davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune., 1909-12-19

10 the good proportions OF the Voisin aero
plane, one authority says, it is held auto
maucally stable against rolling, pitching,
and in turning, unless the air is very much
agitated. Its wings are fixed and slightly
concave above, thereby promoting equilib-
rum laterally, and this is secured at a
considerable distance from the main sup
porting surfaces. The pilot of a Voisin
flyer has 10 do only two things-namely, 20
change the angle Of the horizontal rudder
to rise or fall and incline the vertical rud-
DER in the tail 10 make turn. But this
ease of management, experts point out has
several drawbacks. The Voisin model is
heavier than the Wright il rises slower
and alights less gently while It's turnings
are wider and less easily made
As TO the relative danger OF the two
types authorities declare there is little
difference. In case Of the motor stopping
either machine should descend al a gentle
angle and alight on level ground without
injury. but while the manpuvre is easier
in the Voisin flyer. the Wright flyer is
capable OF landing more gently
The Cody biplane. in England weighs
two thousand pounds and is the largest
that has ever flown. u is modelled closely
after the Wright machine, the chief differ
ences being the increased size and an origi-
nal method of controlling lateral balance
by manipulating the forward elevator ele-
ments. It also possesses peculiar features
OF design in that both Of the main surfaces
are arched. the main sustaining surface.
are fiattened toward their ends. and there
Is also an extensive use Of bamboo mem
bers, wrapped between joints 10 prevent
splitting. The main planes are double sur
faced, over built-up ribs that inclose the
wing bars in such manner as TO avoid the
possible resistances that may be set I'D
when these are exposed. In trussing up
the Cody wings the best results are said
TO be obtained with a pronounced droop or
arching of the surfaces
New-York tribune., 1909-12-19

Leaving for the next article discussion
in further details Of the strokes. composinr
the cycle and the problems that arise in
connection with ignition, it NAV be ex-
pIained that the sudden and extremely
powerful impetus OF the piston in It's out
ward stroke following and caused bv the
explosion, is communicated TO the crank
smart. a piece of steel of great tensile
strength with as many cranks as there
are cylinders. one, two, four or six as the
case may be. Then there is a wide di-
Nersence IN construction for the transmits
sion OF the power developed in the engine
TO the wheels, involving explanations in
considerable detail II is simply the DUR
pose OF the writer at this point TO give in
the simplest possible language the theory
OF the automobile engine, and 70 explain
10 the novice the manner in which The
wheels so round" Therefore. some things
have been touched upon that do NOT prop-
erly belong in the article. but an idea NJ
ultimate purpose is regarded as important
in describing the trst steps OF the works
OF the engine
The Urinary development OF power has
now been accounted for. There will foIlo7v
more detailed discussion Of what goes on
In the cylinders, which will lead 10 an
analytical description OF the most common
type Of engine and its parts. Transmission
an important subject for the purchaser. in
asmuch as upon its character in his car
depends 10 large extent its value TO him.
must OF course, receive detailed attention
But the intending purchaser should now
have a general notion OF the Character of
his power plant A birds-eye view Of the
whole Is highly necessary in the writer's S
opinion for comprehensive grasp OF fur
ther explanations OF processes and details
New-York tribune., 1909-12-19
DIsINTEREsTED ADVICE TO PURCHASERS OF AUTOMOBL LEs

urslly the sequence OF the occurrences is
highly important. All must be performed
properly and in order. and a lapse in one
affects al the others.
In the course of the first stroke a fresh
charge OF the mixture OF gasolene and air
gasolene being very volatile and mixing
readily with air 10 form the charge, Of
which mixture" is the technical name. q
term that will be used frequently in these
erticles-enters the cylinder during The out
ward stroke OF the piston from the head to
the open end Then the piston moves in
ward, having in its outward stroke MADE
room for the entrance Of the charge and
congresses the mixture. AT the same
time. and about coincident with the COM
preston. comes the combustion or ex-
plosiOn. which leads directly to the power
developed in the third stroke when the
piston is driven outward. Then comes the
last stroke Of the cycle, clearing the cylin-
der Of the gases that have done their work
and preparing for the repetition of the
first or charging stroke.
The power is developed in only one stroke
OF the four composing the cycle, the others
being of preparatory nature. But the
piston has to move in the course OF the
three dead strokes. as they may be called.
when there is no gas pressure 10 drive II.
and this movement is procured by the fly
Wheel heavy wheel attached to the crank
shaft which acquires enough momentum
from each development or power to nc
quire constant motion and so keep the
crank shaft n revolution and the piston in
motion during the progress OF the cycle
There is a certain space between the
piston and the cylinder head in which com
bustion occurs. This is known as the com
bustion space. and into this space the fresh
mixture is admitted by the inlet valve.
There is also an exhaust valve. permitting
the expulsion OF burned gases on the last
stroke or the cycle. Here occurs the ex-
plosion, which is secured 10y the external
agency Of an electric spark. This shark
ignites the volatile and infammable MKT
ure during the second stroke and is under
the control of the driver. There are other
systems oz ignition. but tins is the one In
universal use for gasolene engines.
New-York tribune., 1909-12-19
THE BABY CIRCUS RIDER

Then there was little Harry the haoy
circus rider. Re was taken from an aims
house when only Two and j hall wears o-a
oy Sebastian Quaglieni. a circus perfornier'
and put in training for riding Al The time
the society was called upon 20 interfere ths
boy was used 10 balance himself On the
head and shoulders OF his master waiie
riding ~ a furious rate. Most severe ana
inhuman treatment had been pracrissd
upon him by ouaglieni 70 compel him %
accomplish this and other feats u Wa
proved that the boy had been whipped IN
I'll his bare legs looked Ike black striped
stockings.
The boy had been exhibited IN sevefai
cities m south America. and when proceea-
inss We're begun 10 obtain his reissse
he was pertormiag at Oakland. Cal ne
was brought 70 New York. AT the tris
his master asserted the boy was Nof'n
Se0.O0O 70 him. The hoy. who was taen
four years old. was adopted by eirssh
OF an adjoining state. The publicity siVen
such cases had great effect upon the f-~llhs
OF the public toward them"
In what other respects have there 49,
extensions OF protection 70 children-
'-Baby farming has been regulated -
that a person who wishes 10 board a oa-'
must have license. and the number = isi'.
tied. Thirty years ago it was nothms ~
md seven or eight IN a family
often were in starved condiLioa
New-York tribune., 1909-12-19
CHILD LABOR CONDITIONS.

Labor conditions OF children hsv-
changed greatly. have they norga
Thirty years ago the factories were fulI
OF children II was twenty yss-s
ago that Mr.. Gerry procured the enact
ment OF the first factory laws for the pro-
lection OF children L required a long hghc
70 obtain their passage The first year
they failed 10 pass the Legislature. Tls
next time they passed. but were not signed
by the Governor. Finally. after rhef-
passage. the society was asked 10 assuns
a part OF the responsibility for their en-
for cement. but declined Then the Factor
Department was organized The publicity
given by the press and the agitation b.
those especially interested have made Il
difficult for an employer 70 fail properly
10 protect children in their work The fac
tory laws have been OF great benefit 70
children and while they are not perfect
their strict enforcement in some states IS
reaping its reward in the condition OF rhs
children"
You have had some interesting cases IN
connection with the protection OF children
who were being exploited. have yOu not
Doesn't Josef HOfnann owe his marursd
musical career 10 the society"
The Josef Hofmann case is a mater OF
history. When he drst appeared here 1fr
Gerry thought he was being driven 700
hard by his managers. and asked Mayor
Hewitt 20 restrain them. bur The NayO-
had granted a license and did nor eel
ready 70 take further action II soon 5e-
came evident that the bOv was being seri-
oUsly overwo-ked- He was being rushed
about on expresses between widely sepz-
rated points. giving Two or three concerts
within forty-eishr hours a number OF
nh
agreed that he was suffering from over
work Various reasons were given for his
exploitation. including that OF raising
money for his musical education Finally
Alfred Corning Clark offered S0oo0 FOR ne
completion OF his musical education II 70
We're removed from the stage This vas
agreed 10 and a contract signed n he
sOciety's building.
This case walked parents u. ana child
prodig1es are now carefully protected ard
have opportunity for the exercise OF nor
nal life To-day nc child appears without
the knowledge OF the authorities and with
our the Mayors assent This means IN
this city that children are examined as 20
their condition before they are permitted
70 be exhibited Moreover. they cannot ap-
pear under conditions which are likely 20
be injurious 20 their morals o. health Ths
beS- theatrical managers provide scpara-e
quarters. in charge OF rarrons. Tor chil-
cren- They also provide simple luncheons.
such as bread and milk Contracts made
in other countries regarding children per
formers provide that they shall be void y
there Is any legal difficulty regarding ne
children
Children were exploited a great dsaA
were they nOt3''
There was the Prince Leo case. This
was the case OF a boy. seven years old.
who was called Prince Leo. He performed
the japanese Scrobatic feat OF walking I'd
ar inclined wire and sliding back win the
wire between his toes He earned -
week and was the sole support Of man
anCf a v-0u7au
New-York tribune., 1909-12-19
mo Al

mo Al
The gasoiene engine. considering the com
plcxity Of its functions and It's high state
CT development. is simple IN its essential
mechanical principles ard an understand
Ing in outline. az least, Of its construction
s. not beyond those without & technical
education. such an understanding is likely
70 prove OF the highest value 10 every own
or Of sn automobile. Certainly The intend
tng purchaser wll avoid the feeling OF
utter helDiessness before the onslaught Of
glib salesman with technical phrases al
his tongues end. and he viii be able 10
counter general assertions Of supreme merit
with questions as 70 specific parts and de-
tails. Cf course. the purchase Of the car
Is only the first step. important though il
be. and when the purchaser becomes full
nedged owner and member Of one Of the
most democratic and delightful fraternities
sn tke world by virtue OF that membership
De wiz fnd this knowledge stil more valu-
able. Therefore this series viii now take
up having laid down certain important
general principles Of selection. q descrip-
iion % the casolene engine as applied TO
fle propulsion Of automobiles.
Let II lie said first. that there are two
general divisions Of the gasolene engine
the rIyo-cycle and the four-cycle. a cycle,
in this sense means the successive occur
rences IN the moving OF the piston, and
the classes are divided in accordance with
the number OF strokes necessary 10 com
plete this cycle The piston is moved by
the pressure of a heated and expanding
gas. the pressure being produced within
the cylinder by the combustion OF an in
asnlrnable mixture OF easolene vapor. The
heat Of the combustion produces great
pressure. and the piston. the only part that
can Weld 20 the pressure. is moved from
one end Of the cylinder TO the other, which
motion Is used in turning the crank shaft
shd developing the gasolene power
The combustion is rapid in the extreme.
New-York tribune., 1909-12-19
SEPARATION IN COURTS.

The separation of children nom adult
criminals is another accomplishment OF
the last thirty years. This Is due 70 the
efforts OF Mr.. Gerry. who drew and secured
the passage OF the laws which obtained
this separation. This law has been the
basis Of similar action throughout the
United States. and. indeed. throughout the
world. The idea that child offenders are
not really criminals is a new one which Is
now recognized widely. and which is recog-
nized legally in a measure in this state.
This concession was the statute OF 1896.
whereby all offences committed by children
under sixteen, except those punishable by
death or life Imprisonment. We're reduced
10 the grade OF uisdemeanors. This takes
children from the Jurisdiction OF the higher
criminal courts. Children also may be re-
leased from custody pending trial on the
personal recognizance Of parent or proper
custodian. with security OF any kind.
In 1872 came the legislation in this state
which resulted in the establishment OF the
Childrens Court. At that time there was
no provision for such a court outside OF
Massachusetts. In that state IL was lin
tied To Boston. but had been permitted 10
become obsolete. The law in this state
made the separate disposition or the cases
OF children under sixteen permissive. The
roIlce justices or the city attempted 10
carry II out by trying the children's eases
IN separate room. or IN the regular court
room after the cases or adults had been
disposed OF. One man who did much to
establish the Children's Court was Assist
AMI Police Justice Murphy. OF Buffalo. who
established separate court in lSSe. six
months after the Chicago Children's Court
was established The law OF 1852 revived
the loea OF children's courts Chndren's
courts are now 20 be found In England.
Germany. France. Austria. italy. ana evsD
Asia, the Rajah OF Baroda, who vis,ted
This country few years ago, declaring thar
New-York tribune., 1909-12-19
The Gasolene Engines Mechanism Is Intricate but
ANY Layman May Understand 1t. After
Little Study.

SO rapid, f. fact, as 70 be almost explosive,
and TO be termed. in ordinary parlance. an
explosion. The combustion can occur only
after the mixture has been drawn into the
cylinders. prepared in such fashion as to
cause quick ignition and complete combus-
ton So the utmost degree Of heat is most
quickly obtained, and in order 10 permit
OF successive explosions or combustions
there must be complete evacuation OF the
cylinder by al the gases generated.
Thus, In a few words, is described the
cycle, cycle that must be repeated eter-
nally while the engine is running or alive"
The pressure in the gasoline engine is
exerted on one side. the combustion occur
ring between the piston and the cylinder
head The end of the cylinder opposite
The mead Is open, and the piston slides
along the length Of the cylinder, its move
Tnent being called stroke and correspond
ing 10 half a revolution of the crank shaft.
the agent Of transmission OF the power de-
V5oped TO the wheels
The classification into two and four cycle
engines is according TO the number OF
strokes required TO complete the cycle. In
the common type four strokes are neces-
sary. as against two in the less common
type
Five things complete the cycle Three OF
these things are done by the piston II is
responsible for the entrance Of the fresh
mixture into the cylinder. for it's compress
sion, and then. after the real work is done,
for the exhaust or release OF the burned
gases. While power Is being developed the
piston is moved by the pressure OF combus-
ton. and the combustion is due 10 source
without the piston. Four strokes of the
piston complete the cycle IN the type OF
engine that is almost universal, the four
cycle, and OF those strokes the FIRST occurs
during the inlet of the mixture the second
during compression and combustion, the
third during the development OF the power
and the fourth in the exhaust process Nat
New-York tribune., 1909-12-19
RAT DETERMINATION

consul John II. Snodgrass. at Kobe. gives
the Following account OF the systematic
nght that is being made In Japan against
the rat pest;
AS propagators of disease rats are the
worst known pests In Japan. il having
beeh dehniteiy settled that plague is spread
Tar ana wide by them, and so dangerous
have they been to human life thar tn
New-York tribune., 1909-12-19
ASSURING LATERAL STABILITY.

To obtain lateral stability the extremi-
ties of the wings are warped by moving
the lever at the right hand OF the operator
to the left or right. To warp these ex-
tremities the following system is em-
ployed:
Wires are attached 10 the upper end Of
each Of the two outside rear struts at
each extremity Of the wings. These Join
at a pulley at the lower end of the third
rear strut from each extremity OF the
lower surface and run 10 a lever (e).
Another set of the wires Cl h) and (h ~
is attached 10 the lower ends Of each OF
the firsI mentioned struts and run over
pulleys al the top of each OF the third
struts from each extremity of the upper
surface (See Fig. o.
Moving the hand lever ~ 10 the left
communicates through the rod (g) a move
nent 10 the left Of the upright lever tel.
This pulls on the wire G). branching OFF
TO the top Of the two outer rear struts
and brings the right hand rear edge Of
the upper surface down, pushing lower
surface down also This makes a strain
on the wires Ch h, joining at the top or
the third rear strut, and creates a pull
upward through the extension Ql' ~ OF
these last mentioned wires on the rear end
the left hand wing is warped upward.
There is an increase in the angle OF in
cidence on the right hand side Of the ma
chine and a decrease on the left hand side
with an attending greater lift on the right
than on the left, and also a resulting
tendency for the right hand side 10 slow
Up. To keep the straight course then the
rear vertical rudder is simultaneously
moved toward the left-the side Of the less
resstance-to bring the head Of the ma
chine around in its intended path. Both
operations are done at the same time by
the same lever. To warp the wings in the
opposite direction the lever Cf) is moved to
the right.
AS illustrated in the accompanying
drawing. moving the lever % TO the left
or right warns the planes. while moving il
forward or backward moves the rudder
This twisting mechanism IN the Wright
machine and the wing tip system in the
Curtiss aeroplane are employed 10 couu-
teract the effect OF a wind gust and 10 COR
rect any undesirable lateral slant OF the
machine.
II is argued by some that comparison
between the Wright and the Voisin con-
struction shows that the latter is much
easier to manage. as indicated by the fact
that Farman and De la Grange, then novices
IN aviation, few almost immediately Owing
New-York tribune., 1909-12-19

he intended establishing them there upoz
his return"
do you see any change IN ths dsp-zvitv
Of children in the last gsneration," vas
asked
In view of the conditions % lie. 7 con-
slider fl wonder the way The laws have
kept down juvenile dspraviry and juvenile
crime. The books OF the society DO no.
show any increase in tbs percentages OF DE-
pravity among children TIE parole sys-
TEN OF the juvenile courts is proving irs
value all the time This shows n the -
ports. They show that more than 50 per-
cent OF the children who are parol4d do
not return 10 the courts, and have been
New-York tribune., 1909-12-19
Wright Brothe ers' Suit for infringement o.
Patent on Warpins the Planes
Is Under Way.

SIectric motors The array OF working
machines includes two bandsaws. a milling
machine two drilling machines. four
latbes. two grinding machines, one polish
ing machine and complete forging and
bracing outfit. The weekly wages OF the
voisin workrnen amount 10 several hundred
dollars.
The Antoinette company employs daily,
IN addition 10 the large force of workmen
I'm its famous motor factory at Puteaux'
ten men for assembling its remarkable
r,onoplanes And there are several others.
The wings OF the Antoinette monoplane
,iu which Hubert Latham so unfortunately
had TO alight on the sea in mis- cross
Channel lights are designed 20 obtain
M. ir1lllnl of strength with q minimum OF
weight. The wings are built'up upon two
transverse main spars neither Of which,
however forms the edge Of the wing as
IS so commonly the case in the decks OF
biplanes Both the leading and trailing
edges Of the Antoinette wings are sharp,
and their upper and lower surfaces Cmade
Of AIichelin rubber-proofed fabric are kept
exceptionally taut by the large number OF
ribs that go 10 make up the wing frame
(See picture No. i
The oBtstretched wings form pair OF
csrtilevers. of which the main transverse
snars are the principal members. Each
srar IS constructed on the lattce-girder
principle. and tapers in depth toward the
extremity. At its inner end il is mounted
on q substantial bracket, which is attached
10 the body Of the machine This bracket
in the case Of the rear pair of spars, Is
rivoted as shown in an accompanying
sketch. so that it can rock bodily when
New-York tribune., 1909-12-19
Courtesy Of "Aerouautics",

gliding machines on the sand dunes near
Kitty Hawk, n. c.. and the board was. in
a general way. acquainted with their work.
It was not until the latter part OF 1905. how
ever, that the Wright brothers publicly as
serted that they had successfully solved the
problem of mechanical flight.
The spread Of the two main planes. or
wings, of the Wright machine is Al feet by
$50 feet, front TO rear. a total OF 53s square
teet for the two. The extremities are
rounded of. There are thirty-four ribs
curved one-twentieth in each surface. The
wings of the present machines are covered
with an English waterproof cloth. There
are nineteen vertical struts separating the
TWO great surfaces, a distance Of 90 feet.
The angle of incidence is stated variously
from 8 degrees up to : degrees. Wilbur
Wright is said to have given II himself as
4
New-York tribune., 1909-12-19
WHERE DIGNITY FALLS DOWN.

Little Willie-What is dignity. pa?
Pa-DiSnity, my son. is something man
can't stand on when he finds himself in
the rear OF a crowd and wants to see the
proCessiOn.-ChicagO News:
New-York tribune., 1909-12-19
UNCLE EZRA SAYS.

When 7 see some women folks goir,
long the street I wonder how sech little
heels kin hol up so much dignerty. ."-Bos-
ton Herald.