davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Belding banner. (Belding, Mich.) 1889-1918, 1909-04-15
"or<C For Sale and
Wv dllS Business Chances
ADvERTIS FOUND ARTICLES.

THE MICHIeN LAW SAYS IN EFFECT,
A person MO finds lost property un-
der, circumstances which give him
knowledge omeans of inquiring as TO
the true own, and who appropriates
such propert To his own use or TO the
of another peson who is not entitled
thereto, withut having first made ev-
cry reasonab effort TO find the owner
and restore lie property to him, is
guilty OF lanny-Section 4739-40 OF
the CompiletLaws of Michigan.
Belding banner. (Belding, Mich.) 1889-1918, 1909-04-15

For Sale--My house and lot on James
street. Large new house and fruit and
shade trees. Terms to suit. Inquire at
Banner office. 3Stf
Belding banner. (Belding, Mich.) 1889-1918, 1909-04-15

For Sale-1 open dish cupboard, l
oak book case, set of oak dining chairs,
oak dining table, kitchen cabinet,
cabinet, library table, center table,
sanitary couch and morris chair.
Call at G.. w. Kingfbury's End house
North of Union school.
Belding banner. (Belding, Mich.) 1889-1918, 1909-04-15

anted-Five swarm of bees. APP
ply to NJ. II. Beebe, Bedding, Mich.
Box pa. 45-2t
Belding banner. (Belding, Mich.) 1889-1918, 1909-04-15

My Property for sale
/ offer for sale my residence property
on Washington street, s room house
good barn, fine location.
36tf Mark McNett
Belding banner. (Belding, Mich.) 1889-1918, 1909-04-15

For Sale-An aurial outfit consisting
of l set of double trapeze rings and re-
volving ladder, all in good condition, a
fair line of wardrobe, one b fiat alto,
fine tone and in good shape. Cheap if
taken at once. For particulars inquire
of G.. f. VanHorn at Banner Office.
Belding banner. (Belding, Mich.) 1889-1918, 1909-04-15

For Sale--Nine-room house and barn,
good location. Inquire Banner office.
2Stf
Belding banner. (Belding, Mich.) 1889-1918, 1909-04-15

Sale or Rent-l00 acre farm, 500 peach
trees, 400 apple trees, % pear trees, only
3 miles from market; or will exchange
for desirable residence or business prop
erty. Inquire of w. 5. Lambertson.
Belding banner. (Belding, Mich.) 1889-1918, 1909-04-15

For Sale-New jumper seat buggy,
second hand top buggy, two seated
buggy, harness, also gentleman's and
lady's saddle. Inquire of III. A. Loewe
the tailor.
Belding banner. (Belding, Mich.) 1889-1918, 1909-04-15

Wanted good family driving
horse, must gentle, safe and sound.
Inquire of Ca. Wheeler.
Belding banner. (Belding, Mich.) 1889-1918, 1909-04-15

the tailor.
For Sale-Pheaton in good condition
cheap, see Patterson.
For Sale A 240 egg Incubator and
brooder. 43tf Chas. Wagner
For Sale or Rent-Large new room
house, good walks, $1,000. G. @. Ash
by, phone 146,
For Sale-Black Minorca eggs for
setting-pure blood. 80 cents setting.
". w. Gooding, Belding, Mich. 44tf
For Sale-2000 pigs after May /, g to
s weeks old, at 81 TO So each, any breed.
Will ship by express and give your
moneys worth. 45tf
Utilization Company
Grand Rapids, Mich.
The Butler weekly times. (Butler, Mo.) 1881-1918, 1909-10-07
ORGANIZE AND STAY,
GOV. WILSON URGES
Kentucky Executive Tells Citi-
zens They Should Protect
Property.

Frankfort, Ky, Oct, flight the
devil with his own fire is the method
that Governor Wilson is advising the
independent growers of tobacco in
Kentucky to adopt in their struggles
against the night riders.
Piles of letters are stacked in his
desk, the Governor says, from peo-
pie appealing to him and asking him
whether they must pool their tobacco,
or whether they will be afforded pro-
lection by the militia if they do not
pool it.
"Organize liberty leagues and kill
the nocturnal invaders" is the advice
that the Governor gives. In a state
ment to-day Governor Wilson lighted
the fire that will set the whole of the
hurley and dark tobacco district
aflame.
He says that no man should pool
his tobacco unless he wants to, and
that he will pardon any man who re-
sorts to arms to protect his home.
That civil war will follow in Ken
lucky as result of this published
statement would not come as sur
prise, for the situation is intense and
the crisis for the independents or the
organization men will be reached
within the next few days.
The Butler weekly times. (Butler, Mo.) 1881-1918, 1909-10-07

Mrs. w. L. Hodge writes her faith
er, VIM. NJ. Arnold, from Paris,
Texas, that there is now a water fame
in that section of the state, owing to
the long continued drouth, and that
they are shipping water from the big
lake at Paris to Dallas.
Barrick Kirk, a PIONEER hardware
merchant of Rich Hill, died at his
home in that city on Sunday last.
Mr.. Kirk came to Bates county 81
years ago, first locating in Lone Oak
township, and going to Rich Hill
where the town was started in 1880.
Harmony Concert Company will
open the entertainment course for
this year, at the Butler Opera House,
on next Wednesday night, October
IS, 1909, Tickets will be on sale and
the board open for this entertainment
at Trimble's drug store on Friday
morning, at $50 O'Clock. Season
tickets for school children $l.00 each.
Go early and secure choice seats.
This company comes well recon-
mended and will give good enter
tainment.
Edward Myers, ex-postmaster of
Appleton City, later appointed post
office inspector and still later made
cashier Of the Government depository
at Albuquerque, N. NJ, who arrived
in this city last week with Mrs. Myers
on a visit with relatives, left Monday
morning for Kansas City, where he
will enter law school with a determi-
nation to come out in two years with
a "sheepskin" authorizing him to
practice in the courts, Appleton City
Journal.
Mrs. Ina Tiffeny has had bills print
ed for sale of her stock and person
al effects on her farm miles west
and one half mile north of Butler on
Tuesday, October 10Th 1909. Mrs,
Tiffany says if she does not sell her
farm, she will rent il out and expects
to make her home with her favorite
niece, Mrs. Paul Preston, of Kansas
City. Mrs. Tiffany says she loves
her stock, her place and the people
of this community, but does not feel
able to continue further the manage.
ment of the big farm, She has made
friends of our people during her stay,
who regret her intended departure.
VIM. F, Duvall gave a bachelors
stag party on Saturday evening fol-
the purpose of initiating Arthur
tDuvaii and Dewitt Chastain into the
mysteries of Benedicts in which noble
order they are novitiates. The young
candidates were given the severest
tests to prove them worthy the exalt
ed position to which they aspire, anC
it is said, to their credit, they proved
worthy in each and every test, and
bid fair, after the proper experience
has been obtained to make good anC
obedient members of the order
Fourteen eligible young men were
present and observed the mysterious
rites and solemn obligations, to which
some day they hope to attain. 4
sumptuous supper was spread owe
which they fingered until late hour
The Butler weekly times. (Butler, Mo.) 1881-1918, 1909-10-07

w. j. Graves, of Urich, Henry
county, came over to attend the old
settlers reunion and called to see us
on Thursday.
Mr.. and Mrs. Ed. McGaughey came
in from st. Louis the last of the week
to visit his mother, Mrs. D. 7. Nc
Gaughey, and other relatives and old
friends.
j. R. Baum, President of the Bates
County Fair Association left Tuesday
morning accompanied by Mrs. Baum
to spend few days at the State Fair
at Sedalia.
Ihave a number of inquiries for
farms. If you wish to sell, list with
me. G. w. HESS.
2Stf Butler, Mo.
Mrs. Ray Heinlein and little son
Edward, of Kansas City, came down
the last of the week to visit her par
ents, Mr.. and Mrs. -Chas.- Stewart,
south of Butler
Mrs. M. R. Mckinley, of Tribune,
Kansas, visited her sister, Mrs. Clark
Wix, the last of the week and then
went to Hudson township to see her
son and other relatives and friends.
Mrs. Thomas Stout, who had been
visiting her parents, Mr.. and Mrs.
Jas. S. Brown, accompanied by her
friend, Miss Josephine Finn, return
ed to their homes in Bartlesville,
Oklahoma, last Thursday.
Mrs. T. C. Robson left with her
son, DR.. w. A. Robson, of Drexel,
for a trip through the south. They
will visit Port Arthur, Galveston,
New Orleans and other southern
towns on their trip. Amsterdam En-
terprise.
j. w. Spear, Johnstown's Mer-
! chant, was pleasant caller while in
Butler on Thursday. Uncle Jimmie
has passed the allotted three score
and ten years, is vigorous and strong.
He is over six feet tall and straight as
an arrow.
A. L. Scholl writes us that his
farm house, three miles east of Boon
vile, burned down, the family lost
all their clothing and everything else.
They are now at ElDorado, until Mr..
Scholl finds location. He is going
back into the drug business and may
locate in Bates county, as they are
well pleased with this county. H
Frank Fix, who is serving his
county as petit juryman from Rock
vile township, was a pleasant caller
on Tuesday. He admits that he has
been approached to submit his name
| for Judge Of the south district, At the
lnext Democratic primary and init
mates that he might be persuaded
this lime 10 run. He Is the eldest
son 81 the hte Judge Fred Fix, q
substantial farmer and qualified in
leyery respect for tie Office.
The Butler weekly times. (Butler, Mo.) 1881-1918, 1909-10-07
LOOKING BACKWARD.
Gleanings From THE TIMES
Columns Quarter of a Gen.
fury Ago-Oct. Sth, 1884.

fury AgO-Oct. Sth, 1884.
Rev. S. NJ. Brown delivered his
farewell sermon to a large audience
at the Baptist church Sunday night.
Rev. w. C. Bewley has been re-
turned to Butler by the South Meth
odist Conference at jefferson City
for another year.
Judge J. N. Ballard left for Colora-
do to buy cattle.
Mrs. Green Walton, Mrs. Kennett
and her two daughters, Misses Lizzie
Powers and Maud Bowden and
Messrs. Fletcher Warnock and lib
Williams started to ST. Louis Sunday
to attend the state fair.
John Steele is erecting fine house
on his farm west of the Miami II is
on the land he purchased of Leonard
Teddy.
Sam Phelps, C. 0rear, H. A. Wyse
and several others will start Saturday
on big hunt in Barton and Cedar
counties.
Under the new law County Judges
will receive S. per day and 5 cents
mileage instead of So per day and 8
cents mileage as heretofore.
Invitations are out for the marriage
of John b. Armstrong and Miss
Maud Harryman on Thursday even
ing next, at the home of the BRIDES
parents, Mr.. and Mrs. j. r. Harry
man, northwest of town.
Chas. Concklin, of Mound, will
start to Montana in a short time to
make his home in that country.
The Butler weekly times. (Butler, Mo.) 1881-1918, 1909-10-07
Real Estate Transfers.
Warranty Deeds.

Geo J Moore G. wife to Lee Stith
lot IS & 81 Twin Cos LIST Add Adrian
$500.
Eliza Douglass to VIM Douglass so
acres sec Rockville twp 81.
Sylvia Plunkett to Fora A London
lot 2 blk 4 Valleys add Butler ST..
Albert King to Edward Frazer 40
sec East Boone twp $l70O
Louis M Deffenbaugh to o D Reavis
IL sec Is Mt Pleasant twp $1,000.
Arthur Duvall to g F Hartwell 154
a sec 3 Mt Pleasant twp $1,000.
G F Hartwell TO Edward r Hamil-
ton 164 a sec 3 Mt Pleasant twp ST.
480.
Patrick Kannedy to Rosa Vogler 80
a sec % East Boone twp $500.
The farmer thinks he has labor
problems of his own, and he has, but
his lot is far better than the average
city mans. A few weeks ago Pitts
burg was in the throes of street car
strike. Later on, a strike was mar
rowly averted in Chicago. Last week
it was Omaha and people either walk
ed or rode slowly and with attendant
danger in cars guarded by police.
The farmer has a hard time getting
the necessary harvest hand and all
the-year-around help, but he is far
more independent than the city man,
whose transportation, livelihood and
virtually his existence depend on
dozens of other fellows. -Farmer G
Stockman.
The Butler weekly times. (Butler, Mo.) 1881-1918, 1909-10-07
Good Roads and Waterways.

The good roads and waterways
conventions at Sedalia are important
events. Tae Bates county court has
appointed a splendid set Of delegates
from this county, and all should at
tend. There may be nothing in it for
these gentlemen but complimentary
ticket to the state fair, which Gov.
Hadley has promised to secure for all
the state delegates, but there is a
whole lot in it for the people of the
state. All such meetings are impor-
tant and eventually lead to better con-
ditions for all the people Of the coun-
try.-ReyieW.
The Butler weekly times. (Butler, Mo.) 1881-1918, 1909-10-07
Black & Arnold Clothing Co.

Mrs. Monroe Laskey, of Lone Oak,
is reported on the sick list.
The w. C. T. u. will meet on Fri
day afternoon at 8 o'clock in the Rest
Room.
A number of Bates county people
are attending the State Fair at Sedalia
this week.
"Sleeth" the Insurance Man. 46tf
Judge Estes Smith was a pleasant
caller Tuesday. He is here serving
on the petit jury.
This is busy week at the court
house with both the circuit and coun-
ty courts in session.
Miss Laura Dugan went to Cam
eron, Mo-, on Sunday to enter Mis-
souri, Wesley College.
See Sfeeth for that Insurance. 4 6tf
Attorney Carl Henry returned the
last of the week from a two weeks
business trip to Arizona.
j. T. Baker, a substantial farmer of
southeast Bates was in Butler Mon
day and favored us substantially.
A. j. Erhart, a substantial grain
man of Adrian, favored us pleasantly
while in the city the last Of the week.
WANTED, a girl for general house
work, inquire of Mrs. Bert Allen.
48-H
G. M. WILDER, of Adrian, and Miss
Minnie Thomas, Of Merwin, were
married Monday by B. F. Jeter, JUS
tee. ;
Mrs. Sam Davis has returned to her
home in Cape Girardeau after a
pleasant visit with her old friends IN
Butler.
County court met Monday for usual
monthly session. Presiding Judge
Harper and Judges Hyde and Pad
dock present.
Help double our business in 1903
BY buying everything you wear of us
Black & Arnold Clothing Co.
Mrs. Paul Preston, Of Kansas City,
Is visiting her parents, Mr.. and Mrs.
William Newell and her aunt, Mrs.
Ina Tiffany.
Mrs. C. A. Dyer orders her paper
changed from Britton, S. D., to
Maltby, Washington. where she is
making her home.
Misses Bessie Jackson and Media
Denton. who are attending Loretta
ColleVe IN Kansas City spent Satur-
day and Sunday with their parents.
Plenty o. good coal on the dump at
Hunt tank b Hudson Township 1t 8
ce6ts per bu1heL 46-8w
The Butler weekly times. (Butler, Mo.) 1881-1918, 1909-10-07
Death in a Tight Shoe.

Bloomington, Ind, Oct. frank
Trimble, OF Evansville, Ind, one Of
the leading members Of the Indiana
University football squad, died here
last night. His death was due to
blood poisoning, said to have been
caused by wearing a tight shoe.
Trimble played guard on the varsity
team in 1908.
The Butler weekly times. (Butler, Mo.) 1881-1918, 1909-10-07

Squire w. F. Stephens, OF Elkhart,
was pleasant caller on Monday.
L. S. Stewart and wife have gone
to Santa Ana, Cal, where they expect
to locate.
Our old friend Ben F. Cumiford
orders The Times to his address at
Amsterdam.
Arthur Steele, wife and daughter
have returned home from a visit with
relatives at Hastings, Nebr.
LII. Botkin, of Foster, was attend
ing court the first Of the week and
favored us with pleasant call.
Miss Viola Gerby returned to Kan
sas City to resume her duties with
the Western Union Tel. Co., after a
pleasant vacation.
Henry Mudd called and favored us
while in Butler on Monday. He says
he expects to build a house in Adrian
and make that his future home.
FOR SALE first-class Edison
phonograph, forty odd records. Will
sell at a bargain.
I'm A. B. Burner, Butler Mo-
w. H. Dunn and wife came to But.
Ter the first of the week. They will
remain for some time, while Mrs,
Dunn will take medical treatment
FOR RENT.-Cedar Grove Stock
farm, in Walnut township, known as
the old Judge Barlet place, 300 acres,
See or address, |. H. Botkin, Foster,
Mo. 50-3w
Captain Vance M. johnson, after
several weeks visit with relatives ant
friends, left this morning for hi.
home in Bisbee, Ariz., where he i.
engaged in the laundry business.
E. S. Daniel, of Seward, Kansas
an old Bates county boy, who is bacl
on visit and business, will leave fol
home next Monday. He called an(
enrolled for The Times.
P. @. Murphy, of Deep Water, wa
a pleasant caller on Wednesday, anC
informed us that he will move hi
family to Appleton City next weel
and open up feed and wagon yart
in that town.
$500 lot for $3.50
| $3.50 lot for $500
$500 lot for $l.50
| $3.50 lot for SIPS.
Do my own work
That's what does it. T. w. Fisk
Mrs. Fred Cobb, who has BEEF
with her daughter, Mrs. j. T. Fox, a
Parsons, Kansas, arrived in Butler Of
Wednesday. She has been sufferin,
some time with a tumor in her side
and had to be carried to the home o
her daughter on a stretcher.
DR.. George M. Risley was down tn
first of the week from Kansas City
bidding relatives and old friend
goodbye, preparatory to leaving 70
] Seattle. Washington, where he ex
; poets to locate in the practice of den
, tistry. Mrs. Risley and the children
will remain with Mrs. j. M. Catterlin
: her sister, until DR.. Risley is located
The home of Frank Burnett, in tn
, east part of town was destroyed b,
, fire early Sunday morning. The fir,
was discovered by negro woman
, who aroused the family and then tn
alarm was turned in. The famil
were sound asleep and the fire hal
5 gained much Roadway and all woul
y probably have persisted but for tn
1 woman who discovered the fire.
$500 lot for $3.50
$3.50 lot for $500
r $500 lot for $3.50
$3.50 lot for $1.25.
Do my own work
that's what does it. T. w. Fisk
The crop report issued by Georg
] B. Ellis, Secretary State Board o
4 Agriculture, for October shows tn
: cop d;4;o,, Cor oary, for al n ort;ro c+o+
The Butler weekly times. (Butler, Mo.) 1881-1918, 1909-10-07

Sold by T. w. Fisk.
Ex-Sheriff Joe 7. Smith is advising
with his friends about his chances for
the next Democratic nomination for
Recorder of Bates county. Joe is a
Bates county product, has a large ac-
quaintance and is something of a
rustler in politics, and has a big fol-
lowing.
Chas. H: Morrison writes us from
Mountainair, New Mex, that he
wants pint of pits from Mrs. John
c. Hayes peaches, a notice of which
he had seen in The Times. He says
he wants to plant them in the fertile
lands of that section and thereby i'm
prove the breed. Charley admits
that he is still republican and glad
he moved to that country.
Star Shoes are better
for boys, for girls,
for men, for women.
I Sold by T. w. Fisk. r
Supreme Judge w. w. Graves
came up Thursday and went out to
Johnstown, accompanied by Circuit
Clerk Dan Embree, John Ludwick
and Brack Willard, to attend the
funeral of William Howard. The
Judge remained in Butler until Sat-
urday evening looking after property
interests and greeting old friends.
Charley Lane, owing to his large
landed interests in the south part of
the county, which needs his attention,
has found it necessary to move to his
farm west of Rich Hill. While retir-
ing from active work in the bank, he
still retains his interests therein and
will remain as Vice-President of the
Peoples Bank of this city.
Wiley Adams, an esteemed old
pioneer settler of Bates county, came
down from his Kansas City home to
attend the old settlers reunion and
visit a few days with old friends.
Some one suggested to Uncle Wiley
if he didn't dry up and blow away, he
would meet the same fate as George
Vests mountainer, be shot on judy
ment day.
$500 lot for $3.50
$3.50 lot for $500
$500 lot for SIS
$3.50 lot for $1.25.
Do my own work
that's what does it. T. w. Fisk.
Chris YOss returned from a tour Of
inspection of the west Friday. He
reports that he saw some of the pref
test places he ever saw-and a desert
just across the road. Altogether we
think Chris is entirely too wise to be
caught by the gilded tinsel of the
west when he has the pure gold of
Missouri right at charlottesville
Booster.
Uncle Emanuel Nestlerode dropped
in the last Of the week and had his
name again enrolled on our books.
Uncle Emanuel had been with The
Times from the first issue until he
sold out a few years ago, since which
time he says he has been drifting
about but always where he could see
the paper. Now he has moved to
himself and of course wants the truth
dispenser.
James Maddy complimented us
while attending old settlers meeting.
He said he was sometimes tempted to
sell out and leave the county, but
meeting with the happy old settlers
always fortified him for another year.
Mr.. Maddy besides being a prosper
Gus, enterprising citizen, is most
genial gentleman, and his removal
would prove great loss, but he isn't
going. His neighbors treat him too
good for him to hazard a change.
|
The Butler weekly times. (Butler, Mo.) 1881-1918, 1909-10-07
Sheep For Sale.

70 head good grade Shropshire
ewes for sale in lots to suit. One half
mile west Of Passaic. Enquire or
address, Chas. S. Conklin,
B 40-St No. 4, Butler, Mo.
The Butler weekly times. (Butler, Mo.) 1881-1918, 1909-10-07

The crop report issued by George
B. Ellis, Secretary State Board of
Agriculture, for October shows the
condition for corn for the entire state
is 68. 8 per eent, as compared with 66
per cent last month, and 70 per cent
in October, 1903. The crop is matur-
ing nicely and bids fair to be of much
better quality than was last year
crop. 90.S per cent is safe from
frost, as compared with 80 per cent
last October.
William C. Hedden, better known
throughout Vernon and Bates as
"Gabe", was pleasant caller on
Thursday. Gabe never misses an
old settlers meeting and no man has
more friends among these old fell
lows. He also belongs to the old
settlers organization of Vernon coun-
ty, where he used to live, and was
prevented from attending that re-
union this year, because the two
came so close together.
Much to the surprise Of the COM
munity word was received here Sum-
day that John Weiden Jr. and Miss
May Yingst had gone to Kansas City
Saturday where they were united in
marriage and had left for Sterling,
Illinois, where they would spend
their honeymoon. Mr.. and Mrs.
Weiden were two Of our most prom
ising and accomplished young people
and will no doubt rightfully receive
the paternal blessings upon their re-
turn. -Merwin Clipper,
Our old pioneer friend Theodore
Green, Of Amsterdam, was a pleasant
caller and favored us with renewal
for the Sind time, while in Butler
Thursday, accompanied by his good
wife and daughter, Mrs. Dick How
ard, and her son, Teddy. Mr.. Green
came to Bates county in 1888, when
an infant, his father settling at West
Point which in those days was ia
nous trading post for the Indians.
He can tell some interesting occur
rences Of those early daysand has wit
messed the great county Of Bates
develop from an uninhabited wilder
ness into the densely populated and
wealthy agricultural county II now Is.
The Butler weekly times. (Butler, Mo.) 1881-1918, 1909-10-07

John Coleman, deputy county
treasurer, returned from Excelsior
Springs Sunday night. He reports
his father, treasurer Sam L. Coleman,
as getting along as well as could be
expected.
Lewis Deffenbaugh has had bills
printed for sale of his fine Dairy
herd OF % head OF Hoistein and Jer-
sey cows, besides his farming imple-
ments and other stock. See adv. in
another column.
Circuit court convened on Monday
by Judge C. A. Denton, Clerk I. d.
Embree and Sheriff w. j. Bullock
present. The principal part of the
day was taken up in hearing motions
and re-arranging the cases on the
docket for trial.
Walter, the nine year old son of
Mr.. and Mrs. A. w. Wemott, had the
misfortune to fall and break his arm
while playing with other boys in the
court house yard at band meeting
last Friday evening. The fracture
was in the left arm at the elbow.
Star Shoes are better
for boys, for girls,
for men for women.
Sold by 7. w. Fisk.
j. J. Cameron has sold part of his
farm in Lone Oak township and has
had bills printed for sale of his
stock, farm implements and house
hold and kitchen furniture on Tues
day, October 10Th 1909. His adver-
tisement will appear in next weeks
Times.
Jesse Hall was in to see us Friday
and informed us that he was in Kan
sas City last week with a view Of
buying a new saw mill. Jesse bought
a new thresher this last year and in
formed us that he did exceptionally
well with it this fall, exceeding his
expectations.
Star Shoes are better
for boys, for girls,
for men, for women.
Sold by T. w. Fisk.
Ex-Sheriff Joe 7. Smith is advising
with his friends about his chances fol-
the next Democratic nomination fol
Recorder of Rates county .Ioe is :