davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1909-04-19
Bluefield Council No. 1,404
Instituted Sunday-Two
Hundred Visitors Here.
HOTELS TAXED
New Council Starts Under
Most Favorable Auspices
Weather Perfect

Blueneld Council, No. 1901
knights OF Columbus, was instituted
by State Deputy c. n. Martin. OF
Martinsburg. and staff. The first
and second degrees were given by
Roanoke Council. seq, and the third
degree by Deputy Martin and staff.
The now council starts out under
tho most catering auspices with an
approximate membership OF one hun
dred. Sixty-eight members were lni-
tiated yesterday and there are some
thirty members OF other councils
who will get demits to this council.
giving 1t a strong membershlp.
There were visiting knights here
from Martinsburg. Hagerstown, Roa-
noke, Lynchburg. Wheeling, Hunt
ington and other cities, and at
luncheon served after the institution
OF the new council about $50 knights
were present.
"A partial election OF officers took
place. there yet being some vacan-
cies to III at the next meeting. A
splendid selection was made IN the
election of the following we'll known
gentlemen,
Grand Knight---wm. Mccarthy.
Past Grand Kaight-Lawreno u.
Tierney.
Deputy Grand Knight-Jos. A.
Cassidy.
Chancellor-George OLeary.
Warden--Wm. u. Cassidy.
Mass was celebrated at the Church
OF the Sacred Heart at ten o'clock.
by Father Moye, of Wheeling, Faith
or Altmeyer, OF Huntington, made
an address Oh the aims and objects
OF the order, and music was fur
nished by the choir Of the Roanoke
co neil The music called forth
much praise. The address was lis
tened to with great interest, the
church being well filled with knights
and candidates for knighthood.
The Knights OF Columbus Is
Catholic order, and It's objects arc
charity, benevo'ence, patriotism and
mutual help. 1t was first instituted
At New Haven, Conn, I'm 1888, and
has ha da remarkable growth espe-
clally within the past five years lt
now numbers 1,404 councils, with
moro than quarter million mem
bers
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1909-04-19
WOMEN BARRED
FROM COURT
IN HAMS TRIAL
Nothing Startling to To
days Proceedings - One
Hundred and Ninety Six
From Which to Select the
Jury.

New York, April 10.-WOmeD
were barred from the court room NJ
Flushing, Long Island, today when
Captain Peter G. Hams, Il. S. ~
was arraigned before Supreme Court
Justice Garretson, charged with the
murder OF william II. Annis, at Bay
Side Yacht Club, August 18th last.
one hundred and ninety-sx Ia 'esmen
answered TO their names, and II IS
hoped that from this bunch the fury
70 try the slayer OF the publisher
can be secured. There is nothing
ltartling in today's proceedings.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1909-04-19
VIRGINIA
POLITICS
Will Mann Meet Tucker at
Boydton?-Rumored that
Tucker is Willing But
Mann is Not.

Richmond Va, April 19.-Much
interest is fe.t here, and, in fact, all
over the state OF Virginia over what
IS to happen at Boydton, Va, today
when Judge Mann and Harry Tucker
candidates for governor begin their
speaking, asking the people for their
votes Will there be q joint debate {?
That is the question that Is interest
ing. 1t is a well known fact that
Tucker is willing, but II is said that
Mann has declined TO meet VALLEY
Virginian On hastings.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1909-04-19
Elliott Northcott will Prob
ably be Given South Amer
lean Appointment.
PLANS REVISED
How it Looks ut Washing
ton-Northcott Had Am
bition to be Diplomat

1t now seems almost certain that
Judge Ritzs hume will be sent to
the senate for confirmation as Unit
ed States district attorney for the
southern district of West Virginia
Concerning the matter Francis b.
Gessner writes the Wheeling Intelli
gencer as 70 lows:
The fowls that homeward turn foe
perching, have been busy during the
last week and several West Virginia
Republicans who have been annoying
the powerful ones OF the Republican
party In other days have now pc
riod of repentance. The unexpected
turn of things by which appoint
appointments never dreamed OF q
year ago are about to be made
brought confusion to certain artful
and constituencies politicians OF Ger.
tain sections OF the state and the
work OF reorganizing the party Is
going on with cheering swHtness.
Thanks TO the unexpected ambition
OF Elliott Northcott to be minister
to South American country, there
has been muclT revision OF political
plans in the offices of both senator's
at the capitol. and 1t would hard y
be thought that such an appointment
would call for SO much comforting,
planning and reimbursement in state
political affairs. Northcott himself
was OF course consulted but he was
wise enough to venture no advice
as TO his successor although 1t would
lave been human nature for him 20
have put in a word about certain
foes of the past. In the moment OF
his citation over the appointment az
a diplomat, Northcott can afford to
be generous even towards personal
and political foes and he was given
signs OF just such spirit.
Better Feeling Expected
"A stenographic report OF the
talks on West Virginia Republican
affairs, held in Washington this
week, would be mighty interesting
read ing, but some OF the observa-
ton would not look well in print anu
might bring sorrow to ambitious
ones who have been misguided SUI.
fee it to say that when the appoi ~
ment OF Northcott goes to- the senate
and the name OF Ritz goes in for
United States district attorney there
viii be a better feeling in the SEN
atorial rooms a1d signs OF a party
CONTINUED on fourth page)
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1909-04-19

ELECTION IS
BEING HELD

Charleston, w. Va, April 10. 49,
Charleston will establish a bi-parti-
san form of city government at the
polls today, when the municipal
election, under the provisions Of the
new charter, takes place. While there
is friendly rivalry among the can
didates from each party for election,
there Is none of that prediction
fighting that characterized old cleo
tons. No one party shall be elected,
but the people Of the city will have
an opportunity of voting for demo-
Gratis as well as republicans, social
lists as well as Independent.
There will be four tickets on the
bal OF, republican, democratic, soci-
alist and independent Both the dem
ocrats and republicans have four
candidates for board of affairs, the
socialists two and there is one in
dependent candidate, John b. Floyd
The four men receiving the high
est number Of votes shall be mem
bers OF the board of affairs, provid-
ing, however, that no more than
two are members % the same party
The man receiving the highest vote
will be named mayor.
There are two complete council
manic tickets, the socialists have
candidates in a few wards, but there
is no Independent candidates for
city council.
The Indications are that there will
be heavy vote in each ward.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1909-04-19
FREIGHT
RUNS into
WASHOUT
Three of Crew Caught IN
der Wreckage and Cannot
be Released Until Wreck
ing Train Arrives.

Grand Rapids, Mich, April 10
A local freight train on the Grand
Trunk Railroad coming from Grand
Rapids TO Grand Haven. ran into a
washout about five mi 'es west OF
Fuller Station at $3.50 o'clock this
morning and three OF the crew were
under the train and instant
ly killed. The bodies cannot be re-
leased from under the debris until
n wrechng train with jacks arrive.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1909-04-19
FUNERAL OF A CHILD

The infant child OF Mr.. and Mrs.
a. y. f. Sands was buried yesterday
afternoon. at the Wilson Cemetery,
near Ada Quite a number Of friends
of the family attended the funeral.
among the number beng Miss Edith
Francis, Mrs. a. r Newton, Misses
Grace and Julia Hager. G. +. Cawley,
Miss Mary Ashworth. Robert Alb
shire and several members OF he
family
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1909-04-19
Condition Grave

st. Petersburg, April 19.-Tele-
grams from Tabriz reports the situa
ticn there as being desperate. The
town is Glossy invested by royalist
troops and there is but four days
supply OF bread on hand. All the
Christian population is settled in one
section of Constantinople and they
have barricaded.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1909-04-19
Young Turks Agree Not to
Enter Constantinopls VI
Sultan Abdicates. fs
ADANA- REPORTED
AS DESTROYED
Vessels Leave to Afford All
Foreigners on Turkish
Soil Protection.

London, April 19.-Offcial telc-
grams received here this morning
from Constantinople say that the
third army corps are invading. Al
army of young Turks are just out
side OF the city and are ready 20
make an attack at any time. They
have agreed not to enter the city If
the Su tan will abdicate and the cab
iEet resign and leave the city.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1909-04-19
WORK STARTS
ON {. & {.
EXTENSION
300 Men Went to Work To
day-Extension to be 8
Miles Long.

Clarksburg, w. Va, April 10
work was started today extending
the Coal ana Coke railroad from
Gassaway to point two miles be-
ycnd Sutton. The extension will go
through Sutton and be eight and
half miles IN distance. Col. Joseph
Fuzzy. who was awarded the contract
has 900 men at work.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1909-04-19
LABOR LEADERS
CASE UP ON :
An APPEAL
The Attorneys for Gompers,
Mitchell and Morrison
Seek to Set Aside Decis
ion of Judge Wright.

Washington. April '9.-The attor-
neys for Gompers, Mitchell and Nor
rison, the labor leaders. sentenced
to serve twelve. nine and six months
respectively. for contempt OF court.
began their arguments this morning
In the District OF Columbia Court Of
Appeals on the decision OF Justice
Wright.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1909-04-19
MAKES
TWO FLIGHTS

Rome, April 19.--Wilbur Wright
today made two Nights Of ten min
utes each. He was accompanied by
Lieut.. Caldara, who steered the won
derful air craft.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1909-04-19
Town DESTROYED, Thousands Dead

Constantinople, April 19.-The
massacres in Turkey and Asia and
the estimated dead are as follows,
Adana-town destroyed and one
thousand killed. Mersina-the dead
are estimated at between fifteen
hundred and two thousand. Tarsus
and Alexandria-one thousand kill
ed. Astrada-two thousand report
ed slain.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1909-04-19
MEETING
AT GRACE CHURCH

These meetings will continue
throughou the week Preaching ev-
cry night at 8 o'clock Everybody
invited.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1909-04-19
Vessels Rushing TO turkish Waters.

Vessels Rushing 10 Turkish Waters.
Paris, April 19.-Eight foreign
warships are hast oning to Turkey
and It is expected that shorty there
will be protection available for al
foreign residents. Some of the war
vessels are proceeding under such
urgent orders that they did not stop
to coal nor to replenish their food
supplies.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1909-04-19
REPORT ON CENSUS

Washington, April 19.-The con-
ference report on the census bill will
be reported to the house this after
noon.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1909-04-19

You pay slightly more for Mont
tor Pulverized -four but you get quail
lty for the difference.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1909-04-19

If you want hand-me-downg, get
them. II you want tailoring see a
tailor. G. II. Bergman. Rale gb
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1909-04-19

G. A. Baiey returned last night
from a weeks business trip through
Giles and Bland counties in Virginia.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1909-04-19

You know silk from calico
don't you? Monitor Pulver-
lied is "silk." Use it once
and see.
Bluefield evening leader. [volume] (Bluefield, W. Va.) 1906-1911, 1909-04-19
THE FRENCH EDITION OF THE
DELINEATOR

Has the largest circulation of any
magazine. Of it's kind in Paris
IPages now double their former
SIZE. Is cents per copy, s1.OO the
year.
The Rich Hill tribune. (Rich Hill, Mo.) 1903-1911, 1909-07-15
: :.' ss:. Sprague Dept : :::.:: ;::;

For the benefit Of those who
want to know we publish here in
two sections OF . Missouri
state law.
Sec. i777 Of Chap 60, Article
y of the statutes OF Missouri
roads as follows
II shall be unlawful for the
owner OF any animal or animals
Of the species OF horse, mule,
ass, cattle, swine. sheep or goat
in this state To permit the same
to run at large outside the en-
closure of the owner Of such
stock and if any of the species OF
domestic animals aforesaid be
found running at large out side
the enclosures Of the owner, b.
shall be lawful for any person 90
/ restrain the same forthwith, and
such shall. within three days
give notice thereof to the owner,
liz known, i'm writing stating
therein the amount Of compen-
satiou for feeding and keeping
such animals and damages cIoim-
ed a n q thereupon the owner
shall pay the person taking mp.
I keeping and feeding such animals
and shall also pay an persons
damaged by reason Of such
animals running at large, the
actual damage sustained by him
or them. If the owner OF such
stock be not known or If notified
and fails 70 make compensation
for the taking mp, feeding and
/ keeping of animals taken uT
under the provision OF 9 @ S
article the same shall be deemed
to be strays and shall be dealt
with In the same manner as rec
ouired br law with respect 6,
taking up such property as
strays under the stray law.
Sec. 47sl Chap. go, Article >
The Rich Hill tribune. (Rich Hill, Mo.) 1903-1911, 1909-07-15
Local News.
Personals Telling the Doings
People You Know.
It is cool at the Airdome.

It is cool at the Airdome.
viii Fritz departed today ON a
visit to Eldorado Springs.
Read the Tribune $l,oo per
year.
Peter Kiltz W q a business
visitor at Nevada yesterday
THE Inside Track at the Air
dome.
Mrs. Joe Anderson is visiting
friends in Kansas City.
'WAsHcLEAN goes in con
junction with good laundry soap.
Ed Pemberton was a Nevada
visitor yesterday afternoon.
Miss Gertrude Cheyerton ar
rived yesterday from a visit 70
Sheldon.
G. E. Terry Of Sweet Springs
has been here the greater part
of the. week on business.
No rubbing required whatever il
you foiiow directions when using
WAsHCLEAN'. Try it.
Harry Mcbride departed yes
terday for a week or ten days
visit at Eldorado and Joplin.
See THE Inside Track at the
Airdome Friday and Saturday
nights.
"WAsHCLEAN" will not patch
or sew the buttons on the clothes
but it wiH do al we claim for it.
Frank S:cvey of Magnum
Okla. is here ona visit to rela-
tiyes and friends.
]. I. Sheppard, a prominent
attorney Of TT. Scott, Kans., was
a visitor here Yesterday.
Repairs are being made on tbs
building occupied by the Stal
Theatre.
The Rich Hill tribune. (Rich Hill, Mo.) 1903-1911, 1909-07-15

Chas. Beasley who had loo nd,
.or hogs on tho overlooked land
Quilt a platform to keep them out
Z the water.
The most DELEGATE fabric on
earth win not be iniared by the
use Of "WAsHcLFAN-t 10 on
your lace curtains,
Mr.. and Mrs. d. b.. Hickey,
who have been here fer the past
week returned TO their home in
Chauute, Kans., Tuesday.
We guarantee 'WAsHcLEAN"
IL be absolutely harmless Z o
clothes or hands. Try it Just
once.
The James Grocery delivery
horse made a RIM down Park
Ave. yesterday but no damage
resulted.
Miss Blanche Van Buskitk,
who has been the guest of Miss
Flo Miller, left for her home in
lola Kansas Tues ay.
Get out of the old ,ut and use
the neIU and scientific method of
Kidding your clothes of their dirt
by using "WAsHoLEAN''.
Miss Amelia Forrer has been
co mpelled to continue her visit
several days longer than was at
first intended on account of the
high water.
Allen Wilson has accepted a
position with the firm of FaXon
Gallagher, Druggists supplies at
Kansas City and left for that
place Tuesday evening
Geo. b. Dowell, who has been
| food bound here several days, in
spite of everything he could do
to get away,() returned to his
home in Adrian yesterday.
Mrs. Hooper and daughter
Miss Mary, of PawhusBa, Okla
is marrooned in this city. When
the waters recede they win visit
relatives in Butler and with VIM.
Douglas of the country east Of
! the river.
The Rich Hill tribune. (Rich Hill, Mo.) 1903-1911, 1909-07-15
County Officers

Representative. l.. ~. Urimth,
Circuit Judge, G. a, Denton
Probate Judge, }. A. rilycrE,
County Clerk. G.. q Weeks.
Circuit clerk, u. n. Embrcc,
Recorder. I, NJ. Smith.
sheriff, W. J, Bullock
Prosecuting Atty. W. . Dawson
Treasurer $. l.. Coleman.
school COm'r, A. J., Ives,
Road & Bridge Com. n. H. Boron.
Administrator. John Hayes.
Coroner, Dr.. G.. A. Lusk.
Presiding Judge. j. 4. Harper az
associates, a. ID. Hyde, l.. S. Paddok
The Rich Hill tribune. (Rich Hill, Mo.) 1903-1911, 1909-07-15

The Bates County Sunday
School Convention 20 be held nc
Sprague is set for the 9th and
9Th OF August 1909 at the Christ.
ian Church arrangements are
being made for the accommoda-
tioa aad entertainmens OF one.
hundred delegates from this
parts of the county, Talented
peai5ers will address the audi
ence We hope to be able to
print the program iuthis depart
meutofnext week. issue. Every
body cordially invited 60 attend
This convention let us make it
second To none in the county,
The NJ. W. A met at their
families and made ice cream
brought cakes and ether good
things to eat. They spent a
5leasant evening.
j. a. Anderson has sold his
home place IN the east side Of
town TO Robt Riley, OF Kansas
City
Mart Briggs and mother Mrs.
The Rich Hill tribune. (Rich Hill, Mo.) 1903-1911, 1909-07-15

ANY intelligent person may
earn a good income correspond
ing for newspapers; experience
unnecessary Send stamp for
full particular Empire Press
Syndicate, Middleport Ny. 81
The Rich Hill tribune. (Rich Hill, Mo.) 1903-1911, 1909-07-15
Real Estate Transfers.
Reported BY llsls & Weeks.


Keheeca N slsson to &C Ponge
lot . blk o Montgomery add
Butler Sli00.
w II Beach 20 s N Beach pit
blk 10 Butler 81.
j l. Nelson 20 Il l. Moore 2l0
aorcs see 20 Eikhart SIS. 200
Bryan London Jr 60 lola Lon
don lot2 &EhA blk4 War.
uer's add Butler $3.50
Laura e Murphy ct al by W }
hulleck sheriff 20 B Rarick-
man 100 acres SEQ 20 Deep.
water S2i60
Benjamin Barickmau TO Wal
ton Trust Go 100 acres see 20
D,epwater $500
benjamin Brakeman TO WAL
ton Trust Co l20 acres sec 20
Deepwatcr ST3J
a NJ Beach 60 " Il Beach pit
blk Is Butler S4ooo
W G Pountis to Farmers &
Manufactures Buuk ints N a
II blk LOS bich Hill Sl20J
Annie IL starr ct al to frlz
Neidcr so ucrcs sec * - Pc8s-
amt Gan $3.50
j y Brennan 60 c + Moultou
3D.. 5S-loU acres see . * o
Mound $1,000
John Il Pyle 60 Matte II
Thornbuagh east 3 lott blk
Williams add Butler $1,000
Annie Starr ct al by " j Bal
lock u John 4 Bartz 40 acres
sec % Pleasant Gap $3.50
Annie Il Starr etalby WI Bul-
lock TO Annie starr so acres
see 20 Il % Pleasant Gap S2725
Fritz Neider to Duyal-Pefcival
30 acres sec u * - Pleasant
Gap $500
John + BaTtz 20 uucvaI-Perci-
val 40 acres sec 20 Pleasant
Gap S1oOj
Andrew 5 Sleeth to G. X Home
10 acres ste n SIT. Pleasant 5000
) J jackson TO DuVall-perciyal
10 acres sec l6 Deer Greek S2aI
} 7 Lee to C i Horton l01,
acres sec l6 x p Walnut 5000
Frank c Deycr TO s NJ Davis
lots Z * S Rich Hm $1,000
Sarah + Rubcl TO Josie "A Cook
90 acres See - twp Rockville S2io'
Ii. N. welsh ct al to j. kleprlingcr
lot g blk - Rockville ~
sarah T. Rub, to y. rs Eubel
lots IGI7 * Is ulk 80 Rockville $50.
Harris Cry ort 10 D.. Klrpplugcr
lot 4 blk - Rockville -.
susan G Ewing to O. e., Ateruury
) lots 4 AZ blk 25 Butler Sll7.
j.. " Jamison To r J.. Flcmmlng
30 acres see "a, % y, ID. twp $500.
O.. ID. Green Co l.. T. Duriur
DO acres see z T. Boone twp 1855.
A. b. Jones TO A. Nihart
lot - blk % W side ud Butler 500
f, G. simmons % John Reeves
lot I blk Rich Hin s
r. l.. Flemming TO Walton T. Co
30 a sec a, 25N Home twp $50
Z. f. Laughln 10 Duyal-Pcrceya
Trust Co. A. acres see % Sit Pleas IA
twp $3.50
Kansas city Fishing club 20 r. "
Coleman g. acres rec Is Mt Plea.
ant twp Si0l
X. e. Fishing club to John J. vi.
hanson A. uercs see - at Pleasuu
twp. 500
Il. Il. Ricketts,, OF Springfield
The Rich Hill tribune. (Rich Hill, Mo.) 1903-1911, 1909-07-15
Dc. W. B. Stark

the Veterinarian, Of Butler viii
be in Rich Hill, Wednesday, July
9TH, at Joe Bakers Livery Barn.
Parties having veterinary work
call on that date.
w. Is. Stark
q. d. v. s.
The Rich Hill tribune. (Rich Hill, Mo.) 1903-1911, 1909-07-15
Solicitors Wanted.

Several good solicitors in the
country around Rich Hil For
particulars cell 40 Tribune office.
The Rich Hill tribune. (Rich Hill, Mo.) 1903-1911, 1909-07-15

Read the Tribuue-It's a good
thing-help il along.
The Rich Hill tribune. (Rich Hill, Mo.) 1903-1911, 1909-07-15

caedng brought or had. that the
party taking mp such stock did
net have mis- lands enclosed with
"a lawful fence, but nothing here
u contained shall De- constructed
t0 lessen or interfere with the
obligations OF the several rail-
roads .u this state to fence the
right of ways of such railroads
as Is now provided boy law.
The above is the exact copy as
found u the revised statutes Of
Missouri.
The Rich Hill tribune. (Rich Hill, Mo.) 1903-1911, 1909-07-15
Sprague People
Give ]. H. Raney
Your
subscription

The way to keep cool is TO stay
in the shade and take as little
exercise as possible. Iry i.
Read the Tribune-that Il help
along.
Several il this vicinity have be
gun cutting their timothy and
are making hay this week.
The Rich Hill tribune. (Rich Hill, Mo.) 1903-1911, 1909-07-15
CHURCH DIRECTORY
Christian church.

Christian Church.
Bible school every Lords Day 10.
a. m. II o. Maxey Supt.
Preaching Service every second
aud fourth Lords Day ineach month
1900 m. and 1880 y. m. Also sat
urday before at 1880 p. m.
l.. IL. koepsel
Pastor.
Nj T. Church south
Bible school every sunday at 10 a.
m. ID. NJ. Crissman supt.
Preachiug service third Sunday OF
each month 100 "a. IN and $50 y. m.
J.. *. Speers
Pastor
The Rich Hill tribune. (Rich Hill, Mo.) 1903-1911, 1909-07-15

WANTED-A farm of so acres
DR. u. o. Deputy, Rich Hill, Mo.
The Rich Hill tribune. (Rich Hill, Mo.) 1903-1911, 1909-07-15
LODGE DIRECTORY.

L. 90. r..
sprague Lodge No. 2l2 l. @. o. r..
meets every Tuesday night j. r..
Davis n, G., ., ". Raney. secy.
NJ W. a..
NJ, W. 4, Camp meets every second
and fourth Thursday night Ia each
month Alonza Ellis N,Co d. NJ
CrissmAn. clerk.