davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1909-12-09
A FEW EXPERIMENTS OF LUTHER BURBANK
CACTUS now or USE AS s70cK FOOD one or THE
RESULTS OF THE STUDY OF THE CALIFORNIA .MxzARD"

white than the wild one, larger and
very much mere productive, in these
respects fully equal to its staminate
parent, the Lawton.
Apples brought up from the south
temperate zone are entirely confused
here. yielding leaves, buds. flowers and
small apples at various seasons One
of these apples in time, however. be-
came adapted TO the conditions and de-
veloped into one of the best apples.
blackberry plant with an immense
mass of fruit developed from Seeding
from the Himalayas. One plant covers
$50 square feet. is feet high, and has
a bushel or more Of fruit. This is only
a young, small plant: when full grown
this variety is many times larger.
The Bartlett plum has the flavor of
a Bartlett pear, but even more strongly
developed. The rice seed" plum has
extremely small seeds
The stoneless plum is cross of the
French prune with wild plum having
the stone almost eliminated by a for
tuitous variation.
The result thus far is a. great num-
Der of stoneless plunls of good size
but in flavor inferior to the best Gull
tivated ones. These are being crossed
again to improve the flavor and new
selections made.
Crossing the Japan and the New
England chestnut the trees. leaves,
growth and nuts are midway: second
generation and later generations as
usual show more varied combinations
and variations.
To breed the hurs off from chestnuts
is dangerous, because it allows the
birds to get in at the nuts. The burr
is originally intended to keep off the
birds
The cactus has smooth cotyIedons,
but the first bud is covered with thorns
These thorns have also been eliminated
by selecting the sn1oothest individual
seedlings without crossing.
Crossing in this case generally inter
rupts the process, as it brings out we'll
fixed ancestral traits, but later, to com,
bine the best qualities of several spe
cies, crossing and selection must he
resorted to-
Examples seen were shoots of the
original stock, prickly; the second gen
Grafton. slightly prickly; the third
without thorns; and later the spicules
even with the substance OF the cactus
have been removed so as to make the
cactus very excellent food for cattle.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1909-12-09
BUCKWHEAT FOR POULTRY

Buckwheat is both stimulating and
heating, which renders it an excellent
grain for winter; feeding. but it beins
of a fattening nature, should be fedt
in moderation.
1t contains more protein (egg- pro
ducing materially than does corn, bud
the percentage of digestible matter isl
not SO great, buckwheat having aboutS
81 per cent and corn 81 per cent.
Buckwheat contains 7.8 per cent Sof
protein and 54.s per cent of carbohv.
drates and fat, having a. nutritive ratio
of II, and corn 6.3 per cent of pro.
TEN and rs per cent of carbohydrates
and fat, and has nutritive ratio o.
112.
This proves that buckwheat Ia
slightly better egg producer than corn
being more evenly balanced, but it mus
be fed in larger quantities to gaif
'loeH7 lsul
Nebraska farmer, writing to 8
friend back home, was trying to give
some idea of the productiveness of the
soil out there. He said that they had
to NOV the grass off the sod foo,
every day to find the baby. One fanily
near him had twin babies, with only
one cradle, and the kid that had to
sleep on the floor grew twice as fast
as the other. Where the soil is the
richest man dares not stand on one
foot for any length of time lest that
leg become longer and bother his walk
ing.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1909-12-09
BY DAVID STARR JORDAN,
President Leland Stanford, Jr,. JJniyers;

Luther Burbank of Santa Rosa, Cal,
is doubtless the most skillful expert
menter in the field of the formation of
new forms of plant life by the process
of crossing and selection.
He is the creator of many of our
most useful plant forms: roots, nuts,
fruits, grains and grasses, as well as
of many of our most beautiful flowers.
There is no evident limit to the re-
suits to be obtained by simple selec-
ton. New and permanent species of
wheat have, without a shadow of doubt,
been produced by selection alone.
In the California poppy stripes of
crimson are never seen on the inside.
Mr. Burbank once found a seeding in
which the outside crimson had struck
through like a crimson thread which
had been misplaced. In other genera
tons by selection this red was more
and more increased until finally out of
it is developed a crimson poppy of
which Mr.. Burbank now has MANY
specimens, seeding more or less true TO
the type.
Crossing says Mr. Burbank. "is
done to secure wealth of variation
BY this means we get the species into
state of perturbation or 'wabble' and
take advantage of the 'wabbling to
guide the life forces into the desired
habits or channels
The first crossing is generally a
step in the direction in which we are
going, but repeated crossing is often
necessary and judicious selection al
ways necessary to secure vaIuable
practical results. Crossing may give
the best or the worst qualities of the
! parent, or any other qualities, and pre-
Vlous crossings often affect the results.
Bees and other insects, as well as the
wind. cross plants, but they do not
work intelligently, therefore rarely to
any advantage economically to man.
! No mechanic could invent such devices
as those which tend to prevent self
crossing in plants.
AL evolution and Improvement are
dependent on crossing, therefore nature
has produced more wonderful devices
for this purpose than for any other.
Hybridizing the Iceberg White black
berry with the Cuthbert raspberry has
developed a plant with foliage and
growth midway. About half the plants
bear fruit which is red like the rasp-
] berry. about half bear fruit which Is
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1909-12-09
CURTAINS IN DAIRY BARNS
Their Use Assures Pure Dry Air in the Stable am
Keeps the Cows Healthy

simply the difference between frest
dry air and damp stale air. A much
more sanitary and healthful condition
must follow.
md the principle to be exactly theH
same as that worked out in the poultryM
mouse, which, when kept as warm asS
absolutely tight doors and windows can
make them. frequently are seen With
the inside walls covered with moisture.
The result under such conditions is
usually sick hens, and also find when
cows are kept under such conditions
that the result is about the same as
with the chickens.
Now, damp COW barns are the best
breeding places for all kinds of disease.
and I think from what experience ]
nave had that a general adoption os
TINS new system, which insures con Z.
slant circulation of fresh dry air. wilkI
do much toward solving the problem 81
disease among cattle, and especially
among milcfA cows.
These curtains admit the air, but not{
the wind. There are no drafts, as is
the case with open windows and some
form of Ventilators Standing a foot
or two from the curtains one can hard
ly perceive that there is any entrance
of air at all
AS said above, it is an easy matter
to test the expediency of the plan, for
it is only necessary to remove some OF
the windows and substitute frames COW
cred with muslin.
1 find it best, however. to have some
glass, for while the muslin admits the |
light freely, it does not admit the sun
For that reason I have enough win
dows to admit plenty of sunlight ano
then have my muslin arranged so thai
it will admit plenty of air without hav-
ing any drafts
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1909-12-09
BIZ A. A. HouaEroN.

trough in place is shown in Fig. 1. The
trough is movable, SO that it can be
turned over as needed to clean same,
and by. it's weight it makes it positive
that it will not be upset in the feeding.
to prevent the corn being pushed off
into the dirt. This is also rounded on
top so that there are no sharp corners
For hogs to injure themselves on.
The forms for building the floor. etc,
Ire shown in Fig. 2. aud to illustrate
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1909-12-09
WHY HAY IS GRADED Lon

The rules of the National HGt a:s-
citation recognize tWenty-three grades
of hay, which seems to fall into five
classes-timothy, clover. mixed timothy
and clover, wild grasses and alfalfa.
Choice timothy hay must be sound,
properly cured, of bright natural color.
not mixed with more than G:le~tWen-
tietll of other grasses, and wei .died.
Lower grades of timothy are Nos. l,
and 3 and "no grade" Clover Lay
has two grades, No. l and Nc. q. -.
clover must be medium clover, sound
properly cured. not mixed with more
than one~twentieth of other grasses
and well baled Choice alfalfa hay
must be reasonably fine, leafy alfalfa
of bright green color. properly cured,
sound. sweet and we'll baled. Other
grades of alfalfa are Nos. /, 2 and 8
and mo grade" These rules are used
by most cities that have official in
spection.
A large percentage of the timothy on
the market is graded below No. l. The
reasons are that many meadows are
cut for years until they become weedy
and mixed with other grasses, and that
the hay is often cut too late, SO that
it loses the bright natural color and
palatability. If the farmer would send
to market nothing but what the feeder
considers good he would get higher
price. It might be necessary in some
cases to educate the country buyer also
Timothy has the lead, especially
among city feeders, because it is not
only nutritious but palatable and non
laxative. and the horse is not likely to
overfeed Nevertheless, other kinds of
hay would often prove better for the
feeder Alfalfa, for instance, has high
muscle building qualities and is espe-
cially valuable for draft horses. 1t is
highly rclished, however, and the horse
may overfeed.
The concrete telephone poles with
which big railroad has been expert
nenting east of Chicago, have been so
successful that they have been adopted
for its lines west of that city,
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1909-12-09
A SAND SIEVE

Is we'll to make one of these de-
wees against time of need. The dry
season is the best and only time to fix
ana clean the, farm we'll
ANY floating matter may be removed
by using an ordinary sand sieve.
After marking off the rim into three
parts attach Wire to any of these
parts or points and for handle use an
attached rope. Fasten the end of the
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1909-12-09

1t is estimated that the population
OF the United States is now close around
the one hundred million mark, and
Will reach two hundred million within
fifty years. If the farmers bring up
the land now under cultivation to its
highest producing capacity we will
raise enough to feed everybody without
touching the vast bodies of unculti-
waited land.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1909-12-09
GROWING AND CURING HOPS

HOPS can be grown genera11v
throughout the United States, but at
present they are grown almost entire,,,
IN Oregon. California. New York ana
Washington.
a mild climate and abundant rainfall
carry III the spring, followed by warm
ufs weather, are ideal conditions for
the plant.
Hops require rich aluvial soil or deem
sandy or gravely loans. The best
method of growing hop vines is from
root cuttings. Sometimes these cut :
lungs are propa gated in nurseries and
set out when year old. The nrice
OF the roots ranges from 81 TO s1O
per thousand. owing to the yield of the
crop.
Inc vines are set in rows and arr.
trained to run on trellises made of wire
or wooden Stats. The posts of the trel-
Uses are about twenty feet long and
set about two feet in the ground The
trelllses alone cost about SIS per acre.
Hops are picked by hand and cured
by drying with artificial heat. They
must be dried soon after they are
picked, otherwise they suffer from oxi-
dalton or heating.
The drying is of the greatest i'm
portance.
A hop drier consists of furnace
room heated by furnaces or large stoves
and drying room overhead into which
the heated air passes through cracks
in the floor. The furnace should be
placed at one side, so it can be fed
without entering the building.
The air is admitted through an omen
space near the ground, and this must
be controlled i'll o1der to prevent I'M
even drying.
Hops are an uncertain crop, but are
extremely profitable in certain years.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1909-12-09

rope to the third point in the rim and
weight to the sieve so it will sink
after lowering. In using sink the sieve
edgewise in the water pull the rope
with single attachment. lifting out
we'll all the floa ting sticks and other
debris from the surface of the water
+. l.. RisIey.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1909-12-09
FIGHTING WEEDS WITH SCIENCE

Spraying with chemicals is death t.
the cookie bur, burdock, king weed
rag weed, marsh elder and wild mus
tard, and many other weeds
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1909-12-09

Western grain men say that never
since the milling industry attained its
present proportions has there been such
complete cleaning up of wheat as has
occurred this year in the winter wheat
states. The high prices forced by the
Patten corner reduced the general SELL
ing
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1909-12-09
FOR THE DAIRYMAN

The man who has SO little se1f-re-
spect that he will allow himself to work
around cows that stand in a filthy sta
BILE lacks considerable of reaching up to
the mark of good dariyman
The dairy farmer who keeps SO MANY
cows that he must neglect them to take
proper care of his crops has mads a
wrong division of his operations. The
cows should be taken care of first. ard
only as much land be cropped as can
be well cared for between milkings.
A man in Wisconsin claims that he
produces milk at a. cost of about n
cents per 100 pounds. Do you do as
we'll? If not, why not? 1t seems to
us that Wisconsin man must count his
time very cheaply, or that he Gets
cheap feed and keeps his cows on cheap
land.
The good dairy cow is wedge shaped
in two directions. She is wide in the
rear and narrow in front. She is mar
row on the top of the shoulders ard
wide between the fore legs. This shape
gives room for a large amount of feed
and for a big heart. denoting strong
arterial circulation.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1909-12-09

The pure food inspector at Kansas
City recently found sack supposed to
contain liz pounds of potatoes actu-
ally to have IS pounds of real pota toes
and IA pounds of dirt. Hereafter the
state board of health will prosecute
the man who sells dirt for tubers.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1909-12-09

Concrete is now used to make all
kinds of garden accessories. 1t is
practically indestructible and the color
of this material in It's natural grade
cement is most pleasing and blends
with the outdoor surroundings better
than marble or newly cut stone.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1909-12-09

The concrete telephone poles with
which a big railroad has been expert
east of Chicago. have been so
successful that they have been adopted
for its lines west OF that city.
Sharp County record., 1909-01-15
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The Fargo forum and daily republican. [volume] (Fargo, N.D.) 1894-1957, 1909-12-15

The Sketch; Wife (reminiscing)-
Well, very nearly didn't marry you
John.
John (absent-mindedIy)-I know
but who told you?
The Fargo forum and daily republican. [volume] (Fargo, N.D.) 1894-1957, 1909-12-15

states have yet been published, pho
tographs Of all booths have been taken
and these will follow later.
In speaking of the North Dakota ex-
hibit The Bee said: A particularly art
full bit Of work is in the decoration
Of the pillars which support the tenn
porary floor above. Casing Of plate
glass lined with grain laid in carefully
arranged stratas of contrasting colors
conceal the true character OF the sup
port and add to the beauty of the
show.
The World Herald said: The
North Dakota grain booth is a beauty.
It is constructed of glass columns filed
with grains from this state.
There is no question but that we
have the handsomest display ever ex-
hibited mere and it is so pronounced
by those who see it.
Louis w. Hill, president OF the
Great Northern with his assistants
paid us nearly an hours visit and he
was profuse in his compliments.
The state university certainly has
a splendid exhibit of mineral products.
The ladies as well as the students of
the domestic science and the several
art departments have paid us a visit
in body and listened to a lecture of
these mineral products by Mr.. Snyder
OF the university.
The Fargo forum and daily republican. [volume] (Fargo, N.D.) 1894-1957, 1909-12-15

more plentiful in Europe than 1t Is
today.
Now among these primitive Aryans,
the only way to obtain fire was by
rubbing two sticks together. AS this
practice was started when only oak
trees grew, 1t came TO be thought that
only such wood was suitable for the
act. Even to this day in the various
hooks and corners of Europe, where
annual fires are lighted, such as on
Halloween, the fire is usually brought
out by rubbing oak wood. Our prim-
tive ancestors, therefore, conceived
the fire as being inherent in the oak,
like a miraculous kind Of sap, and
consequently they found a mystical
connection between oak and sun, the
divine fire.
Therefore, when they noted this
strange plant growing out of the oak,
belonging neither TO earth nor sky and
deriving its sustenance from no Wis
ible source, they concluded that here
was the essence OF the oak. Hence,
it was regarded as sacred and gifted
with strange powers. When cut, 1t
was not allowed to touch the desecrat-
ing earth, but white cloths were
The Fargo forum and daily republican. [volume] (Fargo, N.D.) 1894-1957, 1909-12-15

classical writers. Enough has been
recorded by them to enable us, with
the aid of customs of the modern Eng
Iish peasantry, to reconstruct the an
cient system.
The two principal festivals Of the
Druids were in June and December.
The first occurred some days after the
longest day Of the year, when it could
be noticed that the sun had ceased his
upward climb in the heavens; the
second followed the. shortest day,
when the people saw that the divine
luminary had once more started his
march to the zenith to bring back the
spring. The first festival was a period
Of fear, the second of rejoicing. And
they have both survived; one in ST..
Johns Day (mid- summer), the other
in Christmas.
In both these festivals a principal
rite was the cutting of the mistletoe.
Among the Aryans, the oak was al
ways an object of worship. either be-
cause they came originally from a
locality where the oak was the prin-
cipal tree, or because, as records
prove, the oak was at one time far