davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1909-02-17
OLD DEBT CASE
Goes Over Again Until the Fourth Day
Of the Coming May. H

RICHMOND. Va. Feb. 1G.-Tne w.
ginla.West Virginia debt settlement
case came up here yesterday before
Special Master Littleheld, OF Maine,
when West Virginia petltloned for a
postponement until May l.. This was
opposed by Virginia and argument on
the petition commenced.
At the conclusion Of the argument
1t was decided that the case SHOULD
go over until May 1, next. n
The continuance was granted only
after tile matter had been thorough
ly threshed out by both sides, and
the West Virginia lawyers had cor.
WINGED him that the delay was ASH.
ed in good faith. E
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1909-02-17

opened this morning, at tie famous Sin.:8;5
stitute Of which Booker 7. Washing.
ton Is the principal. y This is the 81
teenth annual meeting OF the lcolfersS
ence and there is every prospect that
twill be the mos; notable gathering
OF its kind ever held In the United
States. i;s,, 81
Representative farmers are nerelf
from all the southern states, and there
are also many negro educators, laws
yers, physicians. editors and other
professional men in attendance. y!
The gathering OF the; colorea clans
today was marked BY many pictnrssss5
esque and novel features Aside from
the elegnntly-clad colored men who
arrived by train, there's a large ,qorlss;ss
tIngent Of negro farmers from this
section Of Alabama, and vehicles or
every description were utilized sbyfs
these visitors. Many cane on loot;
and some had spent the night on tl1sa n
road In order to be in Tuskegee carly
this morning. Y s ss
6 On every side among these strug M
Cling farmers are evidences Of Kindly
sympathy and brotherly love, m Inter-
dependence. an earnest desire help
each other, and to learn all they cam
upon this "thelr one day IN school
The meeting was called to order by
Mr. washington promptly; at 10 o'clock s.
An old, ante.beIIum minister read tie
scriptures, another led in prayer, and !. 4
third intoned one OF the old p!atalttla X;
ton melodies that are 80 caretully5pr'ee',.s II
served and cherished among the me-.
groes OF the South and made much o. q s.
by such institutions as Hampton aIdllS
Tuskegee Institutes and Fisk Uniyerrt
sIty: at Nashville.
The meetings In manyErespects res As
semble old.tlme Methodist experiences.
meetings. The delegates testify" as
to their. moral and material rogress,
not overlooking the spiritual in their
oft.repeated inslstence upon clean;
ministers and clean teachers The
stories run the whole gamut5 % strug-;3s9'
gle and failure and small successes,
and Of thrlftlessness and improyIdenc
These stories came fromt areas as
widely separated as North Carolina
and Texas, and we're aracterized In
the main by that CHEEKY, hopeful ioptissS
mism SO noteworthy Of these simple
folk. Mfr. Washington, who has pre-.
sided at all Of the conference sessions
as he did at tolay's session, has taken
note Of certain fundamental facts, and
these are kept in evidence as he skill 4
fully draws out the story OF some ltm.'
i'd speaker in his sharp, pre- nant, adj
monitory comments. s;F
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1909-02-17
CASE TRANSFERRED.
BY Judge Golf from tho state cour' '
to the United states Court.

/. . d % #
RICHMOND. VA, Feb. 16.-The as
sistant. United States attorney for tae
Charleston district OF West Virginia
appeared before Judge Golf, Of t has
district, who Is now. in this city on tao
bench Of the United States Circuit
Court Of Appeals. and asked Tor all
order taking the case Of sixteen Uni
ted states deputy marshals. charged
with the murder OF John Vinsoh:
from the Circuit Court Of Wayne
county into the United States Circuit
Court Of West Virginia. The order
was promptly granted. The case VIII
be heard during the spring term OF
the court. The case Of the deputy
marshals Is the result OF a raid male
some months age. in which ap'tchea
battle was fought between eigat
moonshlners and the posse OF United
States marshals. E
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1909-02-17
CONSERVATION CONGRESS.
lIlnIon Associated Press.l

Union Associated Prcss.1
WASHINGTON, Feb. l7.-Arrange-
ments were completed to-day for the
North American Conservation Con.
gress, which will be held ut the White
House tomorrow. with representatives
Of Canada and Mexico In attendance.
President Roosevelt will preside. The
delegates to the conference VIII dis.
cuss the situation with regard to the
natural resources Of the respective
countries and help prepare general
plan adaptd to promote the welfare
OF the nations concerned In accord
ance with President Roosevelt's SIG
gestion.
This International conference will
meet at the White House by President
Roosevelt's invitation. It will not
be n large gathering, as was the con.
ference Of governors at the White
House last May. or the joint conserva.
ton conference last December be-
tween the national conservation com.
mission, the governors and the repre-.
sentatiyes OF State conservation COM
missions and conservation committees
Of national organizations. The at.
tendance will be limited to the repre-
sentatives OF Canada and Mexico and
representatives OF the State depart.
ment OF the United States government
and of other executive departments
which can render particular assist
ance to the conferees in their dellber.
atlons and the national conservation
commission. y.
=. Canada has already taken active
steps in preparation for the conference
and recently sent to the national con.
servation commission n number OF
carefully prepared maps which show
the present status OF the public lands
OF the dominion as well as the dlstri-
button OF the principal natural re-
sources and the development OF Its
transportation systems. The Cana
llian authorities have also gathered
together and sent to the chairman Of
the commission n comprehensive col
lection Of govern nentidocuments hear-
ing on the natural resources of the
country. These have been carefully
in,lercL and bound together according
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1909-02-17
TRAIN WRECKED ON TRESTlE'
-Four Killed and IS Injured on Illinois
sd. Central.

-Four Killed and 36 Injured on Illinois
Central.
MURpHEYSBORo, ILL.,. Feb. L.
Four passengers were killed and Sc l'l'
jured yesterday when an Illinois Cen
trail train, bound from st. Louis 70
New Orleans, was wrecked on a tres
tie by running Into broken rail six
miles east OF Murpheysboro. "
The dead are: Mrs. Grace Perry,
Carbonate, III: Sheriff Alden and
Mrs. Alden, Union county. Illinois, and
B. Drink!ey. Carbondale.
The injured include the. Rev. II. II.
Mcclellan, Of Murpheysboro and II;
members OF the Perry Hastins SLOW
troupe, slightly hurt. and Miss Heller:
Yellowe. Of the show troupe, back In
iured. seriously. None Of the Injured
will die.
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1909-02-17
yiM',oTSsA 4 oIPELEss GROUP.

The younger members Of the House H'
Nh 3Rebrese tatiyes in washington 'E
Who mi protstlug against the aut'e'
sraIcrySof sthesblg three Or four-speak q
t, IN B Dal7ell, OF Pennsylvania
payne AVN 81 New York, and Tawney, Of
afinnesot;a are mot a hopeless gro'it
81 scrappers d BY any means. They
have lave achel q position where taoS
reallysbelieye they can dictate lii';ta terms term
:oi peace. Their claims rest mainly on
CaIendar Tuesday" Or q call .1 OF 6 COIL.
mlttees, giving members a CHARGE :l 70
gets aeIt bills beforesthe House and
rescitiiingS from the Speaker the np'
1 1Jt,ol,tmEnt 81 committees. They de-
Sire Is place their appointiye power In
the: hands q q committee OF the House
10 be 4 bnnown de the Committee on
Rules: Uncle Joe has given out that
de lis willing to make concessions 10
tha insurgents. He IS willing to Cd
INIT that members have right to get
theirS bll!ssbeiore the House and VIII WI
give his ss consent 70 the Calendar
Tuesday. This means that Speaker
u Cannon isn has learned that the twenty
! fissses men 5of the dissatisfied group ar"
not the full muster with whom he mas
sto reckon. vi ~ anticipated that new
/ members In the next House Will prob,
h ably be vita 1.-THE Insurgents who hold
over over ne Speaker eyidentlySrecos!
Ssnlzes; the ne cesslty Of placating the
i new as well Us the old members.
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1909-02-17
LoNGWoRTH ANNIVERSARY.

VIE Union Associated ,Prcss.) 81
4 WASHINGTON, Feb. 17.-Congress.
man and Mrs. Nicholas Longworth are
today receiving the congratulations OF
friends upon having attained the third
anniversary Of their wedding. The
marriage Of the Ohio congressman and
the daughter OF President Roosevelt
took place in the White House Febr'''
ary II, 1906. and was one Of the great.
est social events in the history OF the
national capital. 49, n
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1909-02-17
y. lD:lte,p.Z'|: 5
sfCSntinuel from Page one.)

Continued from Page One.)
sent another architect to Bluefs'd
snnd SheSput the building in what Is
4 elieyed ITO be Sfair shape. The Con-
cord q Normal / school building at
Athens rs built Of brick that can be
S$cut with aipenknife. @ ...
5Sl tsss;s State University.
tAt general condemnation Of all State
universally buildings because Of thel:
fkrchiteetural Ginetllcency. They are
stocated without reference to torogra'
8phyS and .upon no system tnat tie
committee, could discover. The L.
8brary building which Is one Of the
sonlyh 1.-TWO good buildings. Is we'll ar
ranged In the interior, but the archl.
sEtecturals design is such that 80 l.3 per
cent. 81; the cost was wasted on out.
sIde 3trln,mings.
The committee found that the re-
gents have in violation Of law failed
X to prescribe rules or regulations for
the conduct OF the faculty. The5
come and go as they please. The
!; Teachers appropriation at the unlver.
sity made two years ago, was &c.,.
1000 for the annual period. The same
year there was in reality spent on
/ teachers'ssa salaries, $685. This ex.
cess oSerfthe appropriation was taken
from: revenues Sof the University other
than the sums appropriated by tho
ssta There Is no authority In law
fforEthis expenditure in excess OF the
ail1onnt appropriated. It is an nnlaw.
sfuis expenditure Of public funds.
M SwasArcpresented by the universe,
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1909-02-17

Inc The Panama canal in the han's
of President Roosevelt, to be transmit
ted to congress to-day with the mes
sage Of endorsement by him, and with
n ,lemonst:atiye scene Of cordially TO-
ward himself. by President Roosevelt.
Mr.. Taft concluded very busy day
and declared ne was going 10 bel
early. -
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1909-02-17
The WANT ADS Are
BUSINESS PEACE MAKERS'

In the store the office se factory Tie workplaces the homeRherS
human Interests clash workers and
ddant wherever new york the urgent
road to peace lies through the want all. columns
every wreting Incident ot
the simple remedy Of little the
the servant stenogaphe
the unexpected quickly raise some money
day. In the ycss ana afairs
ads coming e
tonprs vnters Of BUSINESS PEA CE
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1909-02-17
J F0TEy 49, 2 l7I'7l777 ? - N
/ GRAIN DEALERS MEET.

t1{i Union Associated Press.)
WATERTOWN, s. D., Feb. 1.-THE
second annual convention Of the Farm
ers' Grain Dealers Association OF
South Dakota opened here today, With
a large attendance OF men prominent
IN the farmer elevator movement. The
associations object is to secure higher
prices for wheat and other grain by
doing away with middlemen.
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1909-02-17
TRIED FOR MURDER.

IN. M ftTnlnn Associated Prcsa.l - 4
4 PORTSMOUTH. Va, Feb. Ia
Charged with staying Miss Vivian ".
Saunders, OF Hodges Ferry, Joan Nor
gan Haynes, Of scottsville, will be
placed on trial In the Norfolk county
circuit court tomorrow. a, Y,
93The girl was killed on the threshold
OF the home Of Levi Taylor at Eodges
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1909-02-17
49,. Z ar
Announcement.

We ale authorized to announce
CaasJes Iioyd, ~ the First ward, as
candidate for nomination for the OF;
Iflta III Clerktof the City Of Falrnontt'
sstibIects to Republican convention or
primary ectlon. Z N
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1909-02-17

Ne ire authorized to announce A.
ps JONES ots the Second ward as can
gldidates for the Office Of clerk OF the
CITY ots Fairmont., subject to the Re.
publican nominating convention.
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1909-02-17

Al chicago man has been sent to the
2penlentiary for marrying hfty women.
There slssa law against unnecessarily
cruel 5punishments otherwise the court
would probably have left him to the
women. M, !i Il. N z 4 =
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1909-02-17
TuskEGEE NEGRO CONFERENCE.

it, Union Associated Prcss.)
TusKEGEE, Ala, Feb. l7.-Tuske'
gee Is to-day the Mecca for the. colored
people Of the nation, and hundreds Of
delegates are attending the sessions
OF the Tuskegee Negro Conference.
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1909-02-17
Bankrupt
JANE LEW COAL AND COKE GO
Z, is ApJuDIcATED BY THE
COURT.

The Jane Lew Coal & Coke Com:
many has been adjudicatel a bankrupt
In involuntary proceedings brought
against itpnd the case has been refer
rel to W. Frank Stout. referee. me
schedules will first be fled and then
n meeting Of the creditors will be held.
The amount OF the assets and liab'll'
ties Of the company has not yet been
disclosed. E
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1909-02-17
Miners Hospital.

Each Of the three miners hospitals
cost originally $4,000. The contract
price for the construction Of hospital
No. 1 at Welch was $4,000. There
is no record at what became OF the
5000 balance. Twenty thousand dol.
lars were spent on improvements to
this hospital, $4,000 on No. 2, at
Morendrie. and $4,000 on No. 3, at
Fairnront. There has been no en-
largement Of the buildings at Nos. l
and 2 and their capacity has not peeh
increased. The capacity OF No. ) mas
been practically doubled and II Is now
almost equal in size to the other two.
This is explained in the case OF the
WEIGH hospital by the fact that the
original building was so botched Us
10 be uniuhabitable and had TO be re-
built, The cost Of each patient IN
these three hospitals, average as 'ol'
lows: No. l. SALTS; No. ?, $9o.l' NO.
q s7o27 The report comments upon
the fact that the three hospitals treat
The same class Of patients for the same
purposes and leaves the Inference that
the committee sees no reason why the
cost In No. 2 should be more than dou'
Bile and In No. 3 seventy-flve per cent
MS great rs the cost in No. l.
The Romney Institute.
The report gives the school for the
,eof and blind at Romney a black
eve both from the standpoint OF the
construction Of the buildings and the
character Of the management and en-
yironments surrounding the students
q, TINT institution.
From n general view proper con-
lItions do not prevail at this inst'tn'
ton and from a sense Of duty to the
unfortunate pupils and 10 the state
better management should be sec"f'
ed. The commission does not hesl'
tate to say that II fire should ever
break out In the buildings at TINS III
stitution that many would lose their.
lives and they regard conditions as
being ideal for q fire. Il
.g4 The Penitentiary. nj :
onSaccount Of the special inyestlsa-
lion following Delegate Moore's sen
sational charges. the committee did
not complete It's report as to the peni-i;
Tertiary, The milk matter and the
trim to Albany were disclosed to TINS
committee during Its taking OF testl'
mony at Moundsville. 1t Is understood
that the milk deal was the only
charge Of gravity that seemed to be
substantiated. In many respects the
committee declares the penltent,ary
to be the most efficiently managed III
stitutIon in the State.
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1909-02-17

N ars authorized Ito announce b ?.
ri! carsk adon, Of the Second ward as
ID candldate Tor the Office Of clerk Of
Ithes lily Of Falrmont, subject to the 9,
iR a nominating convention.
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1909-02-17

Ferry on the night OF November 6 last.
The trial OF Haynes, who is accused
Of the crime. is expected to develop
many sensations. N
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1909-02-17

ii a1,fiorities tfafg 4 2l)il 5DupiIs are en-;
oiled ME ,iIItniit tee ana that this
|inelns3 Ii All Sst,id eii Il 4 attending the
Va nret,a tory school and many:
!chil,lrenrI Il III a tend Tie school of
m dlri While n IN The stu
dents enrolment rs university author.
ft t include ali tl1egie schools Z they
giyte, ii a. tie number q 1eachers only
y 4. :, ~ =. 4 - a. :, s,,nt
The Fairmont West Virginian. (Fairmont, W. Va.) 1904-1914, 1909-02-17

N pellVered ~ CarrIe tt IIIif y, :.
naily, one month. payable monthly . 20 9
Dairy, one week .f i|c
y
Fort Pierce news. (Fort Pierce, Fla.) 190?-1920, 1909-04-02
A PRAYING Man.

When men begin their prayers with
20 thou omnlpotent. omniscient. omni-
present. all seeing. ever living, bless
ed potentate, Lord God Jehovah" J
should think they would take breath
Think Of man In his family, hurried
for his breakfast. praying in such .
strain! He has note coming due, and
it is going to be paid today, and ne
feels buoyant. and he goes down on
his knees like a cricket on the hearth
and piles up these majestically NOV
ing phrases about God. Then he goes
ON to say that he is sinner; ne Is
proud to say that he is sinner. Then
he asks for his daily bread. He has
II. and he can always ask for 1t when
he has 1t. Then he jumps up and goes
over to the city. He comes back at
night ard goes through a similar
wordy form Of evening prayer" and
he Is ta.lcd 81 praying man." A pray.
irr r!a"f ] might as well call myself
an ornithologist because ! eat chick
en- once in awhile for dinner.-Henry
Ward Beecher.
Fort Pierce news. (Fort Pierce, Fla.) 190?-1920, 1909-04-02
No Apologies.


Uncle Jerry PEBBLES, who had taken
a seat IN the smoking car, had filled
hts pipe and was about to hunt In his
coat pocket for a match when a large
man Of much equatorial diameter sal
down IN the vacant seat by his side
complacentiy crushing him against the
side Of the car and almost celebrating
him.
Uncle Jerry said nothing and pro
eeeded in bis search for q match. II
was hard work to get his hand down
between himself and the large man
but he found the pocket at hast and
took out three or four matches, all OF
which went out as he struck them, one
after the other. except the last.
you're welcome" said the portly
man. glancing down at him over bis
shoulder.
WAS that your pocket had my
hand inT
ut was"
"Well," said Uncle Jerry as he light
ed his pipe, call I've puff) got to say
(puff, pun is that you buy burned poor
matches. "-Chicago Tribune.
Fort Pierce news. (Fort Pierce, Fla.) 190?-1920, 1909-04-02
MsnsAsId,. aLlksce...S

Richard Mansfield once asked Frank
A. Nankivell to make a picture Of him.
The actor explained that he wanted
an imitation Of an old Roman coin
with his own profile shown instead of
Caesars.
"Do you want an absolute likeness.
or shall idealizeit a bit2" asked Nan.
kivell. 4a8
IL want an absolute likeness" re.
piled Mr.. Mansfield stihly, and the
artist made sketch Of his patron.
When the completed plcture-a splen.
did piece Of work that looks as If It
were embossed-was shown to Mr.
Mansfield be was not pleased.
1T looks like prtze1ghter," said
Mr.. Mansfield. az
THAT Is not my fault" said Nanki-
veil. you know that you said you
wanted likeness"
There was a further exchange OF
cOurteSies. and then Mansfield sug
gested that the artist try again. Eek
cuse me-" said NankiveIl. ~once will
do me-"
We'll change this picture a little"
said the actor. Perhaps you can fix
It mp"
mot a nI," said the artist as be
rolled up the picture and prepared to
50 with a parting shot, 'TYou don't
want an artist 10 draw your picture;
you want a lithOgTapher. Good day"
Fort Pierce news. (Fort Pierce, Fla.) 190?-1920, 1909-04-02
Old London cookshops.

Medieval London, besides being a
Getty Of taverns," was famous for its
cookshops,. such as the place on the
river bank described by Fitzstephen In
the thirteenth century: There every
day We may call for any dish Of meat
roast, fried or sodden, fish both small
and great, venison and fowl. II friends
come upon a sudden wearied with
travel to a citizens house and they be
loath to wait for curious preparations
and dressings Of fresh meat let the
servant run to the water side, where
all things that can be desired are at
hand" This particular place of public
cookery apparently did an indoor as
well as an outdoor trade, for Fitz-
stephen further described 1t as being
used both day and night by multi
tudes Of soldiers or other strangers
who refresh themselves to their con-
tent on roast goose, the fowl of Afri-
ca and the rare gadwit Of Ionia" But
what were the two last mentioned
viands P-London Chronicle.
Fort Pierce news. (Fort Pierce, Fla.) 190?-1920, 1909-04-02
ERROR MEANT DEATH.
TypeSettSrs and proofreaders on ott-
neso Paper Careful.

TypeSettSrs and prooFreaders on oth-
nese Paper Careful.
China, with all its vast population,
boasts not quite two dozen daily pa
pers, but among then. are the two old
est papers in the world. The Kin Pan
used to be considered by Europeans
the oldest paper. but 1t has been Issued
a mere thousand years. The Using Pao,
or Pekin News, was first published 800
years before the Norman conquest and
has been issued without intermission
for nearly 1,4O0 years. The Using Pao
has the appearance Of yellow backed
magazine of twenty-four octave pages,
each page containing seven columns,
consisting of seven characters"
Two editions are published-an edi.
ton de luxe for the court and the up
per classes at a cost Of "a cents a
month, and an edition inferior In paper
and printing, costing 16 cents month.
1t has a circulation Of about 10000 and
is really the principal paper Of China,
chronicling the movements OF the en-
peror and of the court and printing
the ministerial reports. 1t is probably
the most exact newspaper In the world.
The punishment for an error in print
ing was until recently, at least, instant
death.-New York Times.
Fort Pierce news. (Fort Pierce, Fla.) 190?-1920, 1909-04-02
range, Lemon Grapefruit
Pineapple and Banana
/ Lands For Sale

n localities along the Florida East
'ast or the Gulf Coast, IN tracts to
y the purchaser, near railroads,
nrches and schools, some tracts 'front.'
rivers, lakes, Atlantic Ocean and
Gulf OF Mexico. Also trucking
pds for'winter farming adapted to the
nyation of strawberries, beans, pep
celery, tomatoes and such other
Pps These lands can be bought on
y terms. For further Information
= particulars, address with stamp.
Pos J. DeSteul ca Real Estate and
'Vestment Broker Jensen, Florida,
Fort Pierce news. (Fort Pierce, Fla.) 190?-1920, 1909-04-02
LEE AT APPROXIMATION.
ono o. tho Most Notable Scenes In
the History Of tho Wa

the History Of tho War.
Men who saw the defeated penarol
when he came forth from the chamber
where he had signed the articles OF
canitulation say that he paused A mo.
ment as his eyes rested once more IN
the Virginia hills, smote his hands 70.
gether as though in some excess Of
inward agony, then mounted his rrav
horse, Traveller, and rode calmly owov
II that was the very Gethsemane
II his trials, vet he must have had
l'cl one moment Of supreme, II chas
tened Joy. AS he rode quietly down
the lane leading from the scene OF
capitulation he passed into view of his
men-of such as remained of them
The news Of the surrender had got
abroad. and they were waiting, grief
stricken and detected, upon the hill
sides when they caught sight Of their
old commander on the gray horse.
Then occurred one Of the most notable
scenes IN the history Of the war. In
an instant they were about him, bare.
headed, with tear wet faces, thronging
him, kissing his hand, his boots, his
saddle; weeping cheering him amid
their tears, shouting his name to the
very skies. He said: "Men, we have
fought through the war together. I
have done my best for you. Ny heart
is too full to say more."-FrOm "Rob-
ert e. Lee, the Southerner."