davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-10
Damage from Worms.

Replying to a communication as to
what will kill wireworms, I know Of
no application to the soil of any ma.
terial that is recommended to DESTROY
these worms. The difficulty is that
the soil will be injured, and the worms
being all through the soil such a
process would be exceedingly expen-
slve. The Worn troubles when the
weather is cool and the climate wet.
causing corn and cotton to grow very
slowly. They do very little damage
on a crop that grows thriftily. Two
general remedies will very much af-
feet the ravages Of the wireworm. The
first is to increase the fertility Of the
soil, so that it is capable of stimulat-
ing rapid growth in the plants.
The other is to drain the land SO as
to make it as friable and well ventilat-
ed as possible. On fertile soil that is
well ventilated wireworms are sci.
lon as destructive as they are in a
wetter and colder soil.-Martin Mel.
son, University OF Arkansas.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-10
CULTIVATION IN DRY WEATHER.

Summer rains beat down cultivated
soil, forming a hard crust. This hard
crust prevents sufficient air from
reaching the roots of the crops and
also allows the soil to dry out fast.
Hence it is a good plan to give
growing plants a light cultivation
after each rain to break this crust.
This must not be done till the soil
becomes dry, for cultivating or plow-
ing the soil when it is wet packs and
Injuries it.
Keeping the surface Of the soil fine
prevents rapid escape of soil moisture.
Water is being continually drawn up
from below by capillary action of the
soil particles.
If the surface of the soil is hard,
this soil water escapes into the air by
evaporation.
If the surface of the soil is fine and
loose capillary action is broken at the
surface, and the water remains below
to nourish the roots of the plants.
In dry weather crops should be
given fine surface cultivation SO that
all moisture possible shall be retained
in the soil for the benefit of the feed
ing roots.
Making the surface soil fine to pre-.
vent evaporation Of moisture is called
making a dust mulch.-H. H. Shepard.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-10
SUPPORT FOR FLOWER VINES.
Two Long Sticks, Held by Screws
Easily Removed, Afford Protec-
ton from Severe Storms.

Last year / tried a new support for
Towering vines which proved most
satisfactory, says a writer in the
Housekeeper. l took two light sticks
long enough to reach across the end
of the piazza where l wished to train
the vines, and connected them with
stout cords on which the vines might
run. In the upper stick 1. fastened
three screw eyes, which slipped oven
three corresponding hooks at the top
of the piazza. Several times during
the summer, when we had furious
storms which whip the tender vines
so ruinously, I unlocked the support
and placed the vines fiat on the piaz-
"a floor, securing the stick with a cou-
pie OF stones. In this way they es-
capped the worst of the storm and
We're quite fresh when l hooked them
in place again. Our vines never be-
fore lived through the summer in such
good condition. The first frosty
nights the vines were placed on the
ground and covered with a blanket
so that our blossoms remained quite
late, and when at last they became
frost-bitten it was very simple to re.
move both vines and support, leaving
behind no dangling strings or wires.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-10
Timely Farm Notes.

What is needed is intense farming.
or farming in earnest.
Properly made kumyss is the most
digestible form in which milk a be
partaken of.
The mar who can keep the double
trees of work from humping him on
the heels is indeed a general.
A team of draft mares is a better
investment than money in the bank
drawing four per cent. interest.
Fill up all the hog wallows and
provide your swine with clean water
to battle III. A hog does not like
a dirty bath any better than you
like it.
The steer calf is worth pampering
a little these days, for the market
that is waiting MIN is sure to be one
of profit. Msat will be meat from
now on. 81
Take care to avoid shoulder gals
and saddle sores. : Lift the collar
from the horses neck occasionally
and allow it to cool and be careful to
see that the harness does not rub.
See that the fences are in good re-
pair and by so doing avoid tlresome
tramps after strayed stock, to say
nothing Of un~pleasantness with
neighbors. 1t takes a good deal of
Christian forbearance to view with
equanimity a wheat field trampled to
a mire by. a careless neighbours
cattle.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-10
Temporary Gate.

! n an irrigating country it is often
times necessary to take down a fence
to avoid a ditch or lateral when driy.
ing to or from a field. If this road is
used only a Part of the year, or oc.
casionally, it does not pay to construct
a permanent gate. A temporary gate,
which will cost only a few cents, can
be constructed in the following a
ner: Loosen the wires on three or
four posts, depending on the tight
ness of the wires. Then drive two
staples about one-half inch apart
parallel to the wire and to each other
where the staples were formerly
driven in the post. Place a spike at
the bottom of each of the two center.
posts. The wire can then be hooked
under these spikes and will be held
close to the ground so it it is easy to
drive over When the fence is TO be
closed place the wires between the
parallel staples and then run a nail
through both staples and outside of
the wire.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-10
The Rose Leaf HOMER.

The rose leaf hopper, also known as
the white bug, attacks the under side
of the tender leaves of roses. The fe-
male lays the eggs on the under side
of the leaf. and as soon as Matched
they suck the juices of the leaf. Their
presence may be known by the leaves
turning white and then yellow and
dropping off. says aswriter in the Bal
American. Our rose growers
recommend a solution of whale Oil
soap or tobacco water, applied with
a fine spray both to the upper and
under side of the leaf. The spraying
to be effective, must be given as soon
they appear, and kept up until the
leaves are strong enough to risist
their attack. The whale Oil solution
is made as fellows: Soap, one roura,
cut fine; water, six gallons; dissolved,
stir thoroughly before using; spray
when cold.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-10
IRRIGATED LAND THE BEST.
Experts concede It is the Longest
Lived as to Fertility and in Pro-
d~uctivcness.

Irrigation is almost as OIL as his.
tory itself. 1T Was known and used
with profit by the Egypt ms. The
rivers Nile, Amazon, Gauges and Dan
ube have all furnished their quota
OF liquid help for mans enrichment,
but never in the history of the world
has irrigation received such an i'm
petus as in recent years.
Mankind has awakened to the fact
that 1t is better to have ones own
rain, right at his door, the kind that
don't drench him to the skin or soak
his land so as to stop nearly all work
on he farm for days and days at a
time. 1t is o known that a farm
or can, by simply opening up a
sluice gate, let just the right guam.
tity of water on his land, regulating
the flow himself, for the crops that
need a maximum Or those that need
a minimum of moisture. This is the
very best kind of rain and the farm
er controls it at will, without the
attendant discomforts of the old-time
lightning and sputter and the thun-
der's oar.
Soil experts rightly concede that IT,
rigated land is the longest lived as
to fertility and productiveness; the
reason being, that the water from IT.
rlgation canals contain the same ele-
ments as are found in the soil itself,
acting at all times as a natural fer
tilizer. Plenty of water from a well
supplied irrigation canal, good soil,
the right climate and sunshine 800
days out of the 365 Of the year are a
mighty hard combination to beat.
In Hawaii water for irrigation Dur.
poses is lifted 900 feet, yet notwith-
standing that expense,
farming in that country pays 300 per
cent. more per acre thar in Illinois,
Indiana, Iowa and Kansas, and fully
lo0 per cent. more per acre than in
the New England states.
The growing season is three months
in Colorado. only 100 days in which
to plant, cultivate and harvest one
crop. The balance of the year the
farmer may be up to his neck in
snow, yet irrigated land in that state,
that so far has never felt a plow-
share. is bringing up to 5000 and
over per acre, because the adjoining
land, already under cultivation, has
demonstrated its worth.
OVER most OF the northwestern
states the United States government
has expended large sums of public
money, locating irrigation systems, to
bring arid lands under the plow.
what would appear as high prices
nave been charged settlers for those
same lands, and they have had hard
shedding with perhaps six months Of
no~n-producing weather, yet with all
that the northwest has become one
OF the nations great storehouses,
proving beyond question the value of
irrigation.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-10
GOOD MULCH IS VALUABLE.
It's Application Is an Adaptation Of
NATURES Method Of Protecting
Plants.
BY j. A. Leaq.

There is considerable said of recent
years concerning the value of the
mulch for orchards, small fruits, and,
indeed, many crops.
| have noticed where ] put a mulch
of litter and straw about the apple
trees that the small roots take pos,
session of the soil up to the very sur.
face.
The trees seem TO respond to the
mulch especially in dry season.
If we go TO the forest we find that
natnre keeps the surface of the soil
covered with a mulch of leaves and
trash Of kind and another.
Where. the ground is exposed to
winds and the leaves are blown
away we ~ very apt to find dwarfed
growth of timber and a pretty badly
exhausted soil, while the soil where
the leaves from these exposed places
are deposited is correspondingly
richer.
A few years ago | was sowing some
clover seed. At one. end of the field
there was a small plot of very hard
dry clay. 1t had never produced any
grain and it had always beer a waste
of seed to put it to any crop.
i had drawn my corn to this corner
and husked it and stacked the stover
there. There was a pretty good coat
of skaters scattered over the ground.
l scattered clover seed over the litter
and ! never saw a better set Of clover.
1t grew rapidly until late in the sum-
mer, when a very severe drought set
in, which almost killed it out in spite
OF the mulch. The growth of this clo-
e was wholly due to the mulch on
the surface. as it would have hardly
sprouted without u mulch.
A few years ago I put some planks
early beans to protect them from
frost. After the danger Of frost was
past | put part OF them between the
and left them for ONE two
weeks. The balance We're removed
entirely.
There was a rather dry spell while
the planks lay on the ground. When
] removed them / found that the beans
where the planks lay between the
had made double the growth OF
the ones where the planks had been
moved entirely away.
This was entirely due to the mois-
saved by the planks acting as a
III
Frequent shallow cultivation makes
the surface soil act as a mulch to con.
serve moisture.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-10
sMeet : Eorane.

Sweet corn for a forage crop can
hardly be excelled when planted for.
that purpose, at several different
times. 30 II can be continued for a
considerable time in d proper condi-
ton to be fed with ears. on, from the.
time the kernels begin TO show until
IL begins to ripen. Hungarian or mil
let gives good satisfaction where 4.
good growth can be secured. This
needs land thoroughly pulverized and.
as heavily dressed as does the corn.
Then with n bushel Of good seed.
to tho acre, ,sowed after the ground
is we'll warmed and dried, q good Yield
of good food for COWS or other neat
stock may confidently be expected.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-10
Soil Condition..

The physical or mechanical condi.
ton Of the soil is the all important
factor, as 1t has more to do with the
quantity and quality Of the crop yield.
than any other n thing. II the seed
and root bed is not properly prepared
all the after cultivation cannot bring
the highest yield No matter how
much moisture you have conserved in
the soil below or how completely you
may keep the weeds out you cannot
reach the high limit Of yield without
close and careful attention to the
preparation of the soil.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-10
Dwarf Apples.

Astrachan apples or dwarf trees
four years old have set SO full as ia
Sequire half. Of them to be taken off,
and with some trees two-thirds, SAYS
the American Cultivator.
Dwarf trees will require more prun.
ing, the fruit to be thinned and higher
cultivation. They may be protected
against any and all kinds Of insects,
and as the fruit is finer in quality, il
the quantity is less the higher value
the fruit will command will bring up
the average we'll with standard trees.
There are so many difficulties at
tending the culture of the apple, the
most being imported insect pests, that
the business will have to be carried
on largely by specialists in the future.
The competition of western orchards
will also be a factor in forcing better
methods upon the eastern growers.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-10
The steady growth Of the country in.

EE@t4g
The steady growth of the country in
business activity Is shown again in
the figures relating to new incorpora-
tons for June. Papers filed for con
Germs with an authorized capital of.
100000 Q 7 more each represented a
total OF S212.575.OO0, which was an
increase Of ;16,s1o.OOo over May, and
ss24,4l1,0o0 over June Of last year.
Moreover, the aggregate for the six
month ended with June was $72s.94s,.
600 this year, against $649.636,00O last
year The report tells its own story
on increasing Industrial operations
and OF provisions to meet the en-.
larged demands of the people.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-10
WHITE BIRCH TREE LOUISE.
Insect Also Produces a Very Peculiar
Gal! on Witch Hazel-Formula
for Spray.

81 - "-4 ..L.L-LL.
In answering a query for a for
mula for the destruction Of a plant
louise that infests the birch trees and
also produces a very peculiar gall on
witch hazel, a writer in the Country
Gentleman says it is exceedingly in
teresting. Since it was first described
as occurring on the latter plant. it is
now known as H~amanlelistes spino-
sus, the specific name having refer
ence to the peculiar, many-spined,
oval, green gall about three-quarters
OF an inch long, found on witch ha-
eel from June to the latter part Of
October.
The life history Of this species is
peculiar and has been recently
worked out in detail by Theodore
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-10
sawdust for Roads.

sawdust is utilized in the south
for matchmaking. Two ridges Of
earth r thrown up with a road
machine at the required width from
each other, and the space between is
filled with a six7inch bed of sawdust.
which is then mixed: with the dirt,
This is said to make a roadbed on.
which the tires OF the heaviest loaded
vehicles make no impression. The.
cost is stated by the Jacksonville
Times-union to be about $500 a.
mile. showing It to be about. the
cheapest road material in use. One
or two such roads were constructed
in "a south Georgia county 20 years.
ago and r still in good condition;
showing its durability.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-10

Zeppelin has raised the enthusiasm
of Germany to 2 high pitch by his
spectacular demonstrations with his
inventions for navigating the air. The
Wright brothers, working along alto,
gether different lines, have attained re-
suits which command respectful atten,
ton from students Of the art of fight
IN gu parts Of the world. The presen.
stationSto them Of gold medals awarded
by the Aero Club Of America eyinces
the interest which their countrymen,
Sstakestn their work, and will no doubt
tend 70 encourage them to further ef.
forts.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-10

This season Of severe hot waves.
which may be expected to recur. off
and on, till fall. is one for the spe-
!!aial exercise of mercy in various
ways To all human beings who are
compelled to labor in various ways
in the heat Kindness and considera-
ton on the part OF the public will pre-
vent much suffering. Working ami
mails should be spared the whip and
their burdens lightened as much as
possible. The various charities for
supplying fresh air by country and.
water should be literally supported.
for they mean the saving Of many
lives. In short. never is there
time Of year when the Golden Rule.
needs more practical application.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-10
piversiHed cronpino.

Alfalfa, field corn, bronze grass, po-
tatoes, ETC., also give excellent results
on arid farms. Alfalfa should be sown;
with a drill at the rate of about eight
pounds per acre. "A disc run over the
field every spring will be founa bene-
fetal. Corn and potatoes should be
planted In check-rows. the cultivation
should be fiat and not ridged, as less
water will be lost in this way. Bronze
grass is by far the best grass grown.
on arid land. 1t is sown broadcast
in the spring Mt the rate of from 10
to 90 pounds an acre. It may be used.
either for pasture OF for hay. The
Jay is of excellent quality and is
relished by all farm animals.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-10

A Justice of the supreme court OF the
state has publicly accused the police
force of New York city of arbitrary
and Illegal abuse of police powers. and
called them SO severely TO account
that their methods are now under in
vestigation by the mayor. If there is
anything i~nexcusable in a government
like this it is the disregard of personal
liberty and constitutional rights by the
very forces created by the law to pro-
teet that liberty and enforce those
rights, says the Baltimore American.
Unfortunately, there is too much ig-
norance, both by public officials OF the
limit of their powers and by citizens
of their Owl legal rights. More under
standing of the n and assertion of
the otier vastly improve the situa.
ton.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-10
SOUTH
STRAY DOGS.
ND o RI

The reports Of the opening of the
dog-killing season in several cities are
replete with brutality. The police
men shoot at all the prescribed ca
mines, and in missing them, which is
oftener the case than not. they are
apt to destroy the lives OF men, WON
en- and children, who may happen to
be within pistol range. II the bullet
hits the dog at all, it probably wounds
the poor brute, and makes an other
wise safe and sane dog n writing,
foam1ng creature, mad from fear and
pain. and scattering alarm and dis
gust wherever it may run or drag its
tortured body, says the Washington
Post Even when the policeman is
marksman enough to dispatch the dog
without suffering or scattering bull
lets among pedestrians, the killing is
offensive to the sight of every human
being with a spark of feeling and is
brutalizing to impressionable children.
In the midst of the heat and semi
hysteria which may be expected from
the dogs and dog days, Washington is
to be congratulated TINS far in not
resortfng to the pistol for the removal
of sriendless and homeless dogs. What
ever crusade may be necessary 10 re
assure the nervous and protect the
people from unlicensed or otherwise
outlawed. dogs, let there be no turning
to the policeman's pistol as a means
of mending the situation.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-10
Shady Place for Piqs.

It will pay to have a cool, shady
place where it is rather dark, If pos.
sible. for the pigs to lie in during
the heat OF the day. with free access
to a mixture of salt, copperas, lime
and ashes. The feeder should watch
closely to see that every pig is eating
with a relish. II the pigs cough it
is probably due to a dusty shed.
Worms will also cause a cough, and
IL the hair becomes staring and dead
In appearance, it is well to give a
worm powder. The pigs will be
ready for market at any time after
six or eight months,
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-10
HOG Tor Meat.

The pig that is to be sold for meat
has but q few months to live, and
there should be no letup in feeding
from BIRTH. II will begin to eat
shelled corn at three or four weeks
of age. and q little sweet skim milk
or q thick musha OF the same material
as that given the mother. is i great
help to hasten#growth.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-10
~ Knl srarroMs.

IA method OF getting rid OF the Eng
fish sparrow pests is described by q
poultry breeder. whose yards were
visited ~ the sparrows In such num-
bers 40 To seriously interfere within
profits. He fastened q small boxabont
four inches deep, on aaposts fye feet
high. placed Just outside of his poultry
yard. This box he kept supplied with,
poisoned chick feed. The sparTows
entered cordially Into the new feeding
program and several hundred OF them.
LETT bodily testimonials to the palata-
bilitygof the food.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-10
What Becomes Of the Corn.

In the year 1908, when the total crop
was 2,666,0O0, 900 bushels, 241,OoO,O0O
bushels were consumed in flour and
grist mill products, 5000, 900 bushels in
the manufacture of starch, 100000
bushels for malt liquors, 100000
bushels in the production of distilled
liquors. 4~0,00O.000 bushels for glucose,
190,000.000 bushels for export and 49,
100000 bushels for seed, making { to-
tai Of 51S,00O,00 bushels, or 1873 per
cent. of the entire crop. The remaining
S0.7 per cent, or 2,118.O 600, 900 bushels
seems to have been used almost en-.
tirely for feeding.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-10
Best Market Pears.

The three varieties of pears that j.
have found best for market during the
middle and late fall are Bartlett,
Kiefer and Duchess. says a writer in
Baltimore American. l name these
varieties because they respond best
to cultivation and seemt to be hardy.
I can handle them all conveniently
from cold storage whenever the mar
3kets want them. They are planted on
land that is more OF less clear and
with good drainage.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-10
Seven Fundamental .P~rineiples.

SSvSss sylCtPleS
These seven fundamental principles,
of successful dairying e formu.
lated at. the Illinois Farmers, in
sstitute::
I: Weed out the poor cows BY;
means Of the scale and Babcock test.
2 Feed the good cows a balanced
ration. Il
Grow alfalfa and provide an
abundance OF silage.
4. Head the herd with the best
sire obtainable.
Raise the heller calves from the,
best cows.
I. Continue. q weed. feed and
breed.
Feed the mind of the man behind.
the low. 81
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-09-10

him much freer to accomplish the
work quickly and satisfactorily. A
piece of heavy steel wire nay be
bent as indicated, the larger round
being clasped over a limb for
tree, while the pail is hung on the
smaller.