davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1909-10-15

"unout the usual bArrlerS or untitled
blocks. Owe, IL direct arr iine course
was possible Progress. however. WAS
quite as difficult as over the Irregular
pack. The snow was crusted with
large crystels An increased friction
reduced the speed. while the surface.
TOO hard for snowshoeS. was also too
weak 10 give secure footing The
loneliness. the mopotony. the hards hip
or steady. unrelieved travel were now
keenly felt.
IL is not often that mans horsepow-
er IL put To- the test as ours was We
were compelled To develop working
energy 10 the limit OF animal capacity.
Day after day we had pushed along
ut the same steady pace over plains of
frost and through mental desert
As the eye opened at the end of an
Icy slumber the fire was lighted little
by little. the stomach was oiled with
liquids and solids. mostly cold enough
TO last for the day. for there could bc
no halt or waste OF fuel for midda v
feeding. We next got into harness
and paced OFF the days pull under the
lash OF duty. We worked until stand
winds. shorter In strong winds. but al
ways until the feet became numb and
heavy.
Then came the arduOus task OF build
ing snow house. IN this the eyes. no
longer able TO wink. closed. but soon
the empty stomach complained. and it
was Tiled up again-not with things
that pleased the palate. only hard fuel
TO feed the inner fires. while the ear
sought the soft side OF ice to dispel
fatigue: no pleasure I'm mental recrea-
its icy Enclosure.
To eat, TO sleep. TO press one foot
ahead of the other. was our steady vo-
cation. like the horse to the cart. but
we had not his advantage of au agree
able climate aud a comfortable stable
at night.
Words and pictures cannot adequate
~ describe the maddeulng influence
Of this sameness OF polar glitter. COM
bined with bitter winds. extreme cold
and an overworked body. To me there
was always the inspira ton OF anticl-
patton OF the outcome OF ultimate sue
cess. but for my young savage com.
panions II was a torment almost be-
yond endurance. Their WEAKNESS was
made evident by a lax use Of the whIp
and an Indifferent urging Of the dogs.
They were. however. brave and faith
full 10 the bitter end. seldom allowing
selfish ambitions or uncomfortable
passions seriously To interfere with the
main effort Of the expedition.
On the morning OF April I3 q strain
Of aGitatinc torment reached a break
ing point. For days there had been
steady cutting wind from the west.
which drove despair TO its lowest
reaches.
No torment could be worse than that
never ceasirg rush or icy air. Alive
lah bent over his sled and refused to
move.
His dogs turned and looked In
quiringly. walked over and stood
by his side. Etukishuk came near and
stood motionless, staring blankly Mt the
southern skies. Large tears fell from
Ahwelah's eyes and piled n little frost
or sadness In the blue OF his own shad-
ow for several minutes Not a word
was uttered. but knew that each felt
that the time had come 10 free the fet.
tiers Of human passions. Slowly Ahwe-
lah said. "UnDe sinig pa-oo-ah-tonie
i-o-doria" r'It is well to die-beyond l.
impossib.e"l.
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1909-10-15
His One Good Trait.

Loafer-Can yer spare us 'a'penny.
mate?
Observation-Disclosures want 'apen-
ny for?
Loafer-Cos ] got one. and ! wants
another for the price Of art O pint.
Workingman-Ever done days
work In yer life?
Loafer-No. guv'nor. cawn't say as l
ave.
WorkAgman-Well. yer never done a
pore bloke out Of job. anyway. 'Ere's
yer a'penny.-London Punch.
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1909-10-15
All Affected.

Sprigg went to noted physician to
ask advice as to his health. In pomp-
GUS tones be addressed the doctor:
"l-ah-have come to-ah-ask Won
-ah-what-what is-ah-the doositl
mattaw with me-ahw
IL hnd your heart is affected" said
the physician gravely.
"Oh-ah-anything else-ahT
yes; your lungs are affected too"
htng-ah-else-ahw
"Yes; your manners are also affect
ed."-London Answers.
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1909-10-15
hypothetlcaI ouastion..

What viii! your mother say to you
when you get homer said one boy.
she'll start In by asking me some
hypothetical questions" answered pre-
cocious Willie.
What are theyT
Questions that she thinks she
knows the answers to before she starts
TO alk."-Washington Star.
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1909-10-15
Not Personal.

Count d'Orsay had an explosive tenn
per. Sir Algernon West says that the
count 'once called on the publishers.
Messrs. Saunders & Otley. on Lady
Blessingtonss behalf and used very
strong language. A beautiful gentle
man In white neckcloth said he
would rather sacrifice Lady Blessing
tons patronage than stand such per-
sonai abuse. ! am not personal said
pOrsay. If you are Saunders. then
- OtleyI II you are Otiey. then -
Saunders
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1909-10-15
eouIdn't Forost IL.

saturday night some mIscreant lug.
geo on whole cord OF my wood. and
somehow | can't forget about IT,. de.
elared Sllas,
Have You tried to forget itY' In.
quired bis friend,
yes. Sunday morning I went to
church hoping ! could get Il or INV
MIND. and before ] had been there ave
minutes the choir started In singing
Tue Lost Chord so got outw-
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1909-10-15
Diplomacy.

But what made you irrItate her ia
ther?'
Il bad to do 1t. l wasn't any too
popular with the girl until her father
forbade me the house.
Courier-JournaI.
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1909-10-15
Vary Cioaa.

Warden-How's the campaign going
mp your way? Sort OF close contestp
Sellers (gloomiiy)-Closest ever saw.
Neither side is giving up blamed
cent.-Buffalo Courier.
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1909-10-15
Those Useless Question.

BILLY. did you ever pick up a live
trolley wire with your bare hands?"
MANY time"
Didn't it give you a shockT"
Give me shock? 1t killed me dead
every time."-Chicago Tribune,
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1909-10-15
THE CONQUEST OF THE POLE
By Or. FREDERICK A. COOK

Copyright 1909, by the New York
Herald Company, Registered In
Canada In Aceordanes With Copy
right Act. Copyright In Mex
leo Under Laws of the Republic
of Mexico. All Rights Reserved
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1909-10-15
On Oath.

The CouFt-YOu will swear that the
prisoner stole your umbrella? The
Plaintiff Your honor. will swear
that he stole the umbrella was car
rying. Leader.
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1909-10-15

YER the newly discovered coast
81 lines was written Bradley Land.
W in honor of John r. Bradley,
the benefactor Of the expedi-
ton. As we passed north Of this land
there was nothing substantial upon
which to fix the eye.
There was at no time a perfectly
clear horizon, but the weather was
good enough To permit frequent nauti-
cal observations.
Thus day after day the marches
were forced. the incidents and the po-
sitions were recorded. but the adven-
lures were promptly forgotten In the
mental bleach OF the next days effort.
The night of April was made notable
by the swing of the sun at midnight.
For number of nights it made grim
faces at Us In its setting. A teasing
mist. drawn as a curtain over the
northern sea at midnight. had given
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1909-10-15
After Him.

Aunt Crabbe-I think 1t is my duty
to tell you that ] have heard from
several sources that Mr.. Brown Is a
very fast young man! Daisy-Fast as
he Is. shall catch him yet, auntie.-
London Fun.
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1909-10-15
Hrchness.

saiiy Gay-What a cunning little fel
low Mr.. Callipers Is, Dolly Swift
Cunning? Why. he's dreadfully bow
legged. Sally Gay-Yes. but that gives
him such an arch look. you know
Truth.
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1909-10-15
sHOPPING FOR LADIES

Save travelling expenses and have ,our.
shopping done by Mrs j. p. MeanIex
Ezof OAK st. Baltimore. She ia !"
close tonch With the besi stores and can
va save g, ',ur lSd'rs m"n' on their purchases,
!" a' n""' u costs them nothing extrs
samples sent upon request.
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1909-10-15
Too ObedIenr-

what Is the trouble between Hetty
Highup and Mark SpottleY"
She wrote to him one day and told
MIN some great secret she didn't want
anybody else to know and asked him
TO light his next cigar with her let
ter"
"Welly'
Well. 1t seems he did it."-Chicaeo
Tribune.
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1909-10-15
A Labored Expianatinn

~ e~IOF GO CNPIdEatIon.
you:"
That's my sister"
"hut why should she scowl at you 90
wen. yon see. she's very nears!ght-
ed. and as there's something familiar
ABOUT my face she fancies II must
oe her Observation-Disclosures Plain
Dealer.
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1909-10-15
CHESAPEAKE STEAMSHIP CO
"CH ESAPEAKE LINE.

ELEGANT PAssENG ER STEAMERS .CoI.-
UMBiA" AND AUGUSTA.
For old Point Comfort and Norfolk Va
steamers leave Baltimore daily texoeo,
sunday at $40 p. m. and arrive Old Poipt
COMFORT nj \ u. m. and Norfolk at ZOO a m
where connection is made with the Rail Lines
"YORK RIVER LINE.n
ELRGANT PASSENGER STEAMER
LAMA" For WEST POINT and
steamers leave baltimore Tuesday. Thurs
Gay Gay ana saturday at p: m. and arrive West
rolst AT s:t0a. m and aichmoud a. y: q a m
steamers call at Gloucester Poinf C;sm
ants. Clay Rank and Almonds. o
STEAMERS LEAVE BALTIMORE FROM
PIERS Is AND IL LIGHT ST. WHARF.
o,,r n5ougn tickets to all points may be az
served from the City Ticket Offices iis y as1
t q ST., hTH UR w. ROBSON agent Ia1
:. bait .more st.. or the General Ofices' I1ht
ano Lee ST., Baltimore, Md. AAsht
kEUBEN FOSTER RI f,uro,,
=, General Manager. Gen Passenger Ac.an,
l. n. MoDANEEL. Asst GEM Pass ASent-
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1909-10-15

RICHMOND, FREDERICKSBURG A
POTOMAC r. r.
Schedule in effect January 9TH, 1909
LEAVE FREDERICKSBURG. NoRTHwApn
20 a. m. week days local
% n. m. daily.
81 a M daily.
10 % a. m. daily. local
2S p. m. week days
80 p. m. daily, local.
OF y. m. daily.
10 % y. m. daily.
LEAVE FREDERICKSBURG. SOUTHWARK
IS n. m. daily A c. l.. train
OF a. IN. week days, local
SO n m. Sundays only local
10 80 a. m. daily S. A l. train
II 49 y. IN. week days. local
u p. m. daily A. c. l.. train
S. y. m. daily. local
y O6 p. m. daily. S. A. l.. train
Local from Washington arrives II no =. - -,
days. " 70 -. m. week
Arrivals and departures not guarantees
W. r. TAYLOR. Traffic Manao.-
c. c. Cox. Agent.
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1909-10-15

49, (AAA0
IS So: because so decep-
tive. Many sudden
deaths are caused
by it--heart dis
ease, Pneumonia,
heart failure or
apopiexy are often
the result of kid
ney disease. If
kidney trouble is
allowedtoadvance
thekiidney-poison-
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1909-10-15
Maryland, Delaware & Virgin a
RAILWAY COMPANY.

Baltimore, Fres-
kAENk ericksburg, Nor.
Ee folk and Rappa-
hammock River Routes.
Schedule in effect March II. 1909.
"aLro.' TAPPAHANNOtk q FxEp.t,
steamers leave Baltimore Piers Light NJ
ms loi' TwssS weoshS' Permitting, sunday Il
swestland, North End. Mil Cree wh,,a
SSt"ne, irvington, Weems, Millenbeck. Merrv
Mooaskon, Water View. Wh sni usDs.n1 ,.
Port, Shsrps. Bowlers. Waves Welifor5s
eId 6sT,9rs ga; M TayIors Hole. Bland.
Wilmont ,,r enlaws. Port ROYAL Por. CSle'
way; Hsy Mount. Hop Yard. Ratciiffes Frca-
Steamer leaving on'Sundav does no, s,on
SON Mondays steamer will leave Leeds,dwp
at l.D a. e"e'o"h
naLriM"RF-rAPPA
Steamer leaves Bsl,im ore "Wednesday m,
rridaN 80 p. IN. for fNorIh End, Mil IreeT
. w nl,e 81 re- lrvinRton. weems MiiIenbeos'
.w healtons, alter View, .ShaTps .Ts UnSssson.
noes A@Ppansh-
'iSstermer leaving baltimore gu Wednesday
"Hioniy OPP at landings marked.
FRED'G, TAPPAHANNuCk 4 prro
., Steamers leave Fredericksburg Sunda,
TUESDAY aud Thursday D. m for fs,.,,Hy'
hop fsrd, Hsymount. Port Copv sy> Por;
1870, ieenia"s. " ilmont. saunders, Le,-ds-
, own a: M. Laytons Carriers, RianneIS
Nay,ots 8:Sl ~ M. Tappshannock 7:s0 q IN
ne. S,i i Wares. BOWERS. shsrps s:9O a. M
TnSh nneal,"n, Water View, Bohaskor.
s spsnna e z:U .: m. iiurbans. Millenbeck''
l.yiugt0n; weems, White Stone, Mil n& Crane,
5:SO p. M. North Emd 8 D. IN . Westlsnd N'oHA
saturday MOI ninRs. "S e"u
TAPPAHANNOCK-Ba
steamer, leave Tappahanpock 7N q
,u.ueeday ana fhursdav. stopping at WaIIfords
,wyssreS. BOWERS, Sharps $50 a. M +fSsy Port
Burton, BurhRns, MiiIenbeck IrSIs9'
"ee'ns, white Stone, Mill Greek Nortb FL
- ArrN ng In Baltimore "Wednesday and Fri.
-Steau er TO Baltimore on Thursday will NOT
stop AT Urbanna and Bay Port
TAPPAHANNOCK-N
Leave Iappahannock. weather permitting
S r,, uay : IN. stopp nv at Wellforda Wares
Wv IwIess Sha' ps hay Port, Vibration, Wa. or
lew, monass on. Urbann ma, Burtons, Burhans
Mllienoeck. Merry Point. Ottoman Mornns
IrNinRton. Weems. White Stone Mill C,reas'
North End. Weetland $50 N'eeS'
Returning, stes mer will leo We Norfolk Mo-,
uhy p. IN weat her PER- ittlny. for Tappa
hammock. stopping ut landings as abov. eT
T,ir, mSs ,nr Point, Ottoman. Morans and Ba.
Ut, III. STOPPING AT 6owlers, Wares and Well
'or,ls on return trip tn Baltimore on Tuesdays
sreiRot VIII NOT be received 10 Norfolk
after y. N. ON sailing DAYS.
This Timetable, shows the time a+ which
,.esiners may be expected TO arrive at and de-
PAT from the several wbarves, but their ar
rIvaI or departure at the times stated is not
guaranteed, nor does the company hold itself
responsible for any delay or any ccnseoI,ancns
arising therefrom N'0fUo"Seo
Freight received In Baltimore until ann
on sailing dave. - -
WILLARD THOMSON. General Manager
L. MURDOCH. Gen1 Frt. and Pass AIT.
w n SCo,r,, baltimore, Md
W. ~ SUIT. Agent Fredericksburg.
Virginia citizen. (Irvington, Va.) 1891-1921, 1909-10-15
Inc Cause Of Many
Sudden Deaths

There Is disease prevailing in this
country most dangerous becauee e -"
The Florida agriculturist., 1909-10-01
PROPAGATING THE AVOCADO
Directions for Planting Budding Transplantng and After
Care of This Delicious Tropical Fruit
By ]. p. Wester.

The avocado is one OF our most recent
fruits and, while still largely unknown
in the North, the demand for this fruit
is increasing stedily as the people be-
come accustomed to it's peculiar qualities
which for culinary purposes place it in
the vegetable department. Until the last
five or six years it was thought that the
avocado came true to seed, and attempts
to propagate good varieties aseXually
were wanting Or had failed. Great credit
is due Professor p HI. Rolls, now of Lake
City, and Mr.. George B. Cellon, Miami,
Florida, who did the pioneer work in
budding the avocado.
AS in the early days of the orange
industry the budding of citrus fruits
was thought to be very difficult, so the
budding of the avocado was at first con-
sidered a complicated operation, but the
difficulties are rapidly being cleared
away as experience is accumulated, and
in our experiments at the subtropical
Laboratory, [ have frequently succeed
ed in getting an average of IS per cent
of buds to develop into trees. The gen
eral impression is that the avocado is
difficult to transplant, and, budded trees
being expensive, parties buying trees
prefer to purchase them established in
boxes or pots. To meet this demand,
the seed is planted in the pot and al
lowed to develop until it is ready to bud
the, next spring; or the seed is planted
in nursery in rows three and half
to four and half feet apart, six to
eight inches apart in the row, where the
trees grow until they are budded and
ready for the market when they are
taken out of the nursery and planted in
pots from four to six weeks. Boxes
5X5Xl2, or 6X6Xl2 are more suitable than
pots, being less liable to breakage in
transit; also because plants grown in
pots are not so we'll braced against the
winds after being set out
The method of budding is the same as
that employed in the budding of the cit
rus fruits. Many complaints have come
to my notice that the buds do not take
or that they do not start readily. This
is due, not to an inherent difficulty in
the avocado to be budded but rather to
the inexperience of the performer, either
in budding, or, more frequently, in the
selection of budwood. Only large, we'll
developed buds should be inserted, and
rather larger than citrus certain
ly not less than three fourths of an inch
in length and preferably one inch, as
small buds are frequently grown over
where the stock is in vigorous condition
as it should be. In our experiments at
the Sub-tropical laboratory I have
found that tender wood is preferable to
older wood, and have used even the soft
and tender tops, inserted as spring buds,
with perfect success. Where old and
hardened wood is employed, the buds
frequently drop, making a ''blind bud"
For wrapping the buds, wax cloth is
preferable to string, as it affords the bud
better protection from injury and wa
ter. The buds should be inserted during
the spring and early summer and not
later than August lst. Two weeks from
The Florida agriculturist., 1909-10-01


and the tree ready to lop. The trees
should now be gone over every two
weeks, the wild sprouts rubbed off, and
when the buds have made a growth of
eight to twelve inches, the stock may be
trimmed back to the bud. It frequently
occurs at this period that fungus (Col-
kills the buds. A satisfactory remedy
loss of buds may be diminished by COW
ering the cut with grating wax to pre-
vent the entrance of the fungus.
The discovery of the feasibility of
budding the avocado being very recent
only few varieties have been distrib-
uted Of these the best known are Trapp,
a round fruit holding it's fruit until
Christmas, and commanding a fancy price
because of it's lateness, The Pollack,
pear shaped fruit, is known mainly for
its size, having been recorded as weigh
ing four pounds, and of fine flavor.
Any one in possession of large, un-
productive avocadoes can easily convert
them into paying trees by cutting them
down about three or four feet above the
ground and budding the sprouts which
soon make start. For home use, any
fruit of good quality will answer the pur-
pose. In budding for a commercial Or
chard, it should be kept in mind that the
very early and late varieties command
the highest prices. Other desirable
points are:
l. Prolifcness.
2. Skin smooth thick and leathery.
3. A fruit of good keeping qualities.
4. The seed filling the cavity, as
loose seed pounds the walls in transit,
causing early decay.
5. Small seed.
The best material for grating or bud
ding tape is cheap cotton cloth which
will tear easily. Rip up the cloth in
strips of desired widths, say six or seven
inches, and roll these tightly on stout
iron wire as long as the width of the
cotton strips. Several strips may be
rolled on until the roll is one inch in
diameter; tie string around the roll
at each end to prevent unrolling while
being boiled in the wax. A good wax is
made by boiling together two pounds of
beeswax, two pounds of rosin and one
half pound of good lard; when in boiling
state put in the rolls of cloth and let
them remain for fifteen minutes when
they are taken out and cooled off before
being stored away The iron wire is
more desirable than sticks of wood, as
the weight of the wire keeps the roll be-
low the surface of the boiling mass.
Another advantage in using the wire is
that if the wooden sticks are not quite
dry the water as it is converted into
steam will cause the contents to boil
over.
Parties possessing avocadoes that they
consider of special merit are cordially in
vited to communicate with the Sub
tropical Laboratory, Miami, Florida, with
view of testing their qualities and
propagating such as are deemed worthy
of dissemination.
The Florida agriculturist., 1909-10-01

Coleus in red, brown or yellow lend
color relief, and they can be kept cut
down to any desired size. The coleus
does best in full sunshine.
The Florida agriculturist., 1909-10-01
Some General Bee Talk.

grown folks.
This is not a notion of the writer's,
but the knowledge of those who have
made life study of honey, finding that
it is a pre-digested food product which
cannot be initiated and, under the Pure
Food Law, must not be adulterated All
sugar that is taken into the body must
be converted into grape sugar before it
can be digested, making it tax on the
digestive system, but honey is one of the
purest forms of inverted sugar and will
consequently yield more nourishing ele
mcnts than cane or beet sugar.
Bees can be handled as safely as chick
ems if only due precautions will be taken.
The first of these is to secure a gentle
strain, as the Italians. The much vaunt-
ed Caucasians are very desirable on &C
count of extreme docility, but there is
bee keeper. They will not gather more
honey than Italians, the queens are hard
er to find, they put large masses of prop
oils, or ''bee glue' about the entrance of
the hive and cap the combs no winter
than do their larger sisters, and, if [ am
not mistaken after four years spent
with them, they will not repel the wax
moth as we'll as do the italians.
Having secured swarm of nice yellow
Italians, do not get the notion that you
will display your skill in handling bees
to fearful and admiring friend, but buy
bee veil and wear it also, at first, and
until you become accustomed to a few
punctures of your epidermis, wear pair
of gloves with long cloth gauntlets. Add
to these pair of bicycle clips, and you
can defy any swarm of bees on earth
The women folks will, of course, have to
wear bloomers.
The question of hives is one which
has engaged the attention of bee men
since the dawn of history, but it was
not until the hive with movable frames
was invented that Bookkeeping became
commercial possibility.
The body of the hive, that part con-
tanning the frames, was what made the
trouble, for there is no trouble about
bottom boards and covers. In a pinch
any old thing will do so that the cover
fits tightly and there are not too many
holes in the bottom board. But the hive
proper must be built according to certain
well defined rules, principal of which is
that the frames must hang closely to
lh inches apart, from center to center,
and there must be a space of at least
bees may hunt out and destroy the lar
vac of the wax moth.
AS to the depth of frames (hive) all
will depend on the bee-keeper, and if he
is going to produce comb or extracted
honey, or if he is in locality where the
season is short and heavy or long and
light. The beginner will gradually find
out for himself his needs and necessities,
and will be better able to judge than
any one else can what kind of hive to
buy.
The Washburn leader. [volume] (Washburn, McLean County, N.D.) 1890-1986, 1909-12-24
LABOR NEWS.

War was formally declared upon the
United States Steel corporation by the
leaders of organized labor throughout
the United States and Canada. at the
close of a momentous two days con-
ference at Pittsburg. The decision to
battle against the stand taken by the
steel corporation in its policy of "open
shop" was reached by the labor con.
ferees only after hours of debate.
Union men throughout the United
States have been asked to contribute
40 cents each toward a million dollar
war fund to be raised against the pol.
icy of the United States Steel corpora.
ton. The assessment is but the first
ola series that are expected to raise
the sinews of war.
An overwhelming majority vote was
cast by the conductors and trainmen
on thirty-two Eastern and New Eng
land railroads in favor of presenting
demands for increased wages and a
standard wage scale throughout the
Eastern territory.
The Boston and Montana mines OF
the Amalgamated Copper company al
/ Butte have been forced to suspend az
the result of the coal shortage follow
ing the strike of switchmen on the
Northwestern railroads.
Big -Four telegraphers have voted In
favor of a strike to enforce their de
mands for increased wages.