davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1909-05-20

or that they will consider it only an
advisory vote.
The senate passed the bill drafted
by p, r, Gilbert revising the method
of judicial practice
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1909-05-20
DIED At AGE OF 1o6 YEARS.

Clarinda Ia, Nav 19.-Delpha Ros-
ers. aged loG. said to he the Oldest
resident of Iowa, is dead. When a
WashingtGn's army. She was born
in West Virginia and oeTore moving
to Iowa lived in northwest Missouri.
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1909-05-20
FITZGERALD WINS,

New Orleans, La. May I9.--Young
Fitzgerald, of MilSaukee, was award
ed the decision on points at the end
of ten rounds with George Kitson of
Brooklyn tonight.
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1909-05-20
Senate Passes Dunlap Bill.

The senate this afternoon passed
Hruilps primary election law bill
which provides that TIE vote Tor UHi-
ted States senator shall be unit iu
'hc state, and that can Iidates tor the
legislature shall file with the secre-
tary OF state "A declaration that hey
ull consider the vote binding on them
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1909-05-20
CUTCH WHIPS VANCE

New York, May 1-.-IIarry Clutch
a local lightweight. easily defeated
Johnny Yangor of Chicago in ten
round bout tonight.
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1909-05-20
kothIna 70 Sin.

Johnnv-"Thc camel can go eight
lays without wafer Freddy-S So
could IL ma would LEI me. .~-Har-
,,er's Eazar-
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1909-05-20

| took right on the rody, and they
SPARED cautiously, O'Brlen caught
johnson a jarring smash on the face
with his left and Johnson mouth
showed the effects. Johnson slwcG
up and waited for OlBfien to lead
The crowd yelled for Orr.en u
come en- and show him up" but
Johnson only grinned anc walked ine
He caught OBr'u a glancing right
on the head and a left on the body,
but OBrien was going away and the
blows lacked steam. O'Bl.en tented
and missed a lef swing, going to his
knees from the impetuous cf the
blow. Johnson appeared slow and
had no advantage in Tie rounc.
Fifth Round.
johnson caught O'Brien left en-
the face and O'Brion went down. tut
was up like a fash aud fighting
strong. johnson tried 10 send in hi
right unnercut that proved 50 effac-
tive with Tommy Burns, Dut II was
blocked. A right to the face cut
OBriens right eye badly Dut ho cane
back with a left flush on JOHNSON s.
mouth, Johnson rushed vicious'y ".
pinning OFrien to the ropes aud
wrestling him down O'Rrie1 did
most Of the leading at G.iis stage and
as the gong sounded sent a hard left
TO Johnson's face.
Siyth Round.
They shook hands gingcrIy for the
wind-up AMI spared cautiously.
OBricn led with a left which landed
on the body good and hard. Johnson
only smiled and held up his hand t.
Indicate that he hal blocked it
UBrien rushed in again AMI tried
hard to land on the face and body
but was blocked in his efforts. Finally
he sent stiff left to the face and
took a hard right counter on the
head in return Johnson met O'Brian
with a left to the face as he stepped
in and the round ended in a clinch.
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1909-05-20
ANTI-SALOON|STS
ARE DEFEATED
ILLINOIS HOUSE ADOPTS IL
CENSE COMMITTEE BILL
BY 7S TO 10.
ESPEY, PRQHIBITIONIST
Democratic Member From This D,s,
trict Voted With Minority to
Defeat The Measure
Other Business.
Special o the Bulletin;

Special O the Bulletin;
Springfield, Ill, May 19.-Thc Aati.
saloon league forces sustained Sc
| were defeat in the house today, whel
! that body by vote of rs to 70 passed
the bill prepared by the license Gem
'mittce, which provides that cities aud
villages may vote on the question of
lbeing ant,.Saloon territory or not, IN
dependent Of the township. The anti
saloon people claim this would practi
cally nullily the local option law. A
Imotion to reconsider the vote by
which the bill was passed was tabled
Crawford, Kirkpatrlc and Espy vo.
ted against the license committee To-
ial option bill
The senate by vote of 81 in favor
Of reconadcring and 2G against rtus.
ed to reconsider the vote by which tie
Chicago charter bill was killed.
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1909-05-20
THREE I LEAGUE.
At Oullilnur
At Cedar RAPIDS.

Cedar Rapids May lse-The lccs's
batted ont a victory in the e'eveH h
inning
Score: RHE
Peoria .........-.- ..-..... 4
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1909-05-20

tconeludea on sixth Psge.l
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1909-05-20
Ballot For Serotor.

The expected break for Congress
man William Lorimer for United
States Senator did not take place
Many Democrats received telegram
protesting against their voting for a
Republican No Republicans changed
votes on the ciehtynl-th ballot cx-
ccpt Soilitt WHO returned from Mas
on to Yates.
Tho ballot resulted as follows. RI
publicaus Hopkins IS. Fuss IS. Shcr-
man =. ShurtlrG 10 Yates 7. Calhoun
7. McKinloy >. l0wdcn /. I.1rimrr ]
Democrats S'r.uEcr MAYOR Frei
.J E,rH of Bc,lcyillc 3. MAYOR FreI
Fauth. of Aurora, >; cz Mayor Edward
r. Dunno. Of Chicago. rs. James Bow
lcr. of Chicago, 8 Harold scott ot
Chicago. +. j. j. Mcclure. OF Chica
20.
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1909-05-20

ed criminals, and moved that it BE-
passed over the veto of Governor De
rcCn. The motion received - vote
70 is against and was lost, not having
the necessary twothirds vote of the
senate.
Hcn1on Bill Passes.
Tho senate passed IIcnsoua bin
which Iegalizes th" detention of feeble
minded children iu the state insti'u
ii0n for the feeble minded at Lincoln
Heretofore they have been confined
there only Oh consent Of their parents
or guardians.
The Cairo bulletin. (Cairo, Ill.) 1???-1928, 1909-05-20

Fcurfh Hounos
o'Brien put left to the face and
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1909-12-10
School Day Love Fatal.
[UNIrEp Press LEASED w1RE. |

Washington, Pa, Dec. I0.-Jeal-
ousy resulting from a schoolboy love
affair developed into a double trag-
edy today when Walter Sybold, IS,
shot and killed Laura Braden, 16
years old and later committed sui
eide.
The girl was on her way from
school at noon when she was ap-
preached by Sybold. After the boy
had shot the girl down he started
to run away. Several men pursued
him and when he saw that he was
about to be overtaken he turned the
revolver upon himself
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1909-12-10
MUCH OF OREGONA'S
CARGO TO BE SAVED

1t is probable that much of the
cargo on the sunken steamer Ore
gona Goa be saved from total less.
All thae portion of freight IL the
bow end is not covered by water, as
the boat ran upon a sandbar and
kept the bow out of water. Work
will begin today upon raising the
steamer and removing the freight
Captain Rabe did not have charge Of
the boat yesterday, he haviae been
detained at his home in P1ltla
on account of illness in the family.
The new captain, however, WAS an
expert navigator and tho company
does not attach any of the blame
on him for the boats misfortune
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1909-12-10
BESPEAKS
COUNTRY'S
PROSPERITY

One of the surest evidences of SUI
stantial growth and development in
our community is the rapid filling
up of the country, the subdividing of
farms and the building of numerous
homes on small tracts. This is go
ing on around Salem at a much more
rapid pace than even the most OBJ
serving are able to realize. Nur-
serymen, whose business is the best
index to the fruit development of
anw seition, have never had such
an era of prosperity as at present
and in fact nearly all of the dealers
in nursery stock are unable to fill
their orders. Hundreds and thous-
ands of small farmers are planting
trees which will ultimately come to
production.
But one of fthe best indications
materials are used almost exclusive
the use of spray materials. These
of all is the wonderful increase in
ly on matured trees and bearing
orchards. Consequently the volume
of spray material used is a more true
index to the amount of fruit and
good fruit, being raised than any
other one fact.
The growth of the fruit business
in this section means more for ex-
pansion and development fthe ru.
raj distriits than can be computed
at present. 1t means not only the
income from these products but the
greatly increased land values of all
property which comes under it's in
fluence.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1909-12-10
ESTRADA
AWAITS
ZELAYA
UNITED PRESS LEASED WIRE. ]


Managua, Dec. 10.-(By Wireless
to Colon) )-Strongly entrenched at
Rama, Estrada's revolutionary forces
today are awaiting the approach of
the Zelayans, confident that the cru
cial battle of the struggle is but "A
few days distant.
Following their decisive victory
near Rama last Tuesday, when Gen
eral Vasquez's troops were repulsed,
leaving 200 dead on the field and
abandoning his cannon and a large
quantity of ammunition, the rebels
retired into Rama, and busted them
selves in strengthening their de-
fenses. EarthwOrks have been thrown
up on three sides of the town, in
front of which has been strung a net
work of barbed wire. A towering
hill behind the city safeguards
against attacks from that direction.
Zelaya's army, under General Osej.
is reported to have approached within
ten miles of Rama Estrada appar-
lJly has determined to remain be-
hind his Notifications and await the
attack he believes the Zelayans will
make. If Osej refuses to precipitate
the fight, it is thought the revolu-
tionists will take the initiative.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1909-12-10
John" Was a Good Patient

The court house employees were
surprised and pleased today to see
John Siegmund the popular Salem
abstract man, walk up the steps and
proceed to renew old acquaintances,
after an Illness extending over a Pc
riod of seven weeks. The eX-inyalid
has been cut down considerably,
physically. but his good nature still
exists The nurses at the Salem
Hospital, where John was confined
during his siege of the fever, say he
he was the best and most amicable
patient they ever had in the house of
sickness.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1909-12-10
Holiday Fares

For the above occasion round trip
tickets may be sold TO all points in
Oregon on the Southern Pacific and
o. r.. N, company for one and one
third fare, Salem sale dates; De-
cember 18th and 18th. Tiikets viii
be good for continuous passage in
each direction Final return limit
OF January a. 1910. VIM. MMurray,
General Passenger Agent 12-1O-7t
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1909-12-10

Preventics. the new Candy Cold
Cure Tablets, are said by druggists
to have four special specific advan-
tages over all other remedies for a
cold. First. They contain no qui-
nine nothing harsh or siekening,
Second. They give almost instant re-
lief Third Pleasant to the taste.
like candy Fourth. A large box
AS Preventics-at 25 cents. Also
fine for feverish children. Sold by
Capital Drug Store
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1909-12-10
Eight Notaries-

The list of notarial commissions Is
sued today was: A. G. Bornstedt,
Sandy; Alfred T. Allen Hood River;
A. H. King, Cottage Grove; e. NJ.
Croisan, Salem; Geo, Williams, Port
land; James w. Hill Hazelden; II
Dyer, Myrtle Greek; Alvin C. Baker,
Turner.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1909-12-10
X X X X X X x X * x X X x X
x PERSONAL MENTION \

X * X X X X X X X y X X X =;
B. H. Johnson returned last night
from short business visit to Port
land and Oregon City.
Attorney F. D. Mallory, of Port
land, was in the city yesterday look
ing after business matters for a few
hours, after which he left for Silver
ton to transact legal business.
Andrew Potter, a Dallas business
man, was attending to a few business
matters in the city yesterday.
Mrs. A. w. Redmond and daugh-
ter, of Eugene, was in the city yes
terday transacting few business.
matters.
R. N. Hoover, of Eugene, was a Sa-
lem business visitor yesterday.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1909-12-10
Remember

KememDer-
The joint Christmas meeting of the
Junior and Senior Kings Herald So
cieties of the First M. E. church
Saturday afternoon at 2:3O. Mem
bers are expected, and mothers are
especially invited.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1909-12-10
Trouble Makers Ousted.

When a sufferer from stomach
trouble takes DR.. Kings New Life
Pills he's mighty glad to see his Dys-
pepsia and Indigestion fly, but more
he's tickled over his new, fine ap-
petite, strong nerves, healthy vigor,
all because stomach, liver and kid
neys now work right. 25c at ]. c.
Perry.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1909-12-10
The Salem Woman Club

VIII meet with Mrs. Cooke Patton
Saturday at $3.50 p. m. Miss Gage,
general secretary of the Young Wo-
mans Christian Association for the
northwest. ill speak on Girls All
m others are especially invited to
attend
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1909-12-10

Farmers aren't going to be wor-
ried much about a threatened food
| famine until prices for staple farm
products are higher than now.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1909-12-10
Attention, Citizens Of Salem

And Oregon. If you want up-to-
date goods of reliable quality, call on
s. w. Thompson, jeweler, 372 State
street. 12-9-tf
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1909-12-10
OId Case is Resumed-

An argument in the case of the
State VS.. the Warner Valley Stock
Company is being heard today before
the supreme court. This is case
wherein the state is seeking to recov-
er school lands from the defendant
company.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1909-12-10
X X X X X X X n n \ r X \ y y
X CITY NE WS 4
y X 4 X X X II q X X X X 4 X II
Weather Forecast
Showers tonight and Saturday.

You
Are cordially requested to phone
any item of interest, such as a per-
sonal about a friend or yourself, to
The Journal, Main S2 No item too
small.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1909-12-10

FOR SALE-Jersey milch COW, cheap
Inquire at AIS South 22d street.
12-1O-3t%
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1909-12-10
Christmas Specials

Money saved at my store on dla-
monds. watches and silverware.
Hinges jewelry and diamond store,
next door 10 big building, 12-S-ti
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1909-12-10

FOR RENT-A modern six-room
bungalow Phone 1925 or call at
969 South 18th street. 12-1O3t"
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1909-12-10

Christmas shopping
Is easy when you think of Hinges
jewelry store. 12-8-tf
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1909-12-10

When you go to Hinges iewelry
house and see the immense line of
beautiful and suitable Christmas pres
ents, at such reasonable prices.
12-S-tf
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1909-12-10
Something New

Harding & Whedbee Plumhin Co.
hire the best workmen and do the
best work, 247 State street. Phone
lis. 12-6-1w
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1909-12-10
Piano Tuning

Thorough work on pionas, organs
and players, including all repairs
Leave orders with Meyer & Bell Land
Co. G. w. Simon. 11-S-1m
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1909-12-10
Cant Begin

Can't Begin
Il otell you the many reasonable
priced Christmas presents left at our
store for your inspection. Come
early and have first choice, Chas IL.
Hinges jewelry store. 12-9-tf
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1909-12-10
Try Crystalets--

Try NFysthets-
For the breath. For sale at:
Myers barber shop.
Eokerlens.
Waters cigar store.
Adolph's cigar store.
Dick Madison's.
The Spa.
Willamette Hotel.
The Council,
Talkington's.
The Court.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1909-12-10
FURS

Our entire line of up-to-the-minute
Furs are now clearing at reduced
prices. Furs make acceptable pres
ents.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1909-12-10
MONEY TO LOAN
TFOS. *. FORD
Over Ladd s. Bush Bank, Salem, Or.
\ X X X X X y x X X X X X 4.
X NEW TODAY s'

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
DRY WOOD FOR SALE-Phone
1419 or call 1890 State street. M.
P. Dennis. 12-6-3t--
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1909-12-10

Cottage Undertaking ParlOrs--
Cottage and Chemeketa SITS. Calls
day or night. ]. C. Sill. Phone 724.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1909-12-10
Change of Management

Il, W. Edgar has purchased the
grocery store Of A. s. Harvey, Mr..
Edgar will conduct the store as In
the past, furnishing his customers
the best of supplies.
Daily capital journal. (Salem, Oregon) 1903-1919, 1909-12-10

AUTOMOBILE
Given Away Free to
Boy or Girl

No boy or girl has decided lead in
the contest and there is plenty of
times now for anyone to begin and
with a little perseverance and hard
work can win. Every cash sales
check counts for votes. Save them.
have your friends save them for you.
Work hard and you'll win.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1909-06-19
M GEEVER WANTS
 MOUNTAIN ROAD
THINKS COUNTY HAS FINE OPPOR- TUNITY TO CONNECT SHADES VALLEY WITH BIRMINGHAM AT. PRESENT TIME.

"No matter which way the bond election goes," said Hugh McGeever yesterday ''the Board of Revenue is under the greatest obligations to the people of Jeff ferson county to tear down the wall which keeps the voters and citizens of Shades valley away from whatever kind of a courthouse this side of Red mountain may have.
 My heart is in this thing because since my term on the board I have made a deep study of the problem of getting through Red mountain. I have examined the plans of every engineer who ever worked on 1t, and after the most careful study I am of the opinion that the board will be throwing away forever the most practical and economical proposition that has ever been suggested should 1t fail to get road through Red mountain at the same time the car line goes through
 Having spent days and hours en- deavoring to get franchise from the Tennessee company, am in position to declare that the job is hard one, and when accomplished, the quecker it Is grasped the better.
 Everything Is In readiness for this work. The citizens of Shades valley de- clare that their section has been absolute ly showed off into another county for years and their protest is sure to be heard. I am informed that the board will pass on the question shortly, and as an old member of the board feel confident in predicting that they will see that the road goes through"
The Birmingham age-herald., 1909-06-19
ALSTON TO HEAR
 BOTH DOCKETS
Judqe Coleman Was Down Yesterday But Still Weak From Recent
 IIiness.

Owing to the fact that Judge Lane will be engaged throughout next week with the trial of the C1abaugh-VanHoose case, a suit for damages against the South ern wholesale Grocers' association, Judge A. H. Alston, supernumerary judge for the state, will take up both Judge Lanes and Judge Colemans dockets.
 Non-jury cases are set for trial in both divisions of the circuit court next week, and unless some lengthy case comes up one judge can dispose of a majority of them.
 Judge A. A. Coleman, who has been confined to his room for more than two weeks on account of illness, was down town yesterday afternoon. While Judge Coleman has been seriously i'll for the past two weeks, and is still somewhat weak, he states that he feels all right. It is not probable, however, that the judge will return to his bench in the circuit court this term. There remains but little more than a week of the present term, and 1t is understood that Judge Alston will finish 1t out for Judge Coleman, handling the dockets of both divisions of the circuit court during the time Judge Lane is engaged in the suit now on trial
The Birmingham age-herald., 1909-06-19
DEATHS AND FUNERALS.
Mrs. Mary J. Davis.

In the death of Mrs. Mary J. Davis, age 57 years late yesterday afternoon, Birmingham lost another of its fine Chris tian characters and pioneer settlers. Death came at the Davis infirmary where the deceased had been for several weeks under care of physicians
 The deceased was among the oldest residents of Birmingham and had wide acquaintance and was beloved of every one, especially among the older resi- dents.
 Her risedence was at 17 South Eigh- teenth street, where she had resided for nearly a quarter of century.
 She Is survived by one son, w. D. Da- wis., and five brothers, J. B. Holmes of Fort Deposit, J. F. Holmes of Birming- ham, G. R. and S. O. Holmes of Hunts vile and W. H. Holmes of Colorado Springs, Col She was the widow of the late David T. Davis.
 Funeral services will be held this after noon at 4 o'clock at St Johns Meth odist church and interment will be at Oak Hill cemetery.
 The following gentlemen have been named as pail bearers: J. B. Dryer, H. G. Brabston, Mayor Frank P. O'Brien, J. A. Durham, T. Mackin and s. J.. Gaines.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1909-06-19

The Alabama Fire Underwriters asso ciation adjourned yesterday at noon after selecting Montgomery as the next place of meeting, memorializing Governor Co., mer to include the consideration of fire marshal laws in the call for the extra session. and the election of James Hope Glennon of Mobile, as president for the coming year. The other officers elected were:
 R. F. Manly, Birmingham, vice presi- dent; Tom Boone, Mobile, secretary and treasurer. Executive committee: John w. Scheible, Mobile. chairman; J. l.. Dean, Opelika; M. M Sweatt, Montgomery; Henry Hiden, Birmingham; J. W. Cole man, Anniston; R. H. Mabry, Anniston.
 Yesterday morning the delegates took cars for East Lake and held their final business session in the coolest spot in the district the upper floor of the East Lake pavilion. Chief A. V. Bennett made an
The Birmingham age-herald., 1909-06-19
Greater Birmingham
 Spirit Burns Bright
.@ Documents M
 Clabaugh Damage Snit


 the association is a combine fixing and maintaining prices in restraint of trade. Some of the statements in the reports border on the sensational and the case is already assuming great interest.
 While it Is understood that there will not be a great number of witnesses placed on the stand to testify in the case the depositions of many persons living outside of Alabama have been taken and 1t is not believed that the trial will be concluded in less than TWO weeks.
 MT. Clabaugh, it will be remembered, is suing Mir. VanHoose as president of the association for $1SO,0O0 damages, alleging that he was forced out of the wholesale grocery business here by the alleged re- fusal of members of1the association to sell him goods and a violation of the anti boycott law Is claimed on this point. It is also alleged that the association fixes and maintains prices in restraint of trade which the plaintiff ayers is in viola ton of the Sherman antitrust act, a fed eral statute.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1909-06-19
Real Estate Transfers.

Deeds of conveyance in the following transactions In real estate in which amounts of 5000 or more were involved were filed yesterday in the office of the probate court:
 s325O-Mrs. F. s. Graham to G. D. Floyd, lots 1 and 2 in block IS. survey of the East Birmingham Land and Development company.
 $2475-East Lake Land company to Mrs. J. M. Johnson, lots IA to "A inclusive of the map and plat of the East Lake Land company
 $4O0O-Traders' Investment company to J. H. Taylor, lot 19 of block ?, map and plat of the Southside Land company
 $12O0-Gibson Realty company to l.. H. Urquhart lots and in block of the Woodlawn Realty companys fourth addition to Woodlawn.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1909-06-19
Fight Not Ended 7iH
 Polls Close Tonight
DEVELOPMENT ARE EXPECTED-ATT EXPECT TO GET INTO HEARING OF ORAL TESTIMONY TODAY.

Practically all the documentary evil dence in the suit of Hinton G. Cla- baugh vs. James A. vanHoose, former president of the Southern Wholesale Grocers' association, was taken before Judge A. o. Lane in the circuit court yesterday and the defendants attorneys state that they will be ready to take up the oral testimony before noon today.
 The proceedings in the trial yesterday amounted to nothing more than the read ing of committee reports of the grocers association. Extracts rom reports dating as far back as 1893 have been presented as evidence to set forth the claim that