davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1909-07-23

The great wall Of China has been
traced 1900 miles from the coast.
There are traces Of ten other walls,
but the great wall oyertopped them all.
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1909-07-23

No man ii 10 insignificant as to be
sure his example can do mo hurt
nenap. III y
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1909-07-23

A man is going to attemp Ell air
trip from Boston to Europe. He had
better have his &c. @. d. signals in
good working order.
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1909-07-23

Count Boni de Castellane is coming
to this country to hunt for big game.
There Is reported to be quite fiuttef
among our heiresses.
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1909-07-23

Cincinnati Is trying to fix the clocks
10 a. to get to work an hour earlier
I'M the morning. That cold, gray dawn
\ IL 4 fierce thing over the Rhine.
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1909-07-23

4 NASTY YELLOW CLOTHES ~,
will forever, disappear i You use RUSS
BLUE. All good grocers, &c.
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1909-07-23
KNEW SOMETHING OF 1T.
Shortcake,

The strawberry shortcake. ! love It.
/ love it! prize 1t more dearly than
tongue dare to tell! No sherbet or pud,
ding or pie is above It; there's nothing
III pastry like half so well. Just give
me section as large as platter,
with freshly crushed berries spread
over the lot. and am contented and
happy, no matter what ailment or
trouble or sorrows I've got. Ho, bring
on the shortcake. the strawberry
.shortcake and always and ever I'm
Jachson. he.spot! Los Angeles Elk
press .:3is W. s
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1909-07-23

Az q result Of his first lesson. Que
III Nright's pupils demonstrated that
lie could fall out. 81 an aeroplane with
I IL dull u thud ~ his teacher
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1909-07-23

! Certainly not, The flavor won't last
unless It's real Wrigley's Spearmint
With q smear On every wrapper.
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1909-07-23

A Brooklyn clergyman declares thai
the rum power Is to be banished from
New York. "Good-by, gay old Broad
way"
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1909-07-23

A scientist tells us that Niagara VII
run dry in 5000 years. Possibly. Inc
tendency is certainly making great
Roadway.
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1909-07-23

A southern paper suggests why
not have a Fathers day.? we have
1t comes once week.
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1909-07-23

one trouble with the fabitually
crooked man Is that he never knows
which way he Is turning
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1909-07-23

~ II you must swing the hammer. use
isit to drive nails and help build up; not!
III, destroy and tear down. INK
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1909-07-23

limitations are all bought BY. careless
folk Yet one glance shows you the
spear OF real yvrigley's Spearmint.
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1909-07-23
AFTER
FOl[RYEARS.
OF MISERY
Cured by Lydia E. Pink.
ham, Vegetable Compound

Baltimore, Md. 50 For four YEAR,
nv life was misery to me. / suffered
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1909-07-23

Would there be the possibility OF So
diluting that sleeping sickness as "a
make it a cure for insomnia!
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1909-07-23
THAT FRozE HIM.

Il suppose he said. overwhelmingly.
''you often get spoken to by men?a
YES" she replied, land by monk
eys. But tonight there don't seem to
be any men about"
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1909-07-23

Y Rains vex the city man and make
The country man glad.
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1909-07-23

Cuba should be grateful" declare:
the Philadelphia Press. But Is CuDs
not q republic?
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1909-07-23

Seashore Of mountains That's the
question. az y. s5s3 N
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1909-07-23

The ambition Of the aerona,,t Is to
hitch his diriyibie to q star.
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1909-07-23
Reunjtcd After Eiqht Years.

After looking all night for each
other, 3. 81 stcekwell aged IS, and
his daughter, Mrs. p. c. Price, q mis-
sionary Of Calcutta, India, were re-
united after separation Of more thai
eight years. 3s
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1909-07-23
ossessions Worth Two Billions.

E8#T pOS8SSSIVVI8 VVTIIJ W. 0JtTVOUSs q.
Des Moines, Iowa.-The valueN of
real and personal property of the citi-
3gens OF Iowa is $2,445, 45S,961, accord
ing to report just completed in the
office of the auditor Of state. The
value Of lands and town lots is placed
at $1,941,s42,52s, and of personal prop
erty $504,OO2, 1923. The figures are.
compiled from the annual reports Of
county auditors throughout the state.
The average value of Iowa land per
acre is $42.43. Iowa cattle are ap.
praised at $7O,57O,540, and horses at
$77,693, 512. The total OF all stock, in:
Guiding general stock, is $175,SS6,S9S.
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1909-07-23

Reception for Senator cumnins
Friends Of Senator Albert B. Cum
Minis Plan on giving him q warm vel
come and enthusiastic reception upon
his return to the city, probably the
latter part of the. week.
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1909-07-23

iipysry one han his place and vocaE
don on TIL eaft y Had stons.
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1909-07-23
innovation

Stella Did she have an unusual
wedding?
Bella Yes; the church was deco
rated with common tropical plants in.
stead OF the rare. 5 3.s
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1909-07-23

why ID ii calsed spearn,int |? Because
Isl the spear on every package. See Il
Or keep your nickel N
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1909-07-23
Great Year for Mutual society.

Great Year for Mutual Society.
According to figures given out at
the annual meeting Of the directors
and officers OF the Iowa Grain Deal
ers' Mutual Fire association. this last
year has been the most successful in
the history of the organization. Grain
elevators throughout the state have
$1,500,O0O in insurance in force at
the present time. which is double the
amount reported at the meeting last
year. All officers Of the association
during the past year were reelected.
They are j. A. King OF Nevada, presi-
dent; Lee Lockwood Of Des Moines,
vice president; George A. Wells OF
Des Moines, secretary, and NJ. E. De,
Wolf OF Spencer, treasurer. Members
of the board Of directors newly elect
ed are: d. s. Baird of McGregOr;
George A. Stibbens Of Red Oak; |. T..
Patton of Newton; 1, E. Jackson of
Cedar Rapids. They serve for three
years.
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1909-07-23
Council sete Date.

Council Sets Date. \, 9s7i553 Nm
The executive council looked over
the plans fer the completion of the s
Historical building and set August
80 as the dare for opening bids fol
| the completion Of the work.
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1909-07-23
Rev. =. {. GrifFith Presid Z nj.

Kew. e. Grfnttn PresIuent.
The Rev. +. y. Griffith, pastor Of,
the Corinthian Baptist church was
elected president Of the Western Ne
gro Baptist association at the annual
meeting held in Chicago. +. A. VIII
son Of Kansas. City was elected sec
rotary, G. ,. Mason Of Alton, Ill. cor
secretary. and George Nc.
Neal Of Kansas City treasurer.
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1909-07-23
Iowa State Bystander
IOWA STATE BYSTANDER CO..
Publishers. (
pEs MolNEs, IOWA
nnsaand ~. asrophobia.

Psssimists are scarce articles these
Gays. m n NM N
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1909-07-23

Has Rare Relic. .8,5 s.s Isl
While visiting in Osceola, Ralph
Sanders, came into possession Of a
valuable relic IN the form Of snare
drum which had been presented his
grandfather, Aaron Lewis. atsthe close
OF the civil war. Mr. Lewis was drum
mer in Company G, Thirty Iowa.
Iowa Man to Montana.
srpt. Grant FL Finch Of the Marion
public schools has been elected SUI.
ervisor Of the normal training ~
partment Of the State Normal school
at Philon. Mont. n \; si e
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1909-07-23

Coming IN Slowly.
Iowa corporations have been very
slow in paying the 81 annual license
fee required by new law passed last
winter at the instance OF Secretary OF
State w. c. Hayward. So far only
about 1000 corporations have re
sponded to the letters sent out by
the secretary, although there are be-.
tween 5000 and 5000 corporations
actively engaged in business. About
1900 of the letters sent to corpora
lions have been returned marked "ou'
OF business.
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1909-07-23

No Aspooning' on Capitol Grounds.
Il Gov. B. n. Carroll and his fellow,
members Of the executive council
have declared war on love sick cou-
pies who infest the beautiful state
house grounds after nightfall. The or
der has gone forth thai spooning on
the capitol grounds must stop, and q
state house policeman will patrol the
grounds from ?. m. until 2 IN the.
morning, or as much later as neeesr-
sary. q HI;
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1909-07-23
Int -urban king Comes 10 Iowa.

lnte-urban King Comes 70 Iowa.
Des Moines, Iowa. The purchase
of the plant Of the Des Moines cleo
trio sompany by Congressman VIZ
liam b. Mckinley OF Champaign, Ill.
and his declaration that he would
fayorably consider the development
of any attractive field for interurban
railroads in Iowa confirmed the
rumor that has been prevalent fol
several days that Mr.. Mckinley would
invade the Des Moines and Iowa
field with his enterprises.
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1909-07-23

First Year Under New Plan Cost
Des MONIES $40 Per Capita. 4
TOTAL COST WAS ses5,875,77.
First Annual Report issued by City
| Auditor Hawk Shows Worth
Of Government by
Commission.

Des AIoines, July 20.--It cost $685..
5.77-nearly million dollars--to
run the city OF Des Moines during the
year ending April /, 1909. The share
OF every man woman and child in this
expense is approximately $40, for the
per capita rate on q population OF
100000 is exactly 1886, and Des
Moines does not have quite that many
people. Most cities in Des Moines'
class are from 81 10 IS highsr in the
average cost for each citizen.
But Des Moines receipts during the
year in which the $99S,S75.77 was
spent amount to $3S3,414.43 more than
the expenditures, or $1,332,290.20 in
all. The city's total holdings, which
include cash in hand, real estate and
personal property April | were 81.
900, 427O4, while II owed SLOT, 1904.
OF this debt $4,000 10 in bonds. The
city has property value including $13,,
.64O,175 exempt, of $100.266,519 SO the
actual Indebtedness Of the municipali.
ty in bonds is about per cent.
According to comparative state
.ment compiled by Auditor ]. w. Hawk
the city was $1S2,929.65 better of at
tho end of the first year under the
Des Moines plan than 1t was at the
end OF the last year under the old al
dermanic system. The city started
the current year with a gain of $4S,
439.03 tof its credit. while the old
council during its last year conducted
the municipalities affairs at loss Of
$l34,51O.62.
A comparative statement for the
last eight years shows that the tax
levy was the lowest of any year in
that period, being 1854 on a one-f0urth
valuation Of the property. In 1907 1t
was 35.7 and in 1900, 40.3.
While the city levies have gradually
been lowered the state, county and
school have increased. The state levy
in 1908 as compared with the year
previous was as against SO; the
county 16 as against 1863, and the
school 3O.4 as against 27.9.
Des Moines as a corporation has
property worth nearly three million
dollars.
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1909-07-23
.Floht for Junken Reward.

Eight TOT JuhKen HeWdTu' N q
John w. Gray, private detective at
Ottumwa, was in Des Moines to pre-
sent to Governor Carroll his claims
for the $500 reward which was Of
fered by the state for the arrest and
conviction Of John Junken, slayer OF
Clara Rosen Of Ottumwa. Mr. Grays
visit brings out the fact that there
are many claimants for the Junken
reward and there is likely to be Q
spirited fight before the final decis
ion is made as to who is entitled te
the credit for capturing the negro.
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1909-07-23

City rays Mighty Payroll.
After the city council passed the
pay rolls Monday the city treasurer
paid out $s7,529.76 for labor and ma.
terial. This is the greatest pay rob.
in the history Of Des Mcines
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1909-07-23
viii BE Twice 40 Large.

VIII Be TWICE al Large.
Officers in charge of the coming
military tourney to be held in Des
Mcines during the third week Of SEE
tembe- have returned from Toledo
Ohio. where they witnessed similai
show 1t is mosti wonderful sight,
declared Gels Botsford, secretary O
the Commercial club, "and beggars
description. One has to see it tc
comprehend its magnitude. Our show
will be twice az large " E
Iowa state bystander. [volume] (Des Moines, Iowa) 1894-1916, 1909-07-23

Miller President Of Police Chiefs.
Des Moines, Iowa.-Police chief'
representing twenty-five Iowa citie'
and towns in convention effected q
permanent, organization which will be
known as the Iowa Association Of
Police Chiefs. Chief of Police Miller
of Des Moines, was by unanimous
vote chosen as president.
The Big Sandy news., 1909-06-18
Do It Now

Write for my price list on all kinds
Of Roots, Hides, Wool and Junk. 1t
will pay you to ship your Produce to
ne. Here's a few of the prices !
am now paying:
Cured Beef Hides, 11ac per lb.
Unwashed Wool (no buns) 2Sc lb,
May Apple Root, 41ac per lb.
Old Rubbers, TIC per lb.
Reference Second National Bank,
Ashland, Ky.
The Big Sandy news., 1909-06-18
Ohio Farms for Sale.

100 acres, 70 level land cleared, on
good pike, plenty good water the
year round room frame house,
almost new. ! stock barn, tool shed,
sheep barn, hen house, wood shed
aud COW stable, all in good Condi-
ton, plenty good fence, about l20r0
rods woven wire fence built in lst
two Years. Close to good school and
church. price $40 per acre. One
half cash balance terms to suit pur-
chaser.
60 acres practically all level land,
good fence all round the farm, dwell
Ing, barn, plenty running water all
the year, and good we'll. This Is a
rare bargain for any one who is will
ing to do a little repair work on
buildings. Price $40 per acre.
100 acres, so letel, 60 cleared.
Close to school and church. 5 wells
and plenty running water. five
room dwelling, tenant house, barn,
tool shed, stock shed, straw shed,
2 corn cribs, hog house, hen Louise,
smoke house, milk house, and plen-
tv best of fence, An ideal grain and
stock farm. Wants to settle up an
estate. Price 27,5O per acre.
A splendid grain, stock and dairy
farm, 1873 acres. so acres level and rol
Ing, 100 acres cleared, plenty good
timber, 2 dwellings, barns, well
Aatered and fenced, close to good
school on good pike. This farm will
lie sold at the great bargain of SIS
per acre If taken at once.
so acres, fine level land, good frame
An ideal farm for all purposes,
dwelling, new barn 26x6O feet, els
tern and never failing we'll plenty
running water. 25 acres under culti-
gation, 20 acres pasture, Is acres
woods, balance meadow. Plenty Of
nice timber, not an acre of waste
land. On good pike, in best of
neighborhoods, new traction line will
pass within one mile, oil and gas
developments will soon begin. Price
$45OOOO if sold at once. All in easy
reach of Chillicothe, one Of the
best markets in Ohio. l have plenty
of others, for particulars call on or
address John r. Preston, r. F. D.
No. 7, Chillicothe, Ohio. ...
The Big Sandy news., 1909-06-18
FRIED

Rex Famous Complexion Powder,
the king of all beautifying powders.
1t is absorbent and non-irritating and
may be used where other powders are
impossible. 1t will enhance the beau
ty of the most perfect completion,
and render less apparent tie defec s
Of the poorest. It is endorsed by the
leading professional and society Leo
pie, and we guarantee every package
to give perfect satisfaction. To
further introduce this wonderful pow
der we make this special offer to
you. Send us the names and address,
es of 10 ladies and 10c in money
or stamps to cover charges and we
will send you prepaid a sample
Lackage of Rex Complexion Powder
sample box of Rex Scientific Beau
ty Cream and our handsome illus
ttated Beauty Book This handsome
book is 80 pages and cover, and COM
Ilete in detail; telling you how to
preserve your beauty and create new
Charms. Rex Scientific Beauty Cream
is without a peer, we positively
guarantee that it contains nothing
that will produce or encourage the
growth of hair or down on the face.
1t has more body and is better Tor
ing cream than anyother cream man
ufactured and will not turn rancid
By dealing with US you are guar
anteed satisfaction; we will prompt
ly re urn the purchase price II any
of our articles are not perfectly sat
isfactory to the user Address, Rex
Beauty Specialists, 290 E. 43d St.,
Chicago, III. S1-12 times.
The Big Sandy news., 1909-06-18
Commissioner Sale.


~ /. ullCI, ] III.
VS..
Nm. Fulkerson, Jr.,, Def.
Pursuant to u judgment Of the
Lawrence Circuit Court entered at
is April term, 1909, the undersigned
Will, at the front door of the court
house in Louisa, Lawrence county,
Ky, on Monday, June y, 1909, be-
ing regular County Court day, offer
for sale to the highest and best
bidder the following personal prop
eIty, to-wit:
Three hundred and four (3O4) saw
logs mainly white oak, there being
some sixteen Q6) poplar logs in the
lot, all estimated by the appraisers
to contain 121,6O0 feet, and apprais-
ed at $500 per thousand, appraised
value $729.6O
Also seventy-fiye (75) small chest
nut and white oak logs in woods on
tract in controversy, cross tie TIM
Ter, and appraised at 80 cents per
log in the woods
Also about three hundred and twen,
ly-five (325) cross-ties on said tract
al out twenty-five or thirty of which
are second class ties, appraised at
2oc where they are in the woods,
All the above on tract in contro-
yrrsy in above styled cause, and on
Twin branches, about one-fourth mile
Above Sam Roses home place, Law.
renee county, Ky, 274 OF said logs
along and at the mouth of Chaffin
branch.
Terms; Said timber will be sold
on a credit of six and twelve months
payable in equal instlllments, with
good personal security, approved by
the Commissioner.
F. L. Stewart, NJ. c. L. C. c..
The Big Sandy news., 1909-06-18
Commissioners Sale.

Pursuant TO a judgment Of the
Lawrence Circuit Court rendered at
It's April term, 1909 in ease of Har-
mon Compton. Plff,, against John
Jordan, etc, Defts, undersigned will
at the front door of the Court House
in Louisa, Lawrence county, KY, on
the 2lst day of June, 1909, offer for
sale the following described tracts tf
land, or as much thereof as may be
necessary to satisfy debt due plain
etf, Harmon Compton, to-wit The
sum Of one hundred twenty-five dol
lars (Sl25.O0) with six per cent in
terest from Dec 30, 1908, until paid
and cost Of suit. Said land being in
two tracts and described as follows:
First Tract-Situated in Lawrence
county, KY, and on waters of Nor
gan's creek and known as the James
Marcum farm, bounded as follows:
Beginning on a white oak, thence \.
SC w. 1O1 poles to two black gums
near H. b. Hewlett's fence, thence
running with the ridge fence as it
now stands to a hickory; n. 5S f.
46 poles to two dogwoods; n. 80 E.
40 poles to the beginning, contain
ing 81 acres.
Also, if necessary, the following
described tract:
Second Tract-Adjoining the ibove
tract Of land which is an old pur-
chase made by James Marcum from
Fl B. Hewlett, and described as.
fellows: Beginning on two gums near
said Hulett's fence; thence 5. E. to a
beech at the end of cliff at Mar
Gums fence; thence n w. to a
black gum, S. F.. to a hornbeam
thence crossing the branch S. f. To
pine on a point of the ridge; thence
an eIsS course running with the chfl
to two plum trees at fall rock near
Y B. NewsOme's fence; thence a
south course running down a drain
to rock at the forks of said drain
thence an east course running up the
right hand drain to a stake at G j
II mpon $ line; thnCr a south course
! binding on said Hamptons line to 6
The Big Sandy news., 1909-06-18
Kentucky Educational Association.

All teachers and friends of cduca-
ton in Kentucky are cordially invit-
ed to attend the thirty-eighth annual
r,eeting of the Kentucky Educational
Association which will be held at Es-
till Springs, Irvine, KY June %, %
aad "a An excellent program has
been prepared and in this program
the rural teacher, the grade teacher,
the high school teacher and prinCi-
pal, the superintendent, the normal
teacher, the college and university
| liOfessor-in fact, all teachers of
every rank in the State will find
81 netting Of vital interest and i'm
portanCe.
Aside from the program the privi-
lcge of seeing old friends and max
ing new ones. and, in fact, the privi-
lege of being a part of such meet
lag stirs the enthusiasm and sends
the teacher back to work with many
a new idea and many a good resolu-
ton, that the stay-at-home never
feels, Let every one begin planning
now to attend
The Big Sandy news., 1909-06-18
Unclaimed Letters.

The following letters remain un-
claimed in the Louisa Postoffice for
the week ending June 9, 1903:
Bob Adams, Roy Burton, Mauda
Cantrell, Mullins & Jones Co., Mrs.
Birdie Large, Dr. Joe Mundy, Mrs,
Rachel Smith, Mrs, Lottle Thompson,
y NJ. Thompson G. II Warn, Miss
saflie Westfall, j. B. Young (2l, NJ,
b A. NJ. Hughes,
The Big Sandy news., 1909-06-18

It's a woman's delight to look her
best but pimplcs, skin cruptious, sores
and boiIs rob life of toy Listen,
BucElcn's Arnica Salve cures them;
makes the skin soft and velvety. II
gIcrifies the fee Cures Pimples
Sore Eyes, Cold Sores, Cracked Lips,
CEappcd Hands. Try it. lnfalIible
for Piles. 25c at A, NJ Hughes.
The Big Sandy news., 1909-06-18
KENTUCKY Forests.
Steps Being Taken 10 Preserve the
Timber in This State.


chief hardwood producing states In
the Union, and the first state in
the production of yellow poplar, is
making good progress in the move
ment for the preservation of ita
forests In 1906 the Legislature en-
ac,ed the law providing for the State
Board Of Agriculture, Forestry and
Immigration. During the following
winter the Board asked and received
the cooperation of the United States
Forest Service in a study OF the for
est conditions Of the state. This
work was begun two years ago and
an examination of half the area of
forest land in the state has been
completed The result of the first
years work, covering the eleven
IGCst eastern counties Of the state is
4 ublished in the Kentucky Handbook,
/ l@oG-l907 The second report, now
7 in the hands of the State Board of
. Agriculture covers forty-eight Coun-
ties. largely in the coal mining re-
gins Of the state When this inycs-
tigation Is completed Kentucky will
have an excellent inventory of its
resources.
The manner in which the forestry
problem has been approached indi-