The copper era., 1909-09-16
Records of Many Vain Attempts to
 Reach Pole.


 D. 790 up to April 21 of last year, when pr. Frederick A. Cook planted the Stars and Stripes at the top of the world, many dauntless explorers tried to reach the north pole only to be doomed to disappointment. More than S1O,OOO,O00 has been spent in these attempts and hundreds of lives have been lost in the expedi- tions into the icebound territory. The record of these failures is as follows:
 793-Irish monks discovered Ice land.
 s7O-East coast ot Greenland was discovered by Gunnbjoeru, an Ice lander.
 9sS-Eric the Red, banished from Iceland, discovered the west coast of Greenland.
 1OOO-Labrador discovered by Lei ser, a son of Eric. He soon after wards discovered either Newtound land or Nova Scotia.
 1497-John Cabot reached Labrador.
 1t0O-OOlln kOCOdSlAah OcAOOl3 hd u " of England, tried to sail through the American arctic regions to India. His men mutinied and compelled return to England. Most of the com pany perished.
 1553-Sir Hugh Willoughby and all of his company died of cold and star vatioA while trying to make the Northwest Passage.
 576-Frobisher, with two ships, sought the shorter route from Eng land to India, but failed.
 1585-John Davis set out to sail through the Northwest Passage.
 1586-Second attempt by Davis.
 1589-Third attempt by Davis.
 1599-Dutch explorers, headed by William Parents, began a series of three famous expeditions, Parents perishing on the third voyage.
 16O2-East India compapy's expedi- tion, headed by Captain Weymouth, met with failure.
 16O7-Henry Hudson made the first of his arctic voyages.
 16l6-Baffin's principal voyage.
 I77S-Captain Cook took up the search for the Northwest passage, making three voyages. -i7S9-Alexander Mackenzie made the voyage which resulted in his dis coyery of the river that bears his name.
 181S-Great Britain offered re- ward of $2O,OOO for making the North west Passage.
 Lieutenant John Franklin sailed for the arctic.
 1818-Captain John Ross and Lieu tenant Edward Parry followed the Bafin route.
 1819-Parry's second voyage.
 1Sl9-Second voyage by Franklin, great hardship being endured.
 1821-Parry's third voyage.
 1827-Parry's attempt to reach the north pole.
 182S-Expeditions by Franklin, Par ry and others.
 182S-Danish naval exploration.
 1s29-Captain John Ross began the expedition which led to his discovery of the north magnetic pole.
 1837-Simpson and Deane expedi- tion for the Hudson Bay company.
 1845-Sir John Franklin's explota ton, resulting in disaster and death at the region of the magnetic pole.
 1915 to 1S53-Numerons expeditions in search of Franklin, resulting in important geographical discoveries and in proving the existence Of the Northwest Passage.
 1S5O-Grinnell expedition from New York in search of Franklin, Dr. Kane being one of the members.
 1S53-Dr. Kane's voyage.
 186O-Expedition of Dr. Hayes, of Boston, fellow voyager with Kane.
 1860, 1864 and 1S7l-Notable expedi- tions by Charles Hall of Cincinnati, resulting in important discoveries concerning the fate ot Franklin's men.
 1879-Lieutenant Schwatka's ex- petition of four men, with only one months provisions, going overland from Hudson bay, the object of the journey being to find further infor- nation about Franklin's fate. This was perhaps the most brilliant arctic dash that was ever made. Graves were found and the four Americans brought back the remains of one of Franklin's lieutenants.
 1879-Jeanette sailed from San Francisco on July 8, and nearly two years later was crushed in the ice near the islands of New Siberia. The body ot her commander, Lieutenant De Long of the United States navy, with those of two of his crew, were found by one of the searching expedi- tions in 1882.
 18S1-Lieutenant Greeley, with twenty-two other men of the United States army, began his arctic ex- plorations. Greeley and six others were found starving and barely alive, the others having perished.