit.
@eIoien6ungen beiorst nod Geutif,.
lamb, Seitreih, MuBlano II. f.. NJ.
Wediel ausacItellt aui ausIdnoiide
@anfen. gre6itbrieie uno 1rapeIers
Cheques. o.
Der Deutsche correspondent. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1841-1918, 1909-03-14
0cl6ienbnmaeu

@eloicnbunseu nod 1eutiflono
nno Seitreid .ltnearn iidjer nio
ldnel beiorgt. 5, 10 ,mb 90 Bort.
iopie 10 ,no 90 aronen sHeine a.,
perfaufen.
9beo. s. 1iener e g.,
(9-) st. 217, 0a-SsItinsre.s Bic.
Der Deutsche correspondent. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1841-1918, 1909-03-14

0crmania S%mrnccrcin MaSfcnball.
Mpntas, ben Is. Mars 1909,
IN Der @crmania- NGnnerdor-Sallr.
Ginsel- nno WrmppcI.Ereiie.
Stfets 25e., Nbenbs an Der aiie soc.
(7)I
Der Deutsche correspondent. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1841-1918, 1909-03-14

Sentid)cs Sbcater, ~arranairt pum
ullnabbangigcu Yiirserpcrcin uun
Marplauo." rIrciidit", rumanti.
ihc Spcr in Srei Mftcn nun &arl
Maria uOn @cbcr. Trcitag, MbrnoS,
ySNccnm= Sbcutcr." G3-S)
Der Deutsche correspondent. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1841-1918, 1909-03-14


@r. Il. Sieacl gcnorbcn.
- Pin scr 9riabt'S Hiercnfronfbeit
'd,leo 9eltcrn Scrr Nbrobom Sicael
III 'einer @obnumg. Nr. 64S, @cit.
Nopette- Strabe, aus Dem 2eben; CT
MAR 'eit llnsciabr aft @odcn an bos
aronfcnbett gefefclt gepeien, abcr
crit por orei Sogen ernitIid %erfronft.
@r. Sicgcl miiroc in Baltimore ae.
boren uno iiibrtc iriibcr i'm 9ouf. 81.
thrift Gin &cltamant, 500 iid jcood)
nor 5uei Sabren bon alien 8cidGiten
5iIrild. Gr bintcrldbt 5,pci Sd,we-
tern. 6rls. Sarab nno 2ello Sieacl.
Gle 9ceroiDung finoet bcllte Nod,.
mtttoa = l(br pcm lroucrhaule ans
ltatt.
@ictor 9 Ell mann to Of.
Serr Sictor $. @nid)clmoni,. ein
lrilbrrer &%ouintorn, itorb aeltern in
'ciner 0obnHna, Nr. 644, 9elt.
0opettcltr.. an oagemeiner a6rper.
'd)lndd)e. Gr mliroe am 26. Gopem-
Der 1881 in Neuenfird)en, Geutid,-
lano. geborcn ulb fam i'm Sabre
1852 nod Baltimore, NC er forta,,
lrobl'te. Sm Sabre 1864 ebelidtc CT
sri. Saaie Barrett, pelde ibm Dor
- Sabren i'm Sooe porangina. Ter
Snbingelhicocnc hinterlGBt oic Sin.
oer; 6rau 6ranf g.. Sdooliiclo in
%@rooilpn, Ny, unO 8ran Sulius
=. 1oiner III Baltimore. lie Belt
Der geeraianns lit nod nidt ieltsc.
lett norocn.
The San Francisco call., 1909-11-13

His pattern is of wood; he lays this
down on the silk. serge cotton or al
paca, the sharp knives, one in each
hand, meet at its point. flash away at
an angle to each other and the width
is cut 1t is done with remarkable
speed. These widths are stitched to-
gether in the sewing room and the
result is circle of z to 10 pieces il
silk, and to 16 if cotton These cir
cular coverings are slipped on the
proper framework by girls who. with
quick, deft fingers. sew them fast TO
the ribs at the outer edge and the fer
rule at the top; then 1t only remains
to put the cap and metal top piece in
place, and the umbrella is complete.
But we will have to go back to the
frame making You would hardly be-
lleve what an immense variety of ma
teriais is used in a factory for making
handles and some, as you know ara
very beautiful. The sticks are usual
ly of two pieces, for while the handle
may be rough or knotty, the main
stem must be straight and smooth.
After being cut the right length. the
springs are liked In them, to hold the
umbrella open or closed The two
grooves In the stem In which these
springs are set are sawed by a machine
In all the larger factories The steel
framework is next made and fastened
to the stick. In a silk umbrella. there
are from seven to ten ribs and as many
stretchers. Each has a runner which
slides over the stick, and the little
thing to which the ribs are fastened is
called the ferrule. Each rib and each
stretcher has an eye and after the
runner and the ferrule are slipped over
the stick, wire is passed through these
eyes, the ribs are drawn up and fas-
tened TO the stretchers; then when
the ferrule is riveted to the stitch, there
is the framework all ready for the
cover. In size umbrellas range from
26 inches to "a inches. a size repre-
senting one inch in the length OF the
rib.
There are many different kinds OF
umbrellas; there are wagon, coach.
beach and artists umbrellas. and buggy
canopies. and the large lawn canopy is
The San Francisco call., 1909-11-13

in this industry. OF this Philadelphia
has over $3,000,000; the rest is in New
York, Massachusetts, Maryland and
Ohio. More than 10000 persons are
employed and over $5,OO0,000 is paid
in wages. You see 1t takes a great deal
of money to keep the nation dry.
The first umbrellas were big, baggy
things, such as the comic artist puts
into his pictures. No one would carry
them now. They were made in New
York and were all much the same: a
heavy wooden stick and frame of
whalebone, with cover OF heavy
black or green gingham The whales
bone ribs were bulky and soon warped,
so that they bulged even when the
umbrella was rolled up; they were for
use. not ornament. in those days. Now
here is a strange thing: the general
use of petroleum oil in lamps was the
origin of our closely rolled umbrella.
Before this whale oil was used, whal-
ing boats were kept busy, and so there
was plenty of whalebone in the mar
ket. When petroleum came TO be used
whaling boats became fewer and fewer,
and of course the supply of whalebone
decreased. Then the price of it began
to go up until it became too costly to
be used for umbrellas, and they began
to search for something TO take its
place. They tried rattan for time.
then steel was found to be better and
is still used. Now they may be made
so slender that large finger ring may
be slipped over their entire length.
yet they are quite as strong as the old
baggy affairs.
The most interesting process to
watch in umbrella making is cutting
the covers. Strange to say, the cloth
is hemmed first and cut afterward;
this is because there are no curves;
the pieces are all V shaped. The cloth
is spread out smoothly on long tables
and cut with keen edged knives, not
with shears, and IL is a queer thing,
but the cutter cuts with both hands.
The San Francisco call., 1909-11-13
ABOUT COMMON THINGS
THE EVOLUTION OF THE UMBRELLA

~ NCE upon time there was very
( benevolent Engllsnman named
Jonas Hanway, the founder OF
Magdalene hospital. He lived from
17l2 to 1886 He was in delicate
health and, being under the necessity
of going out in the rain, he had an
opinion that il would be folly to get
wet through when it could be avoided.
SO he had the courage to carry an
umbrella over his head when it rained.
IT required courage to do it, for other
men had been hooted and jeered at for
carrying one and had even been han
died roughly. Did you know that the
mother of the poet Southey was mobbed
in the streets of Bristol for carrying
an umbrella? This is matter of his
tory, and it shows how recent is the
common use of an article that we now
call necessity, for that was less than
$50 years ago.
The umbrella itself is not at all
modern. We know that Grecian
women used il long ago, for there are
pictures of it on ancient Greek vases
and on Egyptian monuments, too, but
ii was usually carried as protection
against sunshine. The Japanese have
always had ii, and ii has long been in
use in China but there ii was con-
sidered a mark of wealth or an emblem
OF royalty, and-a white silk one could
only be used by the emperor.
For a long time after it's introduce
tion in England the only use to which
1t was put was to hold it over the
heads of persons going from their
houses to their carriages. Ladies used
the sunshade in Queen Anne's time, but
no one thought of carrying an UNI
brella for protection from rain and
snow. In those days every large
church owned one, TO be carried i'm
professions TO add TO the dignity of
the ceremony.
More than half of the umbrellas used
i'm the United States are made in Phil
adeiphia. About $6,O0O,0OO is invested
The San Francisco call., 1909-11-13
August Of the Romans

Tn the old Roman calendar August
which was then the sixth month OF the
series, bore the name Sextilis. julius
Caesar, in reforming the calendar, ex-
tended 1t from it's 20 days to a month
of 80 days. When, not long after, Au-
gustus Caesar, nephew OF the great
julius. conferred on this month his own
name to give II proper dignity he took
one day from February and added it to
August, which has ever since consisted
of 81 days. Augustus was born In
September and 1t might have been ex-
pected that he would take that month
under his patronage. But a number
OF lucky things had happened to him
in August and. besides. that month
stood next to that of his illustrious
predecessor. Julius. So he preferred
Sextilis as the month which should
be honored by his name, and August
it has ever since been among all ma
tions deriving their civilization from
Rome.
The San Francisco call., 1909-11-13

They may be fired either by contact
or at the will of the operator in the
gallery on shore, in whose hands there
is an elaborate electric apparatus by
means of which he can explode any
mines he wishes. Or, if he prefers, he
can so arrange the electric system that
the mines will explode automatically
the moment a vessel strikes any OF
them.
Imagine an enemys fleet, having si-
fenced the batteries at the harbor
mouth, if such q thing be possible, at
The San Francisco call., 1909-11-13

tempting to enter the Golden gate.
The movement of each ship is watched
and recorded from observations on
shore. The whole surface of the wa
ter for several square miles is divided
into squares, each with its own num-
Der. BY means of accurate instru-
ments 1t is known by the observers on
shore in exactly which square a ship
is at any instant Likewise it is
known in what squares submarine
mines are planted. The moment a
ship approaches one of these squares