davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Ogden standard. [volume] (Ogden City, Utah) 1902-1910, 1909-12-18

Sioux City. Ia, Dec 1S.-This sec
tion is still In the grip OF cold wave.
This morning the temperature was >
degrees below zero.
Ell Paso, Tex. Dec. 1S.-The wealth
er was so cold today that the races
at Juare2 were called of. The card
announced for today will be run To-
morrow.
Colorado Springs, Colo. Dec. 1S.-
The Colorado college weather bureau
thermometer registered, at 5 O'Clock
this morning, 10 degrees below zero.
This is the lowest point reached in 10
years.
The Ogden standard. [volume] (Ogden City, Utah) 1902-1910, 1909-12-18
EXCITED DISCUSSION.

. . G @ @ G @ @ @ @ @ @ Q 6.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1909-09-25
CARE OF The SUCKLING PIGS
They Must Have Clean, Warm
Quarters to Protect Them
Against Weather Changes.
BIZ r. B. RUSHING,
Ozark, Ill,

September and October are the fall
narrowing season. The little pigs COM
ing into existence then are very in
significant animals, but will be ex-
pected to help out in paying expenses
next spring, consequently proper man
agement is necessary, otherwise they
VIII TALL sshort just at the time you
are expecting them to count.
The first few days the SOW and her
litter should be closely confined In
warm, sunny quarters until each little
pig gains It's strength and is able to
battle for Its existence among the other
more sturdy brothers and sisters.
Many little pigs are delicate for
few days, but If they are given lit
tie special care just at the proper tims
they will commence to grow with the
stronger ones, and the result is nice.
even, growthy litter, which is always
more satisfactory and more profitable.
If the litter consists of eight or ten
and they grow very rapidly there is
an increasing demand on the SOW to
nourish the hungry youngsters, and
unless she is very literally fed she will
fall off in flesh very rapidly.
The SOW must be fed literally on
mix making and nourishing feeds,
SUN 90 eiioilS, CorH, peas. ETC., led In
an appetizing manner
Any feed that overheats the blood
of the SOW. such as too liberal feeding
of rye or barley. will also have the
same effect on the youngsters that are
being nourished by her.
Feeds that make the SOW constructed
or cause her to scour will also affect
her youngsters in similar manner.
You do not want lot of little fat
chunks, but you want vigorous.
growthy and muscular pigs that are
building up frame on which to Law
fat when the time comes for fatten-
| ing.
| / teach my little pigs not to depend
entirely upon their mother just as
young as possible; l partition OFF a 1T
/ tie pen, leaving hole through which
they can pass, and small enough tc
keep the sow out, and supply them
with little skinned milk and a small
amount of shorts, giving them at each
feed just what they will clean UP, YET
feeding literally and keeping the
trough clean.
Castrate the pigs when they are 4
or weeks old. Then they are unusually
active and the wounds heal quickly
and are we'll before the pigs are weaned
and this will cause no setback In their
development.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1909-09-25
A HANDY COOLING DEVICE

People who are without cellars need
not give up the idea of having a cool
place to keep butter or any perishable
food that can be put into crooks or
cans.
splendid cooler with a shed to
shade 1t can be built by one man in
two days or less time.
This device consists of wooden or
cement trough eighteen inches wide,
fourteen inches deep and long enough
to hold the house supply of crooks, cans
and jars.
Insert piece of gas pipe at each
end-one for filing the trough, the
other to carry off the overflow.
70 give enough pressure to run full
stream of water through the trough the
intake should be two inches higher
than the outlet.
Vessels of different depth may be
placed partly submerged in the watcr
by using raised bottom in one end
OF the trough This false bottom can
be made of laths nailed an inch or two
apart
A tight-fitting lid is necessary to
keep out the dust and insects.
Put the cooler between the well and
your stock tank and pump all the water
used on the place through it. You viii
no longer be troubled with soft butter
The flow of a spring directed through
the box wonli no doubt keep more
fresh water around the crooks than the
above described method, but we are
not all fortunate enough to have springs
near the house Theodore Ingels, Utah
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1909-09-25
PUT THE BARREL ASIDE
Small Packages for Apples-Old Fashioned Barrel
Being Discarded for Square Compact Box.

will unquestionably be greater care ex-
ercised in packing a bushel box than
in packing three bushel barrel.
The fruit will be better and will have
the confidence of the consumers Under
the present method of packing apples
IN barrels few city people are able to
BUY the fruit in the original packages.
Inc barrel is an unwieldly package and
Is hard to handle. 1t must be delivered
py an express wagon, whereas q small
pox or apples can be taken home on
the street car, IL need be.
Few families can take a barrel OF
apples from cold storage and use the
entire three bushels, without consid-
cradle loss. even though the contents
OF the barrel are first class when taken
from the storage.
IL Is well known that when fruit is
taken from storage in midwintar and
kept IN warm pantry or cellar 1t
ripens very rapidly.
Few families can use the contents
of three-bushel barrel before some
OF the fruit has decayed. In the case
of the box the bushel can be used up
before there is any loss, and there will
be demand for more.
The largest possible package which
can be used to get the fruit from the
grower to the consumer, without the
package ever having been opened. ia
the ideal package.
The bushel box, therefore, would
seem about the, extreme limit in size,
and it may be the time will come when
fancy apples will be packed In small
baskets similar to the eight pound
grape basket,
And when that time comes the con-
sumption of apples will be multiplied
many times.
Get the consumer to trust the brand
| of certain grower and packer, and
let him know the package he buys is
the original one in which the fruit left
the farm, and he will not hesitate to
pay a good price for the fruit.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1909-09-25

There has been much discussion
among apple packers as to where it is
profitable to suse a smaller package
than barrels in which to pack apples.
The points made against the use of
the box are: The smaller package can
receive rougher handling in shipping,
as the three ushel barrel cannot be
pitched around; three boxes holding
the same quantity of fruit as barrel
will cost more than the latter package;
the packages will be placed closer to-
gether in storage. preventing as free
circulation of air.
The points in favor of the boxes are
summed up: The box timber can be
bought in the fiat and no expert me-
chanic will be required to make uI
the packages, whereas high priced
skilled labor is needed to make up the
barrels.
Boxes can be exported more cheaply
owing to the fact that space In stor-
age departments of steamers is sold by
the cubic foot, and the boxes can be
placed more compactly.
When the fruit is placed in storage
the fruit in the middle OF the package
VIII be more readily reached by the
cold air, and the entire package will
reach the lower temperature much
sooner with the smaller package.
In using the smaller, package there
will be no temptation to put inferior
fruit in the middle of the package, as
there often is when packing a barre
of apples.
The chief argument In favor of the
box is that the fruit would reach the
consumer in better condition, and thu
consumption would be greatly in.
creased.
The last point is one of the stronges
In favor of the use of the box. If thu
consumer knows he is getting jus
what he wants he will be willing t.
buy a bushel of fruit, where now HI
buys perhaps a dozen apples. There
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1909-09-25
HOW TO MAKE THE SOIL PAY
Essential Principles That
Up Dairy Business

the farm is best adapted to and study
and learn how to get the very best
results, and at the same time have a
business that is safe for the reason that
he can diversity his crops by following
rotation that will build up his soil
and afford food for his dairy cows.
The dairyman who has saved and ap-
piled all of the manure crop is not
compelled to pay out a large amount
of money every spring for few tons
of commercial fertilizers to stimulate
his soil to produce profitable crops He
can grow and feed those crops that
enrich his fields instead of exhausting
their fertility. Glover, alfalfa and the
other legumes that will leave the soil
rich in nitrogen and bring up from the
subsoil large amounts of plant food and
leave 1T in a form available for the
cereal crops are all adapted to the ra-
tons of high producing dairy COW.
The failure of any one of his crops will
not affect his net income to serious
extent for the year
Dairy farming keeps the soil in the
best condition of any kind of farming
and when it is properly conducted it
not only pays good profits every month
in the year, but it constantly adds to
the dividend paying value of the farm
We may travel over the different sec
tions of the country and we will find
that in all dairy localities the people
are well to do and prosperous and their
houses, barns and farm equipments
show prosperous appearance.
The first important matter for a
farmer to decide before he goes into
the dairy business is what particular
branch of dairying his farm is adapted
to. This must be decided according to
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1909-09-25
BY j. MILTON KELLY,
New York.

Farmers may be divided into two
classes First, those who may be
termed specialists; who believe in max
ing some one branch of farming their
specially so as to be able to study that
one branch and know it thoroughly;
and, secondly, those who believe an
income may be expected, SO that il one
source fails they will have something
else to fall back upon.
The specialist by concentrating his
attention has a better opportunity to
thoroughly learn his business and be-
come an expert, so to speak Its weak
point is that he has but one source OF
income, which if his specially be pota-
toes. for instance, is quite apt to prove
a failure and may result in serious
losses if he has invested too much.
The man who makes one crop a spe-
cialty must have capital enough to en-
able him to carry on his business for a
number of years, so that the loss of one
wears crop would not cause him to sink
his fortune.
The. strong point of diversified farm
ing Is that it is safe. If one crop fails
YOU probably have another which will
help YOU out. Its weak point is that
if YOU follow q number of branches Of
farm work you will not have a thor
ough understanding of each branch apd
cannot expect the best results.
A we'll managed dairy farm combines
both the strong points of specialized
farming and also the strong points OF
diversified farming. and yet it has
none of the weak points of either
The dairyman can make speciality
of that one branch of the business that
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1909-09-25
SEPTEMBER WORK ON THE FARM

About the first thing to do is to make
a careful trip over every rod of fence
on the place. Nail on every loose board
and mark all other places that need
greater repairs, to be made next day.
Don't put off embarrassing and pre-
pairing the poultry houses. Make them
all snug.
The flea beetles will be after the tur-
nips this month. Spray with hellebore.
Along toward the last Of the month
sow cabbage and caulifiower in drills
ff YOU intend to winter them in cold
frames.
Give the celery a bit of nitrate of
soda; it will stimulate growth.
Cut second growth clover and put
away for the sheep next winter
Give the lambs for fall market all
the good feed they can take care of
now.
Weed out the flock. Sell off the old
ewes. but keep the very best for breed
ing.
Feed is plentiful now, and this is a
good time to rush fat on the old cows
intended for the butcher.
Do not be in a hurry to shoe the
horses unless they are to go on the
road. Let them go unshod till the
ground freezes.
Go slow on feeding green corn fod-
der. 1t is likely to cause trouble with
young stock.
OF course the silo is all ready for
filing.
The white honey crop should be
stored in warm, dry room for ripen-
ing
This is the month in which the Hes
sian fly gets busy laying eggs. Better
not SOW wheat on the same ground
| twice in succession.
Do the wagon tires need resetting
Bad plan to wait till the wagon Is
needed for heavy loads.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1909-09-25
SHEEP RAISING

No use to go into sheep raising I'M
less you have patience, tact and great
perseverance.
In selecting sheep pasture avoid
low. damp ground, because sheep will
not thrive on 1t.
Soil underlaid with limestone or dry
sandstone makes the best sheep
ground.
Old meadows with a. variety of
grasses are much better for sheep than
artificial meadows which are fire.
quently changed.
Sheep are probably more delicate and
more easily affected by climatic
changes than any other farm animal.
The wise shepherd does not wait
until his whole flock is affected before
he begins to attempt a cure, but takes
every preeaution to prevent the disease
from getting a foothold
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1909-09-25
GOATS AS TRAIL MAKERS

The brush eating instinct of the An
CORA goat Is being successfully demon
strated on the Lassen national forest
in California, where they are cutting
trails for fire guards through the
brushy areas on the slopes of the
mountains.
The animals, which number 5000,
have been divided into two bands, and
under the care of the herders are
erazed within certain well-defined
areas. so that their work may be con-
centrated on the brush within these
limits. The result is that they have
practically killed nearly all the brush
in the course either by eating it UP
entirely, or by barking, as in the case
If the heavy manzanita bushes. AT
the beginning of the experiment there
was some doubt as to the goats will
lingness to eat the manzanita, but ii
has been found that where there is
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1909-09-25

how near he is to railroads, markets or
cities, and what kind of conveniences
he has for caring for his cattle, milk
and it's products.
The next matter to decide is that of
selecting the breed or kind of cows that
are best adapted to the farm, the en-
vironments and to that particular
branch of the business that is to be
your special line of work If you have
a warm stable and comfortable sur
roundings-in fact, l may say Jersey
or Guernsey environments those
breeds or high grades from them would
prove well adapted to the farm, espe-
cially IL butter and cream were to be
your chief productions. Either of those
breeds are economical producers Of
butter fat.
If the farm affords large quantities
of rich, luxuriant forage and pasturage
and you are making a speciality of pro-
ducing milk of average quality for a
city trade, the Holstein cattle will
prove economical producers and well
adapted to your line of business.
IL on the other hand, your farm is
rough and rolling and your pastures
are large and the forage scant, the
Ayrshire cattle will prove the most
economical producers. for they have
been developed under similar environ
ments.
Whatever breed is selected should be
bred along the best blood lines and i'm
proved by wedding out all of the in
ferior animals, and by the use of the
best sires that can be obtained. There
are numerous other breeds that are
claiming dairy honors, but they are not
adapted to the farms where dairying is
the special line of business.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1909-09-25
FEEDING STOCK DUCKS
Number of Things to Be Observed if You Are tc
Have Ducklings Ready For Early Market.

duce the quantity of food; if too lean
increase it
The mash should be given to the
birds not in a sloppy but crumbly,
moist condition. In the former state
too much unnecessary water has to be
taken into the system.
The soft food should always be sup
piled warm.
hard grain or mash may be supplied.
Personally I prefer the latter, but many
breeders are in favor Of the former.
Should grain be provided oats are
the best for the purpose, which should
be scattered upon the drinking water.
Good sample oats must be used, as
otherwise there is too much husk. If
mash is employed--and the two may be
fed on alternate days--the same mix
ture as that for the morning feed will
answer we'll.
II the birds are becoming rather too
fat, the proportion of bran should be
increased and the barley meal de-
creased.
Tie soft food should always be fed
from a trough, otherwise SO much is
trampled on and made unfit for con-
sumption.
A little lean meat is very beneficial
for stock ducks and should be mixed
with the morning feed for mash. Gran
ulated meat, or butchers refuse, boiled
and chopped up, answers the purpose
admirably.
The latter gives equally as good re-
suits as the former and is considerably
cheaper. Green food should be given
literally to the ducks when they are
kept in confinement, those at Liberty
being able to obtain sufficient for
themselves.
During the winter months, when
green food is scarce, turnips. swedes,
mangels or potatoes form an excellent
substitute.
The ducks at liberty can of course
procure all the drinking water they re-
uuire for themselves, but those in runs
must be well supplied.
1t is unadvisable to allow them tc
drink a large quantity immediately
after eating. as this causes a large por-
ton of the food to pass straight
through the body.
Half an hour after they have eaten
however, they may have all they want
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1909-09-25
VALUABLE DIRECTIONS AS TO PRUNING, FILLING
CARE or SHADE TREES

thick lead, tar, shellac or some such
substance to prevent decay.
Strictly horizontal cuts should never
be left, since they retain water and
rot is likely to result, and the cleaner
the cut the better it will heal. There
is, moreover, less chance for subse-
quent rotting.
Many of the cavities in the trees are
caused by leaving long stubs on the
trunk of the tree, which become dis
integrated and fall off and the decay
follows back into the heart of the
tree
1t is therefore essential that close
pruning and antiseptic treatment OF
the wounds should be practiced in or
der to prevent this decay. The plastic
materials in a tree will not follow up
long stump and form a calloIs unless
there are some branches left upon II
which bear leaves, and even then heal
ing will take place only close to the
living branch on the stump
Two cuts should be made in pruning
practically all limbs to prevent peel
ing, and on limbs of any size 1t is nee
essary to make the incision on the
under side for the same reason. (See
cuts.) After removing the limbs with
a saw mallet and chisel may be used
to smooth UP the cut surface. This
induces a better callous growth.
1t is well to prune carefully at the
time of transplanting, when all street
trees should be trimmed up eight or
ten feet or more. 1t is also often nee
essary to cut back some of the
branches in order to balance the root
system, and when this is done some
of the less desirable branches may be
sacrificed, and those remaining may
be cut back to some extent.
The practice of topping trees Is in
furious and should never be resorted
to except in special cases. All of the
reserve material in the tree is stored
in the roots, stem and branches, and in
a transplanted tree this is sufficient to
| develop the foliage.
| 1t is necessary that a tree should
have a certain amount of foliage for
growth and development, since the ra-
pidity of growth is dependent upon
leaf development.
| In filling cavities in trees great care
should be taken to make the cement
wet enough 1t should be we'll trow-
eled and kept moist for few days.
Exposed tissues in cavities should
be treated with creosote to serve as an
antiseptic.
The cement should be flush with
wood and the cavity so shaped that
it forms wedge, thus preventing the
cement from falling out. In case this
cannot be done, iron bars tied to the
sides of a cavity will be effective.
Unless the cavity is thoroughly
cleaned and treated antiseptically the
wood underneath the filling will con-
tinue to rot and in time the tree will
be destroyed.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1909-09-25

little else they will just as readily at
tack 1t as any other bushes.
The grazing season was so late this
year on the Lassen forest that the goats
did not begin operations until about
the middle Of June, but since then they
have made rapid progress and the re-
suit promises to be a success from
every point of view. The trails will
first be opened and then kept free of
sprouts by the goats, saving the gov
eminent considerable labor in cutting
them out by hand, as has been done
heretofore, while the brushy forage
which otherwise would have been
wasted will support 1900 goats very
comfortably.
The horse says: Don't leave me tied
in my stall with a cob or two on the
floor for me to lie down on / can't
select a smooth place, and, besides, I
am tired and want to rest
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1909-09-25

well UP. Always avoid one that has
Sleepy" appearance.
The original Shetland ponies come
from the Shetland isles, off the ex-
IRENE north coast of Scotland. 1t is
known that ponies have inhabited these
islands for nearly 200 years, but the
first ponies imported to this country
were brought over about the middle
of the last century.
Shetlands are of all colors, and color
cuts no figure in judging their points.
They are easy to raise and are always
in good demand.
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1909-09-25
BY W. R. GILBERT.

1t should be the aim of those who
require early ducklings for the market
to have stock birds in full lay by the
end of October or the first of Novem-
ber-that is, before the severe weather
sets in.
In order to accomplish this the feed
Ing during September and October
must be carefully attended to and the
nutritious rather than fattening food
be provided for the birds.
By0this time last years ducks should
have quite overcome the mott and
should have their full complement of
feathers.
AS far as possible an abundance of
exercise should be allowed the birds,
and this can only satisfactorily be ar
ranged when free range is provided.
The chief danger of combining them is
that under such conditions they are
liable to add on flesh too quickly, and
on no account should stock ducks be
fat,
The difficulty can, of course, be over
come by feeding sparingly upon some
what bulky foods.
Two meals a DAY VIII pc Iound quite
sufficient, one the first thing in the
morning and the other about $3.50 or
In the afternoon.
Soft food should be provided for tbs
morning meal and a mixture during
this and the succeeding month which
we have employed with success is two
parts of the middlings, one of the bar
ley meal, one of bran and one of brew
ers' grains.
At first there may be slight diff
Guilty. in persuading the birds to eat the
last mentioned, but they speedily be-
come accustomed to the flavor and eat
it readily.
A mixture such as this will keep the
ducks in good store condition and will
assist egg production at the proper
time. No hard or fast rule can be laid
down as to the actual amount of food
to be supplied, as this varies with the
breed and the conditions under which
the birds are being kept and with the
season.
The only thing to do is to periods
cally examine them, and if too fat re-
Ottumwa tri-weekly courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1903-1916, 1909-09-25
GOOD POINTS OF A SHETLAND PONY

This is good picture of Crown
Prince, champion Shetland pony and
a fine specimen of the type He is only
Al inches high and is well set up. Note
his clean head, perfectly rounded body,
sturdy legs and heavy name and tail.
The ideal Shetland should have ro-
tund body and it's legs be short and
not buckled at the knees.
In buying pony select one that has
good knee action and ha1ds his head