davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Birmingham age-herald., 1909-04-11

ciple of life and society we arrive at Debs without a break.
 The Wilson tarir bill, In the second term of MT. Cleveland. provided a tax of per cent on all incomes. The bill re- quired that when the disbursing officer of the government came to pay the sala- ries. over s4ooo per annum. of Senators and Representatives and Delegates to Congress-" and all other persons Tn the civil, military. naval or other employ ment or service of the United States" he all income from whatever sources, sala- ries, profits in business, investment, etc., etc., should pay per cent tax. The Will son bill passed the House.
 The Wilson German bill, which was passed by both houses, included the in- come tax proviso. President Cleveland re- fused to attach his signature because of the tariff proviso of the bill, but. under the constitution the bill became law and went into effect.
 A holder of stock in a certain corpora ton applied to a United States district judge in New York city. if I mistake not, for an injunction to prohibit the govern ment from collecting the per cent tax The complainant alleged that the income tax from his corporation stock was de- rived from the use of personal property and real property; that the tax of 2 per cent, as provided by the act of Congress, was @ direct tax; that the constitution required direct taxes to be "apportioned among the states; that there had been
The Birmingham age-herald., 1909-04-11
THE INCOME TAX DECREE-By John Witherspoon DuBose

among the states according to their re- spective numbers, counting five slaves as three persons.
 The object here is to present very briefly the facts relating to the passage of the second section of the 14th article of the amendment through Congress for sub mission to the states.
 The 18th article of amendment had been submitted to the states a few months prior to Appomattox. It was accepted by all the states that had formed the Con- federacy in>the fall of 1865 except Texas, which state was then under military do- minion.
 After Appomattox Congress did not as. semble until December
 Immediately Congress appointed joint committee of 15 members, Thateus Stew ems of the House, chairman. This was the famous Reconstruction" committee This joint committee. whether lawful or not, reported to each house a 14th arti- cle of amendment in January, 1866.
 The form of the original report of the 14th article of amendment was fol- lows:
 Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included in this union ac- cording to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each states" etc.
 It will be observed that the report fol- lowed the article 1, section in requiring apportionment of direct taxes as well as representatives Slavery no longer ex-
The Birmingham age-herald., 1909-04-11

TNHE allied necessities of federal
 1 bursement of revenues arising therefrom. being unsatisfied. broke up the original government of the United States and determined the character of the pres ent constitution.
 In the fifth generation, the recurring necessities of a federal currency, federal taxes and disbursement thereof test the capacity of the reformed constitution.
 The inharmonious and irreconcilable taxing resources of today have put the government in debt to meet it's necessary expenses. If it were possible to frame a bill to distribute tariff tax equitably upon the Atlantic trade, the Pacific trade, coast exporters, the interior consumers, 1t will remain, no doubt, always as now, impracticable to elect a Congress to en- act such bill. What Is to be done?
 Year by year the proposition receives more and more emphasis, that every man exists in a status of involuntary servi- tude who is forced to bear more than Taxation can have but one logical end. and that is to promote the general well fare. When the brain and brawn of the Individual counts for nothing in the com munity, the community, represented by the government, is at fault. What man makes is his own, except the part he gives up to build a wall about the part he keeps. If this be not the correct prin-
The Birmingham age-herald., 1909-04-11

immediately taken on the Morgan amend ment, and the noes prevailed, Ss to S5. Caffery of Louisiana and German of Maryland, democrats, voted with the re- publicans, else the amendment would have carried by one majority.
 According to Senator Morgan and 34 other senators, then voting, the income tax of the Wilson German bill Is not re- adjudicated In all its sections. At any rate, the senator clearly expressed the opinion that the case may be re-opened by any citizen, under the sections of the act from 27 to S7, inclusive.
 The situation is this: The court did not declare an income tax unconstitutional, but held that the proviso of the Wilson, German bill at bar did not impose an in come tax because the tax had not been 'apportioned amongst the states" under article l, section 8, of the constitution. On the contrary the tax was to be col lected by uniformity The court held that the income tax of the Wllson-G Cor man bill was direct tax. Article l. ssection of the constitution on this sub Ject is: Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this union according to their respective num- bers," etc.
 The senator from Alabama earnestly contended that the 14th article of the amendment had repealed the proviso of the original constitution, upon which the court relied, namely the proviso which required direct taxes to be apportioned
The Birmingham age-herald., 1909-04-11

RECEIVED letter some days ago
 from my friend Col. John B. Brown A low of Knoxville, Tenn, in which he mentioned that he had just read in history of Southwestern Virginia the will of Mrs. Elizabeth Russell, sister of Patrick Henry, and whose first husband was that splendid soldier, William Camp bell, hero of Kings mountain. Mrs. Rus sell had but one child, a daughter by her first husband, who became the wife of Gen. Francis Preston of South Carolina, and the mother of William c. Preston, the famous orator of South Carolina and follower of John C.. Calhoun.
 The other children were girls-one the wife of the distinguished Gov. Joseph Mcdowell of Virginia, another married Gov. John B. Floyd of Virginia. yet an- other was the wife of Wade Hampton, and the youngest was the wife of the Rev. pr. Robert J. Breckinridge of Ken lucky, and mother of the late William c. P. Breckinridge Thomas H. Benton mar ried a daughter of Governor McDowell, who, as well as Governor Floyd, was Preston on the distaff side.
 doubt if any other line of our coun- try, except the Randolphs, can equal that showing There were four generations of distinguished Breckinridges. There
The Birmingham age-herald., 1909-04-11

blindness which rendered them unfit for work. On December the clouds rose, revealing ranges of unknown mountains rising to immense heights from the snow covered foothills to peaks which were lost In cloud
 The sufferings of the party appear to have been terrible. Dysentery, frostbites and starvation accompanied them every where. The queen has taken the deepest interest in the great achievement and has telegraphed her hearty congratulations.
 Lieutenant Shackleton hoisted on the South Magnetic. Pole the flag given him by the queen before he left England.
 Few/will fail to feel deep thankfulness at the return of this little band of heroes, when it Is known that MT. Shackletons wife has been waiting for him for whole year without news. and now at last knows that he Is safe and has achieved the end for which he braved so much danger
 The telegram sent by the lieutenant and printed in the Daily Mail is believed to be the longest press message ever dispatched from New Zealand.
 The celebration of St. Patricks Day in the old land is further proof of the way in which the barriers are being broken down, and Ireland allowed to have free
The Birmingham age-herald., 1909-04-11
HEART TO HEART TALKS-By Edwin A. Nye

to see the day when it was one of the most valuable estates in the world.
 Pluck is luck
 Foresight is fortune.
 While Baldwin's career, including the rough days of racing and gambling, Is not career fit to be, held up for the close emulation of the young, it does prove that brains and courage are more than luck
 Baldwin was not luclzier than most men.
 He was pluclzier than most men.
 One of the most interesting of the stories of the late administration is the story of the book and the big stick or
 tale of muck raking and big stick ing.
 Upton Sinclair, novelist of the se- cialistic type, wrote book called "The Jungle"
 The book told some horrid things about the practice of the Chicago packing houses. It's nauseating revela- tions made many of its readers-tem- porarily, at least-practicers of the vegetarian regime.
 The Chicago packers had an easy an- swer to Sinclair's book-"It is not truei"
 Then President Roosevelt got hold of the book and read 1t. You can fancy to yourself what he thought about 1t. He said out loud, Either 1t is a pack of lies from beginning to end or it is true" The President thought there was no truth in the charges, but was very willing to investigate.
 He sent experts to Chicago.
 When these inspectors looked into the shambles of South Chicago they discovered that Upton Sinclair had
The Birmingham age-herald., 1909-04-11

1 ONDON, April 10.-The hero of the
 hour is Lieutenant Shackleton, the - account of whose expedition to the South Pole is on every ones lips. It is probably the greatest feat of discovery that has been successfully carried through for many years.
 He has discovered eight great mountain chains, and surveyed a hundred noun tains. He has ascended the volcano Ere bus, more than 1900 feet high, and has discovered coal measures in the Antarctic continent and disproved the theory of an area of atmospheric calm around tho South Pole.
 The account of the hardshps through which the party have passed reads like fable; the volcano, with its active cra- ter ejecting vast volumes of sulphurous gas and steam to a height of 20OO feet in the midst of that ice-cold region is worthy of Dante but, above all that he tells us of the wonders of that Arctic region, the brilliance of the sky stands prominent. rising cascades.' he calls them, 'lumin- essence traversing the length of the heav- ems with remarkable speed"
 The motor sledge which was used to traverse the Ice did useful work. covering distances aggregating over 400 miles, The ponies were often attacked with snow
The Birmingham age-herald., 1909-04-11

I greatly the muck rake and the big stick l are mi mightier than the sword | What is so fine as to be able to bring happy smile into the face and eyes of 1 the aged poor?
 Like a rare burst of sunshine on a
 dreary day are the illumined faces of
 100000 aged and indigent government pen sioners of England on their weekly pay day.
 The first payment of old age pensions
 began in that country in January. The applicant for an old age pension in England must be 70 years of age and have yearly income of less than s175. No one who has received poor law relief or who has been convicted of a crime can be a pensioner
 The total amount to be paid this year
 by the government Is SIS, GOO, ,000-tremen- dous reminder of Britain's very poor. Payments are made at the postoffce, where lines of bent, feeble figures gather to receive their weekly dole. A correspondent gives some of these in- cidents:
 A feeble old man and wife were given
 Ss 9d apiece. Here, lass" said the old husband, you be the keeper of it
 all. Let your purse be fat for once"
 A fat purse with less than s2i Two needlewomen, sisters. aged nearly
 80, whose eyes had failed them, received
 the bright shillings just in time to save
 them from being paupers. Their last stick
 of furniture, on which they had been liv- ing, was gone.
 A tottering dame, whose certificate
 showed she was S5, said as she took
 her stipend: Thank goodness! Now l can have some plum pudding"
The Birmingham age-herald., 1909-04-11

isted, therefore "the whole nunbev Of persons'' stood in lieu of the original three-nfths of slaves.
 The report was sent back to the com mittee and when Congress finally pre- pared the article the feature of apportion- ment of direct taxes among the states of amendment by omission of the pro- was left entirely out. Did the 14th article viso of apportionment of direct taxes among the states repeal that provise found in article I. section SIT
 Senator Morgan argued that article I section 9, readingi No capitation, or other direct tax, shall be laid, unless in proportion to census}' otc.. was virtually repealed by the 14th article of amend ment. To use his own wordsi 'sThe part of the census or enumeration herein be- fore directed to be taken, that relates to apportionment of taxes. has no longer any force, and the reference made to 1t in the original constitution does not keep it in force after that text has been amended by striking out direct taxes"
 If then the authority in Congress to lay direct taxes was stricken out of article l, section 8, by the 14th article of amend ment, wherein does the authority lie in the whole body of the organic law?
 The issue made by the senator from Alabama attests the revolutionary char acter of the 14th article of amendment and, at another time, fin this place, some evidences of that vital fact may be pre- scented.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1909-04-11

| told the truth about the filthy methods of the packers and the grave menace to the public health. Out came the big stick. Roosevelt notified the friends of the packers in the Senate that unless con gress should pass a good meat inspec- tion bill instanter he would tell the whole grewsome story of the revolting conditions In the big butch CT shops of Packingtown.
 Here was cause for grief.
 The packers did not want the truth made public. It would give both do- mestic and foreign trade a big black eye. The cattlemen didn't want the story made public. And the President assured both these interests that he did not want to harm them. but
 The President said to them, Get busy"
 busy.
 The Senate on the same day the President gave out his ultimatum at tached the meat inspection bill as an amendment to the agricultural appro- priation and 1t went through without a dissenting vote.
 And the lower house was scarcely less prompt.
 That is the story of the book and the big stick, a story that will go down In American annals along with Old Hickory's message to Calhoun.
 Upton Sinclair, a writer with convic- tions and a purpose, combined with Theodore Roosevelt, a president with a will of his own, demonstrated that
 Beneath the rule of men entirely
The Birmingham age-herald., 1909-04-11

leries would have given the plurality to Brecldnridge.
 But Breckinridge was more than an ora tor. He was the most versatile public man of his time, and nobody can decide whether he was greater in the forum, or at the bar, or on the lecture platform, or fin the editorial chair. Had ds genius been concentrated on a single one Of these, what a mighty man were hei
 But after all, he never undertook the task for which he was better fitted than any other man-historian of the state of Kentucky. don't mean a mere narrator of facts. You can find a s20-a-wsek fel- low to do that What I mean Is philo- sophlcal historian; one who not only knew what happened, but why it hap pened-what made 1t happen.
 During the campaign of 'e6 Colonel Breclkinridge printed at least two papers on the 'Old Court and New Court,'' a question that stirred Kentucky to the depths about three score years earlier. They are political classics. as replete with argument as they are hnpid in statement, accurate in fact and beautiful in styla,
 If he had found the time and the pa- tience-he had the industry all right-if he had but written the story of Kentucky as only he could have written it. genera tions yet to be would hail him benefactor and rear to his memory a monument cloud-capped
The Birmingham age-herald., 1909-04-11

One frail, gentle old soul was so im- pressed by her riches that she gave beggar threepence. A blind old lady said in a quavering voice when she was led in, T eouldn [ trust anybody to collect so much money"
 Surely, you say, 1.25 per week-$2. 50 for married people-is little to rejoice over. But
 It means a bit of ground to grow vege- tables at 1 shilling per week, shillings for food, 3s. 6d for clothing. leaving a few pennies for the old mans tobacco and maybe snuff for the old wife
 And 1t means self-respect
 Well, if you pension your soldier, who destroys, why not pension your industrial soldiers, who build up?
 Is he who, living a sober, industrious life, building houses and roads and dig ging ditches, less worthy of remem- brance and care when he Is old and broken than the soldier, who wounds and wastes, kills and destroys?
 England is far in advance of us In this particular.
 We have not so many worthy and aged poor, but those we have we reward with the poorhouse! \ The last of the bad Indians" Is dead.
 Geronimo, one of the most notable of American savages, chief of the cruel and bloodthirsty Apaches, died recently at Tt. Still, a prisoner of the white man.
 Geronimo gave the frontier army the most serious task it ever under took.
 After years of campaigning against the able and willy chief it finally be- came necessary to permit the Ameri- Mexico and to penetrate into the fast nesses of the Sonora mountains to eff feet his capture.
 In the pursuit of Geronimo both General Miles and General Lawton made their sreputations as Indian fight It is not treason to say that in native ability Geronimo was the greatest tactician of the trio.
 The old chief was in captivity for more than 20 years.
 It is said he professed religion a year or so before he died However that may be, it is safe to say his eagle heart constantly brooded over the hope that he might somehow escape to liberty and his native mountains of Arizona.
 Like many of his race, Geronimo was eloquent in speech. Years ago, pointing to the west. he said:
 'The sun rises and shines for a time, and then it goes down, sinking out of sight, and is lost. So with the Indians. When l was boy my fath- CT told me that the Indians were as many as the leaves on the tree. never saw tn em. The white man took them. In a few years more the In- dian will be heard of no more. except in the books the white man writes"
 A prophecy that is pathetically be- ing fulfilled.
 But
 Where has been told in poem or prose or drama or music the story of
The Birmingham age-herald., 1909-04-11

N discussing this subject it is import
 ant, at the outset, to settle the ques- ton, Whence did Paul get his ideas as to the person, the character and the doctrines of Christi" Remembering that our ideas of Christ are gathered mainly from the four gospels, some readers might imagine that Paul got his ideas from the same source. But this would be flat contradiction of the historical conditions of the case. Let us state those conditions.
 The Apostle Paul had been preaching the gospel for years; had been the means of the conversion of a multitude of people, Jews and gentiles, and had organized these converts into Christian churches in various parts of the Roman empire be-
The Birmingham age-herald., 1909-04-11
CHRIST IN PAULS EPISTLES-By J. C. Hiden D. D.

forms, Paul himself notices and positively denies this charge. The first chapter of his Epistle to the Galatians was mani festly written to refute the charge and if we are to believe Pauls plain state ments about matter of personal his- tory, with which he must have been more familiar than any one else could be, then we shall be forced to the conclusion that the charge was faule and that it was devised by men who would pervert the gospel of Christ"
 We can think of one other source from which Paurs knowledge might have come-namely, by the revelation of Jesus Christ, and in Galatians 1:12 Paul himself tells us taht this was the real source of his knowledge.
 With these facts in mind 1t will be in-
The Birmingham age-herald., 1909-04-11

in New Bedford, Mass, and in an Easter sermon could and did express strong doubts as to whether Paul believed in the resurrection of the bodyi But this was not exposition: it was imposition upon himself and upon every one else who was rank enough to believe with the preacher. But l know of no scientific exegeta. ra- tionalistic or otherwise, who denied that Paul teaches the fact and the doctrine 0 ia vicarous atonement.
 6. It is equally clear that Paul held and taught that Christ is to be the judge of the world. That we must all appear before the judgment seat of Christ is quite distinctly and emphatically Pau line doctrine. And this view Is in strik- ing harmony with the aspostles general view of the dignity and the gloryq of the
The Birmingham age-herald., 1909-04-11
Health and Profits.
,m the New York Times

From the New York Times.
 Prof. Irving Fisher of Yale has been suggesting to the life insurance companies that they establish department of health as a means of prolongirg the life of their policy holders, and thus of increasing their own profits. But there is danger in such a proposition. Besides being an un- warranted interference with personal 1ib- erty, they might eventually bring about such a condition of health as to remove all the fear of death which constitutes the chief urgency of life insurance. It would be much better if the life insurance com panies could invent a portable and well disciplined disease which the agents could carry around with them, but not use until the prospective victim absolutely refused to yield to the ordinary bandishments. The disease should be 80 constructed that it could readily be withdrawn as soon as the victim capitulated.
The Birmingham age-herald., 1909-04-11

fore any one of our gospels was pub lished. You may search Paufs speeches, given in the Acts of the Apostles, and you may learn every one of his extant epistles, and never find any mention of any one of the gospels, nor even any word to show that Paul ever heard of any one of their narratives.
 Another way is to imagine that Paul obtained his knoweldge of Christ from the other and odler apostles. This theory is as old as Paul himself. Certain heretical teachers fhis day, jealous of his in fiuence among the churches, originated the charge, and vigorously pressed 1t, especially upon the gentle Christians; and they claimed that Paul was only a sort of secondhand apostle, if, indeed, he was an apostle at all.
 Now. in vairous writings. and in many
The Birmingham age-herald., 1909-04-11
Definlno Seven.

F rom the Rochester Democrat and Chron-
 icle.
 How would you define 'seven?' The Standard Dictionary says 1t is ''one moro than six" Webster's calls 1t "one moro than six, or one less than eight" the abridged Webster says it is five and two" and the Century's definition runs 'one more than six; the sum of three and four" In metrology-that is. the science of weights and measures-seven Is com paratively rare. The seven days of the week form striking example of its use however. Scholars have found, too, that the Egyptian cubt contained seven hand breadths. "Cubit' is from the Latin .cubitum," the elbow, or the distance from the elbow to the end of the middle finger. The Roman cubit was 1h Roman feet or 17.4 English inches. but the royal Egyptian cubit used in the building of the pyramids of Gizeh perhaps $500 B. O.. has been learned from measuring sticks found in the tombs to have been 20.6l English inches. The ordinary cubit was divided into six palms or handbreadths, and the use of seven in the Egyptian cubit is ascribed by some investigators to a probable custom of placing the hand behind the elbow when measuring along walls with the forearm and leaving it on the wall until the arm was laid down again. It should be added that there are many other cubits of widely different values, both ancient and modern.