davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1909-09-03
Crowd Returning From sns State Saar
on a Street Car Were ssr0sS
by Reek lslaaS Pas.
ser Train.
TWENTY ARE INJURED
T@o From Des Mslaes Were Fatally
Injured and ossssrs Received
Many srussss and sr-
jGrses.

DES MONIES, Sept s-Two PER
sons were fatally hurt last night ard
eleven seriously injured when s. Rock
Island passenger train carrying necp.e
cssywsrd from the state fair ssraes .
packed Fort Dss Moiass street car.
fully snaidship and crushed il into
kindling wood.
The car WAS carried flf-.y feet on the
cowcatcher and wrecked against the
steel girders OF bridge and was sa
momentary danger Of falling into the
Des Moines river. twenty feet below.
The seriously injured;
Mrs. r. NJ Rollins. Des Moines.
back twisted and internal injuries. IA.
tally.
Mrs. Ed Lawiess, Des Moines:
throat cut and internal injuries: ia.
tally.
Ora Edwards. Park Station, six ribs
broken and crushed about head.
Emma Russell, Park Station,
Mrs. ]. l.. Jones, Des Moines.
Emma Wells. Park Station.
Minnie Henderson, Tacoma.
Tillie NggenAeim. Park Station.
H. A. Horstman, Tacoma.
| f. Williams, Des Moines.
Helen Jackson, Des Moines.
Mrs Il. ]. Hammantree. Des
Moines.
The injured were taken to the var
ious hospitals. Conductor Harr.
Badgeley, OF the street car, declared
he was given the right-of-way sigma
I by the flagman at the crossing OF Firs
street and the Rock Island tracks, bu
A when in the middle of the track tn,
train bore down upon the car. Th'
passengers had no time to escape ant
in an instant there was tangled mas
of wreckage and screaming people
The wounded were Immediately TAX
en- out, and while the work OF rescu
was in progress the second fai
grounds train ran into the crowds
, Scores just missed death under tn
/ wheels.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1909-09-03
aAamMa Eifa

ofFtiMwA, lsHss Sent a.
Lack Of wataf ntessnfs is given a
the cause fef the sfsat isss sf prou
eftr entaiisa IL The fifs that totalll
DESTROYED the risnt 81 Tie Wooded
shes Brush Works; barn, storasl
fssms and residences 81 Il. Fl. Boiling
81, t6oT west Mill stfset; and thl
hsuss swaea hF Aifs; Cynthia auptod
Of asfrls, II d, 40 we'll as an lid
msass amount sI household good
stsfsa in ths stsfsce fooms Of MI
hsiiinssf, the estant ST which cannd
lie learned.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1909-09-03
-gtxeuhere appears procIama

-gfzewhere appears proclaEia'
ton from Mayor on asking that Won.
aay he obseryef By tfe citizens of
geosuk as holiday. II being labor
ryay. Many business concerns wiil Pc
ciose9 srrfng INC day and there WI
10 ! general accession o business ~
Inc efsy. The Cate Ctty viii rot ~
Eue PAPER on Moai&g
Iii spite o. the rain iasfs @as
maramasa crowd al the K@aokA ssIr
yssSerszr. The moisture dis NOT starr
,slgtnx erer saere nnsfl atNsst aai' pas
one o'esocs, agss 3 steady ftSzzle Esg'
40 for tie r'snassraer OF taa afternoon
The races were run oss as es9sls o'pS
t;aas one heat constituted me contest
TTss xoaag was pssy heavy and sks
sss.a wa consequently slow
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1909-09-03
Weather Conditions.

the eastern field of high pressu
has movsd to The southeastern stat
and ths weather is generally fair 81
s8si ever Ire eastern portion OF u
country
'ihs western area Of low pressui
taaEiae sbuthesstward, forms q troul
extending from western Texas
southern fowas and the rains have :
psHsea ffufn the Missouri valley
ths western lake region, with q slig
fiss ~ temperature. and an area
Aieh pressure has developed in 81
ish Columbia
Conditions Indicate unsettled veal
81 FOR this section, with showers
hiebt or Saturday.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1909-09-03
THE COST OF
THE EXPEDITION
Man Who put up the Money Says That
/, Teeis Lesa Of
Meney

NEW YORK. Sept, s,A=iaha brad
Icy today denied that Cook ptarted for
the pole hufriedly and not fully nfe'
pared, He aaid that lie had plenty ef
aupplien for three yeara' He was mol
qualified to Judge OF the scientific IN
struments quality but from the price
paid, he believed them to be the heat
He refuaed To say what the outfit eee'
except that IT waa thousands sne
thousands,'
CHICAGO, Sept, a,--sp g, bradley
brother of John. said the cost wat
fifty theusand dollars.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1909-09-03
Fstdsn sIssevsF@ es E'SslosiSss m sas
SesA s'sassFs ii sss sf saa
sje sasslesrisss es
s.sYasfs.
ADMIRALTY IN rsaMENr
sfsafe Sssys EssA sasass u svssp
ssasss ss MAKE esFsSsi III.
SsssSsssgsAs On saAsa
shsp..

AsNasN, EeRs s.saa discovery a
Riga explosives ia sas soai baasers al
shs crack hasssssAsn Reward has
sAfewA she Admiralty into 4 FssmsAs.
ssAiiiaE discoveries IA three ether sass
sssshses recently caused asa snvassssaa
siaA. fAss ssassA discovery comes hi
sAe Miass OF sae Rs1sine. shstfae.
siaAs have assa rushed 70 every 81.
ssses VI shs NAVY 10 @asea ssf sxsi1.
ssNes
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1909-09-03
ausss VIII BUN.

CHICAGO. IL, Sept 81 MAYOR
Eusge ia candidate for reelection.
according to statement coming from
authoritative sources in The city hall,
Tbe announcement acted d. a datapcf
IN several budding naYoralty booms,
narsicalsrly that of President q. Il,
mccormick of the sanitary district
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1909-09-03
ms f}iselgfaa ID Bea8s viii. with

'fhs Dista8ala 10 BS8ts will, with
shs possible aE@6Bsf8H sf the Sidney
and D8Bsads, @issAf 1T DuSadue
@fqSfs tbs SSMbS8y mas cocks located
II @ss reported 8BSs they might stay
ias @fat6r 0ft III 0sffey bay but the
fSSsI seeaifs ssg sssssSss ssssSss This is untrue.
All fHs sGfHffss f6f repairing and
fgaF,#9se, ard fes tSafs reason tR6
Quincy and ST. FsGI are sl1ayf M
safasasg tFe sts&asSfs are Al llI
sgsafs Fl
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1909-09-03
Carroll Again.

DEs MONIES, Sept 3.-The report
kaat Senator J. u. Sammis of Le Mars
hight enter the race for the guberna-
|orial nomination against Governor
Carr0ll did not create much OF STIR
II the state house. State officials are
a the opinion that Governor Carroll
sill have no opposition for re-nonilna'
lon and most OF them think any at'
mpt to wrest i second term away
om him VIII result In bitter fa'lurc
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1909-09-03
paadv for war.

PEORIA. Sept a. From twenty TO
thirty houuebontn launches and seine
honta. we'll manned by determined
fishermen. are strung across the out
let of Spring Lake and the leaders
declare that any effort on the part OF
the Spring Lake Drainage District
Company to continue It's levee and
dam across this outlet will be the sig
nul for war,
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1909-09-03

LAuARpE. III, sept, s. Clinton
Miller. wealthy farmer living south
east Of thiiafps committed suicide
Thursday morning nj SIX o'clock He
ffst shot himself and Wheh that
failed 10 kill. he hung himself no
cause is known. He leages wifs hud
four children.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1909-09-03
An ear OF Corn,

COLUMBIA, Mo- Sept. 4 When a
passerby stole an eaf of corn that
grew in II flower bed at the Second
Baptist church, lie started something
The pastor. Hev. r. + Wade. has Il
big sign hung out offering n reward
Of al 80 for Information lending 10 the
capture Of the misetsant
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1909-09-03

C6PNs5 Il - 0KM. sspF Z Wss
announced This afternoon inst tHs
Hans Egeae could not Afivs s,sf5fs
midnight if leaving ~ t0B spssa Il
w4s sseidsa 70 permit the vssssl %
finish tbs i6ufas9 ieis#fAig arriving
esfs Saturday morning 'fBA 9ffi0isi
reception Is postponed abfil 8 5'al86s
saturday morning ifaaesdf&sslg AZ.
fes@sfl 6,ts9s viii 8}ss& th8 King
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1909-09-03
One Mar Sass essK

Later this afternoon, Msen abesfd
The yacht HsW Yorker. met tbs t3Hsds
The minister sslutsd Cook ~ waving
his haf and firing fire works off yacht
In honor Of cook In Differences 70 tfie
wishes Ut tha Danish aSiefs feah
abandoned his tentative piaHs f5t INC
transfer III cs5s 10 his 9setits
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1909-09-03
rs JUST WHAT
WE EXPECTED
England Is Sore Because an American
Was the First One at
the Pole.

LONDON, Sept. s.Most Of the
London papers refuse to credit Cook s
discovery, basing their ioubt chiefly
because there are no witnesses ex-
eept the esklinos. A bitter tone Of
disappointment; however prerades the
Westminster t3axstfe's story disrlos-
sd Id ffiis staksfaeist 06 16
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1909-09-03
NEGROES LYNCHED
FOR THEIR CRIMES
Confessed to Having Shot the Sheriff
In the Back and Then Hack
ed the Body.

ALCoLN. Ala, Sept. 3.--John and
Lewis Balaam. negroes, were lynched
last night near Jackson according TO
bdvices today. The negroes confessed
10 the murder Of Sheriff ]. L. Vain
bright. They shot him in the back and
backed his body with knives.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1909-09-03
THE WEATHER.
Indications FsF isiss. lllinsls sna Mi
ssufi. Wlfsa Ffsm ehicase.

ref Hsesak and vicinity: unss|
tied #ith showers tonight or satta
laF.
H'sF tews end Illinois: Unsettls
viii shawsrs tonight or Saturday.
r'sF Missouri Showers tonight d
Saturday la east; fair vest portion.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1909-09-03
t1s;lv siyer Bulletin.
Local Observations.

SeDt. Do n 4 8 q I ~ 81 80 l,,
II i mn 1882 so p Cl
q 1 am 2s.7S 81 Sc 81
Rainfall for past "a hours g =
dredths.
River above low water Of 1864
feet 8 tenths
Mean enaperature so
Z Max Imam tenanera tire O..
minimum temp rataire
iver " Il reIna n nfa' ny
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1909-09-03

--pead The Daily Gate CITY, -
cents per reek-
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1909-09-03

Ths Daily oats ctty Receives
~ run Aftsrneen United
pssss Rspess--0sst Attsrnssn
osr,ss IL he unltsa s.assA
Willmar tribune., 1909-08-25
STORY OF THE
ACTON MASSACRE

We publish herewith the account
Of the Acton massacre as related in
the general narrative of the Out
break in the History of Kandiyohi
County.
The first bloodshed of the men,
orable Sioux massacre occurred in
the township of Acton in Meeker
county, about six miles southest of
Atwater. On the Henderson-Pem-
bina trail in section 2l of this town.
ship lived Robinson Jones, who
kept a sort Of frontier tavern and
store. Jones was known to nearly
all the settlers who had come to
Kandiyohi and Monongalia counties
by way Of Henderson or Carver,
and was generally regarded by
them as hospitable landlord.
Jones' nearest neighbor was How
ard Baker, who with his wife and
two children lived three-quarters of
a mile down the road. Mr.. and
Mrs. James C. Bright of Gennessee
were wellxacqauinted with Jones
Willmar tribune., 1909-08-25

becoming a disagreeable one. But
suddenly the demoniac war whoop
of the Sioux was heard in the rear,
and, looking back. they saw Indians
on foot. Indians on heavy farm
horses and Indians on swift ponies,
coming out of the timber which
they had just left. The bIood-curd-
ling yells of the savages always
struck terror to the hearts of men
unaccoustomed to Indian warfare,
and the city boys of Strout's COM
mand proved no exception. The
company was demoralized for a
time, but was shortly formed in
two sections, while orders we're
given to the teamsters to drive to
the top of a hill a short distance in
advance and there halt. 1t was
now decided to go by way of Kel-
ley's Bluff to Hutchinson.
Indians were now seen in every
direction. One stood on a hill
about three hundred yards to the
waving his blanket, de-
fantastic circles with it
and apparently by these signals d.
Willmar tribune., 1909-08-25

and the Bakers, and the families
frequently exchanged visits. Jones
was married to Mrs. Ann Baker
Jan. 4, 1861, by Mr.. Bright. JUS
tice of the peace, Otis Ferguson
and Emily Bright being witnesses.
Jones was a good neighbor and
was liked by the whites, but he de-
spised the Indinas and drove many
sharp bargains with them. In ad-
dition to farming on the usual from
tier scale, he accommodated travel
ers with meals and lodging. sold
groceries and other supplies, traded
in furs, and last but not least, pro-
vided the thirsty with whiskey.
While the Indians were inordinate-
ly fond of fire water" they did
not always love the man who sold
it to them. An Indian never for
gets or forgives an injury and some
of the natives who made visits to
this section were impressed with
the belief that Jones had cheated
them in various trades and they in.
stinctively felt that he looked upon
Willmar tribune., 1909-08-25

Boland, and Introductory remarks
by the Chairman. Mr.. Jesse Bran
ham. of Fargo, one of the old sur
vivors of the early Indian fighters
and an early settler of Meeker
county, was called for and made
some very interesting reminiscent
remarks. He was proud of the fact
that the savage redskins were never
able to break the Meeker county
line of defense, and he also spoke
Ivindicatingly of Capt. Strout. who
while unaccustomed to Indian war;
fare, was by no means coward.
Senator w. w. Sivright of Me-
Leod county was introduced, who
told a story and made few re-
marks. He was followed by Hon.
Henry Feig Of Awtater, who deliv-
cred a lengthy written grafton.
Then followed some personal re-
miniscences by survivors of the re-
lief parties and of Capt. Strout's
command. Hon. Even Evenson
told Of the experiences of the party
that arrived at the cabin shortly
after the murder of the victims.
The next speaker was A. H. De-
Long, one Of Capt. Strout's scouts.
He had a very we'll written pa
per. which was read for him by
Editor Joubert. Nels E. Hanson.
of Grove City, was another survivor
who spoke very feelingly regarding
the narrowing memories of the
massacre. Nels Ellefson told of his
recOllections in connection with the
event.
Milton Stubs, another survivor
of the Strout command. spoke next.
He said that the Strout command
owed a debt of gratitude to Bran
ham, Holmes and Sperry, without
whose timely warning they would
likely not have survived.
Albert H. Sperry, of Willmar,
was next called on, and responded
briefly. He stated that he had not
visited the scene of the fight in
which he participated before since
the event took place AZ years before.
and was very happy to be with so
many of the old survivors and COM
rades from those old days.
At the close of these reminiscent
ces the old organization of the
Meeker County Old Settlers Asso-
citation was revived, and money was
raised to place an iron fence around
the monument just erected.
The speaking was done from an
automobile, and the addresses were
not heard by probably more than
one third of the crowd present. II
was a great occasion for meeting
old friends and acquaintance and
the crowd seemed to make the most
Iof it.
Willmar tribune., 1909-08-25
Mrs. Howard Baker subsequently

Mrs. Howard Baker subsequently
described them as all being of mid
die age, one quite tall and another
short and chubby; these two. wore
white mems clothes. OF the others
one wore three feathers on his head
and another tive. 1t is generally
believed that they belonged to Sha-
kopee's hand Of the Lower Agency.
Whether they were of the same
party that visited Bright's two
hours before cannot be stated with
absolute certainty. They wanted
whiskey, but Mr.. Jones refused and
some words ensued, the Indians fin
ally becoming somwhat boisterous
and insolent. Realizing that the
visitors were in a disagreeable state
of mind. Jones went over to How
ard Bakers, leaving Clara and the
little boy in his cabin. At his
neighbor's he found at home How
ard Baker, his wife, the two chill
dren, Mrs. Jones and Mr.. and Mrs.
Viranus Webster. The two last
named were emigrants, whose wa
gon stood in the yard.
Shortly after his arrival four of
the same Indians put in an appear
ance. One asked for a drink of
water and this was given to him by
Bakers little boy. Shortly after
wards they bantered the three men
to shoot at a mark. A few min
| utes were spent at this sport, after
| which Baker and one of the Indians
traded guns, the former paying
three dollars difference. The red
skins reloaded their pieces, but this
the white men failed to do. While
all were standing near the doorway
the two other Indians sauntered up.
so that the visitors numbered six.
all with loaded guns, against the
three white men, whose pieces had
been discharged. Suddenly one Of
the Indians raised his gun point
blank at MIR. Jones and fired, bring
ing him to the ground mortally
wounded. Mrs. Jones and Howard
Bakers wife were standing in the
doorway, the latter with her baby
in her arms. Baker, seeing one Of
the Indians guns aimed at hi:
wife. spranQ in front of her and re-
Willmar tribune., 1909-08-25

On the way they were joined by
another party headed by Thos. Me-
Cannon. It was believed that the
Indians were surely there helping
themselves to the whiskey. The
house was surrounded and plans
laid for the capture of the murder
ers. After many cautious moments
the cabin was entered, but no lndl-
ans were seen. In a corner stood
the whiskey barrel and on shelf
were several bottles of the stuff
but it was plainly evident that the
redskins had not been inside the
door. The oft repeated assertion
that these murders were the out
come of a drunken brawl is effect
ually disposed of by this evidence.
Prostrate on the floor lay the body
of Clara Wilson in a pool of blood
The little boy, two years old. had
cried himself to sleep and lay on
the bed. When awakened he smiled
into the faces of his rescuers. On
the following day, Monday, a party
of about sixty persons from Forest
City and the neighboring settle
ments arrived, held an inquest and
buried the dead.
After passing Jones cabin and
killing their last victim, the Indi-
ans went to Lake Elizabeth and
there stole two horses belonging to
A. M. Ecklund, as more fully re-
lated elsewhere. 1t is generally as
serted that only one returned that
night to the Lower Agency and told
to the chiefs what had been done.
The others are supposed to have
gone to the country about Cedar
Willmar tribune., 1909-08-25
OBLIGATORY EXERCISES
Doings at the Unveiling Of the
Monument Last Sunday.

Last Sunday occurred the dedica-
tion of the monument erected by
the State on the spot where stood
the Baker cabin, in Sec. Fl, of
town of Acton, Meeker county,
where the first blood was shed in
the fearful massacre of 1862 when
all the new settlements Of this part
of Minnesota were devastated by the
Sioux Indians.
The exact date of the massacre
was Aug. II. on Sunday. and this
being in the busy harvest season,
it was thot best to have the dedica-
tion on Sunday in order to per-
nit as many as possible to be pres
ent. This occasion was therefore
very nearly upon the 47th anniver-
sary Of the massacre at Acton.
The event drew an immense
crowd. There were hundreds of
teams scattered all thru the grove
and heighborhood and about sixty
automobiles from neighboring
cities and villages. as far east as
COkato and west to Willmar. The
crowd present must have numbered
nearly three thousand. There were
four or five auto loads from Will
mar.
The monument itself was rather
disappointing as to size and finish.
1t is plain square column about
four feet high, of polished red
granite resting on a base of unfin-
ished granite. This in turn rests
on large base made Of concrete
and cement. The inscriptions are
as follows:
On the east side: ''This Marks
the Spot where the First Blood
was shed in the Sioux Indian Out
break. Aug. II, 1892
On the west side: ''Victims:
Robinson Jones, Ann Baker, Jones,
Howard Baker, Viranus Webster,
Clara D. Wilson,
On the south side Erected by
the State Of Minnesota on 47th An.
niversary, Aug. II, 1909"
On the north side Bodies of
these Victims are Buried in Ness
Cemetery"
The stone was covered with a U.
S. flag, and the string which Sc.
cured the same was pulled at the
unveiling by Miss Bertha Evenson,
a daughter of Hon. Even Evenson
one of the first four who came tt
the scene of the massacre, in the
evening after it occurred.
The dedicatory exercises were il
charge of Senator j. w. Wright
of LitchtieId, who also had charg,
of the erection of the monument
After the singing Of "America, ,
the invocation by the Rev. Fathe
Willmar tribune., 1909-08-25
"When the two women came to
full realization of the situation

when the two women came to
a full realization of the situation
they took the baby and the little
boy and started for Forest City.
Before their departure queer
character named Cox, who was
known to nearly all the frontier
settlers and bgmany believed to be
spy of the ladians, appeared upon
the scene. They appealed to him
for help, but he laughed, saying
that the men were not killed, they
had only fallen down and bruised
their noses, causing them to bleed.
1t is said he robbed the corpses
of some $50 or $50 and then depart
ed for the Lower Agency. He
was afterwards brought before a
court and tried, but nothing was
proven against him and he was set
free. The natives were supersti-
tious in regard to demented persons
and never harmed him.
The two women first came to
the house of John Blackwell, a
neighbor, but finding no one at
home they proceeded to Nels o.
sons, where they told the awful
tidings. Ole Ingeman rode into
Forest City and told the news there
about 6 o'clock and was followed a
few hours afterwards by Mrs. Bak-
er, who confirmed the reports that
were spreading alarm through the
settlements.
From the community about Ac-
ton party of thirteen men started
in the evening toward the scene OF
the murders. Before they arrived
at their destination six turned back
but the other seven pressed on.
Their names were Amos N. Fogen,
Nels Danielson. John Blackwell.
Berger Anderson, Ole Westman
John Nelson and Charles Magnusor
(Quick). On reaching the Baker
place they approached the house
stealthily, believing that the saw
ages were within. The corpses ol
the murdered men were still lying
where they had fallen. Jones il
his death agony had torn up TIN
ground all around him.
In the darkness of the night tn
party started for the Jones cabin
Willmar tribune., 1909-08-25

recting the attack. 1t is generally
believed that this was none other
than Little Grow.
Word was given the teamsters
to 60 ahead and they, thinking
evidently that to retreat meant to
run and run hard, started their
teams at a full galIop. Seeing this
the men on foot started to run after
the wagons for they realized that
should they be wounded and inca
pacitated for the race they would
fall helpless victims into the hands
Of the merciless enemy. Several
men were bleeding with their
wounds, but for time no one knew
who was left behind. 1t was save
himself who can.
1.-TWO of the mounted men
Sperry and Holmes seeing that
the teams must be stopped to save
the men. dashed forward and point
ing their rifles at the teamsters'
heads ordered them, at the pain of
instant death, to halt. This
checked the mad race, the captain
loaded his men into the wagons
this time without making speech
and the procession started again
for Hutchinson, leaving three men
behind, who, if not dead, were
quickly dispatched when overtaken
by the savages.
1.-The running fight continued
and one after another of the men
and horses were hit. Sperry sug-
gested the advisability of sending
detail of three mounted men to
Hutchinson for reenforcements.
Captain Strout heartily approved
of this idea, provided any of the
men would volunteer to take the
risk. Sperry expressed his wiling
ness to 60 and was Joined by Justin
Brink and John DeLong. As the
three rode forward the Indians in
advance spread out to right and left
and allowed them to pass. On
their arrival at Hutchinson the
home guards and other citizens,
a hundred strong, set out to relieve
the hard pressed soldiers, whom
they met at Cedar Mills ten miles
Continued on page -