davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1909-11-26
COMMISSIONERS OFFICE.
Woodstock, Va, Nov. IS, 1909.

Woodstock, Va, Nov. IS, 1909.
Margaret V. Sager.... ...Complt.
and
B. +. Sager. Det
To :Complainants and Defendants
in above cause.
You are Lereby notified that | have
fixed upon the llth day OF December.
next, between the hours of 6 O'Clock
a. m. and o'clock p. M, to take and
settle, at my Office, The accounts of
(l.) AL account of the assets OF the
late firm of b. Sager " Co. The
amopnt of the invoice Of the goods
and fixtures in the store at Wood
stock. Va, and the cash received by
the Receiver since his appointment by
the Court, and the eXpe nses Of running
the store incurred by him.
o. An account of all the debts or
demands against the said firm due for
unpaid bills or otherwise, requiring
the usual proof of same, including
any outstanding obhgstiOns Of the
firm for moneys borrowed for the use
of the firm.
g. And any other matter deemed
pertinent toy the Commissioner or that
an ? rrty iu interest may l. quire, re-
qui,td ," he t. ken by lh. decree OF
h,n-, do Gu Coz ! deled
d. l. ST. &c.! f Nrt .'.'. a. le
Il ed ev nc ina suit in chaucei y
depending Il SAID court between Mar
garet V. Ssger complt. a, B. +
Sager, deft., and if from any canse
the taking OF said accounts shall not
be commenced, or having been ct n
| menced should not be compieto on
that day, the taking of the san VII
be adjourned from day 10 day, cr
from place 10 place. until the same aie
taheu and completed.
Gi,e under my hand as COmmis
,,one, Ia cbapcery OF saIu CONT, at
uy Cffire in ssi county lhe day and
YEAR first atOi esaid
VI. -. MAGRUDER,
Commissioner in Chancery.
VI. F.. S. and (. Z. S.
! Nov 19-4w.
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1909-11-26
EsLimo Healthy Race.

All Gesenerative diseases that
cause so much suffering and death in
civilization are absent from the Esti'
mo. No arteriosclerosis, Brights dis
ease cirrhosis. diabetes. cataract. Tue
pure. steril arctic air contains nc
germs. but Eskimos invariably take a
bad ship cold" when they go aboard
white mems ships. The Eskimo moth
or totes the baby in the hood OF the
fur Jacket on her back next to heI
skin. Babe is nursed two years. bu'
az six months begins to blubber fol
blrbber. Eskimo women are absolr 9
" free from those surgical diseases
which are filling and running oui
hospitals over.
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1909-11-26
Eurone's Onerous Burden.

In foreign lands the question o.
armament is discussed In conjunction
with treasury deficits. In Germany
increased taxation is grumbled at
Japan has already curtailed her mill
tary expenditures for lack OF revenues
while In England an almost certain
falling off OF s25,OO0,O00 in revenue Ii
foreseen. and demand for at leas'
s6O.OOO,OOO new expenditure has beer
created by the enactment OF service
legislation coupled with the institu
ton of old-age pension.
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1909-11-26

In spite of the reputation for latltu'
dinarianism he gained from his early
trial for heresy. the late Professor
Jowett of oxford was intolerant OF
nre.entiousness and shallow concelt
One sell-satished undergraduate met
the master one day. Master" ne
said 'T have searched everywhere IN
All PHILOSOPHERS. ancient and modern
and nowhere 60 l find the evidence
~ a Cod" "Mr. =" replied the mas
ter after a shorter pause than usuai
or don't find God by five O'CLOCK
fternoon you must leave TINS
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1909-11-26
eci.ntists Ajdinu Rivals,

Science in its motives, philantnro
MES and results is almost identica
with religion, and, as rule, ma
not only been amiable toward riyalr,
but has often encouraged 1t Tor TN
common good. Many rival eminen
scientists are constantly assisting on
another outside the commercial Sc
pncp
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1909-11-26

Although little is heard outsid'
Prussia Of capital punishment with
IN the kingdom. the law is by NJ
means a dead letter. In seven year
there have been IS executions, ten o
the condemned being women. Silesi;
heads the list with 211 executions, fol
lowed by Brandenburg. Posen an'
Rhineland. No executions take place
in Berlin, the condemned being take
10 the prison at PlOctzensee, in Bran
denburg. where they have a standin,
erillotine.
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1909-11-26
Her husbands Advice.

Il shall never speak to George
Welldone again. | used to think he
was a gentleman, but his wife and I
had a confidential talk to-day and the
things she told me about him have
convinced me that he Is not fit to as
sociate with respectable people"
"Oh, pshaw! Be charitable, Mary.
His wife is more generous than you.
met her a few minutes ago and she
spoke to me just as cordially as IL
you have never told her a thing
about me-"
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1909-11-26
A Widows Discovery.

The Look on the Bright Side Soc;e-
ty got down its ledger this afternoon
and enrolled among the members the
name OF a newly made widow. Il
missed John so much when sat down
to meals" she said, that | began
eating off the pantry shelf, and find
in this way do not have TO clean my
dining room more than once week,
and it makes my work SO Much
Lighter"
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1909-11-26
Glass Bonnets.

A Venetian glass manufactures Is
said to be making and selling bon
nets by the thousand. The glass
cloth of which they are made has the
same simmer and brilliancy of color
as silk. and is impervious to water.
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1909-11-26
WeaIth In Swedish Boqs.

The bogs of Sweden, it is now esti
mated would yield 10000 million tons
of alr-dried peat Compared with pres
ent coal imports, this would supply thc
country with fuel for 1900 years.
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1909-11-26
Life and Licensed Anarchy

In all things below the range oi
penius II is foolish to talk in univer
sal terms. whim is just enough good
for the small matters OF every day
and life has large areas OF licensed
anarchy where truth cannot reach al
far as your next door neighbos.-
Frank Moore Colby.
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1909-11-26
FOR SALE.

An ideal residence on Church ST.,
y oodstCck, Va, built WI hin the last
hIee years of be ST material, contain
NJ Six rooms, reception hall, kitchen.
.O>ets pantry and bath OOm, metal
of and good cement cllar, mont aoo
side pOrches elect ic lights ana pa
mOuntaiu water in house. 1L Pr
eds only to be- seen |. b al
prec ated. Plice sonab Q. Apply
At ouce t. J.N. DAVIS q co.
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1909-11-26
ANALYSIS Of Reason.

Reason is always kind OF brute
force; those who appeal to the head
rather than the heart, however pallid
and polite, are necessarily men OF
violence. We speak of touching a
mans heart, but We can do nothing
to his head but hit it.-G. K. Chester
ton.
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1909-11-26
The Happy Neiqhbors.

Farmer Winrow-There's always
two sides to every argument, Ezry.
Farmer Hayboy-Yey; yours and
the right side, Peleg.
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1909-11-26

Guest-Mercy! What's that awful
profanity downstairs!
Uostess.-My husband has come In
late and fallen over the new Persian
prayerruG --------------
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1909-11-26
WANTED

We want, for customer. a good
productive farm, Of from 30 to 10
lcres of land, w. , IS not hilly)
with 200 jwellipg. earn and al othel
necessary outbuildings ID good con-
utiun Situated rom one T. thu
niles west of " OOustOcA. For form
10 suit We will pay cash, # nos priced
% high. Apply 10
j. n. DAVIS & co.
Real Estate Agents
Woodstock, Va.
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1909-11-26
A Modern Exotic.

"You speak of two kinds OF news
napers." "Yes; there's the old relia,
ble newspaper that prints the current
news; and there's the new-fangled
nev,spaper that makes its own news
Kansas City Journal.
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1909-11-26
EorQettlnQ.

II some people were to think twice
before speaking they wou,i probably
forget what they wanted to say CHI
caRo News.
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1909-11-26

Things seem to be coming your
way of late"
Couldn't be any softer il | was the
hero of a poker story
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1909-11-26
Think II Over.

Any man can be thankful for what
he gets but few of us consider that
we ought to be thankful for what we
don't get
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1909-11-26
If You Want to Drive, Come Here

| am now running FIRST CLAS
LIVERY in Woodstock with my hotel
can furnish you tearns you will en-
10y driving. Good horses and nice
equipment. NOTHING CHEAP LOOKING
about any outfit which leaves my
stable. Prices reasonable and good
service.
J. W. HOLTZMANt
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1909-11-26

WUnless the number of inser.
tions is marked upon the manu-
script, advertisements will be pub
lished until forbidden and charged
accordingly.
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1909-11-26
Shenandoah Herald
ADVERTISING RATES

Advertisements will be inserted
at One Dollar per square of ten
lines or less, for the first insertion
and 80 cents for each subsequent
insertion.
SQuarterly or yearly adver
tisements by contract.
Shenandoah herald. [volume] (Woodstock, Va.) 1865-1974, 1909-11-26

pR. r. Nice. HOFFMAN,

TOMS BROOK, VIRGINIA.
Having ,deciled to locate at Toms
Brook, | CiTel my professional SER
vices TO the ueople OF that place and
vicinity. Calls prOmptly answered
day or night.
q-l0-'O9.
Herald and news. [volume] (West Randolph, Vt.) 1878-1943, 1909-12-30

The ideal poultry house Is difficult Ia
describe. There seems to be nothing
about the poultry business in regard 10
which there is q wider difference OF
opinion than on this point. II seems to
be the general opinion that the type Of
house Is not very Important 90 long as il
Is dry, we'll ventilated, and the fowls
have plenty Of the proper kind Of food.
Food 10 the essential thing, and Of course
certain foods are much better than others.
A. n. Brown Of North Rochester, Mass.
gives bis opinion on this particular point
ia the following letter He says; 81 have
FED nearly 81 the poultry foods on the
msrkst, but not with such returns &c
Pages Perfected Poultry Food gives.
Nv hens have sn average OF 50 per cent 20
their credit. Last winter il was 90 per
cent. know this fond IL the best on
/ be market"
II you want to know more about this
food and the best ways Of using It, write
10 G. s. Page. Hyde Park, VI, for bis
booklet, "Proftable Poultry" Il win be
sent free, post paid, to anyone mentioning
this paper.
Herald and news. [volume] (West Randolph, Vt.) 1878-1943, 1909-12-30
bio Flre a Waterbury Asylum.

A stubborn fire ragged for two hours
/ Friday afternoon in the third ward of the
state hospital for the insane at Waterbury,
and when 1t was brought under control
by some so streams OF water at 3 O'Clock
the ward had been Quilted and the roof
had fallen in. The property loss is vari-
ously estimated at from $40, 900 to $50, 600.
The section where the fire occurred was
occupied by the most violent patients in
the institution but, owing TO the perfect
discipline and clever work OF the attend
ants, these people were transferred to an
other portion Of the hospital in good or
der and without a trace of panic.
The third ward is located on the third
story OF the building which serves as a
connecting link between the administra-
tion building and hat is known as the
circular ward. As DIR. Grout, superin-
tendent of the hospital, was passing
through this ward at about o'clock be
noticed smoke issuing from the dry room.
He Immediately gave the alarm and the
work OF the removal OF the patients was
begun. The village fire apparatus re-
sponded with celebrity but the blaze was
particularly inaccessible owing to the fact
that there are no windows in this part OF
the hospital and therefore no way of
throwing q stream into the building from
the exterior. When the roof gave way,
however, tons of water were poured onto
the burning mass and the fire was speedi-
" subdued. The cause of the fire is un-
known.
The first and second floors OF the build !
ing In which the iire occurred we're food
ed with water and rendered uninhahitable
in short order.
The hospital insurance is in the form OF
= blanket policy Of which eel, $50 is car
ried with the 7. s. Peck agency in Bur
lington, and $4,000 with the Vermont
Mutual Fire Insurance company Of Mont
peIier. Work has been commenced clear
ing out the debris.
Herald and news. [volume] (West Randolph, Vt.) 1878-1943, 1909-12-30

what horse power Is Jilkin's new
autsY"
Don't know exactly. but two mules
were hauling n home the other day."
Herald and news. [volume] (West Randolph, Vt.) 1878-1943, 1909-12-30

Has your husband a kind disposi-
tear
-Yss. = kind Of mean disposition"
Herald and news. [volume] (West Randolph, Vt.) 1878-1943, 1909-12-30
TATE OF VERMONT.
News condensed and Rewritten
for Our Feeders.

.,k Bruce of sherburne was badly
\ recently ~ sliding down hiil on a
Orleans County monitor. [volume] (Barton, Vt.) 1872-1953, 1909-12-22
PEOPLES PULPIT.
Blessed Judgments.

with My Soul Have Desired Thee In
the Night; Yea, With My Spirit Within Me.
Viii Seek Thee Early: For When Thy
Judgments Are Abroad In the Earth. the
Inhabitants Of the World VIII Learn Right
sousness' Isaiah XVI, q.
Clarke courier. [volume] (Berryville, Va.) 1869-1997, 1909-02-03

FIG. WILLOW TILE DRAINS AFFECT THE
WATER TABLE.
Is. surface OF the ground: W. water ia
Die; G. ground water; 4. tile draias.l
soil becomes saturated. however. so
that the water is no longer moving.
the air soon becomes used up. and the
crop will turn yellow and cease TO
grow. The remedy. OF course. is TO
provide drains 10 remove the ground
water quickly.
The only kind OF water which the
roots can use is the capillary water.
When this is present in the right
amount, it fills about half of the
spaces between the soil particles. The
the rest are filled with air. The water
easily dissolveS plant food from the
soil grains which it surrounds. Thus
the two essentials for rapid root dc.
Veiopment, air and plant food. are
present In the proper amounts and in
readily available form. AS fast as
the water is taken up by the roots
more is brought up by capinarity from
the supply in the subsoil I'm the man.
ner noted in article No. y
The place where the capillary water
joins the ground water is called the
water table. II this water table is
TOO high, the feeding ground Of the
roots is greatly restricted, since they
cannot go below it, If. on the other
hand. the water table is too deem
capillarity cannot bring the water IN
as fast as it is used by the roots.
In dry xvootso- tI.o
ers rapidly, but the roots are also
growing downward at the same time.
The greatest damage from drouoht
Clarke courier. [volume] (Berryville, Va.) 1869-1997, 1909-02-03
Little Locals

Mrs. A Moore, Jr, left last week for
an extended visit 20 rels,ivessnd friends
in Nashville. Tenn.
Remnant Sale now going on at
Coiners
Mr.. Charles Ehmling has returned
from Wcsifeld, \. where he went
with the body Of his father Mr.. August
Ebmling. whose death occurred in
Hsgerstown last week. The Ehmling
family had made their previous home in
New Jersey, and the rowaius were taken
there for interment
wANTED--Some veal calves. 4. ID.
HARDEsTY and WALL.
Mr.. ". r. Milton left last Friday for
an extended visit 90 his son, Rev. w. IL.
Milton. in Roanoke.
Mr.. Victor Ohler. who has been here
for some time with the Amusea, on
Church street. has returned to his home
in Hsgerstown.
Semi Annual Clean Up Sale OF Shoes,
at Coiner's 90 per cent reduction dur
ing February.
Miss Mollie Lanham. who has been
critically IN with pneumonia. near town.
is slowly recovering. She is being at
tended 10y DR.. \. p. Osborne. of Berry
vile.
Money TO Loan-In sums of 4. 900 or
more; secured by deed of trust on Real
Estate.
GEo. b HARRISON. Atty;
Boyce, Va
Clarke courier. [volume] (Berryville, Va.) 1869-1997, 1909-02-03
Commissioners 0mce.

Commissioners Ofiice.
January 80. 1909.
In the Circuit Court of Clarke County. Va.
NJ. L. r. Reed. Trustee
rs.
boyoe Implement Company
and
John Deere Plow Company
Jacob s. Carver and others.
IN CHANCERY.
BY a decree of the SAIL Court. entered NJ
the January term. i9O9. Il ives cr,.ere,i that
these causes be heard together. and said
causes We're referred e. the undersigned one
oil the commissioners ia Chanccrv OF said
Court, 10 execute The orisr of reference here
tptOre entered m the cause OF NJ / = R,,Nl
Trustee vs.. Royce Implement tompanv. and
IN auukl0n To the duties imls,Sgsl utA,f 4 has
NJ. Broun (who has stated that he is unabl,
To execute the Samcl hv the said orlcr ~
| reference, 20 ascertain and report as follow :
Extract from the Decree enter,si az the Jan
nary term, 1900:
TO ascertain all cfthe liens whether h,,
Judgment. dccsi of trust. or otherwise bind
ing upon the real estate Of ! : ,sarvcr and
/ Mary =. ES'ep and each Of them they Scir,-
.ne lnc,Ni0uai members If tire firm Of the
boyce implement COMPANY and he will
state the liens in the or,ie- OF their priority.
He will further ascertain what real estate
tue said J. ). Carver and the said Mary +.
tStep own. subject a. said liens where the
same Is ~ uateti. the annual rental and t.tal
fee simple vrlue thereof
! 1T is further adiuiged ordered and
decrecd that the said Master Commissioner
will state. settle. and adjust the partncrship
| accounts OF the said eOvcc Imrlement Conn
pany. composed of Marx r Ester, and j. :.
GaFYer So as To show how they stand with
respect 10 the liabi tiles Of the said firm
either now or hereafter To- be established.
and with each other.
$%$&SSSSSzA AstEx - xEx33z
The said Master Commissioners will make
ms report as SON a. practicable StSfiua.
/ special such matters IS hs may Deem mr.
tinent. or which any party in interest ma.
require him tu state.
In executing this or,icr Of reference the
said Master otu missioner will give notice
ot the time aud place Of his proceeding hy
( publication i'm some convenient pevsmare-
J al least once wcet fnr four successive. AeeLs
which shall be eGuivalei., 20 lers.,,,al serv; e
Of notice upon the rerticS
The lartss 10 the above STYLED ca,,S.s Ia
W.T.; NJ / 7 Reel. Trustee rs Hnvc,. I'm
plemen' "mpanv. ami J"hu Deere P,ovv
omp.iN ~. j. : Carver ard Others md
the creiit'.rs the i;yce implement com.
p2ny. the Cre.iito of = Carver. ara he
'ieniors cf Mary 4 Este and an nsher
/ psrtics IN interest are hereby notified
that I will proceed 20 execute the said
orter ~ reference al my Office "a the
Oh Bank Building. p,rryville, Va. on
MONDAY. MAR''u ]. 1850.
when a'd where They are required 10 appear
with their evidence
BLA'KBURN SMITH.
zSt tbs Commissioner in Ehancery.
Clarke courier. [volume] (Berryville, Va.) 1869-1997, 1909-02-03

comes when n sudden dry period FOL
lows a few weeks OF excessive rain
fail The abundance or moisture dur
ing the early part OF the season has
kept the plants from sending their
roots down very deep. When dry
weather does come. the soil bakeS and
cracks and evaporation goes on very
rapidly. This. together with the de-
mands made by the plants. lowers the
water table SO rapidly that root growth
cannot keep pace with IT, AS Il result
the capillary moisture within reach 81
the roots is not replaced as faS, as il
is used. and the growth OF the plants
is seriously checked.
Fields with clay subSoil withstand
dry weather much better than those
with n subsoil OF sand or gravel The
latter. because Of their loosen texture.
Clarke courier. [volume] (Berryville, Va.) 1869-1997, 1909-02-03

difficulty IN learning to read, could. II
allowed two or three minutes TO run
over n page printed In a foreign Ian
guage or treating of questions of which
be was ignorant. repeat the words from
memory as correctly as If the book had
been lying before him.
Very curious was the case of an
other man. devout churchgoer. who
could remember the day when every
person had been buried In the parish
for thirty-fve years and could repeat.
with unvarying accuracy. the name
and age of the deceased and mourners
1T The funeral. And yet he WAS com
plete fool. and outside OF the lire of
burials he had not one idea and could
not give an intelligent reply to single
question or even be trusted 10 feed
himself
At Earlswood asylum. England. they
have records OF imbeciles who couId
not only repeat accurately n page or
more OF any book which had been read
years before, even though II was q
book they did not understand In the
least. but also Of an insane person who
could repeat backward what he had
Clarke courier. [volume] (Berryville, Va.) 1869-1997, 1909-02-03
Commissioners sOties.
Commissioners Office.
Berry Vile. Va. February =. 1903.
In the Circuit Court


In the Circui; Court
Colds Admir- - Ryan
Gauni's Exor ~. Ryan
nowles' Admr W. hyan
Extract from decree ef January Term. 1919:
These causes are hereby referred tn Master
Commissioner Conrad kownslar. whose
duty il shall be:
l, To state settle and adjust the accounts
OF , J. &. Moore late acting Special Com
missioner in thus cause.
,. To ascertain what fund remains nm
collected either from purchasers of any of
the real estate sold in this cause or in the
hands OF the General Receiver and how the
same is secured.
among the creditors Of the said fund when
collected.
4. To state what are the unpaid costs of
this suit and To whom the same are due.
5. To ascertain what steps are necessary
To bring this fund into court and make II
ready for distribution
The said Master Commissioner will state
specially any matter which NAV be deem "A
pertinent to him 10 final ending Of this
cause and which may be Of interest To any
of the parties hereto and he will also state
any other matter specially which he may be
required so 20 state by any of the Iarties in
interest. In executing this order the Master
Commissioner in Chancery will give notice
OF the time and place of his proc edings bv
publication IN some convenient newspaper
Tor at least four successive weeks. which
shall be equivalent 10 personal service upon
the parties.
The parties 20 these causes are hereby
notified that shall proceed TO execute the
provisions of the above decree at my office
in Berryville, Va, on
MONDAY MARCH 5, 1909.
atwhich place and time they are required
TO be present.
CONRAD KOWNSLAR
Commissioner In Chancrry.
MARSHALL MCCORMICK, Sol, p. Q.
23d
Clarke courier. [volume] (Berryville, Va.) 1869-1997, 1909-02-03
GIFTED LUNATICS.
One Faculty Strongly Developed In
Many insane Persons.

Many Insane Persons.
One Of the most peculiar features of
insanity is that occasionally one fac
uity. either sight, hearing, smell, taste
CT touch. is extraordinarily acute. Ger
tain insane persons. insensible to every
other impression. have pronoGnced
taste for music and can repeat with
accuracy an air which they may have
heard but once. Others have a recoI-
lection OF form and color and display
an aptitude for dra awning, while more
frequently one may meet with an in
mate of an asylum who has a special
memory for figures. dates. proper
names and words generally
There Is a case on record, for in
stance. OF an imbecile who ut twenty
seven had such an extraordinary men,
DRY that he could solve the most difi-
cult problems in arithmetic and alge-
bra and repeat word for word long
porr1s att0r once hearing them In
ah.7'''r cas- hoy of fourteen with a
def tive brain, who had tue greatest
Clarke courier. [volume] (Berryville, Va.) 1869-1997, 1909-02-03

true could be added And just ms there
IS one sense which is sometimes won
derfully acute in persons OF weak in
tellect. so in the case of blind people
the sense Of smell or hearing is often
very keen.
one OF the most remarkable cases ON
record was that of Julia Brace. fe-
male deaf and blind mute who could
distinguish brothers and sisters nv
smell and who recognized anybody she
bad met before by the same means
Philadelphia Inquirer.