davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1909-05-19
Fc GRocERs AND MEAT MARKET

ms issue appears the adver- pt of Smart & Richey, who are
 Pine Bluffs leading grocers. |eadlng firm can supply the flves of Pine Bluff with any
 r needs in the way of staple fy groceries, as we'll as having Fto-date meat market in con-
 Only the best grade of |are handled. It
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1909-05-19

GOOD AGENTS TO give away premiums; good pay.
 Room 109 Jefferson Hotel, 4 to 6
 D. m. 5-18-6t
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1909-05-19

WANTED-YOUNG MEN TO LEARN automobile business by mail and prepare for positions as chauffeurs and repair men. We make you eX pert in ten weeks; assist you to se sure position. Pay big; work pleas ant; demand for men great; req sonable; write for particulars and sample lesson. Empire Automo- bile Institute, Rochester, N. Y.
 5-15-6t
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1909-05-19

WANTED-BOARDERS, BOOMERS or light housekeepers; neat, clean
 rooms; separate bath, ladies and gentlemen S09 Main street. old phone 1863. .,-l9-6t
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1909-05-19
WANTED-A FIRST CLASS SEAM
 stress and two apprentices. Ap- ply 116 w. 9th St. Phone 169. 5-7-12t
WANTED-SALEMA IN EVERY

WANTED-SALEMAN IN EVERY town in Arkansas to represent the
 American Life and Accident 1nsur-
 ance Company, of Salisbury, Mo-;
 capital stock, s100,O0o surplus, $25,- 900; ladies and gentlemen make from $50 to $75 per week. Call or address T. M. c. HARTMAN, state agent, room SIS Southern Trust bldg, Little Rock. Ark, or J. c. DE- FEE. 121 1-2 E. 3d Ave, Austin bldg. Pine Bluff. Ark. 3-26 If
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1909-05-19

WANTED-MEN TO LEARN BARBER
 trade, few weeks required, best paying work within the reach of poor man, can have shop with small capital, wages from SIP to $20 weekly; wonderful demand for bar bers; catalogue mailed free, Moler Barber College, Dallas, Tex. 5-15Gt
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1909-05-19

FOR RENT-FOR FOUR MONTHS beginning June l. furnished house, strictly modern three blocks from new PostOflice. References exchanS cd. Telephone 1880 old r one.
 5-li=6t
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1909-05-19
ARNING ORDER.

In the Chancery Court of Jefferson Count Arkansas
 Lizzie McNeil, plaintiff, vs William McNeil, defendant
 The defendant William Mc\eiI. is warned to appear in this court within thirty days and answer the complaint of plaintiff Lizzie McNeil.
 Given under my hand and the Seal of said court this 18th day of May. A. D. 1909.
 EDGAR BREWSTER, Clerk. :,-1Q-oe-c-C-Q-1G
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1909-05-19
Wanted.

WANTED--A PARTNER IN PINE, to $500. 10 open branch office for large speciality manufacturing com perate and furnish references
 Money absolutely secure and best bank reference furnished Can as sure profit of over $f,00O.00 per year Address. Reversible Window Speciality Co.,, COS Mutual Life Bldg, Buffalo. \ Y l-l9-ot
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1909-05-19

FOR RENT-TWO FURNISHED rooms for light housekeepinc; gas
 and bath. Price $1o00 622 Walnut.
Pine Bluff daily graphic., 1909-05-19

TO FURNISH capital to make or have made and place on market small, light, pat ented machine of merit. Address W.J. l.. General Delivery City.
 5-11-6t
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1909-06-17
City Permitting Cement
Pipe in Sanitary Sewers
Authorities Everywhere Agree That vitrifed Clay or
Iron Pipe Only Substances Not Affected
by Sew er Gas
CEMENT PIPE HAS PR OVEN SHORT
LIVED IN THE CITIES WHERE
THOROUGH TEs rs HAVE BEEN MADE

Tacoma is today permitting the
laying of cement pipe in sanitary
sewers, which all authorities agree
is positively unsanitary, a menace
TO public health and entirely
wrong.
This work of substituting an
experimental an dspeculative pro-
duct for the standard vitrified
sewer pipe is going forward. One
complete sewer has been constructs
ed Of cement pipe and a contract
Of $40, 900 was recently let for
sewer district No. 172, in which
the sewer is now being constructed
of cement pipe and thus a course
which has proved disastrous to
the sewerage systems of number
of other large cities seems now to
have been entered upon here,
though the facts in these cases
have been brought to the attention
OF our councilmen and city offic.
falls. complete data having been
furnished them before this late
action was taken regarding the pit
falls and dangers of such a course
but no doubt. as is usual In such
cases, the letters, books and papers
were consigned to the waste pa
per basket unread. though fraught
with facts of vital Importance to
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1909-06-17

in the one causes like variation in
the other. Furthermore, the
amount of water used mars or
makes a perfect concrete, thus re-
ducing the art of its preparation
to a fine mathematical problem.
In work of Importance, such as
sewer construction, concrete
should be mixed and placed not
only under an experienced super
intendent, but actually by expert
enced workmen. In sewer con-
struction the value of cement or
concrete pipe is overestimated.
The slightest flaw will destroy the
whole system. Like a chain, its
greatest strength lies in it's weak
est link. Any one experienced in
handling concrete well knows the
vast opportunities there are to
'skimp," and the results that in
evitably follow such practices
would be disastrous to a sewer
system.
In cities where sewage disposal
plants are in operation and where
cement pipe is used in the sep
arate SYSTEM" their one great
source of trouble comes from the
increased volume of sewage dut to
the surface water being admitted
through the top and sides of the
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1909-06-17


Regis
Mining Engineers Analytical Chemists and Assayers.
0S7 Equitable Building, Denver
st. Louis. Sept 10, 1909
Gentlemen: In response your request q brief
discussion Of the dangers of using pipes
beg to reply follows
Sewer gases the solutions
in acid in reaction, containing they
siderable proportions sulphurc
acids besides variety organic acids the result
of the decomposition of aanmal and vegetable waste
The cements commonly in whether they be Port
land cement Of the Louisville variety,
lime and all of them
solutions and less alkaline
lions well.
Such being the facts. is only matter of time when
Of pipes becomes leaky be-
finally completely destroyed and rendered not only
less, but serious danger to health.
We know of greater danger to health than badly
lous city in the country becomes of pollution
surface immediate of typhoid
malaria and kindred diseases.
With plentiful supply of durable material,
burn clay le which practically indestructible
severely condemn soluble
cement for the building of sewers
In the large cities have been abandoned
by all engineers of good standing since its nothing
short of criminal.
In the country, where surface wells the
of water supply, eaky drain
dangerous
In brief cannot strongly condemn the of
pipe soluble and desrucble material the
structon of drain intended for the carrying of
Respectfully,
REGIS CHAUVENET & BROTHER
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1909-06-17

In consequence of the newspaper
correspondence the following cop
les of letters were sent to US I'M
solicited by the parties to- whom
they were addressed:
Thompson Chemical Laboratory,
Williams College.
Williamstown, Mass, March 8, '07
Gentlemen: Replying to your
request for my opinion In regard
to the use of cement pipes for sew
ers, / would reply as follows.
Sewage, especially In manufac-
turing cities, Is likely to contain
sulphuric and muriatio acids, to
say nothing of organic acids, such
as acetic, etc, which result from
the decomposition OF organic mat
ter. Cement tile contains large
quantities of calcium carbonate, a
substance easily acted upon by all
acids, as a result of which the
concrete must sooner or later I'M
dergo disintegration and become
leaky.
A burnt clay tile, ON the other
hand, containing no calcium car
Donate and rendered impervious to
water by glazing. is by far the best
material for the purpose, as 1t is
not attacked by the acids mention
ed, will not disintegrate in contact
with sewage, and is. therefore, less
liable to leak. Respectfully.
EVERETT MEARS,
Professor of Chemistry, Williams
College.
The South Dakota Agricultural
College Experiment Station.
Brookings, South Dakota,
April 6, 1907.
Dear Sirs: In reply to your in
quiry, I would say that / cannot
recommend cement tiles for sew
ers. In the first place they are
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1909-06-17

asked for the burned clay, for the
much inferior article.
Much OF the larger part of the
house connections with main sew
ers in Tacoma are at present being
made with cement pipe. thus intro
ducing directly into the home an
epidemic OF typhoid fever; the
only plausible explanation of this
would seem to be that the plumb
ers are interested in cement pipe.
tSee letter below from r. III.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1909-06-17

pipe. This increases the expense
of operation and makes 1t neces-
sary to enlarge the plant. There
have been many failures of cement
pipe, the cause of which we are
unable to determine. In work Sc
important the best should be de-
manded.
Vitrified pipe is practically indie
structible except by breakage,
shrowing in the previous tests to
have 40 per. cent higher resist
ance to crushing than cement pipe.
Moreover, 1t will resist atmospher-
ic and chemical influences, and
does not corrode and Is readily
cleaned by flushing. Being econ
omical in material, strong in tex
ture, smooth in surface, resisting
chemical decomposition, vitrified
pipe meets every requisite of a
sanitary sewerage system.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1909-06-17

more or less porous. This renders
them unsafe and unsanitary. Sew
er pipes should be made of an abb
solutely impervious substance.
In the second place cement tiles
are more or less soluble in acids
and alkalies. Sewer pipes should
be made of insolub1e materials. In
order to meet all kinds of condi-
lions sewer pipes must be able to
stand both organic and inorganic
acids as well as alkalies. Again
they must be able to Withstand
bacterial action, which is always
going on in sewers and in sewer
age. The effect of the agencies
Just named Is to weaken and fin
ally so impair the strength of ce-
ment tiles that they eventually
collapse, thus mourning great ex-
pense in repairs.
Even though cement tiles may
be somewhat cheaper at the out
set. in the end they will be more
expensive.
Very respectfully,
JAS. H. SHEPARD.
City of Augusta, Georgia.
Department of Public Works.
March %, 1907.
Gentlemen: Replying to yours
of March 18th beg to say that for
some years Augusta used cement
pipes for sewers, the pipe being
manufactured by a local firm his
has been found to be unsatisfac-
tory in many respects, the chief of
which is that the cement pipe is
not water-tight and sanitary mat
ter percolates through the soil
surrounding pipe. AS fast as is
practical we are taking out the ce-
ment pipes and substituting clay
pipes. Yous very respectfully,
I EISBET WINGFIELD,
/ City Eng. & Comr. Pub. Wks.
tWatson's Lane, Westchester,
/ New York, january IA, 1908.
Dear Sir: In reply to your let
ter of January 18th, asking my
opinion of the relative merits Of
cement pipe as compared with
lvitrified salt-glazed pipe in sewer
construction. would say that dur
ing the ten years that 1 had
charge of sewer construction and
superintended many miles of sew
ers, never used cement pipe in
the building Of any of them for
the following reasons:
The primary object of a sewer
IL to remove waste water from
dwellings or manufactuHfHg piantsa
This water usually contains acids
or alkalies which, when they come
in contact with the pipe, have a
tendency to attack the body OF 1t.
The yitrified pipe. owing to the
density Of the body, being com
posed almost entirely Of com
pounds Of SILICA. is not injured,
while the body of cement pipe,
being OF q porous nature and COM
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1909-06-17

PUBLIC HEALTH MENACED in TAC0mI

handed me your letter in regard to
the use of cement pipe and vitri-
fled clay pipe in the construction
of our sewers. Prior to about
1885 cement pipe was the only
kind available in this city, but
since that time we have used moth
ing but the vitrified clay pipe. Our
experience with the cement pipe
was that after about ten years it
began to disintegrate. and we are
constantly taking it up and replac-
ing it with the vitrified pipe. Not
having used and cement pipe since
l have been in this department,
am not in a position to Judge of
what improvements may have been
made in its manufacture, but l
should not consider it for sewers
as compared with the vitrified
clay. Yours very truly,
BION BRADBURY, JR.,
Commissioner of Public Works.
City of New York,
Borough of Brooklyn,
Bureau of Sewers
January IL, 1909.
Mr.. Joshua PIERCE,
aTocama, Wash.
Dear Sir: Your communication
addressed to the Hon. George B.
Mcclellan, mayor of the city of
New York, in which you ask for in
formation as to the experience had
by the Borough of Brooklyn in the
use of cement sewer pipe, has
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1909-06-17

menace to publis health, danger
to life and property, but a waste
of money as well.
Seattle. Wn., Sept. 8, 1908.
"Sparger Concrete Company,
1852 Colman Bldg, city
Gentlemen: In answer to your
inquiry as to whether I would con-
sent that you use cement pipe in
connecting houses with sewers, I
would say: Most emphatically. no.
I have examined into this matter
thoroughly a number of times, and
have not yet found any cement
pipe which Is suitable for house
connections. In some very large
cement pipes II has seemed to be
possible to make them with such a
rich cement surface that they do
not leak, but after most thor
ough examination, I am satisfied
that there are no small sized ce-
ment pipes made through which
the sewage cannot pass. and they
are ordinarily so porous that they
absorb large amounts of starch
from the flowing sewage, and as 4
result, after year or two, whet
hot weather comes, a fungus
growth occurs. which In some in-
stances has absolutely filled the
pipe. -
I'm some cities cast iron pipe
Is required to be carried all the
way from the house to the me1D
sewer In the street, and this CITY
will not consent to the use OF any
thing less impervious than the
very best yitrified ironstone pipe,
or case iron pipe, for such pur-
poses Your request is denied.
Very respectfully.
''R. II. THOMSON,
CITY Engineer"
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1909-06-17

In the face Of the admitted SUI
perfority OF the vitrified clay pipe
farx sanitary sewers. and while
claiming that on this account its
use would be continued, this
change in the policy of the city, I'm
regard to Its sewer construction, is
being made.
Vitrified pipe Is condemned, II
Is said. In deep city work, on the
ground that 1t cannot bear the
weight. yet the test shown in the
illustration where two sections up
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1909-06-17


mer being a hydrated lime, is
readily attacked by acids. / have
seen instances where the entire
pipe of a cement pipe sewer was
eaten away by the sewage, while
I have never seen vitrified salt
glazed pipe affected in the least.
The vitrified pipe is made Of clays
composed nearly all Of SILICA,
which, when subjected to high
heat, vitrifies or become CLASSY;
the glaze on the outside is pure
SILICA SO that there is little or no
chance for the pipe to be affected
by anything containing sewage
matter.
There are many chances for ce-
ment pipes to be poorly made, as,
for instance, the use of poor ma
terials, the use of too much sand
In proportion to the cement used,
or the whole not being properly
mixed or rammed into the mold.
Lamp black can be used to give
the finished pipe the appearance Of
containing the necessary amount
of cement.
1 trust the aforesaid reasons are
quite sufficient to justify my posi-
tion in not using cement pipes in
the works had under my charge.
Yours respectfully,
JOHN G. L. RoGGE,
Ex-Chief Engineer of Sewers, Bor-
ough of the Bronx, New York
City.
In records OF e. r. Davenport,
G. E., furnished us by his son, e.
r.. Davenport, of this city, we find
copy of veto message by the
mayor of Utica, N. Y, dated May,
1886, of city ordinance provid-
ing for the construction of sewers
of cement pipe.
The following extracts are taken
from the said veto message:
"Since the question was brought
before the council l have received
over thirty letters from surveyors
and engineers of different cities,
unanimously testifying to the SUI
periority of the vitrified clay pipe
and stating that it is now univer-
sally used throughout the country.
Then why does the council insist
upon putting down cement?
Are we to pay no attention to
the wall that was dinned into our
ears about sewer gas in the cellars
and houses of our citizens? l think
we should.
1.-THE only real argument that
has been or can be made in favor
of cement pipe we are now using
is that 1t is manufactured here and
prominent politician in interested
in its sale. 1t seems to me this is
not forcible enough to justify
jeopardizing the lives of our citi-
zens through defective sewerage
and the depletion of their pockets
in trying to maintain system with
inferior pipe. This is too expen-
sive and dangerous monopoly
for the council to encourage or
maintain. (Signed)
THOMAS e. KINNEY,
Mayor"
City of Springfield, Mass,
Street Department.
Mr.. Joshua PIERCE,
Tacoma, wash
Dear Sir: Answering your let
ter of December 23rd addressed
to Mayor VIM. e. Sanderson of
this city relative to sewer D ipe,
would say that for the past Is
years the Sewer Department has
used only vitrified clay pipe in the
construction of pipe sewers. Pre-
vious to that time cement pipe of
local manufacture was used and
its use was discontinued because it
did not satisfactorily Withstand the
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1909-06-17

very porous, and where 1t is laid
below the level of the ground
water, percolation into it is large.
Then, too, the character of the
joint has never ben satisfactory.
At the present Il emour specifica-
lions admit of the use OF cement
pipe, but they call for a certain
style of bell spigot, which will In
sure a tight joint. The manufac-
turers have not yet seen fit to
change their methods SO as to pro-
duce the style of pipe permitted.
At the present time, therefore,
nothing but vitrified pipe is used.
This is double strength pipe with
wide and deep socket. Instances
of failure of such pipe are very
rare. The fact that cement pipe
can be made egg-shape in al sizes
is an advantage, especially where
grades are slight and there Is diff
ficulty in obtaining sufficient We
locity to keep the sewers clean. It
can also be made with a flat base,
which facilitates laying. Yours
respectfully,
e. J. FORT,
Chief Engineer of Sewers, Borough
of Brooklyn.
The evidences herein submitted
lead irresistibly to the conclusion
that salt-glazed vitrified pipe is
the only recognized thoroughly re-
liable material for sewer con-
struction. That in resistance to
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1909-06-17

bic to tell the faulty from the
perfect until it has been tried in
kEc server ai1d thea Is zoo late to
remedy. The materials from
which concrete rlpe is made are
rub 5ecfed to all sorts OF variations
80 tier. Each Of its ingredi-
bid be exact. There must
enough cement to prop
the voids In the sand, aud
there should be inst
SAND to properly fill the
the gravel. Anyvariation
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1909-06-17
HI. j. Harder, City Engineer,
City Hall, Pa terson, N. j.
pnfaaSnn NJ n..a.~l

Paterson N. j., December %, 1908
Mr. Joshua Pierce
Dear SIR The mayor has handed your letter of the
srd inst regarding relative
fled pipes.
Both kinds have been i'm O
sewer SYSTEM and of
Is more lasting and will give better
Our early built pipe for
period OF about twenty following nothing
ment pipe used.
In 1900 Of these early sewers had to be
rebuilt and enlarged nd In every the vitrified
pipe could be taken with little appar
entity none the worse for the time they had
ground The cement pipe the other hand crumbled
away to little than shell,
of the pipes up those that did come up
whole not fit for
1t is this experience that leads believe that
yitrified pipe is better for in construction.
Respectfully yours
HI. j. HARDER.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1909-06-17

every city officials and member OF
the community at large as we'll.
It is we'll known that concrete
pipe is porous, and being porous
will permit OF leakage, contamin-
ating the surrounding soil and be-
coming source of danger to the
public health; that it will not re-
sist chemical decomposition and is
readily disintegrated in coming in
contact with the acids in the sew
age; that 1t has a low resistance
to crushing as compared with Wit
Tified pipe; that 1t will absorb the
liquid portions of the sewage,
forming deposits upon the walls,
which make 1t difficult to clean
and render the sewers unsanitary
and greatly decreases it's carrying
capacity. Further, there is great
uncertainty in the inspection Of the
Pipe. It being practically impossi-
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1909-06-17

been referred to me for reply.
Brooklyn has made use of ce-
ment sewer pipe for many years,
and there are now several hundred
miles of this character of pipe in
use in this borough. When its use
was commenced, 1t was manufac-
tured by hand. Some of 1t was
manufactured with natural cement
and both the workmanship and
materials were poor. Pipe which
had been made in later years has
been machine made and Portland
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1909-06-17

disintegration by chemical action
and other elements Of destruc-
ton and in the non-absorption of
or transmission Of liquids through
1t, there is no other material yet
found except cast iron that will
furnish substitute.
In an accompanying letter from
Brooklyn, the following appears:
Cement pipe, while very strong.
is very porous and where it is laid
below the level of ground water
percolation into it is large" II
that Is correct, necessarily there
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1909-06-17

Very respectfully,
A. A. ADAMS,
superintendent pf Streets and
Sewers.
City of Portland, Mo-,
Department OF Public Works.
January 4 1908.
Mr.. Joshua PIERCE.
Tacoma, Wash.
Dear Sir: Mayor Leighton has
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1909-06-17

Been
hold 1880 pounds refutes this.
as many other tests have, and the
vitrified clay pipe tests 40 per
cent stronger than cement pipe,
perfectly made, If such pipe can
ever be judged perfect, for while
the least defect will break the
pure metallic ring of the vitrified
clay pipe and condemn is so as to
prevent Its use, there is no way
to pick out a defective cement
pipe, and myriad of ways for de-
fects to creep in during its con-
struction.
Even in surface drainage. ce-
ment pipe seldom gives satisfac-
tion, for the cement and sand
prove soluble to running water
and the pipe gradually becomes
thinner and thinner until a leak
occurs.
There is no possible gain to the
city in the use of cement pipe in.
stead of the vitrified clay, as
plumbers and contractors are
charging price equal to that
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1909-06-17

oer ordinary conditions from bor-
meating the pipe and satnratina
me surrounding soil, and that the
ase Of Brick and eeHefeta en- 49,
ment mixtures IL only permfssljb1s
"a sewers 30 large that rifriAiied
cay pipe cannot be obtained. l[nd
the utmost care should then Va
exercised In tehir corsfrucfio
Tho use Of cement pipe IN I'll y
conEested parts IL cities. aud !nnzs1
ticularly In houses connecfIoue
unsanftary to a degree 81 xo(
nothing short OF criminal.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1909-06-17

wear. There seemed to be lack
Of uniformity. which In all prob
ability was due to the method OF
manufacture.
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1909-06-17

made sss
The Tacoma times. [volume] (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, 1909-06-17

Regis Chauvenet & Brother
Mining Engineers, Analytical Chemists and Assayers.
0S7 Equitable Building, Denver.