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The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1909-05-04
RUDIMENTs OF FARMING.
Valuable instructions to Boys Regard
ing the Growing of Farm Crops
BY HIRAM III. SHEPARD.

tleld ana garden plants must have
SOIL room in which their roots can
spread.
The rows should be far enough
apart and the plants far enough apart
in the rows SO that their roots will
not interfere with each other in their
search for plant food.
Crowded plants grow small and pro-
duce small and inferior fruit, while
plants given plenty Of room may
grow to large size and produce an
abundance of large, perfect fruit.
In planting and cultivating farm
and garden crops we should always
keep in mind the action of tn roots.
To this end, the soil should be
plowed or spaded deeply to make it
soft and loose. After plowing, the
soil must be made fine and even.
1t must not contain large, hard
Jumps or clods, for plant roots cannot
easily and quickly grow through them.
Flowing the soil deeply allows the
roots of cultivated plants to easily
grow downward and outward. Max
ing the soil fine with the harrow or
other cultlvator not only makes it
loose for rapid root growth, but also
makes it hold moisture for them
Fine, deep, fertile and Well mixed
soil is said to make a cOmforta Bile
home for the roots of growing plants.
HIS HlcdIlS tllttl SttcI1 Soli Is III d SOOu
condition for rapid root action, hence
q correspondingly rapid growth of the
plants which they feed.
Most cultivated plants are planted
in the spring or early summer when
the soil IS moist.
When they first begin to grow their
roots are short hence cultivation
should be done, while they are young.
The reasons for this are that the
cultivator breaks to pieces ciods left
by the p1oW or harrow.
Stirring of the soil mixes it and
makes it fine and allows the entrance
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1909-05-04

OF air, whl> $50 needed for the
life, health a, sz vth Of the roots,
II the air IS - Of the soil in
Which plants sucI. corn and pota-
and the whole plant s;ckens and dies.
For instance, if water stands on a
field of corn for a few days the corn
Nill die. The standing water sinks
into the soil. and, being heavier than
air, it forces the air out and the corn
roots smother for want of oxygen.
Other reasons for giving plants most
for the killing of weeds which would
rob them of plant food in the soil and
shut out needed light and air.
Also at that time the cultivator may
be run deep and close to the plants
without injury to their roots
The young plant, too, must be kept
growing vigorously all the time. If it
growth it can never .afterWard be
made to grow into q large, perfect
plant.
After field and garden plants grow
large and need cultivation to kill
weeds and admit air into the soil the
cultivation then should be shallow.
When plants grow large their roots
fill all the soil from row to row and
many thousands of them are near the
surface If the cultivatOr shoVels run
deep they Will destroy many OF the
feeding roots, and hence injure the
growing plants.
1t is best farm and garden practice
to cultivate crops frequently and Well
while the plants are young; then there
viii be no need of cultivation when
the plants are maturing or ripening
Guilty. alton in general should have
as its aim the keeping of the surface
layer of the soil broken and in a fine
condition.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1909-05-04
\ POOR I.NCISf.

There is a law in Michigan which
makes the killing of beavers a felony.
The game wardens are faithfully try
ing to enforce the law. and many
traps have been cOnfiScated and a
number of the red-s<inned hunters
have been heavily fined. Recently an
Indian was brought into court at Mar
ouette charged with having two
beaver pets in his possession. He eN-
planned. through the interpreter, that
as he was going to his camp one dark
night the animals chased him up a
tree, and he was obliged to Kill them
in self-defense. AS q beaver is about
as fierce as SouthdoWn sheep, the
Judge was not sufficiently impressed
with the danger from which the hun
ter had escaped and charged him $40
and costs.
An egg-lyang contest in which the
hens are contributed by farmers and
fanciers Of the state has been opened
ar the Connecticut station. The pullets
will be cared for and fed according to
the regular system during the coming
year with the idea of eascerta1nlng ex-
actly what each hen costs. A careful
record of expenses and number Of eggs
laid will be kept.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1909-05-04

Fowls showing symptoms Of tuber-
culosis should be killed and burned or
buried away from where the rest OF
the hock wanders.
When selecting eggs for Matching
chose those of medium size, perfect
shape and having shells that are even
" colOred, instead of spotted or
streaked with two shades, as this de-
notes uneven thickness Of the shell.
The Washtubs should be emptled
around grape vines or brush frults
on wash day. The dirty wash water
contains a considerable amount of fer
tilizing matter which is lost II the
water is poured into a drain to pro-
duce foul odors in it.
To plow deep is all right If it is
stubble land: but in plowins sod for
corn four inches is plenty deep. This
leaves the grass roots in the best
places for corn to benefit by the plant
food they contain, and when the land
is ploved the next year, by ploWing
six or eight inches deep the richest
part of the soil IS not on top where
the roots can reach.
Carrots and mangel- -Wurzels. or
manGOldS, are two neglected crops
that are valuable and easily grown.
Either of them produces heavily on
good corn land and makes excellent
winter feed for all kinds OF live stock
and poultry.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1909-05-04

The milk of the Holstein COW bear
ing the name above given was tested
for butter by a representative O! the
Cornell University Experiment Sta
ton. Ithaca n. Y. during the latter
part of March. 1909. and by the BAD
cock test showed a yield in Z days o.
28.44 lbs. Of butter fat. As such
records are commonly stated by .ths
HerdBook Association this yleld of
butter fat is equivalent to $500 IDS.
commercial butter at 80 per cent iat.
This yield exceeds that of any other
COW tested under the present scien-
ufc systems in use at experiment std
uonS, which are today the onty efue
tests, and is q wonderful example o.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1909-05-04
GRACE FAYNE 2NDs HOMESTEAD. PURE BRED HoisTEN
wop,D,s CHAMPION cow 1855

the capacity and development of COWS
of this famous breed of dairy cattle.
The previous high record was held
by a Ho,stein COW owned by Wis
consin breeder. ard New York state
nov claims the champion COW Of the
world. owned and developed in SYRIA
cuse, by Mr.. II. A. Meyer.
This COW exhibits to a great decree
the characteristic vigor Of the Hol-
stein Her last test was begun when
she @Was years, % days Old. and
showed 5.42 per cent fat. She was
the champion four year old of 1907.
testing 29.16 lbs. in days and 119.22
lhs in 80, days. AS q five year old
she tested 3o.55 lbs. in days and
1868 lbs. in so days.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1909-05-04
BY ANDREW JOINER.

Greensboro, n. c., April 31-In
| former article / had something to say
| as to the economical value of diversi-
| fed farming and the profit in the
| economy Of acreage, labor and eX-
pense by pursuing intensive methods.
In that article was submitted Statis-
| tics prepared by Mr.. j. S. Kuyken-
| dali, one Of the best secretaries of any
chamber Of commerce Of my acQualnt
ances, and q remarkably expert and
accurate statistician, showing that
Greensboro alone imported from out
the State s1,264,0 600 worth OF food
stuffs alone that We're adaptable to
Guilford soil and which really are
the stable agricultural products of this
section. At that time the figures OF
High Points imports had not been
secured Mr.. kuyken6tll has obtained
these statistics together with those for
Thomasville and Lexington IN DAVID
son county.
These figures are presented below
They show that in some towns in Gull
ford county, High Point Greensboro.
Summerfield, jamestown ana GIBSON
Vile the a aggregate value of these mn
ports is 81 100000 every year, divided
as follows: Greensboro, S1,265,000.
High point. s351OOO; Summertield,
s4.55O; Jamestown, 1850, Gibson
Vile. S34.20O
In Davidson county, measured by
the figures for Lexington and nom
aSVilIe q total of S260,000 IS I0und.
Here then are values sent abroad each
wear for agricultural products form
ing the staples Of the farming m
terests of these manufacturing coun-
ties of over over two millions OF DOL
lars each year. In the other tine aSrl-
cultural and manufacturing county Oh
Alanance it has been shown that IN
the town Of Burlington alone the i'm
ports last year were over S12o.ooo-
1t Will be observed that not SIN
gle product is noted IN these ih-
DOrtation statistics except those lhdt
grow on the soils of these three coGn-
ties and can be grown to perfection
with proper preparation OF land cul-
tivatiOn and seed selection. Corn.
wheat, oats, hay, beans, peas, potatoes
and their bE-products OF meat. tour,
shin st;fff lard, butter. cheese, canned
goods tomatoes, fruit, Ne8eta bles, etc.
There are no three counties IN the
South any better adapted by Soll cll-
mate and the general average or IN
telligence of its population better
adapted with climate ana natufa,
benefits Of water and drainage Tor
the profitable growing OF these par
ticu}ar crops than these counties,
while their facilities of o nome mar
ket near their farms as are louIlu ia
the ma nufacturinS centefs OF ora
ham. aIebane. HaW River, burlington
Gibsonvine. Greensboro, jamestown.
High Point Thon1asVille and IeMhs-
ton are unsurpassed any "here Oh
earth as the prices paid for the pro
ducts imported show beyond question
And nearly the same condluons en-
ist in nearly every part Of North car
olina where the manufacturing towns
are located. The non-aSrlcuitura,
exist on products imported
from farms in other States.
These manufacturing centerS by
skilled labor. machinery
capital and brains. produce from IN
expensive raw material a finished pro-
CONTINUED on Page Four.)
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1909-05-04

said that they are more prosperous
than ever before that thew are buyjng
improved farm machinery that they
nave money in the banks and that
such things as panics and financial
crises are to them nothing. but a name
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1909-05-04
THE GREAT DRAIN
ON THREE CITIES
Farm Imports of High
Point, ThomasviIIe and
Lexington
GOULD be Grown At HOME

In the Towns of Guiiford County: High
Point, Greensboro, Surnnerfield,
Jamestown and GibsOnsiiIe Agere-
gate Value of Farm Imports is ST.
10000 a Year-In Davidson Coun-
ty: Lexington and ThOmas sville.
S26O.0OO.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1909-05-04

There is a fine opening here for a
small packing house to prepare for
other markets the cattle and hogs
which are shipped away as live stock
W lille the farmers cure their own
bacon, they are not prepared to make
the other products that now come
from the packing houses.
The farmers Of CataWba county are
living at home and boarding at the
same place. They have diversified
their crops, they have gone into stock
raising and dairying, and many are
engaged in truck farming to supply
the home markets. 1t need not be
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 18??-19??, 1909-05-04
ChTAWbA AN EXAMPLE
Asa Result OF the Hog and Honiny
Policy the People Are RAPIDLY Be-
coming Prosperous and independent
Every Farmer Should Read This.

especial to News and Ohserver)
Hickory, N. c., April 30.---The peo-
pie of Catawba, county have their corn
cribs and smoke houses at home, and
are not dependent on any other sec
ton Of the country for their hog and
hominy. AS a result of this policv
they are rapidly becoming prosperous
ana independent. Last year there
was grown enough corn and wheat to
supply the needs of the county, and
beef cattle and hogs were raised at
home, enough for home use and with
quite surplus to send to other sec
tons. However, there was shipped
IN a considerable amount of farm
products, due to the fact that many
sold their cattle and hogs on foot. It
IS estimated that farm products to
the value of more than $125,00 We're
imported into Hickory last year for
conSum ption in this county:
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1909-03-16
new SENATOR FROM
The KEYSTONE STATE
George 7. Oliver Of Pittsburg
Succeeds Knox

Harrisburg, Pa, March 16.-In sep
arate session today the two houses OF
the Pennsylvania legislature met and
elected George T. Oliver, Republican
of Pittsburg, to serve in the United
States senate the unexpired term oi
Philander G. Knox, who left the sen
ate to become secretary of state.
Tomorrow the two houses will NEE,
and declare the result of today's bal
loting. The Democratic vote today
was cast for State Senator Webster
Grim.
Mr.. Oliver has planned to be sworn
In on Thursday. He is newspaper
publisher and manufacturer of iron
and steel. He was born in Ireland
MIR. Oliver began his career as a law
yer, but dropped his practice In 1881
to enter manufacturing. He has never
held public Office.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1909-03-16
THOROUGH PROBE PLANNED
Grand Jury to Take Up Pittsburg
Graft Cases.

Pittsburg, March 16.-District At.
torney William A. Blakeley has been
authorized to cast grand jury drag
net for all bribe givers and bribe
takers. Following a request made by
the public prosecutor last Wednesday
Judge l.. L. Davis, in criminal court,
gave the grand jury binding instruc-
tions to consider carefully all matters
brought to their attention by Mr..
Blakeley Mr. Blakeley had asked for
absolute power to invoke the law and
the court granted it without restric-
tions of any kind. This opens the
way for thorough and complete in
vestigation of the municipal corrup-
tion scandal i'm this city.
District Attorney Blakeley called
the courts attention to rumors re-
garding large sums of money having
been paid to secure city deposits and
with reference to the vacating of i'm
portant streets and highways.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1909-03-16
RUSHING COFFEE To
The UNITED STATES
Dealers Anticipating Action BY
Extra Session Of Congress.

New York, March 16.-Nearly one.
third of all the coffee in the world Is
In New York today. The vast ware
houses that line the harbor's edge are
jammed high with millions of bags
hundreds of thousands of tons-and
more is coming before tariff can be
placed on the berries. A dozen great
steamers, coffee laden to the plimsoll
mark, are plowing their way north.
ward through the 5000 miles of dark
ocean that stretches between the cof.
fee coast of Brazil and Sandy Hook.
At Rio and Santos half dozen more
steamers are loading with coffee fol
New York. Other fleets of steamers
are hurrying southward from New
York for more. In Havre, Hamburg
and Antwerp, too, there is great actiy
ity along the coffee docks and in the
huge warehouses where the world s
reserve supply of Americas favorite
breakfast beverage is stored prepara
tory to shipping to the United States,
All this is because of the belief
among the great coffee merchants and
the great coffee gamblers of the world
that the United States congress, now
In extra session, will put tax on that
fragrant berry that hitherto has en-
tered this country free OF duty.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1909-03-16
RULES OF
THlE HOUSE
Defeated
Insurgents victori-
Gus in Fight.
WIN BY SMALL MARGIN
Vote on Question Defeated by
Majority Of -Four.
SOME BOLT ON SPEAKERSHIp
Number of Insurgents Refuse to
| Support Cannon.
SOME BOLT ON SPEAKERSH|p
Number of insurgents Refuse to
Support Cannon.

Washington, March 16.-The "reg.
ulars" of the house of representatives
went down to defeat in their effort to
stave off the movement to amend the
rules. BY the narrow margin of four
votes the Republican "insurgents, y
aided by the Democrats, were ena.
bled to vote down a resolution pre-
sented by Mr. Dalzell (Pa.) making
the rules of the Sixtieth congress ap.
plicable to the present congress. Every
member was on the qui vive, for ii
was known that the result would be
determined either way by the smallest
of majorities. For brief period the
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1909-03-16

regulars were victorious when they
adopted a motion for the previous
question on the resolution, the call
resulting ayes 1874, noes 1873, and they
displayed their enthusiasm by wildly
shouting and pounding their desks.
Great was their chagrin, however,
when Speaker Cannon announced that
the resolution had been lost, 1S9 to
1913.
Immediately afterward Mr.. Clark
offered a resolution applying to the
SiXty-first congress the rules of the
last congress, but providing for mate
rial amendments, and also for COM
mittee on rules of fifteen instead of
five. A motion for the previous ques-
tion resulted ayes 179, noes 203, and
the previous question was refused.
Mr.. Fitzgerald On. Y.) Immediately
offered "a resolution modifying the
present rules and an hour was allowed
for debate.
The Vote on Speaker.
When the roll was called on the
vot0 ioA SpNdhSi &iis NstiS wv lo.t, oiN
of the insurgents, when his name was
called, voted for his colleague, Henry
A.Cooper, also an insurgent, who in
turn voted for George w. Norris of
Nebraska. Mr. Cooper received an
ether vote from Mr. Davis of Mime
sofa.
Through inadvertence Mr.. Ellerbe
(Dem., s. CD voted in loud voice for
Cannon. but he Immediately made cor
rection and voted for Clark. His mis-
take created such a storm of laughter
that he beat a hasty retreat to the
cloakroom.
Mr.. Hinshaw (Neb.) gave his vote
tc Norris, while Hubbard of Iowa ia
vored Cooper. Mr.. Kopp tWis.) cast
his vote for Mr.. Esch. his colleague.
Mr.. Lenroot (Wis.) voted for Cooper,
while Lindbergh (Minn.l recorded his
vote for w. P. Hepburn of Iowa, an
cx-member. Four more votes were
added to the Cooper column when
Messrs Morse, Nelson and Poindexter
(Wis) ard Murdock (Kan) an
nounced themselves for him. None of
the candidates whose names were pre-
sentsd voted for himself, although.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1909-03-16
MOTOR BOAT RACES BEGIN
Little Sea Fliers in Contests on Lake
Worth, Florida.

Palm Beach, Fla, March 16.-Al-
though the absence of the Dixie H.,
Americas fastest motor boat, detracts
somewhat from the interest of the
motor boat races which began on Lake
Worth today there is large enough
list of entries in the races to satisfy
the motor boat enthusiasts assembled
here from all parts of the United
States. The Dixie has been shipped
abroad to compete in the international
races at Monaco.
The motor boat races are sailed on
Lake Worth, a long, narrow inlet of
the sea, separated from the ocean by
a strip of sand. The boats compete
around a course measuring four and
a half nautical miles. a little over
five land miles. They start and finish
opposite one of the big hotels here.
There are seven racing classes, the
general events being restricted to
boats capable of making more than
twelve miles an hour. The races will
last four days. The main feature OF
Friday, the closing day, will be a
ninety-mile endurance run at maxi
mum speed for all boats entered in the
other events.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1909-03-16
TAKEN UNDER AMUSEMENT
Motion to Quash Indictments Against
Haskell and Others.

Vinita, Okla, March 16.-Attorneys
for Governor c. N. Haskell and other
prominent Oklahomans, charged with
conspiracy In connection with Musko-
gee townsite scheduling, entered a mo-
tion in the federal court here to quash
the indictments. The court took the
motion under advisement and the case
went over until the April term, which
convenes at Tulsa April 8.
The motion to quash is identical
with that served ON Assistant United
States District Attorney Gregg at Mus
kogee. In it the attorneys for the in
dicted men allege that Special As
sistant Attorney General Rush OF
Omaha. who had charge of the grand
jury examinations for the government
conducted these examinations lille
gally.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1909-03-16
POLICE MAKE MANY ARRESTS
Rioting in Connection With Paris Cp
orators Strike.

Paris, March 16.-The difficulty with
the telegraphers of the poStoffice de-
partment resulted in rioting when the
new shifts came on duty. Windows
in the building were smashed, many
instruments were demolished and
amid scene of great excitement and
confusion the police, who had been
concealed in the basement of the
building of the Central station, rushed
in and made many arrests. A number
of women tainted.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1909-03-16
Ckyl'i-ii DELRo

with the exception of Mr.. Cannon,
they were all present.
Clerk Mcdowell proceeded to an
nounce the vote, when objection was
made by Mr. Clayton (Ala.), who
made the point that the result should
be based on the report of the tellers
and not the tally clerks. In conse-
Finally the tellers reported as fol-
lows: Cannon 204, Clark 166, Esch /.
Ncrris 2, Cooper s, Hepburn 1.
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1909-03-16
SERVIA'S REPLY
Anglers AUSTRIA
Fever Of War Party in Dual
Monarchy Increases.
MAY BEGIN MOBILIZATION

Rumored That Austria's Answer Will
Be the Issuance of Orders for Call
to Arms of Portion of Her Fight
ing Forces-Bourse Shows Weak
ness on the Publication of the Ser
Wan Communication.
Vienna, March 16.-The reply of
Servia to the Hungarian note
of March 6, referring the government
to Servia's previous communication to
the powers, has tendency to heighten
the fever of the war party in the dual
monarchy.
The bourse showed weakness on
the publication of Servia's answer and
there are rumors that the Austro'
Hungarian reply possibly may be the
issuance of orders for partial mobili-
cation. 1t Is even said that the neces.
sary proclamations already are in the
hands of the printers.
Belgrade, Servia, March 16.-Servia,
In reply to the Austro-Hungarian note
of March s, referred the government
Of the dual monarchy to the Servian
communication to the powers dated
March IL. Servia adds that, in her
opinion, it would have been more in
conformity with the interests Of the
two powers If the monarchy had sub.
mitted the treaty of commerce, which
already has received the force of law
in Servia, to the parliaments of Wien.
ma and Budapest in spite of the fact
that the time for ratification had ex
pired.
In the event that Austria-Hungary
cannot, on account of insufficient time
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1909-03-16
TRIPLE MURDER AND SUICIDE
Illinois Rural Carrier Kills Three Chill
dren and Himself.

Danville, ILL.,, March 16.-Word has
been received here of triple murder
and suicide by Robert Strawser, a
rural mail carrier and a former resi-
dent of this city, at Flora. Strawser
gave his three children strychnine and
then swallowed quantity of the drug.
The four lifeless bodies were found by
Straws2.'s gifa
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1909-03-16
Hains Trial @egins April 19.

Flushing, l.. l., March 16.-Captain
Peter c.. Hams, Jr., u. S. A., will be
put on trial April 10 at the courthouse
here on the charge of numbering Will
lam E. Annis at the Bayside Yacht
club in August last year Justice Gar
retson of the supreme court will pre-
sid
The Madison daily leader. [volume] (Madison, S.D.) 1890-current, 1909-03-16
TWENTY PERSONS DROWNED
Steamer Sunk in Collision OF Rotter-
dam, Holland.

Rotterdam, March 16.-The Nor
wegian steamer Mascot collided with
the German ship Margrethan about
forty miles west of the Mas light
ship. The Margrethan sank almost
Immediately, twenty OF the crew be-
Ing drowned. The six remaining
members of the crew were saved. The
Mascot returned here with a big hole
In her bow.