davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Barton County democrat. [volume] (Great Bend, Kan.) 1885-1915, 1909-12-24
Blakeslee-Taylor

Wednesday at high noon al
the home of the brides parents
Mr.. and Mr.. C. E. BlakeSlee Of
Pawnee Rock, occurred the wed.
ding of their youngest daughter
Grace to Ralph c. Taylor. Of
Great Bend. The ring ceremony
was performed by Rev. Robertson
of Pawnee Rock.
Only the immediate relatives
were present. An elaborate din.
mel was served Immediately al
ter the ceremony and the after.
noon much enjoyed by those pre-:
ent.
The brides dress was white
silk and her bOquet of carnatiOn:
were also white. The groom
wore the conventional black.
The young folks will be al
home to their many friends OF
a farm of the groOm's father
southwest of Great Bend.
Barton County democrat. [volume] (Great Bend, Kan.) 1885-1915, 1909-12-24

George Banta visited at Ly-
ons last week.
Barton County democrat. [volume] (Great Bend, Kan.) 1885-1915, 1909-12-24

O. W. Dawson and Henry
Harper returned last Thurs
day from a business trip down
around San Antonio, Texas.
Mineral Point tribune. (Mineral Point, Wis.) 1869-1938, 1909-09-09
NATURES WARNING
Mineral Point People Must Recognize
and feed II.

Kidney ills come quietly-mysteri-
ously,
But nature always warns you.
Notice the kidney secretlons.
See if the color is unhealthy
If there are settings and sediment,
Passages frequent, scanty, painful
It's time then to use Doan's Kidney
Pills,
To ward off Bright's disease or dia-
betes.
Doan's have done great work in Min
eral Point.
Pat Whalen. living in the southern
part of Mineral Point Wis, says; 81
was troubled with rheumatism and kid
ney complaint for eight or ten years.
The secretions from my kidneys We're
very unnatural in appearance and also
contained sediment. | had great deal
of pain in the small of my back which
caused me much misery and upon learn
ing Of Doans Kidney Pills procured
q box at Ivey's Pharmacy Since using
them / have felt stronger and better
in every way and it affords me pleasure
to give them my endorsement.
For sale by all dealers. Price so cents,
Foster-Milburn CO., Buffalo, New York
sole agents for the United States
Remember the name (Doan's) and
take no other
Mineral Point tribune. (Mineral Point, Wis.) 1869-1938, 1909-09-09

Pamphlet containing arithmetic work
by pupil of the 4th grade, Clara Hol
man LIST, Isabella Ellery End.
Pamphlet containing arithmetic work
by pupils of the 18th grade, Grace
Winn lst, Josephine Meditation End.
Pamphlet containing geography work,
by pupil of the 18th grade, Ruth Pen
hallegon list, Grace Winn End.
Pamphlet containing history work, by
pupil of 18th grade, Ruth Penhallegon
list, Florence Rink end.
SPELL e blanks, by pupils of Bird grade,
Arthur Brenton LIST, Clara Fine End.
Spelling blanks, by pupils of 4th grade,
Clara Holman LIST. Leila Woolrich I'd.
Spelling blanks by pupils of eth grade,
Ruth Coady list, Kathleen Padon end.
Pamphlets containing class work in
physiology, by pupils of the eth grade,
Ruth Penhallegon LIST, Grace Winn
End.
Physiological tablets, by pupils of the
18th grade, Thomas Brenton list, Rich
ard Brewer 2nd.
Copy book, by pupils Of the Bird grade
Ruth Webberly LIST, Genevieve Nc
Murrough end
| Copy book, by pupils of the 4th grade
Eunice Noble list, Cecil Jackson End
Writing pamphlet. inventors and inven
tons, by pupils of the Sth grade
| Bessie Bachelor LIST, Katie Jackson
End.
Copy book, by pupils of the 18th grade
Agnes Peter LIST, Grace Winn End.
CLASS 81.
Social letter, by pupils of the eth grade
Florence Rink list, Ruth Penhallegon
end.
Business letter, by pupils of the 18th
grade, F.uth Coady LIST, Lyle Carpen
| ter 2nd.
Set of examination papers, (set of four
by pupils of the eth grade, Maud
Keyes LIST, Florence Rink 2nd.
Kindergarten display; first premium
$500; second premium $500 Miss
Eta Neal 1st and 2nd.
Sketch booklet by pupil of 18th grade
Thomas Brenton 1st. Clarence Peter:
End.
Bird booklet, containing ten picture,
and descriptions of birds, Ruth Coady
LIST, Ruth Penhallegon End.
Art and artists booklets, by pupils o.
the eth grade, Grace VIM list, Agnes
Peters 2nd.
Best story, by pupils of the 18th grade
Florence Rink list.
Set of examination papers (4) by pupil,
of 3rd grade, Fanny Jelliffe LIST
Genevieve McMurrough end
Set of examination papers (4) by pupils
| 4th grade, Isabella Ellery LIST, Thelmi
Richards 2nd.
Best diagram showing growth of politi
cal parties, by pupils of Sth grade
Lucille Bauer, LIST, Ada Schaumberl
end
Best Composition on Tariff by pupil
Sth grade, Ada Schaumberg LIST
Katie jackson 2nd.
Stenciled sofa pillow pupil Sth grade
Myrtle Parmley 1st Mary Weiden
Teller end
Three charcoal drawings, pupil Stl
| grade Myrtle Parmley LIST, Lucil
Bauer 2nd.
Geography tablet, pupil 3rd grade
Arthur Brenton list, Leone Huppret
= end
Mineral Point tribune. (Mineral Point, Wis.) 1869-1938, 1909-09-09
===ozCLOTHINGa oz7
:-FABLES-:

You can hear and read them every
day. All this drivel about Hand
Made" AMT Flat Iron Self
Shrinking Sleeps Wool" is all
pure bosh.
The clothes we sell are made
partly on machines and finished by
hand-they are pressed with irons
the cloth is shrunk after it is
woven. Better clothes cannot be
made, in fact good clothes cannot
be made otherwise
Absolute satisfaction or mon
ey back is the way we sell
them and you're the judge.
Mineral Point tribune. (Mineral Point, Wis.) 1869-1938, 1909-09-09

An editor, who was counting a wo-
man of an uncertain age but positive
bank account, was cut out by gentle
man from neighboring town, who
married her and took her home. Where
upon he sought a mean revenge by
heading an account of her wedding,
Another old resident gone"
Mineral Point tribune. (Mineral Point, Wis.) 1869-1938, 1909-09-09

pamphlat containing language work, by
pupils of the Bird grade Nerda hu3 ,
table list, Genieve MeMurrough @iiu.
Pamphlet containing language Wofk,, ~
pupil of the 4th'grade. beulah " h''e
list. Eleanor Moody 2nd
Pamphlet containing quotauohs' w
pupil of Sth grade, Ada SehauhoeFs
lat. Blanche Fox end.
Pamphlet containing Language W3IA-
by pupil of the tn graae, Agnes
Peter 1T. Florence EngelS -ha'
Pamphlet containing literature, ~
mlpil of the eth grade kuth feAisW
legion lst. Grace Ninn 2nd'
Mineral Point tribune. (Mineral Point, Wis.) 1869-1938, 1909-09-09
ELGtN PRICE
For Butter Fat

For all hand-separated cream deliver
ed at the Mineral Point Creamery,
Mineral Point, Wis, we will pay this
week ending, Sept. 4, 20 cents per
pound for butter fat.
MINERAL POINT CREAMERY Co.
Mineral Point tribune. (Mineral Point, Wis.) 1869-1938, 1909-09-09
Dray, Baggage e Express
COMPANY.

Having purchased what was formerly
the Robt. James dray and express line
and coal business, we desire that the
public know we are fully prepared to
accommodate promptly anyone wanting
service in our line.
Baggage handled carefully. All calls
promptly attended to. We are also
equipped for heavy hauling.
Hard, soft and blacksmith coal on
hand at all times. Orders filled on
short notice N. H. LINDEN,
23tf j. P. KIEFFER, JR.
The Mineral PIT. Dray & Coal Co.
Office Phone , s 8. Hotel Royal.
The Daily Missoulian. [volume] (Missoula, Mont.) 1904-1961, 1909-12-12
Letters to the Editor
Editor of MissouIian.

Editor Of Missoulian.
The secretary of tho stat. board af
health. DIR. futile. in an interview
given 10 the papers Of the state YES
terday gives reasons" for the s,,snen~
sion af quarantine In smallpox. some
Of these are indeed artless and when
analszed IL would seem that the doc
tor Was presun.lng upon the ignoran nee
Of the public.
1T. Tutue states that in iSa. there
Mere 10000 deaths from smallpox In
the Philippines. Ten years later there
We're Sna deaths. Quarantine and dis
infection have been disregardea and
vaccination relied on exclusively To
stamp ont the disease"
Note the date, 1897. The next wear.
IL will be- recalled. one Admiral Dewey
visited Manila, and during the next
few years the municipalities of the
Philippine islands were transformed
from reeklng. filthy breeding nests of
disease |" cleanly towns with first
class sanitary regulations. The thor
engh renoNating and cleaning ND which
Manila and other Philippine towns re-
eeis.d at that time. is IA matter of
resultant decreas. i'm disease. smallpox
with the rest.
That thu improved conditions as re.
CARDS smallpox Were brought about
under regulations which ignored utar-
antine and disinfcctinn is not true.
There ar officers now stationed nj
Fort Missnula. some at whom We're. as
late as 1907. acting as district SAINT
tars officers iii the Philippines, ana
they state that the most rigid auaran-
tine of every house containing small
neN was maintained. The statistics
will show. too that by that tine the
epidemic MAS ~sil under control
The secretary af the state board also
sass: In 1885,. Gloucester England. a
cit az 10000 people. MAS the hotbed of
the anti Faccinationist. In December
of that year smallpox broke out there
There We're 1879 cases and 4ss deaths. Is
The doctor did not state Gloucester
Mas one Of the tllthiest towns I'm the
United Kingdom. lie seems To make
his statements on the assumption that
people are claiming that not to be
Faceinateh is all that is necessary 10
avoid taking smallpox.
Savage and semi-ciyilixed people
have been throughout history. cruelty
decimated by the disease. because they
lived in filth. observed no health rules
nor sanitary regulations. mingled free
IN with each other when possessed by
lie disease. and did not know how To
properly care for their sick.
When civilized people at'aEs thesF
communities L. become filthy. allow
sanitary regulations To lapSe they get
the same dose. That Is exactly wha,
happened in Gloucester. England. DIR.
Tuttse did NOT look up the statistics
ON the neighhorlng English town of
Leicester. ar. if he did. he did not
mention il. That town has H papala-
tlon Of about 100000 souls. Is model
The Daily Missoulian. [volume] (Missoula, Mont.) 1904-1961, 1909-12-12
NO LOBBY TO Be
MAINTAINED
BURLINGTON OFFICIALS AND
OTHERS DENY WASHING
TON REPORT.

Washington, Dec 11.-A report has
gained currency that it was the pur-
pose of the railways of the country
to establish in Washington in the
present S. ssion of congress a power
full lobby to influence railroad legis-
lation. The report is denied by i'm
portant railroad officials. This reply
to a message of inquiry was received
yesterday from Vice President Miller
of the Chicago. Burlington & Quincy
This company is not a party to any
arrangement to maintain IA bureau
for lobby work or any other purpose
and could not be. and does not be-
lieve any other railroad would enter
into such arrangement. / have made
inquiry and am unable to get any in-
formation that any such arrangement
exists. | ann certain there is nc
foundation for the report
Mr.. Miller's reply is of the same
tenor as kilograms from other rail
road officials.
The Daily Missoulian. [volume] (Missoula, Mont.) 1904-1961, 1909-12-12
no POLITICAL WORK
P[RhfIHD
TAFT TALKS STRAIGHT FROM
THE SHOULDER TO CENSUS
SUPERVISORS.

Washington. Dec. lI.-president Taft
TO-DAY served notice on ambitions men,
bers of congress that the newly organ
lied machinery for the taking of The
coming census is not to be utilized for
political ends. He addressed So census
supervisors at the White house TO-DAY
and told them plainly that II they use
their offices. or Ii they permitted the
enrmerators directly under them to
further political ends. he would remove
thein promptly.
Many of you-most of you-hara
Ieen recommended by congressman,
said the president, and it may be that
some of those congressman will come
TO YOU and expect because they lid
recommend you that YOU owe them
something In the way Of selecting tho
men rs enumcrators who will her,
them i'm their congressional elections.
You have got TO select the men whom.
YOU think will do the work. and If yoE
catch them doing political work / wish
YOU 10 remove them. just as | will re-
move YOU If | catch you doing Qnliti
cal work. 1t liz business. | am not
quarreling with the congressman"
The Daily Missoulian. [volume] (Missoula, Mont.) 1904-1961, 1909-12-12
MUTTtR|NCs CAUSE
HUSBANDS ARREST

Savannah, Ga. Dec 1l.-Mrs.
Maggie. Hunter. only survivor of the
three women who We're murderousls
attacked in their homes here yester-
day. made statements in her daiirnm
to-day that caused the re-arrest II her
husband. j. G. Hunter. Physicians and
nurses who have hoped to eaten II
word leading tn cl.w to the person
who murdered Mrs. Eliza Gribbe and
her daughter. Mrs. Carrie Chandler.
heard Mrs. Hunter say that her hus-
band had struck her. TIL. police We're
Immediately notified and Hunter was
taken In charge.
Despite the injured woman's d.
1irious talk. few believe anyone is
guilty of the crime except tha negro
man. now missing. who was 'seen u
enter the house about the time Of th.
murders with an axe in his hand. He
wards Of 1880 have been offered for
the negrus capture.
The Daily Missoulian. [volume] (Missoula, Mont.) 1904-1961, 1909-12-12
MAY OPEN COAL LANDS
FOR ACR|CULT URAL USES

Washington. Dec. 10.-Many million
acres of coal lands will be opened to
use for agricultural purposes if con-
gress should pass a bill introduced to-
day by Representative Mondeli OF
Wyoming. chairman of the house
committee on public lands. The bill,
said to be in line with administra-
ton views, authorizes entries under
the homestead desert land-Carcy rec
lamation law of lands classified rs
coal lands. or known to be valuable
for coal the government reserving tn
itself all the coal in these lands and
their right to prospect, mine or dis
pose of 1t. - &# &
1t Is estimated that there Is just as
much unclassified coal land territory
as the 100000 acres which have been
already classified
The unclassified land cannot now be
utilized for ranging millions oi
acres bearing coal, covered in the bill
may not be mined for generations UNI
less there is legislation.
The Daily Missoulian. [volume] (Missoula, Mont.) 1904-1961, 1909-12-12
WAKE DEFENDS COOK
IN STATEMENT
DECLARES THAT he HAS NO
DOUBT LOOSE cUNkEl
STORY is FALSE.

New York. Dec. I1.-Charles Wake,
an intimate friend Of DR.. Frederick A.
Cook. rallied to his support yesterday
with statement reasserting his con-
fidence in the doctors integrity and
attacking the credibility of Captain
A. w. Loose and George Fl. Dunkel.
who have sworn that they assisted
the explorer in the preparation of
data concerning the north pole The
statement says in part:
There is no shadow nj doubt in
my mind that their story is fabri-
cation. / ask nothing more than that
the public suspend Judgment until the
doctor has sufficiently rccuperated 10
take up the battle against his dctract-
ors. Meanwhile. in the security of his
retirement, far from the roar of the
weil-greascd affidavit mill. he is in
entire ignorance Of this latest tempest
i'm teapot, and | propose to keep my
pledge by respecting his retreat. |
can say. however. that lie Is not now
and has not been in any sanitarium."
The Daily Missoulian. [volume] (Missoula, Mont.) 1904-1961, 1909-12-12
.F|FTy-N|EE LIVES
ARE LOST IN STORM

Cleveland. Ohio. Dec. 1.-THE ter
rifle storm which passed over Lake Erie
Wednesday night and Thursday rcaped
a harvest of lives and laid waste more
than S1.Do0,o0U worth of vessel prop
erty. Late reports show that 50 lives
were lost. that 20 sailors were rescued.
that four boats were destroyed. and
that one is aground and sustained
heavy damages. The summary shows:
Steamer Clarion, burned; Il lives
lost 8 saved.
Steamer W. c. Richardson, 5
drowned, ii saved.
Car ferry Marquette and Bessemer
No. >, wrecked: IS lives lost.
Steamer Josiah G.. Munro. went
aground attempting to rescue sailors
from the Clarion; tow barge sunk. no
lives lost: "A sailor from the Richard
son. crazed by exposure. committed
suicide.
No one considers there is any chance
that any of the i3 members of the
crew of the Clarion have survived.
Two of the crew are known to have
persisted. Neither il any hope now
held out for any of the members OF the
crew OF the car ferry, Marquette and
Bcssemer No. ,. who have been missing
four days.
The Daily Missoulian. [volume] (Missoula, Mont.) 1904-1961, 1909-12-12

city as far as cleanliness and SANTA
lion goes. and rigidls isolates it's
smallpox patients. During the period
- 30 years from 1873 to 1908. II leri.d
in which vaccination has been largely
abandoned, the average annual mortal
its from smallpox was only IL per
100000 living.
H. other words. dirty. III regulated,
Gloucester gels the smallpox and a
high rate of mortality. while Leicester,
depending upon cleanliness. str.c. san
ttary regulation and rigid uuarantin.
and atsintectlon. has for over 80 years
kept its smallpox mortality down to a
figure which challenges comparison.
The doctor called attention to MIN
nssota and Florida as states which
have abolished quarantine in small
poA. What experience Florida Is hay
Ing we do not know: but Minnesota
certainly II not a model To follow,
judging from reports brought by reo-
pie who have just come from that
state. some nf the towns t.ler. ought
to he rid ot the smallpox in few
wears, for at the present rate there
will he no residents left by that time
who haven't had il. -s-.u.
There happens To he A. states in the
Uuinn besides Minnesota ani Florida
and these states are not allowing their
smallpox patients to run at large. and
i@Ese p"rCentace nj thas. states haxs
had much less smallpox than Minne-
sofa has had during the last few years
1t is, too, nn reflection on the medical
men in Minnesota. or Montana either
I" say that there is some pretty good
llnfc ssioual talent in these IL states
"" are Informed that statistics show
that Missuuia has not had death
from smallpox in eight years, Tina,
Is certainly a matter for cangratula-
tion, bat hardly reason for inviting
an epidemic which may bring some
deaths, Billings has not been 81 for
tunat@, Iii their epidemic nj "A few
years ago out of III cases ID died
But suppns.. II does not kill. Inusi-
hess does not kill, but il is condition
which most people prefer not To be in
and To avoid.
ASA WILLARD.
December II. iana.
The Daily Missoulian. [volume] (Missoula, Mont.) 1904-1961, 1909-12-12

ernment agents i'm the customs SER
vice.
The men on trial are James F. Ben
Harrisburg plant: Oliver Splitter. dock
superintendent. and Thomas 4. Doyle.
checkers and syeighers in the trust
employ The five checkers with Spit
ger were known as tFYr Big Six" and
they are accused of defrauding the
government by entering false weights.
The frauds were made possible by
the use of fixed scales" discovered
by Special Treasury Agent Richard
parr. The government is looking to
Bendernagie TO turn states witness.
and expose the whole fabric of fraud.
One of the possible outsrowths If
these preliminary cases is that Presi-
dent Taft will call the alleged rabber-
les To the attention of congress in his
message or in a special message and
insist that the lawmakers cooperate
with the government in pushing the
cases against the trust. United States
Senator Borah of Idaho has been pre-
pairing resolution calling for an in
yestigation. He is said to have the
hearty cooperation of the upper
house. Recently prominent business
man Of New York told the senator
that more than $50. 200 had been
stolen during the past IL years. This
man SAYS he has been close to the
sugar trust for the past Is yeras and
Is willing to appear as a witness. The
communication received by Senator
Barah declares that every cent stolen
was with the sanction and approval
of the heads of the trust. II il pointed
out that the trust Mas not only guilty
Of fraud and theft. but also of a yio-
lation af the sherman antitrust law,
The Daily Missoulian. [volume] (Missoula, Mont.) 1904-1961, 1909-12-12
WANT ONLY FAST MEN
FOR STARRING BOUTS

Washington. Dec. Thames j. Cor
bett is James ]. Jeffries choice for his
sparring partner while he is training
for his battle with Jack johnson. He
made his statement in his dressing
room at the theater, where he had ap-
peared short time before. He de-
elared he was confident of victory.
Why. it will be easy" said he. All
this talk about my being i'm danger of
being whipped l fail tn see.
Il could get ready i'm 30 days If it had
To be. but there is time. johnson has
made a lot of talk. but | noticed that he
never INDUCED i'm any of it when l was
around. He showed Il disposition 10 be
very meek when We met to sign arti-
cles. though | am told when / am not
about he is very frisky. Ever since
Johnson started to get a match with me
We have met several times. | have
never spoken To him or shook his hand.
and l never Will"
Somebody wanted To know if he in
tended to have Billy Delaney in his
training camp,
Il don't know" was the reply. You
see Bill wanted me to take Kaufman
with me when l star:ec 10 get in shape
for the fight. but | can't use Kaufman
because he is SO terribly slow. l don't
ever want tn work with a slow man. l
want good. fast fellow around me. and
Berger Is all Of that. But when l go
into actual training | intend to get Il
bunch of fast fellows. and it is not at
all unlikely that | will have Jim Cor
bett working with me- Jim Is !, great
boxer, and il will do iae Il world of
good. Then there is Mike CTwinp Sui
lisan. IN get him, tae. | guess"
The Daily Missoulian. [volume] (Missoula, Mont.) 1904-1961, 1909-12-12
CHEER | 7. HR. EDITOR.

Editor The MissouliaH.-
A. Il regular reader al your admir-
able PAPER | n"te that your righteous
soul il troubled beyond measure at
certain current exentS-take Ala
bama's vote against prohibition for
instance. Sadly and reluctantly you
arr given by ii Ia this rhllasaphie
rrfuge-Pruhihitian has everywhere
been found imprstetsrante-It does not
prohibit. Strict regulation and con-
Ir1l III The sssiann j. the means III i'm
proYsment that will h.s found etfec-
tive" nat vGrtailnI-Ht 1T personal lib
The Daily Missoulian. [volume] (Missoula, Mont.) 1904-1961, 1909-12-12

erty--Yet again is your soul troubled
Strict regulation and control OF
smallpox has eyerywhere been found
inpracticabie-It does not quarantine
1t is unreasonabl BILE and unfair says
your Medical ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
you declare. personal liberty in the
matter Of smallpox must be restricted
when IL intergores with the rights OF
uthers"-Now cheer UP Mr.. Editor-Its
not 50 bad after aII--There is Georgia
and Alabama North Carolina and
North Dakota. Oklahoma and Missis-
sippi and Tennessee and Maine and
Kansas, prohibition stiIi-Then there
is county option with its tremendous
extension Of Dry territory in two
short years-prohibition. not strict
regulation and control is very much in
the air just now-Maybo Alabama will
yet get thereof course no one doubts
that il was the unreasonabieness Of
the drys that accomplished their de-
feat-The money of the liquor interests
did not count-And again. Cheer up
Mr.. IN .tor-Smallpox is not so bad
Unreasonable insistenCe on curtail-
m.nt of personal liberty may defeat
all sanitary measures-But don't you
care In Saturdays issue alone there
were eight separate. items with a toll
Of three lives lost. in which one easily
reads liquor as the cause and half of
these are specifically located at door
Of the saloon that Is under strict reg
ulation and control-There is not one
fatality from smallpox reported-In
deed there were only 65i cases i'm Mon
tana last year-There are that many
saloon in Butte and Missoula alone,
are there not Cheer up Mr.. Editor.
JESS BUSWELL.
Missoula, Dec. IL. 1909.
The Daily Missoulian. [volume] (Missoula, Mont.) 1904-1961, 1909-12-12
NO CAUSE FOR ALARM.

New York. Dee. tI.-Reccnt develop
meats in the investigation Of the Phse-
nix Insurance company of Brooklyn led
the committees To decide there is no
warrant for serious alarm On the part
nj the public concerning the soIvency
of Insurance companies generally. is
the view taken by six committees of
the national convention Of insurance
commissioners whn have been in ses-
sion in New York. as outlined in a
statement issued tonight
The Daily Missoulian. [volume] (Missoula, Mont.) 1904-1961, 1909-12-12
BICYCLE RACE.

New York. Dec. 1.-THE score at
. o'clock of the siS-day bicycle race
was. Rutt- Clark. 2.iaa.5 miles: Root
Fogler. Walthour- Collins, Hill-Stein,
2,i20.2: Halstead- Hehir. e.420; Mitten-
West. Lawson-D emara. a,420; Georget-
Georget. a.41a.s. The record for the
10th hour is 2.i2S9.5. ---.