davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-10-15

The "shelI Game" on Dry Farm.
hulless, or the beardless brewing
barley, for feed, is short sea-
son crop which will mature with
a minimum amount of moisture.
Oats do we'll in all parts of the
arid country Alfalfa will succeed,
but it is important to get seed which
is raised in the north, where the sea
sons are short. Bronze grass is one Of
the best drought-resistant crops for
pasture purposes. but it quickly gets
sod-bound and it must be narrowed or
disced to keep 1t producing we'll.
White sweet clover is being tested by
the Wyoming experiment station and
developed by plant breeders so that it
will become valuable crop. French
clover or sainfoin is a hardy drought
resistant clover at high attitudes. The
winter grains are especially favorable
for dry farming, because the summer
fallow methods properly prepare the
ground for such seed and the spring
rains are sufficient to mature the crop.
Winter rye is one of the most sue
cessful dry farm crops and is one of
the best feeds for hogs that can be
produced.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-10-15

Ornamental trees are subject to me-
chanical injuries in a thousand ways.
Street. and lawn trees that are situ-
ated where horses can get at them arc
practically certain to have their bark
gnawed off unless protected with some
sort of guard. This is perhaps the
,commonest injury to trees. The injury
shown in figure, is an extreme case,
but can be duplicated on almost any
city street. The exposed wood in this
tree will soon rot, if not painted or;
otherwise protected, and the death Of
the tree is only question of time
Mutilation i'll curb laying is usually
necessary and unavoidable, but the
wound can and should be treated;
otherwise, reproducing fungi find
Judgment and in few years the base
of the tree will be rotted out, as
shown in figure So. Fire is another
frequent cause of injury at the base
of the trunk, and so also, in the case
of lawn trees, is collision with lawn
mowers. 81.
Mutilation by stringing wires may
or may not be avoiEable in a given
case, but it is certain that in the
country at large telephone companies
are responsible for an enormous
amount of sheer vandalism in the un-
necessary mutilation and destruction
OF trees. Remedies for this lie only in
increased public interest and legal re-
striction. Finally, unskillful pruning
and deliberate neglect of wounds are
responsible. for half of all the harm.
Injuries from wind, hail. ice, storms,
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-10-15
.IRRIGATlNG The sPuD CROP
Watering and DItchins Delayed Until
the Plant Begins to Bloom or
the Tubers Set.

b.
Ditching and irrigating are delayed
as long as possible. The rule is not
to irrigate if it can be avoided until
the potatoes are in bloom or the tu-
bers set, which will be within the
next fortnight. The ditching is done
with a narrow double mold board
plow. Three horses are attached
and the pillow is run once in each row
at about the depth of cultivation, or
ten to twelve inches. This ditching
takes the place of one cultivation, and
if the ground is hard or if the first
irrigation fills the bitches to any ex-
tent, the operation is repeated so as
to make the bitches deep enough to
keep the water below the surface of
the potato ridges.
The details of irrigation depend up.
on the size and contour of the field.
Many of the fields are so arranged
that the rows are from one-fourth to
one-half mile long. If the land slopes
sufficiently and continuously across
the field from the supply ditch, the
problem is simple. At the first appli-
cation the water is turned into a
lateral at the head of the rows. A
canvas dam is placed in the head
ditch so as to hold the water back and
raise it into the rows. After the wa.
ter has run in these rows sufficient
length of time to thoroughly wet the
soil, the canvas dam is pulled out and
reset farther down and the water is
stopped by blocking the heads of the
irrigated rows with soil. In large
fields the water is run in alternate
rows only.
The head of water depends upon the
slope and length of rows. If short
and the incline steep, the head must
be small or the stream will reach the
far side so quickly that enough water
will not be used to thoroughly wet the
soil. On the other hand, if the rows
are long and the land nearly level the
head of water is increased so as to
force it along the rows faster, or a
transverse ditch is cut through the
middle of the field so as to shorten the
distance the water has to flow. If
ridges occur in the field transverse
bitches are run along at. their top and
irrigating is done both ways from it..
When the water has run in the
bitches until it seeps through to the
unirrigated row, the soil is sufficiently
wet. AT the second irrigation the
water is run in the rows not irrigated
the first time.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-10-15

RI 4 !. CITY.
SOUTH DAKOTA
4 NEW 4scHooL NEEDED.
ND WEsTERN STOCK REVIEW

rs l
The Wright brothers are quoted aa
saying that they will build an aero,
plane for 81 800 for anybody who
wants one. Now that they have dem.
onstrated so thoroughly the fine quail
ties OF their machine its great speed,
and its birdlike ability to rise and sink
while sweeping over hills and valleys,
there must be number of adventure
GUS spirits who would like to own one,
The automobilists. whose recreation is
tnterfered with by bad roads and by
other vehicles would like to try the
smooth and vacant pathways of the
all, to fly as the bird flies, and float
over the ponds or lakes instead Of
having to travel around them. There
IL q practical difficulty as yet, says the
Chicago Tribune. No one can buy with
the machine the skill to operate it,
and theresal no aeroplane chauffeurs
nor Is there any one to teach them
SOrville Wright is going abroad to in
terest foreign governments in the
American invention. His brother will
teach some army officers how to han
die the aeroplane the government has
bought Of him. After having attended
to that he will devote himself to the
business of aeroplane construction.
Along with that should go the estab.
lishment of a school where capable
aviator could give instruction to eager
pupils.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-10-15
INTERNAL WATERWAY PLANS
Enough Now Proposed to Take Up
Several Million Dollars
All Can Not Succeed.

There are enough internal waterway
schemes now proposed to easily take
up several thousand million dollars,
and all interests in various parts of
the west are cooperating, says Irri-
cation Age. The projectors of irriga-
ton schemes in the desert schemes
in the desert country of the United
States do not undertake to put their
wishes ahead of the champions of the
deep waterways from the lakes to the
gulf. Nevertheless it is clear that all
these things can not be carried out,
and particularly clear that the United
States government will not go. very
deeply into them. In the first place,
a great many Of the irrigation projects
are local in their nature and can we'll
be carried on by private capital, and
as to the lakes-to-gulf affair this state
stands ready to start the thing with
$20,000,000. The government has al
ready done good work in the irriga-
ton line, and with the ideas of econo-
my that have grown up in the admin
istration lately, no large appropria-
lions in that direction can reasonably
be expected.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-10-15
EASTERN WAY OF FARMING
Farmers with Those Notions Have
Difficulty in Getting Started
in Alfalfa.


The majority Of the new farmers
coming into our section are from the
central states and notice that they
bring with them eastern notions Of
farming, says writer in Denver Field
and Farm. Consequently in attempt
ing to seed alfalfa they can not get
away from the eastern idea Of seed
ing with nurse crop. The climatic
conditions here are such as to make
entirely unwise the use Of eastern
methods. During the spring, while
moisture is abundant, alfalfa may ger
inmate and start off nicely but as soon
as the soil begins to dry the nurse
crop robs the 1egume of its moisture,
thereby checking it's growth or kill
ing it altogether. Then too these
folks come out here with the idea
that they should seed their. alfalfa in
August which, is the wrong time in
this country. ~
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-10-15

~ III l.4lA Z = +
ss The Russian ministry of commerce
has prepared an elaborate plan provid,
Ing for the general improvement Of all
the seaports OF the empire at cost OF
Sill. Ss6, 237. The amounts which it is
planned to expehd at Baltic ports aga
gregate s$l4, 1852. This is a large
amount Of money, but Russia will get
more In return Cor It than II she were
TO spend u all in the race for naval
supremacy. Navies can be obtained
fast enough when nations are prosper
4 GUS; and the only way in which, pros
perity can be secured is by enterprise
such as that indicated in the deter.
8mination to give Russia seaports that
VIII acc mmodate the commerce Of
I the world.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-10-15
SPREADING WATER ON HILLS
TWO Systems of corrusation Irriea.
ton as Demonstrated at the spo-
kane Congress.

One form of the corrugation sys-
TEN of irrigation as demonstrated at
the Spokane: congress- is applied TO
soil where the land slopes in more
than enc. direction. the bitches being
made to follow the natural contour,
which needs no grading. Water is
supplied through one box and the
ditchessspread out in fan shape over
the land. :l Z.
Another plan of the. so-called cor
rugation idea, best adapted to sugar
beet, alfalfa and grain lands with a
gentle slope, showed water. distribu-
ton by means Of V-shaped bitches or
riils 211s inches deep and about IS
inches apart. The marginal dixie or
basin system. of irrigation shows
bitches built surrounding the tract Of
varying size running from one acre
to ten acres in area. To practice this
method successfully the land must be
level, or have only a.. gentle slope.
Sufficient head may be had in the
water itself to cause 1t to spread over
the ground. .sy5 .s. 4:
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-10-15

And now come dispatches from
s;Winnipeg announcing that the yield of
wheat In the prairie provinces of Can.
ada this year will reach 130.oOo.oOO
bushels. In the World Almanac for
1909 the whole wheat crop Of Canada,
for 1907 is stated to have been &C.,
COG. 900 bushels. This caused some
doubt to be expressed as to the au-
slthenticity Of extracts from a United
States consul's reports as to the in
crease of wheat production in the
northwest provinces which were pub
lished during the excitement attend
ing the recent wheat corner. The in
crease OF wheat production in the
! Canadian northwest has been almost
sufiicient to stagger belief. 1t will be
= great blessing to the crowded cities
Mof the earth whose cry goes up for
bread.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-10-15
INSECT EATING
BIRDS KILLED
Robin Destroys Many Bugs In,
furious to Crops in Course OF
Year-ShouId Be Protected.

Virginia, North Carolina and Ten.
nessee have the undesirable distinc.
ton of being the only states in. the
union in which the slaughter Of robins
Is permitted by law, and recent in
Svestigations show that not less. than
100000 robins are. killed aby some
10000 pothunters in these three states
during the winter months Patient
investigation by ornithologists !. has
proved that robin in year earns
zone dollar in the destruction Of insects
Injurious to crops. The ,pothuhfe,rs
sell them for five cents a dozeni This
wanton waste amillions of dollars Is
something which should appeal, to the
hard common g! sense Of every southern
farmer. Is.
In an investigation Of this deplor.
able bird slaughter, "a writer in
Recreation brings a sweeping indict-
ment against the sportsmen.. of. Viz
.ginia, North Carolina and Tennessee
Declaring. that they are Responsible
for the lack Of legislation for prtpyt tsee
ton Of the robin: 1t is asserted that
as "a class they have sfor' years or /.
posed the enactment of laws putting
robins on. the forbidden list, on the
ground that If the shooting Of these
! b'i .llE were made unlawful the pot
hunters b.! Mt would soon wipe out tie
quail: It is q flimsy argument at ina
best and. will not stand the" test of
;analysis.s. .g.is; ;.;sss...i,. "a ~ e
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-10-15

| larger branches injured on the south
west side by the freezing and cohse-s
quent death of patches of bark Dur,
ing the warmer winter days there is.
sufficient heat at noon to stimulate
portions of the growing layer into
premature growth; such tissue. is
killed if cold weather follows fmmedi-
ately. The injury. often does not be
come manifest until we'll into the
summer The dead tissue forms a
favorable place for the growth of
parasitic organisms and such a tree
usually dies from fotting in a few years
This trouble must not be:,.confused
with that type of sun scald which is
due simply to extreme heat in, sum-
mer, when the growing layer may be
literally cooked. Such cases occur
most typically in the arid sections Of
the southwestern states.
| Trees that are worth the care are
best protected by wrapping the parts
liable to this sort of injury with straw
or paper. Often merely shading the
part liable to this injury with a board
/ VI Sll1l6leS rs tSu1lClSuL 10 prevent III.
| Another winter injury often CON
fused with freezing is actual drying
out. This may occur. anywhere, but
most, typically in the. higher attitudes
of the west, where the DIRK and rare
fled air and bright sun favSr evapora-
ton from the tree surface of more wa
ter than the roots can obtain from the
cold and frequently sandy or igravelIy'
SOIL Eyergreens are especially sub
ject to this. difficulty, since their leaves
transpire to some extent. throughout
the winter. Whatever conseryes, the
moisture of the soil tends to. decrease
this injury. for example, ,mulching
and fall or winter irrigating. Trees
normally hardy will often winterkill
| If unable to tripen' their wobdf' com
pletely; this often happens as a res,ilt
of defoliation in late summer. si,%.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-10-15

ss The announcement from Norway
that an electrician Of that country has
devised Il storage battery which solves
the problem that Thomas A. Edison
has been attacking assiduously for
some years past may compel Mr.. Edi-
son to bring out the battery whose
Invention he announced a short time
ago. Inventive genius is working
along the same lines. and iSwould not
/ be- surprising were the storage bat.
Ter TO come out with several promo
ters. as did the telephone.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-10-15
CONDUCT DRY FARM
Scientific Methods as Practiced
in California for Years.
Farmer Simply Divides His Land Into
TWO Portions, on one-Half Rails
Ing Crops, Other Halt Being
Summer FaIIowed.

The system of dry farming methods
is that which has been successfully
practiced on the Pacific coast for
more than generation, with such
notifications as are adapted to diff
ferent conditions of soil, climate and
rainfall. The farmer simply divides
his land into two portions, on one
half raising crops, the other half be-
ing summer fallowed. BY this meth
cd, which is easily understood and
carried out, the farmer has long
season instead Of short one and
drives his work instead of being
driven by it. Crops are produced
by this method when the seasons are
dryer than usual and one big crop is
raised with one blowing, one seeding,
several civilizations, practically two
years moisture and one harvesting
The blowing must be deep. The
plan recommended is to pillow old
ground eight or nine inches deep. 1t
is always better to pillow in the fall,
where possible, in order that the
ground may absorb the winters moist
ure, the sod becoming decomposed
and the soil sufficiently compacted to
form a good seed bed for spring plant
ing.
All spring and summer blowing
should be thoroughly narrowed the
same day 1t is plowed. II possible,
harrow land drill as welD .diagonally
or at right angles to the way, in which
the winds blow. The object in doing
this is to prevent the land from
drifting; to hold the snow which fails
on the plowed ground or winter grain,
to prevent the particles Of soil or snow
from injuring the young grain in the
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-10-15

lightning and other natural causes are
largely unavoidable, but the resulting
wounds can sometimes be treated. ~
Sometimes, when an unprotected.
wound exudes sap in the spring, vari-
GUS apparently nonparasitic. organ
-yeasts, bacteria and fungi-will
begin growing on the wound and soon,
form asslimy, dripping mass over It's
surface and running down from the
wound. The cambium beneath dies
rapidly and the acids and other. by
products Of the action Of the fermenta-
ing organisms appear to poison the
wood, SO that the wound cannot pos
sibly heal naturally. Such sa case is
shown in figure g.. This. disease ma
turally affects the general health Of
the injured tree, and its death is often
only "a question Of time Death fire.
quently results from girdling,, the Aux:
spreading from the wound = until It.
completely surrounds the trunk or.
limb, that it is on. III, d.
Within three years the bark. disease.
has proved very destructive to chest
Hui. trees I'm New York and Is Spread
ing rapidly .If 1t confines to spread.
as it has begun itswills become onesof
the most serious tree diseases in,the
country It already actively threat
ems the existence Of the chestnut foorr-
estss and orchards Of the = eastern;
states. S w. s ;sss
The disease is.cansed. by; fungus.
The sporesaof this fungus enter the!
tree through wounds. insect punctures.f
dead twigs, or dead wood anywhere
possibly also In other ways. I From
the point Of infection the fungus.
grows in all Actions through the
growing, layer and inner, bark until the
growth meets on the opposite side of
the trunk or limb. which in, this way
'is girdled. Ss
The disease is very ssconspi cuous ana
easy of diagonsis On limbs = with
smooth bark the areas attacked by
the fungus show dead, discolored.
sunkep patches of bark, covered more
or less thickly with yellow, orange 81
brown postules 81 the fruiting fungus
stseea Fig! So
Many trees. especially smooth.
shaxasd ones. hare Their trunks and
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-10-15
Alfalfa AZ HOO Pasture.

One Of the greatest advantages Of
alfalfa as al hog pasture is the fact
that it, aAfords:a fresh growth through
out,the grazing season. The pasture
should be moved at least three times
each season, thus taking of all the
matured' stems, and giving opportunity
for the sending up, Of a new tender
growth, although in; this country the
lob iss seldom sdone.. 4. tits the new,
fresh growth that makes alfalfa ,.pas.
}ture SO, generally preferred by hogs
and so highly satisfactory as a flesh
former. A hog does not Craze like
the COW. horse or sheep, but Is best
suited when it can bite on a sprig Of
alfalfa, and does not from choice like
to feed on . thick. heavy-coated sod.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-10-15

drill burrows by being carried along
these burrows by the wind.
W. Winter grain should be sown. early
Spring grain should be sown as early
In the spring as the ground can be
put in good condition and danger of
hard freezing is past. The earlier the
grain is soWn the greater is it's chance
OF stooling, Another thing of vital
Importance. is to see that the seeds
are planted properly. s'
+, The experience of the most intelli-
gent and up-to-date farmers shows
that by sowing 30 to 40 pounds of
wheat per acre in the fall, better re-
suits will be obtained than with
more
The press drill is one of the essen
tial implements for the dry farmer.
1t puts the grain in in proper shape
and to the right depth, pressing the
soil around the seed, which insures
moisture to cause it to terminate,
making a gain of a week or ten days.
The man who sows alfalfa broadcast
generally puts in from 20 to 40 pounds
of seed per acre, when il he uses a
press drill, ten to twelve pounds Of
seed will be sufficient.
The soil mulch is a most important
factor. It is by soil mulch that the
moisture is conserved. The summer
fallow should be in a granular form
Of small Jumps, but care should be
taken not to get it too fine. The OBJ.
ject Of culttvating the summer-fal-
lowed soil is to prevent the formation
Of crust; to allow the proper action
Of the sun and air; to break up the
capillaries and prevent the moisture
rising to the Surface and evaporating,
and to intercept the growth Of weeds.
The soil mulch must also be
maintained on the land which Is
raising the crop; ~ In the spring thor.
oughly harrow the winter grain Tor use
q weeder), and remember that to do
this properly requires that the har-
row teeth shall be sharp. There are
q large number Of farmers who are
afraid of narrowing their grain tor
fear of tearing out. The man who
once harrows with q good team and
sharp harrow teeth VIII not only have
no cause to, regret II, but will see that
at Is always done in the future. Al
Hfalfa and grass meadows should be
thoroughly iisked. because alfalfa
permanently 10 couples the land disk
ing and narrowing liz the only meth
I'D by which, the soil moisture can be
properly saved. Potatoes. corn ana
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-10-15
care al Youno Horses.

Many d, vicious horse hass been
started on Its bad career by not being
properly handled when young. Even
though colt is naturally Of a bad
disposition it can be easily managed
while under six months old. When
once taught that man is a kind mas
ter the first step in a colts training
has been successfully aGcomplis
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-10-15

with two men out and i've hits se.
cured. The next batter knocks line
drive that strikes the, man running
from second 70 third. putting him out.
The run that crosses the plate does
not roant ass three men are nut, and
ihs, batter - credited with a hit, ac-
s;cording to the scoring srules.s This
gives the team SIX hits without run.
Records do not show that ,it has ever
occurred. but Il Il possible.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-10-15
Prejudice Against Goats.

There is a deep-seated prejudice
against the use of goats of any kind
for meat, This is founded, however,
rather upon ignorance than expert,
ence. The most ill-sme lling billy Of
the worst possible type Is by many
made the standard Of goat meat for
the whole of the goat family. AS far
back as Abraham'c day We. read Of
goats being used for meat like
" Angoras.-and this. too, when there
were many cattle and sheep.
The Black Hills union and western stock review. [volume] (Rapid City, S.D.) 1904-19??, 1909-10-15

The Say and festive mosquito is
holding high carnival with his family
and friends over the failure OF his
proposed exterminat ton. And II is a
/ rory carnival. In which the best blood
sof stimore has attested the. fact OF
human sacrifices as 4 part Of tie cele.
ghrntions 4, Y l.ls3