davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1909-11-04
' | + + + ! < + | | F + + < < = i A . + SOCIETY. < +
CULVER JOHNSON.
z < + + + + < < < + + .s + f *

CULNEK-JoIINSON.
 At the First Methodist church yrst.rda, afternoon at :; o'clock Il pretty wtidiu. took place when Miss Hattie May CnlvcT 1hd 1led j"nn bx psa Dates Avery Johnson Sere mar The church had been artistically decoratr.i by the N young ladies of the Twentieth Cen which the bride is q prominent and active member. Pink and white crysanthcmuIn>. red req roses, roses, ferns and beautiful cvergreens corations. and the altar which was espcci- ally attractive. was banked with flowers and ferns, Loves Way, by Mary Reva Harris, accompanied by Mrs, F. F.. lowed by the wedding march that signal Miss Jessie whyte: best man Tom Cad serTy; nshers, Roy Custer, Joe S2hns9nii vas attired in dark green costume. with hat; gloves and shoes to match, and car sonor en eafraa onaeae whe H s' a wore Princess dress of rose color and a large white beaver hat Mrs. Renfrov auring the ceremony. After the wed'iin2 the young couple departed on their bri.ial trip, which will take them through Texas for several weeks, Mir. and Mrs. Johnson received many costly and handsome orc sents from q large circle of friends: Miss Culver is the only daughter of Mir a,ln
 
 sweetest and most attractive young ladies in the city. Mr Johnson is the son ,i Captain and Mrs. John B. 4 Jahnsons b,ho T,,Ie, a9d largest livery and sale stables. cousin to to e the bride, Miss Marguerite Brown, ot Leavenworth. Kansas, was an ont "1 town guest at the wedding.
 HAWTHORNE BOOK CLUB
 Mrs E. W. Freeman entertained tb" Hawthorne Book Club yesterday afternnoh at her home on West Second avenue fh' Nome was decorated with carnations, roses and ferns and in the dining foo1a tn table, which had a covering of clnny lace Aeld many specimens 9f cut 1t slass s,sn+. vas,,s The following. program was rendered. the club members: ,
 Paper, "Patrician Influence. in Rome, 4s% h',, In her absence read by Mrs. A. " Troupe.
 rhsTe nSea. k9tle sR'G; s Gr pont cry Miss Mary
 Paper Legends in Rome" 17oo4a3 h
 Vocal Solo, Selected. Miss Lucy nearn Rroadstreet accompanied by nrs, F E
 Reading utalan Dialect), Wat 'sa Use
 The program of the afternoon was follow cd by dainty refreshments Mrs Freeman ssoe1sdsn ses smsh. sz DS' 'y'-'''
 TOR RABEs AND GRANpMoTh FRS, .sao,v
 The following invitation has been rec, IefeiV " ed by the little ones of the Cradle holI ol and your mamma are invited to meet ti ether Cradle Roll babies and their mothers CT, Thursday afternoon, hogember, 4 s,fnea fTo1n Ers, j. W Crawford" This promises to be a delightful affair fer the babies no no all their grandmotners who are cofdiau% invited to he present. Ihe chiiareIt Mr rcouestcd to each bring a toy with them  CoTIILION CLUBS OPENING RAl4i1,,
 The opening ball of the Lotus n"iill,"n p,,n Club was given last evening at the blnn S1itv t,lIb It was the most succesSf1 Fl affair of it's kind ever given by this popuu lar club The beautiful hall all, vas yasns manI anG attractive by the use of tew ter ierhs Syhinn .inn bsa,ns bsgan at o:so o'clock Those who attended, were: Messrs and hlesdames Allan ofto'
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1909-05-24
Our J%ndemoCratiC Capital.

Washington, the capital city 81 'at
nation. instead Of affording as y
should. the most striking model p
enforcement in the whole eouh-
try. Is, as a matter of fact. 2 mos'
horrible example Of just the reverse
The city has "a fair measure 81 eogu
government. but it IS not demoeiah
good gororument It is imposed r'o'
tlc city. 1t does not come ass the aeA-
conscious, deliberate effort OF THE 4ee-
pie who are affected Congress gov
crna the city absolutely and the people
have nothing to say about tho ie'-
sonnet ot their governors or the ieiH'
OF their government. Tho prcsiaehs
by and with the advice Of the senate
determines one, land congress w.
other. We never hear of charter ~
form ian Washington, except Nh,"
congress or the president starts lp'
discussion. and this former President
Roosevelt has done. appointing aol d
charter convention of residents but ''
expert from New York. i'm tho peIsei
Of James Bronson Reynolds. There a5s
few better equipped men for inc t's"'
put the recommendations are his. n'
those OF the people whose intefe-l7
involved. - Clinton Rogei- Moa'-
ruff i'm Atlantic Magaz1...
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1909-05-24
MISLEADING TARIFF
STATEMENTS
DEPLORED
Glazing Inaccuracies in Table
Made Public by Eastern
Newspapers Pointed Out by
Treasury Officials,



Especial Correspondence 10 Morning Journal
Warrington q Nav % -Tbe
.er.t.
greatly regret me erroneous a ms
ieadint statements concerning the
iariif ana me erect ot the duties that
nave Ipun1 their way INTO circulation
recently p particularly % table Just
puhiisheh ~ Il couple OF eastern pa
pefs ana pnfpofiing 10 snow the
mount oi autY Connected on various
he'tssliits approximately ioiy %
number Mhieh IL is alleged was com.
petea py olilelais OF inc treasury loi
uie use oi thf president ta0i'
WIS IN TACT prepared LOT inc pr'sl-
aehis us pnt on complexion D. "''
i"uhH 70 DC 80 misleading mat it was
ttlsetsd ana was mover submitted 70
hihi f'f instance inc l'hIe i'pr
senta the ahlF pil" Al mon SUITS ~
t3iiins al 80 To ne @lV.'' ,"eh u"'el
the binsiey law. ana ihe f'yhe an
senate Dlll7' Mhll' inc iael ia tial w
iuts on SUITS ol thai quAIllS rs Fi'p
Alen ~oNrfepats retaining AT inc sam
price are eiled as paying "a uu1y o'
ll.hh' whereas inc actual uuiY .
s'.o4 Men : hhts are 'l''a "s pay
u "a al 81 IL InnHA- NINIIAI IINN
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1909-05-24
WIVES WAN TED IN
NORTHWEST
Thousand WeII-to-Do
Bachelors in Inland Empire
Would Welcome Feminine
Invasion from the East,
Especial Correspondence to Morning Journal


| Especial Correspondence to Morning Journal
Spokane wash, May e3-There are
ully 1000 healthy and fairly well-to-
10 young bachelors in the Inland EN-
iirc. taking N parts OF sstern Wash
ngton and oregon. northern Idaho.
Western Montana and southeastern
British Columbia. They want wives.
That U.s.. if they cab find the right ones.
All OF them are good hearted. kind,
~ncctionatc and capable Of real love.
hey say so In letters TO Levi Grant
fonroc. secretary OF the Spokane
hamhcr Of commerce. who became
Interested in the movement when ltcv.
, p Vaughn. pastor of the Halsted
trcet Institutional church, Chicago,
nnounccd that moro than goo girls
clonging TO his congregation would
marry "honcst men who can make
lean money"
'What appeals to me most, said
me Of the eligibles, "is the fact that
he girls are looking for real home
Makers They seem agreed that
Wealth.. talent or swell clothes are not
absolutely necessary, but that they
want clean men, who ARC not afraid to
YORK. There arc hundreds of strap
ring Young mrn. fun OF vim and vigor,
ii our forests mines and railroad
amps, grain nolds. orchards and fac
orirs. An of thcm have had school
advantages. and not q few arc college
non. The majority would marry tho
light Kind of girls ana give them life
partnerships boz good homes
Wlno MT. MONROE has no desire 90
figure as Curid's messenger ho viii
however. forward the bachelors let
fors 10 Row ur Vaughn at Chicago
.n the hope That thr girls may find
their ideal mon. ass described in re-
suonscs Co tho Chicago minister's cir
,ulars Mr Monroe said this is not to.
hc taken Co.. moan hat girls in cities
ana towns Doc eastern, middle Western,
southern aud pacihc Coast states or
amy part of Canada are barred
Nothing of the kind Dc added
'The bachelors are here. there are
1000 of thom. and they want wives
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1909-05-24
TAFT DISPLEASED
WITH WORKING Of
FOOD LAW


Thc President So ao far distieas' q
with the constant friction over ne enc
forcomant OF the pure food laws. thai
There ii persistent report ui % pofsi-
bic change at thc head OF che Depart
mont 81 Agriculture before the aan-
MGR IS over.
Tic present enforcement W the
pure food laws 10 Us WILDLY charged.
involves the most serious d~iscrimino-
ton. Do some cases p~rgHerfatlFf7 Hho
eoi0rs arc allowed which Gre almost
universally regarded ns extremely I'M
furious. in others. 500 simple and
hnrmleas a process aH blelchlu -four
81 prohibited. Tho result iH that the
a4ly and food Commissioner ot INC
states arc planning "a great hEht 'n
the national pure food a~uthotiu'a
aud propos "a series of extensive cx-
perimouts 10 decide who Do right in
these matters
Tho state ana fcdcral authorities
have taken almost opposite courses in
d number OF instances Thus most oi
the state authorities have long cstab
lfshed tho view that sodium benzoate.
81 Improper for food purpo cs and
preservation. while they hlye permit
ted bleaching ~ -four. Thg federal
authorities have reversed them ON
both these questions and on q number
81 others
President Taft has been much ana
nuyed by the charges of favorItism
and the move for q complete rcOf-
eanization of the food law admnistra
tion ~ becoming serious MT Iaft dil.
not want 70 retain Secretary Wilson pa
hiH present position, ana only ala se.
III q last resort. on ing 40 the insist
ence Of farmers am oyer the country
The secretary m stronger Win the
farmers than amy other man in sight
but ne has not been go fortunate in
commanding the confidence OF Tao
food manufacturer
II. -. Cnburn, sccfrtnty ~ ngricui
ture III Kansas and Congrossmau
Charles T.. Scott. chairman of tho
House committee on agriculture. have
been mentioned la connection with
the agricultural portfolio ln the prosi-
dents cabinet AZ tht opportuno time
the Kansas delegation VIII agree on
one or the other 0f thcse mon and
uiro hia selection Cor the place
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1909-05-24
FRUIT GROWERS WANT PAY
FOR CANAL RlGHT-0F-WAY

Denver May % THE fruit grow
ors of palisadc. Colo, VIII present q
THAT the farmers De- paid for the land
condemned by thc government Tor tbs
passage ct government irrigation
canals The petition is based Oh IA
statute of 1890, which provides that
the land used Tor gov eminent eana'=
or ditches across homestead or pre-
emption claims shan Zoe paid for by
ihe government Tho fruit growers
claims aggregate $50. ooo.
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1909-05-24

Lots Of tine heavy snow was found
above timber line Gl.0Oo feeU. ES-
caVatlons have been made for am ad-
dition to the summit house for the
installation OF the United stat 8
weather bureau. which is to be esiao-
lished this summer for the purpose
Of studying the higher air currents
fin lime with methods adopted at Noun
Weather. Va, Kites viii be used iof
experiments.
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1909-05-24
TURQUOISE FOUND
IN SOU RN
COLORADO
Valuable Samples Discovered
Among Stones Thrown Away
by Pr0SpectorS Seeking Gold


49,"
Pueblo. MAY Large deposits oi
turquoise tho only ones ever found "a
Colorado have he.n discovered iu
coneios county and have boon pure
chased Is q Colorado springs man.
.C H wyman ana associates while
II the southern part II the state ~
Gently AIR wsmau s8w samples 10 the
stone which had beer thrown awa,
by prospeetors IN thor search FOR gold.
recognizing the value - the stone, hc
made q trip o. the mines and closed a
deal for ten claims u ton acres each.
Turquoise Is worth from IS cents Go
IS a carat and ii is estimated that this
group EFF miaes contains 5000 600
~carats Tht lolof 81 The stone ranges
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1909-05-24

eral waiting poom Is a. feature OF the
now arrangements. At present al
callers on the president with the eN-
ception OF those who have made pre-.
vlous engagements. are accommodated
IN the lobby. which has often proved
too small for the large number OF
white House callers. The added room
VIII meet his need. The room foI
congressmen Is enlarged 20 twice IT
former size and extra room FOR clerks
rs provided as well
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1909-05-24
TO KEEP UP
THE FIGHT
inland Empire City Begins New
est Move in Twenty Year
Struggle Against the Rail-
roads.


I~p0TIHI NWTFTNV0nW0n0e 70 N0THlNE I0WTNN'
spokane Wash. May -3 Reject
ng the schedule .of commodity rates
proposed by the Hill ANA Hartman
pstems to become effective July I.
,oeardiug which the Interstate Com
nerce Commission will hear objections
W the shipping Interests OF spokane
at Washington ID g.. June g. D in
erstato commerce committee % the
Spokane chamber 90 commerce has
decided 90 continue It's nght for eQuit-
able rates
This is The latest move in spokane
eo-,,srs battle fer reasonable rates
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1909-05-24

The ~so-called daylight work foi
government employees was discussed
by the president al this weeks cabi-
net meeting, but It was decided thai
this question or earlier working hour
In the government departments rest
ed with congress ana not with the ex-
ecutiye.
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1909-05-24

~ fhis determination. The Nebraska
and Kansas milling interests have
been leading in q determined hght 70
oyorturn the regulation 81 the score
larry ~ agriculture. who held that the
bleaching Of flour, IN order 70 give the
appearance Of pure whitcness to Hours
made from the softer grade Of wheat
was "A violation ~ tho Zoo laws.
Tho Nebraska and Kansas peopl
entered $ vigorous protest. maintain
INK That tho bleaching process used by
/ them. ANA generally used, Il entirely
harmless. thnt 81 neither takes from
ma aotr any doslrabl element, nor
lN4ts. tnta. i'll anything undesirable Ihe
mllcrs made d strong EFFORT % induce
Secretary Wilson % reopen ana re-
consider tho matter. but he declined.
ana the millcra then had recourse 70
legal proceedings Attorney r. =
smith ~ omaha came here I'M behalf
~ tho western mllera and took up the
fnnttcr with president Taft and the
attorney eoncrwai IL asked that ar
irangements be- made for "a test suit
land the attorney general took the re-
quest under consideration
Tho decision just announced IS the
result. A shipment IT ~unlabeied
blenchcd flour VIII De seized In TN"
processes Of lnterstntt shipment, aud
tho government viii start prosecution
.of tho shipper II is expected that
arrangements can be- made and the
rase started az omaha in the near flu
.turc on tlio trlal 81 the case tho
Omaha shipper VIII set up in defense
that the Hour Us not ~adulterated or
Otherwise injured 800 violation of Tho
purc food Law, and the court viii.
probably appoint a commission Of cx-|
porls 10 Investigate AN Tho scientific
questions involved. and report to tn
court.
Th senate has confined the APP
poiutmcuts Of Ernest W Lewis and
Edward NJ. Doe to DE associate JUS
ticos of the supreme court Of Arizona
Miss Mary Frank Gardner. Of ART
IONA, is d member Of the 1909 gradu-
ating class Of Martha Washington
Seminary OF this city
a nos star mail route VIII be rs
tabiished between I1lslfn ana Bueh-
nnan. y ~, with q service Of three
times q week, after June j. The con
tract was awarded to Juan scna y o.
of Elvira. at 1895 q year.
Another atnr mali route VIII be In
tailed ou juno : between Cone. Via
Iulr, Zone. Mlncusa ana Nara visa
Albuquerque morning journal. [volume] (Albuquerque, N.M.) 1903-1926, 1909-05-24

Conditions in the census bureau an.
stil in an unsettled state and the Of
Icial fate Of Director North sim
hangs in the balance. Various ru
mors are in circulation regarding tn
course Of Secretary Nagle in the mat
cr. As a matter OF fact Mr.. Nagls
mas not yet reached a decision re-
yarding the administration of Dircetot
North. He has found q complicated
situation which he is attempting tc
nrayel and the president has assured
llm that whatever ne recommends
With regard TO Mr., North viii be done
The secretary, a careful and thorough
administrator, has determined 10 in
Vestigatc the subject thoroughly be
tore reaching any conclusion, u ~
his end his solicitor Is going into tn
ubjcct most completely
The San Francisco call., 1909-06-03

Edwin VAL Schmidt's Poison Oak
Remedy cures and prevents catching
poison oak. For sale only at Fillmore
and California streets.
The San Francisco call., 1909-06-03
THE BALTIMORE & ONO RAILROAD

Low round trip fares from Chicago
to New York city and other eastern
destinations during entire month of
June, 1909. Return limit 80 days. Stop
overs at Pittsburg, Washington, Balti-
more and Philadelphia. For inIorma-
ton address
Edwin Anderson, B. n. Austin.
Pea. San Francisco. G.P.A, Chicago
The San Francisco call., 1909-06-03
GLASS; ATTORNEYS
FIGHT R[H[ARING
Attack Brief Filed by Attorney
General Asking Supreme Court
to Renew Appeal
Assert Appellate Courts Rever-
sal of Conviction for Bribery
Warranted by Evidence

The answering brief to the appliea-
tions of the attorney general and dis
trict attorney, for a rehearing before
the supreme court of the appeal OF
Louis Glass. vice president of the Pa
cific telephone and telegraph company.
who was convicted of bribery in the
superior court and recently granted
appeal, was filed by the attorneys for
Glass yesterday. The attorneys for
Glass first contend that it should not
ing for a rehearing and that it should
not be necessary to fils an answering
brief
They filed their brief yesterday,
however, document of more than
twenty pages. In the first place the
petition for the rehearing is attacked
The Glass attorneys quote from the
attorney generals petition that the
rehearing is asked, Believing that the
ends of justice will be best subserved
by the determination of the case by
the supreme court" and not from any
error committed by the appellate court.
1t is an opinion well able to stand
alone reads a portion of the brief.
The briefs of the attorney general
and of the district attorney are then
attacked as being not at all adequate.
The testimony relative to the manner
the telephone company procured the
Oakland franchise, the brief says,
tended to prejudice the jury against
the defendent and the attorneys sub
nit that the purpose of that evidence
was to prejudice the jury.
They also contend that the refusal
of the trial judge to give proper in
structions is ground for new trial
and submit that the appellate court
was right in its decision in that mat
ter. They further contend that the
reference to the refusal of E. ]. Zim-
mer, auditor of the company, to testify
on the grounds that he might incrim-
mate himself, made by Assistant Dis
trict Attorney Heney in his argument
to the jury, should not have been made
and that notwithstanding the fact that
a certain reference was withdrawn,
other references were made by the
assistant district attorney.
Whether or not the supreme court
will grant rehearing will be de-
cided June II. If the rehearing is
granted it will probably be set for
the July calendar of the court The
decision will then be ready in 80 days
The San Francisco call., 1909-06-03
WITNESS FROM NEW YORK
FAILS TO TESTIFY
Rumor That EmbezzIement
Case Has Been Squared

At its next meeting the grand jury
will probably undertake an investiga-
tion of the circumstances connected
with the sudden departure from San
Francisco of George w. Vredenburg
of New York, who came across the con-
tinent ostensibly for the purpose of
testifying against Emory c. Brace,
president of the Brace-Anfenger COM
pany, now insolvent, who is charged
with embezzlement
Vredenburg was the chief witness for
the people. He arrived in San Fran
cisco Saturday last. but when the case
was called for trial Tuesday it was
learned that he had left the city.
Judge Dunno made inquiries, and
learned that since Vredenburgs arrival
negotiations had been conducted by
Friend B. Brace, brother of the de-
fendant, looking to the payment of a
sum of money to Vredenburg sufficient
to recoup him for his losses, in return
for which he was asked to abandon
the case.
N. A. Dorm was attorney for Brace,
and it was testified that he had re-
quested c. A. Stockley to write to
Vredenburg telling him he need not
come to San Francisco. Owing to a
confusion of initials it was stated yes
terday that Attorney D. S. Dorm rep
resented Brace, but as a matter of fact
he had no connection with the case.
The San Francisco call., 1909-06-03
MINSTREL SHOW BY THE
LEAGUE OF CROSS CADETS
Entertainment Takes Place To-
night at Golden Gate Hall

Indications point to a record attend
ance at the minstrel show which is
to be held this evening at Golden Gate
hall by members of Company H. an
alumni organization of the League of
the Cross Cadets. The committee in
charge of the affair promises chorus
of so trained voices. which for the last
three weeks has been rehearsing under
the direction of j. f. DAILY, who will
WELD the baton when the curtain rises
tonight.
Specialties introducing new and
catchy songs with an abundance Of
clever jokes will be a few of the feat
ures of tonight's merrymaking. Pro-
fessional minstrel men and several
well known and popular singers will
handle these, while arrangements have
been made for special scenic effects.
Following the performance an in
formal dance will be held. The hall
has been tastefully decorated and many
of the numbers will be featured with
colored light effects.
Among those who will participate in
the evenings performance will be:
NJ. Harran, interlocutor; J. F. DAILY.
director; Frank willard, barytone
viii Pirrie, endman; Charles Butter
worth, endman; w. II. Moore, barry
tone
The San Francisco call., 1909-06-03
LITTLE BABY
HORRIBLY BURNED
BY Boiling Grease-Skin All Came
off One Side Of Face and Head =
Tried an Ointment which Made Il
All Fester Wee Sufferer Seemed
Dis6gured for Life.
CURED WITHOUT A
MARK BY CUTlCURA

About year and eighe months ago
ny baby. aged ten months. ~as sitting
~ the mat beside the fender and We were
preparing the breakfast when the frying
ran full OF boiling grease was upset and
lt went all over one side Of the baby's
sace and head One OF the family ran
and wiped the scald With q towel and
you may think what a mess she made,
pulling the entire skin o6. We took her
10 chemist who told US TO get doctor.
which " did. He tended her q week
End gave me some stun like lard TO put
Dn. But it all festered and I Thoughts
The baby was dis6gured for lie.
woman close beside me told mo to try
Suticura Ointment. I used about three
ooxes and it was wonderful how'll healed.
In about Eve weeks 10 was better and
there wasn't q mark to tell whers the
scald had been. People used 20 ask me
II that was the baby that was scaldsd
and they would hardly believe me when
/ told them she was and what cured her
face. Her skin is just like velvet and I
have never been without Cuticura since
Cuticura cured three other children of
ringworm besides. so have good cause
TO thank 10 for what 10 has done Mrs.
Hare. l. Henry St.. South Shields. Dur
ham. England. March %. 1905.
The San Francisco call., 1909-06-03
CUTICURA
Worlds Favourite Emollieut.

A single amounting with Cuticura ONT.
ment, preceded by hot bath with cuti-
cura Soap and followed in the severec
cases by dose OF Cuticura Pills. IS often
sufficient to afford immediate relief IA
the most distressing forms Of torsuriny
dis6guring. itching. burning and scasy
humours. eczemas. rashes and irritations.
when all else fails.
aySend 20 nearest depot for tree Cuticura Book
on Treatment OF the skin CuticurA Remedies ars
sold throughcut tSe world. Depots: London 1T
Charterh0use So: Paris 3. Hne De a Palx: austria.
Ia. r. Towns Co. Sydney; South africa. Lennon
Ltd. Cape Town. Natal. etc. y, 5. A.. Potter DruR
Chem Corp. Sole Props. Boston
The San Francisco call., 1909-06-03
MARINE PAINTING
DECORATES PANEL
w. A. Coulter Completes First
of Pictures for Walls of
Merchants Exchange

The first of series of marine panels
with which W. A. Coulter, the marine
artist, is decorating the walls of the
hall of the Merchants exchange has
been finished and the scaffolding has
been erected upon which he will work
in making a second large picture in
the adjoining panel.
His first picture, showing the ar
rival in the harbor of big American
sailing ship, has won general approval
In addition TO the big panel Coulter
has painted a number of smaller pic
lures for smaller panels.