The Yale expositor. (Yale, St. Clair County, Mich.) 1894-current, 1909-01-22
H0HJ7ZYo HVx- IONS OF CHME


cans knew little about the island of
Porto Rico, and the island knew little
about its near neighbor, America.
But now that has all been changed. 1t
is only ten years since the island
carr under the control OF the United
st. ss, and In that time Americans
have settled in the island and are now
TO be found in almost every industry
there. In fact the chief industries,
such as sugar. tobacco and fruit, are
almost entirely controlled by Ameri
can capital
The sugar industry, which is by far
the most important, has had a phe-
nomenal growth in the last decade
Formerly the plantations, scattered
throughout the island. but more espe-
cially in the coast regions. were oper,
ated independently. The cane was
raised, the sugar was made and was
shipped by each estate. This method, of
course, necessitated a very primitive
and inefficient process. The power
was almost without exception fur
nished by oxen operating a small set
of rollers, into which the cane was fed
by hand. The boiling of the juice and
the crystallizing of the sugar was done
in open pans, with the result that a
large percentage of the sugar was not
recovered. Hence Porto Rico became
famed for her fine molasses, while lit
tie or nothing was ever heard of her
production of sugar.
To-day on nearly every estate the
old mills have fallen into disuse or
have been dismantled, the rollers used
in road making and the pans for cattle
to drink from, for sugar making by in
dividuals is thing of the past.
American companies have estab-
lished what are known as "centrals'
and have made it for the interest of
plantation owners to send their cane
there to be made into sugar These
companies have established railroads
with branches running into all estates
to bring the cane quickly and easily to
| the mills.
In most cases the central" has a
general supervision over the estates
with inspectors who advise the latest
methods of cane culture, install irriga-
ton systems, encourage the opening of
new lands, often forwarding money for
such work, and in general promote the
! culture of more and better cane.
Besides owning several plantations
some of the larger "centrals" gather
and grind the cane from so or more
plantations extending along the coast
sometimes for 80 or 40 miles and far
back into the mountains.
The advantage to the plantation
owner is very evident in that his work
and responsibility end when his cane
is raised, cut and loaded upon the COM
panies cars which come by means of
| portable tracks into his very fields.
The efficiency Of the modern and elab-
| crate method of sugar making more
than makes up for the division of
! profits.
These sugar houses are equipped
with the latest and best machinery.
No expense is spared in this respect,
| for by the saving of even the smallest
| percentage of additional sugar the
amount saved in the manufacture of
a seasons crop. often $4,000 tons or
more, is enormous.
Connected with the sugar houses are
laboratories with corps of chemists,
who by continued analysis at every
| stage in the process of manufacture
control 1t so that the maximum amount
Of sugar is obtained, and the finished
| product is kept up to the standard de-
sired by the refiners in the States"
This process of manufacturing the
sugar occupies from six to eight
months in the year, the rest of the
time being given up to repairs and i'm.
provements.
| With the exception of the laborers,
who are of course natives, these places
| are operated by Americans, and during
the grinding season you find many col
cities in the midst of the cane coun-
| try. Some men holding positions which
demand their attention the year round
have settled with their families at
these 'centrals," but for the most part
those required but for the busy season
go north for the rest of the time,
where the social and climatic condi-
lions are more agreeable.
The social life is of course very linn
tied in these places, owing to the fact
that they are situated so far from the
cities that, with the very poor means
OF transportation, 1t is very difficult to
reach them.
At the largest "centrals" you find
but six or eight families living in sep
arate houses, and a clubhouse housing
80 or 40 unmarried men OF men with
out their families.
But even among themselves some
social life would be possible were II
not for the fact that these people come
from so many social classes them
selves.
The lack OF schools for the children