davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Grangeville globe. [volume] (Grangeville, Idaho) 1907-1922, 1909-12-30

w. ]. Harrah is up from FREEDOM
this week to transact some business
and visit his daughters in the city.
In honor of DIR. and Mrs. ]. G.
Candy, of Spokane, Mrs. DR.. Stock
ton entertained a few friends at
the Stockton home Monday evening.
Chris. Keefer, of Juliaetta. is Wis
iting friends and relatives in this
city this week He reports that Mrs.
Keefer's health is improving stead
lily.
New Perfection coal oil heaters do
away with smoke and odor. Just
what is needed in the home these
cold nights, Sold by Eimers-Wood
Co.
Fred E. Lukens, formerly an in
structor in the local high school,
came up from Potlatch the first of
the week for few days visit with
friends in the city.
: Joe VanPool came down from Spo-
kane the last of the week for hol-
iday visit with friends and relatives.
He has been attending business col
lege at Spokane for several months.
The Christmas ball given at the
tended and was financial success.
The Galbraith orchestra provided mu-
sic and supper was served at the
Arlington.
Mr. and Mrs. Thos. Grossly and
child, from Freedom, are In the city
for a short visit. Mr.. Grossly is
connected with the forest reserve
force and has some business to
transact with the local office.
P. NJ Huffman and wife were in
town from Green Creek yesterday
to pay taxes and do some shopping
with local merchants. While here
they arranged for the Globe to visit
their home during the coming year.
Miss Cora Holt, who has been Wis
itfng in the city over Christmas,
left this morning for w. s. G.. at
Pullman to resume her college work.
Her father, Charles Holt. of Golf,
accompanied her as far as Lewiston.
John w. Fleetwood. the Denver
miller, was In town yesterday on
business. He reports that Mrs. Ell
lenwood, who has been postmistress
at Denver for several years, has re-
signed and will leave soon for Spo-
kane.
Mrs. Wallace N. Scales entertained
few friends Tuesday evening in
honor of Miss Cora Holt, of. Pull
man. Out of town guests were
Misses Ross, of Spokane, Wagner,
Stockton and Holt and Mr.. Richards,
of Spokane.
DR.. and Mrs. Candy and Miss
Nina Ross, of Spokane, who have
been enjoying holiday visit at the
home OF DIR. and Mrs. G. s. Stockton
for the past week, will leave Friday
morning for Spokane. Miss Ross for
merly attended the local schools.
H. E. Rowe and wife arrived this
week for few days visit in the
city. Mr.. Rowe was formerly con
nected with party of N. p. engin-
GERS who were located at this place
The Grangeville globe. [volume] (Grangeville, Idaho) 1907-1922, 1909-12-30


Cobbs-Miller Co., for good grocer
les.
Money to loan on real estate F.
H. Meader.
Call at Eimers-Wood Co. for clean
homegrown timothy seed.
Leo Brust is here from Spokane
for a short visit with friends.
Eimers- Wood Co. have some A 1
homegrown timothy seed for sale.
Good, clean homegrown timothy
seed for sale by Eimers-Wood Co.
Mrs. w. F.. Schmadeka is confined
to her home with illness this week.
Miss Cora Spedden arrived last
week to spend Christmas with rel
atives.
Mr.. and Mrs Bert Garfield arrived
in town yesterday from Wisdom,
Montana.
A. Schueller's new brick house on
south A street is rapidly nearing
completion.
Begin the New Year right by
sending your clothes to the Elec-
trio Laundry.
N. B. Addison left Monday morn,
ing for a visit with friends at Lew
iston and Charleston.
Roy Batty. who has been railroad
ing at Everett, Wash, returned to
this city last evening.
The G. l.. C. club and a few
guests will meet tonight at the home
of Miss Grace Schmadeka.
Now is the time to engage tim
othy seed. Good homegrown seed
for sale by Eimers-Wood Co.
]. G. Eimers has sold his 100
acre farm couple of miles south
west of town to G. l.. Bourland.
For wood saving see Larson &
Berry. Leave orders at Briscoe' S
confectionery. Both phones. 5tf.
Mrs. Geo. M. Reed and children
arrived the last Of the week from
Portland to spend the holidays at
home.
James Witt has returned to Lew.
iston after Christmas visit with
his nephew, Jas. Sloan, near this
city.
VIM. He'll, of Garfield, was a
county seat visitor ON business to
day. He called at the Globe office
and subscribed for the coming year
The Grangeville globe. [volume] (Grangeville, Idaho) 1907-1922, 1909-12-30
SAYS WINTER IS MILD.

c. w. Durham was up this week
from White Bird. He reports that
the winter range is in excellent con-
dition along the Salmon and that
livestock is doing well this winter,
He says that the present season is
one of the most profitable the resi-
dents of that prosperous section have
experienced for several years.
The Grangeville globe. [volume] (Grangeville, Idaho) 1907-1922, 1909-12-30
Lots of Lots.

10 per cent down. See real es-
tate dealers.
Heppner gazette. [volume] (Heppner, Morrow County, Or.) 1892-1912, 1909-12-02
CITATION.

In the County Court of Morrow
County, Oregon.
In the matter of the estate of NJ. Lich-
tenthal deceased.
10 Frona Blahm, Teresa LichtenthaI,
Lizzie Lichtenthal Sprinkle, and Lena
Llchtenthal. heirs at law of NJ. Lich-
tenthal. deceased, and to all persons in.
terested:
In the name OF the State of Oregon,
you and each of you are hereby cited to
appear in the above entitled court at tie
court house in Heppner, in said county
and state, on the 9th day OF December,
A. ID. 1909. at 10 o'clock in the forenoon
OF said day. then and there to show
cause. If any exist, why an order
should not be made in the above
entitled matter, authorizing and em
powerlng the administrator de bonis
non OF said estate to sell the following
described real property, to wit: East
nan (Eh) OF the northeast quarter (NEh)
OIL section q. township south, range l
east OF the Willamette Meridian. for the
purpose OF applying the proceeds of
said sale to the payment of the debts
against said estate, and the costs and
expenses OF the administration of the
same.
witness the Honorable c. C. Patter-
son. Judge of the County Court of the
State Of Oregon, with the seal of said
court affixed this Goth day of Octoter
A. d. 1909.
W.O. HILL.
County Clerk ard clerk of said court.
Sc ALI
Heppner gazette. [volume] (Heppner, Morrow County, Or.) 1892-1912, 1909-12-02
CITATION.

In the County Court of Morrow
county, Oregon.
In the matter OF the estate OF J. J..
j. McGee, deceased.
To - MCGEE, and3-- McGee.
heirs at law of ]. j. McGee, deceased,
to all heirs known and unknown, of the
said J. J. McGee, deceased, and to all
persons interested:
In the name of the State of Oregon,
you and each of you are hereby cited to
appear at the County Court room in
the County Court house.at Heppner, in
Morrow County. Oregon, on the 9th day
OF December, A. ID. 1909, at 10 O'Clock
in the forenoon of said day, then and
there to show cause If any exist why
an order should not be made in the
above entitled matter ,authorizing and
empowering NJ. S. Maxwell the admin
istrator of said estate to sell the follow
lug described real property, to wit:
SWA OF the NE14 and the NWA of the
SEA section 81. township south, range
% +. w. NJ, in Morrow County, Ore
gon, for the purpose of applying the
proceeds of said sale to the paymen. of
the debts against said estate, ard the
costs and expenses OF the administra-
ton Of said estate.
Witness the Honorable G.. G.. Patter.
son, Judge of the County Court of Nor
row County, Oregon, with the seal fof
said court affixed, this 28th day OF Oc-
tober, A. ID. 1909
W. o. HILL,
County Clerk and clerk OF said court.
SEAL by W.P COX,
Deputy.
Heppner gazette. [volume] (Heppner, Morrow County, Or.) 1892-1912, 1909-12-02
What He Meant.

Nm Eaglishman was asked to speak
zss sEa Al Fresco Dining club. He
=RHl sold this story:
Il vEas in Chicago at a dinnah. you
kzssxr| said he, "wheah they were to
x5re = prize for the best story. One
feEzfs got up and told a story and sat
agtwn- Another told another story
md SUI down. don't you know. Then
Saey zssked me to tell story. / arose
azzsa kagan:
II sm an Englishman with sense
Nk hzxnnf"
~A32 to my amazement they gave
xse tnzr prize before l could say an
s61se- word You see what mean?"
Heppner gazette. [volume] (Heppner, Morrow County, Or.) 1892-1912, 1909-12-02
NOTICE FOR PUBLICATION.
Isolated Tract--Public Land Sale.

United States Land Office. The Dalles, Oregon,
=, ~: November 1st, 1909.
Notice is hereby given that. as directed by
the Commissioner Of the Genera! Land Office
under provisions Of Act of Congress approved
June q. 1896, Public--No. so3 we will offer at
public sale. to the highest bidder, at $3.50 clock
a.. m. ON the 1lth day of December, 1909 next
at this office, the following tract 4 land. to
wit: NWk Sen Sec, 81, To. 5 S R2iEW.M.
Any persons claiming adversely the above de-
scribed lands are advised to file their claims,
or objections. on or before the day Iabove desig.
mated for sale.
NOAH Dec9 c.. W. MOORE, Register.
Heppner gazette. [volume] (Heppner, Morrow County, Or.) 1892-1912, 1909-12-02
The Grind.

ISg7't you hear the stiddy grindin'
w the luscious cider mill?
GsSn't you see the OIL horse windin'
- the early mornin' still?
Can't you taste the juicy drippins
As they gUrgle frum the squeeze?
SEn't you smell the golden pippins
As they spatter IN the cheeser
Ss2 your strsws an git your bonnets.
Esme on, Nell, an come on. joint
Esw Kin poets grind out sonnets
Shen the cider mill is on?
Boston Herald.
Heppner gazette. [volume] (Heppner, Morrow County, Or.) 1892-1912, 1909-12-02
NOTICE FOR PUBLICATION.
Isolated Tract-Public Land Sale.
Serial No. 4633.

Isolated Tract-Public Land Sale.
Serial No. 1858
United States Land Office, The Dales, Oregon
October %, 1909
Notice is hereby given that, as directed by
the Commissioner of the General lad Office
under provisions of Act of Congress approved
Suhe q, 1905. Public No. 3O3. we will offer at
public sale, to the highest bidder, at 10 o'clock
a. m. on the 4th day Of December. 1909 next
at this Office, the following tract of land to wit:
SWA NW14 Sec, q Tp 4SR2i EWN.
Any persons claiming adversely the above
described lands ars advised to file their claims
or objections on or before the day above desig
mated for sale.
Noy4 Dee2 c. w. MOORE. REGISTER.
Heppner gazette. [volume] (Heppner, Morrow County, Or.) 1892-1912, 1909-12-02
Notice For Publication.
Public Land Sale-Isolated Tract.
Serial No. O1913'

The Dalles, Oregon. L. ;. Land Office,
November 9th. 1909.
Notice is hereby given that, as directed by the
Commissioner of the General Land Office, un-
der provisions of Act of Congress approved
June Il, 1906. Public No. 9O3, we VIII offer at
public sale to the highest bidder, at $50
o'clock M, on the 10th day of December,
1909, next, at this office, the following act of
land to wit: VIZ Nwh sec % and Ell NEA
sec l1p2s R25EwM
Any persons claiming adversely the above de-
scribed lands are advised to file their claims, or
objections. on or before the day above desig-
mated for sale.
Novls Dec I6 C. W. MOORE, Register.
Heppner gazette. [volume] (Heppner, Morrow County, Or.) 1892-1912, 1909-12-02
Notice For Publication.
Public Land Sale-Isolated Tract.
The Lalles. Oregon, U. 4. Land ONCE.

OTtEon, . :. e.
November 9th, 1859.
Srrial No. O4639
Notice is hereby given that, as directed by
the Commissioner of the General Land Office,
under provisions Of Act of Congress approved
June n, 1906, Public-No. 3O3. we will of-r at
public sale. to the highest bidder at 9i5 o'clock
a. m, on the goth day of December, 1909 next,
at this Office, the following tract OF land, to wit:
81 SWk Sec 81 Tp2 SR25 E M
Any persons claiming adversely the above
described lands are advised to file their claims,
or objections, on or before the day above des-
ignated for sale.
Nov 1SDec l6 C. w. MOORE, Register.
Heppner gazette. [volume] (Heppner, Morrow County, Or.) 1892-1912, 1909-12-02
Children cry -
FOR FLETCHER'S
Q a STOR RIA
Usolated Tract.)
NOTICE FOR PUBLICATION.

Public Land Sale. Serial No. 0453S.
US. Land Office at The Dalles, Oregon.
October Is. 1919.
Notice is hereby given that, as directed by the
Commissioner Of the General Land ONCE. un-
der Provisions of Act of Congress approved
June q. 1908 Pubiic-No. 3Os, we will offer. at
public sale. to the:highest bidder at 1ol5 o'clock
a. M, on the 25th day of November. 1909 next at
this office, the following described tract of land
to wit: Ela SEA section 10. TIP s. R76Ew III.
Amy persons claiming adversely the above
described lands are advised to file their claims.
or objections. on Q, before he day above desis-
mated for sale. %'E>
Oc21 Nov 25 CIV. MOORE, Register.
Heppner gazette. [volume] (Heppner, Morrow County, Or.) 1892-1912, 1909-12-02
4 Susaestion.

HIs hard TO keep the woif from the
S2sgE,7 said the poet.
Hay don't you read him some Of
gszK poetry through the keyhole?" in
<EzzRG the cruel friendly Pittsbura
PcrS
Heppner gazette. [volume] (Heppner, Morrow County, Or.) 1892-1912, 1909-12-02
On the Contrary.

-Yexng man." said the nervous pc
ssssTr5an. ''do you toot that automobile
Axrr "a order TO scare people"
answered Mr.. Chuggins. 81
aeos Il to let them know how scared
4 Washington Star.
Heppner gazette. [volume] (Heppner, Morrow County, Or.) 1892-1912, 1909-12-02
Little Economies.
r.fTYioz a rQ cf1YY1apf which

EFynornies are current which
are even practiced by the rich.
When they'd recoup
From losses into which they're drawn
They very often feast upon
Terrapin soup.
Tia Rish man only deems it sport
20 take in sail wnen he is short
OF ready cash.
EF sften lives on frugal fare
Aaa bids the thrifty chef prepare
Senison hash.
Louisville Courier-Journal.
Heppner gazette. [volume] (Heppner, Morrow County, Or.) 1892-1912, 1909-12-02

- understand. now that he has mar
z1Fg1 Z wealthy widow. that Walker
ExIr, the eminent actor, will retire
11ga7 she stage?"
Ysst His wife declares she will
usSR- hiLI cut his hair and raise a
sEsG.5a4.'y-Puck.
Heppner gazette. [volume] (Heppner, Morrow County, Or.) 1892-1912, 1909-12-02

II you take this paper anu me Weekly
Oreg9nian you won't have to beg your
Heppner gazette. [volume] (Heppner, Morrow County, Or.) 1892-1912, 1909-12-02
CASTORIA
For Infants and Children.
The Kind You Have Always Bought
signature ssass s1o Of &<HAzzzMx
NOTICE FOR PUBLICATION,

Department of the Interior,
Z. s. Land Office at The Dalles. Oregon,
September 10, 1909,
Notice is hereby given that Arthur Finley. of
Lexington, Oregon, who. on November 29. 1902
made H. E. No. 1889, for NE14 Sec. y, T. 2 n.
r. 26 +. W. NJ, and June %, 1909, made addi-
tional homestead entry 02704, act of Feb. 10,
1909, for SEA Section II, T. ?. N, K. % E. W. NJ
has filed notice of intention to make firal five
year proof, to establish claim to the land above
described. before J. p. Williams, U. s. Com.
missioner, at teppner, Oregon. on the 25.h day
of October. 1904.
Claimant names as Witnesses
Lon Wattenburger and Charles Schmidt. both
OF Galloway, Oregon, William B, Finley, Of
Lexington, Oregon, and John Kilkenny, o!
Heppne-, Oregon.
Sep % Oct2l G.. MOORE, Register.
Heppner gazette. [volume] (Heppner, Morrow County, Or.) 1892-1912, 1909-12-02

al
REFUNDED
Heppner gazette. [volume] (Heppner, Morrow County, Or.) 1892-1912, 1909-12-02

With only % days remaining un-
til Christmas, the necC S ity for
immediate Gift buying is decided
~ urgent. Shopping can be
done NOW with leisure and COM
fort during our immense sale.
All our HOLIDAY GOODS will
be out in sight, displayed on
tables. Come early and get your
choice.
Heppner gazette. [volume] (Heppner, Morrow County, Or.) 1892-1912, 1909-12-02

In the County Court of Morrow
county, Oregon.
In the matter of the estate OF J. J.
J. MCGEE, deceased.
Heppner gazette. [volume] (Heppner, Morrow County, Or.) 1892-1912, 1909-12-02

This is q store that minds and
attends to it's own affairs, but at
all times plans and figures Ito
lower the price on merchandise.
You know we have done it before
and THIS ATTEMPT is even
greater. We must have some
ready cash and we're going to
get it.
New Ulm review. (New Ulm, Brown County, Minn.) 1892-1961, 1909-11-24
LABOR CHIEFS GET RESPITE
Mandate Of Court Is Stayed Until
Nov. 90. sS #

Washington. Nov 1S.The court of
appeals of the District of Columbia,
upon request of counsel for the labor
leaders, granted a stay until Nov. 20
In the issuance of the mandate send
ing President Gompers, Vice President
Mitchell and Secretary Morrison of
the American Federation of labor to
Jail for contempt of the supreme court
of the District of Columbia in the
Buck Stove and Range case
Chief Justice Shepard said if by
Nov. 20, the day of the reconvening Of
the United States supreme court, the
labor leaders had filed in that court a
petition for certiorari a further stay
of the mandate would be granted
pending action by the higher tribunal.
AS result Gompers, Mitchell and
Morrison need not hasten to Washing
ton, as it will not be necessary for
them to surrender under their bonds,
nor will they need to have recourse
to habeas corpus.
New Ulm review. (New Ulm, Brown County, Minn.) 1892-1961, 1909-11-24
Squads Work FranticalIy in Ef-
fort to Remove Obstacles
/ From Cherry Mine
TWENTY SURVIVORS RESCUED
hinety-tWo Known to Be Dead
and Nearly Two Hundred
/ Still Missing.

Cherry, ILL.,, Nov. 22.-Squads, re-
lieving each other at frequent inter-
walls, are working frantically to re-
move obstacles obstructing the east
workings of the st. Paul mine, for
here, if anywhere, it is believed more
survivors await deliverance.
This work was begun as soon as
the main shaft was opened last Thurs
day, for experienced miners declared
that the missing had their best
chance Of escape in the east work
ings.
With the rescue of twenty survivors
Saturday in an unexpected quarter eff
forts to explore the east galleries were
redoubled with enthusiasm, which con-
tinues undated. Only men who would
be superduous at this task are spared
to care for the dead.
Rain began falling and for the first
time since the fire there was no one
save newspaper men haunting the
scene of the tragedy.
All the long day the vigil endured
At the end Of it no living man or boy
had been added to the list of the
twenty rescued. At night fall the toll
stood 20 saved, go known dead and
1913 missing.
All day long the tolling of church
bells resounded in Cherry and Spring
Valley Eighteen bodies were inferred
In field south of the town. At the
time dozen coffined victims remained
awaiting removal, while a score of
caskets were piled near by for those
who are to come.
Services for the Dead.
Services for the dead we're held
outside the churches, into which it
was deemed inadvisable that the bod
les be taken. .-.... -.......-.
From the yet untitled graves in
which the Roman Catholic dead were
placed the pastor hurried to the mine
entrance, where, with second priest,
for the living should his services be
needed
The first ecstacy of JOY in Cherry
gave way to strong reaction as sue
ceeding hours added none to the list
of saved. Each hour that passes now
is looked upon by the watchers as
making the chances of escape pitifully
less.
The rescuers worked as if this was
their belief The fire in the second
level was forced back and early in the
afternoon the workers could pass it,
The black damp in the east gallery
was the obstacle that proved insur-
mountable to the men.
Through it the bodies of thirty
seven men could be seen. Prepare
lions for the taking out of the bodies
visible to the explorers were rushed
when the morbid throng about the
mine had thinned.
That the bodies might have been
taken up earlier was admitted by
those in charge of the work, but they
thought of the scenes that would have
| followed.
New Ulm review. (New Ulm, Brown County, Minn.) 1892-1961, 1909-11-24
TWO AMERICANS ARE SLAIN
Executed by Order Of President Zelaya
Of Nicaragua.

Wa Ellington, Nov 1S-Two Ameri-
cans, Leonard Grace and Leroy Can
non, captured while serving with the
revolutionist army in Nicaragua, have
been sentenced to death by President
Zelaya's orders and it is believed that
the sentence has been carried out
The cruiser Vicksburg has been or
dered to proceed in all haste to Co.
rinto and the gunboat Des Moines will
proceed at once to Port Limon to OBJ
serve events there and report the sit
uation at that point by wireless.
The meeting between President Taft
and the new minister from Nicaragua,
Isidoro Hazera, has been indefinitely
postponed.
The news as to the two Americans
reached the state department from
the American consulate at Managua
and stated that their capture had
been followed almost Immediately by
a death sentence The consul imme-
diately Appealed to President l-laya
to commute their sentences and his
answer was Il VIII see" Later, on
further appeal ava said that "the
sentence vas a-ai
New Ulm review. (New Ulm, Brown County, Minn.) 1892-1961, 1909-11-24
Standard Oil Company Declared
to Be Illegal by Federal
Circuit Court.
THREE YEARS IN THE COURTS
Case Has Been Bitterly Fought
by Rockefeller and His
Associates.

St. Paul, Nov. 20.-Declaring the
Standard Oil company combination
and conspiracy in restraint of, and to
monocolize, commerce among the
states and with foreign nations" in
violation of the Sherman antitrust
law Of 1890, the United States circuit
court of this district handed down a
decision simultaneously at st. Paul
and St. Louis granting the govern
ment's application for an injunction
against the further continuance and
operation, of the colossal corporation.
The Injunction becomes operative
thirty days from the time of the filing
OF the decision, or on Dec. 20, unless
suspended by an appeal to the SUI
preme court of the United States.
1t was announced at the offices of
the Standard Oil company in New
York Immediately after the news of
the decision had been received that
an appeal would be entered at once.
The decision constitutes complete
an sweeping victory for the govern
ment after legal battle lasting three
years.
The Standard Oil company of New
Jersey-the parent corporation-John
u. Rockefeller, it's founder and chief
stakeholder, six other high officials
and all the subsidiary corporations
composing the trust are enjoined from
continuing or carrying into effect the
illegal combination" they have
formed and also are enjoined from
entering into any like combination or
conspiracy the effect of which will be
to restrain interstate commerce in
petroleum or it's products. Further
than this the decree forbids the de-
PENDANTS from engaging or continuing
In interstate commerce until they dis.
continue their illegal combination.
Effect Of the Decision.
Though the company is not put out
OF existence the powers that enabled
1t to operate the oil monopoly are
taken away. The company can no
AOA6Sl VOCS IuS SUCK Oh the MINOR
companies. 1t cannot control their
directors or officers and the minor
companies cannot pay dividends t.
the parent concern Further, the de-
PENDANTS to the original suit are in
structed that they must not again
form a combination that will be a
monopoly of the oil business.
Judge Sanborn of St. Paul, the pre-
siding judge, wrote the opinion and
the decree, in which all the judges
concur and sent them, with a con
curing opinion of Judge Hook, tt
Judge Adams at st. Louis, who filed
them and entered the decree in that
city.
The case was argued by Frank B
Kellogg of st. Paul and Charles B
Morrison of Chicago for the United
States and John G.. Milburn of Buffalo
David T. Watson of Pittsburg, Morit7
Rosenthal of Chicago and John G
Johnson of Philadelphia on behalf Of
| the defendants.
New Ulm review. (New Ulm, Brown County, Minn.) 1892-1961, 1909-11-24
PEOPLE PANIC STRICKEN
Volcano Threatens Destruction
Of Entire Island.

Madrid, Nov. 19.-With the volcano
of Mount Salores belching forth great
quantities of boiling lava, threatening
the destruction of the island of Ten
eriffe, in the Canaries, the inhabitants
of towns in the Oratava valley are
rushing panic stricken to the coast.
Steamers have been ordered to
Teneriffe from African and Spanish
ports to aid the refugees.
The eruptions from Mount Salores
grow in violence hourly and torrents
of lava pouring down the sides of the
quaking mountain threaten to overrun
the whole Oratava valley
The towns directly in the path of
the lava streams are Guia, Icod, San
tiago and Tanquehilos.
Each of these has already been de-
serted by it's Inhabitants.
Every available vessel in the vicin-
ity of the Canaries is being intercept
ed and ordered to Teneriffe.