davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Putnam patriot., 1909-02-05

nisrKtGf ut pOMkRET, Probate Court. " January 2a. ipni,
 Estate of smith Wilkinson. la'e Of romfret h said district decrnsad
 Upon the application uf Hela r. Learned. ue Norwich. Conn. Trustee nnsieF the Will ef eatd deceased praying that hs iinal account as frutfea of said Ertaie may be allowed, and sfnfthvr prny. Ing that the resignation of said Hela r. Lsareoo as trustee of said trust, esinte mas be accepted hy this Court, ant some proper person app0infeo tfustf In aeeor, aiee with the tsffns of the VIII of said deucased as per application on iic move f Iy appears, lt tH
 Ordered. that said application be heard and de- terinined ai the Probate Office n Pomirst tn Anid district The ath dny nf hsb lgOv, at i0 70 o'clock a m aud ths, aotice be given of tbs .peudrsey Of said application and the time aud plaee of hearing thereon, by publishing this afstrf tWiec In a newspaper published in futnaus, and by post. ing copy thereof on the public sign post lD tne town of fomfret. in said district. te daye befofe said hearing and further that notice ofthts appe1e cation and order of hearing be klvep by res1nteseo mall 10 Mary K. Fffkins. of NeN lsondOu, Cuun.s and to guatdian of Harriet ycvgtnn Whllahes. . minor nf The city Uticx, State 6f New Ycst, lo days before naid time asstsned. !
 sa CHARLES c TtlOMreuN. Je1Ge. As Court oi rsohsis Hcl6ss Y: 1sosIssea 23th day Of January, \ D., teea
 rre.ens. Qeossx ': N!esgy 9e41s.
 On motion q bisphtn Datlard q Thum(0s coss .s,s q .,. Ss MI fs S,.s.: s.sa = . 3 Tbompson. within satd dIstvict decea6ed.
 This court dosh deeree that atx months - d. lowed and limited for the diors of sstd eGeate admlnlsirsfov with will snn~xsd, and dtseese sAas pabiic notice be given of thts ordef bY adver14o1 In newspaper having circuistiou tn sue1 9ee r!ct. and by posiing scppy thereof os the y.e!le place wbcre the derensed last dvelt.
 ccrtinsd Iron Record,
 b-7 GEORGE s. CROSBY, Ju1go
Putnam patriot., 1909-02-05
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Putnam patriot., 1909-02-05

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The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-03
PRACTICAL WAY TO IRRIGATE.
Have Everything in Vegetable Garden
Planted in Rows and Let Water
Run Through.

The true way to irrigate the vege-
table garden is to have everything
planted in rows-wide or narrow, ac-
cording to the things planted and
having a head ditch with lath fun
isis 20 that the water is kept under
perfect control. Make the burrows
between the rows-one or more &C.
cording to the width-and allow the
water to run rather freely until it
reaches the end of the row, after
which allow only enough water to
pass through Us will reach to the ex-
IRENE end of the furrow. This is
more difficult to do on some soils and
grades than others. Allow the water
to run until the soil is well soaked.
No rule can be given as to how long
this will take, as the soil and grade
are leading factors in the matter
each particular garden is a problem
IN itself. "A good irrigator is like the
poet-born, not made. Not one per.
son in fifty Of those who work in our
orchards and gardens c~omprehends
the theory and practice of success
full irrigation. If the surface merely
is wet the sun and wind will dry 1t
up. Whenever we irrigate a garden
we always do it through alternating
burrows, running the water never
more than 9 day apart.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-03
CULTIVATE TO KEEP MOISTURE
Dry Soil Will Not Grow Crops Any
Better Than That Full of
Water.

A dry soil is a barren n for no
matter how much fertility there may
be in it, it will refuse to grow crops
until there is some moisture present,
On me other hand, however, a wet
soil-that is one with the pores or
spaces too full of .water-is just as
bad because it is cold and the air nee
essary for ventilation and oxidation
is shut out. Hence it is that much of
the work of cultivation has for its
object the regulation of the amount
of water in the soil, preventing an e
cess at any time or a scarcity at other
times. The plant obtains all of its
food excepting carbon from the soil
or through it. These foods are dis.
solved in the soil water and the wa
ter with it's dissolved particles is TAX.
en- in through the roots of the plants.
Water is also of Importance in secur-
ing the termination of seeds. To
produce one pound of dry matter
of crop requires the passage into the
plant of 800 to 500 pounds of water.
AS the ordinary rainfall during the
growing season is lot in all cases suf-
ficient to supply this amount, the
greatest care must be taken to pre-.
vent losses from the surface by evap-
grafton. Generally speaking the more
frequent the civilizations the greater
the saving of moisture. This is true
for clay loans, and possibly for sandy
soils, but muck soils which do not
form a dry crust on the surface will
be better with few civilizations.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-03
BEST TIME FOR IRRIGATION.
Secret Of Growing Potatoes, Melons
and Other Crops Is to. Start
Watering Early.

The secret of growing A. No. 1 pc.
tatoes in the irrigated region is to
start watering when the tubers be.
gin to set, says a writer in the Mis-
souri, Valley Farmer. No check in
growth should be allowed, otherwise
when applied a new growth will start
and a large number Of small potatoes
will be the result.
The same holds true for tomatoes,
melons, peas and similar crops which
bear fruit, although they should not
be watered when in full bloom, as this
tends to prevent the setting Of the
fruit.
Corn yields heaviest when it has
plenty of water when the tassel and
silk begin to form, and wheat, oats
and barley when the grain is forming.
1t is useless to water matured grain
or grass.
Shallow cultivation is given after
each irrigation as soon as the land
will admit without pudding the soil.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-03
Reform Needed,

In the vicinity of Mogador, Morocco,
there is an annual rainfall of 1880
inches. The farmers are so greatly
in fear of taxation that they employ
no improvements in agricultural
methods. They rarely erect wind.
mills, knowing that such luxuries in.
dictate wealth and bring the tax col.
lector down upon them.
If crops fail-as is most frequently
the case, it is "the will of God"
The soil is rich and if operated
scientifically, would make a rich coun.
try in a few years.
The semi-arid states have a few OF
the "in God we trust farmers. but
like the Moroccans, they are always
obliged to dodge the tax collectors
or move Fortunately, this kind are
in the great minority, but it is most
often this style Of farmer who fails on
d ""dry farm
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-03
CUTTING AND
SHOCKING GRAIN
There Are Certain Stages In Ma
turing to Cure for Storing
In Now. ,

There are certain stages in the ma
turing of grains when it is safe to cut
and shock in order to cure for the
storing in the NOW or stack. The old
rule Of cutting the wheat when the
kernel is In the dough is hardly appli-
cable at present. 1t should stand un-
til the kernel has hardened, but
should be cut while the joints of the
stem are yet green. Bearded wheats
can stand a little longer than the bald
varieties, as they do not shell as read
lily, and the boards are a protection to
a certain extent. Bald varieties of
wheat sprout during moist weather
sooner than the bearded varieties.
Barley should be cut at that stage
when the most of it has turned white.
If allowed to turn yellow there is dan.
ger of loss, as the heads, after they
turn down, which they do when they
turn yellow, breaksof very easily and
are lost. For mailing, the barley must
be cut while it is white, and If it can
be secured without any. rain, it is
considered in perfect condition.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-03
Feed and Pasturaoe,

The horses are mostly kept up the
year round, fed hay in winter and
soiling crops in summer. All the
young cattle and dry cows are stable
fed OF soiling crops during the sum.
mer. The cows in milk only are 70.
ing to the fields where instead of be.
ing turned loose they are secured BY
tethers.
The tethers are of rope and chain
(the chain part has a swivel on it,,
and are about ten feet In length, and
are fastened to a chain about the
horns. An iron pin about ten inches
long is driven into the ground with a
mallet to keep the animals In place.
These pins are pulled up and moved
Ia few inches or q few feet forward
two or three times q day. according to
the growth of grass In front OF them.
"a herd Of mich cows in that way win
start at n end Of q field ten feet
apart, each n eating q .swath across
the field, when the part first eaten
over 10 ready toRbe gone over again.
In this way 9. Held Is gone over 4
dozen times Of more In aSseason. II
the grass In June. asst usually does.
gets the start Of the cows, It u cus
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-03
RAIN IN sEMl-ARID REGIONS.
Estimated That so Per Cent. of Water
fall in Humid Section Runs OFF
in Streams.

Regions generally called semi.aria
receive less than 20 inches average
annual rainfall. Excepting limited
areas in the northwest and some parts
OF California, this includes the whole
region west of the ninety-nintn or one
hundredth meridian. In Nevada and
California are limited areas with such
low rainfall as to be truly arid. In
the 1ntermountain valleys the precipi-
tation for the most part is during the
winter months. In the plains region
the greater part of the annual rain.
fall is during the spring and summer
months.
Speaking broadly and comparing
large areas, it has been estimated
that so per cent. of the rainfall in
humid regions runs off in the streams.
A portion of this consists of flood wa
ters which run off the surface and do
not enter the soil, but a large part is
subterranean water that finds it's way
to the creeks and streams from the
lower depths of the soil. Estimating
in the same way, it is believed that
about ten per cent. of the rainfall Of
the plains region runs off in the
streams. For the most part this con
sists of storm waters. There are few
springs, and the streams generally
cease running 500 after rains. II
the rainfall be IS inches and the run-
off be ten per cent, about 16 inches
of rain will have entered the soil.
However, in some portions Of the
semi-arid regions and during some
years in any portion, the railfall may
be nc more than ten or IL inches.
For the most part the soils of the
plains region are loans Of exceptional
fertility, when sufficiently watered.
The 16 inches OF water absorbed
would saturate these soils with capil-
larry water to a depth of five or six
feet If o n were lost between rains
by evaporation. The rains moisten
the surface to a depth depending, of
course, upon the amount of rainfall,
but the moisture is always confined TO
a few feet OF the surface soil. 1t is
during exceptionally wet seasons only
that dry soils cannot be found at Il
depth of three or four feet. The con.
ditions are so different here from
those in humid climates that it is diff
ficult fully to realize them and their
bearing upon farm practice.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-03
SPOTTED BEAN WEEWl PEST,
Known for Many Years, RS. Found
in Western Country fos Few
Seasons Onjy.

One of the pests which come to our
bean crop is the bean ladybird, also
frequently referred to as the spotted
bean weevil. 1t has been known for
many years but has been found in.
furious only for a few seasons in the
irrigated section of the western coun-
try. The insect is nearly hemispher
ical in outline and broadly oval. Its
length is a little more than one-fourth
of an inch. It's color is light yellow
ish brown with four black spots on
each wing cover The insect is of late
mentioned as II of the worst enc
mics to bean crops in the west. In
both larval and adult stages it de-
YOURS all parts of the beans. The
full grown larva is about the same
length as the adult. The beetle makes
its appearance from the latter part
OF June to the middle of July and a
new brood appears in, September and
October. The winter is passed in
adult stage, and only a single genera
ton has been observed in a year.
Paris green is one OF the most useful
insecticides for the destruction of this
species. However, great care must
be taken in its application for certain
varieties of beans are likely to be
killed by the burning of the leaves. 1t
should be applied as an underspray
at the first appearance of the beetles.
Kerosene emulsion applied as an I'M
derspray gives still better results.
Hand picking of the beetles and their
eggs at the first appearance is a pre-.
ventive measure practical only when
the crop is grown in small quantities.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-03
THING DRY LAND
METHOD BECOMING POPULAR
IN ARID REGIONS.
Summer Following Consists of Disk
ing and Narrowing in Early Spring
Before Flowing, Packing Sub.
surface to Retain Moisture.

The best method of summer falloW'
ing consists in disking and narrowing
in the early spring before blowing,
after blowing, and following this by
sufficient surface cultivation to retain
moisture and keep the weeds under
control. While this method is lot in
general use, it is becoming more popu'
lar and has been practiced long
enough to demonstrate it's superior
value. Men who practice this method
estimate that their yields Of wheat
are about 25 per cent greater than
those obtained by summer following
in the ordinary way. BY adopting
this method of summer following 1t
Is possible to retain sufficient moisture
throughout much Of the semi7arid sec
ton to terminate wheat at any time
1t may be sown in the fall. This will
make it possible to grow winter wheat
over a large area that now produces
spring wheat.
When the tillage has been thorough
and sufficient moisture has been re,
oAAS w 6Si biiIdtC liC ScSu, LIE
grain is planted quite deeply. When
the seed terminates, the young roots
are then in contact with moist soil.
This enables the young plants to sur
vive until the fall rains come.
Better preparation of the soil for
spring crops, especially the use of
implements for settling. and packing
the bottom Of the pillow furrow, would
materially increase the yield of all
cereal crops when the land is plowed
in the spring before it is sown.
II more intensive methods of tillage
are to be adopted, either the size of
the farms must be decreased or their
equipment increased.
Too many varieties of wheat are
now produced. \
The farmers as a whole will secure
better results by combining themselves
to a few varieties of wheat. OF the
spring varieties, the Little Club and
the Red Chaff are best adapted to the
humid sections and the Bluestem to
arid and semi-arid conditions. The
EARLY Wilbur is a new wheat. but
gives strong Indications Of consider.
able value in the arid section because
of its earliness.
OF the winter varieties the Turkey
Red easily stands first for the arid
and semi-arid sections. When the
grains are hard n horny it is a very
superior milling wheat. On account
of its tendency to become starchy !.
may be necessary to occasionally ship
in seed wheat from Kansas and Ne.
braska.
The Fortyfold variety is adapted to
the entire region. 1t stands the win,
tiers admirably, and its earliness gives
Y an advantage in both the dry and
tlSe humid sections. 1t yields we'll
arH when grown under arid and semi
ard conditions 1t possesses very good
milling qualities,
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-03
Whether for mailing OF feed, the
white stage, just before it is ripe,
is the proper n at which to cut bar
ley in order to get the most grain and
best results.
Caring for Chicks.

With a soft-lined basket. covered
with some light material, proceed to
the mother hens nest, gently and
carefully put the chicks in the basket.
And after they are all removed from
the nest take the hen up, and carry
an to the newly prepared home Here
ave corn, water and feed for the
mother outside. Give her all she will
eat and give her a change to shake
nefself. Set the basket down by.
you SIDE until She has finished her
meal, when you may put her in the
coop, then the chicks. Do not feed
n little chicks until they have been
Matched 4S hours.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-03

and the farmer must now look to
some other source for his posts. Per-
haps directly on his farm there may
be a patch of woods which includes
such trees as black oak, beech, maple
or pine, and cottonWoods and willows
may grow along the banks of his
streams. These are trees which here
tofore have been thought of little or
no use for posts, because of the rapid
ity with which they are attacked by
decay. In their natural condition, they
will rot in two or three years-too
soon to pay for the labor of setting
them. The forest service in its study
of prolonging the life of fence posts
has found cheap and simple methods
of preserving them in a sound condi,
ton for an indefinite time, ever
though they are the poorest and nat
urally least durable woods.
Decay is not a simple process like
the crumbling of stone or the rusting
of iron. 1t is caused by low forms of
plant life which thoroughly permeate
the wood, discolor it and cause it
" OCCOlL1C OloSOllACCIcu duu TOL-
ten." To preserve the. timber in a
thoroughly sound condition, it is only
necessary to render the wood unfit for
the growth of these organisms. This
is done by injecting into 1t substances
poisonous to plant life.
One of the most widely used pre-.
servatives is creosote, n of the by
products of coal tar. When it is in
jected into the wood, decay will be
retarded indefinitely and an old-ield
pine or a cottonwood fence post when
properly treated, will easily give a life
of 20 years or longer. Such a presery-
alive treatment costs about ten cents
per post. The creosote can be applied
by painting the wood with a brush or
dipping it into the liquid, but much
better results will be obtained If it is
actually injected into the wood instead
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-03
GASOLINE ENGINE SAVES DAY.
BY 1t Lands Thought Beyond Reach Of
Water Have Been Brought
Under Cultivation.

-
Irrigation problems have been sim
plified in recent years by the introduc.
ton of the gasoline engine. Lands
formerly thought to be beyond the
reach of water have been brought un-
der cultivation. Long and costly
bitches have been rendered unneces-
sary. Flumes which are always cost
ly to maintain have been abolished
and large tracts of bench-bluff land,
lying high above a running stream
or lake have been reclaimed.
But irrigation by pumping was not
at first a popular thing. People in
this new west thought that the only
way was to bring the water to the
land by ditch. They thought that
pumping water for irrigation would
be too expensive or that the water
could not be supplied in sufficient
quantities.
Ideas as we'll as conditions in the
irrigated country have changed, how
ever. Theories and notions have
given away before facts. The gasoline
engine has proven a success 1t has
pumped water in sufficient quantities.
1t has done it so economically that
many a farmer with land which would
otherwise have remained dry, and
therefore, unproductive, has been
glad to avail himself of it and has
found that he can farm with "a good
profit. Many a fine farm producing
mixed crops, small fruits, vegetables
and grasses, has had no other means
of irrigation than by water pumped
by means of a gasoline engine.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-03
GOOD LESSON IN DRY FARMING
Two Learn by Failure, While the
Third Farmer Benefits by His
Own Success.

In a certain Texas county, three men
planted cotton in the same field.
When extremely dry weather came
two of them decided not to work their
cotton. The third cultivated his with.
out waiting for rain, and made a dust
mulch about it. Later, the first two
lost their crops. The crop of the
third is fine, and growing rapidly Now
the question should be asked by every
man interested: What made the DIFF
ference? The soils we're the same;
conditions were the same.
The dust mulch preserved mois.
ture, and let in moisture from the
atmosphere. Cultivation permitted
air to reach the soils and roots of the
plants, without drying them out.
There are few stronger instances of
the advantage of cultivation in dry
weather.
Two have learned by failure. The
third by success; and tens of thou
sands should learn from their expe-
rience.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-03
Effects st TiIiaoe.

Proper tillage has two important ef.
fects. First. the soil is brought into
the desirable condition already de.
scrtbed, so that there will be a deep.
mellow, but firm seed and root bed
to absorb and store the rainfall and
TO prepare plant food, and, second,
the loss Of water by evaporation from
the soil is prevented az far 40 pos.
sible. The operations OF tillage may
be considered under two heads-the
preparation OF the seed bed, since It
lie universally applicable; but there
are special cases where draining ia
the frst requisite IN bringing the soil
into condition.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-03
Moles Friends Of theeFarmer.

A distinguished naturalist careful.
sly examined the stomachs of is moles
caught in different localities, but
failed to discover therein the slight
est vestige of plants or roots; on the
contrary. they were filled with the
remains of earth worms. Not salts
fled by this fact, he shut off several
moles In q box containing sods Of
earth, on which fresh grass was
growing, and a smaller cage Of grubs
and earth worms. In nine days two
moles devoured $40 white worms, 1893
earth worms, rs caterpillars and a
mouse (skin and bones), which had
been alive in the box. He next gave
them nothing but vegetables. In "a
hours two moles died of starvation.
Another naturalist calculated that
two moles destroyed 10000 white
worms. or grubs. In a single year. II
this is correct 1t is a strong argument
in favor Of multiplying rather than
destroying the moles.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-03
Ignorance and Better Laws.

Public %utterances designed toinjure
the development Of dry land districts
and based upon misunderstanding or
Ignorance of facts were everywhere
actively refuted at the recent Dry
Farm congress held at Cheyenne, and
vigorous demand made for ~juctice and
conservatism on both sides of the ar
gument.
Better laws, more experimental sta
lions and demonstration farms were
urged and farmers continually re-
minded of the necessity of careful
work and study of their own require
ments.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-03
Green Manurinq.

The practice Of green manuring is
not much known Of nor carried on as
much as it should be. II you cannot
grow half the garden or a portion OF
it in alfalfa or clover for a year and
plow under when in bloom the follow
ing year, you should grow field
peas. which are next best every
year, and pillow under deep at bios.
soming time. BY SO doing you can
grow your late garden on the ground
after it has been green MANFRED, pro-
vided IT is irrigated to rot the vege-
tation plowed under.