davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1909-03-28

olDSlStS. cOeIenterOio9lStS ana HSn-cuiluI-
lists. for whom the indiscrimnate appelia-
iiun "ichthyoloSists'' is here adopted. e
spite It's shortcomings, because there Is
10 word that fits this group comprehen-
siVe enough without being too compre-
hensive. Ii an oyster may be called
shell fish, when il isn't fish al all. and
!" lobster n crawfish under similar condi-
tons, when the tinny tribe may be flat
tered by inaccurate reference To whales
a. great fish and slandered by abiding
70 certain creatures very unlike fishes as
Jelly iisll for all true fishes have back
brnesl. there is excuse for referring to
moiiusk specialists, conchoiogists,
under the general heading of ichthy-
oloSists and doing likewise in the case of
psychologists. or crustacean specialists.
and others making = specially of some di-
vision al the aquatic population not recog-
niZed fishes.
The most eminent ichthyoloSists in tine
country, using the word in lis broader
sense. are. or have been. in the employ of
the government, for the bureau OF fish
eries, formerly the fish commission. has
often supplemented it's small regular staff
of scientists by employing expert irresti-
gators in marine biology FOR the study of
special problems, and moreover IL has had
many OF these among its regular EN-
ploXcS. Some of those who have been in
the hSh commission service are Prof..
David Starr Jordan. president OF Leland
Stanford University; Charles Henry Gill
bert. professor of zoology of the same uni
NerStty: Alexander AgasSiZ of Cambridge.
Mass: Tarleton III. Bean, fish culturist of
New York state. and before that director
OF the New York aquarium: II. c..
RumptIs of New Rochelle. y. Y, director
of lie American Museum of Natural His
t.rs; Charles H. Townsend, director of
TIC New York aquarium; DIR. Alfred Y.
MAYER of the Carnegie institutions: Rich
ard Pathbun. assistant secretary of the
Smithsonian Institution: William de Chas-
tignier Ravenel. administrative assistant
of the National Museum: G. Hart Mer-
Ram, chief OF the bureau of the biological
and DR. j. VI. Flint honorary curator Of
medicine at the National Museum.
Housed III headquarters which Com
missioner George Meade Bowers justly
describes as crauped and obsolete. the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1909-03-28

can penetrate to the interior of tornado
or waterspout tube, to show whether 1t
was regular or Irregular
Large tornadoes. cyclones and hurri-
canes are constructed upon the same prin-
ciples, differing only in dimensions and
proportions. according to Prof. Bigelow.
They all develop at an upper plane and
extend downward toward the surface or
the earth, the lower portion of their vor-
tees being destroyed in the working OF
their tubes against the land or sea.
Hurricanes are deep tornadoes of the
simple dumb-bell shape. and cyclones are
of this shape. in part. but the vortex is
very imperfe8. One hurricane which has
been computed-the DE Witte typhoon"-
in the China sea. in August 1901, was a
great dumb-bell vortex The part of its
neck that showed the fastest rotation was
some two miles higher than sea level. and
therefore above buildings and ships.
Here the wide vortex of wind revolved at
a speed of about seven and half miles
per minute, which was less than the tor
nado velocities above mentioned. But the
vastness IF this dumb-bell can be better
realized by Prof. Bigelow's computation
that it carried up nearly 100000 times as
much air as the Cottage City waterspout.
1t is beyond human power to build a
structure even of the strongest steel or
masonry. which can Withstand the tor
nado's full fury. The inner edge of the
vortex of the Cottage City waterspout eX-
erted a pressure up to about 1909 pounds
per square foot at sea level. when it was
in the funnel form: and it must have been
more than a ton per square foot up In the
fastest part of the neck when it was in
the dumb-bell form Structures built to
withstand forty pounds to the square
foot are considered to be hurricaneproof.
But there is not a building on earth that
could Withstand the pressure In the eye of
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1909-03-28

storms. One minute it will grind a state
ly building TO dust and the next il will
lift locomotive frcm the rails, only 10
replace IL uninjured hundreds of feet
away, while at a further stage of its
progress il will drive straws or bits OF
paper through the bark Of trees without
tearing them. The tornado of Kirkville.
Mo. i'm 1870, lifted a piano out OF one
house, transported ii LOCO feet through
the air and then deposited 1t through the
room of another dwelling.
K X
Sixty tornadoes in one day devastated
parts of eight of our states i'm 1854, our
banner tornado year. Fully 500 people
were killed. $500 injured and 10000 build
ings were destroyed on that single dale.
But the most disastrous tornadoes OF our
history have been those of Louisville, in
1890. and ST. Louis. in 1896 The former
p!owed furrow 900 feet wide through
Kentucky's metropolis. destroying ;
churches. the Union station, > halls,
schools, 266 stores, - factories, 10 ware
houses and :l3o residences. Seventy-siN
people were killed, 200 were injured and
the loss was S. 10000. In 1854 another
tornado had plowed through Louisville.
killing % people. The ST. Louis visitation
was the severest of our history, killing
900 injuring 100 and destroying prop
erty worth $4,000 GOO.
Our tornado belt" or region of great
est frequency. occupies the Mississippi
and Ohio valleys, but Nebraska South
Dakota, Iowa and Minnesota are our
tornado states par excellence. The Rocky
mountain plateau and slope are free from
such commissions. but thence eastward to
the Atlantic there are few states, If any,
not occasionally visited. New England $
cool climate has not rendered il immune.
1t was visited by destructive tornadoes
in 1878 and 1890
JOHN ELFRETH WATKINS.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1909-03-28
In the Tornado's Path-Kirkville, Mo.

spout tube Prof. Bigelow has employed
an ingenious method. Photographs hav-
ing been made of them from two different
angles. he can accurately compute the
dimensions of the tube from these snap
shots. After collecting the photographs
he. visits the spots where the cameras
have stood and makes a survey of the
distances between these spots and sta
tionsry objects of the landscape shown
In the pictures. Thus with his surveying
instruments he gets his scale of dis
tances. Then he pats the vortex on
map and gathers data from all of the
hood Finally, by aid of mathematics he
constructs a diagram of the funnel
shaped or dumbbell-shaped tube, and
from this he estimates its volume and
the velocity Of its spiral air currents;
Such a thorough study of tornadoes and
waterspouts has never been made before.
He is extending his method also to cy-
clones and hurricanes and thus these
phenomena can be compared with the
smaller and more furious storms.
Our first glimpse at the terrible force
of tornadoes is to be had through his
computations of the great Cottage City
waterspout, which, as stated. appeared in
both the funnel and dumb-bell form. In
the funnel form it was about 5000 feet
high and it's vortex spread out to about
$500 feet at the top. AT the bottom the
tube was surrounded by a lofty cascade.
which prevented measurement of its
diameter at sea level
This monster funnel was operating like
an expanding and contracting corkscreW,
whose rotation was much more tremen-
dous at the bottom than at the top and
increased in fury toward the core or
axis The velocity of rotation computed
for the innermost edge of the bottom
of the funnel was 10 feet per second.
or nearly nine miles per minute. You
know how destructive a mile minute
hurricane is. But here We have a wind
nearly nine times as great. At the same
time that it was rotating at this awful
speed-eXerting a centrifugal force. hurl-
ing everything outward from the center
IL was sucking up air at the rate of about
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1909-03-28

13.JDu CUBIC yards per second. WITHIN
the tube was a partial vacuum, exploding
and chilling everything in its path 1t
is this chill that makes a waterspout or
tornado tube visible in the form of
cloud.
It's force was still more terrific while
it was in its dumb-hell form. Then the
greatest power of rotation was not at the
bottom, but in the narrow neck between
the expanded upper and lower ends. For
the inside of this neck the computed We
focity was 1U5 miles per hour. or nearly
eleven miles pc: minute-over two miles
per minute taste: than The neck OF the
runnei lube. Tire inner edge Of this neck
reVoiveG Nv enty-seven TINES as fast
the outer edge, and the outer surface
OF the great dumb-bell the rotation was
tWenty-seven times greater at the neck
than on the expanded surface 293 feet
above the neck. In this dumb bell form it
sucked up nearly seven times as much
air as when In the funnel form, or about
so,Uo cubic yards per second.
The force of the great ST. Louis tor
nado. which ravaGed that city twelve
years ago. has also been computed by
Prof. Bigelow whose figures for that
phenomenon are also just announced for
the first time. He estimates that the in
nermost edge of the vortex neck of the
ST. Louis tornado-W lich had the dumb
bell form-rotated at a speed of iSI feet
per second or nearly nine miles per min
ute. which was somewhat less than the
velocity OF the corresponding point in the
Cottage City wateispout when in its
dumb-oell form, yet somewhat greater
than When the latter was in its funnel
form. But the St Louis tornado is found
to have been nearly fifty times as eff
cient in lifting air was the Cottage
City waterspout when 1t also was III
dumbbell form. Prof. Bigelow tells me
that all of these computations, of course,
are mathematical, and based upon what
the force of these phenomena would have
been if their worthless We're perfectly
formed. OF course no Photographic lens
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1909-03-28

frequency. and there seems to be no in
crease from decade to decade. You will
probably be reading of the seasons first
visitation in a few weeks, or. perhaps, in
a few days. Then they will increase in
frequency during May and June. and
then commence to taper off In July. There
are, however. few winter visitationS
in the gulf states. When tornadoes ap-
pear the papers generally announce them
cyclones a result of our national
hobby for misnomers, evidenced also in
our calling the cicada a locust" and the
bison a buffalo" AS a matter of fact,
sweep over our country from the north
Pacific coast and last for days at a time,
whereas tornadoes develop suddenly with
in. perhaps, one township and generally
last but a few minutes.
The tornado's vortex, or tube, is usually
but a few rods in diameter. leaving
path of destruction. but a few rods wide
and few miles long. whereas that of
leaving little If any destruction in its
path The cyclones funnel is mile or
two, but the tornado's funnel only a few
hundred feet high.
AS 10 the cause of tornadoes. Prof.
Bgelow finds it due to sheet of cold air
living over sheet of warm air. Since
heat ascends, these two sheets change
places and develop currents of motion
forming into the WhirlW1nd seen In the
tornado cloud.
He finds two types of these tornado
vortices-the funnel and dumbbell form
We have heard only of the funnel type
hitherto. have thought of the tornado as
having always a funnel cloud or tube.
Sometimes one of these forms changes
into the other. as in the case OF the
waterspout seen off Cottage City, Mass,
August 10. A waterspout, of course. is
nothing more than a tornado appearing
over the ocean, from which it sucks up
water. That off Cottage City changed
from the dumbbell to the funnel-shaped
tube.
For rnea Surfing a tornado or water
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1909-03-28

Bashford Dean, member of Tie advisory
board of the New York Aquarium has
been a contributor on the subject of for
eign oyster culture. The bureaus pearl
expert is DIR. Charles H. Steyen-on a
resident of Snow Hill, Nd.
Some of the busiest ichthyoloSists in
the country are connected with the Ma
tional Museum. The fish commission was
once virtually a branch of the Smith
sonian has always maintained very close
relations with Smithsonian and museum
authorities and has probably been the
most liberal contributor to the collection
OF wonders displayed in the buildings on
the Mall. Classifying the thousands of
specimens that have been added from
time TO time has been labor of no small
magnitude, and some able scientists are
engaged therein.
The veteran head curator of biology,
Frederick w. True is AN ichthyologist
and was an expert special agent on fishes
In the tenth census. lie was the custodian
OF the collection of the United States
fish commission at the Berlin fisheries
exhibition in 1850. He has made special
study of whales. and is one of the great
est authorities on that subject in the
world. But Mr.. True naturally does not
get as many specimens of his favorite
animal Ia classify does Barton A.
Bean, assistant curator OF fishes. Mr.
Bean has been connected with the mu-
scum since 1881. and spends much of tho
time studying fishes in their native wa
lefS lie - lPHflSNl9dlf1dn- DF. Ever
mann. chief of the division of scientific
inquiry at the bureau of fisheries is the
head curator OF fishes at the museum. DR.
Benedict is the curator of marine inverte-
brateS. and has Miss Mary Jane Rath-
bun as assistant
Ii is rare that women attain distinction
in scientific pursuits. but exceptions 10 the
rule are Miss Rathbun and Miss Harriet
Richardson, both of whom are eminent
Miss Rathbun has been
assistant curator since 1857 Previous -
that she served three years as an en-
ploye Of the fish commission.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1909-03-28

violent storms known to man.
The Investigations are being made by
Prof. Frank H. Bigelow of the weather
bureau staff. and on the basis of these
new observations he has formulated a
new theory that refutes the old notion
that tornadoes are due TO the mechanical
interference of air currents
Twenty five tornadoes devastate our ter
r,torv ner annum This is the average
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1909-03-28

HE weather bureau
is just completing
a new investigation
of tornadoes which
is developing some
interesting facts.
Since tornado sea-
son begins with
spring, this is an
opportune time to
tell you what is
being found out
about these most
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1909-03-28

NEW Method of Measur-
~ ing Them by Surveying
and Photography = Dimen-
sions and Force of the Great
Worthless Measured = Veloci-
ties Up to Eleven Miles a
Minute Computed-Destruc-
tive Pressures That No Build
ing on Earth Can Be Made to
Resist.
Copyright 1893 by John Elfreth Watkins
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1909-03-28

HE government en-
ployS many natur-
alists, both faunal
and otherwise. and
among the most
u $ e full are those
whose specially is
the study and con-
servation of aquatic
life. including the
ichthyoloSists. car
elmo | ogists, con-
Z Ii o logists, echin-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1909-03-28

the vortex Of the Cottage City waterspout
or OF any other tornado of its power.
The danger zone OF tornado is con-
fined pretty closely to the path of the
vortex. according to Prof. Biselow. In
the northern hemisphere. which We in
habit it's violence is always greatest on
the southern side of this path, but in the
southern hemisphere-below the equator
the greatest fury is always on its north
ern edge. Another interesting fact is that
all Of these corkscrew vortices-those of
tornadoes. hurricanes and cyclones-in
the northern hemisphere invariably rotate
In q direction opposite to that of the
hands of a watch laid face up, while
those Of the southern hemisphere revolve
in the same direction as the watch $
hands
The direction of the tornado path is
usually from southwest to northeast.
Hence when you see a vortex cloud in
the southwest the chances are that it is
coming your way. The signs of the tor
nados approach are those of thunder
storm, but much exaggerated. The vortex
cloud approaches with a roar like that
of hundred heavy railroad trains at top
speed Often the vortex cloud cannot be
seen. however. even at midday. q Intense
thunder and lightning, a torrent of rain or
hail frequently accompany or follow it.
To escape an approaching tornado per-
sons in our hemisphere should run to the
north or northwest of the evident path
of the approaching vortex or take refuge
in a cellar, preferably that of an ordinary
frame house, where falling walls of brick
or stone cannot crush them. The Cyclone
cellars scattered over our tornado belt
have been the means of saving many
hundreds of lives. These excavations are
usually crowned by low mounds and SUI
perstructures of light framework like that
of the icehouse cellar of an old-time
country house
The tornado is the most eccentric of our
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1909-03-28

. ICHARD RATHBUN. assistant secre-
~ tary Of the Smithsonian, is not only
a naturalist of wide acquaintance VITA
animal life. but is also a geologist. hay
ing heen assistant geologist on the geo.
logical commission of Brazil from 1870 TO
1878. He has, however. devoted especial
attention to fishes, and was scientific as
sistant to the fish commission for eighteen
years, or from 1878 to 1896. He has been
assistant secretary of the Smithsonian
for eleven years and a curator OF the
Buffalo, N Y, i'm 1852. Mr.. Rathbun's
first important work as a zooloGist was
for the Boston Society of Natural His
tory in 1874. Then he went TO Brazil
geologist. and after that became assistant
professor of zoology at Yale. He was q
representative Of tho United States on
the joint commission with Great Britain
relative to the preservation OF. fishes in
waters contiguous to the United States
and Canada.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1909-03-28
Ichthyo1ogists and Other Aquatic Life Experts

in the world named after him. This is
the mistichthys luZonensis III. NJ. Smith.
The Wenatchee daily world. [volume] (Wenatchee, Wash.) 1905-1971, 1909-11-23
\ Rainbow by Moonlight.

The weather man is dealing out all
kinds of weather here this fall. Yes
terday it was snow and rain with
a clear, pretty night up until mid
night. Those who were fortunate
enough to be up at that time had
the pleasure of witnessing a beauti-
full rainbow. To those in the city the
rainbow appeared on the horizon
northeast of Burch Flat and it ap-
peared perfect. This morning the
rainbow appeared in the northwest
and was also very perfect and shone
for the course of half an hour.
The Wenatchee daily world. [volume] (Wenatchee, Wash.) 1905-1971, 1909-11-23

sweater than tailor made little
jacket, accentuating every good point
in the wearer'S figure?
Some of these knitted jackets are
made full length. with beted effect
at the back and large pearl buttons.
They are usually made in white or
pearl gray. although | have seen stun
ming specimens made of the new buff
shade.
For small children there are little
sailor REFERS knitted of navy blue
wool, with the edges of collars and
revers piped with red and white and
red and white emblem on the arm
There are also very pretty bathing
suits made of white wool edged with
red or navy blue bands. Norfolk jack
cts of heavy gray wool are smart when
trimmed with pearl buttons and worn
with a white leather belt. There are
also skating suits for children made
all in one piece, with the leggings of
heavy white wool and with the point
ed tasseled cap to match.
For women skaters and AUTOMOBILE
lists there are close fitted hoods Of
white revol that cling to the head and
button under the chin with a single
large button.
Even the homely afghan has chang
ed, and now comes in five paneled
design wonderfully shaded and seal
loped. Some of the newer knitted
afghans also have q Powered design at
fixed intervals.
The knitted shawls are lovely. They
come in circular effects. edged with
fringe. Some have deep points, and
others have openwork bands for trim
ming to head the fringe
A particularly effective design is
circular shawl done in a striped effect
and having a delicate shell edge re-
sembling lace
Among the small things that are
easy to make and effective for Christ
mas presents may be counted fancy
golf vests for both men and women
these have dotted or pin spotted eff
fect and sleeveless jackets to be worn
under tailor made coats for warmth.
The last are made in slipper stitch,
using two contrasting cOlors. Perhaps
the greatest novelty Of all is a dog
sweater done in checkerbOard stitch
and having a scalloped edge and
high storm collar. Every smart dog
will want one of these for cold
weather. HELEN MASON.
The Wenatchee daily world. [volume] (Wenatchee, Wash.) 1905-1971, 1909-11-23
Mcclellan Still Trading.

Last week Clark Cox and ]. H.
Mcclellan purchased the Tom Dere-
field place at Malaga. This is a 20
acre tract and is one of the best in
the Malaga country. Yesterday John
A. Gellatly purchased the property
from the new owners, paying for it
SIG, 900, Messrs. McGohan and Cox
taking in part payment a five-acre
tract in Sunnyslope at valuation
of $4,000. Later in the day Mr. Nc
Gohan purchased Mr.. CoX's interest
in this tract
The Wenatchee daily world. [volume] (Wenatchee, Wash.) 1905-1971, 1909-11-23
Big House But No Vaudeville.

The new management of the We
natchee theatre was greeted with
full house last night and an excellent
moving picture show was given. The
vaudeville stunts, however, had to
be cut out, owing to the non-arrival
of the vaudeville artists from Seat
tie. No. was caught in a mud
slide between Leavenworth and Seen
ic and delayed the arrival.
The Wenatchee daily world. [volume] (Wenatchee, Wash.) 1905-1971, 1909-11-23
+ = Z. = = = = = + = + E Z = = =
i ADJUSTMENTS. =
+ + + J. + + 4. + + + 4. + 3 + z =
AT GEM THEATRE.

Program Tonight.
Wanted, a Child
"The Awakening" Biography
CLOSED ON Sunday" Comedy
How This Tramp Got His Lunch"
The Wenatchee daily world. [volume] (Wenatchee, Wash.) 1905-1971, 1909-11-23
Honor For a Missouri Woman.

Missouri has the honor of having
placed the first portrait of a distin-
guished woman on the walls of Cont
mental hall, the new building erected
by the National Society of Daughters
Of the American Revolution in Wash
ington. The portrait is of Mrs. Alice
Brevard Ewing Walker, wife of John
r. Walker of = Kansas City and
former vice president general Of the
D. A. R. Mrs. Walker Is descended
from General William Lee Davidson
of North Carolina, to whose memory
the nation is now erecting monument
on the Revolutionary battlefield In
Guilford. n. c. The portrait is by q
Missouri artist.
The Wenatchee daily world. [volume] (Wenatchee, Wash.) 1905-1971, 1909-11-23
Death of Mrs. Sines.

Mrs. Lulu J. Sines, residing seven
miles up the Entiat river, died this
morning at her home at that place.
Mrs Sines was A years old. She
leaves to mourn her loss a husband
Henry Sines, and six children Mrs
Sines will be buried tomorrow at En-
tiat The Wenatchee Undertaking
company has charge of the funeral
arrangements.
The Wenatchee daily world. [volume] (Wenatchee, Wash.) 1905-1971, 1909-11-23
Ask Mail Service Change.

Waterville and other neighboring
towns are petitioning the United
tablish a daily mail service over the
new Wenatchee-Ma branch.
Letters and packages for Waterville,
Douglas and neighboring towns now
depend on the boat service.
Letters from Wenatchee to Mans
field are routed by Northern Pacific
through Spokane to Coulee City ana
staged to the destination.
The Wenatchee daily world. [volume] (Wenatchee, Wash.) 1905-1971, 1909-11-23
<. Of P. To GIVE
SOCIAL

All those who are or have been
members of the X. of p, regardless
of location, even though they are not
now identified with lodge, are in
vited to meet with us at Stag So
cial, to be given Monday evening at
s o'clock, November 30, 1909. The
lodge will not be opened for secret
work.
Come and enjoy good time and
let us get acquainted. A special in
vitation is extended to all K. of P.
COMMITTEE.